: yuth: ♦ 
; Date , ...... f 
: initials...* 
HE DC.TJ RTERS 
UNITED STATES STR TEGIC AIR FORCED IN EUROPE 
Office of /sstf Chief of Staff, ->2 
AAF Sta. 379 
apo 633, us Amy 
16 August 194-5 
Air Staff post Hostilities‘Intelligence 
Requirements on 'Force' 
Aviation Me dicjne * 
• Section ~l!?C 
This report covers the subject of thr/‘Medical Services 
of the Herman Air Force, and has boon prepared in compliance 
with the requirements of Section TX! of the / ir Staff, Head- 
quarters, AAF, Post''Hostilities fntr Hi gene 0 Requirements, 
The following officers’ ab the he'd to Hqf TJSST'T, fron Hq. rAF, 
for this purpose, have participated in the preparation of 
such report; 
Otis B. Schreuder, Colonel, MC, 0-1628? 
Usorge L. Ball, Colonel, MC, 0-296981 
Faul A. Cmipbfell, Colonel, MC, 0-256795 
Paul M> Fitts, Lt. Col., AC, 0-902054 
Ullliiua F. Bilde ley, Major, MC, 0-478019 
Ce.rel Van dor Hoido, Captain, MC, 0-5184-58 imdex 
(1) Air Staff Post Hostilities Intelligence 
Requirements Outline , Page P ~ b 
(2) Actual Outline «... • Pago 7 11 
(3) Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations Page 12 - ib 
(4) Body of Report ~ 
(3) Bibliography 93 - 1C 
(6) Appendices Page 101 
(a) Appendix I page 102 
(b) Appendix II >. .... Page 103 ' 
(0) Appendix III ........., .., . ., Page 104 
( d) ; ppendix IV , . . .,. .. . Page 103 
( ö ) / ppendix V .. ..., page 106 
(f) Appendix VI Page 107 
(g) Appendix VII . Page 108 
(h) Appendix VIII .. ............. Page 109 
(1) Appendix IX •............... .,. f.... page 110 
(j) Appendix X ............. * Page 111 
(k) Appendix XI .. Page 112 
(l) Appendix XII • Page 113 
(n) Appendix XIII ........ f.... Page 114 
(n) Appendix XIV . .. Page 113 
(0) Appendix XV Page 116 
(p) '.ppendix XVI .. Page 117 
(q) 'ppendix XVII Page 118 
(r) Appendix XVIII Page 119 OUTLINE AS SET FORTH BY THE AIR ST^FF• ' 
— — i ,i «■ * 111 '■■■ 
IX, AVIATION MEDICINE. 
A. ;viation Physiology, 
1, Physical requirements for flying personnel, 
2, Method of processing physical examinations of 
flying personnel, 
3, Reviewing authority on all physical examinations 
affecting flying personnel. 
4, Oxygen equipment, 
a. Type, design and material used in oxygen masks, 
regulators, and generators. 
b, Type and design of oxygen installation in 
various airplanes, 
3. . - nti G Suits, 
a. Principles involved, and design and material 
used, - • a ... 
6, Visual 'ids. 
.a. Type and design and material used in goggles, 
b. Illumination of cock pits, instrument panels, 
etc, 
7, Special Drugs, 
a, For combating air sickness. 
b. For combating fatigue. 
8, Special Diets. 
a. available to air crew, 
b. In-flight mrals.t 
c. Long range type. 
9, High Altitude Chambers, 
av . Research laboratories, 
b. Field equipment. 
10. Flying Fatigue, 
a. Experience and, experiment on operational 
limitations of flying personnel with regard to 
altitude, type and design of planes and com- 
. , pensating, faptors used aboard planes, 
B, Aviation Psychology. 
1. Major problems and procedures of selection and * 
classification of air cr&w personnel by mrans of 
aptitude, 
2; Selection and classification of personnel. a. personnel for jet and rocket propelled planes. 
b. Personnel for long range fighter pilots, 
c. Personnel for air crew commanders. 
d. Personnel for airborne radar operators. 
c. Initial procedures selecting personnel as air 
crew candidates, fighter pilots, bomber pilots, 
navigators, bombardiers, radio operator gunners, 
air mechanic gunners, armament gunners, career 
gunners, and radar operators. 
3« Evaluation of training proficiency and combat 
effectiveness, 
4. Statistical procedures used in scoring of the 
individual tests. 
3. Statistical procedures employed in arriving at 
the final scores by which aptitude is measured. 
• i» 
6*- Detailed description of the use of individual 
te*st scores, interview results and general over- 
all aptitude scores derived from a battery of 
tests for rejecting applicants* 
If Description of procedures Utilized in checking 
the predictivchess of individual tests or battery 
/ of tests in forecasting success or failure, in 
training and combat.* • 
‘*'*4*■*••• • ■*•'** • • I my ii>H 
Statistical statement of re suits, obtained. 
j* bV Description of procedures employed in aval- ' 
uating conbat effectiveness, such as obtaining 
■ ratings- from squadron leaders and employing 
bombing accUracy records, 
o. Description of statistical procedures, employed 
in evaluating data, 
d. Steps taken to revise selection tests and 
develop new screening .procedures on this 
basis of training and combat validation studies 
C• Medical Personnel. 
• J * ■ • ■ • 
1* Source rind training, both military and professional. 
; * JU . ; '* *' ’ ' f* . i • *' -g- J »•-» » . * . % 
2* Ralntionahip between G7 Medical Service and that 
of the /rny, Navy, public Health Service, Veterans 
administration, and »other government agencies* 
V. Rqlationship. bc tw.con N\T Medical Officers and 
university Vicdlcal 'clinics, etc• 
W?'T-T ■ - mi' 1 T: 
4V Trainins'pollcjT wi-th *regard- to nedical enlisted 
personnel. _ . 
F v •• -■ 
5* . Training withregard to physiology, psychology, 
1 §ahifepry>ioffifporsv’ ficticians, 
JSÄyslcäL therapy, nurses, etc, —nS" Fj "€»• —R-' -3fr-, T 
D. Hospitalization, 
1. Policy with regard to hospital construction on air 
bases both in the combat areas, communication zone 
and zone of interior, 
2. B-sic policy regarding the number of hsopital 
beds required. 
5* Utilization of hospitals assigned to the Navy, 
Army, or other government agencies. 
4. Establishment of special clinics and examining 
units exclusively for aviation medical problems. 
3. Specialized hospitals in the zone of interior. 
6. Provisions for convalescent hospitals and 
habilitation hospitals in the zone of interior. 
7. Relationship between the ; ir Forces and the 
civilian agency in placing handicapped veterans 
in aircraft industry, etc. 
8. Relationship between civilian agencies and GAF 
with regard to veterans. 
E. Air Evacuation, 
1. Responsibility for the development and operation 
of the air evacuation service as well as the 
- tactical units and medical units employed. 
2.. Patient care cn route, 
3.. Responsibility for patients at debarkation and 
• embarkation, 
F, Medical. Reports, 
1. Responsibilities for medical reports of all types, 
2, Me thods of consolidation and evaluation of medical 
statistical reports concerning ‘.ir Force personnel. 
G, Control of Disease. 
1, ' irplane Movement, 
2, ,'ir Troop Movement. 
3 * Rest and C onva lesoent A r c a a, 
4, . quarantine Measure* 
3, Insecticides, Drugs,‘etc. 
H, Medical Service Organization. 
1,' Relationship between OAF doctors and G-AF Commanders, 2. Organization of the medical service in the various 
echelons of command. 
Medical personnel assigned to tactical units. 
4* /gency in GIF responsible for sanitation, hygiene 
and military government. 
X. Relationship between Aviation Medicine and Flying 
Safety, 
1, Role of medical officer in accident investigation. 
a. Methods and forms used. 
b. Scope and purpose of report, 
c. Report channels, 
2/ Use of 'medical investigation analysis and research 
in safety work, 
3, Medical methods used to prev(3nt accidents, 
4, Medical methods used (to prevent injuries in crashes 
bailing out and ditching. 
4f protective equipment and efficiency thereof, 
a. Shoulder harness, 
b. Harness locks. 
c. Beat specifications, 
d• Beat belts. ACTUAL OUTLINE. 
The. outline as set forth by the / lr Staff has been re- 
arranged and altered to some extent largely for the purpose of 
expansion and simple categorization. 
1. General St-a tenant, 
2« O-rganization of the German ir Force Medical Sr r vie es, 
a0 Relation to the Wehrmacht. 
b. R- lationship of the burgeon General of the G'F 
to the Luftwaffe Staff.' 
c. Organization of the Staff of the surgeon General 
of the G'F. 
d. : Chain -of command in Operation and Administration, 
e* Medical Manning. 
3• Medical pepartnsnt personnel0 
a. Recruiting and Induction. 
hi Classification. 
q. Administration and 'ssignment. 
d. Hanks, Grades and Promotions. 
4, Profosslonal. 
a. Major Infcctious Oise ases. 
b. Interesting Observations Concerning the Diseases 
Listed. 
c * Innuniaa t i on s, 
d. Sanitation and Hygiene, 
e. Dental Service. 
f. Veterinary service. 
gf Physical Standards, 
h. Care of Flying Personnel. 
3. Training of Medical Service and Affiliated Personnel. 
at Training of Regular German 'ir Force Medical Officer 
b. Specialized Training of German Mir Force Medical 
Officers. 
c. Other Schools Conducted for Luftwaffe Medical 
Personnel. d. Training of Medical Department Enlisted Men. 
e. Medical Training of Flying Personnel. 
f. .Altitude Training Program, 
6, German Air Force Hospitalsa 
a. General Statement. 
b. Hospital Planning. 
c. Hospital Construction. 
d. Internal Organization of G'F Hospitals. 
e. Specialized Hospitals. 
f. Convalescent Hospitals (JCurlazarett). 
7* Air 'Evaouation, 
a. General. 
b. Organization. 
c. Equipment. 
d. ' Operation. 
8. Medical Reports, 
a. - Gen< ral. 
b. Basic Report. 
c. Specific Medical Reports, 
9. Safety. 
a. investigation and Coordination. 
b. Safety Aspects of rronautical Design, 
c. Aircraft Accident Report. 
d. Disposition of Accident Reports. 
e. Classification of 'ocidents, 
f. Frequency of Types of Accidents. 
g. Correlation of Physical Standards. 
h. Flying Safety Training. 
i. Research on Flying Safety. 
10. /viation Psychology program. 
n* Introduction, b„ Development of Psychology in the German Armed 
Forces. 
o. Development of /viation Psychology, 
d* Organization. 
e. - Personnel. 
f. Relation to Other Branches, 
g. Tests, 
, ’■ \ 
h. Principles of Psychological Testing. 
”i. Test ..«ministration Procedures. 
j, Final Recommendations, 
k. Research in Psychology. 
11, ' Ne ur qp s yc hi a t ry, 
‘a* Organization, 
b, Training, 
o. Selection. 
d. Fatigue, Combat-Fatigue, ‘nxiety Reactions and 
Ps ychonearosgs, 
c. Neurology, 
12* Military Mental Hygiene and Morale, 
.> .».nr fmnmm Iff vwvh nT/r Mr r-11" r » % .»rw 
a. General, 
b. Suicide, 
c. Medical Officers for Mental Hygiene, 
d. Military Courts. 
e. Morale at the End of the VTar, 
13, Aero-Medical Research in the G'F, 
M 
a. Scope, 
b, Fundamental Research. 
o. Organization of' Aero-Medical Rese arch Facilities, 
d, Budget, 
*. • ■ ■ | , , . . 
ef Facilities for Research, 
f. The Typo of Research, g. Ititude A cclimatization. 
h. Treatment of Shock Following Prolonged Exposure 
to Cold by Rapid Rewarning. 
i. -'The Paradox Effect. 
j. 'Study of Time Periods-Flying Personnel can 
Remain at Extrexie Altitudes with 100fo Oxygen. 
k. Speed in x.ir War and Physiological Latent 
period, 
l. ‘Night Vision. . . 
m. Use of Aluminum Inpregnatcd Cloth for Fire 
Protective Clothing, 
n. Research on Insectides, 
o. Research of Infectious Hepatitis, 
p. Resfarch in Malaria Propylaxis with Drugs, 
q. Cause of Death in uimafs Following Simulated 
Long Ranges Parachute Drops, 
r. Bacteriological- Marfarc, 
s« Use of Long Metal Pins in Treatment of Fracture 
’ of Long Bones, 
t. Bombing Deaths, 
ut- vibration Effects, 
v, F1e c t ro e no epha1ography. 
14,- P- rsonal Equipment. 
.„y,,, ■ r»- . -- «* >■ 
av Belts & Harnesses. 
b. nnti-rG Suit. 
c. Oxygen Equipment, 
I 
df Ejcctable Pilot Seat, 
e. Ribbon Parachute, 
13. Nutrition. 
af .Garrison Rations, 
b. In-Flight Heals, 
c* Emergency Rations, 16. ;.ero Medical Intelligence. 
a, German Knowledge of American Research. 
b, Japanese and German Medical Cooperation. 
c, Progress of Japanese Aviation Medicine, SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOI-E5ENT) ATIOKS. SECRET 
1. SUMMERY. 
a. In the attached re.port an attempt has been made 
to present a picture of the organization and function of the 
Medical Service of the German ir Force during Morld Mar II. 
Certain of the aspects of the subject ate treated graphically 
and in detail in the appendices. 
b. This study is the result of investigation per- 
formed by a team of six officers assigned to the project by 
the /.ir Surgeon. The groundwork was laid in the United States 
through the consultation of documents and individuals of 
experience. The Group was then sent to the European Theater 
of, Operations eo extend and continue its studies under the 
guidance of the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence and the 
Surgeon, Headquarters, United States Strategic ir Forces in 
Europe, 
c. During the course of the investigation' various 
high Staff Officers as ™:cll as many personnel of the lower 
echelons of the Medical Service of the German ir Force, were 
interrogated, Trips wore made to important hospital installa- 
tions, research establishments, universities, medical schools, 
industrial concerns, airfields and aviation research centers. 
I. list of the major installations visited, documents consulted 
and the personnel interrogated, is attached. 
2. CONCLUSIONS. 
af It is the opinion of this Group that with the 
exception of a few isolated instances the organization and the 
function of t_Ac Medical Service of the German ir Force was 
inferior to that of the United States 'rmy ir Forces. 
b. In general, the organization of the Medical Service 
of the German ’.ir Force closely paralleled that of the American 
Air Force, However, there were three major points worthy of 
note. 
(!) The rrchrmacht (overall German Military COn land 
encompassing the 'rny, Navy and ir Force) 
had, at a high staff level, a Surgeon General, 
The three Surgeon Generals, those of the 'rny, 
N-avy and the ‘ ir Force, were under him from 
the standpoint of overall policy and for the 
purpose of coordination of the various pro- 
fessional functions of the three services. 
(2) The Surgeon General of the German /ir Force 
had jurisdiction of all hospitals in the 
German ir Force areas. These included 
hospitals in combat zones. 
(3) The Surgeon General of the German ir Force, 
during the- last phase of the war, functioned 
through the quartermaster General and was not 
directly under the Chief of Staff. 
c. The first two points mentioned above arc worthy of 
consideration and study. VTith refer' nee to the third point the staff relationship of the dir Surgeon of the .'ncrican Air Force 
to the Chief of Staff is considered superior to the staff rclatioj 
snip of the Surgeon General of the German Air Force. 
d. A,seniority list for the promotion of officers as 
well as a closely followed policy of a minimal period in grade, 
did much to Keep up the morale of German medical officers. 
e. Tne elastic tafele of Organization, field.and fixed 
organizations, whereby an eligible individual might be promoted 
to the next higher grade irrespective of the existence of a 
position vacancy, also helned morale. 
f. The maintenance of highly trained medical personnel 
and other professionally trained individuals in officer status, 
of administrative officers on semi-officer lesser pay status, and 
of nurses and nodical technicians on civilian status, placed each 
of the specialized groups in a proportionally equitable position. 
g. In the professional care of personnel there was 
little that the German Air Force employed that was not equalled 
or .bettered by comparable .American Army professional services. 
Tne lack of penicillin was most keenly felt by the hospital staff: 
and it was particularly missed in the treatment of Gonorrhea, 
The hospital st .tus treatment of all Venereal Diseases by tne 
Medical Service of the German ir Force seemed particularly to 
result in wasted manpower. 
h. From the standpoint of disease control Malaria, 
Typhus, Venereal Disease and, to a lesser extent, Infectious 
Hepatitis, seemed to have offered the greatest problems to the 
German Air Force, In the civilian populations, Scarlet Fever, 
Diphtheria and Pulmonary Tuberculosis, were of greatest concern. 
Epidemics of respiratory diseases were never a menace. 
i. Physical standards for flying duty wore much less 
rigid than those of the. American Air Force. At the discretion 
of the examining surgeon defects might be waived and a candidate 
accepted for flying training, or a trained flier continued in 
flying duty despite relatively major defects. 
j. Care of flying personnel was centralized in special- 
ized medical installations remote from actual bases of operation. 
This frequently resulted in the disadvantage of lack of constant 
observation of flying personnel by a medical officer trained and 
experienced in viation Medicine as well as in the early initia- 
tion of preventive measures in the care of fliers. 
k. Training of re dical officers in aviation medicine 
was poorly consisting of brief courses held at irregul 
intervals at various research centers. However, frequent meeting 
wore held whereby an effort was made to keep medical officers who 
had been trained in Aviation Medicine, well informed concerning 
recent advances in their field. 
1, ir evacuation was well organized and used exten- 
sively with excvllent benefit to the Army, Vi K.j M 
n. The medical aspects of Flying Safety were thorough 
and v»e 11 organized. 
n. The organized care of ncuropsychiatric casualties 
in the G-crnan 'ir Force was efficient. However, there was a rcry 
definite shortage of psychiatrists especially of trained psycho- 
therapists. Neuropsychiatric selection on the basis of personality 
scorned to have been intelligently handled and not ruled by rigid 
regulation. 
o. Flying fatigue, combat fatigue, anxiety reactions, 
and psychogenic disturbances occured and presented problems. In 
research and therapy emphasis was placed on tin organic aspect 
of these disorders. The utilization of specially trained psychia- 
trists as Mental Hygiene and Morale Officers in all probability 
did not free military personnel from emotional conflict disturbance..' 
This is exemplified in the large incidence of psychosomatic disease 
abnormal behaviour and suicide. However, no evidence that weakliest 
of morale in the Orman .dr Force had contributed to the defeat 
of Germany, ‘could bo elicited. 
p. Neurosurgical care of casualties from br'in injuries, 
and their after-care, seemed to have been an excellent develop- 
ment, Tae increased incidence of neuritis as a complication of 
various diseases, insufficiently explained but evident, rendered 
diphtheria and typhus problems of ncurolo ical importance. 
q. The; German conception of aviation Medicine was very 
broad. It embodied -11 phases of-ahe care, physical, mental and 
psycnologioal, of the personnel of all categories of the German 
ir Force. ‘ ‘ r p ' ~ 
r. The scope of German ‘ir Force-Medical Research was 
also very broad. Their research program, in addition to the usual 
aviation medical subjects, included investigations of many diseases 
such as Malaria, Typhus and Infectious Hepatitis, as well as sub- 
jects such as bomb injuries, the psycholo ical effects of terror 
bombs, the psychological ’aspects of g'uix sighting, development of 
gun sights etc. If r problem developed relative to the care of 
German ir Force personnel or to the tasks they performed, the 
Surgeon General of the G,F was free to direct any r< search that 
he felt necessary. * ... 
s, German viation Medical Investigators, >except in a 
few instances, did not appear to apply such rigid controls to their 
experiments as nave been demanded by ideals of scientific 
approach. 
t, Several Geman electrophysical laboratory techniques 
were excellent, and can be applied to hierican studies. ./ mong thes 
techniques is the magnetic oxygon analyser developed by Prof. 
Rein of Göttingen, 
u. In general, German viation Medical investigators 
were extending their studies to greater extremes of speed, altitude 
accelerative forces, etc., than has been the ease among American 
Investigators. v 
V e Y-* * v 
v, fpiong the noj5t.r in tn r e si i ng research performed were 
the investigations concerning altitude acclimatization, re-warming of individuals who were in a state of shock following prolonged 
exposure to cold, the paradox effect, tine periods that flying 
personnel can remain at extreme altitude, DPT paint, aluminium 
impregnated clothing for fire and heat protection, ejection 
parachute scats, and those concerning parachutes which allow 
slow deceleration during opening. 
w* The Germans had developed a RDT paint which is des- 
cribed in the- body of this Report, The paint is easy to apply and 
for a period of 8 to 12 weeks kills flies and mosquitoes* 
x. ;n extensive psychological testing procedure for 
the selection of S'F officers, and for the selection and class- 
fication of specialists, existed from th. time of the creation 
of the Luftwaffe until February 1942, on which date uhe entire 
program was discontinued. This program was administratively seper- 
ate from the GhF Medical. Service, 
y. Psychological testing, as it existed prior to 1942, 
was very thorough, ;:,s many as three days were devoted to the 
examination. Examiners attempted to evaluate the total ability 
and personality of the candidates. There was no uniform'objeetive 
method of administering and scoring tests or of arriving at numeri- 
cal aptitude ratings. 
z. No uniform procedure existed for securing follow-up 
data or for validating the psychological testing procedures. Mode: 
methods of statistical analysis were not empl )ycd. The net result 
was that little or no worthwhile research data on selection tests 
were aceumu1 ■ ted. 
3. HSOQMI-IENT)/. TIONS« 
a. It cannot bo recommended that any broad changes be 
..ado in the organization or function of the Medical Cervicc of the 
A’F as a result of the Study, Mow vc r, ce rtain of the conclusions 
listed above and certain factors brought out in the oody of this 
report should be studied for possible application. 
b. Several 'viation Medicine research projects which 
were bt ins carried on jin Germany at the end of the war arc con-* 
corned with important problems of direct interest to the /rT. In 
view of the possibility of securing unique and valuable findings, 
it is recommended that a number of ahesc res apeh studies be con- 
plotcd under direction of ’ 'T officers* 
c. The use that the Surgeon General of the (VF made of 
outstanding rest.arch specialists, allowing those men to continue 
work in t mir own laboratories but rith official status in the 
Gr F medical, research program, offers many advantages. It is recom- 
mended that this plan be studied, especially with respect to the 
post war medical research program of the JLf. BODY OF EFFORT 1» GENERAL STATEMENT 
a. This report embraces ait attempt to construct a 
picture of the organization» the function and chief activities 
of' the Medical Service of the German i*ir Force during World War 
II* In compiling it the authors have tried to maintain strict 
objectivity * 
bo The structure end policy of the GMF Wes quite 
flexible end was varied from time to time to meet military de- 
mands. The structure end policy found to have been pursued one 
year was not alleys applicable to other years. The picture 
therefore of necessity is c. general one. Furthermore» it is 
the impression of this group' that the Medical Service of the 
GMF did nob depend to any great extent upon a well defined set 
of regulations» Emphasis seems to have been placed upon the 
careful selection of men for key positions and then these men 
were depended upon for interpretation and enforcement of policy. 
Consequently, the procedures followed by one man varied at 
times from those followed by others in similar position*. This 
factor has also made it difficult to deal other than in general 
terms with certain subjects discussed in this report. 
2 • QFGaNIEMTIOi: CF THS GSR IMF MJR FORCE METICAL 
SERVICES 
a* Relation to the Wehrmacht 
(1) The Wehrmacht contrary to rather common im- 
pression was the highest overall German 
military command, encompassing all three 
services - the Mirny» the Navy and the Mir 
Force• 
(2) On a high staff level of the Wehrwacht there 
was an office of Wehrmacht Sanitatsinspektion 
(Surgeon General of the Wehrmacht) who formu- 
lated and directed overall ne died policies 
for all three services of the Wehrmacht, 
namely, the Mrmy, Navy and Mir Force. In 
respect to medical matters he had command 
jurisdiction over the burgeon General of the 
three services under him. 
h* Relationship of the Surgeon General of the GIF 
to the Luftwaffe Staff f 
(1) The rosdiced service cf the Gemen dir Fcrce 
was re organized severed times from 1939 to 
1.945* This was in keeping with the reorgan- 
ization of the Luftwaffe as a whole. The 
last reorganization placed the Chef des 6cni-r 
tetswesen (Surgeon General cf the GIF) under 
the Quartermaster General who in turn wcs 
under the Chief cf Staff* 4 history of the 
development of the m dice! services as given 
by the Surgeon General of the G*F is attached 
as appendix I* The Quartermaster General of 
the Luftwaffe differs from the Quartermaster 
General of the U*S. Irmy in that ho hed many of ; the - functions, of. G-2 ..end .G-4 of the Army 
General- be side s having, under hi s duri s- 
diction the GAF Engineers and GAF Ground 
Forces,.. .' . \ 
(2) 'The functions of the Quartermaster General 
together complete organizational charts 
■are being reported in detail by the Personnel 
'end Management Control Sections of the 
• m. Exploitation-Team ,*•*1, US Strategic Air 
•. Forces in Europe, Attached in Appendix II 
is an abbreviated Organizational chart of 
• the Luftwaffe shoving the staff position 
and various relationships of the' Surgeon 
General to other functions of the, German 
Air Force, , 
c# Organization of the Staff of the Surgeon General 
of the GAF, '.. ' ' • v": t 
(l) In spite of the organization as shovrn, ‘the 
Surgeon General of the 'GAF vas giyen relc- 
tively free rein on all medical matters. All- 
administrative matters such as construction 
of hospitals and supply per© taken’up vith, 
the Quartermaster General, rhereas all. import- 
ant medical matters requiring final deci- 
sion mere taken up kith the Supreme Commander 
of the Oi*F or his Chief of Staff, 
(2) The Staff cf the Surgeon.General cpnsisted 
of the Surgeon General, a Chief cf. Staff, 
and Chiefs cf four departments, each depart- 
ment having a number of divisions. The four 
departments vere t Department/*, Organiza- 
tion? Department B> Medical Professional 
Services? Department C, Air Raid Protection? 
and Department Dr, Administrative Board♦ 
(3) The De pertinent of Organization wa.s divided 
- into three mein sections» namely ,■ a) Organi - 
action end Ope ret ion, b) Personnel end a) 
Supply, The DQpr.rtn.ent of M e d i c cl Pro f e s si on - 
el Services tics else divided into three sec- 
tions., r.) Convalescent end Hygiene , b) 
Aviation medicine,. end c) Statistics, The 
Air Reid Precaution Department had c .sub- 
division for protection against gas v/hich 
formula ted plans for gas protection, in ad- 
dition to protection against bombs end fire» 
The Administrative Board Department took 
• cere of f inance., and-budget of the GAF Medical 
. ■ . Service insofar -ae, the Surgeon General of 
. >• the Luftvaff e. tia s.re spans i ble♦ This depart- 
yi, ment also cared for.--local office necessities. 
iki "i The~0$eenizatipnoend -Punetlemcl chart of the 
Surgeon Generol’s office cf the GAF is at- 
> tacaed es Appendix III# d* Chain of Command in Operation rnd Ldminis trat ion. 
(1) Below the level of the Surgeon General of 
the GtiF were the surgeons of the Luftflotten ‘ 
(lir Force), Fliegerkorps (Divisions), 
Luftgau’s (Service Ccmcands),, and Gruppen 
(Groups). The Flckkorps was on an equal 
level with the Fliegerkorps. L chart show- 
ing the chain of command at various levels ' 
is attached as Appendix IT. It will be noted 
that no surgeons were assigned to the Gesch- 
wader (V/ings) and only Medical Department 
enlisted inen were"assigned to the Staffeln 
(Squadrons), ' ■ • 
(2) Germany was divided into a number of Luftgau 
headquarters and as more territories were 
conquered Field Luftgaus' were established in 
the newly acquired territory. In general, 
the Luftgau had jurisdiction and responsi- 
bility over all permanent G£F hospital's in 
the Zone' cf Interior and over the field GIF • 
’hospitals in their respective domains. 
(3) L further breakdown of the organization of 
specific functions such as research will be 
found in later chapters of this report. ' 
Go Medical Henning» 
(1) Luftflotte hecdquerters ; The manning of the 
office of the surgeon of a. Luftflotte head- 
quarters included seven medical corps officers. 
Their specific assignments wore as follows} 
the senior surgeon; an adjutant wher took care 
of administration and was in charge of * personnel j 
a flying accident officer? a'medical officer 
who held sick call for the headquarters per- 
sonnel; end three consultants, one each in 
, internal mediqine, surgery and sanitation end 
hygiene. The surgeon held the rank of 
Generalarzt. Total personnel of the head- 
quarters* numb9red about 3,COO individuals. 
(2) Luftgau headquarters ; The Stoff of the sur- 
geon of the Luftgau headquarters consisted of 
six medico! officers who were respectively the 
surgeon, the* cdjutent, the convalescent*..end 
rehabilitation officer,, the sanitation ond 
hygiene officer, the plans ond organization 
officer, ond the radical officer who held 
sick coll for hecdquerters personnel. In 
addition there was one dental corps officer, 
one administrative officer end one pharmacist 
who controlled supply. Personnel'of the Luft- 
gau headquarters were about 1,000 in number• 
The’ surgeon held the rank of Generalarzt or 
Oberstarzt (Colonel)“. 
(3) Fliegerkorps headquarters j The surgeon’s staff of the Fliegerkorps consisted of the 
surgeon, an adjutant and a doctor assigned 
for care of headquarters personnel* The 
strength of the Flic gerkorp headquarters 
was about 1,000» The surgeon held the rank 
of Oberfeldarzt (Lt. Colonel)» 
3* MEDICAL IKPARTLIENT FERSCNNSL. 
a• Re bruiting and Induction. 
(1) Enlisted personnel of the German dir Force 
lledicel Department were obtained through the 
Luftgau Recruiting Centers (Annahme und 
Entlassungstollen) 'where all individuals 
were called up for activexservice * They re- 
ceived regular basic training under juris-r 
„ diction of the Luftwaffe as did all inductees 
entering the GAF» Subsequent to the basic 
training they were sent to various service 
schools through the different Luftgau for spec- 
iclized training in medical subjects* 
(2) Medical end Dental officer personnel were 
obtained from two sources, first from those 
students trained under the supervision of 
the medical training department of the Luft- 
waffe and second from graduates of other 
medical and dental schools called to active 
service« 
(3) Veterinary officers were for the most part 
officers who had hed service with the -Army 
end had been transferred to the Air Force» 
(4) Administrative officers er Beemte who per- 
formed functions of administration, end the 
keeping of statistics v/ere for the most pert 
obtained from long service enlisted men# 
(5) Civilian specialists such es Nurses, X-Rcy 
end Laboratory technicians, end’ anesthetists 
were ellotted by quote to eech of the three 
services, (the Limy 3 the Nevy end the Air 
Force), fron the limited supply of such sps c<- 
ielists completing civilian training» 
b • Clessificeticn« 
(1) Officer' personnel,. Major clessification of 
officer’ personnel .with the epproximete number 
of such personnel cs of January 1945 wes es 
follows{ 
Medical Officers 6c?0 
Defitel Officers 1418 
pharmacy Officers ?50 
Administrative Officers 25O 
Tactical Officers 40 Records were maintained in the office of the 
Surgeon General and in each Luftgau Surgeon’s 
office concerning specialized training of 
each medical officer, but no attempt was made 
to classify them into spe cialty serial numbers 
such as in the Medical Department of the 
United,States Army. 
(2) Enlisted personnel. The number of eniisted 
personnel in the Medical Department fluctuated 
considerably during the period of the War. As 
• the need for more combat soldiers developed 
in, 1943 end 1944 large numbers of enlisted 
men were required to be transferred to combat 
troops* These, were replaced as well as possible 
by physically unfit enlisted men and by civil- 
ians , 
c• Administration and Assignment. 
(i) Assignment of medical personnel was adminis- 
tered in the office of the Chief of Personnel, 
Luftwaffe General Staff (0*K*L.). A medical 
officer assigned to this office processed 
personnel work concerned with the Medical 
Department, coordinating all important matters 
with the Surgeon General of the Luftwaffe. 
However, personnel in scientific work were 
assigned directly by orders published in the 
Surgeon General’s office. It was the general 
policy of the Surgeon General to continue 
medical officers engaged ijr a professional 
specialty in the same hospital facility and 
to rotate frequently these assigned to tactical 
organization and staff headquarters. 
d» Ranks„ Grades and Lromotions, 
(1) Officers1 ranks can best be understood by 
tabulating with the. Mnerican army equivalent 
and the approximate period an officer re- 
mained in grade : 
U&A.F GAF Time in Grc.do 
Cadet Unteramt It 2 years 
2nd Lieutenant Assistenzarzt) 
1st Lieutenant Oberarzt ) 3 years 
Captain • Stabsarzt 5 years 
Major Oberstabsarzt 4 *’* 5 years 
Lieutenant Colonel Oberfeldarzt 3 years 
Colonel Oberstarzt 4 years 
Major General Generalarzt '2-3 years 
Lieutenant General Generalstebamt 
Genera 1 Ge ne rt» lobe rstabarzt 
(2) Promotion In the medical service was constant 
end percllel to promotion in the line, usually 
being determined by length of service, Cadets 
(Untereernte) were required to have front line field service prior to consideration 
for promotion to officer grc.de» Promotion 
of mediccl officers was controlled by the 
Surgeon General although all recommendations 
for promotion were sent through’ command 
channels and processed in the Personnel 
Section of the General Staff, 
(3) Enlisted grades are comparable to those of 
the U •S * Medical Department although 
occupancy of technical specialist positions 
by civilians made less necessary the pro- 
curement of highly intelligent and profi- 
cient individuals in the r;e died, service, 
promotion of enlisted personnel was controlled 
at organization level. 
4* PHOFEssioiaL, 
a* Major infectious diseases. The incidence of the 
diseases which have been a concern to the Surgeon General of the 
Luftwaffe are best demonstrated by graphs attached as appendix 
V. These give rates per 1*000 troops per month and actual 
number of cases for all tactical organizations of the entire 
Luftwaffe from the 1st of September, 1939» thru July, 1944 for 
the following diseases; 
Malaria 
Typhus 
Typhoid & paratyphoid fever 
Bacillary Dysentery 
Gastro-enteritis 
Pulmonary and Pleural Tuberculosis 
Syphilis 
Gonorrhea 
Diphtheria 
Scarlet Fever 
Skin Diseases 
b * . In ore stingy observe tions concerning the di sea se s 
listed above as well as other common diseases have been obtained 
from various medical officers of the Luftwaffe hospitals and 
tactical organizations» 
(1) Malaria wos constantly c problem- in Southern 
Russia, Italy, the Balkans end Ifrice end 
rauch effort was expended in its control * 
Extensive research was raede in the study of 
prophylactic drugs, inmates of an insane 
hospital in Muhlhausen being used in this ej> 
perimentcl work. Mabrine in doses of 0*6 
grams daily was considered to be the most 
effective prophylactic drug studied* Ex- 
cessive rate of Malaria as shown in Appendix 
T are partially due to the reporting of 
recurrent cases as an original incidence as 
well as to the relaxation of Malaria discip- 
line with progressive military confusion 
occurring toward the end of the war* (2) Typhus was also a problem in the Balkans and 
on the Eastern Front, Typhus vaccine, not being 
available in sufficient quantity to edmihister 
to all troops. Much time and effort were, given 
to problems of sanitation and insect control 
and to the indoctrination and training of troops 
in personal hygiene. The occurence of Typhus 
was much greeter in the Army, in the civilian 
population end in prisoners of war than in 
Luftwaffe troops, The low incidence in the 
Luftwaffe as compared to the Array was credited 
to the direct medical supervision of insect 
control in the Luftwaffe in contrast to the 
line or administrative supervision in the Army* 
(3) Infectious Hepatitis known as Hepatitis Epi- 
demica was endemic on the Eastern Front, begin- 
ning in September each year. Outbreaks also 
occured in North Africa and lybia during 1942 
and 1943* Many factors were blamed as contri- 
buting to the incidence of the disease, such 
as high fat diet, climate and unsatisfactory 
sanitary conditions, but direct association 
with any of these conditions was never proven. 
Many authorities believed that Catarrhal 
Jaundice and Infectious Hepatitis were the 
same conditions. Treatment was symptomatic in 
■ the absence of discovery cf any specific etio- 
logical factor. The mortality from Infectious 
Hepatitis was extremely low although the time 
lost from duty was very high due to the pro- 
tracted course of the disease and frequency of 
relapses• 
(4) V/ar Nephritis (Kriegs Nephritis) was quite 
frequently seen during the ajar, especially on 
the Eastern Front, It was considered to he of 
an acute infectious nature and most closely 
resembled an acute Gloreerulo-Nephritis, Jvlort- 
ality was low hut the disease resulted in ex- 
tensive time lost from duty and many discharges 
from service duo to its chronic nature. 
(5) Typhoid Fever, Although sporadic nild epi- 
demics occured in Poland and France the inci- 
dence of Typhoid Fever was very low, Immuni- 
zation provided adequate protection for troops 
except when overhwdming contamination occurred. 
(6) Bc.cille.ry Dysentery, In the Polish campaign 
this was widespread, hut the disecse wes nild 
clinically, Sulpha nomi des readily controlled 
the disease» improvement in sqa itcry control 
resulted in e lower incidence of the disecse. 
The incidence of Gcstro-r enteritis paralleled 
the occurence of Beciliary Dysentery end it 
was difficult to instruct the field medical 
officers concerning the criteria, for differen- 
tiation of the two conditions. (7) Scarlet Fever, 1 considerable increase in the 
incidence of Scarlet-Fever occurred during the 
mar, both in military -personnel and civilians. 
'Crowded living conditions v;ith constant travel 
of large groups of people mas believed to be 
the contributing factor. 
(8) Diphtheria was prevalent in the youth organ- 
izations and in the civilian population» L 
great many civilicn deaths occurred in rural 
regions for lack of antitoxinr 
(.9) lulmonery Tube rculosis occurred less frequently 
in the Luftwaffe throughout the war than in 
the civilian population in peace time. This 
was believed to bo due both to the prirxiy 
selection of only healthy individuals as well 
as to proper sanitary measures in tho billet- 
ing* feeding and general care of military per- 
sonnel» L much higher rate of disease 
existed in tho civilian population, particularly 
in displaced persons. 
(10) The rate of Syphilis in the Inftmaffe climbed 
progressively throughout the period of the 
mar» Infection mashighest in Itcly end Greece* 
end less high in France. The incidence mas 
extremely lov; on the Bussirn front. Efforts 
v;ere directed tov/erds education of the troops 
end control of the sources of infection. 
Severe penc.lties mere imposed on individuels 
not using prophylactic measures. . „ 
(11) The rate of 'Gonorrhea, similarly increased 
progressively during the war with the same 
major areas of high infection as for Syphilis. 
Sulfa, resistant strains of tho infection were 
a problem in Italy due to .the» indiscrimina te 
sale and use of sulfonamides in that country. 
Initial treatment of both Syphilis and Gono- 
rrhea were always effected in a hospital. 
Medical officers apprehended giving duty status 
treatment were severely punished. 
(12) L high rate of Skin Diseases existed through- 
out the period of the war, the most prevalent 
diseases being Scabies and Trichophytoses. 
(13) Tjiflu enza end Pneumonic . The incidence of 
these diseeses remained surprisingly lorn end 
ho epidemic of Influence., even remotely re- 
sembling the severity of 7/or Id v/cr X Influenzc 
occurred# 
(14) The incidence of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers 
were generally agreed to have increased dur- 
ing the war. Ln interesting point is that 
the frequency of Gastric Ulcer as compared 
with Duodenal Ulcer was exactly the reverse 
to that of normal tim.es. That is, the inci- 
dence of Gastric Ulcer greatly exceeded that 
of Duodenal Ulcer. Such increase in Gastric Ulcers is believed to be. a pqy chosomctic 
manifesta.tion of the increased stress accom- 
panying war service« 
(15) No increesedincidence of Meningitis, Polio- 
myelitis t Totems, Choi ore, or pie mo emongst 
military personnel during the period cf the 
war was reported* 
e» Immunizations« The following immunizations were 
required for service in the Luftwaffe; 
XX) Sng.llp.oxc Vaccination was performed upon in- 
duction end repeated every six years* 
(2) Typhoid, Paratyphoid 1 & B» immunization was re 
peated at six monthly intervals* 
(3) Te.tc.nus» Active immunization was given all 
members of paratroop organizations. Passive 
immunization was given as indicated to other 
members of the Luftwaffe. 
(4) Typhus» Due to limited supply of vaccine, 
administration was limited to only those 
Luftwaffe personnel who were most exposed to 
the disease# 
(5) Dysentery, Immunization was given annually to 
all troops ns directed by the Wehrmacht» 
Vaccination wes not desired by the Surgeon 
General of the Luftwaffe nor his senior officer 
in matters of preventive medicine# 
(6) Choi ore. At one tine Cholerr, wes included in 
the Typhoid, Paratyphoid vaccinations,_ but this 
T7.es later discontinued* with the development 
of e soperate vaccine only those troops on the 
Ec. stern front were immunized« 
d• Sanitation and Hygiene• 
(X). Each major commend was responsible for the 
sanitation of an cree which w;as exclusively 
occupied by a particular force. In areas 
occupied by two or more-major forces, a joint 
commission of services was formed with the 
senior medical officer of the group as the 
responsible sanitary control officer. In 1943 
after several discrepancies had arisen in the 
sanitary, procedures cf the various armed forces, 
a spscfal department for control of field san- 
itation was established in the V/ehimacht General 
Staff, This group considered major policy 
matters such as area sanitation., and changes 
in design of standard sanitary equipment. 
(2) The Luftgau Commanders, advised by Luftgau 
surgeons, controlled i*ir Force policy of sani- tcticnx on problems which might arise at 
station or organization level (26). 
e« Dentel kcrrioo 
(1) Organization. A specie! Corps of Luftwaffe 
Dentists wes erected ct the beginning of the 
wer» Policy netters relctive to dentistry 
were decided upon by Obersteberzt Fritz 
V/itt9 who wes on the staff of the Surgeon 
General* Dental research was carried cut 
under the supervision of Stabarzt Freitag in the 
Flu gme d iz i ni sc ho Institut of Berlin, A dent- 
al officer was on the medical staff of each 
Luftgau (Sachbearbeiter)o Thjs officer ad- 
ministered the activities of dental instal- 
lations’ minder jurisdiction of the Luftgou as 
well as rendering service of dental care to 
personnel of the headquarters*. His duties 
included assignment of dental personnel, re- 
view and consolidation of dental records, 
and approval of requisitions for ma terial 
such as instruments and equipments. He also 
supervised the Luftwaffe Lazaroot dental de- 
partment end the numerous dental stations 
of his command« There were two types of 
stations, large and small. In all Luftgeus 
there were a total of fifteen; large stations 
and fifty-five small stations. Besides these 
fixed installations there were certain mobile 
units (Sanitets Bereitschafte) which functioned 
under the direction of the dentist of the 
Luftwaffe hospital in the area* In addition, 
the work of the military dentists was comple- 
mented by use of civilian contract dentists 
in Germany proper* ‘ . 
(2) Assistants included both specially trained 
medical department enlisted men and civilians 
who had had training with dentists in civilian 
life • 
(3) Dentists serving with troops were charged 
with the responsibility of instruction in 
dental hygiene* In the absence of a dental 
officer in a unit it was the medical officer's 
responsibility to recognise the need of 
dental care and to send the individual to 
the nearest dental station* 
(4) Care authorized, provisions were made for the 
treatment of military personnel and their 
dependents as well as civilian employees* 
When civilian personnel were treated, the 
Reich’s Health Insurance, an obligatory inr 
surance organization in Germany, reimbursed 
the Luftwaffe for the expense of the treat- 
ment • However, only the cheapest minimum 
dental care was authorized* Very little 
gold was used, and this only on approval of © central Luftwaffe institution. (Luftwaffe 
Inspection Number 14)* • • 
(5) Hospital dental service. In soli© Luftwaffe 
Lazaretts there was a section number VII which 
included facilities for the treatment of 
me xillo-fecial. injuries and dented diseases. 
This section is staffed by either a mediccl 
officer or a dental officer, attached to it 
was a section for ambulatory patients« The 
hospital dentist’s duties consisted of care 
of pa.tients and of the hospital staff? end 
the dental examinations for the examining 
section (9)* 
f• Veterinary Service. 
(l) Organization, The Luftwaffe Veterinary Service 
was headed by a Chief Veterinarian,at Luftwaffe 
headquarters* Each Luftgau headquarters also 
had a staff veterinarian and veterinary offic- 
ers were assigned to cl 1 of the higher tact- 
ical echelons9 as well as to personnel instal- 
lations* 
(2) Food inspectiona Basic G*.F regulations provided 
that veterinary officers would conduct the 
supervisory insps ction of all foods of animal 
origin (these foods are exactly the same as 
those inspected by US/h-F Veterinary Service). 
The inspection included supervision pf handling- 
rooms and of all the equipment and procedures 
with which foodstuffs were secured, prepared, 
measured, packed» preserved, transported and 
issued, h surprise inspection was directed once 
a month. In addition, the veterinarians 
supervised the. slaughtering, and sausage-making 
activities of the unit* they also conducted 
courses and lectures on meat, fish and poultry 
handling, and the preservation and conserva- 
tion of foodstuffs in their '’battle against 
waste”• 
(3) In Leals 
(e) The veterinary and animals service were 
combined in the German hir Force.* Veter- 
inary personnel were not only in charge 
of the care and treatment of sick and 
wounded animals, but were also charged 
with the su pervision of cere, management 
and utilization of all the animals belong«- 
ing to an organization. 
(b) . hnimcls were used quite extensively by 
the Luf twsf f e * The large number, of GhF 
horses were mostly for vehicular trans- 
portation» but they were else used to a 
greet extent in connection with the GhF's 
farming activities on the more permanent 
installations, Other farm animals (cottle, 
sheep, hogs, etc) were also kept on Luftwaffe ferns. 
(c) GhF also controlled Flak, Signal, 
prisoner of Wer, and other units tfhioh 
had animals of their own, 
g* physical Standards, 
(p) physical Standard for ground duty services 
v/ith the Luftwaffe were those established by 
the Wehrmacht for military service in any of 
the three major armed forces. These standards 
are set forth in detail in service regulations 
(32)0 This regulation establishes five main 
physical groupings and tabulates various pos- 
sible defects end*diseases as to acceptability 
in each grouping» The main physical classifi- 
cations are as followsf 
(a) Fit for general duty without limitation 
(L.V • Kfiagsve rwendungsfchi g ) * 
(b) Fit for general duty under certain con- 
ditions (used as supply troops, rear* 
areas, home front, etc») (Bed. Kef, 
Bodingtkriegswendungs'fahieg), 
(c) Fit for general labor (home frontP head-' 
quarters labor, air raid harden) (l,V, 
n rb ei t sv a roe ndung sf c.h i g) * 
(d) Individuals temporarily unfit, to be re- 
examined at a later date (B,U, Saitlieh 
untauglich), Ä *• •* 
(c) Individuals completely unfit. («#Uf 
’.Tchrun tauglich), 
(2) The physical standards'for flying duty were 
established in the Luftwaffe regulation L.Dv 
94* This regulation defines two main physical 
classes for flying duty. They are; 
(a) Vbhrf liegen - military If i a tor * 
(b) p 11 g ge rs c hu tae - Leri a 1 Gunner, 
(3) Qualification'in the first group signifies 
physical fitness for flying duty a§ a .pilot ’ > 
or navigator, Qualification in -the 'Second 
giroup permits flying duty as 6 in*chan ic- 
gunner, rsdio-cperctor-rgunner .or capeep' gupner, 
(4) In the early years of the war whan it was 
believed that sufficient numbers of flying 
candidates might not be aval labls the ,'puftwcffe 
v General Staff ordered a relaxation of the 
strict standards of .peace-time* ,,.1‘t was soon 
found however, that the lowered, .standards were unsatisf ccrtory. With the limiting fee tors 
of fuel end aircraft production there leter 
existered cn excess of trained cir crew members 
end the original more- rigid physical standerds 
were resumed# 
(3) Physical examinations for selection for flying 
training were conducted in the Fliegerunter- 
suchungsatellen (Flyer examining stations) of 
which there were approximately seventy, located 
throughout the various Luftgcus. Sech station 
was staffed by two medical officers, usually 
an internist and an ophthalmologist, and by 
several enlisted personnel assistants, all of 
whom had received special training in aviation 
medicine. Equipement consisted of only the 
minimum of examining instruments. Each station 
performed fifteen to twenty examinations daily. 
The thoroughness and detail cf the physical 
examination for flying varied widely during 
the war# In peace time the exem inctiori ex- 
tended through a period of two to throe days, 
utilizing the consultant services of various 
specialists in completing the examination of 
each physical system# In war time it was nec- 
essary to conduct the complete exemination in 
the examining station; consequently the services 
of the various consultants were dispensed with, 
accordingly the format .of the examination re- 
cord was reduced in size, Appendix VI# 
(6) The specific examination performed consisted 
of a thorough history, general physical exam- 
ination* examination of special senses* includ- 
ing eye, ear, sense of balance, examination 
of heart and lungs, Schneider test, test of. 
vital capacity, chest X-ray, blood serology, 
urinalysis and a concluding personality esti- 
mate somewhat comparable to the United States 
u-J This lest p/as not, me de by a psychia- 
trist but by the senior officer of the exam- 
ining station* Psychological testing of 
flying candidates which was performed until 
1942 was not accomplished at these stations. 
(7) The surgeons of the examining stations gener- 
ally were allowed certain lattitude' in select 
tiorr gf applicants and night waive reesonebly 
minor deficiencies if they believed the indiv- 
idual to be a particularly apt candidate. 
(8) Specific values of physicd. standards were 
frequently changed during the war? However, 
approximate values for qualification for 
flying training end.flying duty cs e military,, 
evietor (Wehrflieger) nay be summarized as 
follows t 
(a) Wgo 1? to 26 years inclusive# (b) He ight 1.6C cm. to Il8c cm. 
(c) Veight. No rigid maximum or minimum 
weight was prescribed and it was within 
the discretion of the examining medical 
officer to disqualify the excessively 
overweight or underweight individual. 
(d) Occular Standards. In peace time a visual 
acuity of 5/5 in one eye end 5/7 
correctibäble to 5/5 in the other 7/as 
required. During the war this require- 
ment was lowered to acceptance of candi- 
dates with 5/15. L1* correctable--to 5/5»13 
in each eye. 1 spherical correction up 
to 2*50 D and cylindrical correction up 
to 1.00 D was permitted* There was no 
specific standard for muscle balance 
other than a statement that high degrees 
of esophoria* exophoria or hyperphoria 
"/ere disqualifying. The Pulfrich test 
was used for measuring depth perception. 
Color vision was tested with Stilling’s 
charts end questionable candidates were 
retested using a color vision lantern 
developed by Dr. Xngebord Schmidt* Night 
vision was not tested except in selection 
of individuals for night flying organi-'. 
zatigns. 
(q) Acuity of hearing mas tested by using 
the whispered voice* Early requirements 
were that the candidate correctly inter- 
pret the whispered voice at four ne ters 
’with each ear* Later this mas reduced 
to acceptance of individuals with complete 
deafness in one car end ability te hear 
the whispered voice at t;.o meters in the 
other. Individuals with dry central per- 
foration of the tympanic membranee were 
not rejected* 
(f) Vestibular standards. No precise standard 
'7as ever f allowed, the examiner me rely 
being required to perform the more simple 
tests to insure that the sense of equi- 
librium wosroughly mithin normal limits. 
(g) In the study of the Cerdiq-Vascu1or 
system broad requires© nie of efficiency 
were set forth, no fixed limitation of 
pulse: rate or blood pressure values being 
established* L Schneider test was accom- 
plished early in the wex but was deleted 
from la ter examination ’requirements • 
(h) Careful. evaluation of the Nervous system 
was attempted vitb e general estimate of 
personality made by the examining he dical 
officer* (9) physical examination records were forwarded 
to the Central.-Statistical Archive, Berlin, 
where an effort was made to keep current a 
file showing exact physical qualifications 
of each flying officer. 
(10) Physical standard for flying duty as aerial 
gunner (Fliegorschutze) were less stringent 
then those for militari' aviators, A flyer 
might serve as a pilot until a certain physical 
deficiency precluded such assignment when he 
would not infrequently become a gunner. Visual 
acuity standards for gunners were 5/36 zru vision 
correctible to 5/5 vision in each eye. No 
discriminating color perceptions were necessary. 
(11) In general, physical standards for all flying 
personnel were much le ss rigid than those of 
the American Army or Air Force, 
h• Care ofFlyjng Personnel• 
(X) Inasmuch as no routine training in aviation 
medicine existed in the Luftwaffe, most medi- 
cal officers with flying units had little or 
no training in the specialized care of flying 
personnel. It was therefore necessary to es- 
tablish a form of adjunctive lie diced service 
for the purpose of treating, evaluation, and 
making decisions concerning dispositions and duty 
status of flying personnel. This was accom- 
plished by the establishment of three distinct 
types of installations: 
(c) The FIdefy runtrrsuchnnrsatelle, Here the 
candidate for flying training was given 
his first examination end the trained 
flyer received periodic reexaminations. 
(b) The Sichtung® Abteilung for screening or 
examination was'a section of an Air Force 
hospital. This section accomplished the 
study and examination of flying personnel. 
The section was staffed by a medical of- 
ficer usually an internist who had been 
given specialized training in aviation 
medicine. He was assisted by one or two 
company grade radical officers end by 
several enlisted assistants. More elab- 
orate equipment was provided in such 
centers than in the FIlegsruntersuchungs- 
stellen, A standard type altitude chamber 
was included in the equipment. 
(c) The Sichtungsstelle, In certain situations 
there-existed s Sichtungsstelle operating 
independently ss a smell medical unit, 
usually where there was no Air Force 
hospital available in an area* Such units 
were necessarily better staffed and equipped then the Sichtungs Abteilung» which was 
an integral pert of e hospital* These 
units frequently had jUray equipment 
end smell clinicel laboratories as well 
as the usual altitude chamber and exam- 
ining equipment. Their functions were 
identical with those of the Sichtungs 
Abteilung* 
(2) The chief of the Sichtungs Abteilung enjoyed 
the advantage of morking as an integral part- 
of a large hospital vhere consultations mith 
chiefs of various professional services mere 
constm tly cvd. lable * Thus in his examination 
of flying personnel he had available the 
opinion of ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists, 
psychiatrists end surgeons in the evaluation 
of flyers cs mell. as in provision cf defini- 
tive therapy. 
(3> Disposition of an individual mas made after 
such study and treatment as considered necessary* 
Such disposition usually included one of the 
follomingj 
(a) Return to flying duty, 
(b) Grounding, temporary or permanent f 
(c) Hospitalisation♦ 
(d) Rest leave or treatment in a Kur- 
laxarett or Erholungsheim, 
(4) On return of a grounded flyer to flying duty, 
it mas usually the practice to have him re- 
examined at the Sichtungsstelle mhere his 
removal from flying mas accomplished* 
(5) Decisions, of chiefs of examining stations mere 
respected by line commanders es mell es by 
unit surgeons end there existed little or 
no controversy concerning tho disposition 
recommended* Somemhat more then $0% of 
ceses considered by the station chief were 
ceses under clessificetion of nervous diseases, 
the majority of these being stress reactions. 
These esses mere .treated by temporary mithdremel 
from flying, either by transfer to e rest 
hOm©| granting of rest leaves or by;reassign- 
ment to grourd duty* The 'number of volunteers 
for flying duty'almeys exceeded the require- 
ment -consequently* there res never” e need to 
force the lesser physically fit individuals 
to fly* Inasmuch as the great majority of 
air creft members held non-commissioned grades 
there was no problem in assimilation of rank 
their transfer to other,duties, (6) Records. Certificates concerning medical 
examinations of. the types described above-were 
sent to the following individuals.. 
(a) Medical officer of the organization 
'• of assignment of the individual, dio in 
turn informed the commanding officer 
of the unit,. 
(b) Medical officer vho sent the individual 
* to the examining station for study 
(c) Xuftgeu medical officer* 
(d) .Certificate IrchivevS of the HIM Big, 
86, Columbia Berlin, 3 29* 
(.7) Each medical officer serving vith a* flying 
unit maintained a card concerning the physical 
fitness of flying personnel under his supers 
vision... Each physical examination accomplished 
at the various exanining stations was recorded 
on the card. - ‘ 
5. aSAffiPiEJS-ffPICAL SERVICE AID AFFILIATED PER&CMpi,. 
01 Training of Regular german lir Force Medical Officers. 
(1) Early in the establishment rf the German Air 
Force a Medical Training Department wesfaimed* 
This department was established for the express 
purpose of contro Hing the education of all the 
doctors and othe r ms diced personnel required 
by the Luftwaffe. The trainees were care-r 
fully selected end then ordered to Sealow 
where they were given eight months general 
military training and elementary studies in 
hygiene* Upon completing, this training they 
were, transferred to the jurisdiction cf the 
Luftwaffe medical school at Berlin, Y/ittenau 
(The Aerztliche Akademie der Luftwaffe), 
Under guidance of the staff of that organi- 
zation, they completed a full curriculum of 
medical studies at three university centers* 
Berlin, Wurzburg and Prague. Studies lasted 
six years in peace time end were reduced to five 
years in war time. They were never reduced 
below this period although towards the end 
of the war many students were ordered to 
service with line troops prior to thair 
graduation, Tanns of study-were divided 
into six month periods. After the fourth term 
the student sat for a preliminary examination 
in medicine end. after ten tents' took the ord- 
inary state eb died examination. During re- 
cent years specid attention was given to 
training in medical problems of aviation* 
This training was directed by prof*. Strughold, 
who was also Director of the Luftwaffe Modizen- 
ische Forchungs Institut-, Berlin* , (2) The student doctor successfully completing 
his state medical examination was given a 
one year internship in the rm h’of "Unter- 
arzt" after-which he was required to complete 
a period of field service prior to appointment 
to officer grade» puring the entire period of 
training the German Air Force provided food, 
quarters, clothing, pry and allowances but 
required student cadets to pay their own univer- 
sity fees, A military unifoim was worn through- 
out training. 
(3) In peace time all Xuftwaffc medical officers 
were required to puraie the equivalent of 
primary flying training after which they were 
given pilot wings and designated in cannrnr— 
sation among military personnel as a "flicgor- 
arst"* This was used in contradistinction 
to the "Truppenarzt" wTho might very easily 
have had more training in aviation/ medicine 
but who was not a flyer. The ten; "Flieger- 
arzt" however; was never an accepted entity 
of military nomenclature in the sense of the 
American use of the terra Flight purgoon. 
(4) approximately four to five hundred medical 
students entered training each year but demands 
of the other services and particularly of 
the S.“S0 forced the Surgeon General to release 
graduates prior to their service with the 
puftwoffe. Pt the conclusion of the war about 
800 students were undergoing training. 
b*. Specialized training of Gemen j>ir Force Medical 
Officers» 
(1} Training in Evict ion lie di cine. Medical officers 
whose assignment made then directly respons- 
ible for care of flying personnel were given 
special courses in aviation medicine. Included 
in this group were doctors working in examining 
stations (Hohenprufestollen, Sichtungsstellen* 
end Fliegeruntersuohungsstellen) aviation med- 
ical research institutes, end those serving 
in the Fliegerkorps wi th flying organizations. 
(2) The Aviation Medical Training was originelly 
established at the radical research end teach- 
ing section (Senltats Versuch und LehrAbteilung) 
et Jüterbog under direction of professor 
Piringshofent Other training however, was 
conducted at Prof* Btrughold’s laboratory in 
Berlin end at various other research centers. 
/ ■ Instruetors enployed at the schools were author- 
ities in aviation medicine who came to the 
schools to give lectures. Instruction for the 
most part was in high altitude physiology 
end centered about methods of* altitude indoc- 
trination and related subjects. Other instruc- 
tion was given relative to dh othing and equip- ment, accelerative end deceleretive forces, 
end the use of parachutes. There was little 
instruction in psychiatry or in other profess 
sionel specialties. The course of instruction 
Tested for e period of about two weeks.. 
(3) There..*763 never a special, well organized 
school of evietiqn medicine comparable to that 
of the junericen &Tu.y idr Force. In oddition 
to the above studies certain Luftwaffe doctors 
were celled to special meetings et Berlin or 
at university research centers from time to 
time? (every 3 er 4 months) where programs concern' 
ing developments iir aviation redicine were pres- 
ented. Meetings lasted for 2 cr 3 days. 
c • Other Schools conducted for Luftwaffe II3 die el 
personnel» 
(1) Reserve medical officers of the Luftwaffe had 
four months basic army medical training upon 
entering service* They then spent two months 
at Get tow ir. Berlin et the Kriegs Schule, 
studying military» tactical, and sanitation 
subjects« 
(2) Informal training in specialties was rontinuous- 
ly maintained for Luftwaffe medical officers. 
If an officer had some background in a specialty 
and desired additional training he might make 
application to the gurgeon General who would 
approve his detached service at a University 
Center. Junior grade re diced officers were 
constantly studying under senior professors of 
the type of the physiologist Dr. Rein of 
Gottingen* the pathologist Dr. Buchner at 
Rreibuxrg, etc. 
(3) Statistics were maintained' in' the office of 
the Surgeon General relative to all specialized 
training of medical officers and attempts "/ere 
made toward proper and efficient classification 
•and assignment of the officers* 
d. of Medical Dope rodent c.nlistod men». 
(1) enlisted man assigned to service with the 
medical department of the Luftwaffe was always 
■ given a course of medical instruction. Ln 
enlisted man's medical school (Sanitate Schule) 
was. conducted in each Luftgou. The course 
included instruction in anatomy, phsyiology, 
pharmacology., first aid, bandaging, end field 
sanitation-. • No- specialized training as labor» 
story technician, K»ray technician, or dental 
technician was conducted since such positions 
• were held by civilian workers. 
eT raining, of ,f.ly jn^.perypnnel 
0~) In peace time about tvfc hours of medical 
training was given weekly to all students undergoing any type of flying training* In 
war titoe* with contraction of the flying 
training program, less and less time was 
allotted to this subject* Instruction for 
air crews was in altitude physiology, use of 
oxygen mask and equipment* flying safety and 
first aid. 
f• Altitude Training Program 
(l) The various fixed altitude chambers installed 
at Air Force hospitals, those at research 
instututes and the several mobile units were 
used by the GAF for el titude indoctrination 
and examination* It was believed that alti- 
tude indoctrination was a very important 
function of aviation medicine. 
(2) Each Exanination and Indoctrination unit had 
one medical officer attached,, one or tvm non 
commissioned officers and two or three other 
personnel. Three different types of indoctrin- 
ations and eramination-runs were performed 
depending upon the category of the personnel 
and the stage of their training. 
(3) Examination end Indoctrination Hun No«1» This 
procedure was performed in the early stages 
of training of all flying personnel# The same 
run T/as often repeated in later stages of 
flying v/hen if possible entire crews 77ere exam- 
ined and indoctrinated together in order that 
they could watch each others reactions and thus 
gain confidence in each others ability, At the 
beginning of the test a personal mask was care- 
fully fitted. Then the subject 77as directed 
to breathe a mixture of 93% nitrogen and 7% 
oxygen while beginning simultaneously to 7/rite 
numbers backward from one thousand - the so 
called Lottig test. The record of his handwriting 
along with clinical notations made pn the mar- 
gin by the ne diced officer was included as a 
part of his file. As soon as the. subject be- 
came anoxic pure air v;as turned into the breath- 
ing system and he 77as allowed to recover. His 
student friends or fellow crew members were al- 
lov/ed to watch the procedure ar they might 
understand the symptoms of anoxia, -It was 
believed that the average normal person should 
be able to undergo the test for a period of 
at least five minutes before requiring a shift 
to air, ■ 
(4) Examination and Indoctrination Run No.2. This 
run was performed on flying personnel who might 
at some time be required to fly at high1 alti- 
tude* If the subject had not been given Run 
No *1 *• within a period of six months that wTas 
first repeated. The No. 2 run was an ascent 
to 10,000 meters then remaining there for a period of five minutes then ascent to 12,000 
meters where various, individual reactions 
and the use ofnev; types of oxygen equipment 
were demonstrated# The general purpose was 
to demonstrate spectacularly that a person 
could live without serious manifestations at 
12,000 meters. 
(5) Examination and Indoctrination Run No. 3. This 
run wes introduced early in 1945 end was given 
to all personnel who might be subject to rapid 
ascent in jet propelled or rocket aircraft. 
This run consisted of -an ascent to 12,000 meters 
in 3 tp 4 minutes, The subjects would then 
remain at 12,000 w ters for Jive minutes end 
then ascend until symptoms of anoxia, decom-r 
pression sickness or abdominal gas developed# 
This development usually took place at alti- 
tudes of from 13,500 meters to 14»5^0meters# 
V/hon- symptoms v/ere severe the subjects were 
rapidly descended. 
(6) A .typo k Run was under contemplation at the 
end cl che rar. This run was being designated 
to inncctrinete personnel concerning explosive 
decompression (27), 
g# Night Vision Training. The only night-vision train- 
ing employed by the Germans was in connection with their night 
vision testing program. At the time of the test the efficient 
use of the eyes at night was explained. No night vision trainers 
were in use (27)# 
6* ammi aih forge hop mis. 
a, General Statement. Prior to 193there were no . 
hospitals under the jurisdiction of the Luftwaffe. In the. years 
preceeding 193& hospitalization for GAF personnel was accomplished 
in Amy hospitals. From 1936 to 1938 a hospital construction 
program was instituted* After 193® the Luftwaffe hospitals were 
considered to be on equal footing wi th the Army end Navy hospitals. 
Luftwaffe hospitals were established wherever the troops of the 
vicinity were predominantly Air Force personnel* . This policy was 
also followed in the activation of Aimy and Jtfevy hospitals. In 
view of this policy, personnel of the Wehrmacht needing hospitali~ 
zetion were hospitalized in the nearest military hospital regardless 
of whether it, was GAF, Army or Navy,' According to avd-lpble in- 
formation there was a spirit of mutual cooperation (although at 
times competitive) among the hoop it else cf the three services. By 
agreement specialized sections of hospitals (i.e, section of 
Neuro-surgery etc*) would not be reduplicated in a Luftwaffe Hos- 
pital if that specialized section existed in a nearby Army or 
Navy hospital* 
b# Hospital planning# 
(1) With reference to the’planning of the.number 
of hospitals. and hosp ital'beds needed, there has existed tor the past hundred years in 
the German Wehrmacht definite plans relative 
to the number required. In the year l850, 
‘the number required was based on 6% of the 
strength of the command. During the present 
war the number required was considered to be 
l\% of the strength of the command. However, 
experience of the Luftwaffe during the present 
war disclosed that the figure of l\% of the 
strength of command was too high and conse- 
quently, thisfigure-wes reduced to 2 to 2\%* 
(2) The general policy was that construction of 
the hospitals in the Zone of Interior (Germany 
proper) was to be on a permanent basis. These 
hospitals v/ere to be supplemented by the use 
cf large buildings in the various Spa areas 
when required. As Germany expanded, additional 
hospitals were established in the Zones of 
Communication usually by taking over hospitals 
or suitable buildings in the newly acquired 
territories, When necessary, semi-permanent 
or temrDrary types of hospitals similar to our 
cantonment type of hospital were constructed. 
As a last resD rt field hospitals were established 
in tents. 
(3) According to information received fron the 
Surgeon General of the GAF the budget allowed 
for constructions and current expenses of 
hospitals was sometimes inadequate. An example 
of the funds authorized was given for the year 
1943 *7hen ten million marks were allotted for . 
new construction and seven million marks for 
current expenses. 
c. Hospital construction. In the establishment of the 
GAF Hospital System high ranking German medical officers had 
definite ideas concerning construction. Consequently ell hospitals 
were built in accordance with certain principles of design. These 
principles were that hospitals should have the form of a HT" with 
the long leg cf the "T" pointing north and containing administrative 
offices, treatment and consulting rooms, while the top of the wTrt 
should face south and constitute the main portion of the, hospital 
proper, containing ell the wards. Southern exposure in Germany 
afforded better protection and in addition gave the patients a 
maximum of sunlight* The ßurgepn General of theGAF was asked 
to prepare a on the construction of Military Hospitals, It 
is attached as Appendix VJI. 
d• Internal Organization of GAF Hospitals. 
(1) Luftwaffe hospitals were divided into seven to 
nine Abteilungen or sections, An example is 
shown below in the list of divisions of the 
Luf twaff enlazarett of Hslle-D&hlcu, a 5&5 bed 
hospital. 
Section X Internal Diseases (Medicine) l6c beds 
Section XX Surgery 
19c beds t . 
Section III Skin and Venereal Diseases 55 beds 
Section, XV Ophthalmology 40 beds 
•« Section V Otolaryngology 30 - 40 beds 
Section VI neuropsychiatry 30 beds 
Section VII X-Ray, Dentistry etc, 
... Section VIII,Aviation Medicine 40 - 80 beds. 
(.2) Each, of the above sections had a chief with 
such assistants as were required. The basic 
requirement for the dental service of each 
hospital was one dental officer and two assis- 
tants,' The basic requirements for administra- 
tion (not including the Commanding Officer who 
was always a Medical Officer) ware as follows: 
4n Executive Officer or Adjutant; a Mess Officer; 
a Finance Officer; pnd a Supply Officer, 
In addition there ‘was a Pharmacy Officer who 
had dual responsibility of operating the 
phamac and taking care of all medical supplies, 
hny non medical' supplies such as chairs, paper, 
typewriters, desks and tables were requisitioned 
by the officer. 
(3) Each Luftwaffe Hospital as noted above has a 
special Aviation Medical section (Sichtungs- 
abteilung) wherein all flying personnel with 
any problem related to flying were placed. 
The chief of this section was always a medical 
officer well trained in aviation medicine. If 
the individual hospitalized presented any part- 
icular problem related to a special field such 
as for instance an 6303 condition or a neuro- 
logical condition, he was referred in consulta- 
tion to the head or chief of that section. 
all Luftwaffe hospitals had low 
pressure chambers installed for use by the 
section of Rviation Medicine, , * 
(4) attached as appendix 71IX is shown an abbrevi-r 
ated Table of Organization Chart of a typical 
500 bed' GIF Hospital, 
e. Specialized Hospitals.. ( Sonder Lazaretts) The 
Luftwaffe did not operate specialized h spitrls although in many 
instances s£)ecial sections of certain GIF hospitals* were enlarged 
for the treatment of specific types of cases, in example of this 
is the section of Heuro-surgery, headed *oy of. Tennis, at the 
Luftwaffe Lazarett, Berlin, The irny, on the other hand, did 
have hospitals which specialized in such conditions as.orthopedic 
surgery and plastic surgery. It:was pointed -out that during the 
Russian Campaign certain ground force field hospitals were organ- 
ized primarily to take care of typhus fever cases. 
f. Convalescent Hospitals (ivurlazarett) Two types of 
convalescent hospitals were operated b3r "the Medical service of 
the Gh-iP, One t3rpe was that which admitted patients needing further 
medical care. The other trqpe was for those requiring no additional medical care but mainly exercise, good food and fresh air for com- 
plete rehabilitation. The latter type at times were operated as 
Rest Homes and were not unuer medical control. However, during 
the last year of the War there was a movement to place this type 
of unit under complete medical control. 
7. MR EVACUATION. 
a. General, Air evacuation in the Luftwaffe was 'well 
organized and extensively used on all fronts. During the period 
1939 to 1943 over two million wounded and sick were evacuated by- 
air, General Handlöser, surgeon of the Wehrmacht, and former 
surgeon of the Army was generous with praise for the assistance 
provided by the Luftwaffe in evacuating casualties. He felt, he 
stated, that during the last period of the war when .ground trans- 
portation channels were disrupted a chaotic situation in the evacu- 
ation and care of the wounded would have developed had not the 
service of air evacuation been available. 
b. Organ!zation. Air evacuation units were set up as 
special medical commands, the Sard.tats Plugbereitschaft, One 
or more of such units were assigned to each Luftflotte although 
the policjr concerning their utilization remained a function of the 
Surgeon General of tne GAD. At the period of maximum expansion there 
were eleven such units in the Luftwaffe, Each Plugbereitschaft 
was commanded by a medical officer who had command jurisdiction 
over flying and line personnel as well as medical troops. 
c. Equipment, Each unit was equipped with six Junker 52:s 
and four Storch 156's as well as ten ambulances. Performance speci- 
fications of the aircraft were as follows: 
kra/ph Plight Runway Capacity for 
time required patients. 
Sanitats Ju 52 
200 4-i hrs 500-600 m 12 litter & "• 
6 ambulatory 
or 
24 ambulatory. 
Sanitats Storch 156 
140 lp2 hrs ICO m 2 litter or 
2 ambulatory. 
Reports state that the Junkers 52 was a transport aircraft especially 
adapted for air evacuation. Work in modification and equipment 
of fittings had been performed at the Sanitats Versuch und Lehr 
Abteilung at Jüterbog* The Storch 156 wa:: a single engine lev/ 
horsepower aircraft similar to the USAA31 L.5* The normal transport 
and troop carrying aircraft employed for tactical purposes 'were 
available when occasion demanded. These aircraft had special 
fittings which they carried at all times, HE 323’s were occasion- 
ally used in evacuation although no special fittings -were provided 
in this aircraft, Sanitats aircraft were at all times unarmed. 
They were originally painted white with a large red cross but 
according to an informant, subsequent to unfortunate experience 
when aircraft were destroyed both in the air and on the ground, 
a dull greyish blue camouflage aint was used. Oxygen equipment 
was not standard in aircraft ambulances since operation was usu- 
ally at low altitudes. One unit operating between Germany and Italy was equipped' with oxygen fittings since evacuation required 
flying at altitude while crossing the Special heating 
systems were installed in the JU 52’s and were considered to he 
of importance in the care, of the patients. 
d. Operations, The Flugbereitschaft were used in evacu- 
ating all types of troops but array personnel comprised by far 
the majority of patients carried. The Surgeon of the Luftflotte 
to which the unit was assigned exerted direct control of the 
tactical use of the unit, A system of communication with head- 
quarters of the unit, kept the commanding officer informed of 
numbers of aircraft needed in specific areas for evacuation, ill 
types of casualties were accepted for evacuation but preference 
was given to those cases which would benefit most by return to 
treatment centers in the Lone of Interior, Very few deaths oc- 
curred in flight since only those cases were selected who were 
considered in good enough physical condition to be moved. In 
flight each aircraft hod one medical department enlisted man as 
attendant for the patients. Ho administration of blood or fluids 
in the form-of intravenous injections was attempted, neither 
medical officers nor female nurses flew regularly os crew members, 
Ai.r evacuation was further employed in the removal of patients 
from hospitals being closed as a result of a retreat of the Rrmy. 
attacks by enemy aircraft and weather were the two 1actors making 
operation most difficult. Toward the end of the war, tht entire 
area of Germany was so closely patrolled by allied fighter air- 
craft that flight of air ambulances were not attempted except at 
early dawn or at twilight, with occasional flights at night. 
Flights were always made at two to three hundred meters of alti- 
tude to avoid detection, Storch aircraft were used in short 
hauls between advanced areas and Corps on .Regional Command Sta- 
tions where patients were transhipped into Junkers 52's and flown 
to the Zone of Interior, 
8, ISDIOhL REPORTS, 
a. General. The medic-1 reporting system of the 
German Force was very similar to the reporting system' of the 
American .array. Unit Surgeons and Commanding Officers of Luftwaffe 
Hospitals were responsible for the rendition of the reports, 
Medical reports from hospitals were rendered through medical 
channels to the Luftgau Surgeon where they were consolidated 
and forwarded to higher headquarters. Medical reports from 
Unit iurgeons were forwarded through command channels to the 
Luftgau headquarters where they were consolidated by the Luftgau 
Surgeon and forwarded to higher headquarters, 4II medical re- 
prots finally reached the office of the Surgeon General of the 
\7here they-were analyzed and statistical studies accomplished 
by the statistical division (medical reports) of that office. 
. - --b, The Surgeon General of the GRF made the statement 
that it was his desire to keep reports to a minimum and make 
them as simple as possible. He further stated that as far as 
medical reports of the Luftwaffe were concerned there was one 
basic report, . This report was rendered monthly by medical 
officers of tactical units, and by commanding officers of hos- 
pitals. This basic monthly report ’when rendered by a unit medical 
officer was called the Unit Sick Report (Truppenkrankennachweis) SECRET 
and when rendered hy a hospital was called Hospital lick Report 
(Lazarettkrankennachweis), The reports were quite similar. 
During the early part of the war they were rendered every ten 
days. A copy of the Unit Sick Report is attached as .Appendix 
IX. 
c. Specific Medical Reports. The unit Sick Book was 
kept by all units and from it data were available for the formu- 
lation of the Unit Sick xleport, Likewise, in a hospital a Sick 
Book was maintained the data forming the source of the hospital 
Sick Report, Other reports were as follows: 
(l) Flying .Accident Reports, These were rendered 
as special reports after flying accidents had 
been investigated. The medical aspect of these 
accident reports were reviewed for the Surgeon 
General 137- Dr, Ruff, Director of the Deutsche 
Versuchsanatalt fur Luftfahrt, Berlin- 
(2) quarterly Report of Flying Personnel. This 
report was similar to the Care of Flyer Report 
in the It contained the 
following information*. 
(a) Information on Casualties (including 
wounded and missing), 
(b) Certain activities of the Unit. This 
section contained information relative 
to quarters and billeting, medical 
officer’s observations during combat 
and special observations and certain 
information relative to flying accidents. 
It was rendered in narrative form which 
allowed the unit medical officers con- 
siderable latitude in its preparation. 
(3) V/ith reference to nir Evacuation Reports the 
following is quoted from hI-'l2/u3SThf/y, 21 3; (Zj.) 
"A, Air Transport Report 
l) Duty ambulance flights (lanitats- 
flugbereitschäften) keep no hospital 
sick books and prepare no hospital 
sick reports. 
2) For the transportation of wounded or 
sick by air, an Air Transport Report 
must be rendered. 
The Report is prepared by; 
a) the leader of the duty ambulance 
flight when the transportation is 
, directed through him, when his air- 
craft is used, or when an aircraft 
is set at his disposal for such cases 
b) the medical authority of the unit 
in individual cases not handled hy 
the duty ambulance flight, c) the medical officer of -the airfield 
to which the patient is brought if 
he is transported outside the juris- 
diction of the duty ambulance flight. 
3) The air transport report is made out 
in duplicate. The original copies are 
sent collectively on the first of every 
month by the duty ambulance flight 
through the usual channels to the 
Director of Gd? Medical Services, The 
same reports prepared by the other 
authorities (b and c above) are also 
sent on the same day to the competent 
medical officer of the area, who directs 
them to the Director of GdP Medical 
Services, «11 second copies are sent 
to the Central archive for Medical 
Matters of the firmed Forces (.army and 
on the first of and first 
of October of every year or when the 
organization is disbanded’*, (d copy 
of the dir Transport "Report is attached 
as appendix X. ) 
”4) In addition to the monthly air transport 
report, the dut; ambulance flight must 
send the following; 
a) d report of experiences concerning 
important findings. 
b) x» weather report covering the area 
of flight at the average altitude, 
(altigraphs ore issued to each duty 
ambulance flight, although their 
use will generally be limited to 
flights over 2000 meters.) 
3, Transport Report 
dfter a medical transport unit has been em- 
ployed, it reports to its competent superior 
medical officer concerning the length of 
activity, approximate number and place of 
stay of the wounded, and the number and 
nature oC operations performed. If the 
unit is.employed over a longer period of 
time, •this’report is made daily”, dppendix XI. 
(4) In spite of‘the statement by the Surgeon 
General of the GdP to the effect that' only 
one "basic medical report was required, the 
German Luftwaffe Medical Service required 
many other medical reports of subsidiary 
nature, d portion of the required G«? medical 
reports are listed, the titles "being self 
explanatory: SUCHET 
(a) Serai annual reports of high ranking 
medical officers (example; reports ren- 
dered by Luftgaucrzt and Luftflottearzt).' 
(b) Semi annual reports of consultants, 
(c) Monthly Personnel Reports, 
(d) Reports of special communicable diseases, 
(e) Monthly Venereal Report, 
l) The monthly Venereal Report was initia- 
ted by the unit surgeon and forwarded 
to the commanding officer who in turn 
transmitted the report through command 
channels. Control of Venereal Disease 
according to the Surgeon G-eneral of the 
GUP was a command function and responsi 
bility. 
(5) Por complete data relative to the dip Medico! 
reports, the reader is referred to D (.rift) 
2301 (Restliches Bericht und Meldewese?, dor 
Luftwaffe im \riege) (8)? 
9. 5T.YIKG SiiFSTY. 
T—,, i . , i ■» ■■ 
a. Investigation and coordination of the medical problems 
of flying safety were conducted at the Plugmedizinische Institut, 
xidlershof, Berlin under the direction of Dr, Siegfried Ruff, Dr, 
Ruff's institute was dix-ectly under the supervision of the D.V.L. 
(Deutche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt) and was a civilian organi- 
zation, The research conducted was not only for the Luftwaffe, 
but also for civil and naval aviation. Direct liaison was main- 
tained by Dr, Ruff with the Safety and Equipment Division of the 
Luftwaffe General Staff, the Surgeon General of the Luftwaffe, 
and the various research institutes performing work for the airforce 
as well as with the many technical divisions working under the 
D. V. L. 
b. In changes in aeronautical design and in development 
of hew designs, full specification and reports were forwarded to 
the Plugmedizinische Institut for criticism and comment on the 
medical and physiological.consideration of the new design. 
o. The aircraft accident investigation department of 
the Plugmedizinische Institut mode a careful study of each aircraft 
accident report and maintained statistics in order that they might 
recognise difficulties either in aircraft design, ’equipment or in 
training of crew members proving to be frequent factors in aviation 
accidents. 
(l) Statistics concerning aircraft accidents, 
although kept by the institute, were not pub- 
lished since it was believed that publication 
of such figures would have on adverse effect 
on the morale of flying personnel and of the 
public and be of value to the allied powers. (2) A card file system of the Occidents of each 
pilot was maintained in peace time at the 
institute. Entries were made concerning 
each aviation accident. In the event 0 re- 
cord showed repeated accidents the individual 
was ordered to an examining station for a 
complete physical examination. In war time 
it was difficult to maintain individual 
records in the central institute consequently 
the responsibility of study of individual 
records was delegated to the unit surgeons. 
d. The standard aircraft accident reports (ärztliche 
Plugunfallmeldung) .appendix XII wert kept in file in the institute. 
This report was accomplsihed by the unit medical officer subse- 
quent to each accident. One copy was forwarded to Or, Ruff, one 
cop3r to the Luftgau Surgeon, and one to the Luftflotte Surgeon, 
e, Aviation accidents were classified into 
(1) Technical failures, 
(2) Personnel failures (aircrew or ground 0-0.7), 
f, Prequency of types -of accidents was given in the 
following order: 
(1) Landing and take-off accidents resulting from 
personnel or material failure, 
(2) Occidents in flying resulting from "blackout 
or disorientation of pilot* 
(3) Occidents resulting from "blinding by sun glare, 
(4) accidents resulting from oxygen failure. 
g. Correlation of physical Standards with flying 
safety received careful attention, A close study was made of 
physical standard requirements and if the Luftwaffe G-eneral Staff 
lowered a requirement below that 'which was considered to be,, a 
safe level, objection was made to the appropriate author ty. However, 
many trained individuals were permitted to fly despite serious 
physical defects. It was estimated that approximately one hundred 
and fifty pilots with a major amputation were permitted to fly as 
were perhaps six or seven pilots who had lost the sight of, one eye, 
Mil such individuals were given a strict performance test at the 
Medical Research and Training Center cd .J.uterbog,. prior to being 
permitted to return to flying duty. Dr, Ruff did, not believe that 
trained personnel with an amputation or with loss of sight in one 
eye were any more prone to accidents than individuals having their 
full faculties. He based this assumption on his belief that a 
highly trained, highly motivated individual with many years of flying 
experience, is better equipped to handle an aircraft and make the 
proper responses in an emergent situation than an individual with 
less flying experience and motivation, but possessing his full 
faculties. h. Flying Safety Training. Forty hours of flying 
safety instruction were given to students during their period 
of flying training. Subject mater included use of- oxygen equipment, 
parachute training (without jumping), training in escape from 
aircraft, positions to be taken in aircraft to avoid injury, main- 
tenance of physical fitness as well as the use of each item of 
standard equipment such as safety belts and harness. Publications 
concerning flying safety.for the information of all flying personnel 
were issued regularly by the Educational Division of the General 
Staff, 
i. personnel of the Flugmedizi. dache Institut were 
continuously engaged in research concerned with improvement of 
flying safety. Hesearch included investigation of seat belts and 
shoulder harness, ejection seats, standardization of instruments, 
deceleration studies, parachutes, flying clothing, and such other 
subject matter as might .be ordered by .theD,V*L. ' » 
1°. hVIüTIQH PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM. 
a. Introduction. The following sub-section is based upon 
information secured from interviews with seventeen German psycholo- 
gists, twelve of whom had served as GIF or hr y psychologists, and 
from the examination of various documents. The interviews were 
conducted in the offices or homes of the iruormants. Chief emphasis 
is given to the use of tests .and other*psychological techniques 
for the selection and classification of GnF personnel. This work 
of psychologists was not done in the Medical Department, as it is 
in the a.A.F. However, since the iviation Psychology program of the- 
-iüP-ig the responsibility of the hir Surgeon, inclusion of this 
sub-section in the present report is justified. 
"b. Development of Psychology in the German hrmc-d Forces, 
lifter a brief beginning in World War I, psychological work in the 
present German was renewed in 1920 with the publication by 
the G-erman War ministry of a directive on nPs5rchoXogy in the Anny" 
(30), A center for direction of ps3rchological research was estab-A 
lished during the same year at the University of Berlin, with Prof, 
Dr, J.B. Rieffert as its head. In Hoy, 1922 there was formed a 
"psychotechnical Laboratory of the G-erman War Minis try" in Berlin. 
Later, in 1925, Dr, Rieffert, Dr, Lersch and Dr* Rudert were ap- 
pointed to a "Commission.for Questions of irmy Psychotechnique". 
This committee planned procedures for selecting officers, non- 
commissioned officers, and technicians. In 1925 there was also 
.established at Stuttgart, under direction of Dr, Shmke, the first 
psychological examining center. The work during this period was 
on an experimental basis. Finally, on 1 1927, the G-erman 
War Ministry directed that all officer aspirants be given a psycho- 
logical examination,. The Hayy, which had been developing a psycho- 
logical program under Dr, Mierke,foilowed with a similar requirement 
in 1928, 
g. Development of Aviation Psychology, As the GejmaVi Air 
Force grew, special tests were devised to select men for pilot and 
other aircrew positions. 3y 193& a number of these aircrew 
tests were in routine use, but all testing for the .Air Force 
was done by the, Awny, ns the Luftwaffe became more independent, 
so did the psychological testing program, until by 1939 an entirely 
independent program had been established. Dr, Faul Hetz was made of training; for Fliegertruppe, whether pilot, 
observer, bombardier, gunner or technician; for 
Flaktruppe, ’whether height finder or sound 
operator. There was one such testing center 
in each of the nine Luftgaus or air districts 
in greater G-ermany.' 
(3) Regimental Psychologists, Soon after the 
beginning of the war psychologists were assigned 
to.the four types of basic training regiments 
(xiir Force, Flak, Communications and Paratroop), 
Final classification of personnel was accomplished 
in these regiments rather than at the recruiting 
centers. Men who had been drafted were tested 
for the first time, and in many cases volunteers 
who had been examined at an earlier date were 
re-tested. Examinations also -were given to some of 
the men who had seen active service and been 
recommended by field commanders for officer 
training. In some coses the latter men were 
examined at officer candidate schools. 
' e. Personnel. Officers for the psychological units were 
selected carefully in the early days of the program but after the 
beginning of the war professional standards were greatly lowered. 
Initially the Ph,D degree and a year of training as an assistant 
at a psycholigical unit was required. Later men with training in 
fields such as education, philosophy and even theology were given 
a short period of training and assigned to conduct psychological 
examinations. No exact figures on the number of psychologists 
assigned to the G-üF were obtained. Estimate swere that about 150 
psychologists were employed in the last stage of the program. 
There were about 8 to 10 psychologists in Berlin; 1 or 2 in each 
Luftgau headquarters; 4 to 8 in each Luftgau recruiting center; a 
total of from 5 to 8 in the training regiments of each Luftgau; 
and from 4 to 5 in each Recruiting Center for Officers, Almost 
all psychologists were Vfehrmacht Beamte (officials) with a status* , 
which resembled in many ways that once planned for the Rrrny 
Specialists Corps in the American 4rny, Some enlisted men and 
some civilians were used as assistants. 
f, Relation to Other Branches« although the close 
relationship of psychological and physical selection of aircrew 
personnel has "been recognised by both the .American -array and Navy 
Rir Forces, the two programs were entirely separate in G-ermany, 
At the officer recruiting centers one medical officer and two 
army officers together with several psychologists formed a com- 
mission which made recommendations to the Director of the Center, 
who in turn made all final decisions* At the Luftgau recruiting 
centers the medical and psychological sections were often housed 
in the same building and often worked closely together. On the 
whole, however, there, was much duplication of efforts,, lack of 
cooperation and lack of understanding between the psychological 
and medical selection programs. The relation of the psychological 
program to other branches of the also -was not sound. In the 
status of Wehrmacht Beamte, psychologists had no command responsi- 
bility, The final decision regarding selection and classification 
was always made by a regular Rir Force officer. Examining centers 
worked without knowledge of quotas and exact training needs and 
without final responsibility for classification. ...... • 1 " • ' ’ 
g. Tests. ‘ No uniform test battery for all candidates, 
such as is used by the was employed. The; tests varied with 
the testing centery ‘the type of candidate examined, • and with the 
individual psychologists in a center, A', few tests were mandatory, 
others were used more or leiss regularly. The following list 
includes the most Important tests available for use. This entire 
list was never given to anyone man. The names of the tests are / 
not always literal translations of the German name, but are des- 
criptive of the nature of the test. The grouping of tests under 
six main headings is that of'the writer. A description of each 
of these tests is given in Appendix XIII, 
(1) Tests of I.tdiligence, Judgement and Proficiency. 
Writing an essay,. 
'• Verbal memory. 
Mental arithmetic. 
Arithmetic‘problems, ■ 1 
J udgement, 
. Mechanical comprehension «- moving picture test. 
Mechanical comprehension interpreting drawings,- 
Mechanical assembly,. 
(2) Tes ts of Perceptual Ability. - 
General observationmoving picture test. 
Distance perception - horopter scope 
Distance perception - Herring’s falling marbles 
test, 
Exner’s spirale - Sifter image test* 
Hubert’s test (Korrekturbrille) - curved 
space problem. 
Orientation test - memory for absolute and, 
"relative directions, 
Reyolving chair - ability to use visual and 
auditory cues in conflict with sensations 
of movement. 
(3) Tests of Coordination and Reaction ability. 
Coordination test - manipulation of stick and 
rudder in response to a pattern of lights, • 
Complex reaction test - reaction with hands and 
feet to visual and auditory signals. 
Vertical wheel - reaction while in a rotating 
wheel. 
Balancing on an unstable platform. 
Battery of sports tests - running, jumping, 
obstacle course, chin up, shot.put. 
(**■) Tests of Personality, Character and Leadership 
Ability, 
Personal questionnaire, 
Analysis of handwriting, , ... i 
analysis of speech and voice. ; 
Analysis of facial expression - tiption pictures. 
Group discussion r- ability to lead a discussion. 
Orders test - ability to direct a group of men 
on a practical problem, 
/ Obstacle course - study of behaviour as the 
candidate neared physical exhaustion. (5) Tests of Special Aptitudes. 7 
•Code recognition test - phonograph records., 
Code reproduction test - reproducing code 
sounds, ' v .. .. 
(6) Exploitation (Final interview), 
h. Principles of Psychological Testing, as practiced by 
military psychologists in Germany, were completely at variance 
with principles observed in the American •. T/hereas American - 
methods are standardized, objective and quantitative, the.methods 
in Gknriany were clinical, subjective’ and non-quantitative (17). 
The German point of view was that clinical observations of the 
candidate's behaviour while taking a test were more important 
than the actual test scores,- This attitude, is illustrated by the • 
statement of a man who was formerly assigned to a Luftgau head- 
quarters with responsibility for’ training and■supervising new 
psychologists. He reported that the chief fault of the new 
examiners was that they paid too much, attention, to objective 
test scores and not enough'attention to the candidate's reactions 
and Expressions, Individual units and individual psychologists 
were permitted to emphasize the testing procedures which they 
liked best. One man, for example, who had written his dissertation 
for the,doctorate.on ’’The First Impression",- said that in 
examining candidates he found that,he was always right if he 
followed hi*s own first impression, another examiner said he had 
specialized in the study of graphology and relied chiefly on hand- 
writing analysis. The leaders of German military g)sychology 
were men of theoretical training and were not outstanding experi- 
mental or applied .psychologists. Few of 'then knew even the 
simple rudiments of statistical or research methods. To under- 
stand this failure to use exact scientific test:methods requires 
also a reference to the social and political philosophy which 
developed in Germany after the first Vo rid bar. Popular opinion 
was strongly opposed to "psychotechnics". It was proposed that 
qualities of the German mind could not be studied scientifically. 
Educators and other leaders supported this romantic point of 
view and many of then strongly opposed scientific study or analysis 
of individual abilities. The idea was fostered that the important 
thing was not aptitude or ability, but qualities of personality, 
belief in Goman ideals-and loyalty to party and authority. 
i. Test .administration Procedures« vre re supervised by 
central offices in the Jjuftgau headquarters and.in Berlin, Each, 
candidate was given an opportunity to state his preference for a 
special type of training before testing was begun and procedures 
were governed in part by the desires of the nan for different 
typos of assignments. The length of testing varied fron 1 to 3 
days depending upon the specialty, the testing load, and the stage 
of the war. More tine was given to testing officers, pilots and 
navigators than to other specialties. The intelligence and pro- 
ficiency tests, and,group tests common to all specialties, were 
usually given on the first day. The sports tests were also fre-, 
quently given the first day, aptitude tests for particular, 
specialties, such as tests of perceptual or coordination ability, 
were usually given later. .The complete batteries for testing 
aircrew volunteers and whibh.we.'e in use* at the luftgau Recruiting 
Center in Hamburg in 194-0, are given in appendix: -it the 
end of the first day the results of the testing were assembled 
and ten to twenty per cent of the poorest candidates were either eliminated or told that they must try for a lower specialty. For 
the individual tests each candidate was assigned to one examiner, 
4t first each psychologist examined only one or two men a day, 
and group conference of all psychologists at a center were held 
on each man* f Later in the War as many as 10 to 15 men were tested 
each day by.each examiner, and he alone made the final decision 
regarding each of these candidates. 
j, Pinal recommendations were based upon the clinical 
judgement of the examiner and not upon any standardized procedure 
for weighting and combining test scores. There was general agrees 
ment, but,no'published directive, concerning £he special abilities 
desired,for the various specialties. Extreme personality types 
were considered unsatisfactory, Effort and motivation were thought 
to be more important than achievement. In the selection of pilots 
emphasis was placed on alertness/ quick reactions, intelligence, 
orientation ability, motivation and coordination. Observers were 
selected for good intellectual ability, plus orientation and mathe- 
matical aptitude. Standards for bombardiers were lower than for. 
pilots and observers and no specific aptitudes were looked for. 
Gunners were selected for strength, practical ability, normal re- 
action tine and normal coordination. Men were given four ratings 
for the specially in which they were -applying; (l) Fully qualified; 
(2) Qualified; (3) Minimally qualified, or (4) Not qualified* .4 
summary, about a half page in length and containing the most import- 
ant findings of the examinetion, was prepared for each man. Copies 
of two ', such reports'are attached as appendix XV, 
k. Research in Psychology, The research program in 
psychology was centered in the Central Psychological Laboratory 
in Berlin, and local units, were not permitted- to engage in research. 
The records of the Central Laboratory have not been examined, but 
the assistant Director was interviewed, (the Director was killed 
while on active duty as a pilot during the latter part of the war), 
411 informants stated-that research publications were not issued by 
the laboratoiy. It was reported that occasional follow-up studies 
of the validities of individual tests and of the recommendations 
regarding training were made. Reports of .such studies have not 
been located. No procedure existed for routinely 
securing criterion data on success in training or in combat for 
’ all men. 
(1) Validation. Several of the informants reported 
that at annual meetings of Wehrmacht psycholo- 
gists in Berlin, reports were made concerning 
the success of the program during., the proceeding 
year, At various times it was reported that 
between 73 and 9Q per cent;agreement had been 
found between examinotion finding's and later 
success in the G-4F, No explanation could be 
given of How these percentage figures were ob- 
tained, One informant referred to a- short 
research report, se§njiji 1957.which he f emetv- 
bered as stating that 93 per cent of men rated 
as fully qualified or qualified on the basis 
of the examination were successful, whereas 
only 50 per cent of men rated minimally quali- 
fied or not qualified, were successful. He 
did not recall the number of cases or the 
criterion of success. The official monthly 
classified publication of the .army Pssrcholo*? 
gists, "Wehrpsychologische Mitteilungen’1} has 
been examined. -Xt contains no validation reports on dir Force personnel. Two issues in 
1939, devoted to the* Force program, contain 
only articles describing the organization 
and the tests used, Some validity studies on 
Officer selection are reported but the criteria 
used are Judged to be entirely inadequate. 
(2) Test Development was based upon Job analysis and 
on theoretical considerations. The selection 
tests for officers were the same as those used 
by the dray. These tests and examination pro- 
cedures changed very little after 1928, when, 
according to- one of the three men responsible 
for starting the program, it was felt that 
procedures were ’’satisfactory”. The special 
tests for aircrew personnel were developed 
before 1939 and during the war only minor 
changes were introduced, such as those made to 
accommodate more candidates, or such os the 
use of different mathematical problems or differ- 
ent passages for the memory test, or elimination 
of the use of motion pictures of facial ex- 
pression due to shortage of film, i-fter 1942 
no agency in the G-dF was responsible for, or 
undertook to develop selection tests, except 
for the work on remote controlled bomb opera- 
tors described below. 
(3) Research on Training Problems was contemplated 
in the original plans for ps3rchological work 
in the dir Force. It was proposed to place 
psychologists in all of the specialized train- 
ing schools. However, this was never done, 
and as far as could be determined no research 
on training methods, training devices, or on 
the measurement of proficiency was undertaken. 
(4) Problems of Utilization of personnel, after 
original classification, were not a concern 
of the psychological program. In the selection 
of pilots for special such as Jet plane 
pilots, night fighter pilots or instructors, 
no use was made of aptitude or proficiency 
tests rand as far as is known no research on 
these problems was undertaken. 
(5) Development of Selection Tests for Remote 
Controlled Bomb Opex-ators was undertaken by 
the Medical Research Institute at Garmisch- 
Partenkirchen, Three tests mere used; a 
simple coordination test; a visual acuity 
test; and a test of ability to discriminate 
’’minimal movements”. The training records of 
one hundred men selected with these tests were 
examined by the Institute, but no quantitative 
validity study of the data was made. It was 
reported that the ’’minimal test was 
the best of the three. 
(6) Research on Fatigue and Efficiency, utilizing 
psychological tests in an effort to measure 
decrement in performance, was carried on in several laboratories in Germany„ This work 
was not connected with military psychology, 
but Is included in this section because of 
rovelance to MF problems« 
(a) It the Psychological Laboratory of the 
University,of Gottingen a technique' was 
develop! by Dr, Ducken föir measuring 
fetigue by ns ans of difficult mental 
. arithmetic problemsThe subject was 
seated before a screen oh which problems 
similar" to the following v/epe projected«. 
9 4-8-5 ~ 
6 ~ 2 v- 3 « . ' 
His task was, to compute the answers to the 
• first line, remember this number Grille 
computing the second line % then add or 
subtract the two resultant numbers de- 
pending on which .was. larger and call out 
the result. Problems were presented auto- 
matically« The number of problems com- 
pleted and the number of errors made were 
recorded by the examiner« Individual 
differences in ability to perform this 
task "/ore great* The technique was em- 
ployed with yell trained subjects to study 
the effects of various stimulants« It yas 
reported that doses of pervitin produced 
from 20 to i|0 per cent increase in perform- 
anna * lasting up to 2l\. hours 0 with no period 
of decreased efficiency afterwards* 
(b) The Medical Research Institute at Gemisch— 
Partenkirchen used eight short tests (breath 
holding* chin-up. strength test» simple 
reaction time, simple coordination * tracking 
tests, cancellation test9 numerical opera- 
tions) which required 25 minutes to bdninister* 
in studies of fatigue« This battery yes 
administered to a very small group of men 
eight times a, day for a month and then the 
effects of various drugs on test performance 
were studied« £11 results were reported to 
be negative. Next the effects of drugs on 
performance in sports such rs skiing rere. 
studied.,'by securing subjective reports end 
by observing and taking movies of the men'in 
action» The latter me thod* although more 
subjective, tres reported to have re- 
vealed definite effects from several drugs. 
(c) It the Psychologien Lc bore to ry of the 
Technic cl High 'School ct Danmig a technique 
yes developed by Dr». Ehrenstein for measur- 
ing fetigue by the use of opticcl illusions 
(l6)c In o study cf 80 shipyard workers, 
tested ct the ‘beginning cid ct the end of 
a 9 hour dey of exhausting physical work, 
it yes found that the illusions were con- 
siderably greeter ct the end of the dry. 
The original dctc have been examined and the difference found to be significant at the 
1 per cent level. This technique is of special 
interest because the test itself is not 
fatiguing and require s only a few minutes to 
administer. 
(7) Development of Hew Clinical Tests, in Germany has been 
limited chiefly to projective techniques. One of these 
tests requires the completion of drawings. It con- 
sists of a sheet divided into eight ij- inch squares, 
each containing a few straight or curved lines. The 
candidate is told that these lines are part of a 
picture which he is to complete, An elaborate 
scoring method is used. In another test, called 
the ’'Impressions Test”, six figures resembling in 
some ways the Rorschach plates, are presented by 
means of slides. These figu -es*are more varied . 
than are the Rorschach cards, and several are 
partially structured. The administration and 
scoring is somewhat simplified but - resembles the 
Rorschach method,. Both of these tests were used 
at the German Institute for Psychological Research 
and Psychotherapy in Berlin, at hospitals for 
brain injury cases, and at various clinics. 
(8) The Design of Sights and Controls was studied by the 
Medical Research. Institute, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 
in an effort to provide data for adapting s eh 
equipment to the capacities of the operator. This 
work was done by medical officers, 
physicists and a psychologist, Comparisons were 
made between various reticle designs, and between 
various types of control devices. On the basis 
of very small numbers of cases and without statis- 
tical treatment of the data it was concluded that 
controls operated by the feet were many times less 
accurate than hand.controls; that movements utiliz- 
ing hands, arms and shoulders were more precise than 
movements utilizing only.the hands and fingers; 
and that a single control moving in several dimen- 
sions was superior to several controls each of which 
moved in only one dimension. 
1* Evaluation, .A "basis for the evaluation of the German Rir 
Force psychological program could be a comparison of its success in the 
selection of good officers and'effective- specialists with' the success of 
the program, However, in the absence of any data concerning the 
validity of the tests 'and procedures used by the Germans, such a com- 
parison is not possible. To evaluate German psychological testing methods 
by making comparisons between quality of German personnel admitted during 
and after the existence of a psychological selection program is not a 
legitimate procedure, because of the many changes in conditions within 
Germany after 1942. It remains, then, to summarise observations regarding the prac- 
tical or military aspects of the program, and to review critically 
the soundness of the techniquesand procedures used, as judged by 
.American standards. 
(l) Practical and Military Effectiveness of 
German aviation psychology was limited, 
as indicated by the fact that it was discontinued 
before the end of the war# indicates 
that the elaborate clinical testing procedures 
were impractical. Other reasons indicate 
that psjrchology, as a liberal science of the 
individual, was never fully accepted by the 
Nazi party or by the German military caste. 
The reasons for discontinuing the program are 
listed below. 
(a) Selection and classification on the basis 
of individual aptitude was opposed by 
many German officers, In numerous 
Prussian families it was mandatory that 
at least one son become on army officer. 
It was traditional for the commanding 
officers of Army units to perpetuate their 
own "caste b}? nominating officer 'candidates 
from these and the. . officers 
were jealous of any program which inter- 
fered with this system. 
(b) The Mazi party placed great importance upon 
party affiliation, and on membership in 
one of the youth organizations. It was 
directed that men who had belonged to the 
Plying Corps or the Motor Corps be given 
preference, by the'GAP* The party con- 
sidered it more important that men with this 
background be selected as officers and air- 
crew members in order.to increase the conr 
trol of the party over the .army, than that 
men be selected whom the psychological exam- 
ination showed to have the most aptitude, 
Por this reason the party never supported 
the psychological program. 
(c) The examination procedures developed for the 
peace time Army were not suitable for war 
• conditions. There were not sufficient 
trained psychologists to continue the ela- 
borate testing procedures, Mith the use of 
untrained examiners and with heavy testing 
loads the testing procedures, which were 
always subjective and unstandardized, be- 
came increasingly unreliable. 
(d) Military organization of the psychological 
program was poor, especially the relation- 
ship with the medical department. Testing was carried out by a semi-military group 
without any authority for disqualifying can- 
didates or for actual classification, 
without direct contact with practical pro- 
blems of training and of utilizing personnel 
and without coordination with the medical 
selection and research program. 
(2) Scientific Evaluation of testing procedures can 
,be made by reference to recognized American standards. 
Judged by these standards German methods are infer- 
ior, Specifically, the following criticisms can 
be made. 
(a) Procedures were subjective and depended on 
the skill of the individual examiner. There 
was little recognition of the problem of re- 
liability, Procedures were uhstandardized 
and there was little uniformity in testing 
different candidates. 
(b) The program was static. In the absence of 
an effective research program or plan for 
constantly refining procedures on the basis 
of accumulated data, few advances were made 
in testing procedures over a period of almost 
twenty years. 
(3) The greatest advantage of the German method was 
its comprehensiveness and thoroughness, A 
systematic effort was made to observe a great 
variety of individual aptitudes and abilities. 
Some of the testing procedures deserve systematic 
try out and validation with *-.*7 personnel,. and 
should be of value in so far as they furnish 
ideas for future research, xk few recent projects 
concerned with important problems such as the 
measurement of fatigue and efficiency, and the 
design of equipment for more efficient operation, 
reveal a more quantitative approach, but have not 
yet produced conclusive findings. 
11. i^UROPSYCHInTRY. 
a. Organization, In January 1941 a psychiatric consultant 
to the Surgeon General of the GAP in the person of Professor Dr. Hans 
Luxemburger, was appointed. Prior to this, the special position had 
not existed. It was his task to advise on psychiatric problems in 
aviation medicine, to prepare certain circular letters for medical 
officers and to select psychiatrists for the following types of as- 
signment; 
(l) Luftwaffe Lazarett, .All the larger hospitals, in 
and outside Germany, had a neuropsychiatrist, 
with the rank of Major or Captain, in charge of 
the section for psychoses and neurological.dis- 
eases, The psychiatrist served as consultant to 
other sectionsincluding the Sichtungs Abteilung, 
except in rare exceptions, where the latter was provided with-‘a psychiatrist (Hnile-Lohlau). 
(2) Luftgau* attached to each Luftgau and also to 
some Fliegerkorps there was a psychiatrist with 
responsibility for matters concerning mental 
hygiene and the morale of the troops (Mehrbet- 
reuungs-SanitSts Offizier or Medical Officer 
for-Mental Hygiene), In small Luf tgau's he 
could be the Lazarett-ps chiatrist. Moreover, 
neuro-psjoahiatric administrative assistant 
was sometimes assigned to the staff of a Luftgau 
' for handling of records which were forwarded to 
the Office of the Surgeon of the G-^F, 
( 3) Sichtungsstelle, This station, was independent of 
the Luftwaffe Lazarett. It was set up chiefly 
for the screening of fatigued or otherwise-dis- 
turbed flying personnel, # neuropsychiatrist was 
attached or could if he had additional experiences 
:• in. internal-medicine, be chief of the center, 
-This was the case, for example, in a 40 bed hos- 
pital at Oslo, Norway, where examinations for 
• flying fitness of new candidates, usually the 
task of the Untersuchungsstelle, also .were per- 
formed. 
(4) Untersuchungsstelle« In centers.where many examin- 
ations for flying fitness were performed, particu- 
larly before the war, a neuropsychiatrist was 
assigned. If this was not the case, the psychia- 
trist of the nearest Luftwaffe Lazarett assisted, 
or the leader of the Untersuchungsstelle took it 
on himself to evaluate personaler,-v 
b. Training, There ’was no special training for psychiatrists 
in the Luftwaffe except for the Officers for Mental Hygiene (see 
Fart 12, Rental Hygiene and Morale), The teaching of neuropsychia- 
try to other medical officers was greatly encouraged. The Lazarett 
psychiatrist gave clinical demonstrations for the members of the 
staff, and outstanding men were invited to lecture at Berlin and 
Jüterbog, It was stated by several informants that the Luftwaffe 
had the better neuropsychiatrists but that the number of well trained 
men was by far too small to meet the needs. 
c, Selection. The neuropsychiatric examination to deter- 
mine fitness for military aviation was performed at .the Untersuch-» 
ungsstelle, It was intended that this would- be done by specialists, 
but often, and especially during the latter port of the war, the 
equivalent of the American was given by other Luftwaffe medical 
officers. In the opinion of many-.informants, this led sometimes to 
faulty selection* Candidates were applicants from the 4rmy or from 
ground personnel of the Luftwaffe, many of them.with combat-experi- 
ence, Long standing interest in especially as evidenced 
by participation in the Lvi at ion. (glider), branch of the Hitler 
Youthvllovement, was considered .favourable. - a-vr, v . 
(1) The criteria for psychiatric selection and the 
methods of examination were set forth in a general directive which was published by the 
.aviation Ministerium and the O.K. L. in 194-2 
do). translation of this document has 
been distributed by the Kero-Medical Intelli- 
gence Section of U iSTKF* It provided that an 
evaluation of personality, character and in- 
telligence be obtained by means of a personal 
interview. Simple methods were employed to 
test retention and memory, arithmetical and 
technicalskill and sense of spatial orienta- 
tion. Finally, the military and sports accom- 
plishments record, the analysis of handwriting, 
the candidate’s previous history, family and racial 
origin were reviewed. It was emphasized that 
a good personal history, healthy ambition, 
sense of comradeship, and manual skill hold 
better promise for success in aviation than 
intellectual accomplishment, n point score 
system was not used in the evaluation of 
these functions. 
(2) K candidate could be rejected,'temporarily 
rejected or accepted for military ■avaiation» In 
the last case he could be declared suitable as 
radio-operator, engineer-gunner and aerial, 
gunner (Fliegerschutzentauglich), or in addition 
as pilot, observer and bombardier, (Wehrflieger- 
tauglich). These conclusions were submitted 
to the training unit commander who was limited 
only in so far as he could not employ an indivi- 
.. dual of the first category for pilot, observer 
or bombardier. Upon later re-examination, as 
after a period of combat, it occasionally 
occurred that temporarily a pilot was no longer 
acceptable in the second category and hence fox'* 
some time flew as a gunner. 
(3) Besides the directive mentioned, no other out- 
line has "been found* It is believed that a rigid 
system of psychiatric selection in all probability 
did not exist, For some time it was thought by 
many ps chiatrists that the body-character-con- 
st! tution system of classification (Kretschmer) 
would be of value in selection and that the . 
athletic and asthenic types would make better 
fliers than the pycnic* However, this idea was 
later abandoned. Several opinions, many contra- 
dictory, were given regarding the reasons for 
discontinuation of the separate and pureply psycholo- 
gical test-examination which formerly’ in some cases 
led to rejection of medically acceptable candi- 
dates,. Nevertheless with or without psycholo- 
gical tests, it was claimed that flying"personnel 
was the very best of German military manhood. 
(4) With regard to neurological selection, a history 
or evidence of organic disease of the nervous 
Sjrsten was definite ground for rejection os was 
also a history of psychosis or a clinically mani- 
fest psychoneurosis. Special attention was given to the detection of any signs of epileptic 
predisposition but electro-encephalography was 
not used. On the other hand it was emphasized 
that several minor abnormalities in the neuro- 
logical examination, such as slight asymmetry of 
pupils and reflexes, had no clinical signifi- 
cance. and should not be cause for rejection* 
d, Fatigue. Combat-Fatigue. .Anxiety. Reactions and 
Psychoneuroses. Concerning the incidence of this type of disturbance, 
a great variety of opinions existed. The attitude encountered 
varied according to political orientation level and type of profes- 
sional training. Among these attitudes were noted an unwillingness 
to admit that such pathology occured, a tendency "to minimize the 
importance of the problem, overemphasis of the organic approach 
(often based upon poor understanding of emotional motivation), and 
finally objectivity and realism. 
a) A typical .study of "over-fatigue" can be found 
in a report on 83 cases hospitalized at the 
Luftwaffe Kurlazarett Oberschreiberhau (24). 
The disturbance of these men, chiefly pilots, 
is called by the author "having flown too 
much" (llberflogensein) or "having lost zest 
through exhaustion in flying" (.Abgeflogen 
sein), nevertheless, it is pointed out that 
there was. no correlation between the number 
of hours in the air end the severity of the 
condition which in all cases developed follow- 
ing an emotional trauma. The clinical des- 
cription, otherwise, has much in common with 
Armstrong’s aeroneurosis to v/hich reference 
is made. The most outstanding symptoms were 
irritability, sleep disturbance (with dreams 
about the traumatic episode), sweating, head- 
ache, anorexia, loss of weight, hyperreflexia, 
tremor of the hands, dermographism, eosinophilia 
and cardiovascular lability (often with brady- 
cardia), The series of 8p cases are composed 
of; instructors (30); bomber pilots (28); 
reconnaissance fliers (5); fighter pilots (8); 
transport pilots (4); and aviation students (lO), 
(2) It is commented that'the students had gone 
through an rigid and hurried 
course' and that the instructors ha.d suffered ■ 
greatly from the hazards of flying with beginners. 
Of the remaining'patients, some had crash landed ’ 
in combat several times, others had been wounded 
and some had been prisoners of war in France, 
In spite of the appreciation of these experiences 
as probable causative factors, psychotherapy is 
not even mentioned in the treat went which con- 
sisted merely of sedation, sports, hydro-and 
heliotherapy. 
(3) Fathophysiology. of the vegstive regulating 
nervous system was considered, generally, the 
essence of this fliers disease. Characteristic 
of the organic approach is also the research 
done hy Ko 11 wich who used capillary microscopy 
as a diagnosticum for flying fatigue. This SECRET 
condition, according to him, is "based on 
increased permeability of the capillaries which 
results from moving at great speed, "Auxine- 
substances'* which decrease the permeability, 
were thought to be of therapeutic value. 
Another method of recording the physiological 
substrate of.fatigue in fliers, though by 
no means specific, was electro-encephalog- 
raphy. 
(4) Nomenclature, The report from Cchrcdberhau 
is the only clinical publication on the 
subject of fatigue-reactions which could be 
found in Germany, Officially it was agreed 
among military psychiatrists in 1944 to elimin- 
ate the word psychoneurosis, including anxiety 
reaction* Instead, one of two diagnoses had 
to be used, first: psychic condition, psychoge- 
nic and psychologically fixed (abnormal reaction 
to external situations and inner conflict re- 
actions) and second; physical conditions of 
psychic origin, including organic neuroses and 
primitive conversion neuroses. This to some 
extent explains the claim that there were no 
neuroses in the German military organization* 
Certainly, the classical war-neuroses with 
conversions, severe tremors and so on, were 
rarely seen in the Luftwaffe and considerably 
less frequently in the than in World War 
I* ’‘Psychic conditions, psychogenic and psy- 
chologically fixed“ however, were by no means 
rare and a large machine was set up to deal 
with them. Whereas the expression of complaints 
in the emotional sphere in all probability was 
greatly suppressed, anxiety and conflict mani- 
fested themselves indirectly as prolonged 
disability following brain concussion, psychoso- 
matic conditions, sexual anomalies and suicide. 
( 5) Occurrence and Causes, 0ombot-fatigue was’’seen 
in the beginning and'with increasing frequency 
in the later stages of the war* - At first, 
flights over water were feared, in general, 
more than flak* Later, when bombing missidns 
were no.longer made, the fighter pilots were 
affected more frequently/. Many hours of alert, 
spent in the aircraft waiting in readiness for 
attacks which often did not materialize, and 
several combat missions daily for weeks in a 
row, were the best known causes for breakdown. 
In addition, non-military/ conflicts, such as 
worry about home, had a bad Influence, Accord- 
ing to Prof, Luxemburger, the condition was en- 
countered more often in officers than in the 
non-commissioned, An exception in this respect 
were discouraged radio-operators who after 200- 
300 missions had lost their confidence and 
ambition* . 3 S C R 3 T- ** 
(6) Symptomatology. In addition to the ordinary 
symptoms mentioned in the Schreiberhau report, 
the following.was observed: a particularin- 
fantile, oversensitive behaviour which was 
called “Verprelltheit”, severe depressive 
states; psychopathic sreactions; marked gastro- 
intestinal disturbance, particularly gastric 
dysfunction; neuro-oirculatory asthenia, aero- 
cyanosis and vasomotor rhinitis. 
(7) Prevention* ter some experimentation, the 
use of lervitin was completely discontinued. 
The effects of the drug were, found to be un- 
predictable, ä caffeine-cnrdiazol tablet 
(,0,05 and 0,1 gram respectively) for combating 
sleep was" available but it was not popular, 
Knowledge of any other drug which was used to 
improve, performance or to counteract physical 
fatigue, was denied* The commanding officer 
of the unit, the Mental hygiene Officer, and 
the field medical officer, were primarily 
responsible for the prevention of emotional 
disturbance leading to fatigue reactions, 
ifter severe experiences, especially grave 
losses in the outfit, a furlough (at a rest- 
home or with the family) was recommended. The 
alert periods of fighter pilots were limited to 
4 hours-, and one day per week wo-s set aside 
on which the individual under no circumstances 
would take to the air. Shortly before the 
end of the war, plans were ready which pro- . 
vided for longer rest periods after a cex'tain 
number of missions. 
(8) Treatment and Recommendations» Individuals 
suspected of combat fatigue were referred by. 
the field medical officer to an Untersuchungs- 
stelle, or, if hospital-observation seemed 
indicated, to a Sichtungsstelle, or Sichtungs 
.Abteilung (12). The physician in charge of 
the station made one of the following recommen- 
dations: 
(a) Return to duty, 
(b) Furlough at home, 2-4 weeks* 
(c) Erholungsheim (Kurheim) for a period of 
3 ’weeks. The treatment was predominantly 
•medical, plus a healthy diet, and sport 
in the open air. Convalescent installs- 
tions of this, kind were in Berwang (Tyrol), 
KitzbÜhl (Austria) end Bad Schachau (near 
Bodensee)* each with 200-400 beds;- The 
duration of • the. could be prolonged 
on advice of the Kurheim physician. Psy- 
chiatrists were not assigned but the chief 
medical officer had received sojgo special 
training and did superficial psychotherapy 
"when necessary”. SUCHST 
(d) Nurlazarett lest in bed, intensive medical 
treatment and a stricter regime than in the 
Erholungsheim, were the polic3r here, A 
psychiatrist was not attached and psycho- 
therapy, if performed at all, was super- 
ficial, There were two Kurlazaretts, 
Oberschreiberhau and l/ildbad. 
(e) Treatment in the Sichtungsstelle (or 
Abteilung),' The ’medical officer in charge 
could keep a patient at these stations 
for treatment, but this 'was the exception. 
(f) psychotherapy* Fithin the GAF installation, 
only at the Sichtungs-Abteilung at Halle 
Döhlau was more extensive psychotherapy per- 
formed, (Stabsarzt Hattingberg), Here there 
were 30 beds for patients receiving 
catharsis, hypnosis, brief analysis and 
group ps3^ohotherap3r. Narcosis 'was not used 
in psychotherapy, nor was shock-treatment. 
Severe psTrchoneurotic conditions 'with fixed 
symptoms (stuttering) were referred for 
psychotherapy to Prof, Goring in Berlin, 
Approval by the Surgeon General of the GAP 
was needed and the number of cases thus 
referred was claimed to average only 
per month. 
(g) Suspension from flying» This could be 
recommended b3r the leader of one of the 
examining stations for a certain period 
of time (approval by a higher medical 
authority was needed if for more than 2 
weeks), or permanently (only if upon re- 
examination other measures were found to 
hove been ineffective), personnel sus- 
pended from flying because of a diagnosis 
of fatigue were kept in the Luftwaffe and 
were re-examined when the period of tem- 
porar suspension expired. However, indivi- 
duals whose primary intent seemed to be 
avoidance of hazardous duty and who failed 
to present objective evidence of pathology 
could be transferred to the Infantry. This 
was rpeant and understood as punishment. 
Furthermore, a directive of the Surgeon 
General of the GAF (14-) advised that 
individuals "of good will but handicapped 
by psychogenic disturbances" be transferred 
for military therapeutic re-indoctrination 
to a special Flak Replacement Unit, 
(9) Rate of incidence. Ho statistical records on the 
incidence of the above reactions, hove been 
found* The following estimates were produced 
from memory by the principal informants: 
(a) 2y of all flying personnel were hospitalized because of combat fatigue, and 10y 
of these became permanently unfit for 
flying (Luxemburger). 
(b) 15N of all permanent disqualifications for 
flying were on a basis of combat fatigue 
(Geyer). 
(c) 20-301 of 'the: flying personnel on the 
Hussian front received medical attention 
"because of marked fatigue reactions. In 
general 15, of those hospitalized for 
this disturbance were ultimately disquali- 
fied for all flying (Villinger)r. 
(d) Every month 2-5 cases from the Sichtungs- 
stelle in Oslo were transferred to Halle 
Bohlau for psychotherapy (Bingel). 
(l0) Host informants expressed the opinion that, 
except for ver3r rare cases,'conditions of ' 
fatigue or psychogenic reactions due to 
combat flying, never were so severe as to dis- 
able an individual permanently for any type . 
of military duty. • 
e. Neurology. 
(l) During the war accidents in aviation as well 
as from missiles rendered head and brain injury 
a problem of the utmost importance.%,Tonnis, 
Chief-Neurosurgical Consultant to the Surgeon 
General of the GLF, who also served in the irmy 
in the same capacity, was the organizer of a 
comprehensive program. Groups of specialists 
(in neurosurgery, psychiatry - S. E,N. T. , pathology 
and maxillo-facial surgery) called "Tönnis-r 
Bereitschafte11 were sent by air to forward 
lazaretts in active theaters, ifter initial 
treatment lasting 3-4 weeks patients were flown 
back to special hospitals inside Germany (for 
instance to the "Fach-Lazarett" with 2,000 beds 
for brain injuries which was located in Berlin • 
and was later moved to Bad Ischl), 
(2) The principles of war-neurosurgery were laid 
down by Tonnis in a manual (29) and were didac- 
tically treated in a series of excellent films. 
These were distributed to each Luftgau and 
special Lazarett, Early and vigorous antiseptic 
treatment (sulfanilamide, tibatine and cibazol), 
extensive cleansing of the border.regions of 
the wound and complete spinal fluid drainage 
under evipau-narcosis at the earliest, sign of 
meningitis were held responsible for the good 
resuits„achieved. Of 929 cases of brain wound 
33;’. died, remained in need of care, but 
the remainder (returned to either full 
duty or labor in the service. Only 10; of 120 
cases of brain wound with primär- opening of 
the ventricle, died. (3) Exte sive r.f ter care-was given to those patients 
with residual defects* In special installations 
(at Bad Ischl, Bamberg and Lohr) a program of 
occupational therapjr, elementary instruction, 
speech lessons, calisthenics, sp>orts and electro- 
therapy was of great value in attempts to reduce 
the number of cases disable as a 
X’esult of aphasia and paralysis* The ability 
to relearn and other phenomena demonstrated in 
these patients, promoted a skeptical attitude 
towards the rigid theories of brain-localization 
advanced by Kleist and other neurologists after 
World -War I* 
Closed head injury* particularly brain concus- 
sion, presented the next important subject. In 
a directive dated December, 1944, the Surgeon 
G-eneral of the GAP re-emphasised that all flying- 
personnel having suffered from concussion of the 
brain must be given absolute rest in bed for at 
least three weeks (14). Neglect of this rule 
had caused unfitness for flying which in many 
cases lasted for one half to one year, Post- 
concussional headache and oversensitivity to 
acceleration accounted for 164 of all admissions 
to the Sichtungsstelle* 
(5) The clinical differentiation of the post- 
cbncussionsl state from psychogenic conditions 
was a frequent difficulty. During the war an 
estimated 500 cases yearly were referred to 
the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research 
at Berlin-3uch, The bio-electrical recording 
of pre-epilepsia often furnished evidence of 
traumatic brain damage. 
(6) The pathological examination of gross cerebral 
specimens obtained through death from head injury 
was also performed at Berlin-Boch, where all 
such specimens were sent* The pathologist 
Hugo Spatz reported the findings at a meeting 
of the Luftwaffe pathologists (23)• The most 
frequent complications he mentioned were, first, 
Abscess, second, Polioencephalitis and third, 
Pyocephalus,; Others discussed the high incidence 
of traumatic meningitis following head injuries 
in which the impact comes from the front, and 
traumatic meningitis referred to by then as Hthe 
second week cause of death” in cases of gunshot 
wounds of the skull. 
(7) The diagnosis of tetany as the*basis for reject- 
ion of 23 candidates out of 1050 examined at the 
Untersuchungsstelle Xl/lV-during 1942, caused 
considerable concern and resulted in an investi- 
gation being ordered by the Surgeon G-eneral of 
the GmTV This investigation by Roeder brought 
out that the diagnosis had been made on insuf- 
ficient grounds, namely a positive facialis sign 5 2 0 2 T 
(Chvostek), This, and disturbances following 
five minutes of hyper-ventilation were consid- 
ered to'justify a diagnosis of latent tetany., 
But it was argued that these phenomena in the 
absence of other signs, might-be merely evidence 
of a vegetative labile constitution with ten- 
dency to tetanoid reactions. They then were not 
to be' considered a basis for declaring the in- 
dividual unfit for flying, unless the altitude 
test Which in such cases was immediately indic- 
ted, justified rejection. 
(8) A new problem was presented by the high inci- 
dence of cerebral haemorrhage at early ages (20- 
35 yrs) of which hypertension or kidney disease 
was not the cause. The possibility that the 
condition resulted from severe emotional trauma' 
of war, perhaps superimposed on vascular weak- 
ness was stressed. 
(9) .Arteriography was widely accepted as a valuable 
diagnostic method, ',/hereas paravenous:particles 
of thorotrast were believed to demonstrate 
carcinogenic potentialities, its administration 
was temporarily prohibited. Later however, it 
was again given preference over ”7asoselectanH, 
another contrast preparation. 
(10) Polyneuritis, primary, or as a complication of 
diphtheria, (also, woundrdiphtheria',, typhus and 
other infectious diseases, was frequent and of 
a severe type, Especially post-diphtheritic 
neuritis was feared because of its often fatal 
course or residual and' irreparable muscular 
atrophy, which developed in spite of timely 
and adequate treatment with‘therapeutic serum, 
Several neurologists were of the opinion that 
malnutrition and the abuse of alcohol of poor 
quality, had lowered the resistance of tne 
peripheral nervous system of the people affected. 
The high incidence- of benign polyneuritis after 
immunization against typhoid and paratyphoid, 
as well as neuritis of the shouldor plexus after 
treatment..with tetanus serum, was explained on 
the same bas^s*- 
(ll) Insulin subshock treatment and sympathectomy 
for Oausalgia were regarded as the most-^ectocu- 
lar therapeutic developments in the treatment 
of -peripheral nerve-injuries. 
12, immL HY&I5K3 m^LE, 
a, General; It has been stated in the part on neuro- 
psychiatry of this report that the absence of classical symptoms öf 
war neuroses coincided with the appeara-nce of other manifesta- 
tions of disintegration of emotional life,' 
(l) ils an example can be mentioned the paralyzing and disabling fear or belief of having acquired 
a venereal disease. This abnormal■concern, known 
as caused considerable loss of days 
of duty* Hospital admissions because of per- 
sistent itching'in the absence of organic skin 
disease, but associated with the particular phobia 
were frequent* 4t the Luftwaffe Lazarett of 
Paris-Clichy therefore, the routine was estab- 
lished that every case of itching in which a 
dermatological diagnosis could not be made readily, 
was referred for psychiatric consultation. 
(2) Sexual inrpotency, experienced in particular when 
horn©on furlough, was a wide spread disturbance, 
Psychogenic factors played as much a role in 
the causation of this disturbance as did physical 
exhaustion which often was suggested as an ex- 
planation, That the latter was not accepted can 
be derived from the fact that strange rumors 
found many believers, enough to endanger the 
morale of large units. For instance, among 
troops it was told that substances which reduces 
sexual libido was put in the food. 
(3) Homosexual acts, their medical evaluation and 
prevention, were subjects of a special directive 
from the Surgeon General of the GhF, The marked 
increase of incidents of this nature, together 
with prejudiced handling and insufficient con- 
sideration of medical psychiatric aspects in 
the military courts, were said to have resulted 
in unjust sentences and had become a serious 
concern. Gases of young, psycho-sexually ii> 
mature individuals, whose behaviour was to a 
large extent the result of environmental factors 
and depression, were frequent. 
b. Suicide was1 a grave and most alarming phenomenon. 
In October 1940 Prof. Goring reported that in the Luftwaffe during 
a period of 1-g months not less than 79 suicides and suicide-attempts 
had occurred, Elsewhere reference (15) was made to a study on 
’’Several hundred” of cases of suicide in the militaxy service, n 
special directive from the Surgeon General of the GaP in 1941 (ll) 
deals exclusively with the prevention of suicide. It was reprinted 
and distributed again in 1942, 
(1) Absolute figures on the rate of suicide have 
not been found, 
(2) The incidence of suicide was relatively higher 
in the 4rny than in the Luftwaffe, 
(3) Causes for suicide in the military service 
prior to 1942 were: 
‘Army £ G4F G4P alone. 
insanity.,. ... ... 38 25 
psychopathic personality 17 27 
exaggerated sense of 
• honor ...... 2 7 
fear of punishment ... 10 19 irny & GAP GAP alone. 
.alcohol intoxication 19-- 12 
others , .,.. 14 10 
The lower, percentage of suicide on the basis of 
insanity was interpreted by Prof, Luxemburger 
as evidence of the better psychiatric selection 
in the Luftwaffe, That individuals with a 
strong drive for personal dominance ("Geltungs- 
bedürfnis") willfully had worked their way into 
the G-.-iP, was offered by him as an explanation 
of the figures on the second and third line. 
The inflated sense of honor which rendered even 
the slightest failure in military conduct un- 
bearable, and incompatible with life, was a 
noticeably frequent cause among young and in>- 
mature officer Candidates. 
(4) In the Luftwaffe of all suicides were commit- 
ted by non-officer personnel* 
(b) .After elimination of the cases of insanity, the 
statistics showed that 60, of the individuals 
involved had military service records with above- 
, average rating. 
c. Medical Officers for Kent a 1 Hygiene, (ri ehrb e tr euungs- 
SanitÜts Offiziere) 
(x) pining, Those specialists were trained at the 
Deutsche Institut' für psychologische Porschung 
und Psychotherapy in Berlin, The four-weeks 
course for'psychiatrists and Luftwaffe physicians 
with some psychiatric experience was initiated 
in 1940, Prof, Dr, Goring, ’Oberstarzt 
and member of the advisory Council of the 0,ILL. 
was in charge, ■ Teaching was done by outstanding 
Luftwaffe psychiatrists and by staff members of 
the Institute, which was a center for training 
of civilian psycho-therapists and for psycho- 
logical research. The subject matter included; 
(a) Physical basis of emotions, 
(b) Psychology and character, 
(c) Social psychology, 
(d) Psychology of motivation, 
(e) Psychoneuroses* 
(f) : Marital hygiene, 
(g) “ ’psychology and military mental hygiene, 
(h) Educational.programs at an air base. (i) Military psychiatric reports, 
(3) Mental deficiency, . 
(k) Suicide and its prevention. 
(2) The duties of the German Officer for Mental Hygiene 
corresponded for the greater part, to those of 
the psychiatrist in the Army of the United States 
as outlined in W.D, Circular Wo,31, par. Ill,3 
13 March 1945* He advised the Command on matters 
of job assignments, furloughs, training schedules, 
motivation of A.H.O. L, cases, prevention of psycho- 
genic reactions and suicide. In addition every 
three months, and later every month, he had to 
prepare a statistical report on the incidence 
of venereal disease, court martial offenses, 
suicide and other manifestations of poor morale 
in the area under his care. These reports were 
sent to the Advisory Council of the O.K, L. to 
"be used "by Prof. Goring and his staff as material 
for quarterly bulletins containing statistics 
and instructions on policies of mental hygiene. 
These bulletins were classified "secret”; they 
were sent to the Luftgau Officers for Mental 
Hygiene and were said to have been destroyed. 
(3) The semi-political mission of the Medical Officer 
for Mental Hygiene, however, became quite obvious 
in 1944» .At that time the course in Sanitats- 
¥ ehrbe treuung was reorganized under Prof, Goring 
in Munich, The attendance was restricted to 
Mental Hygiene Officers who had been members 
of the M, 3. D, A,P, since 1934* Upon completion 
of the course, these men were assigned to the 
special task of strengthening morale; they were 
given the title of National Socialistic Puhrungs 
Sanitaits Offizier, abbreviated as N. 3,F. San, 
Offizier (Medical Officer with the function of 
National-Socialistic Leader). 
d. Military Courts, continuous source of concern to 
the Mental Hygxene Officer and other Luftwaffe psjz-chiatrists were 
the Special Courts ("Sondergerichte") which dealt with military 
personnel accused of political disloyalty. In addition, trials 
because of serious charges such as repeated 0, L, , insubordina- 
tion towards superiors, rope and desertion, routinely required a 
psychiatric examination of the accused with a rexDort for use in 
court, manual for this, procedure of military psychiatry was 
written by Prof, Luxemburger (20), The booklet contains a technical 
discussion of psychiatric and psychological factors which should 
be taken into consideration when ap individual was to be tried in 
a military court. 
e. Morale at .the end of the V/ar, 
(1) The common opinion of the psychiatrists inter- 
viewed was that in view of the severity of the 
losses suffered and the evidence of defeat, the 
morale in the GAT1 had remained at a high level 
surprisingly long, According to then prior to 
the collapse, the overage GAF personnel had been carried morally by the proud assumption that he 
was a member of the best part of the best army 
in the world, by his political ambition, or by 
both. Direct and indirect manifestations of a 
break of morale were admitted but did not allow 
conclusions because of the absence of accurate 
information regarding the rate of incidence. 
(.2) It was claimed that the fighting spirit was as 
a rule on a high level. The team-spirit of 
aircraft crews was much praised, As a con- 
structive element in this respect, was consid- 
ered the fact that a man's position in the 
crew was not related to his military rank. The 
morale of the G4F furthermore was promoted by 
the extra pay for flying personnel; this was, 
regardless of rank, 75 marks per month, which 
was granted primarily to allow for adequate 
food. It was staled that similarly the good 
medical core had a morale-building effect. In 
spite of all shortcomings, the psychiatric 
service of the GAP was superior to its equiva- 
lent in the Army, 
(3) According to the statement of most informants 
the final collapse in the G*iP did not occur 
until late. About the question of what events 
were actually most detrimental to morale, the 
psychiatrists were divided into, two groups. 
The first claimed that the belief in the leader- 
ship was unimpaired, that the fighting spirit 
never went down, but that the GAP was forced to 
give up because of lack of fuel and the superior 
ity of Allied fighters. The second group in- 
sisted that obvious misinformation by high 
authorities, like that about Stalingrad and the 
impregnability of the Atlantic lall, previously 
•had destro.yed the last remnants of confidence 
in the regime. This, however, it was said, 
affected only to a minor degree the spirit of 
those GAP members who were more devoted to the 
military profession than to the cause of the 
wo r • 
13. RESSäRCK E;tTIiE 
0, Scope, According to the . Surgeon General of the 
the German conception of the scope.of Aviation Medicine was 
very broad. It encompassed all those conditions which might 
in any way affect the physical or mental well being of GnP per- 
sonnel as well as those which might in any way be. connected 
with the task performed by Air Force personnel,- Thus in 
addition to the usual aviation Medical Hesearch the GAP actively 
supported in their own'facilities research on such subjects as 
the effects of bomb blast, Malaria and Typhus control, infectious 
hepatitis, physiological and psychological aspects of the aircraft 
gun sights, physiological and psychological aspects.of glide bomb 
sighting, psychological effects of terror boobing and many other subjects often considered renote fron Aviation Medicine, 
b. Fundamental Research was always encouraged as, 
according to their ideas on the subject, very often those 
problems which appeared only remotely connected with .Aviation 
Medicine at one time night with the rapid advancement of the 
Science of aviation furnish very important data for use in. 
connection with new techniques which could not have been contem- 
plated at on earlier dtte, It was their policy as far as possible 
to have basic data at hand which could be applied in any 
contingency, 
c. Organization of Aero-Medical Research Facilities, 
Aero-medical research was sponsored and directed by two high . x 
echelon agencies - the office of the Surgeon General of the GnP 
and the Morse hung- f uhrung d, Luftwaffe, Appendix XVI0 The 
Porschungsführung d, Luftwaffe was a general civil aviation 
research organization functioning directly under the Ministry for 
Aviation and interested in all phases of the Science of Aviation« 
Its director was Prof, Georgii, This organization corresponded 
in many respects to the N.A.G,*», of the United States, Coor- 
dination between the research activities of the 
O.ffice of the Surgeon General of the GAP and the Porschungs- 
führung d, Luftwaffe was accomplished by a "Referat1' or consultant 
in the person of Stabsarzt Becker-Preyseng* In addition to the 
research performed directly by the facilities of the Surgeon 
General'of the GAP and the Forschungsführung d, Luftwaffe many 
problems were, allocated to civilian installations operating 
under the Ministry for Education, In these installations which 
in most instances were Universities, Medical Schools, or 
Institutes, comparatively small groups were formed for research 
in Aviation Medicine, The members of the groups were- given 
commissions in the Medical Service of the Luftwaffe, and 
furnished with apparatus and material. They were supervised by 
the Office of the Surgeon General of the GAP* Often they would 
carry on with their usual teaching and research activities 
devoting only part of their time and effort to problems of 
.aviation Medicine, Often technical personnel were paid by the 
Ministry of Education while materials etc,, were furnished by 
the Office of the Surgeon General and the Pcrschungführung d, 
Luftwaffe, Thus much of their work was decentralized into many 
areas and there was much overlapping of jurisdiction. However, 
the organization seemed to function without too much friction. 
(l) # list of Research installations, their 
location and the person in charge is 
attached in .appendix XVII, 
d, Budget» The amount of money spent by the 
German Government for research in aviation Medicine is very 
difficult to ascertain due to the overlapping of the function 
of the Ministry for Education. Office of the Surgeon General of 
the Luftwaffe, the Porschungfuhrung and certain endowed institu- 
tions. The Surgeon General’s budget was about 60.0,000 Marks 
per annum* This did not include .any money for personal equip- 
ment research as that expenditure was carried by the Technicalste 
of Research on Protective Equipment* Personnel were paid partly 
from the budget of the Surgeon General but also at times from the 
budgets of the Ministry for Education and other branches of the 
Luftwaffe and by endowments such as those of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute and the Hohert ICoch Institute, 
e. Facilities for Research, In general those 
facilities for eviction Medical Research visited during this 
investigation scened quite .good. The personnel employed seen- 
to have "been well selected and highly motivated. The ability 
of such men ns General Rose, Prof. H0 Rein, Prof, Strughold, 
Dr, 1, Ruff and many others cannot be doubted. There were 
isolated-instances in which certain individuals who were 
interviewed seened more enthusiastic than brilliant, However, 
such individuals can be found in'many research establishments 
and their enthusuasn unrestricted by dogna has at tines proven 
of value. 
(l) Documents furnished by the Engineering 
firm of J, 0, Zouzem who built altitude 
chambers for the GaF lists chambers 
constructed for the Luftwaffe between 
the years of 193d and 1945« Two 
included expdosive decompression looks 
and several included temperature 
control, In addition 4 motorized 
mobile chambers were built, 41so 
chambers were captured fror.l the Russians 
and placed in operation by the Germans, 
Four of the’Luftwaffe chambers could 
be cooled to -55°Co, ; 4 list of the 
chambers, their type. and location is 
attached in appendix XVTII, 
f. The Type of Research performed in the field of 
aviation Medicine closely paralleled that performed in the U, 3, 
However, os has been stated their scope was somewhat broader 
than ours, n description of their work and findings which 
exactly paralleled that in the U, 3. has been deleted and only 
those studies and findings of particular interest described. 
Host of the important and interesting research in psychology 
has been described in part 10 of this report. Likewise that 
in neuropsychiatry has been treated in part 11, 
g, altitude acclimatization. 
(1) 4 s it was generally believed that indivi- 
duals living at high altitudes develope a 
certain degree of acclimatization Dr, 4* 
V- Frank and co-workers of the GuF. observed 
the effects of living at high altitude upon 
a group of GjhF flying personnel. Selected 
individuals who were expected to be 
used for reconnaissance and photographic 
missions were allowed to live under 
excellent conditions in the mountains at 
an altitude of 3,000 meters (10,000 ft.) 
for periods of at least 10 days. During 
this period the personnel were given much 
physical exercise such -as skiing, mountain climbing, hiking and other types of 
* physical conditioning« Their food 
was of - the best obtainable and was 
especially' high in butter and egg 
components, Wine and beer consump- 
tion was limited, They wero forced 
to get long hours of rest. At times 
they were allowed to have their wives 
with them for.at least a part of the 
period. 
(2) It was demonstrated that such a procedure 
increased altitude tolerance about 1,000 
meters (3,300 ft). Handwriting (the 
Lottig test) was used as the criterion* 
It was further believed to have been 
demonstrated that such on increase in 
tolerance could be n intained by daily 
exposure to 5,000 meters (16,700 ft,) 
altitude in an altitude chamber for a 
period of one hour. It -was believed 
that such acclimatization would last as 
long as six months in some individuals, 
„ed blood cells were increased in number 
and hemoglobin in concentration* It 
was considered adequately demonstrated 
that incidence of aero embolism at 
altitude was reduced. 
O) Some of the German investigators questioned 
about their impression of the procedure 
pointed out that the ideal living conditions 
the forced rest cand physical conditioning 
undoubtedly plashed a part in the beneficial 
results achieved. 
h. Treatment of Shock Following Prolonged Exposure to 
Cold by Rapid Howarming« 
(l) In the opinion of the Surgeon General of 
the Luftwaffe one of the most important 
achievements of the Luftwaffe research was 
the work which pointed the Way to the 
rather revolutionary procedure of rapidly 
rewarning those individuals who were in a 
state of collapse following exposure to 
cold, .According to Lrof. G.ü. Weltz, he 
himself became very much interested in the 
.problem‘in 1942 because there was no 
standard method for treatment of those 
individuals taken .from the, sea who were 
in serious condition* The work of Lutz 
. and von T/erz prepared the way when they 
demonstrated that animals cooled to 
from 13°6 to l6°0 could be revived by rapidly rewarding them in a bath 
of water heated to from 40°C to 45°C. 
In the severe cases the heart has to 
be aided by electrical stimulation and 
anoxia prevented by rythmic artificial 
resuscitation using.air under one 
atmosphere of positive pressure. 
(2) to Lutz and Ueltz cases of 
recovery of OAF and Marine personnel 
following such methods of treatment 
are known to have occured but no 
careful compilation of case studies 
could be made because of the break- 
down in communication in the latter 
port of the war„ These same investi- 
gators stated that their was a 
directive from Luftwaffe headquarters 
instructing personnel that rapid 
reworming in a water bath at 40°C to 
45ct0 should be..at temp ted in those 
individuals suffering from severe 
exposure to cold. 
(3) It was the opinion of those investi- , 
gators interrogated that the method 
should always be tried and that those 
dying from the so called rewarming 
shock would die anyway, consequently 
nothing was to be lost and much was 
to be gained. Major Leo .Alexander 
has compiled an extensive report 
following his investigation of the 
subject (7). 
i. The Paradox Effect. 
(1) The so called paradox effect is a 
phenomena which can he demonstrated 
in certain individuals after they 
have "breathed a gaseous mixture of 
93/ - nitrogen and 7f' oxygen for a 
period of from three to five minutes t. 
following which they are suddenly 
switched to the breathing of pure air 
or pure oxygen* In about %- of 
personnel studied by investigators, 
in the GA? tetany, carpel spasm and 
unconsciousness occured in ten to 
twenty seconds after began to 
breathe pure air or oxygen. 
(2) The same phenomena can be produced 
in the altitude chamber if the 7y 
oxygen 93f nitrogen breathing pro- 
cedure is replaced by a chamber 
flight, without oxygen, to a level 
of about 18,000 to 22,000 ft, for 
a period of time followed by a sudden 
switch to pure air or oxygen. It SEC 
was believed by many responsible 
investigators in the GAP that 
such a situation occured in flying 
personnel after they had been 
flying for periods of time or for 
some reason or other had become 
slightly anoxic and then switched 
on pure oxygen or high content 
oxygen mixtures. Consequently they 
selected out individuals so effected. 
They believed that individuals demonstrat- 
ing this reaction were poor risks as 
flyers. 
(}) The scientists interrogated were at 
a loss for an explanation concern- 
ing the reason why the American Air 
Force had never experienced such 
situations but believed it to be 
due to the fact that similar studies 
were not made at levels of 18,000 
to 22,000 ft, or with a gas mixture 
of the exact type they had employed. 
(4) The German investigators had never 
found a correlation between suscep- 
tibility to the paradox effect and 
any other physical finding. They 
stated that in their studies they 
had carefully ruled out hyperventi- 
lation. 
j. Study of Time periods Flying Personnel Can 
Remain ot Extreme Altitudes with 100:" Oxygen« 
(1) The advent of the jet and rocket 
propelled aircraft brought about a 
rather profound change in aviation 
medical studies relative to high 
altitude operation. Aircraft of 
"Natter" type (experimentally flown) 
were single seater, rocket propelled 
aircraft capable of climbing to 
extreme altitudes at rates up to 
37,400 ft, per minute but capable of 
remaining in the air only for a few 
minutes. Maximum sea level speed was 
620 miles per hour. Take off was with 
rockets and a force of 1,5 g* was 
experienced. The -"Natter" aircraft 
was designed for ramming attacking 
aircraft and thereby destroying them. 
There was no landing gear consequently 
. the pilot after his mission had to 
parachute to earth. He was well pro- 
tected' during his crash and left the 
aircraft simply by pulling a lever 
which allowed the craft to disinte- 
grate in sections about him. The tail 
section which contained the rocket 
mechanism was also brought to earth by 
parachute. Due to this arrangement, the function -of the aircraft and' the 
weight restriction, pressurization 
was out of the question» therefore 
the problem was what flight 
pattern must a pilot follow if he 
is to return safely from sudh an 
extreme altitude mission*- 
(,2) The results of the ■ study to solve 
this problem are presented in on 
excellent diagram’by Prof* Strughold* 
This diagram illustrates the necess- 
ary speeds of.ascent and decent ond 
the: length of time the individual 
can remain at the selected altitude 
as’Well as the state of his con- 
sciousness which can be expected 
under the circumstances. 
Leichtere Störungen » 
mid disturbances, 
Bewusstlosigkeit = 
unconsciousness, 
T/3 - KS =• increasing 
mental disturbance, 
El - E2 Decreasing men- 
tal disturbance. 
k* Speed in Air’.Vor and the Physiological Latent 
Period, 
(l) According to G-erman investigators 
(28), the great increase in speed of 
modern aircraft-must focus more and 
more attention upon whot they.speak 
of as the XJhysiological Latent period 
which corresponds very closely to 
our conception of reaction time* It 
. is their belief that we must consider 
in our personnel selection this 
latent 'time interval between percept 
tion of a stimulus by the receptor and the final, action which the 
stimulus provokes. They believe 
one must study the effects of anoxia 
and various forms of acceleration on 
reaction time. Their statement of 
the importance of reaction time is 
exemplified as follows: 
(2) If the two aircraft are approaching each 
other at a speed of 300 miles 
per hour and one sights the other to 
shoot, the aircraft will be hundreds 
of feet away from the spot where he 
sighted it when the bullet arrives 
because his physiological reaction 
time will be about l/$ of a second , 
the trigger mechanism reaction time 
another 1/5 of a second the speed 
of the bullet another fraction of 
t ime • 
(3) This conception of course is an old 
one but the greet re~emphesis placed 
on it by the Germans is of interest, 
i.lso of interest are some of their 
ner techniques employing muscle 
action potentials for the measurement 
of the sot-called physiological latent 
period* Their particular studies 
were relative to the effect of altitude, 
acceleration, darkness etc*® on the 
factor* 
1 ♦ Night Vision» 
(1) The German investigators by direction 
of the G«1F devoted much energy to the 
study of night visual efficiency* The 
group at the medical Research Institute 
at Germisch-*Ra■ tenkirchen had 
■ studied especially cockpit lighting 
and monocular dark adaption. They con-r 
eluded that dark red was not the color 
of choice for the maintenance of 
night visual efficiency but that a red 
of a wavelength about 65C0 was best. 
(2) They also concluded that monocular 
dark adaption was worth while and 
practical as continuous occlusion .of 
one eye for hours or,days gave better re 
suits than binocular occlusion for short 
periods of time - that is under one 
hour. i*lso of interest is their 
conclusion'that dark adaption in 
winter is better than in, summer and 
that heating the dein of the areas 
in the region of the eyes en«d forehead 
increases the speed of dark adaption. (3) Brfs Ingeborg Schmidt end H.W. Rosa 
(25) performed en excellent study 
fron the standpoint of experimental 
design end control relative to the 
use of many substances which other 
investigators had from time to time 
claimed would improve night vision. 
They concluded that caffeine 'card- 
iazol* strychnin* ephedrine, 
octin»vitamin h in oleous solution» 
muscular exercise, suprasonic waves 
end stimulants of taste neither 
improved nor caused deterioration 
of n:.gat vision in norms! subjects« 
m. Use of Aluminum Impregnated Cloth for 
Fire Protective Clothing• 
(l) Dr* T• Bensinger end co-workers have 
studied the use of an aluminum cloth 
for fire)f protective clothing. Dr. 
Konrad Buttner is given credit for 
the design. The cloth appears to 
be a light weight aluminum foil 
pressed into a light weight cloth. 
The theory upon which the suit was 
designed was that aluminum reflects 
radiant heat. Glass goggles.were 
built into the loose fitting hood, 
it was '.vorn with oäoestos shoes and 
gloves. It is stated that with the 
suit which is light and inexpensive’ 
one can approach to within a short 
distance of fires of very great v : 
intensity. They also studied the 
use of the material for tents to be 
placed above aircraft during mech- 
anical repair in the ifcropics. 
xu Research on Insecticides. 
,(l) Although five targets were visited, 
information on insecticides was ob- 
tained mainly from only one source, 
This target was the center for fever 
therapy located at Pfafferpde bei 
llulhausen, The institution- was 
formerly located at the Tropical 
Medicine Division of the Robert Koch 
Institute at Berlin. 
(2) Geserol ..or DDT was manufactured by 
the I*G* Ferbenindustrie in their 
plant at Leverkusen near Cologne in 
two forms} Glz» e liquid} end Lauseto, 
o powdered fom» The Gemens leerned 
of our use of DPT in the eerly pert of 
1943 end sterted producing end ex- 
perimenting with DDT at that time. SECRET 
(3-) Gesarol (or DDT) Substitutes are as 
follows* (l) Delicia, manufactured 
by Freiburg at Delitsch Saxony ; (2) 
Busslo powder, manufacturer unknown; 
(3) Duolit, menufacturered by "Degesch 
(Deutsche Geselschaft f. Schädlings- 
bekämpfung)., of Friedberg, Upper Hessen; 
and (4.) Xcnthogenor,. manufactured by 
Frieberg at Delitsch Saxony. 
(4) Experiments accomplished-. The main 
experimentation accomplished at the 
laboratory visi ted was the use of DDT 
for the impregnation of clothing end 
the use of DDT in paint- The mmpreg- 
nati.rn.--cf clothing had been qu ,re suc- 
cessful and was used operationally by 
personnel of the Wehrmacht in the field 
for lice control. 
(5) The use of DDT in paint was still in 
the ‘process of experimentation end accord- 
ing to preliminary results was very 
successful* DDT in paint» applied 
to the surface of plastic boards» killed 
flies, and mosquitoes for a period of 
8 to 12 week So Several mixtures were 
tried but the best results were obtained 
with the following; Ge Sc.ro! fur Mischung 
(Pre-mixture of 33%° Geserol by Schering) 
10 parts; chalk 20 parts; water 70 parts 
and glue 4 parts. 
(6) Toxicity ~ of DDT* The toxicity of DDT was 
tested by injectingDDT into nice, 
intraperltoneally* intrathoracically, 
intracerebrally and by giving it orally* 
The only toxic results were found when 
DDT was given by mouth and in oil* It 
was found that it required 4*0 to 5*c mg 
to kill, a mouse and 25D*D mg to kill a 
guinea pig* DDT was believed to be a 
nerve poison. From other «curces it was 
learned that one worker had voluntarily 
taken 2*0 gn by mouth "1th no toxic rer 
suits. It was also reported that.a farmer 
had taken 13*0 gp (by mistake) as a vermi- 
fuge with no toxic results. From other 
Sources it was reported that DDT was 
toxic’in milk and workers handling IDT 
were advised to abstain from drinking 
milk. ... 
(7) Toxic Effects of DDT on Insects a Dissection 
of insects killed by DDT resulted in,the 
conclusion' that DDT is found in the, glands, 
of internal secretion „ suparenal, 
testes» etc)* Insects ere•particularly 
vulnerable because of the fact that there 
is considerable lipoid or fatty tissue in 
their outer coating* 0 • He search- on 'Infectious Hepatitis. 
(1) Generalarzt Rose (27) stated that German re- 
search during the.war had in his opinion estebl 
lished that catarrhal jaundice and infectious 
hepatitis "/ere one and the same entity. Al- 
though much investigative effort was made to 
correlate incidence of the disease with sani- 
tation, with climate, 77ith diet and various 
other factors no correlation which could not 
be offset by other evidence, was ever found. 
(2) The most infectious period was determined to 
be during the pre-jaundice stare. Ninety 
different viruses wereobteined from patients 
with infectious hepatitis. However, there is 
no definite evidence according to General 
Rose that any one virus was the causal agent 
or that any of them were connected with the 
disease other then to have been present in the 
seme individual. 
(3) At Bucharest a group used the peritoneoscope 
to.remove smell bits of liver oubstence from 
patients. This material was dmoonstrated to 
contain inclusion bodies. 
(k). One complete episode of the disease was believed 
to confer permanent immunity although there 
wepe often exacerations of the original epi- 
sode, Many tests including blood tests, liver 
tolerance tests and various physical studies 
were used in an attempt to find a usable criterion 
for return to duty, but none was ever found. 
The most reliable criterion was found to be 
good clinical judgement of the observing 
physician. The average case requiring hospitali- 
sation T/as lost to troop duty for a period of 
from six to eight weehs. 
(5) Home German investigators believed that 
jaundice following heavy metal treatment of 
syphilis was due to the provocation of a 
latent infectious hepatitis. They did not 
study the possibility that this observation 
might be due to infection from sypinges which 
had been used on infected people. 
p*- Be search in Malaria BraphyUcxis i7ith Dru^.s. 
(1) Twenty-one drugs were studied relative to malaria 
Of these, atabrine given in dosage 
of .6 grams immediately after the, evening meal 
(never on an empty stomach) was the drug of 
choice because there;were fewer toxic reactions 
ana it gave good protection. 
(2) Atabrine was found to have no effect on altitude 
tolerance and no effect on flying efficiency. SECRET 
(3) Flying qt altitude, was found not to cause 
malaria relapse. 
q« Cause of Death_ in Animals Follosing Simulated Long 
Bange Parachute Drops. 
(l) Animals subjected to a simulated parachute fall 
from 30,000 m (.100,000 ft.) died when reaching 
a level of 16,000 m* (53>000 ft.) to 12,000 m 
(/j.0,000 ft.) Autopsy showed gas embolism of the 
heart. 
r • Bscteriolo gie&l. W erf ere • 
(1) Those persons interrogated all stated that studies 
relative to bacteriological warfare were concerned 
only with the defensive aspects. It was stated 
that an order signed by Hitler forbade the study 
of offensive bacteriological warfare. They 
feared most and consequently placed most emphasis 
on their studies against typhoid (they felt 
that the usual' immunization measures would not 
protect against massive contaminant:.on), Cholera 
which could be spread very rapidly , end most of 
ell rindtsrpest. 'Foot and mouth disease virus 
was considered so stable that it could have - •• 
been possible to use it as a weapon of' war. 
It was believed rinderuest could have been spread 
from aircraft. Certain agriculture pests were 
considered and feared - most of all the potato 
Beetle• 
s• Long Metal Pins in Treatment of fracture of 
Long Bones. 
(1) Almost without exception the use cf long pe tal 
spikes (called Kürschner Nails) driven down 
inside the shafts of long bones after proper 
allignment was volunteered as a major war-time 
achievement. Indications for use of the nail 
ere, a) pseudoarthrosis, b') nal-aligned fractures 
requiring refracture or operation end c) shorten- 
ing of limb due to a pathological process. 
In the latter case the limb was lengthened and 
grafts from the norma3. limb inserted while the 
noil held the parts in place. 
t • Bombing Deaths • 
(D Bombing deaths according to Dr. Dessaga who 
was charged with a study concerning them were 
due to* 
(a) Blast effect» Often the lung tissues were 
injured so severely that massive air em- 
bolism in the circulatory system caused 
death* (b) Fragile nt et ion injury. 
(c) Carbon monoxide. HeIf of those who died 
during bombing and fire of Homburg died 
from carbon monoxide poisoning, 
(d) Other poisonous products from burning such 
as acrolein carried into the lungs on dust 
particles, 
(e) Crushing by falling debris« 
(f) Dust» Dust concentration after explosion 
was thought to reach concentrations as 
high-as 200-300 grams per cubic meter. 
One,hundred grams of dust per cubic meter 
causes death in from 30-40 minutes» Thirty 
to forty grams of dust in the respiratory 
system can cause death. 
(g) Burning. 
u• Vibration Effects* 
(1) Vibration levels from jet engines of the type 
used in buzz; bombs are said to reach lßO-240 
phons (this was said by two investigators to 
be correct although it seems very doubtful) at 
a frequency 50-80 cycles per second. The vir- 
bration produces loss of patellar reflex in per- 
sons standing within an area of 3-4 meters. (In 
animals the cutting of the nerve fibres along 
the regional blood vessels prevents the loss of 
the reflex)* according tp Dr. De saga the effect 
upon the respiratory system is a feeling of 
suffocation* the body tingles as though the parts 
are going to sleep and the head is vibrated in 
a manner which cau ses .double vision. 
w• Electroencephalography. Electroencephalography and 
its clinical application were further developed by Kornmuller at 
Kaiser Wilhelm Institut for Brain Research, Berlin-Buch, Compre- 
hensive information regarding the normal and abnormal E*E.G, and 
its experimental foundation can be found in Korroiller’ s book (18), 
Research in electroencephalography of interest 'to aviation medicine 
was performed on: 
(1) Acute Anoxia (Kornmuller, Palme, Strughold). 
Activation of alpha waves, followed by the 
appearance of 6 waves and finally 3 Hz. 
waves and the seme phenomena ir. reversed se- 
quence upon breathing pf oxygen was considered 
characteristic. It was shown that the bio- 
electrical changes were actually caused by 
lack of oxygen and not by hypercephy though 
this, as well as hypocaphy did influence the 
E*E.-C, In animal experiments it was noted that 
even when anoxia is increased to the point of 
causing death, spikes do not occur. When inter- 
viewed Kornmuller stated that he would consider changes in the human E*E*G* at altitudes below 
20*000 feet or.after i minute of hyperventila- 
tion as abnormal end ground for rejection* The 
E*E*G* end these criteria however* were not 
used in the examination for flying fitness* 
(2) The paradox effect* After anoxia the amplitude 
of the elphawevec (which reappear as a insult of 
oxygen breathing) is reduced during the period 
of clinical' symptoms of paradox effect* The 
bioelectrical changes# in harmony with other 
manifestations of this condition point to the 
diencephalon (hypothalamus) as the site of 
the disturbance. 
(3) Fe-tigne« Although not specific for any particu- 
lar type of fatigue, the following electro**,- 
encephalogrephic findings in conditions of 
fatigue (also present in so-..e post-concussional 
statbrs) are interesting* Contrary to the 
normal elimination of elpheweves through 
visual stimulation, it was found that when the 
fatigued individual open's his eyes, these waves - 
(a) do appear if previously not present» 
(b) ©re ectiveted if previously weak or, 
(c) are reduced to © lesser extent than 
normal if previously they were well 
developed* 
(d) Xn addition to this phenomenon* the poorly 
developed alpheweves in the E*E.G# with 
eyes closed and their- Tepid diseppesrsnce 
after having been reactivated by opening 
of the eyes were consider~d)( evidence of 
more. severe fatigue* . Kornmuller points* 
.„.out that in all probability those findings 
could render possible a quantitative method 
of measuring fatigue (and fetiguability). . 
(k) Low temperature (Noell) .The E.E*G. of rabbits 
showed- slow waves if the body temperature was 
decreased to 30°, and spikes developed if lower 
temperatures were reached* Comparing the E*E*G 
records with those of several forms of poison- 
ing, similarity was found with eserine- 
intoxication* The presence of spikes in the 
E*E*G* at low temperature was considered to 
be a warning against the use of cardiezol in 
attempts to revive near-drown:h lumen beings* 
(3) Diagnostic value of the Electweencepholographic 
procedure con be enhancer, if t. tar e lesion is 
grossly located by tneusual*technique of six 
leads, the abnormal lead area isfocussed down 
upon by placing six leads in a small circle 
2-3 cm# in diameter around that area and 
then studying it in the usual manner* 14« PERSONAL EftUIHiENT. 
a* Belts and Harnesses, 
oo No unusual‘type of GAF safety belt or crash 
and ditching harness was found. 
(2) The safety belt, which was in general use 
among pilots, was a- combined waist and shoulder 
harness which was suspended from a single 
fastenerr i*e* when the fastener was released 
both the waist and the shoulder straps fell 
away • 
(3) The fastener consists of a "T" shaped spring 
wire, fastened at the and of the right waist 
strap* which is indented in such a way that 
it engages a ring on the- opposite waist strap. 
Pulling a webbed attachment disengages the 
fastener quickly and easily. It is possible 
that the fastener cannot withstand high de- 
celerative forces such as would be encountered 
in an airplane crash* However, the simplicity 
of this device v/ould justify its being ex- 
amined and tested for possible application 
to our needs. 
(4) The other crew members of multi-seeted air- 
craft employed harnesses which mere similar 
to those of the pilot, but adapted to the 
crew position* 
(5) No ditching belt, as such, was found. 
b# Anti-G Suit. 
(l) There is no evidence that the Goman Air Force 
planned to use an anti-G suit operationally. 
Early in the 7/ar a few models were tested and 
found to be unsatisfactory. Interest then 
switched to cockpit seats which were constructed 
to reduce the vertical height of the column of 
blood in the large vessels* end therefore, the 
hydrostatic pressure developed luring angular 
acceleration. Late in 1-944» models of the ÜSAAF 
Anti-G suit were captured and tested. The 
Germans decided that this suit did not provide 
enough protection from flGw effects to justify 
its adoption by GAF. 
Cm Oxygen mt. This jecm. lcs . covered by 
Col• 71# Randolph Lovelace end 1st Lt. Vernofi -T.. Wulid in two 
reports which they have- sremitted (19) (31)* {■ 'sur.m: ,*y extracted 
from their reports is jnc'iuded herewith/ 
(1) Generation of Oxy 
The production end d'. £ m lantion of liquid 
oxygen was preferred i-.i the G*T to the pro- 
duction of gaseous cxygea.-, For this purpose, 
both in Germany and in the occupied countries, SECRET 
liquid oxygen producing plants were operated, 
3y this method oxygen which wes 9$#.8% pure 
could be produced* The liquid oxygen was dis- 
tributed to consumers by means cf specially 
built reilrood cers which ccrried it in the 
liquid form and by special trailers known 
es "Kesselwagens"* These "Kesselwagens" were 
combined storage tanks end vaporizers* They 
were sent by road from the airfield to a 
generating plant or to a: railroad kliere the 
liquid oxygen was poured into the Kesselwagen* 
while returning to the operational airfield, 
the oxygen began to evaporate. The oxygen 
servicing tanks on the airfield were then filled 
with gaseous oxygen directly from the Kessel- 
wagen* 
(2) ire raft Oxygen Systems. The oxygen systems 
used in the various types of aircraft were 
similar in lay-rout and component parts. The 
number of bottles used and the number of 
outlets and regulators installed varied with 
the way the aircraft was used operationally 
and the number of crew members aboard, but the 
type was the same for all ty es of aircraft. 
Usually the number of regulators and oxygen 
outlets corresponded exactly to the number of 
passengers normally carried in the aircraft, • 
If an addtional passenger or observer was 
taken along he used a special portable bottle*- 
regulator unit which had sufficient oxygen 
available to cover his needs for the whole 
mission* 
(5) Pay gen Bottles, Prior to about 1941, only the 
conventional high pressure cylindrical bottle 
was used in aircraft oxygen systems* ';ihen it 
was found that these bottles were liable to ex- 
plode or to come lose from their fastenings 
and rocket about the airplane if they were struck* 
by an enemy missile, the peculiar three*-spheroid 
shaped bottle was and adopted. -This 
bottle is said'to be much less apt to ex&ode 
than the old type and can be fastened very 
securely to prevent rocketing. 
(4) Regulators* Since about 1941r '-he GhF has 
employed a demand type regulator which is 
similar in principle and function to that used 
by the UBiu*F. ds originally designed this 
regulator included an aneroid controlled auto* 
feature which added air to the oxygen in 
- inverse proportion to'the altitude, dbove 
about 25,000 feet pure oxygen was furnished* 
about 1944 the eutomix feature has been 
c -■vmoned, This ~/as done because oxygen 
con .ervation wasnot necessary since most of 
GhF operations were interception requiring 
only a few minutes in the air. To minimize 
the possible effects of mask leakage at extreme 
altitudes the or 1’ was added to the standard demand regulator. The Blaser 
is aneroid controlled and,, above 25,000 ft* 
automatically releases additional pure oxygen 
into the mask to regulator tubing* This oxygetn 
flows constantly whether or not the user is 
inspiring*' Ngt e "pressurizing" device, the 
Blaser is intended to üjaintoin pressure of 
oxygen in the mask constantly at ambient pres- 
sure so that nitrogen-containing outside sir 
cannot enter the mask f It reduces the fall 
in pressure in the mask atten dm t to inspiration, 
thus increasing the effective-altitude to 
which the flier con ascend before feeling the 
effects of anoxia, and it minimizes smell 
leaks around the mask. 
(5) Oxygen Masks* The oxygen masks used in the 
GAF until the end of their operations were the 
so-called "non-freezing" end the . "fighter" 
mask* The fighter made was an older type 
mask which had.only a single valve, an expir- 
ation valve, to permit exhaled air to be passed 
to the outside and to prevent the entry of the 
outside* air into the made* Bvoi under the 
conditions of cold which we*e, compared to those 
encountered by bomber crews in the 8th lir Force, 
very mild, this mask tended to freeze very s 
readily end to be useless* Ccnsequently its 
use was forbidden in any except the acmpara- 
tively warm fighter aircraft* The second 
mask, called by the Germans the "non-freezing" 
mask, was developed and adopted. It employs 
both an inspiratory and an valve. 
The inspiratory valve is supposed to prevent 
the moisturerladen exhaled air from entering 
the me & tubing, thus preventing the formation 
of ice in that tubing* Is an added feature 
tie exhaled air, which has passed through the 
expiratory valve, is led out around the mesk- 
tvbing for a distance of about three centimeters. 
I’ was felt that this would warn the inspired 
oxygen and tend to, prevent freezing of the 
. - ins] iratory valve No date derived from tests 
of the an tiffreezing features of this mask 
- . have been found , .v 
(6). High Altitude Bail-Out Oxygen_-ystems, Of 
*; great interest is . the bail-out oxygen system 
* • which was developed by the GAF shortly before 
the end of the War in Europe.. This system 
’consists of a set of six thin tubular oxygen 
bottles connected in series by high pressure 
tubing end arranged in.a fla' case about one 
in-?L thick» They are connec ed 'to a' s' ngle 
•'■•na.'vow gauge copper tube whi< h acts as on* 
oxygen flow regulator* A vcl*e is provided 
which permits a continuous flow of oxygen 
from the bailrout system directly into the 
mask tubing of the user as soon as he has been 
disconnected from the normal aircraft oxygen 
system* The oxygen supply an. regulator are ££ ££ El 
a compeet unit which is attached to the para- 
chute peck in e speciel pouch* It requires 
very little space end weighs only about five 
pounds*. In use, it is unnecessary for the 
flier to change, or even to disconnect, his 
ord incry oxygen mask before leaving the air- 
craft* As he bails out oxygen automatically 
begins to flow from the bail-out system into 
his mask end continues for about twenty minutes* 
4« EjectabXe Pilot Seat« 
(1) The introduction of jet end rocket propelled 
aircraft* whose speeds exceed 500 miles per hour, 
posed the problem of escape from such el r- 
craft in emergencies* It was found that in 
climbing out of such aircraft in the usual 
manner, the pilot was usually thrown against 
the vertical stabilizer by the slip stream* To 
facilitate his escape* a device was created 
which should clear the vertical stabilizer* This 
device is the Ejectable Pilot Seat* 
(2) The seat is mounted in the aircraft in a track 
which is directed vertically from the cockpit* 
A piston abopt 3 feet in length drives the 
seat along the track end out of the cockpit* 
(3) It first compressed air was used as the motive 
force to operate the piston* Later, black 
powder was accepted for this purpose because 
it was found to be more certain in its action 
and to produce its force more rapidly than 
did compressed air* 
(4) The sect is operated as follows i first* the 
canopy is jettisoned; second, the pilot dis- 
connects his microphone and oxygen mask; third, 
he pulls the lever igniting the black powder 
and is thrown clear of the aircraftt fourth, 
the pilot releases his safety \mpiess and fells 
free of the seat* Finally, he opens his para- 
chute (19)« 
e• Bibboa p&rschute* 
(1) German studies of the aerodynamics of psrachutee 
revealed that wind currents striking a des- 
cending parachute from an oblique angle lead 
to negative pressure on one site of the canopy 
similar to those on the upper surface of an 
airplane wing* This pauses the parachute to 
pendulate* Prof* Madelung of Stuttgart con- 
structed a parachute which was very permeable 
to wind* and which tended to break up the 
flow of wind currents around the canopy* This 
in turn prevented the formation of negative 
pressure on one side of the canopy with its 
resultant pendulating* SECRET 
(2) The ribbon parachute is constructed of ribbons 
of silk or nylon, two inches wide, which are 
interwoven with cord to fom a net. The slits 
between these ribbons are made wide enough 
to prevent penduletion, but narrow enough to 
offer sufficient resistance to the air to re- 
duce the rate of fdll to safe levels. 
13 f NUTRITION« 
&• Garrison Rations. 
(l) The garrison rations of both flying end other 
G£F personnel has been studied by Major Paul 
H. We swig, Nutrition Officer, Office of the 
Surgeon, US Strategic i*ir Forces in Europe, 
and compered with the US ration. Pn 
extract from his analysis as set forth in a 
memorandum is quoted below: 
"Proximate Nutritional Analysis Ration 
Scale No* 1 for Flying Personnel as Described 
in "Disarmament Equipment Memorandum No» 7* 
Nutrient 
Unit 
GAF Ration 
Scale I 
GAF Ration Scale 
I plus 1 kilo 
potatoes per day. 
US Amy 
Field Ration 
•A* 
Energy 
Celeries 
2720 
3hh0 
4030 
Protein 
Grams 
87 
104 
133 
Fat 
n 
91 
92 
173 
Carbohydrate 
n 
339 
549 
485 
Calcium 
n 
0*31 
0.39 
1.02 
phosphorus 
iim 
1518 
1925 
• 
Iron 
n 
U 
20 
27 
Ti tarnen 
I.Ü. 
923 
1225 
6715 
Thicroine 
Mgm 
1.64 
2.34 
2.87 
Riboflavin 
n 
0.81 
1.11 
2.88 
Niacin 
ir 
3.6 
13-7 
30 
Ascorbic Acid 
n 
- 
ICO 
119 
(2) Comments concerning the nutritional analysis* 
(0) The GAF ration supplies energy in quantities 
sufficient for moderate activity. Approxi- 
mately 3C% of the energy was obtained 
from bread alone. The GAF issue of breed 
is over three times that of Field Ration 
"A". 
0») Y/hile the protein requirement of the G**F 
fulfills the recommended standard of the 
Notional Research Council of 70 grams 
per day» it is to he noted that only about 
20% came from animd. sources. Ordinarily 
the quantity of animal protein in a diet 
is a good index to the pelstability end 
acceptability of a ration to the troops. SECRET 
This ration is far below the Imoricen 
ration is this respect* 
(c) The quantity of fat in the GAF ration is 
sufficient to meet any physical require- 
ments. 
(d) The iron content of the G&F ration is above 
recommended standards. They probably receive 
as much irop from their cooking vessels os 
they do from the ration. 
(e) The calcium content of the GAF ration is 
about one-half recommended standard* Possi- 
bly some of the Goman personnel were able 
to supplement the ration with fresh milk 
although there was no milk listed in the 
ration, scale. 
(f) The vitamin content of the Gi*F ration 
is extremely low as calculated* This cal- 
culated estimate is probably too low, for 
undoubtedly their ration contained carrots, 
greens such as turnip or kale, etc. which 
would increase the carotene content of the 
ration* There is the possibility that the 
ration is supplemented with vitamin capsules. 
(g) Another vitamin which is below even border- 
line standards is riboflavin* The calcu- 
lated value cf this vitanin should be quite 
accurate as the main classes of foods 
which contribute significant quantities 
of this vitamin to the ration are strictly 
rationed* hgain this deficiency may be 
alleviated with vitamin supplements* 
(h) The ascorbic acid content of the ration is 
calculated to be ample* However* all of 
this vitamin as calculated was derived from 
potatoes* hs potatoes lose about from 6o 
to &0% of this vitamin on storage, the G/*F 
ration would have considerably less total 
available ascorbic acid in the spring of the 
year* The National Research Council recom- 
mended standard of 75 mg per day of this 
vitamin for optimum health. Many people have 
subsisted on quantities of this vitamin far 
below this standard without showing symptoms 
of avitaminosis C (e*g* the. British ration). 
\3) Comment concerning the components of the ration 
scale*. 
(a) Xn the Gi*F, flying personnel on combat, 
transport or courier receive the best 
ration authorised. It differs from the 
other scales of Gi*F rations in that it 
contains the most neat, spreads (fats) 
and sugar* These items ere usually con- 
sidered to be the most desirable part of 
the ration* - (b) The following table lists the components 
of the GAF ration scale No. 1 in contrast 
with Field Ration ".A", 
Comparison of GAP Ration Scale No.l with 
Similar Components of Field Ration ".A" os 
Issued in March. 1943« 
Ration Component 
•Field Nation 'U” 
March 1945* 
GiF Ration 
Scale No.l 
Meat, fresh (carcass) 
Butter 
Other fats " 
J am 
äUggg 
now 
Grams/day 
• 330/(1) * 
32 
15 
25 ■ 
143 
51 (2) 
2 
19 
■■,.40 , 
7 (3oy* 
700 
(l) Conversion factor boneless to carcass 
meat is 1.4 
(2) Issued os "spread”. May or may not be 
butter. 
(c) Field Ration "A" supplies considerably 
more meat, sugars and flour, while the 
GAF ration furnished over three time as 
much bread. There is very little differ- 
ence in the total fat issued. However, ; - 
most of the fat in the GAF ration is de- 
■ f|ned os "spread” and is undoubtedly used.-* 
such on the large quantity of bread 
issued. Only two grams per day are speci- 
fied for cooking purposes, 'Boiling must 
be their-main;method of preparing food, * 
(d) The GAF has four scales of ration v/ith 
No,1 being the best. In the other scales 
there are proportionate reductions in each 
scale of ffesh meat, "spreads" and sugar. 
For instance, ration Scale IV provides 
less than one- pound of meat per week and 
about half as much "spread" as allowed 
in ration Scale I, . < 
(e) The sick and wounded in hospitals are 
provided with ration Scale No.l or No.Ill 
depending'on-location. The “best ration 
is provided for those farthest from home 
territory. ;; - . 
b. In Flight Heals, Due to the nature of GAF opera- 
tjioi>sf which wejre predominately short-time fighter sweeps, the 
peed for in-flight tyeals was not great and little work was done 
PI* the subject* v Those large airplanes making long flights over 
ijhe Atlantic Qnly the "Iron Ration-" (Eisenration) or sand- 
yfiohCf and hqt pgffoß in thermos bottles, •- Air crews were »advised SECRET 
to take candy with them to combat cold, fatigue and. latent anoxia, 
but no special high-dextrose or other diet was furnished for 
this purpose. 
c. Emergency Rations. The nature of the (CAP operations 
in the latter part of the war, once more, mode the development of 
emergency rations to be consumed while lost in the desert or while 
awaiting rescue at sea, superfluous. The few concentrates which 
were used are listed below: 
(l) Eisenrotion. This is the "Iron Ration", famous 
since the last war* It consists of 200 grams 
of pork which has been cooked and spiced. The 
ration is quite palatable and acceptable to 
the troops. This ration was token along in 
the aircraft by the troops operating over the 
desert in Africa and also by those who were 
flying over water. After a crash landing or 
ditching, the ration was taken out of the air- 
craft and consumed while awaiting rescue. 
(2) Bratling*s Pulver, This was a substance obtained 
from wood pulp as a by-product of paper manu- 
facture, Having a high protein content it was 
used in the same way as a boullion cube. 
(3) Zweibook, Was also issued to furnish carbohy- 
drates. 
16. AERO MEDICAL INTELLIGK CB. 
a, One of the striking features of this investigation 
was the lack of knowledge on the part of the Germans of American 
developments and research in Aviation Medicine, The very few 
items concerning which they seemed to have any knowledge were 
received from unrestricted literature such as neTwspapers and 
periodicals. Certain items such as the "G" suit and aviation 
medical pamphlets had been captured, 
b, Japanese and German Medical Cooperation, General 
Rose stated that information had been sent to the Japanese con- 
cerning medical developments but chat such transactions were entire- 
ly in one direction as the Japanese never reciprocated by sending 
any information in return. He stated that at one time the 
Japanese requested yellow fever vaccine virus. This was sent 
to them but its receipt was never acknowledged. A year later an- 
other request was made by the Japanese for the same material. 
c, Relative to the progress of Japanese Aviation 
Medicine Prof#. Strughold gave the following information* A 
Lt, Col* Miura had been sent to Prof* Strughold’s Institute for 
a period of two years (1941-1942), This doctor studied all Luft- 
waffe Aero-Medical procedures and research*, He attended all 
lectures given by the various leaders in Aviation Medicine regard- 
less of how far he bad to travel to do so*. In 1942 at the request 
of the Japanese Government, Lt, Col,. Miura took copies of all records 
and of Aviation medical research documents and left Germany by 
submarine* After a period of time the Japanese Government re- 
quested a duplicate set of all records and research files which 
had been procured by Miura.. Strughold states that he believes 
for good reason that neither the submarine nor Miura ever arrived 
in Japan due to the loss of the submarine* He further states 
that it is his belief that Japan must be far behind Germany and the Allied countries in their development of Aviation Medicine 
and personal equipment, as Mxura was the only Japanese who had 
made any progress in Aviation Medicine, With his loss there 
were no consultants in this field to aid the Japanese Air Force, 
He further stated that the Japanese had sent 30 Aviation Engineers 
to Germany hat that the group contained no one interested in 
Aviation Medicine or personal equipment« B I B L I 0 0 Y A ? H Y INSTITUTIONS VISITED 
Aero-Dynamisehe Institut, Göttingen. 
Allgemeines Krankenhaus, University of Heidelberg. 
Allgemeines Krankenhaus, University of Tübingen. 
.fingen Klinik, Bad Nauheim. 
Augen Klinik, University of Frankfurt. 
Augen Klinik, University of Giessen 
Augen Klinik, University of Gottingen. 
Chirurgische Klinik fllr Hirnkrankheiten, University of Göttingen. 
Entomological Institut, near Dachau. 
Graf Zeppelin Institut. Stuttgart. 
Herman Göring Institut, VoIke nro de. 
Institut fdr Luftfahrtmcdizin, Freising. 
J. V. Zcuzem (Engineering Firm), Frankfurt. 
Kaiser Nilhelm Institut, Heidelberg, 
Kaist r Wilhelm Institut fdr Psychiatry, Munich. 
Kerckhoff Institut, Bad Nauheim. 
Luftfahrtmedizinische Forschungs Institut, Garmisch-Parten- 
kirchen. 
Luftfahrtmcdizinschc Forschungs Institut des PLCichsluf tfahrt- 
ministcrium, Brnnnenburg am Inn, 
Luftwaffe Lazarett, Brunswick, 
Luftwaffe Lazarett, Halle-Döhlau, 
Luftwaffe Lazarett, Ober-FÖhring near Munich. 
Luftwaffe Lazarett, Possenhofen on Starnberger See. 
Luftwaffe sender Lazarett for Brain injuries, Bad Ischl, 
Austria. ~' ' 
Nevsrn Klinik, University of Frankfurt. 
Nevern Klinik, University of Göttingen. 
Ncvern Klinik. University of Jena. 
Nevern Klinik, University 'of Munich. Neverg Klinik, University of VTUrzburg. 
enrol Klinik, University of Frankfurt. 
Qhrei Klinik, University of Göttingen, 
Pharir kologisches Institut, University of Innsbruck, 
Physiologisches Institut. University of Göttingen. 
Physiologisches Institut, University of Munich, 
Physiologisches Institut, University of Tubingen. 
Psychologisches Institut, University of Göttingen, 
Psychologisches Institut, University of Heidelberg, 
Psychologisches Institut, University of Jena. 
Psychologisches Institut, University of Munich. 
Zeiss Optical Company, Jena, 
PERSONS INTERVIEWED. 
Achelis. Prof* pr. J.p, Prof, of Physiology, Univ, of 
Heidelberg. 
Allesch. Prof* Dr. G.V. Psychologist, Univ. of Gottingen* 
Amelunxen. Oberstabsarzt Dr, Ernest von. Neuropsychiatrist, 
Luftwaffe Lazarett Oberi-Führing near Munich. 
Attwongcr? Oberarzt Dr. Hans. Assistant Pir. of Surgery, 
Univ, of Heidelberg 'So Bpital, 
Beckcr-Frcyscng, Stabsarzt Dr, M» Coordinator of Aviation 
Medical Research, Öfif'icc 'of Surgeon General of the GAP. 
Bensingcr, Pr. Theodor, Medical Res*arch Installation, 
Erprobungstelle der Luftwaffe, Rcchlin, 
Bingel, Stabsarzt pr, Ncuropsychiatrist, leader of 
the Sichtungsstelle and TJntersuchungsstcllc, Oslo, Norway. 
Busemann, Pr. A* Research Staff, Herman Göring Institut, 
Volkenrode. 
Buttner, Dr. Konrad* Biophysicist, Univ. of PUbingen, 
Cibls, Prof, pr. Paul* Ophthalnologist, Eye Clinic, Uhiv, of 
Heidelberg, 
Dach. Dr. P*. Psychologist, Kronberg near Frankfurt. 
Pcssaga, Pr. Hans* Helmholtz Research Institut, Brannenburg 
am Inn. Ehrenstein, Prof» Dr. M. Psychologist, Xerckhoff Institute, 
~ Had Nauheim. 
Erenzel, Prof., Hr. H. Prof, of Otolarynology, Univ, of 
Heidelberg, 
Gaucr, Dr. Werner. Asst. Prof, of Physiology, Univ,. of 
' Heidelberg. 
Geissenddrfer, Oberarzt RudolphT Assistant Dir, of Surgery, 
Univ. of Heidelberg Hospital. 
Gerathewohl, Ur. E« Psychologist, Medical Research Institute, 
GarnischAPart c nki r c h cn. 
Geyer, Stabsarzt Dr. Horst. Nouropsychiatrist, Luftwaffe 
Lazarett, "Hallc-töhlau, 
Heinrich, Hr, Helmut. Research Staff, Graf Zeppelin 
Institute, 
Hellpack, Prof, Ur. M. Psychologist, Univ, of Heidelberg. 
Hens dike, Prof. Dr. U. Director of the Medical Research 
Institute, Garmisch~Partcnkirchen. 
Herwig, Prof. Dr. B. Psychologist, Brunswick. 
Hollv/ich, Pr. Fritz. Ophthalmologist, Luftwaffe 
Lazarett, Ober-F&hring, 
Jarisch, Prof. Adolph. Prof, of Pharmacology, Univ, of 
Innsbruck. - 
Keidel, Dr. VJQlf-H)icter. Medical Res* arch Institute, 
Garni sch-Partenkirche n. 
Knacke, Dr. Theodor. Research Staff, Graf Zeppelin institute^ 
Knothe, Dr. werner, Chief of Research, Medical Research and 
Training Cent Jüterbog. 
Koch, Prof. Eberlord. Physiologist, Univ. of Giessen, 
Kornmüller Stabsarzt Dr. dE. Research Staff, Kaiser Wilhelm 
1-istitute for Bin in Res., arch, Berlin-Buch. 
Krant, Dr. Heinrich. Biochemist, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute 
für Arbeitsphysiology, Dortmund. 
Kreipe, Ob#Reg.Rat. Dr. Karl. Psychologist, Güttingen. 
Kretschmer, Oberfeldarzt Dr, Ernst. Neuropsychiatrist, 
Univ. of Harburg. 
Kr o eber-Kenneth, DrT L. Psychologist, Messerschmitt Co,, 
Augsburg, 
Kyrieleis Prof. At Prof, of Ophthalmology, Univ. of Giessen. Lcinung, Oberstabsarzt Dr, Dir. of .Administration Office of 
the Surgeon General of the GAF. 
Lersch, Prof. Dr. P* Psychologist, Univ. of Ilunich. 
Lutz, Stabsarzt Dr. Molfgang. Research Staff, I- via t ion 
Medical Research Institute, Freising. 
Luxemburger, Oberstarzt Prof. Dr. Hans. Consultant for 
Psychiatry to the Surgeon General of the GAP. 
Matthes, Dr. M. Dept, of Internal Medicine, Univ. of Leipzig. 
Metzge, Dr, Erwin. Psychologist, Heidelberg. 
Middende,. f , Dr._ H. Psychologist, Ilunich* 
Mueller, Dr. 1,. a. Psychologist, Kaiser Milhelm Institute, 
Dortmund. 
Rein, Prof. Friedrich H. Prof, of Phjasiology, Univ. of 
Güttingen. 
Rocdor, Stabsarzt Do. Fritz. Kaiser Vilhelm Institute for 
Research in Netropsychiatry, Munich* ,(h 
Roso? G. Generalarzt, Chief of Preventive and Tropical Modi- 
cine, Office cY the Surgeon General of the G/F", 
Rose, Dr, H> Staff, Eye Clinic, Univ. of Güttingen, 
Ruff, Dr. S. Director of the *vi -virion Medicine Institute, 
German Research Center for . viation, Berlin. 
Sander, Prof, Dr. F. Psychological Institute, Univ, of Jena, 
Schaeffer, Dr. inns. Director of the Kerckhoff institute, 
Bad Nauheim. 
Schneider, Oberstarzt Prof. Dr. Kurt* Director of the Kaiser 
Mi In elm 'institute'1 f or'Psyc'h'iat r y, }-1 un i c h, 
Schocn, Dr. Rudolph.. Cnief of Medicine, Uniyr of Güttingen, 
Sehrooder. Generaloberstabarzt. Surgeon General of the German 
AirForcUT T ' 
Seiffert M. Prof. Prof. .Otolaryngology, Ear Clinic, Univ. 
Heidelberg. 
Spatz, Stabsarzt Prof* Dr. Hugo* Brain pathologist, Kaiser 
Milhclm 'Institute for Brain Research, Berlin? 
Störring, Stabsarzt Dr. Gustav. Neuropsychiatrist, Luftwaffe 
L a z a r o 11,r P r. r i s - C' 1 i c iiy. 
Oberstarzt Prof. Dr, H. Director of the Aviation 
Medicine' Rest arch Institute'' of the Rcichsluftfahrt- 
Ministerium, Berlin, Taggescllc, Oberstabarzt Ernst. Commanding Officer of the 
Halle-Döhlau Hospital of the OF. 
Tönnis, Oberfeldarzt Profv Dr. W. Consultimt for Neuro*- 
SUrgery to the Surgeon '(xcncral of the OAF. 
Tetter, Dr. August. Psychologist, German institute for 
psychological Research and Psychotherapy, Berlin. 
Voigt, Pr. H. Psychologist, Univ, of Jena. 
Villihgcr, Stabsarzt Dr. Uniter, Chief of Sichtungsstellc, 
Luftwaffe Lazarett, Ober»Föhring, 
rAigner. V; . J. Psychologist, Univ. of Frankfurt. 
Uecker, ( . Lerfe'.darzt Dr. H. Luftwaffe Erholungsheim, Kitzblihl. 
r.Terz, Dr. R.V. Staff Member, * viatlon Medicine R-search 
Institute:, Freising. 
r.Teltz, Oberfeldarzt '-'rof. c^/.. Chief of Wintion Medicine 
Institute, Munich. 
Ultte, Dr. VT, Psychologist, Univ, of Heidelberg. 
Zjclsc. Dr. L. Psychologist, Munich. . REFERENCES , 
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3. Aero-Medical Section. Office .of tlie- Surgeon, TJSSTAF (Rear). 
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3•'. A.1.12 Y/21A Report. G'F Dental Services. (In German) 
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1 • *’ . , 
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Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiet der Luftfahrtnedizin, 
published by the Surgeon General of the G/F, .1941 
(In German), .... -A *J.-: ■ V1 
i » m ’ ‘•t - •; « 
23* Rose, H,M, and Schmidt, I, Influencing Park Adaptation, 
26, Sammelheft; Markblflttor fur den Sanitüts Dienst* H.Dv.209; 
M.PV.2H4; L.Dv.HOO. ' 
27, Schreuder, Col. Otis B.; Ball, col. George; Campbell, 
' Col, Paul a. ; Fitts, ' Lt.' Col. Paul M, \ Sueeley', Maj. 
Milliam F.; Van dor leide, Cipt. Caret,. Assembled 
.. Interrogation Reports. '■ Ac romc. dicht Section, Office 
Of the Surgeon, TJSSTAF (REAR)» * 
< I ' V • ;A . • 
28, Strughold, Prof. Dr, H. Speed in Mar and Physiological 
. » '• -Latent Periods, / 
29, Tennis, Oberfeldarzt, Prof. Dr. M. Directions for the 
• A Pr( atment of bullet wounds of the Brain and the Evalu- 
ation of the Residual Condition, 1942, (In German), 
30, Mehrpsyenologisehe Mittel1ungen. Inspection für Eignungs- 
untersuchungen (OKH) • Berlin EM 7: Published 1939 
c thru 1942. (In German) ■-y~r: - 
31, Mujff, Lt, Vernon I. Report of Investigation of Targets 
'A pertaining -to Aviation Hedicine,. 
32, Vorschrift über Militarflrztlicho Untersuchungen der 
G yMehrmhchtjr-.• H, Dv-* £3201, M.Dv, £4H-1, L,Dv# 399-1- APPENDICES 
101 APPENDIX I 
HISTORY OF DEVEL0KI5NT ÖF TW. G. ..P 
MEDIO.'L SERVICES h IST GAT Of lidM/LOf 1MT 0/ THd 
G.J? / DDICML SAdVICMS 
1 
Ober Kommando der Luftwaffe 
Genst. Gen. gu/Ghef dos Sanitatswosons 
23.7.1943. • 
•Subject: Sanithtswoson dor Luftwaffe. 
TO : O.K.L. Control Warty. 
In 1933 v.iion tho GAP being formed, tho r.iodio >1 service was under 
the Surgeon Go no ml of the . axiy. In the ’ dnistex-ium for dr, 1 noetic al depart- 
ment i,xd organized undor a colonel no "ho xd of tho department1'. In professional 
matters the Surgeon General of the -.my was hie superior and in .all others ho 
reported to the Chief of the Goner'.1 Staff of the. G f. As tho G.f? grow larger, 
tho professional cor:und-relation with tho Sur con General was resolved. ‘Thu 
r'.odic.al depart riant bcoano ‘Medical Inspektion” (abbreviated L. In. Id-) and the 
he ad of the * Iodic al department became Inspector of the Medical Service. At thi 
time tho nodical Inspectorate cane under the connand jurisdiction of the 
■•'Goneralinspolrbcur” of the GTJ?, as did other Inspectorates mhiach were organized 
at tho sane tine, such as fighter and bonbor pilot con lands, .anti-aircraft and 
covxamicationc. This command relation changed during the •.rar at tho tine that 
tho office of tho Chief of the Luftwaffe was nade independent of tho Goneral- 
inspoktour and given command over several Inspectorates including L. In. 14. 
Tho connand relation changed again when the various Inspectorates ■ lentionod 
above boo ano organizations headed by Generals undor the Chief of the General 
Staff, and on 1st April tho Inspectorate of the jfodical Service bee ano 
uChof des Sanit dtsa/osens dor Luftwaffe" under corxiand jurisdiction of tho 
Quarte rmastor Go no r al. 
-ft the tine of the establishment of L.In. 14 the table of organization 
was as I have drawn it fron memory in a chart.’ 
' .‘hen ’ ar broke out, six consu.lt.ant speci alists and in addition the 
nodical staff of the Inspectorate for .air Defense (L.In.13) wore assigned to 
L.In.14. During tho a rar the table of organization needed to. bo enlarged as the 
field of work extended. The gaps in tho chain of command were closed first; 
later on, positions ash ich thus had boon created are re fitted in with the plan 
of organization of 19-«-3* In it, all divisions are represented in a way 
commensurate arith tho extent and the t ask of tho 1 iodic al Service. There was no 
curtailment because of the - war. Therefore, one say consider this table of 
organization rightly .as a product of a. ar experience; it is co: iplote and has 
been prepared mmst thoroughly. 
i , / 
Tho further development of tho war necossitatpd economies in certain 
fields, /ill work which a.aas not os leirtial to tho war effort had to be discon- 
tinued. Tho numerical strength of all staffs as reduced continously so as to 
free officors\and men for service with tho troops. The various reductions made 
for this reason produced the organizational chart of 1943. The sections-report: 
.and statistics were eliminated. That department a:as intended to collect 
' documents and to work them out after the war. Other sections wore stron ly 
o t/ 
curtailed as the Surgeon General was able to take over some parts of them and 
simply reduce others. The total of work became smaller vhon the fronts drew 
shorter, further economy was .achieved by having- one* medical officer cover both 
a section and a sub-section. It mail be noted that the six consultant special- 
ists to tho Surgeon General of the G/J? are no longer on the organizational 
chart of 1943. This does not mean that they fell victim to tho economy. To- 
gether with former consultant specialists of the commands, they are entered as 
a special group “Science mad Research" in tho 1 bdical Academy of the GAT. Tho •'Science ana mosearch group1' and it a consultant specialists and advising 
specialises ('./ho were called in for extraordinary projects) formed .a 
scientific advisory body to the Surgeon General of the GA7. moreover the 
Ac ado: ly had three teaching' group 3 for students and an ’'Institute for ’Hit ary 
Hygiene” which was in the process of being built up. Detailed information 
about the. training and positions of medical officers has been presented on a 
separ ito sn^oo. 
The scientific institutes together ,.lth their special field of work, 
loaders and co-workers are listed on .another page. 
The chain of coixiand and its relations in the Aodical Service also 
has been drawn up. In the nodical Service a differentiation should be made, 
between the ordinary "and professional nodical chain. All purely military 
natters folio'./ the former, all nodical matters the litter. The nodical 
officer can bo sii a unit and a professional commander; for instance 
ho can bo the loader af a nodical company, senior officer of a Lazarett, and 
com rand ant. of an ambulance group. Or, if ho has no nodical dctaohliont under 
his command, he would onl3r be the professional commanding officer, for instance 
as Luftlotte physician. This arrangement determined the channels through which 
a/question which could not be settled at the lower echelon was preferred for 
decision. A purely nodical question of prevention of disease would for 
instance pass from the local medical officer to she newt higher medical officer, 
for instance from the Luftg.au medic ■!1 officer to the medical officer with the 
Luftlotto to the Surgeon General of the GA?. a purely military natter, for 
example, guard duty, billeting, or ,a report on vehicles of the" unit, goes from 
the loader of the medical unit to the next higher commanding officer. In 
natters of personnel this can bo the Luftgau ■ iodical officer, who v/ould be both 
ordinary and professional commander. If he cannot decide ho consults the next 
higher echelon, in this case the Luftgau. The details can be seen in the chart. 
Signed Professor Schroder 
(Appcndico’ a removed) 
for complete report see 
Deport US ST. *37 (Dear) Aodical Services of the G.A? dated 12 July 19 Ap. ..PPENPIX XI 
OPq;.HIS. TION C:i RT OF P'F G f. « 
Oli 
GSP High Command 
Sir Officer 
Commanding in hief 
Drsatz GSP 
Chief of 
Dng GSP 
of 
GSP M/T 
Director o !* 
Supply 
Chief of 
Tech Sir 
Srmamcnt 
Organization 
ORGSHTRATIONSL CHART 
GSP 
(Sbbreviated) 
SUI'REivE GOimiSiiDER Of1' G A. P 
Roichministcr for Sir 
Sllocation of 
Supply 
✓ i 
juartermaster 
General 
*i 
Sllocation of 
aircraft 
Director of 
Medical Services 
t 
GSP Ground or cos 
Director 
General of 
GSP Signals 
I 
OKL 
GSP High Command 
Chief of Mr Staff 
— i 
I 
Courier Service 
I 
Sir Transport 
1 
Chief of 
Operations 
Staff SECRET 
APPENDIX III 
PRO- M-TIZ.,TX0N. L NR FUNCTION L (EI RT: 
SURGEON GENERAL OR THE CVF. 
SECRET c* t? p T-i -p rp 
> Jit Vv JA i. 
APPENDIX IV 
c-i.in jp ;iedic;l coiaiand sioving 
CORRESPONDING- OPKR, .TIOP' L LEVELS 
SECRET | Flakkorpsarzt 
iHakdivtslonarzt 
r 
| Chef des San,Wesens der Luftwaffe 
b t e i lungs a r z t 
| O/R ledical 
• iff! 
1 Ellegerkorpsa rzt 
i 
Luftflottenarzt 
j Grupp enarzt j 
I > GT7 O 'Rank! 
4 
GHRIN OF MEDICAL- COMMAND SHOWING CORRESLOLDILG 
OLERRTIONRL LEVEL! 
Luftgauarzt 
I Orderlies 
L-oxil# 
|Befehlshaber-Luftgau | 
Gruppe j 
• i 
1 Staffel 1 v 
| Geschwader 
!— 
Jlakbatterie 
! Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe 
Oberbefehlshaber - Luftflotte 
j “ 
1 
jfflakabteilung 
Kdr. Gen. ILLiegerkorps 
or Division 
I 1 
jfflakregiment 
I 1^.,. 
I 
I Kdr. Gen. Plakkorps! f 
(Extracted from (K) Report No, 346/1945 
SECRET SECRET 
/PPENRII V 
t 
GRhPHS D'lG TNG INCIDENCE OF DISUSES 
IN THE GAF 
a. Techself iebcr (llalaria), 
b. Fleckflobor (Typhus). 
g. ’ Typhus unci Para typhöse Erkrankungen (Typhoid 
\ and Paratyphoid Fever). 
d. Ruhr ( (Bacillary 
Dysentery, 
e. Darnkatarrh und May on d arnk a tarrh (Gastro- 
enteritis), ) 
f. Tuberkulose d„ tnungsorgane u.d. Brustfells 
(Pulmonary and Pleural Tuberculosis), 
ßc Syphilis, 
ho Tripper (Gonorrhea), 
i. Diphtherie. • 
j. Scharlach (Scarl&t Fever) 
k. Erkrankungen der Haut (Skin Diseases), 
Note; The figures shown in these charts may be mislead- 
ing as the entries for the figure ’hone’1 appear 
very similar to entires for the figure "seven”• 
The seven may be identified by the crossed line 
similar to a capital ”F”, 
S E C R E Wechselfieber (Ma la ria) Flekfieber._ Typhus und paratyphöse Erkrankungen [ RuhHBaz/lten-Pseudo-ftuhrI7 Darmkatarrh und Mögendermkaiarrh. Tuberkulose d.Atmungsorgane u.d. Brustfells. SyppJliA,' , Tripper. 
Li ’ , : 1  Scharlach. Erkra< SECRET 
/-PFERDIX VI 
PHYSIC.'L EX'HINDTION ID CORD 
— - ■' 
SECRET SHefe# 3euqni# barf bem Unterfucfcten nicht ou#qcbänbtq( werben. 
Hnterfud)ung#fteUe: 
Nr. 
♦ ♦ 
2l*5tUd)e3 $auj)tunfer fud)ungS=3cuöttiS 
übet 
für £uftn>«ffe ttitb fibilc (SRotorfUtg) 
(in <Drurkburt)|taben): 
Vorname: 
be# Untcrfucbten: 
@eburt#faq: @eburt#or(; 
(jetjiflvr unö früh«? Berufe): 
$aq ber ilnterfucbunq: 
Äat bereit# früher eine Ilnterfucbunq auf ‘Jlieqertauqlicbfeit burdj 
eine amtliche £fli*qerunterfucbunq#itelle ftattqcfunbcn? ja — nein 
nxinnV 
roc? 
€rqebnis? 
lJaq ba# ärjtlicb« 3euqni# fceute bei ber Ilnterfucbunq not ? 
ja — nein 
Ulaj »letf« lOOOUO. 4 40 (efent Scnö .Um.) 95or ber ift ber gefamte Fragebogen, ber ble 
93orgef<bi<bte umfaßt, bon bem in Unterfncfcenben bureßgutefen. 
3$otgefd)id>te 
*öon bem ju Umtetfm<f)enben ausnifüllei unb oom öeujnisausftdler mit ibnt 
burtbjufpreeben unb gegebenenfalls pi ergangen. 
'Bewertung für bem |« «et über Mt Borgef<bi<bt* 
tmiff entliefe ober gtobfafetläffig fnlf«fee, nnteoWowmene ober gut 3r»e* 
füfeenng geeignete Angaben ma<fet, fefet fltb bet 9ef«fet beb ttnofefelitffe* 
morn bet Unebttbnng bgto. bet Cntgiefenng bH ftftfetctfcfeeine« mm#. 
vPa&Hlb 
3ebe Frage ift toiifttig 
3<b mit ber 93etanntgabe be« Unterfuchung«befunbe« an 93ebörben, tuftfabrt- 
unternehmen unb naebunterfuthenbe ‘Hoffe etnoerffanben. 
U nt erf thrift des ju Unterfuchenben 
33emf be« 93ater«: 
®efunbheif«t>«rhä(fntffe ber Familie (ifctontfebe 
unb anöete »ifbtige Krankheiten finb omngeben, ebenfc 
bie rtroaige Cobesurfad>e unb bas Cobesalter): 
Cftern: 
öcftbroijler; 
ärogettern. 
Sinb insbefonbere in ber Familie oorgekommen: 
(abetkuMi? 
Heroen- ober äeifteskrankbeiten. Selbftmcröe, 
£runkfurf>f? 
6eH mann ifl ber ju Untetfudjenbe oer betratet? 
TBieoiel Kinber bot er? 
@inb Cbefrau unb Kinber gef unb, ober rooran leiben fieY 
Ärantyeiten in bet Äinbbeit (Tnafetn, 6<t>arlad> 
mit ober ohne 'Oeglehkrankbeiten, engliftbe Krankbeit, 
Keud>buften. ‘Driifenerkrankungen ufio.)? 
Äranfbetten im fpäteren *211 ter. 
2 fUfrtftwfl! 9»b< frfgt ift »tätigt 3»it bet grftawt»»g, »»> frola— Um» feW^mal 
Ärantycitcn b<r 
'Sronchialkatarrb (Neigung ju €rkaltungen) ? 
Cungenentjiinbung? 
<£uberkulofe(CungenIpit>enkatarrb,Cungenkatarrb u(ro.)? 
'©rultfell-, Nippenfcllentjiinbung? 
Nftbma(aud) $}eufd>nupfen unb oerroanbte Krankheiten)? 
Nnbere Krankheiten her Nfmungsorgane: 
©elenf-, 
Äer$- unb (jjier ift autb 
on)ugeben, ob mit Niidcfidjt auf bas f>erj oorubcrgebenb 
ober bauernb geroiffe Schonungen oerorbnet ober an- 
geroanbt rourbenl)? 
v2lnftecfenbc Äranfbetten (>. lö. 'Diphtherie, Nubt, 
Nlalaria, igpbus ufro.) 
(Eingaben ber Krankbeits- 
erfrbeimmgen unb ber Kuren?) 
Würbe eine Wutunterluchung gemacht? 
Wann unb mit toelcbem Ergebnis? 
(Erfranfungen ber öaucbetngeroetbc: 
Nlagen- unb ‘Darmerktankungen (auch geringe 1)? 
ftelbfucht? 
Nieren- unb Wafenleiben? 
Rubere Ceiben ber öaucheingeroeibc töallenltcine, 
öollenblafenenljünbung, Wurmkronkbett, Ceiflenbnuh 
ufro.)? 
Äautfranfbeiten: 
tn#befonbere; 
Krämpfe (auch auf einzelne Körperteile befcbrankte)? 
Obnmacbtsonfälle (aud) fogenanntes 6d>led)troerben ? 
ScbroinbekmfaUe ? 
Nligräne ober anbere Kopffchmerjen ? 
Sonflige Nervenkrankheiten (Zähmungen. Neuralgien 
ufro.)? acbtangl 3»be frraflc tft Urt<htig! Seit b»t grtra»lwna, ’Verlauf mnt folgen flub |e»e«wat an^UQtbtMl 
jbalGfrantyeiten (j.'S. TRanbelentHinbungen. ;f)ciler- 
knt ulro )? 
Stirn-, ftieferböhlen- unb Siebbemerkrankungen? 
Obrenletben (}.‘ö. iairttelohrent|iinbunaen, Ohrenlaufen 
Subenkatarrf), Schwerhörigkeit, Obrenbeftpweröen br 
J}obenii>cct)Iel)? 
s2lugenfranfbeiten? 
Unfälle, äußere 5?ranfbetten, 'Berwunbungen, 
Operationen? 
Sonffige nicht erwähnte ftranfbeiten i$üx b*n 
Gutachter kann aurb eine frtjeinhar geringe Krankheit 
toithfig feinl)? 
Ruraufenthalt in Jöetlftätten, Sanatorien, 33abe* 
orten ufw., wann, wo, au* welchen ©rttnben, 
auf welch« 3ett unb mit welchem Qfrfolge? 
©ebiauch non $aba!, 
Morphium, Rofain ober bereit. V 
Welchen Sport bat ber Unterfucht« getrieben? 
i Sportab jeichen nnb befonbere Ceiftungenl 
3ff ber Uuterfuchte bereit* geflogen? (j?ur>e 
Sthilberung feiner 51ieö«tgefcbi<bte unb Angabe übet 
löefrbn,eröen beim öleitflug, Spiralflug, ftöbenflug 
Tlotlanbungen, TVucblanbungen). 
Welchen betlgt gegebenenfaü* 
ber Untcrfuchte? 
Schulbilbung? 
3<h »erfichere, baff ich oorftebenbe Angaben oollftänbig unb nach beftem 3Biffen gemacht hä^ 
unb ba| bie Suf&fte be* Unterfucber* meinen Eingaben entfprccben. 
Unterfcbrift bes Unterfucbtcn 
4 Nr. 
9*ame: Saturn: 
Unterf ud)una*bcf mtb i 
L 
SUlgcmeinbefunb: 
v2llter: 5*örper<|röfce cm: Äörpergewicbt kg 
(Mill) 
>Sal#umfanci: cm ©<$ilbbrüfe: 
(bei tpaaflereebt erhobenen ‘Jlrmen ju mellen) 
nad> ftorkfter Sinotmung : em 
nart) ‘Rusatmunfl; «m 
teibumfanti (übet bem “Robel gemeflen): cm 
Äbrperbau; 
®anq unb Äaltunci: 
ftettpolfter: 
£>au( unb fltfctbare ©<bleimbäute; 
Farben ober Spuren überfilanbener &ou(frantbeiten ober ber 
$lnn>enbuna äußerlicher Heilmittel ober fönfpri jungen: 
Prüfen. 
®elen(e: 
folgen früherer Unfälle, 93ernnmbungen, Operationen unb xSRißbilbungen: 
ober anbere ferologifcbe Unterfud>ungen: 
(io#an erforberlid)) 
Vvgenkfviib: 
: 
Unbebaut unb £ibränber: 
(Jortn unb ®ro&e autp im rieflcnfeitigen ‘öeraleid)); 
‘Reaktion auf Citbteinfall: V.'.: 
beim Sebeo in 6ie “Kobe: ,CR.: : 
<‘2lccomcbatton ('Rnflabe 5er Unterfud>im{isarf unb bes £raebni|li‘s): 
'Doppcltfeben; 
®eftd)t*felb: 
5 AV. 'T'atuin; 
<nort> Stilling }u prüfen. ‘B#i Reblern. ‘Angabe ber ‘Auflage unb bet tafeln, bie nid)f ober nict-.t 
richtig erkannt a>pri>»?n.> 
- 
'^Jitqoub’.ntcrarunb 
celjiciftung (b. b. ohne ©idler» 3*.: lJ.: 
fbfcbftrfc <5. b rorh Ausgleich burcb ©läjer); 9v.: Ü.: 
itat#», 9lafe«», Oftrtnbefttnbt 
Trommelfelle: 
('Prüfung mil ,3äblen), Anjcichen für <5d>alleiUirigs* ober Sdiallempfinbtingsftorungen: 
A in C. in 
sp y<4vv 1 m Snlfernung m Sntfernung 
5 
iimcian<i#fpTjd)b 
Obvtrc.nipcten: (falls ber Unterfud)te bereits geflogen ift, fragen, ob beim ©leitflug 
(‘Prüfung der Vurcbgdngiflkfif — ‘Ralfaloo, Dolifcer, U. Kammer ufro.) 
ouu 
“ftaienatmunq; 
(“pnifoerfobren i|t freigeftellt) 
JTeblfopf (Stimme, Spratbe): 
3ufommenfaffenbe Beurteilung Befunbe: Saturn: 
Nr. 
9?ame: 
1L 
Unterfnd>nng bet inneren Organe: 
£mtgenbefutib: 
(Srganjung ber fpejicllen QJorgefchichfe nach nochmaligem befragen; 
(5orm, ‘öerpleitbunfl betber Hälften, ‘fleftboffenbeit bet öcblüUelbeinflruben ufm.|: 
unb auSfultatorifcher 93efunb: 
<ltmung (tiefe, beiber ‘öruftbälften u[ro.) 
v21tt#n>urf: 
9^5n(genbefunb: 
* 
£er*befuub x 
(Ergänzung ber fpejieÜen 93orgefd)i<hte nach nochmaligem befragen (Onfektioaskroun- 
©eleakrbeumatismus ufro.l): 
©rennen ber relativen Dämpfung: 
Opibenftofj (Ort bei 5id)tborkeii, 5üb!botkeit.) 
ficrjttn«: 
chaff enb<K: 
#erjf*nftion#brfifting t 
‘pul« in 'ItSXflitL 
93Iutbrucf**) 
3ltmunq 
9*ube 
- 
nad) Arbeit*) 
. 1 . • *' ;; l - ft 
nad>***) 
noc$***) 
nad)***) 
•) nart> 10-maligem ‘Selteigen eines Stuhles innerhalb 30 Sekunben. 
•*) in bet Tllitle bes Oberarmes in SVrjbche b. fyftolifthen 
ttnb biaftoliJd>en ‘Druck angeben. Angabe, ob in HjO ober Hg. 
*••) o*itobIldnbe nad) innefjen bes Unter|uchers. Nr. 
9tame; 
Qatum: 
bet ©efäfcc 
D?önt<ienbctunb: 
(Jlfttrolarbiogtamm ((alls «tortolM» 
■ 
Befunb be» Bc»bouun##0tööne: 
(Jrciän&unq ber jpf*iefl<n 93orqef<bid)te nod) uod)maltqem Befraqtn: 
3ungt (aud> aui 3ungenbij>norb»?n ad)t?nf) , 
. 
3abuc 
(Angabe, ob geniigpnö ftaupinbpiten, oö*r b«banölungsb«öiir}tig* John* 
ootbonben. Umfang unö Si$ non feftpm oö*>r lo|pm oabnwfotj.) 
imbaut: 
l’bib: (‘QMbung und Spannung, ‘Druck- unö ftiopfmpfinMid)kfit, ‘HMbktflanbf, 
((iSienjpn. SublbarkpiD: 
(&renjpn, •: 
bii»d)<: 
Bef «Hb bc» d«»li* Utib @effbled>Hot9<***«: CJVnwtkt» Störung*« 6*r ‘ftiptwr- oö«r anb 
Angaben bierüber) 
Äant: 
ftarbe unb $)urd)fid)tiqfett; öebiment; 
0pe}tfi|'d)c* (Verriebt: 
(Jitoeifj: 
Sucfer: 
. 
Blutbcfunb; (roenn nbtiq): Nr, 
Earner 
3)atum 
9iettYolo0if$*d>aratter6lpgifd>e Untetfitdmng 
Qrrqäntfunq bet 93orqefd>icpte 
QtrbltCpe (l.KerDcn*eiben, ‘pfytbofen, 5runkfu<t)t, £pilep|ie, 6elbflmorbe): 
3üqe 6tottern, ‘Dunkelonyft ufro.): 
ouffaUenbe QReaftionen, öfrreqbarfett, s2iu«bauer, Verhalten bei aufreqenben 
(Sreiqniffen: 
«Befuttb: 
ftörperbautppuä (leptolom, pykmftb. atbletiltb. öysploftiftb): 
0tiqniatifation: (Vtuffallenbe 5orm unb Stellung ber Obren. pattes neuropothita, bober Cfraumen, 
Droynatbie. ftyperbibrofis, gefteiycrte Tteflexerregbarkei! ufro. |; 
y>irniwruen: 
0pracbe: 
9}ZotUität (probe Pfraft, TTIuskeltonus): 
0cnftbilität: 
iSebnen- «nb yvautrrfiexf): 
befiele, (Vlotnberg. dang mit offenen unb ye[(bio|]eiten Vluyen, ,3eiye- 
oerjud) ufro.tr 
«Pf**«: 
9\obuft ober fenfibel: 
l’abtl ober ftobil: 
Vebpaft ober qleicbmtitiq: 
0d)laqfer(iq ober qcpemmt 
9lufmerffamfet(: 
$lnpaf|unqtfäpiqfeit: 
jufaramenyefebte Subflantioe): 
Äcpfrecbnen: 
Unteti<bl«btflfraqen (j.*©. £»tuf}-£eUb, fcreppe-Üeitei, ftinb-5«>erg. 
groben ou$ bem 0cbul- unb SUlqemeimmffen: 
Verhalten bet ber Unterfucbunq: 
0onltiqe$ unb 3nteUtqenMaqe; Datum: 
Nr. 
Earner 
(£ltbtt7teil (au# 93br(*efd)td)te ben Ünteiiud)unq#eraebniffcn auf 6ette b 
unb ber mneren«neuroloqifcb-d>arafterolo9if<ben Unterfudjunq). 
<ۥ if! belonbers bcn>onuh*ben. nb 5ft llntetfutbte in allen "Dunklen ben Dorgelduiebenen entfpridit.) 
9*rt »er (Strtetlung be# eine ‘■Racbuntcriucbunq erforberlid) eber <mpfeble.n#n>ert ? 
<"}lngcbe. auf m'ltbem Äcbiet unb aus roeltben <$riin5ea.) 
Unterfcbrift öes 5er SHctferunlfrfurbimflsItelle S E 0 £ E T 
APPENDIX VII 
/ k 
PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION OF 
LODERN MILIT RY NOSMT'LS 
i 
SECRET SZ C 2 A T 
on gongt auction on nod: an 
IIILITAAY HOST ' 
* 
Site. 
Tho sito of a projected hospital should be chosen so as to extend as far 
as possible to the South and amay fron military installations, factories, 
railway stations etc. Suitable mater and drainage facilities should bo con- 
sidered in the first instance* The size of the site rill bo determined by the 
number of bods required, a general omrking fomula being 200 square metros of 
land per bod projected. 
Sufficiently largo hospital grounds are important in the case of a 
military hospital because'a soldier unliho a civilian patient can only bo dis- 
charged rhon ho is comploioXy fit for duty and provision for sports and open- 
air games under medical supervision is of prime importance. 
Size of Hospital» ( 
\ N , / 
The number of bods should bo calculated on tho basis of the military units 
situated in tho region of tho hospital. This is generally calculated as follors: 
4‘ of tho strength of tho nearest garrison: of the surrounding military 
units vho have no other modical facilities. Tad area covered by the hospital's 
responsibility rill depend on transport facilities, but tho tendency is to take 
in an area mithin fO kn. of the site. 
Hospital'Building. 
The trond in modern military hospital construction is amay from the 
pavilion systom and back to the block system. ..11 sick mards should bo located 
in tho same building* a/ith tho exception a small isolation ward ah ich should 
bo connected mith the main building* by a passageray. The sick a sards should face 
south, and should be fronted in the case of tho ground floor by a vide terrace 
and inNtho case of upstairs floors should be frontöd'by a balcony. These 
balconies should not bo Vidor than l.p/2 metros to prevent overohadoalng the 
ground floor. (See sketch at the end of this appendix). 
, Tho ring in ah ich patients are treated should be .at right angles to the 
sick mirg, generally at the middle, of the block, 
1 i ‘m 
Ap far as possible architecture should conform to the surroundings, e.g. 
brick buildings ahoro this is cor.im.on, artificial stone ashore stone buildings 
predominate. Tho value of tasteful! decoration .of halls, staircases, etc., 
cannot bo over-emphasised. 
/ 
Tho basic 'principles governing internal arrangements are that all avoidable 
noise, should be kept amay from she corridors occupied by the patients. To this 
end; it is .advisable to ensure that the main entrance* is not located at tho 
main southern frontage, that tho sick rooms are at least jjO metros from a road- 
may, that out-patient departments pith their inevitable traffic do not intrude 
upon the'mards, and that tho distribution of food and servicing* traffic does 
not interfere v/ith the patients. 
Ud)I (K) Sc port No. pAp/lG-m;) 
S ZT G A Z T q n r> p 
4. ü. _ iS Ü. 1» 
In my viow it is absolutely essential that doctors* and nurses' living 
quarters should not bo located in corridors adjacent to the »octduns. 
Sections» 
The size of the section will dopend upon the size of the hospital but the 
following sections arc more or loss standard in the Luftwaffe. 
Section 1 - Internal diseases. 
2 - Surgery 
3 - Shin and V.D. 
4 • 
- 4 - jdyos 
p - liar, nose and throat. 
6 - Nervous and mental disorders» 
7 ~ Dental and jaw injuries» 
8 - Observation. 
In the Cr.A.3?» Sections are built up upon a unit of 35 bods called a 
:iPflo20einhcit‘' (nursing unit). a nor. lal ward consists of two aflame einlie it on, 
i.o. 70 bods. Nach Nflogeeirihoit consists of tpe nur.ber of roons necessary to 
accommodate 35 beds, the requisite number of nurses roons, 3 baths, 8-9 washbasins 
4-3 lavatories, one storage roon, one room for the II.0» of the 3?f legcc inheit, one ■ 
rocn for his chief nurse, and one room for the day and night watches. 
S sc,. No oms« 
The 35 beds' of the fflogoeinhcit will naturally be accoir. 10dated in a number 
of rooms, each room being callod a “sich*’ roam. 35 cubic metros are given for 
oach bod, .and with an average ceiling height of 3*3 - 3*5 'metres, this corresponds 
to to square metres of floor space per bod. '/revision should exist for sub- 
dividing: a room, so that a sub-division housing one or two beds for officers or 
the the seriously ill, can be made. A sick roon has normally four to six bods, 
but with the original provision of 10 square'notroa floor space per bed, six bods 
nay be put into a four-bod room, and eight to ton bods can be placed in a six- 
bod room with safety. 
Treatment T'.'inrw 
This usually opens out from the middle of the block and perpendicular to 
it in such a way that treatment rooms arc on the same floor as the corresponding 
ward. Auxilliary accomodation for each of the eight types of wards already lists- 
arc as follows: » 
Section I. 1 examination room ' 
" ’ 11 % 
2-3 1 ab o r at o r i a s 
/ 7 ; ■ 
. 1 room for oloctro-cardio-aranhv 
... 
1 spare room. 
.... 1 
q * i - 1 n 
—s -iL id. JL. SIC SIT 
Section II Operating theatre for sepsis, with 2*~3ö square 
metres floor space, and not roe high. 
1 room for urclogical treatnont (largo hospitals only)* 
1 room for pi actor dressings* 
1 dressing roe-:::. 
x 
1 sterilising room 
2 rooms for preparing operations. 
1 I'. 0' j roon and 
1 Nurses* roon 
Section III 1 Dxasiin. alien roon. 
, i . 
1 Dressing' roon (also minor,surgery) 
1 laboratory 
1 infection roon (gonorrhoea) 
' 
Section IV, V & VII.' Dach has 1 examination roon and one 
ope r ating the atre. 
Section 'Vi & VIII 1 oxaninaticn reen each. 
'■ » Sffi v pa h Jt 
Section IX. 1 oza dnation roon. 
i 
1 lying-in ro .::. 
(Wa,rd IX operations are carried out in Ward II). 
Physical Therapy Department.. 
/ 
In this department all physical therapy is done. Depending-upon the sine 
of the hospital there arc either three or five baths for nodieInal or carbon- 
dioxide - oxygen air bubble baths, and one tub for under-as box* i.r~v»J kj rvvo * A bath- 
siso of 5x5 root res has been found host, and each bath is separated fron its 
neighbour by curtain. Boous path a single bath arc not considered advisable as 
ventilation is bettor and certain claustrophobia effects are avoided in a large 
roon with several baths, dm exception to this however is made in the case of 
sulphur baths where odours would bo objectionable in a communal roon. 
One type of medicinal bath had boon found extremely effective for 
rheumatism,’ neuritis and general exhaustion. This is called the ''Stangerbad". 
It is an electrical bath in which the patient sits in a solution of tanning bars, 
through which an electric current flows. 
\ - , . -V ‘3® 
The bathing departments in moat hospit.als also include one or two rooms 
for electro-therapy, a hot-air bath, a massage room, a small gymnasium and 
dressing: rooms. 
q -.1 p *n rp 
O Xu j.C -uj x 
■ I s.21dl 
Pharmacy » 
t 
Tho pharroacy of a Luftwaffe ho a pit -.1 had to copo not only with the demands 
for medicino made by its own doctors, but also with tho requirements of troops in 
tho vicinity, (i.o. Air Force personnel). The pharmacy is run by a civilian *. ith 
the rank equivalent to Hauptmann. 
Tho location of the pharmacy should bo such that messengers calling for 
supplies for outside units do not have to traverse tho hospital. In modern 
hospitals, tho pharmacy is usually near tho main entrance. 
The pharmacist has a proscription room and tho necessary equipment for 
making up his medicines. Tho greater part of medical preparations however are- 
available in standard packages, tablets, tubes etc., and tho vor: of tho 
dispensing chemists is confined to special prescriptions. Tho pharmacy consists 
generally of ono room for the dispensing chemist, a smell chemical laboratory, a 
room vhorc bottles can be washed, and a special small store room for keeping 
inf1 a ratio liquids. 
Kitchen and Laundry.: 
Both of those should be located to ono side of the main building in order 
to avoid inevitable odors reaching thb sick block. The ideal arrangement is to, 
provide a passage-./ay - sometimes underground - from the kitchen and the laundry 
to tho collar of the sic]?: block. Beth food and linen can bo wheeled along this 
passageway to the sick block cqllar, end thence taken up by lift to the ward 
itself. 
In addition to tho general kitchen, a. special kitchen should be provided 
for patients requiring special cooking - up to one-third of the tot el of patients. 
This should bo completely separate from.- the general kitchen, and must bo entirely 
self-sufficient in equip»lent .nd stores. \ 
Tho 1 aundry should bo equipped v/ith the usum.l -ashing*, drying and pros sing 
machines, and should also have provision for repairing damaged laundry. 
mortuary. 
This should contain a small chapel for funeral services abutting on a 
parade ground whore tho parade- for a military funeral can take place. It 
should also bo equipped aith a post-mortem room, a small laboratory, and 
refrigerating plant. 
Tho Boiler House. 
t 
This should contain not only tho hot water system for heating wards And , 
quarters, but should also house the plant for producing high pressure steam for 
sterilisation purposes. The boiler house is -.Iso the/ best place for an incine- 
rator for the destruction of usod dressings and similar refuse. Tho boiler 
heuso should incorporate a ooal dump ',/ith a capacity of one-third, of tho yearly 
conou. ration. 
I 
quarters. . 
hAicro the isolated location of tho hospital makes this necessary, special 
quarters should be provided xof unmarried medical officers, nurse,s 'and civilian 
Jr omployoos. Tho folldairg particulars are regarded as fulfilling the require- 
; :onts. 
O *1? n * •» rn 
O iJ ,,w J'J i q —1 n -? - > qi 
g g \j jX . _l 
For • bdieo.l Officers - 1 bodroou, 1 living* room, giving a total 
area of 35 square Metros. 
For Kurses - 1 bodroon, 1 living roon, total 30 squaro 
netre s. 
For nodical Orderlies- A single roon. Id- square uotros floor area, 
(Sorgoant rank) 
S 
helical Ordorlios 
(CorporpJL rank) - $*12 not res floor space in noons housing 2-4 Men. 
Apart fron the foregoing, it v\s gorpr.il practice to _ provide Military, 
quarters for contain Moi.ibors of the staff, v-hich had to bo paid for by the 
individual fron his Military pay. 
In this essay I have given i.hat I consider to bo she essential details in 
tho construction of a, :::olorn Military hospital. Those hove vor are the bare 
essentials and -a full description of such a hospital Mould necessarily extend 
far beyond the scope of the present paper. One basic principle should bo adhered' 
to on all quest! ns concerning a idlit .ry-hospital - to retain as far as possible 
a. Military' atmosphere. The soldier. :auot receive all that Modern medicine can 
offer hi::, but he Must not bt estranged frcM the Military it:..osphere into *iilch 
ho has boon conditioned. GSNER.iL LAYOUT OF A MILITARY HOSPITAL 
PXon of Ground Floor 
E = administration 
F = Chief MiQ, 
G- = Theatres for 
Curgical Ward 
H s X-ray 
J = Storerooms 
K = Ear Rose & 
Throat Clinic 
L ss Eye Clinic 
M = Recreation and 
Rest -dooms 
N sp Skin and V, D, Clinicj 
(Extracted from D, I. (k) Report No, 346/1945) 
SECRET SECRET 
...PPENDIX VIII 
OHG- E:i2.VriQN 7.vND strength 
QE L 50Q BED L/Z .RETTE 
RECHET APPENDIX VIII 
Organization 
and 
approximate strength of a Lazarett 
with 500 Beds. 
Section 
I • . 
• « 
Internal Medicine ... * 
150 
Beds 
Section 
II • 
• • 
Surgery 
150 
»1 
Section 
III . 
• • 
Dermatology and Venereal 
Disease 
75 
»,» 
Section 
XV . 
• • 
Ophtalmology ...... 
50 
«» 
Section 
V , 
f • 
Otoiarynology ■. 
I 
50 
n 
Section 
VIII 
• t 
Aviation Medicine 
(SichtiJngs Abteilung) . > 
40 
»1 
TOTAL .. 
515 
Beds 
Section 
VII . 
* • 
X-Ray Department 
without beds# Personnel. 
He ef Off. -itin. 
e,nf *1 :pl. 
Assist. (Boy do : ] 
did. 
T bn. 
i 
Gornui Civil 
Pcf Unpl. 
G ro s 3 
Nurses. 
Ldor ; 
e r 3 • 
Chief Physician (Colonel or 
General) 
1 
'Executive Officer (Gnpt .in) 
1 
Dentist {C vpt dn) 
1 
dinrnncist 
1 
let Staff Serponnt 
1 
Bookkeeper {3/Syfc.) 
1 
' bfie d. Supply Clerk (T/Syt.} 
1 
Genord Supply Clerk (Gpl.) 
1 
■>-ßoour ( j/S.pt*) 
1 
Sterilization roon dtcnf uit 
(3/s-t. s 
1 
Dent d Technician (T/Spt.) 
1 
Hyfro~thorvpist (T/spt.) 
1 
»ssistnnt Ph\mncist (T/Syb. ) 
1 
.issistnnt Phnrmcist (fordo) 
3 
Lebordory Assistent (T/Syt. ) 
1 
L ibor dory . ;soist.-mts (for de) 
2 
Dent d .ssistnnt (foi ide ) 1 
1 
Chief Kurse 
1 
Technicians (fr: do) 
3 
Dioticinn (ferde) 
l 
Phy eic d Ins brueto r 
l 
Attendnnt (fende) 
1 
Pin nice d'ployeos 
P 
Finnncc . \ 3 sist sat (T/Syb.) 
1 
1*033 Corpord 
1- 
, dt ..nclnnts (fende) 
2 
Offioo Perconncl 
2 
Oherne of Puertors 
1 
G erfnor 
1 
Chief Housekeeper (fe.de) 
1 
Housekeeper (fo’ide ] 
1 
L '.borers 
SO 
Drivers 
3 
Soot ion I Intern d . .gficine 
o 
1 
l6 
1 
II Surpcry 
o 
P 
3 
13 
1 
III Dorndolopy f V.D. 
1 
3- 
1 
" IV Oohtdnoloyy 
n 
I 
1 
5 
1 
” Vd.K.T. 
1 
1 
6' 
1 
X~P\y Do pert; lent 
1 
1 
r>\ 
, 
Section VIII Avidion No Heine 
{3 ichture; s Vote i lunp) 
o 
Cm 
1 
d* 
2 
13- 4- 
St'. 
30 
OO 
j 
83 
TOTAL: 
: 204 
Persons. 
per every 100 bees, there ere 3 
? lolled interns mil 3- 
stufend nur 
SC 3 . SECRET 
/' F'PHNDIX IX 
Cö};Y OF TPIR UNIT SICK REPORT 
SECRET tefcfer irurbe an 
qefanbt. 
21$. 4<>s ,>?i. 40 ach. 
Anlagen; 
jebntägiger 
l^onatlichcr 
OurrtijlrcuhCii 
Sruppenfranfennachioeie 
Dom 194 bi* 104 
(i'cr utjnidaiae 3eifabfrf)nitt umtofif bie 2Jtonat«taue 1,-10., n -20. unb 2» bn* riona’atoluji) 
über 
Dm $r. ftr.Stadjtpeid ift tjier nur bie bee iruppenteile ober truppenoerbanbe? anuiacbcm 
1. i)ie 3f!flörfe betrug: 
Offiziere 
i 
Beamte 
2 
Unteroffiziere 
unb DDIonnfdioffen 
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barunter befanben fid) 
JJtonn. Rranfcntraae? 
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biemt* 33cr)lorbcne finb , . .. 
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d) (Summe 
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»Tctfc f£)iefe Zahlen muffen In be run 
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bi allgemeine gcfunbbeitlitbc 3krbdltnitle unb JJiaHnabnen; 
- 
1 
» 
2. Erläuterungen ber ftampfiloffberlefcungen. 
<tr. 31u>. 3lr.‘3i famen in Bugang megen; 
a) Stogenreijtfpffe c) erfliifenbc Rumpnloife 
b| 31afen* unb Ttacbenmjtforfc d) dfeenbe u, fontfige (^ittftoffc 
/ 
3. (frlduterung ber bei vXr. 3hi\ 3ir. 12 *ugcgangcncn wran!bcit*fdlle nod) ftranfbeiteart: 
Q „ m h * * rf b „ *> i * 
4. E* »mb enthalten im 3tai1>a\ 34 Erfrantung on s>bbeUfranli>eit 
5. Unter ben Begangen fmb enthalten; 
bei ttr. 3lu>. 37r. 13 unb 15 Dturffolle unb 5olgeerlranfungen 
14 UMcberbolunqefuren. 
M *' ¥ 
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0«« ftomman&far^ 
,Uf, Otfn'Uraf unt> OirnftrtclUmc C« hfn^trnNn 
««(mitdWo^Uicr#) APPENDIX X 
AIR TRANSPORT RAPORT Original for director of G. .H. I Ad. 
Sorv. 
Copy for Central .archive for : odical 
'JC GO 1*3 • 
rltondant. 
.0. or : .odical LI.C.O* .. X ........... 
Hounded or injured Sick * Paooorroro 
tod oittin. ; bed sittiny 
,) aion-jij i voio ito 
____ A-ZZZZZZZ3ZZZ H 6 t ¥ 
hot il Total Total Total 
t/j r: ü o i-j 
a s< rr 4 
<? & ? P 8 
c+ £ b M 
a bo . a a 
a o ' c pi 
OP C3 Pj 
M HI ° 
o a- b a 
Hj H- • ' ,j / 
cl- hO cr 
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cl- P I l-j 
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o • 
a • 0 
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a • f 
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r: • a 
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o • 
• • i _ 
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cr* 
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ro o 
K 
O 
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c+ 
h ’ y 
03 ’ fj 
kT1 
O 
Heute of -i/C . .. .. . ....... 
Signature of O.C. of duty .v'bula.co ?li ,’itc or . 
Unit H.O. of arrival sir field. (Faio and Hank) 
* Pile g . o . © a 
Hank, .-Hold Ho Hal lie. 
O 
__ I __ 
Air Transport Ho port 
Unit to \/-iicli i bolonpo ........ t 
.inbulanoo fliyat or otnor rlyiiip; unaa. 
j>ooi pint ion 
■ t.. 
Hunninp; Nano, first n a id, Er.to 
ITo. of Birth. In caao of 
nood, no. on idontificr- 
tion dine. 
i ~~ i 1 
Tot a r 
Extracted fror. Ho port .■ üSSTPj3?/T 21b “'Ho die. ul Ho porting System of 
alic Gr.n.f. 
■ SEC RET 
AI-FENDTX XI 
TRANSPORT REPORT 
SECRET Dispositions - Pesu.lt ant 
total 
fit for duty; to pother died 
b.ack to unit nodical 
o s t ab li shho nts 
Tho nunbor of PDA. ’s is to bo given in brockets in tho respective columns; tfroy are not included ?n tie other figures. 
■ Nunbor and nature cf major surgical pporations if spaco is not sufficient, use back of page. 
To........ 
( Signature and I., ink) 
in ........... fron ............... 80 ’clock to . t o’ clock 
Transport .do port 
Nature. Previous Attain slops Not fit for 
total * tr insport 
fit to Pit to bo tr imported 
ualk t 
sitting lying \ 
Designation of sending -authority 
to Luftgau. Deport 
'founded 
Gas casualties 
Sick 1 
Extracted fron Deport AI—12/U3ST-U1/Y 21 b n-oaical Deportj_ng -> v 
of tho G. v.P. 
q -p n r> y* rp Directions for filling out the form, the following is to be 
noted, 
* 
a) Designation of the number of the duty ambulance flight or the 
designation of the flying formation must always be shown under 
"Unit to which A/C belongs.” Field postal number is not to be given 
there. In case the A/C must start again before the form can be 
filled out, the information for the headings can be obtained from 
the log book. 
b) In cases where the patient is unconscious, and if there are no 
personal papers in his possession, at least the number of the 
indentificatlon disc will be put in column 2. 
q) Columns 4 to 7 are to be filled out with special care. In the 
appropriate column a nlM is to be placed. 
d) In cases of passengers, who are transported in a duty ambulance 
A/C, the names and units of passengers transported in duty 
» ambulance A/C must be placed in columns 2 and. 3. In columns 13, 
the reason for the transport must be given (for example, ''courier”, 
"for leave” etc.) and a ”1” must be placed in column 8). 
e) In column 9, general designation of illness is to be avoided 
if possible (for example, "kidney trouble”), and in its place, the 
specific diagnosis should be given (for example, "kidney stones, 
right", or ndphritis” ).. Only in this way is a scientific evaluation 
poss ible), 
f) The exact date in column 10 is only necessary for wounded cases, 
■ 
g) It should be shown in column 12 to what hospital the wounded 
or sick is intended to be sent after leaving the A/C, since only in 
this way can track be kept of the casualty and information as to his 
whereabouts supplied. 
h) In each case the total of the appropriate vertical column 
should be placed over the word "Summe” (total). 
The remaining blanks at the foot of the form are also to be 
completed for each transport flight. SECRET 
APPENDIX XII 
AIPCR FT /CGIDENT REPORT 
SECRET  
Örtliche gtugunfaffmetöung. 
i 
f)| Oftuflcr; 
(ftohcit» i-wO (SrffnmmgiMriftjen) 
'2>or- unö 3uname öetf ftiuo^ugführerd: 
(Scburtötog unö -ott; 
3)icnflgraö unö SDtovflfU’Rt: 
£cgtc Unterjochung ouf ftUpnertougf}d>feH 
on in Ö€T 
3tugm« Olr. (Snöuiiril. 
A. ©d)iK>erung öeö l(nfnfft>ergangö: 
San. -W3} (ni*u 'Jteibwaim & . (Jrfuti ö. 33erfH*lteit öeä {JlugaeugfüfKecä: 
a) <Dutbc bec nacf) caching* beftni5g!W&« 
<?ntft$lu6 gefugt? 
" b) Vici-t Ja ■■.; ;jC 3H’- - :,n *ef $lug 
c) 2Öa* toitb old Urfadfrc für den $d?fer 6e* 
angegeben? 
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AFPE! ID IX XIII 
DESCRIPTION. OF TESTS 
SECRET RESTRICTED 
APPENDIX XIII 
Description of Tests Used by GAP Psychologists 
1, siting AN ESSAY 
Hypothesis. This test was thought to measure general intellectual 
ability and capacity for abstract thinking«. 
Description. One or more essays might be required. The 
candidate was permitted to select his subject from a list and was told he could 
write in any way he chose. Three distinct types of subjects were used: 
a, A list of abstract subjects such as "Plying with Gliders*' 
or "Culture and Civilization", from which the candidate 
could choose one; 
b, A series of pictures from which the candidate could choose 
one to write about; and 
c, List of subjects that wore very personal, such as "My 
most embarrassing moment", from which the candidate could 
choose opp, 
* Time Limit«, Twenty minutes was allowed for each essay. 
Scoring, The examiner spent from ten to fifteen minutes scoring 
each essay, Although no standardized grading system was used, the following 
outline includes the main points that the examiner tried to consider, 
a. Ability to organize and to use imagination. 
Understanding the theme« 
Organizing thoughts. 
Developing abstract ideas. 
Overall effect or Geslalt such as form, content and neatness, 
b. Type of thinking. 
Direction of thinking - concrete or abstract, subjective or 
objective. 
Umfang *- depth and flexibility of feeling. 
Course of thinking - logical, directed, intuitive or forceful, 
c. Style - simple, clear or complicated, 
d. Ripeness of thinking. 
Overall result. 
Balance between ability and will to express himself. 
Originality, 
e. Characterological analysis. 
The side of the personality most touched upon. 
Personal maturity. 
Sincerity, , 
2, VERBAL MEMORY TEST 
Hypothesis«. This test was designed to measure verbal memory. 
Description» A paragraph containing twenty key words was read 
aloud twice to a group of applicants. The first time it was read slowly and 
special emphasis was given to the key words. The second time it-was read 
at normal speed and the meaning of the whole paragraph was emphasized, At 
the end of the second reading the candidates were given another test, usually 
the mental arithmetic test. After this test was completed, candidates were 
asked to write down as completely as they could the paragraph which had been 
read. An alternative memory tost of lessor difficulty containing only ten 
key words, was available* Equivalent forms of each test were also available. 
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Time Limit. Liberal. 
Scoring. One point was given for each key 'word reproduced 
exactly and one half point for each word for which the meaning only was 
remembered. 
Norms. 
Score,, 
Hating. 
20 
9 
18 - 19 
8 
16 - 17 
7 
14 - 13 
6 
12 - 13 
5 
9-11 
4 
6-8 
3 
4-3 
2 
0-3 
1 
3. MENTAL ARITHMETIC TEST. 
Hypothesis. This test was designed to measure ability to 
concentrate and facility in numerical operations. 
Description* Ten problems in arithmetic, ranging in difficulty 
from ”8 + 4 3” to ”16 + 3", were read aloud rapidly to a 
group of applicants who wrote down the answers. Then the test was repeated with 
a second similar series of ten problems. 
Time Limit, The' first scries was read in thirty seconds; the 
second series in twenty-four seconds. 
Score was the number correct. 
Norms. 
Score. 
Rating, 
19 - 20 
9 
17 - 18 
8 
15 - 16 
7 
13 - 14 
6 
11 - 12 
5 
9-10 
4 
7-8 
3 
5-6 
2 
0-4 
1 
4. ARITHMETIC PROBLEMS. 
Hypothesis. This test measured speed and accuracy in computation 
and in solving simple mathematics problems* Performance was thought not to be 
influenced by the amount of mathematical training in school. 
Description. The test comprised two printed pages. The first 
page contained twelve problems in addition, subtraction, multiplication and 
division. The second page contained eight problems such as the following; 
”The price of an airplane is 6,000 marks. A man saves 120 marks a month. 
How many months will it take him to buy an airplane?” 
Time Limit.for the entire test was 8 minutes. 
Score. The number correct. 
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Norms« 
Score. 
Rating. 
20 
9 
18 - 19 
8 
16 - 17 
7 
14 - 15 
6 
12 - 13 
5 
10 - 11 
4 
8-9 
3 
6-7 
2 
0-5 
1 
5. JUDGMENT TEST. 
Hypothesis. This test was designed to measure practical judgment 
Descriptionc A printed group test was used containing several 
items, each of which described a problem requiring practical judgment for its 
solution. An item, for example, might be the description of a problem facing 
a troop commander who must reach an objective, and who has three routes open 
to him: (l) a direct route which is under fire; (2) a longer route across 
a bridge that is partially damaged; and a route across a lake, where no 
boat is available. The candidate was required to write an account of what he 
would do in this situation, giving the reasons for his action. 
Time Limit. Liberal. 
Scoring. Subjective, No single choice was considered the correc 
answer to a problem, but emphasis was placed on the reasons given for a 
particular choice of action. 
6, MECHANICAL COMPREHENSION - MOVING PICTURE TEST. 
Hypothesis. This tost was designed to measure ability to 
understand mechanical principles. 
Description, A moving picture containing animated drawings of 
fifteen different mechanical devices was shown to groups of candidates. 
Afterwards each candidate was given schematic drawings of the devices and 
required to describe how each apparatus worked and to indicate the function 
of important parts. 
Time Limit for completing the answers was liberal. 
i 
Score. Credit was given for each item if the principle of 
operation was understood correctly. Half-credit was given in doubtful cases. 
Norms-, 
Number Correct, 
Ra tins. 
15 
9 
14 
8 
12 - 13 
7 
10 - 11 
6 
8-9 
5 
6-7 
4 
4-5 
3 
2-3 
2 
0-1 
1 
7. MECHANICAL COMHIEHENSION - INTERPRET IRQ- DRAWINGS. 
Hypothesis. This test was designed to measure ability to 
understand mechanical principles. 
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Description«, A simplified version of the motion picture mechanics' 
comprehension test, this test consisted of a schematic drawing of a rather 
complex mechanical device, accompanied by a brief description of the device. 
The candidate was required to write a general description of the device*; explain* 
ing how it worked and answering several general questions on its operation, 
.Alternative questions were available. This form was used at times as a 
substitute for the moving picture test. 
Time Limit, Twenty minutes. 
Score, Sub j ective, 
8. MHCHriKICAL TEST. 
Hypothesis., This test was designed to measure practical 
mechanical ability. 
Description0 The candidate was shown a mechanical device which 
had been token apart except for one or two pieces. The general purpose of the 
device was explained. He was then required to put it together. The device 
was made from gears, levers and pulleys, but in its completed form was unfamiliai 
to the candidate. Several alternative tests were available. 
Time Limit, Liberal, 
Scoring., Subjective, • Emphasis was placed on the manner of work 
os well as on the final result. Several correct solutions were possible, 
9. GENERAL OBSERVATION TEST, 
Hypothesis. The test measured ability to recall accurately 
observations of events and happenings. 
Description, Five minute sequences which had been seldctetjL 
from popular movies were shown to a group of candidates. The candidates then 
were asked to write a description of what they had seen, noting exactly 
what had happened, especially f .'temporal sequence of actions. 
Time Limit, Twenty minutes were allowed for writing the 
description. 
Scoring, Subjective, Maximum credit was given for exact 
observation of events rather than for description of individuals or places, 
10, DISTANCE PERCEPTION - HOHQPTOSCOPE. 
/ Hypothesisc This test had a dual purpose. It was designed to 
tost distance perception and was also believed to indicate lability of the 
personality structure as revealed by the Kovarianton Phenomena of Jaensch and 
Fisher, 
The apparatus consisted of an oblong box fitted 
with an eyepiece. The interior was uniformly illuminated. Three parallel 
black horse hairs were suspended inside the box. Two of these were fixed 
and the third could be moved toward or away from the observer by means of a 
wheel on the outside of the box. The test was given in two parts. In the 
first part the two fixed hairs were both 30 centimeters from the eyepiece 
and the task of the observer was to adjust the third hair until it was judged 
to be the same distance away. In the second part of the test, one of the two 
fixed hairs was at a greater distance from the eyepiece than the other, and 
the task was to adjust the movable hair until it was judged to be in the same 
plane with the,other two, i,e,, until all three hairs were judged to be on a 
straight line with respect to each other* .but at different distances from the 
eyepiece, 
I / 
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Time Limit» Liberal, 
Score _was the average error in millimeters. 
H. DISTANCE PERCEPTION - HERRING-* 3 PALLING- ilPaRäTUS. 
Hypothesis» This tost was designed to measure the ability to 
judge distance from binocular cues. 
Description» The candidate observed through an eyepiece as 
marbles were dropped at varying distances from his eyes and estimated the 
distance of each. Ho could see only the marble as it fell and not the hole 
through which it was dropped«, This test was duplicated to some extent by 
tests given in the medical examination, and was later discontinued, probably 
for this reason* 
Score, was the average error of estimation. 
; * T1 ,'“t ' 
12, EXNSR’3 SPIRALE. 
Hypothesis. This test was used to study personality'structure. 
Description» The candidate was required to fixate on a black 
spiral (Exner’s or Plateau’s spiral developed about 1850) for three minutes 
while the spiral was rotated* He then was told to fixate on a white background 
and report what he saw. 
Score. The time of the beginning and end of the after image 
was recorded, in average duration of the after image was considered good and a: 
extremely short or extremely long duration was thought to bo bad, • 
13, iUBERT TEST. 
Hypothesis, This test was employed by Jaensch over twenty years 
ago in the study of personality structure. 
Description. The candidate wore a pair of special lenses which 
made all straight vertical lines appear curved. His task was to adjust a 
line, which was actually vertical but appeared to be curved, until it was 
judged to be straight. This was done by operating a hand wheel. 
Time Limit. Liberal. 
Score was the amount of curvature put in the line. Certain 
limits were considered normal. More or .less than this amount was believed 
to indicate either an extremely labile or an extremely stable personality, 
both of which were considered undesirable in aircrew members. 
14, ORIENTATION TEST1. 
Hypothesis. This test was designed to measure the ability to 
remember the direction of and relationship between various points that had 
been observed» 
Description» The test included a period of preliminary 
observation followed by two sub-tests. The candidate was first taken for a 
walk during which 10 to 12 points (targets) in the town were pointed out to 
him. He was then returned to the testing station and taken into a room in 
which there was a large circular tent. Examiner and candidate entered this 
tent and the entrance Was closed in such a manner that the point of entry 
could not be detected. 
In the first sub-test the candidate was required to indicate, 
by means of a large pointer located in the center of the tent. 
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the exact direction of each of the targets that had boon pointed out to him, 
Ifext “he was told to imagine that he was at one of those points and to 
indicate the exact direction from this point to each of the remaining targets. 
In the second sub-test the entire tent was made to rotate in 
one direction while the candidate and examiner walked around in the other 
direction until the candidate was completely disoriented. The interior of the 
tent was relatively dark during this time. The entire test, as previously 
administered, was then repeated. Next the candidate was told that the first 
target was not where he had just indicated it to be, but in some other directior 
(this direction was shown). He was then required to re-orient himself and 
give again the direction of the other targets. 
Score was the number of degrees of error made in indicating 
each- target. Special attention was paid to the last port of the test, 
15. REVOLVING CHAIR TR3T. 
Hypothesis, This test was designed to determine how well an 
individual could orient himself by the use of auditory and visual cues when 
these were in conflict with sensations of movement. It was on adaptation of 
the Barony chair, N ' 
. \ 
Description. The test was given in three parts. 
In Part 1, the candidate was blindfolded and seated in a chair 
which revolved around a vertical axis through its center. The candidate was 
instructed not to move his head. The chair was given an initial push of 
sufficient force to produce about thirty revolutions and allowed to coast 
to a stop. The candidate'was instructed as follows - ” During the test, 
tell us: 1, Whether you are in motion or at rcst$ 2, In which direction 
you are turning; and 3* What sensations you experience”. The chair was 
rotated several times in each direction. It was reported to be very difficult 
for the candidate to perceive the exact moment when motion stopped. It was 
normal to experience an after-sensation of turning in the opposite direction. 
The duration of the original sensation of movement of the actual turning and 
of the ofter-sensation was noted. 
In Part 2. the candidate was shown a metronome which was fixed 
to the wall and which ticked several times a second (a rote faster than the 
speed of rotation of the chair,) The test was repeated, and the candidate 
instructed to "talk about all you feel and hear". It was noted whether the 
sound of the metronome enabled the candidate to report correctly the moment 
when he stopped turning and to recognize the after sensation of movement as 
being false. 
In d'art 3. the candidate’s head was placed in a small lighted 
box which was fitted to his shoulders so that he could not see out. In the 
top of the box, but in his field of view, was a pointer, attached in such a 
way that it was "always stationary with respect to the rest of the room,. The 
candidate was shown that the pointer did not move when the choir was rotated 
and assured that v:there was no trick". The test was then repeated, ' It was 
noted whether the addition of the pointer enabled the candidate to report 
correctly his actual movements and to recognize the after-sensation of 
movement as false. 
Time Limit, Variable, but might be as long as X minutes, 
16* COQRDIIiVTIGN TEST, 
Hypothesis, This test was designed to measure ability to 
coordinate hands and feet in response to a pattern of visual stimuli. 
r 
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Description. Developed in 1938 after the first description 
of the original Machburn Serial Action Apparatus appeared in print, this test 
resembles the present 3.A.M, Complex Coordination Test of the AAP. Convent- 
ional stick and rudder controls are used to activate rows of lights arranged 
as a cross with a horizontal bar across the bottom*. 
o o 
o o 
- o o 
o o 
oooooooooo 
oooooooooo 
o o 
o o 
oooooooooo 
oooooooooo 
One light in each doubt row was lighted by an automatic control device 
and the task of the candidate was to match these lights by the appropriate 
movement of stick and rudder. The apparatus presented twenty stimulus 
patterns before repeating itself* A practice period was allowed during 
which the candidate could familiarize himself with the apparatus. 
Score. Time required to make forty settings, 
.Alternative Administration Procedures, This test was frequently 
administered immediately before and after the Vertical V/heol test. This was 
done in order to determine whether being rotated ih the wheel caused any 
decrement in performance on the coordination tost. 
The apparatus was also equipped with switches which enabled 
the operator to reverse the relation of the controls to the lights. The 
directions used when the test was used in this way were as follows; 
"You should try the apparatus once more. This time, after each 
reaction, I shall turn the switch-over button, so that the coordination of the 
lights to your controls is different. You must by experimentation, determine 
what you must do and thereafter react. There are four possibilities which I 
shall show you now, (Each of the four switch-oVer positions will be shown , 
and practiced. The trainee should not impress upon his memory the possible 
coordinations, but merely know them, .after each single reaction the switch- 
over button will be turned by the examiner, 'The candidate should not know 
what coordination is to be used. He should find out by experimentation what 
he has to do in order successfully to carry through the necessary reactions)0, 
17. COMPLEX REACTION TEST. 
Hypothesis, This test was designed to measure speed of response 
to a variety/- of visual and auditory signals requiring discriminatory reactions 
of both hands and feet,. The variety of stimuli and controls made the task 
somewhat complex. Because of the pressure on the candidate to react correctly 
yet very rapidly, in a novel situation, the test was believed also to 
measure temperamental and personality characteristics. It was designed 
i originally by Rieffevt, 
Description, Cn a screen about one meter square could 
presented automatically a solid white circle, a solid red-circle, a solid 
blue circle, the black outline of a square or the black outline of a circle. 
A bell or buzzer could also be sounded. The candidate was seated facing i,ue 
screen at a distance of about four meters. Before him were three large 
hand levers and two foot pedals. One of these controls had to be operated 
in response to eqch of the different signals* One control could have npre 
than one signal,. 
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Stimuli Were presented automatically and for only a limited 
interval. Whether or not the candidate responded correctly, the next signal 
appeared after this fixed interval. A total of 330 stimuli was presented 
during one sequence» Two complete sequences were usually given to each 
candidate, \ 
* Limit. Each sequence of 330 stimuli required eight minutes. 
Score. Number of correct responses. Subjective observations 
of test behaviour were also made, 
Validity. No validity data were available, but it was stated 
almost universally that this was the best of the tests for pilot selection* 
Portable Fornb A portable and revised model of the Complex 
Reaction Test.was developed by Dr, Mierke of the G-erman Navy, The apparatus 
was contained in a compact carrying case weighing less than tweniy pounds total. 
Behind a small glass stimulus panel a red, green, yellow, blue or white 
light could be made to appear. The candidate wore earphones and the sound of 
a buzzer could be given in either ear, Dive push buttons, corresponding in 
color to the stimulus lights, had to be pushed in response to the light 
signals, A right or a left toggle switch had to be thrown in response to the 
buzzer signals. The apparatus was capable of further variation by switching 
‘ on an alternate panel of stimulus lights or a multi-colored drum, by changing 
the position of the 'five colored push buttons, and by substitution of two 
foot pedals for two of the buttons or for the two toggle switches. Stimuli 
were presented automatically for short fixed intervals of time and the score, 
which was scored” by a counter, was the number of correct responses, 
18. VERTICAL V/HBEL TEST. 
Hypothesis. This test was designed to determine whether- a 
man was disturbed by being placed in a very unnatural situation, 
I’ 
Description, A largo vertical wheel, approximately ten feet 
in diameter and several feet wide was used. The candidate was placed inside 
the wheel, fcacing the center, and strapped securely to the rim. In each hand 
was placed a reaction key. He was then blindfolded and rotated. While 
being rotated he was required to say when his head was down and when it was 
up, to react with the hand keys to auditory signals, and to solve simple 
problems in mental arithmetic. This Test was also used in conjunction with the 
Coordination Test, 
Scoring, Subjective. 
19. TEST. 
Hypothesis. This test was designed to measure agility. 
Description, The- candidate stood on on unstable platform 
and attempted to remain balanced and in an upright position. His coord- 
ination was observed, ' 
Scoring. Subjective 
20. SPORT TESTS. 
Hypothesis. These tests were designed to measure, coordination, 
physical agility, strength and endurance, 
\ 
Description, The tests were given on an athletic field and 
included the following: 
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100 meter run 
Broad jump ' 
Jumping over obstacles 
Shot put 
Chin up 
I Obstacle Course 
3,000 meter run 
In addition, taxing was sometimes included« 
Scoring. A point system fox* each event was used from which 
a total score was obtained. Observations of general performance and attitude, 
also were recorded, 
/ # i 
2!. PERSONAL QUESTIONNAIRE, _ • 
\ ' 
Hypothesis. This blank was used to secure perbonal data about 
the candidate. 
Description, The blank comprised two double pages and 
contained questions regarding the age, education and health of the candidate, 
his parents and family background, interests (especially in technical fields), 
special skills, flying experience, and similar biographical information. 
Answers were written out on the blank. 
Time Limite Liberal, About 13 to 20 minutes was required« 
Scoring, Subjective and unstandardized, 
22. ANALYSIS OP HANDWRITING, 
——■■— —» 
Hypothesis. Following the classic work of Id ages (Graphologie 
von Ludwig Id ages, 1932), 0 great deal of attention was given to studies 
of handwriting. Each year a special course was given in Berlin to train 
examiners in this art. It was believed that handwriting revealed intellect- 
ual ability, temperament, will, feeling and mood, maturity, pathological 
trends, and spiritual qualities, ("Nevoe"), 
Description, Samples of handwriting from the essays were used 
for this analysis. 
Scoring, Subjective and unstandardized, 
23. ANALYSIS op speech and voice. 
Hypothesis. This yas part of the charactcrological examin- 
ation. 
% 
Description, The candidate's manner of speaking, voice quality, 
and other speech characteristics were observed. The impressions gained 
in this way were used in arriving at the final analysis of personality, 
24. ANALYSIS OP FACIAL EXPRESSION- MOTION PICTURES. 
Hypothesis. The technique of photographing and analyzing 
facial expression followed the methods developed by Lersch and was employed 
chiefly for typological study, * 
Description-, A camera was operated from behind a one way screen 
and with a masking noise so that the candidate did not know he was being 
filmed. Pictures were taken during an anitial interview. An effort was 
made to create a vaiiurty of moods. At one point the candidate was required 
to withstand the shock from an indictoriurn, the strength of which was gradually 
RSSTK1CTED RESTRICTED 
7 
increased until he cried stop, At another point he was required to lift a 
heavy weight. His facial expression was filmed during these activities. 
Scoring, Subjective, 
25. GROUP DISCUSSION, 
Hypothesis, Thistest was used in the study of personality and 
leadership ability. 
Description, The procedures used in administering the test 
varied. One method was to place a large picture on the wall and instruct 
the candidate to discuss this picture before four enlisted men "in such a 
way that the soldiers will contribute to the discussion". Other methods 
were to assign a general topic for discussion, or to have the candidate make 
a short talk on a semi-technical subject and then lead a discussion* after- 
ward. 
Time Limit, Variable, If the candidate did well and satisfied 
the examiner the tost might be terminated quickly. 
Scoring,,, Subjective, The candidate was judged on ability to 
express original ideas, to see things that others couldn’t, and to stimulate 
ideas in others, Attention was paid also to personality characteristics, 
26. ORDERS TEST-, 
Hypothesis» This test was designed to test ability to direct 
the activity of other men, to secure their cooperation, and to accomplish a 
practical task. 
Description,/ The candidate was brought into a room in which 
there was on assortment of equipment and four enlisted men. He was told to 
take charge of the enlisted men and accomplish some practical task, such as 
constructing a bridge, or arranging the books in a library. Another variation 
of this test was for the candidate to bend a wire into a geometrical pattern, 
demonstrate the procedure, then have each of the soldiers make a similar 
pattern. Originally several observers wer? present, but during the war this 
test was given by the examiner. 
Time Limit, Liberal, 
Scoring. Subjective, Attention was paid not only to the 
outcome of the task, but to the manner df giving orders, the degree of 
cooperation secured from the men and the degree to which the candidate 
participated in the actual work himself, 
27. OBSTACLE COURSE. 
Hypothesis, This test afforded an opportunity for judging the 
motivation and determination shown by the candidate in the face of obstacles 
and great physical exhaustion. 
Description, The candidate, dressed in full field equipment, was 
sent through an obstacle course. The course was such that no one could 
complete it. However, the candidate was expected to keep at the task until 
he became exhausted« He was deliberately criticised and various things were 
done to discourage hinu After the test was over, however, he was told that 
he did well, i N 
Scoring-. Subjective, Special attention was paid to the 
candidate's willingness to keep trying even when he became exhausted, to the 
reserve forces he could muster, and to whether he went to pieces at the.end, 
or retained control of himself. 
RESTRICTS!) RESTRICTED 
28, CODE -APTITUDE TESTS. 
Description. Two code aptitude tests were used. One was 
recorded on phonograph records and could be used as a group test. Candidates 
judged whether two groups of code sounds were the same or different. The 
other test was given by means of a two way key and earphone set, . The examiner 
tapped out a signal, which the candidate attempted to repeat as exactly as « 
possible. 
Score, . The score of the first test was the number of correct 
items. In the seoond test the examiner made a subjective rating of performance* 
29. EXPLORATION - FINAL INTERVIEW 
Hypothesis, This interview Was designed to permit the 
examiner to formulate a final impression of the candidate. It was scheduled 
last so that all of the information from the preceding tests would be 
available, and was supposed to provide the final opportunity for evaluating 
the "total personality". 
Description, The interview did not follow any fixed pattern 
and no set questions were asked« Many of the points covered in the personal 
questionnaire were discussed. Special interests, likes and dislikes were 
explored. In the examination of officer candidates substantial emphasis 
was placed on cultural experiences, knowledge of art, literature, and philosophy 
and upon socio-economic level. Educational background Was also studied 
carefully, ' 
Before the war it was customary for several examiners, including 
the medical officer at officer recruiting centers, to attend these final 
interviews. During the war, however, interviews were between one examiner 
and one candidate. 
Time Limit, Indefinite, but usually varied from 20 to 60 
minutes. 
I 
RESTRICTED SECRET 
—■T —' —— •— —— 
APPENDIX XIV 
BATTERY OF TESTS USED AT 
LIJETa-.U RECRUITING CENTERS 
SECRET RESTRICTED 
APPENDIX XIV 
Battery of Tests used at the Luftgau Recruiting 
Center at Hamburg in 19^-0» 
1, PILOT AID NAVIGATOR TEST BATTERY. 
First Day (G-roup Tests): 
Personal Questionnaire 
Verbal Memory Test 
Mental Arithmetic Test 
Mathematics Test 
Y/riting an Essay on a G-eneral Topic 
Observation - Moying Picture Test 
Mechanical Principles - Moving Picture Test 
Mechanical Assembly Test 
Code Recognition Test 
Sport Tests 
Second Day (individual Tests): 
Distance perception - Horopterscope 
Distance Perception - Herring’s Test 
Exner's Spirale 
Aubert’s Test 
Orientation Test 
Revolving Chair 
Coordination Test 
Vertical Y/heel 
Third Day (individual Tests and Final Interview): 
Complex Reaction Test 
Orders Test 
Exploration 
2, BOMBARDIER, GÜNNEH AMD PARATROOPER TEST BATTERY. 
First Day (Croup and Individual Tost): 
Personal Questionnaire 
Verbal Memory Test 
Mental Arithmetic Test 
Mathematics Test 
Writing an Essay on a Ceneral Topic 
Mechanical Principles - Moving Picture Test 
Mechanical Assembly 
Code Recognition Test 
Code Reproduction Test 
Distance Perception - Horopterscope 
Distance Perception - Herring's Test 
Sport Tests 
Second Day (individual Tests and Pinal Interview): 
Coordination Test 
Vertical Y/heel 
Complex Reaction Test 
Orders Test 
Exploration 
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; PPENBIX XV 
'.L REPORT 
SECRET 21. Rr.tr, 
< Aut fcxt.iismcpn. ±. 
Cfb, Pt. b. 0225/ Dr.IÜ/Re 
Beotb. Ot. M 34C/40. 
Rnnohme(telle 3 
(üt Oflljlcconmäctcc 
Der Cuftrooflc 
fl b | ifa c 1H. 
München - 0.7.« , ben 22. Juni 1933« 
Bgnungsbeucteilung 
von B e r g. h steht haltungs- und nivssnmBesig Über des 
Durchschnitt »einer Altereksneraden. Er ist ein frischer, 
offener, stets einsatzfreudiger Jungs.Bit soldatischer Be» 
geisterung und soldatischem Empfinden. Der Sicherheit und 
Be üt Iran the it der Haltung nach süssen entspricht such innere 
Disziplin, Festigkeit und Beherrschtheit. So vorig er sieh f 
rlT elos durchzusetzer. und Geltung zu verschaffen. 
Von seiner guten geistigen Begabung nacht er selbständigen 
und regen Gebrauch. Ex- ist bei aller praktischen, aktivem 
Einstellung nicht ohne besinnliche Kote, die ihn nicht nur 
kritisch, sondern auch einfOhlend den Dingen nachgehen lleet. 
Aue' für kulturell-geistige Güter uad Tcrte let er auf to- 
se hloooen und empfänglich. Seine Arbeitsweise ist überlegt« 
gesarawlt und sachlich, eodeee ihm der entsprechende Erfolg 
nicht versagt bleibt. 
Er wird sich als Kamerad und Führer gut bewähren. 
name VOIi. B O T ß h Dotnome ’"Olfgftrg 
Geburtstag 22. C. 1921 Geb.-OrtR avolrlinua OWL, 
Ptüftogel9«J?0, ur.d 21. Jvr.i 1939 pcufott Künehen - Oh«?rw* c^erfeld. 
Beruf unb Rnfthcift bes Datecs ilauptcumn in Stabo der ?'chrei*rf*.ta-Inoi>cktion, U 1 ■ 
Denen. 
Gemelbet für 
Fliegertruppe. 
Ootgefehen für 
tn AitA|cluip; 
Ger.» Dr. Middendorf. 
BOß. Ret unb roiffmfdioftlichet Prüfet 
Gcz.» Dr. AmUd. 
Reg. Rat unb miffenfchaftlidier mUpcufn 
Jüt die Richtigkeit Rbfduift: 
München - o.V.,U 22, Juni 1939. 
.o. m 
Oberstleutnant und Selter der 
inn a line a telle. 
Cos.t A 1 s f a I 1. 
i"’® Ce>let b«t flnnahmeflelle 
Gcz. i Zcl'd ,;cr. 
Ob-tit. unb mililarifchcc TTlilptufer 
unb mililarifchcr niilptufet 
Eignungsgtab Voll geeignet. 
3ut flusbilbung als Jlugjeugfühtet Geeignet. 4 Ausfertigungen t 
* Anaferttgwag« 
tfb. He b. G. 126 Dr.m/ße, 
Geatb. 11t. 11 174/40 
H b | tb c H t. 
Riuiohme(tellc 3 
(Ut OltWeconmBctet 
öec Cu|tmo|te 
München . ben 19. Ual 1939* 
(Orll 
eignungsbeudcilung 
Die intellektuell-geistigen Fähigkeiten von Weber sind ln 
ganzen ansreichend. Wenn er sieh über eine Sache Gedanken nacht, 
welea er selbständig zu urteilen und vaa er sum Thema vorbringt, 
1st überlegt und hat Hand und Fuse. Das Gesamtniveau der Persön- 
lichkeit 1st als einfach anzusprechen. 
Was Weber fehlt, ist schnelle Wendigkeit und ra&ohea Anpassung*- 
vermögen. In seinen sehr ruhigen Temperament, das Ihn leicht matt 
und langwellig erscheinen lasst, aktiviert er sich schwer, seine 
zähflüssige Wesensart läset ihn nur langsam und allaähllch zur 
vollen Entfaltung und zu nachhaltigen Kräfteeinsatz kommen. Zumal 
als handelnder Mensch 1st er wenig fix und gewandt. Gerade in 
Situationen, wo es auf schnelle Umstellung und Reaktion «rf rasch 
wechselnde Umweltsverhältnisse ankomst, versagt er. 
Charakterlich 1st er offen, gefestigt und such seinen Pflichten 
unterzieht er sich willig und alt Hingabe. Die Hauptbedenken bei 
Weber richten eich gegen seine Einstellung speziell bei der Flieger- 
truppe. Da er Jedoch an einer Übernahme als Fahnenjunker bei ande- 
ren Waffengattungen keinerlei Interesse hat, sondern ausschliess- 
lich eine fliegerische Verwendung anctrebt, nass bei ihe von einen 
Tor ching ale Fahnenjunker bei der Luftwaffe abgesehen werden. 
Harne 
Weber 
(loinUitnnamti 
Botnome Walter 
Geburtstag 2.3« 1922, Geb.-Ort Hürnberg, 
p**. 10. U. — «• «* MM» M- « 1 n c h « a 
B„u, „„t flnlduijt *. Oatets Kfm. At,t.llun4mUltmr, äiümbmrg-H., rtm.8, 
Gemelbet für Fliegertrupp* 
Dotgefehen für 
V ... \ ’ 
Eignungsgcab Hloht geeignet. 
Dec nuefthup: t . 
A 
Ref'«Rat un& u)i(Ien(chaflichct Ptufet 
Reg.Rat unö tmfTenfchoftlidicc ITlitpcufer 
Jüc bie Richtigkeit bet flbfchcift; 
München J 19« Hai 1939. 
\7l 
Obstl. uni) feilet ÖMkRnnahmc(lellc 
Hauptm un® uiilitütifrtiec ITIitpri.fcr 
uni) mililöt>(chet Tllitpcujcr 
Jut flusbilbung ols Jlugjeugführer Wicht geeignet. SECRET 
APPENDIX XVI 
1 / , r 
ORGANIZATION CF .TPHO-MEDIC.' L RFSI1 .RCH 
of germ/ NY 
SECRET  i M— 
Rors ahungsf uhrüng 
d, Luftwaffe 
Irof, Georgii 
I- 
Installstions 27 £ 29 
If Installation involved use of Ministry of Education funds, 
facilities and personnel, there was also coordination with 
that ministry. 
ORGANIZATION Q? AERO MEDICAL RESEARCH Q7 GIiai-ZAIT 
Coordinator of Research 
of Surg, General's Office 
Stabsarzt Becker-Rreyseng 
{ 
AIR MINISTRY 
i 
1natalla tlon 2o 
l 
Technical 
Section 
(See next page) 
I 
Installations 1 thru 6_ 
L 
_.t 
Surgeon General 
of Luftwaffe 
Gen* Schroder 
i —r 
r~: 
Luftwaffe 
i 7 
* l SECRET 
PPEWDIX XVII 
RISE’RCH XiTHT LL/.TIOWS 
SECRET n-is?. jJj.pions 
*1. buftfnlartnodisiiiiochcs Forschungsinstitut dos HJi. Berlin ITZ 40 
Scharnhorotstrasse 33° (Prof.Strughold) 
•:2. Aussenstollo dos Luftfajirtncdizinischon Forschur^asinstitut Berlin* 
! Brannenburg an, Inn (Dr. Do saga) 
*3« Biysir-logisches Institut GÖttingen* (Frof. Fein) 
:;:4. nussonstollo für Gkhirnforschung des huftfahituodizinischon Forschungsinstitut 
Bex-lin in Kaixor-o ilho ln-Institut fur Hirnforschung. Berlin-Buch (Frof# Spatz 
3# Zt.Iiüiohon) 
:3# AussonstoXlo dos Luftf ahrbriodizinischon Forschungsinstituts Berlin 
Physiologisches Institut Heidelberg’. (Dr.Gauer)n 
6# Sanitüt s vor such s-und Lehrgruppo, Jüterbog, Altes Lager (Prof .Knothe) 
7* Institut für Luftfahrtuodizin, HÜneben (Prof. Zeitz). 
8. Institut für Luftf ahrtuo dis in Ha:nburg*Eppondorf (Dr .Schvarz). 
9. IZnfeer-'’ilho lii-Institut für Arboitsphy sie logic Dortnund. (Prof .Lohmnn). 
10. Biy3iologisches Institut Köln (Prof. Schneider). 
11. Fließerunter suchuxigsstelle der Aed. Klinik Froiborg/Broisgau (Dezent Dr.’Froy)# 
12. Institut für Luftf ehrt-, .10 dl zinischo Pathologie d. PLK an pathologischen 
Institut der Universität Proiburd/Broisgau (Prof.Büchner) 
13. Physic logisches Institut Brosl.au, Fließe runtersuchungs stelle (Dr. Krcinnborg) 
14. Physic logische s Institut Prag, (Pr og. Schubert) 
13. Fhy sic logische s Institut Leipzig und Gebirgsskiitatsschnle St. Johann in Tirol. 
All'.- / ' t ' ■ \ * ’ 
l6. Korchkoff-Institut B-\d N.-auhoin {Prof • ScHdfor) 
17« Physiologisches Institut Ooissen (Prof ..Po.Koch) J 
1 
18. Kaiser- ’ilholn-Institut für 'Bleche:cio Berlin-Dahlen (Dr,Unstruth) 
18* Physiologisches Institut Danzig (Prof. Thauör z. Zt. Bid NauheinJlorchkoff 
Institut) 1 / ' 
20. Biari.nkologischos Institut Innsbruck (Prof. J arisch) • 
21. Prof. v. Diringshofcn, Fraifzdiirt/A.ain*nfaoro .Presse unbekannt. 
22. ' iodizinische Klinik KOln-Lindbnthal (Prof. Ilnipping, Dr. Aaopcr, Dr.n.K.Kochl 
23. Physiologisch. Cho: ilschos Institut Berlin und ihysick Ogisohos-Cho; dschos 
Institut Tübingen (Dr.Deiner). 
; jjv 
24. /uigenklinik Glossen (Prof. Kyrie io is) 
\ / 
2p. Augenklinik Po stock (Prof, Braun) 
- 
2b. Physiologisches Institut Posen (Prof. Aonjo Aufenthalt unbekannt). 
27* Institut für Flug: 10 di zin der deutschen Versuchsanstalt fair Luftfahrt Borlin- 
Adlorshof (Dr.Puff) 
28. Krprobüng.sstello Pr Luftv/affc> Pochlin. 
29. Kodlcal Posearch Institut Gar dtch-Parten&orohen (Henschko) 
NOTA: Those JP.rkod - vore directly under Professor H. STPUGHOLD. STdJHP OP LUPTZdiPTADI INISCIUS POPSG:iUlP:SIIISTITUT RA . 
under Prof« {Oberst, nr st} 3TAUG-H0LD 
/ 
Dr. Ola:lann, H.G. [Druekturzvorsuche, Drue? dcaixiorf lugz eugo, Konstruktion 
von Untordruckkanacrn). 
Dr. Luft, U. (HöhcnaklfLinatisation, Sauorstoffatnung in grossen Höhen) 
I 
I 
Dr. Opitz, A, (.deuter Sauerstoffuargol) 
Dr. 'Pali .io, P. (Pie kt re no o ph al ogr aph io) 
Dr.Gauor, 0. (piccoloration, Zontrifugenkonstruktion) 
Dr.Hanson, H. (Pliegordiit in \:ar. ion Lindern und grossen Höhen) 
Prs.Dr.Schmidt, I.(Parbensohon, Nacht sehen, Bibliographie) 
Dr.Poso, H. (Brillen, Nachsehen, Tiefensohon}. 
Prof. Schütz, P. (Ploktrokardiographioh. 
- 
Dr. Dosaga '(Luftsohutzfragen). 
Dr. Autru:i H. (Elektroretinographie, Kernphysik). 
Dr.Denser, H. (Vergleichende Physiologie, ‘ ihrenntordruckkarr ier). 
Dr. Such alia, H. (Wissenschaft liehe Prägen dos Vor stichst iernate rial s und 
Versorgung der *,.lssonachaftliohen" Institut und 
pharmazeutischen Industrie mit Versuchstieren) 
Dr. Be c kor-Proyscng 
bis Anfang- 1944 (hoher Sauerstoffdruck) SECRET 
APPENDIX XVIII 
LITT OF / LTIRirDR OR RBERS 
S K C nr T ALTITUDS AND CLIMATE CHAMBERS 
BUILT OH RENOVATED BY V. ZEUZEM 
Code to medel 
U.K. Without lock 
U.K.S. With lock 
T, Temperature 
K. Climate 
i 
Built for the Luftwaffe - Stationary 
No. 
Town & Location 
Size 
Mode 1 
Year 
1. 
Kerhoff-Institut, Bad-Nauheim (übernommen) 
3,00 
Ü.K. 
1930 
2, 
Ausstellungskammer Luftfahrt-Museum Berlin 
3,00 
Ü.K.S. 
1934 
3. 
Kriegsschule Dresden-Kletzsche 
3,00 
U.K.S. 
1935 
4. 
Kerkhoff-Institut Bad-Nauheirn (Umoau) 
1,50 
S 
1935 
5. 
Universitätsklinik Jena 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1936 
6. 
Ausstellungskammer Strahlen und Heilkunde 
Müchen 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1936 
7, 
Universitätsklinik Proiburg/brsg, 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1936 
8:. 
Olympiade Berlin, später Garnisionslazarett 
1,50 
K.K, 
1936 
9:. 
Physiologisches Institut Güttingen 
3,00 
T.K.S. 
1937 
10-. 
Physiologisches Institut München 
3,00 
K.K.S, 
1937 
11. 
Universitätsklinik Kiel 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1937 
12. 
Fliegerhorst Detmold / 
3,00 
U.K.S. 
1938 
13, 
Universitätsklinik Bfeslau 
3,00 
U.K.S. 
1938 
14. 
Luftwaffenlazarett Braunschweig 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1938 
15. 
Universitätsklinik Halle 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1938 
16. 
Luftwaffenlazarett Hallo 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1938 
17, 
Universitätsklinik Wien 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1938 
18, 
Deutsche Versuchsanstalt Berlin 
3,00 
T.K..S. 
1938 
19. 
n ii ti 
1,00 
U.U.T. 
1938 
20. 
Universitätsklinik Kiel 
1,00 
U.U.T. 
1938 
21. 
Pysiologisches Institut Glessen 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1939 
22. 
Fliegeruntersuchungsstelle Frankfurt a.M, 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1939 
23. 
Luftwaffenlazarett Nürnberg 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1939 
24.. 
Universitätsklinik Prag 
3,00 
K.K» S. 
1939 
25. 
Luftwaffenlazarett Frankfurt a.M. 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1940 
26, 
Luftwaffenlazarett Greifswald 
K.K.S,. 
1940 
27. 
Univer s it at sklin ik KBln-Lindenbur g 
3,00 
T.K.S. 
1940 
28. 
Phatalog,Institut Heidelbergs 
1,50 
U.K. 
1942 
29. 
Prof. Flchholz, Heidelberg 
1,50 
K.K, 
1942 
30. 
Segelflieger Forschungsstelle Ainring 
3,00 
K.K.S. 
1942 
31, 
Luftfahrtmed.ForschungssteIle Preising 
4,00 
U.K.S, 
1944 
32. 
ii ii n 
0,70 
Sturz 
1944 
33. 
Luftwaffenlazarett Gotha 
1,50 
K.K. 
1938 NOBILE DJJO: ZESSION SHE.IBSN FOR THE A15 NONGN 
No. Tov.Ti and Location ; Size Ilodol Yogr 
34. 4 Stuck fNirbn.ro Unterdrück-? 'otorioiorto 
uit Sturzknmor, Notetrorr r;n.t, 
Zuguaschino :.dt 2 Stuck Spozialv^gn. 
' No* 
Typo and 
Nobuilt Nu 
Serial No. 
solan St ation \ry Ghanbor 
Delivered to 
0 | 
Docor.iproGGion 
Yoar 
1. 
V 
Nucjo U. 
Nr. 7093 
1 E/st. 
Or anionburg 
1J4,9 m Hq 
1Q43 
O 
<4 « 
XcUl 01-*0 U • 
Hr- 7056 
1 E/St. 
T ilCtihl 
St. Johann 
144,9 :i 
i 
o 
4« 
Nuggo U 
Nr.7097 
1 E/St. 
Ao.lbor- 
144,9 ■' 
4. 
Hug go II. 
Nr.709S 
1 3/3t. 
Jovor, dann Dios 
144,9 - 
f 1 
9* 
Buggo U. 
Nr. 7099 
1 E/St. 
Huguu 
1J4,9 f 
if 
6. 
SUGGC U. 
Nr. 7060 
1 B/St. 
d oan.kon 
k . ' 
1S4,9 •' 
7- 
G G O u 0 
Nr. 706l 
1 E/St. 
Jdtcrboj- 
144,9 " 
rt 
3. 
5u g ».> 0 L' • 
Nr. 7096 
1 E/St. 
T.Nuhl 
St. Johann 
144,9 ” " 
n 
9- 
NitG GO U. 
1 E/St. 
DVL Berlin 
.all 0 roh of 
144,9 " " 
u 
?Niv.iTN ddlivdny o? & ieg 
GAlciSSION OH. 
a -BADS 
Nr 
. 1 Digne Vor .ouch a nnl r\£0 Frankfurt .i,' 
H 
V* 
VI] 
0 
• 
1928 
2 Krankonhrvua Nonnhoid 
1,30 " 
1930 
II 
3 Dr. Stucky, Frankfurt n.k. 
1,30 11 
1931 
;r 
4 Dr. Golclbory, Viocbndon 
1,30 ” 
1932 
n 
3 Junior V/iosbndon 
1,30 " 
1932 
>1 
6 ;aic Stellung; Knnpf don Verderb Köln 
1,30 " 
1933 
tt 
7 Stndt. Kliniken Du,ajoldori (Prof .Knippir^ 
3,00 » 
1934 
if 
8 Dr. SnndroT.-cky Berlin 
1,30 ■' 
1934 
u 
9 Porlonfoin, Nnnnhoir: 
1,30 " 
1933 
10 Dr. Brpitnnior, Kiel {j nnntoriui :f 
1,30 " 
1933 
if 
11 Kupforboix* (Idi'‘.m.ml Soktlaihluny 
) 
1933 
, / 
n 
12 Dr. Hnppich, D ir: . :t ult 
1,30 
1936 
u 
13 Smntoriir.i Dbc rote infamy; 
1,30 ■' 
1937 
n 
14 , xdlcr.:orko (Thernoknebon 
1930 
13 Knicor r ilhcl: l-Institut, Frnn'rfurt n 
.N. 1,304' 
1940 
l6 Buryudieff, Sofi i, 3ul.;;iricn 
1,30 " 
1940 
17 Auorverke Berlin-Or inimbury 
3,00 U.K.3* 
1942 
lo Ncichnpoct Versuchennstnit, Berlin 
1,30 T.KtVnl 
iTi’L 
19 ?nrk S nnntoriui: Bnd^inukoiu 
1,30 K.K. 
1940 
20 Klinik in Sccod Unynrn 
1 ern tt- T- 
1, pu .V. 
1943 
21 Boldrini, ’ 'nilend Itnlion 
1,30 K.KA 
1942 No. 
INBUILT NU3SIJN : PBi:;3 
Type and Social No. Delivered to: 
UNITS 
Doc 01 rorgjoion 
Year 
1. 
0 
Nu000 nmd 2 St. 
Kr.;7O30, 5,50 0/ 
L. 36790 Bnilopcl 
144,3 nr *. % 
1943 
2. 
jCLtllG. <2 o'tCj,# 
Nr. 7051, f6 
Dr. Auftrotor 
Obe rar at 
it i 1 S ? 
if 
O 
,?• 
N11330 rund 2 Stek. 
Nr. 7052 1,50 /) 
L. 00343 H •'j.iburj 
.r 11 it 
n 
A 
Suaoc B/ 2 Stek. 
Nr. joy'- I,.p0 $ 
Dr. Baader 
r if :? 
• 9 
5- 
Nuppc B/ 2 Stek 
Nr. 10y e/150 /) 
Obor; ;cfr. Schvrabo 
it :: :: 
a 
6. 
Nuppg B/2 Stek 
Nr. 7062, $ 
Staboarat Weil lann 
n t? ;i 
i 1 
-7 
/• 
Nupoo N/2 Stek 
Nr. 7063, 1,30 
Jj. 09>’B 
»I ;t it 
?f 
3. 
Nu3pc k/2 Stole. 
Nr. 7064, 1,30 0 
L. >;603 Berlin 
!t i! It 
if 
9. 
Nu3go B/2 Stek. 
Nr. 7063 1,30 i 
Bad- Sviochonahn 
it 11 it 
?orei;:n deliveries 
Hun;: ary 
1. 
Budapeat Aorodynaii.Voraudioanat.alt 
‘-r. 00 
r.K.s. 
1940 
2. 
" 11 11 AjiinaX 
1.00 
U.4. 
1941 
3- 
Fahrbare TCannc rani ago nit ICtihlanl\:e 
Clobilo unit v:ith refrigeration) 
bOo 
Italy 
4. 
iailand Ital. Ludt* :xl i o, 
Guide nia bei ;dn 
4.00 
J.l.S. 
I9OI 
oOo 
Bui; ;ari a 
c: 
J' 
Hughaion ‘ rngdcbna bei Sofia 
_ Ofln rr 
3,00 • 
T.K.S. 
I94X 
Suain 
6. 
Sevilla Span. Luftaaffo' 
3,oo 
U.l.S, 
1941 
• 
7* 
:I " i? Aninal 
1, 00 
Ü 
194-1 
8. 
’• Madrid 11 :I & explosive 
doconproanion 
4,00 
rrj *r 
1 • n * :4 t 
1942 
O' 
>• 
" " ■’ .Alii i.al 
1, 00 
U.IC. 
1942 
Jugoslavia 
10 
Hughafon Senlin (Zouun) 
3,00 
t r O 
uv • tj %. 
1940 
Rebuilt PIughafon Lo Eougot 
•