'v i V j: - •' =!--*: Kapiolani Girls1 Home, Honolulu -^.Dedication HI Pi iV-^ S--i)"i»> i**-> •. J-*-;,"'- 3 ■■■>(■■ >: 1 ; ._' ■£ - / ' ,V. V.?. •.'■!• Jl.vW>foi • __> .. h£ SPEEDY ! BINDER Manufactured by Syracuse, N.Y. } Stockton, Calif. 3NIDI03W JO AOVMSn "1VN0UVN E EBiflTTSD U~IN aosoiz8t>£ S88X PAtX Stt OM NLM051687833 ■4T ^nan^ *~j.rr 4Vt ^MH^HM^a |\^p\cA*vv Gt'xtW' n^YY^ej Hov^oWYi^ DEDICATION OK wy M> &m& FOR GIRLS, THE OFFSPRING OF LEPER PARENTS, AT KAKAAKO, OAHU, BY THEIR MAJESTIES KING KALAKAUA AND QUEEN KAPIOLANI. >>x- < L £3 n. A C5 y' Vll£iiuiii.'fi«i»t*»'i T ITUItr HIYIL description of ;;^™~T ^^ (—Presentation. ... To (liie.en Kapiolani, as Lady Patroness, of the Keys of the Home, when Her Majesty trill declare the institution opened (5—Delivery of Keys........By Her Majcaty, to the Rererend Mother Superior of Franciscan Sixter* 68 2 6 DEDICATION EXERCISES. -Hymn : The Hawaiian Lepers' Hymn . . Hawaiian version composed by His Majesty the King, arranged to music by Prof. II. Berger, and sung by Leper Children, accom- panied by the Royal Hawaiian Band Hawaiian Lepers' Hymn i Kou lima Mana mau Na eha i kau mai; Maluna o makou na ike, Kona huhu, me ke aloha. Karisto! ke Keiki mau, Aloha i na Lepera, Hoopa i na lima, na ino nei, Hoola i na palaho. Ma kona Koho Alii, Ua ike maluna ae, Eha ka naau a hoouna mai I kona Elele Aloha. Kipa mai na Virigini, Hoike ko Iesu aloha Hooluolu na naau, Ke aloha mai ka Lani. Na aloha mai luna mai E ola nei makou; E ikaika ka manaolana Ko ka Lani wahi maha mau. Na Moi, na Alii pu, Me ka Lahui a pau; Hoohalike, hoolana ae, Hookahi puuwai aloha. 1 The Almighty's chastening hand, A sore affliction sends; But trusting still we feel His wrath with mercy blends. The Christ;—His blessed Son The Lepers' woe did feel: He touched the unclean sores Th' incurable did heal. Ascended to His Throne He sees us from above. Feels for our woe and sends His Messengers of Love. They come—Good Sisters come, Their love for Christ to prove" And soothe our stricken hearts With Heaven's divinest Love. These mercies from on High With which our lot is blest, Make strong in us the hope Of Heaven's eternal rest. Our King and Queen and Chiefs: Hawaiians everywhere; Unite with loving hearts In this our hope and prayer. -Address to their Majesties By Rev. J. Kaaua, an inmate of the Branch Hospital -Hymn : Home Maikai, (Home Sweet Home). Sung by Leper Children, accompanied by the Royal Hawaiian Band HAWAII PONOI, (HAWAIIAN ANTHEM.) s COXjXj-iSwTIOIsT. ■% r THE DEDICATION CEREMONIES. 5§he formal dedication of the Kapiolani Home took place on o^ Monday, Nov. 9th, 1885, being the anniversary of the landing of the Franciscan Sisters of Charity in Honolulu. Eleven o'clock was the time fixed for commencing the ceremo- nies of the day, and shortly before that hour numerous carriages with ladies and gentlemen were driven across the road from the Immigration Depot to the Home, the greatest interest seemed to be taken in the events of the day by the natives who reside along the line of road. The rain of the previous night had laid the dust, and the day was delightfully fresh and cool, with a strong trade wind blowing. The Queen's Own Volunteers, com- manded by Captain W. F. O'Connor, acted as a guard of honour; and Colonel E. W. Purvis, Vice Chamberlain, received the guests. A company of leper children occupied seats under the temporary awning erected for their accommodation in the yard of the Home, the Royal Hawaiian Band occupying the town side of the same structure. The children were clean and neatly dressed, and appeared to be in vigorous health. There was hardly anything visible to the eye to suggest an unpleasant thought, but much I to encourage hope and kindly pleasure in the hearts of the | promoters and patrons of the Kapiolani Home. iThe Royal Standard was unfurled from a flag-staff inside the grounds of the Home, as, promptly at 11 o'clock, their Majesties the King and Queen, accompanied by other members of the j; Royal Family, drove up to the enclosure and were received by ji the Vice-Chamberlain, the Queens Own saluting in a soldier- ;! like manner. The President of the Board of Health, His ;j Excellency W. M. Gibson; the Honorable A. S. Cleghorn; His ;! Excellency Paul Neumann, Attorney-General; and the Honor- ;! able Colonel Iaukea members of the Board, who had previously \\ arrived, received their Majesties at the entrance to the large ;> school-room where the opening ceremonies were to take place, ;j the Royal Anthem being played-by the band. \\ The room was tastefully decorated with palms, evergreen |j wreaths and flowers. A large picture of Queen Kapiolani, ;j presented to the Home by His Excellency Mr. Gibson, was !; hung in the centre of the room, surrounded by wreaths. !; Underneath this picture a beautiful blue satin banner, having a :■ cross and the letters K. II. worked in gold upon it, presented by :\ Mrs Hayselden, (daughter of Mr. Gibson) was suspended. On :| either side of the picture was a vase of flowers. The sides and ; corners of the room were similarly decorated, as was also the !; veranda at the main entrance. Among those present were the !; following: Their Majesties the King and Queen, Her Royal !; Highness Princess Liliuokalani, Her Royal Highness Princess !; Likelike, Her Royal Highness Kaiulani, Her Excellency the j; Governess of Hawaii, Honorable A. S. Cleghorn, His Excellency I Walter M. Gibson, Minister of Foreign Affairs ; His Excellency I Paul Neuman, Attorney-General, and Mrs. Neuman y Mrs. C. I T. Gulick, Mrs. J. M. Kapena and Miss Kapena, His Excellency I George W.. Merrill, United States Minister Resident, and Mrs. I Merrill; Colonel C. II. Judd, His Majesty's Chamberlain ; the j; Right Reverend the Bishop of Honolulu, and Mrs. Willis; the j; Right Reverend the Bishop of Olba, Mr. Justice McCully, Mr. j; Fred. H. Hayselden and Mrs. Hayselden, Mr. J. Nakamura, DEDICATION CEREMONIES. Japanese .Consul; Reverend George Wallace, Reverend C. E. Groser and Mrs. Groser, Fathers Leonor, Clement and Sylvester, Reverend J. A. Cruzan, Reverend J. Waiamau, Honorable II. M. Whitney and Mrs. Whitney, the Marshal of the Kingdom, Mr. J. H. Soper and Mrs. Soper; Honorable W. J. Smith, Honorable \V. C. Parke and Miss Parke, Colonel the Honorable C. P. Iaukea, Majors Antone Rosa and J. D. Holt, Jr., of the Governor's Staff; Mrs. S. G. Wilder, Captain and Mrs. Tripp, Mr. J. D. Strong and Mrs. Strong, Doctors E. Arning, M. Goto and E. C. Webb ; Professor W. D.Alexander, Honorable J. Kean, Mother Superior Marianne and six Sisters, Miss Gardiner, Mrs. Ailau, Mrs. J. A. Hopper and Miss Hopper, Mrs. J. M. Damon, Mrs. A. T. Atkinson, Miss von Holt, Messrs. S. M. Damon, F. W. Damon, Colonel Mark P. Robinsoa, W. W. Hall, Honorable R. H. Baker% J. M. Poepoe and wife, J. Wahineaua and wife, J. \Y. Naukana and daughter, J. S. Kekukahiko, B. Kaaua, H. Kaumialii. L.- Naauao, Pekelo, J. P. Hanaaumoe, J. S. Kapolena, A. P. Kalaukoa, T. Heu, D. W. Pua, J. Akina, J. Kanui and others. It may be mentioned in this place that, as a delk-ate compli- ment to the Kapiolani Home, which was to be opened formally by Her Majesty, the King and Queen, His Excellency W. M. Gibson, and Colonel Judd, the King's Chamberlain, wore the Star of the Order of Kapiolani. His Excellency Mr. Gibson also wore the Star and Ribbon of Pius the Ninth. The Bishop of Olba and Father Leonor likewise wore their decorations, of the Royal orders of Kalakaua and the Crown of Hawaii. The Bishop of Olba read the dedication prayer in Hawaiian) after which the children sang the song " Long Live the King'' in the Hawaiian language, accompanied by the band. ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH Ihfiis Excellency Mr. Gibson, the President of the Board of -^vo Health, then delivered an address in the Hawaiian language, after which he spoke in English as follows : Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, My Lord Bishop, ladies and gentlemen—The memorable occasion which unites us to-day not only marks another day's advance in the onward march of the Hawaiian Kingdom on the highway of humanity and civilization, but records in a notable manner in the dedication of this building, an anniversary which should ever be remembered by the Hawaiian nation with deep interest and grateful hearts. I allude to the coming of the Sisters of Charity on November 8, 1883, to assist in caring for- and nursing the lepers, and other sufferers among our people. As the 8th of this year fell upon a Sunday, we were constrained to arrange for the dedication on this day, the 9th, instead of upon the actual anniversary. Let me briefly narrate the history of the benevolent mission of the Sisters among us, for it would seem to be peculiarly appropriate upon this doubly interesting occasion. It had been felt for some few years previous to their coming that many sick among us were afflicted with a disease so peculiarly objectionable in its character and ADDRESS. 9 conditions that to cope with it, with any possibilities of relief, it was not alone sufficient to be provided with skilled physicians and remedies, but with experienced and devoted nurses—es- pecially women, endowed with that rare devotion to the cause of the sick and suffering that arises solely from the highest inspiration of Christian charity. The hope was entertained that possibly some of those self-sacrificing religious women, who had devoted their lives to the care of the lepers in such institutions as that at Tracadie in Canada, might be induced to exercise their great charity in these Islands. In furtherance of the reali- zation of this hope, I had the honor to address the Bishop of Olba a letter, dated January 4, 1883, in which I informed His Lordship that the care of the sick poor of this Kingdom had most earnestly enlisted the sympathies of Their Majesties the King and Queen and awakened the solicitude of the Government) that they appreciated the necessity for trained and faithful nurses, and felt that nowhere could such invaluable assistance be ob- tained so readily as among the ranks of those blessed Sisterhoods of Charity, who have, in various parts of the earth devoted them- selves to the care of the sick, and I concluded with these words : " My Lord, as I am aware that eminent institutions of charity j such as I have referred to, and which this country needs, abound in the Catholic Church; and as I feel assured that your representation would be all influential, I make an appeal, and offer an invitation through you to Sisters of Charity of your Church to come to the help of the sick of this country; and I doubt not I may proffer to them in advance the profound ob- ligation and gracious recognition of Their Majesties, the thanks of His Majesty's Government, and the blessings of the Hawaiian people." The Bishop responded promptly and favorably. The Rev. Father P. Leonor was designated as the agent to go forth on a mission to seek the much needed help; and His Majesty gave to the Rev. Father a Royal Commission to assist him in his quest. After arduous, and for a long time baffling endeavors in his many applications to the various religious orders in the 10 ADDRESS. United States, he found at last, after petitioning over fifty different religious Sisterhoods, a favorable hearing at the Franciscan Convent of Saint Anthony, in the city of Syracuse, in the State of New York. At this Convent the question of the great mission of charity to care for the lepers of the Hawaiian Islands was discussed and deliberated in a solemn Chapter of the Sisterhood, and I am happy to say as a result of the representation made, and of the noble enthusiasm awakened, that no less than twenty-four volunteers among the Sisters offered themselves as willing and anxious to go forth and help the hopeless sufferers in the far distant Isles of the Pacific. Of this number six were selected as a pioneer band, and accompanied by the Mother Superior of the Convent, Sister Marianne, arrived in Honolulu on November 8th, a. d. 1883, by the steamship Mariposa. This little band of heroic and faithful women divided its forces, the Mother Superior and three of the Sisters taking their post of watchful duty and unremitting toil at this Hospital, and the three other Sisters going to the Malulani Hospital established at Wailuku. An additional recruit of four Sisters from the Convent at Syracuse arrived here on the 22d day of April, 1884, per steamship Alameda. Shall I speak in praise of the work done by the Sisters? I think not. Mere praise for such work as theirs would be entirely out of place, but I will say that they have won the hearts of our sufferers whom they care for; and in return let us revere them in our memories and never forget the coining of this American mission of charity and the " Landing of the Sisters" Day. Another anniversary in connection with our sad national calamity is rapidly approaching, for it is now within a few weeks of twenty years, since this little State was first called upon to gird up her loins and do battle with the most gigantic, and sup- posed to be incurable, malady that has followed the birth of man—a disease that was eating away the very vitals of a once numerous people, and one the nature of which continues to baffle the researches of the most learned and persevering of physicians in all parts of the civilized world. Leprosy may be said to y'VW* '. ADDRESS. have first struck this nation about thirty years ago, or, at least, it had not attracted the attention of medical men at an earlier period. As soon as the disastrous effects of the disease were manifest among the people, the Hawaiian Government, in a brave and philanthropic spirit, bent its energies to stay its ravages. It was a great task in view of the limited resources of this small State and the other important demands upon its finances. On account of the rapid increase and apparent epidemic character of the disease, segregation was determined upon by the Government, and the first step taken was to secure a suitable isolated retreat where, by as humane as possible a system of separation from the healthy portion of the community, the un- fortunate lepers would receive such care and attention as would alleviate as much as possible their unhappy condition. In January, 1866, was first commenced the Leper Settlement of Kalawao, a beautiful domain of about 6,000 acres in extent, on the island of Molokai. Since the establishment of the Settlement up to this date there have been cared for within its bounds, as sick wards of the nation, 3,101 lepers, and there are of this number 689 living at this day. The wants of these unfortunate people have been attended to in a manner which, considering our resources, would do credit to the most powerful, wealthy and enlightened of foreign States. In thus briefly referring to the work of comparatively but few years it must be always borne in mind that the calamity came upon the nation somewhat by surprise, and certainly with an unanticipated virulence, which required very extraordinary efforts to counteract in our then state of inexperience. Little by little we gained more knowledge, and with it confidence. We called in men of experience to investigate, assist and advise, and have sought far and wide for all the information that would enable the Government to deal intelligently and humanely with a great calamity affecting the health of the people. In the endeavor to conquer or control this malady by segregation and care at Kalawao alone, the Government has expended during the last twenty years no less a sum than $613,756. To this 12 ADDRESS. must be added the cost of the establishment and current expenses of the Branch Hospital during a period of four years, and then adding cost of medical services and various incidental expenses swells the expenditure on account of leprosy for the period mentioned to a total of fully $1,000,000. The Government now expends in the care and promotion of the health of the people at least one-tenth of the annual revenues of the Kingdom. I cannot recall to mind any other country in the civilized world that can, in comparison, make such an unhappy statement, and yet one which is so much to the credit of the humanity of the nation. The mind of the Legislator and philanthropist can rise to no nobler work than to benefit the sick and helpless of his fellowmen, and to provide for the general health of the people. Such is, and ever should be, the foremost aim of those who are entrusted by His Majesty with the administration of the affairs of this Kingdom. This is not the occasion and I am not a proper authority to consider the nature of the disease of leprosy, or to express a decided opinion upon the question of contagion and consequent segregation. I have no hesitation, however, in saying that the question is one that has a remoter interest than what is popularly entertained, especially abroad, inasmuch as while admitting that the malady is contagious underthe most favorable conditions, yet it does not seem to be more so than many common diseases, the result of an impaired condition of blood, which are generally accepted as being non-contagious, and only become so through peculiary favorable and strongly corresponding circumstances. Certainly there is nothing in the history of the disease, or attaching to it, to cause the foreigners visiting our shores to be in the slightest degree apprehensive of danger, inasmuch as only seven out of about eight hundred lepers now cared for in our hospitals are foreigners, who have all been long resident in the country, and very intimately associated with the native people. It is very hopeful, also, to bear in mind, upon this occasion especially, that the medical wisdom of the world is being daily increased and enriched by patient research and ADDRESS. 13 assiduous study, that many diseases long deemed incurable, and the causes of which were long thought to be untraceable, inde- finable and inexplicable, have been brought under medical subjection by the concentration of the intellectual forces of the age. So may it be with the mysterious malady of leprosy. I trust that modern scientific investigation will solve the problem that has puzzled the world for ages and as far back as humanity possesses records and traditions. In this Kingdom every effort is being made—under the direction of His Majesty's Government—by able men and devoted women, working in the midst of the dreadful disease itself, to unravel its mysteries and to soften its horrors. Not only are they by their faithful efforts striving to ameliorate the condition of our own people, but they are gathering light and compiling valuable data and information to be sent forth for the benefit of the sufferers of other nations. By exchange and comparison of cases and experiments with the other leper afflicted sections of the earth, important and beneficial results are surely, if slowly, bound to ensue. These Islands are watched with a lively interest in this connection, and in this great labor the Kingdom of Hawaii, limited though she is in area, population and wealth, marches nobly and creditably along side by side with the most enlightened and influential nations. My personal observation leads me to believe that we have passed through the worst of this disease, and that there is every reason to hope that its virulence is now on the decline, I am led to judge so from the fact that of the total number of cases sent to the Leper Settlement and to the Branch Hospital during my tenure of office, since May 1882, barely three per cent, of the number indicate an origin more recent than within one or two years. Let me now pass more directly to the affair on hand. We all appreciate most deeply the injurious effect this malady has had upon this nation. More especially has the condition and the future of the children affected by it touched the hearts and won the sympathy of all feeling people. It was felt by all who have considered the matter to be almost an outrage that young \**w< 14 ADDRESS. children especially girls only suspected on the ground of heredity of being tainted and yet giving no sign of this disease, but the rather evidence of being qualified to acquit themselves well in the career of life, should be doomed to lose their opportunities, and be forced to associate with those only in whom the malady had pronounced itself. Consequently the idea of a home for such unfortunates seemed an appropriate suggestion. When spoken of, it at once engaged the warm sympathies and interest of Her Majesty the Queen. Such an establishment seemed to be both feasible and advan- tageous, and I had the honor myself to propose in the Legislative body of 1884 the advisability of founding a refuge to be styled the " Kapiolani Home," and to advise a vote for the appropriation of $15,000 for its establishment which was carried, but the amount was not immediately available.—In view of the action of the Legislative body and of the great interest to the people in the establishment of such an institution, it was thought proper to lay the matter before the community to enable the generous and charitable to participate in the benevolent enterprise. A ready response was made characteristic of an ever-generous public, and the liberal sum of $6,575 has been subscribed for the Home by Their Majesties and the foreign residents of Honolulu. With the means in hand I, with the sanction of my colleagues of the Board of Health, was enabled to enter upon the construction of this building in which we are now seated, and which to-day is hereby, by the presence and wish of Their Majesties the King. and Queen, to be dedicated to the care and training of young girls not confirmed lepers, but who are suspected of the taint of- the disease. Many persons have regretted, and somewhat naturally, that such a home could not have been established in some choicer location, more remote from those who are unhappily suffering under the worst forms of this incurable malady. But under the surrounding circumstances this could not be, however much the fact may be regretted. The Government were well assured that for the proper and beneficial administration of such a home it was neceeeary that it should be cared for by women *j*si*i>*>i*VVViS&^<*fV*JV*/*V*AA*^^ ADDRESS. 15 who, with all the knowledge, and experience and apprehensions connected with such a fearful malady, would be willing to take charge of the home. Ladies of this noble and self-denying type—of whom I have already spoken—were already in charge within these hospital grounds. As with their aid alone it was possible to carry out the idea of such a home, and as their number was not sufficient for a division of forces, it was found to be absolutely necessary to place the home here within this enclosure, where it is possible for the Sisters of Charity to give their attention to it along with the care of the other lepers. And here the Home has been erected, and of its details you can judge. The building has been well constructed, and fitted to lodge conveniently, with a view to their health and comfort, about fifty girls. Here, although tabued from the general society of other children, they may enjoy all the advantages that may be obtained by healthy girls in a well ordered boarding school establishment. With my experience of the past two years of the labors of the Sisters in this Hospital, I entertain bright hopes of a result the most satisfactory to the most exacting philanthropist's mind and desires.- In the establishing of benevolent institutions for the sick and infirm of all kind, it should be remembered that they are not so established on the promise or assurance or the belief that the infirm will be cured or restored to society; but it is ever the hope and the desire of Christian and philanthropic spirits that their condition be ameliorated and human suffering relieved ; and that those who have left their homes and friends under such sad and distressing conditions, and almost weighed down with despair, may with kind and considerate treatment, be led to enjoy life to the extreme degree permitted by their afflictions without the possibility of their being injurious to their fellow beings. Thus, then, we have not founded our Leper Institutions- any more than we have founded this Home—with any assurance of cure and restoration to home and family ; but as we have seen within this Hospital enclosure those who, but a while ago, showed too visible marks of this loathsome disease, and were dragging !VSA/V*AiAA^^*\AiSlN vWWWAA^M LEPER SETTLEMENT. their supplies at the point from an independent store, but some of them send direct to Honolulu. If absolute segregation could be effected, the Government market store would be the only place where extras could be purchased. This is hardly possible, however, while Kokuas or helpers are permitted to reside any- where at the Settlement. The Dispensary is situate in a detached cottage outside the Hospital grounds. It is here that Dr. Mouritz dispenses medi- cines to the lepers, who, however, as a rule, do not obey instruc- tion. In short, they are a very difficult people to manage, and cannot be compelled to attend to sanitation unless they become inmates of the Hospital, and then they are too far advanced with disease to admit of any great amelioration of their condi- tion by medical treatment. In the earlier stages of the disease much may be accomplished in this way; but in nearly every case the native Hawaiian has more faith in his own kahunas (native doctors and sorcerers) than in the scientific treatment of a medical man. . The Water Supply and Condition of the Hospital. The water supply is obtained from a gulch at the eastern termination of the tongue of land upon which the settlement is located. A dam has been built and pipes laid to a reservoir. It is thought that the supply may be considerably increased at a comparatively moderate expenditure". The condition of the Hospital, as has been shown, is now satisfactory. In 1878, on the occasion of the visit of the Legis- lative Committee, of which Mr. Gibson was Chairman, and at whose instigation that official visitation was made, its condition was very offensive. The buildings and general arrangements were very bad, the poor people being in a deplorably neglected condition. From that time dates the improvement of the Hos- pital and of the Settlement generally, and it has gone on until both have reached their present very high state of excellency. During the past three years the Leper Settlement on Molokai has been under the control of Mr. Gibson, as President of the leper settlement. 27 Board of Health, and he has given unwearied attention to the de- tails of its management, as well as to those at the Branch Hos- pital at Kakaako. Father Damien's Mission. Leaving the Hospital and store at Kalawao His Excellency proceeded towards the cliffs that lie eastward of the Settlement to get a view of the source of water supply. The road passed through what was the original leper colony of Kalawao, close to a little bay at which there is an easy Winter landing, and where fish may be caught. Frame houses are numerous on either side, some of them being surrounded by flowers and shrubs within the enclosures, while here and there were banana and papaia trees, the latter in full bearing, while the former did not look so thrifty. He was accompanied by Father Damien, who pointed out with laudable pride his own residence and ad- joining church together with the boys' school or home which he has established close by. The boys appeared to enjoy themsel- ves, and certainly manifested affection towards their teacher and friend. The effect of leprosy upon the young is more re- markable by far than upon people of mature years. It gives them a prematurely aged and elfish-like expression when the disease affects the head and face. Several of them were in an advanced stage of the disease. There are thirty boys in the Home established by Father Damien, where their food is cooked. Here they live under his direct care and influence. Close by is the Calvinist Church, recently built; but there was no sign of life or work around or about it. The Church of the Sacred Heart Mission, however, was surrounded by flowers, and had as appan- ages thereto the Boys' Home and Father Damien's hospitable "residence. A little farther on going eastward towards the bluff is the Girls' Home, founded by Father Damien, and under the charge of a married couple, also lepers. The poor children, of whom there are twelve, ran indoors at the approach of strangers, and speedily robed themselves in their best dresses. Their hopeless affliction had not robbed them of this feminine trait, 28 LEPER SETTLEMENT. but several of them bent their heads and hid their faces in their hands to hide their distorted and unnatural features. Surely this is a terrible blight not only upon individuals but on a race ; and too much cannot be said in praise of the intelligent foresight of their Majesties the King and Queen, the Ministry of the day, and the Legislature for founding Kapiolani Home, in which fe- male children of leper parents may have a chance to escape the curse which has blighted so many of their blood and sex. In this connection it may be added that Father Damien has a spacious and really tastefully decorated church at Kalaupapa, where he conducts religious service every Sunday morning, hav- ing previously conducted Divine service in the church at Kala- wao. He has also a cottage at Kalaupapa, where there is a school. Father Damien landed at the Kalawao leper colony in 1873, where he found 800 unfortunates huddled together in grass huts, living in the most abject misery. The condition of things may be inferred from the fact that he found hogs devouring the dead body of a leper that had been placed in a shallow grave without a coffin. He set strenuously to work among this wretched people, and the result is the flourishing mission of to-day, built up at the sacrifice of his own personal comfort and happiness, surrounded only by the sickening and repulsive objects of his solicitude. " There are at least a thousand carcasses lying there," he said, as he pointed to the old Kalawao burial enclosure. " The con- dition of these people is happy now compared to what it was in the past." Mr. Gibson's Address at Kalawao. On the return of His Excellency to Kalawao, the people as- sembled in front of the Hospital, from the veranda of the main building of which he addressed them substantially as follows:' After reminding them of his former visit he expressed the sat- isfaction he felt in observing such a cheerful and contented spirit. Their condition was the object of the special solicitude of the King and his Ministry. Whilst they might be occupied with important questions of state, with the development of im- LEPER SETTLEMENT. 29 migration, commerce and agriculture, yet the condition of the- unfortunates at this Settlement and Kakaako was ever a primary consideration in their minds. They had done the best they could with the means at their command to provide for them a sufficient living, and he was happy to see, on looking around at the neat looking dwellings, and at their own contented look, notwithstanding their great misfortune, that the provision which had been made for them rendered their condition as comfortable as possible, lie had hastened here on account of the sad event that had recently taken place. They were all saddened in Ho- nolulu and fearful that there was a spirit of lawlessness existing here, at least to some extent. Now, he wras satisfied after in- quiry, after listening to the story of many, after listening ■ to their hearty alohas, after looking at their good-natured faces, that His Majesty had no better disposed subjects to abide by the law of this Kingdom than themselves; and for that reason, as well as for their special misfortunes, they were deserving of special care and consideration by the Government. He would say in connection with that event that it was never intended that any of their children should be taken away from the Settle- ment without the full consent of the parents. The officers were so instructed by the Secretary of the Board of Health, and they must have so understood it, because two of the parents of the children went with them and were perfectly content with the excellent prospects for their children at Kapiolani Home. They had told him that when they returned to Kalawao they would be glad to tell them all of the good condition of things prepared by the Government, so that they might feel well content if any of their children should be removed to Kapiolani Home. Reply from the Inmates. There was then a general murmur of satisfaction, and many remarks made substantially as follows: " We feel assured that arrangements have been made for the good of our children, and we are sorry that any one of us should have misunderstood what 30 LEPER settlement. was proposed, or that there should have been any misapprehen- sion about it. Our hearts are sad at what has been done." Mr. Gibson then invited some of the leading natives to state to him anything that was deserving of his consideration, and also to state to him any ground of complaint they had to make on account of any matter or thing at the Settlement. There being no complaint made, Father Damien, raising his voice, asked them to particularize : Was their poi or beef insufficient, and good or bad? What had they to say about their treatment by the officers? Let them make their complaint now ; there was no restraint and no one to prevent them. Still no complaint was made. Everything was perfectly satisfactory to them, only one or two asked to be permitted to have an occasional change of rations, and something was said about the slaughterhouse, which Mr. Gibson promised to have attended to. Address and Leave-taking at Kalaupapa. This terminated the investigation at Kalawao, and His Ex- cellency and party drove away from the Settlement amid cheers and alohas, crossing the low ridge of land dividing the communities and descending the western slope to Kalaupapa, where the people were summoned, by ringing the Church bell, to listen to the parting words of the Premier. This was the largest gather- ing yet assembled, and it presented a much more animated appearance than that at Kalawao. The grass plot in front of Father Damien's cottage was filled with people who squatted upon the ground. The Prime Minister spoke from the veranda. He referred to the establishment of the Kapiolani Home, and pointed out the necessity for such an institution. He said : A home was wanted especially for girls of the native race, who, being suspected of this disease, are not permitted to attend any schools and suffer from the stigma in society. It was felt that your children who had contracted the disease, or who were barely suspected of being so afflicted, might have their condition greatly ameliorated and their lives brightened by special care and treatment, especially at the hands of the devoted Sisters of Charity, who came from -•****} LEPER SETTLEMENT. 31 America, inspired by their faith and love of good to give their lives for the hope of ameliorating your condition and especially that of your children. With that end in view it was deemed essential and proper to establish a Home which would provide a decent shelter for your female children especially, where they could be educated and kindly treated, and where they would live comfortable and contented lives, which would otherwise be denied to them if they were cast adrift with all the odium of this disease attached to them. Now, whilst we are doing our best for your children we also feel that you are not to be neg- lected. We have sought medical aid in all parts of the world for the treatment of this disease. We have received the assist- ance of a man of science from Europe to study it. We have engaged the services of an able and faithful medical man, Dr. Mouritz to remain with you here, and in our endeavors to render you every assistance we "have recently engaged the services of a physician from Japan, who is said to have special skill in the treatment of this disease, in the hope that if we cannot ulti- mately eradicate it we may at least make your lives more en- joyable. Mr. Gibson then asked those present to state fully to him any grievance they might have which, in their condition, it would be reasonable to entertain. Three or four spoke in reply and said that they had no complaint to make about food or clothing, but complained of the abrupt conduct of the Assistant Superintendent. They did not, however, accuse him of any injustice toward them. Mr. Gibson said in reply that the matter spoken of would be brought before the Board of Health and fully considered. Any reasonable grievance would be removed. This appeared to give the large concourse of people entire sat- isfaction, and the time for departure having come, it was with difficulty that His Excellency made his way through the good- natured crowd which gathered around him, and by handshaking and alohas manifested their regard and good will. The landing was crowded, and hearty cheers were given as the boat contain- ing the Prime Minister and his party proceeded to the Eleu, which had^ steam up waiting to depart. MOLOKAI. Description of the Leper Colony ON THIS ISLAND. Social Condition of the Lepers—Their Mode of Living, Rations, Etc.—Contagious or Non-contagious— Conclusion, By ROBERT J. CREIGHTON, Esq,, EDITOR P. C. ADVERTISER, HONOLULU. MOLOKAI. The Island of Molokai is the fifth largest of the Hawaiian Group and contains 200,000 acres. The northerly coast line is very bold, precipitous cliffs or palis coming down to the water's edge except about midway between the eastern and western points, where an irregular tongue of land projects from the cliffs, enclosing about six thousand acres. There is evidence in the general configuration of this piece of land, and in its formation that it is not caused by subsidence, but is in fact a later formation, the result of independent volcanic action. The Titanic forces that produced the stupendous palis of the main land had long been extinct before the crater of Kahukoo became a vent for the subterranean furnaces, and threw out lava and scoria boulders to form the little peninsular of Kalawao. In short this peninsular or tongue of land is a modern addition to the ancient and grander structure of Nature adjoining, completed when her energies were unimpaired, and before her constructive forces had become paralyzed with incessant use. The Crater of Kahukoo. The crater of Kahukoo is the highest point of this peninsular and being close to the ancient coast line, it forms a central ridge dividing the peninsular of Kalawao, formed by the volcanic mud description of the leper colony. 35 ejected from it, into two divisions, the eastern slope giving its name to the entire district, while the western slope is called after the steamer landing, Kalaupapa.' Of course both are ancient Hawaiian names; but Kalawao wras the name of the district, Kalaupapa being a local name. The soil is very fertile. It was originally overlaid with scoria boulders. Underneath this soil, which is simply volcanic ashes and decomposed lava, lies a bed of hard volcanic rock that crops out occasionally, and forms a solid barrier against the sea along its northerly and easterly aspects at least one hundred feet high. There is access to the beach at the extreme eastern point of Kalawao, where it joins the ancient shore line, and at Kalaupapa which, being more sheltered from the sea and wind, does not need such an effective natural breakwater. But except at the points named the peninsular of Kalawao stands full a hundred feet above the ocean along its shore line. The shelter and protection it gives to the main land along its entire breadth is evidenced by the luxuriant vegetation on the face of the palis back of it and in the gulches, where oranges and figs grow to perfection, as well as valuable timber trees. But for its ameliorating influence the palis in the rear of Kalawao peninsular would be as bare and weather beaten as those on either side of it. Kalawao. Kalawao was an old ahupuaa, or district of land, belonging to the ancient chiefs of Molokai, and as its name implies—" hog" and " dress"—was probably held subject to a yearly tribute to the superior chief of a lard hog and a robe. It was evidently the seat of a dense population, and the old natives speak of it as being famous for its production of sweet potatoes and hogs. Indeed, there is no doubt whatever that it could supply the entire population of these Islands to-day with these food com- modities were it applied to that use. It is heavily grassed with Bermuda or manienie grass, and could easily carry 10,000 sheep. The ancient population have left traces of their occupation in numerous stone walls, stone fences and break-winds ; there being 36 description of the leper colony. certainly not less than from thirty to forty miles of such fences. Every little holding or kuleana was securely fenced off with stones gathered from the surface of the ground. Where the ex- posure is open to the strong trade wind, miles upon miles of low parallel stone windrows extend across the land about four feet apart, to shelter the sweet potato plants ; and so dense was the population and so precious appears to have been the land, that little clearances, about a yard square, are carried along the rocky sides of the crater of Kahukoo to its very summit. Yet this busy, industrial population has disappeared. About forty of the ancient landholders remain and wage perpetual lingual war with lepers and Kokuas about metes and bounds, and that is all there is to show for them except the stone walls and windbreaks. It is a sad comment upon the past, and points a moral which intelli- gent readers will not fail to draw for themselves. The crater of Kahukoo has a subterranean vent connected in some way with the sea, because the water which is always in its bottom is slightly brackish and is evidently influenced by,the action of the tides. The settlement at Kalaupapa obtains water from wells, while that at Kalawao has water brought from a gulch in pipes. Close by this source of water supply is excellent taro land, but it is unused as the lepers could not cultivate taro, and it would not be expedient to permit Chinese or others to do so under existing conditions. Social Condition of the Lepers. The Leper Colony at Kalawao, using this name for the entire district, is in many respects unique. Cut off by nature from the outside world, the condition of the lepers has been made as favorable as circumstances possibly admit. They are well housed, comfortably clothed, and provided with abundance of wholesome food, medicines and medical attendance. Although isolated, they are recognized by the Government and society at large in the Hawaiian Kingdom as wards of the Nation, whose misfortune entitles them to greater consideration and kindness than is ac- corded to less afflicted persons. By the nature of their malady description of the leper colony 37 they become outcasts from society; but to the infinite credit of the Hawaiian Kingdom, be it said, they are not neglected on that account in the slightest particular. By tacit consent it is assumed that the lepers on the Molokai reservation and at the Kakaako Branch Hospital have lost their civil rights, but the statutes nowhere declare it, and it is doubtful whether any Court in the Kingdom would sustain this " unwritten law." Neverthe- less, the point is not at all likely to arise, as the lepers do not apparently concern themselves with public affairs, being wholly engrossed with their own bodily ailments and requirements. As has been already stated, there are about forty individual holdings on Kalawao outside the Government reservation. These will in time be bought by the Government, thereby extinguish- ing all independent title. The lepers are free tenants on the Government land. They have no rent or taxes to pay, and may enclose and cultivate a patch of land at pleasure. Many of them do so, and little colonies of them are formed who squat among the sheltered rocky land some distance from the villages and plant and cultivate sweet potatoes for their own use. A surplus might very easily be raised, but prejudice among people on the outside would deny them a market. What is done is therefore on a limited scale. How the Lepers Live. The Government provides the lepers a liberal ration, consisting of twenty-one pounds of poi, or of rice and poi, with seven pounds of beef, and occasionally mutton. Although the wholesomer meat of the two, the lepers as a rule prefer beef to mutton. Salmon is also served out as an occasional ration in lieu of beef or mut- ton, and during the visit of His Excellency Mr. Gibson to the Settlement, several of the old people requested a continuous salmon ration because their teeth could not masticate beef. One old man, who has been a continuous resident for nineteen years, but who is a Kokua and not a leper, came specially to the Presi- dent of the Board of Health to press this request upon him. Their ration further includes kerosene, soap, milk, (of which be- tween sixty and seventy gallons per day are distributed.) There is also a supply of clothing eqivalent to a coupie of blankets and i j two suits given to each individual. This ration is drawn by i j young and old alike. Those who have the means or whose friends i f take an interest in them, erect comfortable frame houses for them- $ j selves, and upon their death the house is sold for account of 1 J their heirs to some other resident, or is bought by the Board of L^ Health and used for housing those who are without money or f \ friends. The Government sees that all are provided with com- I fortable homes. Those living outside the Hospital do their own I cooking and washing ; the fifty inmates of the Hospital are | attended to by paid help. | Taking a rough estimate there are between 300 and 400 frame | buildings in the Settlement, which is divided into two commu- | nities, the more numerous and more active.living at or near the :| steamer landing at Kalaupapa. There is a "live public opinion" :| at Kalaupapa, which does not exist in such marked degree at | Kalawao, where the people are more subdued in manner and | tone. Frequent intercourse from without may account for this | in part at the former place, but it is also largely owing to the I presence there of a rather numerous class of people who are not | lepers. There may be in the Settlement about 15Q of this class, | some of whom are there to attend upon their friends, some own I land, others are merely visitors, and others again are employed | by the Board of Health. Of the former, or Kokuas, there are | ten on the leper roll from charity, thus enabling them to draw | rations. | There is a Catholic and a Calvinistic Church building at 5 Kalaupapa, and similarly also a Calvinistic and a Catholic > Church at Kalawao. The Rev. Father Damien ministers in the 5 Catholic Churches, while a native preacher conducts divine | service in the Protestant Churches. The Catholic mission, is I however, by far the more active. I The working staff of the Leper Settlement is well organized. \ The Hospital management, under Dr. Arthur Mouritz, is simply | as perfect as it can be made with the appliances at command, | and the Government and residents of the Leper Settlement are * DESCRIPSION OF THE LEPER COLONY. 39 | to be congratulated upon securing the services of so efficient and | painstaking a physician. A great deal depends upon the | character and methods of the medical officer in charge of such | an institution, and judging from results Dr. Mouritz is just the I man for the place. He married at the time of his taking charge | of the Settlement, a brave and excellent English lady, who shares | with him his risks and his duties. He has been in charge for I twelve months, and has certainly accomplished a great deal in | that short space of time. A firm hand is needed in the medical I control and management of this people. | Opening and Growth of the Settlement. | The books at the Hospital show that the Leper Settlement I was opened January 6, 1866, although it is common for writers | to make it a year earlier. Through the courtesy of Dr. Mouritz, | and by his kind assistance, an examination of the books of the I Hospital was made, and the history of the establishment, as | written in the records, ascertained with sufficient accuracy for I all practical purposes. The first year opened with 141 lepers in I the colony, of whom 103 were males and 38 females. The mortality I for the year wras 26. One man died at sea during transportation i to the reservation, and ten were discharged. This is the record | for 1866. Up to November 1, 1886, there were admitted 3,101 I lepers, of whom 1,985 were males and 1,116 females. The record i of deaths and discharged for 1878 being incomplete, it is im- I possible to give the exact totals under these heads. It is safe, | however, to say that all the lepers admitted up to 1868 are dead, I and that nearly all up to 1870 have also passed away. On the I 1st of January, 1885, there were 717 persons on the leper roll at f Kalawao. The largest muster roll from the foundation of the I settlement was on August 19, 1884, at which date it stood at 841, | comprising 512 males and 329 females. This was during the | present Administratian, and is a sufficient reply to the charge | that there has been neglect in segregating -lepers. The second | largest number was on September 4,1873, the year Father Damien i arrived, when 809 inmates were recorded. With the largest 1 i number of inmates to provide for, that the records of the Leper : Colony show, the present Board of Health has reduced the ad- j ministration of affairs there to a system far more effective, satis- 5 | factory and humane than was ever before attained. This fact j I should stand upon record in the face of the world to their lasting j | honor and credit. The biennial appropriation for the Leper | I Settlements is $100,000, and the money has been judiciously j i spent. Had it been otherwise Kalawao and Kalaupapa villages j i would have presented a very different appearance. | i Contagious or Non-contagious. | I It is not perhaps within the scope of this article to discuss the :j [ etiology of leprosy, but inasmuch as this scourge is the one blot jj I upon the country, it is proper to state some observations made :| I by the writer. There are unquestionable evidences in support of | | the contagiousness of leprosy. In each case, however, the disease | I has been very slowly developed. Father Damien, who has been | I a close observer for twelve years, is convinced that the disease | I is contagious. Dr. Mouritz is of a similar opinion, contrary to | | the teaching of the Royal College of Physicians of England, of | I which scientific and learned body he is a member, his mind | I having been made up from tracing the spread of the disease j | abroad as well as by close observation and investigation at | | Kalawao. The manner in which contagion is communicated is, | | however, a mystery—that is, it cannot be as accurately determined 5 I as in acute contagious diseases; but when the blood becomes $ | poisoned by the virus, whether by inhalation or actual contact, ! f its development, although slow, is as certain and inexorable as | I death itself. But there is nothing whatever in the contagiousness J I of the disease, so far as it is known, to create general alarm. It j I is not communicated by casual contact like small-pox, measles | I or fever. There is no chance of contracting it in the open air, or j I in street contact, in steamboats or in vehicles of transportation, j | Furthermore, some persons are more predi sposed to it than others, j | and persons in a low condition of health are always more liable I to contagion than persons in robust health. With ordinary j I care and cleanliness the chance of leprous contamination of the \ DESCRIPTION OF THE LEPER COLONY. 41 < general public is so slight as not to give greater concern than to | induce caution. Consumption and cancers are contagious in | perhaps greater degree than leprosy ; but their ravages do not | disgust the mind through the eye as leprosy does. For this | reason the consumptive and the cancerous are not segregated, | although if they were in all countries the fatal ravages of these I diseases would soon be arrested, and the average health and | longevity of mankind be greatly increased. But leprosy, being | a repulsive disease, suggests, as a precautionary measure, the | complete isolation of the afflicted. This is a very difficult thing i to do, and it is greatly to the credit of the present and previous | Governments since 1866 that so much has been accomplished in | that direction. This duty, at all times difficult and unpleasant, | will be rendered still more so if the idea should be spread abroad, I as is being attempted through a medical journal published in I California and in part reprinted here, that leprosy is non-con- I tagious. If non-contagious, the compulsory segregation of lepers | is an outrage which should not be tolerated. But the evidence | is cumulative and conclusive that it is contagious, at least in | these Islands, where a fierce form of leprosy prevails ; and there- | fore it is the duty of all good citizens to lend their moral support I to the Government in executing a law of public safety which, in I its essence, imposes penalties upon individuals because of an | infliction of nature, often induced by the noblest acts of self- | sacrifice and love of kin and blood. The natives have no fear | of the disease, yet they believe it communicable one to the other. | The negative evidence adduced in the report of the Royal College I of Physicians, for the purpose of sustaining the theory of non- | contagion, is dissipated by positive evidence, which the history | of several cases at the Leper Settlement furnishes. For example, | Hoponi, who was declared a leper a few months ago, lived | twenty-seven years with his wife, during twenty-five of which | she has been a leper, and during the past five years both have | resided at the Kalawao Settlement. Now, this is a case in which «; the disease was contracted precisely as cancer or consumption \\ may be contracted, only its development was much slower. He ; is still a strong man. If he had been a weak one the disease ;! ^VV»WVWW^»^^VfW%^W^WV^^^WS»v^A^^A^A^^fW>^^_£_«*aK^ 3 Manufactured by GAYLORD BROS. Ii Syracuse, N.Y. Stockton, Calif. ■# 4* • j>>'.JS^^BgSHHBa NLM051687833