CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS
|5l;ilablp|jia Coantq ftleMcal f orirfi)
TOGETHER WITH
THE CODE OF ETHICS,
LIST  OF THE MEMBEES.
         PHILADELPHIA:
COLLINS, PRINTER, LODGE ALLEY.
             185S. 
ff>» $v £<p . -^ ~ <P 
CONSTITUTION.
                ARTICLE  I.
           title of the  society.
  The title of this Soeiety shall be The Philadel-
phia County Medical Society.

               ARTICLE  II.
          OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.
  The objects of this Society shall be, the advance-
ment of knowledge upon all subjects connected with
the healing art;  the organization  of the profession
in connection  with the State Medical Society, and
the American Medical Association; the elevation of
the character, and the protection of the proper rights
and interests of those engaged in  the practice of
medicine; and the study of the means calculated to
render the medical profession most  useful to the
public, and subservient to the great interests of hu-
manity.

              ARTICLE  III.
          MEMBERS OF THE  SOCIETY.
  Sect. 1. To entitle a person to membership in this
Society, he must  be a citizen of the County of Phila- 
4
  delphia, a graduate of at least three years' standing
  of a respectable medical  school, a licentiate for a
  similar period of some approved medical institution,
  or a regular practitioner of at  least fifteen years'
  standing—and of good moral and professional repu-
  tation.
m   Sect. 2. No Physician, removing into this county,
  shall be eligible for membership until  after  he has
  been engaged  one year in the regular practice of
  medicine within the county.
    Sect. 3. Any Physician who shall procure a pa-
  tent for a remedy, or instrument  of surgery,  or who
  sells or deals in patent remedies or nostrums,  or who
  shall enter into a collusive agreement with an apothe-
  cary to receive pecuniary compensation or patronage
 • for sending his  prescriptions to said apothecary, or
  who prescribes a remedy  without  knowing its com-
  position, or who shall hereafter give a  certificate in
  favor of a patent remedy  or instrument, shall be dis-
  qualified from becoming or remaining a member.

                 ARTICLE IV.
              ELECTION OF MEMBERS.
     Sect. 1. Every candidate for membership shall be
  proposed, in writing, at  a stated or conversational
  meeting, by three members who have personal know-
  ledge of his qualifications.
     Sect. 2.  All propositions for membership  shall be
  referred to  the Censors, who shall inquire into the
  character and standing of the persons proposed, and
  report as to their eligibility for  membership at the 
5
next stated meeting; but no ballot shall be gone into
until the subsequent  stated meeting, when, if two-
thirds of the ballots deposited  shall be  in  favor of
the candidates, they shall be declared duly elected.'
  Provided, That no candidate shall  be  balloted for
unless his name has been furnished to the members
of the Society by the Secretary in the notice for the
meeting at which the ballot upon his admission is to
be taken.
   Sect. 3. No candidate for membership who  is re-
jected shall be again proposed within twelve months
thereafter.
   Sect. 4. Candidates for membership shall be bal-
loted for in the following manner: The presiding
officer shall appoint two  tellers, who shall  affix the
name of each candidate on  the cover of a separate
compartment of the ballot-box, and shall place the
said ballot-box in a position not open to the observa-
tion of any other than the member at the time voting.
No member present shall be  excused from voting,
excepting by the consent of the Society.
   When all the members present have voted, the
tollers shall proceed to  count the votes  deposited,
and they shall announce the result by simply stating
the number of votes that have been given in favor
of each candidate.
   Sect. 5. A  member-elect, before being admitted
 to the full privileges of membership, shall subscribe
 to the Constitution and  By-Laws of this Society (a
 copy of which shall be furnished him with the  notice
 of his election); pay an admission fee of two dollars;
 be presented at one of the meetings; and make the
                        1* 
6
requisite declaration.  But if he shall neglect or re-
fuse to comply with these conditions for the space of
twelve months, his election shall become void.
 • Sect.  6. When a member-elect  is presented for
admission into this Society, the presiding officer shall
address him as follows:—
  Having been duly elected a member of the Phila-
delphia County  Medical Society, do  you  solemnly
declare  that,  so  long as you shall continue a mem-
ber of the same, you  will comply with all its laws
and regulations, and use your best endeavors to pro-
mote its objects?

                ARTICLE  V.
         CERTIFICATE  OF  MEMBERSHIP.
  Every member shall receive a Certificate of  Mem-
bership, signed by the officers of the Society, in  the
words following:—

  This»is to Certify that             was elected a
Member of the Philadelphia County Medical Society,
on the       day of       A. D. 18—.
                               President.

                                Vice-Presidents.


                               Censors.
Attest,


Recording Sec. 
7
               ARTICLE VI.
   CENSURE AND EXPULSION OF  MEMBERS.
  If any member shall violate the laws  or  regula-
tions  of this  Society, upon  a charge  against  him
being presented to the Censors in writing, it shall be
their duty to notify the accused member of the same;
and if, after a due investigation, they  consider the
charge to be  sustained, they shall report the case,
with their decision, to the Society at  its next stated
meeting; notifying the accused member of the time
when the said report is to be made.  If the accused
member shall fail to  come forward  and  exculpate
himself, he shall be  reprimanded, suspended, or ex-
pelled by a vote of two-thirds of the members  pre-
sent.  But no vote for the reprimand, suspension, or
expulsion of a member shall  be  taken, excepting at
a stated meeting, at which not less than twenty-four
members are present,  and of  which meeting  and re-
port due notice has been given.


               ARTICLE VII.
          OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.
  Sect. 1.  The officers of the Society shall be a Pre-
sident, two Vice-Presidents, a Recording Secretary,
an Assistant Secretary, a Corresponding Secretary,
a Treasurer, and five Censors; who shall be elected
by  ballot,  at  the Annual meeting in  January, and
shall serve until their successors are elected.
  At the stated  meeting in January,  185(>», five Cen- 
8
sors shall be elected; one, to serve for one year; one,
for two years; one, for three years; one, for four years;
and one, for five years.   And, annually thereafter,
one Censor shall be  elected to serve for five years.
All other officers shall be elected annually.
  Sect. 2.  The President shall not be  eligible for
two consecutive terms.
  Sect. 3. Nominations for  Officers and Delegates
shall be made at the stated meeting in October; and
no member shall be put on nomination who is in
arrears  for the annual contribution of the current
year.

              ARTICLE  VIII.
             DUTIES OF OFFICERS.
   Sect. 1.  The President shall  preside at the meet-
ings of the Society, preserve order, and perform such
other duties as  custom and parliamentary usage re-
quire.  At the close of his term of office, he shall
deliver a public address.
   Sect. 2.  The  Vice-Presidents  shall, when called
upon, assist the President in the  performance >of his
duties, and (luring his absence, or at his request, one
of them shall officiate in his place.
   Sect. 3. The Recording Secretary shall keep correct
minutes of the proceedings of the Society,  which,
when approved by the Society, he shall fairly tran-
scribe in a book to  be kept for that  purpose.  He
shall  receive from members their initiation  fee, and
pay the same over to the Treasurer.  He shall have
charge of all papers belonging to the  Society, other 
<J
than those appertaining to  the  office of  Treasurer
and Corresponding Secretary.
  Sect. 4. It shall be the duty of the Assistant Sec-
retary to send to each member due notice of all meet-
ings of the Society; stating, in the said notice, the
names of the  candidates for membership  to be bal-
loted for,  and the special business to be  transacted.
  Sect. 5. The  Corresponding Secretary shall conduct
the correspondence of the Society.
  Sect.  6.  The Treasurer shall receive all moneys
belonging to the Society, and disburse  the same as
directed  by a warrant, signed by the President of the
Society, and countersigned by the Recording Secre-
tary.
  At the stated meeting in October, he  shall present
a list  of  the names, and places of residence of the
members who are eligible as officers  and  delegates,
under Section 3, of Article VII.
   Sect.  7.  It  shall be  the duty of the  Censors to
inquire into the character and standing of all candi-
dates  for membership, and  report as to  their eligi-
bility at the next  stated meeting; to investigate any
disagreement which may occur between members,
and endeavor to restore harmony, if possible.  When
a member  is charged  with an infringement of the
laws of the Society, it shall be the duty of the Cen-
sors fully and  impartially  to investigate  the same,
and, if they deem it to be  well founded, to report
 the case to the Society at  its next stated meeting,
 together  with their decision. 
10
               ARTICLE IX.
          MEETINGS of  the society.
  Sect. 1. The stated meetings of the Society shall
be held on the third Wednesdays of January, April,
July, and October.
  Sect. 2. For the transaction of the ordinary busi-
ness of the Society, twelve members shall be a quorum.
For the election of officers, members, and delegates,
or for altering the constitution, twenty members shall
be a quorum.   For the reprimanding, suspension, or
expulsion of a member, twenty-four members shall
be a quorum.
  Sect. 3.  Meetings for discussion shall also be held
on the second Wednesday  of each month, from Sep-
tember to March, both inclusive, at 7£  o'clock in
the evening.
  The first business of said  meetings shall be the rela-
tion of cases, the detail of personal observations, the
exhibition of morbid specimens,  the presentation of
books, etc.; after which, urgent business may be trans-
acted by unanimous consent of the members present.
  Sect. 4. Special meetings may be called  by the
President, whenever requested, in writing, by eight
members of the Society.

               ARTICLE X.
           FUNDS  OF THE SOCIETY.
  Sect.  1. An annual contribution  of  two dollars
shall be  due, and payable by each  member at the
stated meeting in January. 
11
  Sect. 2. Every member neglecting or refusing for
six months to pay the amount of his contribution,
shall be charged ten per cent,  additional;  and if in
arrears  at the close of the year (application for the
amount having  been made by the Treasurer), he
shall be reported to the Society as delinquent;  and
in case payment be  not  made within  six months
thereafter, he shall forfeit his right of membership.

                ARTICLE  XI.
                CODE OF ETHICS.
  This  Society adopts as  a part of its  regulations,
binding upon all its  members, the Code  of  Ethics
adopted by the State Society.

              ARTICLE  XII.
          ELECTION OF DELEGATES.
  The Delegates to the American Medical Association
and to the State  Society shall be elected annually, at
the stated meeting in  January, by ballot.  Provided,
however, that, by  the  unanimous consent of the
members present, the election may be made viva voce.

              ARTICLE XIII.
                 AMENDMENTS.
  Tliis Constitution shall not be altered or amended,
unless the proposed  alteration or amendment be
made in writing, at one stated meeting,  and receive
the assent of  two-thirds of the  members present at
the subsequent stated  meeting. 
 
Vi
BY-LAWS.
                ARTICLE  I.
             ORDER OF  BUSINESS.
  Sect. 1.  The stated meetings of the  Society shall
be held at half-past three o'clock P. M.; at which
hour  the  President, or in his absence one  of the
Vice-Presidents, shall call  to order.  In case of the
absence of the President and  both Vice-Presidents,
a chairman pro tempore shall be appointed.
  Sect. 2.  At stated meetings, the business shall be
conducted in the following order:—
   1. The Recording Secretary shall  register the
        names of the members present.
   2. The  minutes of the  last stated, and all subse-
        quent meetings, shall be read.
   3. Xew members shall be introduced.
   4. Stated business, if any, of the meeting shall be
        considered.
   5. Unfinished business shall be taken up.
   6. Reports of officers  and committees shall be
        heard.
   7. Propositions for membership shall be received.
   8. New members shall be balloted for.
   U.  Written communications shall be received.
    9 
14
  10. Oral communications shall be received.
  11. New business may be introduced.
  12. Adjournment.

               ARTICLE  II.
                  ELECTIONS.
  Sect. 1.  No member shall  be allowed to vote at
any election, or shall be eligible for any office, or as
a Delegate, who has not paid his annual contribution
for the year preceding the election.
  Sect. 2.  In the election for Delegates, the several
portions of the county shall be equitably represented,
as far as practicable.
  Sect. 3.  All disputed  elections shall  be  referred
to the Board of Censors for investigation, who shall
report at an adjourned, or the next stated meeting.

               ARTICLE III.
   APPOINTMENT OF SPECIAL committees.
  Sect. 1.  All special committees, excepting when
otherwise ordered by a vote of the Society, shall be
nominated  by the presiding  officer,  subject to the
approval of the Society.
  Sect. 2.  At the stated meeting in January, annu-
ally, the following two committees shall be appointed,
viz:—
  A committee of five members, to prepare a report
on Meteorology and Epidemics  for the current year,
and—
  A committee of three members  to prepare  bio- 
15
graphical notices of such members as may have died
during the current year.
  Sect. 3.  A committee of five, to be called the
"Committee of Business," shall be appointed at the
stated meeting in July, who shall provide subjects
for debate, papers, etc., from members selected by
them, for each conversational meeting.


               ARTICLE  IV.
                  auditors.
  Three Auditors shall be  appointed  by the Presi-
dent, at the  stated meeting in October, who shall
examine the Treasurer's accounts, tmd report upon
the same at the stated meeting in January.


                A.RTICLE  V.
                 resignations.
   All resignations of membership shall be made in
writing, and  be accompanied with a certificate from
the Treasurer that all dues to the Society have been
satisfied.  But no member shall be permitted to re-
sign while  charges are pending against him.


               ARTICLE  VI.
                   • ORDER.
   The Society shall be governed by the usual rules
of order of legislative assemblies. 
16
             ARTICLE  VII.
               amendments.
  These By-Laws may be altered or amended at any
time, by a vote of three-fourths of the members pre-
sent at a stated meeting. 
17
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
OF THE  DUTIES OF PHYSICIANS  TO THEIR PATIENTS,
  AND OF  THE OBLIGATIONS OF PATIENTS  TO THEIR
  PHYSICIANS.

    Art. I.—Duties of physicians to their patients.
  § 1. A physician should not only be ever ready to
obey the calls of the sick, but his mind ought also to
be imbued with the greatness of his mission, and the
responsibility he habitually incurs in its discharge.
Those obligations are the  more deep  and  enduring,
because there is no tribunal other than his own con-
science  to adjudge penalties for carelessness or ne-
glect.  Physicians should, therefore, minister to the
sick with due impressions of the importance of their
office;  reflecting that the ease, the health, and  the
lives of those committed to their charge, depend on
their skill,  attention,  and  fidelity.   They should
study, also, in their deportment, so to unite tenderness
with firmness, and  condescension with  authority, as to
inspire  the  minds of their patients  with  gratitude,
respect, and  confidence.
  ^ 2.  Every case committed to the charge of a phy-
sician should be  treated with attention, steadiness,
and humanitv.   Reasonable indulgence should be
                       2* 
18
granted to the mental imbecility and caprices of the
sick.   Secrecy and delicacy, when required by pecu-
liar circumstances, should be strictly observed;  and
the familiar and confidential intercourse to which
physicians are admitted in their professional visits,
should be used  with discretion, and with the most
scrupulous regard to fidelity and honor.  The obliga-
tion of secrecy extends beyond the period of profes-
sional services;—none  of the privacies  of personal
and domestic life, no infirmity of disposition or flaw
of character observed during professional attendance,
should ever be  divulged by the  physician, except
when he is imperatively required to do so. The force
and necessity of this obligation  are indeed so great,
that  professional men  have,  under certain circum-
stances, been protected in their observance of secrecy
by courts of justice.
   § 3.  Frequent visits to the sick are in general re-
quisite, since they enable the physician  to arrive at
a  more perfect  knowledge of the disease—to meet
promptly every  change which may occur, and also
tend to preserve the confidence of the  patient.  But
unnecessary visits are  to be avoided, as they give
useless anxiety to the patient, tend to  diminish the
authority of the physician, and render him liable to
be suspected of  interested motives.
   § 4.  A physician should not be forward to make
gloomy prognostications, because they savor of em-
piricism, by magnifying the  importance of his  ser-
vices in the treatment  or cure of the  disease.   But
he should not fail, on proper occasions,  to give to the
friends of the patient timely notice of danger when 
19
it really occurs; and even to the patient himself, if
absolutely  necessary.   This  office,  however, is so
peculiarly  alarming when  executed  by him, that it
ought to be declined whenever it can be  assigned to
any other person of sufficient judgment and delicacy.
For, the physician should be the minister of hope and
comfort  to  the sick; that, by such  cordials to the
drooping spirit, he may smooth the bed of death,
revive expiring life, and counteract the depressing
influencp of those maladies which  often disturb the
tranquillity of the  most resigned  in their last mo-
ments.   The life of a sick  person  can be shortened
not only by the acts, but also by the words or the
manner  of a  physician.   It  is, therefore, a sacred/
duty to guard himself carefully in this respect, and
to avoid all things which  have a tendency to dis-
courage  the patient and to depress his spirits.
   § 5. A physician ought not to abandon a patient
because  the case is  deemed incurable; for his attend-
ance may continue  to be highly useful to the patient,
and comforting to the relatives around him, even in
the last period of a fatal malady, by alleviating pain
and other symptoms, and by soothing mental anguish.
To decline attendance,  under  such circumstances,
would be sacrificing to fanciful delicacy and mistaken
liberality,  that moral duty, which is independent of
and far superior to, all pecuniary consideration.
   § 6. Consultations should be promoted in difficult
or protracted cases, as they give rise to confidence,
energy,  and more enlarged views in practice.
   § 7. The opportunity which a physician not unfre-
quently enjoys of promoting  and  strengthening the 
20
good resolutions of his patients, suffering under the
consequences of vicious conduct, ought never to be
neglected.  His counsels, or even remonstrances, will
give satisfaction, not offence, if they be proffered with
politeness, and  evince a genuine love  of virtue, ac-
companied by a sincere interest in  the welfare of the
person to whom they are addressed.


  Art. II.—Obligations of patients  to their pltysicians.

  § 1. The members of the medical professfon, upon
whom is enjoined the performance of so many im-
portant and arduous duties towards the community,
and who are required to make so many sacrifices of
comfort, ease, and  health, for the welfare of those
who avail themselves of their services, certainly have
a right to expect  and require, that  their patients
should  entertain a just  sense of  the  duties which
they owe to their medical attendants.
  § 2. The first duty of a patient  is, to select as his
medical adviser one who has received a regular pro-
fessional education.  In no trade  or occupation, do
mankind rely on the skill of an untaught artist; and
in medicine, confessedly the most difficult and intri-
cate of the sciences, the world ought not to suppose
that knowledge is intuitive.
  § 3.  Patients  should  prefer a physician whose
habits of life are regular,  and  who is not devoted to
company, pleasure, or to any pursuit incompatible
with his professional obligations.  A patient should,
also, confide the care of himself and family, as much
as possible, to one physician; for a medical man who 
21
has become acquainted with the peculiarities of con-
stitution, habits,  and  predispositions, of those he
attends, is more likely to be successful in his treat-
ment than one who does not possess that knowledge.
  A patient  who has thus selected  his physician,
should always apply for advice in what may appear
to him trivial cases, for the most fatal results often
supervene  on the slightest accidents.  It is of still
more importance  that he should apply for assistance
in the forming stage of violent  diseases; it is to a
neglect of this precept that medicine  owes much of
the uncertainty and  imperfection with which it  has
been reproached.
  § 4.  Patients should  faithfully and unreservedly
communicate to their physician the supposed cause
of their disease. This is the more important, as many
diseases of a mental origin  simulate those depending
on external causes, and yet are only to be cured by
ministering to the mind diseased.   A patient should
never  be  afraid  of thus making his physician his
friend and adviser; he should always bear in mind
that a medical man is under the strongest obligations
of secrecy.  Even the female sex should never allow
feelings of shame or delicacy to  prevent their dis-
closing the seat, symptoms, and causes of complaints
peculiar to them.   However commendable a modest
reserve may be in the common occurrences of life,
its strict observance in medicine is often  attended
with the most  serious consequences, and a patient
may sink under  a painful and  loathsome  disease,
which might have been readily prevented had timely
intimation been given to the physician. 
22
   § 5. A patient should  never weary his  physician
 with a tedious detail of events or matters not apper-
 taining to his disease.   Even as relates to his actual
 symptoms, he will convey much more real  informa-
 tion by giving clear answers to interrogatories, than
 by the most minute account of  his  own  framing.
 Neither should he  obtrude upon  his  physician the
 details of his business nor the history of his family
 concerns.
   § 6. The obedience of a patient to the prescriptions
 of his physician should be prompt and implicit.  He
 should never permit his own crude opinions as to
 their fitness, to influence his attention to them.  A
 failure in one particular may render an otherwise
 judicious treatment dangerous, and even fatal.  This
 remark is equally applicable to diet, drink, and ex-
 ercise.  As patients become convalescent, they are
 very apt to suppose that the rules prescribed for them
 may be  disregarded, and the consequence, but too
 often,  is  a  relapse.  Patients should never allow
 themselves  to be  persuaded to take  any medicine
 whatever, that may be recommended to them by the
 self-constituted doctors and  doctresses, who  are so
 frequently met with, and who pretend to possess  in-
 fallible remedies for the cure of every disease. How-
 ever simple some of their prescriptions may appear
 to be, it  often happens that they are  productive of
 much  mischief, and in  all cases  they are  injurious,
 by contravening the  plan of treatment adopted  by
 the physician.
   § 7. A patient should, if possible, avoid even the
friendly visits of a physician  who is  not  attending 
23
him—and  when  he does receiva them, he should
never converse on the subject  of his disease,  as an
observation may be made, without any intention  of
interference, which may destroy his confidence in the
course he is pursuing, and induce him to neglect the
directions prescribed to him.  A patient should never
send for a consulting physician without the express
consent of his own medical attendant.  It is of great
importance that physicians should act in concert; for,
although their modes of treatment may be  attended
with equal success when employed singly, yet con-
jointly they are very  likely to be productive of dis-
astrous results.
   § 8. When a patient wishes to dismiss his physi-
cian, justice and  common  courtesy require that  he
should declare his reasons for so doing.
   §  9.  Patients  should always, when practicable,
send for their physician in the morning, before his
usual hour of going out;  for, by being early  aware
of the visits he has  to pay during the day, the physi-
cian is able to apportion his time in such a manner as
to prevent an interference of engagements.   Patients
should also avoid calling on their medical adviser
unnecessarily during  the hours devoted to meals  or
sleep.  They should always be in  readiness to receive
the visits of their physicians,  as the detention of a few
minutes is often of  serious inconvenience to him.
   jj 10. A patient should, after his  recovery,  enter-
tain a just and enduring sense of the value of the
services rendered him by his  physician; for these are
of such a character, that no mere pecuniary acknow-
ledgment can repay or cancel them. 
24
OF THE DUTIES OF PHYSICIANS TO EACH OTHER, AND
           TO THE PROFESSION AT LARGE.

   Art. I.—Duties for the support of professional cha-
racter.

   § 1. Every individual, on entering the profession,
as he becomes thereby entitled to all  its privileges
and immunities, incurs an obligation to exert his best
abilities to maintain its dignity and honor, to exalt its
standing, and to extend the bounds of its usefulness.
He should, therefore, observe strictly, such laws as
are instituted for the government of its members;—
should avoid all contumelious and sarcastic remarks
relative to the faculty, as a  body; and  while, by
unwearied diligence, he resorts to every honorable
means of  enriching the  science, he should entertain
a due respect for his seniors, who have, by  their
labors, brought it to the elevated  condition in which
he finds it.
  § 2. There is no profession, from the members of
which greater purity of character,  and a higher stand-
ard of moral  excellence are required, than the medi-
cal; and to attain such  eminence, is a duty  every
physician  owes alike to  his  profession  and to his
patients.   It  is due to the latter, as  without it he
cannot command their respect and confidence, and to
both,  because no scientific attainments can compen-
sate for the want of correct moral principles.   It is
also incumbent upon the faculty to be  temperate in
all  things, for the practice of physic requires the
unremitting exercise of a clear and vigorous under- 
25
standing; and, on emergencies, for which no profes-
sional man should be unprepared, a steady hand, an
acute eye, and an unclouded head may be essential
to the well-being, and even to the  life, of a fellow
creature.
   § 3. It is derogatory to the dignity of the profes-
sion to  resort to public  advertisements, or private
cards, or handbills, inviting the attention of indi-
viduals  affected  with  particular  diseases—publicly
offering advice and medicine  to the  poor gratis, or
promising radical cures; or to publish cases and ope-
rations in the daily prints, or suffer such publications
to be made; to invite laymen to be present at opera-
tions, to boast of cures and remedies, to adduce certi-
ficates of skill and success,  or to perform any other
similar acts.   These are the  ordinary practices of
empirics, and are highly reprehensible  in a regular
physician.
   § 4.  Equally derogatory to professional  character
is it, for a physician to hold a patent for any surgical
instrument or medicine;  or to dispense a secret nos-
trum, whether it be the composition or exclusive pro-
perty of himself or of others.   For, if such nostrum
be of real efficacy, any concealment regarding it is
inconsistent  with beneficence and professional  libe-
rality; and if mystery alone give it value and import-
ance, such craft implies either disgraceful ignorance
or fraudulent avarice.   It  is also reprehensible for
physicians to give certificates attesting the efficacy of
patent or secret medicines, or in any way to promote
the use of them.
     3 
26
  Art. II.—Professional services of physicians to each
other.
  § 1. All practitioners of medicine, their wives, and
their children while under the paternal care, are en-
titled to the gratuitous services of any one  or  more
of the faculty residing  near  them, whose assistance
may be desired.   A physician afflicted with disease
is usually an incompetent judge of his own case; and
the natural anxiety and solicitude which he experi-
ences at the sickness of a wife, a child, or  any one
who, by the ties of consanguinity, is rendered pecu-
liarly dear to him, tend to obscure  his judgment,
and produce timidity and irresolution in his practice.
Under such circumstances, medical  men are  pecu-
liarly dependent  npon each other, and kind offices
and professional aid should always be cheerfully and
gratuitously afforded.   Visits ought not, however, to
be obtruded officiously; as  such unasked  civility
may give rise to embarrassment, or interfere with
that choice on which confidence  depends. But, if a
distant member of the faculty, whose circumstances
are affluent, request attendance, and  an honorarium
be offered, it should not be declined; for no pecuni-
ary obligation ought to be imposed, which the party
receiving it would wish not to incur.

  Art. III.—Of the duties of physicians as respects
vicarious offices.
  § 1. The affairs of life, the pursuit  of health, and
the various  accidents  and contingencies to  which a 
27
medical  man  is peculiarly exposed, sometimes  re-
quire him temporarily to withdraw from his duties to
his patients, and to request some of his professional
brethren to officiate for him.  Compliance with this
request is an  act of courtesy, which should always
be performed  with  the utmost consideration  for  the
interest and character of  the family physician, and
when exercised for a short period, all the pecuniary
obligations for such service should be awarded to him.
But if a member of the profession  neglect his busi-
ness in quest of pleasure and amusement, he cannot
be  considered as entitled  to the advantages of  the
frequent and long-continued exercise of this fraternal
courtesy, without awarding to the physician who offi-
ciates the fees arising from the discharge of his pro-
fessional duties.
  In obstetrical and important surgical cases, which
give rise to unusual fatigue, anxiety, and responsi-
bility, it  is just that the  fees  accruing therefrom
should be awarded  to the physician who officiates.

  Art. IV.—Of the duties of physicians in regard to
consultations.
  §  1. A regular  medical education furnishes the
only presumptive evidence of professional abilities
and acquirements, and ought to be the only acknow-
ledged right of an  individual to the exercise and
honors of his  profession.  Nevertheless, as in con-
sultations the  good  of the patient is the sole  object
in view, and this is often dependent on personal con-
fidence, no intelligent regular practitioner, who has 
28
a license  to practice from  some  medical  board of
known and acknowledged respectability, recognized
by the American Medical Association, and who is in
good moral and professional standing in the place in
which  he resides, should  be fastidiously  excluded
from fellowship, or his aid  refused  in consultation,
when it is requested by the patient.  But no one can
be considered as a regular practitioner or a fit asso-
ciate in consultation, whose practice is based on an
exclusive dogma, to the rejection of the accumulated
experience of the profession, and of the aids actually
furnished  by anatomy, physiology,  pathology,  and
organic chemistry.
  §  2.  In consultations, no rivalship  or  jealousy
should be indulged; candor, probity, and all due re-
spect should be exercised towards the physician hav-
ing charge of the case.
  §  3.  In consultations, the  attending  physician
should be the first to propose the necessary questions
to the sick;  after which the consulting physician
should have the opportunity to make such further
inquiries of the patient as may be necessary to satisfy
him  of the true character of the case.  Both physi-
cians should then retire to a private place for delibe-
ration ;  and the one first in attendance should com-
municate the directions agreed  upon to the patient
or his friends, as well as  any opinions which it may
be thought proper to express.   But no statement or
discussion of it should take place before the patient
or his friends, except in the presence of all the faculty
attending,  and  by their common consent; and no
opinions or prognostications should be delivered, which 
29
are not the result of previous deliberation  and con-
currence.
   § 4. In consultations, the physician in attendance
should deliver his opinion first; and when there are
several consulting, they should  deliver their opinions
in the order in which they have been called in.  No
decision, however, should restrain the attending phy-
sician from making such variations  in the mode of
treatment, as any subsequent unexpected change in
the character of the  case may demand.  But such
variation, and the reasons for it, ought to be carefully
detailed  at the  next  meeting in consultation.  The
same privilege belongs also to  the consulting physi-
cian  if he is sent for in an emergency, when the
regular attendant is out of the  way,  and similar ex-
planations must be made by him at the next  consul-
tation.
   § 5. The utmost punctuality should  be  observed
in the visits of physicians when they are to hold con-
sultation together, and this  is generally practicable,
for society has been considerate enough to allow the
plea of a professional engagement to take precedence
of all others, and to be an  ample reason for  the re-
linquishment of  any present occupation.   But, as
professional engagements may  sometimes  interfere,
and delay one of the parties, the physician who first
arrives should  wait for his associate  a reasonable
period, after which the consultation  should be con-
sidered as postponed to a new appointment.   If it be
the attending physician who is present, he  will of
course see the patient and prescribe; but if it be the
consulting one, he should  retire, except in case of
                        o -v. 
30
emergency, or when he has been called from a con-
siderable distance, in which latter case he may ex-
amine the  patient, and give his opinion in writing,
and under seal, to be delivered to his associate.
  § 6. In consultations, theoretical discussions should
be avoided, as occasioning perplexity and loss of time.
For there may be much diversity of opinion concern-
ing speculative  points, with  perfect agreement in
those modes  of  practice which  are founded, not  on
hypothesis, but on experience  and observation.
  § 7. All discussions  in consultation should be held
as secret and confidential.  Neither by words  nor
manner should any  of the parties to a consultation
assert or insinuate, that any part of the  treatment
pursued did  not receive his assent.   The  responsi-
bility must be equally divided between the medical
attendants—they  must equally share  the  credit of
success as well as the blame of failure.
  § 8. Should an irreconcilable diversity of opinion
occur when several physicians are called upon to con-
sult together, the opinion of the majority should  be
considered as decisive; but if  the numbers be equal
on each side,  then the  decision should  rest with the
attending physician.   It may,  moreover, sometimes
happen, that two  physicians  cannot agree in their
views of the  nature of a case,  and the treatment to
be pursued.  This is a circumstance much  to be de-
plored, and should always be avoided, if possible, by
mutual concessions, as  far as they can be justified by
a conscientious regard  for the  dictates of judgment.
But in the event of its occurrence, a third physician
should, if practicable, be called to act as umpire; and, 
31
if circumstances prevent the adoption of this course,
it must be left to the patient to select the  physician
in whom he is most willing to confide.  But, as every
physician relies upon the rectitude of his judgment,
he  should,  when  left  in  the  minority, politely and
consistently retire from any further deliberation  in
"the consultation, or participation in the management
of the case.
   § 9. As circumstances sometimes occur to  render
a special  consultation desirable, when the  continued
attendance of two physicians might be objectionable
to the patient, the member of the faculty whose as-
sistance is required in such cases, should sedulously
guard against all future unsolicited attendance.  As
such consultations require  an extraordinary portion
both of time and attention, at least a double honora-
rium may be reasonably expected.
   § 10. A physician who is called upon to  consult,
should observe  the  most honorable and scrupulous
regard for the character and standing  of the practi-
tioner in attendance;   the  practice of  the latter, if
necessary, should be justified  as far as it can be, con-
sistently with a conscientious regard for  truth, and
no hint or insinuation  should be thrown  out which
could  impair the confidence reposed in  him, or affect
his reputation.  The   consulting  physician  should
also carefully refrain from any of those extraordinary
attentions or assiduities, which  are too often prac-
tised by the dishonest for the base purpose of gaining
applause, or ingratiating themselves into the favor of
families and individuals. 
32
   Art. V.—Duties of physicians in cases of interference.
   § 1. Medicine is a liberal profession, and those ad-
mitted into its ranks should found their expectations
of practice upon the extent of their qualifications, not
on intrigue or artifice.
   § 2. A physician, in his intercourse with a patient
under the care of another practitioner, should observe
the strictest caution and reserve.  No meddling in-
quiries should be made—no disingenuous hints given
relative to the nature and treatment of his disorder;
nor any course of conduct pursued that may directly
or indirectly tend to diminish the trust reposed in the
physician employed.
   § 3. The same circumspection and reserve should
be observed when, from motives of business or friend-
ship, a physician is prompted to visit an individual
who is under  the direction of another practitioner.
Indeed, such visits should be avoided, except  under
peculiar circumstances; and when they are made, no
particular inquiries  should be instituted relative to
the nature of  the disease, or the remedies employed,
but the topics  of conversation should be as foreign to
the case as circumstances will admit.
  § 4. A  physician ought not to take charge of or
prescribe for a patient who has recently been  under
the care of another member of the faculty in the same
illness, except  in cases of sudden emergency, or in
consultation with the physician previously in attend-
ance, or when  the latter has relinquished the case, or
been regularly notified that his services are no longer
desired.  Under such circumstances, no  unjust  and 
33
illiberal insinuations should be thrown out in rela-
tion to the conduct or practice  previously pursued,
which should be justified as far as candor and regard
for truth and probity will permit; for it often happens
that patients become dissatisfied when they do not
experience immediate relief, and, as many diseases
are naturally protracted, the want of success, in the
first stage of treatment, affords no evidence of a lack
of professional knowledge and skill.
   § 5. When a physician is called to an urgent case,
because the family attendant is not at hand, he ought,
unless his assistance in consultation be desired, to re-
sign the care of the patient to the latter immediately
on his arrival.
   §  6. It often happens, in cases  of sudden illness or
of recent accidents and injuries, owing to the alarm
and  anxiety of friends, that a number of physicians
are simultaneously sent  for.  Under  these circum-
stances, courtesy should assign the patient to the first
who arrives, who should select  from  those  present
any  additional  assistance that he may deem neces-
sary.  In all such cases, however,  the  practitioner
who officiates should request the family physician,
if there be one, to be called, and, unless his further
attendance be  requested, should resign  the  case to
the latter on  his arrival.
   £ 7. When a physician is called to the patient of
another practitioner, in consequence of the sickness
or absence of the latter, he ought, on  the  return or
recovery of the regular attendant, and with the con-
sent of the patient, to surrender the  case.
   [The expression, "Patient of another Practitioner," 
34
is understood to mean a patient who may have been
under the charge of another practitioner at the time
of the attack of sickness, or departure from home of
the latter, or who may have called for his attendance
during his absence or sickness, or in any other man-
ner given it to  be understood that  he regarded the
said physician as his regular medical attendant.]
   § 8. A physician, when visiting a  sick person in
the country, may be desired  to  see  a  neighboring
patient who is under the regular direction of another
physician, in consequence of some sudden change or
aggravation of symptoms.  The conduct to be pur-
sued on such an occasion is to give advice adapted
to present circumstances; to interfere no  further than
is absolutely necessary with the general plan of treat-
ment; to assume no future direction, unless it be
expressly desired; and, in this last case, to request
an immediate consultation with the  practitioner pre-
viously employed.
  § 9. A wealthy physician should not  give  advice
gratis to the affluent; because his doing so is an injury
to his professional brethren.  The office  of a physi-
cian can  never be supported as an exclusive benefi-
cent one; and  it is defrauding, in some  degree, the
common  funds  for  its support, when fees are dis-
pensed with, which  might justly be claimed.
  § 10.  When a physician who has  been engaged to
attend a case of midwifery is absent, and another is
sent for,  if delivery is accomplished during the at-
tendance of the latter, he is entitled  to  the fee, but
should resign the patient to the practitioner first en-
gaged. 
35
    Art. VI.—Of differences between physicians.
  § 1. Diversity of opinion and opposition of interest,
may, in the medical as in other professions, some-
times occasion controversy and  even  contention.
Whenever such cases unfortunately occur, and can-
not be immediately terminated, they should be  re-
ferred  to the arbitration  of a sufficient number of
physicians, or a court-medical,  or, where both parties
are members of the Medical Society of their County,
to the Censors.
   § 2. As peculiar reserve must be maintained  by
physicians towards the public, in  regard to profes-
sional matters, and as there exist numerous points in
medical  ethics and etiquette through which the feel-
ings of  medical  men  may be painfully assailed in
their intercourse with each other, and which cannot
be understood or  appreciated by general  society,
neither  the  subject-matter of such differences  nor
the adjudication of the arbitrators should be made
public, as publicity in a case  of this  nature  may be
personally injurious to the individuals concerned,  and
can hardly fail to bring discredit on the faculty.

      Art. VII.—Of pecuniary aeknowUdgments.
   Some general  rules should be adopted by the fa-
 culty, in every town or district, relative to pecuniary
 acknowledgments  from their patients; and it should
 be deemed a point of honor  to adhere to these rules
 with as  much uniformity as varying circumstances
 will admit. 
36
OF  THE DUTIES OF THE PROFESSION TO THE PUBLIC,
  AND OF THE OBLIGATIONS  OF THE PUBLIC  TO THE
  PROFESSION.

    Art. I.—Duties of the profession to the public.
  § 1. As good citizens, it is the duty of physicians
to be ever vigilant for the welfare of the community,
and  to bear  their part in sustaining  its  institutions
and burdens; they should also be ever ready to give
counsel to the public in  relation to matters especi-
ally appertaining to their profession, as on subjects
of medical police, public hygiene, and legal medicine.
It is their province to enlighten the public in regard
to quarantine regulations—the location, arrangement,
and dietaries of hospitals, asylums, schools, prisons,
and similar institutions—in relation to the medical
police of towns, as drainage, ventilation, &c.—and in
regard to measures for the prevention of epidemic
and  contagious diseases;  and when  pestilence pre-
vails, it is their duty to face the danger, and to con-
tinue their labors for the alleviation of the suffering,
even at the jeopardy of their own lives.
  § 2. Medical men should also be always ready,
when called on by the legally constituted authorities,
to enlighten coroners' inquests, and courts of justice,
on subjects strictly medical—such  as involve  ques-
tions relating to sanity, legitimacy, murder by poi-
sons or other violent means, and  in regard to  the
various other subjects embraced in the science of
Medical  Jurisprudence.   But  in  these  cases, and
especially where  they are  required to make a post-
mortem examination, it is just, in consequence of the 
37
time, labor, and skill required, and the responsibility
and risk they incur, that the public should award
them a proper honorarium.
  § 3.  There  is no  profession, by the members of
which eleemosynary services are  more liberally dis-
pensed  than the medical, but justice requires  that
some limits should be placed to the performance of
such good  offices.  Poverty,  professional brother-
hood, and certain  of the public duties referred to in
the first section of this article, should always be re-
cognized  as presenting valid  claims for gratuitous
services;  but neither  institutions endowed by the
public  or by rich individuals, societies for mutual
benefit, for  the  insurance  of lives or for  analogous
purposes, nor any profession or occupation, can be
admitted  to possess  such privilege.  Nor  can it be
justly expected of physicians to furnish certificates
of inability to serve on juries, to perform militia duty,
or to testify to the state of health of persons wishing
 to  insure their lives,  obtain pensions,  or the  like,
 without a pecuniary acknowledgment.   But to indi-
 viduals in indigent  circumstances, such professional
 services should always be cheerfully and freely^ac-
 corded.
   § 4.  It is the duty of physicians, who are frequent
 witnesses of the enormities committed by quackery,
 and the injury to health and even destruction of life
 caused by  the use of quack medicines, to enlighten
 the public  on these subjects, to  expose the injuries
 sustained by the  unwary from the devices and pre-
 tensions  of artful empirics  and impostors.   Physi-
 cians ought to use all the influence which they may
     4 
38
possess, as professors in Colleges of Pharmacy, and
by exercising their option in regard to the  shops to
which their prescriptions shall be sent, to discourage
druggists and apothecaries from vending quack or
secret medicines, or from being in any way engaged
in their manufacture and sale.

  Art. II.—Obligations of the public to physicians.
  The benefits accruing to the public, directly and
indirectly,  from the active and unwearied benefi-
cence of the profession, are so numerous and import-
ant, that physicians are justly entitled to the utmost
consideration and respect from the community.   The
public ought likewise to entertain a just appreciation
of medical qualifications; to make a proper discrimi-
nation between true science and the assumptions of
ignorance and  empiricism—to  afford every encou-
ragement and facility for the  acquisition of medical
education—and no longer to  allow the statute-books
to exhibit the anomaly of exacting  knowledge from
physicians, under  a liability to  heavy penalties, and
of making them obnoxious to punishment for resort-
ing to the only means of obtaining  it. 
39
PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY.
         1849 to 1852 inclusive.
SAMUEL JACKSON, M. D. (of Spruce Street).
               1853.
       JOHN F. LAMB, M. D.
               185*4.
      THOMAS  F. BETTON, M. D.
               1855.
    DAVID FRANCIS CONDIE, M. D.
               1856.
       WILSON JEWELL, M. D.
               1857.
    GOUVEKXEUR EMERSON, M. D.
               1858.
         JOHN BELL, M. D. 
 
41
          LIST OF THE MEMBERS
                      OP THE

PHILADELPHIA  COUNTY  MEDICAL SOCIETY,
             WITH THE DATES OF ELECTION.
* Denotes deceased members.
t Denotes resignation of membership.
J Denotes forfeiture of membership.
|| Denotes removal from the county.
§ Denotes expulsion.
 Hucn Alexander,......April,    1857.
 Colin Arrott,.......April,    1850.
 Henry St. Clair Ash, V.....July,    1855
 James Ash,  .    .   (......April,    1851.
 fJosHUA W. Ash,.......April,    1853.
 William Asiimead,   (......January, 1849.
-William B. Atkinson,......July.    1854.
 Washington L. Atlee.......January, 1849.
 IIThomas E. Azpell.......April,    1852.
_\
 Franklin Bache,
 T. Hewson Bache,
 Theophilus E. Beesl
nJohn Bell,  Jy
 Thomas F. Betton,
 ♦Charles II. Bibighaus,
 John B. Biddle,
 John F. Bihd,
. Hkvry Bond,  .
 fTllOMAS E.IND,
 |Uaoob  Bowman,
 A N T IIO N Y Bo l' U N O N V 11. L E ,
		April, 1849
		April, 1853
		July, 1851
		January, 1849
		January, 1849
		April, 1849
		October, 1S52
		April, 1853
		January, 1849
		April, l^Jo
		April, 1S49
		April, 1850
 
                                42

 -"""Augustus C. Bournonvillb,' s                  January,  1851.
    Joseph Brookfield,......April,     1850.
    §Silas S. Brooks.......October,   1852.
    §James Bryan.......October,   1849.
    fJosEPH R. Bryan,......April,     1850.
    John D. Bryant,.......February, 1851.
    || William R. Bullock,......April,     1851.


 ^^Joseph Carson,   ^S......January,  1849.
    ||George G. Chamberlaine,.....January,  1849.
    Samuel Chamberlaine,.....April,     1850.
    Andrew Cheeseman,......July,     1855.
    David D. Clark........October,   1855.
    Richard Clements,......April,     1850.
    William Clendaniel,......July,     1855.
 /^ Benjamin H. Coates,......April,     1849.
    Isaac Comly,     .......October,   1850.
 + »>J_). Francis Condie, ^7.....January,  1849.
    §John Conry........January,  1853.
    C. Campbell Cooper,......January,  1851.
  —James M. Corse,  «^*......April,     1852.
    ♦Oliver H. Costill,......April,     1849.
    T. Stanton Crowly,......April,     1853.
    ♦Frederick Crowley,......October,   1850.
     ||JonN F. Cunningham,......April,     1853.
    William Curran, .,......January,  1849.
*—"~^Levi Curtis, -J\?......October,   1850.


 ^  William Darrach,......April,     1849.
     ||JoiiN Dawson,.......January,  1849.
 /    John Da Costa,......•     January,  1858.
     Benjamin  H. Deacon,......July,     1851.
     JonN De Lacy........April,     1852.
     Philip De Young,.......April,     1849.
 /   Thomas M. Drysdale.......April,     1853.
     Henry E.  Drayton.......January, 1857.
     Robley Dlnglison.......April,     1853.


     Gouverneur Emerson, ......  January, 1849.
     James V. Emlen,  .......  July,     1851. 
                            43

Charles Evans........January, 1852.
Horace Evans,.......April,    1853.


Augustine II.  Fish,......January, 1856.
William J. Fleming,......April,    1854.
fRoBERT Foster........January, 1849.
Antrim Foulke........October, 1853.
||George Fox,.......January, 1849.
Albert Fricke........April,    1849.
fEDWiN Fussell........October, 1852.
    William Gallaher.......April,    1853.
    William Gardener.......April,    1852.
    James F. Cayley,.......January,  1852.
-.__Lewis P. Ceiihard^......April,    1853.
    ||Lewis H. Gebhard,......April,    1853.
 /  William W. Gerhard.......October,  1850.
    PIenry Gibbons........January,  1849.
 T—David Gilbert,,*".  '......October,  1852.
    William Kent (Jilbert......April,    1854.
 1 William H. Gillingham,.....April,    1850.
    Roberta. Given,.......April,    1S50.
    William H. Gobrecht,.....October,  1850.
    Paul B. Goddard........October,  1850.
    William II. Gominger,......April,    1849.
    ♦ William R. Grant,   .    .     •    • #  •    •  January, 1849.
    tJAMES M. Greene^.^.....April,    1849.
    Francis V. Greene„*T.....October,  1852.
    tWilliam Gregg........April,    1849.
    Charles M. Griffiths,.....January, 1849.
    Amos W. Griffiths.......January, 1S49.
  —John D. Gr.scom,^......0ctober.  m0'
  ___S.muelD. Gross,  Jtr^.....January, 1858.
Edward Hallowell,......April,    1849.
||William X. Hamilton,     .....  January, 1853.
♦John II. Handy,  ..•■•••  October,  1S..2.
♦ Stephen Harris,    .  '.....April,    1851.
William Harris........April,    1803
Ei.wakd Harts,iorne.......April,    1849 
44
    Henry Hartshornb^......October,  1850.
    Joseph H. Haskell,......January,  1854.
 -—Nathan L. Hatfieldt^......January,  1850.
    Isaac Hays, .    .......January,  1849.
    Abraham HelffensteinTi*.....April,    1849.
    Bernard Henry,.......July,     1855.
    William  Henry........April,    1849.
    Joseph Heritage,......July,     1857.
    J. V. Herriott........July,     1855.
    Daniel Hershey,.......April,    1851.
 /,.- Addinell Hewson,......April,    1853.
    ♦Thomas Hobson,.......January,  1849.
    Hugh L. Hodge,.......April,    1849.
    Samuel L. Hollingsworth,.....January,  1852.
    William H. Hooper.......April,    1853.
    Joseph Hopkinson,......July,     1855.
    William D. Hoyt,......October,  1857.
    Jacob Huckel,.......January,  1849.
    Isaac W. Hughes,......April,    1856.
    J. Gibbons Hunt........April,    1853.
 (   William Hunt,.......April,    1853.
    Robert M. Huston.......October,  1850.
    Seth C Huston........April,    1853.


    ||John H. Ingham,.......October,  1850.


    E. Boylston Jackson.......July,    1854.
 /  Samuel Jackson (Eighth Street).....January,  1849.
    Samuel Jackson (Spruce Street), ....  January,  1849.
    Benjamin S. Janney,......April,    1849.
    Edgar Janvier,.......January,  1850.
    Wilson Jewell........January,  1849.
    William N. Johnson,......April,    1849.
    John W. Jones,   .......  January,  1852.
    Z. Ring Jones,.......April,    1853.


 C  William V. Keating,......April,    1851.
    Wilhelm Keller,......April,    1849.
—   Robert S. Kenderdinei<^.....July,    1854.
    Alfred  L. Kennedy.......January, 1852. 
                                4.r,

    Joseph Ki.app,    ...         ...  January,  1849.
    ♦William II. KLAPr,......January,  1849.
    William L. Knight,......April,    1851.
    John K. Knows........April,    1851.


    D. Paul Lajus.  ><•.......January,  1849.
 —«^ John F. Lamb^[.......October,  1850.
f   Rene La Roche,  .......April,    1849.
    C. Percy La Roche,......July,    1857.
 —nEphraim F. Leake^*......October,  1850.
    Richard II. Lee,.......April,    1853.
    ♦ Henry F. Leib,.......January,  1849.
    ♦James W. Leiper,......January,  1849.
 /  James J. Levick,.......April,    1853.
 ~"^ Maiilon M. Levis,)^"......April,    1853.
 «.— Richard J. Levis^*......January,  1849.
    Samuel Lewis,  r.......January,  1849.
 ---Squire Littell^-Vt^......October,  1851.
    fj. Dickinson Logan,......January,  1849.
    John Livingston Ludlow„«V.                 •  January,  1849.


    John II. B. McClellan,.....April,    1849.
    James A. McCulloh,......January,  1849.
    Andrew S. McMurray,.....October,  1852.
    ||Frederick A.  Martin......January,  1849.
    George Martin,      *,.....April,    18.r>4.
 -—William Mayburry^^......January,  1849.
 ^. Charles D. Meigs,......April,    1849.
 *-  James Aitken Meigs^T".....July,    1851.
 {^ John F. Meigs,   .    «......January,  1849.
  -jMUohn K. Mitchell,......October,  1850.
•^   S. Weir Mitchell,......April,    1853.
  *- Samuel B. Wvlie Mitchell,    ....  October,  1854.
    JGustav M»khring.......April,    1849.
    John Wilson Moore,......April,    1849.
    ^Joiin  Coleman Morgan.    .....  October,  1853.
 _ ,i ^ ■ "■■■■■■ MuuniEY,.......April,    1853.
 -J, Thomas D. Mutter,......October,  lbJO.


    ||Arnold Naudain,......April,    1851. 
                                40

"^Andrew Nebinger, Jw^;.....Ju,y.     1855'
    Charles Neff,.......June>    1852,
    JohnNeill,........January,  1849.
X" ♦George L. Newbold.......October,  1851.
    George W. Norris.......January,  1849.
    William Notson,.......February, 1851.


   Jives OsLERr^.......June>    1852'


    William Byrd Page,......January,  1849.
    Joseph Pancoast.......April,    1849.
    ♦Isaac Parrish,.......January,  1849.
    Joseph Parrish........July,    1854.
    ♦George W. Patterson,.....October,  1849.
    ♦Henry S. Patterson,......January,  1849.
    James V. Patterson,......October,  1852.
    William F. Patterson......April,    1853.
  '  Edward Peace,.......October,  1850.
    fAMOS Pennebaker.......October,  1850.
    R. A. F. Penrose,.......April,    1856.
 C  William Pepper........April,    1849.
    ||Henry Pleasants,......October,  1855.
    John M. Pugh,.......January,  1849.


     {Thomas S. Reed,........January,  1849.
     *Mark M. Reeve,......January,  1849.
    Neville C. Reid........January, 1849.
  j  Isaac Remington,.,......October,  1849.
    jftfoiiN Rhein, . >^T......October,  1850.
 ---James E. Rhoads,.......April,    1852.
     R. W. Richie........July,    1855.
     G. Herman Robinett,......April,    1852.
—■—Lewis Rodman^V".......April,    1849.
     John S. Rohrer,.......October,  1853.
     W. S. W. Ruschenberger,.....April,    1853.
     Preston W.  Russell,......January, 1854.


     Francis Scoffin........January,  1852.
     L. M. Service,    .......April,    1853. 
47
Morris C. Shallcross,
E. B. SIIAPLEIGH,<^,,r', .
Robert C. Shelmerdine,
Robert Q. Shelmerdine,
David C. Skekrett,   j^
J. Henry Smaltz,«^s^.
Francis G. Smith, Jr.,
Henry II. Smith,  .
Henry Y. Smith,  .
♦ Moses B. Smith, .
||Robert K. Smith,
Robert K. Smith, .
William H. Squire,
♦George Stewart,
♦Joseph D. Stewart,
Scott Stewart,
Alfred Stille, j*^T
A. Owen Stille,
♦Moreton Stille,
Anthony E. Stocker,
William D. Stroud,^*
NPaul Swift,
   ♦John M. Thacher,
-^Robert P. TiioMAS^Af .
   ||William II. Tingley, .
    UcnARD H. TownsendJj~
   John F. Trenchard,
   ||David II. Tucker,    .
   -Laurence Turnbull^^.
   Thomas J. Turner,
   HJames L. Tyson, .
  JJohn C. Wall,
  ||Tracy E. Waller,
  E. Ward,
  ||Josepu Warrington,
  ♦Edward H  Watson,
"<^Gavin Watson,
^♦Joun H. Weir,
April,	1849.
July,	1855.
January,	1853.
April,	1853.
April,	1850.
April,	1853.
January,	1849.
April,	1852.
January,	1849.
January,	1849.
April,	1849.
January,	1857.
April,	1853.
July,	1851.
July,	1851.
October,	1851.
January,	1849.
October,	1855.
April,	1853.
January,	1849.
April,	1851.
October,	1852.
October,	1850.
January,	1849.
January,	1849.
April,	1849.
February	1851.
January,	1849.
April,	1849.
October,	1852.
January,	1853.
January,	1850
April,	1853
January,	1851
January,	1849
April,	1851
January,	1851
April,	1852
 
48
 ^✓Francis West,^*.......January,  1849.
<r  Benjamin B. Wilson.......April,     1853.
 ---"Eblwood Wilson,  . ^/.....April,     1850.
    ♦William B. Wilson,......April,     1849.
    John Wiltbank........April,     1849.
    Caspar Wister........April,     1853.
    Owen Jones Wister.......January,  1853.
    Charles Wittig,.......April,     1853.
    George B. Wood........January,  1849.
    Joseph J. Woodward.......July,     1857.
    Joshua H. Worthington,.....April,     1852.
    fWiLLiAM R. Wright,......April,     1852.
Thomas H. Yardley.......January, 1849.
George J. Ziegler,......April,    1853.
Jacob S. Zorns,.......January,  1852.
MEMBERS-ELECT.
     D. Hayes Agnew^C^
     E. Crowell.
     Ely McClellan.
     J. Cheston Morris.
     James Morrison.
     E. Schofield.