REPORT OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIVITIES IN THE NORTH CAROLINA MANEUVER AREA DURING ARMY MANEUVERS HELD DURING JULY AND AUGUST 1942 State Board of Health Raleigh, North Carolina September 30, 1942 Editorial supervision by: J. Roy liege, M. D., Director War Activities Health District of North Carolina Introduction and Sections on V. D, and Communicable Diseases by: Gilcin F, Meadors, M. D., Assistant Surg. (r) USPHS Section on Sanitation Activities by: James A. Westbrook, Supervising Sanitary Engineer War Activities Health District of North Carolina Acknowledgement is made of the many reports a.nd other material sent to the Maneuver Branch Office of the State Board of Health at Wadesboro by health officers and other public health personnel in the maneuver counties. Appre- ciation is expressed for information given by Lt. Richard J, Wade concerning the organization and activities of the Charlotte Vice Squad and for the cooperation of Captain George R. Carpenter for reports on cases of venereal di- sease among array troops. REPORT OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIVITIES IN THE NORTH CAROLINA MANEUVER AREA DURING ARMY MANEUVERS HELD JULY AND AUGUST 1942 Page I. INTRODUCTION AND PRELIMINARY MEETING IN RALEIGH. . 1 II, COURSE AND PROGRESS OF THE MANEUVERS 2 III. ORGANIZATION OF THE W,iR ACTIVITIES HEALTH DISTRICT 3 Application to Maneuver Problem 4 Organization at Wadocboro Office 4 IV, COUNTY HEALTH ORGANIZATION IN MANEUVER AREA, ... 6 v. report of sanitation activities . 9 Sanitation Organization 9 Foodhandling and Lodging Places. . 10 Milk Control 11 Public Water Supplies and Sewage Facilities. ... 12 Conclusions, . . 13 VI. REPORT OF V. D. aND ANTI-PROSTITUTION ACTIVITIES . 19 Policies of the War Activities Health District in Respect to V, D. Activities . 19 Policies of Army in Respect to V. D, Problem ... 20 Organization Meetings, , . , , 22 Charlotte Vice Squad .......... 22 F. B. I. Meetings and May Act Invocation 30 Work of USO, Traveler's Aid and v;elfare Organiza- tions 31 Analysis of Summary Tables. Results and Con- clusions 35 vii. communicable disease reporting in maneuver .jiEa. . 43 Methods of Reporting ............... 43 Problem in Unorganized Counties .. , 44 Immunization Program ...... 44 Typhoid Carriers in Area ..... 45 Conclusions. 46 VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE MANEUVERS 49 IX. APPENDIX 51 North Carolina Prostitution Law 51 May Act 55 Form used by V,D. Control Division in Reporting Contacts of cases of V. D. to Local Health De- partments, 56 Form Used by Lt. ‘fade in Reporting Sexual Contacts of Prostitutes who have been arrested. ..... 57 Spot Map Made from Information Received from Cabarrus County. ... ........ 58 Public Health Service Standard Milk Ordinance, . , 59 R3P0RT OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIVITIES IN THE NORTH CAROLINA MANEUVER AREA DURING ARMY MANEUVERS HELD JULY AND AUGUST 1942 I. INTRODUCTION AND PRELIMINARY MEETING IN RALEIGH In May, 1942, the announcement was published that maneuvers of army forces were again to take place in North Carolina in the same general area used by the First Army Corps during October and November of 1941. Dr. J. Roy Hege, director of the War Activities Health District called a meeting of army officials and State Public Health Personnel at the State Board of « Health Building in Raleigh on June 9. The purpose of the meeting was to outline the plans for maintaining civilian and military health in the area and to set up the machinery necessary to coordinate the efforts of local and state health organizations and the efforts of the Army Medical and San- itary Corps toward that end. Colonel Wiley, Second Army Corps Surgeon, ms in attendance as the re- presentative of the army. He set forth the following general plans for the maneuvers. The maneuver area in North Carolina was to be larger than in 1941, Parts of Anson, Cabarrus, Hoke, Lee, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Moore, Richmond, Scotland, Stanly, and Union Counties and five counties in South Carolina had been leased for a period of several years to be used for ma- neuvers. The area in North Carolina was bounded on the south by the South Carolina line, on the west by the city limits of Charlotte, on the north by North Carolina Highway 27 and U. S, Highway 15, and on the east by U, S, Highways 1 and 15. (see map, page 7, Exhibit l) Maneuvers were planned to begin on July 6 for the Second Army Corps and were to last for two months. On September 5 the Sixth Array Corps was to move into the area for maneuvers until November 6, The training ac- ■1' tivity was to consist of a succession of problems each following closely after the preceeding one with no extended rest periods between them. There were to be no base camps except the Headquarters and Supply Camps• Instead the men were to be bivouaced in temporary camps which would be moved as needed. Those policies wore intended to create conditions more nearly sim- ulating actual combat. From the public health viewpoint such activities would prevent large numbers of soldiers from overflowing the towns in the area during rest periods. Further, the practice of convoying specified numbers of troops to towns outsido the maneuver area was again to be adopted by the army to prevent overcrowding any community. Array Maneuver Headquarters were to be established near Morvon and a thousand bed evaucation hospital was planned for Rockingham. Other "per- manent" camps were to be railheads, supply depots and labor battalion camps. II. COURSE OF THE MANEUVERS On July 1 it was announced that the original plans had boon changed. The Sixth Army Corps instead of the Second was to maneuver. During the last two weeks of June and the first week of July supply troops began mov- ing in and by July 13 the full complement was in the area. The first pro- blems began on that date. During July most of the troops were maneuvering between Rockingham and Charlotte. For the month of August the problems were mainly around the banks of the Poo Dee River, Therefore, few troops wore ever in Scotland, Hoke, Lee and Moore Counties. The towns of Monroe, V/ados- boro, and Rockingham constantly had the largest military populations in cora-r- parison to their size. Recreation, lodging, and eating facilities were strained in attempting to carry the added load and strict surveillance was necessary to maintain proper sanitation. A critical situation developed in Hamlet one night when a sudden influx of soldiers tripled the population of the town, Charlotte was better able to absorb the impact of sudden increases in nevertheless, it was necessary for the War Activities Health District to keep several sanitarians there throughout the maneuver period. Between August 14 and 18 most of the rnon wore moved out and by September 1 only a few labor battalions and military police companies remained, 111 • ORGANIZATION of the war activities health district Following President Roosevelt’s declaration of a "limited emergency" in May, 1940, and the Selective Service Act there was an immediate upsurge of industrial and military activity in North Carolina which created many new health problems# Counties and cities with previously efficient health or- ganizations suddenly found that their funds were insufficient to meet the emergencies and in many cases their departments were understaffed. Federal and State Health Organizations foresaw those difficulties and funds were ap- propriated by Congress to maintain public health in the "defense areas". Physicians, nurses, laboratory technicians and sanitary engineers were en- listed through the USPHS and Civil Service to supply needed personnel. Funds and personnel wore allocated to States as justified by their needs, population, and their ability to use thorn efficiently. To maintain efficient employment of extra funds and personnel in de- fense areas the North Carolina State Board of Health established tho Na- tional Defense Emergency Area Health District# Tho organization is similar to that of a county health department or a district health department. Dr# J. Roy Hegc heads the organization as tho director. Doctors, nurses, sani- tarians , follow-up workers and clerks make up the staff as in any health department. These specialists are assigned in groups or singly to work in the local health departments of extra cantonment or industrial areas where the need is greatest. At any time when the emergency for which they were Cent to an area comes to an end or is met to the extent that the local workers can take care of the situation thereafter the War Activity Health District personnel are withdrawn and sent to other places. This provides a fair and efficient distribution of assistance. The budget for this "dis- trict" is set up as for other health departments. Salaries and travel of personnel are paid from its funds even though the individuals are widely dispersed and under the immediate direction of local health officers. APPLICATION TO MANEUVER PROBLEM The purpose of the War Activities Health District is to meet public health emergencies which arise as the result of any phase of the war effort. Army maneuvers create such an emergency, and assistance to local health de- partments during the period of maneuvers became a function of this organiza- tion last year. It has always been the policy of the State Board of Health to recognize local Boards of Health as having jurisdictorial authority in their respective areas. In line with this policy the War Activities Health District did not attempt to assume any of the local responsibilities or to take over the work of any of the local public health personnel in the ma- neuver area. Rather, it served to coordinate and supplement local work, to furnish consultation where requested and act as the connecting link between the military and civil populations in matters of public health. It was shown last year that this type of organization placed the re- sponsibility for the maintenance of public health on local health organiza- tions where it belongs and where it can be much more efficiently acquitted. There was excellent cooperation of the local health departments in most of the programs and projects set up by the War Area Health District. ORGANIZATION AT WADESBORC OFFICE Since the Army had established Maneuver Headquarters near Morven, the War Area Activities Hea,lth District chose Wadesboro for the Maneuver Branch Office of the State Health Department. Dr. Loren Wallin furnished quarters for this office in the Anson County Health and Welfare Building. All transactions between the Array and Civilian Health Organizations passed through the Wadesboro office. Copies of cafe grads sheets, dairy and mar- ket grade sheets, spot maps, etc. were sent from the local health depart- ments to Wadesboro. There the information was tabulated and organized in a concise form and sent to the Array Headquarters. Any complaints against civilian establishments by members of the armed forces were sent from Array Headquarters to Wadesboro. A clerk was employed to keep the records and take care of the correspondence. At all times either the epidemiologist or the sanitary engineer in charge of sanitarians working in the area was in the office. Each employee of the War Activities Health District working in the maneuver area was required to send a weekly itinerary to the office to be on file so that he could be located quickly if an emergency developed. A daily log was kept similar to the one last year. All mootings were described in full and policies were stated for guidance. The day by day progress of the work was recorded as well as many events of immediate in- terest, All complaints from the military or from civilians were listed. When these items were attended to, the methods and results wore also entered so that any time the director could determine the status of the activities and the efficiency of the work. In addition to the log book, a scrap book of publicity was also kept and items from local newspapers pertaining to anti-prostitution or sanitation activities in the maneuver area were en- tered in it. This proved of value in determining local reactions to the various programs. The director of the War Activities Health District made weekly trips through the area to coordinate and supervise the work. The activities of the epidemiologist are described in the section on V. D.j those of the san- itary engineer in the section on Sanitation Activities. iv. COUNTY HEALTH ORGANIZATION IN MANEUVER AREA Of the eleven North Carolina counties in the maneuver area, eight have organized health departments, Anson and Montgomery counties are organized as a district. Charlotte has the only city health department in this area. Most of these health departments are adequately staffed and full public health services are offered in each organized county. The table on page 8 (Exhibit 2) summarizes the distribution of personnel in the various counties. From advance information furnished by the army it was known that there would be no large number of troops maneuvering in Scotland, Hoke, and Lee counties none of which hs.s a health department. It was therefore deemed unnecessary to establish temporary health units as was the case last year. From the experience gained during maneuvers last year, it was decided that it would not be necessary to assign extra nurses tem- porarily to every health department. The general shortage of trained public health nurses would have made this difficult even if it had been judged advisable. Nevertheless, two public health nurses who had just completed a course in Venereal Disease Epidemiology given at Chapel Hill during June were assigned to work in the area. One was sent to supplement the staff in Richmond County ©specially in venereal disease interviewing and follow- up work. She was also to be available for work in Scotland County should any emergency arise. The other nurse was sent to Lee County to assist the local physicians who run the V. D. clinic by doing follow-up work and in- terviewing. It was also her duty to report communicable diseases to the Central Office inWadesboro. She was furthermore to be available for any emergency which might arise in Hoke County, Exhibit 1 CRAM'S 8%x 11 Outline Map North Carolina COPYRIGHT THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY INDIANAPOLIS SCALE 80 Longitude West of Greenwich Maneuver Area Counties ifa1 Act Area Exhibit 2 Counties Health Officer Part-time Health Officer Epidemiologists County Physicians Supervising Nurses Public Health Nurses Clinic Nurses Sanitarians Follow-up Men : I Clerks L r’ Extra Nurse from W.A.H.D. Totals Anson-Montgomery District nr - 1 <■» .. 6 2 2 1 2 15 Cabarrus County i - 1 - 1 6 _ 3 1 2 mm 15 1 Hoke County _ • _ 1 am _ am cm 1 Lee County r 1 f 1 ' ' ' r ' ■' — - a. 1 — mm 1 2 Mecklenburg County i am. mm 3 u 1 5 Moore County i - - - - 2 1 1 1 1 - 7 Richmond County - 1 - - - 2 • 1 1 1 1 7 Scotland County .. • 1 _ _ _ «. — — 1 Stanly County i - - - - 2 - 1 - 1 - 5 Union County i - — - _ 3 a. 3 1 2 10 Charlotte City Health Department i 1 2 20 4 1 3 10 42 U.A.H.D, (not assigned locally) i 1 m* 9 1 1 am 13 Totals 8 1 4 3 3 44 7 22 9 20 2 123 DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH PERSONNEL IN MANEUVER AREA V. REPORT OF SANITATION ACTIVITIES SANITATION ORGANIZATION In June, 1942, prior to the maneuvers, a meeting ms held in Raleigh for the purpose of organizing the sanitation activities in the maneuver area. One sanitary engineer v/as assigned to the maneuver area office located at hadesboro as office engineer to coordinate the activities of the local county sanitarians. One public health engineer was assigned to the area on milk sanitation, Ono district sanitarian from the State Board of Health was assigned to the area for the purpose of supervising the activities of six local sanitarians who were chiefly concerned with food and housing control, Sinco the local health departments in the area have been carrying on sanitation activities in tho past they wero depended on largely to do the bulk of tho sanitation work. Contrary to tho policy in tho 1941 maneuvers, the local sanitarians were not stationed in any ono county in the area but were assigned where most needed, A meeting was held in Rockingham and one in Wadesboro with all local health departments represented on July 15 for the purpose of establishing policies of reporting, tabulating, and recording activities. The follow- ing inspection services were requested, 1, Cafes and drink stands inspected and graded monthly. 2, Dairies inspected and graded monthly. 3, Hotels, tourist homes and tourist camps inspected monthly. 4, Markets inspected and graded every two months, 5, Follow-up inspections of cafes during prevelance of soldiers in an area. Activities pertaining to general sanitation and complaints were handled largely by the local health departments, 4 daily log of activities such as phone calls, conferences and requests was kept in the central office. By this means it v/as possible for the central office to follow up complaints and requests from the army and from personnel in the field. Ordinances passed during the 1941 maneuvers were re-enacted in the counties where they were needed. FOODHANDLING AND LODGING PLACES Prior to the . neuvers preliminary surveys of all public eating places, hotels, markets, tourist homes and tourist camps v/ere made in the counties by the local personnel with the exception of Lee County and Mecklenburg County, Since Mecklenburg County afforded the largest recreational area, six local sanitarians were assigned to make a survey in Mecklenburg County including the City of Charlotte, A quotation from the editors of The Charlotte News bears out the definite need for improved sanitation in Charlotte. Quotes "Notes For several years, so a health authority has told us, Charlotte eating places have been blessed with ridiculously high ratings—most of them up near 100--apparently because local inspectors failed to take cognizance of the bacteriological factor in sanitary con- ditions, Nov/ half a dozen inspectors, an unprecedented number, are clean- ing the situation." This was in reply to a letter to the editors, the News. In Mecklenburg alone, 412 inspections were made in the preliminary grading and the final posting of grades. During the maneuvers, local men v/ere assigned to make surveys in Lee, Hoke and Scotland Counties which do not have organized health departments. Since the bulk of the soldier population was not in these counties, it v/as not deemed feasible to devote more time to the food control in these areas. In all of the counties having full time health departments normal food control work was carried on as v/ell as frequent cafe visits during times of peak loads. Seo Table 14 and Table 15 for the number of establishments under super- vision and for the number of inspections mado during the maneuver period. Sandwich manufacturing establishments presented only a small problem this year. Only one establishment was reported selling sandwiches not dated according to the ordinances requiring daily dating of sandwiches. In this instance, sandwiches were confiscated and destroyed as unfit for human consumption. Out of 1221 inspections of foodhandling establishments, 170 woro closed and 20 court cases hoard with 20 convictions. Of tho places closed 117 aro located in Mecklenburg County, Only one complaint was mado by Array Officials with regard to cafo sanitation in which case an inspection of the establishment had already been made and the place closed. MILK CONTROL Prior to the maneuvers, preliminary surveys were made by the engineer assigned to milk in ten maneuver counties which was all except Mecklenburg County. All the ten counties surveyed had adopted the United States Pub- lic Health Service Standard Milk Ordinance during the 1941 maneuvers. The survey included 14 pastuerizing plants, 47 raw-to-plant dairies and 47 re- tail new dairies. Each survey was based strictly on the Milk Ordinance, whereas in 1941 construction items were not considered. Because of a shortage of glided milk and the lc\ck of facilities to transport and store milk in the field, the array decided not to serve fluid milk to the troop©. Their supply consisted of canned milk. The State Board of Health being interested in tho milk supplied to both troops and civilians in public eating places and drinking establish- ments, endeavored to help local health departments improve the milk pro- gram during the maneuvers. Local health departments were told of the con-; ditions of the dairies under their jurisdiction, with recommendations for • -V improvements and grading. During the period, local sanitarians were requested to make at least monthly inspections of all dairies and pastuerizing plants. At the close of the maneuvers, another survey was made by the engineer to determine the extent of enforcement practiced by the county health officer. See pages 16, 17, and 18 for ratings by the counties for the area at the beginning and at the end of the maneuver period. Only one dairy was degraded during the period, which indicated laxity in enforcement of the Standard Milk Ordinance by a majority of the local health officers. It is further noted that no reports were made from Lee County, Moore County, and Mecklenburg County except for the original sur- vey made by the State Board of Health, Laboratory tests of milk supplies were not done in several of the counties because of a lack of facilities. Ungraded milk was found in numerous eating places throughout tho area and operators wore notified to change to the highest grade available. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLES AND SEWAGE FACILITIES Prior to the maneuvers, maps showing water sheds in the eleven ma- neuver counties wore furnished to the Array Engineers by the Division of Sanitary Engineering, State Board of Health, In turn all water shod wore posted ’'Off Limits". No serious problems arose from promiscuous bathing in municipal raw water supplies. Only one complaint arose, and that pertaining to a swim- ming place established on the Wadesboro watershed. It was stopped immedi- ately by local police and health authorities. No particular problems arose with respect to overtaxing municipal water treatment plants and sewage treatment plants since the array engi- neers provided watering points throughout the area. Moreover, the sol- diers had little time off-duty to come into town. Limited supervision was given to water supply and sewage treatment. However, water samples were collected for the army from several of their water points. No curtailment of water supply was reported by any of the communities in the area. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions are drawn with regard to the organization and the execution of the sanitation program in the maneuver counties, 1, Too few reports of sanitation activities were made to the Army. Several counties failed to make reports to the maneuver office while others did not make inspections as requested. 2, Reports for dairies and pastuerizing plants sho¥/ that in some cases sanitarians penalized establishments for items violated but failed to enforce the ordinances by not degrading the dairies, 3, Confusion arose on one or two occasions as to the assignment of additional personnel in the area because of a lack of understanding between supervisors, 4, Out of a total of 1221 inspections made in the area, only 20 cases were carried to the courts. 13 Exhibit 3 TOTAL NUMBER OF INSPECTIONS OF ALL SANITATION ACTIVITIES DURING MANEUVER PERIOD Totals i Union I | Stanly Scotland Richmond eS o o £D Montgomery Mecklenburg Lee K o t*r CD Cabarrus Anson Counties -o ! O'1 jC* cn M ~0 JO CO tO £ ro CO I 412 M CO L <3 cn ° ro Cafes, Drugs, etc. 289 < CO tD ro M i ro co O M uo to M M N CO co co Meat Markets 140 t-* ~o M O IO to <1 1 00 1 cn M cn M M tO Dairy Farms M to to t | i 1 v-> . ro . Pastuerizing Plants cn cn l—1 i M M M CO , to i I 4* f Hotels and Tourist Camps M ro CO cn 104 cn o CO -a r H* cn <1 CO cn o cn o CO f-J I-* to h-> ort sd. OOF 158 70 70 528 158' 226 158 70 76.63 'it. only County 12( 120 150 98.00 30 30 f 3or 30C 300 30c 300 500 300 500 500 5Q0 300 300 30.0 300 300 300 58.00 5123 Gallons violating, 300 3or 30C 143! 5127.' 420 70 420 870 300 50C 800 528 158 300 226 458 800 3^0 300 300 Gallons complying, 1623 ZBZj Z823 2/13 2/23 (.90 8/3 2Z23 /703 2/23 2033 /703 /2S3 /S23 ZiZi 2/23 V323 2/23 ZS93 2Z23 Z303 '823 Z693 2/23 ZOOS <323 2/23 /733 2/73 ZS23 ZS23 2/73 Percent complying, 8S7 '537 337 r ZOOL i/OOO 325 585 ZOO.O 80.2 ZOO.O 977 302 390 83.7 74.4 ZOO.O 422 ZOO.O 730 zoao 923 83.7 892 yooo 7S.3 022 ZOO.O 823, mo 837 837\ /OOO Weight, 1.00 1.00 4.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 4.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 2,00 1.00 2.00 5.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 15.00 Credit, 08( 0.6( 34 i ZOO IOO 0(3 /S4 400 0.8O 2.00 Z93 080 2.30 429 iS3 2,00 O.C2 3oa 730 300 4.(3 Z.7/ 089 2 00 392 Z24 ZOO Z.03 300 08( aeo 7300 85.95 U. covciubiki ruiMiiatb office a- uam STATUS OF PASTEURIZATION PLANTS Including Receiving Stations City, county, or district Date of survey— ' Page 7 VI, REPORT OF V. D. AND ACT I-PROSTITUTION ACTIVITIES POLICES OF THE V/AR ACTIVITIES HEALTH DISTRICT IN RESPECT TO V. D. ACTIVITIES During the 1942 army maneuvers there was a decided revision in many aspects of the V, D, control work as compared with the work in 1941. In the place of the five follow-up men that were used last year only one trained V. D, interviewer and follow-up worker was employed. There are several reasons for this. It was evident last year that the activities of the men assigned to the area were more in the nature of police of de- tective work rather than public health. This created a situation in which the local police often resented their work and spoke of them as "amateur cops". To avoid this source of friction all actual police and investiga- tion work this year 7/as left to the loca.1 law enforcement agencies or to the F, B. I. The health departments assisted the police only by furnish- ing place information, examining prisoners and cooperating in a program to arouse public, police, and military interest in tho problem of prosti- tution. Since the maneuvers of last year nearly all of the counties have ac- quired a V, D. follow-up man or else have on their staff a nurse who has received training in interviewing and epidemiology. Mr. C, C, Hopkins, the V. D. interviewer employed by the War Activities Health District, as- sisted the various health departments in their established programs. Dur- ing the latter part of the maneuvers ho worked with tho Montgomery County unit which had just been organized. There he set up the record system and helped train a follow-up man who had just been employed. To stimulate interest of local health departments in obtaining place information in respect to where venereal diseases wore contracted and where prostitutes made their contacts the county health departments were requested to enter such information on spot maps. This wao done in a manner similar to that described in the section on communicable diseases, A letter G for gonorrhea and an S for syphilis was marked on the map at the spot where the contact was made (not the address of the infected per- son), A line was drawn to the margin on which was written the date of con- tact and the name of the establishment such as "Blank Cafe", nBlank Hotel" or "Blank Beer Parlor". If several cases occurred in one such establish- ment it would be possible for the army authorities to place it "Off Limits". This action, however, v/as never taken on the basis of information obtained from maps sent to the Wadesboro office. The Cabarrus County Health Depart- ment deserves credit for the interest displayed in accumulating this in- formation. (See map, page 58 of appendix). POLICIES OF THE ARMY IN RESPECT TO V. D. PROBLEMS The Array Medical Corps provided two evacuation hospitals of a thous- and beds each in the maneuver area one of which was at Rockingham the other in South Carolina. All soldiers with anything other than minor complaints were sent to these hospitals. From there the venereal disease casualties were evacuated to the Fort Bragg base hospital. A small percentage of the patients were sent to the Camp Sutton Hospital. At the base hospitals the disease was diagnoxed and treatment started. After the period of in- fectiousness had passed the soldier was returned to his unit for further treatment as needed. The War Activities Health District employs a nurse interviewer who is attached to tho Cumberland County Health Department and another at- tached to the Union County Health Department. In addition to their duties in the venereal disease clinics they interview every soldier in the post hospitals who is infected with a venereal disease. Past ex- periences has shown that a civilian interviewer is able to obtain the names of more sexual contacts from soldiers than anyone who is associated with the military. Miss Elizabeth McKinnon at Fayetteville and Miss Mary Alice Harris at Monroe who are at present doing this work have been quite successful in obtaining information and in locating the contacts. Perti- nent information about a contact is entered in a mimeographed form and sent to the local health department in the area in which the contact re- sides, (Sample form page 56 of Appendix). During the period of the ma- neuvers Captain George R, Carpenter, V, D. Control Officer at Fort Bragg was requested to send a copy of the interview sheets to the Wadesboro office. The chart on page 33 (Exhibit 8) summarises the information re- ceived at Wadesboro and shows the number of contacts located, examined and found infected. Prophylactic stations were provided in Wadesboro and Rockingham at the beginning of the maneuvers. There are permanent prophylactic sta- tions in Charlotte and Monroe because of the proximity of military camps. In August a station was provided for Concord and additional ones for Wadesboro and Monroe so that colored and white troops could be treated separately. The Medical Corps man who was in charge of the station inter- viewed the applicants for treatment as to the identity of the sexual con- tact or location of place of contact. This information was entered on the prophylactic record and sent to the Surgeon, It was forwarded from the Surgeon*s office to the Wadesboro office and thence routed to the appro- priate local health department. The contacts woro then located and were brought in for examination. Two such contacts were reported through the maneuver office and one was located. After the first week or two of the maneuvers the soldiers refused to give names of contacts at most prophy- lactic stations# An active educational campaign consisting of lectures, picture shows and pamphlets about venereal disease has been carried out in tho army. In many instances the medical officers continued this work while on ma- neuvers, A copy of the U, S, Public Health Service film, ’’Know for Sure1* was made available at the Wadesboro office for use by the array and was shown to several outfits by the USC upon request of the medical officers. The pamphlets ”It Doesn’t Pay” and ’’Prostitution and the War” also fur* nished by the health department were distributed by several of the officers. ORGANIZATION MEETINGS Only two general meetings were held during the 1942 array maneuvers. The first meeting was in Rockingham during the morning of July 15, and the other at Wadesboro in the afternoon of the same day. Local health officers, public health nurses, state and local sanitarians, follow-up workers, police officials, and army officers were invited. Dr. J. Roy Hege presided over the meetings and sot forth the policies raid aims of the health organizations. In separate meetings for nurses, follow-up workers, and sanitarians the details of their respective emergency duties and the methods of reporting their work was described. Final assignments of additional personnel wore made. Other local conferences were hold in county health departments where representatives had not boon sent to the general meetings. Each week the Army Maneuver Headquarters wore visited by representatives of the War Ac- tivities Health District so that close cooperation could be maintained and minor difficulties settled quickly. CHARLOTTE VICE SQUAD During the period immediately proceeding army maneuvers the venereal disease rate among troops stationed at a post near Charlotte, N, C. rose to an unprecedented high figure. For one ton-day period the rate ms cal- culated to bo over 400 cases per thousand men per year. This was evidence of an increase in the numbers and activities of prostitutes in the city of Charlotte as all the cases were contracted there. This evidence was sup- ported by the investigations which followed when it was shown that there were between 400 and 500 prostitutes in the city and that anywhere between 250 and 400 loose women were arriving in the city each week to stay one night or longer to ply their trade. The situation was intolerable not only because of the approaching army maneuvers during which time large numbers of men would be in the city on weekends. Two courses of action were open to Colonel Ballard, commanding officer of the post. First, he could bring the situation to the attention of the city government of Charlotte and ask their cooperation in furnishing a remedy or else he could request invocation of the May Act by the Secretary of War in the case that the city agencies failed in improving the condi- tions, There are certain advantages to the May Act in that it is a federal law and is enforced by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and thus avoids entanglement with local politics. The courts are free from local feeling and the law boars a sterner minimum sentence. Outstanding disadvantages are that it is a plain statement that local authorities either will not or cannot handle the local problem and that it makes a sentence mandatory. There are no provisions in the law to provide for reclaiming certain vio- lators for a useful place in society, A further disadvantage of the May Act from the point of view of the Vice Squad as organized in Charlotte, was that it makes no use of quarantine and other Health Department powers. Colonel Ballard chose to put the responsibility squarely in the hands of the City government. City manager Flack, the city council, and the police department were in accord with Colonel Ballard's choice and the result was the vice squad which begem its work on July 4, Lt, Richard J. Wade was appointed by Colonel Ballard, commanding officer at the post, to organize the squad. Lt, Wade, who is the Assistant Provost Marshal at the army post, is well founded in law and had much valuable experience as a criminal investigator before entering the army. The success of a vice squad depends not only on efficient organiza- tion and intelligent methods but especially on public opinion and on the support of the judiciary branch of government. Lt, Wade obtained the backing of the public through a barrage of newspaper publicity and by a series of fact revealing talks to civic organizations. The pamphlet “Prostitution and the War” by Philip S. Broughton was of great value in winning the sympathy of the courts. This booklet is a well written, au- thoritative statement of the effect of prostitution and venereal disease on the war effort. Assistance of welfare agencies and of the Social Hy- giene Association was also obtained. The Charlotte squad is composed of a head officer from the city police, two military police special investigators from the army, throe city detectives who are well acquainted with the underworld and finally a full time quarantine officer from tho health department. Offices are provided in the City Police Department. Complete records of cases handled are kept there together with the rogue's gallery of people ar- rested. The princiapi problems involved in the drive on organized vice may be classified as follows: houses of prostitution, taxicabs and other vehicles, hotels, joints, pimps and solicitors, and finally the women themselves who may be classified as hardened prostitutes, "party girls” and stranded wives and sweethearts of soldiers. Each problem requires a different approach and no set rules can be established for handling offenders, A knowledge of legal loopholes, wide experience and ingenuity are three qualities necessary in arriving at solutions that are the best for society. The services of police, public health officials, welfare workers, private and hotel detectives and the public are necessary to make a drive successful. In a discussion of tho work of a vice squad tho laws which it must on- force are of first consideration. The only federal law in effect gener- ally is the Mann Act which concerns interstate transportation of females for immoral purposes. All cases of this type are turned over to the F, B, I. for investigation and prosecution. There are also certain internal quarantine regulations which may be enforced in the case of interstate transportation of individuals infected with venereal disease in a conta- gious form. Next are state laws against prostitution and related crimes and against spreading venereal diseases. The North Carolina anti-pros- titution laws are among the most comprehensive of such laws in effect in the United States, They include regulations against prostitution, aiding and abetting prostitution, fornication and adultery, false registration in hotel, occupying a room for immoral purposes, etc. Unusual in such laws is the provision that reputation and prior convictions arc admissable as evidence. (For complete statement of laws see appendix page 51), In the public health laws of North Carolina there are provision for quaran- tining of any individual who has a venereal disease in an infectious state should he persist in activities which cause the spread of the disease. Finally there were local ordinances set up to supplement federal and state laws. The first ordinance passed in Charlotte concerned the licens- ing of taxicab drivers. This lav; requires each driver to obtain a permit. Each applicant was fingerprinted and his past record checked locally and with F, B. I. files. Permits were refused if the driver had a previous record of convictions of a felony or conviction on charges related to or- ganized vice or merely if his record was of any length. In addition to this ordinance against motorized prostitution the local rationing boards agreed to withdraw gasoline and tire rations from any driver who was con- victed of aiding and abetting prostitution. Later an ordinance was passed forbidding sale of wine and beer after midnight. This materially reduced the number of places of contact between soldiers and prostitutes. Lt. Wade utilized information from many sources in addition to that obtained by his squad. The confidential reports from the Social Hygiene Association indicate the general scope and trend of the problem in ad- dition to giving many tips as to identity and locations of violators. The local police are able to give information on all the resident prostitutes and people with past records. Hotel detectives and employees of legiti- mate taxicab companies were enlisted as "spotters1*, Lt. Wade also had at his disposal reports from army hospitals on contacts of infected soldiers-, reports from prophylactic stations, voluntary information from soldiers, and material obtained by interviewing prostitutes and informers. When the drive reached its peak, tips flowed in from the public at large. All information was recorded in a ledger and classified as to the type of problem, i.e, house of prostitution, hotel, taxicab, joint, etc., and as each tip v/as investigated it was checked off the list. During the first few weeks of the program the military police special investigators were used without badge or insignia. They followed up the tips and watched sus- pected individuals. If necessary to obtain evidence, they were instructed to acquiesce to the solicitation of the suspected pimp or prostitute and pay them with marked money. One investigator v/ould remain with the pros- titute while the other v/ent out under the pretext of purchasing whiskey and telephoned the vice squad. The raid would them be timed to apprehend the prostitute in flagrante delicto. This vigorous method was necessary in several cases where the prostitute and her pimp were armed with a marriage license. It proved quite successful until the military invest 5-gators be- came generally recognized. In one trial which was an "open and shut" case against a known pros- titute, the hotel manager testified in her behalf and thus signified his unwillingness to cooperate with the squad. This particular prostitute had been frequnntly named as a contact by soldiers infected with both syphilis and gonorrhea* The hotel was placed "Off Limits" and a military police posted to prevent entrance of service men. Six bellhops in various hotels of the city were convicted of aiding and abetting prostitution and were sentenced to the road gang. Thereafter all hotel managements offered full assistance in keeping organized vice from their establishments. All known prostitutes wore observed and arrested and all houses were raided. In one series of raids over 40 white soldiers and officers were caught with negro prostitutes. "Party girls" and sexually promiscuous quarantine females were apprehended on the basis of the quarantine laws if they could not bo caught in the act. Soldiers* wives and sweethearts who had become stranded in the city wore often arrested in hotels with men other than their husbands. Tho military investigators also watched for women who rode in tho front seats of cabs and for girls who frequented night spots popular with the soldiers. A close chock was kept on arrivals at bus stations. It was found that itinerant prostitutes v/ould use the bus station as a place to solicit the attentions of soldiers. A cab would be called to carry tho pair to a park or other desorbed place in the city. Later tho prostitute would return to tho station, clean up in the wash room, and be ready for tho next customer. In ono night ono cab company i alone made 65 trips to a swimming pool which had closed earlier in the even- ing. The majority of women arrested were charged with either prostitution or occupying a room for immoral purposes. Twelve men rind five women were charged with aiding and abetting prostitution, soliciting, operating a bawdy house, etc. A routine was established for all prisoners. First a photograph is taken from the rogues* gallery. Pocketbooks are searched for lists of prospects and past sexual contacts. The prisoner is then in- terviewed as to identity of other sexual contacts not found on her lists. If a soldier is arrested with the prostitute he is showed the gallery of 27 photos and asked if he has been out with any. If he recognized a girl he is informed as to whether she has been found infected with a venerea.l disease or not. The soldier is also asked to furnish a statement of his relations with the woman in her presence. This statement is transcribed, signed by the soldier, and used later in the courts as evidence in the event that the soldier cannot be present. Sven if the prisoner denies the statement at the time it is made it is still admissable as evidence though it does not bear the same weight as an undenied statement. % All prisoners are given a thorough medical examination together with laboratory tests for venereal disease. If the girl is infected the com- manding officers of soldier contacts are notified on the form shown on page 56 of the appendix. Civilian contact information is forwarded through local health department channels. The interview with the prisoner is probably the most important part of the work for the action taken against her depends largely upon what can be disclosed on her past record and how she fell afoul of the lav/. An earnest attempt is made to reclaim the girl to useful society if possible. Homeless minors, stranded wives of soldiers and "first offenders" arc turned over to welfare agencies. Many of the girls are returned to their own homes. Others are put in private homes for guardianship. Jobs are found for those who show a desire to make an honest living for themselves. Recalcitiant party girls against whom no charges can be brought are quar- antined for from 60 to 120 days if they are found to be infected. All prisoners with venereal disease are treated by the city health department. Only the hardened and habitual prostitutes are tried in the courts. The table on page 34 summarizes the work done by the Charlotte Vice Squad up until August 4. There are still 40 cases pending trial which brings the total number of arrests to more than 200. Of 155 arrests for prostitution shown in the table there were 48 convictions and out of 17 arrests for aiding and abetting prostitution 15 individuals were convicted. Sixty-six of the 155 women arrested were found to be infected with gon- orrhea or syphilis. In one month 75 cases of transient or stranded females were handled by the squad. Most of them were without funds and therefore were potential prostitutes in the future. Out of 50 young local "party girls" arrested 26 were found infected with venereal disease. The average age of women arrested was 19; the youngest was 13, the oldest, 54, The average figure given as the starting age was 17 years, A survey of the extent of organized vice in Charlotte during March, 1942 showed the hotels and street walkers to be the main problems, A similar survey made in August reported that no evidence of organized pros- titution was found. Lt, Wade stated that the enforcement of the ordinance against the sale of wine and beer after midnight had reduced the prosti- tution problem by at least 50$. By August the venereal disease rate in the Charlotte Army Post had dropped from over 400 per thousand men per year to around 30 per thousand per year which is near the average for the Fourth Service Command. There is no way to estimate the number of cases of voneroal disoaeo which would have occurred among maneuver troops had there been no vice squad. It is probably significant that nearly as many cases of venereal disease in maneuver personnel originated in Wadesboro as in Charlotte, though Wadee- boro is much smaller and had fewer troops quartered there. The vice squad is doing an exceptionally good job in suppressing prostitution in Charlotte and has again added proof to the statement that the suppression of organized vice will markedly decrease the venereal disease incidence in a community. F. B. I. MEETINGS AND MAY ACT I WO CATION In an effort to familiarize local police officers with current de- velopments in law enforcement and crime prevention nethods the Federal Bureau of Investigation holds quarterly police conferences or one day schools in the main centers of population in North Carolina. The meet- ings are attended by city police, state highway patrolmen, constables, county police, and other law enforcement officers. During July eight meetings were held in the state including one in Charlotte on July 22 and one in Raleigh on July 31, The subject matter was planned to deal with the problem of prostitution, its relation to the war efforts, its medical implications, and the legal aspects of suppression. Mr, Edward Sheidt, special agent of the F, B. I, and district director of tho Caro- linasj Mr. Albert Coates of the Institute of Government, and Dr, Robert D. "fright, venereal disease consultant in the State Board of Health, v/ere tho speakers. Dr. "/right’s discussion doa.lt with the following: (l) The terrific toll of time lost in the war effort both by civilians and array personnel duo to venereal disease, (2) the significance of organized prostitution as a cause of venereal disease in the army, (3) the impossibility of cer- tifying prostitutes as being non-infectious and, finally, (4) the ways in which the health agencies can bo of aid to tho police in furnishing in- formation on places where sexual contacts have occurred. Mr. Coates dis- cussed the development of laws against fornication and related crimes in North Carolina up to the present anti-prostitution law which is one of the most comprehensive of any in effect in the United States, Mr. Sheidt set forth the details of tho May Act, tho reason for its invocation and some of the problems of evidence, procedure, and investigation encountered in its enforcement. He stressed also the importance of apprehending the aider and abettors of prostitution since these are the people who profit from the racket and try to perpetuate it. (For complete statement of the law see page 55 of the appendix). The enforcement of the May Act began in eleven counties around Fort Bragg at midnight July 31. Of these eleven, Scotland, Hoke, Lee, Moore, and Richmond counties are included in the maneuver area, (map, Exhibit 1, Page 7). F. B. I. agents had been in the area for several weeks mak- ing preliminary surveys and shortly after August the first arrests were made. The total number of arrests up to the end of the maneuver period is recorded in the chart on page 34 (Exhibit 9). It is questionable whether the invocation of the May Act has had any effect on the venereal disease rate among troops in the area but 4,2°£ of the total number of cases in ma- neuver troops were contracted at Rockingham in the May Act Area while 7.47» of the total number of cases were contracted at Wadosboro not in the May Act Area. Both had an approximately equal number of troops. WORK OF USO; TRAVELER’S AIL, AND WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS The USO served quite effectively in furnishing recreation to the array. Permanent USO centers in the area were supplemented by trailer libraries and moving picture trucks. Current films were shown almost nightly in each of the bivouacs. In these and many other ways the USO was able to divert the men from going into the towns to seek less wholesome forms of amusement. The Traveler's Aid furnished lists of lodging places and helped many army wives to find decent places to stay. Together with local welfare agencies they provided funds and supervision for returning many wayward minors and camp followers to their homes. It is indeed unfortunate that in most towns these girls were sent off without first having a medical examination. In all probability a large percentage would have been found to be infected with a venereal disease. Treatment could have been started and they could have been given instructions what to do when they returned home. In one county alone nearly twenty such females were returned to their homes. On this basis probably more than 100 girls were sent out of the area many of whom will be most certainly the source of new infections in their home towns. Exhibit 8 Activities . Anson Cabarrus 0 M O 0 0 ' Mecklenburg : Montgomery 0 u o o a I I Richmond Scotland Stanly Union Totals Number contacts reported to County Health Department 5 15 0 0 r 2.0 0 2 8 0 3 25 78 Number contacts located — 2 12 0 0 10 0 1 5 1 1 25 57 Number contacts examined 0 12 0 0 10 0 1 2 0 1 25 51 Number contacts found to be infected with Gonorrhea 0 9 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 Number contacts found to have Infectious Syphilis 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 Number contacts with positive Wassermann only 0 0 0 0 4 0 9 2 0 1 5 12 Number of prisoners examined 0 26 0 2 159 0 0 8 3 15 0 213 Number prisoners infected with Gonorrhea 0 12 0 ? 28 0 0 4 9 2 0 46 Number prisoners with Infectious Syphilis 0 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 9 6 0 8 1 Number prisoners with positive Wassermann only 0 4 0 J.. 34 0 3 1 9 1 0 43 Number prisoners with no diagnosed Venereal Disease , 0 14 0 2 94 0 0 4 3 6 JL 123 ACTIVITIES CF LOCAL HEALTH DEPARTMENTS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VENEREAL DISEASES DURING MANEUVERS Activities Anson Cabarrus ' Hoke * ♦ o S • o CD « • £ cd *“3 CD ft • u cd a • u ft < cd a CD £ £ * • bO £ Anson 4 2 2 11 7 7 5 11 . . . 6 4 1 8 12 6 2 7 5 15 10 Cabarrus _ 4 3 2 _ 4 3 11.. 5 ... 3 • 3 3 7 16 1 15 14 43 j Hoke 3 1 3 4 2 _ 1 2 5 5 2 2 1 5 4 9 6 11 3 Lee 1 - 1 - - - 1 1J - 1 „ _ _ - 1 Mecklenburg 57 39 53 50 56 47 86 21 66 115 94 48 75 77 35 55 - 68 73 71 56 Montgomery 1 a. mm 1 “ “ 4 ' ' r-1 . Moore 2 1 2 5 4 4 3 4 8 1 1 4 — 3 5 1 3 3 — 7 — 13 Richmond - - - - 2 1 - - — 1 2 6 _ 1 - _ 1 . . Scotland _ . _ - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - ' u k —| i — -i i Stanly 7 1 4 4 2 3 1 2 4 2 1 2 1 9 1 2 1 2 Union i _ - 3 _ 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 r o 24 20 34 34 32 Totals 1 69 54 63 72 76 62 104 32 100 143 117 64 95 ■ 107 L 82 | 98 120 172 154 157 * Maneuver Months NEW CASES OF GONORRHEA IN MANEUVER COUNTIES 1941-42. Exhibit 13 Year 1941 1942 Month 9 • o S • o 36 35 40 i 24 Scotland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 O' 0 0 0 Stanly 9 17 13 11 16 6 6 1 13 9 5 3 10 20 9 6 11 10 15 3 Union 37 -24_ 10 6 5 3 5 10 8 6 11 2 2 2 2 15 17 IB i 13 13 Totals 274 206! 200 176 201 167 ] 166 160 j 206 140 144 88 121 i I 162 1 no -—i 206 ! i 194 I —-— 19?! 209 192 * Maneuver Months I® CASES OF SYPHILIS IN MANEUVER COUNTIES Conclusions 1* The rate of venereal disease in troops on maneuvers was found to be approximately the same as the rate in troops stationed in army posts. Forty percent of V. D. casualties were negro troops though they made up less than 10/£ of the total number in the maneuver area. 2, Suppression of organized prostitution in certain cities in the maneuver area materially reduced the rate of venereal disease in troops seeking recreation in the towns. 3, Location of contacts named by infected soldiers is more efficiently done by nurses or follow-up workers who reside permanently in an area than by a corps of follow-up v/orkers sent into the area during a limited emer- gency. 4. A vice squad is an effective mechanism for destroying organized vice rackets in a city. 5. Local health departments can assist law enforcement agencies best by furnishing information as to places whore sexual contacts are made and by examining prisoners arrested for prostitution. VII. COMMUNICABLE! DISEASE REPORTING IN MANEUVER AREA fiTHODS CF K .PORTING The mtehods used in reporting communicable disease in the maneuver area were similar in most respects to those used during the 1941 maneuvers. All reports were sent to the Maneuver Branch Office of the State Health Department in Wadesboro. The reportable diseases were: epidemic menin- gitis, poliomyelitis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhoid fever, typhus fever, diphtheria, dysentery, malaria, and scarlet fever. When any of the first five diseases named were reported to a Health Officer he tele- phoned the essential information concerning the case to the Wadesboro of- fice from whence it was relayed to the Army Maneuver Headquarters by tele- phone, Standard sized maps were distributed to each Health Department so that the spot could be located on the master map in Wadesboro merely by giving the distances from the borders of the map over the telephone. All the diseases including those to be reported immediately were reported bi- weekly on spot maps. A mark was made with the appropriate colored pencil at the location of the case and a line drawn from the spot to the margin of tho nap,. On this line xr.c written the name,of the disease, date of onset, and the end of the quarantine period. These maps were mailed each Tuesday and Friday to the Wadesboro office. There the inforraat ion was transferred to a master map of the county which was kept in the office to 0 furnish a complete picture of the number of active cases of communicable diseases in the maneuver area at any one time. The original was forwarded to the Array Headquarters, If there were no communicable diseases in the county a notice to this effect was mailed in the place of a map. A close check on reporting to tho Wadesboro office was kept by comparing our figures with those obtained in the Central Tabulating Unit in Raleigh. The work of preparing the spot maps and reports was largely done by tho nurses and dorks in the local health departments and credit is due them for promptness and efficiency. The work tho nurses did in visiting these cases was not reported from all counties to the Wadssboro office, therefore, wo make no record of it. PROBLEM IN UNORGANIZED COUNTIES Miss Mary John Brown, U. S. Public Health Nurse assigned to the State Board of Health was sent to Lee County which has no health department. There she kept in close contact with the local physicians and reported the cases of communicable diseases which came to their attention. Since Scot- land and Hoke Counties were not to be used extensively bythe army, no on* was assigned to do this work in them. There arc no cases of communicable diseases reported to the summary chart for these counties and none was re- ported to the Central Tabulating Unit in the State Board of Health. IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM Scotland County maintains a regular immunization program for typhoid fever every three years and there is a similar program for free vaccina- tions in Lee County in addition to those done by private physicians. Hoke County has provisions for vaccination of its inhabitants but the program is not extensive. In the other eight counties v/hich have health depart- ments vaccinations are done regularly and their annual programs were car- ried on without assistance from the maneuver personnel. The Summary Chart on page 48 (Exhibit 14) shov/s the communicable di- seases v/hich were reported to the Maneuver Branch Office. The first column under each disease contains the average number of cases per year for the months of July and August combined during the previous five years. The second column contains the number of cases which occurred during the maneuver period of July 1 and August 18. The numbers written in parenthe- sis represent the number of cases reported to tho C. T. U. in Raleigh, They are printed only in those instances where there is a difference from the number reported to the Wadesboro office. The highest incidence was for poliomyelitis, there being ten cases, eight of the cases were in Charlotte, but of these eight four were con- tracted outside the maneuver area and the victims brought to hospitals in Charlotte. There were eight cases of typhoid fever in the area, all of the sporadic type. The eight cases of dysentery in Moore County consti- tuted a mild epidemic, but there was no traceable relation between these cases and the gastro-enteritis among army personnel mentioned below. One case of typhus was diagnosed in Anson County but the patient had recovered before the maneuvers began. There wore four cases of scarlet fever and throe of diphtheria scattered over the area. No cases of epidemic menin- gitis, smallpox, or malaria were reported among civilians in the maneuver area. Several cases of malaria in array personnel were evacuated to Fort Bragg. There was no Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever reported in the maneuver counties last year, but one case occurred in a member of the armed forces i during the present maneuvers. He was stationed in Anson County at the time of onset. There was a wood-tick found attached to him. TYPHOID CARRIERS IN AREA One of the cases of typhoid fever in Richmond County this year traced to a carrier residing in Sxway, which is just across the county line in Montgomery County. This samo carrier was also responsible for a case of typhoid which occurred during the maneuver period of 1941 and for other cases in previous years. She is uncooperative and continues to obtain employment as a cook or foodhandler. It was found further that sho had no other facility for excreta dispossal than the surface of the ground and it was necessary for tho Montgomery County Health Department to build a sanitary privy for her. The carrier discovered in Stanly County is cooperative and intelligent. She has city water and sewage fa- cilities and therefore creates no public health hazard. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge it was not necessary for the army authorities to put any places "Off Limits'* because of communicable diseases. There are several reasons for this, (l) All members of the armed forces had been immunised against typhoid fever? hance the danger of sporadic cases to the health of the army v/as minimal. (2) Further the men had strict orders to drink water only from approved sources. (3) There were no civilian epidemics of any type in the area occupied by many troops, A minor out- break of dysentery did occur in Moore County but the number of troops ma- neuvering in that county was small. The most common disease of the soldiers were upper respiratory infections and gastro-enteristis of a mild nature. (4) Nearly all the cases of poliomyelitis and typhoid which occurred among civilians in the maneuver area were hospitalized. In cases where a person affected with a communicable disease remained at home usual predautions and placarding of the quarantine officer were carried out as prescribed by lav/. No further action by the Army Medical Corps was necessary. 1. Except for the one case of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and a few cases of malaria there wore no other serious diseases reported from the Army Headquarters. There was also one case of suspected polio which on arrival at the base hospital proved to be hysteria. 2, The summary chart shows that during the 1942 maneuvers the pre- sence of the troops in North Carolina did not affect materially the in- cidence of communicable diseases among civilians. In no case was the ex- pected rate as determined from the average for July and August for the previous five years greatly exceeded. 3. There is no way of determining the incidence of mild upper res- piratory infections and gastro-cnterisiic in the civilian population as those diseases are not reported. Hence, no conclusions can be drawn as to the source of these infections in the army, 4. The low incidence of serious communicable diseases in the army reflected the low incidence of such diseases in the civilian population among which it was quartered. Counties i i a •H U O ■jC s •iH Q Dysentery Malaria CO •H ■¥> •H ho S3 •H a § t : Poliomyelitis j L _ .... , ... 1 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Scarlet Fever Smallpox i Typhoid Fever u o > 0 P=4 01 M & EH 1 j 1 1 1 ™ I 02 ! rH \S o ! — j Typhoid Carrier j Number reports jreceived . - - Year O U kO crf erf (D U >t in <*; cv O' rH 5 year Average CV o» rH i5 year Average CV O' rH o u SP Crf JC SI L.O S? CV o> rH o u u crf crf O J-4 0 > in ‘ o U[ O' rH 1 O rH 1 ) j m c! ® U hO crf crf o U >> o > r. oj : m j I crf crf o» | o (h rH j >» O > ! tn -t: 1942 . . i5 year Average t i i cv O' rH O V. hC crf crf O SH >» O jlD: <£ j 9 O' rH 1 l s O' rH Anson 1- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 o i o ! i* 1 0 r 1 ° 0 i o_ . Jt . 1... 2 . 3. Cabarrus 4 0 0 0 0 V ro 0 1- 0 | l-j 0 5_ 1 0 0 1- , 1 ...J . o_ 2 „ Hoke i- 0 0 0 0 0 0 f — 0 0 0 10 0 o i o 1- 0 1- _0_ 0 _ JH — Lee 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1- 0 1 1-1 0 i i (2) 0 0 1- ill 0 0 5 1 . Mecklenburg: S 1 0 0 3 — 0 — 2 0 4 b (8) I o ! o 6 1 0 0 3 3 1- 0 -13.,-. _ 4 Montgomery 0 _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-j o 0 0 0 0 1 0 1- 0 0 1** 7 ! Moore ( 1 0 1 8 0 0 ■" w 1 ■ c ' — L 0 I 0 V1 i- — 0 1- 0 0 0 1 0 1- 0 8 8 Richmond ! 1 1 0 0 1- 0 0 0 |l- c!7i 0 | 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 4 . i Scotland | 0 0 0 0 1- - 0 0 0 o ! o 0 j 1 ,r 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stan!y | 1 0 0 0 I 0 oil- 0 j 0 0 2 0 -L. 0 1- (1) 1- 0 1 _L_. ,_2 -Union. ! 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 |l- 0 j 0 0 2 0 0 0 1- 1 1- 0 1 3 Total 1942 3 8 0 10 i 1 4 0 1 8 1 38 2 47 SUMMARY CHART OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN MANEUVER AREA Numbers in parenthese represent instances where number of cases reported to C. T. U. differed from number reported to Wadesboro office. * Occurred in member of Armed Forces. ** Same carrier reported in 1941 report. Caused a case of typhoid in Richmond County this year and last year also* Exhibit 14 VIII, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE MANEUVERS Organization 1* Local health agencies together v;ith extra personnel from the War Activities Health District were able to maintain public health during the emergency created by the presence of maneuver troops from July 1 to August 31, 1942. 2. The organization as set up this year was sufficient to serve the purpose of coordinating and supplementing local health agencies in their work and maintaining contact v/ith army medical and sanita.ry corps. 3. The daily log kept in the office at Wadesboro was of great value in recording policies of the War Activities Health District, in addition to its value in recording progress of the work. The publicity scrap book was of value in determining local reaction to the program. 4. Confidential advance information as to the course of the maneuver problems should be obtained so that health departments in the various sec- tions of the maneuver area can be prepared to meet the impact of large numbers of soldiers. 5. Health officers and other personnel should be informed of the material needed for compiling a report in advance so that data could be easily and accurately collected. Sanitation 1, reports of activities of local and district sanitarians be continued during the interval between maneuvers and be sent to the War Area Health District, State Beard of Health in order that grades of food- handling establishments bo up to date for the next maneuvers. This will facilitate reporting grades to the army at the time when the soldiers enter the area* 2. That sanitarians, both local and district, have a complete undor- standing of the cafe regulations and that establishments be graded strictly according to the code. 3. The enforcement methods bo improved in dairy sanitation by the prompt degrading of dairies by Health Officers. 4. That the assignment of personnel be made by one person. V. D. Activities 1. Police and law enforcement agencies of towns in the maneuver area should prepare to meet the influx of prostitutes, pimps, and other camp followers with vigorous methods, such as those used by the Charlotte Vico Squad. 2. In the case that it becomes evident that the law enforcement agencies aro not effectively suppressing organized vice in a community, it is recommended that the army place the entire town "Off Limits" for soldiers seeking recreation. 3. Separate prophylactic stations for white and colored aro recom- mended for Laurinburg, Rockingham* Yfadcsboro, Albemarle, and Concord in addition to those in Monroe end Charlotte shouldibc area be used for ma- neuvers again. 4. Tho routine examination of ja.il prisoners is recommended as a means of discovering a largo number of infectious cases of venereal di- sease in a section of the population which is most likely to spread tho aisoase. Coraraunicable Disease Reporting 1. The use of spot maps of standard siae aro recommended for re- porting of communicable diseases. 50 NORTH CAROLINA PROSTITUTION LAW C. S. A357. Definition of terms. The term "prostitution" shall be construed to include the offering or receiving of the body for sexual inter- course for hire, and shall also be construed to include the offering or re- ceiving of the body for indiscriminate sexual intercourse without hire. The term "assignation" shall be construed to include the making of any appoint- ment or engagement for prostitution or any act in furtherance of such appoint- ment or engagement. (See Biennial Report of Attorney General—1921-1926—Page 281.) C. S. 1358. Prostitution and various acts abetting prostitution unlaw- ful. It shall be unlawful; 1. To keep, set up, maintain, or operate any place, structure, building or conveyance for the purpose of prostitution or assignation. 2. To occupy any place, structure, building, or conveyance for the purpose of prostitution or assignation; or for any person to permit any place, structure, building, or conveyance owned by him or under his control to 'be used for the purpose of prostitution or assignation, with knowledge or reasonable cause to know that the same is, or is to be, used for such purpose. 3. To receive, or to offer or agree to receive any person into any place, structure, building, or conveyance for the purpose of prostitution or assignation, or to permit any person to remain there for such purpose. 1. To direct, take, or transport, or to offer or agree to take or transport, any person to any place, structure, or building or to any other person, with knowledge or reasonable cause to know that the purpose of such directing, taking, qr transporting is prostitution or assignation. 5. To procure, or to solicit, or to offer to procure or solicit for the purpose of prostitution or assignation. 6. To reside in, enter, or remain in any place, structure, or build- ing, or to enter or remain in any conveyance, for the purpose of prostitution or assignation. 7. To engage in prostitution or assignation, or to aid or abet prostitution or assignation by any means whatsoever. C. S. 1359. Prosecution; in what courts. Prosecutions for the viola- tion of any of the provisions of this article shall be tried in the courts of this State wherein misdemeanors are triable except those courts the juris- diction of which is so limited by the Constitution of this State that such jurisdiction cannot by statute be extended to include criminal actions of the character herein described. ■2 C . S. 4360w Reputation and prior conviction admissible as evidence. In the trial of any person charged with a violation of any of the provisions of this article, testimony of a prior conviction, or testimony concerning the reputation of any place, structure, or building, and of the person or persons who reside in or frequent the ssme, and of the defendant, shall be admissible in evidence in support of the charge. C. S. 43&1 • Degrees of guilt. Any person who shall be found to have- committed tvio or more violations of any of the provisions of section 4353 of this article within a period of one year next preceding the date named in an indictment, information, or charge of violating any of the provisions of such section, shall bo deemed guilty in the first degree. Any person who shall be found to have committed a single violation of any of the provisions of such section shall be deemed guilty in the second degree. C. S. 4362. Punishment; probation; parole. Any person who shall bo deemed guilty in the first degree, as set forth in the preceding section, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and may be fined or imprisoned in the dis- cretion of the court, or may be committed to any penal or reformatory institu- tion in this State: (Provided,) that in case of a commitment to a reformatory institution, the comitment shall be made for an indeterminate period of time not less than one nor more than three years in duration, and the board of managers or directors of the reformatory institution shall have authority to discharge or to place on parole any person so committed after the service of the minimum term or any part thereof, and to require the return to said institution for the balance of the maximum term of any person who shall violate the terms or conditions of the parole. Any person who shall be deemed guilty in the second degree, as set forth in the preceding section, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined or imprisoned at the discretion of the court: (Provided,) that the defendant may be placed on probation in the care of a probation officer designated by law, or theretofore appointed by the court. Probation or parole shall be granted or ordered in the case of a person infected with venereal disease only on such terras and conditions as shall insure medical treatment therefor and prevent the spread thereof, and the court may order any convicted defendant to be examined for venereal disease. No girl or woman who shall be convicted under this article shall be placed on probation or parole in the care or charge of any person except a woman pro- bation officer. C. S. 4343* Fornication and adulter:,-. If any man and woman, not being married to each other, shall lewdly and lasciviously associate, bed and cohabit together, they shall be guilty of a misdemeanor: (Provided,) that the admissions or confessions of one shall not be received in evidence against the other. C. S. 4344. Inducing female persons to enter hotels or boarding-houses for immoral purposes. Any person who shall knowingly persuade, induce or entice, or cause to be persuaded, induced or enticed, any woman or girl to enter a hotel, public inn or boarding-house for the purpose of prostitution or debauch- ery or for any other immoral purpose shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, shall be punished in the discretion of tho court. 3 C. S. 2283(v). Registration to be in true name; address. Peace officers. No person shall write, or cause to be written, or if in charge of a register knowingly permit to be written, in any register in any lodging-house or hotel any other or different name or designation than the true name or names in ordinary use of the person registering or causing himself to be registered therein. That any person occupying any room or rooms in any lodging-house or hotel shall register or cause himself to be registered where registration is required by such lodging-house or hotel. That any person registering or causing himself to be registered at any lodging-house or hotel shall write, or cause to ■fesitten, in the register of such lodging-house or hotel the correct address of the person registering, or cause himself to bo registered. Any person violating any provision of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars (|200). That this act shall not apply to any peace officer of this State who shall privately give his true name to the clerk or proprietor of such hotel or lodging-house. C. S. A3A5• Opposite sexes occupying same bedroom at hotel for immoral purposes ; falsely registering as husband and wife. Any man and woman found occupying the same bedroom in any hotel, public inn or boarding-house for any immoral purpose, or any man and woman falsely registering as, or otherwise re- presenting themselves to be, husband and wife in any hotel, public inn or bos,rding-house, shall be deemed guilt;/ of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, shall be punished in the discretion of the court. C. S. /,346. Permitting unmarried female under eighteen in house of prostitution. Whoever, being the keeper of a house of prostitution, or assig- nation house, building or premises in the State where forni- cation, or concubinage is allowed or practiced, shall suffer or permit any un- married female under the age of eighteen years to live, board, stop, or room in such house, building or premises, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. C. S. /+34B. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to exhibit for the purpose of gain, or display for sale, lend or hire, or otherwise publish, or sell for the purpose of gain, or exhibit in any school, college or other institution of learning, or have in his possession for the purpose of sale or distribution, any obscene literature, as determined and defined in the Postal Laws and Regulations of the United States Post Office Department, in the form of book, paper-writing, print, drawing, or other representation, at any news stand, book store, drug store or other public or private places; or if any person shall post any indecent placards, writings, pictures or drawing on walls, fences, billboards or other public or private places, ho shall be guilty of a misdemean- or. (As amended by Ch. 57, Pub. Laws 1935.) C. S. 434.8(A). If a person who in any place wilfully exposes his person, or private parts thereof, in the presence of one or more persons of the opposite sex whose person, or the private parts thereof, arc similarly exposed, or aids or abets in any such act, or who procures another so as to expose his person, or- tho private parts thereof, or take part in any immoral show, exhibition or per- formance, where indecent, immoral or lewd dances or plays are conducted in any booth, tent, room., or other oublic or private place to which the public is invited; or any person, who, as owner, manager, lessee, director, promoter, or agent, or in any otj&er capacity, hires, leases, or permits the land, uildings, or premises of which he is owner, lessee or tenant, or over which ho has control, to be used for any such immoral purposes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. C. S. 43h8(B). Makes it duty of Sheriffs and deputies to see that Act is enforced by reporting violations and having warrants issued. C. S. 4-353. Lewd women within three miles of colleges and boarding- schools . If any loose woman or woman of ill-fame shall commit any act of lewdness with or in the presence of any student who is under'twenty-one years old, of any boarding-school or college, within three miles of such school or college, she shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not exceeding fifty dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. Upon the trial of any such case students may be competent but not compellable to give evidence. No prosecution shall be had under this section after the lapse of six months. PUBLIC LAW 163 - SEVENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS CHAPTER 287 - First Session H. R. 2A75 AN ACT TO PROHIBIT PROSTITUTION within such reasonable distance of military and/or naval establishments as the Secretaries of War and/or Navy shall determine to be needful to the efficiency, health, and welfare of the Army and/or Navy, BE IT ENACTED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That until May 15, 1945, it shall be unlawful, within such reasonable distance of any mili- tary or naval camp, station, fort, post, yard, base, cantonment, train- ing or mobilization place as the Secretaries of War and/or Navy shall determine to be needful to the efficiency, health, and welfare of the Army and/or Navy, and shall designate and publish in general orders or bulletins, to engage in prostitution or to aid or abet prostitution or to procure or solicit for the purposes of prostitution, or to keep or set up a house of ill fame, brothel, or bawdy house, or to receive any person for purposes of lewdness, assignation, or prostitution into any vehicle, conveyance, place, structure, or building, or to permit any person to remain for the purpose of lewdness, assignation, or prosti- tution in any vehicle, conveyance, place, structure, or building or to lease, or rent, or contract to lease or rent any vehicle, conveyance, place, structure, or building, or part thereof, knowing or with good reason to know that it is intended to be used for any of the purposes herein prohibitedj and any person, corporation, partnership, or associa- tion violating the provisions of this Act shall, unless otherwise punish- able under the Articles of War or the Articles for the Government of the Navy, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be punished by a fine of not more than $1,000, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, and any person subject to military or naval law violating this Act shall be punished as provided by the Articles of War or the Articles for the Government of the Navy, and the Secretaries of War and of the Navy and the Federal Security Administrator are each hereby authorized and directed to take such steps as they deem necessary to suppress and prevent the violation thereof, and to accept the coopera- tion of the authorities of states and their counties, districts, and other political subdivisions in carrying out the purposes of this Acts Provided, That nothing in this Act shall be construed as conferring on the personnel of the War or Navy Department or the Federal Security Agency any authority to make criminal investigations, searches, seizures, or arrest of civilians charged with violations of this Act. Approved, July 11, 1941* VENEREAL DISEASE CONTROL DIVISION NORTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH RALEIGH Date To Address The following person has been named as a contact of a member of the U. S. Military Forces at who has a venereal disease; Name Age Race Sex Address fou will no doubt want to investigate this case* Will you kindly notify us as to your findings, using the space below. Date Contact: Located - Not located Found infected - Not infected Placed under treatment - Not placed under treatment (Gross out words not applying) Remarks; Signed _ Title File; Informant Serial No. Race Age Organization Diagnosis HEADQUARTERS MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POLICE VICE SQUAD Charlotte, North Carolina Date: SUBJECT* Personnel Exposed to Venereal Disease. TO j Commanding: Officer 1. You are advised that of your organization is known by this department to have been associating with , and said female has been arrested by this office and Medical Examination made by the Health Department reveals that the woman is infected with 2. It is (not) known that the soldier (officer) had intercourse with her, (date of contact if any. RICHARD J. V/ADE , 1st Lt., Air Corps, Asst. Provost Marshal. 847th M. P. Co,, Charlotte Army Air Base OSlO*''' /l f ~ / - abarrus county 51 v. D. D1ST 4 SCALE MILES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE STANDARD MILK ORDINANCE Adopted by the City Council, County Board of Health of , North Carolina This the Day of 194- Mayor, or Chairman County Board of Health Member Member Member- Member Member Member Member Attested: City Clerk or Secretary County Board of Health A MILK ORDINANCE AN ORDINANCE DEFINING "MILK” AND CERTAIN "MILK PRODUCTS", "MILK PRODUCER11. "PASTEURIZATION". ETC, . PROHIBITING THE SALE OF ADULTERATED AND MIXBRANDED MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS. REQUIRING PERMITS FOR THE SALE OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS, REGULATING THE INSPECTION OF DAIRY FARMS AND MILK PLANTS, THE EXAMINATION. GRADING, LABELING, PLACARDING. PAS- TEURIZATION, REGRADING. DISTRIBUTION, AND SALE OF MILK AND MILK PRO- DUCTS. PROVIDING FOR THE PUBLISHING OF MILK GRADES, THE CONSTRUCTION OF FUTURE DAIRIES AND MILK PLANTS, THE ENFORCEMENT OF THIS ORDINANCE, AND THE FIXING OF PENALTIES. Be it ordained by the of the city of as follows; SECTION 1. Definitions: The following definitions shall apply in the interpretation and the enforcement of this ordinance: A. Milk.- Milk Is hereby defined to be the lacteal secretion ob- tained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows, excluding that obtained within 15 days before and 5 days after calving, or such longer period as may be necessary to render the milk practically colostrum free; which contains not less than 8 percent of milk solids not fat, and not less than 3-1/4- percent of milk fat. B. Milk Fat or butter fat.-Milk fat or butter fat is the fat of milk. C. Cream and sour cream.- Cream is a portion of milk which con- tains not less than 18 percent milk fat. Sour cream is cream the acidity of which is more than 0.20 percent, expressed as lactic acid. D. Skimmed milk.- Skimmed milk is milk from which a sufficient portion of milk fat has been removed to reduce its milk-fat percentage to less than 3-1/4 percent. E. Milk or skimmed-milk beverage.- A milk beverage or a skimmed- milk beverage is a food compound or confection consisting of milk or skimmed milk, as the case may be, to which has been added a sirup or flavor consisting of wholesome ingredients. F. Buttermilk.- Buttermilk is a product resulting from the churn- ing of milk or cream, or from the souring or treatment by a lactic acid or other culture of milk, skimmed milk, reconstituted skimmed milk, evaporated or condensed, milk, of skimmed milk, or milk or skimmed-milk powder. It contains not less than 8 percent of milk solids not fat. G. Vitamin D milk.- Vitamin D milk is milk the vitamin D content of which has been increased by a method and in an amount approved by the health officer. H. Reconstituted or recombined milk and cream.- Reconstituted or recombined milk is a product resulting from the recombining of milk constituents with water and which complies with the standards for milk fat and solids not fat of milk as defined herein. Reconstituted or recombined cream is a product resulting from the combination of dried cream, butter, or butter fat with cream, milk, skim milk, or water. 7-42 60 I. Goat Milk.- Goat milk is the lacteal secretion, free from colo- strum, obtained by the complete milking of healthy goats, and shall comply with all the requirements of this ordinance. The work "cows" shall be interpreted to include goats. J. Homogenized milk.- Homogenized milk is milk which has been treated in such maxoner as to insure break-up of the fat globules to such an extent that after IS hours storage no visible cream separation occurs on the milk and the fat percentage of the top 100 cc. of milk in a quart bottle, or of proportionate volumes in containers of other sizes, does not differ by more than 5 percent of itself from the fat percentage of the remaining milk as determined after thorough mixing. K. Milk products.- Milk products shall be taken to mean and in- clude cream, sour cream, homogenized milk, goat milk, vitamin D milk, buttermilk, skimmed milk, reconstituted or recombined milk and cream, milk beverages, skimmed-milk beverages, and any other products made by the addition of any substance to milk or any of these products and used for similar purposes and designated as a milk product by the health officer. L. Pasteurization.- The terms ’’pasteurization,” ’’pasteurized,” and similar terms shall be taken to refer to the process of heating every particle of milk or milk products to at least 14-3° F,, and holding at such temperature for at least 30 minutes, or to at least 160° F., and holding at such temperature for at least 15 seconds, in approved and properly operated equipment; Provided, That nothing con- tained in this definition shall be construed as disbarring any other process which has been demonstrated to bo equally efficient and is approved by the State health authority. M. Adulterated milk and milk products.- Any milk or milk product which contains any unwholesome substance, or which if defined in this ordinance does not conform with its definition, or which carries a grade label unless such grade label has been awarded by the health officer and not revoked, shall be deemed adulterated and misbranded. N. Milk producer.- A milk producer is any person who owns or con- trols one or more cows, a part or all of the milk or milk products from which is sold or offered for sale. O. Milk distributor.- A milk distributor is any person who offers for sale or sells to another any milk or milk products for human con- sumption as such. P. Dairy or dairy farm.- A dairy or dairy farm is any place or premises where one or more cows are kept, a part or all of the milk or milk products from which is sold or offered for sale. Q. Milk plant.- A milk plant is any place or premises or esta- blishment where milk or milk products are collected, handled, pro- cessed, stored, bottled, pasteurized, or prepared for distribution. R. Health officer.- The term ’’health officer” shall mean the health authority of the city of , or his authorized representative. The health officer of the County of or his duly authorized representative, is hereby designated as health officer of the City 2 of for the purpose of the enforcement of this ordinance, end he or his duly authorized representative shall have full authority to enforce this ordinance within the corporate limits of the City of , S. Average bacterial plate count, direct microscopic count, reduction time, and cooling temperature.- Average bacterial plate count end average direct microscopic count shall be taken to mean the logarithmic average, and average reduction time and average cooling temperature shall be taken to mean the arith- metic average, of the respective results of the last four consecutive samples, taken upon separate days, irrespective of the date of grading or regrading. T. Grading period.- The grading period shall be such period of time as the health officer may designate within which grades shall be determined for all milk and milk products, provided that the grading period shall in no case exceed 6 months. U. Person.- The word "person” as used in this ordinance shall mean "person, firm, corporation, or association." V. And/or.- Where the term "and/or" is used "and" shall apply where possible, otherwise "or" shall apply, SECTION 2. The sale of adulterated, misbranded, or ungraded milk or milk products prohibited.- No person shall within the city of , or its police jurisdiction, produce, sell, offer, or expose for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell, any milk ormilk product which is adulterated, misbranded, or ungraded. It shall be unlawful for any person, elsewhere than in a private home, to have in possession any adulterated, misbranded, or ungraded milk or milk product. SECTION 3. Permits. It shall be unlawful for any person to bring into or receive into the city of , or its police jurisdiction, for sals, or to sell, or offer,.for sale therein, or to have in storage where milk or milk products are sold or served, any milk or milk product defined in this ordi- nance, who does not possess a permit from the health officer of the city of • Only a person who complies with the requirements of this ordinance shall be entitled to receive and retain such a permit. Such a permit may be suspended by the health officer, or revoked after an opportunity for a nearing by the health officer, upon the violation by the hol- der of any of the terms of this ordinance. SECTION 4-. Labeling and Placarding.- All bottles, cans, packages, and other containers enclosing milk or any milk product defined in this ordinance shall be plainly labeled or marked with (l) the name of the contents as given in the definitions in this ordinance; (2) the grade of the contents; (3) the word "pasteurized" only if th contents have been pasteurized; (4) the word "raw" only if the contents are raw; (5) the phrase "for pasteurization" if the con- tents are to be pasteurized; (6) the name of the producer if the contents are r$w, and the name of the plant at which the contents ./ore pasteurized, if the contents are pasteurized; and (7) in the case of vitamin D milk, the designa- tion "Vitamin D Milk" ~nd the source of the vitamin D. The label or mark shall be in letters of a size, kind, and color approved by the health officer .and shall contain no marks or words which are misleading. Every restaurant, cafe, soda fountain, or other establishment serving milk or milk products shall display at all times, in a place designated by the health officer, a notice approved by the health offi- cer, stating the lowest'.grade of milk and/or milk products served. SECTION 5. Inspection of dairy farms and milk plants for the pur- pose of grading or regrading.- At least once during each grading period the health officer shall inspect all dairy farms and all milk plants whose milk or milk products are intended for consumption within , or its police jurisdiction. In case the health officer discovers the violation of any item of sanita- tion, he shall make a second inspection after a lapse of such time as he deems necessary for the defect to be remedied, but not before the lapse of 3 days; and the second inspection shall be used in determin- ing the grade of milk and/or milk products. Any violation of the same item jf this ordinance on two consecutive inspections shall call for immediate degrading. One copy of the inspection report shall be posted by the health officer in a conspicuous place upon an inside wall of one of the dairy farm or milk plant buildings,- and said inspection report shall not be defaced or removed by any person except the health officer. Another copy of the inspection report shall be filed with the records of the health department. SECTION 6. The examination of milk and milk products.- During each grading period at least four samples of milk and cream from each dairy farm and each milk plant shall be taken on separate days and ex- amined by the health officer. Samples of other milk products may be taken and examined by the health officer as often as he deems necess- ary. Samples of milk and milk products from stores, cafes, soda fountains, restaurants, and other places where milk or milk products are sold shall be examined as often as the health officer may require. Bacterial plate counts and direct microscopic counts shall be made in conformity with the latest standard methods recommended by the Ameri- can Public Health Association. Examinations may include such other chemical and physical determinations as the health officer may deem necessary for the detection of adulteration, these examinations to be made in accordance with the latest standard methods of the American Public Health Association and the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Samples may be taken by the health officer at any time prior to the final delivery of the milk or milk products. All pro- prietors of stores, cafes, restaurants, soda fountains, and other simi- lar places shall furnish the health officer, upon his request, with the names of all distributors from whom their milk and milk products are obtained. Bioassays of the vitamin D content of vitamin D milk shall be made when required by the health officer in a laboratory approved by him for such examinations. Whenever the average bacterial count, the average reduction time, or the average cooling temperature falls bey jnd the limit for the grade then held, the health officer shall send written notice thereof to the person concerned, and shall take an additional sample, but not before the lapse of 3 days, for determining a new average in 5 accordance with section 1 (S). Violation of the grade requirement by the new average or by any subsequent average, during the remainder of the current grading period shall call for immediate degrading or sus- pension of the permit, unless the last individual result is within the grade limit. SECTION 7. The grading of milk and milk products.- At least once every six months the health officer shall announce the grades of all milk and milk products delivered by all producers or distributors and ultimately consumed within , or its police jurisdiction. Said grades shall be based upon the follow- ing standards, the grading of milk products being identical with the grading of milk except that the bacterial standards shall be doubled in the case of cream, and omitted in the case of sour cream and but- termilk. Vitamin D milk shall be only of grade A or grade B pas- teurized, certified, or grade A raw quality. Certified Milk-Raw.- Certified milk-raw is raw milk which con- forms with the requirements of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions in force at the time of production and is produced under the supervision of a medical milk commission and of the State board of health or of the city or county health officer of • Grade A Haw Milk.- Grade A raw milk is raw milk the average bac- terial plate count of which as determined under sections 1 (S) and 6 of this ordinance does not exceed 50,000 per cubic centimeter, or the average direct microscopic count of which does not exceed 50,000 per cubic centimeter if clumps are counted or 200,000 per cubic centimeter if individual organisms are counted, or the average reduction time of which is not less than 8 hours: Provided, that if it is to be pas- teurized the corresponding limits shall be 200,000 per cubic centi- meter, 200,000 per cubic centimeter, 800,000 per cubic centimeter, and 6 hours, respectively; and which is produced upon dairy farms concorm- ing with all of the following items of sanitation. ITEM Ir. Cows, tubercu1os1s and other diseases.- Except as pro- vided hereinafter, a tuberculin test of all herds and additions- there- to shall be made before any milk therefrom is sold, and at least once every 12 months thereafter, by a licensed veterinarian approved by the State livestock sanitary authority. Said tests shall be made and any reactors disposed of in accordance with the requirements approved by the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry for accredited herds. A certificate signed by the veterinarian or attested to by the health officer and filed with the health officer shall be evidence of the above test: Provided, that in modified accre- dited counties in which the modified accredited area plan is applied to the dairy herds the modified accredited area system approved by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry shall be accepted in lieu of annual testing. All milk and milk products c onsumed raw shall be from herds or additions thereto which have been fjund free from Bang!s disease, as shown by blood serum tests for agglutinins against Brucella abortus made in a laboratory approved by the health officer. All such herds shall be retested at least every twelve months and all reactors re- moved from the herd. A certificate identifying each animal by number, and signed by the laboratory making the test, shall be evidence of the above test. Cows which show an extensive or entire induration of one or more quarters of the udder upon physical examination, whether secreting abnormal milk or not, shall be permanently excluded from the milking herd. Cows giving bloody, stringy, or otherwise abnormal milk, but with only slight induration of the udder, shall be excluded from the herd until re-examination shows that the milk has become normal. For other diseases such tests and examinations as the health offi- cer may require shall be made.at intervals and by methods prescribed by him, and any diseased animals or reactors shall be disposed of as he may require. ITEM 2r. Dairy barn. lighting.- A dairy or milking barn shall be required and in such sections thereof where cows are milked windows shall be provided and kept clean and so arranged as to insure adequate light properly distributed, and when necessary shall be provided with adequate supplementary artificial light. ITEM 3r. Dairy barn, air space and ventilation.- Such sections of all dairy barns where cows are kept or milked shall be well venti- lated and shall be so arranged as to avoid overcrowding. ITEM J+v. Dairy barn, floors.- The floors and gutters of such parts of all dairy barns in which cows are milked shall be constructed of concrete or other approved impervious and easily cleaned material, shall be graded to drain properly, and shall be kept clean and in good repair. Water shall be piped into the dairy barn under pressure. No horses, pigs, fowl, calves, etc., shall be permitted in parts of the barn used for milking. ITEM 5r. Dairy barn, walls and ceilings.- The walls and ceilings of all dairy barns shall be whitewashed once each year or painted once every two years, or oftener if necessary, or finished in an approved manner, and shall be kept clean and in good repair. In case there is a second story above that part of the barn in which cows are milked, the ceiling shall be tight. If the feed room adjoins the milking space, it shall be separated therefrom by a dust-tight parti- tion and door. No feed shall be stored in the milking portion of the barn. ITEM 6r. Dairy barn, cow yard*- All cow yards shall be graded and drained as well as practicable and kept clean. ITEM 7r. Manure disposal.- All manure shall be removed and stored or disposed of in such manner as best to prevent the breeding of flies therein or the access of cows to piles thereof. ITEM Br. Milk house or room, construction.- There shall be pro- vided a milk house or milk room in which the cooling, handling, and storing of milk and milk,products and the washing, bactericidal treat- ment, and storing of milk containers and utensils shall be done, (a) The milk house or room shall be provided with a tight floor construct- ed of concrete or other impervious material, in good repair, and graded to provide proper drainage. (b) It shall have walls and ceil- ings of such construction as to permit easy cleaning, and shall be well painted or finished in an approved manner. (c; It shall be well lighted and ventilated. (d) It shall have all openings effectively screened including outward-opening, self-closing doors, unless other effective means are provided to prevent the entrance of flies, (e) It shall be used for no other purposes than those specified above ex- cept as may be approved by the health officer; shall not open directly into a stable or into any room used for domestic purposes; shall have water piped into it under pressure, and shall be provided with adequate facilities for the heating of water for the cleaning of utensils; shall be equipped with a two-compartment stationary wash and rinse vat, ex- cept that in case of retail raw milk, if chlorine is employed as the principle bactericidal treatment, the three-compartment type must bo- used; and in the case of milk for pasteurization, if chlorine is em- ployed as the principal bactericidal agent, three-compartment vats shall be required for replacements and new construction; and shall, un- less the milk is to be pasteurized, be partitioned to separate the handling of milk and the storage of cleansed utensils from the clean- ing and other operations, which shall be so located and conducted as to prevent any contamination of the milk or of cleaned equipment. ITEM 9r. Milk house or room, cleanliness and flies.- The floors, walls, ceilings, and equipment of the milk house or room shall be kept clean at all times. All means necessary for the elimination of flies shall be used. ITEM lOr. Toilet.- Every dairy farm shall be provided with one or mjre flush toilets conveniently located, and connected to an approved- sewage disposal system, or with one or more sanitary privies conven- iently located, constructed, operated and maintained in accordance with the recommendations of the State Board of Health. ITEM Hr. Water Supply.- The water supply for the milk house or room and dairy barn shall be properly located, constructed and oper- ated, and shall be easily accessible, adequate, and of safe sanitary quality. ITEM 12r. Utensils. Construction.- All multi-use containers or other utensils used in the handling, storage, or transportation of milk or milk products must be made of smooth nonabsorbent material and of such construction as to be easily cleaned, and must be in good re- pair. Joints and seams shall be soldered flush. Woven wire cloth shall net be used for straining milk. All milk pailsshall be of small- mouth design approved by the health officer. The manufacture, packing, transportation, and handling of single-service containers and con- tainer caps and covers shall be conducted in a sanitary manner. All strainers shall be equipped with sterilized single-service filter discs. ITEM 13r. Utensils, cleaning.- All multi-use containers, equip- ment and other utensils used in the handling, storage, or transporta- tion of milk and milk products must be thoroughly cleaned as soon as practicable after each usage. ITEM 14r. Utensils, bactericidal treatment.- All multi-use con- tainers, equipment, and other utensils used in the handling, storage, or transportation of milk or milk products shall between each usage be subjected to an approved bactericidal process with steam, chlorine, or hot air. ITEM 15r. Utensils, storage.- All containers and other utensils used in the handling, storage, or transportation of milk or milk pro- ducts shall be stored so as not to become contaminated before being used. Filter discs shall be kept in the original container and stored in closed cabinets. 8 ITEM l6r. Utensils, handling;.- After bactericidal treatment no container or other milk or milk product utensil shall be handled in such manner as to permit any part of any person or his clothing to come in contact with any surface with which milk or milk products come in contact. ITEM 17r. Milking, udders and teats, abnormal milk.- The udders and teats of all milking cows shall be clean and rinsed with a bac- tericidal solution at the time of milking. Abnormal milk shall be kept out of the milk supply and shall be so handled and disposed of as to preclude the infection of the cows and the contamination of milk utensils. ITEM I8r. Milking, flanks.- The flanks, bellies, hind legs, and tails of all milking cows shall be free from visible dirt at the time of milking. ITEM 19r. Milkers1 hands.- Milkers* hands shall be clean, rinsed with a bactericidal solution, and dried with a clean towel immediately before milking and following any interruption in the milking operation. Wet-hand milking is prohibited. Convenient facilities shall be pro- vided for the washing of milkers* hands. ITEM 20r. Clean clothing.- Milkers and milk handlers shall wear clean outer garments while milking or handling milk, milk products, containers, utensils, or equipment. ITEM 21r. Milk stools.- Milk stools shall be kept clean. ITEM 22r. Removal of milk.- Each pail of milk shall be removed immediately to the milk house or straining room. No milk shall be strained or poured in the dairy barn. ITEM 23r. Cooling.- Milk must be cooled immediately after com- pletion of milking to 50° F., or less, and maintained at that average temperature, as defined in Section 1 (S), until delivery. If milk is delivered to a. milk plant or receiving station for pasteurization or separation, it must be delivered within 2 hours after completion of milking or cooled to 70° F,, or less and maintained at that average temperature until delivered. ITEM 24-r. Bottling and Capping.- Milk and milk products shall be bottled and capped by means of an approved combination bottling and capping machine. Caps or cap stock shall be purchased in sanitary containers and kept therein in a clean dry place until used. Cap con- tainers shall be stored so as to prevent contamination. Hand capping is prohibited. ITEM 25r. Pers onnel, Health.- The health officer or a physician authorized by him shall examine and take a careful morbidity history of every person connected with a retail raw dairy, or about to be em- ployed, v/hose work brings him in contact with the production, handling, storage, or transportation of milk, milk products, c mtainers, or equipment. If such examination or history suggests that such person may be a carrier of or infected with the organisms of typhoid or para- typhoid fever or any other communicable diseases likely to be trans- mitted through milk, he shall secure appropriate specimens of body discharges and cause them to be examined in a laboratory approved by him or by the State health authorities f or such examinations, and if the results justify such person shall be barred from such employment. 9 Such persons shall furnish such information, submit to such phy- sical examinations, and submit such laboratory specimens as the health officer may require for the purpose of determining freedom fron infec- tion. ITEM 26r. Miscellaneous.-All vehicles used for the transportation of milk or milk products shall be so constructed and operated as to protect their contents from the sun and from contamination. All ve- hicles used for the transportation of milk or milk products in their final delivery containers shall be constructed with permanent tops and with permanent or roll-down sides and back, provided that openings of the size necessary to pass the delivery man may be permitted in the sides or back for loading and unloading purposes. All vehicles shall be kept clean, and no substance capable of contaminating milk or milk products shall be transported with milk or milk products in such man- ner as to permit contamination. All vehicles used for the distribu- tion of milk or milk products shall have the name of the distributor prominently displayed. The immediate surroundings of the dairy shall be kept in a neat, clean condition. Grade B raw milk.-Grade B raw milk is raw milk which violates the bacterial standard and/or the abortion testing requirement for grade A raw milk, but which conforms with all other requirements for grade A raw milk, and has an average bacterial pla count not exceeding 1, 000,000 per cubic centimeter, or an average direct microscopic count not exceeding 1,000,000 per cubic centimeter if clumps are counted or 4,000,000 per cubic centimeter if individual organisms are counted, or an average reduction time of not less than 3 1/2 hours as determined under sections 1 (S) and 6. Grade C raw milk.- Grade C raw milk is raw milk which violates any of the requirements for grade B raw milk. Certified milk - pasteurized.-Certified milk-pasteurized is cer- tified milk-raw which has been pasteurized, cooled, and bottled in a milk plant conforming with the requirements for grade A pasteurized milk. Grade A pasteurized milk.- Grade A pasteurized milk is grade A raw milk, with such exceptions as are indicated if the milk is to be pasteurized, which has been pasteurized, cooled, and bottled in a milk plant conforming with all of the following items of sanitation and the average bacterial plate count of which at no time after pasteurization and until delivery exceeds 30,000 per cubic centimeter, as determined under sections 1 (S) and 6. The grading of a pasteurized-milk supply shall include the in- spection of receiving and collecting stations with respect to items Ip to 15p, inclusive, and 17p, 19p 22p and 23p, except that the par- titioning requirement of item 5p shall not apply. ITEM Ip. Floore.- The floors of all rooms in which milk or milk products are handled or stored or in which milk utensils are washed shall be constructed of concrete or other equally impervious and easi- ly cleaned material and shall be smooth, properly drained, provided with trapped drains, and kept clean. ITEM 2p. Walls and ceilings.- Walls and ceilings of rooms in which milk or milk products are “handled or stored or in which milk or milk utensils are washed shall have a smooth, washable, light colored surface and shall be kept clean. ITEM 3p. Doors and windows.- Unless other effective means are pro- vided to prevent the access of flies, all openings into the outer air shall be effectively screened and doors shall be self-closing. ITEM 4p, Lighting and ventilation.- All rooms shall be well light- ed and ventilated. ITEM 5p. Miscellaneous protection from contamination.-The various milk plant operations shall be so located and conducted as to prevent any contamination of the milk or of the cleaned equipment. All means necessary for the elimination of flies shall be used. There shall be separate rooms for (a) the pasteurizing, processing, cooling and bot- tling operations, and (b) the washing and bactericidal treatment of containers. Cans of raw milk shall not be unloaded directly into the pasteurizing room. Pasteurized milk or milk products shall not be per- mitted to come in contact with equipment with which unpasteurized milk or milk products have been in contact, unless such equipment has first been thoroughly cleaned and subjected to bactericidal treatment. Rooms in which milk, milk products, cleaned utensils, or containers are handled or stored shall not open directly into any stable or living quarters. The pasteurization plant shall be used for no other purposes than the processing of milk and milk products and the operations inci- dent thereto, except as may be approved by the health officer, ITEM 6p Toilet facilities.- Every milk plant shall be provided with toilet facilities conforming with the ordinances of the city of . Toilet rooms shall not open directly into any room in which milk, milk products, equipment, or containers are handled or stored. The doors of all toilet shall be self-clos- ing. Toilet rooms shall be kept in a clean condition, in good repair, and well ventilated. No privies shall be permitted at any milk plant. ITEM 7p. Water supply.- The water supply shall be easily accessi- ble, adequate, and of a safe, sanitary quality. ITEM Bp.Hand-washing facilities.-Convenient hand-washing facili- ties shall be provided, including warm running water, soap, and approved sanitary towels. The use of a common towel is prohibited. ITEM 9p. Sanitary piping.-A11 piping used to conduct milk or milk products shall be ,fsanitary milk piping" of a type which can be easily cleaned with a brush. Pasteurized milk and milk products shall be con- ducted from one piece of.ne of the above grades the health officer is authorized to revoke his permit or in lieu thereof to degrade his product and permit its sale during a temporary periodnot exceeding 30 days or in emergencies such longer period as he may deem necessary. SECTION 9. Supplementary grading prescribed and regrading author- ized.- If, at any time between the regular announcements of the grades of milk pr milk products, a lower grade shall become justified, in accordance with sections $, 6, and 7 of this ordinance, the health officer shall immediately lower the grade of such milk or milk pro- ducts, and shall enforce proper labeling and placarding thereof. Any producer or distributor of milk or milk products the grade of which has been lowered by the health officer, and who is properly labeling his milk and milk products, may at any time make application for the regrading of his products. Upon receipt of a satisfactory application, in case the lowered grade is the result of an excessive average bacterial plate count, direct microscopic count, reduction time, or cooling temperature, the health officer shall take further samples of the applicants output, at a rate of not more than two samples per week. The health officer shall regrade the milk or milk products upward whenever the average of the last four sample results indicates the necessary quality, tut not before the lapse of two weeks from the date of degrading. In case the lowered grade of the applicants product is cue to a violation of an item of the specifications prescribed in section 7, other than average bacterial plate count, direct microscopic count, re- duction time, or cooling temperature, the said application must be accompanied by a statement signed by the applicant to the effect that the violated item of the specifications has been conformed with. With- in 1 week of the receipt of such an application and statement the health officer shall make a reinspection of the applicants establish- ment, and thereafter as many additional reinspections as he may deem necessary to assure himself that the applicant is again complying with the higher-grade requirements, and, in case the findings justify, shall regrade the milk or milk products upward, but not before the lapse of two weeks from the date of degrading, SECTION 10. Transferrins or dip-ping milk; delivery containers: handling of more than jnc grade: delivery of milk at quarantined resi- 'donees.-Except as permitted in this section, no milk producer or dis- tributor shall transfer milk or milk products fr 3m one container to another on the street, or in any vehicle or store, or in any place ex- cept a bottling or milk room especially used for that purpose. The sale of dip milk is hereby prohibited. All pasteurized milk and milk products shall be placed in their final delivery containers in the in which they are pasteurized, and all raw. milk and milk products sold for consumption in the raw state shall be placed in their final delivery containers at the farm at which they are produced. Milk and milk products sold in the dis- tributor *s containers in quantities less than 1 gallon shall be de- livered in standard milk bottles or in single-service containers. It shall be unlawful for hotels, soda fountains, restaurants, groceries, and similar establishments to sell or serve any milk or milk products except in the original container in which it was received from the distributor or from a bulk container equipped with an approved dispen- sing device: Provided, That this requirement shall not apply to cream consumed on the premises, which may be served from the original bottle or from a dispenser approved for such service. It shall be unlawful for any hotel, soda fountain, restaurant, grocery, or similar establishment to sell or serve any milk or milk products which have not been maintained, while in its possession, at a temperature of 50° F., or less. No milk or milk products shall be permitted to come in cjntact with equipment with which a lower grade of milk or milk product has been in contact unless such equipment has first been thoroughly cleaned and subjected to bactericidal treatment. Bottled milk or milk products, if stored in water, shall be so stored that the tops )f the bottles will not be submerged. It shall be the duty of all persons to whom milk or milk products are delivered to clean thoroughly the containers in which such milk or milk products are delivered before returning such containers. Appara- tus, containers, equipment, and utensils used in the handling, storage, processing, or transporting of milk or milk products shall not be used for any other purpose without the permission of the health officer. The delivery of milk or milk products to and the collection of milk or milk products containers fr ora residences in which cases of communicable disease transmissible through milk supplies exist shall be subject to the special requirements of the health officer. 14- section 11, Milk and milk products from points beyond the limits of routine inspection of Milk and milk products from points beyond the limits of routine inspection of may not be sold in or its police jurisdiction, unless produced and/or pas- teurized under provisions equivalent to the requirements of this ordi- nance; provided that the health officer shall satisfy himself that the health officer having jurisdiction over the production and processing is properly enforcing such provisions. SECTION 12. Future dairies and milk slants.-All dairies and milk plants from which milk or milk products are supplied to which are hereafter constructed, reconstructed, or extensively altered shall conform in their construction to the re- quirements of this ordinance for grade A dairy farms producing milk for consumption in the raw state, or for grade A pasteurization plants, respectively: Provided, That the requirement of a two-room milk house shall be waived in the case of dairies the milk from which is to be pasteurized. Properly prepared plans for all dairies and milk plants which are hereafter constructed, reconstructed, or extensively altered shall be submitted to the health officer for approval before work is begun. In the case of milk plants signed approval shall be obtained from the health officer and/or the State health department. SECTION 13. Notification of disease.- Notice shall be sent to the health officer immediately by any producer or distributor of milk or milk products upon whose dairy farm or in whose milk plant any infec- tious, contagious, or communicable disease occurs. SECTION 14. Procedure when infection suspected.-When suspicion arises as to the possibility of transmission of infection from any per- son concerned with the handling of milk or milk products, the health officer is authorized to require any or all of the following measures: (l) the immediate exclusion of that person from milk handling, (2) the immediate exclusion of milk supply concerned, from distribution and use, (3) adequate medical and bacteriological examination of the person, of his associates, and of his and their body discharges, SECTION 15. Enforcement interpretation.-This ordinance shall be enforced by the health officer in accordance with the interpretation thereof contained in the 1939 edition of the United States Public Health Service Milk Code, a certified copy of which shall be on file in the office of the of . SECTION 16, Penalty.-Any person who shall violate any of the pro- visions of this ordinance shall, conviction, be fined not more than dollars, or imprisoned not more than days, or both, in the discretion of the court. Each and every violation of the provisions of this ordinance will constitute a separate offense. SECTION 17. Repeal and date of effect.-All ordinances and parts of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance are hereby repealed; and this ordinance shall be in full force and effect immediately upon its adoption and its publication, as provided by law, SECTION IB. Unconstituti mality clause.- Should any section, para- graph, sentence, clause, or phrase of this ordinance be declared un- constitutional or invalid for any reason, the remainder of said ordi- nance shall not be affected thereby. 7-42