SANITARY SURVEY 
0 ff 
MONROE , MICH. 
By 
J. Lester Kobacker. 
During the Summer of 1923. INTRODUCTION 
The city of Monroe ,Michigan is situated in 
the southeastern corner of the state ,about 15 miles north 
of the Ohio boundry and 2 miles from the shore of Lake 
Erie, on the river Raisin. It is 40 miles southwest of 
Detroit and about 20 miles northeast of Toledo. The little 
city is the county seat of Monroe county and numbers its 
inhabitants at approximately 14,000 . These include many 
retired farmers and old settlers. The foreign population • 
is very small , even the transient unskilled labor in the 
mills being composed chiefly of southerners rather than of 
foreigners. 
The land now occupied by the city belonged 
originally to the Brie tribe of Indians. The land in suc- 
cession fell to the Pottawattomies, Hurons and finally once 
again to the Pottawattomies. 
The first white settler s was one ColJ?rancia 
Ueyarre who purchased a tract of land from the PottawattomieS 
along the river Raisin in 1785. Within a short time there 
were a hundred families in the neighborhood, chiefly French 
from Detroit. The river, which now flows thru the city was 
called Riviere au Raisin by the French in token of the chief 
product grown on its banks at the time. This was corrupted 
later to river Raisin which if not an exact translation is 
at least, as euphcnl'ow as the original French 
About 1790 a treaty was concluded between the 
Indians and the United States ceding land from the river 
Raisin to Lake St.Clair and three years later the first set- 
tlement sprang up. 2 
Despite the treaty the Indians began to grow 
dissatisfied and under the leadership of Tecumseh and Ell- 
shwa-twa, the restlessness crystalized in an effort 
to expel the settlers in 1807* 
The village was at this time, known as French 
town and numbered 1340 settlers. The war of 1812 found in 
French-town one of its chief stages for thrilling encounters, 
massacres, etc. 
The war at an end,the number of inhabitants was 
found to be sufficient to warrant consideration of a city 
and shortly thereafter a court house was erected and the name 
was changed to Monroe in honor of President Monroe. 
The first village election occurred in 1827. In 
1837 a charter was granted the city by the state and it was 
regranted in 1871 and 1896. 
From earliest days Monroe has been a grain center 
and it still occupies this position. It also is quite a cen- 
tral point for lake fisheries. However its greatest industry 
by far, is its great paper plants which turn out paper pro- 
ducts of all sorts in 3uch quantity as to give the city right 
to a place among the few great homes of the paper industry. 
The' first mill to engage in this industry began in 1834 and 
there has been a constant growth and addition until at the 
present time one company out of half a dozen,alonerhas five 
huge plants in operation. 
As has been suggested,the city of Monroe lies 
on a flat shore line removed a scant 2 miles from the vmter 
front. The distance between the city and the lake is largely 
marsh lands sloping ever so gently down into the water. 3 
The entire drainage is in general southeast 
with seldom more slope than a drop of 4 feet to the mile. 
The city lies in the bed of an old river which 
even now meanders quietly thru it and once in awhile,en- 
gorged by ice and enraged by the spring freshets ,rises 
wildly,takes possession once again of its gift to man- its 
broad flood plains- and the lower parts of the city become 
inundated. In consequence of this fact, a rich silt is 
spread over the valley and all about the city fertile lahd 
produces unsurpassed crops. 
In addition to its other natural blessings, 
Monroe has a climate typical of the great lakes district. 
Situated on the shore of Lake Brie, the cool breezes in the 
summer and mild winds in the winter temper the extremes of 
temperature. The rainfall is fairly abundant and the crops 
of wheat,corn and grapes flourish abundantly in the sur- 
rounding neighborhood. 
The city lies on both sides of the river which 
is itself t0Q shallow for navigation. It has advantages of 
location as far as natural beauty and conditions making for 
good sanitary conditions go. We shall see in the ensuing 
chapters what use has been made of its natural advantages 
by the population of the city and how much yet remains to be 
acc omplished. 4 
THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT 
This organization is conspicuous because of its 
absence. For all practical purposes it is non existant,. Of- 
ficially it is constituted of four or five members of the 
city commission .meeting under the leadership of the city 
Health officer who is elected at the polls. In the memory 
of the present officials(and that dates back a number of 
years) no meeting has every been held. The present Health 
officer,one of the city's busiest physicians, accepted the 
title and occupied the official position ,in name only. This 
was necessitated dufe to the fact that the city physician 
could not occupy two positions simultaneously- yet he per- 
forms what ever duties might devolve on the health officer. 
The real encumbent,signs any papers brought him-other than 
that he is non-active. 
Thus it may been seen that the board- of health 
really consists of one may and that his work is really 
performed by another. This work consists of little other than 
inspecting wells and seeing that certain ordinances,as re- 
gards animals and so on, are enforced • 
The department is more than inadequate. It is 
practically nonfunctional. It gets its funds,when needed, thru 
the city commission which in Monroe, wields a most autocratic 
storerelgh%- in all municipal matters. 
the state is very cooperative and 
lends assistance in many ways. Bacteriological reports are 
all handled thru the state. The state compiles the various 
statistics and state authorities carry on inspections of most 
sanitary conditions. 5 
The amazing thing about the city is that 
despite all of its inadequate health department and lack 
of supelvision or even interest in the vari: ous hygeinic 
problems that normally confront the Board of Health,the 
city thrives. It enjoys a low,general, morbidity rate • 
The outbreaks of even the common deseases are infrequent 
and seldom severe. Surrounded by marsh land,malaria is un- 
known; with a poor water and a pooi^rsewage system,typhoid 
is not frequently seen and so it goes. Certainly one can 
ascribe the general good health only to the strange pranks 
of a propitious fate. It is certainly not due to the good 
management of the city Kygeine. 6 
THE WATER SUPPLY 
At the time of making this survey, one could 
scarcely complain of too great intricacy in Monroe*s method 
of obtaining water. The water is taken from Lake Erie and 
after chlorinization is purapfcd directly to the city. There 
is no cere lony of filtration or preliminary settling. As 
in all health matters, it seems that in the past the motto 
"Too many precautions result in no good ", has been the 
guiding spirit in the city. 
The water is taken from 4000 feet out in the 
lake. It flows by gravity to the pumping station , a distance 
of 6100 feet from the end of the intake pipe. The distance 
which the pipe extends into the water would seem at first 
glance rather short and it is perhaps wise to explain the 
reason for choosing this particular distance. 
The pipe at this point lies on a fairly firm 
shale and it has been found that as one proceeds further into 
the lake the bottom becomes mucky and soft. More over,the 
shores slope is so gradual that the gain in depth by extending 
out three or four miles would be negligible. Consequently 
here,ti.o authorities are making the most of the conditions at 
hand. 
The water taken in is, ofcourse, not always 
crystal clear but this is not given any consideration. The 
spring season brings with it the greatest amount of trouble 
and the water is,at this time, scareely tempting .even for 
bathing to those who possess any sense of the aesthetic.(see 
turbidity curve,fig.1 ). Luring the remainder of the year,there 
is only a bit of light clay now and then. 7 
When the water arrives at the pumping 
station it is, treated with liquid chlorine. The amount 
used varies from four to eight pounds per million gallons. 
The quantity used is determined by the laboratoiy reports 
on the condition of the water. 
Bach day three bacterial analyses are run 
on the water, each analysis being conducted on three samples. 
If any one report is bad, the water is considered unsatis- 
factory. The usual form used and the typical report is here- 
with presented. —— 
If the water is found to be withstanding the chlorinkzation 
then being utilized,the dose is augmented. 
A more comprehensive understanding of the 
amount of water*its treatment and condition over an extended 
period is obtainable from the accompanying graph (Fig.l, next 
page), than from any amount of written material. This graph 
is from daily reports over the period of January to 
June inclusive,1923 . Fig. 1 8 
A word may here be said as regards the 
general external influences operating7whieh might prove 
detrimental to Monroe's securing an uncontaminated supply. 
This is essential since the source of supply will remain 
unchanged after the installation of the new plant(described 
below). 
The city* as has been pointed out.lies midway 
between the two large cities.Detroit and Toledo. The former 
empties its sewage into the Detroit River?which in turn 
empties about 20 miles north of Monroe. Toledo runs its 
waste into the Maumee river which flows out into the lake 
about twenty miles south of Monroe. One might suppose there- 
fore that the water intake of the little city would be doubly 
contaminated. Reference to the map,(fig.2 ) will aid in 
comprehending the explanation hereinafter attempted. 
The arrow A represents the Detroit river flow - 
the arrow B, the Maumee flow. These two meeting,follow 
the mean course, arrow C . B takes unto itself the River 
Raisin current, D. The refuse from all large sources is thus 
carried away from the intake which lies about two miles north 
of the mouth of the river Raisin (X in fig.2) . Moreover the 
20 mile settling bed of the two large rivers is quite adequate 
to dispose of the greater part of the contaminated detritus. 
The little point just north of the mouth of the Raisin is an 
admirable means of shunting its waters away from the intake. Figure £- 9 
The winds are equally favorable. The chief 
winds are south-westers and northeasters while some cone di- 
rectly from the west. None of these would cause a directing 
of contaminated water into the intake,while south winds capa- 
ble of causing such damage do not blow except on rare oc- 
casions. The arrows 1 and 2, in fig.2. illustrate graphically 
the direction of the prevailing winds and their relations 
to the water supply. 
At present a modern filtration plant is 
in the course of construction. It is being built according 
to the most recent advances in hydraulic engineering .Outside 
the plant,settling basins are being constructedffig.3L 
Fig.3 
- '5 settling basins in course of construction’- 
From these the water will be lead to the filtration beds 
where a rapid sand filtration method is being installed.These 
are to have a capacity of four million gallons daily,more 
than enough to supply the city needs for some time to come. 
The water will be treated with liquid chlorine just as at 
present, to insure its reaching the people with no disease 
contamination. It is needless to remark that such a system 
has been a crying need of the city and that it will constitute 
an important advance in hygeinic conditions. 10 
It is perhaps worthy of note that the 
officials in charge of the water system are well trained 
and are quite capable of caring for the city's health, 
once the proper system and equipment has been given them • 11 
SEWAGE 
Let it never be said of this thriving town 
that it does not avail itself of the natural advantages 
placed at its disposal. The river Raisin constitutes one 
of these environmental advantages. It runs straight thru 
the center of the city thhuout its length and what could 
be simpler or easier on the city treasury, than to direct 
the sewage into the river in its original state, undivided 
and untreated? This is exactly what Monroe's system does. 
House sewage and Industrical waste alike are 
emptied into the river by a number of outlets-placed not 
below the city but all along the banks directly in the city. 
The theory is, that since the water sup ly is obtained else- 
where, the river is the logical and excellent disposal bed. 
Yet it would be supposed that the people would 
be somewhat alarmed at having a sewage outlet within three or 
four miles of the water intake even though the general 
currents would appear to safe-guard the water supply. Then too,, 
aesthetic considerations enter. There also must appeal to 
those in whose hands the city destiny rests, that there are 
easier tasks than that of restraining American Youth from 
swimming in a river which is attractively nearby. Since the 
spirit of Youth is incorrigible ,age must make provisions for 
it and so the mentors of Monroe have a duty as regards their 
sewage disposal, a duty which they have grossly neglected . 
The paper mills have strainers which retain much 
of the heavy pulp material yet all the remainder finds itself 
directly in the river. 12 
House sewage is not separated, Ho chemicals 
are employed. The sewage enters the river whole. 
It seems that certain suggestions might he 
ventured and they possibly could be acted on to advantage. 
1- industrial shops should be required to 
extend their refuse pipes to a point below the city. 
2- city should install a system of screening 
together with adequate chemical disinfection. 
These steps would adi certain apparent health 
safe guards,beautify the river and give the Health officials 
a certain peace of mind-which however appears little disturb- 
ed by anything. 13 
GARBAGE & REFUSE 
The method by which Monroe disposes of 
its refuse and garbage is very primitive. The city owns 
collecting wagons,covered after a fashion,,and the citizens 
pay a certain service fee for the collection. The garbage 
is taken by the wagon load to the public dump and there emp- 
tied. An octogenerian ,who is scarcely able to drag himself 
along, is entrusted with the duty of "burying" the matter. 
This consists in throwing a few showels full of earth over 
each load and perhaps making a bon— fire of certain portions, 
of the material. The old dump is located almost next to the 
site of the new water works and since work started on this 
structure, orders have been issued forbidding dumping of 
garbage or any putrefying material on the grounds-an order 
which has been entirely neglected as the picture below il- 
lustrates : 
Fig.4- 
This dump, is by the way, only across the street from a 
well populated neighborhood. 
The new dump is located a few blocks further 
out but still within the city. It is, as yet, not used a 
great deal. 14 
The officials realize the effects such 
eye--sores have on the actual health of the populace, yet they 
are handicapped by lack of funds. The most they can accom- 
plish is to look for a more suitable dumping grounds. 
As matters stand, the two large lots ,spoken 
of above?serve as the flies1 happy hunting ground. They 
breed in immense numbers in the midst of the half buried, 
decaying and putrefying material. Nor do the oders enhance 
the general pleasantness of the heighborhood . 
The city engineer was quite aroused over 
the matter but was entirely powerless. He showed with evident 
disgust a copy of a proposition he had made to the city 
commission which suggested a piggery- but this had been 
pigeon-holed. Now, after a year, the suggestion has not even 
come to discussion • In a. last effort to obtain some action 
he is about to suggest an inexpensive reduetion plant, such 
as were so largely employed during the late war. He is very 
skeptical as regards the chance of obtaining it, yet it is 
worth the final effort. 
Something must be done. The present method 
is as dangerous as it is antiquated. It would seem that a 
small reductl on plant, housed in an inexpensive cement bfi£ld- 
in& could be installed with a resulting profit to the communi- 
general health to say nothing of the profit that 
gradually accrues from the products obtained. But like other 
sanitary improvements in Monroe, it must,I suppose- await 
the will and pleasure of the city Commission. 15 
VITAL STATISTICS 
(Including an account of infectious diseases) 
The method of collecting and recording vital 
statistics is rather slipshod in Monroe. No attempt has been 
made by the local authorities to compile the statistics into 
workable form. In that the state keeps these figures in good 
shape,the local authorities hvoid the additional work by 
depending on the state officials. Ofcourse the state depart- 
ment finds itself handicapped by incomplete and unsystematic 
reports. 
The writer found that no compilation of births, 
deaths,or of the various reportable diseases had been made 
in the city, the blanks having been merely filed away for a 
long period of years. 
The cases of typhoid,scarlet fever,diphtheria, 
small pox and tuberculosis are reportable and the reports 
are required rather stringently. In addition measles , chicken 
pox,mumps,pertussis and influenza are reportable but cases 
are turned in, in a very descltary manner, exeeptioc- 
cassionally when an official state shake-up causes a temporary 
attention to the required reports. 
Venereal diseases are reportable by number. 
This is conscientiously observed by the authorities. 
The death and birth rate, are as follows- 
as obtained from the State Bureau of Vital Statistics; 
There is very patently a substantial margin of births over 
deaths but it is significant that the death rate has taken 
a decided rise in the first 6 months of the current year. 16 
The infant mortality figures are indeed 
enlightening, they are- 
One needs to know very little about vital statistics to 
obtain from such a group of figures a conception that the 
deaths are occuring at an appalling rate. The average is 
very nearly one in ten. The exact cause is not clearly ap- 
parent ,probably it is attributable to no one factor.Rather 
must we consider that the milk,lack of health control, 
general disregard of hygeinic construction or conduct have 
all contributed. 
The state department of health furnished 
the writer with certain figures regarding some diseases. The 
1919 and 1920 statistics were not available but those for 
1921 and 1922 are as follows: 
These figures serve a double purpose. First of all, they 
demonstrate that the oases of typhoid and tuberculosis are 
really very few,considering the conditions under which the 
£own exist(Vid.chapters on milk,sewage,etc.) Secondly: 
they bring to our attention the alarming negligence of the 
physicians in making proper returns of reports on disease. 
It taxes ones credulity" to believe that 
scarlet fever has not appeared in two years.and one must be 
extremely naive to accept with faith the statement,that 17 
Monroe has been fr6e of measles for an equal period. The 
health officer was quite frank in admitting that negligence 
was known to exist and was tolerated for long periods at 
a time. How and then,1he State Department of Health steps 
in with warnings and then for a time the situation improves. 
must occur to one that while the 
typhoid and tuberculosis figures are probably far more 
accurate than those for maashds and scarlet fever, yet in 
the presence of such carelessness as was evidenced in re- 
gard to the latter two diseases, it is very probable that 
the former two are not reported with extreme accuracy. 
With the exception of tuberculosis and the 
venereal infections, all infectious diseases are reportable 
on a uniform blank.(Fig.5.) . This blank is filed in the 
state department of Health and from the mass of such material 
the morbidity statistics may be computed. The City Health 
Department furnishes postals in blank form(Fig.6) which are 
to be returned, filled out, in cases of communicable diseases. 
Evidently these cards are service only in the immediate 
use, of placarding. They are said to be filed but they are 
used no further,that is to say, no attempt at compilation of 
the number of various diseases is made. 
Tuberculosis requires a special form in its 
report(Fig.7) .Physicians are required to report such cases 
as come to their attention within 24 hours . The report goes 
to the State Department of Health and so in turn is reported 
to the National Department . The blanks are in such form as 
to require thorough inquiry and description of the case 
on each one. 17-A 
Report termination of ail communicable disease except Tuberculosis and Venereal Disease on this blank. 
(Jurisdiction) 
FINAL REPORT OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE 
(Name of Disease) 
1 hereby certify that all requirements as to terminal disinfection were fully complied with. 
Health Officer for 
In Cooperation with U. S. Public Health Service 
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
R. M. OLIN, M. D., COMMISSIONER 
Date 
County of 
Date of Death. 
..Address 
Signed 
1 herewith report the termination of the case of 
Name of Patient 
(P. O. Address of H. O ) 
19 
Name of Attending Physician 
(Date) 
Date of Recovery.. 
reported on.. 
of 
Township 
Village 
City Fig.5 
PRELIMINARY REPORT 
Report each case occurring in household. 
191 
Monroe, Mich.,. 
Sir:—There has come to my knowledge a 
case of 
in the household of 
who resides at 
No. 
St. Ward 
The name of the person sick is 
age 
taken sick with this disease on the- 
day of 
191 
Important: Members of this household attend 
school. 
Yours respectfully, 
Dr. 
Fig. 6 IN COOPERATION WITH U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH—BUREAU OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE 
LLJ 
Use this blank for reporting all Communicable Diseases Except Tuberculosis and Venereal Disease 
REPORT OF CASE OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE. 
To be mailed to the Commissioner of the Michigan Department of Health, Lansing, Michigan, as soon as the Health Officer knows of there, being 
within his jurisdiction a case of communicable disease. 
REPORT OF A CASE OF 
(Nanws of disease) 
City 
Village 
Township 
Patient’s Name. 
Residence . 
of. 
County of.. 
If child, name and mail address of parent 
Occupation of patient 
Sex. 
Age.. 
Number of persons in household: Adults. 
Children. 
Taken sick with this disease on the 
Name of attending physician 
(Date) 
..day of. 
(Month) 
.192 
Has the infected house been conspicuously placarded? 
Address. 
Has the person sick with this disease been 
ordered isolated- 
Have all persons exposed to the disease been ordered isolated?. 
(Yes or no) 
For how long? 
(Yes or no) 
(Yes or no) 
Source of Infection?. 
Ir Smallpox, was patient ever successfully vaccinated?. 
When? 
Was patient or any member of household engaged in selling milk? 
(Date) 
192 
Signature 
Health Officer of 
(Name of jurisdiction) 
(Postoffice Address) 
L>o you need more report blanks?.. 
Pamphlets on this disease?. Fig.7 
Fig.8 IHJ 
In cooperation with U. S. Public Health Service 
PHYSICIAN’S NOTICE OF A CASE OF TUBERCULOSIS. 
6-24-21—10M 
This repmt is required by law to be made within twenty-four hours after such fact comes to the knowledge of the physician. These 
blanks may be obtained of local health officer.) 
To the health officer of the. 
(Township, city or village.) 
.of. 
(Name of township, city or village.) 
County of. 
State of Michigan. 
Name of patient. 
..Postoffice address. 
This patient resides in the.. 
(Township, city or village.) 
..of.. 
(Name of township, city or village.) 
Sex. 
.Age. 
.Color. 
..Nativity. 
Single 
Married 
Widowed 
Divorced 
Date of contraction of disease 
(Month) 
.192. 
Occupation of the patient at the time the disease was contracted. 
(a) Trade, profession or particular kind of work. 
(b) General nature of industry, business or establishment in which employed (or employer). 
Time (years or months) employed in this occupation. 
Other occupations engaged in, if any, by the patient after disease was contracted. 
(a) Trade, profession or particular kind of work.. 
(b) General nature of industry, business or establishment in which employed (or employer) 
Time employed in each. 
Place where last employed. 
Evidence upon which the diagnosis is made. 
Was sputum positive*. 
Part of body affected. 
.State of the disease. 
This notice is given by. 
(Date of making report.) 
(Street and postoffice address.) 
♦Sample of sputum should be furnished health officer for examination. (Container for collecting same supplied by health officer.) 
NOTE—As soon as the health officer receives this notice he should record the same in his lecord book and then forward this notice 
to the Michigan Department of Health, Lansing, Mich. When any part of the information required above cannot be obtained, this fact 
should be shown opposite the question, otherwise this report will be returned for correction. 
I hereby certify that the above named case was entered in my record book on the. 
(Date) 
day of. 
192 
(Month) 
Signed 
(Name of health officer.) Laboratory of Michigan Department of Health 
LANSING 
R. M. OLIN, M. D., Commissioner 
l-3#*2#—100M 
EXAMINATION FOR DIPHTHERIA 
HOUGHTON 
-M. D., Address. 
Physician’s name 
Health Officer’s name. 
,.M. D., County 
Address. 
Patient’s name 
.Address 
Age.. 
Membrane 
Duration of Disease. 
Location. 
.Temperature 
Color. 
Clinical Diagnosis 
..Has Antitoxin been Administered?. 
Is this specimen for diagnosis. 
.or for release. 
Previous results. 
Shall report be sent by telephone or telegraph at your expense? 
Send report to. 
Date and hour of collection. 
B. Diphtheria 
SPACE BELOW RESERVED TOR LABORATORY FINDINGS 
Streptococci 
B. Influenza 
B. rusiformis 
Micrococcus Catarrhalis 
Lep. Buccalis 
Pneumococci 
Saccharomyces 
Staphylococci 
Rec’d. 
Aris’d. 
.Examiner. Laboratory of Michigan Department of Health 
LANSING 
HOUGHTON 
Directions for taking Specimen from Throat for Bacteriologic Examination 
W Remember swabs are sterile when received and avoid contamination. 
No specimen will be examined unless taken in accordance with printed directions 
and blank on opposite side properly filled. 
Do not use disinfectant in the throat before taking specimen. 
Place the patient in a good light, if a child hold properly, depress tongue and rub 
the cotton swab gently but freely against margin of any visible exudate. Rotate the 
swab so that all portions of the cotton come in contact with the throat. 
If no exudate can be seen pass the swab far back and rub freely against the mucous 
membrane of the pharynx and tonsils. 
Replace the swab in glass tube and insert the cotton plug. 
Fill out blank on other side, wrap the tube carefully in cotton, roll up in this slip 
and insert both in mailing case, as received (Prepay Postage at Letter Rates) and mail 
at once to nearest Laboratory. 
All reports will be mailed immediately after examination. Reports by telephone or 
telegraph are at physician's expense and will be given only when requested. 18 
I include in this report a sample blank 
used to accompany a sv;ab suspected of being diphtheria(Fig.8) 
These examinations are conducted in the state laboratories. 
I submit,herewith.sample birth (Fig.9 ) and 
death(Fig.lO )certificates,filled out in due form.These 
forms are used in compiling the birth,death,and infant mor- 
tality rates. They also have medicoslegal bearing. The age 
of persons is obtainable legally only from the birth register 
and a parentage is also there recorded. The cause of death 
is the necessary part of the death certificate. Hence a 
physician must be called to render an opinion,thus eradicating 
% 
very largely the danger of having cleverly contrived murders 
escape notice • The legal time of demise is also obtainable 
from these records and there are certain other points of 
medico-legal importance. These certificates are full and 
complete, are bound as they come,and so constitute the perma- 
nent records of the state. 
In this chapter I have thought it wise 
to combine reports upon Vital Statistics ancl Infectious 
diseases. 
In the latter sphere there are still 
certain threads to be picked up and woven into the complete 
story. These are chiefly details concerning management of 
cases of aommunicable diseases. Fig. 9- 
Fig. 10. PLACE OF BIRTH 
Was father of this child in service in war 
MICHIGAN 
DIVISION OF VITAL STATISTICS 
MARGIN RESERVED FOR BINDING. 
WRITE PLAINLY, WITH UNFADING INK—THIS IS A PERMANENT RECORD. 
N. B.—In case of more than one child at a birth, a SEPARATE RETURN must be made for each, and the 
number of each in order of birth, stated. See instructions on back. 
County of.. 
against Germany 
If so, from what 
Township of. 
(State) 
and.. 
(County) 
Certificate of Birth 
or 
Village of.. 
Register No. 
or 
City of. 
(No. 
(If birth occurs in a hospital or other institution, give name of same 
instead of street and number.) 
...St., 
..Ward) 
FULL NAME 
OF CHILD 
If child Is not yet named, make 
supplemental report, as directed. 
Sex of 
child 
Twin, 
triplet, 
or other? 
Number 
in order 
of birth 
Date of 
Birth .... 
and 
Legiti- 
mate? 
(Month) 
(Day) 
19 
(Year) 
Full 
Name 
FATHER 
Full 
Maiden 
Name 
MOTHER 
Residence 
(P. O. Address) 
Residence 
(P. O. Address) 
Color 
or Race 
Age at Last 
Birthday.. 
Color 
or Race 
Age at Last 
Birthday 
(Years) 
(Years) 
Birthplace 
Birthplace 
Occupation 
(And Industry) 
Occupation 
(And Industry) 
Number of child of this mother 
Number of •children, of this mother, now living 
CERTIFICATE OF ATTENDING PHYSICIAN OR MIDWIFE.* 
at 
-M.} 
I hereby certify that I attended the birth of this child, who was . 
on the date above stated. 
(Born alive or stillborn.) 
Have eyes of child been treated with 
(Signature) . 
a prophylaxis solution?. 
Dated 
19. 
(Attending physician, midwife, father, etc.) 
Given or Christian name added from a 
Address 
supplemental report 
19 
Filed 
19 
Registrar. The People of tlie State of Michigan enact: 
Section 1. All births that occur in the state shall be immediately registered in the districts 
where they occur, which primary registration districts shall be the same as those provided tor 
the registration of deaths by act number two hundred seventeen of the public acts of eighteen 
hundred ninety-seven, as amended by acts numbers twenty and two hundred nine ot the public 
acts of nineteen hundred one. It shall be the duty of the attending physician, or in the absence 
of an attending physician, of any other person who shall gratuitously or tor hire, deliver a woman 
of child, or attend a woman in childbirth, to file a certificate of birth, properly and completely 
filled out with all the particulars required by this act, with the local registrar m the district, in 
which the birth occurred, within five days after the date of birth. And if there be no physician 
or other person, as above defined, in attendance, then it shall be tne duty 01 the father ot the 
child, householder, manager or superintendent of public or private institution, or other competent 
person having cognizance of the facts, to file said certificate of birth with tne registrar wi n 
five days after birth. 
Am. 1915, Act 295. , , . 
Section II. Any physician or other person who either gratuitously or for hire shall be m 
attendance upon a case of confinement who shall neglect or refuse to file a proper cert meats ol 
birth with the local registrar within the time required by this act, shall be deemed guilty ot a 
misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than five dollars nor more than 
fifty dollars, or shall be imprisoned not to exceed thirty days, or shah suffer both such fine and 
imprisonment at the discretion of the court. Any registrar who shall neglect or fail to enforce 
the provisions of this act in his district, or shall neglect or refuse to perform any ot the duties 
imposed upon him by this act or by the instructions and directions of the secretary ot state, 
shall be deemed guilty of a midsemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less 
than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars or be imprisoned not over thirty days, or snail 
suffer both such fine and imprisonment at tne discretion of the court. 
Am. 1915, Act 295. 
DUTY OF PHYSICIANS AND MID WIVES ATTENDING BIRTHS. 
The attending physician or midwife is required, under penalty provided in the law as quoted 
in the extract above, to file a properly made out; certificate_of birth with the towmship, \ulkg« 
or city clerk (or, in certain cities, with the health officer) \\ ITHIN IIVE DA Vo AFTER BIRTH. 
The local registrar is obliged, under penalty, to report violations of this requirement. No certiii- 
cate male fit in penciltrili be acceWWsE WRITEi raUNLY AND PAIM 
TO MAKE A CORRECT STATEMENT OF THE I ACTS REQUIRED BY LAW, AS -lFlE 
RECORD MAY BECOME OF GREAT LEGAL AND PERSONAL IMPORTANCE. 
DUTY OF REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS. 
1. Appoint a deputy to act only in illness, absence or other disqualifications of the registrar. 
2 Examine each certificate of birth when filed by the physician, midwife or other person 
and see that all of the items required by law are properly filled out. If 
to ascertain any fact, the space should be filled by the word Unknowns. DO NO! ACGLi i 
A CERTIFICATE MADE OUT IN PENCIL UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES No 
credit "will be given for it. A stillbirth sliould be registered both as a biith and as a death. 
3. Immediately record the certificate in the local registrar, numbering it in order begiimmg 
with "No. 1” for the first birth that occurs in each year. ENTER THE SAME NUMBER 
ON THE CERTIFICATE, WITH DATE OF FILING IN YOUR OFFICE AND YOUR 
OFFICIAL SIGNATURE. No certificates not properly numbered, dated and signed by the 
registrar will be credited. 
4. If Christian name is not stated in original return, issue a "Supplemental Report” blank 
to the reporter, and record when returned. 
5. Send in to Secretary of State all certificates of births in your possession when making 
your report of deaths on the FOURTH (4th) day of the month, except only those belonging to 
the month iust begun. 
6. Make quarterly transcript for County Clerk and at once report any violation or infraction 
of the law to the Secretary of State. All registrars should carefully read the entire law and refer 
to it or the Secretary of State in case of any difficulty or doubt in regard to the details of its ex- 
ecution. 
Copies of the law and blank certificates of birth will be supplied by the Local Registrar or b7 
the Secretary of State. 
(Fut)fic Act No, 330 ol 1005.) County 
1 PLACE OF DEATH 
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
Division of Vital Statistics 
Township 
CERTIFICATE OF DEATH 
Village 
Register No. 
MARGIN RESERVED FOR BINDING 
WRITE PLAINLY, WITH UNFADING INK—THIS IS A PERMANENT RECORD 
City 
(No.. 
(If death occurred in a hospital or institution, give its NAME instead of street and number) 
St. 
Ward) 
2 FULL NAME 
a) Residence No. 
Length of residence in city or town where death occurred 
(Usual place of abode) 
yrs. 
mos. 
ds. 
St., Ward 
How long in U. S., if of foreign birth? 
(If non-resident give city or town and state) 
yrs. 
mos. 
ds. 
PERSONAL AND STATISTICAL PARTICULARS 
MEDICAL CERTIFICATE OF DEATH 
3 SEX 
4 Color or Race 
5 Single, Married, Widowed or 
Divorced (Write the word) 
16 DATE OF DEATH 
(Month, day and year) 
17 
192 
5a If married, widowed or divorced 
HUSBAND of /7 
(or) WIFE of tVV^- 
I HEREBY CERTIFY, That I attended deceased from 
19 
to 
19 
that I last saw h. 
alive on. 
19. 
n d 
6 DATE OF BIRTH 
(Month, day and year) 
that death occurred on the date stated above at 
The CAUSE OF DEATH* was as follows; 
m. 
7 AGE 
Years 
Months 
Days 
If LESS than 
1 day hrs. 
OR . . . min. 
8 OCCUPATION OF DECEASED 
(a) Trade, profession or 
particular kind of work 
(duration) 
yrs. 
mos.. 
ds. 
(b) General nature of industry, 
business, or establishment in 
which employed (or employer) 
CONTRIBUTORY 
(Secondary) 
(duration) 
yrs. 
mos. 
. ds. 
9 BIRTHPLACE (city or town) 
(state or country) 
(c) Name of employer. 
18 Where was disease contracted 
If not at place of death? 
10 NAME OF FATHER 
Did an operation precede death? 
. Date of 
11 BIRTHPLACE 
OF FATHER (city or town) 
istate or country) 
Was there an autopsy? 
What test confirmed diagnosis*. . 
PARENTS 
(Signed) 
12 MAIDEN NAME 
OF MOTHER 
,d> 
, Address 
13 BIRTHPLACE 
OF MOTHER (city or town)' 
(state or country) 
*Sta#e the Disease Causing Death, or in deaths from Violent 
Causes, state (1) Means and Nature of Injury, and (2) whether Ac- 
cidental, Suicidal, or Homicidal. 
(See reverse side for further instructions.) 
H 
Informant 
19 PLACE OF BURIAL, CREMATION, 
OR REMOVAL 
Date of Burial 
(Address) 
15 
Filed. 
192 
20 UNDERTAKER 
Avjdress 
11 
Registrar. Instructions to Registrar.—The registered number 
should be entered immediately upon receipt at your office, 
and the date of filing in your office and your signature as 
registrar should be entered at the same time on the face of the 
certificate in the lower left-hand corner. 
■ Please examine the certificate carefully before making 
out the permit and call the attention of the undertaker or 
person in charge of the disposition of the body to any omis- 
sions. If any item cannot be obtained, the space should not 
be left blank nor a meaningless dash be used, but the word 
“Unknown”should be plainly written. Be particularly careful 
to see that the place of death is correctly stated. If out of 
your jurisdiction, do not register it, but see that it is filed with 
the registrar where the death occurred. 11 is not necessary 
to give the “Special Information,” except for death in institu- 
tions, etc. 
Do not fail to mail all certificates of death filed with you 
to the Michigan Department of Health, Lansing, Michigan, 
on the fourth (4th) day of the following month. Use the 
stamped return envelope provided for this purpose, and in- 
clude a Statement Card, properly filled out. 
Instructions to Sub-Registrars.—Licensed embalm- 
ers, when duly authorized by the State Health Commissioner 
to act as sub-registrars, may issue permits to themselves for 
deaths in villages or townships (but not in cities). They must 
first have the certificates completely and legibly filled out in 
ink, and must personally file all certificates with the registrars 
on or before the third day of the following month without 
fail. The certificates should not be numbered by the sub- 
registrars, but by the registrars who record and transmit as 
if originally filed with them. 
Statement of Occupation.—Precise statement of oc- 
cupation is very important, so that the relative healthfulness 
of various pursuits can be known. The question applies to each 
and every person, irrespective of age. For many occupations a 
single word or term on the first line will be sufficient, e. g., 
Farmer or Planter, Physician, Compositor, Architect, Loco- 
motive engineer, Civil engineer, Stationary fireman, etc. But 
in many cases, especially in industrial employments, it is 
necessary to know (a) the kind of work and also (b)the nature 
of the business or industry, and therefore an additional line 
is provided for the latter statement; it should be used only 
when needed. As examples: (a) Spinner, (b) Cotton mill; 
(a) Salesman, (b) Grocery; (a) Foreman, (b) Automobile factory. 
The material worked on may form part of the second state- 
ment. Never return “Laborer,” “Foremen,” “Manager,” 
“Dealer,” etc., without more precise specifications, as Day 
laborer, Farm laborer, Laborer—Coal mine, etc. Women at 
home, who are engaged in the duties of the household only 
("not paid Housekeepers who receive a definite salary), may 
CERTIFICATE OF DEATH 
N. B. — EVERY ITEM OF INFORMATION SHOULD BE CAREFULLY S U 11E ' * ?_E * '1° ° , f £ TA/xact T AT EM E N T U P AT I O N IS VERY 
CAUSE OF DEATH IN PLAIN TERMS, SO THAT IT MAY BE PROPERLY CLASSIFIED. EXACT STArtiwt 
IMPORTANT. SEE INSTRUCTIONS BELOW. 
Form 36—3-22-23—SOM 
(Approved by U. S. Census and American 
Public Health Association.) 
be entered as Housewife, Housework, or At home, and children, 
not gainfully employed as At school or At home. Care should 
be taken to report specifically the occupations of the persons 
engaged in domestic service for wages, as Servant, Cook, House- 
maid, etc. If the occupation has been changed or given up on 
account of the disease causing death, state occupation at 
beginning of illness. If retired from business, that fact may 
be indicated thus: Farmer, (retired 6 yrs.). For persons who 
have no occupation whatever, write None. 
Statement of Cause of Death. Name, first, the dis- 
ease causing death (the primary affection with respect to time 
and causation), using always the same accepted term for the 
same disease. Examples: Cerebrospinal fever only definite 
synonym is “Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis”); Diphtheria 
(Avoid use of “Croup”); Typhoid fever (never report “Typhoid 
pneumonia”) ; Lobar pneumonia; Bronchopneumonia ( Pneu- 
monia,” unqualified, is indefinite); Tuberculosis of lungs, 
meninges, peritonaeum, etc., Carcinoma, Sarcoma, etc., of. • ■ • 
(name origin; “Cancer” is less definite; avoid use of “Tumor 
for malignant neoplasms);Measles; Whooping cough; Chronic 
valvular ''heart disease; Chronic interstital nephritis, etc. The 
contributory (secondary or intercurrent) affection need not 
be stated unless important. Examples: Measles (disease 
causing death), 29 ds.; Bronchopneumonia (secondary), 10 ds. 
Never report mere symptoms or terminal conditions, such 
as “Asthenia,” “Anaemia” (merely symptomatic), “Atrophy,” 
“Collapse,” “Coma,” “Convulsions,” “Debility” (‘ Con- 
genital,” “Senile,” etc.), “Dropsy,” “Exhaustion, Heart 
failure,” “Haemorrhage,” “Inanition,” “Marasmus, Did 
age,” “Shock,” “Uraemia,” “Weakness,” etc., when a definite 
disease can be ascertained as the cause. Always qualify all 
diseases resulting from childbirth or miscarriage, as “Puer- 
peral septicaemia,” “Puerperal Peritonitis, etc. State 
cause for which surgical operation was undertaken. For 
violent deaths state means of injury and qualifyas acci- 
dental, suicidal, or homicidal, or as probably such, if impos- 
sible to determine definitely. Examples: Accidental drowning; 
Struck by railway train—accident; Revolver wound of head— 
homicide; Poisoned by carbolic acid—probably suicide. The 
nature of the injury as fracture of skull, and consequences 
(e. g., sepsis tetanus) may be stated under the head of “Con- 
tributory.” (Recommendations on statement of cause of 
death approved by Committee on Nomenclature of the 
American Medical Association). 
Note.—“Certificates will be returned for additional infor- 
mation which give any of the following diseases, without 
explanation, as the sole cause of death: Abortion, cellulitis, 
childbirth, convulsions, haemorrhage, gangrene, gastritis, 
erysipelas, meningitis, miscarriage, necrosis, peritonitis, phle- 
bitis, pyaemia, septicaemia, tetanus.” 19 
The list herewith 
included (fig.11) gives in 
full the diseases requiring 
notification# 
In cases of scarlet 
fever and diphtheria,quarantine 
is supposed to be rather more 
rigid than in the case of other 
infectious diseases.In these 
cases the father is required to 
leave the house for the period 
of quarantine, if he must go to 
his business at all. The length 
of quarantine is fixed for each 
disease and the physicians must 
care for its enforcement,which 
unfortunately is not always 
done. 
Fumigation has been 
discarded. Airing and washi ng 
of the wood work are now em- 
ployed in its place. 
NOTIFIABLE DISEASES 
CLASS “A” 
Chickei.pox 
Diphtheria 
Influenza 
Malaria 
Measles 
Measles, German 
Meningitis, epidemic 
Mumps 
Paratyphoid fever 
Pneumonia 
Poliomyelitis 
Scarlet fever 
Smallpox 
Tuberculosis, all forms 
Typhoid fever 
Whooping cough 
CLASS “B” 
Chancroid Gonorrhea Syphilis 
CLASS “C” 
Erysipelas Puerperal septicemia 
Diarrhea and enteritis under two years of age. 
CLASS “D” 
Ophthalmia neonatorum, any inflammation of the eyes of 
the newborn. 
Trachoma 
CLASS “E” 
Anthrax 
Cholera, Asiatic 
Dysentery 
Leprosy 
Plague 
Rabies, in man 
Septic sore throat 
Tetanus 
Typhus fever 
Yellow fever 
CLASS “F” 
Any disease or disability contracted as a result of the na- 
ture of the person’s employment, including the following 
diseases or disabilities and not excluding others: 
Anilin poisoning 
Arsenic poisoning 
Benzine (gasoline) poisoning 
Benzol poisoning 
Bisulphide of carbon poison- 
ing 
Brass poisoning 
Carbon monoxide poisoning 
Compressed-air illness 
Dinitrobenzine poisoning 
Lead poisoning 
Mercury poisoning 
Naphtha poisoning 
Natural gas poisoning 
Phosphorus poisoning 
Turpentine poisoning 
Wood alcohol poisoning 
(Fig.11 20 
MILK 
Report on this city seems to be a series 
of indictments of incompeteney ,insufficiency and in- 
efficiency* In the case of the milk supply,perhaps we 
may change the charge to that of ignorance and a state of 
lackadaisical indifference* 
The city is supplied by 37 farms. Most of 
these send their milk to 8 city dairies. Previous to last 
■> 
Feby. there was no local milk inspector and whatever re- 
gulation of sale and production existed, was that of the 
over-worked and consequently none*too-careful,state In- 
spector. The State of Michigan has a rather excellent 
set. of laws governing the dairy industry and I include 
in this article a copy of the state bulletin containing 
most of the chief laws(Fig.l2). It must appeal ,however, 
as rather reasonable, that a total lack of local inspec- 
„ ,the 
tion can result only in the grossest negligence and/re- 
sulting distribution of unwholesome and insanitary milk 
products. 
Some 6 months ago a milk inspector was 
appointed. He devotes only a small part of his time to 
the wo as he is employed in one of the paper 
mills of the city. Still,there has doubtless been a mark- 
ed improvement due to even this bit of supervision. 
The state ordinances provide for a cool- 
ing of the milk to 60 degrees or lower and it is expected 
that the milk should be delivered to the city dairies at 
no higher a temperature than this. The Inspector,realizing 
the difficulty the producer has in cooling with his in- 1921 
STATE OF MICHIGAN 
LAWS RELATING TO THE 
BUREAU OF DAIRYING 
COMPILED IN 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BY AUTHORITY 
Lansing, Michigan 
Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co. 
State Printers 
1921 
Pig.12 1921 
STATE OF MICHIGAN 
LAWS RELATING TO THE 
BUREAU OF DAIRYING 
COMPILED IN 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BY AUTHORITY 
Lansing, Michigan 
Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co. 
State Printers 
1921 LAWS PERTAINING TO DAIRY PRODUCTS. 
(Act No. 2G, Public Acts, 1873.) 
AN ACT to prevent and punish offenders for the adultera- 
tion of milk, and the products made therefrom, and to re- 
peal an act entitled ‘‘An act to prevent the adulteration of 
milk and to prevent the traffic in impure and unwholesome 
milk,” approved March thirty-first, eighteen hundred and 
seventy-one. 
(C. L., 15129) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, That whoever shall knowingly sell to any 
person or persons, or sell, deliver or bring to be manufactured 
to any cheese or butter manufactory in this State, any milk 
diluted with water, or in any way adulterated, or milk from 
which any cream lias been taken, or milk commonly known 
as “skimmed milk,” or shall keep back any part of the milk 
known as “strippings,” with intent to defraud, or shall know- 
ingly sell milk, the product of a sick or diseased animal or 
animals or any milk produced from any cow fed upon the 
refuse of a distillery, or of a brewery, or upon any substance 
deleterious to the quality of the milk, or shall knowingly use 
any poisonous or any deleterious material in the manufacture 
of any cheese or butter, or shall knowingly sell or offer to 
sell any cheese or butter, in the manufacture of which any 
poisonous or deleterious substance has been used, shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof 
shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than one 
hundred dollars, and may be committed to the county jail 
until such fine shall be paid: Provided, That such imprison- 
ment shall not exceed ninety days; and shall be liable in double 
the amount of damages to the person or persons, firm, asso- 
ciation, or corporation upon which such fraud shall have been 
committed. An act entitled “An act to prevent the adultera- 
tion of milk and to prevent the traffic in impure and unwhole- 
some milk,” approved March thirty-first, eighteen hundred 
seventy-one, is hereby repealed. Provided, That any right 
accrued or forfeiture incurred under said act, shall remain 
valid and binding, and may be enforced under said act as if 
the same were not repealed. 
Relative to 
traffic in. 
Penalty for 
adulterating 
or dealing in 
such. 
Proviso. 
Double 
damage. 
Act repealed. 
Proviso. 4 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
(Act No. 21G, Public Acts, 1887.) 
AN ACT to prevent the sale of impure, unwholesme, adulter- 
ated, mr swill milk in the State of Michigan, and to pro- 
vide for inspectors. 
(C. L., 1513) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, That it shall be unlawful for any person, 
either by himself or agent, to sell or expose for sale within 
the State of Michigan any unwholesome, watered, or adult- 
erated vor impure milk or swill milk or colostrum or milk 
from cows kept upon garbage, swill or any substance in a 
state of fermentation or putrefaction or other deleterious 
substances, or from cows kept in connection with any family 
in which there are infectious diseases. The addition of water 
or ice to milk is hereby declared an adulteration. 
[Am. by Act No. 219, P. A. 1889.] 
(C. L., 15131) Sec. 2. Any person who shall violate 
any of the provisions of the preceding section shall be pun- 
ished by a fine not to exceed one hundred dollars or (by) 
imprisonment not to exceed three months or by both such fine 
and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. 
(C. L., 15132) Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the 
metropolitan police commissioners of the city of Detroit, 
by and with the consent and advice of the board of health 
of the city of Detroit, to appoint an inspector who shall be 
a person of previous practical experience. Said inspector 
may be created captain, sergeant or roundsman of the said 
police force of the city of Detroit, at the option of the board 
of metropolitan police commissioners. 
(C. L., 15133) Sec. 1. It shall be the duty of said 
inspector to personally view, so far as possible, all milk ex- 
posed for sale in said city, and to visit all dairy houses, barns 
or stables in said city or the county of Wayne, to inspect the 
same, and the animals held therein, and to visit all places 
where milk is kept or exposed for sale in the city of Detroit, 
and to inspect and ascertain the condition of said milk. He 
may detail any patrolman of said city to assist him in the 
performance ol any or all of the duties enjoined on him by 
this act: Provided, always, That said inspector and anv 
policeman so detailed shall always be subject to the pro- 
\ lsions of the law establishing and governing the metropolitan 
police of said city. 
. (151ol) !8ec. o. It shall be the duty of said 
inspector or of his assistant, and of all other inspectors ap- 
pointed under this act, to make complaint in writing before 
a police justice or justice of the peace, or other court having 
jui isdiction thereof, of every violation of this act coming to 
his knowledge. 
[Am. by Act No. 219, P. A. 1889.] 
Unlawful to 
sell unwhole- 
some milk. 
Water or ice 
adulterations, 
Penalty for 
violation. 
Inspectors. 
Duty of. 
To make 
complaint. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
5 
(C. L., 15135) Sec. G. Each and every quantity of 
milk sold or exposed for sale contrary to the provisions of 
this act, shall constitute a separate offense. 
(C. L., 15136) Sec. 7. Any person who shall refuse to 
permit the said inspector, or his assistant (assistants) to 
perforin his duty under this act, either by refusing him en- 
trance to his premises or by concealing any milk, or refusing 
to permit any milk or animal or premises wherein animals 
are kept, to be viewed and inspected as herein provided, or 
by in any manner hindering or resisting any said inspector 
or assistant inspector in the performance of his duty, shall 
be guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished therefor. 
(C. L., 15137) Sec. 8. Authority is hereby given the 
common council of any city, and the board of trustees 
or council of any village, to appoint an inspector of jnilk in 
any such city or village, and to fix their compensation, and 
when appointed the said inspectors of milk shall have all the 
power given by section four of this act, and shall perform 
all the duties required of inspectors of milk as provided 
herein, and such other powers and duties as may be con- 
ferred or imposed by the ordinances of said cities or villages. 
(C. L., 15138) Sec. 9. Whoever shall adulterate by 
himself or his servant or agent, or sell, exchange or deliver, 
or have in his custody or possession with intent to sell or 
exchange the same, or exposes or offers for sale or exchange, 
adulterated milk or milk to which water or any foreign 
(substance) substances in any state of fermentation or 
putrefaction, or from sick or diseased cows, shall be guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and shall, for every such offense, be 
punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars or by 
imprisonment in the county jail or the State House of Cor- 
rection and Reformatory at Ionia not exceeding three 
months. 
[Added by Act 219, P. A. 1889.] 
(C. L., 15139) Sec. 10. Whoever shall adulterate, him- 
self or by his servant, or agent, sell, exchange or deliver, 
or have in his custody or possession with intent to sell or 
exchange the same, or exposes or offers for sale as pure milk, 
any skimmed milk: from which the cream or any part thereof 
has been removed shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall 
for such offense, be punished by the penalty provided in the 
preceding section. 
[Added by Act 219, P. A. 1889.] 
(C. L., 15140) Sec. 11. Any dealer in milk who shall 
by himself, servant or agent, sell, exchange or deliver or 
have in his custody or possession with intent to sell, ex- 
change or deliver the same, milk from which the cream or any 
part thereof has been removed, unless in a conspicuous place 
above the center upon the outside of every vessel, can or 
Separate ' 
offense. 
Penalty for 
refusing to 
allow 
inspection. 
Any city or 
village may 
appoint in- 
spectors, etc. 
Penalty for 
adulteration. 
Idem as to 
skimmed 
milk, etc. 
Notice of 
skimmed milk 
to be dis- 
played. 
I STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
6 
package from which any such milk is sold, the words “Skim- 
med milk” are distinctly painted in letters not less than 
one inch in length, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and 
shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dol- 
lars or by imprisonment in the county jail or Detroit House 
of Correction not exceeding three months. 
[Added by Act 219, P. A. 1889.] 
(C. L., 15141) Sec. 12. If milk sold or offered for 
sale under the provisions of this act as pure milk, is shown 
upon analysis by weight to contain more than eighty-seven 
and fifty one-hundredths per centum of watery fluid, or to 
contain less than twelve and fifty one-hundredths of milk 
solids per centum, or less fat than three per centum, or if 
the specific gravity at GO degrees Fahrenheit is not between 
1 29-1000 to 1 33-1000, it shall be deemed to be adulterated. 
If milk sold or offered for sale under the provisions of this 
act as skimmed milk has a specific gravity at GO degrees 
Fahrenheit less than 1.032 and greater than 1.037, it shall 
be deemed to be adulterated. 
[Added by Act No. 219, P. A. 1889.] 
(C. L., 15142) Sec. 13. Whenever any inspector of milk 
has reason to believe that any milk found by him is adulter- 
ated, he shall take specimens thereof and test the same 
with such instrument or instruments as are used for 
such purposes, and he shall make an analysis thereof, show- 
ing total solids, the percentage of butter, the percentage of 
water and the percentage of ash; and if the result of such 
test and analysis indicates that the milk has been adulterat- 
ed or deprived of its cream or any part thereof, the same 
shall be prima facie evidence of such adulteration in a prose- 
cution under this act. 
[Added by Act No. 219, P. A. 1889.] 
(C. L., 15143) Sec. 14. Any peirson who shall remove 
the cream or any part thereof from milk to be sold as pure 
milk to any manufactory in'which milk is used as a material 
in the process of production, and ant’ person who shall, in 
any manner, adulterate such milk, either by the addition 
of water or otherwise, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
shall, for every such offense be punished by a fine not exceed- 
ing one hundred dollars or by imprisonment in the county 
jail or Detroit House of Correction not exceeding ninety 
days. 
[Added by Act No. 219; P. A. 1889.] 
Penalty. 
Grade of 
milk. 
Duty of 
Inspector to 
test milk. 
Penalty 
clause. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
7 
(Act No. 10G, Public Acts, 1899.) 
AN ACT in relation to the sale and delivery of Milk. 
(C. L., 6415) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, No person shall offer or expose for sale, sell, 
exchange or deliver, or have in his possession with intent to 
sell, exchange or deliver, any milk to which water, chemicals 
or preservatives, or any other foreign substances has been 
added. The term milk as used in this act shall include all 
skimmed milk, buttermilk, cream and milk in its natural 
state as drawn from the cow. 
(C. L., 6416) Sec. 2. Whoever shall do any of the 
acts or things prohibited, or neglects or refuses to do any 
of the acts or things enjoined by this act, or in any way vio- 
lates any of its provisions, shall be deemed guilty of a mis- 
demeanor and shall be punished by a fine of not less than 
one dollar nor more than one hundred dollars and the costs 
of prosecution, or by imprisonment in the county jail not 
more than ninety days, or by both such fine and imprison- 
ment in the discretion of the court. 
This act is ordered to take immediate effect. 
Sale of adul- 
terated milk 
prohibited. 
Violation 
misdemeanor. 
Penalty. 
INSANITARY MILK AND CREAM. 
(Act No. 222, Session Laws 1913.) 
AN ACT to prevent and punish the sale of unclean and in- 
sanitary cream and milk and the use thereof in the manu- 
facture of food products and to prohibit unclean and in- 
sanitary conditions of creameries, • cheese factories, ice 
cream factories and milk dealers’s establishments or out- 
fits and fixing standards of sanitary milk and cream, and 
to regulate the sale and transportation of the same. 
(C. L., 0419) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, For the purpose of this act, the term “milk” 
shall mean the fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the 
complete milking of one or more healthy cows, properly fed 
and kept, excluding that obtained within eight days before 
and four days after calving, and contains not less than 
eight and one-half per cent of solids not fat, and not less 
than three per cent of milk fat; and the term “cream” shall 
mean that portion of milk, rich in milk fat, which rises to 
the surface of milk on standing, or is separated from it by 
centrifugal force, is fresh and clean and contains not less 
Milk defined. 
Cream 
defined. 8 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
Insanitary 
milk defined. 
than eighteen per cent of milk fat. Milk which shall be 
drawn from cows that are kept in barns or stables which are 
not reasonably well lighted and ventilated, or that are kept 
in barns or stables that are filthy from an accumulation of 
animal feces and excreta or from any other cause, or milk 
which shall be drawn from coavs which are themselves in a 
filthy condition; or milk kept or transported in dirty, rusty 
or open-seamed cans or other utensils; or milk that is stale, 
putrescent, or putrid; or milk to which has been added any 
unclean, or unwholesome foreign substance; or milk which 
has been kept exposed to foul or noxious air or gases in 
barns occupied by animals, or kept exposed in dirty, foul or 
unclean places or conditions, is hereby declared to be in- 
sanitary milk. Cream produced from any such aforesaid in- 
sanitary milk; or cream produced by the use of a cream sepa- 
rator, Avhieh separator had not been thoroughly washed, 
cleansed and scalded after previous use in the separation of 
cream from milk; or cream produced by the use of a cream 
separator placed or stationed in any unclean or filthy room 
or place or in any building containing a stable Avherein are 
kept cattle or other animals, unless such cream separator is 
so separated and shielded by a partition from the stable 
portion of such building as to be free from all foul or noxious 
air or gases which issue or may issue from such place or 
stable; or cream that is stale, putrescent, or putrid; or 
cream that is kept or transported in dirty, rusty or open- 
seamed cans or other utensils; or cream which has been kept 
exposed to foul or noxious air or gases in barns occupied 
by animals, or in dirty, foul or unclean places or conditions, 
is hereby declared to be insanitary cream. 
(C. L., 6448) Sec. 2. No person shall by himself, his 
servant or agent, or as the servant or agent of any other 
person, or as the officer, servant or agent of any firm or cor- 
poration, sell or offer for sale, furnish or deliver, or have in 
possession or under his control with intent to sell or offer 
for sale, or furnish, or deliver to any person, firm or corpora- 
tion as food for man, or to any creamery, cheese factory, milk 
condensing factory, or milk or cream dealer, any insanitary 
milk or any insanitary cream. 
(C. L., 6419.) Sec. 3. No person shall by himself, his 
servant or agent, or the servant or agent of any other 
person, or as the servant or agent of any firm or corporation, 
manufacture for sale any article of food for man from any 
insanitary milk or from any insanitary cream. 
(C. L., 0420) Sec. 4. All premises and utensils used 
in the handling of milk, cream, and by-products of milk, 
and all premises and utensils used in the preparation, manu- 
facture, or sale, or offering for sale of any food product for 
man from milk or cream or the by-products of milk, which 
shall be kept in an unclean, filthy or noxious condition are 
hereby declared to be insanitary. It shall be unlawful for 
Insanitary 
cream defined. 
Sale pro- 
hibited. 
Manufacture 
prohibited. 
Insanitary ' 
premises, etc., 
defined. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
9 
any person, firm, or corporation engaged in selling or fur- 
nishing milk, cream, or any by-products of milk, intended for 
use as food for man; and it shall be unlawful for any person, 
firm or corporation engaged in selling or furnishing milk, 
cream, or any by-products of milk, to any creamery, cheese 
factory, milk condensing factory, or to any place where such 
milk, cream, or by-products of milk are manufactured or pre- 
pared into a food product for man and for sale as such; and 
it shall be unlawful for any milk dealer, or an employe of 
such milk dealer, or any person, firm or corporation, or the 
employe of such person, firm, or corporation, who operates 
a creamery, cheese factory, milk condensing factory, or who 
manufactures or prepares for sale any article of food for man 
from milk, cream, or by-product of milk, or avIio manufactures, 
re-works, or packs butter for sale as a food product, to main- 
tain liis premises and utensils in an insanitary condition. 
(C. L., 6421) Sec. 5. Any person, firm or corpora- 
tion, not a common carrier who receives from a common car- 
rier in cans, bottles or other vessels any milk, or cream, ice 
cream or other dairy product intended as food for man, 
which has been transported over any railroad or boat line or 
by other common carrier, when such cans, bottles or vessels 
are to be returned, shall cause the said cans, bottles, or other 
vessels to be thoroughly washed and cleansed before return 
shipment. 
(C. L., 6422) Sec. 6. Any person who by himself, his 
servant or agent, or as the servant or agent of any other per- 
son, or as the officer, servant or agent of any firm or corpora- 
tion, who violates any provision of this act shall, upon con- 
viction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than one 
hundred dollars for each and every offense, or shall be im- 
prisoned in the county jail not more than sixty days. 
Cleansing of 
containers 
before return. 
Penalty for 
violation. 
CONDENSED MILK LAW. 
(Act No. 176, Session Laws 1913) 
AN ACT to regulate the sale of condensed milk, and to pro- 
vide for the labeling thereof so as to prevent fraud and 
deception. 
(C. L., 6423) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, Every container of evaporated, concen- 
trated or condensed whole milk, and every container of evap- 
orated, concentrated or condensed skimmed milk, sold or 
offered for sale or had in possession or custody with intent 
to sell by any person, firm or corporation within this State, 
Labeling of 
certain con- 
tainers. 10 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
shall have plainly printed thereon in the English language, 
or attached thereto on some firmly affixed tag or label, a 
formula for extending the said evaporated, concentrated or 
condensed milk and said evaporated, concentrated or con- 
densed skimmed milk, respectively, with water. The form- 
ula for the extension of said evaporated, concentrated or con- 
densed whole milk shall be such that the resulting milk 
product shall not be below the Michigan standard of milk 
solids or fat for whole milk, and shall be in the following 
form: By adding parts of water to one part of 
the contents of this can a resulting milk product will be 
obtained which will not be below the legal standard for whole 
milk. The formula for the extension of said evaporated, 
concentrated or condensed skimmed milk shall be such that 
the resulting milk product shall not be below the Michigan 
standard of milk solids for skimmed milk, and shall be in 
the following form: By adding parts of water 
to one part of the contents of this can a resulting milk 
product will be obtained which will not be below the legal 
standard for skimmed milk. 
(C. L., G424) Sec. 2. Whoever, himself or by his ser- 
vant or agent, or as the servant or agent of any person, 
firm or corporation, sells, exchanges or delivers, or has in 
his custody or possession with intent to sell, exchange or 
deliver any container of evaporated, concentrated or con- 
densed milk, within this State, not marked or labeled in 
compliance with the provisions of this act shall, for the of- 
fense, be punished by a fine of not more than one hundred 
dollars or by imprisonment for not less than three nor more 
than six months. 
(C. L., 6425) Sec. 3. The provisions of this act with 
reference to the labeling of containers of condensed, 
concentrated and evaporated skimmed milk shall take effect 
upon the first day of October, in the year nineteen hundred, 
thirteen; the remaining provisions of this act shall take ef- 
fect upon the first day of January in the year nineteen liufi- 
dred fourteen. 
Formula. 
Penalty for 
violation. 
When 
effective. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
11 
OLEOMARGARINE. 
(Act No. 63, Public Acts, 1913.) 
AN ACT to regulate the manufacture, display, advertise- 
ment and sale of oleomargarine or imitation butter and to 
prevent fraud and deception therein and to provide penal- 
ties for violations thereof, and to repeal act number one 
hundred forty-seven of the Public Acts of eighteen hun- 
dred ninety-nine, entitled “An act in relation to the manu- 
facture and sale of oleomargarine or imitation butter.” 
(C. L., 6395) Section 1. The People of the State of > 
Michigan enact, No person shall sell, expose or offer for sale 
or exchange, or have in his possession with intent to sell or 
exchange, any oleomargarine or other substance made in 
imitation of butter, and which is intended to be used as a sub- 
stitute for butter, unless each and every vessel, package, 
roll or parcel of such substance has distinctly and durably 
printed, stamped or stenciled thereon in black letters the 
true name of such substance, in ordinary bold faced capital 
letters, not less than five line pica in size; and also the name 
and address of the manufacturer, in ordinary bold faced 
letters, not less than pica in size. 
(C. L., 6396) Sec. 2. No person shall sell, exchange: 
or deliver any oleomargarine or other substance made1 
in imitation of butter, and which is intended to be used as 
a substitute for butter, unless he shall also deliver to the 
purchaser of each and every roll, package or parcel of such 
oleomargarine or other substance, at the time of the delivery 
of the same, a distinct label, on which is plainly and legibly 
printed in black ink in ordinary bold faced capital letters 
not less than five line pica in size, the true name of such sub- 
stance and also the name and address of the manufacturer, 
in ordinary bold faced letters not less than pica in size. 
[Am. by Act No. 116, P. A. 1915.] 
C. L., 6397) Sec. 3. The proprietor or keeper of any : 
store, hotel, restaurant, eating saloon, boarding housed 
or other place where oleomargarine is sold or furnished to 1 
persons paying for the same, shall have placed on the walls 
of every store or room where oleomargarine is sold or fur- 
nished a white placard on which is printed in black ink, in 
plain Roman letters of not less than three inches in length, 
and not less than two inches in width, the words “Oleomar- 
garine sold or used here”, and shall at all times keep the 
same exposed in such conspicuous place as to be readily seen 
by any and all persons entering such store, or other room or 
rooms. 
(C. L., 6398) Sec. 4. No person shall use in any way, 
in connection or association with the sale or exposure; 
Oleomargar- 
ine, etc., 
labeling. 
Substance to 
be labeled. 
Placards 
where oleo- 
margarine 
used, etc. 
“Butter” un- 
lawful use of 
word. 12 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
for sale or advertisement of any substance designed to be 
used as a substitute for butter, the word “butter”, “cream- 
ery”, or “dairy”, or tlie name or representation of any breed 
of dairy cattle, or any combination of such word or words 
and representation, or any other words or symbols or com- 
bination thereof commonly used in the sale of butter. 
(C. L., 0399) Sec. 5. For the purpose of this act the 
word “butter” shall be understood to mean the food pro- 
duct usually known as butter, and which is made exclusive- 
ly from milk or cream, or both, with or without common 
salt, and with or without additional coloring matter. 
(C. L., 6400) Sec. 0. For the purpose of this act cer- 
tain manufactured substances, certain extracts and cer- 
tain mixtures and compounds, including such mixtures and 
compounds with butter, shall be known and designated as 
“oleomargarine,” namely: All substances heretofore known 
as oleomargarine, oleo, oleomargarine oil, butterine, lardine, 
suine and neutral; all mixtures and compounds of oleomar- 
garine, oleo, oleomargarine oil, butterine, lardine, suine and 
neutral; all lard extracts and tallow extracts; and all mix- 
tures and compounds of tallow, beef fat, suet, lard, lard oil, 
vegetable oil, butterine, lardine, suine and neutral; all lard 
extracts and tallow extracts; and all mixtures and com- 
pounds of tallow, beef fat, suet, lard, lard oil, vegetable oil, 
intestinal fat, and offal fat, made in imitation or semblance 
of butter, or when so made, calculated or intended to be 
sold or used as butter or for butter. 
C. L., 0401) Sec. 7. Whoever violates any of the pro- 
visions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
meanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a 
fine of not less than fifty dollars, nor more than five hundred 
dollars, and the costs of prosecution, or by imprisonment in 
the county jail or State House of Correction and Reforma- 
tory at Ionia, for not less than six months nor more than 
three years, or by botli such fine and imprisonment in the 
discretion of the court, for each and every offense. All acts 
or parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act 
are hereby repealed. 
(C. L., 0402) Sec. 8. Act number one hundred forty- 
seven of the Public Acts of eighteen hundred ninety-nine, is 
Hereby repealed. 
“Butter” 
what deemed. 
Oleomargar- 
ine, what des- 
ignated as. 
Penalty for 
violation. 
Repealing 
clause. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
13 
(Act No. 22, Public Acts, 1901.) 
AN ACT to prevent deception in the manufacture and sale of 
imitation butter. 
(C. L., 6393) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, No person, by himself or his agents, or 
servants, shall render or manufacture, sell, or offer for sale, 
expose for sale, or have in his possession with intent to sell, 
any article, product or compound made wholly or in part out 
of any fat, oil or oleaginous substance or compound thereof, 
not produced from unadulterated milk or cream from the 
same, which shall be in imitation of yellow butter produced 
from pure unadulterated milk or cream of the same: Pro- 
vided, That nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit 
the manufacture or sale of oleomargarine in a separate and 
distinct form, and in such manner as will advise the con- 
sumer of its real character, free from coloration or ingre- 
dient that causes it to look like butter. 
(C. L., 6394) Sec. 2. Whoever violates any of the pro- 
visions of section one of this act shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be 
punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more 
than five hundred dollars, and the costs of prosecution, or 
by imprisonment in the county jail or State House of Cor- 
rection and Reformatory at Ionia for not less than six 
months nor more than three years, or by both such fine and 
imprisonment in the discretion of the court, for each and 
every offense. 
Unlawful to 
manufacture 
and sell imita- 
tion butter. 
Proviso. 
Penalty for 
violation. 
RENOVATED BUTTER. 
(Act No. 243, Public Acts, 1003, as amended.) 
AN ACT in relation to the manufacture and sale of renovat- 
ed butter. 
(C. L., 6405) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, No person, firm or corporation shall manu- 
facture for sale, offer or expose for sale, sell, exchange or 
deliver, or have in his possession with the intent to sell, ex- 
change or deliver, any butter that is produced by taking 
original packing stock butter or other butter, or both, melt- 
ing the same so that the butter fat can be drawn off or ex- 
tracted, mixing the said butter fat with skimmed milk, or 
milk or cream, or other milk product, and rechurning or re- 
working the said mixture; nor shall any person, firm or 
corporation manufacture for sale, offer or expose for sale, 
To be 
iabeiedf 14 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
sell, exchange or deliver, or have in his possession for any 
such purpose any butter which has been subjected to any 
process by which it is melted, clarified or refined, and made 
to resemble butter, and is commonly known as boiled, process 
or renovated butter, and which for the purpose of this act is 
hereby designated as “Renovated Butter,” unless the same 
shall be branded or marked as provided in section two of 
this act. 
(C. L., G40G) Sec. 2. Whoever, himself or by his agent 
or as the servant or agent of another person, shall sell, 
expose for sale or have in his custody or possession with 
the intent to sell any renovated butter as defined in section 
one of this act, shall have the words “renovated butter” con- 
spicuously stamped, labeled or marked in one or two lines 
and in plain Gothic letters, at least three eighths of an inch 
square, so that the words cannot easily be defaced, upon two 
sides of each and every tub. firkin, box or package contain- 
ing said renovated butter; or if such butter is exposed for 
sale uncovered, or not in a case or package, a placard con- 
taining the said words in the same form as above described 
in this section shall be attached to the mass in such a manner 
as to be easily seen and read by the purchaser. When reno- 
vated butter is sold from such packages or otherwise at retail 
in print, roll or other form, before being delivered to the pur- 
chaser, it shall be wrapped in wrappers plainly stamped on 
the outside thereof with the words “renovated butter” printed 
or stamped thereon in one or two lines, and in plain Gothic 
letters at least three-eighths of an inch square, and such 
wrappers shall contain no other words or printing thereon, 
and said words “renovated butter” so stamped or printed on 
the said wrapper shall not be in any manner concealed, but 
shall be in plain view of the purchaser at the time of the 
purchase. The proprietor or keeper of any hotel, restaurant, 
eating saloon, boarding house, or other place where renovated 
butter is furnished to persons paying for the same, shall have 
placed on the walls of every store or room where renovated 
butter is furnished, a white placard on which is printed in 
black ink, in plain Roman letters of not less than three inches 
in length, and not less than two inches in width, the words 
“renovated butter used here,” and shall at all times keep the 
same exposed in such conspicuous place as to be readily seen 
by any and all persons entering such store, hotel, restaurant 
or other room or rooms. 
[Am. by Act No. 119, P. A. 1909. Am. by Act No. 15, P. A-. 1915.1 
(C. L., G407) Sec. .3. Whoever shall violate any of the 
provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
meanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a 
fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than five 
hundred dollars, and the costs of prosecution, or by imprison- 
ment in the county jail or Michigan Reformatory at Ionia. 
Tubs, etc., of 
renovated 
butter, how 
labeled. 
When placard 
to be 
attached. 
How 
wrappers to 
be stamped. 
Placard on 
walls of hotels 
restaurants, 
etc. 
Penalty for 
violation. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
15 
for not less than six months nor more than three years, or by 
both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the 
court, for each and every offense. 
(C. L., 6408) Sec. 4. Act number two hundred fifty 
four of the Public Acts of eighteen hundred ninety-nine, en- 
titled “An act to regulate the sale of butter produced by 
taking original packing stock and other butter and melting 
the same so that the butter oil can be drawn off, mixed with 
Skimmed milk or other material, and by emulsion or other 
process produce butter, and butter produced by any similar 
process and commonly known as “process” butter ; providing 
for the enforcement thereof, and punishment for the violation 
of the same,” is hereby repealed. 
Act repealed. 
BUTTER & CREAM STANDARDS. 
(Act No. 182, Public Acts, 1913.) 
AN ACT to regulate the sale of butter and cream iu tlie 
State of Michigan, and to prescribe a penalty for the vio- 
lation of this act. 
(C. L., 6412) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, No person shall offer or expose for sale, 
have in his possession with intent to sell, or sell as butter 
any product which contains less than eighty per cent of milk 
fat, and which is not made exclusively from milk or cream, 
or both, with or without common salt and with or without 
additional coloring matter. 
(C. L., 6413) Sec. 2. No person shall offer or expose 
for sale, have in his possession with intent to sell, or 
sell as cream any product which contains less than eighteen 
per cent of milk fat, and which is not that portion of milk, 
rich in milk fat, which rises to the surface of milk on stand- 
ing, or is separated from it by centrifugal force, and which 
is not clean: Provided, That the provisions of this act shall 
not be deemed to apply to any person not a manufacturer 
or producer of butter and cream, who has bought the products 
mentioned in this act for resale, and when found to be under 
the standard prescribed by this act, shall furnish information 
from whom his products were received. 
(C. L., 6444) Sec. 3. Whoever shall do any of the acts 
or things prohibited, or wilfully neglect or refuse to do 
any of the acts or things enjoined by this act, or in any way 
violate any of its provisions, shall be deemed guilty of a mis- 
demeanor, and where no specific penalty is prescribed by 
this act shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty- 
Butter, when 
seiifetc!1 to 
Cream, 
Proviso, 
Misdemeanor, 
Penalty, 16 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
five nor more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment 
in the county jail for a period of not more than ninety days, 
or by both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of 
the court. 
ICE CREAM. 
(Act No. TO, Public Acts, 1909.) 
AN ACT to regulate the manufacture and sale of ice cream 
within the limits of the State of Michigan. 
(C. L., 6430) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, No person, firm or corporation shall manu- 
facture for sale, keep for sale, sell, barter, exchange or deal 
in ice cream which shall contain any substance other than 
milk, cream, eggs, sugar, and some neutral flavoring gelatin 
or vegetable gums or which contain other than the required 
amount of milk fat as hereinafter provided. 
(C. L., 6431) Sec. 2. No person, firm or corporation 
shall manufacture for sale, keep for sale, sell, barter, or 
deal in ice cream adulterated within the meaning of this act. 
(C. L., 6432) Sec. 3. Ice cream shall be deemed to 
be adulterated within the meaning of this act: 
First, If it shall contain boric acid, formaldehyde, sac- 
charin, or any other added substance or compound that is 
deleterious to health; 
Second, If it shall contain salts of copper, iron oxide, 
ocres or any coloring substance deleterious to health: Pro- 
vided, That this paragraph shall not be construed to prohibit 
the use of harmless coloring matter in ice cream when not 
used for fraudulent purposes; 
Third, If it shall contain any deleterious flavoring matter, 
or flavoring matter not true to name; 
Fourth, If it be an imitation of, or offered for sale under 
the name of another article; 
Fifth, If it contains less than ten per centum milk fat, 
except where fruit or nuts are used for the purpose of flavor- 
ing when it shall not contain less than eight per centum milk 
fat. Nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit the 
use of not to exceed seven-tenths of one per centum of pure 
gelatin, gum tragacanth or other vegetable gums. 
[Am. by Act No. 224, P. A. 1913.] 
(C. L., 6433) Sec. 4. The standard of ice cream in 
this State and for the purpose of this act is hereby declared 
to be a frozen product made from milk, cream, eggs and 
sugar with or without a natural flavoring and the gums 
Ice cream 
lawful con- 
stituents. 
Sale of 
adulterated 
unlawful. 
Adulterated 
ice cream 
defined. 
Proviso. 
Standard. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
17 
mentioned in the preceding section and contains not less 
than ten per cent of milk fat. Fruit ice cream is a frozen 
product made from milk, cream, eggs and sugar and sound, 
clean, mature fruits, and contains not less than eight per 
cent of milk fat. Nut ice cream is a frozen product made 
from milk, cream, eggs, sugar and sound, non-rancid nuts, 
and contains not less than eight per cent of milk fat. 
[Am. by Act No. 224, P. A. 1913.] 
(C. L., 6434) Sec. 5. It shall not be lawful for any 
person, firm or corporation to sell, offer for sale, expose for 
h sale, or have in possession with intent to sell, any ice cream 
in any container which is falsely labeled or branded as to the 
name of the manufacturer thereof or to misrepresent in any 
way the place of manufacture of ice cream or the manu- 
facturer thereof. 
(C. L., 6435) Sec. 6. Each person, firm or corpora- 
tion engaged in the manufacture of ice cream as a business 
within this State, after this act shall take effect, shall file 
with the Food and Drug Commissioner (Commissioner of 
Agriculture) an application for a license accompanied with 
a fee of five dollars, and upon receipt of such application 
. the Food and Drug Commissioner (Commissioner of Agri- 
; culture) shall issue to the person, firm or corporation making 
such application a license to manufacture ice cream, as pro- 
vided in this act, which license shall run for one year from 
the date of the application, and shall be renewed annually 
thereafter. 
The money so collected by the Food and Drug Commis- 
sioner (Commissioner of Agriculture) shall be paid into the 
State treasury and be used to help defray the expenses of 
the office of the Food and Drug Commissioner (Commissioner 
of Agriculture) in addition to the annual appropriation 
therefor: Provided, That this section shall not ajpply except 
: in cities of more than three thousand inhabitants, by the 
last United States census, to any person, firm or corporation 
' manufacturing and selling ice cream by the dish direct to the 
consumer. 
(C. L., 6436) Sec. 7. Any person, firm or corporation 
who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall 
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall 
be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one 
hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for 
not less than thirty days nor more than ninety days, or by 
both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the 
court. 
| (C. L., 6437) Sec. 8. The Food and Drug Commis- 
sioner (Commissioner of Agriculture) shall be charged with 
the enforcement of the provisions of this act. This act is 
ordered to take immediate effect. 
(See Act No. 13, P. A. 1924, page 5.) 
False 
labeling. 
License and 
fee. 
Money where 
paid. 
Proviso. 
Penalty for 
violation. 18 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
BABCOCK TEST. 
(Act No. 280, Public Acts, 1907.) 
AN ACT to regulate the sampling and testing of milk and ; 
cream and the use of the Babcock test and to make the 
violation of any provision hereof a misdemeanor. 
(C. L., 6426) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, In taking samples of milk or cream from .j 
any milk can, cream can or any container of milk or cream, j 
the contents of such milk can, cream can, or container of 
milk and cream shall first be thoroughly mixed either by j 
stirring or otherwise and the sample shall be taken imme- ' 
diately after mixing, or by any other method which gives j 
a representative average sample of the contents, and it is 1 
hereby made a misdemeanor to take samples by any method 
which does not give a representative average sample where ; 
milk or cream is bought or sold, and where the value of said 
milk or cream is determined by the butter fat contained in 
the same by the Babcock test. 
(C. L., 6427) Sec. 2. In the use of the Babcock test the 
term “standard Babcock testing glassware”, shall apply to 
glassware complying with the following specifications: 
(a) Standard Milk Test Bottles. 
Graduation.—The total per cent graduation shall be eight 
per cent. The graduated portion of the neck shall have a' 
length of not less than sixty-three five-tenths millimeters (two 
and one-half inches). The graduation shall represent whole 
per cent, five-tenths per cent, and tenths per cent. The tenth 
per cent graduations shall not be less than three millimeters 
in length; the five-tenths per cent graduations shall be one 
millimeter longer than the tenths per cent graduations, pro- 
jecting one millimeter to the left; the whole per cent gradua- 
tions shall extend at least one-half way around the neck to 
the right and projecting two millimeters to the left of the 
tenths per cent graduations. Each per cent graduation shall 
be numbered, the number being placed on the left of the scale. 
The arrow at any point of the scale shall not exceed one- 
tenth per cent. 
Neck.—The neck shall be cylindrical and the cylindrical 
shape shall entend for at least nine millimeters below the 
lowest and above the highest graduation mark.. The top 
of the neck shall be fiared to a diameter of not less than ten 
millimeters. 
Bulb.—The capacity of the bulb up to the junction of the 
neck shall not be less than forty-five cubic centimeters. The 
shape of the bulb may be either cylindrical or conical with 
the smallest diameter at the bottom. If cylindrical, the out- 
side diameter shall be between thirty-four and thirty-six mil- 
Representa- 
tive average 
sample. 
Certain 
methods of 
misdemeanor. 
Standard 
testing 
glassware. 
Test bottles. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
19 
limeters; if conical, the outside diameter of the base shall be 
between thirty-one and thirty-three millimeters, and the maxi- 
mum diameter between thirty-five and thirty-seven milli- 
meters. 
The charge of the bottle shall be eighteen grams. 
The total height of the bottle shall be between one hundred 
fifty and one hundred sixty-five millimeters (five and seven- 
eighths and six and one-half inches). 
(b) Standard Cream Test Bottles. 
Two types of bottles shall be accepted as standard cream 
test bottles, a fifty per cent nine gram short-neck bottle and 
a fifty per cent nine gram long-neck bottle. 
Fifty per cent nine gram short-neck bottles. Graduation.— 
The total per cent graduation shall be fifty. The graduated 
portion of the neck shall have a length of not less than sixty- 
three five-tenths millimeters (two and one-half inches). The 
graduation shall represent five per cent, one per cent and 
five-tenths per cent. The five per cent graduations shall ex- 
tend at least one-half way around the neck of the bottle (to 
the right). The five per cent graduations shall have a length 
intermediate between the five per cent and the five-tenths per 
cent graduations. Each five per cent graduation shall be 
numbered, the number being placed on the left of the scale. 
The arrow at any point of the scale shall not exceed five- 
tenths per cent. 
Neck. The neck shall be cylindrical and the cylindrical 
shape shall extend at least nine millimeters below the lowest 
and nine millimeters above the highest graduation mark. 
The top of the neck shall be flared to a diameter of not less 
than ten millimeters. 
Bulb.—The capacity of the bulb up to the junction of the 
neck shall not be less than forty-five cubic centimeters. The 
shape of the bulb may be either cylindrical or conical with 
the smallest diameter at the bottom. If cylindrical, the out- 
side diameter of the base shall be between thirty-one and 
thirty-three millimeters and the maximum diameter between 
thirty-five and thirty-seven millimeters. 
The charge of the bottle shall be nine grams. All bottles 
shall bear on top of the neck above the graduations, in plainly 
legible characters, a mark defining the weight of the charge to 
be used (nine grams). 
The total height of the bottle shall be one hundred fifty 
and one hundred sixty-five millimeters (five and seven-eighths 
and six and one-half inches) same as standard milk test 
bottles. 
Fifty per cent nine gram long-neck bottles.—The same 
specifications in every detail as specified for the fifty per 
cent nine gram short-neck bottles shall apply for the lomr- 
neck bottle with the exception, however, that the total height 
of this bottle shall be between two hundred ten and two 
hundred thirty-five millimeters (eight and one-half and eight 
Cream test 
bottles. 20 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
and seven-eigliths inches) and that the total length of the 
graduation shall be not less than one hundred twenty milli- 
meters. 
The Standard Babcock Pipette. 
Total length of pipette shall be not more than three hun- 
dred thirty millimeters (thirteen and one-fourth inches). 
Outside diameter of suction tube six to eight millimeters. 
Length of suction tube one hundred twenty millimeters. Out- 
side diameter tube one hundred to one hundred twenty milli- 
meters. Distance of graduation mark above bulb thirty to 
sixty millimeters. Nozzle straight. Delivery seventeen six- 
tenths cubic centimeters of water at twenty degrees C. in 
five to eight seconds. ' 
All butter-fat and cream scales used for the purpose of 
determining the value or per cent of butter-fat content of milk 
or cream by the Babcock test shall be subject to the follow- 
ing specifications: 
1. The scales shall be provided with a graduated face 
of at least ten divisions over which the pointer shall play. 
2. The pointer must reach to the graduated divisions and 
shall terminate in a fine point to enable the readings to be 
made clearly and distinctly. 
3. The clear interval between the divisions on the graduat- 
ed face shall not be less than five one-hundredths inch. 
4. All scales whose weight indications are changed by an 
amount greater than one-half the tolerance allowed, when 
set in any position on a surface making an angle of three de- 
grees or approximately five per cent with the horizontal, shall 
be equipped with leveling screws and a device which will in- 
dicate when the scale is level: Provided, however. That the 
scale shall be rebalanced at zero each time its position is 
altered during the test. 
5. The addition of one-half grain to the scale when loaded 
to capacity shall cause a movement of the pointer at least 
equal to one division on the graduated face. 
0. The sensibility reciprocal and tolerance of cream test 
and butter-fat test scales shall be one half-grain ( thirty milli- 
grams). Every person, firm, company, association, corpora- 
tion or agent thereof buying and paying for milk or cream on 
the basis of the amount of butter-fat contained therein as 
determined by the Babcock test shall use standard Babcock 
test bottles, pipettes and accurate weights and scales as de- 
fined in this act. 
[Am. by Act 226, 1915.] 
(C. L., 6428) Sec. 3. It shall be unlawful for the 
owner, manager, agent or any employe of a cheese factory, 
creamery, condensed milk factory or milk depot or other 
place where milk or cream is tested for quality or value to 
falsely manipulate or under-read or over-read the Babcock 
Standard 
Pipette. 
Butter fat 
and cream 
scales. 
Unlawful 
reading of 
test. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
21 
test, or make settlements on any other basis than the cor- 
rect reading of the Babcock test or any other contrivance 
used for determining the quality or value of milk or cream 
where the value of said milk or cream is determined by the 
per cent of butter fat contained in the same or to make any 
false determination by the Babcock test or otherwise. 
(C. L., 6429) Sec. 4. Whoever shall violate any of the 
provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor 
and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of 
not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars for each 
and every offense or be imprisoned in the county jail not less 
than ten days nor more than thirty days. 
Penalty, 
CERTIFIED MILK. 
(Act No. 248, Public Acts, 1911.) 
AN ACT providing for the incorporation of medical milk 
commissions, and certification of milk produced under 
their supervision. 
(C. L., 5149) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, Authority is hereby given the board of health 
of any city, village or township in this State so constituted 
as to have in its membership two or more physicians duly 
authorized to practice medicine under the laws of this State, 
to appoint five physicians duly authorized to practice medi- 
cine under the laws of this State a medical milk commission 
for the purpose of supervising the production, Transporta- 
tion and delivery of milk, which it is intended to use for 
infant feeding, sickroom clinical purposes in said city, vil- 
lage or township. In cities, villages or townsips not having 
a board of health so constituted as above stated, the State 
Board of Health may make such appointment. All members 
of such milk commission shall have and possess all the pow- 
ers and immunities provided by this act or any other act 
relating to the appointees of such board of health, while per- 
forming their duties as such appointees. One member of 
such commission shall be appointed and hold office from the 
time of such appointment until the end of the thirty-first 
of December, nineteen hundred eleven, one shall be appointed 
and hold office until the end of the thirty-first of December, 
nineteen hundred twelve, one shall be appointed and hold 
office until the end of the thirty-first of December, nineteen 
hundred thirteen, and one shall be appointed and hold office 
until the end of the thirty-first of December, nineteen hundred 
fourteen; one shall be appointed and hold office until the 
Milk com- 
mission 
appointment 
of. 
Powers. 
Term of 
office. 22 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
end of the thirty-first of December, nineteen hundred fifteen, 
and until their several successors are appointed and quali- 
fied. The term of office of each member of the commission, 
after the termination of the aforesaid terms shall be five 
years, and on the expiration of any term a new appointment 
shall be made in the same manner above prescribed. No 
more than one milk commission shall be appointed' for any 
one city, village, or township. Any and all members of such 
commission may be removed at any time by the board which 
appointed them. Such medical milk commission shall make 
and file a certificate in writing in the manner hereinafter 
mentioned. 
(C. L., 5150) Sec. 2. Such certificates shall set forth: 
The name of such association, which shall be as hereinafter 
designated; 
The purpose for which the association shall be formed; 
The names and residences of the medical directors who 
shall manage the affairs of the association for the first year 
of its existence; 
The city, village or township in this State where such asso- 
ciation shall operate. 
[Am. by Act 196, P. A. 1913.] 
(C. L., 5151) Sec. 3. Such certificate shall be exe- 
cuted in triplicate and acknowledged before some person 
within this State authorized to take the acknowledgment of 
deeds, and one copy thereof shall be filed in the office of the 
clerk of the county where the purposes of such association are 
to be carried out and one copy shall be filed in the office of 
the Secretary of State; said certificate or copy thereof duly 
certified by the said clerk or Secretary of State shall be evi- 
dence in all courts or places. 
(C. L., 5152) Sec. 4. The name of such association 
shall be “The Medical Milk Commission of the 
(stating whether city, village or township) of 
(designating the name of city, village or 
township) (designating the name 
of the county) County of Michigan.” 
[Am. by Act 196, P. A. 1913.] 
(C. L., 5153) Sec. 5. Such medical directors shall have 
the power from time to time to make, alter and amend 
by-laws not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of 
the United States and of this State, and to appoint such 
agents and officers as shall in their judgment tend to pro- 
mote or advance any purpose or purposes of such commis- 
sion, and to prescribe their respective duties; and for the 
regulating of the conditions under which milk shall be pro- 
duced by any dairyman or dairymen under contract with such 
commission. 
Removal. 
Certificates. 
How executed, 
etc. 
Name of 
commission. 
By-laws, 
amendments. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
23 
(C. L., 5154) Sec. 6. No medical director of any asso- 
ciation organized under this act shall receive directly or 
indirectly, from such association or dairyman, or dairymen 
producing milk under agreement with such commission, any 
salary or emolument or any compensation of any kind or 
character for any services rendered under the provisions 
of this act, and any medical director who shall receive any 
salary, emolument or any compensation of any kind or char- 
acter for such services, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars to be recovered in an action of debt by the 
association of which he is a member, and in addition thereto 
shall be removed from his office as a member of said associa- 
tion, and thereafter disqualified from becoming a member of 
any association incorporated under the provisions of this 
act. 
(C. L., 5155) Sec. 7. Every such association shall have 
the power to enter into agreement in writing with any 
dairyman or dairymen for the production of milk under the 
supervision of such association for the purposes enumerated 
in section one hereof, and to prescribe in such agreement the 
conditions under which such milk shall be produced, which 
conditions however, shall not be below the standards of purity 
and quality for certified milk as fixed by the American asso- 
ciation of medical milk commissions, and the standards for 
milk now fixed or that may hereafter be fixed by the Board of 
Health of the State of Michigan. In any contract entered 
into by any such commission with any dairyman or dairymen, 
it may be provided that such medical milk commission may 
designate any analyst, chemist, bacteriologist, veterinarians, 
medical inspectors or other persons who in its judgment may 
be necessary for the proper carrying out of the purposes of 
such commission for employment of such dairyman or dairy- 
men, and to prescribe and define their powers and duties, and 
that such persons so employed by such dairyman or dairy- 
men may be discharged from employment whenever such 
medical milk commission may request such discharge or re- 
moval in writing. 
(C. L., 5156) Sec. 8. All containers of any kind or 
character used in the carrying or distribution of milk pro- 
duced by any dairyman or dairymen under contract with any 
medical milk commission shall have attached thereto or placed 
thereon a certificate or seal bearing the name of the medical 
milk commission with which such dairyman or dairymen 
producing such milk shall be under contract, which certifi- 
cate shall have printed, stamped or written thereon the day 
or date of the production of the milk contained in any such 
container and the words “certified milk” in plain and legible 
form. 
(C. L., 5157) Sec. 9. The work and methods of any 
milk commission organized under this act and of the dairies 
of which milk is produced under contract with any such 
Compensation, 
unlawful to 
receive. 
Penalty. 
Powers of 
association. 
Containers to 
have seals. 
Investigation. 24 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
commission, shall at all times be subject to investigation and 
scrutiny by the local board of health and the Board of Health 
of the State of Michigan. The Secretary of said State Board 
of Health and the local health officer shall be ex-officio mem- 
bers of every milk commission organized under this act. 
(C. L., 5158) Sec. 10. * No person, firm or corporation 
shall sell or exchange or offer or expose for sale or ex- 
change in any city, village or township as and for certified 
milk, any milk which is not certified by the medical milk 
commission of that city, village or township, and which is 
not produced in conformity with the methods and regulations 
for the production of certified milk from time to time adopted 
by the American association of medical milk commissions, 
and which is below the standards of purity and quality for 
certified milk as fixed by the American association of medical 
milk commissions. 
[Am. by Act 196, P. A. 1913.] 
(C. L., 5159) Sec. 11. Whoever shall by himself, ser- 
vant or agent sell, exchange or deliver or have in his cus- 
tody with intent to sell, exchange or deliver, or offer or 
expose for sale in any city, village or township as certified 
milk, any milk which has not been certified by the medical 
milk commission of that city, village or township, or shall 
violate any of the provisions of this act, shall upon conviction 
thereof be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be pun- 
ished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more than 
five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail 
not more than ninety days, or by both such fine and imprison- 
ment in the discretion of the court. 
[Am. by Act No. 196, P. A. 1913.] 
(C. L., 5100) Sec. 12. All acts or parts of acts in- 
consistent with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed. 
Standard of 
milk. 
Sale of. 
Penalty. 
Repealing 
clause. 
OLEOMARGARINE IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 
(Act No. 45, Public Acts of 1891.) 
AN ACT to prohibit the use of oleomargarine, butterine, or 
any other substitute for butter in any of the public institu- 
tions of this State, and to provide the punishment therefor. 
(C. L., 1958) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, That the use of oleomargarine, butterine or 
any other substitute for butter, in any of the public institu- 
Use pro- 
hibited. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
25 
tions of this State, be and the same is hereby prohibited, ex- 
cept in the penal institution of the State. 
[Am. by Act No. 233, P. A. 1913.] 
(C. L., 1959) Sec. 2. Any warden, superintendent or 
other officer of any such institution, who shall knowingly 
violate the provisions of section one of this act. or shall know- 
ingly permit the same to be violated shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor and every violation shall constitute a sep- 
arate offense and on conviction thereof shall be punished by 
a fine of not less than twenty-five, nor more than one hundred 
dollars, together with costs of prosecution, or by imprison- 
ment ill the county jail of the county in which said institution 
is situated, not exceeding ninety days, or both such fine and 
imprisonment, at the discretion of the court. 
Misdemeanor 
penalty. 
MILK BOTTLES. 
(Act No. 257, Public Acts of 1911.) 
AN ACT to prohibit drivers of milk wagons and unauthorized 
persons from opening milk bottles, or in any way inter- 
fering with or molesting the caps or covers thereof after 
such bottles shall have been closed at the creamery, and 
during and after the process of delivery to patrons. 
(C. L., 5164) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, From and after the date on which this act 
takes effect, it shall be unlawful for any driver of any milk 
wagon, or any distributor of milk, or any person whatsoever, 
except legally authorized milk inspector and persons to whom 
such milk is delivered, to open milk bottles or in any way 
interfere with or molest the caps or covers of the same after 
such milk bottles shall have been closed at the creamery, or 
during the process of the delivery of said milk or, after said 
milk shall have been delivered in due course of business and 
in the ordinary manner. 
(C. L., 5165) Sec. 2. Any person violating any of the 
provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a mis- 
demeanor, and upon conviction thereof in a court of compe- 
tent jurisdiction shall be punished by a fine of not less than 
fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, or by impris- 
onment in the county jail for not less than thirty days nor 
more than ninety days, or by both such tine and imprison- 
ment in the discretion of the court. 
Unlawful to 
open milk 
bottles. 
Penalty. 26 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
STATE BRAND FOR BUTTER. 
(Act No. 53, Public Acts, 1915.) 
AN ACT to provide for a State brand for Michigan butter, 
for the purpose of insuring a higher standard of excellence 
and quality, a more uniform butter market, and to insure 
a more healthful product for consumption at home and 
abroad, and to regulate the use of such mark or brand. 
(C. L., 6270) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, Any person, firm or corporation manufac- 
turing butter in this State may use the brand, mark or label 
therefor as provided in this act. 
(C. L., 6271) Sec. 2. Said trade mark or brand and 
its use and regulation shall be in charge of and under 
the control of a commission of three members consisting of 
the State Food and Drug Commissioner (Commissioner of 
Agriculture), the President of the Michigan State Dairymen’s 
Association and the President of the Michigan State Butter 
Makers’ Association. 
(C. L., 6272) Sec. 3. The State trade mark or brand 
shall be controlled, used, manufactured and issued under 
such rules and regulations as may be found necessary from 
time to time by the said commission. Said commission or 
commissioners shall have power to make such changes in 
the rules and regulations for the use of said trade mark or 
brands as it may deem necessary from time to time. 
(C. L., 6273) Se.c. 4. The rules governing the use of 
such trade mark or brand shall be published by and through 
bulletins issued by the State Food and Drug Department, j 
(Department of Agriculture). Such labels, stamps or other 
means of imprinting such trade mark or brand upon the man- ■; 
ufactured product or the receptacles containing the same, 
shall be furnished to those entitled to the use thereof by the , 
State Food and Drug Department (Department of Agricul- 
ture) . 
(C. L., 6274) Sec. 5. The said commission is hereby \ 
directed and authorized to secure a copy-right under the 
laws of the United States for trade-marks or brands, and 
copyrights for such trade-mark or brand of butter. Said ; 
trade-mark, brand, or label shall be of such size and ) 
design as the said commission shall designate and shall con- ] 
tain in prominent letters, the words, “Michigan butter, Li- ) 
cense Number ,and the words, “State Butter 
Control.” 
(C. L., 6272) Sec. 6. Any person, firm or corporation 
desiring to use the brand or label provided for in this act \ 
in the manufacture or sale of butter shall make written ap- 
plication for a license therefor to the dairy and food com- 
Who may use. 
Who to have 
charge. 
Rules and 
regulations. 
Publication 
of rules. 
Labels, etc. 
Copyright of 
brand. 
Description 
of brand. 
Application 
for license. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
27 
missioner, which application shall describe by location and. 
name the creamery or factory in which such butter is to be 
manufactured, and give such other information as may be 
required. A license shall be granted to such person, firm or 
corporation to use such brand or label at the factory described 
in the application, if on investigation by the Food and Drug 
Commissioner (Commissioner of Agriculture), his deputy or 
duly authorized assistants, it appears that all the provisions 
of this act and the rules and regulations by the commission 
have been complied with. Such license shall state that the 
brand or label provided for by the said commission may be 
used in connection with the manufacture or sale of butter 
from the factory described in such license. Such factories 
so described shall be given the same number as the serial 
number of the license. 
(C. L., 6276) Sec. 7. No person, firm or corporation 
shall use in the manufacture or sale of butter such brand or 
label without having first obtained a liceijse therefor as pro- 
vided in this act. Such license so granted may be revoked by 
the said commissioner if any of the conditions of this act 
or of the rules and regulations of the commission are not 
complied with. Such license so granted shall not be trans- 
ferable. 
(C. L., 6277) Sec. 8. The use of any brand or mark 
for butter or butter substitute resembling the above brand or 
so near like it that it can be confounded with it, is prohibited. 
(C. L., 6278) Sec. 9. Any person, firm or corporation 
violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed 
guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be 
fined not more than one hundred dollars or imprisoned in 
the county jail for not more than thirty days. 
(See Act No. 13, P. A. 1921, page 5.) 
Where 
license 
granted. 
What to 
state. 
Unlawful use 
of brand. 
Revocation 
of license not 
transferable. 
Similar 
brands 
prohibited. 
Penalty. 
STANDARD MILK BOTTLES. 
(Act No. 154, Public Acts, 1915.) 
AN ACT to prevent fraud and deception in the sale of milk 
and cream, providing standard milk bottles and for the 
sealing thereof. 
C. L., 6279) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, On and after January one, nineteen hun- 
dred sixteen, bottles used for the sale of milk and cream in 
this State shall be of the capacity of half gallon, three pints, 
one quart, one pint, ten ounce, half pint, one gill tilled full 
Capacity of 
milk bottles. 28 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
Variations 
allowed. 
to the bottom of the lip. The following variations on indi- 
vidual bottles or jars may be allowed: Six drams above and 
six drams below on the half gallon; five drams above and 
five drams below on the three pint; four drains above and 
four drams below on the quart; three drams above and three 
drams below on the pint; two and one-half drams above and 
two and one-half drams below on the ten ounce; two drams 
above and two drams below on the half pine; two drams 
above and two drams below on the gill. But the average 
contents of not less than twenty-five bottles selected at ram- 
dom from at least four times the number tested must not be 
in error by more than one-quarter of the tolerances: One and 
five-tenths drams above and one and five-tenths drams below 
on the half gallon; one and twenty-five hundredths drams 
above and one and twenty-five hundredths drams below on 
the three pint; one drain above and one dram below on the 
quart; seventy-five hundredths drams above and seventy-five 
hundredths drams below on the pint; seventy-five hundredths 
drams above and seventy-five hundredths drams below on the 
ten ounce; five-tenths drams above and five-tenths drams below 
on the half pint; five-tenths drains above and five-tenths drams 
below on the gill. Bottles or jars used for the sale of milk 
shall have clearly blown or otherwise permanently marked in 
the side of the bottle, the capacity of the bottle and the word 
“sealed” and in the side or bottom of the bottle the name, 
initials or trade-mark of the manufacturer and designating 
number, which designating number shall be different for each 
manufacturer and may be used in identifying the bottles. The 
designating number shall be furnished by the State Superin- 
tendent of Weights and Measures upon application by the 
manufacturer, and upon filing by the manufacturer of a bond 
in the sum of one thousand dollars with sureties to be 
approved by the Attorney General, conditioned upon their per- 
formance of the requirements of this section. A record of the 
bonds furnished, the designating numbers, and to whom 
furnished, shall be kept in the office of the Superintendent of 
W eights and Measures. 
(C. L., 0280) Sec. 2. On and after January one, nine- 
teen hundred sixteen, anyt manufacturer who sells milk or 
cream bottles to be used in this State, which do not comply as 
to size and markings with the provisions of this act, shall 
suffer the penalty of five hundred dollars, to be recovered by 
the Attorney General in an action against the offender's bonds- 
men, to be brought in the name of the people of the State. Any 
dealer who uses, for the purpose of selling milk or cream, jars 
or bottles purchased after this law takes effect, which do not 
comply with the requirements of this act as to markings and 
capacity, shall be deemed guilty of using false or insufficient 
measure. 
(C. L., 0281) Sec. 3. Sealers of weights and measures 
are not required to seal bottles or jars for milk or 
Average 
contents. 
What to be 
blown in 
bottles. 
Designating 
number. 
Bond. 
Records. 
Unlawful 
sales. 
Penalty. 
Unlawful use 
of bottles. 
Bottles not 
to be sealed. LAWS RELATING TO THE BLUEAU OF DAIRYING. 
29 
cream marked as in this act provided, but they shall from 
time to time make tests on individual bottles used by the 
various firms in the territory over which they have jurisdic- 
tion, in order to ascertain whether the above provisions are 
being complied with, and they shall report violations found 
immediately to the Superintendent of Weights and Measures. 
Any dealer who knowingly uses for the purpose of selling milk 
or cream, jars or bottles purchased after this law takes effect, 
which do not comply with this act as to marking the capacity, 
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and be punished accordingly. 
Tests to be 
made' 
Penalty, 
PASTE UEIZATION. 
(Act No. 93, Public Acts, 1915) 
AN ACT to provide for pasteurizing the by-products of cheese 
factories, creameries, skimming stations and other places 
where milk is received and distributed. 
(C. L., 6333) Section 1. The People of the State of 
Michigan enact, Every owner, operator or manager of a 
cheese factory, creamery, skimming station or other place 
where milk is received and the by-products distributed, shall, 
before returning to or delivering to any person or persons any 
skim milk, whey, buttermilk or other milk by-products to be 
used for feeding purposes for farm animals, cause such skim 
milk, whey, buttermilk, or other milk by-products to be thor- 
oughly pasteurized by heating the same to one hundred forty- 
five degree Fahrenheit and holding at that temperature for 
not less than thirty minutes or to one hundred eighty-five 
degrees without holding: Provided, That the provisions of 
this act shall not apply to cheese factories or creameries that 
pasteurize the milk or cream prior to manufacture. 
(C. L., 6334) Sec. 2. Whoever violates any of the pro- 
visions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and on conviction shall be punished by a fine of not more than 
one hundred dollars, or imprisonment in the county jail for 
not exceeding ninety days, or both, in the discretion of the 
court. 
By products 
to be pasteur- 
ized. 
Proviso when 
act not to 
apply. 
Penalty. 30 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
ACT NO. 409, PUBLIC ACTS 1919 
AN ACT to provide for the licensing of ‘‘Babcock test” opera- 
tors, and to provide a penalty for the violation of the provi- 
visions of this act. 
Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, 
Every person, who shall test milk or cream in this 
State by the Babcock method for the purpose of deter- 
mining the percentage of butter or milk fat contained therein, 
where such milk or cream is bought and paid for on the basis 
of the amount of butter or milk fat contained therein, shall 
first obtain a license from the Food and Drug Commissioner 
(Commissioner of Agriculture). A license fee of one dollar 
for each license so granted shall be paid to the Food and 
Drug Commissioner (Commissioner of Agriculture). 
Sec. 2. The Food and Drug Commissioner (Commissioner 
of Agriculture) shall establish and promulgate rules and 
regulations, not inconsistent with the provisions of this act, 
that shall govern the granting of all licenses provided for 
in this act, provided that before such proposed rules and reg- 
ulations are promulgated, a copy of said proposed rules and 
regulations shall be submitted to the secretary of each inter- 
ested trade association at least thirty days before the same 
are promulgated, and thereafter, upon request of any inter- 
ested trade association and any other interested parties, the 
Food and Drug Commissioner (Commissioner of Agricul- 
ture) shall give said association and any other interested 
parties, a hearing on said rules and regulations. All licenses 
so granted shall run for one year from the date of issue, 
unless sooner revoked as provided for in section six of this 
act, and shall be renewed annually thereafter. 
Sec. 3. The Food and Drug Commissioner (Commis- 
sioner of Agriculture) shall have power to revoke any license 
granted under the provision of this act, upon good and suf- 
ficient evidence that the provisions of this act, or the rules 
and regulations of the Food and Drug Commissioner (Com- 
missioner of Agriculture), are not being complied -with: 
Provided, That before any license shall be revoked, an oppor- 
tunity shall be granted licensee, upon being confronted with 
the evidence, to show cause why such license should not be 
revoked. 
Sec. 4. Any licensee who feels aggrieved at the decision 
of the Food and Drug Commissioner (Commissioner of Agri- 
culture) may appeal from said decision within ten days by 
writ of certiorari, to the circuit court of the county where 
licensee resides, and an issue shall be framed in said court, 
and a trial had, and its decision shall be final unless an 
appeal is taken to the Supreme Court. 
Sec. 5. Any person violating any of the provisions of this 
act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon convic- 
License 
required. 
Fee. 
Rules and 
regulations. 
Hearings. 
Term of 
license. 
Revocation 
of license. 
Proviso, 
hearing. 
Appeals. 
Penalty. LAWS RELATING TO THE BUREAU OF DAIRYING. 
31 
tion thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than one 
hundred dollars and the costs of prosecution, or by imprison- 
ment in the county jail for a period of not more than two 
months, or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion 
of the court. All acts or parts of acts contravening the pro- 
visions of this act are hereby repealed. 
(Act No. 221, Public Acts 1921.) 
AN ACT to prevent fraudulent and dishonest practices in 
making official or semiofficial records of milk and butter 
fat production of cows. 
Section 1. The People of the- State of Michigan enact, Any 
person who shall connive at, commit, or attempt to commit 
any fraudulent or dishonest practice in connection with the 
making of official or semiofficial records of milk and butter 
fat production of qows, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
upon conviction thereof before any court of competent juris- 
diction shall be punished by a fine of not more than one thou- 
sand dollars or by imprisonment in the county jail for not 
more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment 
in the discretion of the court. 21 
adequate water supply, raised the figure to 67 degrees 
and yet, he found it necessary to make arrests. He 
found milk being brought in at 80 to 85 degrees. 
The state has fixed a maximum permissible 
bacterial count- 200,000 per c.c.- yet what does this 
mean in Monroe? Just this- that so far as could be as- 
certained, no sample has every undergone examination • 
There is no one equipped to examine the milk in the city 
and no sample has every been sent to the State laboratory. 
This,in the face of the fact that ----- ; - 
Only one dairy in Monroe pasteurizes its 
milk . All milk except the five hundred or six hundred 
quarts distributed by Bernard*s dairy, is raw. Is it 
ignorance, disinterest, or down right stubbomess? One 
cannot say. There seems a stubborn view point among all 
those concerned in the industry, that raw milk is the 
superior product- that pasteurization is a method,which 
while offering some safeguards, does so only at the cost 
of produc\ing an insipid,hardly worth while fluid in 
place of a rich, nutritious and delicious food. It seems 
a rather startling fact that not one bit of certified 
milk is marketed in the city. There could hot be. Ho 
medical milk commission exists there, and it is only to be 
expected that a group of producers who object strenuously 
to simple cooling would be in no way willing to take the 
steps and care, necessary in production of certified milk. 
The city dairy of Bernard is,as previous- 
ly mentioned, the sole source of pasteurized milk. 22 
They draw their supply from seven farms. The es- 
talishment is located in the basement of Mr. Bernard's 
residence. There are two rooms ,both cement floored 
and reasonably clean. The first room contains the 
pasteurizer, a large metal vat containing the coils 
thru which circulates the hot water. The second room 
contains the bottle washer and sterilizer. 
The milk is poured into the pasteurizer 
and cooled until time for pasteurization when the tem- 
perature is raised to 145 degrees and maintained for 
30 minutes. The milk is then cooled and bottled, no 
further attempt being made to keep it at a low tempera- 
ture. 
The bottles are washed with a hot water 
spray,followed by steam for a minute or two. 
The whole outfit is a step ahead,though 
doubtless an outside dairy and more careful methods of 
handling the milk,both before and after bottling, are 
steps which are yet to be anticipated. 
It was a pleasure in the face of' all the 
fact set forth above, to visit and inspect the Woodlawn 
Farm Dairy. The property of G.-W.Woods, a wealthy 
manufacturer of Monroe, the farm is well nigh perfect, 
i 
so far as equipment goes. It is under the supervision 
of an intelligent and well trained dairyman. The pic- 
tures herewith included give evidence of the excellent 
order and condition of the farm. (Figs.13,14,15.) 
The cows are all thorough bred Guernseys and are kept 22-A 
$ig.l3 22-B 
Pig.14 22-C 
Fig.15 23 
in admirable conditions of cleanliness. The 
affixed score card (Fig.16) shows the layout very 
number 
graphically. The cows /59, 49 of which are housed 
in a well lighted,dry spacious barn. The walls are 
of cement and the flooring are of some synthetic 
material which resembles stone but is a resilient 
as rubber. This eliminates the necessity of providing 
straw during the summer. There is a sliding door up 
to the loft which when opened provides increased cool- 
ing facilities 
the 
These cows are groomed with care ac- 
corded a race horse and present an unforgettable 
picture of dazzling ,healthy,wholesome cleanliness • 
The animals are tubuarculin tested,having been inoc- 
ulated thrice in 11 months without a single positive 
reaction; however,the herd remains on the national 
black list, due to the numerous•tubercular herds 
which are its neighbors. 
Ten cows are housed in an old style 
barn pending completion of an addition to the present 
large bam. Here they occupy ordinary box stalls,en- 
joying more room, if le s light than the other ani- 
mals • 
Pasteurization is not practiced. The 
milk is collected in covered buckets and the product 
of each cow is immediately poured into the cooler(Fig. 
17), bottled and stored in a modern and very efficient 
cold room. 23-A 
TjJ) 3 
Fi <j IJe EQUIPMENT. 
SCORE. 
Perfect. 
Allowed. 
cows. 
Health _ _ _ ._ __ 
8 
If 
Apparently in good health 1 
If tested with tuberculin within 
a year and no tuberculosis is 
found, or if tested within six 
months and all reacting ani- 
mals removed _ 5 
(If tested within a year and reach 
ing animals are found and removed, 
3.) 
Food (clean and wholesome') 
1 
1 
Water (clean and fresh) 
1 
STABLES. 
Location of stable 
2 
Well drained. _ _ 1 
Free from contaminating sur- 
roundings - _ _ ... 1 
Construction of stable. _ __ . 
4 
-4_. 
Tight, sound floor and proper 
gutter .2 
Smooth, tight walls and ceiling.. 1 
Proper stall, tie, and manger 1 
Provision for light: Four sq. ft. of 
glass per cow. ... 
4 
--ZtL 
(Three sq. ft., 3; 2 sq. ft., 2; 1 sq. 
ft., 1. Deduct for uneven distribu- 
tion. 
Bedding . 
1 
Ventilation.. _ _ _ 
7 
Provision for fresh air, control- 
lable flue system . 3 
(Windows hinged at bottom, 
1.5; sliding windows, 1; 
other openings, 0.5.) 
Cubic feet of space per cow, 500 
ft 3 
(Less than 500 ft., 2; less than 
400 ft., 1; less than 300 ft., 0.) 
Provision for controlling tem- 
perature 1 
UTENSILS. 
Construction and condition of uten- 
sils. ..... _ _ __ 
1 
/ 
1 
(Clean, convenient, and abundant.) 
5 
1 
1 
MILK BOOM OB MILK HOUSE. 
Location: Free from contaminating 
surroundings. _ 
1 
... 
2 
v 
Floor, walls, and ceilings 1 
Light, ventilation, screens . 1 
Separate rooms for washing utensils 
1 
.JU 
1 
(Hot water, 0.5.) 
40 
METHODS. 
SCORE. 
Perfect. 
Allowed, 
cows. 
Clean ... ... _ 
8 
/ 
(Free from visible dirt, 6.) 
STABLES. 
Cleanliness of stables _ _ . 
6 
Floor __ _ _ _ 2 
Walls 1 
Ceilings and ledges. 1 
Mangers and partitions 1 
Windows ...... ... 1 
at.. 
Freedom from dust ... .3 
Freedom from odors . ... . 2 
Cleanliness of bedding 
1 
:::fc 
~o-~ 
Barnyard _ .... 
2 
Clean . _ _ __ 1 
Well drained _ _ 1 
Removal of manure daily to 50 feet 
from stable 
2 
MILK BOOM OB MILK HOUSE. 
Cleanliness of milk room 
3 
JL- 
UTENSILS AND MILKING. 
Care and cleanliness of utensils.. . 
8 
.JjL 
Thoroughly washed .. _ 2 
Sterilized m steam for 15 min- 
utes. ... . _ 3 
(Placed over steam j et, or scalded 
with boiling water, 2.) 
Protected from contamination.. 3 
Cleanliness of milking 
9 
T 
.*£L 
Clean, dry hands “ _ 3 
Udders washed and wiped 6 
(Udders cleaned with moist cloth, 
4; cleaned with dry cloth or brush 
at least 15 minutes before milking, 
1.) 
HANDLING THE MILK. 
Cleanliness of attendants in milk 
2 
..J... 
Milk removed immediately from 
stable without pouring from pail.. 
Cooled immediately after milking 
2 
2 
5 
(51° to 55°, 4; 56° to 60°, 2.) 
3 
(51° to 55°, 2; 56° to 60° 1.) 
2 
Jfc— 
Vi 
(51°to 55°, 1.5; 56° to 60°, 1.) 
(If delivered twice a day, allow 
perfect score for storage and trans- 
portation.) 
60 
Equipment 
Methods 
Final Score. 
Note 1.—If any exceptionally filthy condition is found, particularly dirty utensils, the total score may be fur- 
ther limited. 
Note 2.—If the water is exposed to dangerous contamination, or there is evidence of the presence of a dan- 
gerous disease in animals or attendants, the score shall be 0. 8—3278 24 
It is noteworthy that every care is taken in the 
bottling process. The bottles are automatically washed 
ancl treated with live steam, the milk is run in and the 
caps (which are bought in large sterile packages) are 
put on by a machine. contact with human hands is 
entirely obviated. 
As has been remarked, the equipment is 
admirable but since no dairy is entirely above criticism 
it is not strange that this farm,located in the midst of 
a country where dairy ]pyge ine is at a very low ebb and 
carelessness is riot, should present certain aspects of 
its methods which cry for a remedy . Firstly: It should be 
recognized that fresh milking suits are essential and this 
rule was not evidently incorporated in the code. The 
milkers moreover were not even over zealous in cleansing 
their hands, then too- there was the undesirable habit of 
passage of milkers from stable to dairy and bottling room, 
although since pasteurization is not employed, this is of 
less importance. The brushing of udders is not a method 
to be but the damp cleansing in undoubtedly 
more efficient. 
The milk produced here is an excellent, 
rich product with an unusually heavy cream line. Yet all 
in all, I should feel better using milk, not from any of 
these dairies, even one such as this. The process of 
pasteurization, so universally frowned upon, by Monroe 
milk producers, offers the consumer an extremely sound 
foundation for feeling safe in the use of this important 
food. 25 
Clean milkers, healthy contented cattle, good surround- 
ings and immaculate utensils are excellent but not suf- 
ficient. The appointment of an Inspector was amove in 
the proper direction. Doubtless in due time, the 
dairies will all be models. However at present those 
which observe ordinary, precautions are few and 
the milk entering the city is, all in all, an unsafe food. 
The people have been fortunate. Spidemics have not occur- 
ed trace able to the milk , yet it cainot be doubted that 
sooner or later the hand of fate, will fall heavily on 
Monroe and diphtheria,typhoid,or some other milk born 
infection will scourge the city. The fulfillment of this 
dire prophecy or its non-fulfillment lies in the hands 
of the populace. 26 
SANITARY NUISANCES 
SOURCBS OF ODBRS 
The industries of Monroe are not those which commonly 
give rise to objectional odors so on that score the city 
escapes an unpleasant matter to handle. There are no large 
slaughter houses in the vicinity nor any of the ordinary 
sources of oders. In the course of carrying out the survey, 
the <hief point of offense seem to be the dumping grounds 
where the garbage is so inefficiently treated.(vide supra- 
"Garbage’1 ) . The od$rs arising from these grounds are 
at times very offensive but do not tend to spread very far 
from the immediate proximity of the causative material. The 
remedy is that suggested under the chapter dealing with 
Garbage & Refuse. 
DUST 
The municipality is? as blessed with numerous 
paved streets. There are 22-J- miles of unpaved as against 
are 
11 miles of paved streets.Naturally where there/dirt streets 
there is dust unless some means of settling it is employed. 
Oil was tried but was rather a dirty and unsatisfactory 
method.At present calcium chloride is being used with success 
It is sprinkled over the road ways and by absorbing the 
moisture from the air,keeps the dust moistened and thus pre- 
vents its rising. Until the streets are finally paved,this 
method needs no substitute or revision. 
The paved streets are watered and cleaned by au- 
tomatic mechanisms in an entirely satisfactory manner. 
RUBBISH 
(Tne must go a long distance in search of a city where there are no unsightly rubbish heaps or unsanitary dumps 
either small or large and Monroe is not an exception to 
the usual rule• In addition to the two large city dumps 
spoken of in an earlier chapter,there are encountered here 
and there,rubbish piles and small heaps of refuse such as 
the one illustrated in Fig.18- which was taken next to a 
railway track within 150 feet of well populated neighbors 
hood. 
Fig.18 
Note basket with coffee grounds, 
11so fresh vegetables,tin cans,and 
soggy refuse. 
The surprising thing is that there is not greater careless- 
ness in view of the inadequate functioning of the Health 
the 
Department • In general/lots, are clean and well kept and 
the city presents a generally,neatly kept picture. 
FLIBS & MOSQUITOBS 
The matter of flies can be spoken of very briefly. 
They are found in Monroe as everywhere and are ;just as 
troublesome.Yet, they are kept at a minimum by protecting 
manure piles, etc (vide Infra) and the only place 
neglected in this regard are the two main dumping grounds. 
The matter of mosquitoes is somewhat more intricate. 28 
Monroe lies in a natural mosquito* belt. Swamp land 
lies all about it,yet filling in has moged the boundry 
of swamp land quite a distance off. 
Another problem has appeared- that is-breeding 
places along the river banks. The river being an old 
one.geologically,flows very placidly along. Its current 
manifests itself only in the center while in the little 
bays .along the banks,the water stagnates and forms an 
ideal place for mosquito* breeding. This is being com- 
bated as vigorously as possible by the city engineer but 
his river force is,he complains.painfully inadequate. 
It may be ventured here that if the city ever 
becomes financially stabilized the mosquito ' situation 
along the river might be eradicated at one bold stroke, 
by the erection of a U-dam ,v/ith the hump of the U,point' 
ing up stream, thus obtaining a rapidily moving current 
along either bank. An expensive proposition.it can of- 
course be undertaken only after some of the more urgent 
needs of the city have been met. 
The remaining place in which mosquitoes breed 
in large numbers is in the catch basins of the swwage 
system. Here the insects flourish and require constant, 
rigid attention at all times. Oil is introduced at three 
day intervals and is doubtless of infinite value in 
checking their development. 
RATS 
These pests do not constitute one of Monroe’s 
worries. ITo information wasobtainable to indicate that 
they were numerous or disturbing. 29 
STABLES & L1AMJRB 
As in most places, the number of stables 
is rapi’dily diminishing as the number of garages in- 
creases. The horses are however, becoming very few. The 
old regulations still remain in force. Manure must be 
kept in a covered receptacle which must not bedome 
more than three quarters full. The regulations are gen- 
erally well followed out • 
SMOKE 
The only sources of smoke in the city are 
the various mills.These all possess extraordinarily 
tall smoke stacks so that the smoke is,for the most part 
carried beyond the city limits. This possible nuisance 
thus solves itself. 30 
I1IDUSTRY. 
Monroe’s chief industry, is paper manufacturing. 
All sorts of paper are made there- wrapping paper,box 
hoard,etc. An inspection of the largest of the factories 
or rather of two of its plants will furnish a rather 
adequate picture of the industry in two very different 
aspects. 
The Qonsolidated Paper Company consists of 5 
large plants. Part of its buildings,and equipment is 
very new, modem and excellent; part of it,is the exact 
reverse. 
The oldest unit of the company- old plant #1 
is a low,rambling brick strueture,one story high. It is 
comprised of various divisions wherein waste paper is 
transformed thru various stages to box-board . The plant 
thru-out is ill lighted and in the cold weather certainly 
must be abominably ventilated. The men working ove'r the 
machines never are giyen day light, there being only a 
few small windows along the side walls. A single electric 
light of the size ordinarily used in house lightning , 
is hung over each machine. One or two antiquated fans are 
the only attempts at ventilation. 
Most of the machinery is unguarded. A rail 
here and there are the sole evidences of any attempt at 
protection of life and limb of the workmen.- 
The room used for sorting the waste paper is 
laying 
naturally rather dusty and no dust/iay: devices are in 
evidence • 
The acme of inhuman labor practices is en- 31 
countered in the drying room. Here, large, sheets of the 
box-board are laid on slides which are shelved over pipes 
containing live steam. The entire apparatus is old and in 
poor repair.Steam is constantly escaping and the room is 
continually at a temperature around the 100 degree mark 
and of a humidity which is stifling. There is no means 
of cooling the passage-way or or relieving the men who 
labor here, from the effects of the hot,moist atmosphere. 
Work here continuously would of course, be a physical im- 
possibility. Fortunately, the men are actually in the 
room only about half the time. Yet the in-humanity of the 
place, the evident man-killing nature of this miniature 
inferno is such as to cause pity to 7ell up in any one's 
heart for the poor unfortunates,who sweat blood and flesh 
away here in an attempt to obtain their daily bread. 
Transferring attention to the latest 
and most modern of the company's plants, the contrast 
is as striking as it is encouraging. The long building 
with walls almost wholly built of glass,furnish the machine 
operators brilliant day light for the operation of the 
modern,well guarded automatic devices. The ceilings are 
so high, the air space so capacious that no worry on the 
score of aeration occurs to one. 
Fig.19- 
Note large windows. 32 
As remarked above, the devices are guarded 
adequately .7/heels are enclosed in wire fencing (Pig. 20) 
or board boxes. Belts are likewise surrounded. Rollers 
Fig.20- 
Machinery wheels guarded by 
wire fencing. 
are made to rotate so that the operator would he 
ejected rather than he seized by the rollers. Bars in 
front of sliding shelves make it impossible for operators 
to reach too far and so he injured. Thus all thru the 
factory,details have been observed. There might possibly 
be some need for a dust laying device in the sorting room. 
Unfortunately, from the stand point of the survey,there 
is no drying room. It is unnecessary in the manufacture 
of the paper, here produced. It should have furnished 
an interesting contrast to that described above, you 
may be assured. 
The question of industrial poisoning is 
not important in the paper industry. Some few dyp stuffs 
are employed, eheifly Bismark Brown. Ho serious trouble 
is occasioned by it however. 33 
The guestion of the general health of the 1500 employees 
un-answered 
is an waswered problem . The labor is 90$ unskilled and 
so chiefly transients There has been no attempt to check 
up the amount of time lost thru illness. Accidents are 
not frequent. There is no factory doctor. A few first aid 
kits are distributed about. These serve the needs of the 
employees-from the employer's stand point. 
The chief criticism must of course center 
about the old plant. Rebuilding would , from the theori- 
cal - stand point, be ideal, yet, since this is not at 
all feasible from an economic view, there is left the 
alternative of giving the employees a place where they 
may enjoy decent working conditions. 
The lighting system should be improved, by 
cutting sky lights. Safety devices should be installed. 
Large,adequate air fans connected with out doors,are 
a crying need. The dust should be dealt with and most of 
all steps should be taken to relieve the drying room of 
some of its heat and escaped steam. It is to be hoped 
that soon the employees of the Consolidated will enjoy 
the advantages of such improvements. 34 
SCHOOLS 
The schools of Monroe are a curious mixture 
of modern architecture and antiquated ruins. The high 
school may have cost far more to build than its actual 
worth, yet it is a modern and well equipped plant. The 
school the writer chose to inspect was , on the other 
hand, the antithesis of all that is excellent.modern 
and wfcll ordered. The McComb school is a large brick 
pile, very suggestive of a decaying mediaeval castle.lt 
is located on one side of a city block,the other side 
being occupied by another school,the surrounding grounds 
being utilized as play ground(Fig.21) 
Fig.21- 
Play ground with swings. 
The wonder is that the safety board has not long ago 
condemned the wreck- yet the probability is that there is 
no such official body. At any event, into the brick shell 
the school board has attempted to install modern improve- 
ments. 
The light cannot be criticised. It is well 
distributed thru large and numerous windows and the rooms 
obtain excellent ventilation in warm weather by the same 
means. 35 
As colder weather ensues, the ventilation 
is carried on by a pump system. The entry and exit 
vents are situated side by side at the front of the 
room on central part of the lowest panel- 
This mode, of course, does not permit of thorough 
ventilation.The fresh air enters the room and is immed- 
iately removed while vitiated air rises and keeps on 
increasing in volume. 
The heating system is,they say, quite adequate 
so far as the quantity of heat is concerned,However, 
the system is the simple hot water affair with no provi- 
sion made for providing a proper humidity . This is not, 
I suppose, to be expected in such a place however. 
The toilets were scarcely in accord with 
modern view as regards school sanitation.The toilet 
seats were circular affairs, too high from the floor. 
A single case of vulvo-vaginitis might well disseminate 
the disease to every little girl in the school.Ofcourse, 
at the time of the inspection the place was being utilized 
by children from the play grounds and the questionable 
conditions of cleanliness irnight not be existant in the 
school season. 
The Medical supervision of the children,is 
administered by a school nurse.This lady,employed by the 
school board,goes from school to school,receiving those 
children who complain and if necessary,refers them to a 
physician. 36 
The attempted supervision is carried no further than 
this in the public school. 
There are as many parochial schools as 
there are public.These are far more up to date,in 
equipment and in appointments. It was impossible,at 
the time of making the survey to ascertain what special 
medical supervision was given the children in these 
schools. 
So far as it was possible to ascertain, 
no special rule for exclusion of children, at times of 
illness , is existant • The attendants at the school are, 
of course, made to cease attending classes when attached 
by measles„chicken pox, mumps, scarlet or typhoid fever 
diphtheria,small pox or any other infectious disease. 
There is quite evidently a need of a 
good school physician. Avorthy or capable men, in such a 
position, could not only supervise any disease which might 
make its appearance but would also insist on better ven- 
tilating systems, safer toilets and more modern heatirg 
systems. These changes would not necessitate any huge 
expenditure of funds. For example, in the McComb school, 
merely leading the fresh air vent into the room, at the 
top, rather than beside the outlet at the bottom,would 
infinitely improve the ventilation. This is ne rely meant 
to afford an example of what slight changes,intelligently 
made, may effect. 37 
MISCELLANEOUS 
In general accord with the plan of 
inactivity of the Monroe Board of Health, any 
supervision of the minor sanitary conditions in the 
city are entirely neglected. All markets, stores, 
and fountains are allowed to do as seems best, in the 
eyes of the it is improbable that any 
steps toward regulation would be undertaken unless 
conditions became so terrible that they occasioned 
a report by some lay citizen. 
Yet, it must be said to the general 
credit of the store keepers, grocerers, bakers and 
butchers of the city, that they maintain excellent 
standards of cleanliness. The barber shops are also 
praise-worthy in this respect. In no instance was there 
any sign of carelessness, filth or unsanitary methods. 
The fountains are all modern- the kitchens spotless- 
the barber shops immaculate. It must be said to the 
credit of her citizens that Monroe enjoys greater ad- 
vantages along these lines than her larger neighbors. 
The only organization in the city that works 
toward the benefit of the general health is the Red Cross. 
Their chief activity is the so called,Baby Clinic,which 
is held once a week. This clinic cares for infants and 
children up until school age. The applicants are seen by 
the nurse and if necessary by the physician in charge.The 
physicians in the city serve alternately in this clinic. 38 
In addition the Red Cross Nurse makes trips about the 
city, calling on the children. 
There are of course no local supervisions 
of food and drugs or any such related subjects. This 
is one of the crying needs of the city- as has so fre- 
quently been repeated. An adequate board of health who 
would be active and energetic, supervising health and 
hygeine in their numerous states would automatically 
care for these smaller matters which are so ill taken 
care of. 39 
RESUME 8c COMMENT 
The reader of the foregoing chapters can 
scarsely have finished his perusal without heaving a 
sigh and remarking "'.That a horrible state of affairs 
in this day and ageTt, nor would the reader be far 
wrong. It is astonishing to find a set of such consist- 
ently bad conditions in the midst of educated and in- 
telligent people. 
Ofcourse the blame for many of the deficiences 
must be laid at the door of economic difficulties. Poor 
management,coupled with a very late start in moderniz- 
ing a city?have been responsible for causing a great 
deal of unrest among thOvSe guarding the city finances. 
The tax rates are appalling and is quite apparent, 
the city shows little material improvement, for it. Per- 
haps it is human nature every where to prefer good pav- 
ing on which to drive automobiles, to a city protected 
from typhoid,diphtheria and scarlet fever! Surely it is the 
human nature of Monroe . The street paving and park 
of 
beautification campaign areAprimary importance. Perhaps 
the public are correct, but it would seem to the writer 
that life in a city without parks would be infinitely 
better than death in the prettiest of cemeteries. 
But whatever the reasons,the facts remain and 
■=5 
they the most part, 'Of very discouraging set of 
details. 40 
#1- The HeaL th Department is a body of 
shabby organization, composed chiefly of incompetents 
and for the most part, non-functional. It neither has 
a set of required activities nor does it create any for 
itself. 
The city is in urgent need of a Health Board 
consisting of pompetent individuals under the leadership 
of a well trained medical man who can devote a fair amount 
of time to public health work. This organization should 
make it its business to frame rules for the sanitation 
of the city,inspect the various food dispensaries,wells 
and so on,etc., maintain laboratories and in general, 
serve a protective function over the entire population • 
#2- The water conditions are at present hardly 
commendable• The absolute lack of any prelimiaries other 
than ehlorinization before serving it to the consumer,is 
not ideal. The water department is, however,in the hands 
of competent and energetic officials and with the in- 
stallation of the new rapid sand filtration plant, the 
department will be all that could be desired. 
#3- The sewage system is antiquated, inadequate 
and unsatisfactory. The river thru-out its course,thru 
the city is polluted by untreated refuse from house and 
factory.lt more-over empties too near the water intake 
for aesthetic purposes, if not for hygginic.. 
The city requires a modern screening and dis- 
infecting plant. 41 
#4-GARBAGE 
Here again the conditions found were deplorable. 
The collecting wagons were reasonably adequate but the 
material was disposed of at two dumps located in the midst 
of the city* This gave rise to unsightly ground,obnoxious 
odors and furnished an alarmingly perfect breeding ground 
for flies. 
The system is entirely wrong for a city, the 
size of Monroe. The refuse should be gathered in a well 
covered wagon and be transported to a reducing plant out 
IS 
side the city, there to be disposed of. 
feasible and from a health standpoint,very essential. 
#5- VITAL STATISTICS. 
The vital statistics are not computed in the 
city • Individual reports are filed but no attempt at 
combining them into a semblance of an Tinderstandable re- 
port is made. The figures are,ofcourse, obtainable from 
the State Department of Health. 
The birth rate shows a substantial margin over 
the death rate. The infant mortality rate discloses a 
most state of affairs, there being about one 
death to every ten births among children up to two years 
of age• 
The births anrl deaths are generally reported 
with accuracy and promptness. The morbidity figures are 
not turned in at all accurately. 
The chief criticisms are then ; 
#1- lack of interest by the local authorities 42 
in compiling statistics, 
#2-failure to inspect the figures in- 
telligently and act on the hints given hy them. 
There should doubtless he embodied among the 
duties of the Board of Health the work of compiling 
statistics and attempting by health regulation, to improve 
them, 
DISEASES. 
Infectious diseases are found to be reported 
with very little promptness or accuracy. The state re- 
quires reports of all infectious diseases, tuberculosis 
and venereal infections, being reported on special forms. 
The physicians regard the rule with respect, only for 
short periods following shake-ups by state officials. It 
is doubtful whether scarlet fever,measles,chicken pox, 
pertussis or a host of other so called lesser diseases 
are ever recorded accurately. 
There is no set quarantine ruling ,it being 
i 
left to the attending physician to quarantine for the usual 
disease duration.period. 
The chief criticism is undeniably toward that 
type of provincial , old school physician whose foresight 
is so limited as to make him a danger rather than a safe- 
guard to the community. Hot until physicians appreciate 
that whatever their duty to their individual patient,their 
duty to society at large is still greater; that the con- 
venience of an individual can never be served to the de- 
triment of the general well being of the community - - 43 
not -until then, will such slip shod methods of health 
control, vicious attacks on the health of all, cease to 
exist. Education of the doctor seems the logical solution. 
#7-MILK . 
The milk conditions are probably as a whole the 
worst of the hygeinic problems incountered here. The 
dairies are, as a whole, ill kept. The dairymen are 
careless. There is a veiy small amount(600 quarts) of milk 
pasteurized . No medical milk commission exists. Perhaps 
by reporting on the two very best of Monroe1s dairies, I 
have mislead. It must be here emphasized that the conditions 
on nearly all the other farms and dairies were terrible. 
There is too little heed paid the State laws.There 
is no laboratory in Monroe for milk analysis. The dairy- 
men are ignorant of the basic health points as regards milk. 
These points,open to severest criticism,might ?/ith a bit of 
effort be rectified. 
The local authorities should organize a medical 
milk commission under whom could work a full time milk 
inspector. The state laws should thereby be enforced 
rigidily. There an adequate laboratory 
where analyses and bacterial accounts might be carried out • 
Perhaps most important of all-there should be a thorough 
going ,educational campaign to instill in the mind of the 
dairy-man that wholesome regard for cleanliness, so im- 
portant in such workman! also to point out clearly to him 
the undeniable advantages of pasteurization, proper cooling 
and allied subjects. 44 
#8-SANITARY NUISANCES. 
The summary need include very few words 
regarding sanitary nuisances* With the exception of 
the rubbish heaps and garbage dumps, the city is orderly , 
clean and quiet. Measures are being taken against insects 
to the limit of the economic ability of the community. More 
cannot be said. 
The only recommendation is that already sug- 
gested under ’GARBAGE'. 
#9- INDUSTRY. 
The industry of the city is chiefly confined 
to the paper mills Conditions in these places range from 
what may be termed,very good indeed, down to conditions 
which are absolutely abominable. In general, the workmens* 
life is regarded very lightly by the employer. 
It would be an excellent plan to employ 
factory physicians who could not only give medical atten- 
tion when necessary, but who might make suggestions as re- 
gards improving working conditions - - these suggestions 
to be carried into practice. 
#10-SCHOOLS. 
The schools likewise range from good to bad. 
In some there has been excellent engineering- in others, 
there has been practically none. 
Certain schools are poorly ventilated and 
possess extremely dangerous and improper sanitary fixtures. 
Since those schools.falling in this class are of almost 
pre-historic vintage , it would seem that razing and re- 
building would, in the end, be the better and more logical 45 
plan of proceedure. 
#11- 
In general there is very little more to be 
said. 
Ofcourse the Health Department does not su- 
pervise any of the minor sanitary details of the city. 
The Red Cross holds its baby clinics once a 
week and its nurse makes house visits. 
The city stores,restaurants,etc., conduct 
themselves very admirably. 
The city of Monroe is a pretty spot. Its 
clean appearance would serve to mislead the unsuspecting. 
It is unfortunate that so much carelessness and inefficiency 
has made it less safe than beautiful. Certainly the writer 
feels,after conducting the survey, that despite the apparent 
good health and low morbidity and mortality rates, enjoyed 
by the city,Monroe is still a safer city to pass thru than in 
which to stop. One may enjoy its beauty and historic sites 
without the hazard of taking up residence in the city. 
Gradually the light is dawning. The sun rises 
late but surely the light of knowledge is shedding its rays 
over Monroe. A new filtration plant, a milk inspector— 
advances surely. Though the progress be slow,still it is tru- 
ly progress- so let us wish, the little city good luck and 
the kindness of fate, until science makes fate’s intervention 
unnecessary. 
FINIS.