SANITARY SURVEY 
0 F 
GREENSBURG PENNSYLVANIA 
B Y 
EDWARD Ik ip 0 R T Z INDEX 
INTRODUCTION 1 
WATER 9 
SEWAGE 14 
GARBAGE REFUSE ASHES 17 
VITAL STATISTICS 19 
MILK 22 
SANITARY NUISANCES 26 
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 29 
HOUSING 32 
INFECTIOUS DISEASES 33 
SCHOOLS 36 
MISCELLANEOUS 40 
SUMMARY 47 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 
Greensburg, Pennsylvania, is situated in the western 
foothills of the Allegheny Mountains, along the main line of 
the Pennsylvania Railroad lines west from New York. It is 
thirty miles east of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and is a junction 
point for the Southwest branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
which extends to Connellsville and Uniontown, Pennsylvania, with 
the main line of the Pennsylvania system. 
Greensburg is easy of access from all directions. 
The town is the directing center of the industries of 
Westmoreland County. The public buildings are among the 
finest in the State of Pennsylvania. 
Greensburg is the gateway to the Connellsville 
coke region. The area contains 88,000 acres of coal land, 
50,000 of which are yet unmined. It is a half mile wide at 
the narrowest and three miles wide at the widest point. 
History: 
Greensburg is the county seat of Westmoreland County, 
This county was formed from part of Bedford County, February 26, 
1773 and included all of southwestern Pennsylvania, westward 
from the Laurel Hill Mountains, and embraced nearly all the 
territory in Allegheny, Armstrong, Greene, Fayette, Indiana* GEN. NATHANIEL GREENE 
A reprint of an old reproduction of General Nathaniel 
Greene in honor of whom the town was named. One of the 
brilliant leaders in the Aar of the Revolution whose efforts 
aided in establishing the "land of the free". 2 
and Westmoreland Counties as they are today. Westmoreland was 
one of the eleven original Provincial Counties. 
Hannastown, three and one-half miles east of 
Greensburg, was the County Seat, and so continued until 
December 10, 1785. At Hannastown, justice, according to the 
white man’s idea, was first judicially administered west of 
the Allegheny Mountains. Here the frontiersmen made the first 
public protest against English tyranny, and adopted Westmoreland 
County’s Declaration of Independence, more than a year before 
the Philadelphia Declaration. Hannastown was destroyed by 
Indians, after an exciting contest. Greensburg became the 
County Seat. 
The town was named Greensburg in honor of General 
Nathaniel Greene who had died at Savannah, Georgia, June 9, 1786, 
and under whom many of the soldiers from this County had served 
in the Yfar of the Revolution. Greensburg was incorporated into 
a borough February 9, 1799. The earliest name of the town was 
Newtown, given by Colonel Christopher Truly, but was changed 
to Greensburg. 
Probably the most important historical personage of 
the County during the Revolutionary period was Major-General 
Arthur St. Clair, the friend and comrade of George Washington. 
The remains of General St. Clair now lie in the St. Clair 
Cemetery in Greensburg. 
In 1799 the first newspaper, “The Farmers’ Register", 
was published. Two editions, an English and a German edition, 
were published. GREENSBURG IN 1840. 
An old print which shows the size of the town in IB40. 
Hote the rolling characteristic of the land upon which it grew. 
GREENSBURG’S FIRST COURT HOUSE 
The first Court House as constructed by the colonists was 
not a pretentious structure but it served well their needs. 3 
The census of 1810 gave the population as 685, 
Ten years later, 1820, old newspaper accounts give the 
population as 770, 
There were slave markets in Greensburg and advertise- 
ments of slaves o.ppeared in the newspapers. In the court house 
square was the regular auction block where negroes were sold. 
As late as 1817 public slave auctions appeared in the town, and 
slavery existed in the County until 1840. 
On a hill east of Greensburg was a cluster of log 
cabins called "Irish Town"; to the west was “Dutch Town". 
In September, 1858, a great fire occurred, beginning 
in a stable, and spreading, it destroyed over $30,000 worth of 
property, a severe loss in those days. The part destroyed was 
referred to as the "Burnt District" and was but slowly reclaimed. 
Around the town, coal mines, coke works, factories, 
and foundries developed, and these all influenced the growth 
of the town until the present, when it is soon to become a city. 
Geographical Position: 
The town is situated in the southwestern part of 
the State of Pennsylvania, thirty miles southeast of Pittsburgh, 
Its longitude west from Washington, D, C., is 2 f30*20"; west 
from Greenwich, England, it is 80 ’30", The latitude is 40,17’10". A scene typical of the environs of Greensburg showing the coke ovens 
and the small square cars above which fill them with coal. At night time 
the burning ovens light up the heavens with their flames making a weird 
and beautiful sight for the passing traveler to look upon. 4 
The solar time of the town is 11:60 when it is noon 
on the meridian at Yfashington, D. C., and 5:08 P. M. at 
Greenwich, England. 
Topography: 
Greensburg is situated in the v/estern foothills of 
the Appalachian Mountain chain which courses through the 
central part of Pennsylvania from northeast to the southwest. 
The town proper is situated on six hills, with 
corresponding valleys in between. The highest of these is 
less than a thousand feet from sea level. The main street of 
the town is on the crest of two of these hills, Two hills are 
to the east, two in the center, and two to the western part of 
the town. Two streams running south, one in each valley, aid 
in the disposal of the town’s sewage. 
Climate: 
There are no extreme temperature fluctuations 
throughout the year. The winters are generally mild with 
perhaps a drop of temperature to zero, Farenheit, six times 
* 
each winter. 
The summers likewise offer no extreme degrees of 
heat although hot waves prove at times quite uncomfortable to 
the population. Ilain street looking due north from Third Street. This street is the 
principal thoroughfare of the town, and on it are located many of the 
leading "business houses. 5 
The atmosphere is far from pure. The town is 
situated in the Connellsville Coal Belt and with the mining 
of coal, and the many factories pouring out smoke in the 
vicinity and all over the western part of Pennsylvania, the 
dust and dirt floating through the atmosphere is sufficient 
to cause many of the inhabitants to seek different climes at 
various times of the year. 
The mean temperature in summer is about 72 degrees; 
in winter, 32 degrees. The annual rain fall for the 'western 
part of Pennsylvania averages about 40 inches. 
Geology; 
The underlying geological layers of western 
Pennsylvania are known as the Pottsville conglomerate 
(Millstone grit) below, and the coal measures above. 
The lowest formation of the Pottsville conglomerate 
is sandstone or conglomerate. The thickness of this formation 
is presumably about 400 feet. 
The coal measures lie above the millstone grit layer. 
These measures consist of alternating beds of shale, sandstone, 
conglomerate, limestone, coal, and a certain amount of iron ore. 
Shale is the thickest bed of all. The coal and iron are 
interstratified with the other members of the series, and are 
regarded as strata of rock. VIEWS OF GREENSBURG 
METHODIST CHURCH 
COURT HOUSE. 6 
Population: 
The population of Greensburg at the time of the 
1921 census was 15,033. Within the last year several new 
industrial concerns have furnished employment for several 
hundred people, thus increasing the population to over 
16,000 inhabitants, the exact number not yet having been 
ascertained. 
Of the surrounding towns, South Greensburg showed 
a population of 2,188 in the 1921 census. The population of 
Southwest Greensburg is given as 2,538. 
The outlying districts are populated by individuals 
employed in the various coal mines. 
Further out lie the farms, which are generally small, 
averaging eighty to one hundred acres. The land is fertile 
and the crops are bountiful. 
Organization of Board of Health: 
The Board of Health consists of five members, one 
of which must be a reputable physician. The members of the 
Board are appointed by the President of the City Council, with 
the approval of the Council proper. The term of office is so 
arranged that one new member is appointed each year. The Board 
meets at stated intervals for the purpose of surveillance of the 7 
general health of the community. The Board is active, 
efficient, and v/ell organized. The Secretary of the Board 
has held his office by re-appointment for twenty years. The 
statistics of the Board are open for the inspection of the 
public, and the Board Yrelcomes any constructive criticism 
incident to the community welfare. Mr. Samuel Clements is 
Secretary of the Board, and the other members are Dr. C. C. Porter, 
Edward Keck; and Mason Welty. One vacancy exists at present, 
several reputable men being considered for the position. None of 
the members are paid except the Secretary. 
General: 
As a city, Greensburg has so far shown a lack of 
civic pride. There is no Public Library or Public Park, 
no general assembly hall other than the High School Auditorium. 
The streets are generally v/ell kept up, but many 
alley ways, especially in the outer districts of the city, are 
difficult of passage and poorly lighted. 
The population is made up of old established families, 
and others, comparatively newcomers, from other sections of the 
state and country, drawn here by the industrial forces including 
the coal, glass, chinaware and steel manufactories. 8 
While the foreign element, composed chiefly of 
Italians, Poles, Serbians, Negroes, Armenians, and Russians, 
are all represented, the total number is but a small percentage 
of the entire population. WATER 9 
WATER 
Greensburg has two sources of water supply. The 
first is from its own system of reservoirs; the second is 
by connection with the pipe lines of the Mountain Water 
Supply Company which obtains its water from the mountain 
in the Indian Creek region, forty miles south of 
Greensburg. This company furnishes the Pennsylvania 
Railroad with water in this region. 
Ten miles east of Greensburg and five miles south 
of Latrobe is the Immel Reservoir near Lycippus. Three 
streams of water enter this reservoir: - 
(a) The nine mile stream with drainage area of 
0.41 square miles, opens directly into the reservoir. 
(b) The Sewickley stream entering from the south, 
is brought into the reservoir by a small intake. This 
stream has a drainage area of 0.81 square miles. 
(c) The Armel stream to the north also enters by 
a pipeline. It drains an area of 1.4 square miles. 
The entire drainage area for the Immel Reservoir 
is 2.62 square miles. 
A pipe line connects the Immel Reservoir to Unity 
Reservoir which is a storage reservoir. It has a drainage 
area of 0.6 square miles. The Dry Ridge Reservoir is the 
equalizer for pressure. The elevation of the Immel Reservoir 
is 1422 feet; of Unity Reservoir is 1250 feet; of Dry Ridge 
Reservoir 1300 feet. Two views of the Iramel Reservoir situated ten miles east 
of Greensburg, far up in the Ridge, as the foothills of the 
Allegheny Ilountains are called. Up here it is singularly 
free from smoke and filth, and furnishes a suitable location 
for obtaining pure water . 10 
From the Dry Ridge Reservoir are two pipe lines which 
bring the water to the city, a twelve inch and an eighteen inch 
line. Near South Greensburg is an outlet from the Mountain Water 
Supply Company. The outlet is a twelve inch tap on the thirty- 
six inch main. 
From these two lines the city receives its supply of 
water. Other reservoirs exist for surrounding towns and are 
under the control of the Westmoreland Water Company. 
Greensburg and suburbs have a water consumption of two 
million gallons daily. Figures for the town proper have not 
been compiled. 
Sources of Pollution: 
The principal reservoir from which the city derives 
its water is the Immel Reservoir. This is located far up in the 
mountains and is singularly free from any flagrant and open 
sources of pollution. A Catholic Monastery is situated above 
the reservoir and on the crest of the ridge. This, however, 
has an efficient disposal system which aims to protect the 
reservoir from pollution. The ridge is thickly wooded. 
Wild animals and hunters, and picnic parties might be mentioned 
as possible sources. 11 
The Indian Creek region, from which the Mountain 
Water Supply Company gets its water, drains a large area of 
several square miles which embraces much cultivated land. 
No surface supply of water is safe unless treated with some 
disinfecting solution, such as liquid chlorine, etc. 
Purification: 
The Westmoreland Company treats the water with 
chlorine. The machines used, a chlorine control apparatus 
manufactured by Wallace, Tieman Company of Newark, New Jersey, 
can be set to treat the water of any given rate. The usual 
rate is four pounds of chlorine per million gallons of water. 
This, of course, is so slight in amount that it is imperceptible 
to taste, yet quite efficient in action. The containers used 
in the process each contain 150 pounds of liquid chlorine. 
The chlorine stations are located, one at the point where the 
water leaves the Immel Reservoir, one at a pumping station 
before coming over the ridge, and one at the point where water 
is received from the Mountain Water Supply Company. 12 
Water Analysis: 
August 25, 1922. 
Sample Bacteria per c.c. B. coli found in 
37’ on agar 
20’ gelatin 
• 
o 
• 
o 
O 
r—T 
1 c.c. 
10 c.c. 
Indian Creek 
(after chlorine 
treatment) 
19 
21 
0 
0 
0 
Indian Creek 
(Before chlorine 
treatment) 
30 
43 
0 
X 
X 
Unity Reservoir 
34 
26 
0 
X 
X 
Analysis made in Laboratory of Morris Knowles. 
Bacteria at 20* centigrade are cold water bacteria. 
An increase of the temperature to 37* should make a reduction of 
ten to one in the number of bacteria found. Monthly bacteria 
counts are made. If the count is high an immediate effort is 
made to correct the condition and the counts are then made until 
the report is satisfactory. 
Chemical Analysis 
Samples 
Per 100,000 parts 
Indian Creek 
Immel Reservoir 
Free NH3 
0,002 
0.006 
Albuminoid M3 
0.0120 
0.008 
N in Nitrites 
Trace 
None 
N in Nitrates 
None 
Trace 
Chlorine 
0.60 
0.50 
Alkalinity 
2.25 
1.00 
Sulphuric Anhydride 
1,10 
0.75 
Lime 
1.35 
0.85 
Magnesia 
0.73 
0.12 
Total solids 
7.72 
5.0 
Loss on ignition 
3.80 
1.8 
Solids darken slightly 
on heating 
Solids darken 
on heating. 13 
Albuminoid Ammonia Nitrogen and the Nitrogen 
ascertained in nitrite form represent pollution. By a glance 
at the chemical analysis of the water used by Greensburg, it is 
seen that the amount of nitrogen representing pollution is slight 
and the water may be used with safety. 
Private Wells: 
Greensburg has few private wells. In 1921 an 
outbreak of several cases of typhoid fever in East Greensburg 
drew the attention of the Board of Health to a private well 
which was proved to be the source of infection. Proper measures 
were immediately taken to wipe out the contaminated water and 
nullify its infective character. 
It may be added here that the city has two public 
drinking fountains, one in front of the Court House, and another 
near the Post Office, both of which have city water. SEWaGE 14 
SEWAGE 
System of Disposal: 
The sewage disposal system of Greensburg is a 
simplified affair, being composed of two streams of water, 
Coal Tar Run and Jacks Run. These streams have a north to 
south course and meet near the southern borough limit where 
South Main Street and Mt. Pleasant Street converge. The sewage 
of the city is collected by a system of underground pipe lines. 
These lines empty the sewage into the two small streams. 
Coal Tar Run has its origin several miles north of Greensburg. 
Two miles north of the city limit the Greensburg Shaft Mine 
pumps all of its sulphur into Coal Tar Run. This furnishes to 
the water a powerful disinfectant with moderate deodorizing 
poYfer to nullify the sewage odors. As the stream approaches 
the city limit it is converted into an underground waterway. 
This passes through the city in the valley between Bunker Hill 
on the west and Main Street Hill on the east. This stream 
takes care of the sewage from approximately the western half 
of the city. 
Jacks Run begins near Shoemakers Farm, two miles to 
the northeast of the city. It is formed by the junction of a 
meadow stream with the sulphur stream formed nearby from the 
pumpage of the Keystone Shaft Mine. Jacks Run passes through 
the city from northeast bearing to southwest. It is uncovered Sewage System; The upper view shows Jacks Hun just before it 
joins Coal Tar Hun beyond the bridge seen in the picture. The 
bridge represents Lit. Pleasant Street. 
The lower view is of the two streams as they come togethef. 
It is needless to state that the inhabitants, chiefly of the foroim 
element of the town, are subjected to unpleasant odors coming from 
the streams. People live in the dwellings shown in the pictures. 15 
along its entire course. This stream receives sewage from 
approximately the eastern half of the city. The course of 
the stream is in the valley between Main Street Hill and 
Academy Hill on the west, and East G-reensburg Hill on the east. 
Efficiency: 
The plan of this system is seen to be satisfactory 
as it fulfills the purpose for which it is used. The city 
is fortunate in being situated in just this position, for these 
streams, by caring for this vital need of the community, are 
the means of saving considerable money which would be required 
for a sewage disposal plant. 
The question has been raised concerning the disposal 
of sewage if the mines which supply the sulphur should shut down. 
Fortunately these mines are situated over a thick vein of coal 
and will be worked for years without exhausting the supply. 
During temporary shut-downs the huge pumps are kept running. 
Thus a constant and never ceasing supply of sulphur water is 
insured the city for years to come. 
Relation to City Health: 
The sewage disposal is cared for in such a manner 
that, according to the Secretary of the Board of Health, no 
epidemics of any kind have arisen in the community up to this time. 16 
Isolated cases have been reported where the streams have been 
subject to suspicion, but these are rare. No cases of infectious 
diseases have been reported from surrounding towns that have 
indicated the source of infection as coming from the Greensburg 
disposal system. 
Criticism: 
The origin of the sulphur water which is the 
neutralizing agent in the waterways for the system is incidental 
to the mining of coal from the different mines. When this 
ceases, the authorities will have to construct an entirely new 
method of neutralization. Furnishing the sulphur is under 
the control of private corporations and any time they choose 
they may direct the sulphur stream into other channels, for 
instance, if the sulphur were desirable for other purposes. 
Jacks Run along its entire course through the city 
is uncovered. Flies cannot but jeopardize the health of 
individuals living nearby, as is the case. Further, Jacks Run 
and Coal Tar Run neet within the city limits south and from 
there on remain uncovered. 
While the present system of neutralization works 
efficiently, it appears desirable for the authorities to be 
prepared to furnish a new system immediately to the city when 
the present system proves inadequate, as it some time will. The sewage system; The upper picture shows Goal Tar Run as it 
emerges from its underground passage at the junction of South Tain 
Street and Lit. Pleasant Street. On the right of the upper picture 
is seen Jacks Run joining Coal Tar Run. 
The lower view shows the two streams as one coursing due south. GARBAGE REFUSE ASHES 17 
GARBAGE REFUSE ASHES 
Just outside the city limits southwest, located on 
a hillside, is a small disposal plant, operated by a negro. 
Three large trucks and two wagons transfer the garbage and 
refuse from the city to the disposal plant. The stores, 
factories, and hotels have daily service, and the town service 
is weekly. 
At the plant is located a large furnace with two 
openings each about 45 c.m. in diameter, through which the 
garbage is placed in the furnace. Below is found the fire 
bed with five openings to the side of the furnace for proper 
control of the fire. One man is in charge of the running of 
the furnace. Tin cans and other unburnable material are 
relegated to the adjoining dump. 
There are great numbers of rats around everywhere 
and flies are much in evidence. 
Ashes are hauled into various lot spots in the city, 
along Jack's Run, and also placed on the sides of the railroad 
bank which courses through the city east and west. 
The present system for disposal of garbage and 
refuse functions fairly well. However, its control is subject 
to change and its efficiency over any length of time is variable. 
In order to have a well organized and efficient means of disposal 
the city council passed by vote a sixty-thousand dollar bond 
issue for the purpose of constructing an Incineration Plant. 'Two further views of the Disposal Plant. The appearance of 
the spot suggests the accompanying odor of the vicinity. 
The pictures fail to show the numerous vermin which found a 
refuge in the mass of debris . 18 
It was planned to have this plant along the southwest branch 
of the Pennsylvania Railroad below the Lumber Company's ground, 
but citizens unwilling for such a plant to be located in the 
region were successful in having an injunction issued against it. 
Recently the city council awarded the contract for 
building an incineration plant, said building to cost $21,139.00, 
while the incinerator is to cost $13,874. A forty-one acre tract 
was purchased for $9,500.00. This land is located southeast of 
Greensburg • The total cost of the plant will be, therefore, 
approximately $44,513.00, These two pictures of the Disposal Plant serve to indicate 
the disorderly and haphazard method used by the proprietor 
in disposing of the rubbish. In talcing these pictures, the 
writer could get no nearer because of the heat of the furnace. VITAL STATISTICS 19 
VITAL STATISTICS 
In a sanitary survey of Greensburg perhaps the most 
discouraging results of all -will he found in the activity 
that leads the investigator into the field of vital statistics. 
Records in the hands of the Board of Health are not systematically 
ordered and kept up. True it is that Greensburg is but a town 
of approximately fifteen thousand inhabitants and small variations 
or fluctuations on plotted curves and charts would give a 
rather meagre bit of added information, yet they are desirable 
from the point of view of comparison with the past, present, and 
future. 
The Secretary of the local Board of Health placed his 
documents and data at the disposal of the writer. He cooperated 
in every possible way. The statistics given below were obtained 
from permits granted to undertakers for burial purposes. 
These cards stated the cause of death in each case. The 
writer searched through the permits granted throughout the county, 
and secured the statistics on Greensburg. It is obvious that 
some of these permits may have been misplaced, others lost and 
some not filed, so that the data obtained is not to be accepted 
without reservation. The v/riter found no statistics in the 
Court House. A letter of inquiry to the State Department of 
Health, located at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was not answered. 20 
A visit to the Library of the Department of Preventive 
Medicine at the Harvard Medical School for light on the subject 
showed that, up until March 23, 1923, the authorities in the 
Department of Health in Harrisburg had failed to comply with the 
request of the Secretary to Dr. Rosenau that the records be 
completed. The latest records available were of 1916. 
According to the statement of the Secretary of the 
local Board in Greensburg, the death rate for Greensburg for 
1921 was 10 per 1000. Infant mortality was not obtainable. 
The specific rates for separate acute or chronic infectious 
diseases is not regularly calculated. Fifty-seven cases of 
measles were reported in 1921. 
For 1921, the number of deaths from specific diseases 
was as follows: - 
Typhoid 7 
Tuberculosis 14 
Scarlet fever 2 
Diphtheria 6 
Suggestions for improvement are not difficult to 
commend. Practically, the health of the town is efficiently 
guarded by the local Board. At the least indication of any kind 
of an epidemic arising, the Secretary immediately orders and 
personally conducts a vigorous campaign for the purpose of 
safe-guarding the community. An orderly and systematic manner Death rate, all causes, per 1,000 population 18.0 
Infant mortality (Deaths of infants per 1,000 births) 57 
Death rate — Typhoid fever, per 100,000 of population 58.3 
Tuberculosis all forms per 100,000 of population 25.9 
Measles 0.0 
Scarlet fever per 100,000 of population 13.0 
Yours very truly, r 
Clb State Registrar. 
April 10, 1923. 
In reply to your request the following information is supplied : 
BQBQ.TIGH..flF. ORMSTIIIRCt, PEMSYLVANT A — 1222. 
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
HARRISBURG 
Mr. Edward Bortz 
264 Aspirwall Ave. 
Brockline 46, Mass, 
Dear Sir : 
CHARLES H. MINER 
COMMISSIONER 21 
of recording is the outstanding need of the Board of Health, 
which in other ways fills the purpose for vrhich it exists 
quite acceptably. jrm 39-B 
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
PHYSICIAN’S CERTIFICATE 
THIS CERTIFIES that I have carefully examined 
> Affe , 
residing at Absent from school 
H^rZl?Lr; 7 : and th*t I now find 
f or.he.^to be fi'ee from any contagious or infectious disease or condition 
transmissible to others. 
j ;; M. D. 
■Legally Licensed Doctor of Medicine 
— 19 Address 
This certificate only for the re-admission of pupils absent from school on 
account of trachoma (granular eyelids), pink-eye, tonsillitis, scabies, impetigo 
hCad llCC °r b°dy hCe’ faVUS’ °r 1UPUS and non-commuiLcahle 
tho £Zn£enXS?i0r’ C°nla.|ious diseases requiring placarding or quarantining, 
/ Health Officer s Certificate of release from quarantine is required for re- 
aomission to school. The physician issues Form 39 to the Health Officer/" 
Form Y. S. No. 11—100M-2-29-1S. 
PLACE OF BIRTH 
County of 
Township of 
or 
Borough of 
or 
City of 
No St. 
Ward. 
MARGIN RESERVED FOR BINDING 
WRITE PLAINLY. WITH UNFADING INK—THIS IS A PERMANENT RECORD 
N. B.—In case of more than one child at a birth, a SEPARATE RETURN must be made for each, and the number 
of each, in order of birth stated 
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 
Bureau of Vital Statistics 
CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH 
Registration District No File No 
Primary Registration District No Registered No. 
FULL NAME OF CHILD 
Twin, ) ( Number i T " ~ * 
Sex of Triplet, fandOn order | Legiti- Date ot 
Child or other? J (.of birth | mate? birth 19 
(To be answered only in event of plural births) | ! (Month) (Day) (Year) 
FULL FATHER full " MOTHER 
NAME MAIDEN 
NAM E 
RESIDENCE RESIDENCE 
COLOR AGE AT LAST COLOR AGE AT LAST 
BIRTHDAY BIRTHDAY 
(Years) __ (Years) 
BIRTHPLACE BIRTHPLACE 
OCCUPATION OCCUPATION 
Number of child of this mother, including present birth Number of children, of this mother, now living, including present birth.. 
CERTIFICATE OF ATTENDING PHYSICIAN OR MIDWIFE* 
I hereby certify that I attended the birth of this child, who was at M. 
on the date above stated. (Born alive or Stillborn) 
I *When there was no attending physician or j 
1 midwife, then the father, householder, etc., should f tSlgnature) 
a make this return. A stillborn child is one that r 
1 neither breathes nor shows other evidence of I 
V lhe after birth. J (Physician or M id wife) 
Given name added from a supplemental report 
,19 Address 
Filed, .19 
Registrar Registrar Communicable Diseases 
To Be Reported 
A ctinomycosis 
A nterior Poliomyelitis 
A nthrax 
Bubonic Plague 
Cerebrospinal Meningitis 
Chickenpox 
Cholera (Asiatic) 
Diphtheria (Memb-Croup) 
Epidemic Dysentery 
Ery.ipelas 
German Measles 
Glanders (Farcy) 
Impetigo Contagiosa 
Leprosy 
MalariaI Fever 
Measles 
Mumps 
Ophthalmia Neonatorum 
Para Typhoid Fever 
Pellagra 
Pneumonia (True) 
Puerperal Fever 
Rabies 
Relapsing Fever 
Scabies 
Scarlet Fever 
Smallpox 
Tetanus, Trachoma 
Trichiniasis 
Tuberculosis (Allforms) 
Typhoid Fever 
Typhus Fever 
Uncinariasis 
Whooping Cough 
Yellow Fever 
PLACE 
STAMP 
HERE 
Occupational Diseases 
To Be Reported 
Anthracosis 
Caisson Disease 
Poisoning from 
A rsenic 
Bisulphide of Carbon 
Brass 
Carbon Monoxide 
Dinitrobenzene 
Lead 
Mercury 
Naphtha 
Natural Gas 
Phosphorus 
Wood Alcohol 
— Sec. 
BOARD OF HEALTH 
S. W. GREENSBURG, 
PENNA 
Form 75-B 
PRELIMINARY CERTIFICATE 
GOOD ONLY FOR FIFTEEN DAYS AFTER VACCINATION 
This certifies that on the day of 19 
I vaccinated on the (left) 
(right) by inoculation with anti-smallpox virus into an abrasion of 
the skin. THE SUCCESS OF THIS VACCINATION MUST BE DETERMINED 
UPON EXAMINATION EIGHT OR MORE DAYS AFTER THIS DATE. 
(Legally licensed Doctor of Medicine.) 
preliminary form is necessary only in order to permit school attendance 
during the time between vaccination and the determination of the result. 
Address. 
PRESENT THIS CERTIFICATE TO THE PHYSICIAN WHEN RETURN 
ING FOR EXAMINATION, County of .tyv/eSiMM U*1 X.... 
Township of A. Reaistrati on District No File No 4-1 
Borough of Primary Registration District No X-. -X Registered No. D . | 
(yf-e-sn&.Wfea ,No.....S..a 9-1 s., 
' give its NAME instead 
J | | ITS ' A of street and number.] 
2. FULL NAME -J Q 5 ..fo y u 047 D.D.tz 
MEDICAL CERTIFICATE OF DEATH 
16. DATE OF DEATH 
J.mIu U 19XZL- 
(Manth) (Day) (Year) 
17. I HEREBY CERTIFY, That I attended deceased from 
sJ.M.l.y J isa** to 4- M /y k 19tc *lr, 
that I last ss/w h.|.rTjT)....alive on 1 T 
and that death occurred, on the date stated above, at L. 
The CAUSE OF DEATH* was as follows; *, 
L v J° n e...14.rn.tz.rvl4..* 
(Duration) ..yrs mos 
Contributory AAA/L&AAi&VI 
(Duration) yrs mos (. ds. 
(Signed) M. D. 
j Vt lU 4/ {Address) \ 
*Statf the Disease Causing Death; or in deaths from Violent Causes, state (1) 
Means of Injury; and (2) whether Accidental, Suicidal, or Homicidal. 
18. LENGTH OF RESIDENCE (For Hospitals, Institutions, Transiests 
or Recent Residents). 
At place In the 
of death yrs mos ds. State yrs mos ds 
Where was disease contracted, 
If not at place of death? 
Former or 
usual residence 
19. PLACE OF BURIAL OR REMOVAL DATE OF BURIAL 
CdJrt.M-ies LujuXtiAi. 4 u U/ '»%■*- 
20. UNDERTAKER ADDRESS 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
Bureau of Vital Statistics. 
CERTIFICATE OF DEATH. 
PERSONAL AND STATISTICAL PARTICULARS 
3 SEX 4. COLOR OR RACE S. SINGLE, MARRIED, WIDOWED 
OR DIVORCED 
tj U/U ' (IVrite the word.) & I nq to 
6. DATE OF BIRTH / 
>*/ 2.1%!%.. V 
(Month) f (Day) (Year) 
7. AGE If LESS than I day 
r\ | / | how many hrs. or 
y» Ip. mos..TS..f'7'ds. min.?_ 
8. OCCUPATION 
(a) Trade, profession, or / / . . l—— 
I particular kind of work ... 
(b) General nature of industry i 
business, or establishment in V I ’ | . I\ * .1 , 
which employed (or employer) FT b'Vjfl.V J -XJ 
9. BIRTHPLACE 7 
(State or Country) I . . I 
/ LiidanAj 
lO. NAME OF < , \ , 
FATH£R 0 
1 1. BIRTHPLACE . 
OF FATHER « » \ 
Country) | | . 
12. MAIDEN NAME , , , » 
OF MOTHER \ r' -|H » K 
'A ql bthlpl 
13. BIRTHPLACE ,1 v / 
OF MOTHER | . . I \ 
(State or Country) I r" \£4 l) CX- ’ 
14. THE ABOVE ISTRUE TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE. 
(Informant).. ( A 
uddn,... xi.n 
15. 
Filed 191 ? 
Local Registrar 
1. PLACE OF DEATH. 
Form V. S. No. 5.—1-12-10. 
PARENTS 
MARGIN RESERVED FOR BINDING. 
WRITE PLAINLY WITH UNFADING INK—THIS IS A PERMANENT RECORD. 
N. B.— Every item of information should be carefully supplied. AGE should be stated EXACTLY. PHYSICIANS should state 
CAUSE OF DEATH in plain terms, so that it may be properly classified Exact statement of OCCUPATION is very 
important. See instructions on back of certificate. Statement of occupation.—Precise statement of occupation 
is very important, so that the relative healthfulness of various 
pursuits can be known. The question applies to each 
every person, irrespective of age. For many occupations a 
single word or term on the first line will be sufficient, e. g., 
Farmer, Physician, Stenographer, Compositor, Architect, 
Locomotive engineer, Civil engineer, Stationary firemen, etc. 
But in many cases, especially in industrial employments, it 
is necessary to know (a) the kind of work and also (b) the 
nature of the business or industry, and therefore an additional 
line is provided for the latter statement; it should be used only 
when needed. As examples: (a) Spinner, (b) Cotton mill; (a) 
Salesman, (b) Grocery; (a) Foreman, (b) Automobile factory. 
The material worked on may form part of the second statement. 
Never return “Laborer,” “Foreman,” “Manager,” “Dealer,” 
etc., without more precise specification, as Day laborer, Farm 
laborer, Laborei—Coal mine, etc. Women at home, who are 
engaged in the duties of the household only (not paid House- 
keepers, who receive a definite salary), may be entered as 
Housewife, Housework, or At home, and children, not gain- 
fully employed, as At school or At home. If the occupation has 
been changed or given up on account of the DISEASE CAUS- 
ING DEATH, state occupation at beginning of illness. If 
retired from business, that fact may be indicated thus: Farmer 
(retired, 6 yrs.) For person who have no occupation what- 
ever, write None. 
Statement of cause of death.—Name, first, the DISEASE 
CAUSING DEATH (the primary affection with respect to time 
and causation), using always the same accepted term for the 
same disease. Examples: Cerebrospinal fever (the only defi- 
A stillbirth must be registered both as a birth and death. The date of death should be the date of delivery 
and the death certificate should further state, if known, the cause of the stillbirth and the period of utero 
gestation in months. 
nite synonym is “Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis”); Diph- 
theria (avoid use of “Group”); Typhoid fever (never report 
“Typhoid pneumonia”); Lobar pneumonia; Bronchopneumonia 
(“Pneumonia,” unqualified, is indefinite); 'Tuberculosis of 
lungs, meninges, peritonaeum, etc., Carcinoma, Sarcoma, etc., 
of (name origin; “Cancer” is less definite; avoid 
ise of “Tumor” for malignant neoplasms); Measles; Whooping 
cough; Chronic valvular heart disease; Chronic interstitial 
nephritis, etc. The contributory (secondary or intercurrent) 
affection need not be stated unless important. Example: 
Measles (disease causing death), 29 ds.; Bronchopneumonia 
(secondary), 10 ds. Never report mere symptoms or terminal 
conditions, such as “Asthenia,” “Anaemia” (merely sympto- 
matic), “Atrophy,” “Collapse,” “Coma,” “Convulsions,” 
“Debility, (Congenital,” “Senile,” etc.), “Dropsy,” “Exhaus- 
tion,” “Heart failure,” “Haemorrhage,” “Inanition,” “Maras- 
mus,” “Old age,” “Shock,” “Uraemia,” “Weakness,” etc., 
when a definite disease can be ascertained as the cause. Always 
qualify as “PUERPERAL septichaemia ” “PUERPERAL peri- 
tonitis," etc., all diseases resulting from childbirth or miscar- 
riage. State cause for which surgical operation was under- 
taken. For VIOLENT DEATHS state MEANS OF INJURY 
and qualify as ACCIDENTAL, SUICIDAL, or HOMICI- 
DAL, or as probably such, if impossible to determine definitely. 
Examples: Accidental drowning; Struck by railway train— 
accident; Revolver wound of head—homicide; Poisoned by 
carbolic acid—probably suicide. The nature of the injury, as 
fracture of skull, and consequences (e. g., sepsis, tetanus) may 
be stated under the head of “Contributory.” MILK 22 
MILK 
The Highland Farms Dairy is located on the Five 
Points Road, one and a half miles northeast of Greensburg. 
There are thirty-five registered Jersey cows and two registered 
bulls in the herd, all tuberculin tested. The dairy barn has 
modern equipment. The floor is concrete. The stalls are 
arranged with steel bars between the cows. To each two cows 
there is an automatic drinking cup which, when the nose is 
pressed into the cup, fills it with city water. The walls of 
the barn are white-washed twice weekly. The windov/s and doors 
are screened to keep out flies. The floor is sprayed with 
3% creolin twice a week after being washed with water. The 
stalls are arranged in two rows, facing each other with an 
aisle in between. In this aisle runs an overhead track with 
carrier for food. Behind each row of stalls is another overhead 
track for disposal of manure. 
The feeding is not done until after the milking in 
order to avoid contamination of the milk. The cows are groomed 
daily. Before milking, the flanks, udders, and teets are washed 
with 0,6% creolin, then v/iped dry. 
The milking is done by a DeLaval milking machine which 
works on the principle of alternate suction. There is an 
individual pulsater for each coy/. The milk is received into 
sterile covered buckets. The men wear clean white coats and HIGHLAND 
GREENSBURG, PA. A Thesis 
on 
Milk 
bu 
HIGHLAND FARMS 
Green sJAutcj, Pa. Introductory 
J N this little booklet, we desire 
to tell you something about 
milk, what it is, where it comes 
from, its chemical composition, 
its food value, certified milk. 
Why pasteurization and clarifi- 
cation is necessary. How milk 
is produced, handled and dis- 
tributed by HIGHLAND 
FARMS. MERIDALE MERRY PRINCE No. 175281 
Herd Bull in Use at Highland Dairy Farms 
H I G H 1— A N O 
Page Four Milk 
Milk is a whitish, opaque fluid prepared by nature in such a 
manner as to suit the most delicate digestive organs—the 
newly-born—convalescents. It is the normal secretion of 
the mammary glands of animals that suckle their young. Milk is 
the only food found in nature that contains all the necessary elements 
to sustain life. It contains these elements in the right proportions 
and is the easiest digested and most completely assimilated of all 
foods. To most people milk is milk, no matter where it comes from, 
how or under what conditions it is produced or distributed. Many 
milk consumers are of the opinion that any white fluid delivered by 
a milkman is milk. They fail to realize that milk is the most im- 
portant human food; therefore, it is very important to know what 
kind of milk one gets, where it conies from and under what con- 
ditions it is produced. Since man has adopted the cow as his foster 
mother, he is using many methods in handling her milk, which is 
the greatest of nature’s prepared food. Some of his methods are 
useful, others are very detrimental to the 
safety of milk as a human food. 
Following is a brief presentation of 
the most important facts relating to 
milk, its chemical composition, food 
value, its relation to health and its 
importance to household economy. 
G H L A. N D FA RMS 
Page Five CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MILK. Milk varies con- 
siderably in its chemical composition. The milk from different 
breeds of cows varies, and even that of individual animals within 
the same breed. The environment under which cows are kept 
greatly effects its composition. The average composition of whole 
milk as reported by LARSON & WHITE Chemists, is as follows: 
Water 87.17% 
Fat 3.69 
Casein 3.02 
Albumin .53 
Sugar 4.88 
Ash 71 
The scientist has divided the different elements of milk into 
groups, according to their functions in the body; namely, total solids, 
which is the solid portion of milk minus the water, fat and casein. 
Some have also ascertained the energy producing value of these 
total solids. 
The following table is condensed after LARSON & WHITE and 
SHERMAN: 
Breed 
Fat 
Casein 
Total 
Solids 
Energy Value 
per Quart 
Jersey 
. ... 5.78% 
3.02% 
15.40% 
805.64 Calories 
Guersney 
. ... 5.38% 
2.91% 
14.90% 
797.16 Calories 
Ayrshire 
. ... 3.76% 
2.46% 
12.75% 
646.62 Calories 
Holstein 
. ... 3.26% 
2.20% 
11.80% 
603.35 Calories 
Page Six LANDSEER’S BLOSSOM III, No. 365184 
FOOD VALUE OF MILK: Food is any substance taken into 
the body which is used to build new tissue, supply energy and repair 
the worn tissues. The best food is the kind that gives the body 
the needed material, in a form which has the least waste. That 
means food which is easily digested and assimilated, which con- 
tains the necessary elements in the right proportions and costs the 
least per unit of material, such as protein and energy producing 
properties. 
The body needs bone, nerve, new tissue and repair of tissue. It 
not only needs fuel or energy producing material to keep its machinery 
at work, but also material to regulate its processes. Milk contains 
all these necessary materials in the right proportion. It is the 
cheapest of any food that can be purchased. The casein contained 
in milk is protein, which is the muscle and tissue builder. It is the 
most easily digested and absorbed of any of the proteins found in 
food. Casein also contains mineral matter, which is essential for 
bone building. The fat and sugar in the milk, supply the energy 
necessary for the body. Recent investigations have shown that 
neither animal nor vegetable fats can take the place in the human or 
Page Seven animal body of butter fat. Butter fat contains one of the most 
essential elements necessary for the growth and development of 
young children. Milk sugar is a very valuable food for children. 
It is a source of energy and is easily digested. The water contained 
in milk is in the right proportion to have these elements properly 
diluted to suit the digestion of it by infants. 
Dr. H. C. Sherman of Columbia University has the following to 
say concerning milk: “In no other way can the food habits now 
prevailing, especially in cities, be so certainly and economically im- 
proved as by a more liberal use of milk.” * * * “A man con- 
fined to a BREAD and MEAT diet will show deficiencies, while a 
man confined to a corresponding BREAD and MILK diet, will go 
on indefinitely.” * * * “We cannot expect a good community 
dietry if that community uses less than one-half quart per capita 
per day.” * * * “Milk has exceptional value as a food for 
growth, due to the so-called vitamines.” * * * “It is the most 
important single food for adults.” 
Dr. McCollum of John Hopkins University says: “The greatest 
thing that we can do to raise the standard of public health in this 
country, to increase the span of life and to cause the people of our 
country to maintain the characteristics of youth for a longer period, 
is to change the diet and use more milk and less meat.” 
Dr. Rose of Cornell University says: “It is impossible to escape 
the conviction that not only is milk a cheap food, but it is a food 
whose value can hardly be estimated in dollars and cents.” 
Dr. Howe of Boston says: “The mineral salts and vitamines 
found in milk are indispensable to sound teeth in children.” 
Dr. McCollum, one of America’s leading authorities on nutrition, 
has the following to say concerning teeth: “We cannot do much 
for the teeth of children whose teeth are all erupted, but we can begin 
now to pave the way for better teeth in the next generation. The 
best way to accomplish this is to take the type of diet which I have 
been recommending for several years past. It should include not 
less than one quart of milk per day for every man, woman and child.” 
—(Hoard's Dairyman). 
ECONOMY OF MILK. At the University of Maine experi- 
ments were made with milk for the University boarding-house and 
Page Eight it was found: 1st. That an abundant supply of milk decreased the 
cost without decreasing the acceptability of it to the consumer. 
2nd. That the increased consumption of milk was accompanied by a 
decreased consumption of other food. 3rd. That the increased 
consumption of milk increased the proportion of proteins in the 
diet. MILK IS NOT A LUXURY, BUT AN ECONOMICAL 
FOOD.—(Larson 6c White). 
Professor Snyder of the University of Minnesota found that 
when milk was used in considerable quantities with other foods it 
increased the digestibility of those foods. Milk at 15 cents a quart 
is as cheap a source of protein as eggs at 38 cents a dozen, or when eggs 
are 48 cents a dozen, milk is worth 271/£ cents per quart. As for 
energy value, when milk is worth 15 cents a quart, eggs are worth 
20 cents a dozen, and sirloin steak 21 cents a pound. 
There are severed different kinds of milk on the market and in 
many of the large cities, milk is divided into several classes, according 
to the conditions under which it is produced and handled. These 
different kinds of milk are usually classified in the following manner: 
SELECTED MILK. Milk that is produced under certain 
sanitary conditions, its bacterial number being limited and the cows 
inspected by Health Officer. 
INSPECTED MILK. This is somewhat similar to the selected 
milk. 
Page Nine PASTEURIZED MILK. Milk which has been heated to 
destroy disease carrying organisms in the milk. Of late years, city 
Hoards of Health have required that pasteurized milk be clarified, 
in order to remove visible dirt. 
CERTIFIED MILK. Milk that is produced under the super- 
vision of a Medical Milk Commission. 
PRICES OF CERTIFIED MILK. The following table is 
compiled from the United States market reports as published within 
the past few months. It shows the retail market in some of the 
leading cities for certified milk: 
City Average Price City Average Price 
per Qt. per Qt. 
Boston 27.5c New York 28c 
Buffalo 30c New Orleans 30c 
Chicago 25c Philadelphia 29c 
Cleveland 32c Pittsburgh 25c 
Louisville 24c San Francisco 25c 
Los Angeles 26c St. Louis 25c 
Minneapolis 23c Washington, D. C 29c 
Highland Farms Dairy Herd is composed of JERSEY cows 
exclusively. Our milk is being produced under practically the same 
conditions as certified milk, and in most instances having a higher 
nutritive value, is selling for 18 cents per quart. 
The milk from Highland Farms Dairy is different from any other 
milk that is delivered to consumers in the city of Greensburg. You 
may wonder in what way it differs, so we shall endeavor to tell you 
fully just why and how it differs. 
By referring to the 3d paragraph on page 6, you will observe 
that JERSEY milk contains more food value per unit than milk 
from any other breed of cows. 
Page Ten Our Dairy herd is free from all infectious diseases and is kept in 
the best of physical condition at all times. The entire herd is tested 
annually for Tuberculosis, and consumers who patronize us are 
therefore, protected from one of the most dreaded diseases— 
“TUBERCULOSIS.” In a great many instances, this disease is 
transmitted to men, women and children through milk which has 
been produced by cows that have become infected with Tuberculosis. 
The dissemination of Tuberculosis, through unhealthy herds, is the 
principle cause for which city Boards of Health require milk to be 
pasteurized. Our Jersey milk is safest for infants, and adults as well, 
and the healthy condition of our herd is indicated by the following 
statement issued by Murray E. Patrick, V. M. D., Greensburg, Pa.: 
i®lurnt£ IE. fatrtrk, H. H. 1, 
VETERINARIAN 
Prttnagltiama Aitrmtr, 
GREENSBURG, PENN’A. 
December 30, 1921. 
This is to certify that I have had the Highland Farms Dairy 
Herd under my observation and care for the past eight years, and 
can truthfully say that I have never found any contagious or 
transmissible disease in the herd during that time. 
I also make an annual tuberculin test, and have never found 
a reactor in this herd. 
(Signed) M. E. PATRICK 
CHAMPION’S TULIE No. 370397 
Page Eleven View of Highland Farms Dairy Buildi: . 
We not only practice up-to-date methods in the way of produc- 
tion, but also in the distribution of our milk. There are a number 
of factors involved in producing good, sanitary milk that are of the 
utmost importance, but unfortunately, most of these factors are 
underestimated by many milk producers and distributors—even 
by a majority of the consumers themselves. Some of the most 
important factors affecting the production and distribution of good, 
sanitary milk are as follows: 
Physical condition of animals. 
Physical condition of attendants. 
Food supply and methods of feeding. 
Water supply. 
Methods and equipment. 
Sterilization. 
Milk House. 
Ice. 
PHYSICAL CONDITION OF ANIMALS: No clean whole- 
some milk can be produced by a cow that is not in perfect physical 
health. A cow that is in poor condition is not capable of producing 
normal milk, therefore, it is important to see that a cow whose milk 
is to be used for human consumption be kept in perfect physical 
condition. We use milk only of such animals as are in perfect health. 
As soon as an animal is noticed to show any signs of illness, her milk 
Page Twelve •lIso Showing Part of the Milking Herd 
is discarded regardless of the cost or loss necessitated by its 
destruction. 
PHYSICAL CONDITION OF ATTENDANTS: It is of little 
value to have healthy cows and allow them to be exposed to an attend- 
ant who is not in perfect health. The practice at Highland Farms 
Dairy is that as soon as a person, who attends to the milk or animals, 
shows any indication or even suspicion of being a factor to affect 
the purity or safety of the milk, he is suspended until we are positively 
certain that there is no danger of affecting the milk. 
FOOD SUPPLY is of considerable importance in clean milk 
production. It is necessary that the animals not only receive 
clean wholesome food, but that the food ration be properly balanced, 
so as not to disturb the digestive system of the cow; also to see that 
their food contains the proper elements for normal milk production. 
Food will affect the milk in different ways. It might affect the 
flavor of the milk, its physical properties, and it might also slightly 
affect its chemical composition. The food for our herd is carefully 
selected and properly adjusted for normal milk production. 
Page Thirteen METHODS OF FEEDING have a direct bearing on the flavor 
of the milk as well as on its purity. At our dairy all feeding is done 
immediately after milking, for by so doing, we avoid the dust and 
odor that would be stirred up while the cows are eating. 
THE WATER SUPPLY is one of the most essential factors 
in the production of pure, sanitary milk. Too many farmers pay 
very little attention to the water for their stock. On many farms 
the dairy cow gets her drinking water at an open spring in the 
pasture field, where the earth gets trampled up so that it is scarcely 
less than a mud hole. In many instances the water supply is from 
an old well or spring near the barn. Close to it there is often a large 
manure pile, which incidentally drains into that well or spring, 
whichever the case may be. Sometimes cattle are watered from a 
well in the barnyard. Many epidemics in cities supplied with milk 
from different sources have been traced directly to the careless and 
bad water supply at some dairy. Highland Farms Dairy gets its 
water from the same source as that used by the people of Greensburg, 
as we have a direct connection with the mains of the Westmoreland 
Water Company. The water is placed in front of each cow in indi- 
vidual automatic drinking bowls, so that none of our dairy cows are 
compelled to drink water that might have been polluted or con- 
taminated in any manner whatever. 
Interior View of Highland Farms Dairy Barn, Showing Stanchions and 
Individual Drinking Cups, Providing Fresh Water for Each Cow. 
The Floors are of Concrete 
HIGHLAND FA RMS 
Page Fourteen METHODS AND EQUIPMENT. There is no other factor 
that is so responsible for the cleanliness of milk as the condition 
under which it is being produced, or the methods applied in its 
distribution. Milk has a peculiar nature of becoming easily con- 
taminated through the slightest contact with any object which may 
carry a contaminating factor, be it odor, flavor or disease-producing 
organisms. It is impossible to produce clean milk in a filthy cow 
stable, wherein rubbish of all kinds and excrements of the stable 
inmates are left to accumulate for Our stables 
are cleaned twice each day. No other animals than milking cows 
whose milk is suitable for use are kept in our stables. Clean straw 
is used for bedding the cows daily. The floors of a cow stable are, 
in many instances, the cause of milk contamination. The floors in 
our Dairy Barn are of cement. These floors are swept twice daily, 
and thoroughly washed and scrubbed weekly. 
VENTILATION is a most decided factor in sanitary milk 
production. Cows, in order to keep in perfect health must have 
plenty of fresh air, which must enter the stable without causing a 
direct draft on the animals. It is impossible to produce milk which 
will be free of stable odors without having the stable properly venti- 
lated. Our Dairy has a thorough ventilating system whereby the 
animals get plenty of fresh air without being exposed to drafts or 
cold, consequently the atmosphere of the stables is easily controlled. 
HIGHLAND FARMS 
Page Fifteen SUNSHINE is one of the greatest enemies to bacteria of all 
kinds, hence it becomes a very essential factor in the production of 
sanitary milk. Our cow barn is built so as to allow plenty of sun- 
shine to enter through its numerous windows and doors. In the 
summer these doors and windows are properly screened to prevent 
flies and insects from entering the barns. 
WHITE-WASH not only purifies the atmosphere in the build- 
ings, but also indicates cleanliness. The inside of our dairy barn 
is white-washed weekly, in order to maintain a high standard of 
cleanliness. 
Under natural conditions animals usually keep themselves 
clean. When they are left out-of-doors to take care of themselves, 
we seldom, if ever, find one that is not clean. They will rub them- 
selves against the trees or fences, in order to keep the pores of their 
skin well open and their hair well brushed. When animals are kept 
under domestication, in order to maintain them in good health and 
in order to produce clean milk, they must be well cared for. Our 
dairy herd is groomed and brushed daily, for only by so doing can 
we keep our cows clean, in good health, and produce sanitary milk. 
View Showing How the Cows are Groomed Daily at Highland Farms 
Page Sixteen View at Highland Farm Dairy Showing How the Cows are Washed 
Before Each Milking 
The cows’ udders and flanks are usually one of the main sources 
of milk contamination. On most farms where milk is produced, 
the milker goes to milk with the least thought of the filth on the 
cows’ udders. At our dairy, each cow’s udder is thoroughly washed 
and dried before milking. The cows are chained up during the 
milking period, so as to avoid the unnecessary lying down and getting 
up while the milking is being done. By so doing, we eliminate the 
dirt and dust that would undoubtedly find its way into the milk pail. 
No man can produce clean milk with dirty hands and filthy 
clothes, which he wears around the farm or stock. On our dairy, 
every milker must wash his hands with soap and dry them on a clean 
towel before he starts to milk. The men wear white overalls that 
are used exclusively for milking. These overalls are laundered three 
times each week. 
STERILIZATION. All the utensils used in handling milk, 
such as cans, pails, strainers, bottles, brushes, etc., are thoroughly 
washed and sterilized by steaming them before they come in contact 
with the milk. Sterilization is the controlling factor in sanitary 
Page Seventeen Highland Farms Milkers Ready to Begin Work 
milk production. Without it, all efforts to produce clean milk of a 
low bacterial count are nullified. 
MILK HOUSE. Immediately after the milk is extracted from 
the cows it is taken into the collecting room where it is strained 
through a double layer of sterilized cheese cloth into a large container. 
It is then removed to a milk house, which is apart from the barn. 
Here the milk is put over a metal cooler in order to remove the animal 
heat from it as quickly as possible. After the cooling process is 
completed, the milk is again strained through absorbent cotton into 
a large tank, from which it is bottled by an automatic machine. 
All possible chance of contamination is eliminated after this final 
handling process is completed. 
ICE. During the summer months, the dairyman has many 
difficulties. After all the care taken to produce a high grade, sanitary 
milk, the temperature to which it is exposed during the period of 
delivery, is liable to undo all the hard and efficient work of the 
dairyman. In order to deliver our milk to the consumer in good 
condition, it is iced immediately after bottling, thus the milk is 
protected from the high temperature of the atmosphere. 
Page Eighteen Interior View of Highland Farms Dairy Barn Showing Modern Equipment 
and Sanitary Milking Conditions 
HIGHLAND FARMS MILK VS. PASTEURIZED MILK 
We previously stated what pasteurized milk was. Most cities 
require that all milk sold should be pasteurized. With this order 
the health authorities are attempting to safeguard the city milk 
consumer from infectious diseases which might be carried in milk, 
and especially to prevent the transmission of Tuberculosis. This is 
a very important regulation as far as the city milk supply is con- 
cerned. The milk which reaches the city usually comes from 
unknown sources. The sanitary conditions under which most of 
it is produced are of a rather doubtful character and are beyond the 
reach of the city health officer, hence these orders and regulations. 
It will not be out of place for us to know what authorities say regard- 
ing pasteurized milk. 
Dr. Melvin of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United 
States Department of Agriculture says: “All milk of unknown 
origin should be placed in class three and subjected to pasteurization.” 
Dr. Milton RosenfWs Director of the Hygienic Laboratories, 
Public Health and Marine Hospital, Washington, 1). C., who is 
Page Nineteen one of the leading 
advocates for the 
pasteurization of 
milk, says: “Pas- 
teurized milk must 
be handled at least 
as carefully as raw 
milk, if not more 
so.” * * * “It 
must be quite 
evident to anyone 
who gives the 
matter thoughtful 
attention, that the 
heating o f milk 
like the use of an- 
ti s e p t i c s , is an 
expedient rather 
than an ideal pro- 
cedure.” * * * 
“Heating improv- 
es bacteria-1 a d e n 
a n d dirty milk, 
but clean milk is 
the end we must seek.” * * * “PURE MILK IS BETTER 
THAN PURIFIED MILK.”—“Pasteurization cannot atone for 
filth.” * * * “Milk should be produced under clean 
conditions and kept clean and it would not have to be purified.” 
* * * “The average commercial milk of large cities is not a safe 
food/' * * * “Heat kills the ferments in milk, which play a 
useful role in digestion and metabolism.” * * * “It is claimed 
that the heating of milk renders a part of the phosphates insoluble, 
and that this change favors rachitis in children.” * * * “All are 
agreed that if the child must be artifically fed, it is best to use fresh, 
pure milk.” * * * “No known process will make bad milk, good 
milk.” * * * “It is by no means claimed that heated milk is 
the ideal to be attained. On the contrary, we want good, fresh 
milk that needs no heating. Physicians who have had large experi- 
View Showing Sanitary Methods of Cooling 
and Bottling Highland Farms Milk 
Page Twenty View of Buildings at Highland Farms Dairy. The Brick Building at the 
Right of the Barn is where the Milk is Cooled and Bottled 
ence in the care and feeding of infants have a prejudice against the 
use of heated milk for prolonged periods.” * * * “The com- 
mercial pasteurization of milk leaves much to be desired.” * * * 
“A reduction of high infant mortality may be accomplished without 
the heating of milk.” 
Barthel says: “A very great danger lies in the use of pasteurized 
milk, particularly for infants.” 
Dr. McCollum says: “It does not render milk perfectly 
harmless. The public should insist upon having its milk supply 
produced under hygienic conditions.” 
Ward says: “Experienced specialists in Pediatrics vehemently 
object to the long continued use of heated milk for infant feeding.” 
In a recent report of the American Health Association on pas- 
teurized milk, Dr. Hess says: “Pasteurized milk which has been 
heated to 145° Fahrenheit for twenty minutes at the plant of a New 
York dealer was used. Several children developed mild but recog- 
nizable cases of scurvy at this time, while others in the same ward, 
and fed on identical diet, did not contract the disease. Raw milk 
was then substituted for the pasteurized, all the conditions remained 
the same, and in two weeks the scorbutic symptoms wholly dis- 
appeared.” 
HIGH LAND FV\ RMS 
Page Twenty-one COMBINATION’S MERRY LASS No. 383897 
FERN’S DOLLY OF M. B. No. 385846 
Page Twenty-two Larson and White record the following objections to pasteurized 
milk: 
1. “It promotes carelessness and discourages the production 
of clean milk. 
<2. It produces chemical changes in milk which renders it less 
easily digestible. 
3. Desirable lactic-acid bacteria are killed, while some undesir- 
able are not. 
4. Germs are killed, but their toxic by-products remain. 
5. Pasteurization covers defects in milk.” 
Highland Farms Dairy produces pure milk from healthy Jersey 
cows, therefore, it needs no PASTEURIZATION to purify it. We 
practice sanitary methods and keep foreign matter out of our milk, 
hence, it needs no CLARIFICATION. 
Highland Farms Jersey Milk is neither PASTEURIZED nor 
CLARIFIED, but it is being distributed in its NATURAL form to 
an ever increasing number of consumers. 
Jersey Calves—Some Future Milk Producers at Highland Farms 
Page Twenty-three KEYSTONE PRESS 
PITTSBURGH. PA 23 
caps for each milking time. The milk of each cow is weighed 
and recorded. Seventy-five to eighty gallons are obtained 
daily. The milk is strained through a double layer of cheese- 
cloth before leaving the barm. It is then taken to the dairy 
where it is run through a layer of absorbent cotton and 
another double layer of cheesecloth into the bottling machine. 
It is cooled by running city water just before being bottled. 
The bottles are all sterilized with steam under forty pounds 
pressure for thirty minutes. 
The Highland Farms Dairy operates without a system 
of pasteurization. The manager, Mr. Edward Tanskey, believes 
milk should be protected against any possibility for foreign 
particles to enter it. If such is efficiently carried out, 
he maintains that pasteurization is unnecessary. 
Each cow's milk is tested for fat every month. 
The average is 5.2 - 5.4$ by the Babcock tester. No other 
ingredients are sought. The milk is not certified. The 
evening's milk is separated by a DeLaval separated and the 
skimmed milk is fed to the calves. The dairy operates two 
milk wagons by which the bottled milk is distributed to the 
consumer. 
Every effort is being made to eliminate all 
possibility of contamination and the Dairy is operated with 
consideration for the health of the customer. 24, 
City Dairy: 
The Greensburg Dairy Products Company is located at 
the junction of Mt. Pleasant Street and Highland Avenue. 
Approximately three hundred gallons of milk are brought here 
daily from the farms near town. The company has no supervision 
of the cows from which the milk comes. The milk is emptied 
into a tank scales and weighed. Then it is run into a receiving 
tank from which it is directed into a pre-heater which heats 
the milk from eight to ninety degrees Fahrenheit. Next the 
milk is directed into a DeLaval clarifier which works on a 
centrifuge system, removing the gross foreign material from 
the milk. From the clarifier, the milk is put into a 
Pasteurizer (Positive Pasteurizer and Cooler of J. B. Cherry 
and Company), after it is cooled. The milk is first cooled 
by water, then by brine through a system of coiled pipes. 
The milk is received into the top of a bottling 
machine from which it passes into bottles underneath, the 
bottles finally being capped two at a time by the bottling 
machine. Throughout the entire process none of the milk is 
touched by hand. 
This system, like that employed by the Highland 
Farms Dairy, is a good attempt to protect the consumer. 
However, this company should exact a guarantee from the 
farmers concerning the health of the cows and men handling -Dairy Products Company, Greensburg1s city dairy facing on Mt. 
Pleasant Street. This Plant handles approximately 300 gallons 
of milk every day. Recently the management has installed an ice- 
cream system for the purpose of furnishing the patrons with this 
cooling delicacy. 25 
the milk. Further precautions to protect the milk from 
filth and incidental dirt ought to be taken. 
None of the milk in Greensburg is certified. To 
establish this is a duty indicated to the Board of Health. sanitary nuisances 26 
SANITARY NUISANCES 
The city is singularly free from undesirable 
odors, since the council started a clean up of privies, 
manure piles, filthy stables and cess pools and dumps. 
At present temporary conditions may occur around meat markets, 
produce houses, livery stables and garages, but these are 
generally quite properly looked after. 
The street cars and automobiles have given rise 
to dust along the streets, during dry spells. The city 
street department has two water wagons which are used too 
seldom , according to families living along the streets involved. 
The Lincoln Highway passes through Greensburg as Pittsburg Street, 
east and west. This is the cause of much dust being raised all 
along the street in dry seasons, for traffic is quite heavy. 
The Board of Health is strict in its jurisdiction 
over any accumulation of rubbish or concentration of filth 
or lack of proper steps to remove garbage, ashes and dirt. 
So the town is, as a rule, well protected and kept in good 
condition in this particular. 
Periodically, campaigns against flies have been 
advocated by the newspapers of the town. Mosquitoes have 
never occurred in such numbers as to be obnoxious to the 
community welfare. No anopheles have been reported in the 
district, to date. 27 
Rats and vermin have not caused much concern. They 
are present around the barns, livery stables and outhouses in 
some parts of the town. No measures have as yet been organized 
to exterminate them. 
The Board of Health keeps a strict supervision of 
conditions existing around stables. All manure piles must 
be walled off. Competent means for removal of rubbish and 
waste materials around the stables and livery barns is insisted 
upon by the health authorities. Since the stables are being 
removed to provide room for garages, the evils coincident with 
them are rapidly diminishing. The writer in surveying the 
town, found no flagrant conditions existing around stables 
that called for immediate action. 
Smoke from factories south of town has not seriously 
bothered the citizens involved. It is true that the atmosphere 
is not very good because Greensburg is located in the coal 
district of Pennsylvania. Nevertheless, the factories near the 
toY/n do not imperil the health of the community pouring smoke 
out upon it. Soot restrainers are used by some of the factories. 
Unnecessary noises are prohibited. Cut-outs used by 
automobilists are not alloYred in the city limits. 
Piggeries and slaughter houses are likewise prohibited 
within the city limits. No dealer in live stock is allowed to 
slaughter cattle, calves, sheep or pigs in the city. 28 
Legal Definition: 
The legal definition of a nuisance is "Any act 
or condition existing within the limits of the city, which 
rosy* hy sight, hearing, odor or other existence, affect or 
jeopardize the health of the community therein”• 
Legal restraint is resorted to in order to remedy 
said condition. In 1921 there were reported 1821 nuisances 
to the Secretary of the Board of Health. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE THE*KELLY & JONES COMPANY 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
BRASS AND IRON FITTINGS. ETC., 
WORKS LOCATED AT GREENSBURC, PENNSYLVANIA 
Offices in 
New York 
St. Louis 
Chicago 
Denver 
Pittsburg 
San Francisco 
Kelly and Jones Xanufactaring Company, a panoramic view of the 
entire Plant* The railroad to the riyht is the Southwest Branch 
Ok tiitj X cllllo JL V ctli X cl • 29 
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 
A visit was made to the Kelley and Jones Plant 
one mile south of the city. The type of work is the manu- 
facturing of valves, steel fittings, cast iron, malleable iron, 
steel and brass. Thirteen hundred men are employed in the 
plant. In the office there are employed thirty-five women 
and thirty-one men. The plant covers an area of approximately 
twenty-five acres. 
The plant utilizes ordinary daylight with electric 
lamps for dark days. The windows are huge steel framed, 
small-glass structures, insuring ample light and ventilation. 
Electric fans are also found at points necessary. There is 
no regularly installed vacuum system of ventilation in the 
main plant. There are three cleaning rooms with one hundred 
men in each room. Here it is necessary for the welfare of 
the workers to keep a clean current of cool air going, and a 
vacuum system has accordingly been established. Likewise in 
the galvanizing room, where thirty-five men are employed, 
a vacuum system is used. Men working in the cleaning rooms 
and in the galvanizing room are all required to wesr goggles 
to protect their eyes. 
In every department, for every twenty-five men 
up to one hundred and twenty-five, there is one toilet; above 
one hundred and twenty-five one toilet is furnished for every The Melly and Jones Manufacturing Company. The picture 
shows the office building and the well kept lawn. The grey con- 
crete building shown to the extreme left is a recent addition 
to the huge Plant. This industry furnishes employment for 
approximately one thousand three hundred men and women . 30 
forty-five men. No recreation rooms are maintained, but 
each department has a cloak room where the men change their 
clothes. 
There is a safety inspector present all the time. 
It is his duty to report anything he sees that may jeopardize 
the safety or life of any individual in or near the plant. 
A committee of the workmen inspect the plant once a month and 
make recommendations to the General Safety Committee, the latter 
named being composed of the Superintendent, Assistant Superin- 
tendent, Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer of the Company. 
The final reports are inspected by the State Inspectors employed 
by the Government. 
The Company belongs to the National Safety Board. 
Bulletins are posted in the plant advising workmen about 
various precautionary procedures to be taken. 
There is no periodic physical examination of the 
employees but each applicant for a job is examined by the 
Company physician, Dr. C. C. Porter, before he is employed. 
In the various departments each foreman has an 
emergency kit; every injury, no matter how slight is required 
to be reported to the hospital. A duly registered nurse is 
on duty all the time through the working hours, 7:00 A. M. to 
4:30 P. M. The Company doctor is present each morning for 
two hours, and will report at other times for emergency calls. 
An eye specialist is also appointed, but the employees are 
sent to his office for he visits the plant only for emergency 
cases. OFFICE OF 
THE KELLY 8c JONES CO 
Medical Examiner’s Certificate 
Name - Address - - - Date-- - 
Check No.- — Comp. No - - 
1 General development 1 
2 Head 2 
3 Face and neck 3.___. 
4 Hearing 4 
5 Eyes 5 
6 Height. .... 6. 
7 Weight 7 
8 8 
(a) Inspection ___ (a) 
(b) Palpation. (b)__. 
(c) Percussion (c) 
(d) Auscultation (d).. 
Lungs; 
9 9 
r (a) Inspection (a) 
(b) Palpation (b) 
(c) Percussion (c) 
l (d) Auscultation __ (d) 
Heart: 
10 Arteries and circulation 10 
11 Abdomen 11. 
12 Hernias ....12 
13 Arms and fingers 13 
14 Legs and feet ..14. 
13 Spine and joints .15 
16 Gain or loss in weight ...16 
17 Have you received medical or surgical treatment within the last two years? 
18 Who is your family Physician? 
Remarks 
Date 
Medical Examiner 31 
The Plant Hospital is a well equipped, white 
painted three room apartment. A receiving room and a first 
aid room and a bed room constitute the service. The necessary 
medicants and instruments are present and ready for immediate 
use. Approximately thirty-five cases are handled each day. 
The Company encourages cooperation between the 
managerial staff and the employees in all matters pertaining 
to public and individual safety. The plant is kept clean, 
well lighted, well ventilated and in order. It is operated 
on the principle that healthy and satisfied employees do the 
best work. HOUSING 32 
HOUSING 
Sanitary Condition of one Tenement: 
Four squares west from the center of the city just 
off West Pittsburgh Street is Moore’s Alley. Here are found 
the homes of the Italians of the city. 
The tenement visited faces east on Moore’s Alleyway. 
It is a low two-story red brick building with nine separate 
apartments. Each section has two front windows downstairs and 
a door opening into the street. Upstairs are two small windows. 
Downstairs are found, in each house, a front room, and a kitchen 
in the rear. Upstairs are two rooms, one front, one rear. 
Each house has a small garden, approximately 35 x 15 feet, to 
the rear. Nine privies are found beyond the gardens from the 
tenement. These are kept fairly clean, so far as possible, 
by the women. The inhabitants appear to be industrious. 
The gardens are worked, the front and back porches are kept 
scrubbed, the floors in the ones visited were clean. The 
inhabitants are, as a rule, law abiding foreign citizens. I'oore?s Alley. The picture above shows the street with the 
tenement facing thereon. 3ach apartment has a small front porch# 
The lower view illustrates the rear of the tenement. The inhab- 
itants are industrious and work their gardens diligently. To the 
extreme left are located the out-houses, not seen in the lower 
picture because of the extensive foliage. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 33 
INFECTIOUS DISEASES 
The Board of Health requires notification of the 
following diseases: - 
Scarlet fever 
Diphtheria 
Small pox 
Chicken pox 
Pertussis 
Erysipelas 
Cerebrospinal meningitis 
Cholera 
Epidemic dysentery 
Leprosy 
Malarial fever 
Pellagra 
True pneumonia 
Scabies 
Tetanus 
Typhus fever 
Uncinariasis 
Measles 
Mumps 
Typhoid fever 
Influenza 
Actinomycosis 
Poliomyelitis 
Anthrax 
German measles 
Glanders 
Ophthalmia neonatorum 
Paratyphoid fever 
Puerperal fever 
Rabies 
Relapsing fever 
Trichiniasis 
Tuberculosis 
Yellow fever 
Occupational diseases. 
In 1921 the following cases were reported: - 
Diphtheria 29 
Scarlet fearer 35 
Typhoid fever 45 
Erysipelas 2 
Chicken pox 4 
Measles 57 
Mumps 8 
Quarantine Regulations: 
As soon as a contagious disease is recognized by a 
physician, he is required to notify the Secretary of the Board 
of Health or the doctor of the Board. 34 
A quarantine sign is x:>ut up and this may be removed 
by no one except the Secretary of the Board of Health or one 
authorized by him. Each disease has a specific time of quarantine 
but this has at times been modified. The case must be pronounced 
incapable of infecting others by the physician in charge or by 
the physician of the Board. Then the Secretary will direct that 
the room or entire home be fumigated and the proper disinfection 
be carried out. Disinfection is carried out with formaldehyde, 
creolin, carbolic acid, or bichloride. Fumigation is accomplished 
with a formaldehyde lamp in the room properly sealed. 
To prevent the spread of tuberculosis, a vigorous 
educational campaign has been waged, the known cases are 
appropriately cared for, milk and all other possible sources 
are examined for the bacilli and the proper measures are taken. 
Isolation of active cases is advised. A community nurse instructs 
the more unfortunate families in sanitary precautions to be 
followed. A tuberculosis clinic is held every Wednesday afternoon 
at the Hospital. 
If another disease were to become prevalent, the 
Board of Health organizes a strict quarantine regime, and 
searches for the source of the infection. The proper laboratory 
tests are made for diagnostic purposes. To date no such occasion 
has arisen. Menace of Social'Diseases 
Discussed at Meeting Here 
Fourteen women are confined in 
■the tower of the Westmoreland 
county jail at the present time, un- 
der a health quarantine established 
by the State Department of Health 
which is waging a determined war to 
stamp out venereal diseases. 
Miss Margaret Flynn, state health 
nurse, assists Dr. J. S. Anderson, in 
conducting a clinic for social diseas- 
es in Greensburg, with an average 
of 300 boys and .girls, men and wo- 
men, in attendance each month. Men 
of 60 as welll as children of 13 and 
14, patronize the clinic. 
Facts such as these were given by 
John C. Funk, technical assistant 
attached to the G-U division of the 
Pennsylvania State Dapartment of 
Health, in a lecture before a good 
sized audience in the auditorium of 
the Y. M. C. A. building last evening. 
Mr. Funk’s lecture preceded the 
showing of a picture representing 
the state department’s effort to 
combat prostitution in all its forms 
and the diseases which follow in 
its train. 
Facts not particularly pleasant, 
but facts vitally important as the 
basis for intelligent work, were re- 
cited by Mr. Funk. 
“It is known that a boy was five 
times safer in the old regular army 
—always considered hard boiled—at 
the outbreak o the war, than if he 
had been living in Greensburg,” de- 
clared the speaker, in a way that 
challenged interest at the very out- 
set of his remarks. “Ninety per 
cent of all prostitution is practiced 
outside the so-called ‘red light’ dis- 
tricts,” continued Mr. Funk. “Pros- 
titution the form young 
girls on the streets, the semi-respect- 
able girls who go out in automobiles 
to secluded spots on the highways, 
and the always recognized type in 
the houses of a red light district. 
Statistics show that 60 per cent of 
the young girls of this community 
has had, or will have, a venereal 
disease.” 
Speaking of the automobiles as a 
destructive force, with regard to its 
use in illicit love making, the speak- 
er said that the State Department of 
Health cannot control automobile 
parties, but it has deputized the 450 
members of the State Police depart- 
men of Pennsylvania, and given 
them authority to search the high- 
ways, ancl to arrest the men and 
women engaged in acts of prostitu- 
tion. 
The Pennsylvania Department of 
Health has 36 to 40 clinics for com- 
batting venereal diseases scattered 
over the state, and one of them is 
in Greensburg. The aim of the de- 
partment is not only to care for 
patients in the hospital, but to con- 
trol the cases by isolating those 
cursed with the disease, from othere 
who might become contaminated. 
Men and women afflicted with 
venereal dieases are not detained in 
jail because they are criminals, but 
because they are a health menace, 
and they are confined in the West- 
moreland county jail because, in this 
county, the detention hospital hap- 
pens to be in the jail. 
After a patient is pronounced no 
longer a menace to the community, 
she is not permitted to go free, but 
is sent to some institution for a year, 
or a year and a half , during which 
time she is given a chance to live up 
to higher ideals. 
The speaker told startling facts. 
He said: “One-third of all cases of 
infant blindness in Pennsylvania is 
due to venereal diseases in parents. 
Twenty per cent of all the dollars 
paid by the tak payers go to sup- 
port institutions made necessary be- 
cause of syphillis. 
At the close of Mr. Funk’s ad- 
dress, Attorney John W. McFayden 
of Latrobe, attorney for the depart- 
ment was called to the floor and 
made an earnest address, urging 
community cooperation in cleaning 
up disease conditions in the country . 
Mr. McFayden spoke of the lay- 
men’s organization which already 
exists in Latrobe and told of the 
desire to form such a laymen’s orga- 
nization in the county seat 
A clipping from the Greensburg Dailjr Tribune relating to the activity 
ol the authorities in the pursuit of a campaign against venereal disease. 35 
Venereal Diseases: 
Dr. J. S. Anderson is in charge of the venereal 
clinic held at the Westmoreland Hospital on Wednesday afternoons. 
Each case of venereal disease is required by law to be reported 
to the proper authorities, by the attending physician. 
Each new guest at the County Jail is examined, a 
Wassermann test and prostatic or a cervical smear made. In 
the first six months of 1922, two hundred and fifteen inmates 
of the jail, from Westmoreland County, were examined. Dr. Anderson 
states that 6 - Q% of these are from Greensburg. Seventy-four 
gave positive tests for syphilis while thirty-five were posit5.ve 
for gonorrhoea. 
At the Hospital clinics held Wednesday afternoons, the 
highest number of Salvarsans given ws fourteen. SCHOOLS VIEW FROM THE SCHOOL GROUNDS 
Ilain street looking due south from the school grounds on Acad 
ill. Ilote the dome of the Court-house seen in the distance. 36 
SCHOOLS 
Greensburg has seven grade schools, one grammar 
school with eight teaching rooms, and one high school. 
The Grammar School, with the Fourth Ward School, occupies a 
small city block, in the Fourth Ward, bounded by Third Street, 
Euclid Avenue, Fourth Street and School Street, The Grammar 
School building is a recently constructed brown brick structure 
with spacious halls and well equipped teaching facilities. 
In the basement, situated on the southeast corner, is a room 
for mechanical drawing. There are eighteen desks where the 
boys are taught the elements of this art. On the southwest 
corner is located the wood vrork room for the classes in manual 
training. There are work benches, each fully equipped Y/ith 
necessary tools for the 'work. It may be stated here that the 
Domestic Science Department is located in the Fourth Ward 
Building, adjoining the Grammar School Building. The northwest 
corner room in the basement of the Grammar School is devoted 
to larger saws, drills, etc., used in the more difficult and 
advanced procedures in wood work. 
The northeast corner basement room has the huge 
furnace for heating purposes, and the large fan for ventilation 
of the entire building. 
The first floor of the building has a spacious 
hallway with openings between the rooms, each room occupying 
one corner of the building. Each room contains facilities for Two views of the splendid new Grammar School. This is 
located in the center of the town just off West Third Street. 
It is modern and complete in every way. 37 
teaching forty-eight pupils. Seven large windoYrs open into 
each room, as also a large door opens out into the central 
hall of the building. Each room has one cloak room for boys 
and one for girls where are found individual lockers for 
every student, and a toilet room is connected -with each locker 
room. 
Large slate blackboards are on the trails of each room. 
The seats are so arranged in the rooms that light from the 
windows comes to each seat on its left and its rear aspects. 
Besides this, each room has a system of chandeliers with 
electric lights. 
The ventilation system of the building is most 
efficient. A huge electric fan in the basement directs a 
current of cool air through large shafts incorporated in the 
thick walls and opening on the floor of each room. High on 
the wall of each room is another shaft opening by Y/hich the 
impure and hot air is directed out of the room. The tempera- 
ture of the air can be controlled throughout the entire 
building. 
Surrounding the building is a large lawn where the 
children may play. There is not, however, any organized or 
regularly appointed and equipped playground for this school. 
The location of the school is ideal, being practically 
in the center of the city, thus accessible to students from 
all parts of the town. This is desirable since there is but 
one Grammar School in the city. Ireensburg nigh School with a capacity of five hundred students is 
now exceedingly cramped for space. The campus now holds two improvised 
wooden structures used for teaching. St. Joseph’s Academy, located northwest of the city limits. This 
large institution operated 'by the Catholic Church is one of the lead! 
places of higher learning in the State of Pennsylvania. 38 
Besides the public schools in Greensburg there is a 
Parochial School located on Academy Hill on Main Street near 
the High School Building. Here, Catholic children are trained 
through the lower grades and up until they are properly 
trained for High School. 
In addition to this, just northwest of the city 
limits, is located Seton Hill College for girls, and 
St. Joseph’s Academy, a preparatory school. These institutions 
train girls and young ladies from all parts of the State, as 
well as from adjoining states. The college grants the 
Bachelor of Arts degree to students satisfactorily completing 
the course of training. 
Medical Inspection of School Children: 
Once each year, usually in the spring, all the 
school children are examined by a corps of physicians under 
the direction of Dr. John S. Anderson. This is conducted 
in the rooms of the Board of Trade. Following the examination 
of each child, the proper recommendations are sent to the 
parents of children found defective in one way or another. 
In this way bad teeth, enlarged tonsils, faulty nutrition, etc., 
are given proper attention. 39 
Diseases for which Children are Excluded from School: 
Children are excluded from attendance at school for 
the following diseases: - 
Measles 
Mumps 
Whooping cough 
Chicken pox 
Small pox 
Scarlet fever 
Diphtheria 
Erysipelas 
Impetigo 
Suspicious but unrecognized rashes 
Bronchitis 
Trachoma 
Pink-eye 
Tonsillitis 
Scabies 
Ringworm 
Lice 
Lupus MISCELLANEOUS 40 
MISCELLANEOUS 
Greensburg has three large provision stores, 
fifteen meat markets and five cold storage plants. Armour 
& Company operate the large cold storage plant in the western 
part of the city. Wilson & Company also have a plant. The 
smaller storage plants are operated by Quint’s market, Trout’s 
market and Rulino’s. 
The large provision companies have their own 
inspectors who visit the plants at stated intervals throughout 
the year. These officials are, in turn, held accountable by 
the State authorities. 
The meat markets and smaller provision establishments 
are required by law to keep the food products screened in 
so that thoughtless prospective buyers will not handle the 
articles. Large refrigerators are present in each of the 
above mentioned houses in which the bulk of the products 
are kept, to be brought forth as needed. 
There are ten drugstores in the city. Eight of 
these are located in the business section and two in the 
outlying districts. Each store is fully equipped with a soda 
fountain. Thomas’ Drug Store, located on South Pennsylvania 
Avenue, does not maintain its soda fountain during the winter 
months. The soda fountains are so constructed that it is 41 
possible, even easy, to keep its activities going on strictly 
sanitary lines. The young clerks seen at each of the fountains 
showed ill kept finger nails, and in three of the establishments 
clean white coats and aprons should have been asked for. 
During the last five years a Greek colony has been set 
up in the city. The most prosperous citizen of the group if 
Mr. M. Manos, who has built two large motion picture houses, 
and a confectionery store on West Otterman Street between Main 
Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, The confectionery store was 
visited and inspected. In the front of the store on the 
right-hand side are located the candy cases. To the left is 
found the soda fountain. The clerks are courteous, the 
delicacies are tasteful. Clean water is used for cleansing 
and rinsing the plates and silverware used. The refuse con- 
tainers are kept apart and covered. The rear part of the store 
holds twenty-five tables and fifteen side booths. The tables 
accomodate four people, likewise the side booths. No antiquated 
Wurlitzer organ is present, a factor important in the increase 
of the patronage of this store. The floor is kept clean, the 
air is wholesome and maintained so by fans. The patrons appear 
satisfied. 
In the late of autumn of 1922 Greensburg welcomed the 
opening of its most modern hotel, the Penn-Albert, managed by 
W. S. Grenoble, located on Harrison Avenue, adjoining the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Station. This hostelry is eight stories 
high and has an entrance on North Pennsylvania Avenue, as well 42 
as on Harrison Avenue, It is an unique venture in the city in 
that it has, besides the regular room and bath for one or two 
individuals, apartments of two and three rooms suitable for 
light housekeeping. The hotel has accomodations for five 
hundred guests. The office is situated on the first floor 
and a small but pleasant lobby furnishes a lounging place 
for the care-free. On the mezzanine one finds a public 
stenographer. Just off this inter-floor is the ball room, 
a moderate sized but well appointed hall with sufficient 
dancing space for a hundred couples. 
The restaurant is on the first floor just off the 
lobby. An inspection of the kitchen reveals an orderly 
arranged system with pots, pans, dishes, boilers, bakeries, 
stores, in place. The floor is kept scrupulously polished. 
The refuse is neatly and efficiently disposed of. This is 
but a new establishment. One wonders how long the system Y/ill 
function. It is to be hoped that Greensburg may possess for 
a long time the House as it now is. 
Other hotels in the tovm are the Rappe on West 
Otterman Street; the Keystone on West Pittsburgh Street; 
the Zimmerman House on South Main Street, and the Lincoln 
on Harrison Avenue. Of these hostelries one can state that 
a general reorganization of the system and a thorough over- 
hauling of the equipment would serve handily to place each 
one on a competitive basis with the Penn-Albert. The Keystone 43 
Hotel has ceased maintaining a dining room since the Volstead 
Act was put in operation, 
Greensburg has numerous rooming houses, and boarding 
houses, the relative merits of each of which illustrates every 
conceivable degree of cleanliness and conduct. The houses 
conducted by the foreign element of the town, as found on 
East Otterman Street, South Main Street, and Moone’s Row might 
well be investigated by the health authorities. 
Restaurants: 
Of these there are a half dozen located in the 
business section of the town. The Girls’ Club of Greensburg 
maintains a dainty lunch room on North Main Street just off 
Otterman Street where well prepared food is obtainable. It 
is but a comparatively new project and one that should be 
encouraged. Findley’s Restaurant at the corner of 
Pennsylvania Avenue and West Pittsburgh Street is probably 
the most popular eating house of the town. Waterbugs are 
not a myth in this establishment and clean coats and aprons 
are not the rule. The patronage tolerates this. The kitchen 
is fairly well cared for and an attempt is made to keep it clean. 
The large stove and the cooking range are polished. The bulk 
of the perishable foodstuffs is kept in a refrigerator. Two 44 
winders into the kitchen let in light and air, and a fan 
is installed for use in the summer months. 
Barber Shops: 
There are fifteen barber shops in Greensburg. 
Two of these are conducted by negroes, Mr. Hackney and 
Mr. Niramy. The foreign element of the town and district 
patronize shops under the management of Italians and located 
on Harrison Avenue. The most modern barber shops are the 
following: - Bruning*s on Main Street, with five chairs; 
Mithcell's with four chairs; Daerr's on Pennsylvania Avenue, 
Yfith five chairs. These shops were visited and inspected. 
Each barber has a sterilizer in which are kept the razors, 
scissors, clippers, combs and hand towels. Each shop 
possesses an autoclave in which the towels for massaging 
and washing are prepared. The floors are noticeably clean; 
the windows and walls are clean likewise. The barbers are 
courteous, well groomed and accomodating. 
Educational Literature: 
From time to time different campaigns have been 
carried on in the town. That against tuberculosis as 
previously discussed, has been the best organized. Under MILD HEALTH 
ILPHABET^ Child Health 
Alphabet 
By 
Mrs. Frederick Peterson 
Health in Education 
Education in Health 
1920 
Child Health Organization 
of America 
156 Fifth Avenue 
New York CHOCHO 
ChoCho says! and ChoCho \nows! 
that if you do as these rhymes 
say, eat and drin\ and bathe, 
and play and sleep in the good 
fresh air, you will surely be 
happy and gay. 
Copyright, 1918 
Child Health Organization 
of America 
1st Edition Nov., 1918. 10,000 
2d Edition April, 1919. 1,000,000 
3d Edition May, 1919. 20,000 
4th Edition Oct., 1919. 21,000 
5th Edition Feb., 1920. 30,000 
0th Edition May, 1920. 20,000 At 
is for Apples 
and also for Air; 
Children need both 
and we have them to spare. is for Butter spread 
thick on Brown Bread, 
Also for Baths 
before Breakfast or Bed. is for Cereals 
and Cocoa too; 
Consider the Calories 
coming to You. is for Dates, 
the kind that You eat, 
Deliciously sweet 
and far cheaper than Meat. 1E 
J * is the Excellent 
Edible Egg, 
One daily at least, 
dear Children, we beg. F 
JL is for Fruits whether 
fresh, dried or stewed; 
Dried, at the Grocer’s, 
you’ll buy them, if shrewd G™ 
as every Child could; 
A half pound a Month 
is the least that he should. IT |f 
JLL J_L is for Height, 
be as tall as you can, 
Weight up to Height 
makes a healthy strong Man I is for Iron 
JL in Spinach and Eggs, 
Builds Red Blood and Sinews 
for strong Arms and Legs. Jis for Jam 
and also for Joy, 
Which spread on his Bread 
it brings to a Boy. K 
JL is for Kitchen 
so spick and so span, 
We all like our Food 
from a shiningr clean Pan. iT 
is for Luncheon 
served hot in the School; 
We wish ail the Teachers 
could follow this Rule. M is for Milk which 
makes Muscle and Bone; 
One pint a day 
would be best till you re 
grown. is for News 
of habits you need, 
To grow up so healthy 
You’re bound to succeed. is for Oatmeal, 
the finest of Food; 
With Milk for your Breakfast 
there’s nothing so good.  Prunes, 
Potatoes and Peas, 
And Patriots who will 
be glad to eat these. o 
is for Quiet, 
we frequently need; 
After Meals don’t run 
at the top of your speed. is for Rest 
and Round Rosy Faces, 
Rest is a thing 
which nothing replaces. c.. 
is important 
and therefore I hope 
You’ll pardon my specially 
mentioning Soap. /■ | »y 
J L is Topic 
which Trouble begins; 
Both Tea and Coffee 
for Children are Sins. L g II J #■■■■!% ■ ■■!•■—'■ ' * 
Understanding 
the best way to live, 
United for Service 
our Country to give. for Vegetables; 
if you’re too slim, 
These Victuals are full 
of Vigor and Vim. Wi r n rmi ninni ■ — i i i iiiirrutllBP 
is for Water, 
the best thing to drink 
Between Meals 
as often as ever we think. jI St, is for Xtras 
of Soup or of Milk, 
For a thin little Girl 
till she’s finer than Silk. !\TJ7 
V7 
21 is for Fom, 
and I tell you the Truth, 
Learn to be Healthy 
and Strong in your Youth. Now march for it, Children, 
with Drum and with Fife, 
Zis the Zest 
which Health 
gives to Life. CHO'CHO 
ChoCho wants to \now how much you 
weigh now. 
AND 
ChoCho wants to \now how much you 
gain each month. 
LOOK ON THE NEXT PAGE! HEIGHT and WEIGHT TABLE for GIRLS 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
Inches 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
Yrs 
39 
34 
35 
36 
40 
36 
37 
38 
41 
38 
39 
40 
42 
40 
41 
42 
43 
43 
42 
42 
43 
44 
44 
44 
45 
45 
46 
r 
45 
46 
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47 
48 
49 
46 
48 
48 
49 
50 
51 
53 
47 
49 
50 
51 
52 
48 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
49 
63 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
Health in Education 
50 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
Education in 
Ural Ik 
&1 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
52 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
53 
66 
67 
68 
68 
69 
70 
54 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
65 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
56 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
57 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
68 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
59 
89 
90 
91 
93 
94 
95 
96 
98 
60 
94 
95 
97 
99 
100 
102 
104 
106 
61 
99 
101 
102 
104 
106 
108 
109 
111 
62 
104 
106 
107 
109 
111 
113 
114 
115 
63 
109 
111 
112 
113 
115 
117 
118 
119 
64 
115 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
65 
117 
119 
120 
122 
123 
124 
125 
66 
119 
121 
122 
124 
126 
127 
128 
67 
124 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
68 
126 
128 
130 
132 
133 
134 
69 
129 
131 
133 
135 
136 
137 
70 
134 
136 
138 
139 
140 
71 
138 
140 
142 
143 
144 
72 
147 
148 
149 
Prepared byf Dr. Thomas D. Wood 
About What a GIRL Should Gain Each Month 
AGE 
5 to 8 6 or. 
8 to 11, 8 or. 
11 to 14 ..12 or. 
AGE 
14 to 16 8 or. 
16 to 18 4oa. 
Do as much better than the average as you can. HEIGHT and WEIGHT TABLE for BOYS 
Height 
Inches 
5 
Yrs 
6 
Yrs 
7 
Yrs 
8 
Yrs 
9 
Yrs 
10 
Yrs 
11 
Yrs 
12 
Yrs 
13 
Yrs 
14 
Yrs 
15 
Yrs 
16 
Yrs 
17 
Yrs 
18 
Yrs 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
35 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
47 
48 
36 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
47 
49 
51 
53 
55 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
46 
48 
50 
52. 
54 
56 
68 
60 
62 
44 
46 
47 
48 
50 
52 
55 
57 
59 
61 
63 
66 
69 
49 
51 
53 
55 
58 
60 
62 
64 
67 
70 
73 
77 
54 
56 
58 
60 
63 
65 
68 
71 
74. 
78 
81 
84 
87 
91 
57 
59 
61 
64 
67 
69 
72 
75 
79 
82 
85 
88 
92 
95 
100 
105 
62 
65 
68 
70 
73 
76 
80 
83 
86 
89 
93 
97 
102 
107 
113 
71 
74 
77 
81 
84 
87 
90 
94 
99 
104 
109 
115 
120 
125 
130 
134 
138 
Health in Education 
Education in Health 
78 
82 
85 
88 
92 
97 
102 
106 
111 
117 
.122 
126 
130 
135 
139 
142 
147 
152 
157 
162 
86 
90 
94 
99 
104 
109 
114 
118 
123 
127 
132 
136 
140 
144 
149 
154 
159 
164 
169 
91 
96 
101 
106 
111 
115 
119 
124 
128 
133 
137 
141 
145 
150 
155 
160 
165 
170 
175 
97 
102 
108 
113 
117 
120 
125 
129 
134 
138 
142 
146 
151 
156 
161 
166 
171 
176 
110 
116 
119 
122 
126 
130 
135 
139 
143 
147 
152 
157 
162 
167 
172 
177 
1 174 
Prepared 
by Dr. ThoauCS D. Wood 
About What a BOY Should Gain Each Month 
AGE 
5 to 8.,.. 6 oz. 
8 to 12, 8 oz. 
AGE 
12 to 16., ........16 ot. 
16 to 18 8oa. 
.Weight and measures should be taken without shoes, and in only the 
usual indoor clothes. CHILD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 
OF AMERICA 
The Child Health Organization of America has undertaken a na- 
tion-wide campaign to raise the Health Standard of the American 
School Child. 
We shall be glad to know your community problems, make suggestions 
for local work, furnish a speaker if expenses are paid, and supply 
literature at cost. 
Health Clown, Cartoonist and Fairy trained by this Organization 
are available for engagements throughout this country and Canada. 
Single performance $25, plus travelling and living expenses. 
Weight Card—showing proper rela- 
tion between weight and height for 
boys and girls from five to eighteen. 
Tag. Used in weighing contests to 
carry facts into the children’s homes. 
Poster—for schoolroom use, 20"x28", blue 
on orange ground, carrying “Rules of the 
Game.’’ 
Literature 
Standards of Nutrition and Growth. 
How to Conduct a Nutrition Class. 
Child Health Alphabet. 
Cho-Cho and the Health Fairy—Six 
Fairy Stories. 
Child Health Alphabet Cards — in sets 
of 26. 
Price list furnished upon application. 
Single sets for fifty cents, postpaid. 
The above may be ordered from the Child Health Organization, 156 Fifth Avenue, 
New York City 
The U. S. Bureau of Education has arranged for the sale of the following reprints: 
Class Room Weight Record 
Teachers’ Service Booklet 
5c for each first copy 
lc for each additional copy 
Diet for the School Child 
Summer Health and Play School 
Teaching Health 
5c for each first copy 
2c for each additional copy 
Child Health Program for Parent-Teacher Associations and Women’s Clubs 
5c for each first copy 
3c for each additional copy 
Order from The Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Wash- 
ington, D. C. (Remittances must accompany all orders.) 
CHILD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 
OF AMERICA, 156 FIFTH AVE. 
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
Dr. L. Emmett Holt, Chairman 
V. Everit Macy, Treasurer 
James G. Berrien 
Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill 
Dr. Victor G. Heiser 
Hon. Franklin K. Lane 
Owen R. Lovejoy 
Judge Robert S. Lovett 
Mrs. Frederick Peterson 
Dr. Godfrey R. Pisek 
Dr. Bernard Sachs 
Frank Trumbuli, 
Mrs. Frank A. Vanderlip 
Dr. Philip Van Ingen 
Miss Florence Wardwell 
Dr. C-E. A. Winslow 
Dr. Thomas D. Wood 
STAFF 
Sally Lucas Jean, Director 
Associate Directors 
Mrs. John Collier 
Anne L. Whitney 
Marie L. Rose 
Anne Raymond tE3BgB43|l is** m /// 
Mitii4* ly^jpMif/ 
plmw A %* jp, %■• // 
jlC ...: IF"1... # ■ M, it 
<MH 'Ip'' I :jjp* il%. ifclfe |: iffypV#' 
a! 'i1 
Jig wap 'Cf; IMMi $$5f THE 
PERFECT GENTLE 
KNIGHT 
By Hester Donaldson Jenkins, Ph.D. 
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 
Charles M. DeForest 
Modern Health Crusader Executive 
ILLUSTRATED WITH ORIGINAL DRAWINGS 
AND WITH REPRODUCTIONS FROM 
OLD ENGRAVINGS 
WORLD BOOK COMPANY 
Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York 
19 
21 WORLD BOOK COMPANY 
THE HOUSE OF APPLIED KNOWLEDGE 
Established, 1905, by Caspar W. Hodgson 
Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York 
2126 Prairie Avenue, Chicago 
Sentiment and idealism are impelling 
forces of tremendous power, and the 
organizers of the Modern Health Crusade 
have done a notable service for humanity 
in harnessing these great forces for the 
promotion of health. Because those who 
are engaged in this work have felt that 
their efforts could be made more effective 
by a booklet setting forth the connection 
between the Old Chivalry and the New, 
The Perfect Gentle Knight has been pre- 
pared. Its issuance gives to World Book 
Company genuine pleasure; the more so 
because it was in the field of health that 
the Company first wrought out in con- 
crete form its motto, “Books that Apply 
the World’s Knowledge to the World’s 
Needs” 
JPGK-I 
Copyright, 1921, by World Book Company 
Copyright in Great Britain 
All rights reserved Sntrobuctton 
CHIVALRY served the Middle Ages very much 
as vigilance committees did the days of ’49 in 
California. It kept law and justice alive until 
orderly government could be set up. 
In these modern ages the chivalry of arms has 
passed, but the spiritual force that Arthur har- 
nessed still serves. Through poets and chroniclers, 
chivalry calls the children of every generation to 
noble deeds. The strong are to protect the 
weak from the enemy within and the invader 
without. 
For many years, chivalry worked invisibly. 
Most people, like Don Quixote of the windmill, 
failed to recognize it outside of armor. But now, 
in the guise of health chivalry, it has become appar- 
ent to millions. The spirit of chivalry is leading 
legions of Modern Health Crusaders in American 
schools and others in Europe and Asia to train for 
strength, to protect the weak, and to repel the 
invader. Disease is an enemy no less formidable 
than robber baron and pagan horde. 
The success of the Modern Health Crusade as a 
system of instruction is due to the interest it creates 
in the children. The two factors in education are 
knowledge and will to apply. The former has had 
disproportionate emphasis. In health teaching, 
the will to do must be aroused and sustained. For 
this, interest must precede will and must accom- 
pany it until good health habits are formed. In 
the Crusade, chivalry supplies and sustains interest 
through its titles, badges, and advancements, its 
3 tourneys, and its united movement against the 
enemy. 
The tales of ancient chivalry provide an urge to 
noble deeds in health chivalry. In writing this 
book, Dr. Jenkins has done a notable service to 
teachers and public health workers who are labor- 
ing to solve the health problem in the way it must 
be solved—through the children. 
Charles M. DeForest 
Modern Health Crusader Executive 
National Tuberculosis Association 
To James Jenkins, Jr., Executive Secretary of 
the Hampden County (Massachusetts) Tubercu- 
losis Association, acknowledgment is due for 
having first suggested to the author the writing 
of this book. 
4 Contents! 
Page 
Introduction ......... 3 
Why There Were Knights ...... 7 
Arthur, the King-knight !. . . . . .10 
The Round Table 14 
The Making of a Knight 21 
The Tournament . . . . . . • .31 
The Knights of Charlemagne ..... 37 
The Crusades and the Cross ..... 44 
The Modern Crusaders ....... 54 
5 A knight ther was, and that a worthy man, 
That fro the tyme that he first bigan 
To ryden out, he loved chivalrye, 
Trouthe and honour, fredom and curteisye. 
He never yet no vileinye ne sayde 
In at his lyf, un-to no maner wight. 
He was a verray parfit gentil knight. 
6 Wf)p Wtn luttgfjts 
When every morning brought a noble chance, 
And every chance brought out a noble knight. 
flTHE knights lived hundreds of years ago in 
Europe. The world then was very different 
from the world we know. The people did not live 
much in cities, but gathered commonly around 
strong castles, where they might seek protection 
from robbers and bullies. There was very little 
law, and nobody was hired by the state to pro- 
tect travelers or lonely women or children. There 
were no police, but everybody looked to the knights 
for help. 
If a lord seized a beautiful lady and tried to carry 
her off by force, she would call for a knight and he 
would fly to her rescue. A knight loved to fight in 
a good cause and asked nothing better than to lay 
a bold baron by the heels and then lift the dis- 
tressed maiden to his saddlebow and gallop with 
her to safety. In the old story, when lovely Elsa 
was accused of having murdered her brother, she 
knelt and prayed for a knight to champion her, 
and lo! Lohengrin came down the stream to her. 
7 If a rich merchant were captured and put into a 
dungeon while the robbers took his bags of gold, 
it was to a knight he looked for rescue. If a 
monastery were attacked, it was a band of knights 
that would drive off the assaulting party. If a per- 
son were in danger of losing his property, a gallant 
A lady, who has been rescued by a knight, resting under a tree. (From 
a drawing in an old Latin Psalm Book.) 
knight would fight and down the unjust claimant. 
Then, too, the kings had no regular armies, but 
were dependent on bands of knights and squires to 
drive out invaders and keep order in the land. 
To do all these things, the knights had to be very 
brave, skillful, and strong; and they were expected 
also to be loyal, gentle, and true. 
One of the most famous of the early knights was 
Sir Lancelot. If we listen to what was said of him 
by an early writer, we shall get some idea of how 
8 many virtues a knight should have. This was the 
noble eulogy of Sir Lancelot: 
“Ah, Sir Lancelot, thou wert head of all Chris- 
tian knights; and now, I dare say, Sir Lancelot, 
there thou liest; thou wert never matched of none 
earthly knight’s hands; and thou wert the court- 
liest knight that ever bare shield; and thou wert 
the kindest man that ever struck a sword; and 
thou wert the goodliest person that ever came 
among press of knights; and thou wert the meekest 
man and the gentlest that ever ate in hall among 
ladies; and thou wert the sternest knight to thy 
mortal foe that ever put spear in rest.” 
All knights were men who had proved their 
courage by their deeds; even kings were proud 
to be ranked as knights. One of the first kings 
who was also a knight was King Arthur of Britain. 
There really was a British King Arthur who 
ruled over a little kingdom in England about 500 
a.d. He had to fight very hard to keep his king- 
dom from the Saxons, but he finally ruled in peace 
for some twenty years. 
About this far-off king there gathered a number 
of romantic legends that show the way the people 
of that long-ago time thought and lived. The 
story of Arthur is told in the next chapter. 
9 Srtfrnr, tfje lrtng=kmgf)t 
First of all the kings who drew 
The knighthood-errant of the realm and all} 
The realms together under him, their Head, 
In that fair Order of the Table Round. 
king of Britain, lay dying. All the 
nobles were wondering who would be the 
next king, and many were ready to seize the king- 
dom for themselves. None of them knew that Uther 
had a young son, Arthur, whom he had given to the 
magician, Merlin, in babyhood. With his last words 
Uther left the kingdom to his son, then died. 
The greedy nobles all wished the kingdom, but 
Merlin said to them: 
“Let all the lords of the realm meet me at Christ- 
mastide in Saint Paul’s Church in London, and I 
will show them who has the kingdom by right.” 
So at Christmastide they all met in the church, 
and after they had prayed they went into the 
churchyard. There they saw a strange sight. A 
great square stone had on it an anvil of steel, and 
deep in the anvil was a naked sword whereon was 
written in letters of gold: 
10 “Whoso shall pull this sword out of the anvil, he is 
King of England by right .” 
Then many lords that hoped in their hearts to 
become king went to the sword and pulled with all 
their strength, but it stuck fast in the anvil. So 
they went away in disappointment, and ten men 
were set to watch the stone. 
On New Year’s Day there was a great tourna- 
ment, to which came all knights from far and near. 
Now the boy Arthur was living with his foster 
father, Sir Ector, whom he thought to be his real 
father. Early in the morning of this day Arthur 
started for the tournament, with Sir Ector and his 
son Sir Kaye. They had not gone far when Sir 
Kaye found that he had left his sword. He asked 
Arthur to run back and get it. 
But every one had gone to the tournament, and 
Arthur could not find the sword when he returned. 
Then he remembered the sword he had seen in the 
churchyard, and said to himself: 
“I will take this sword, for my brother must not 
lack a weapon.” 
He went into the churchyard unchallenged, for 
the guards, like the rest of the world, had gone to 
the tournament. Grasping the handle of the 
sword, he pulled the weapon easily from the anvil 
and carried it to Sir Kaye. 
When Sir Kaye saw the weapon, he was much 
excited, for he recognized it, and he said to himself: 
"Now I have the magic sword and I shall be king 
of England.” 
But when Sir Ector saw the sword and learned 
that it was not Sir Kaye, but Arthur, who had 
11 pulled it from the anvil, he cried to the amazed boy: 
“It is you who must be king in this land” 
“For what cause?” asked Arthur, much puzzled, 
“Because God will have it so. But first put the 
sword back in the anvil ” 
“That needs no pains,” said Arthur, and, 
to the churchyard again, he put it back in its place 
Then Sir Ector and Sir Kaye tugged and tugged 
at the sword but could not stir it from the anvil 
Yet when Arthur grasped the handle, the swore 
followed his hand lightly, as if it knew its master 
Sir Ector and Sir Kaye thereupon knelt anc 
saluted Arthur as king. 
In time all the other nobles recognized him, foi 
one had only to look at him to see that he was t 
true king, so splendid was his presence and s( 
noble his expression. In a few months Arthu 
was crowned, and he swore to his lords and com 
mons that he would be a true king and woul< 
govern them with true justice from thencefortl 
all the rest of his life. 
In those days every knight had his sword tha 
he loved and trusted, for on its keenness an 
strength often depended his life or the lives c 
those whom he was serving or rescuing. The swor 
that Arthur took from the anvil served the kin 
faithfully until he used it in an unfair fight, when j 
broke in his hand. As, wounded, he rode awa 
from the fray with Merlin, he looked at his empt 
hands and said: 
“I have no sword.” 
Then Merlin promised him that he should rigl 
soon have a noble sword that would never fail bin 
12 So they rode on until they came to a fair lake. 
Vhen Arthur looked on the face of the lake, he 
aw an arm thrust forth from the midst of the 
mter, clothed in shining white, and holding 
ipright a brave sword. 
“Look you,” said Merlin. “That is the sword 
hat you shall have.” 
As they looked they saw a maiden coming 
ow ard them on the face of the lake. When Arthur 
lad greeted this maiden, who was the Lady of the 
she advised him thus: 
“Step into yonder boat and row to the place 
Hiere you see the arm, and take the sword ” 
The king did this, and then the arm sank beneath 
the water and was seen no more. But there 
-emained in his hands a glorious sword of shining 
steel, its handle set with gleaming jewels. 
While the king was admiring this wondrous 
gift, Merlin asked him whether he most admired 
the sword or the scabbard. Like a true knight 
Arthur replied, “The sword.” But Merlin told him 
that the scabbard was ten times as valuable as the 
sword, for with that on his person Arthur could 
never lose any blood, were he ever so sorely wounded. 
Now Arthur was wiser than the magician, for 
he knew that service and honor are far more 
valuable than life blood. With splendid dis- 
regard he gave the scabbard into the keeping of 
his sister, and so it happened that it was not with 
him to save him in his last fight. 
But the sword he loved and kept ever at his side. 
As was the custom in those days, he gave it a name. 
He called it Excalibur, which means “cut steel.” 
13 Bounb liable 
The goodliest fellowsh ip of famous knights 
Of which the world holds record. 
TJTJJHENEVER Arthur wanted anything espe- 
cially difficult done, outside of fighting, it 
was to Merlin he turned—Merlin, the magician, of 
vast wit and a hundred winters. So it was Merlin 
who contrived the Round Table. 
But first Arthur ordered built in Camelot a 
magnificent castle, in whose spacious halls the 
table was to stand. In twelve niches around the 
wall stood statues of twelve kings whom Arthur 
had vanquished, each one holding a blazing torch. 
In the midst of the hall stood the great table 
of polished wood, literally a round table. The king 
made the table round so there would be no head 
to it and no higher positions. All were to meet as 
equals, with no feeling of pride or superiority on 
the part of any one. In the words of the “Romance 
of Arthur,” 
That no man schulde sytt above another, 
Nor have indignacioun of hys brother; 
14 And alle hadde one servyse . 
Thus he kept ye table Rounde. 
Whyte he leved on ye grounde. 
Some say that the table seated one hundred and 
fifty knights, the flower of King Arthur’s fighters. 
The more popular story is that it had seats for only 
a few, but that it had the magic power of extension 
to make room for any knight who should prove 
himself worthy of the honor. 
When all was finished, King Arthur viewed his 
work with pride and joy, saying to his magician: 
“Behold! the hall is erected; the table is here; 
the seats are ready. Name me now the knights 
worthy to sit here.” 
To the knights whom Merlin chose, Arthur gave 
a great banquet; and all their hearts were lifted [in 
exaltation, for had they not been chosen by their 
king? And from this time on each man’s heart 
was fixed on the doing of pure and noble deeds. 
At the Round Table there was one seat that had 
no guest. This was known as the Siege Perilous, 
or the “dangerous seat.” That it was dangerous 
was well proved when once a haughty lord, coming 
uninvited, seated himself in the Siege Perilous and 
the earth immediately opened and swallowed him. 
Merlin knew, however, that a pure and stainless 
knight could sit there with safety; and this was 
soon found to be so. 
One day Lancelot of the Lake was appealed to 
by a distressed damsel. She begged him to follow 
her and bestow knighthood on a noble youth who 
had rescued her from danger. Lancelot went with 
her and knighted the squire, who, raising his visor, 
15 showed himself to be Galahad. Between that knight 
and Sir Lancelot a noble friendship was formed. 
The two went together to the great hall, where 
Sir Galahad, fearless in his innocence, sat down in 
the Siege Perilous. Before the knights could 
recover from their terror at his daring, his name 
sprang out above his head in letters of gold, and 
they knew that he had been chosen to be their 
comrade of the Bound Table. 
A magic power had written the name of each 
knight over his own seat, and no one else dared sit 
there. When a seat was made vacant by death or 
dishonor, no one could succeed to it without prov- 
ing himself greater in deeds than his predecessor. 
If one tried to take a seat for which his exploits 
had not fitted him, a sudden unseen force would 
expel him from the seat. 
Once one of the knights, Sir Marhaus, engaged 
in battle with Sir Tristram and was slain by him. 
For ten years no one was able to show that he was 
mightier than the slain knight and so take his place 
at the table. But finally Sir Tristram himself— 
he who had shown himself a better swordsman 
than Sir Marhaus—came to King Arthur’s court. 
Arthur led him by the hand to the Round Table. 
As he approached, soft, melodious music was heard 
and Marhaus’ name faded out while that of Sir 
Tristram blazed forth in light. But before Sir 
Tristram could be admitted to the Round Table, 
he had to do something that was hard for a modest 
knight to do: that was to relate his own brave 
deeds, while the clerks recorded them in a great- 
book. 
16 Of all the knights of the Round Table perhaps 
the greatest was Sir Lancelot—he who had been 
reared by the Lady of the Lake, and who was the 
mirror of knightly honor, courtesy, and valor, he 
before whose sword and spear all adversaries fell. 
Each of the knights of the Round Table was a 
star, and King Arthur was their sun. Arthur 
bound these companions of the Round Table by 
oath to assist one another at the risk of their own 
lives, to attempt singly the most perilous adven- 
tures in aid of those who were distressed, or to 
lead, when necessary, a life of monastic self-denial. 
He also swore them to fly to arms for their country 
at the first summons and never to retire from battle 
until the foe was defeated or night had come to end 
the combat. 
And Arthur and his knighthood for a space 
Were all one will, and through that strength the king 
Drew in the petty princedoms under him, 
Fought, and in twelve great battles overcame 
The heathen hordes, and made a realm, and reigned. 
Peace followed these “great battles” for twenty 
years, and in that time many of the knights became 
“knights-errant.” This means that they wandered 
forth in search of adventure, being spurred on 
sometimes by love and sometimes by religion. 
There was one adventure that only the purest 
and bravest knights undertook. It was called the 
Quest (or search) for the Holy Grail. 
There was a legend that the cup from which the 
Saviour drank at the Last Supper had been pre- 
served and brought to England by Joseph of 
Arimathea. It rested, so the legend said, in an 
17 abbey, and thither came all who had pain or sorrow, 
and by touching the cup, or Grail, were healed. But 
in the course of time faith became so weak that the 
Holy Grail was caught up to heaven and disap- 
peared. 
In Arthur’s time it reappeared occasionally—a 
cup glowing with the blood of the Saviour. It was 
seen only by the purest persons, those who had 
sought first the Kingdom of God. 
The first person to whom it appeared was the 
sister of Sir Percivale, a “holy maid” whose sorrows 
had turned her to prayer and fasting. 
Waked at dead of night by heavenly music, she 
saw her cell illumined by the rosy glow from the 
Holy Grail, which moved silently down a long ray 
of silver light into her room. 
Arthur had hoped so to purify his knights that 
the Grail might appear to those at the Round 
Table. But, alas! sin had touched all the knights 
except the white-armored Sir Galahad. For this 
stainless knight, the holy maid plaited a strong 
sword belt of her long, silken hair, entwined with 
silver thread. Binding it on him, she bade him be 
her saintly knight and go forth to see the vision she 
had seen of the Holy Grail. 
As Sir Galahad, so consecrated, seated himself 
at the Round Table, a roll of thunder was heard 
and a beam of light shot across the hall, and down 
it slid the Holy Grail. But alas for the knights, 
the cup was covered by a luminous hand, so that 
none could look on the rosy splendor of the Grail 
itself; that is, none but Sir Galahad, to whom it 
was clearly revealed. 
18 Deeply moved, the companions arose, and in 
that exalted moment each vowed to forsake all 
else and seek for a year and a day the blessed vision. 
The adventures of the knights-errant in this 
Quest were many and strange. They encountered 
wild beasts and dragons; they fought for fair 
ladies; and they besieged frowning castles and 
fought giants. Some of them forgot their vows, 
and others were overcome by temptation. In the 
end, only three of the knights—Sir Percivale, 
Sir Bors, and Sir Galahad—obtained a vision of the 
Grail; but to them life was forever a more sacred 
thing. 
King Arthur praised these three knights who 
had seen the Grail, but he had only hard words for 
those who had left the service that they owed him 
to make vows that they were not constant enough 
to fulfill. 
At length Arthur’s course was run. In a hard- 
fought combat he was fatally wounded. His 
sword, Excalibur, was with him; but, alas! the 
magic scabbard was far away. Knowing himself 
to be dying, he gave the sword to his only remain- 
ing companion, Sir Bedivere, and asked him to 
take it to the lake and throw it in. 
Bedivere took the sword, but he was caught by its 
beauty and value, and instead of throwing it into 
the lake, he hid it in the marsh and returned to the 
king. 
“What did you see?” asked Arthur. 
“Only the waves on the beach,” replied the false 
knight. 
Then Arthur knew that he had not thrown 
19 Excalibur into the lake, and he sent him a second 
time, and again a third. The third time, Sir Bedi- 
vere repented of his greed and hurled the sword 
far into the lake. 
When the dying king asked him this time what 
he had seen, Sir Bedivere replied: 
“A white arm rose out of the lake, and taking the 
sword, brandished it and drew it into the water.” 
And then the king was satisfied. 
Some say that King Arthur died on that shore, 
and that three queens came and took his body to a 
little hermitage for burial. Others say that he 
never died at all, but still dwells in a beautiful 
valley of rest in his own Cornwall, and that some 
day he will come again and rule his beloved people. 
In an old, old churchyard there lies an old, old 
stone that reads: 
“Here lies King Arthur, King that was and King 
that shall he.” 
And a poet in a succeeding age wrote, 
Still look the Britons for the day 
Of Arthur s coming o'er the sea. 
20 ®fje jflafetng of a 
Thy sword is to keep thine honor white. 
And thine honor must keep thy good sword bright, 
And both must be free of stain. 
3T was during the thousand years that followed 
King Arthur’s reign—in that long period 
known as the “Middle Ages”—that “knighthood 
was in flower.” And its beautiful blossom changed 
very little from the days when Sir Galahad set out 
on the Quest for the Holy Grail to the day when 
Saint Louis of France, eight centuries later, went 
on a crusade to the Sepulcher of the Lord. 
What a gay picture the word “knighthood” brings 
to the mind! If we have read “Ivanhoe,” “The 
Prince and the Pauper,” “The Prince and the 
Page,” “The Talisman,” or some other of those 
fascinating romances of the Middle Ages, we can 
call to mind a succession of vivid pictures of goodly 
knights. We can see their shining armor and 
prancing steeds. We can see floating from their 
lances the bright colors of their ladies fair. 
And we can see the ladies themselves, in quaint, 
21 Knights exercising with the lance. To make the practice interesting, 
the manikin was so arranged that if the shield was hit on the left the 
figure revolved on its pivot and struck the horse or rider with the club 
in its hand. 
rich costumes, with nets of gold and pearls binding 
their sunny hair, bending from their casements to 
wave at the knights below. And we can hear the 
sounding of horns and the clash of steel on steel 
and the shouts of victors. Frowning castles, stone- 
paved courtyards, splendid pavilions, and brilliant 
costumes mingle to form a kaleidoscope of chivalry. 
But knights were not always in the spotlight. 
Indeed, they had to work many years before they 
could become knights at all. A boy had to under- 
go a long course of training to fit him to be a 
knight. He had practically to go to school to learn 
knighthood. 
22 When the boy reached seven years of age, he 
began his training. His knightly father generally 
thought the boy’s mother too tender an influence 
for a budding warrior, and his home too soft a 
place. So he would look about for the bravest 
knight in the neighborhood and the castle that 
offered the best military training, and there he 
would ask for a place for his son. And I think that 
the mother, for her part, would try to see that it 
was a comfortable home for her boy. 
In this castle, where many men and boys were 
riding to and fro and there was incessant bustle 
and activity, the boy of seven, perhaps a little 
homesick, was placed as a page. 
He began his studies at once. They were not 
much like our school courses, for there were no 
books. Reading and writing were considered 
unworthy of a fighter, and suitable only for monks 
and clerks. But, as in our schools, the boys had 
physical and moral training and also lessons in 
manners. 
On the moral side, the boy was taught the 
beginnings of religion and respect for his lord and 
other superiors, and was trained to be modest, 
humble, and temperate. 
The care of the body was considered very impor- 
tant; for a youth who lacked health and strength 
could not be a useful squire or a successful knight. 
So we may be sure that the young page was care- 
fully taught how important are plenty of sleep, 
good nourishing food, and outdoor exercise in build- 
ing up a strong body. Doubtless he saw the heroes 
of the tournaments prepare themselves for their 
23 tests of strength and skill, as our modern athletes 
do, and was advised by them about the habits of 
his daily life. Of physical exercise, we know he 
had plenty; for a part of his training was to learn 
riding, hunting, fishing, wrestling, tilting with the 
spear, and falconry. He was also given lessons in 
the accomplishments of dancing and of playing 
the lute, the harp, and the guitar. 
If this sounds like play, remember that he had 
besides to do all sorts of service, such as carving 
the great roasts at table, and he also served the 
ladies of the castle in a hundred different ways. 
During these years that he was called a page, he 
was especially attached to the service of some 
knight, whom he took for his model. 
After seven years, or when he was fourteen 
years old, the page was promoted to be a squire. 
His exercises now became more severe. He 
practiced running, scaling walls, springing over 
ditches, and wrestling. He was also required to 
do such hard things as to swing a heavy battle-ax 
a stated number of times without stopping, and 
while clad in heavy armor to vault upon a horse. 
The squire’s regular duties were also harder than 
those of a page. He helped his master to get into 
his heavy armor, lacing the helmet and buckling 
the cuirass. Then when his master rode forth on 
an “easy” horse, the squire, carrying the shield and 
helmet, led the splendid armed charger, that had to 
be large and strong enough to carry the lord and his 
armor in combat. In battle the squire kept close by 
his lord, brought him a new mount if his horse gave 
out, or, in case he was beset by too large a number 
24 Lady receiving the homage of a knight. (A twelfth-century seal) 
at once, went into the fray and relieved him. 
Many a faithful squire saved his master’s life. 
The squire also helped to guard and defend the 
castle, which was really a fortress. 
Both page and squire were trained in the man- 
ners proper to a court, and often learned to be 
gallant courtiers who could compose a verse to a 
fair lady, sing it to the accompaniment of a guitar, 
and in general make themselves very charming. 
Just as we become of age at twenty-one, so 
squires at the same age attained their majority 
and were knighted. Usually they were knighted at 
some special time,—the eve of battle or some season 
of solemn warning or grand festival. An impressive 
ceremony was made of such an occasion. 
25 For the ceremony of knighthood the youth 
made a careful preparation. He had to fast and 
possibly take a bath of purification. Next he must 
make confession, and finally, clad in snow-white 
garments, he must hold vigil, or watch, all night 
in the lonely castle chapel. 
As he lay in prayer on the hard stone of the 
church, or paced the floor in meditation, the shad- 
ows of the place made only deeper by the faint 
lights on the altar, he had ample opportunity to 
think over the vows of knighthood and its ideals. 
He knew that a true knight must be generous, 
giving freely to the poor and needy. He must be 
brave and daring, always ready to face danger and 
endure hardship, and no foe must ever see his back. 
He must keep his body clean and strong, else he 
could not do good service. Pride, boasting, and 
vainglory were forbidden him, and he must speak 
the truth under all temptation. 
When morning came, the candidate received 
the sacrament and the blessing of the Church. 
Clad in pure white, he went to the hall, with the 
sword suspended from his neck. There the priest 
blessed the sword and returned it to him. Then 
the youth knelt with folded arms before his lord, 
who, after asking him what his motives were in 
seeking knighthood, granted that which he so 
earnestly desired. 
Then lovely ladies and gallant knights advanced 
and began to dress him in his first armor. How 
proud he must have felt! They fastened spurs to 
his heels, for every knight was a horseman; they 
clad him in a coat of mail, and put on hauberk, 
26 Arming a knight after he has received the accolade. (From a thirteenth- 
century manuscript.) 
armlet, and gauntlet; and lastly they girded on 
the sword. 
The candidate then knelt before the lord, who, 
rising from his seat, bestowed the accolade. This 
was done by giving three light strokes with the 
flat of the sword on the shoulder or neck, with the 
words: 
“In the name of God, Saint Michael, and Saint 
George, I make thee knight. Be valiant, cour- 
teous, and loyal.” 
The newly-made knight received his spear, 
helmet, and shield, and went forth. 
Sometimes when a youth had done some deed of 
especial daring on the battlefield, the king or 
leader would “dub” him knight on the spot; that 
is, he would give him the accolade, saying, “Rise, 
Sir Tristram” (or whatever his name might be). 
Certain knights were promoted to knights- 
27 banneret. A knight was something like a captain, 
but a knight-banneret was more like a colonel. 
When a knight-banneret fought for the king, he 
always brought a company of his own men to fight 
with him. 
The knight carried on the point of his spear a 
pennant with either one or two tails. When he 
was raised to the rank of knight-banneret, heralds 
cut off the tail or tails of his pennant and it became 
a square banner. As there were no national flags 
in those days and no uniforms, no two knights 
looked just alike or wore the same colors. 
Knighting a squire for bravery on the field of battle. (From a 
thirteeth-century manuscript.) 
28 Of course, not all the knights lived up to their 
vows. There were even robber knights, and some 
orders of knights came to have unsavory reputa- 
tions. But a true knight was a noble gentleman. 
Four of the most famous orders of knighthood 
were the Knights Hospitallers, the Knights Tem- 
plars, the Knights of the Golden Fleece, the Knights 
of Saint Michael and Saint George. The Order of 
Saint George was based on a very interesting story. 
It is related that several centuries before King 
Arthur there lived a knight of remarkable courage 
and prowess, called George. Although he was 
English, George wandered all over the world, for 
he was the first knight-errant who left his island 
to seek worthy adventures. 
After months of journeying he reached Egypt. 
There he was greeted with tales of a fearful dragon 
whose breath was so poisonous that every day it 
slew many people. The only way to placate the 
dragon so that he would not poison all near him 
was to offer him an innocent maiden to swallow 
alive. This had continued for twenty-four years, 
and no man had been found strong and fearless 
enough to destroy the horrible creature. 
When George reached Egypt, the people were 
nearly frantic with fear, for the last maiden had 
been sacrificed to the dragon, except the daughter 
of the king, and on the morrow her time would 
come; then, after that, all Egypt would be devas- 
tated by the monster. George was told that the 
king in his desperate need had offered his daughter 
in marriage, with the crown of Egypt after his own 
death, to the knight who would slay the dragon. 
29 To any champion seeking dangerous deeds, 
this was a great opportunity to win lasting renown, 
and George took it. He vowed that he would either 
save the king’s daughter or perish in the attempt. 
The next day he went to the dread valley 
where the poor princess was awaiting her fate. As 
he entered the valley, the dragon sprang out at 
him, breathing fire and roaring like the sound of 
thunder. It was a vast monster with scales of 
brass—a horror to behold. 
Immediately it lashed its terrible tail, and hit- 
ting the horse, swept him over. George fell to the 
ground with two broken ribs, and with his spear 
shattered. But he was up and at it again, fighting 
the most terrible fight of his life. Remounting, he 
smote again and again with his sword, but could 
make no impression on the brassy scales. At last 
he got in a blow in an unprotected place under 
the right wing, and drove in his weapon to its full 
length. The monster rolled over and was dead. 
Then the brave knight lifted the princess 
tenderly, and placing her on his horse, carried her 
back to the court. When the people saw him 
with the dragon’s horrid head upon his spear and 
the maiden on his horse, they went wild with joy and 
proclaimed him the greatest champion of the world. 
His reputation as the bravest of knights never 
faded, and for hundreds of years every Englishman 
in a fight called on the name of George. He was 
made a saint, and on him the warriors called as 
they rushed into battle, crying: 
Saint George of merry England, 
The sign of victory! 
30 tfje tournament 
A steed! a steed of matchless speed! 
A sword of metal keen! 
All else to noble hearts is dross, 
All else on earth is mean. 
The neighing of the war horse proud, 
The rolling of the drum, 
The clangor of the trumpet loud, 
Be sounds from heaven that come. 
TjfN the Middle Ages people had very little with 
which to amuse themselves. In the castles 
there was generally a jester to poke fun at some 
one, and there was often a minstrel who sang songs of 
the heroes or told long-winded tales. Sometimes the 
knights themselves played the harp or the lute and 
in friendly rivalry composed songs to their ladies. 
Occasionally great feasts were held; but the food 
would seem to us very heavy and without variety, 
for there were almost no fruits or vegetables and 
none of the foods that we get from the Orient or 
the tropics; in fact, there was very little besides 
great platters of meat washed down with a sort of 
heavy ale. 
So the tournaments were the great events of the 
31 season. The tournament in those times had to 
serve the same purpose as the theater, the circus, 
the parade, the fair, the picture show, and the 
picnic of our day; and as such a gathering was 
the main way of carrying news, it served also as 
the newspaper. Incidentally it aided the training 
of the soldiers, as Richard the Lion-hearted said, 
“in feats of arms, that they might grow more skill- 
ful and perfect in the same when they should come 
to the trial of their forces.” The game of the 
tournament was to unhorse the opponent. 
Tournaments started in France and soon became 
popular all over Europe. They were trials of skill 
and strength between single knights or groups of 
knights, armed usually with lance or spear, and 
mounted. Sometimes they were held in castle 
yards and sometimes in fields just out of the town. 
As years went on, they became less rude and 
dangerous and more contests of skill, but they 
differed greatly in different countries. 
In England the knight was weighed down 
under his heavy armor, and his massive spear 
and battle-ax did fearful damage to his victims. 
In France the weapons and armor were lighter. 
It was common to celebrate a royal wedding or 
other great event by a splendid tournament, to 
which all the world was invited and from which 
no one, lord or burgher, lady or peasant, king or 
monk, would stay away. The heralds were sent 
over the countryside crying the news of the 
tournament, and every one told his neighbor and 
made his plans to spend a long, exciting day—or, it 
might be, week—at the tournament. 
32 Tournament in honor of the entry of Queen Isabel into Paris. (From 
a fifteenth-century manuscript.) 
Originally the “lists”—the name given to the place 
where the combats were held—were round like our 
circus rings, but later they were laid out in squares or 
oblongs. The gallery, or wall, was gilded and 
gayly colored, and painted with the coats-of-arms 
of the knights. Over this low wall hung splendid 
tapestries, and here the knights who wished to 
take part in the “passage of arms” hung their 
banners or shields. That was their way of entering 
their names for the contest. Before the tournament 
the lords and ladies strolled along and inspected the 
33 shields, and if any lady had a grievance against 
one of the knights, she touched his shield with her 
hand; then, if the judges saw fit, they shut that 
knight out from the combat. 
Often the lists were covered, for neither lords 
nor ladies relished having their rich velvets and 
satins spoiled by the rain. Sometimes the gallery 
was shaped like a series of towers and magnificently 
decorated. When it was filled with a crowd of 
nobles and their ladies all dressed in the hues of 
the rainbow, it was a gorgeous sight. 
The first on the lists were the sergeants to keep 
order, and the heralds who would later carry off 
the wounded and would act as recorders, noting 
every brave and daring action. Bands of musi- 
cians played gallantly on instruments more noisy 
than melodious. 
The ladies, we may be sure, arrived in plenty of 
time, full of curiosity as to the knights and each 
tenderly interested in the one who wore her favor. 
They eagerly watched the wooden gates, which 
opened to admit the knights entering on horseback 
two by two, each followed by his squire, while the 
trumpet blew a fanfare. 
Banks of plain benches accommodated a crowd 
of workers and serfs, and those who could not get 
in climbed trees or posts to get a view, just as boys 
do at a baseball game today. 
Unless there was a royal box at a tournament, the 
box that drew the most attention was the pavilion of 
the “Queen of Love and Beauty.” It was decorated 
with pennons and banners bearing interlaced hearts, 
bleeding hearts, and all the figures of a valentine. 
34 In Sir Walter Scott’s novel, “Ivanhoe,” there is 
an excellent description of a tournament, and 
a good idea of the several days’ events is given by 
the laws of the tournament as the heralds in this 
tournament proclaimed them: 
First, five challengers were to undertake all 
comers; that is, they would attempt to unhorse 
any who wished to encounter them. 
Secondly, any knight proposing to combat might, 
if he pleased, select a special antagonist from 
among the challengers by touching his shield. If 
he did so with the blunt end of the lance, the trial 
of skill was made with what were called the arms 
of courtesy; that is, with lances tipped with a 
piece of round, flat board so that no danger was 
run. But if the shield were touched with the 
sharp end of the lance, the combat was understood 
to be as in battle; that is, the knights were to 
fight with sharp weapons. 
Thirdly, when the knights present had accom- 
plished their vows by each of them breaking five 
lances, the Prince was to declare the victor in the 
first day’s tourney. The victor was to receive as 
a prize a war horse of exquisite beauty and match- 
less strength; and, moreover, he would have the 
peculiar honor of naming the Queen of Love and 
Beauty by whom the prize would be given on the 
following day. 
Fourthly, it was announced that, on the second 
day, there would be a general tournament, in 
which all the knights present might take part, and 
being divided into two bands of equal numbers, 
would fight it out manfully until the signal was 
35 given by the Prince to cease fighting. The elected 
Queen of Love and Beauty was then to crown the 
knight who the Prince should decide had fought 
best this day, with a coronet of thin gold plate cut 
in the shape of a laurel crown. 
On the third day, feats of archery, bull-baiting, 
and other popular sports followed. 
Before the fighting began the knights distributed 
“largesse” (coins) among the crowd. After it was 
over, the victorious knight was led in triumph 
to the feast, and here he might kiss the fairest 
lady present. 
In the tournaments the knights had a chance to 
display their military training, their personal 
bravery and skill at arms, their courtliness toward 
the ladies, and sometimes their endurance and 
self-control. How they bore the tests of defeat and 
victory before so many curious eyes showed, as we 
would say today, whether they were “good sports” 
or not. When they fought on sides, they showed 
whether they could do team work. And the 
crowd “went wild,” in quite a modern fashion, over 
its favorite heroes. 
So, although costumes and customs have changed, 
the spirit of our athletic contests is after all very 
much like that of the medieval tournament. 
36 )t &ntgJ)t£S of Cfjarlemagne 
Our business is like men to fight, 
And hero-like to die! 
TTN the year 800 the mightiest ruler in Chris- 
/J) tendom was the Emperor known as Charle- 
magne, which means Charles the Great. 
At first Charlemagne had only a small king- 
dom, but it grew rapidly larger as he fought and 
conquered all the neighboring tribes. Finally, his 
empire came to include most of central Europe. 
The peoples against whom he fought were mostly 
heathen, but as he conquered them he converted 
them to Christianity or baptized them against 
their will in the nearest stream. Late in his reign he 
fought also the Mohammedans in Spain; so he came 
to be known as the great champion of the Church. 
Concerning the reign of Charlemagne there has 
come down to us a great number of legends and 
poems, such as the wandering minstrels sang to 
amuse the lords and ladies. Many of these legends 
are about Charlemagne’s knights, especially Ogier 
the Dane, Oliver, and Roland. 
37 The stories about Roland begin with his birth. 
Charlemagne’s sister, Bertha, wished to marry a 
knight who was poor and little known. The 
Emperor was so angry that she fled with this 
knight to Italy and was soon forgotten at Charle- 
magne’s court. Her husband was killed in battle, 
leaving her with a little son, Roland. Bertha was 
so poor that she and the child lived in a cave and 
had scarcely enough to eat. 
But Roland grew to be a fine, handsome boy, 
with flaxen hair, an erect figure, and a bold man- 
ner. He was so strong that he became the cham- 
pion of the village boys. Once in a local quarrel 
he wrestled with the governor’s son, Oliyer, and 
threw him, whereat Oliver was so admiring that 
he begged for Roland’s friendship. 
The annals of knighthood are full of beautiful 
friendships, but none of them is more beautiful 
than the friendship of Roland and Oliver. In the 
little Italian village where Roland lived, Oliver was 
the governor’s son and Roland but a poor boy living 
in a cave. But their spirits, as well as their vigorous 
young bodies, were well matched. 
One Christmas season the Emperor Charle- 
magne, with a throng of brilliant followers, passed 
through the town where the two boys lived. 
Roland and Oliver, with all the rest of the villagers, 
watched them go through the streets. 
Roland saw the Emperor’s servitors carrying 
their lord’s dinner in great silver dishes. Now 
Roland was very hungry, for he and his mother 
had lived on goat’s milk and crusts of bread for 
some days. The boy’s heart burned within him 
38 as he thought of his starving mother, and snatch- 
ing a huge platter of meat from an astonished serv- 
ant, he ran with it to his cave. Then, emboldened 
by his success, he came back and seized a goblet 
of Charlemagne’s own red wine. 
When the Emperor heard of the theft, he was 
greatly troubled, for he had had a dream telling 
him that a hungry boy would snatch food from 
his table and that he must follow him. So he 
ordered men-at-arms to follow the boy. 
They found him at the mouth of the cave. He 
boldly ordered the soldiers away, saying that his 
mother was a great lady whom no one might 
molest, and that he was her page and would pro- 
tect her. When the men saw Bertha, they recog- 
nized her as the Emperor’s sister. Charlemagne was 
grieved and ashamed to find her in such a plight, 
and he took her and her daring little champion with 
him and cared for them well thereafter. 
Roland was made a page, and later a squire. 
He was at one time a companion to Ogier the Dane, 
and as Ogier traveled even as far as the Orient, 
Roland saw a great deal of the world. Both he 
and Ogier obtained their knighthood on the field 
of battle, in the following way: 
When Ogier and Roland were both squires, the 
Emperor -was once abandoned in battle by his 
standard bearer. Ogier struck down the recreant 
knight, stripped him of his armor, and together 
with Roland, who had also obtained some armor, 
rushed into the battle and saved the Emperor. 
After the battle the youths removed their borrowed 
helmets and were at once recognized by Charle- 
39 A combat between champions to decide a question that has been submitted to the 
judgment of arms. (From a fifteenth-century manuscript.) 
40 magne, who was so delighted and so touched by 
their exploit that he dubbed them knights on the 
spot. The youths knelt before him, and the Emperor 
gave them the accolade, saying, “Rise, Sir Ogier; 
rise, Sir Roland; henceforth my loyal knights.” 
Then he did them the great honor to gird on 
their swords with his own hands. 
After that, Ogier, Oliver, and Roland took part 
in all the Emperor’s expeditions. Charlemagne 
was very proud of his brave nephew, and also of 
the inseparable friend, Oliver. The Emperor often 
used to say laughingly, “A Roland for your Oliver;” 
and this phrase is used even today when we mean 
that two persons or things are well matched. 
Charlemagne was a wise ruler, but he shared in 
the medieval idea that might makes right and that 
all quarrels and disagreements should be settled 
by combat. This idea was so general that women, 
churches, and convents had special champions 
who would engage in single combat the champion 
of the man or group oppressing them. This served 
instead of the legal trial of today. 
Each champion before the fight had to swear on 
the cross and the gospels that the side he was fight- 
ing for was right and that his rival was false and 
disloyal. He also had to swear that he wore no 
magic charms to save his life (such as the scabbard 
of Excalibur). Then a herald blew his horn to the 
four corners of the lists and proclaimed that no 
one, on pain of death, was allowed to encourage 
the combatants by cry or gesture. But the fights 
were exciting enough, for they often were fatal to 
one of the champions. 
41 After the ground had been measured and the 
wind and sun noted, the marshal cried three times, 
“Let them go!” 
The combat began at noon and might last until 
the stars came out in the sky, but generally long 
before that one of the champions would be laid low. 
If he still lived, his arms were taken from him and 
he was disgraced. Once Roland and Oliver en- 
gaged in such a duel, but it was more romantic and 
less tragic than such combats usually were. 
Charlemagne quarreled with the Duke of Genoa, 
and proposed that the matter should be settled by a 
single combat between two champions. Charlemagne 
chose Roland as his champion, and the Duke chose 
Oliver, but no one else knew who they were. The 
combat took place on an island in the Rhone River, 
before the two courts drawn up in brilliant array. 
The two knights, unknown to each other, ad- 
vanced in full armor, visors down. They spurred 
their horses forward, clashing together with such 
force that both their spears were shivered. So 
they dismounted and fought with swords. Long 
they fought, with neither gaining the advantage. 
At last, at the same moment, Roland’s sword 
broke on Oliver’s helmet and Oliver’s broke on 
Roland’s armor. Throwing their swords aside, the 
knights fell to wrestling. Neither could throw the 
other, but in the struggle they seized each other’s 
helmets and pulled them off. As each recognized 
his opponent, he fell into the other’s arms, Roland 
crying,“I surrender,” and Oliver saying,“I am yours.” 
When Charlemagne took his army to Spain to 
fight the Saracens, of course Roland and Oliver 
42 were with him. Both were killed in the tragic 
battle known as the battle of Roncesvalles. 
Roncesvalles is a pass in the Pyrenees. It was 
held by Roland and his little company, but they 
were betrayed by a treacherous soldier. Roland 
had been given a horn which he was to blow when- 
ever he was in dire straits. Trapped in the pass, 
he fought as long as he could, and only turned to 
his horn when all hope was gone. Charlemagne 
heard the horn, but the traitor at his elbow told 
him that Roland was only chasing a stag; so he 
did not go to his rescue. 
Thus it was that with all of his knights slain, 
including the faithful Oliver, Roland, desperately 
wounded, faced his death in the strange valley. 
According to the “Song of Roland,” he bade 
farewell to his two stanch friends—his horse, 
Veillantif, and his sword, Durindana. To his horse 
he said: 
Ah, never more and never more shall we to battle ride, 
Ah, never more and never more shall we sweet comrades be. 
Had, Veillantif, had I the heart to die forgetting thee? 
To leave thy mighty heart to break in slavery to the foe? 
I had not rested in the grave if it had ended so. 
And he slew the charger with his sword. Then 
to the sword he said: 
I must die, but ere I end, 
Let me be sure that thou art ended too, my friend. 
For should a heathen hand grasp thee when I am clay, 
My ghost would grieve full sore until the judgment day. 
He broke his sword in pieces, then blew a final 
blast on his horn, and died. 
43 ®fje Crusabes anb tfjc Cross 
From Palestine the champion came; 
The cross upon his shoulders borne, 
Battle and blast had dimmed and torn. 
Each dint upon his battered shield 
Was token of a foughten field. 
ARTHUR’S knights fought to free their 
land from enemies, and, as the stories go, 
from giants and dragons as well. Charlemagne’s 
knights fought partly to conquer foreign lands for 
their Emperor, and partly to win over Moslem and 
heathen people and bring them into the Christian 
faith. 
Later there came a thrilling summons to fight 
for the “Holy Places,” as they were called, and all 
the knights of Christendom responded. 
These Holy Places were the towns of Palestine, 
especially Jerusalem and Bethlehem, which were 
held sacred by all Christians because they were 
the scene of the life and death of their Master, 
Jesus Christ. 
At that time there was a pious custom among 
men who wished pardon for their sins, or were 
44 attracted to the home of the Lord. These men 
took staffs in their hands, and with some help 
from friendly captains of ships, made their way to 
the Holy Land, begging as they went. They were 
called pilgrims, and were regarded as very saintly 
folk. Incidentally, they saw a great deal of the 
world. In the Holy Land they visited places 
where their Master had walked and talked and 
healed, and there they felt that they were forgiven 
for their sins, and often healed of their sicknesses 
and sorrows. 
Now, after the Mohammedan conquest, Pales- 
tine fell into the hands of the Saracens, who, not 
being Christians, felt little respect for the Holy 
Places; and as they probably found the begging 
pilgrims a nuisance anyway, they began to treat 
them badly. The hearts of the knights burned at 
the tales that the returning pilgrims told, and they 
longed to avenge their insults. Moreover, a ruder 
people than the Saracens came into power, namely, 
the Turks, and their actions roused the Christians 
to great indignation. 
The most important man in Christendom was, 
of course, the Pope, and he felt that he must do 
something about this shameful treatment of the 
pilgrims. So he called a great council, where he 
gave a stirring talk to the multitude, begging 
knights and soldiers to give up fighting their 
fellow Christians at home and turn their arms 
against the infidels who were violating the Sepul- 
cher of the Lord. 
This was a very wonderful meeting. It was held 
in the year 1095, in the little French town of Cler- 
45 mont, which was packed far beyond its outskirts 
with the people who had traveled from England, 
Germany, and Italy to take part in it. The Pope 
was the most splendid person present, in his 
gorgeous robes, but the lords and peasants forgot 
him in their interest in the worn, tattered, fanatical 
figure of a little man by his side. 
This man who held the crowd breathless was 
called Peter the Hermit, and he had just returned 
from the Holy Land. He told them with sobs and 
tears of his sad adventures in Palestine. He 
related how he had seen the Holy Places profaned 
and mocked and Christians loaded with chains 
and sent into slavery or beaten with rods. 
As he finished his story, he raised his bowed 
head and cried: 
“Men of Christendom, I tell you, these things 
shall end. I have had a vision, and in that holy 
place itself I heard the voice of God saying, ‘Arise, 
Peter, go hasten to thine own land and call upon 
the people, telling them what thou hast seen. The 
time has come when my holy city shall be cleansed 
and my people saved.’ Arm yourselves, there- 
fore, ye men of Christendom, and prepare for war, 
for these things shall not be.” 
As Peter sank back, worn with emotion, the 
Pope arose and said to the weeping multitude: 
“Yes, brethren, weep for your sins and for this 
evil that has come upon Christendom. But 
weeping is not enough. Christian warriors, arise! 
Too long you have sold your swords to him who 
would offer you a chance to fight and cared not 
for what cause you battled. Too long you have 
46 been a terror to your fellow citizens because you 
forgot the purpose of your knighthood and sought 
only for strife that you might display your prowess. 
Today the knights of Christendom have found a 
true cause to defend. Go and fight against the 
barbarians for the deliverance of the Holy Places.” 
When the Pope had finished, all present cried 
with a great voice like the roaring of the sea: 
“God wills it, God wills it!” 
“Yes, God wills it,” replied the Pope. “Let 
these words be your war cry and the cross your 
symbol ” And the enthusiastic people cried, “The 
cross, give us the cross!” 
Then the crowd surged forward, and a red cross 
was pinned on every one’s shoulder. To each of 
these persons was given the name of “crusader,” 
or “bearer of the cross,” and each vowed to go to 
Palestine and rescue the Sepulcher of the Lord 
from the Turks. 
No movement was ever more popular. For 
several centuries each generation saw at least one 
great army of crusaders start for the Holy Land to 
fight for the cross. Not only did knights go, but 
peasants left their crops and lords their castles, 
and kings left their kingdoms, and even women 
and children undertook that long and dangerous 
journey. 
After the Council of Clermont, Peter the Hermit 
recruited thousands of people of all ranks and 
conditions, all blindly longing to rescue the Holy 
Sepulcher, and all equally confident that nothing 
was needed but zeal and that God would lead them 
to victory. Of preparedness, not a word was said. 
47 Godfrey of Bouillon. (From a fifteenth-century engraving.) 
As Peter the Hermit was no general, the first 
attempt was a failure. But there arose a great 
leader in the person of Godfrey of Bouillon, who 
was famous for his purity of life and knightly valor 
48 and who was also a practical warrior. He gathered 
money and soldiers and started for the Holy Land. 
And he really got there. Today in Jerusalem the 
tourist is shown the sword of Godfrey of Bouillon, 
who with his knights conquered the Turks and 
ruled in Jerusalem one year. Then Godfrey, King 
of Jerusalem, died, leaving a great name. 
The Turks had a great advantage over the Chris- 
tians, for they were in their own land. Moreover, 
they were splendid fighters. So the Christians 
could not hold the city long. Other crusades fol- 
lowed Duke Godfrey’s, and still others—an end- 
less stream of European warriors going eastward. 
A few of these warriors returned full of honors. 
The second great crusade was particularly bril- 
liant, for it was led by three kings—Richard the 
Lion-hearted of England, Frederick Barbarossa of 
Germany, and Philip Augustus of France. Al- 
though it did not result in a great victory, it made 
terms by which the Christian pilgrims were 
allowed to visit Jerusalem in safety and comfort. 
By and by it became plain that the Christians 
could not take and hold Jerusalem, and the cru- 
sades gradually died out. The last of the knights 
to enter into a crusade with the old religious fervor 
was the French king, Louis the Ninth, in 1248. 
Louis was a romantic and in some ways a tragic 
figure, for his ideas were those of the olden knight, 
and they did not fit into the modern world into 
which he was born. Yet every French child 
inherits the fragrant tradition of the devoted and 
unselfish life of the saintly king. 
When Louis was but twelve years old, his father 
49 died and Louis had suddenly to grow up and 
become king. 
Two weeks after his father’s death, the child 
was knighted. He was taken to Rheims for the 
ceremonies, and there, bare-footed and white- 
robed, he kept his solemn vigil in the great empty 
cathedral. When he had taken his oath of knight- 
hood and had sworn to be faithful to God and the 
Church and to deal justly with his people, he went 
through the ceremony of coronation. He was 
anointed with holy oil, the scepter of power was 
put in his right hand and the little rod of mercy 
in his left, and the crown of France was set on his 
brow. 
But the child was not left to rule alone. Queen 
Blanche, his wise and strong mother, really ruled 
the land, and she brought up the royal boy with 
great strictness, even letting his tutor whip him 
when it was thought that he needed it. Louis was 
very much devoted to his mother and a credit to 
her training. 
When he himself came to rule, he was firm in 
standing for the rights of France but was always 
tender to the poor and afflicted. It was said that 
he used to hold his court of justice out of doors 
under a spreading tree, where all might come to 
him freely with their petitions. He was saintly 
from his youth, spending so much time in prayer 
that his prime minister once rebuked him for it. 
Of course, the crusades interested him intensely, 
and he longed to take part in them, but his minis- 
ters discouraged it. (One day a terrible illness fell 
upon him. In all the churches the people prayed for 
50 him and his devoted subjects were in despair. 
He lay for a time unconscious, and all thought 
him dying. Suddenly his feeble voice was heard, 
saying: 
Reproduction of an old engraving showing the army of Louis the Ninth 
embarking for the Holy Land. The Turks are seen on the opposite 
shore. 
“God hath brought me back from the shadow' of 
death ” 
Shortly after, he asked that the cross of a cru- 
sader be laid on his breast. When he had recovered 
his health, he insisted that now he must go to the 
Holy Land, and no one could dissuade him. 
He gathered together many knights who were 
willing to accompany him. But when still he had 
not enough followers, he played a trick on his 
courtiers. On Christmas morning in a dark church 
he presented them all with handsome cloaks. They 
put them on, and when they came into the light they 
saw that the red cross w as on their shoulders. So they 
laughed good-naturedly and became crusaders. 
51 The start from the south of France was very 
picturesque. A rainbow fleet of ships with scarlet, 
green, and golden sails rode out of the harbor amid 
the shouts of the populace. 
But, alas, the crusade was a failure. The Sara- 
cens at length captured the little French army and 
offered to the knights the choice between becoming 
Mohammedans and being killed. One by one the 
soldiers fell rather than desert their religion. 
Louis wished to be a martyr too, but of course a 
king cannot be allowed to sacrifice himself. France 
ransomed him for a huge price, and he returned 
sadly to his country. 
A fourteenth-century picture of horsemen carrying the banners of the 
Church and of the Empire of Charles the Fifth of France. 
52 Seventeen years later, Louis attempted a second 
crusade. He was so feeble when it started that he 
had to be carried by two men. It is small wonder 
that he died in that far-away country. The last 
prayer of the blameless king was not for himself 
but for his people. He made this prayer: 
“Lord, have pity on thy people whom I have led 
here. Send them to their homes in safety. Let 
them not fall into the hands of their enemies, nor 
let them be forced to deny thy Holy Name.” 
So died Saint Louis, and with him died the 
crusades. 
53 ®f)t jfflobern Crusabens 
Who is the happy Warrior? Who is he 
That every man in arms should wish to be? 
—It is the generous Spirit, who, when brought 
Among the tasks of real life, hath wrought 
Upon the plan that pleased his boyish thought: 
Whose high endeavors are an inward light 
That makes the path before him always bright 
This is the happy Warrior; this is He 
That every Man in arms should wish to be. 
old crusades are ended. No more does 
the armor-clad knight with the red cross on 
his shoulder travel over land and sea to engage in 
mortal combat with the Saracen. But there are 
many other evils to fight in our day, and so there 
is still need of knightly folk. 
The word “crusade” has come to mean any effort 
made by a group to combat evil or to fight for a 
good cause. Men and women who want to make 
the world better often join in such crusades. 
For boys and girls, too, there is a great crusade 
called the Modern Health Crusade. Those who join 
this wide movement do not need to leave their 
homes and wander to distant lands, but may 
54 fight at home in their own towns. They do not 
encounter fierce warriors in coats of mail, or 
dragons breathing fire. But putting on the armor 
of faith and courage, they fight the dragon of 
disease and strive for good health. Today as 
always, he is the best knight who keeps himself 
clean and strong that he may be of the greatest 
use to others. Clean homes, clean towns, and 
strong citizens are worth fighting for. 
Millions of children all over America and in some 
foreign countries have joined in this crusade. 
Thousands of boys and girls each year take part in 
national health tournaments, in which the classes 
all over the country contend for the pennants and 
banners that reward faithful fulfillment of the 
ideals of the Health Knight. 
The boys and girls who join the Modern Health 
Crusaders first become pages; for a time they must 
pass through a period of probation, to see whether 
they will do the daily tasks that are demanded 
of them. If they are faithful in these, their names 
are written on the Roll of Health Knighthood, and 
they rank as squires. 
Like the youth of the Middle Ages, the squires, 
before they can become knights, have to serve 
their time and prove their constancy by following 
the rules of the order. When they have done 
this they are made knights, and then for further 
service they may become knights-banneret. Of 
course, not all these crusaders attain knighthood; 
but many, many of them do. Attractive insignia 
are given to the knights and knights-banneret, 
and on special occasions a crusading costume (a 
55 white cloak with a red cross on the shoulder and a 
cardboard helmet with a visor) is worn by each 
faithful knight. 
The ceremony of bestowing the accolade on the 
boys and girls who are ready for knighthood is a 
very pretty sight. 
The highest honor that can be given to a Modern 
Health Crusader is to admit him to the Round 
Table. The knight-banneret who joins the Round 
Table must exemplify the nobility of health, both 
physical and moral. Those who are ready for this 
advancement study hygiene and try to develop 
bodily and athletic fitness. 
Their scroll of membership reads: 
The Order is founded anew, as of Arthur, to be 
“A glorious company, the flower of men, 
To serve as model for the mighty world, 
And be the fair beginning of a time” 
Of constant health in all America. 
These modern crusaders are like the old knights 
in many of their ideals. When Sir Galahad fought 
against forces that threatened to be too strong for 
him, he said: 
My strength is as the strength of ten 
Because my heart is pure. 
The crusader today needs the same purity of 
heart and cleanness of body that marked Sir Gala- 
had; the same desire to be helpful to others that 
King Arthur showed in his care for his people; the 
same knowledge and practical wisdom that made 
Godfrey of so great service in his time. He needs 
the courage of Saint George; the courtesy, gener- 
osity, and helpfulness to those weaker than he that 
56 A Modern Health Crusader receiving the accolade. 
57 made Sir Lancelot so great a knight. He may 
have a chance to prove himself as loyal in friend- 
ship as Roland and Oliver. And he must also 
recognize that modern crusades, even if not so 
picturesque as those to the Holy Land, are just as 
worthy a boy’s or a girl’s valor. 
The modern crusaders show their knightliness 
by daily carrying out the simple rules of health, 
but like the ancient knights they make themselves 
strong to serve. The knightly ideals held in com- 
mon by the iron men of olden times and the youth- 
ful knights of our own day are well set forth in a 
French ballad that has been put into English in 
this way: 
Amend, your lives; ye who would fain 
The order of the knights attain, 
Devoutly watch, devoutly pray. 
From sin and pride, oh, turn away; 
Shun all that’s base, the truth defend; 
Be the widow’s and the orphans friend; 
Be good and leal, take naught by might; 
Be bold and guard the people’s right;— 
This is the rule for the gallant knight. 
Be meek of heart; work day by day; 
Tread, ever tread the knightly way; 
Make lawful war, long travel dare; 
Tourney and joust for lady fair; 
To everlasting honor cling, 
That none the barbs of blame may fling. 
Be never slack in work or fight; 
Be ever least in self’s own sight;— 
This is the rule for the gallant knight. 
58 Love the liege lord; with might and main 
His rights above all else maintain. 
Be open-handed, just and true; 
The paths of upright men pursue. 
No deaf ear to their precepts turn; 
The prowess of the valiant learn; 
That we may do things great and bright, 
As did great Alexander hight;— 
This is the rule for the gallant knight. 
59 A HEALTH LIBRARY 
GRADED LIST for PUPILS 
Ferguson’s A Child’s Book of the Teeth Price 52 cents 
Bailey’s Sure Pop and the Safety Scouts Price 72 cents 
Jenkins’ The Perfect Gentle Knight Price 32 cents 
Ritchie-Caldwell’s Primer of Hygiene, 1920 Revision 
Price 88 cents 
Ritchie’s Primer of Sanitation, 1920 Revision Price $1.00 
Hartman-Bibb’s First Book of Health Price 88 cents 
Tuttle’s Principles of Public Health Price 88 cents 
Ritchie’s Primer of Physiology, 1920 Revision Price $1.12 
Ritchie’s Primer of Sanitation and Physiology, 1920 
Revision Price $1.60 
Ritchie’s Human Physiology, 1920 Revision Price $1.60 
Hartman’s Laboratory Manual for Human Physiology 
Kraft paper, price 60 cents; cloth, price $1.00 
Ritchie’s The Adventures of the Starch Family 
Price 4 cents 
Ritchie’s Sanitation and Physiology, 1920 Revision 
Price $2.00 
Hartman-Bibb’s The Human Body and Its Enemies 
Price $1.60 
Lippitt’s Personal Hygiene and Home Nursing 
Price $1.68 
FOR TEACHERS 
Cobb’s Graded Outlines in Hygiene, Part I Price $1.50 
Keene’s Manual of Physical Training, Games, and Mass 
Competition 
Kraft paper, price 75 cents; cloth, price 99 cents 
WORLD BOOK COMPANY : Publishers 
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THE TEETH 
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Illustrated by the Author 
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WORLD BOOK COMPANY : Publishers 
Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York 
2126 Prairie Avenue, Chicago Qodern* health' Qrusade 
Boll of * 
health * 
Knighthood 
MODERN HEALTH CRUSADE 
A system of teaching that implants good 
health habits 
Children learn hygiene by doing health 
chores, and doing them with delight 
Score cards (to be filled in by the children 
and their parents), certificates, in- 
signia, wall charts, and directions for 
teachers are sold at cost by the anti- 
tuberculosis association 
Sample publications will be mailed for five 
cents postage by the 
NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS 
ASSOCIATION 
370 Seventh Avenue 
New York City WORLD BOOK COMPANY 
PUBLISHERS MODERN HEALTH CRUSADE 
A National Program of 
Health Instruction in Schools 
Manual for Teachers, 
Superintendents and Health Workers 
Fourth Edition 
Published by the 
NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS ASSOCIATION 
370 Seventh Avenue, New York 
copyright, 1921 DR. JOHN W. ABERCROMBIE 
Montgomery, Ala. 
MISS JESSIE H. BANCROFT 
New York City 
MRS. ELMER BLAIR 
New York City 
MRS. MARY C. C. BRADFORD 
Denver, Colo. 
DR. WILLIAM BURDICK 
Baltimore, Md. 
GEN. PI UGH CUMMING 
Washington, D. C. 
MR. C. M. DE FOREST 
New York City 
DR. WILLIAM R. P. EMERSON 
Boston, Mass. 
DR. THOMAS E. FINEGAN 
Harrisburg, Pa. 
DR. GEORGE J. FISHER 
New York City 
MISS EDNA L. FOLEY 
Chicago, 111. 
DR. CHARLES J. HATFIELD 
New York City 
NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE MODERN HEALTH CRUSADE 
MR. L. N. HINES 
Indianapolis, Ind. 
MR. JOSEPH LEE 
Boston, Mass. 
MR. OWEN R. LOVEJOY 
New York City 
DR. E. A. PETERSON 
Washington, D. C. 
MR. CHARLES F. POWLISON 
New York City 
MRS. JOSEPHINE C. PRESTON 
Olympia, Wash. 
MRS. FREDERIC SCHOFF 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
DR. W. S. SMALL 
Washington, D. C. 
DR. AUGUSTUS O. THOMAS 
Augusta, Maine 
PROF. C. E. A. WINSLOW 
New Haven, Conn. 
MRS. IRA COUCH WOOD 
Chicago, 111. 
PROF. THOMAS D. WOOD 
New York City 
Table of Contents 
I. INTRODUCTION 
1. A School Program 
2. A Phenomenon 
3. Underlying Principles and Peda- 
gogy 
4. National Education Association 
5. Results 
6. Scope 
II. FUNDAMENTAL PROGRAM 
a. Necessary Part: Enrollment of Cru- 
saders 
7. Who the Crusaders Are 
8. Crusaders’ Health Chores 
9. Hygienic Guide and Weight Report 
10. Recording Performance 
11. Titles in Health Chivalry 
12. Reporting to Teacher 
13. Membership 
14. Certificate of Enrollment 
15. Badges 
16. Twenty and Thirty-week Courses 
17. Finances 
18. Distributors of Supplies 
19. Prices and Quantities Needed 
20. Monthly Bulletin 
2L How to Start 
22. Amount of Time Required 
23. Aid to Hygiene. Coordination with 
Various Studies 
24. Crusade Courses from Year to 
Year 
III. FUNDAMENTAL PROGRAM 
b. Auxiliary Part 
25. Knighting Crusaders 
26. Tournaments 
27. Inter-state Cup Contest 
28. Roll of Health Knighthood 
29. Community Contests 
30. Curriculum Requirements 
31. Prompting 
32. Prompter and Hygienic Inspection 
Blank- 
33. Hygienic Inspection 
34. Symptoms of Illness 
35. List of Symptoms 
36. Window, Thermometer and Sani 
tary Inspectors 
37. School Credits 
38. Toothbrush Drill 
39. Setting-up Exercises 
Organization 
40. Health Crusade Clubs 
41. Club Activities 
42. Community Work 
43. National and State Legions 
44. Crusade Council 
45. Entertainments 
46. Schedule of Meetings 
47. Playlets 
48. Marionette Theater 
49. Tiny Tim's House 
50. Clowns 
51. Motion Pictures 
52. Exhibits 
53. Accolade 
54. Costumes 
55. Songs 
56. Constitution and By-Laws 
57. List of Books. 
IV. ADVANCED PROGRAM 
58. Order of the Round Table 
59. Qualifications for Seats 
60. Tests 
61. Reports 
62. Hygiene Course 
63. Athletic Tests 
64. Correct Weight 
65. Correct Posture 
66. Physical Examination. 
67. Knowledge of First Aid 
68. Scout and Camp Fire Activities 
69. Accolade of the Round Table 
70. Sanitation Campaigns. I. INTRODUCTION 
1. A SCHOOL PROGRAM 
In 1917 a circular, “Record of Health Chores,” made its first appearance. The chores 
were hygienic duties through the performance of which children would become “Modern 
Health Crusaders.” Since then more than 6,000,000 Crusader pages have enlisted to become 
squires, knights and knights banneret in health chivalry, and the Crusade system of instruc- 
tion has been adopted by thousands of schools. A number of state boards of education 
have prescribed it for the schools. 
It is the desire of the National Tuberculosis Association, the founders of the move- 
ment, to contribute the Crusade to the elementary and secondary schools of the country. 
It presents the Crusade as a practical system of teaching health truths, a system that imparts 
health habits and creates active interest in public as well as personal health. 
The program is elastic and amenable to change. If a school allows no time for hygiene, 
its teachers may nevertheless give their pupils the benefit of the fundamental and necessary 
part of the program indicated in this manual. On the other hand, for schools that consider 
it a duty to train their pupils in health, the Crusade offers its entire program, fundamental 
and advanced, to be carried out in the curriculum to whatever extent the schools elect. 
The program affords a progression for children from enlistment as Crusaders to quali- 
fying for the Round Table and to community sanitation work. As indicated in the table 
of contents, the program of the Crusade is divided into Fundamental Program, a Neces- 
sary Part, h Auxiliary Part; and Advanced Program. So far as a school finds it necessary 
to omit features of the program, it is suggested that, after the necessary part of the funda- 
mental program, preference be given to tournaments, hygienic inspection and health clubs in 
the auxiliary part, and to the Round Table in the advanced program. 
2. A PHENOMENON 
When boys and girls, in all states of the Union and in foreign countries in three 
continents, take up the systematic performance of “health chores” and enthusiastically join 
the Crusade movement, a phenomenon is presented that invites explanation. The health 
chores have of themselves no attraction for the average child; they are to him odious cftjties, 
performed only under social or parental pressure. 
Good reasons for doing hygienic duties are set forth attractively in the modern type 
of school textbook. No set of facts to be learned in school has greater value, but usually 
the pupil fails to translate this knowledge into his own conduct except under outside in- 
fluences. “Education among us consists too much in telling and not enough in training.” 
The Modern Health Crusade brings into the schools a distinct influence serving to reinforce 
established courses in hygiene, physiology, physical training and sanitation. It does not 
conflict with such courses but adds vitality. 
Personal and community health is the object of these courses. Health is not so much 
a matter of extensive knowledge of facts as of will to comply with a few simple laws from 
day to day until compliance becomes habitual. The Crusade system supplies the will by 
interesting the child. 
3. UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES AND PEDAGOGY 
The value of health, the direct motive, is not sufficient to arouse the child’s will. In- 
vestigations by Dr. Thomas D. Wood have shown that children are not interested in health 
in the abstract or as a future benefit. An adult seldom values health sufficiently to follow 
3 its laws closely until sickness makes health sorely missed. An indirect motive—the “mediate 
interest” of Professor Charters—is important for the adult and indispensable for the child 
The Crusade supplies the child with a powerful indirect motive for patient work in acquir- 
ing good health habits. 
In providing the motive the Crusade utilizes various principles of child psychology 
It introduces the play element into the practice of hygiene. It transfers the romance of 
the medieval crusades to a vital present-day quest. It holds up to children the chivalry 
of health. It dramatizes the pursuit of health. The Crusade allows the child to follow his 
imitative instinct. It makes him feel—and rightly—that he is of some importance and that 
he is taking an active part in a great movement. The Crusade makes an instant appeal to 
the child through its titles and badges, all won by his own achievement. It interests him 
in its competitions. It provides Dr. Burnham’s “stimulus of success” for children in large 
numbers, not for a single prize winner who succeeds while all his mates must fail. 
Opportunity to belong to a national crusade appeals strongly to the child. He finds an 
outlet for patriotic aspirations. He has incentive to do his part to assure the country that 
in another draft for war one person out of three shall not be rejected for physical defects- 
due to bad health habits. 
“The primary aim of elementary education is the formation of habits of good physical 
and mental conduct.” The Crusade applies to the pupil the pedagogical principle of learn- 
ing by doing. Habits are formed while reasons are being learned. As in Alice in Won- 
derland, “the best way to explain it is to do it.” The Crusade is a project method. 
4. NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 
The following resolution was adopted at the annual meeting of the National Education 
Association in the Department of Physical Education in 1919: 
“Whereas, effective health instruction of children depends not only upon their knowl- 
edge of the laws of health, but more especially upon the inculcation of habits of right living, 
and 
“Whereas, the Modern Health Crusade system of instruction provides an incentive for 
the child to acquire health habits, 
“Be it resolved, that the National Education Association recommends the adoption by 
the elementary schools of such a system of health instruction as the Modern Health Crusade.” 
5. RESULTS 
The results of the Modern Health Crusade are physical and moral improvement of 
children and the prevention of disease. Largely home work, the Crusade links the home 
and the school and, reaching beyond the children, teaches the parents. For the child, the 
Crusade contributes a needed drill in truthfulness, regularity in duty, and education of the 
will. The method of recording performance of the chores, under which the child is put 
on his honor to choose between right and wrong statements, affords an ethical discipline 
comparable in value to the physical discipline. The Crusade awakens responsibility for 
community welfare and makes the teacher’s work lighter by keeping the children’s minds 
alert and by promoting both attention and attendance. 
The following quotations are from letters written by school superintendents, state, city 
and rural: 
"The whole work of the Crusade is practical and wholesome and no child participating 
can help being benefited.” 
“The movement rapidly gained the support of the teaching force and the grade officials, 
all of whom endorsed it in very positive terms as productive of marked good.” 
“The teachers in charge are all delighted with the work and do not hesitate to say that 
colds and usual epidemics are lacking where the health chores have been kept up.*’ 
“After a few weeks of the Crusade, I regard the results as superior to a year of physiol- 
ogy as ordinarily taught.” 
(From a superintendent who was skeptical) “I presented the matter at the teachers’ meet- 
ing in a half-hearted way. It was presented to the pupils the next day. Imagine my surprise 
when I reached home to find my own children as enthusiastic as they had ever been over 
Christmas! * * * Mothers stopped me on the street to thank me for making it so easy for 
them to keep their children clean and for leading them to form good habits that had seemed 
impossible before.” 
6. SCOPE 
The Modern Health Crusade is directed broadly to the upbuilding of health. Its cam- 
paign is not limited to tuberculosis or any particular diseases. While the Crusade is essen- 
tially a system of instruction, to the Crusaders it has the appeal of an organization. 
Schools taking up Crusade work do not, however, assume membership obligation in any 
organization. Such organization as is suggested in this manual is optional with school author- 
ities and is designed to appeal to children, giving them mass stimulus to health activities. 
4 II. FUNDAMENTAL PROGRAM 
(a) Necessary Part 
The Enrollment of Crusaders 
Knight’s Badge 
1917-18 
Knight's Badge 
1918-19 
7. WHO THE CRUSADERS ARE 
Modern Health Crusaders are (1) children not less than 6 years of age who qualify 
by doing the official health chores and by agreeing to the pledge printed on the certificate of 
enrollment and (2) adults who qualify by doing the senior health chores. 
Teachers and other leaders in Crusade work, and adults elected by teachers and Cru- 
saders for financial or other services are Honorary Crusaders. 
The health chores printed below are the “standard” chores. Children from 6 to 16 
may qualify through these chores, regardless of age, but the “primary” chores, exclusively 
for children in grades 1, 2 and 3, are peculiarly adapted to the younger children. Pupils 
under 17 but in the'seventh or eighth grades may qualify through the “senior” chores. The 
three sets of chores are suited to primary, intermediate and junior high, and high school 
grades. For points of distinction the reader should secure sample records for the primary, 
standard and senior chores. 
8. CRUSADERS’ HEALTH CHORES 
DAILY CHORES 
1. I washed ir.y hands before each meal to-day. 
2. I washed my face, ears and neck, and 1 cleaned my 
fingernails. 
3. I kept fingers, pencils and everything likely to be 
unclean or injurious out of my mouth and nose. 
4. I brushed my teeth thoroughly after breakfast and 
after the evening meal. 
5. T took ten or more slow, deep breaths of fresh air. 
I protected others if 1 spit, coughed or sneezed. 
6. 1 played outdoors or with windows open more than 
thirty minutes. I tried hard to sit and stand straight. 
7. I was in bed ten hours or more last night, and kept 
my windows open. 
8. I drank four glasses of water, drinking some before 
each meal, and drank no tea, coffee nor any injurious 
drinks 
9. 1 tried to eat slowly, and only wholesome food, in- 
cluding milk, vegetables and fruit. I went to toilet 
at a regular time. 
10. I tried hard to keep neat; to be cheerful, straightfor- 
ward and clean-minded; and to be helpful to others. 
11. I took a full bath on each day of the week that is 
checked (x). 
Total number of chores done each week. 
9. HYGIENE GUIDE AND WEIGHT REPORT 
Notes explaining and amplifying the chores are printed on each record, primary, stan- 
dard and senior. Each record is a practical guide in hygiene, adapted to the formation of 
good habits in the shortest possible time. Through the records teachers have a unique op- 
portunity of carrying instruction to the homes for parents and for brothers and sisters above 
and below school age. On each record blanks are provided in which the child’s weight from 
month to month may be entered, in comparison with normal weight for height and age, and 
reported to his parents. 
5 A score card, with spaces ruled after the eleven chores, is provided on each chore record, 
sufficient for recording performance over five weeks. Full directions for making entry of 
the total number of chores done each week are printed on the record. The pupil signs the 
standard and senior records. A parent or guardian signs the primary and standard records. 
The teacher or other adult leader must approve each record for the pupil to become a Cru- 
sader or acquire any title. The teacher is privileged to set standards of excellence to be 
demanded in performance of the chores. The record is preferably kept at home, tacked up 
on a door, until it is ready for the teacher’s inspection. 
10. RECORDING PERFORMANCE 
11. TITLES IN HEALTH CHIVALRY 
Seventy-two chores (standard or primary) done in one week make a perfect score. 
This requires each of the first ten chores to be done daily and baths taken 
on two days. To become a Crusader- the candidate must make a score at 
least 75 per cent, perfect in each of five weeks. This requires the performance 
of 54 chores. (76 is the perfect score for the senior chores. The eleventh 
chore, the bath, is done on six days. 57 makes the required 75 per cent.) 
On becoming a Crusader the pupil receives the certificate of enrollment and 
the rank of squire. The title and badge of knight is won by doing 75 per 
cent, or more of the chores for each week through 5 weeks after becoming 
squire, a total of 10 weeks; and the title and badge of knight banneret, 
through 5 weeks after becoming knight, a total of 15 weeks. On beginning 
the chores the candidate for Crusader is a page. 
The children bring their chore records from home, for the teacher to note their per- 
formance of chores, after the five weeks required for earning each successive title, or oftener 
as directed. In addition to the award of rank and badge, schools in many states give pupils 
credits in school marks. (See “School Credits,” § 37.) The teacher hands a second record 
to the child on receipt of the first record sheet. Thus the three records required for a 
fifteen-week course should be provided at the start. 
To count for a title, the weeks in which the chores are done need not be consecutive. 
But children should be stimulated by contests and tournaments to let no week pass without 
a good record. The wall chart, “Roll of Health Knighthood,” serves for posting competi- 
tively the progress of the pupils. (See §§ 25-29.) 
12. REPORTING TO TEACHER 
13. PERIOD OF MEMBERSHIP 
The membership of each Modern Health Crusader, page, squire, knight and knight ban- 
neret, covers the remainder of the school year after the date of issue for the certificate of 
enrollment and subsequent months to the end of the calendar year. The certificate of enroll- 
ment issued in the fall term accordingly applies to more than twelve months. 
14. CERTIFICATE OF ENROLLMENT 
The certificate states that the boy or girl named therein has agreed to try (1) to keep 
the Crusaders’ health rules until the end of 192.., (2) to do nothing that may hurt the 
health of any other person, and (3) to help keep home and town clean; has done at least 
75 per cent, of the Crusaders’ health chores for the number of weeks required for first 
honors in health knighthood; and, therefore, is enrolled throughout the year 192.. as a 
Modern Health Crusader with the rank of squire. 
The certificate carries educational matter, attractively printed. It contains the Rules 
of Modern Health Crusaders, a set of instructions which are the basis for the chores. Brief 
directions on diet are included. 
N. B. The reader is invited to apply for sample copies of all Modern Health Crusade 
publications referred to in this manual, addressing the association for his state listed on the 
back page. 
15. BADGES 
The badges lor squires, knights and- knights banneret are buttons or pins in colors and 
novel designs. Manufacture in millions has produced beautiful badges at the low prices 
6 quoted in this manual. Designs are changed each year, thereby supplying one of the varied 
incentives offered children to repeat a Crusade course year after year. The teacher may 
appeal to the child’s pride and instinct for collecting to earn a series of Crusade badges 
over several years. The progression in rank from page to knight banneret is denoted by 
one, two, three and four stars printed on the certificate and badges. The insignia should be 
presented by the school free like diplomas, to pupils who earn them. 
16. TWENTY AND THIRTY-WEEK COURSES 
In schools that conduct the Crusade course for a total of thirty weeks or more in one 
school year, pupils continuing to do 75 per cent, of the chores after the fifteen weeks required 
for rank of knight banneret earn titles of advanced order. On the completion of the twen- 
tieth and of the thirtieth week the Crusader becomes knight, advanced order, and knight 
banneret, advanced order, respectively, has the right to write the honorary initials “A. O.” 
after his title, and is entitled to wear underneath his badge a ribbon in red or purple. For 
a course as long as thirty weeks a school may elect to award the titles and certificate and 
badges of squire, knight and knight banneret only after 10, 20 and 30 weeks, respectively. 
In that case, the titles are all advanced order. The teacher should write “Advanced Order” 
after “Squire” on the certificate of enrollment. 
17. FINANCES 
The expense of Crusade work is very low. The approximate cost per child for a 15- 
week course is from 3)4 to 7 cents. The variation depends on whether 80 or 100 per cent, 
of the children win the knight banneret badge, and on whether the celluloid button or the 
gold pin be selected for that badge. It is assumed that all the children win the squire certifi- 
cate and the knight button, and that there is one teacher to every 25 pupils. These cost 
figures cover all the supplies and insignia for child, teacher and classroom required both 
for conducting the chores and participating in tournaments (optional). For a 30-week 
course the approximate cost similarily varies from 4)4 to 10)4 cents per child. The latter 
figure assumes the optional gift of both the gold pin and the Advanced Order ribbon to all 
children. 
A comparison of the cost of Crusade material with the cost of textbooks justifies 
schools in purchasing Crusade material along with their other supplies. (The Crusade 
material is not intended to take the place of any practical textbook on hygiene. It supple- 
ments and enhances the value of all such books.) 
The number of schools meeting the expense of Crusade courses has multiplied rapidly. 
The national and state tuberculosis associations and the Junior Red Cross, the organizations 
that met the expense almost entirely in the early development of the Crusade, cannot, from 
limited funds contributed for various lines of philanthropy, permanently meet the expense of 
a movement best conducted by the schools. 
If the schools of a community cannot purchase Crusade material, state or local tuber- 
culosis and health associations may be requested to provide them. Expenses are met by 
various local organizations, such as chambers of commerce, parent-teacher associations, 
patriotic, organizations and women’s clubs. A Junior Red Cross group earned more than 
twice the cost of Crusade work in its community by charging 15 cents admission to its 
presentation of the Crusade playlet, “King Good Health Wins.” (See “Playlets,” § 47.) 
“Community suppers” have proved successful in financing Crusade work. Money has been 
raised by inviting certain adults to join a local Crusade club or league as honorary members 
with dues of from one to ten dollars. The formation of a local Crusade council (See 
“Councils,” § 44) is very helpful in securing the financing of Crusade work either with 
school funds or otherwise. 
18. DISTRIBUTORS OF SUPPLIES 
The general distributor of Modern Health Crusade supplies of every form throughout 
each state is the tuberculosis or health association for that state listed on the last page of 
this manual. Prices are quoted in the following paragraph. Orders should be placed with 
the state association or the association affiliated with it for the county or city in which the 
school is located. Sample copies of printed matter are sent free to applicants within the 
state. The National Association will mail a complete set of sample copies, including this 
manual, on receipt of 5c. postage. 
The prices given here are subject to change without notice, but all goods will be sold 
as low as possible. Prices cover transportation within the state, ordinarily. Prices are pro- 
rata in quantities less than thousands or hundreds. The word printed in bold-face type in 
the name of each article of supply is the code term for ordering by telegraph. 
19. PRICES OF SUPPLIES—QUANTITIES NEEDED 
7 Article and Quantity Needed 
Standard chore record, 3 for each pupil, per thousand 75 
Primary chore record, 3 for each pupil, per thousand s 2 75 
Senior chore record, 3 for each pupil, per thousand 275 
Certificate of enrollment, 1 for each pupil, per thousand 459 
Knight button, 6 to 10 for 10 pupils, per thousand 559 
Knight Banneret gold pin, 5 to 10' for 10 pupils, per thousand.... 40.00 
Knight Banneret celluloid button, 5 to 10 for 10 pupils, per thousand 14.00 
Advanced Order ribbon, 4 to 8 for 10 pupils, per thousand 3999 
Brief explanation circular, 1 for each teacher, per hundred 59 
Manual, * per hundred 5.99 
Prompter and hygienic inspection blank (See that paragraph), per hundred .48 
Tournament guide, 1 for each teacher, per hundred 49 
Tournament report form, 2 for each class, per hundred 38 
Roll of Health Knighthood and Weight Record chart, 1 for each class (or for 40 
pupils), per hundred 3.20 
Round Table report, 2 for each class for a year, per hundred 1.35 
Round Table certificate, 1 for each pupil qualifying, per hundred 5.00 
Round Table pin, 1 for each pupil qualifying, each 30 
Keep Well Guide chart (22)4x34), 1 for each class, per hundred 20.00 
lOO.per cent. Knight Banneret banner (22x24)4), each 3.00 
M. H. C. pennant, wool (15x36), each 1.30 
M. H. C. pennant, paper (red and white, 15x36), in packages of 25 only, per package. 1.50 
M. H. C. panels (National Child Welfare Assn.), per set (12 panels) 9.00 
Commission (wall certificate for 50% knights* banneret or 75% knights), per hundred 1.10 
Standing posture chart (19x27), 1 for each class, per hundred 18.00 
(American Posture League, 25c. each for quantities less than 25) 
Ellis Parker Butler story on Crusade, per hundred 55 
Playlets, pageants, songs (Prices on inquiry). 
The M. H. C. song, words and music, per hundred 35 
Hygiene posters (Chicago Tuberculosis Institute), per set (9 posters) 1.00 
The quantities enumerated are for a 15-week course, except in case of charts and 
material, like the manual, manifestly for longer use. For a 30-week course two “rolls” and 
two “reports” are necessary. Six “standards” (or “seniors” or “primaries”) per pupil are 
required. Ten per cent, may be added to all orders of chore records to allow for losses. 
One “certificate” and set of badges can be made to answer under the plan of Advanced 
Order titles when the 30-week course is decided on from the start, but when the insignia 
are distributed during the first 15 weeks the Advanced Order ribbon should be awarded at 
the end of the second 15 weeks. Some schools awarding the Knight Banneret celluloid 
buttou after 15 weeks, make the gold pin the award for Knight Banneret, A. O. 
, 
Approximate Price 
T . The chart. Keep Well Guide for Every Day,” listed above, has unusual educative value, 
t is made o durab e paper, turned at top and bottom, and is printed in colors on both sides. 
' A teacher does not require both the manual and the brief circular. The “brief” is 
intended for any teacher who will not find the time to read the manual. 
8 A time schedule of hygienic duties, covering the Crusade chores, is featured on one side 
under the headings, Morning, Forenoon, Noon, Afternoon, Evening, All Day, while a 
pleasing cartoon presents a dietary incidentally. The other side features a dietary under 
the headings, Breakfast, Dinner, Supper or Lunch, The Best Foods and Foods to Avoid, 
while in the border eleven drawings of a high type of art illustrate the chores. The teacher 
is instructed, in a fine-print notice, to expose the sides alternately a month at a time. 
Developments in the Modern Health Crusade are described each month in a special 
section of the Bulletin of the National Tuberculosis Association. Photographs, reports of 
experiences, and suggestions for instruction, entertainments and community service make 
the Bulletin a valuable help in Crusade work. It is sent free to teachers who apply for it 
individually. 
20. MONTHLY BULLETIN 
21. HOW TO START 
All the material for the course should be secured in advance except that the badges for 
knights banneret may be ordered later when the number needed can be more accurately 
forecast. The badges may be ordered, at least tentatively, three or four weeks before the 
pupils earn them, to make sure that the expectant Crusaders be not kept waiting. 
The teacher should first give a short talk to all the children in the class, setting forth 
the privilege of being Crusaders, and describing the way to become Crusaders, their honors 
and insignia and service to their country. Children will be interested in a comparison with 
the Children’s Crusade in the Middle Ages. If the school is entering a tournament (See 
“Tournaments,” § 26) children can readily be enthused over the chance to win victory 
for the school. 
Each child should then be given a chore record to take home and to bring back on a 
set day after the lapse of five calendar weeks in which to check performances of chores. As 
soon as the teacher has looked over the records, certificates of enrollment should be given 
to the pupils whose records she approves. Both those whom she passes as squires and those 
whose records she vetoes as inadequate or as exaggerated statements should be instructed 
to continue keeping their records. 
After five more weeks records are to be brought again to the teacher. Pupils who 
failed to become squires after five weeks are now rewarded with certificates, or the teacher 
may give them out before, as soon as earned. The knight’s badges are awarded to the pupils 
credited with due performance of the chores for the ten weeks. Similarly, the pupils bring 
their chore records for examination by the teacher after a third five-week period, for her 
to confer the titles and badges of knight banneret. 
The primary chore records may be kept at school all the time, provided that the teacher 
or the child under her direction and in response to her questioning check off each day his 
performance for the preceding day (on Monday for Friday, Saturday and Sunday), and pro- 
vided that under daily hygienic inspection the teacher or pupil monitors verify performance 
of all chores subject to inspection. (See “Prompting” and “Inspection,” §§ 31-33.) For 
the influence the chore records have on parents and all the household—one of the unique 
benefits of the Crusade system—it is advisable to have another set of primary chore records 
kept at home. 
22. AMOUNT OF TIME REQUIRED 
However crowded the school day may be with studies of another nature, the teacher 
may give her pupils the benefit of the necessary part of the Crusade program with one 
explanatory talk and occasional sentence directions ar.d redistribution of folders. The ex- 
amination of records and distribution of insignia may be completed in a few minutes at 
the noon hour or after school three times in fifteen weeks. The necessary “bookkeeping” 
is negligible, and can be carried out with the regular attendance roll book. 
The response of the children will make the teacher consider it to her interest as well 
as theirs to utilize more time in school for Crusade work than the above minimum. Par- 
ticipation in a tournament will require practically no more time than the enrollment of 
Crusaders. Daily prompting and inspection on the chores is profitable. 
23. AID TO HYGIENE—COORDINATION WITH VARIOUS STUDIES 
Teachers conducting textbook courses in hygiene, physiology and sanitation will find 
that taking time to direct their pupils in the performance of the Crusade chores will vitalize 
these courses. The chores and rules of the Crusade are the essence of hygiene. The appli- 
cation which successive portions of progressive textbooks like the following have to the 
several chores is apparent and should be cited by the teacher in each instance for the pur- 
pose of clinching knowledge derived from the books: 
Overton, “Personal Hygiene,” “General Hygiene.” Davison, “Health Lessons.” Ameri- 
can Book Co. Emerson and Betts, “Hygiene and Health,” “Physiology and Hygiene.” Bobbs-Merrill 
Haviland, “The Playhouse.” J. B. Lippincott. 
Gulick, “Hygiene Series.” Ginn & Co. 
Winslow, “Healthy Living.” C. E. Merrill Co. 
O’Shea and Kellogg, “Health Series.” Macmillan. 
Ritchie and Caldwell. “Primer of Hygiene.” Ritchie, “Primer of Sanitation,” “Primer 
of Physiology.” World Book Co. 
Schools are coordinating Crusade work with various studies, such as reading, com- 
position and arithmetic, as well as the health studies. The National Association will refer 
principals to outlines or syllabi for use of teachers in coordinating the work. It will also 
refer normal schools and teachers’ associations to speakers experienced in Crusade work 
prepared to lecture or conduct institutes. 
24. CRUSADE COURSES FROM YEAR TO YEAR 
Every elementary school will find it profitable in health education and the improvement 
of pupils to repeat a course in Crusade chores each year for every grade, continuing for 15 
or 30 weeks or the entire term. High schools should conduct the senior chores in at least 
one year. Numerous high schools have carried the drill to the twelfth grade. 
Experience has shown that pupils will take up the work with new zest in successive 
years. Credits toward passing the grade should be allowed for Crusade work, so that in 
this respect it will be on a par with any other study. Interest is increased for both pupils 
and teachers by participation in national and local tournaments and in the cup competitions, 
to which every school is eligible. The Crusade pageants, accolades and playlets serve to 
enthuse pupils and teachers and to enlist the community. The right to take part or attend 
is often held out to pupils as reward for faithful work in the chores. The monthly Crusade 
entertainments similarly stimulate interest. These auxiliary and optional activities are de- 
scribed in subsequent sections. 
A Rural School Winner in National Tournament 
The appeal of the badges is renewed for the child each year by changed designs. He 
takes pride in the collection of insignia of achievement. Promotion from the primary chores 
to the standard and then to the senior gratify his desire for growth 
By conducting the tests for the Round Table (See §§ 58-69) the school gives fresh in- 
centive for Crusade work to pupils who became knights banneret in previous years Mem- 
10 bership is the highest distinction in the Modern Health Crusade. It is ordinarily for three 
years, but pupils who have earned the rank of knight banneret yearly five or more times 
and have qualified for a second membership in the Round Table become Knights Constant 
of the Round Table, the supreme rank of health chivalry. Thus a progression of knightly 
rewards is provided to assist schools in extending the unique motivation of the Crusade 
through as many grades as they deem necessary to make good health practices habitual. 
If school authorities decide not to repeat the course for every grade each succeeding 
year, it is recommended that the course be conducted for at least two primary grades, two 
intermediate, one junior high and one high school grade. 
III. FUNDAMENTAL PROGRAM 
(b) Auxiliary Part 
25. KNIGHTING CRUSADERS 
The award of titles and presentation of badges should be carried out with ceremony. 
Crusade health teachings are probably imprinted for life on the minds of boys and girls 
who are formally dubbed knights and knights banneret. The event should be made an edu- 
cational entertainment to which the public is invited. The newspapers should be given the 
story and the names of the knights. (For ceremonial, see “Accolade,” § 53.) 
26. TOURNAMENTS 
The Modern Health Crusade was planned to interest children in health. Competition 
is one of the best means. The progress of knighthood is the basis of competition in the 
Crusade. Contests are conducted to enlist the most Crusaders who advance to high rank 
in a given time. These contests may be between rows within a class, between classes and 
schools, or between states. A tournament is a contest between classes (or schools), con- 
ducted for 10 or 15 weeks, the minimum number in which candidates may become knights 
or knights banneret. 
Vice-President Marshall Awards Banners in Crusade Tournament 
National tournaments, conducted by the National Tuberculosis Association, are open to 
all schools and classes of the country between the first and the twelfth grades with an 
enrollment of not less than ten. On this modern “Field of the Cloth of Gold” contestants 
11 are separated into eleven divisions so that the younger pupils need not compete with the 
older nor the larger classes with the smaller. Divisions 1 and 2 are ungraded schools, con- 
taining less than 19 pupils and those containing 19 or more pupils. Divisions 3 to 11 are 
classes grouped in grades and containing less than 26 or more than 25. Beautiful banners 
and pennants are awarded as prizes and extensive publicity is accorded. 
The victor in each division is the class or school that makes the most progress toward 
the enrollment of all its pupils as knights banneret in 15 consecutive weeks. Progress is 
determined by crediting pupils for the performance of the health chores. Each pupil is 
credited 1 for each week in which he does the required 75 per cent, of the chores. The 
maximum credits he can earn are 15. The score of the class is determined by adding the 
credits of the pupils and dividing the sum by the number of pupils in the class during the 
first week. The highest score a class can earn is likewise 15. If competing classes have 
tie scores, the one whose pupils have performed the most chores, properly recorded, is ad- 
judged the winner of the banner for its division. Pennants or other trophies are awarded 
to all schools with a credit of 15, properly reported. The 15 weeks must be consecutive 
except that one or two weeks which are occupied in whole or in part by vacation may in- 
tervene, making the total period not to exceed 16 or 17 consecutive weeks. 
Two national tournaments are conducted during a school year. For the first, a class 
may submit its score over any 15 consecutive weeks that it chooses between the first Sun- 
day in September and the last Saturday in February. For the second, it may choose any 
15 consecutive weeks between the first Sunday in January and the second Saturday in June. 
A school may be a j ouster in both tournaments, provided that the record for the same week 
in January or February be not submitted in both tournaments. 
In many instances, state, county or city tournaments are conducted similarly for 10 or 
15-week periods. The rules and official report form for a national tournament usually 
serve as well for a local tournament. Teachers should familiarize themselves with the 
rules published in the “tournament guide” circular. 
27. INTER-STATE CUP CONTEST 
Beautiful and costly trophies known as the Banneret Cup and the Inter-city Cup have 
been donated to be awarded to the schools of the state and of the city (over 100,000 in- 
habitants) in which the most children become knights banneret in ratio to school enroll- 
ment. The contests are conducted annually. The cups are awarded for one year, but 
become the permanent property of the state and city in which they are won three times, 
either consecutively or not. The cups are held in custody for the schools in the winning 
state and city by the state and city health association or board of education. 
The children counted in this contest must become Modern Health Crusaders and ad- 
vance to knights banneret between the first Sunday of September and the second Saturday 
of June in the following year. The fifteen weeks of chores need not be consecutive. The 
(Doderiv iSeaTth* (Yrusade 
JJoll of * 
health - 
Knighthood 
schooJ enrollments ot the states shall be the figures last published by the U. S. Bureau 
of Education. Reports on the number of knights banneret are collected by the state asso- 
ciation in accordance with the rules published by the National Association, and must be 
rendered to the Rational Association not later than July 15th. The award will be announced 
and die cup delivered not later than the opening week of the following school year. 
T he inter state contest and the tournaments offer to every school conducting a Crusade 
ITiS state or dt“CeMlVe W,Imi”g “ ba"nCr f°r itSC‘£ aml helI>in« lo win the 
12 28. ROLL OF HEALTH KNIGHTHOOD 
The chart, “Roll of Health Knighthood” and pupils’ weight record, is hung on the 
classroom wall. It serves to post the pupils’ progress in knighthood and their weights from 
month to month, in comparison with normal weights. In the first column are spaces' for 
the names of 40 pupils, all of whom should be listed there at the beginning of the Crusade 
course or tournament period. As soon as a boy or girl becomes a squire or reaches a higher 
rank, a star or other mark is placed as a reward in the column for each rank attained. 
Gummed stars in colors may be obtained of stationers. Green or yellow stars are used for 
squires, blue for knights, red or royal purple for knights banneret, silver for knights ban- 
neret, Advanced Order, and gold for Knights of the Round Table. Recognition may simi- 
larly, if the teacher wish, be given by entries on this chart to pupils who pass athletic, posture 
and nutrition tests for the Round Table. (See §§ 62-64.) Tables of normal weights are 
printed on the Roll. 
29. COMMUNITY CONTESTS 
As the senior chores are hygienic duties that should be observed by every adult, great 
interest may be aroused and great good accomplished by a competition to enlist the most 
Crusaders both of school and older ages within a community. The pupils of a class or 
school are divided for the contest into two groups substantially equal in number, range of 
age, and influence. A reward is offered to the side that shall enlist most Crusade squires, 
knights or knights banneret resident in the town or school district, within set periods, such 
as 6, 12 or 18 weeks. The pupils are given both senior and standard chore folders to dis- 
tribute. Primary folders are also useful for securing youngest recruits. All persons not 
less than 6 years of age who meet the chore requirements (duly recorded) for their age 
are counted for the side that recruits them. A home that has taken up the performance 
of the chores may prevent further solicitation by pupils by posting a paper marked “M. H. C.” 
at its door. 
Following the practice in Washington, D. C., reports may be secured from each school 
on the number of squires, knights and knights banneret enlisted at the end of the five, ten 
and fifteen-week periods. The competitive standing of the schools, based on enlistment in 
ratio to enrollment, is published in the newspapers. 
As required by law in some states, elementary schools arc coming more and more to 
set aside time in which the teachers shall remind pupils of daily health chores and inspect 
them to test observance of duties. In one state the following activities are required: 
(1) daily hygienic inspection (taking about ten minutes), (2) a two-minute drill in physical 
exercises at the beginning of a class, at least four times a day, (3) directed recreation (140 
to 240 minutes per week), (4) formal gymnastics (60 minutes per week, in more than one 
period), and (5)_instruction in hygiene (at least two periods of 10 or IS minutes each per 
week). The National Tuberculosis Association will give further information on this subject 
to inquirers. 
The Crusade promotes a realization of the wisdom of allotting time thus definitely in 
school hours for practical health instruction and physical training. The Crusade chores 
supply a basis for hygienic inspection and are in harmony with all of the above five re- 
quirements. The Crusade makes such requirements interesting both to teacher and pupil. 
The schools that are giving Crusade work credit in school marking are consistently fur- 
thering their other courses in health subjects. (See “School Credits,” § 37.) 
30. CURRICULUM REQUIREMENTS 
31. PROMPTING 
A few minutes should be devoted to prompting and inspection at a scheduled hour 
each school day. The questions in the following list should first be asked the class. Each 
pupil who has done the chore in question holds up his hand. For question 5 he holds up 
his handkerchief. 
How many of you, yesterday and so far today, have done chore— 
1. Washed hands before each meal? 
2. Washed face, ears and neck and* cleaned fingernails? 
3. Kept fingers, pencils and unclean things out of mouth and nose? 
4. Brushed teeth after breakfast and supper?** 
5. Took ten deep breaths, were careful about spitting, etc., and have a handkerchief? 
6. Had thirty minutes of play in open air? Tried hard to sit and stand straight? 
7. Were in bed ten hours last night, windows open? 
8. Drank four glasses of water and no tea or coffee? 
9. Tried to eat only wholesome food and slowly, and attended to toilet? 
13 10. Tried to be cheerful, straightforward, clean-minded, to be helpful and to be neat 
(clothes, shoes, hair, books and all things used) ? 
11. Had two full baths last week? One? (To be asked Monday.) 
12. How many of you saw to it that the chores you did yesterday (and Friday and Sat- 
urday***) were checked up on your records? 
*Questions may be readily modified to correspond to the primary chores. 
**“How many of you have each a toothbrush of his own, used by no one else?” (This question 
should be asked daily until all children have brushes.) 
***To be included in question 12 on Monday. 
For a small class the teacher alone asks the questions and notes the responses. For a 
large class she appoints a health chore inspector for each one or two rows to note the 
responses. In classes organized as Health Crusade clubs (see § 40) lieutenant and 
herald serve as inspectors and the captain asks the questions. A competition between rows, 
to be able to report greatest performance, is valuable. It is helpful to have the twelve 
questions displayed on the classroom wall, either written on the blackboard or printed on a 
chart. (Particulars furnished by National Association.) 
The form published by the National Association for use in prompting and in inspection 
contains the questions and a table of spaces in which the findings from both questioning 
and inspection, or either of them, may be readily and quickly entered. The best method is 
to enter only the omissions in performance as shown by hands not raised or by inspection. 
The number of the chore not performed is entered, also “12” for the last question. The 
teacher quickly associates each chore with its number. Even though no record be kept for 
the answers to the questions, they should nevertheless be asked as reminders. Each blank 
will answer for 8 pupils over 4 weeks, or 16 pupils over 2 weeks. A blank should be pro- 
vided for each chore inspector. 
32. PROMPTER AND HYGIENIC INSPECTION BLANK 
33. HYGIENIC INSPECTION 
The number of schools practicing hygienic inspection has multiplied exceedingly rapidly. 
It is invaluable for the timely detection of disease that might spread through the school. 
The teacher can make the inspection on a number of points, while merely standing in front 
of the class. For the other points the teacher or inspectors chosen from the pupils pass 
down the rows, scrutinizing each pupil. 
Daily Inspection of Chore Performance 
The pupil’s performance of chores 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10—the accuracy of his answers 
to the questions on those chores—may be tested in whole or in part by the inspection or 
the teacher s observation at other times in school hours. Regarding chore 5, the possession 
of a handkerchief may be required as necessary preparation for protecting others, and 
the taking of ten deep breaths should be. included in “two-minute setting-up exercises” in 
school. Play at recess is contributory evidence for a pupil’s statement that he had the 30 
14 minutes’ play required by chore 6. Children should be drilled to drink at recess one of 
the glasses of water required by chore 8. Drowsiness may be considered evidence against 
any pupil holding up his hand to the question regarding ten hours in bed (chore 7). Bitten 
nails should be cited by the teacher as showing violation of chore 3. 
Inspection on keeping neat (chore 10) includes cleanliness and orderliness of clothing 
and shoes. Coats, sweaters and rubbers are to be left where directed. Hair is to be combed 
and brushed. The shampoo must not be unknown. Pediculosis (nits) (removed by simple 
home treatment) should not be tolerated. 
After the twelve questions have been asked, the class is called to attention. Sleeves 
are thrust up and hands placed on the desk, palms down. Hands and arms are inspected 
for dirtiness and rash; nails, for lack of cleaning and for biting. Nails should be cut and 
kept fairly short. 
Teeth are displayed by drawing the lips well apart. Emphasis should be placed on 
cleanliness of teeth. A chart displaying a clean, even, healthy set of teeth may be hung on 
the classroom wall. Face, ears and neck are observed as the teacher passes from child to 
child, up and down the aisles. The child draws his collar slightly away from the neck and 
turns his head first to one side and then to the other. In many schools the teacher should 
once a week pull the hair up from above and behind the ears, the pupil holding his head 
forward, in order to detect uncleanliness of scalp. For inspection of neatness of shoes, 
the pupils should turn in their seats, placing their feet on the floor in the aisle which re- 
ceives the best light. The teacher observes the shoes from the head of each aisle. At least 
once a term the teacher should note the shoes that are incorrectly shaped and should ex- 
plain the importance of preserving the natural shape and position of the foot. (See “Phys- 
ical Examination,” § 66.) 
Failure to do a chore, detected by inspection, should be marked on the prompter and 
inspection blank by the number of the chore, in like manner as when the questions are 
asked. 
When the primary chores are recorded in school instead of at home, the chore records 
may be checked at the period for prompting and inspection, instead of the inspection blank. 
Cases of contagion discovered by inspection should be referred for exclusion to the 
principal, school physician or nurse. Beside rash and pediculosis, watch should be main- 
tained for eye discharge and the early signs of general illness. When unhygienic conditions 
are discovered the pupil may be spoken to privately after class and embarrassment avoided. 
Children who show evidences of extreme neglect should be referrd to the school nurse or 
a public health nurse for home visits. In schools that have the service of a physician and 
nurse, their arrival at school should be announced to each teacher and all contagious or 
suspicious cases should be sent to the doctor’s office, taking a reference slip from the teacher. 
Any deviation from the normal in a previously healthy child should be a warning to the 
teacher. 
34. SYMPTOMS OF ILLNESS 
35. LIST OF SYMPTOMS 
The beginning of most children’s diseases shows one or more of the following symp- 
toms. Depending upon the severity of the symptoms, the pupil should be separated from 
others and watched, sent to the doctor or nurse, or sent home to the parents with a written 
explanation and recommendation that the family physician be consulted. 
Cough. (Children who sneeze or cough should be taken from their regular seats and 
isolated. This is most important, for many diseases are spread by sneezing and coughing.) 
Sore throat or hoarseness. Running nose. Cheeks flushed. Fever. Chills. Pallor. 
Vomiting. Headache. Backache. Pain, especially in the abdomen or chest. Eruptions, 
rash, itching, irritation of the skin. 
Red eyes, with or without discharge, especially if accompanied by any of the following 
symptoms of defective vision: scowling, squinting, headache, holding reading matter at an 
unusual distance from the eyes. 
Running ears and deafness. Swelling in the neck, particularly if in the region of the 
ear. Shortness of breath. Chronic drowsiness (usually indicates poor ventilation or high 
temperature in the school room.) Chronic restlessness. Frequent requests to leave the room. 
Malnutrition, loss of weight, mouth breathing, decayed teeth, irritability and disinclina- 
tion to study or play are general symptoms indicating a condition favorable to disease. 
36. WINDOW, THERMOMETER AND SANITARY INSPECTORS 
The appointment of window and thermometer inspectors promotes class hygiene. Win- 
dow inspectors open the windows freely before the two-minute drills or at the end of each 
class session on days when the windows are largely closed on account of cold, and close 
15 the windows, immediately before studies are resumed, to the position at which a tempera- 
ture of 68 degrees may be maintained. The duty of the thermometer inspector, when arti- 
ficial heat is used or the windows are not fully open, is to record the temperature period- 
ically morning and afternoon. When more than 68 degrees is registered he is to notify 
the teacher promptly and his record should be handed to her once a week. 
The sanitary inspector reports to the teacher any unhealthful conditions found about 
the school during the week, such as unsanitary outhouses or lavatories, bad air, untidy 
halls, etc. The teacher may ask him to report to the class and have remedial measures 
discussed. Pupils can be made to feel it an honor to se.rve as inspectors of either kind. 
New ones should be appointed once a fortnight or at regular intervals. 
The practice of giving school credits to pupils for doing Crusade work and to teachers 
for conducting it has become general. In some states teachers are authorized to credit 
pupils as high as 50 per cent, in physiology or hygiene for performance and recording of 
Crusade chores. In some instances 10 per cent, is added for Crusade work to credits for 
daily class work, and for excellence of work the Crusader pupils are excused from examina- 
tion in physiology or hygiene. The Crusade credits are sometimes applied to civics. 
In Illinois counties teachers are required to earn 200 professional credits each year as 
a condition for renewal or registration of certificates. In the majority of the counties the 
superintendents have agreed to give teachers from 10 to 50 professional credits for success- 
fully supervising Crusade work. Some state school laws set requirements for “standard 
schools” and added requirements for “superior schools.” Crusade work is a means of earn- 
ing credits for classification as standard and superior schools. 
State Superintendent Ethel E. Redficld of Idaho says “The Modern Health Crusade, 
which furnishes the indirect motive that secures results in health education, is the happiest 
type of organization that could be conceived. Standard school requirements laid down by 
the State Department of Education require of all schools participation in the Crusade as a 
part of the regular work.” 
37. SCHOOL CREDITS 
38. TOOTHBRUSH DRILL 
On account of lack of home instruction in the care of teeth, a toothbrush drill should 
be conducted in elementary classes at least once a term or as often as is necessary to teach all 
pupils. _ For the drill each child is requested to bring his brush wrapped in plain paper and 
remaining wrapped until the drill. If there are not cups for all the children, two or three 
provided with cups, water, dentifrice and a basin should demonstrate. The class should 
follow them or the teacher in pantomime. The cup, real or imaginary, is held in the left 
hand and the brush in the right. If a brush is lacking the child should go through the 
motions with his index finger outside his mouth. The brush should not be given very hard 
pressure. 
Attention ! (All in line, elbows close to side.) 
1. Ready—Water. 
2. Outside surfaces (Brush inserted under cheek. Gums as well as teeth to be brushed.) 
a. “Upstairs” 
Left side. Down strokes. 1 to 10. 
Right side. Down strokes. 1 to 10. 
Front. Down strokes. 1 to 10. Water. 
b. “Downstairs” ' 
Left side. Up strokes. 1 to 10. 
Right side. Up strokes. 1 to 10. 
Front. Up strokes. 1 to 10. Water. 
The brushing of the upstairs and downstairs outside surface may be combined in a 
circular motion. 
3. Inside surfaces. First (a) “upstairs” and then (b) “downstairs.” 
Left side. In and out motion. 1 to 10. 
Right side. In and out motion. 1 to 10. 
Front. In and out motion. 1 to 10. Water. 
4. Chewing surfaces. 
a. “Upstairs” 
Left. Scrubbing motion. 1 to 10. 
Right. Scrubbing motion. 1 to 10. Water. 
b. “Downstairs” 
Left. Scrubbing motion. 1 to 10. 
Right. Scrubbing motion. 1 to 10. Water. 
16 5. Empty cups and refill them. 
6. Rinse the mouth. 
7. Rinse the brush, shake off water, wrap it to take home. 
Teeth should be brushed fully two minutes. It is important to work the bristles in 
between the teeth as far as possible. Dental floss used once a day, with care not to pull 
the gums back, will clean between teeth where bristles will not reach. A mouth wash can 
be made by adding to a pint of boiled water one teaspoonful of common salt and one table- 
spoonful of limewater. Pupils should be taught to consult a dentist every sir months or 
oftener, to prevent trouble with teeth and resultant poor health. 
39. SETTING-UP EXERCISES: TWO-MINUTE DRILL* 
For grades 3 to 8. 
At the sound of the bell, inspectors should open windows without command. 
Coats and sweaters should be removed. 
Class: Stand! (Face windows at once without command.) 
1. Breathing. Four times. 
In! Six counts for inhalation. 
Out! Four counts for exhalation. 
Right (left): Face! 
2. Stretching. Four times. (This exercise must be done to response commands, using the 
cues indicated.) 
Bend! Bend the trunk forward, touching hands to toes. 
Shoulders! Stand erect, touching hands at sides of shoulders in passing to the next 
position.. 
Stretch! Stretch the arms upward, palms toward each other. Do not bend backward. 
Higher! Make an effort to stretch higher. 
Down! Turn hands and bring arms sideways downward quickly, without noise. 
If the room is too crowded for the sideways downward movement, the arms 
may be brought down, close to the body. 
3. Knee bending. Eight times. (Thumbs locked behind without command. This exercise 
should be taught, using the cues indicated. When it is thoroughly learned, it 
may be done to rhythmic commands.) 
Down! Bend the knees deeply. 
Up! Stretch the knees quickly. 
Right (left) : Face! 
4. Breathing. Four times. 
In! Six counts for inhalation. 
Out! Four counts for exhalation. 
Class: Sit! 
*From Physical Training Syllabus, New York. 
Teachers will find directions for other forms of physical exercise for a class in some 
of the textbooks. The National Association will refer inquiries to publications on gym- 
nastic exercises, athletic drills, supervised play and games, in addition to the books named 
m this manual. (See “List of Books,” § 57.) 
ORGANIZATION 
40. HEALTH CRUSADE CLUBS 
Children like to belong. Beside general membership in the Modern Health Crusade 
definite membership in a health club gives boys and girls increased zeal and steadfastness in 
health work. The formation of a club does not come under the necessary part of the 
Crusade program, but is recommended to every class or school. 
The teacher or principal explains to all the pupils that all who become Modern Health 
Cnusaders will be members of the Grade Health Crusade Club or 
School Health Crusade Club. The plan of organization is distinctly democratic, only those 
pupils who fail to do the health chores to qualify as Crusaders being excluded from the 
club. Beside the qualifying pupils and the teacher, the club may include “honorary mem- 
bers” elected for service or for contributions to the treasury. A fixed minimum, e. g., $5, 
should be set for contributions or dues from honorary members, 
17 At a meeting five weeks after the chore folders are given out, preferably at the class 
session in hygiene or prompting and inspection, the pupils who become Crusaders adopt the 
constitution" (See § 56) and elect officers. The chief officers are captain (president or 
health officer), one or two lieutenants (vice-president), herald (secretary), Crusade master 
(the teacher) and grand master (the principal). Inspectors—health, window and thermo- 
meter—are also officers, but usually serve for short terms (See § 36). 
The Crusade master, who may be another adult if the teacher cannot serve, conducts 
the organizing meeting and selects nominees for officers and provides a copy of the consti- 
tution beforehand. 
Each club should proclaim a slogan, like “War Against Disease,” “Good Health for You 
and Me,” “Strong and Clean, Body and Mind,” “Every Health Chore a Good Health Habit,” 
“Keep Vigorous to Withstand the Rigorous,” 
41. CLUB ACTIVITIES 
The first activity of a club is to seek the membership of 100 per cent, of the pupils 
and to promote the members’ progress in knighthood. Competition is an effective principle 
to follow. The club members should be divided into two numerically equal teams. They 
are determined preferably by classroom rows (entire or divided). Another method is for 
two leaders to choose the teams, making alternate choices of members, as is done for im- 
promptu baseball teams. The leaders of the two teams should be the lieutenant and herald 
of the club. The class may, however, be divided into teams on beginning to do health chores, 
before officers have been elected or the club organized. Health inspectors appointed by the 
teacher serve then as leaders until the club is organized, after five weeks. 
The teams compete to earn the most credits, i. e., to achieve the highest average rank 
in knighthood, in the periods of time required for the successive titles. (See explanation of 
credits under “Tournaments,” § 26.) Simultaneously, a competition may be carried on 
between two or more clubs, representing as many classes or schools. For an idea of the 
interest to be aroused, read Ellis Parker Butler’s story, “A Knight Without Reproach.” 
(Mailed by the National Association on receipt of 3c. postage.) 
The best procedure is to conduct daily prompting and hygienic inspection, as described 
above, with officers and team leaders assisting the teacher. When summoned by the teacher 
the captain comes forward and asks the twelve questions. The herald and lieutenant each 
have a prompter and inspection blank on which the names of the pupils of their respective 
teams are written, and make note of those who do not claim by uplifted hand to have done 
and recorded the chores. Inspection is then made, preferably by the teacher. It may be 
made by the herald and lieutenant. To avoid risk of partiality toward members of their 
own teams, they may each be assigned as inspector of the other’s team, while the teacher 
is arbiter. An informal competition from week to week may be based on the records on 
the inspection blanks. On Monday of each week the captain should announce both the num- 
ber of credits earned (one for each pupil in the team who did 75 per cent, of the chores 
for the preceding week) and the total number of chores done. Three contests should be 
conducted for five weeks each, the minimum successive periods for acquiring the knightly 
titles. 
Other activities for a club are the entertainments and dramatic productions outlined 
below (See §§ 45-50), and participation in athletics and in training for the Round Table 
(See §§ 58-69). Clubs may challenge others to qualify the most members for seats at the 
Round Table. 
42. COMMUNITY WORK 
A club may make itself useful to the town in many ways. It may work for a sanitary 
drinking fountain in the school, a playground, fresh-air schoolrooms, ventilation for every 
room, clean streets, clean lavatories, etc. It may draw up a petition and agitate for physical 
examinations in schools, backed with nursing service. It may enter upon anti-fly and vermin 
campaigns, and aid in town clean-up. (See “Sanitation Campaigns,” topic 67.) It may 
appeal for the enforcement of laws against spitting and the sale of tobacco to children. 
Committees may be appointed to report or to take action on exposed breeding places for flies 
and mosquitoes, on improvement of school premises, on sick children or on any of the 
various lines of work suggested in this manual. 
43. NATIONAL AND STATE LEGIONS 
As soon as 50 per cent, of the class school become members of the Crusade club 
with the rank of knight banneret, or 75 per cent, with the rank of knight, the club is entitled 
to formal recognition as a component organization in the Legion of Modern Health Cru- 
saders for its state and in the National Legion. The usual plan of recognition is to issue a 
commission certificate of membership or testimonial, suitable for schoolroom wall on sub- 
18 mission of a report giving the name of the club, the address of the school and the name 
of the Crusade master (teacher). Under this plan the directors of the state legion, i. e., the 
state health association affiliated with the National Tuberculosis Association, approve the 
report and issue the certificate in behalf both of itself and of the National Association, 
directors of the National Legion of Modern Health Crusaders. 
44. CRUSADER COUNCIL 
It has been found that a Crusader Council, composed of persons representing health, 
educational, commercial and other interests in a community, can be of great assistance in 
carrying the benefits of the Crusade to a whole community. 
The most essential member of the Crusader Council is a Crusader Executive, the secre- 
tary and administrative director. For a county or large city the executive should be a 
salaried worker, woman or man. If the executive cannot be paid, a volunteer worker 
appointed by the parent-teacher association, chamber of commerce or some other organiza- 
tion can serve. The Crusader Executive is to initiate and oversee activities. 
The other officers should include President—preferably superintendent of schools or 
his appointee, such as director of physical training—Treasurer, and chairman of personal 
hygiene, sanitation, publicity, local ordinances, chairmen for commerce and finance, medical 
and other professions, churches, parent-teacher association, women’s club, labor organiza- 
tions, fraternal organizations. 
Membership should include men and women of influence in the fields represented by 
the chairmen, from wdiom committees may be formed under the chairmen as needed. Each 
Crusade master (teacher conducting Crusade work) and the captain, lieutenant and herald 
of each club should be members of the Council. 
The committee on personal hygiene should include school officials, teachers, physician 
and nurse, and others who can go into the schools to assist. It arranges for the explaining 
and distribution of the health chore records, their inspection by teachers, and for stimulation 
through tournaments and contests, posters, exhibits, etc. The committee develops entertain- 
ments (See “Entertainments” below) as community affairs. 
The functions of the committee on sanitation are explained under “Sanitation Cam- 
paigns,” § 70. The local ordinance committee acquaints itself with ordinances, discover- 
ing whether they cover sanitation and health, whether practicable and enforced, and makes 
recommendations to the Council. A lawyer is a desirable chairman. The chairman of 
publicity cooperates with the various committees, giving the papers information in news 
form and keeping clergymen and all cooperative groups posted. The chairman of commerce 
and finance represents merchants, manufacturers and bankers. 
If Crusade expenses are not met by school funds, the Crusader Executive, in coopera- 
tion with the president, treasurer and appropriate chairmen, raises the money through a 
Crusaders’ entertainment, subscriptions by the chamber of commerce or other organizations, 
or dues for honorary membership in the league. (See “Finances,” § 17.) 
The Crusader Council meets once in sixty days and when a meeting is called by the 
president or the Crusader Executive. Reports shall be sent by the executive to the Council 
as often as once a month. A council may under its by-laws require only a small quorum 
to transact business and may permit absent members to vote by letter or telephone on 
propositions submitted to them in writing. 
As a profitable means of promoting health, a Crusade entertainment-meeting should be 
held each month. It may be given by a single class or club or single school, or by several 
jointly, so far as children and their adult supporters can be gathered into one meeting. The 
entertainment for all may be furnished by different schools in turn. The hour may be in 
or after school or in an evening following which children do not have to rise early for 
school. 
Crusade entertainments properly conducted are not “lectures,” but meetings made 
interesting to children and adults by presentation of facts with pleasing association or with 
appeal to wonderment, and through action, display, games, pageants, clownery, music, etc. 
The Bulletin of the National Association gives suggestions each month for conducting meet- 
ings as entertainments on the subjects listed below or similar subjects. Crusaders should 
take an active part in the program themselves, especially as actors in health playlets. Meet- 
ings made occasions to appeal to Crusaders’ pride should be announced in newspapers. 
For means of making meetings entertainments, see “Playlets,” “Motion Pictures,” “Exhibits,” 
“Accolade” and “Songs” below. 
Adult speakers should be given ample notice to prepare talks made graphic with models, 
pictures and lantern slides, and couched in simple language. Most communities have a 
doctor, dentist, nurse or physical director who can with words and apparatus make health 
45. ENTERTAINMENTS 
19 facts interesting. The school nurse is a logical leader for the meeting. If a special talk has 
not been prepared, a story may be told. For books of stories, see § 57. Skilled women 
story-tellers are frequently available, both among and outside the teachers. Stories of 
crusaders and knights and of Arthur’s Round Table, applied to the quest of health, will 
inspire children. Calisthenics, exercise games or folk dances may be conducted at every 
meetiner. 
Episode in Crusade Pageant by Atlantic City School Children 
46. SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS 
September—Stories of the old crusades and of the Modern Health Crusade. First aid to 
the injured. Posture. Presentation of certificates to pages. (The monthly weighing of 
Crusaders with entry of weights on Roll of Health Knighthood, if not done at another 
time in school, should be attended to at the meetings.) 
October—Care of teeth. Toothbrush drill. Care of nose and throat. Presentation of 
squires’ certificates. Organization of club. 
November—Care of eyes, skin and scalp. Baths. Presentation of badges. 
December—Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases. How to prevent colds. Christmas health 
seals. Presentation of badges. Accolade of knights and knights banneret. 
January—Home and school gymnastics. Folk dances. Organized play in winter. 
February—Fake cures and real medicine. Fresh air, wholesome food, exercise, rest. Meth- 
ods of outdoor sleeping. Conferring of advanced order titles at meeting in any month 
in which the most pupils have qualified). 
March—Fly, mosquito—and vermin campaigns. Clean-up work. 
April—Nervous system. Influence of mind on health. Cheerfulness, anger, courage, purity. 
May—What and how to eat and drink. Regularity. Weight. Food protection. Clean hands. 
Typhoid fever. 
June—Temperature. Alcohol, tobacco, injurious soft drinks. 
July—Patriotism of health. Marching or military drills. Care of feet. 
August—Outing or picnic. Field athletics and organized play. 
The eleven chores may well be made the subjects for a schedule for five meetings, under 
the following grouping: (1) chores 1, 2 and 11; (2) chores 8 and 9; (3) chores 3 and 4; 
(4) choies 6 and 7, (5) chores 5 and 10. The hygienic reasons for the chores and methods 
of performance should be taught in an entertaining way. Presentations of badges, the acco- 
lade, playlets, etc., should be conducted with these meetings. 
20 47. PLAYLETS 
Many interesting health playlets and pageants suitable for children are available. “King 
Good Health Wins, ” “Mr. I. N. Different is Double Crossed,” “A Pageant in the Interest 
of Good Health” and other simple, easily rehearsed dramas written for the Crusade will 
provide entertainment of intense interest for parents and friends of children. A per- 
formance combined with the accolade is especially effective and justifies admission charges. 
The National Association will supply particulars, with prices, for various productions. 
Fifteen other health playlets, designed primarily for children and published by the National 
Association, are sold for lc. each. “The Play’s the Thing,” a circular summarizing their 
stories and telling how to use them, will be mailed free on request. 
Playlet “King Good Health Wins” 
48. MARIONETTE THEATERS 
Health lessons may be given tellingly and humorously to audiences of all ages through 
the use of the Dondo-Jenter miniature theaters with puppet actors. Teachers <>r pupils 
seated beneath the stage, behind the curtained front of the theater, speak the lines and 
manipulate the puppets. The Dondo-Jenter marionettes are operated by means of wires 
in place of the usual strings, which greatly simplifies operating them. Audiences as large 
as 300 persons may be entertained. Three people can readily operate five puppets. The 
complete theater with five marionettes and three copies of the Crusade playlet, “Sally, 
Health Crusader,” is sold through the National Association for $200, or the outfit may be 
rented at $5.00 per day, transportation extra. Schools may present original plays. 
A smaller theater, made of cardboard, decorated in brilliant colors and easily shipped 
by parcel post, can be purchased from the National Association for only $2.00, delivered. 
Tiny Tim’s House is made in two parts, proscenium and backdrop. The complete outfit 
consists of directions for costuming the actors and setting up the theater, and two copies 
of the food playlet, “The Champions.” Additional drops may be purchased for 7Sc. extra. 
The actors for this theater are potatoes and other vegetables, whose odd shapes have un- 
usual possibilities for character expression and whose presence conveys lessons in nutrition. 
49. TINY TIM’S HOUSE 
50. CLOWNS 
Clowns trained for health work are very valuable for arousing children’s interest in 
health practices. Their performance gives a forceful send-off for Crusade work, while the 
21 progression in health knighthood during subsequent weeks of chore performance gives the 
continued interest essential in habit formation. The National Tuberculosis Association and 
the Child Health Organization have clowns in their employ, available for schools. 
Marionettes 
51. MOTION PICTURES 
When a motion-picture machine can be procured, the display of one of the health films 
will contribute greatly to the success of a meeting. The National Association will give 
inquirers information about films. Several films may be rented at 75c. per day each or 
purchased for $75 and $100. Among them, “The Modern Health Crusade” and “Jinks,” 
1,000-foot reels, will instruct, interest and amuse. They have been bought by many state 
associations and are loaned free (except postage) upon request to the state office. 
52. EXHIBITS 
A special Modern Health Crusade exhibit, price $9.00, delivered, may be purchased of 
the National Child Welfare Association, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York. It consists of twelve 
panels, about 17 by 28 inches, for wall display, lithographed and colored by hand, the illus- 
trations and text being original and effective. This exhibit is also printed as an edition 
for negro children and sold for $9.00. Other series of panels bearing on child birth are 
published by the National Child Welfare Association, under the titles, “Healthy Children” 
(First and Second Series), “Prevention of Tuberculosis in Childhood,” “Hygiene for 
School Children,” “The A-l American Girl,” “The A-l American Boy,” and “The American 
Citizen.” Teachers will find it helpful to secure (free) the National Welfare Association 
Bulletin 33, “Teaching Health Through the Use of Graphic Material.” The “Child Welfare 
Knighting Crusaders, 24th Street School, Denver 
22 Handbook,” a beautiful 38-page brochure, giving miniature prints of many exhibits, may 
be obtained for 50c. It has chapters on “What Every Community Should Know About Its 
Children” and “How to Arouse Community Interest in Child Welfare.” 
A comprehensive exhibit on school hygiene is furnished by the Committee on Health 
Problems of the National Council of Education, 525 West 120th Street, New York. Fifty- 
eight instructive charts may be had for $7.00. 
While a ceremony in creating knights is not necessary in Crusade work, wherever it is 
possible children who have qualified should be given a formal investure of title. The fol- 
lowing accolade is a piece of pageantry readily made impressive to participants and spectators 
alike. 
For the accolade the candidates are assembled in one room or in an open space out of 
doors. If they represent more than one class they should be grouped by classes. The 
schoolmates of the candidates should be assembled to witness the ceremony, but should be 
kept in a separate group. 
The ceremony is conducted by the principal (grand master) and teachers (Crusade 
masters.). If the number of candidates is small, the sword blows should be given to each 
one. But one, two or three children from each class may be chosen to represent all the 
candidates. In a Crusade club they should be the captain, lieutenant and herald, provided 
these officers have earned knighthood. If a sword is lacking, a national flag, furled on its 
staff, may be used for the blows. 
If there is but one class or ungraded school, the teacher, in the absence of the principal, 
may take his part, while chosen pupils give the responses for the Crusade master. 
53. ACCOLADE 
Order of Ceremony 
I. Singing of a Modern Health Crusade song. 
II. The grand master occupies the center of the stage, carrying a sword. Between the 
grand master and the candidate stand the Crusade masters, each facing partly toward the 
grand master and partly toward her group. 
GRAND MASTER: Hail! Whom bring you here? 
FIRST CRUSADE MASTER: True and loyal workers, sir; candidates for knighthood. 
GRAND MASTER: And you, my sister, who are these who follow you with such 
good will? 
SECOND CRUSADE MASTER: True and loyal workers, sir; candidates for knight- 
hood. 
(The grand master makes similar inquiries of any other Crusade masters, who reply 
in turn.) 
GRAND MASTER (addressing the candidates) : What is the quest which you will 
seek if created knights? 
CRUSADE MASTER OR CANDIDATES (in unison) : Our quest is happiness, both 
for others and ourselves. 
GRAND MASTER: In truth you are ambitious. Have you brought silver and gold 
to exchange for your precious boon? 
FIRST CRUSADE MASTER: Nay, nay, sir. Silver and gold have we not. We 
know that happiness is not purchased with silver and gold. 
GRAND MASTER: You have well said. What, then, have you with which you hope 
to obtain happiness? 
FIRST CRUSADE MASTER: Three things we bring: clean bodies, clean minds and 
kind hearts. 
GRAND MASTER (to other Crusade masters) : And you? 
OTHER CRUSADE MASTERS OR CANDIDATES (in unison) : We bring the 
same sir: clean bodies, clean minds and kind hearts. 
GRAND MASTER: Now indeed I do perceive that you bring offerings more worthy 
than silver, gold or precious stones. A kind heart cannot live in the same body with a foul 
mind, nor can kind hearts and clean minds comfortably dwell in any but clean bodies. 
Squires, you are already on the way to happiness. Follow the straight and narrow path of 
Modern Health Crusaders. Be on your guard against that demon of unhappiness—disease. 
If you observe the Crusaders’ rules of health you will rob this demon of many of his terrors. 
Tell me now, my sisters, are you satisfied that these candidates have each faithfully 
performed their health chores and kept their records for the time required for knighthood? 
CRUSADE MASTERS (in turn) : We are. 
GRAND MASTER: Give heed, my true and loyal workers, and receive the investi- 
ture of the order. 
(The representatives of each group in turn come forward on signal by the grand master 
and kneel on one knee or stand with bowed head before him. The grand master then lightly 
taps each representative with the flat of his sword once on the right shoulder.) 
23 GRAND MASTER: Squire of the Modern Health Crusade, by the authority of the 
(name of state) Legion of Modern Health Crusaders, I do now create each one of you a 
Knight Crusader and invest you with the honors of the order. May you grow in the 
knowledge of health and be always found fighting our common enemy, Disease. 
(The Crusade masters now come forward one at a time and receive from the grand 
master the knights’ badges. The representatives return with them to their groups.) 
III. When the degree has been conferred upon the last group, all again sing a modern 
Health Crusade song. The Crusade masters afterward distribute the badges. 
The ceremony for knights banneret is the same as for knights, with the following 
changes. The grand master addresses the candidates as “sir knights’’ instead of “squires.” 
The sword blows are two, one on each shoulder. 
To add to the occasion, a Modern Health Crusade flag may be unfurled after the title 
has been conferred on the knights banneret. The grand master summons them to come 
forward, saying, “Arise, chevaliers of health, to receive your standard.” 
Knights Banneret 
The knighting ceremony will be heightened by the use of white capes and paper helmets. 
They are serviceable in “King Good Health Wins” and other playlets. The capes are 
circular-shaped, of muslin, painted with health 
crosses. Scarlet bloomers and white hose go 
well with the capes. 
The pattern for a Crusader’s helmet, to- be 
used on all occasions when the health drive 
is featured, is very simple and can easily be 
made in a seat-work period. The material is 
stiff paper, preferably gray, put together with 
McGill fasteners.. No paste is needed. The 
following dimensions make a helmet of cor- 
rect size for the average intermediate grade 
child: helmet, 22 by 11 inches; visor, 16 by 
SJ4 ; chin strap, by 2}4. After the hel- 
met is cut and put together, insignia may be 
painted on in red. 
54. COSTUMES 
visor, 
HE.UMET > 
assembled 
CHIN 3FRAP 
PATTERN 
HEALTH CRUSADER'S 
HELMET 
A number of songs inspired by the Modern Health Crusade are in use. The Crusaders’ 
bong, printed herewith, is sung to music composed for it by Claude Warford and also to 
wnrH<fS i TTu1’ Fujlcula' lhe Natlonal Association will supply prints of the tune and 
words and of the words of songs set to popular music, at cost price. 
55. SONGS 
(Diagram for drawing Crusaders’ cross, showina 
stand™ 'h'9tvm9 i,rincll,le* for which the nine circles 
24 CRUSADERS’ SONG 
By Emily Nichols Hatch 
Hail! all ye gentle knights and squires and 
pages! 
Crusaders’ band, for health we stand. 
While all around life’s battle fiercely rages, 
We'll do our part—clean hands and heart. 
Our soldiers bravely there in France were 
fighting 
Like knights of old, chivalrous, bold. 
Like them we must some wrong each day 
be righting 
With smiles of cheer, and know no fear. 
Chorus: 
We’ll battle, we’ll conquer; disease and dirt 
we’ll slay! 
We’ll scout them and rout them and drive 
them off each day! 
With hands and bodies clean and hearts all 
brave and bold, 
Prepared our country’s flag and honor to 
uphold. 
With souls and bodies growing strong and 
stronger, 
Brave knights we’ll be, our land to free 
From curse of dread disease which shall no 
longer 
O’er it prevail. We shall not fail. 
The holy war which we must still be waging 
Is for good health. ’Tis more than wealth. 
The health of mind and body is engaging 
Our efforts true, in all we do. 
HAPPY YOUNG CRUSADERS. 
(Tune: “Onward, Christian Soldiers.”) 
Happy young Crusaders, 
In the quest of health, 
For we know that bodies strong, 
Profit more than wealth. 
We are all united 
’Gainst a common foe: 
From our homes and schoolrooms 
All disease must go. 
Chorus: 
Modern Health Crusaders, 
Battling for the right; 
We are fresh-air soldiers, 
Morning, noon and night. 
Loyal young Crusaders, 
Forward we will go, 
’Neath the good health banner 
Vict’ry we shall know. 
Open wide the windows, 
Let the fresh air in ; 
It will make us stronger 
And will help us win. 
CHORE SONG 
By Esther Watson 
(Tune: “Yankee Doodle”) 
I washed my hands before each meal, 
To have them clean and nice, 
(Wash hands.) 
I washed my face and neck and ears, 
(Scrub face, neck and ears.) 
My finger-nails cleaned twice. 
(Clean finger-nails.) 
Chorus: 
So I am a Health Crusader, 
(Salute.) 
I’m growing fast all day long, sir— 
(Bend both arms up, expanding chest.) 
For I’m going to help my Uncle Sam 
(Point to flag.) 
To make my country strong, sir. 
(Salute.) 
I put no unclean things in my mouth, 
Pencils, books nor fingers— 
(Lift pencil toward mouth, then put 
down quickly.) 
I wash my teeth at early morn 
And while the evening lingers. 
(Brush teeth.) 
I took ten slow, deep breaths of air 
(Expand chest.) 
I covered any sneezes— 
(Cover mouth with handkerchief.) 
I played outdoors a whole half hour, 
Amid the pleasant breezes. 
(Toss imaginary ball into the air.) 
I was in bed ten hours last night, 
(Close eyes with head on left arm.) 
With windows open wide, 
(Open imaginary window.) 
Drank four glasses of water to-day, 
(Drink from imaginary tumbler.) 
No tea nor coffee beside. 
(Put out right hand in refusal.) 
I ate fruits, cereals—not much meat— 
I chewed them slowly and long, 
(Slow chewing motion.) 
Had milk and eggs and such good things, 
As make all children strong. 
(Show biceps of right arm.) 
I try to sit and stand up straight, 
(Stand very straight.) 
Be helpful, neat and kind, 
I take a full bath twice a week, 
(Splash with imaginary water and rub 
down with imaginary towel.) 
And keep a cheerful mind. 
(Smile.) 
25 DRILL SONG FOR YOUNGER 
GRADES. 
(Tune: “Round and Round the Mulberry 
Bush.”) 
This is the way we clean our teeth, 
Clean our teeth, clean our teeth, 
This is the way we clean our teeth, 
Every night and morning. 
Take your brush, go up and down, 
Up and down, up and down, 
Take your brush, go up and down, 
Every night and morning. 
Don’t forget both back and front, 
Back and front, back and front, 
Don’t forget both back and front, 
Every night and morning. 
If you brush them faithfully, 
Faithfully, faithfully, 
You a knight will surely be, 
Every night and morning. 
This is the way we catch our cough 
(sneeze), 
Catch our cough, catch our cough 
(sneeze), 
This is the way we catch our cough 
(sneeze), 
So early in the morning. 
The following constitution and by-laws are standard for a Health Club: 
56. CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS 
Constitution 
The name of this club of Modern Health Crusaders shall be 
Article I—Name 
Article II—Objects 
The objects of the club shall be the formation of good health habits by the members; 
the spread of knowledge concerning the prevention of disease; participation in athletics; 
cooperation with teachers, principal, school nurse and janitor in the interest of health; and 
the improvement of sanitary conditions in school, homes, yards and streets. It shall be the 
aim of each member to stand for clean thought, clean speech, clean sports, and for loyalty 
to the club, school and community. 
Article III—Government 
The general plans and program of the club shall be determined by its members and under 
the advice of the Crusade master. The Crusade master is the teacher or adult appointed. 
The execution of the program shall be under the direction of the Executive Committee, 
with whom shall rest the executive management of the club. Should there be more than 
one club in this city (town), the executive committees of all clubs shall be a central com- 
mittee of directors with power to coordinate the activities of the several clubs. The members 
of this central committee shall elect a chairman from their number. 
The constitution and by-laws may be amended at any meeting of the club upon two- 
thirds vote, provided that notice of such proposed amendment shall have been given to each 
member at least ten days before the meeting. 
Number 1—Membership 
The members of the club shall be pupils of this school (class) who have met the re- 
quirements for enrollment as Modern Health Crusaders. Membership in this club is for the 
term covered by the member’s certificate of enrollment as a Modern Health Crusader. 
All Modern Health Crusaders, members of this club, shall have equal votes in meetings 
of the club, regardless of their rank. The quorum required for transaction of business at 
a meeting of the club is five members. The total membership must be at least seven. 
The club may elect such adult honorary members as it chooses, for services or on pay- 
ment of dues of not less than $ Honorary members may participate in the discussions 
of the club, but shall have no vote. 
By-Laws 
Number 2—Officers 
The officers of the club elected from the members shall be Captain (president), Lieu- 
tenant (vice-president) and Herald (secretary). To retain office each of these officers must 
do 7d per cent, of the health chores per week during at least three-fourths of the weeks of 
his term. 
The term of office for Captain, Lieutenant and Herald shall be three months (or a school 
term). 
Health inspectors and similar officers may be appointed by the Crusade master or elected 
from the members for specified periods of time. 
mi * « rr r t Number 3—Executive Committee 
The elected officers of the club and the Crusade master shall be the Executive Committee. 
26 The club shall hold meetings monthly between the first and tenth days. Additional 
meetings may be held. Members failing to attend at least meetings within each four 
months of their membership shall be subject to expulsion and forfeiture of titles and badges. 
The election of officers shall occur at meetings at intervals of three months. In event 
of a vacancy the Executive Committee may call a special meeting to elect a successor for the 
unfilled term of office. 
Number 4—Meetings 
Procedure for Meetings 
The following form of parliamentary procedure may be used: call to order; roll call; 
signing of constitution by new members; reading minutes of last meeting; reports of com- 
mittees; new business; adjournment. Crusaders should be called on to vote frequently and 
take an active part. Reports of committees should be acted on in a businesslike way. 
Large expenditure for these publications need not be made. Except for textbooks for 
class use, they are for the most part needed only by the teacher. Where a small supply can 
be secured, they may be used effectively as a loan to groups of pupils as a special honor. 
Orders should be sent to the publishers. 
57. LIST OF BOOKS 
Stories 
“Keep Well Stories” (Lippincott), 85c. Journal of the Outdoor Life, 370 Seventh Ave., 
New York. 
“Child’s Book of Health,” Blaisdell, 60c. Ginn & Co. 
“Cho Cho and the Health Fairy,” 10c. Child Health Organization, 370 Seventh Ave., New 
York. 
“A Gentle, Perfect Knight.” World Book Co., Yonkers, N. Y. 
“Page, Esquire and Knight,” 64c. Ginn & Co. 
“When Knights Were Bold,” $2.50. Houghton Mifflin. 
“A Knight Without Reproach,” Ellis Parker Butler, 3c. National Association. 
“Old Folk Games and Dances,” 10c. Bureau of Education, Dept, of Interior. 
See § 47 and § 55. 
Plays and Songs 
Physical Exercises 
“Play and Recreation for the Open Country,” $1.45. Curtis.* 
“Rhythmic Action, Plays and Dances,” Moses, $2.50. Thomas Charles Co., Chicago. 
“Physical Training for the City Schools of Michigan,” 30c. State Department for Educa- 
tion, Lansing, Mich. 
“Games for Playground, Home, School and Gymnasium” (440 games), Bancroft. $2.40. 
Macmillan. 
“Physical Training for Elementary Schools” (music, play), $2.00. Clarke.* 
Health Primers 
“A Child’s Book of the Teeth,” Ferguson, 52c. World Book Co., Yonkers, N. Y. 
“Teeth, Tonsils and Adenoids,” Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. 
“Child Health Alphabet,” Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. 
“Health First Reader,” 10c. Strobridge Lithographing Co., Cincinnati. 
“Silent Reading for Health,” 5c. Iowa Tuberculosis Association, Des Moines. 
“Health Essentials for Rural School Children,” Wood, 10c. National Council of Education, 
525 W. 120th St., New York. 
See § 23 and § 70. 
through American Physical Education Association, Springfield, Mass. Secure 
their bibliography of 500 books. 
Textbooks on Hygiene, Physiology and Sanitation 
IV. ADVANCED PROGRAM 
58. THE ROUND TABLE OF THE MODERN HEALTH CRUSADE 
The highest distinction that may be won by a Modern Health Crusader is membership 
in the National Order of the Round Table. As in the days of King Arthur, a seat at the 
Table Round is a sign of superiority, an honor achieved by only the best and most valiant 
knights. But in true democracy all who prove their prowess find seats, for the Round Table 
of Health Chivalry, like that chronicled by Layamon, has the gift of expansion, and the 
modern Order knows no “nobility” except the nobility of health, physical and moral. 
Through the recreation of the Round Table, a subject that has captured the interest 
of poets and romancers and children innumerable for centuries past, the Modern Health 
Crusade extends its unique interest for children from the practice of the health chores to 
27 the study of hygiene and the acquisition of physical and alhletic fitness in various ways. 
The new Round Table gives the pupil a motive to work in these lines, thus lightening the 
task of the teacher. It entails no organization obligations: the examinations for a right to a 
seat are already employed in physical education jyork in hundreds of schools. 
A certificate of membership in the Order is awarded by the National 1 uberculosis 
Association. It is isssued to each qualifying Crusader by the association for his or her state. 
Corresponding to the forty-eight states, the District of Columbia and the other national 
territorial divisions, the Round Table is divided into Sectors, the relative size of each sector 
depending on the number of members who qualify from that territory. Every Knight of 
the Round Table is likewise entitled to wear the beautiful badge of the Order. Under 
manufacturing arrangements made by the National Tuberculosis Association, the badge may 
be purchased at very low cost (30c.) by the knight or by the local organization promoting 
Crusade work. An accolade for the investiture is given in § 69. 
The membership of each Knight of the Round Table is for approximately three years, 
terminating December 31st in the third school year following the school year in which he 
or she was admitted. Members who qualify a second time after the three years of their 
first membership and have earned the Crusaders’ rank of knight banneret yearly five or 
more times become Knights Constant of the Round Table, the supreme title of health 
chivalry. 
59. QUALIFICATIONS FOR SEATS 
Admission to the Order of the Round Table is limited to Modern Health Crusaders 
with rank as high as Knight Banneret. Each such Crusader may obtain a seat at the Round 
Table by earning 100 points or credits out of a possible 225, through meeting the following 
qualifications. The candidate who earns 100 points through some of the qualifications need 
not meet the others, but will be greatly benefited by striving for points under all seven 
qualifications. 
1. Obtaining a school mark of 85% or more in a course in hygiene of the standard 
described below. 20 to 30 points. 
2. Passing the athletic tests described. 20 to 30 points. 
3. Having a weight approximating or reaching the normal for height and age. 10 to 
30 points. 
4. Passing the tests described for correct posture. 20 to 30 points. 
5. Passing physical examinations as described. 5 to 45 points. 
6. Passing the examination required for the Certificate of First Aid issued by the 
American Red Cross. 30 points. 
7. Scouting and Camp Fire Girls. For becoming a Boy Scout or Girl Scout Tender- 
foot, 10 points; Second-Class Scout, 20 points; First-Class Scout, 30 points. For becoming 
a Camp Fire Wood Gatherer, 15 points; Fire Maker, 30 points. 
Adults who become Knights Banneret may obtain seats by earning points as enumerated. 
60. TESTS 
The tests of qualification for the Round Table may be conducted during the weeks 
of chores required for Crusade rank; the candidate need not become knight banneret first. 
All tests and examinations required under the seven qualifications must be conducted during 
the school or calendar year for which the candidate is enrolled as a Modern Health Crusader. 
Tests should be made as early as possible in the school year so that in case of failure the 
pupil may have as long as possible after learning his defects to remove them and make a 
6econd trial. 
The smallest number of points specified above for each test is the minimum number 
that may be credited. No points are credited for partial success in tests insufficient for the 
minimum number of points. 
In schools with a physician, nurse or physical training teacher, some or all of the tests 
should be made by them. In their absence, the tests for enough qualifications for the 
Round Table may be conducted by the teacher alone, in a school with a hygiene course 1 
When a candidate is entitled to a seat and certificate, a report on the points earned 
including dates of the tests, is to be sent by his teacher or principal to the association for 
his State listed on the back page of this manual. The report should be sent to that asso- 
ciation as soon as the candidate has earned the required points, so that he may be promptly 
admitted to the Round fable without waiting until other candidates may qualify, To be 
61. REPORTS 
28 accepted, the report must be received by the state association and transmitted to the national 
association not later than February 15th following the calendar year for which the candidate 
is enrolled. The report blank is published by the National Tuberculosis Association. 
EXPLANATION OF QUALIFICATIONS AS NUMBERED 
62. (1.) HYGIENE COURSE 
The course in hygiene must require at least 20 minutes of class instruction per week 
for 30 weeks in one school year, or proportionately more minutes for a less number of 
weeks. The course must be based on up-to-date textbooks in hygiene or in hygiene and 
physiology in combination, with the emphasis placed on hygienic practice and habit and not 
on physiological description. The number of points earned by a candidate for the Round 
Table is determined by his marks, thus: 
For a mark of 95 or more (basis 100) 30 
For a mark of 90 but not 95 25 
For a mark of 85 but not 90 20 
For a mark of less than 85 0 
63. (2.) ATHLETIC TESTS 
These tests# are the Athletic Badge Tests standardized by the Playground and Recrea- 
tion Association of America (1 Madison Ave., New York City). 
For Boys. 
First test: Pull up (chinning) 4 times 20 points 
Standing broad jump 5 ft. 9 in. 
60-yard dash 8-3/5 seconds 
Second test: Pull up (chinning) 6 times 25 points 
Standing broad jump 6 ft. 6 in. 
60-yard dash 8 seconds 
Or 100-yard dash 14 seconds 
Third test: Pull up (chinning) 9 times 30 points 
Running high jump 4 ft. 4 in. 
220-yard run 28 seconds 
For Girls. 
First test: All-up Indian club race 30 seconds points 
Or potato race 42 seconds 
Basket-ball goal throwing 2 goals, 6 trials 
Balancing ft.. 2 trials 
Second test: All-up Indian club race 28 seconds 25 points 
Or potato race 39 seconds 
Basket-ball goal throwing *— 3 goals, 6 trials 
Balancing (bean bag or book on head) 24 ft., 2 trials 
Third test: Running and catching 20 seconds l’oln s 
Throwing for distance, basket-ball 42 ft. 
Or volley-ball 44 ft. 
Volley-ball serving 3 in 5 trials 
There are no weight nor age limits in these tests. They are suitable for normal children 
from 11 years upward. It is necessary to qualify at one time in all three events in any one 
test in order to win the points for the Round Table or the badges of the Playground and 
Recreation Association. The points won in only one of the three tests can be counted for 
the Round Table: 30 is the maximum number. For rules and instructions secure the book- 
lets, “Athletic Badge Test,” for boys and for girls, respectively, sent postpaid for 5 cents 
each by the playground Association or the National Tuberculosis Association. Up to 12 
copies will be sent free to a school. The badges, in bronze, make beautiful prizes. They 
are made in three classes, corresponding to the three tests, as illustrated on this page. 
29 One of the qualifications desired in a candidate for the Round Table is a weight that 
indicates physical fitness. Malnutrition, exceedingly common among school children, consti- 
tutes a serious menace to health. Excessive overweight is likewise conducive to disease.! 
The following tables, A and B, prepared by Dr. Thomas. D. Wood, give the normal weights 
for height and age in school children. Children weighing as much as 10 per cent, below 
normal, and in many instances 7 per cent., may be classed as malnourished. Table C gives 
the normal weights for older persons, as determined by the experience of a great life in- 
surance company. 
Both age and height should be considered in determining whether a person’s weight is 
correct. For growing children, height measured at six-month intervals, preferably in Sep- 
tember and March, should be considered. Height should be measured with the subject 
standing with feet together and close against the measuring rod. For lack of a rod, a tape 
measure may be tacked on a wall. A book placed edgewise on the head and straight’against 
the tape serves to indicate the height. 
In determining points for the Round Table, normal weight or a weight less than 1/12 
below or 1/8 above normal is credited with 30 points, except during the first two months of 
the school year. Weights showing greater variation from normal are credited in ac- 
cordance with Table D below. The teacher or assistant' weighing the pupil records his 
weight and the difference, if any, between it and normal weight, and by division determines 
the fraction that/his difference is of the normal. The fraction determines in what class in 
Table D the pupil belongs and the number of points to his credit. 
Here is an example. Jane Smith weighs 53 pounds in April and is 52 inches tall On 
her last birthday in September she was nine years old. April is seven months after Septem- 
per and five months before September. Hence her age next September, her nearest birthday 
is considered ten years. Looking down the column for ten years until the figure in line with 
the height, 52 inches, in the first column is reached, her normal weight is found to be 65 
binding the difference between 65 and 53, we have 12 pounds underweight Bv dividing 12 
into 65 we find that 12 is less than 1/4 but more than 1/6 of 65. This means that Tmie 
comes in Class C in Table D and can be credited with only 10 points. ■; 
64. (3.) CORRECT WEIGHT 
Table A 
Height and Weight Table for Boys. 
Height 
Inches 
5 
Yrs 
C 
Yrs 
7 
Yrs 
8 
Yrs 
9 
Yrs 
10 
Yrs 
11 
Yrs 
12 
Yrs 
13 
Yrs 
n 
Yrs 
1J 
Yrs 
1C 
Yrs 
17 
Yrs 
18 
Yrs 
. 39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
40 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
50 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
60 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
70 
35 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
47 
48 
30 
38 
40 
42 
44 
40 
47 
49 
51 
53 
55 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
40 
48 
50 
52 
54 
50 
58 
00 
02 
44 
40 
47 
48 
50 
52 
55 
57 
59 
01 
03 
00 
09 
49 
51 
53 
55 
58 
00 
02 
04 
07 
70 
73 
77 
54 
50 
58 
00 
03 
05 
08 
71 
74 
78 
81 
84 
87 
91 
57 
59 
61 
64 
67 
09. 
72 
75 
79 
82 
85 
88 
92 
95 
100 
105 
62 
65 
68 
70 
73 
70 
80 
83 
80 
89 
93 
97 
102 
107 
113 
71 
74 
77 
81 
84 
87 
90 
94 
99 
104 
109 
115 
120 
125 
78 
82 
85 
88 
92 
97 
102 
100 
111 
117 
122 
120 
131 
135 
139 
142 
147 
152 
157 
102 
80 
90 
94 
99 
10-4 
109 
114 
118 
123 
127 
132 
136 
140 
144 
149 
154 
159 
04 
09 
74 
91 
90 
101 
100 
111 
115 
119 
124 
128 
133 
137 
141 
145 
150 
155 
100 
105 
170 
175 
97 
102 
108 
113 
117 
120 
125 
129 
134 
138 
142 
140 
151 
150 
101 
100 
171 
170 
no' 
116 
119 
122 , 
126 1 
130 
135 
139 
143 
147 
152 
157 
102 
107 
172 
177 
' 
• . f 
1 4 
• i • 
.. 
... 
30 Table B 
Height and Weight Table for Girls. 
Height 
Inches 
5 
Yrs 
G 
Yrs 
7 
Yrs 
8 
Yrs 
9 
Yrs 
10 
Yrs 
11 
Yrs 
12 
Yrs 
13 
Yrs 
14 
Yrs 
15 
Yrs 
ig' 
Yr$ 
17 
Yrs 
la 
Yrs 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
5G 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
34 
36 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
48 
35 
37 
39 
41 
42 
45 
47 
48 
49 
51 
53 
36 
38 
40 
42 
43 
45 
47 
49 
50 
52 
54 
56 
59 
62 
43 
44 
46 
48 
50 
51 
53 
55 
57 
60 
63 
66 
68 
49 
51 
52 
54 
56 
58 
61 
64 
67 
69 
72 
76 
53 
55 
57 
59 
62 
65 
68 
70 
73 
77 
81 
85 
89 
56 
58 
60 
63 
66 
68 
71 
74 
78 
82 
86 
90 
94 
99 
104 
109 
61 
64 
67 
69 
72 
75 
79 
83 
87 
91 
95 
101 
106 
111 
115 
117 
119 
70 
73 
76 
80 
84 
88 
93 
97 
102 
107 
112 
117 
119 
121 
124 
126 
129 
77 
81 
85 
89 
94 
99 
104 
109 
113 
118 
120 
122 
126 
128 
131 
134 
138 
86 
90 
95 
100 
106 
111 
115 
119 
122 
124 
127 
130 
133 
136 
140 
145 
91 
96 
102 
108 
113 
117 
120 
123 
126 
128 
132 
135 
138 
142 
147 
98 
104 
109 
114 
118 
121 
124 
127 
129 
133 
136 
139 
143 
148 
100 
111 
115 
119 
122 
125 
128 
130 
134 
137 
140 
144 
149 
Weights according to Age 
Periods. 
Height 
Men 
Women 
Feet. 
In. 
19 
20-24 
25-29 
30-34 
35-39 
40-44 
19 
20-24 
25-29 
• 30-34 
35-39 
40-44 
4 
11 
111 
117 
122 
125 
127 
130 
110 
113 
116 
119 
122 
126 
5 
0 
113 
119 
124 
127 
129 
132 
112 
115 
118 
121 
124 
125 
5 
1 
115 
121 
126 
129 
131 
134 
114 
117 
120 
123 
126 
130 
5 
2 
118 
124 
128 
131 
133 
136 
117 
120 
122 
125 
129 
133 
5 
3 
121 
127 
131 
134 
136 
139 
120 
123 
125 
128 
132 
136 
•5 
4 
124 
131 
134 
137 
140 
142 
123 
126 
129 
133 
136 
139 
5 
5 
128 
135 
138 
141 
144 
146 
126 
129 
132 
136 
140 
143 
5 
6 
132 
139 
142 
145 
148 
150 
130 
133 
136 
140 
144 
147 
5 
7 
136 
142 
146 
149 
152 
154 
134 
137 
140 
144 
148 
151 
5 
8 
140 
146 
150 
154 
157 
159 
138 
141 
144 
148 
152 
155 
5 
9 
144 
150 
154 
158 
162 
164 
141 
145 
148 
152 
156 
159 
6 
10 
148 
154 
158 
163 
167 
169 
145 
149 
152 
155 
159 
162 
£ 
11 
153 
158 
163 
168 
172 
175 
150 
153 
155 
158 
162 
166 
6 
0 
158 
163 
169 
174 
178 
181 
155 
157 
159 
162 
165 
169 
6 
1 
163 
168 
175 
180 
184 
187 
0 
2 
168 
173 
181 
186 
191 
194 
6 
3 
173 
178 
187 
192 
197 
201 
Table C 
Table D 
Amount below 
Class. 
normal weight. 
Points. 
A 
Less than 1/12 (8V%%) ... 
.... 30 
B 
1/12 but less than 1/6 (162A%) 20 
C 
1/6 but less than 1/4 
.... 10 
D 
1/4 or more 
.... 0 
Class, 
Amount above 
normal weight. Points 
E 
Less than 1/8 (12%%) 30 
F 
1/8 but less than 1/5 (20%).. 20 
G 
1/5 but less than 1/4 10 
H 
1/4 or more fl 
The best weight (i. e., nearest to normal) shown at'any weighing during the school 
year through which the Crusader is enrolled, except during the first two months, may be 
considered for the Round Table. The practice of weighing should begin the first of the 
school year so that the child and his parents, informed of a departure from normal weight 
may have as much time as possible during the period for which the child is enrolled as a 
31 Crusader to acquire correct weight through proper diet and fidelity to the health chores. 
It is recommended that school children be weighed monthly, on the same day of each month. 
Weight and height should be taken in house clothes, without shoes. The age at the nearest 
birthday should be considered. The national slogan, “A scale in every school” should be 
made effective. Where weighing must be done out of school the teacher may secure the 
assistance of the most responsible pupils in weighing the others on a merchant’s scales. 
Inasmuch as some underweight children are so circumstanced or constituted that they 
cannot reach normal weight within a school year, the following supplementary method of 
earning credits for the Order of the Round Table has been adopted. The underweight 
boy or girl who makes an average monthly gain equal to the amount shown for his age in 
Table E below for a period of six consecutive months, in each of which he is weighed, may 
be credited with 25 points, although his best weight may give him many less points under 
Table D. The pupil may be given credits under either of the two methods, according to 
Table D or Table E, but not under both methods. 
Table E—Prepared by Dr. L. Emmett Holt 
Age. 
Gain. 
5 to 8 years 
6 
ounces 
8 to 12 years 
8 
ounces 
13 to 16 years 
.... 16 
ounces 
16 to 18 years 
.... 8 
ounces 
Boys. 
Approximate Monthly Gain in Weight. 
Girls. 
Age. 
Gain. 
5 to 
8 years 
6 
ounces 
8 to 
11 years 
8 
ounces 
11 to 
14 years 
.... 12 
ounces 
14 to 
16 years 
8 
ounces 
16 to 
18 years 
.... 4 
ounces 
The monthly weights of the pupils may be conveniently recorded on the Roll of Health 
Knighthood and the report form for the Round Table. (See “Prices,” § 19.) 
A series of publications on health, with emphasis on nutrition work in schools, has been 
prepared by the Child Health Organization and may be secured at nominal cost from the 
Superintendent of Documents at Washington, D. C. The list will be sent to applicants by 
the Bureau of Education. Single copies of the publications will be sent free. 
The Child Health Organization, 370 Seventh Ave., New York, has the following for sale: 
“Cho-Cho and the Health Fairy,” 15c. each, $12.00 per 100. 
"Child Health Alphabet,” 10c. each, $8.00 per 100. 
‘‘Rosy Checks and Strong Heart” (Andress), 30c. each, $27.00 per 100. 
“Rhymes of Cho-Cho’s Grandma,” 20c. each, $19.00 per 100. 
‘Standards of Nutrition and Growth” (Holt), $11.00 per 100. 
Incorrect 
Posture 
Correct 
Posture 
Exaggerated 
Posture 
32 The child’s weight as an index of his health should be reported to his parents periodi- 
cally. The blanks on each Crusade chore record serve the teacher for making such reports. 
The seriously malnourished child should not take as much exercise as the normal. 
Athletics should not be attempted until weight is built up. Lunches of milk or other plain 
nourishing food should be given, both mid-morning and mid-afternoon. They should be 
followed by rest flat on the back for 45 to 60 minutes in the morning and 25 minutes in 
the afternoon. Instructions will be furnished to teachers applying to the Elizabeth Mc- 
Cormick Memorial Fund 848 N. Dearborn St., Chicago. 
65. (4.) CORRECT POSTURE 
The tests required for the fourth qualification are those standardized by the American 
Posture League and required for the award of its badges. Posture is judged according 
to a vertical line test, as illustrated on the League’s wall charts, which posture is to he held 
during the triple test for endurance in posture. 
The triple test consists of judging the posture in (1) standing, (2) marching for at least 
three minutes, (3) corrective exercises, including stretching the arms forward and upward. 
A candidate must hold good posture throughout all three parts of this test taken in rapid 
succession, to be considered as passing the triple test. 
A candidate who passes the triple test once a month for three consecutive months earns 
20 points for admission to the Round Table and is eligible for the gilt pin of the American 
Posture League. A candidate who (1) passes the triple test once a month for five consecu- 
tive months and has a rating of “A” for habitual good posture, or (2) having previously 
earned the 20 points, passes the triple test for four additional consecutive months and has 
a rating of “A” for habitual good posture earns 30 points and is eligible for the silver pin. 
The A. P. L. pins make badges, for the holder to be proud of. To secure the pins a 
list of the candidates who have passed the test must be sent to the American Posture League, 
1 Madison Ave., New York, with the following certification, accompanied by remittance. 
Gilt pins are 20 cents and silver pins 25 cents each. 
“The above-named candidates have successfully passed the test prescribed 
for the gilt/silver Good Posture Pin of the American Posture League. I hereby 
apply for pins for them and will be responsible for these pins being given only 
to the individuals named herein.” 
(Signed) Instructor 
Principal 
Date 
It is legitimate to ask the pupils winning to pay for these posture pins or the athletic 
test badges, if funds are lacking to donate them. 
The wall charts of the American Posture League are desirable for every schoolroom. 
They are published with pictures either of a boy, like the illustration on this page, or of a girl 
They may be purchased of the American Posture League at the prices in § 19. Apply to 
the League for particulars on their sitting posture charts and other publications. 
66. (5.) PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 
Points are credited to the candidate for traits of physical fitness, disclosed by examina- 
tion, as enumerated below. Regardless of the Round Table, every pupil should be thoroughly 
examined by a school physician once and preferably twice during the school year. A dentist 
also should examine him once a year and preferably every six months. If a school does 
not have the services of a physician, a school nurse or any trained nurse can, for the purpose 
of the Round Table, give the pupil the examination specified below, except as to his heart, 
lungs and teeth. Following the instructions in some textbooks on hygiene and physiology 
and by the use of the Snellen test card and directions for testing eyesight, the teacher, un- 
assisted, can test the pupil's hearing, sight and shoeing. Unless the candidate fully earns 
the number of points specified for one of the following tests, in compliance with all condi- 
tions, he is credited with no points on that test. 
Teeth, 10 points. If the candidate’s teeth are sound, not requiring a dentist’s services, 
he is credited 10 points. He must present a written statement from a dentist, or the dentist 
must report directly to the teacher, that his teeth have been examined and either that they 
do not need filling, extraction or operation, or that such treatment has been completely 
administered. 
Nose and throat, 10 points. If the candidate habitually breathes through his nose with 
his mouth shut and his nose and throat do not need a physician’s services, he is credited 10 
points. The teacher must receive a written or oral report from a licensed physician or 
registered nurse, stating that he has examined the pupil’s throat and either that there is 
no condition of adenoids or tonsils making operation or treatment by physician or surgeon 
advisable, or that such condition has been corrected. If a physician is not available, the 
opinion of a registered nurse who has made an examination may be accepted. 
Eyes, 5 points. Every school child’s eyes should be tested for nearsightedness, farsight- 
edness and astigmatism, and examined for infectious diseases. When examination shows 
33 that a candidate’s eyes are free from disease and from defects making the wearing of 
glasses advisable, or that the faults in vision are corrected by glasses or other remedy 
prescribed by an oculist, he may be credited 5 points. If the teacher gives examination she 
must comply with full instructions furnished by her state board of education or health or 
by the National Committee on the Prevention of Blindness, 130 Hast 22nd St., New York. 
The latter organization wifi send instructions free to any teacher applying. 
Ears, 5 points. When a competent examiner finds that a pupil’s hearing in each ear is 
normal or within 10% of normal the candidate may be credited 5 points. The examination 
must be conducted by a physician or in compliance with full instructions issued by a state 
board of health or education. Such instructions are contained in Health Bulletin No. 2, 
“The Eyes and Ears of School Children,” published by the New York State Department of 
Education, Albany. 
Heart, 5 points. When a physician reports after a stethoscopic examination that a candi- 
date’s heart is in sound condition and that the candidate need exercise no more care in 
participating in athletics than the average pupil of his age, he is credited 5 points. 
Tunas 3 taints. When a nhvsician reports after a stethoscopic examination on the bare 
chest that a candidate’s lungs are in perfectly sound 
condition, he is credited 5 points. 
Feet, S points. If a candidate wears shoes fully 
permitting correct position and shape for his feet, he 
may be credited 5 points. Shoes which bend the big 
toe toward the others or the others toward the big 
toe force incorrect shape. The shoe, like the foot, should 
have a “straight inner edge” (except for the instep 
curve). Only shoes with low heels permit correct posi- 
tion, and no shoes with heels more than one and one- 
half inches high can be passed in examination for the 
Round Table. The teacher should urge the use of much 
lower heels. Children candidates that come to school 
barefoot part of the time must wear their shoes for 
this examination. If the teacher observes that a pupil 
who passes this test subsequently purchases shoes that 
are incorrect in the respects indicated in this paragraph, 
during the period of his candidacy for the Round Table, 
his credit should not be allowed. 
Correctly Shaped Shoe 
67. (6.) KNOWLEDGE OF FIRST AID 
The candidate for the Round Table who presents this qualification must have pursued 
a course of study in the first aid under a teacher and have passed the examination entitling 
the pupil to the Certificate of First Aid issued for schools by the American Red Cross. 
When he has passed the examination he is credited 30 points. The course on which the 
examination is based is especially suited to high schools. The plan of the course, in entire 
harmony with the Modern Health Crusade, is to teach the pupil to do by doing. Schools 
which are not conducting such a course may readily secure the Red Cross circular, “First 
Aid Instruction in Schools,” and the textbook for the teacher. Application should be made 
to the local Red Cross Chapter, the office for the Division, or directly to the American Red 
Cross, First Aid Division, Washington, D. C. 
68. (7.) SCOUT AND CAMP FIRE ACTIVITIES 
The training given by the Scout and Camp Fire organizations is included among the 
qualifications for Knights of the Round Table as a valuable aid to physical fitness. In 
communities where local groups are lacking, application for information should be addressed 
to Boy Scouts of America, 200 Fifth Ave., New York; Girl Scouts, 189 Lexington Ave., New 
York; Camp Fire Girls, 31 E. 17th St., New York. 
(The ceremony is conducted by the principal [Crusade grand master] or other school 
authority, who addresses first the audience and then the candidates, who are grouped on 
one side of the stage.) 
(To audience.) We are happily met together to witness the entrance of valiant Knights 
to the Order of the Round Table. These Modern Health Crusaders, all Knights Banneret, 
have each, my friends, been proven in ordeals set to test their fitness for this highest order. 
When King Arthur formed his Round Table, he drew to it the flower of chivalry, “the 
goodliest company of famous knights whereof the world holds record.” Lancelot, Galahad, 
Percival and many other peerless warriors were of this chosen band whose victories were 
blazoned on twelve great windows in Arthur’s hall. 
Full many years ago departed Arthur and his company, and his Round Table became 
a memory, celebrated in song and story. Now the Round Table is formed again, of knights 
arrayed not in heavy coats of mail, but in the golden armor of health. 
69. ACCOLADE OF THE ROUND TABLE 
34 (To candidates.) For the National Legion of Modern Health Crusaders and the 
(name of state) Legion, I now create each prowest Knight assembled here a member of 
the Round Table. That all may know of your deeds, I present each one of you with a 
parchment and a badge. These are the outward tokens. The order itself lives in the snirir 
and intent of every loyal Knight. 
Now, just as truly as in the days of Arthur, you will find that every morning brings 
a noble chance whereby you prove yourself a noble Knight. Yours is the glorious privilege 
to champion the cause of health, and thus to redress human wrongs. So live that others 
seeing your good deeds, will rally to the standard. 
(Each candidate is called by name and presented with the certificate and badge of the 
Order. Exeunt to martial music.) 
70. SANITATION CAMPAIGNS 
In some states sanitation has been given a very large place in Modern Health Crusade 
work. In addition to the obvious need of community clean-up in the interest of health, it 
was realized that accomplishments so easily seen would greatly contribute to interest in the 
Crusade on the part of pupils, public and press. Sanitation work furnishes demonstrations 
especially valuable to high schools and junior high schools in connection with civics and 
courses bearing directly or indirectly on health. This branch of Crusade work brings the 
street cleaning department, health officer and other municipal authorities into touch with 
the Crusade and brings to light ordinances that are inadequate or unenforced. It wins the 
support of business men for the whole movement. 
As various methods may be followed in sanitation work, and as local conditions deter- 
mine the best, no procedure is prescribed in this manual. The experience of Crusaders 
in one county is recited to suggest a plan of campaign for other communities. The high 
schools of the county, one representing a city and the others rural districts, divided the 
territory into sanitary districts, the whole county being covered. The high school or schools 
located in each district elected a sanitary officer for the district, choosing a pupil qualified 
as worker and leader. Under this captain a lieutenant was elected by his fellow pupils for 
each subdistrict, and a corporal for each city block, while each pupil was drafted as a private. 
Five objectives were set: that each house be screened against flies; that a covered 
garbage can be used; that all outdoor vaults be darkened so that flies would not enter; 
that manure or other fly-breeding matter be disinfected once a week and removed; and'that 
the streets, alleys and premises be made clean and sightly. 
The first work was a survey. The districts were marked on a county map posted in the 
office of the county superintendent of schools. Flat maps outlining all farm or town resi- 
dences were made for each district. Under proper supervision each householder was visited 
and apprised of the community plan. Printed slips were used by the visitors for checking 
the conditions found, and the findings were noted by pins on the district maps. 
The campaign for improving conditions was announced for two weeks after the survey. 
Changes effected were recorded on the second visit and “spotted” on the district map. 
Corresponding pin markings on the large map at the county superintendent’s office recorded 
the progress of all the districts and stimulated competition between districts. So effective 
was the campaign that only eight householders in a city of 35,000 failed to comply with 
requirements. This work was done entirely by the high school and seventh and eighth grade 
pupils, who conferred as need, arose with the local Crusade council composed of five adults. 
In the country districts tests were made of the water from every well, the work being 
done at the high school laboratories. Much infection was found; and when the users of 
the water failed to be affected by the data shown, permission was secured to put a quart 
of kerosene in the nearby outdoor toilet. When the strata of the earth ran toward the 
water supply from the vault where the kerosene was placed, the kerosene was detected by 
odor and taste, and the people who boasted of their well water were suddenly forced to 
realize its true condition. The result was that 63 new wells were dug in that county, and 
a material decrease in the recorded number of typhoid cases ensued. 
Campaigns against flies and mosquitoes readily enlist school children, when organized 
at all systematically. Competition should be brought into play. Prizes not only of material 
value, but newspaper commendation, are effective. A first step is to teach the children prac- 
tical points about the insects, such as likely breeding places, disinfection to prevent hatching, 
and the making and placing of traps. 
Publications giving all needed information can readily be secured. The National Asso- 
ciation will give references in addition to those below, and invites correspondence with Crusade 
leagues and other groups planning sanitation work. 
Free: “Transmission of Disease by Flies,” Report Supplement No. 29, U S Public 
Health Service, Washington. 
Pamphlets on fly campaigns, with directions for making traps. Apply to Agricultural 
Extension Division, International Harvester Co., Chicago. 
“Water Supply, Plumbing and Sewage Disposal for Country Homes,” Bulletin No. 57, 
Department of Agriculture, Washington. 
For Sale: “Primer of Sanitation,” Ritchie ($1.00). World Book Co., Yonkers, N. Y. 
“Civics and Health,” Allen ($1.50). “Boys-‘and Girls at Garden City,” Dawson ($1.00) 
“Town and City” (80c.) or “Physiology, Hygiene and Sanitation” (96c.), Jewett. Ginn fr Co 
35 STATE DIRECTORS AND DISTRIBUTORS FOR THE MODERN 
HEALTH CRUSADE 
Alabama Tuberculosis Ass’n, 308 N. 21st St., Birmingham, Ala. 
Arizona Anti-Tuberculosis Ass'n, 300 E. Adams St., Phoenix, Ariz. 
Arkansas Public Health Ass’n, Donaghey Bldg., Little Rock, Ark. 
California Tuberculosis Ass’n, Griffith-McKenzie Bldg., Fresno, Cal. 
Colorado Tuberculosis Ass’n, Barth Bldg., Denver, Colo. 
Conn. State Tuberculosis Commission, State Capitol, Hartford, Conn. 
Delaware Anti-Tuberculosis Society, 911 Delaware Ave., Wilmington, Del. 
District of Columbia Tuberculosis Ass’n, 923 H St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 
Florida Public Health Ass’n, Dyal-Upchurch Bldg., Jacksonville, Fla. 
(Ga.) W. G. Raoul Foundation, 131 Capitol Square, Atlanta, Ga. 
(H. I.) Anti-Tuberculosis League, King and Liliha Sts., Honolulu, Hawaii. 
Idaho Anti-Tuberculosis Ass’n, National Bank Bldg., Boise, Idaho. 
Illinois Tuberculosis Ass’n, 516 E. Monroe St., Springfield, 111. 
(Cook County) Chicago Tuberculosis Institute, 8 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. 
Indiana Tuberculosis Ass’n, 1134 Pythian Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. 
Iowa Tuberculosis Ass’n, Century Bldg., Des Moines, Iowa. 
Kansas State Tuberculosis Ass'n, Mills Bldg., Topeka, Kansas. 
Kentucky Tuberculosis Ass’n, 532 W. Main St., Louisville, Ky. 
Louisiana Anti-Tuberculosis League, 730 Gravier St., New Orleans, La. 
Maine Public Health Ass’n, 318 Water St., Augusta, Maine. 
Maryland Tuberculosis Ass’n, 704 N. Howard St., Baltimore, Md. 
Massachusetts Tuberculosis League, Little Bldg., Boston, Mass. 
Michigan Anti-Tuberculosis Ass’n, Oakland Bldg., Lansing, Mich. 
Minnesota Public Health Ass’n, 300 Shubert Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 
Mississippi Tuberculosis Ass’n, Merchants Bank Bldg., Jackson, Miss. 
Missouri Tuberculosis Ass’n, Pontiac Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. 
Montana Tuberculosis Ass'n, State Capitol, Helena, Mont. 
Nebraska Tuberculosis Ass’n, Brandeis Theatre Bldg., Omaha, Neb. 
Nevada Public Health Ass’n, Reno, Nev. 
New Hampshire Tuberculosis Ass’n, City Mission Bldg., Manchester, N. H. 
New Jersey Tuberculosis League, 45 Clinton St., Newark, N. J. 
New Mexico Public Health Ass’n, Wright Bldg., Albuquerque, N. M. 
(N. Y.) State Charities Aid Ass’n, 105 E. 22nd St., New York City. 
(New York City) New York Tuberculosis Ass’n, 10 E. 39th St., New York City. 
Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, 69 Schermerhorn St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
North Carolina Tuberculosis Ass’n, Sanatorium, N. C. 
North Dakota Tuberculosis Ass’n, Bismarck, N. D. 
Ohio Public Health Ass’n, 83 S. 4th St., Columbus, Ohio. 
Oklahoma Public Health Ass’n, Oklahoman Bldg., Oklahoma City, Okla. 
Oregon Tuberculosis Ass’n, Selling Bldg., Portland, Ore. 
Pennsylvania Tuberculosis Society, 10 S. 18th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
(Pittsburgh) Tuberculosis League, 2851 Bedford Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Philippine Islands Anti-Tuberculosis Society, Fajardo Bldg., Manila, P. I. 
(P. R.) Anti-Tuberculosis League, San Juan, P. R. 
Rhode Island Tuberculosis Ass’n, 109 Washington St., Providence, R. I. 
South Carolina Tuberculosis Ass’n, Liberty Bank Bldg., Columbia, S. C. 
South Dakota Public Health Ass’n, Huron, S. D. 
Tennessee Anti-Tuberculosis Ass’n, 506 Cedar St., Nashville, Tenn. 
Texas Public Health Ass'n, Littlefield Bldg., Austin, Texas. 
Utah Public Health Ass’n, State Capitol Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah. 
Vermont Tuberculosis Ass’n, 233 Pearl St., Burlington, Vt. 
Virginia Tuberculosis Ass’n, Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Richmond, Va. 
Washington Tuberculosis Ass’n, Thompson Bldg., Seattle, Wash. 
West Virginia Tuberculosis Ass’n, Davidson Bldg., Charleston, W. Va. 
Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Ass’n, 558 Jefferson St., Milwaukee, Wis 
Wyoming Public Health Ass’n, Citizens’ National Bank Bldg., Cheyenne, Wyo. 
36 jfflobern C rubber's 
CERTIFICATE OF ENROLLMENT 
fjl HIS Certifies That 
Has done at least 75% of the Crusaders’ health chores for the number of weeks re- 
quired for first honors in health knighthood; has agreed to try (2) to do nothing that 
may hurt the health of any other person, (2) to help keep home and town clean, and 
(3) to keep the Crusaders’ health rules until the end of December following this 
school year; and, therefore, is enrolled until then as a Modern Health Crusader with 
the title of Squire, 
J92 
Crusader Master (Teacher) 
Euless 
1. Keep windows open or stay 
outdoors when you sleep, play, 
work or study. Breathe fresh 
air always and through your nose. Take 
deep breaths every day, with exercise. 
2. Play and exercise daily. If you are 
undernourished, have a rest period in the 
daytime and exercise only lightly. 
3. Eat wholesome food, including fruit, 
coarse breads, whole-grain cereals, and 
vegetables such as carrots, onions and 
greens. Avoid fried foods, soggy breads, 
pickles, spices; much meat, pie crust, cake 
and sweets; and all impure candy. Chew 
thoroughly. Have three meals a day. 
Drink, slowly, at least two glasses of 
unskimmed milk, pasteurized or pure. 
Drink plenty of pure water. 
4. Wash your hands always before eating or 
handling food. Wash ears, neck and face 
and clean your fingernails every day. 
Bathe your whole body twice a week at 
least and shampoo often. Brush your 
teeth thoroughly after breakfast and sup- 
per. Remove food between teeth. Have 
all cavities in your teeth filled. Consult 
a'dentist twice a year. Have a complete 
physical examination each year. 
Have a regular time every day for 
attending to toilet. Through right 
diet and exercise see that you elimi- 
nate freely. 
5. Get a long night’s sleep, going to bed at 
an early, regular time. 
6. Keep fingers, pencils and everything likely 
to be unclean out of your mouth and nose. 
Drink no tea, coffee nor drinks containing 
injurious drugs. Do not smoke or use 
tobacco in any form. 
7. Keep your mind clean. Be cheerful and 
courageous. Be sincere in what you say. 
8. Sit and stand up straight. Lying down, 
be long. Hold reading matter not less 
than 12 nor more than 18 inches from 
your eyes: if less or greater distance is 
“natural,” consult an oculist. 
9. Be helpful to others. Whenever you 
cough or sneeze, turn your head aside 
and cover your mouth with your hand- 
kerchief. If you must spit, spit only 
where it will be removed before person 
or fly can touch it. Keep your clothes 
and books neat. Brush your shoes before 
school. From the Modern Health Crusade posters of the National Child Welfare Association, New York 
Monthly eight ecord 
YEAR 192 YEAR 192 
__ _______ dec JAN> j-'eb. MAR~ APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG. 
My birthday is in the month checked 
My height is 
Normal weight for height and for age at near- 
est birthday* 
My actual weight each month 
Difference between normal weight and mine.... 
Gain, in ounces, from last month 
(If there is loss, mark figures minus (—) 
•If your last birthday was less than 6 months ago, take your age then in using tables below: if it was more than 6 months ago, take your age at your next 
birthday. Weigh yourself, without shoes or coat, on the same day each month as nearly as possible. Measure your height in the first month of this record and 
again 6 months later. 
ormal eight ables for eight and Age 
HEIGHT 
INCHES 
5 
Yrs. 
6 
Yrs. 
7 
Yrs. 
8 
Yrs. 
g 
Yrs, 
10 
Yrs. 
it 
Yrs. 
12 
Yrs. 
13 
Yrs. 
14 
Yrs. 
15 
Yrs. 
16 
Yrs. 
17 
Yrs. 
18 
Yr*. 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
35 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
47 
-48 
36 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
47 
49 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
46 
48 
50 
52 
54 
56 
-53 
44 
46 
47 
48 
50 
49 
51 
r 
54 
56 
58 
60 
63 
65 
to 
J D. 
© 
¥ 
s 
55 
58 
60 
62 
64 
6.7 
70 
57 
59 
61 
64 
67 
69 
72 
49 
55 
67 
59 
50 
OD 
62 
65 
68 
70 
73 
76 
80 
51 
52 
-62 
63 
63 
71 
74 
77 
54 
71, 
55 
69 
78 
56 
57 
-a 
85 
86 
58 
87 
59 
onr 
ff 
JO 
97 
60 
61 
nH 
97 
- 
62 
V- 
v t 
104 
63 
111 
114 
117 
64 
119 
65 
113 
118 
66 
67 
125 
68 
135 
69 
135 
70 
141 
147 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
I- 
152 
157 
154 
159 
160 
161 
162 
— 
— 
162 
164 
165 
166 
167 
76 
174, 
175 
171 
176 
HEIGHT 
INCHES 
5 
Yrs. 
6 
Yrs. 
7 
Yrs. 
8 
Yrs. 
9 
Yrs. 
10 
Yrs. 
11 
Yrs. 
12 
Yrs. 
13 
Yrs. 
14 
Yrs. 
15 
Yrs. 
16 
Yrs. 
17 
Yrs. 
18 
Yrs. 
39 
10 
11 
12 
13 
11 
*5 
16 
17 
31 
36 
38 
10 
12 
11 
16 
-,18 
35 
37 
39 
11 
12 
15 
17 
18 
36 
38 
10 
12 
13 
15 
17 
19 
50 
52 
64 
13 
U 
16 
18 
50 
51 
63 
55 
57 
60 
63 
19 
51 
52 
51 
56 
58 
61 
61 
67 
69 
63 
55 
67 
59 
62 
65 
68 
7o 
73 
77 
G 
HI 
m 
IL 
» 
48 
49 
-51 
56 
58 
60 
63 
66 
61 
61 
67 
52 
70 
73 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
-68 
71 
71 
78 
72 
77 
81 
85 
-70. 
79 
80 
81 
88 
93 
97 
86 
90 
95 
100 
106 
111 
115 
119 
122 
124 
127 
130 
133 
-85 
87 
91 
95 
91 
96 
102 
108 
113 
117 
120 
123 
126 
128 
132 
90 
00 
94 
99 
98 
101 
109 
111 
118 
121 
121 
127 
129 
133 
136 
106 
111 
115 
119 
62 
63 
64 
— 
•101 
106 
tn 
107 
112 
109 
113 
65 
—117 
120 
122 
126 
128 
131 
125 
128 
130 
131 
137 
110 
121 
-121 
-126 
-129 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
_ 72 
1S8 
140 
.145 
112 
147 
U3 
118 
ii# 
About what 
one should 
gain each 
month 
Boys 
Age Ounces 
5 to 8 6 
8 to 12 8 
12 to 14 12 
14 to 16 16 
16 to 18 8 
Girls 
5 to 8 6 
8 to 11 8 
11 to 14 12 
14 to 16 8 
16 to 18 4 
Prepared by Dr. ‘I’hOfl. D. Wood 
Copyrighted National TuberculosU Association 1921 Modern0"0 
Health Crusade 
Brief Explanation 
N. B.—This circular and the “Record of Health Chores” (which must be read to supplement 
this circular) explain the necessary part of the Crusade program. It is well to read also the certifi- 
cate of enrollment and the guide to tournaments. The complete program, including optional 
and advanced parts, is set forth in the manual. 
WITHIN the last four years millions of American school children have 
been systematically working to qualify as Modern Health Crusaders. 
For the schools the Crusade is a system of teaching that imparts good 
health habits. Through elements of play and romance and various appeals 
suited to child psychology, it gives children the motive needed for the practice 
of hygiene. Under the Crusade method pupils da the duties that are explained 
in books of physiology and hygiene but too often left undone. 
The results of a Crusade course are physical and moral improvement, 
prevention of disease, and better attendance and attention at school. The 
Crusade links the school and the home, reaching the pupils’ parents. 
WHO CRUSADERS ARE 
Modem Health Crusaders are children not less than six years old who 
qualify by doing the official health chores. Adults may also qualify through 
the senior health chores. The certificate of enrollment states that the boy 
or girl named “has done at least 75% of the Crusaders’ health chores for the 
number of weeks required for first honors in health knighthood; has agreed 
to try (1) to do nothing that may hurt the health of any other person, (2) to 
help keep home and town clean and (3) to keep the Crusaders’ health rules 
until the end of December following this school-year; and, therefore, is enrolled 
until then as a Modem Health Crusader with title of Squire.” 
RECORD OF HEALTH CHORES 
The teacher should read the “Record of Health Chores” before proceeding 
further with this circular. It is published in primary, standard (intermediate) 
and senior editions. The standard record may be used for all school grades 
below the ninth. The senior record is for high school pupils and for persons 
over 16 years old. It may be used for the seventh and eighth grades, at the 
teacher’s discretion. The primary record is only for grades 1, 2 and 3. TITLES AND BADGES 
During the weeks in which one does 
the health chores before becoming a 
Crusader and Squire, he is a Page. By 
continuing the chores, a Crusader ad- 
vances progressively from the rank of Squire to Knight and Knight Banneret. 
Beautiful buttons, pins and ribbons are provided as badges for titles higher 
than Squire. The designs of certificate and badges are changed every year. 
Schools awarding titles “Advanced Order” for the performance of chores over 
30 or more weeks in one school .year commonly present Knights Banneret, 
A.O., with the red ribbon of that rank, to be worn under the Knight Banneret 
pin or button. Schools may, however, omit the ribbon and distribute over 
30 weeks the certificate and badges usually awarded for the first 15 weeks. 
Under this method, they convey the titles of Squire, A.O., Knight, A.O., and 
Knight Banneret, A.O., after 10, 20 and 30 weeks, respectively. 
KEEPING RECORDS 
The chore records are kept at home for recording performance daily. 
The teacher may, however, keep primary records at school, not requiring sign- 
ing by the parent, provided that the teacher, or the child under her direction 
and questioning, check off each day his performance for the preceding day 
(including Friday and Saturday with Sunday) and provided that under daily 
inspection she verify performance of all chores subject to inspection. The 
“Prompter and Hygienic Inspection Blank” will prove of great profit for all 
elementary grades and for both standard and primary chore records. The 
teacher’s approval is required for each chore record before the pupil acquires a 
title. If inspection indicates that chores were not done thoroughly, she may 
veto the claim, declining to sign the record. 
CRUSADE ADAPTABLE TO EVERY SCHOOL 
The Crusade system has been made a curriculum activity in thousands of 
schools. Credits are given for the work, ranging as high as 50% in courses in 
hygiene and physiology, as explained in the manual. If a school allows no 
time for Crusade work, the teacher may nevertheless give the pupils a large 
part of its benefit by distributing chore records, after a short explanation, for 
each pupil to take home. After the number of weeks required for each title, 
the pupil brings his record to the teacher. She then issues to him a second 
record and at her leisure inspects the first one and awards certificate or badge, 
if earned. Crusade work can be carried on at any time and for as many or 
few weeks as the teacher wishes. Conducting the health chores and the reward of pupils are all that is 
necessary in Crusade work. Among the optional features, the tournaments 
will be found especially helpful in making pupils faithful to their chores. 
Crusade tournaments are competitions between schools or classes for the best 
average record by pupils in the performance of chores. The National Tourna- 
ment of Health Knighthood is conducted twice during the school year. Every 
class or school (with an enrollment as large as ten) becomes a j ouster by keep- 
ing the records of its pupils’ performance of chores over 15 consecutive weeks, 
and by submitting a report. Any period of 15 weeks may be selected by the 
school, between the first Sunday in September and the last Saturday in Feb- 
ruary, and between the first Sunday in January and the second Saturday in 
June. For the rules, ask for the tournament guide circular. Hundreds of 
schools have won national pennants. 
TOURNAMENTS 
WEIGHING AND MEASURING 
Performance of the Crusade chores tends to give pupils right weight. 
Monthly weighing, with the recording of actual and normal weights, is an 
optional feature of Crusade work recommended to every school. Tables of nor- 
mal weights for boys and girls are printed on the Roll of Health Knighthood. 
This is a classroom chart for posting the pupils’ weights from month to month, 
and also the Crusade titles earned and the credits in tournaments. Colored 
stars may be placed on the chart as rewards. 
PROGRESSIVE PROGRAM 
For schools that make a place for practical health instruction, the Crusade 
offers a program to fit the amount of time allowed. All or part of the follow- 
ing features may be carried out: accolades (knightings), playlets, pageant?, 
motion pictures, monthly entertainments for health instruction, coordination 
of Crusade work with other studies, hygienic inspection, health clubs, and 
sanitation campaigns. 
As candidates to become Knights of the Round Table, the highest dis- 
tinction in the Modem Health Crusade, pupils take a unique interest in phys- SUnWnJtUE WEDTHU FRI SAT SUnImOnItUE WEd|tHU FRI SAT SUn|mON TUE WED THU FBI SAT SUN MORGUE WEdItHU FBI SAT SUN MOnItUE WED THU FRI SAtI 
WEIGHT RECORD 
To be filled in by teacher and shown to your parents. 
Weight in the first week of this record lbs. 
Weight in the last week of this record — lbs. 
The normal weight for height ( ) and age ( ) is lbs. 
No. of inches No. of years 
You should gain about ounces each month at your age. 
Grade Post Office Address 
Weeks No to No 
RECORD OF HEALTH CHORES 
Standard Edition 
I certify on my honor that I did every chore marked X on the day indicated and 
the total number written on this record for each week. 
Signature of boy or girl 
I believe that the child whoae name is written above did the number of health chores 
indicated. 
Signature of parent or guardian 
Teacher’s signature in aDDroval School 
1 I washed my hands before each meal today. 
2 I washed my face, ears and neck, and I cleaned my 
fingernails. 
3 I kept fingers, pencils and everything likely to be unclean 
or injurious out of my mouth and nose. 
4 I brushed my teeth thoroughly after breakfast and after 
the evening meal. 
5 I took ten or more slow, deep breaths of fresh air. I pro- 
tected others if I spit, coughed or sneezed. 
6 I played outdoors or with windows open more than thirty 
minutes. I tried hard to sit and stand straight. 
7 I was in bed ten hours or more last night, and kept my 
windows open. 
8 I drank four glasses of water, drinking some before each 
meal, and drank no tea, coffee nor any injurious drinks. 
9 I tried to eat slowly, and only wholesome food including 
milk, vegetables, fruit. I went to toilet at regular time. 
10 1 tried hard to keep neat; to be cheerful, straightforward 
and clean-minded; and to be helpful to others. 
11 I took a full bath on each day of the week that is 
checked (x). 
Total number of chores done each week 
Date to 192 
DAILY CHORES 
See notes on other side I 
GET 
WELL 
IN | 
WESTMORELAND 
SAY IT WITH VOTES 
SAVE OTHERS! 
Disinfection of Private Houses Following 
Tuberfulosis 
(.Published by the Pennsylvania Tuberculosis Society.) 
T DISINFECTION is the process by which the germs causing 
infectious diseases are destroyed. The agents used for 
this purpose are called disinfectants. 
There are three kinds of disinfectants used in cases of con- 
sumption ; namely, heat, chemical agents, and sunlight.. There are 
two ways in which heat may be applied; namely, fire and boiling. 
The best disinfectant that we have in any infectious disease is 
fire. Everything that has come in contact with the patient which 
can be burned should be burned. The second best disinfectant 
that we have is boiling. Everything that must be saved and can 
be boiled should be boiled. After fire and boiling the best disin- 
fectant at hand in a private house is a generous use of soap and 
water and exposure to sunlight. 
A patient dies with tuberculosis in a private house—how is the 
room in which he lived to be disinfected? 
First: everything in the room that is no longer useful should be 
burned. Newspapers, magazines, fans, old linen or wearing ap- 
parel, useless furniture, all should be disposed of by fire. 
Second: eating utensils, knives, forks, spoons, plates, cups, 
saucers, glassware, vases, crockery, bed pans, tin-ware, linen and 
wearing apparel should be boiled. 
It is not sufficient to roll clothes into a bundle or pack them 
tightly in a boiler and leave them only until the water simmers. It relief, care of orphans; also churches, fraternal bodies, 
Red Cross and all philanthropic men and women. 
In one Westmoreland town in one month in 1919 
when employment was plentiful 59 families applied 
for relief. In 53 of these families tuberculosis was 
the cause of dependency.—(Union Aid Association, 
Jeannette.) 
A COUNTY TUBERCULOSIS HOSPITAL 
How can Westmoreland check tuberculosis? 
By establishing a tuberculosis hospital where patients 
can be kept under medical supervision, taught sanitation 
and proper routine of living. 
Why can’t the State undertake this work? 
Because Pennsylvania has 9160 deaths from tuberculosis 
annually and 100,000 living, active cases to crowd into 
its 2000 free beds and its 2000 private beds. This means 
thousands of patients left at home to shift for themselves. 
Why not enlarge the state sanatoria? 
Because the county system secures more adequate provis- 
ion; because patients are more contented and willing 
to take the cure if they can be kept in their home en- 
vironment where their families can visit them often. 
How are other states meeting this problem? 
By securing county hospitals. Connecticut, New York, 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, California, New Jersey and 
Illinois each have more beds in proportion to deaths than 
Pennsylvania. 
How many beds are necessary? 
Minimum standards accepted by medical experts require 
one hospital bed for each annual death due to tubercu- 
losis. 
ized, all food containing tubercle bacilli destroyed and 
other necessary precautions taken, tuberculosis would be 
controlled. 
HEALTH IN WESTMORELAND 
What is the toll of tuberculosis in Westmoreland? 
Tuberculosis killed 1092 persons in Westmoreland in 
5 years, at least 218 each year that we know about. 
Were there any deaths that we do not know about? 
Yes. Because of fear many certificates read “pulmo- 
nary complications,” “bronchial asthma,” “chronic bron- 
chitis,” etc., when death was probably due to tuberculosis. 
Why is tuberculosis termed an “industrial” disease? 
Because tuberculosis claims its victims during the in- 
dustrial age; because tuberculosis claims every third per- 
son dying between the ages of 15 and 60 years, and every 
fourth person dying between 20 and 50 years. 
Why should we be so interested in “industrial diseases? 
Because Westmoreland is part of the greatest industrial 
center of the world. 
THE PRICE WESTMORELAND PAYS 
What does each death from tuberculosis cost? 
Each of our 218 annual deaths average 8 to 10 living, 
active infections. 
The life of a wage-earner is worth $5000 to the com- 
munity. 655 of our 1092 victims were wage-earners, 
an economic loss to this county of over $3,000,000. 
Who bears this loss? 
The tax-payer in the form of Mothers’ Pension, county 
FEAR—THE BOGEY MAN 
Do you value your health? 
If so, read this pamphlet from cover to cover. 
Why are you afraid of tuberculosis? 
Because many have tuberculosis who do not know it, are 
careless, cough and spit recklessly, and throw off germs 
in a wholesale manner. 
Because of this wholesale infection tuberculosis claims 
more lives than any other preventable disease; death 
rates per 100,000 are: 
Scarlet Fever....._ 2.8 
Measles , 3.9 
Typhoid Fever *9.2 
Diphtheria ......... 14.7 
Tuberculosis ...125.6 
How does fear prevent cure and control? 
Because if you have tuberculosis you don’t want any- 
one to know it; you don’t want your doctor to tell you; 
if one of your family succumbs to a “complication” which 
involves tuberculosis, you demand that the word tuber- 
culosis be hushed and ignored. 
How can we wipe out this fear? 
By teaching that tuberculosis is curable in the early 
stage; that cleanliness means destroying sputum (spit); 
that destruction of sputum means less infection, and by 
taking measures to control infection. Also by making 
it fashionable to say “When I had tuberculosis.” 
Can we wipe out tuberculosis? 
Framingham, Mass., cut its tuberculosis death rate in 
halves in four years. If all “active cases” were hospital- 45 
the direction of State authorities and with local head- 
quarters on the second floor of the Y. M. C. A. building 
a canavs of the various schools in the city and county 
has been made. The workers distribute literature, some 
of which is shown here, to the school children and their 
families. "Crusades" are organized for the purpose of 
exciting deeper interest on the part of the children. To 
date this has been fairly successful. 
District Nursing and Social Service: 
One district nurse is on duty within the town. 
Thus far there has been no indication for any more elaborate 
organization of this form of social service since the 
population embraces, on the whole, but a limited number of 
families that are so destitute that other means of proper 
care are not found. There is no regularly organized social 
service department at the Hospital. The Salvation Army 
cares for isolated cases, and private individuals interested 
in this form of philanthropy, of which there are many, come 
to the rescue in those neglected cases which are not otherwise 
looked after. Ministers of the town and the Y. M. C. A. 
have been most generous in each instance when called upon 
to serve. The south wing of the Westmoreland Hospital. This institution 
is located in the western part of the town, on Bunker Hill. It 
has a capacity of one hundred and twenty-five beds, with an Hast 
Lledical, and a Test Surgical ward, two operating rooms; an obstett 
rical delivery room; the entire second floor is given over to 
private patients. At present a new Nurse1s Home is under con- 
struetion facing West Pittsburgh Street. 46 
City Planning: 
It is said that Greensburg is the third wealthiest 
town for its size in the entire country. Yet there is no 
public park; there is no library; there is a very noticeable 
lack of interest in civic welfare. Playgrounds for the 
children, each with a trained worker on duty during the 
summer months, are located, one on Maple Avenue and another 
in East Greensburg* Huff’s Park is located on the northern 
limit of the town. This is a driveway through a beautiful 
estate. An open air swimming pool is located just off 
South Main Street, and conducted by John Eisaman. In the 
winter it is used for ice skating, 
Greensburg residents frequent the environs of 
Pittsburgh, the nearby metropolis. They seem unaware of 
the shortcomings of their native town. The Academy Hill 
section, and Underwood, exhibit pride in the appearance of 
their districts as seen by their well kept lawns, pretty 
houses, pleasant driveways and progressive upkeep* 
Plans for civic improvement are yet to be begun 
in this community. SUMMARY 47 
SUMMARY 
Conditions found: 
A sanitary survey of Greensburg reveals many 
commendable features. The town is excellently located from 
an industrial and commercial point of view. Concerning 
its location as a healthful community, many like sized 
towns are better situated but still many others are worse 
located. The proximity of the coal fields renders this 
location for a residential town less desirable. The 
population is respectable and law-abiding. 
The water-shed fulfills its purpose and gives 
good wholesome water to the population. It is in no way 
threatened by contamination, as heretofore discussed. The 
sewage system remains a point of dispute. It is functioning 
efficiently at the present time. How long the necessary 
sulphur water will be furnished by the mines is a point of 
conjecture. 
The disposal of the town's refuse has been cared 
for in a satisfactory manner insofar as collection is concerned. 
The writer has met with considerable difficulty in 
the search for vital statistics. The authorities have been 
courteous and lent their support, but the methods for recording 48 
important and necessary data have been unsystematic. 
Greensburg's milk supply presents varying degrees 
of efficiency in handling, as well as the purity of the 
article in the hands of the consumer. 
Sanitary nuisances are comparatively few and those 
that have arisen have been quickly and well handled. 
As a community, Greensburg is self-satisfied. 
It finds that existing conditions function in a way 
acceptable to the majority. 
Criticisms: 
A quickening of interest in the civic vrelfare, 
as well as the sanitation of the town, on the part of the 
present population, would speedily establish the town on a 
sound progressive basis. As it is now, the welfare and 
future status gives no one much concern. There has never 
been any suggestion on anyone's part for the institution 
of a public library. 
Progressive movements by the School Board to 
relieve the congestion in the schools by further building 
have met with persistent rebuffs from the voting populace. 49 
The health of the community rests secure and safe 
in the hands of the Secretary of the Board of Health, Mr. 
Samuel Clemens. The establishment of a complete functioning 
system for vital statistics is greatly to be desired. 
The sewage system as it now is functions properly 
and satisfactorily. To have a ready solution for sewage 
disposal if the sulphur is not furnished by the mines is 
a wise look into the future. An incineration plant will 
soon be constructed so that the garbage and refuse will be 
satisfactorily disposed of. 
To interest the entire population of the town 
sufficiently that they would appreciate the possibilities 
of Greensburg to become a beautiful town, with a healthy 
amount of civic pride, is the principal indication for 
securing a better town.