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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
INDUSTRIAL 
HYGIENE MANUAL 
SUPPLEMENT I 
Pictures of Processes 
Processes 
Toxic Agents 
Suggested Control Measures 
Health Hazards 
NOTICE: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States 
within the meaning of the Espionage Act, 50 U. S. C., 31 and 32, as amended. Its transmission 
or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law. 
HEADQUARTERS, AIR TECHNICAL SERVICE COMMAND 
/ /* 
Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio 
15 April 1945 
J.SS.CO. CIN. 4-5-45 2M RESTRICTED 
ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
TSMED 
25-3 
Page 1 
HEADQUARTERS 
AIR TECHNICAL SERVICE COMMAND 
WRIGHT FIELD JANUARY 1945 
ATSC REGULATION ) 
NO. 25-3 ) 
MEDICAL 
Industrial Hygiene Manual, Supplement No. 1 
1. Purpose: The purpose of this Regulation is to 
establish the Industrial Hygiene Manual, Supplement 
No. 1, No. 25-3 as an official guide and training 
aid. 
2. Scope: This Manual will apply to Medical Corps 
officers, Sanitary Corps officers, and-enlisted men 
engaged in the control of occupational diseases, 
and will be used as a training aid for all Indus- 
trial Hygiene activities and tactical units within 
the ATSC. 
3. Contents: The contents of the Manual, Supple- 
ment No. 1, describe toxic agents, suggested 
control measures and health hazards, and includes 
pictures of processes* 
4. Supply: The office of the Surgeon, Hq. ATSC 
will make distribution of the Manual and be respon- 
sible for distribution of revisions as necessary. 
Command of Lieutenant General KNUDSEN: 
T. A. SIMS 
Colonel, Air Corps 
Chief of Administration 
OFFICIALS 
RALPH NEMO 
Colonel, Adjutant General's Department 
Adjutant General 
DISTRIBUTION: 
"A" 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Table of Contents 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Section Page 
I. Aero Repair X 
II. Assembled Engine Cleaning 2 
III. Battery 4 
IV. Blacksmith 4 
V. Block Test 5 
VI. Carburetor and Ignition 7 
VII. Electroplating 8 
VIII. Engine Cleaning 10 
IX. Engine Disassembly 13 
X. Foundry 15 
XI. Heat Treating 10 
XII. Hydraulic 17 
XIII. Instrument Repair 18 
XIV. Luminous Dial Repair 20 
XV. Machine Shop 22 
XVI. Minor Repair 23 
XVII. Motor Vehicle and Miscellaneous Repair 24 
XVIII. Office Appliances 26 
XIX. Paint and Dope 27 
XX. Plexiglas 29 
XXI. Propeller 30 
XXII. Radiator and Tank 31 
XXIII. Rubber Tank Repair 33 
XXIV. Sandblasting 33 
XXV. Spark Plug Cleaning 36 
XXVI. Spray Painting 37 
XXVII. Trichloroethylene Degreasing 39 
XXVIII. Welding 40 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Foreword 
Section I 
FOREWORD 
This supplement was compiled from information obtained from air depots and 
does not represent every operation in detail. It is intended to point out operations 
which offer potential health hazards and hazards known to exist under ordinary con- 
ditions. Ways and means of control of these conditions are suggested. Health haz- 
ards are enumerated for each process. 
SECTION I 
AERO REPAIR 
PROCESS.—Airplanes are completely overhauled and repaired including disassembly, 
cleaning, repair, reassembly, and complete change in type of aircraft. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Carbon tetrachloride. 
2. Solvent dry cleaning 
(petroleum distillate). 
3. Gasoline. 
4. Small quantities other toxic 
agents such as benzol, phosgene, 
toluene, acetone, amyl acetate, 
lead, ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, 
ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, 
petroleum naphtha, turpentine, 
carbon monoxide, caustic 
cleaners, oils, greases. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. General exhaust or good natural 
ventilation. 
2. Local exhaust ventilation for 
cleaning inside of planes. 
3. Protective hand creams. 
4. Strict personal hygiene. 
3. Good housekeeping. 
6. Covered solvent containers. 
7. Isolation of any dope and paint 
operations. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may result from carbon tetrachloride, petroleum distillate (gasoline, pe- 
troleum naphtha), benzol, toluene, acetone, amyl acetate, lead, ethyl alcohol, butyl 
alcohol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, turpentine, caustic cleaner, oils, and greases. 
1. PHOSGENE.—Very poisonous gas which affects primarily the respiratory system, 
causing a pulmonary edema. 
2. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.—If in sufficient concentration may cause an acute 
narcosis. Most common effect is chronic poisoning which injures permanently the 
kidneys and liver. 
3. SOLVENT DRY CLEANING (petroleum distillate).—Gasoline, petroleum naph- 
tha, may produce an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poison- 
ing usually associated with nervous symptoms. 
4. BENZENE (benzol).—Is a very toxic material and usually presents a picture of 
aplastic anemia. This type of clinical picture is seen after prolonged exposure. The 
acute type of poisoning produces inebriation. 
5. ACETONE.—There are no cases of poisoning reported in man. Experimentally 
on animals, it has an acute narcotic effect. 
6. ACETATE (amyl, butyl, and ethyl). —Slight possibility of causing irritation of 
eyes and respiratory passages and mildly anesthetic. There are no fatal poisoning 
cases reported in man. 
7. ALCOHOL (butyl and ethyl). — May produce blood changes with renal and 
hepatic degeneration if inhaled over a long period of time. 
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1 Sections l-ll 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
8. TURPENTINE.—Inhalation of heavy fumes causes symptoms of a mild anesthetic 
poison. It is excreted by the kidneys and nephritis is not an uncommon result of 
long exposure to turpentine fumes. 
9. CAUSTIC CLEANER.—May produce dermatitis and conjunctivitis along with 
caustic effect. 
10. OILS AND GREASES.—Usual damage is an oil dermatitis which can be con- 
trolled by proper corrective measures. 
11. CARBON MONOXIDE.—If in sufficient concentration will produce anoxemia 
causing unconsciousness and death. 
SECTION II 
ASSEMBLED ENGINE CLEANING 
PROCESS.—Assembled engines are cleaned and sprayed with rust-protective material. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Rust-preventive (probably veg- 
etable oil butyl alcohol, 3 per- 
cent tertiary phenolic amine). 
2. Solvent dry cleaning (petro- 
leum distillate). 
3. Kerosene. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Exhaust ventilation (booth). 
2. Protective creams and ointments. 
3. Protective clothing such as gloves, 
aprons, and boots. 
4. Strict personal hygiene. 
7. Booth Enclosure. 2. Spray cleaning. 3. Improper ventilation. 
2 
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ATSG MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section II 
Booth enclosure provided with an air curtain at each 
end to prevent escape of vapors to room. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may result from rust-preventive (probably phenolic amine), petroleum 
distillate, and kerosene. 
1. BUTYL ALCOHOL.—May produce an acute inebriation but no fatal cases of in- 
dustrial poisoning published. 
2. SOLVENT DRY CLEANING.—May produce an acute anesthetic action or pro- 
duce a chronic type of poisoning usually associated with nervous symptoms. Petro- 
leum distillate may also contain benzene. 
3. KEROSENE. — Is a petroleum distillate. 
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3 Sections lll-IV 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
SECTION III 
BATTERY 
PROCESS.—Batteries receive minor repairs and are recharged. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Lead. 
2. Sulphuric acid. 
3. Sulphur dioxide. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust ventilation (hood 
type). 
2. Rubber gloves, aprons, and face 
shields for operators. 
3. Isolation of process. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by lead and sulphuric acid. 
1. LEAD.—May produce any of the symptoms and signs of plumbism. 
2. SULPHURIC ACID.—Chief danger is in spillage or breakage of containers. 
3. SULPHUR DIOXIDE. — Produces an acute irritation of upper respiratory tract. 
Prolonged exposure to small amount may cause dyspnea, fatigue, and sluggishness. 
SECTION IV 
BLACKSMITH 
PROCESS.—Tools and parts are heated in a forge and formed 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Carbon monoxide. 
2. Sulphur gases. 
3. Excessive heat. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust or good natural 
ventilation for forge. 
2. Isolation of process. 
3. General exhaust ventilation. 
4. Good housekeeping. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by sulphur gases. 
1. CARBON MONOXIDE.—If in sufficient concentration, will produce anoxemia 
causing loss of consciousness and death. 
2. SULPHUR GASES.—Most important is sulphur dioxide, which produces an 
acute irritation of upper respiratory tract. Prolonged exposure to small amount may 
cause dyspnea, fatigue, and sluggishness. 
3. EXCESSIVE HEAT.—May produce heat exhaustion with loss of body fluids and 
chlorides. 
4 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section IV 
1. Exhaust ventilated hood. 
2. Protective clothing. 
An example of good housekeeping. 
1. Local exhaust ventilation. 
Local exhaust hood over forge. 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
SECTION V 
BLOCK TEST 
PROCESS.—New motors and repaired motors are given an operating test, cleaned, 
prepared for storage and shipping. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Carbon monoxide. 
2. Solvent dry cleaning (petrole- 
um distillate). 
3. Noise. 
4. Kerosene, oils, greases. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Positive pressure ventilation of 
control room. 
2. Local exhaust ventilation on oil 
return system. 
3. Protective hand creams. 
4. Protective ear plugs. 
5. Proper design and location of 
block test buildings. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by solvent dry cleaning, kerosene, oils, and greases. 
1. CARBON MONOXIDE.—If in sufficient concentration, will produce anoxemia, 
causing unconsciousness and death. 
2. PETROLEUM DISTILLATES (solvent dry cleaning and kerosene).—May pro- 
duce an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poisoning usually 
associated with nervous symptoms. 
3. OILS AND GREASES.—Usual damage is an oil dermatitis which can be con- 
trolled by proper corrective measures. 
Outlet for positive 
pressure ventilation. 
Operator’s window. 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section VI 
SECTION VI 
CARBURETOR AND IGNITION 
PROCESS.—Carburetors, magnetos, generators, and ignition parts are dismantled, 
cleaned, repaired, and reassembled. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Solvent dry cleaning (petro- 
leum distillate). 
2. Carbon tetrachloride. 
3. Small amounts of lead, decompo- 
sition products of commercial 
fluxes, hydrochloric acid. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. General ventilation (exhaust or 
supplied air type). 
2. Covered solvent containers. 
3. Protective hand creams. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by solvent dry cleaning, lead, hydrochloric acid, and fluxes. 
1. SOLVENT DRY CLEANING.—May produce an acute anesthetic action or pro- 
duce a chronic type of poisoning usually associated with nervous symptoms. 
2. LEAD.—May produce any of the characteristic signs and symptoms of plumbism. 
3. HYDROCHLORIC ACID.—Usual danger is from spillage in open flame. Pos- 
sibility of production of phosgene, which may produce edema of lungs and death. 
4. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.—If in sufficient concentration, may cause an 
acute narcosis. Most common effect is chronic poisoning which injures permanently 
the kidneys and liver. 
1. Covered solvent containers. 
2. Supplied air ventilation. 
General exhaust ventilation 
at a carburetor test stand 
in an overseas installation. 
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7 Section VII 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Exhaust ventilated cleaning bench 
and exhaust ventilated cleaning booth. 
SECTION VII 
ELECTROPLATING 
PROCESS.—Parts and fittings suspended in a chemical bath are electroplated by 
means of electric hydrolysis. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Sodium cyanide. 
2. Cadmium oxide. 
3. Oxides of nitrogen. 
4. Hydrofluoric acid. 
5. Other chemicals which may 
be used are lead carbonate, 
copper sulphate, nickel sul- 
phate, nickel chloride, phos- 
phoric acid, acetic acid, caus- 
tic soda, chromic acid. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust ventilation (hori- 
zontal slot type preferable). 
2. General exhaust ventilation. 
3. Isolation of process. 
4. Gloves, aprons, face shields, 
and goggles for operators. 
5. Low temperature of solution and 
reduced rate of operations of pro 
cess in absence of ventilation. 
6. Protective nasal ointments. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may result from chrome, sodium cyanide, hydrofluoric acid, copper sul- 
phate, nickel sulphate and chloride, and caustic soda. 
8 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section VII 
1. SODIUM CYANIDE.—Effects due to hydrogen cyanide, which is a powerful 
protoplasmic poison and causes a cessation of oxidation in the blood. This may also 
be absorbed through the skin. 
2. CADMIUM OXIDE. —Systemic effects due to edema of lungs and pneumonitis 
if inhaled. Associated with digestive symptoms if ingested. 
3. OXIDES OF NITROGEN.—Cause an edema of the lungs and if in sufficient 
concentration may cause death. 
4. HYDROFLUORIC ACID.—Usually produces a local caustic effect on skin and 
mucous membrane. There is a small possibility of chronic poisoning. 
5. LEAD CARBONATE.—May cause any of symptoms or signs of plumbism. 
6. COPPER SULPHATE.—Chronic copper poisoning has not been proved but is 
thought by some to cause hemochromatosis. Possibility of S02 causing upper respir- 
atory irritation can not be overlooked. 
7. NICKEL SULPHATE AND CHLORIDE.-Nickel carbonyl (mixture of nickel 
and carbon) is the only compound of nickel that produces system poisoning. 
8. PHOSPHORIC ACID.—Slight danger of formation of phosphorus. 
9. ACETIC ACID.—May produce temporary irritation of gastrointestinal tract and 
respiratory tract. 
10. CAUSTIC SODA.—May produce a dermatitis or conjunctivitis along with caus- 
tic effect. 
11. CHROMIC ACID.—Produces dermatitis with chrome ulcers, which are very 
slow healing. 
An example of lateral 
slot type ventilation. 
Small plating tanks provided with lateral slot type ventilation. 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
SECTION VIII 
ENGINE CLEANING 
PROCESS.—Engine parts are degreased by hand cleaning methods and by dipping 
in tanks. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Carbon tetrachloride. 
2. Turco fuzee (80 percent ethyl- 
ene dichloride, 20 percent cresol). 
3. Mixture (50 percent carbon 
tetrachloride, 50 percent gaso- 
line). 
4. Solvent dry cleaning (petro- 
leum distillate). 
5. Caustic cleaners (soda ash, 
Oakite). 
6. Other solvents such as gaso- 
line and turpentine. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust ventilation (hori- 
zontal slot type) and good natural 
ventilation. 
2. Strict personal hygiene. 
3. Protective creams and ointments. 
4. Protective clothing. 
5. Use of lanolin oil hand cleanser. 
6. Isolation of process. 
1. Local exhaust ventilation. 2. Protective clothing. 
10 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section VIII 
Lateral slot type exhaust ventilation. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may result from carbon tetrachloride, turco fuzee, gasoline, solvent dry 
cleaning, caustic cleaners, and turpentine. 
1. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.—If in sufficient concentration may cause an acute 
narcosis. Most common effect is chronic poisoning which effects primarily the liver 
and kidneys. 
2. TURCO FUZEE (80 percent ethylene dichloride and 20 percent cresol). 
a. Ethylene dichloride, if in sufficient concentration, is narcotic and if continued 
over a long period of time will produce edema of lungs and degenerative changes in 
the kidney. 
b. Gasoline (petroleum distillate) has an acute narcotic effect and may contain up 
to 20 percent benzene (benzol). 
3. SOLVENT DRY CLEANING (petroleum distillate).—May produce an acute 
anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poisoning usually associated with 
nervous symptoms. 
4. CAUSTIC SODA.—May produce a dermatitis or conjunctivitis along with caustic 
effect. 
5. TURPENTINE. —Inhalation of heavy fumes causes symptoms of a mild anesthetic 
poison. It is excreted by the kidneys and nephritis is not an uncommon result of long 
exposure to turpentine fumes. 
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11 Section VIII 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Use of enclosed and exhaust ventilated system in conveyor line cleaning method, 
Part of exhaust ventilated and enclosed system in conveyor line cleaning method. 
12 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section IX 
SECTION IX 
ENGINE DISASSEMBLY 
PROCESS.—Engines are manually disassembled into component parts and partially 
cleaned. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Carbon tetrachloride. 
2. Mixture of 50 percent carbon 
tetrachloride, 50 percent gaso- 
line. 
3. Solvent dry cleaning commer- 
cial petroleum distillate. 
4. Oils, greases. 
5. Other volatile solvents. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust (lateral type) or 
good natural ventilation. 
2. Strict personal hygiene, protec- 
tive clothing, protective ointments 
and creams, and use of lanolin oil 
hand cleanser. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, petroleum distillates, 
oils, and greases. 
1. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.—In sufficient concentration, may cause an acute 
narcosis. Most common effect is chronic poisoning, which injures primarily the 
kidneys and liver. 
2. PETROLEUM DISTILLATES (gasoline and solvent dry cleaning).—May pro- 
duce an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poisoning usually 
associated with nervous symptoms. 
3. OILS AND GREASES.—Usual damage is an oil dermatitis which can be con- 
trolled by proper corrective measures. 
General view of engine disassembly. 
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13 Section IX 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
1. Hand cleaning of parts using 
a covered container. 
2. Lanolin oil dispenser. 
Exhaust ventilated spray 
cleaning booth. 
Spray cleaning in exhaust 
ventilated booth. 
14 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section X 
SECTION X 
FOUNDRY 
PROCESS.—Molds are prepared, various metals melted and poured into molds, cast- 
ings removed from molds by "shake out,” castings ground and buffed. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Silica. 
2. Carbon monoxide. 
3. Metal fumes. 
4. Excessive heat. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. General exhaust ventilation. 
2. Approved type dust respirators. 
3. Good housekeeping. 
4. Use of nonsilica parting compound. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by fumes of certain metals that are being used in the 
foundry. 
1. SILICA. —May produce silicosis if dust count is not controlled. 
2. CARBON MONOXIDE.—If in sufficient concentration, will produce anoxemia, 
causing unconsciousness and death. 
3. METAL FUMES.—May cause different types of poisoning according to the types 
of metals that are used. 
4. EXCESSIVE HEAT.—May produce heat exhaustion with loss of body fluids and 
chlorides. 
7. Possible carbon monoxide from gas furnace. 2. Metal fumes. 3. “Wefted down” sand. 
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15 Section XI 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
SECTION XI 
HEAT TREATING 
PROCESS.—Tools and parts are tempered and hardened by heat treating. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Sodium cyanide. 
2. Carbon monoxide. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. General exhaust ventilation. 
2. Individual exhaust pipe for 
cyanide. 
3. Strict personal hygiene. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by cyanides. 
1. SODIUM CYANIDE.—Effects usually due to hydrogen cyanide, which is a pow- 
erful protoplasmic poison and causes a cessation of oxidation in the blood. This 
may also be absorbed through the skin. 
2. CARBON MONOXIDE.—If in sufficient concentration, will produce anoxemia, 
causing unconsciousness and death. 
Individual exhaust pipe 
Exhaust ventilated cyanide bath. 
16 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XII 
SECTION XII 
HYDRAULIC 
PROCESS.—Hydraulic parts of airplanes are disassembled, cleaned, repaired, some- 
times brush painted, and reassembled. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Carbon tetrachloride. 
2. Solvent dry cleaning (petrole- 
um distillate). 
3. Mixture 50 percent carbon tetra- 
chloride and 50 percent kerosene. 
4. Benzene. 
5. Alcohol. 
6. Carbon black. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. General exhaust ventilation or 
good natural ventilation. 
2. Local exhaust ventilation for con- 
tinuous cleaning operations. 
3. Covered solvent containers. 
4. Protective creams and oint- 
ments. 
5. Strict personal hygiene. 
6. Use of gloves where possible. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may result from petroleum distillate, methyl alcohol (usually due to de 
naturants), carbon tetrachloride, and benzol. 
Covered solvent container. 
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17 Sections XII-XIII 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
1. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.—If in sufficient concentration may cause an 
acute narcosis. Most common effect is chronic poisoning which effects primarily the 
liver and kideys. 
2. SOLVENT DRY CLEANING (petroleum distillate).—May produce an acute 
anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poisoning usually associated with 
nervous symptoms. Petroleum distillates may also contain benzene. 
3. BENZENE (benzol).—Is a very dangerous toxin and usually presents a picture 
of aplastic anemia. This type of clinical picture is seen after prolonged exposure. 
The acute type of poisoning produces inebriation. 
4. METHYL ALCOHOL.—May produce an acute inebriation with an atrophy of 
optic nerve, also symptoms of chronic poisoning. 
5. CARBON BLACK.—If prolonged, the dust may produce anthracosis. 
SECTION XIII 
INSTRUMENT REPAIR 
PROCESS.—All types of delicate instruments are disassembled, cleaned, reassembled, 
and calibrated. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Mixture of 50 percent carbon tet- 
rachloride, 50 percent gasoline. 
2. Stoddard’s solvent (commercial 
organic solvent). 
3. Solvent dry cleaning (petrole- 
um distillate). 
4. Other toxic agents such as am- 
monia, alcohol, miscellaneous 
organic solvents 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Properly designed ventilated spray 
booth for cleaning. 
2. Covered solvent containers. 
3. Protective creams and oint- 
ments. 
Covered solvent container. 
18 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XIII 
Cleaning table with 
lateral exhaust ventilation 
to remove solvent vapors. 
7. Spray booth 
2. Ventilation. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be produced by carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, Stoddard’s solvent, 
solvent dry cleaning, and alcohol. 
1. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.—If in sufficient concentration, may cause an 
acute narcosis. Most common effect is chronic poisoning, which affects primarily 
the liver and kidneys. 
2. PETROLEUM DISTILLATE (Stoddard’s solvent, solvent dry cleaning, gasoline). 
—May produce an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poison- 
ing usually associated with nervous symptoms. Petroleum distillates may also contain 
benzene. 
3. ALCOHOL.—May produce an acute inebriation or other changes dependent on 
type of alcohol used. 
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19 Section XIV 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
SECTION XIV 
LUMINOUS DIAL REPAIR 
PROCESS.-Used luminous dials are scraped and repainted, and new dials are 
painted with luminous paint. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Special designed workroom 
equipped with argon light 
inspection room, approved hoods, 
and exhaust ventilation. 
2. Compulsory personal hygiene. 
3. Proper storage and handling of 
luminous compound. 
4. Good housekeeping. 
5. Dry paint removal under liquid or 
ventilated hood and operator pro- 
vided with approved supplied air 
respirator. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Radioactive luminous paint. 
2. Radon. 
3. Gamma radiation. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Small possibility of burn from gamma radiation. 
RADIOACTIVE PAINT.—Greatest possibility is inhalation and ingestion of paints, 
causing a chronic type of poisoning which affects primarily the bones. 
1. Local exhaust ventilation. 
2. Hood. 
3. Lead container for wiping paper. 
Incorrect method 
of scraping old dial. 
20 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XIV 
Dial scraping prior to repainting. Note down- 
draft ventilated table in use at an overseas 
installation. 
Ventilated radium dial storage cabinet. 
Dial painting booths. 
Note rounded corners and well designed hoods. 
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21 Section XV 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
SECTION XV 
MACHINE SHOP 
PROCESS. —Airplane parts and tools are machined, finished, and polished. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Cutting oils and greases. 
2. Synthetic resin and asbestos 
dust. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Strict personal hygiene. 
2. Protective creams and ointments, 
3. Local exhaust ventilation of 
dusty processes. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be produced by cutting oils, greases, and synthetic resin 
ASBESTOS.—A prolonged exposure may produce asbestosis. 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XVI 
SECTION XVI 
MINOR REPAIR 
PROCESS.—Airplanes receive first and second echelon maintenance. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Carbon , tetrachloride. 
2. Solvent dry cleaning (petrole- 
um distillate). 
3. Mixture 30 percent carbon 
tetrachloride, 50 percent 
gasoline. 
4. Small quantities other toxic agents 
such as benzol, gasoline, toluene, 
acetone, amyl acetate, lead, ethyl 
alcohol, butyl alcohol, ethyl 
acetate, butyl acetate, petroleum 
naphtha, turpentine, caustic 
cleaners, oils, and greases. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. General exhaust or good natural 
ventilation. 
2. Local exhaust ventilation for 
cleaning inside of planes. 
3. Protective hand cream. 
4. Strict personal hygiene. 
5. Good housekeeping. 
6. Other measures are covered 
solvent containers and isola- 
tion of paint and dope operations. 
Minor repair. 
23 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by carbon tetrachloride, petroleum distillate (gasoline 
and petroleum naphtha), benzol, toluene, acetone, amyl acetate, lead, ethyl alcohol, 
butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, turpentine, caustic cleaners, oils, and 
greases. 
1. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.—If in sufficient concentration may cause an acute 
narcosis. Most common effect is chronic poisoning which injures primarily the 
kidneys and liver. 
2. PETROLEUM DISTILLATES (gasoline and petroleum naphtha).—May produce 
an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poisoning usually asso- 
ciated with nervous symptoms. 
3. BENZENE (benzol).—Is a very toxic material and usually presents a picture of 
aplastic anemia. This type of clinical picture is seen after prolonged exposure. The 
acute type of poisoning produces inebriation. 
4. TOLUENE. — If in sufficient concentration has a narcotic action. May produce 
death. Toluene is methyl benzene. 
3. ACETONE.—There are no cases of poisoning reported in man. Experimentally 
on animals, has an acute narcotic effect. 
6. ACETATE (amyl, butyl and ethyl). — Slight possibility of causing irritation of 
eyes and respiratory passages and mildly anesthetic. There are no fatal poisoning 
cases reported in man. 
7. ALCOHOL (butyl).—May produce blood changes with renal and hepatic degen- 
eration if inhaled over a long period of time. 
8. TURPENTINE. —Inhalation of heavy fumes causes symptoms of a mild anesthetic 
poison. It is excreted by the kidneys and nephritis is not an uncommon result of long 
exposure to turpentine fumes. 
9. CAUSTIC CLEANER.—May produce dermatitis and conjunctivitis along with 
caustic effect. 
10. OILS AND GREASES.—Usual damage is an oil dermatitis which can be con- 
trolled by proper corrective measures. 
SECTION XVII 
MOTOR VEHICLE AND 
MISCELLANEOUS REPAIR 
PROCESS.—Repair of gasoline motors and related equipment. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Carbon monoxide. 
2. Gasoline. 
3. Lead. 
4. Asbestos. 
5. Oils and greases. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust ventilation. 
2. Protective clothing, gloves, aprons. 
3. Approved-type air line respirators 
for continued exposure or approved- 
type toxic dust respirator for 
intermittent exposures to dusty 
operations. 
4. Protective hand creams. 
5. Strict personal hygiene. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by petroleum distillate (gasoline and petroleum naphtha), 
oils, and greases. 
1. CARBON MONOXIDE.—If in sufficient concentration, will produce anoxemia, 
causing unconsciousness and death. 
24 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XVII 
Exhaust ventilated grinding wheel 
for brake shoe grinding. 
Exhaust ventilating system for removal of 
carbon monoxide during motor tune-up. i 
Exhaust ventilating system for removal of carbon monoxide during motor tune-up. 
2. GASOLINE.—May produce an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic 
type of poisoning usually associated with nervous symptoms. 
3. LEAD.—May produce any of the symptoms and signs of plumbism. 
4. ASBESTOS.—A prolonged exposure may produce asbestosis. 
5. OILS AND GREASES.—Usual damage is an oil dermatitis which can be con- 
trolled by proper corrective measures. 
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25 Section XVIII 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
SECTION XVIII 
OFFICE APPLIANCES 
PROCESS.—Typewriters are cleaned, repaired, and adjusted. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Naphtha. 
2. Benzene. 
3. Carbon tetrachloride. 
4. Kerosene. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust ventilation. 
2. Isolation of process. 
3. Protective clothing. 
4. Protective creams and ointments. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by carbon tetrachloride, petroleum distillates (petroleum 
naphtha, kerosene), and benzene. 
1. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. — If in sufficient concentration may cause an acute 
narcosis. Most common effect is chronic poisoning which injures primarily the kid- 
neys and liver. 
2. BENZENE (benzol). —Is a very toxic material and usually presents a picture of 
aplastic anemia. This type of clinical picture is seen after prolonged exposure. The 
acute type of poisoning produces inebriation. 
3. PETROLEUM DISTILLATES (petroleum naphtha, kerosene).—May produce an 
acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poisoning usually associated 
with nervous symptoms. 
Note the absence of ventilation for solvent spraying. 
26 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XIX 
SECTION XIX 
PAINT AND DOPE 
PROCESS. — Surfaces of airplanes such as bodies, wings, etc., are doped (spray and 
hand), and painted (spray and hand). 
Hand painting and dope. 
1. Position of work. 
2. Downdraft general exhaust ventilation. 
Spray paint and dope. 
7. Booth enclosure. 2. Exhaust fans. 
Using a supplied air respirator in vehicle spray painting. 
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27 Section XIX 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Hand application of paint and dope to fabric-covered wing sections. 
Downdraft exhaust ventilation through floor grilles should be employed. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Benzol. 
2. Toluene. 
3. Acetone. 
4. Amyl acetate. 
5. Lead paint. 
6. Othel toxic agents such as ethyl 
alcohol, butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, 
butyl acetate, petroleum naphtha, 
turpentine. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust ventilation (booth). 
2. Approved supplied air respirator. 
3. Approved chemical cartridge-type 
respirator for short exposures. 
4. Closed solvent containers and 
separate storage of bulk solvents. 
3. Isolation of process. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be produced by benzol, toluene, acetone, acetates, lead paint, alcohols, 
turpentine, and petroleum naphtha. 
1. BENZOL.—Is a very toxic material and usually presents a picture of aplastic 
anemia. This type of clinical picture is seen after prolonged exposure. The acute 
type of poisoning produces inebriation. 
2. TOLUENE.—If in sufficient concentration, has a narcotic action and may produce 
death. Toluene is methyl benzene. 
3. ACETONE.—There are no cases of poisoning reported in man. Experimentally 
on animals has an acute narcotic effect. 
4. ACETATES (amyl, butyl, ethyl). —Slight possibility of causing irritation of eyes 
and respiratory passages and is slightly anesthetic. 
5. LEAD PAINTS.—May produce any of characteristic signs or symptoms of 
plumbism. 
6. ALCOHOL (ethyl and butyl).—May produce blood changes with renal and 
hepatic degeneration if inhaled over a long period of time. 
7. PETROLEUM NAPHTHA.—May produce an acute anesthetic action or may 
produce a chronic type of poisoning usually associated with nervous symptoms. 
8. TURPENTINE.—Inhalation of heavy fumes causes symptoms of a mild anesthetic 
poison. It is excreted by the kidneys and nephritis is not an uncommon result of long 
exposure to turpentine fumes. 
28 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XX 
SECTION XX 
PLEXIGLAS 
PROCESS.—Plexiglas is drilled, ground, cut, and shaped. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Small quantities ethylene dichloride 
and monomeric methyl methacrylate. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. General exhaust or good natural 
ventilation. 
2. Covered solvent containers. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Ethylene dichloride may produce dermatitis. 
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE.—May produce an acute anesthetic action and, if pro- 
longed, may produce death. Action similar to that of carbon tetrachloride and 
chloroform. 
29 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
SECTION XXI 
PROPELLER 
PROCESS.—Airplane propellers are dismantled, cleaned, adjusted, reassembled, and 
balanced. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Trichloroethylene. 
2. Carbon tetrachloride. 
3. Solvent dry cleaning (petroleum 
distillate). 
4. Small amounts of oils and greases. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust ventilation 
(horizontal slot type). 
2. Protective hand creams. 
3. Strict personal hygiene and use of 
gloves where possible. 
4. Lower temperature of solvent and 
reduce rate of operation. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by trichloroethylene, solvent dry cleaning, and oils and 
greases. 
1. TRICHLOROETHYLENE.—In sufficient concentration, is an acute narcotic 
poison which is almost double that of carbon tetrachloride. In the presence of a 
flame, the vapors may form phosgene. Long continued exposure to trichloroethylene 
has been held responsible for lesions to the optic and trigeminal nerves, and may 
exert a damaging effect on any part of the central nervous system. 
2. SOLVENT DRY CLEANING.—May produce an acute anesthetic action or may 
produce a chronic type of poisoning, usually associated with nervous symptoms. 
3. OILS AND GREASES.—Usual damage is an oil dermatitis which can be con- 
trolled by proper corrective measures. 
4. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.—If in sufficient concentration, may cause an 
acute narcosis. Most common effect is chronic poisoning which injures permanently 
the kidneys and liver. 
Cleaning operations and improper ventilation. 
30 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XXII 
SECTION XXII 
RADIATOR AND TANK 
PROCESS.—Radiators are dismantled, cleaned, repaired, and reassembled; metal 
tanks are cleaned and repaired. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Lead. 
2. Ultraviolet radiations. 
3. Gasoline. 
4. Carbon monoxide. 
5. Caustic cleaning solutions 
(soda ash). 
6. Other toxic agents such as metal 
fumes, hydrochloric acid, gaseous 
decomposition of rod coatings. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust ventilation 
(hood type). 
2. General exhaust ventilation. 
3. Goggles (gas weld). 
4. Protective hand creams. 
Local exhaust ventilation 
for solder pot. 
Solvent cleaning of oil coolers. Note the use of exhaust ventilation. 
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31 Section XXII 
RESTRICTED 
ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Exhaust ventilation applied 
to lead melting and soldering. 
Exhaust ventilation for dipping radiators in hot metal to release cores. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may result from lead, ultraviolet radiation, gasoline, caustic cleaning solu- 
tions, hydrochloric acid, and fluorides. 
1. LEAD.—May produce any of symptoms or signs associated with plumbism. 
2. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION.—May produce flash burn of the eyes associated 
with intense pain and photophobia. 
3. GASOLINE.—May produce an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic 
type of poisoning usually associated with nervous symptoms. 
4. CARBON MONOXIDE.—If in sufficient concentration will produce anoxemia 
causing unconsciousness and death. 
5. CAUSTIC CLEANING SOLUTIONS.—May produce a dermatitis and conjunc- 
tivitis along with caustic effect. 
6. METAL FUMES.—May produce metal fume fever along with chronic poisoning 
from metals being welded. 
7. HYDROCHLORIC ACID.—Usual danger is from spillage in open flame. Possi- 
bility of production of phosgene, which may produce edema of the lungs and death. 
8. ROD COATING.—Gaseous decomposition of welding rods used to weld monel 
contain fluorine, which is an irritant to upper respiratory tract and skin. 
32 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XXIII 
SECTION XXIII 
RUBBER TANK REPAIR 
PROCESS.—Self-sealing rubber tanks are cleaned, patched, and recoated. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Benzol. 
2. Ethylene dichloride. 
3. Toluene. 
4. Gasoline. 
5. Other toxic agents such as ethyl 
acetate, ethyl alcohol, methyl ethyl 
ketone, petroleum naphtha. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. General exhaust ventilation. 
2. Local exhaust ventilation or blow 
(tanks). 
3. Covered solvent containers. 
4. Segregation of process. 
5. Other measures are strict personal 
hygiene, protective clothing, 
protective ointments and creams. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by benzol, ethylene dichloride, toluene, gasoline, ethyl 
acetate, ethyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, and petroleum naphtha. 
1. BENZENE (benzol).—Is a very toxic material and usually presents a picture of 
aplastic anemia. This type of clinical picture is seen after prolonged exposure. The 
acute type of poisoning produces inebriation. 
2. TOLUENE.—If in sufficient concentration, has a narcotic effect and may produce 
death. Toluene is methyl benzene. 
3. PETROLEUM DISTILLATES (gasoline and petroleum naphtha).—May produce 
an acute anesthetic action or produce a chronic type of poisoning usually associated 
with nervous symptoms. 
Exhaust ventilation of fuel cells. 
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33 Section XXIII 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Using a supplied air respirator in entering a fuel cell. 
Lateral exhaust ventilation on table used for de-icer repair. 
4. ETHYL ACETATE.—Slight possibility of causing irritation of eyes and respira- 
tory passages. Is mildly anesthetic. 
5. ETHYL ALCOHOL.—May produce an acute inebriation or, if useu over a long 
period of time, produce damage to liver and kidneys. 
6. ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE.—May produce an acute anesthetic action and, if 
prolonged, may produce death. Action similar to that of carbon tetrachloride and 
chloroform. 
7. METHYL ETHYL KETONE.—Experimentally on animals has an acute narcotic 
effect. There are no cases of poisoning reported in man. 
34 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XXIV 
SECTION XXIV 
SANDBLASTING 
PROCESS.—Engine parts and castings are cleaned by sandblasting. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Silica. 
2. Lead. 
3. Cadmium. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Commercial cabinet of proper design. 
2. Substitution of steel grit for sand. 
3. Approved-type dust respirator 
(temporary operations). 
4. Approved-type supplied air respirator. 
5. Rubber gloves and aprons. 
6. Isolation of process. 
7. Good housekeeping and maintenance 
of equipment. 
8. Strict personal hygiene. 
Commercial cabinet 
and protective clothing. 
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35 Sections XXIV-XXV 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by lead. 
1. SILICA. — Persons exposed to dust, especially silica, over a long period of time 
may develop pneumoconiosis. 
2. LEAD.—May produce any of the characteristic signs and symptoms of plumbism. 
3. CADMIUM. —Systemic effects due to edema of the lungs and pneumonitis if 
inhaled; associated with digestive symptoms if ingested. 
SECTION XXV 
SPARK PLUG CLEANING 
PROCESS.—Spark plugs are disassembled, points cleaned by sandblasting, repaired, 
adjusted, and tested. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Silica. 
2. Carbon tetrachloride. 
3. Solvent dry cleaning (petroleum 
distillate). 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust ventilation. 
2. Approved air-line respirators. 
3. Approved dust-type respirator. 
4. Isolation of process. 
5. Substitution of nontoxic materials. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may result from carbon tetrachloride and solvent dry cleaners. 
1. SILICA.—May produce silicosis if dust count is not controlled. 
2. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.—If in sufficient concentration may cause an acute 
narcosis. Most common effect is chronic poisoning, which effects primarily the liver 
and the kidneys. 
3. SOLVENT DRY CLEANER (petroleum distillate).—May produce an acute 
anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poisoning associated mainly with 
nervous symptoms. Petroleum distillate may also contain benzene. 
Exhaust ventilated booth for removal of solvent vapors. 
36 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XXVI 
SECTION XXVI 
SPRAY PAINTING 
PROCESS.—Engine parts such as crankcases, exhaust pipes, and new castings are 
spray painted. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Lead. 
2. Toluene. 
3. Xylene. 
4. Turpentine. 
5. Mineral spirits. 
6. Naphthenate. 
7. Metallic paint pigments. 
8. Thinners such as ethyl alcohol, butyl 
alcohol, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, 
ethyl acetate, petroleum naphtha, 
and sometimes benzene. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Water curtain spray booth properly 
ventilated. 
2. Approved chemical cartridge-type 
respirator for temporary operations. 
3. Isolation of process. 
4. Bulk solvents stored separately. 
Paint spray 
booths. 
Water curtain 
ventilated 
spray booth. 
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37 Section XXVI 
RESTRICTED 
ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Water curtain 
ventilated spray booth. 
Paint spray 
booth. 
Paint spray 
booth. 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Sections XXVI-XXVII 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by lead, toluene, xylene, turpentine, naphthenate, metallic 
paint pigments, alcohol, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, petroleum naphtha, and benzene 
(benzol). 
1. LEAD.—May produce any of the characteristic signs and symptoms of plumbism. 
2. TOLUENE AND XYLENE. — In sufficient concentration, have narcotic action and 
may produce death. Toluene is methyl benzene and xylene is dimethyl benzene. 
3. TURPENTINE.—Inhalation of heavy fumes causes symptoms of a mild anesthetic 
poison. It is excreted by the kidneys and nephritis is not an uncommon result of long 
exposure to turpentine fumes. 
4. NAPHTHENATE AND NAPHTHA (petroleum distillates).-May produce an 
acute anesthetic action or produce a chronic type of poisoning usually associated with 
nervous symptoms. Petroleum distillates may also contain benzene. 
5. METALLIC PAINT PIGMENTS.—May produce any type of metallic poisoning 
as long as metal is contained in paint. 
6. BUTYL ALCOHOL.—May produce blood changes with renal and hepatic degen- 
eration if inhaled over a long period of time. 
7. BUTYL AND ETHYL ACETATE.—May cause a slight irritation of the eyes and 
air passages. Strong vapors are slightly anesthetic. 
8. BENZENE.—Is a very toxic material and usually presents a picture of aplastic 
anemia. This type of chemical picture is seen after prolonged exposure. The acute 
type of poisoning produces inebriation. 
SECTION XXVII 
TRICHLOROETHYLENE DEGREASING 
PROCESS.—Engine parts are degreased by dipping in a tank. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Trichloroethylene. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Local exhaust (horizontal slot type) 
ventilation. 
2. Proper installation and operation of 
commercial degreasers. 
3. Use of gloves and protective creams. 
4. Reduce solvent level and rate of 
operation. 
5. Keep lid of tank closed as much 
as possible. 
6. Approved air-line type respirator 
for cleaning sumps. 
7. Observe all precautions as recom- 
mended by manufacturer of 
equipment. 
8. Isolation of process. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by trichloroethylene. 
TRICHLOROETHYLENE.—In sufficient concentration is an acute narcotic poison 
which is almost double that of carbon tetrachloride. In the presence of a flame, the 
vapors may form phosgene. Long continued exposure to trichloroethylene has been 
held responsible for lesions to the optic and trigeminal nerves, and may exert a dam- 
aging effect on any part of the central nervous system. Trichloroethylene may also 
cause dermatitis. 
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39 Sections XXVII-XXVIII 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
7. Follow manufacturer's instruc- 
tions, “Lid must be closed when 
not in use.” 
Water jacketed degreaser with hinged covers. This is 
mechanically exhausted and thermostatically con- 
trolled. Follow instructions carefully. Keep doors closed. 
Do not breathe toxic vapors. 
2. Water jacket condenser for 
condensing vapors. 
SECTION XXVIII 
WELDING 
PROCESS.—Various metal parts are welded by means of an electric welding arc or 
oxyacetylene welding torch. 
TOXIC AGENTS 
1. Ultraviolet and infrared radiations. 
2. Metal fumes. 
3. Gaseous decomposition of rod coating. 
4. Excessive heat. 
5. Fluorides (when welding monel). 
6. Other toxic substances are possible, 
such as oxides of nitrogen, and 
carbon monoxide. 
SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 
1. Protective helmet, shield, gloves, 
and apron (electric weld). 
2. Goggles (gas weld). 
3. Isolation of process. 
4. General or local exhaust ventilation. 
5. Portable or permanent black shield 
to protect adjacent workers. 
HEALTH HAZARDS 
Dermatitis may be caused by ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and fluorine. 
1. ULTRAVIOLET AND INFRARED RADIATIONS.-May produce flash burns 
of the eyes, associated with intense pain and photophobia. 
2. METAL FUMES.—May produce poisoning from fumes of metals being welded, 
and metal fume fever. 
3. EXCESSIVE HEAT.—May produce heat exhaustion with loss of body fluids and 
chlorides. 
4. FLUORIDES.—May produce fluorine which is an irritant to upper respiratory 
tract and skin. 
5. OXIDES OF NITROGEN.—Produce edema of lungs and, if in sufficient concen- 
tration, may cause death. 
6. CARBON MONOXIDE.—If in sufficient concentration, will produce anoxemia, 
causing loss of consciousness and death. 
40 
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ATSC MANUAL No. 25-3 
Section XXVIII 
Removing fumes by local exhaust ventilation. 
Use of goggles in oxyacetylene welding. 
Ventilation turned off. Note the heavy concentration of fumes. 
The design of the local exhaust ventilating system for this 
welding operation provides for flexibility of location 
of the exhaust inlet. 
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41