RELIMINARY INDUSTRIAL 
IYGIENE SURVEY 
>F INDIANA INDUSTRIES 
INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 
BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 
VERNE K. HARVEY, M.D., C.P.H., Director 
PRELIMINARY INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
OF INDIANA INDUSTRIES 
BY 
THE BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 
LOUIS W. SPOLYAR, M.D., Chief 
JOHN S. WILEY, M.S., Engineer 
WILMA E. RICHTER, Secretary 
INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 
1939 WM. B. BUKFOKD PRINTING CO., CONTRACTOR FOR STATE PRINTING AND BINDING 
INDIANAPOLIS: 
19 3 9 CONTENTS 
Page 
INTRODUCTION * 9 
SUMMARY 13 
RECOMMENDATIONS 15 
SCOPE AND PLAN OF SURVEY 19 
DETAILS OF THE STUDY 22 
Types of Industries Surveyed 22 
Size of Plants 24 
Industrial Welfare Provisions 31 
Safety Organizations 31 
Medical Provisions 32 
Disability Statistics 33 
General Sanitation Facilities 39 
Potential Exposures to Specified Materials 47 
Control Measures 53 
Material Exposure by Occupation 54 
Extraction of Minerals 59 
Chemical and Allied 63 
Cigar and Tobacco 69 
Clay, Glass and Stone 73 
Clothing 81 
Food and Allied 85 
Iron and Steel 93 
Metal Industries (Except Iron and Steel) 101 
Leather 107 
Lumber and Furniture Ill 
Paper, Printing and Allied 115 
Textile Industry 121 
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries 125 
Domestic and Personal Services 131 
SUMMARY OF MATERIAL EXPOSURES AND EXPECTED NUMBER OF EX- 
POSURES 137 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 140 
APPENDIX A, MATERIAL CLASSIFICATIONS 143 
APPENDIX B, FORMS USED IN THE INDIANA SURVEY 155 
APPENDIX C, REFERENCES 162 TABLES 
Table Page 
1. Number of plants and employees in Indiana industries and groups surveyed. Following 22 
2. Percent and number of workers surveyed, based on the office industrial file and 1930 
U. S. Census 24 
3. Percentage distribution of plants according to size 25 
3A. Distribution of surveyed plants and workers by counties 28 
4. Percentage distribution of workers according to size of plants 25 
5. Industrial welfare provisions—Safety organization 31 
6. Industrial welfare provisions—Medical 32 
7. Industrial welfare provisions—Disability statistics 33 
8. Comparison of industrial welfare provisions in plants employing 100 or less workers 
with plants having more than 100 workers 34 
9. Comparison of industrial health services in Indiana industries with similar data 
from other states 34 
10. Sanitation facilities—Number of facilities provided, per cent of employees not served 
with facilities, and number of persons per facility 41 
11. Sanitation facilities—Number of facilities provided and percent of approved type.. 43 
12. General sanitation 44 
13. Number of workers exposed to specific materials in industrial or service group 
surveyed 48 
14. Percent of workers exposed to specific materials in industrial or service group 
surveyed 49 
15. Percent of exposed workers having controls in all industrial and service groups 
surveyed 55 
16. Extraction of minerals—Exposures 59 
17. Extraction of minerals—Controls 60 
18. Chemical and allied—Exposures Preceding 63 
19. Chemical and allied—Controls 64 
20. Paint and varnish—Material exposure by occupation 65 
21. Cigar and tobacco—Exposures and Controls 69 
22. Clay, glass and stone—Exposures 74 
23. Clay, glass and stone—Controls 75 
24. Cement-Material exposure by occupation 76 
25. Lime and artificial stone—Material exposure by occupation 77 
26. Rockwool—Material exposure by occupation 78 
27. Clothing and allied—Exposures 81 
28. Clothing and allied—Controls 82 
29. Food and allied—Exposures 86 
30. Food and allied—Controls 87 
31. Fruit and vegetable canning—Material exposure by occupation 88 
32. Slaughter and packing houses—Material exposure by occupation 89 
33. Iron and steel—Exposures 94 
34. Iron and steel—Controls 95 
35. Blast furnaces and steel rolling mills (except wire)—Material exposure by occupation 96 
36. Iron foundries—Material exposure by occupation 97 
37. Metals except iron and steel—Exposures 102 
38. Metals except iron and steel—Controls 103 
39. Musical instruments—Material exposure by occupation 104 
40. Leather—Exposures 107 
41. Leather—Controls 108 
42. Lumber and furniture—Exposures Ill Table Page 
43. Lumber and furniture—Controls 112 
44. Paper, printing and allied—Exposures 116 
45. Paper, printing and allied—Controls 117 
46. Textiles—Exposures 121 
47. Textiles—Controls 122 
48. Miscellaneous manufacturing and mechanical—Exposures 126 
49. Miscellaneous manufacturing and mechanical—Controls .... 127 
50. Rubber—Material exposure by occupation 128 
51. Personal services (laundries and dry cleaning)—Exposures 131 
52. Personal services (laundries and dry cleaning)—Controls 132 
53. Dry cleaning—Material exposure by occupation , 133 
54. Materials in each industry or service group to which 10% or more persons were 
exposed 138 
55. Number of persons in the sample studied exposed to some of the more important 
materials 138 
56. Expected number of persons exposed to various materials 139 FIGURES 
Page 
Map—Pictorial map showing distribution of industries in Indiana 23 
1. Organization of Indiana industrial hygiene survey 20 
2. Flow sheet of Indiana industrial hygiene survey 21 
3. Histogram—Percentage distribution of plants and workers according to size of plants 
(Comparison census and Indiana survey) 26 
4. Cumulative percentage distribution of workers according to size of plants (Com- 
parison census and Indiana Survey) . 27 
5. Comparison of welfare provisions in plants employing 100 or less with those employing 
more than 100 35 
6. Sanitation facilities—Number of persons per facility found in Indiana survey com- 
pared to recommended numbers ;... 40 
APPENDIX (A) 
Figure Pago 
7. Form 3. Survey form for industrial welfare and sanitation data 143 
8. Form 4. Survey form for workroom data 144 
9. Form 5. Tabulation form for industrial welfare data 145 
10. Form 6. Tabulation form for material exposures 146 
11. Form 7. Tabulation form for material exposures by occupation 147 
12. Form 8. Tabulation form for general sanitation data 148 
13. Form 8A. Tabulation form for number of sanitary facilities 149 
14. Form 9. Tabulation form for control measures 150 
15. Daily office progress report 151 
16. Assignment of plants • 152 
17. Daily progress chart 153 
18. Weekly progress chart 154 
APPENDIX (B) 
Table Title Page 
57. Industrial Codes 155 
58. Major exposure classifications 156 
59. Examples of products included under each major classification 156 
60. Alphabetical list of material classifications 158 
61. Code of control measures 161 
APPENDIX (C) 
Page 
References 162 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 
Through joint activities of Governor Townsend, the United States 
Public Health Service, the Indiana State Labor Department and the 
Indiana State Board of Health, a Bureau of Industrial Hygiene was 
created February 15, 1938. Skeletal personnel was secured and, under 
the guidance of the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the United States 
Public Health Service, this personnel was taken through its neonatal 
existence in Industrial Hygiene. 
Since industrial hygiene activities were new for Indiana, very little 
basic information was available as to number of plants, number of 
workers, types of industries, potential hazards in industry, or occupations 
in which these hazards were prone to occur. Welfare data as to safety, 
medical facilities and morbidity records were also scarce. 
It was believed that to formulate a substantial and well founded 
program for this Bureau to follow in coping with industrial hygiene 
problems, the above data should be known so that logical conclusions may 
be reached as to the probable magnitude of our problem. With this in 
view, a state wide industrial hygiene survey was made. 
That there is a problem associated with occupational disease control 
may be exemplified by a statement of Dr. Sayers,1 Chief of Division of 
Industrial Hygiene, United States Public Health Service, in which he 
reveals that the industrial worker has a higher incidence of tuberculosis, 
pneumonia and degenerative diseases in addition to the potential occupa- 
tional diseases associated with his occupation. Further, it is being shown 
that the average life expectancy of an industrial worker is seven years 
less than that of the non-industrial worker.2 
Most occupational diseases are preventable through proper engineer- 
ing controls and on that belief, the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene under- 
took the study of the problem of occupational diseases in Indiana; their 
potential occurrences and their control. 
This report summarizes the study of the problems dealing with: 
a. Statistical analysis of workers by sex, occupation and industry. 
b. Statistical analysis of plants as to number, size and types. 
c. Welfare facilities for workers. 
d. Potential hazardous material exposures. 
e. Occupations where these potential hazards may tend to occur. 
f. Control of the exposures. 
This study was a preliminary one and at no time was the exposure 
evaluated by quantitative laboratory determinations. Only logical poten- 
tialities were noted. 
These results will serve as a basis for the constructive development 
of the following industrial hygiene services in Indiana: 
I. General: 
Plant surveys to determine potential health hazards. 
Detailed plant studies to determine extent of hazards. 
Investigate complaints. 
Answer inquiries regarding occupational hygiene. 
Cooperate with other departments and agencies. 
Educational. 10 
Long Term Program— 
Secure reporting of occupational diseases by legislative en- 
actment. 
Stimulate plants to keep records of all absenteeism. 
Train local district personnel to handle their own local in- 
dustrial hygiene problems. 
II. Medical: 
Consultation in diagnosis and treatment of occupational diseases. 
Advice as to proper control measures. 
Physical and X-ray examinations in special studies as requested. 
III. Engineering: 
Dust determinations. 
Advice as to removal of dusts, fumes and gases from plants by 
means of proper ventilation. 
Illumination. 
Sanitation. 
IV. Chemical: 
Analysis of materials used in plants. 
Collection and analysis of air samples from workrooms. 
Determination of atmospheric concentration of gases, fumes, 
and vapors- SUMMARY 
1. Recommendations SUMMARY 
1. 2,545 establishments employing 247,817 people were studied. The 
establishments drawn for a sample survey, were in the classifications 
of: Extraction of Minerals, Mechanical and Manufacturing, and 
Domestic and Personal Service of which only laundries and dry 
cleaning plants were included. 
2. The 1939 United States census lists 404,059 people engaged in the 
industries of the type studied. The survey accounted for 61,3% of 
the 1930 census figure. 
3. Indiana is the ninth largest industrial State in the Union. 
4. Through the cooperation of the various agencies, a complete indus- 
trial file was established in the Bureau. The census of our file 
(1938-1939) shows 328,432 people engaged in the type industries 
studies. The survey sample accounted for 75.5% of this figure. 
Based on the 1930 census or our present file, the sample appeared 
adequate and data presented may be assumed to be representative 
of the conditions found. 
5. 78.5% of plants studied employed less than 100 workers while 96.8% 
of plants employed less than 500 workers. The bulk of Indiana’s 
industry is in small plants. 
6. 23% of the industrial population studied was employed in plants 
listed as 1-100 size and 62.9% were employed in plants listed as 
1-500 size. Better than half of Indiana’s industrial population is 
included in the 96.8% of plants employing less than 500 people. 
Conclusions reached by Newquist3 in a study by the American College 
of Surgeons indicate that plants employing less than 500 people 
cannot economically render health services needed. 
7. Study of health services available revealed that: 
24.9% of workers had services of a full time safety director. 
21.0% of workers had services of a part time director. 
46.3% of workers had services of a shop committee. 
4,1% of workers had facilities of a company owned hospital. 
9.0% of workers had facilities of a contract hospital. 
55.0% of workers had facilities of a first aid room. 
88.0% of workers had the use of a first aid kit. 
49.8% of workers had services of trained first aid workers. 
10.0% of workers had services of full time plant physician. 
18.5% of workers had services of part time plant physician. 
35.5% of workers had services of full time plant nurse. 
50.3% of workers were members of Sick Benefit Associations. 
56.7% of workers had sickness records kept for them. 
98.3% of workers had accident records kept for them. 
8. In general persons employed in plants larger than 100 had more 
welfare facilities than those employed in plants less than 100. (See 
Table 8.) 
9. Welfare facilities although inadequate compared favorably with other 
states. (See Table 9.) 14 
10. A majority of the sanitation fixtures were found to be of a type 
which is not approved by the Indiana State Board of Health. Ap- 
proved fixtures found were: Fountains 20.2%, Lavatories 62.5%, 
Flush toilets 15.8%, Pit privies 38.6% and Urinals 47.3%. 
11. Ratio of workers per facility was near recommended ratio. (See 
Table 10.) 
12. 15.3% of workers had use of an individual drinking cup. 
15.9% of workers had use of a common cup. 
44.8% of workers had use of a common towel. 
62.7% of workers had use of individual towel. 
47.5% of workers were provided with individual lockers. 
13. In descending order of number of workers exposed; exposures to 
metals (36,549 workers), dermatitis producers (27,599 workers), 
organic dusts (22,948 workers), high humidity (15,673 workers), 
extreme temperature changes (12,921 workers), silica dusts (11,842 
workers), silicate dusts (11,312 workers), gases (11,312 workers), 
petroleum products (10,067 workers), non-siliceous dusts (9,647 
workers) and lead (6,884 workers) were noted as the most common 
for Indiana industries. (For complete list and relative frequencies, 
see Table 13.) 
14. The most probable potential exposures were noted for each industrial 
group as well as the occupations in which they tend to occur, so 
that control measures may be instituted at potential foci. 
15. In general control measures provided were limited in number, 
16. Indiana is a large industrial state; the bulk of its industry is housed 
in small plants; the workers are potentially exposed to numerous 
hazardous materials and it becomes obvious that the small plant is 
not able financially to engage services of engineers, chemists and 
physicians to cope with their problems. Thus some unbiased govern- 
mental agency such as the State Board of Health should be charged 
with responsibility of giving this service to industry. RECOMMENDATIONS 
1. That detailed field and laboratory studies be undertaken in solving 
the problems of dermatitis producers, silica and lead dusts. 
2. That the State Board of Health, through its Bureau of Industrial 
Hygiene, offer laboratory, medical and engineering services to in- 
dustry. 
3. That all records and findings of the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene 
should be immune from court testimony in civil action, so that 
industry, labor, medicine, and other interested agencies may feel 
free to use the services of this Bureau. The Bureau at all times 
should be a neutral fact-finding agepcy. 
4. That reporting of occupational diseases by physicians and all ab- 
senteeism due to illness by industry be inaugurated. In this way the 
Bureau, through analysis of records may spot endemic foci of occu- 
pational diseases before they reached major proportions. 
5. That medical welfare activities be increased with special emphasis 
on industrial nursing. Small plants should have some competent 
individual present at all times, and a nurse, trained in industrial 
hygiene, would help solve that problem. 
6. That this Bureau cooperate closely with the State Labor Department 
by offering medical and engineering consultations, as well as indus- 
trial laboratory facilities. 
7. That this Bureau establish itself as a service Bureau to industry 
and interested agencies. 
8. That a general educational program be undertaken by the Bureau 
offering speakers, literature, and motion pictures to interested groups. 
Further that the full time district personnel become thoroughly ac- 
quainted with the problems and that eventually these districts may 
participate in the solution of these problems locally. 
9. That a complete industrial library be maintained by the Bureau for 
use by all agencies. 
10. That an industrial sanitation program be inaugurated by the State 
Board of Health. 
11. That due credit be given the United States Public Health Service, 
Division of Industrial Hygiene, for instituting this service in Indiana 
and for the splendid cooperation offered by the Service since then. SCOPE AND PLAN OF SURVEY 
1. Details Survey 
2. Types Industries Surveyed 
3. Distribution by Counties 19 
Scope and Plan of Survey 
It was thought desirable to limit the survey to types of industries in 
which occupational diseases were prone to occur. Therefore agriculture, 
forestry and fishing, transportation and communication, trade, postal 
service, building, independent hand trades, domestic and personal services 
(except laundries and dry cleaning) and professional services were not 
included. 
All plants of the types of industries or service groups to be surveyed 
employing four or more people were included. A complete card file was 
made of these plants and arranged according to a coded industrial clas- 
sification furnished by the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the United 
States Public Health Service. 
While it is agreed that a complete survey of all industries would be 
valuable, it was further agreed that a sample survey would suffice. A 
66 2/3% sample was selected by drawing two cards and leaving one, 
thereby achieving an unbiased sample. These cards were rearranged 
geographically by counties and Field Engineers assigned to the plants. 
Prior to engaging in the field activities, the field personnel was given a 
course of instructions and orientation by Sanitary Engineer J. J. Bloom- 
field, of the United States Public Health Service. The survey time was 
limited to six months of field work. 
Approximately ten days prior to the Engineers’ visit to a plant, an 
informative letter, signed by Dr. Harvey, Secretary of the State Board 
of Health, was sent to the plant from the central office, informing the 
plant management of the purpose of the study and enlisting his co- 
operation. The study was a voluntary function of industry. 
Forms used in the field were two in number designated as three and 
four. (See Appendix B.) Form three was designed to record health serv- 
ice data for the plant as a whole. Form four was designed to record 
occupations, nature of the job, raw materials and by-products handled 
and what control measures were used. These forms were sent to the cen- 
tral office where they were checked, classified, edited (noting potential 
exposures associated with each occupation) and tabulated on special forms. 
(See Forms five, six, seven, eight and nine in Appendix B.) 20 
WS DON/VT HRSAVILSON 
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Organization of Indiana Industrial H-qqitne Surveg 
STATE DIVISION OF LABOR 
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DETAILS OF THE STUDY 
Type of Industries Surveyed 
Table 1 summarizes the number of establishments surveyed in each 
industrial classification, the sex distribution in each classification and the 
total number of employees under observation. The study included 2,545 
plants with a population of 247,817. The largest number of plants sur- 
veyed was in the manufacturing and mechanical group, 2,309 plants em- 
ploying 238,183 persons. In the extraction of minerals 74 plants employ- 
ing 4,704 persons were included. Of this group 47 were coal mines 
accounting for 4,125 employees. The sand, gravel and limestone quarries 
contributed scantly to this classification because the survey was “off 
season” for their peak activity. In the domestic and personal services 
group 162 establishments, accounting for 4,930 persons were surveyed. 
See pictorial map for geopraphical distribution of products. 
In the manufacturing and mechanical group, the largest number of 
plants surveyed in any one sub-group was in the Food and Allied Indus- 
tries, in which 535 plants employing 35,464 workers were covered. This 
was due to the fact that 107 fruit and vegetable canning establishments 
were covered during the peak of their seasonal run. The Iron and Steel 
Industry had the greatest number of workers of any sub-group, 80,728 
employees working in 480 plants having been surveyed. 
An attempt was made to survey all types of industries, except those 
purposely omitted, in order to obtain a true cross-section of the environ- 
mental conditions surrounding workers in the State, as well as to deter- 
mine potential occupational disease hazards. Industry or Service Group 
Number 
of 
Plants 
Number of Workers 
Total 
Males 
Females 
2,545 
247,817 
186,531 
61,286 
Extraction of Minerals 
74 
4,704 
4,689 
15 
Coal mines 
47 
4,125 
4,118 
7 
Sand and gravel 
24 
371 
365 
6 
Limestone quarries 
3 
208 
206 
2 
Manufacturing and Mechanical 
2,309 
238,183 
179,997 
58,186 
Chemical and Allied 
107 
15,741 
13,564 
2,177 
Explosives, ammunition and fireworks 
3 
84 
60 
24 
Fertilizer 
9 
267 
260 
7 
Fuel gas manufacture 
4 
166 
166 
0 
Paint and varnish 
17 
678 
576 
102 
Petroleum refineries 
6 
7,659 
7,449 
210 
Soap 
4 
1,584 
1,360 
224 
Blacking, stains 
3 
351 
199 
152 
Chemical works 
7 
1,156 
1,115 
41 
Compressed gases 
7 
150 
140 
10 
Drugs, patent medicines 
20 
2,527 
1,285 
1,242 
Glues, paste 
3 
47 
28 
19 
Greases, tallow 
5 
133 
123 
10 
Oils (not petroleum) 
3 
46 
31 
15 
Perfumes, cosmetics 
4 
77 
32 
45 
Other chemicals and allied 
12 
816 
740 
76 
Cigar and tobacco 
10 
1,035 
159 
876 
Clay, glass and stone 
169 
15,343 
13,158 
2,185 
Brick, tile, terra cotta 
31 
2,050 
1,892 
158 
Mirrors 
7 
157 
121 
36 
Glass 
19 
6,507 
4,949 
1,558 
Cement 
24 
1,500 
1,460 
40 
Lime and artificial stone 
49 
2,293 
2,256 
37 
Marble and stone yards 
9 
152 
112 
40 
Potteries 
7 
715 
613 
102 
Roofing, asphalt 
4 
179 
176 
3 
Asbestos products 
6 
615 
538 
77 
Rock wool, other clay, glass and stone 
14 
1,175 
1,041 
134 
Clothing 
100 
17,456 
2,780 
14,676 
Gloves 
18 
1,939 
372 
1,567 
Shirt, collar and cuff 
6 
1,330 
186 
1,144 
Suit, coat and overall 
36 
7,583 
1,323 
6,260 
Women's clothing 
20 
3,108 
318 
2,790 
Other clothing 
20 
3,496 
581 
2,915 
Food and allied 
535 
35,464 
22,600 
12,864 
Bakeries 
90 
3,566 
2,968 
598 
Dairy products 
120 
3,292 
2,751 
541 
Candy 
11 
867 
304 
563 
Flour and grain mills 
58 
1,556 
1,387 
169 
Fruit and vegetable canning 
107 
15,378 
5,927 
9,451 
Slaughter and packing bourses 
39 
3,221 
2,826 
395 
Ice manufacturing 
36 
668 
617 
51 
Spices, coffee 
3 
349 
248 
101 
Other foods 
18 
2,515 
1,862 
653 
Non-alcoholic beverages 
35 
627 
572 
55 
Alcoholic beverages 
18 
3,425 
3,138 
287 
Iron and steel industry 
480 
80,728 
75,184 
5,544 
Agricultural implements 
11 
2 290 
2,214 
76 
Automobiles, parts and trailers 
64 
20,118 
18,524 
1,594 
Wire mills 
12 
2,135 
1,975 
160 
Blast furnaces, steel rolling mills 
15 
17,300 
16,867 
433 
Car and railroad shops 
13 
2,616 
2,567 
49 
Ship and boat building 
5 
232 
204 
28 
Wagon and carriage 
4 
243 
238 
5 
Aircraft 
3 
362 
354 
8 
Foundries 
86 
11,691 
11,080 
611 
Machine shops 
50 
1,316 
1,224 
92 
Small machinery, implements, cutlery 
68 
3,898 
3,494 
404 
Heavy machinery 
44 
5,446 
4,937 
509 
Other iron and steel 
105 
13,081 
11,506 
1,575 
Metal industries, except iron and steel 
143 
9,474 
8,010 
1,464 
Brass mills, musical instruments 
26 
2,161 
1,814 
347 
Copper 
7 
1,799 
1,577 
222 
Jewelry 
5 
369 
268 
101 
Lead and zinc 
8 
757 
713 
44 
Tinware, enamel ware 
50 
2,276 
2,004 
272 
Aluminum 
8 
336 
287 
49 
Metal specialties, novelties 
6 
239 
125 
114 
Other metal industries 
12 
1,157 
872 
285 
Electro-plating, metal finishing 
21 
380 
350 
30 
Leather 
21 
2,056 
1,268 
788 
Shoes 
6 
1,616 
891 
725 
Tanneries 
4 
296 
290 
6 
Trunk, suitcase, bag 
4 
59 
36 
23 
Other leather industries 
7 
85 
51 
34 
Lumber and furniture 
287 
18,757 
16,896 
1,861 
Furniture factories 
133 
12,953 
11,920 
1,033 
Caskets 
23 
802 
581 
221 
Piano and organ 
5 
341 
312 
29 
Saw and planing mills 
53 
1,021 
971 
50 
Other woodworking 
73 
3,640 
3,112 
528 
Paper, printing and allied 
272 
12,075 
8,476 
3,599 
Wallpaper and wax paper 
4 
140 
106 
34 
Paper and pulp mills 
8 
332 
232 
100 
Paper boxes 
28 
2,532 
1,701 
831 
Other paper products 
30 
2,253 
1,157 
1,096 
Book binding 
9 
650 
434 
216 
Engraving and developing 
19 
316 
277 
39 
Lithographing 
7 
281 
222 
59 
Newspaper printing 
76 
3,472 
2,861 
611 
Stereotype 
6 
79 
66 
13 
Other printing End allied industries 
86 
2,020 
1,420 
600 
Textile 
51 
8,232 
3,387 
4.845 
Knitting mills 
6 
5,903 
2,244 
3,659 
Textile dyeing, finishing and printing 
2 
696 
328 
368 
Woolen and worsted mills 
5 
609 
317 
292 
Hemp, jute and linen mills 
2 
24 
14 
10 
Tent and awning 
15 
230 
149 
81 
Other textile mills 
22 
770 
335 
435 
Miscellaneous manufacturing 
134 
21,822 
14,515 
7,307 
Broom and brush 
10 
342 
218 
124 
Button 
2 
105 
55 
50 
Batteries 
3 
850 
795 
55 
Lamp fixtures 
3 
1,990 
1,524 
466 
Other electric machinery and supply 
42 
7,617 
4,730 
2,887 
Rubber 
21 
8,801 
6,654 
3,147 
Straw and strawboard 
4 
499 
494 
5 
Dental appliances and supplies 
3 
43 
41 
2 
Signs (non-electrical) 
9 
160 
127 
33 
Toys and novelties, fishing tackle 
4 
621 
347 
274 
Hair goods, artificial flowers 
3 
253 
134 
119 
Lenses 
10 
233 
185 
48 
Lamp and window shades 
2 
48 
24 
24 
Miscellaneous manufacturing 
18 
260 
187 
73 
Personal Service 
162 
4,930 
1,845 
3,085 
Laundries 
101 
3,781 
1,187 
2,594 
Dry cleaning 
61 
1,149 
658 
491 
TABLE 1—NUMBER OF PLANTS AND EMPLOYEES IN INDIANA INDUSTRIES AND SERVICE 
GROUPS SURVEYED i SOUTH 3END 
p/iTRICT 
LA PORT IL 
w.ELKHART 
FT. WAYNE 
A1/VRI0M 
jHUNCIE 
ANDERSON 
'/INDIANAPOLIS 
RICHMOND 
TERRE HAUTE 
y NEW 
ALBANY 
INDIANA'S GEOGRAPHICAL 
DISTRIBUTION OF 
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS 
EVANSVILLE 24 
Table 2 summarizes data of Table 1 and compares this survey sum- 
mary with the 1930 United States census figures for the types of indus- 
tries studies. In addition, for completion, the data are compared against 
our completed industrial file census. Thus we surveyed 61.3% of the 
1930 United States census population and 75.5% of our industrial file 
population. This discrepancy may be explained by the general decrease 
of employment during this decade. 
The figures given for food and allied industries do not check with 
those of the 1930 census. The census was taken in April, while the 
canning industry is seasonal, with peaks in August and September. Like- 
wise the figures for metal industries, except iron and steel, do not com- 
pare favorably. This may be due to differences in classification. Except 
for the exceptions noted the number of workers employed in each type of 
industry is lower than it was in 1930. A study of Table 2 reveals that the 
sample was adequate and that just conclusions may be reached by the 
analysis of the raw data gathered. 
TABLE 2—PERCENT AND NUMBER OF WORKERS SURVEYED, BASED ON THE OFFICE INDUSTRIAL 
FILE AND 1930 U. S. CENSUS 
Industrial Classification 
1930 census 
Indiana 
Total office 
industrial 
file census 
Survey 
census 
Percent 
surveyed of 
1930 census 
Percent 
surveyed of 
office file 
All Industries op Type Surveyed 
404,059 
328,432 
247,817 
61.3 
75.5 
Extraction minerals 
24,034 
8,207 
4,704 
19.6 
57.3 
Coal mines 
17,210 
7,030 
4,125 
24.0 
58.7 
Extraction other minerals 
6,824 
1,171 
579 
8.5 
49.4 
Mechanical and manufacturing 
370,277t 
314,553 
238,183 
64.3 
75.7 
Chemical and allied 
17,704 
16,295 
15,741 
88.9 
96.6 
Cigar and tobacco 
2,997 
1,446 
1,035 
34.5 
71.6 
Clay, glass and stone 
22,449 
16,251 
15,343 
68.3 
94 4 
Clothing 
18,891 
18,114 
17,456 
92 4 
96.4 
Food and allied 
25,901* 
47,430* 
35,464* 
100 0 
74.8 
Iron and steel 
161,305' 
127,805 
80,728 
50.0 
63.2 
Metal except iron and steel 
7,146 
10,016 
9,474 
100,0 
94.6 
Leather 
5,261 
2,212 
2,056 
39,1 
92.9 
Lumber and furniture 
30,662 
21,462 
18,757 
61.2 
87.4 
Paper and printing 
16,822 
13,534 
12,075 
71,8 
89.2 
Textiles 
8,694 
9,068 
8,232 
94.7 
90,8 
Miscellaneous mechanical and manufacturing 
52,445' 
30,920 
21,822 
41,6 
70,6 
Domestic and personal service 
Dry cleaning and laundrying 
9,748 
5,672 
4,930 
50.6 
86.9 
'Includes 45,372 in auto industry and 70,370 in other Iron and Steel Industries. 
'Includes 4,701 in Rubber Industry and 16,457 in Electric Machine Industry. 
•Census taken in April. Canning Industry seasonal during August and September. 
f440,515 minus 61,339 for Building Industry and minus 8,899 for independent hand trades. 
Size of Plants 
Data on the size distribution of plants and distribution of workers 
according to size of plants is shown in Tables 3 and 4, and figures 3 and 4. 
Approximately 63% of workers in all types of industry studied worked 
in plants employing less than 500 persons. 23% of the workers worked 
in plants employing less than 100. However, 78.5% of all plants studied 
were of the 5-100 employee classification, and 96.8% of the plants were of 
the 500 and less classification. The reason for selecting 500 workers as 
the dividing line in this study is based on the statement of Newquist, in 
his study for the American College of Surgeons, that establishments em- 
ploying less than 500 workers could not carry on an economical medical 
service, as could larger plants.3 In order to render a service to these 
smaller plants which predominate in number and employ 63% of the 
workers, some neutral governmental agency may be valuable in this 
function. 25 
TABLE 3—PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO SIZE 
Industry or Service Group 
Number of 
Plants 
Percentage Distribution of Plants According to Size 
5-20 
21-50 
51-100 
101- 
250 
251- 
500 
501- 
1000 
1001- 
2500 
over 
2500 
5-100 
Total—All Plants Surveyed 
2,545 
40.5 
23.8 
14.2 
13.0 
5.3 
2.4 
0.6 
0.2 
78.5 
Extraction of minerals 
74 
51.3 
20.3 
6.8 
16.2 
4.1 
1.3 
0.0 
0.0 
78.4 
Manufacturing and mechanical 
*49.7 
23.2 
11.6 
9.5 
3.5 
1.6 
0.7 
0 2 
84 5 
*44.6 
22.7 
12.9 
12.0 
4.2 
2.1 
1.1 
0 4 
80 2 
Indiana industrial hygiene survey 
2,309 
39.7 
22.8 
14.7 
13.6 
5.7 
2.6 
0.6 
0.3 
77.2 
Chemical and allied 
107 
46.7 
26.2 
12.2 
3.7 
3.7 
4.7 
1.9 
0.9 
85.1 
Cigar and tobacco 
10 
50,0 
30.0 
0.0 
10.0 
0,0 
10.0 
0.0 
0.0 
80.0 
Clay, glass and stone 
169 
33 1 
29.0 
18.9 
10.1 
5.9 
2.4 
0.6 
0.0 
81.0 
Clothing 
100 
16.0 
11.0 
21.0 
30.0 
13.0 
8.0 
1.0 
0.0 
48.0 
Food and allied 
535 
44.3 
23.2 
13.8 
13.3 
4.1 
1,1 
0.2 
0.0 
81.3 
Iron and steel 
480 
31.4 
19.4 
17.5 
17.3 
8.8 
3.5 
1.5 
0.6 
68.3 
Metals other than iron and steel 
143 
45 4 
22.4 
11.2 
14.7 
4.9 
1.4 
0.0 
0.0 
79.0 
Leather 
21 
42.8 
19.1 
14.3 
9.5 
9.5 
4.8 
0.0 
0.0 
76.2 
Lumber and furniture 
287 
33.4 
30.6 
18.5 
12.9 
3.5 
1.1 
0.0 
0.0 
82.5 
Paper, printing and allied 
272 
54.0 
24.3 
9.6 
10.3 
1.5 
0.3 
0.0 
0.0 
87.9 
Textile 
51 
62.7 
5.9 
7.8 
9.8 
5.9 
3.9 
2.0 
2.0 
76.4 
Miscellaneous manufacturing 
134 
39.6 
19.4 
9.7 
12.0 
10.4 
6.7 
1.5 
a. 7 
68.7 
Personal service 
Laundries and dry cleaning 
162 
46.9 
38.9 
10.5 
3.1 
0.6 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
96.3 
‘United States Census figures for manufacturing and mechanical industries, 1929. 
*6 to 20 in United States Census figures. 
TABLE 4—PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS ACCORDING TO SIZE OF PLANTS 
Industry or Service Group 
Number of 
Workers 
Percentage Distribution of Workers by Plant Size 
5-20 
21-50 
51-100 
101- 
250 
251- 
500 
501- 
1000 
1001- 
2500 
Over 
2500 
5-100 
Total—All Plants Surveyed 
247,817 
4.8 
7.8 
10.4 
21.0 
18.9 
15.9 
8.8 
12.4 
23.0 
Extraction of minerals 
4,704 
9.1 
8.6 
6.7 
46.6 
17.3 
11.7 
0.0 
0.0 
24.4 
Manufacturing and Mechanical— 
♦6.9 
9.5 
10.4 
18.6 
15.6 
13.7 
13 4 
11 9 
26.8 
♦4.6 
7.2 
8.9 
17.3 
13.7 
13.4 
15 1 
19.8 
20.7 
Indiana Industrial Hygiene survey 
238,183 
4.4 
7.1 
10.3 
20.6 
19.3 
16.3 
9.1 
12.9 
21.8 
Chemical and allied 
15,741 
3.4 
5.7 
6,1 
3.8 
10.4 
21.9 
20.8 
27.9 
15.2 
Cigar and tobacco 
1,035 
7.7 
8.1 
0.0 
17.2 
0.0 
67.0 
0.0 
0.0 
15.8 
Clay, glass and stone 
15,343 
4,1 
10.4 
14.9 
18.2 
22.4 
17.6 
12.4 
0.0 
29.4 
Clothing 
17,456 
1.3 
1.9 
8.2 
25.8 
27.4 
26.3 
9.1 
0.0 
11.4 
Food and allied 
35,464 
7.4 
11.5 
15,5 
29.5 
21.7 
10.6 
3.8 
0.0 
34.4 
Iron and steel 
80,728 
2.2 
3.8 
7.6 
16.8 
18.3 
14.7 
12.4 
24.2 
13.6 
Metals other than iron and steel 
9,474 
8.0 
10.8 
11.9 
31.6 
23.2 
14.5 
0.0 
0.0 
30,7 
Leather 
2,056 
4.4 
5.6 
11.3 
11.4 
42.6 
24.7 
0.0 
0.0 
21.3 
Lumber and furniture 
18,757 
6.2 
15,7 
20.2 
30.6 
16.4 
10.9 
0.0 
0.0 
42.1 
Paper, printing and allied 
12,075 
14.4 
16.8 
15.0 
38.4 
11.1 
4.3 
0.0 
0.0 
46.2 
Textile 
8,232 
4.2 
1,1 
3.5 
9.9 
12.3 
17.7 
13.6 
37.7 
8.8 
Miscellaneous manufacturing 
21,822 
2.2 
3.6 
3.9 
11.9 
22.4 
27.3 
11.7 
17.0 
9.7 
Personal Service— 
Laundries and dry cleaning 
4,930 
19.7 
40.1 
22.7 
12.1 
5.4 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
82.5 
'United States Census figures for manufacturing and mechanical industries, 1929. 
*6 to 20 in United States census figures. 
A graphic comparison is given in Figure 3 of the data presented in 
the Indiana survey to the country as a whole. In the main, the same 
situations prevail in Indiana as for the United States in general. Figure 4 
gives the cumulative percent distribution of workers according to size 
of plants with a comparison of the United States census, the Indiana 
census, and survey. 26 
flQURf 3 
Percentage Distribution of plants and workers 
Manufacturing fir Mechanical Industries 
According to the size of plant 
U.S. CENSUS *|NDlANA-/929 
INDIANA SURVEV 
DISTRIBUTION OP PLANTS 
ACCORDING TO SI2€- 
DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS 
ACCORDING TO SIZE OP PLANT 27 
FIGURE- 4 
Cumulative Percentage Distribution 
of Plants in Manufacturing tr Mechanical Industries 
Accordinq to Size of Plant 
\ERCENT OF TOTAL WORKERS EMPLOYED IN PLANTS 
WALLER WAN STATED SIZE 
US.C£MUf-ALL $TAT£S 
US CENSUS • INDIANA 
INDIANA SUfiVBV 28 
Table 3A shows the distribution of surveyed plants and workers by 
counties. Plants were visited in 87 counties. Five counties were not 
included in the sample surveyed due to the fact that these counties are 
small and agricultural. 
TABLE 3A—DISTRIBUTION OF SURVEYED PLANTS AND WORKERS BY COUNTIES 
County 
Number 
Plants 
Total 
Population 
Male 
Female 
21 
1,832 
11,511 
2,230 
61 
1,381 
8,376 
1,765 
34 
451 
136 
3,135 
465 
44 
2 
27 
16 
1,103 
681 
422 
13 
'502 
288 
214 
5 
61 
56 
5 
34 
2,016 
1,526 
765 
1,177 
839 
15 
MOO 
670 
326 
21 
95 
15 
1,482 
194 
967 
515 
4 
192 
2 
8 
716 
517 
199 
14 
1,655 
349 
1,359 
207 
296 
11 
142 
13 
1,118 
691 
527 
70 
9,479 
2,342 
8.569 
1,861 
7,877 
2,036 
6.498 
1,658 
1.498 
600 
1,602 
306 
46 
116 
2,071 
203 
17 
33 
2; 601 
650 
1,103 
11 
50 
1 
48 
36 
12 
4 
117 
97 
2a 
9 
879 
805 
74 
64 
7,231 
522 
4,896 
486 
2,335 
36 
14 
12 
881 
609 
272 
8 
650 
247 
403 
6 
388 
373 
15 
32 
4,053 
6,327 
1,765 
2,214 
2,908 
233 
3,308 
4,783 
1,246 
1,089 
1,850 
745 
38 
1,544 
22 
519 
29 
1,125 
22 
1,058 
73 
9 
160 
5 
220 
95 
125 
15 
2,037 
2,164 
1,083 
1,789 
954 
Knox 
23 
375 
20 
'783 
628 
155 
1 
28 
28 
O 
153 
36,813 
7,008 
1,912 
8,533 
37,173 
571 
33,007 
5,170 
1,388 
5,834 
26,259 
454 
3,806 
1,838 
524 
63 
24 
101 
2,699 
10,914 
117 
388 
12 
5 
126 
119 
7 
24 
1,948 
2,089 
981 
1,194 
754 
42 
R934 
627 
155 
23 
354 
12 
570 
455 
115 
2 
38 
29 
9 
Noble 
17 
1,243 
54 
773 
470 
1 
52 
2 
8 
326 
255 
71 
3 
73 
64 
9 
6 
143 
141 
2 
13 
1,270 
88 
943 
327 
Pike 
2 
88 
0 
10 
682 
510 
172 
6 
385 
201 
184 
3 
102 
18 
84 
7 
409 
372 
37 
18 
1,979 
824 
1,453 
759 
526 
Ripley 
8 
65 
15 
872 
527 
345 
123 
20,206 
1,422 
1,716 
14,789 
726 
5,417 
696 
3 
Shelby 
21 
1,035 
160 
681 
9 
295 
135 
2 
161 
44 
117 
4 
73 
61 
12 
8 
552 
542 
10 
25 
2,018 
1,042 
167 
1,652 
431 
366 
10 
611 
2 
164 
3 
138 
11,154 
680 
8,521 
571 
2.633 
109 
13 
95 
6,330 
1,870 
186 
5,124 
1,476 
89 
1,206 
394 
29 
8 
97 
8 
479 
245 
234 
60 
5,140 
3,782 
201 
1.358 
60 
Wells 
10 
261 
White 
3 
624 
511 
118 
9 
1,158 
545 
613 
i ,545 
247,817 
186,531 
01,286 INDUSTRIAL WELFARE 
PROVISIONS An example of good practices by a small foundry. Note the good “housekeeping,” enclosed sand- 
blasting room, local exhaust on grinding wheels, and display case of various devices used in the plant. 
Courtesy Decatur Castings Company, Decatur, Indiana. 31 
Industrial Welfare Provisions 
In view of the far-reaching and favorable influence which industrial 
health programs have been known to exert in industry, it was deemed 
desirable to obtain some information of the extent that various welfare 
services were available to workers of the groups studied. The data were 
collected under these major headings: Safety Organizations, Medical 
Provisions, Morbidity Statistics and General Sanitation. 
Safety Organizations 
The services of a full time safety director were available to 24.9% 
of the workers, while 21.0% had services of a safety director who donated 
at least part of his time to such work. 46.3% of workers had services of 
shop committees that are engaged in promoting safety and 81.2% of the 
workers in the survey group received some safety service from insurance 
companies. 51.8% of the workers received some type of safety service 
other than insurance companies. (See Table 5 for further analysis of 
the problem.) 
TABLE 5— INDUSTRIAL WELFARE PROVISIONS 
SAFETY ORGANIZATION 
Industry or Service Group 
Number 
of 
Plants 
Number 
of 
Workers 
Percentage of Workers to Whom Service is Available 
Safety Director 
, Shop Other 
Full j Part j Com- | Insurance | Safety 
time 1 time mittee i ! activities 
All Industries Studied 
2,545 
247,817 
24.9 
21.0 
46.3 
81.2 
51.8 
Extraction minerals 
74 
4,704 
11.6 
55.0 
18.8 
94.0 
67.7 
Coal mines 
47 
4,125 
13.3 
57.6 
18.5 
96.7 
70.0 
Quarries 
27 
579 
0.0 
36.1 
20.7 
74.8 
51.3 
Manufacturing and mechanical 
2,309 
238,183 
25.7 
20.7 
47.7 
80,9 
52.1 
Chemical and allied 
107 
15,741 
69.8 
11.5 
72.4 
96.3 
81.8 
Cigar and tobacco 
10 
1,035 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
73.3 
86.1 
Clay, glass and stone 
169 
15,343 
22.3 
24.2 
33.6 
88.3 
53.0 
Clothing 
100 
17,456 
0.0 
6.0 
28.3 
77.4 
31.4 
Food and allied 
535 
35,464 
3.8 
18.3 
25.0 
83.7 
37.6 
Iron and steel 
480 
80.728 
44.2 
20.8 
64.6 
68.0 
85.7 
Metal industry except iron and steel 
143 
9,474 
16.5 
30.1 
43.6 
93.2 
61.2 
Leather 
21 
2,056 
0.0 
21.5 
45.2 
74.6 
59.1 
Lumber and furniture 
287 
18,757 
0.0 
18.6 
32.0 
91.0 
31.3 
Paper and printing 
272 
12,075 
2,9 
12.2 
26.5 
83.6 
33.5 
Textiles 
51 
8,232 
0.0 
48.9 
20.5 
97.1 
5.3 
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 
134 
21,822 
36.3 
32.4 
69.0 
89.3 
58.2 
Domestic and personal service 
162 
4,930 
0.0 
4.1 
5.5 
81.5 
26.3 
Laundries 
101 
3,781 
0.0 
5.4 
7.2 
82.0 
30.2 
Cleaning, dyeing and pressing shops 
61 
1,149 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
79.9 
13.6 
Since it is not possible to interpret the significance of this data in 
terms of lost-time accidents, deaths, etc., no definite conclusions may be 
drawn. However, accident rates computed by the United States Bureau 
of Labor Statistics6 for a group of steel companies which have followed 
the best practices and had achieved the most pronounced success in acci- 
dent prevention showed that the accident frequency rate for this group of 
companies was 8.1 industrial accidents per million man hours worked 
against 18.1 for the industry as a whole. 32 
Medical Provisions 
Table 6 indicates that 4.1% of the workers of the group surveyed had 
services of a company-owned hospital while 9.0% were employed by com- 
panies having a definite service contract with some hospital. First aid 
rooms were available to 55% of the employees and 88% had the use of a 
first-aid kit. 49.8% of workers had the services of a trained first aid 
worker. This figure is much higher for the mining industry and due 
credit should be given them for their extensive first aid programs. 
TABLE 6—INDUSTRIAL WELFARE PROVISIONS—MEDICAL 
Industry or Service Group 
Num- 
ber of 
plants 
Num- 
ber of 
workers 
Percent of Workers to Whom Service is Available 
Hospital 
First 
Aid 
room 
First 
Aid 
kit 
Trained 
first 
Aid 
worker 
Physician 
Nurse 
Com- 
pany 
Con- 
tract 
Full 
time 
Part 
time 
Full 
time 
Part 
time 
All Industries 
2,545 
247,817 
4.1 
9.0 
55.0 
88.0 
49.8 
10.0 
18.5 
35.5 
0.8 
Extraction minerals 
74 
4,704 
0.0 
0.0 
48.3 
97.9 
90.7 
0.0 
4.3 
0.0 
0.0 
Coal mines 
47 
4,125 
0.0 
0.0 
50.2 
98.5 
97.2 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
Quarries 
27 
579 
0.0 
0.0 
35.1 
93.3 
44.0 
0.0 
35.1 
0.0 
0.0 
Manufacturing and mechanical 
2,309 
238,183 
4.2 
9.4 
56.1 
87.7 
49.8 
10.4 
19,1 
36.9 
0.9 
Chemical and allied 
107 
15,741 
17.8 
51.3 
82.3 
48.8 
46.8 
32.9 
33.8 
76.0 
0.8 
Cigar and tobacco 
10 
1,035 
0.0 
0,0 
87.9 
100.0 
4.0 . 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
67.0 
Clay, glass and stone 
169 
15,343 
0.0 
14.5 
45.5 
95.6 
48.5 
0.4 
27.3 
27.5 
0.0 
Clothing 
100 
17,456 
0.0 
3.0 
55.2 
98.3 
19.5 
0.0 
0.0 
17.8 
0.0 
Food and allied 
535 
35,464 
0.0 
0.3 
32.6 
97.3 
41.2 
0.0 
2.9 
11.9 
1.4 
Iron and steel 
480 
80,728 
5.7 
13.5 
73.8 
84.9 
65.6 
22.2 
28.0 
52.7 
0.7 
Metal industry except iron and steel 
143 
9,474 
6.9 
2.9 
51.7 
94.8 
66.8 
0.0 
6.2 
19.3 
0.0 
Leather 
21 
2,056 
0.0 
0.0 
53,8 
99.6 
29.9 
0.0 
1.0 
24.7 
0.0 
Lumber and furniture 
287 
18,757 
0.0 
0.7 
24.7 
97.8 
34.3 
0.0 
5.2 
9.8 
1.0 
Paper and printing 
272 
12,075 
0.0 
1.7 
25.0 
96.3 
19.8 
0.0 
0.0 
4.3 
0.0 
Textiles 
51 
8,232 
0.0 
0.0 
73.9 
81.9 
13.1 
0.0 
44.5 
69.0 
0.0 
Miso. manufacturing and mechanical... 
134 
21,822 
9.3 
0.0 
56.3 
80.7 
72.8 
7.0 
32.9 
53.6 
0.0 
Domestic and personal service 
162 
4,930 
0.0 
0.0 
7.8 
94.2 
9.5 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
Laundries 
101 
3,781 
0.0 
0.0 
8.1 
95.0 
12.4 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
Cleaning, dyeing and pressing shops— 
61 
1,149 
0.0 
0.0 
6.6 
91.7 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
First-aid competition teams from various Indiana mines, participating in a meet at Sullivan. 
Given emergency problems are judged as to time, accuracy and methods. 33 
It was further learned that 10% of the workers had the services of 
a full time physician and 18.5% were cared for by a part time physician. 
This does not indicate that the remaining workers did not have medical 
services in the event of an injury or illness, but it does indicate that 
medical services were largely of the “on call” type and not readily available. 
More than 35% of the workers had the services of a full time plant 
nurse. Part time nursing services were reported in less than 1%. The 
part time services were furnished by life insurance companies or by the 
Visiting Nurses Association. This service, in our opinion, could be 
profitably increased in Indiana. 
Disability Benefits and Records 
The value of keeping accident and sickness records is well recog- 
nized. Such records serve to indicate the extent of the problem and at 
times have been the means of initiating studies designed for the correction 
of those conditions revealed by an analysis of the records. A typical 
example of such a case is the study of the pneumonia problem in the steel 
industry, undertaken by the United States Public Health Service, as a 
result of the information disclosed by an analysis of records furnished 
by a group of steel industries.7 It was with this same view in mind that 
the State Board of Health advocated the reporting of occupational dis- 
eases by physicians. 
The study indicated that accident records were kept for 98.3% of 
the workers and sickness records for 56.7% of the workers. Sick benefit 
associations were reported as existing for the benefit of 50.3% of the 
employees. There is a close parallel between the existence of sick benefit 
organizations and the keeping of sickness records. These records are 
undoubtedly kept by insurance companies. 
TABLE 7—INDUSTRIAL WELFARE PROVISIONS 
DISABILITY STATISTICS 
Industry or Service Group 
Number 
of 
plants 
Number 
of 
workers 
Percent of Workers to Whom Indi- 
cated Facility is Available 
Sick benefit 
association 
Sickness 
records 
Accident 
records 
All Industries 
2,545 
247,817 
50.3 
56.7 
98.3 
Extraction minerals 
74 
4,704 
10.1 
8.6 
99.5 
Coal mines 
47 
4,125 
7.2 
7.2 
99.6 
Quarries 
27 
579 
30.7 
18.1 
99.1 
Mechanical and manufacturing 
2,309 
238,183 
51.8 
58.3 
98.5 
Chemical and allied 
107 
15,741 
78.9 
82.1 
96.4 
10 
1,035 
67.0 
68.9 
97.7 
Clay, glass and stone 
169 
15,343 
51.1 
58.7 
99.5 
Clothing 
100 
17,456 
24.5 
28.7 
97.8 
Food and allied 
535 
35,464 
29.2 
31.3 
97.4 
Iron and steel 
480 
80,728 
68.6 
77.5 
99.3 
Metal industry except iron and steel 
143 
9,474 
39.1 
43.5 
99.8 
Leather 
21 
2,056 
72.0 
51.6 
99.8 
Lumber and furniture 
287 
18,757 
30.4 
32.4 
98.9 
Paper and printing 
272 
12,075 
37.2 
38.3 
96.1 
Textiles 
51 
8,232 
21.6 
59.3 
98.7 
Miscellaneous 
134 
21,822 
67.6 
76.1 
99.6 
Domestic and personal service 
162 
4,930 
23.0 
27.1 
88.8 
Laundries 
101 
3,781 
23.3 
27.5 
91.6 
Cleaning, dyeing and pressing shops 
61 
1,149 
22.0 
26.1 
79.3 34 
Table 8 and Figure 5 compare industrial health services in plants 
with 100 or more workers with plants having less than 100 workers. For 
practically all the listed industrial welfare facilities discussed, the larger 
plants had the greater percentage of workers furnished with such pro- 
visions. However, even some of these larger plants were deficient in 
medical and nursing services, and disability records. Again it should be 
emphasized that the majority of plants in Indiana are small. 
Table 9 shows the comparison of the Indiana findings with similar 
studies by other States8-9-10- 12>13-14-15-16-17*18. These studies have shown 
that about comparable circumstances exist throughout the nation. 
TABLE 8—COMPARISON OF INDUSTRIAL WELFARE PROVISIONS IN PLANTS EMPLOYING 100 OR 
LESS WORKERS WITH PLANTS HAVING MORE THAN 100 WORKERS 
Industrial Welfare Provisions 
Percentage of Workers with 
Indicated Service in Plants 
Employing— 
100 or less 
Workers 
More than 100 
Workers 
Safety provisions— 
Safety director: 
0.4 
32.3 
7.5 
25.1 
12.0 
56.6 
83.2 
80.6 
23.6 
60.3 
Medical provisions— 
Hospital: 
0.0 
5.3 
0.2 
11.7 
8.2 
69.0 
95.2 
85.9 
23.2 
57.7 
Physician: 
0.2 
12.9 
0.4 
23.9 
Nurse: 
0.5 
46.1 
0.1 
1.1 
Benefits and records— 
19.5 
59,5 
20.7 
67.5 
99.5 
94.3 
TABLE 9—COMPARISON OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERVICES IN INDIANA INDUSTRIES WITH 
SIMILAR DATA FROM OTHER STATES 
Kind of Service 
Percentage of Workers with Indicated Services 
Ind. 
m. 
Ohio 
Md. 
Va. 
S.C. 
Colo. 
Idaho 
Utah 
Me. 
N. H. 
Ark. 
Safety provisions— 
Safety director—Full time 
24.9 
21.7 
37.8 
37.6 
17.8 
0.0 
30.8 
6.3 
38.8 
12.7 
12.3 
12.4 
Safety director—Part time 
21.0 
30.5 
24.2 
20.8 
27.6 
4.1 
21.1 
35.5 
17,4 
41.4 
14.0 
fa) 
Shop committee 
46.3 
5.8 
48.2 
59.3 
61.5 
55.7 
40.3 
24.7 
46.3 
59.2 
33.2 
30.8 
Insurance service 
81.2 
90.5 
(a) 
97.8 
98.7 
(a) 
91.6 
99.4 
61.3 
(a) 
92.9 
(a) 
Other safety provisions 
51.8 
41.7 
(a) 
56.5 
80.7 
36.1 
35.3 
40.7 
48.0 
(a) 
0.7 
(a) 
Medical provisions— 
Hospital—Company 
4.1 
0.4 
18.5 
25.8 
17.2 
(a) 
22.5 
10.1 
25.5 
4.5 
1.4 
(a) 
Hospital—Contract 
9.0 
8.9 
(a) 
(al 
(a) 
(a) 
11.3 
53.2 
43.8 
(a) 
0.8 
(a) 
First aid room 
65.0 
54.5 
55.1 
55.8 
50.0 
35.0 
36.2 
31.0 
62.2 
51.3 
47.3 
(a) 
First aid kit 
88.0 
97.0 
90,1 
97.7 
97.5 
67.3 
89.2 
96.8 
90.6 
76.9 
99.2 
(a) 
Trained first aid workers 
49.8 
33.7 
51.8 
65.4 
64.7 
(a) 
46.7 
58.3 
72.6 
45.2 
39.2 
(a) 
Physician—Full time 
10.0 
9.7 
22.1 
30.7 
21.0 
0.0 
23.8 
10.0 
30.5 
0.5 
4.5 
10.1 
Physician—Part time 
18.5 
20.2 
27.8 
42.4 
25.6 
24.2 
9.1 
17.7 
19.0 
26.8 
4.3 
2.1 
Nurse—Full time 
35.5 
32.2 
43.1 
40.3 
30.6 
23.8 
29.5 
16.8 
25.2 
33.8 
21.2 
8.7 
Nurse—Part time 
0.8 
1.5 
1.9 
0.0 
1.9 
3.7 
1.3 
0.1 
4.9 
1.9 
1.7 
1.7 
Disability benefits and records— 
Sick benefit organizations 
50.3 
44.2 
43.9 
47.8 
35.1 
(a) 
44.5 
36.0 
64.6 
31.7 
28.7 
19.4 
Sickness records 
56.7 
42.3 
49.8 
54.5 
34.1 
26.8 
38.9 
38.5 
65.3 
35.5 
29.3 
22.8 
Accident records 
98.3 
97.5 
87.2 
96.9 
98.5 
98.2 
89.9 
99.3 
98.9 
97.7 
99.1 
61.8 
(a) Data not available. 35 
FIGURE 5 
Companion of lndu«trial Welfare Provision* 
in Larqc €r Small Plant* 
PERCENTAGE °f WORKER* IN PLANTS EMPLOYING 
100 OR L£ii WORK£RS MORE THAN 100 WORKERS 
iafctij Previfien* 
SAFETY DIRECTOR 
FULL TIME 
P*PT TIME 
*HOP committee* 
INSURANCE SERVICE 
OTH-ER *AFETV fERVME 
Medical Provision*- 
hospital 
COMPANV o>*m&D 
CONTRACT WIT* 
FIRST AID ROOM 
FIRST AID KIT 
TRAINED FIRST AID WORKER 
PHYSICIAN 
FULL Tint 
PART Tint- 
NUMB 
PULL TIME 
PART TIME- 
Benefit* and Record** 
SICK BEHCFIT ORGANIZATION 
SICKNESS RECORDS 
ACCIDENT RECORD* SANITATION One method of having clean, locker rooms. Note the use of chain lockers, 
Bradley wash fountains and shower baths. 
Washroom, showing conventional lockers ; approved wash basins and showers. 
—Courtesy Bradley Company. 39 
Sanitation 
Table 10 is a summary of the drinking, washing and toilet facilities 
that Indiana industry provides for its employees. For the purpose of this 
table, the maximum number of workers that would be in the plant at 
any one time was taken. If a plant worked one shift, the maximum number 
of employees was taken; if three shifts, the largest shift was taken. Actual 
numbers of the various types of fixtures were obtained and, from the 
number of employees, it was possible to compute the ratio or number of 
persons per facility for each industrial group. For example, the average 
ratio for all industries was 34 persons per fountain. This figure repre- 
sents the ratio only for those plants providing one or more fountains, 
there being 12.7% of workers having no fountains at all. The same is 
true for all of the other ratios in Table 10. The smaller the ratio, the 
better that industry is equipped with the particular facility. 
In obtaining the ratio of males and females per toilet facility, the 
total values obtained by adding the number of flush toilets, pit privies 
and other types of toilets according to sex were divided into the number 
of males and females employed by those plants providing one or more 
toilets of any kind. The grand averages were found to be 15 males per 
toilet facility and 18 females per facility, 1.2% and 1.7% of the workers, 
respectively, had no toilet facilities. 
Ehlers and Steel19 gave recommended ratios, which are compared 
graphically with the ratios obtained in the survey in Figure 6. The aver- 
age figures found in the survey compare quite favorably with the recom- 
mended figures except in the case of showers. It was found that many 
plants had no showers at all, or possibly one in the boiler room, whereas 
no showers were provided for the main body of employees. It will also 
be noted that ratios found in the extraction of minerals industry are 
entirely out of line with the other results. This is due to the fact that 
the work is underground and it is difficult to provide drinking and toilet 
facilities for mine workers. However, this industry is well provided with 
showers, the ratio being one for every 14 employees on the average. 
Merely because the average ratios for an industry are equal to or 
better than the recommended ratios does not mean that this industry is 
well equipped with sanitation facilities. It is also necessary to consider 
the percentage of employees having no facilities at all. For example, in 
the extraction of minerals industry, 68.6% of all of the employees have 
no fountains provided and about half of the employees have no lavatory 
facilities. This is a very important point, because one is liable to assume 
that Indiana industries provide sufficient facilities, especially if it is judged 
on the basis of ratios alone. It should be remembered that these ratios 
were computed only on the basis of the number of workers in plant pro- 
viding one or more of the facilities; workers in plants providing no facili- 
ties were omitted. 
One other point should be mentioned in connection with the number 
and location of sanitation facilities. The layout and size of the plant, as 
well as the type of industry, must be considered when providing facilities. 
Foundries and machine shops certainly require more washing facilities 
than do glove or clothing factories. Each plant, therefore, presents its 
own problem and recommended ratios are merely approximate numbers 
prescribed for industry as a whole. 
Faulty plumbing has been overlooked generally in industrial sanita- 
tion because communicable diseases have not been considered as important 
as industrial poisonings or accidents. However, it has been stated by one 40 
authority20 on this subject that “there have been more cases of illness 
among industrial employees . . . resulting from defective plumbing 
than from any other one industrial source in recent years.” The reason 
for this is that a contaminated water supply affects all of the employees 
in a plant while the number of employees exposed to great danger from 
harmful materials is usually only a small part of the total personnel. 
RECOMMENDED 
RATIO * 
HAT 10 
OBTAINED 
FACILITY 
FOUNTAIN) 
lAVATORIO 
jl+OWtR) 
TOILET) 
M/VLt 
TOIUET* 
ftn/VLt 
URlHALt 
M/VLt 
EACH SYMBOL REPRESENTSSIX PERSONS 
STEEL ""Municipal and Rural Sanitation"'McbrawHiH'Z?  
Drinking Facilities 
Washing Facilities 
Toilet Facilities 
Industry or Service Group 
Number 
of 
Maximum Number of 
Fountains 
Lavatories 
Showers 
Number all 
% not 
No. 
persons 
Urinals 
plants 
% not 
served® 
% not 
served’ 
% not 
served’ 
per 
toilet 
% not 
served3 
Male 
ratio1 
Male 
Female 
Total 
Number 
Ratio' 
Number 
Ratio1 
Number 
Ratio1 
Male 
Female 
Male 
Female 
Male 
Female 
Number 
2,545 
217,707 
77,029 
294,736 
8,105 
12.7 
34 
23,925 
3.9 
12 
3,395 
48.7 
46 
14,243 
6,041 
1.2 
1.7 
15 
13 
4,992 
25.5 
32 
74 
4,801 
14 
4,815 
16 
68.6 
94 
25 
49.7 
97 
319 
9.5 
14 
8 
28.0 
78.6 
40 
89,4 
127 
2 
2 
4 
Manufacturing and mechanical.. 
2,309 
107 
210,823 
13,277 
334 
73,294 
2,484 
1,595 
284,117 
15,761 
1,929 
7,908 
508 
78 
11.6 
84.5 
23,9 
32 
5 
19 
23,535 
2,408 
317 
3.2 
0.9 
0.0 
12 
3,021 
652 
49.2 
7.0 
100.0 
49 
22 
13,956 
974 
16 
5,763 
339 
75 
0.6 
0.1 
0 6 
1.6 
15 
13 
4,977 
23.4 
32 
Cigar and tobacco 
10 
6 
1.5 
0.0 
2.5 
14 
21 
15 
7 
21 
7 
326 
18.0 
100.0 
38.3 
33 
Clay, glass and stone 
169 
100 
13,066 
3,637 
25,262 
90,121 
10,433 
1,665 
22,516 
9,055 
3,631 
17,826 
1,854 
19,352 
16,935 
7,630 
1,986 
902 
2,398 
4,046 
5,286 
8,826 
14,920 
22,989 
42,197 
97,751 
12,419 
2,567 
24,914 
13,101 
8,917 
26,652 
447 
320 
1,038 
2,814 
387 
59 
937 
529 
170 
621 
17.3 
28 
69 
35 
34 
31 
1,023 
859 
2,518 
10,046 
1,336 
111 
1,092 
1,344 
508 
1,973 
13.3 
0,0 
3.7 
1.5 
2.1 
0.3 
12.0 
2.2 
0.1 
0.5 
13 
27 
16 
10 
9 
23 
20 
10 
18 
13 
205 
19 
496 
1,124 
140 
17 
53 
91 
48 
176 
38.2 
86.5 
48.9 
40.0 
62.1 
89.8 
79.2 
69.4 
24.8 
38.8 
45 
163 
43 
52 
34 
15 
844 
309 
1,656 
5,837 
745 
91 
1,538 
720 
252 
974 
246 
950 
937 
1,029 
287 
59 
346 
463 
1.9 
249 
32 
535 
14.5 
2.8 
3.3 
6.4 
14.3 
12.2 
4.9 
1.6 
11 
20 
65 
52.7 
26 
480 
143 
21 
0,2 
1.3 
15 
18 
458 
36.7 
35 
Metals except iron and steel.., 
0.0 
0.3 
1.3 
1.3 
15 
14 
7 
7 
2,566 
295 
10.1 
18.9 
32 
29 
287 
23 
22 
0.2 
0.1 
4.7 
0.4 
18 
15 
20 
16.5 
70 
Paper, printing and allied 
272 
61 
98 
44 
140 
93 
4.2 
5.4 
15 
12 
7 
8 
401 
193 
43.1 
40.2 
32 
28 
Miscellaneous manufacturing.. 
134 
1.8 
42 
329 
703 
0.7 
1.0 
1.0 
0.7 
14 
18 
16 
12 
76 
328 
21.5 
28.0 
38 
39 
162 
2,083 
3,721 
5,804 
181 
21.1 
365 
2.5 
15 
55 
56.3 
46 
201 
276 
4.3 
3.6 
10 
13 
11 
88.6 
22 
of Persons Per facility, obtained by dividing the total number of facilities by the number of workers in plants which provide one or more of that facility, 
the maximum number of employees in case of one shift; in case of two or more shifts, the maximum shift was taken. 
/to iNot oervea Percentage of workers employed in plants which do not provide one or more of the particular facility. 
TABLE 10-NUMBER OF FACILITIES PROVIDED, PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS NOT PROVIDED WITH EACH FACILITY, AND NUMBER OF PERSONS PER FACILITY* 42 
Cross-connection with unsafe water supplies is probably the leader 
in the production of disease due to faulty plumbing. Dual water supplies 
immediately create this possibility. It can be seen from Table 12 that 
78.9% of all employees surveyed are served with public water supplies, 
while 48.3% are served with private water supplies. This makes a total 
of 127.2%, indicating that quite a number of plants in Indiana have dual 
water supplies. Also plants having water-carried sewerage systems are 
potentially subject to the cross-connection hazard because of the danger 
of direct connections between water and sewer lines, leaks in sewers, back 
siphonage in improperly constructed or poorly installed plumbing fixtures 
and many other dangers. 
It was impossible for the survey to include a cross-connection study 
due to the lack of time allotted, however the number of sanitation fixtures 
were listed and also whether or not the fixtures were of approved type 
construction. This was done in regard to drinking fountains, lavatories, 
flush toilets, pit privies, other types of toilet facilities (such as chemical 
closets, non-freezing toilets, etc.) and urinals. Results are presented in 
Table 11. Approval is based on the recommendations of the Bureau of 
Sanitary Engineering of the Indiana State Board of Health. Relatively 
few flush toilets were found to be of proper design. This was due to the 
fact that very few flushometer type toilets are provided with air breaks to 
prevent back siphonage of the contents of the bowl when stoppage occurs 
which raises the liquid level to a point above the inlet. Less danger is 
encountered in the reservoir and float type of toilet because, if back 
siphonage did occur, usually only the water in the reservoir would be 
drawn into the water supply and not the more dangerous water from the 
fixture bowl. The miscellaneous types of toilets listed as “other toilets” 
were also generally of improper construction or design, whereas over 
one-third of the pit privies were found to be of approved construction. 
The comparatively high percentage of approved pit privies is largely 
due to the efforts of the WPA Community Sanitation Project directed by 
the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering of the State Board of Health. 
Only one-fifth of the drinking fountains were found to be approved 
due to the prevalence of the insanitary bubble fountain and the upturned 
faucet. Only fountains having guarded angle jets which discharge above 
the rim of the bowl were considered approved. A greater percent of 
lavatories were found to be approved. Lavatories are required to be pro- 
vided with an adequate drain and with faucets or inlets at least one inch 
above the top of the bowl. Slightly less than half of the urinals were of 
approved type construction, the requirements for approval being prac- 
tically the same as for lavatories with the addition that the inlet must 
be protected against splashing. 
Table 12 presents other data regarding general sanitation for which 
little comment is required except that attention should be called to the 
prevalence of the common drinking cup and the common towel and the 
lack of the provision of hot water for washing. Industry oh 
Service Group 
Number 
of 
plants 
Drinking 
Washing 
Toilet Facilities 
Fountains 
Lavatories 
Flush Toilets 
Pit Privies 
Other Type Toilets 
Urinals 
Number 
Percent 
approved 
Number 
Percent 
approved 
Number 
Percent 
approved 
Number 
Percent 
approved 
Number 
Percent 
approved 
Number 
Percent 
approved 
Total 
Approved 
Total 
Approved 
Total 
Approved 
Total 
Approved 
Total 
Approved 
Total 
Approved 
All Industries 
2,545 
8,105 
1,640 
20.2 
23,925 
14,969 
62.5 
19,221 
3,033 
15.8 
866 
334 
38.6 
197 
34 
17.3 
4,992 
2,363 
47.3 
Extraction of minerals 
74 
16 
0 
0.0 
25 
9 
36.0 
25 
0 
0.0 
63 
27 
42.8 
0 
0 
— 
4 
2 
50.0 
Manufacturing and median- 
ical 
2,309 
7,908 
1,617 
20.4 
23,535 
14,872 
63.1 
18,720 
3,002 
16.0 
802 
307 
38.3 
197 
34 
17.3 
4,977 
2,359 
47 4 
Chemical and allied 
107 
508 
115 
22.6 
2,408 
1,059 
44.0 
1,272 
283 
22.2 
40 
7 
17.5 
1 
1 
100.0 
-326 
168 
51 5 
Cigar and tobacco 
10 
78 
0 
0 0 
317 
15 
4 7 
91 
o 
0 0 
Clay, glass and stone 
169 
447 
59 
13.2 
1,023 
646 
63 T 
901 
54 
6.0 
187 
73 
39.0 
2 
1 
50.0 
249 
125 
50 2 
100 
320 
47 
14 7 
85ft 
Food and allied 
535 
1,038 
95 
9.1 
2,518 
1,196 
47.5 
2^241 
301 
13.4 
276 
127 
46.0 
76 
32 
42.2 
458 
239 
52.3 
52 2 
Iron and steel machinery 
and vehicles 
Metal industries except 
480 
2,814 
778 
27.6 
10,046 
8,143 
80.8 
6,635 
1,200 
18.1 
168 
64 
38.1 
63 
0 
0.0 
2,666 
1,353 
52.7 
143 
387 
88 
22 7 
1 3^6 
735 
21 
59 
1 
1 7 
’in 
29 o 
Lumber and furniture 
287 
937 
135 
14.4 
1,092 
335 
30.7 
1,718 
148 
8.6 
114 
28 
24.6 
52 
0 
0.0 
401 
100 
35.0 
24 9 
Paper, printing and allied 
272 
529 
84 
15.9 
1,344 
598 
44.5 
1,178 
129 
11.0 
2 
0 
0.0 
3 
0 
0.0 
193 
70 
36 3 
51 
170 
48 
28.2 
508 
303 
59.6 
581 
23 
4.0 
0 
0 
0 
Miscellaneous manufactur- 
39.5 
134 
621 
167 
2fi ft 
1 973 
Personal service 
162 
181 
23 
12.7 
365 
88 
24.1 
476 
31 
6.5 
1 
0 
0.0 
0 
0 
— 
11 
2 
18.2 
TABLE 11—SANITATION FACILITIES (All Plants Surveyed) 
NUMBER OF FACILITIES PROVIDED AND PERCENTAGE OF APPROVED TYPE 44 
Industry or Group 
Number 
of 
plants 
Drinking 
Washing 
Number 
of 
employees 
Public 
Water 
supply 
Private 
Water 
supply 
Indi- 
vidual 
cups 
Common 
cups 
Cold 
water 
Hot 
water 
Soap 
Common 
towel 
Indi- 
vidual 
towel 
Separate 
lunch 
room 
Indi- 
vidual 
lockers 
All Industries 
2,545 
247,817 
78.9 
48.3 
15.3 
15.9 
93.3 
65.0 
79.4 
44.8 
62.7 
29.9 
47.5 
Extraction of minerals 
74 
4,704 
10.3 
94.1 
5.4 
65.0 
94.9 
88.6 
7.6 
93.0 
0.9 
1.5 
56.4 
Manufacturing and mechanical 
2,309 
238,183 
79.9 
48.0 
15.7 
15.0 
93.1 
64.5 
80.4 
44.1 
64.7 
31.0 
47.9 
Chemical and allied 
107 
15,741 
87.8 
56.8 
50.2 
33.7 
99.8 
97.2 
97.6 
64.9 
81.3 
68.4 
95.2 
Cigar and tobacco 
10 
1,035 
100.0 
0.0 
1.9 
91.2 
100.0 
87.2 
100.0 
10.1 
86.0 
67.0 
19.1 
Clay, glass and stone 
169 
15,343 
70.4 
65.4 
19.1 
26.3 
90.0 
59.9 
61.2 
54.2 
61.1 
25.8 
48.7 
Clothing 
100 
17,456 
78.0 
29.2 
4.6 
2.5 
100.0 
33.9 
98.2 
26.3 
62.5 
34.0 
11.0 
Food and allied 
535 
35,464 
67.4 
55,3 
15.7 
23.6 
99.3 
53.4 
86.9 
31.9 
69.6 
26.9 
43.4 
Iron and steel machinery and vehicles 
480 
80,728 
80.9 
54.1 
17.7 
10.6 
84.5 
78.0 
69.1 
61.3 
58.6 
28.5 
56.0 
Metal industries except iron and steel 
143 
9,474 
92.8 
47.0 
14.5 
5.2 
100.0 
59.1 
73.4 
36.7 
56.8 
31.3 
47.5 
Leather 
21 
2,056 
96.5 
42.1 
9.0 
26,9 
99.7 
62.9 
89.0 
13.1 
82.9 
2.3 
1.4 
Lumber and furniture 
287 
18,757 
82.1 
32.3 
5.0 
23.7 
89.4 
23.8 
70.0 
37.2 
45.5 
3.9 
11.5 
Paper, printing and allied 
272 
12,075 
72.2 
17.8 
11.5 
14.4 
99.4 
51.4 
93.8 
45.1 
58.8 
10.4 
44.1 
Textile 
51 
8,232 
75.7 
65.9 
0.4 
4.2 
99.9 
69.1 
98.6 
8.7 
88.3 
62.1 
50.0 
Miscellaneous manufacturing 
134 
21,822 
94.7 
36.8 
8.4 
2.1 
99.9 
78.4 
94.8 
18.3 
83.2 
44.8 
58.8 
Personal service 
162 
4,930 
95.0 
18.6 
8.0 
14.3 
99.3 
66.3 
96.6 
36.3 
23.3 
6.9 
19.5 
TABLE 12—GENERAL SANITATION (All Plants Surveyed) 
PERCENT OF EMPLOYEES TO WHOM INDICATED SERVICE IS AVAILABLE EXPOSURES 
TO SPECIFIED 
MATERIALS 47 
Potential Exposures to Specified Materials 
In order to obtain full information concerning potential occupational 
exposures in each industrial group, it was necessary to list all raw mate- 
rials and by-products encountered in each plant. The Field Engineers, in 
making the survey, listed all materials used or produced to a reasonable 
extent for each occupation in every plant surveyed whether the materials 
were thought to be harmful or not. Since there are over 500 materials 
which are known to be injurious under certain circumstances and since this 
number is increasing rapidly as new methods and products are intro- 
duced, it was necessary for the purpose of tabulation to combine many 
of the similar materials into one group. Materials were therefore coded 
into 51 of these major groups and each material was classified into one 
of the groups. Appendix A presents the major groups together with ex- 
amples of the materials classified under each group. The various forms 
used in obtaining the data and in tabulating both by material, and by 
occupation and material are presented in Appendix B. 
It should be pointed out that no quantitative tests were made to de- 
termine the degree of exposure that each worker had to any particular 
material. As a result it was thought best to tabulate only those materials 
which were considered as 'potential hazards to the workers. 
Thus it is desired that the material exposures listed in the following 
tables and discussion be considered as potentially capable of producing an 
occupational disease. 
The degree of toxicity of each material will vary with the quantity 
present, control measures used, and individual susceptibility of workers. 
Tables 13 and 14 show the number and percent of workers respec- 
tively, in each industrial group surveyed that were exposed to the various 
groups of materials. The material group to which the largest number of 
workers were potentially exposed was metals. The classification of metals 
does not include such metals as arsenic, chromium, mercury, manganese, 
lead, antimony and selenium because these are the most toxic metals and 
were given separate classifications. The heading Metals (N.O.S.), in- 
cludes all metals other than those indicated above and consists chiefly of 
iron, steel, zinc, copper, tin, brass and aluminum. Iron and steel dusts 
are prevalent in Indiana due to the large iron and steel industry in this 
State. As these dusts are much less toxic than such metals as lead, 
chromium and mercury, it does not follow that controlling the exposures 
to Metals (N.O.S.) is Indiana’s largest industrial hygiene problem. Lead, 
which ranks eleventh in number of exposures is a far greater problem 
due to the high toxicity of this material and its wide spread use. 
Dermatitis producers, second in number of exposures, creates an- 
other major problem. Many materials are included under this classifica- 
tion which may cause anywhere from a slight but disturbing irritation of 
the skin to ulcerative lesions, such as are seen by chrome ulcers. 
High humidity and extreme temperature changes in themselves do 
not appear to be harmful to the workers. However, Bloomfield4 has shown 
that workers exposed to extreme temperature changes have a far greater 
pneumonia rate than other industrial workers. Even common colds may 
cause enough lost time among workers who are subject to a hot and cold 
environment or a moist environment to justify a serious effort to con- 
trol these conditions to a point where they are no longer a problem. 
Other important materials responsible for larger number of exposures 
are silica dust, lead, carbon monoxide, organic solvents, paints, and sul- 
phur dioxide. While number of exposures is very important, it is still not 
a true picture. More pathology may occur among the 6,884 workers ex- 
posed to lead than in the 36,549 workers exposed to other metals, so that 
relative importance of the various materials should also be considered. 
As each industrial group is discussed a table will be shown of the material 
exposures as found in each industry in that group. 48 
TABLE 13—NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIC MATERIALS IN INDUSTRIAL OR SERVICE GROUP SURVEYED 
Materials 
Total all 
industries 
surveyed 
Extrac- 
tion 
minerals 
Chemical 
and 
allied 
Tobacco 
and 
cigar 
Clay, 
glass and 
stone 
Clothing 
and 
allied 
Food 
and 
allied 
Iron 
and 
steel 
Metals other 
than iron 
and steel 
Leather 
Furniture 
and 
lumber 
Paper 
and 
allied 
Textiles 
Miscel- 
laneous 
Mfg. 
Personal 
services 
Metals (N. 0. S.)* 
36,549 
164 
1,185 
4 
1,230 
58 
399 
26,886 
2,959 
7 
372 
397 
44 
2,836 
8 
Dermatitis producers 
27,599 
129 
911 
379 
523 
99 
11,601 
8,354 
366 
338 
1,468 
732 
330 
2,088 
281 
Organic dusts 
22,948 
27 
843 
190 
355 
2,548 
2,164 
3,025 
454 
215 
6,448 
725 
3,751 
2,182 
21 
High humidity 
15,623 
16 
435 
33 
222 
1,083 
6,102 
860 
94 
127 
206 
255 
2,734 
1 135 
2,321 
Extreme temperature changes 
12,921 
42 
1,379 
1,942 
11 
1,831 
6,746 
381 
8 
53 
36 
5 
480 
7 
11,842 
761 
131 
1,675 
4 
10 
6,974 
458 
20 
1,534 
12 
1 
260 
2 
Silicate dusts 
11,312 
144 
786 
3 
2; 308 
100 
688 
4,711 
413 
20 
513 
167 
43 
1,334 
82 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
10,844 
194 
825 
1,344 
23 
1,550 
4,909 
547 
39 
159 
267 
25 
930 
32 
Petroleum products 
10,067 
179 
901 
22 
664 
133 
879 
5,013 
433 
23 
281 
327 
523 
649 
40 
Non-siliceous dusts 
9,647 
236 
214 
4 
2,859 
22 
161 
3,914 
716 
36 
310 
67 
29 
1,070 
9 
6,884 
4 
368 
128 
7 
112 
1,794 
840 
8 
158 
1,841 
18 
1,605 
1 
Bituminous coal dust 
6^800 
3,320 
201 
3 
647 
59 
686 
lil20 
82 
15 
266 
89 
40 
182 
90 
Carbon monoxide 
6,364 
173 
383 
3 
477 
67 
1,028 
3,165 
233 
17 
255 
109 
48 
295 
111 
5 128 
702 
260 
48 
188 
876 
215 
26 
538 
1,529 
43 
471 
232 
3,209 
1 
512 
173 
27 
1,033 
529 
206 
19 
28 
63 
41 
379 
198 
2,741 
2 
351 
156 
2 
66 
1,144 
412 
2 
337 
53 
7 
207 
2 
2,381 
314 
13 
9 
118 
993 
325 
5 
46 
83 
25 
442 
8 
2 200 
223 
17 
303 
1,143 
146 
50 
144 
58 
11 
101 
4 
2,134 
107 
22 
29 
137 
75 
11 
37 
37 
1,604 
27 
35 
13 
Sulphur dioxide 
2H15 
69 
129 
3 
247 
42 
483 
513 
49 
15 
203 
66 
29 
195 
72 
1,808 
67 
13 
11 
565 
139 
1 
689 
34 
12 
271 
6 
1,506 
17 
3 
1 
10 
44 
64 
19 
1,330 
1 
17 
Chemicals (N. O. S.) 
1,494 
2 
579 
95 
3 
180 
267 
57 
7 
3 
116 
16 
156 
13 
1,248 
1 
202 
16 
795 
4 
30 
2 
26 
170 
2 
'971 
32 
21 
22 
17 
27 
90 
352 
91 
230 
79 
10 
901 
209 
10 
10 
224 
97 
100 
57 
46 
2 
80 
66 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
650 
212 
57 
3 
161 
143 
4 
12 
5 
19 
12 
19 
3 
638 
147 
94 
53 
69 
84 
1 
7 
11 
172 
606 
124 
149 
1 
28 
70 
2 
4 
221 
7 
579 
5 
280 
132 
19 
14 
129 
452 
82 
8 
4 
4 
120 
28 
6 
11 
106 
83 
411 
8 
189 
93 
2 
12 
9 
98 
318 
168 
1 
11 
2 
29 
75 
7 
1 
3 
1 
5 
15 
315 
73 
159 
1 
70 
11 
1 
296 
40 
5 
6 
54 
25 
6 
14 
40 
2 
35 
61 
232 
10 
39 
1 
93 
59 
12 
5 
13 
215 
18 
17 
15 
62 
23 
51 
11 
18 
213 
10 
12 
20 
2 
169 
154 
10 
90 
4 
1 
40 
3 
6 
136 
8 
7 
1 
27 
4 
20 
28 
33 
8 
132 
4 
38 
39 
5 
46 
122 
33 
77 
10 
2 
107 
14 
44 
47 
2 
77 
2 
1 
69 
3 
2 
77 
5 
9 
49 
1 
3 
10 
29 
29 
26 
22 
4 
11 
9 
2 
6 
6 
2 
2 
’Includes metals other than arsenic, chromium, cadmium, mercury, manganese, lead, antimony and selenium 
It is chiefly iron, steel, zinc, copper and tin. 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 49 
Materials 
Total all 
industries 
surveyed 
Extrac- 
tion 
minerals 
Chemical 
and 
allied 
Tobacco 
and 
cigar 
Clay, 
glass and 
stone 
Clothing 
and 
allied 
Food 
and 
allied 
Iron 
and 
steel 
Metals other 
than iron 
and steel 
Leather 
Furniture 
and 
lumber 
Paper 
and 
allied 
Textiles 
Miscel- 
laneous 
Mfg. 
Personal 
services 
Total Number All Workers 
247,817 
14.7 
11.1 
4,704 
3.5 
2.7 
15,741 
1,035 
15,343 
17,456 
35,464 
80,728 
9,474 
2,056 
18,757 
12,075 
8,232 
21,822 
4,930 
Metals (N. 0. S.)t 
7.5 
5.8 
0.4 
36.6 
8.0 
3.4 
0.3 
0.6 
1.1 
32.7 
33.3 
10.3 
31.2 
3.9 
0.3 
16.4 
2.0 
7.8 
3.3 
6.1 
0.5 
4.0 
13.0 
9.6 
0.2 
5.7 
9,3 
0.6 
5.4 
18.4 
2.3 
14.6 
6.1 
3.7 
4.8 
10.5 
34.4 
6.0 
45.6 
10.0 
0.4 
6.3 
0.3 
2,8 
3.2 
1.4 
6,2 
17.2 
1,1 
1.0 
6.2 
1.1 
2,1 
33.2 
5.2 
47.1 
Extreme temperature changes. 
5.2 
4 8 
0 9 
8 8 
12,7 
♦ 
5.2 
8.4 
4.0 
0.4 
0.3 
0.3 
♦ 
2.2 
0.1 
16.2 
0.8 
10.9 
♦ 
♦ 
8.6 
4,8 
1.0 
8.2 
0.1 
* 
1.2 
♦ 
4.6 
3.1 
5.0 
0.3 
15.0 
0.6 
1.9 
5.8 
4.4 
1.0 
2.7 
1.4 
0.5 
6.1 
1.7 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
4.4 
4.0 
4 1 
5 2 
8.8 
0.1 
4.4 
6.1 
5.8 
1.9 
0.8 
2.2 
0.3 
4.3 
0.6 
3.8 
5.7 
2.1 
4.3 
0.8 
2.5 
6,2 
4.6 
1.1 
1.5 
2.7 
6.4 
3.0 
0.8 
3 9 
5.0 
1,4 
0.4 
18.6 
0.1 
0.5 
4.8 
7.6 
1.8 
1.7 
0.6 
0.4 
4.9 
0,2 
2 8 
2.3 
0.8 
♦ 
0.3 
2,2 
8.9 
0,4 
0.8 
15.2 
0.2 
7.4 
♦ 
2.7 
70.6 
1.3 
0.3 
4.2 
0.3 
1.9 
1.4 
0.9 
0.7 
1.4 
0.7 
0.5 
0.8 
1.8 
2 6 
3.7 
2.4 
0.3 
3.1 
0.4 
3.0 
3.9 
2.5 
0.8 
1.4 
0.9 
0.6 
1,4 
2.3 
2 0 
4.5 
1.7 
0.3 
0.5 
1.1 
2.3 
1.3 
2.9 
12.7 
0.5 
2.2 
4.7 
1 3 
♦ 
3.3 
1.1 
0.2 
2.9 
0.7 
2,2 
0.9 
0.1 
0.5 
0.5 
1.7 
4.0 
1 1 
♦ 
2.2 
1,0 
♦ 
0.2 
1.4 
4.3 
♦ 
1.8 
0.4 
* 
0.9 
* 
1 0 
2.0 
* 
* 
0.3 
1.2 
3.4 
0.2 
0.2 
0.7 
0.3 
2.0 
0.2 
0 9 
1 4 
0.1 
0.9 
1.4 
1.5 
2.4 
0.8 
0.5 
0.1 
0.5 
* 
0 9 
0.7 
0.1 
0.2 
0.4 
* 
0.1 
1.8 
0.2 
13.3 
0.3 
0.2 
0.3 
0 9 
1.5 
0.8 
0.3 
1.6 
0.2 
1.4 
0.6 
0.5 
0.7 
1.1 
0.5 
0.4 
0.9 
1.5 
0.7 
0.6 
0.6 
0.5 
0.4 
0.4 
0 3 
0 4 
* 
* 
0.7 
1.5 
♦ 
3.7 
0.3 
0.1 
1.2 
0.1 
0 1 
♦ 
* 
* 
♦ 
0.7 
0.1 
11.0 
♦ 
♦ 
Chemicals (N. 0. S.) 
* 
3 7 
0.6 
* 
0.5 
0.3 
0.6 
0.3 
♦ 
1.0 
0.2 
0.7 
0.3 
* 
1 3 
* 
2.2 
1.5 
♦ 
0.3 
0.8 
♦ 
0 2 
0.1 
0.1 
♦ 
4.4 
1.9 
0.8 
2.8 
0.4 
0.2 
Alcohols, esters and ethers.... 
Salts (N 0 S.) 
1 3 
♦ 
* 
0.6 
0.1 
1.1 
0.3 
0,4 
♦ 
0.4 
1.3 
1.3 
0,4 
* 
0.5 
0.2 
♦ 
0.6 
* 
0.2 
0.1 
♦ 
• 
0.3 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
» 
0.9 
0.8 
0 6 
0.1 
« 
0.9 
* 
* 
♦ 
0.8 
1.0 
♦ 
0.7 
* 
* 
1.0 
0.1 
0.3 
1.4 
0.1 
0,1 
0.6 
Halogenated hydrocarbons 
0.5 
0.1 
1 1 
* 
* 
♦ 
0,1 
0,3 
* 
0.1 
0.5 
1.7 
0.2 
1.0 
♦ 
* 
* 
0.4 
♦ 
* 
♦ 
* 
* 
♦ 
♦ 
♦ 
♦ 
* 
* 
0.5 
0 3 
1 0 
♦ 
* 
0.1 
* 
* 
0.2 
♦ 
♦ 
0.7 
0.4 
♦ 
0.2 
1.2 
0.1 
0,1 
0.3 
0 1 
* 
0.3 
* 
0.1 
♦ 
0.1 
♦ 
* 
* 
0.1 
0.4 
♦ 
0.4 
* 
♦ 
0.2 
* 
0.8 
♦ 
0.1 
0.1 
0.5 
* 
* 
1,9 
* 
♦ 
♦ 
♦ 
* 
1.3 
* 
0.2 
0.3 
0.2 
0.2 
* 
♦ 
♦ 
0.4 
♦ 
0.2 
♦ 
0.2 
0.1 
♦ 
0 5 
0.1 
« 
TPI • j 
♦ 
0 3 
0.5 
♦ 
♦ 
* 
* 
♦ 
* 
* 
* 
* 
0.1 
♦ 
* 
0.2 
♦ 
0.2 
* 
0.1 
* 
a j a 
♦ 
♦ 
♦ 
♦ 
* 
* 
* 
o us . 
JThis includes metals other than arsenic, chromium, cadmium, mercury, manganese, lead, antimony and selenium. It is chiefly iron, steel, zinc, copper and tin. 
*Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 14—PERCENT OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIC MATERIALS IN INDUSTRIAL OR SERVICE GROUP SURVEYED CONTROL 
MEASURES Sandblasting Cabinet—an example of enclosure. Parts are 
placed in cabinet and through gauntlet openings, operator 
handles and blasts the pieces. 
Spray Painting Booth—an example of enclosure and local ex- 
haust as control measures. Note large exhaust duct. 53 
Control Measures 
There are any number of satisfactory methods of controlling the 
hazards due to material exposures depending upon the type of material 
and the method in which it is used. In selecting a means of controlling any 
exposure, it is necessary to know the nature of the material, its safe 
threshold, and type of pathology it may produce in toxic concentrations. 
The general methods of control will be presented with the under- 
standing that, while one method may be entirely satisfactory for one 
material, this same method may be valueless as the control of another 
material. The principal control methods are: 
1. Substitution of a non-toxic material for a toxic one. 
2. Isolation of the hazardous occupation from the other occupations, 
3. Prevent the dispersion of dusts, fumes, gases, etc., by: 
a. Applying local exhaust at the point of origin. 
b. Enclosing the operation or process. 
c. Using wet methods at the point of origin. 
d. Installing either positive or negative general ventilation, or 
both. 
4. Require the wearing of personal protective devices, such as: 
a. Respirators. 
b. Air line respirators or pressure helmets. 
c. Gas masks. 
d. Protective clothing, such as gloves, aprons, boots, head and 
body coverings, 
e. Protective creams, salves or ointments. 
5. Other protective or preventive devices such as chairs, salt tablets 
and adequate lighting. 
The above methods are not all inclusive but present a general picture 
of the methods used in practice. One method may be sufficient or it may 
require several to control the exposure adequately. The controls are listed 
in order of importance, it being much more important to eliminate the 
hazard by substituting a harmless product than by trying to control the 
hazard once it is present by prevention of dispersion or applying protec- 
tive devices. Respirators and gas masks should be the last resort and 
should not be considered unless more desirable methods can not be used. 
Not all of the above controls were listed as such in the survey; how- 
ever, the more important controls provided by industry in each work room 
and for each occupation were tabulated. No information was secured on the 
adequacy of any control. Some of the controls provided were crude 
makeshifts while others were well designed and properly installed. Even 
if a worker was provided with the correct control, he may not have been 
properly safeguarded because of improper application or poor maintenance 
of that control. The tables showing the controls provided by Indiana in- 
dustries, therefore, indicate only that industry has provided that par- 
ticular type of control and no attempt was made at this time to measure 
its adequacy. 54 
Table 15 presents a summary of controls provided in all industrial 
groups surveyed. It is admitted that this table does not mean as much 
as the individual tables for each industry; however, this table was pre- 
pared for comparison with other states which only provided a single table 
of controls. As would be expected, extremely toxic materials have a higher 
percentage of controls than relatively less toxic materials. Materials such 
as silica dust (44.5% of exposed workers had controls), lead (31.8%), 
organic solvents (30.6%), alkalis (32.3%), paints (53.0%), mineral 
acids (51.7%), cyanides (70.6%), halogenated hydrocarbons (41.6%), 
chromium (73.5%), benzene (47.4%), accelerators (80.8%), mercury 
(65.6%), cadmium (76.5%), selenium (100%) and amines (100%) 
headed the list. It will also be noted that many of the workers provided 
with controls had more than one control for that particular exposure. The 
prevalence of negative general ventilation and local exhaust is distinctly 
noticeable. 
In obtaining data on respirators the field engineers noted whether or 
not each respirator was the proper type for the particular material ex- 
posure. The United States Bureau of Mines maintains a testing laboratory 
for respirators and has typed the various materials which each respirator 
will handle satisfactorily in certain concentrations. The types listed are: 
1. Type A—Pneumoconiosis producing or nuisance dusts (protection 
against quartz, asbestos, iron ores, cement, limestone, gypsum, 
coal, coke, charcoal, wood, cellulose, flour and aluminum). 
2. Lead Dust (protection against mechanically generated lead dust). 
3. Type A and Lead Dust (protection against a combination of Type 
A and Lead Dust). 
4. Type B—Fumes (protection against fumes of metals such as lead, 
mercury, manganese, magnesium, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, 
etc.). 
5. Type C—Mists (protection against the mist of chromic acid, spray 
painting mists with lead paints, and spray painting mists with 
vitreous enamels). 
Each respirator approved under one of the above types has a Bureau 
of Mines approval number and these numbers were noted by the engineers 
and checked against the approval sheet. In this way it was possible to 
classify respirators into approved and non-approved types for each mate- 
rial. It will be noted that many respirators were provided for certain 
materials and were not intended for those materials, such as a lead dust 
respirator being used for lead fumes. Also quite a few respirators were 
provided for harmful vapors and gases for which no approved respirator 
to date has been developed. More information, however, can be obtained 
from the tables under each industrial group than from the master table. 
Material Exposure by Occupation 
It was also desirable to determine just where each worker that was 
exposed to injurious materials could be located in order that future studies 
could be made to determine the degree of exposure, the effectiveness of 
the controls, if any, and the desirable corrections to be made to make his 
occupation less hazardous. Also in the event that a study involving medi- 
cal, engineering and laboratory services would be desired, it would be 
relatively simple to find out just where the hazardous occupations in each 
industry would be. This information has been obtained in about a dozen 55 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent or Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type or Control 
i 
Percent of 
Exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
Process 
Wet 
Method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air 
Line 
respirator 
Pro- 
tective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
36,549 
27,599 
22,948 
15,623 
12,921 
11,842 
11,312 
10,844 
10,067 
9,647 
6,884 
6,800 
6,364 
5,128 
3,209 
2,741 
2,381 
2,200 
2,134 
2,115 
1,808 
1,506 
1,494 
1,248 
971 
901 
' 650 
638 
606 
579 
452 
411 
318 
315 
296 
232 
215 
213 
154 
136 
132 
122 
107 
77 
77 
29 
26 
11 
6 
2 
1.8 
5.4 
14.8 
1.5 
16.0 
1.5 
1.8 
0.4 
0.5 
3,5 
* 
0.1 
* 
0,4 
7.7 
0.2 
36.2 
3.5 
38.6 
19.9 
21.8 
44.5 
38.8 
24.7 
6.6 
48.0 
31.8 
14.4 
12.7 
30.6 
32.3 
53.0 
51.7 
9.7 
11.2 
8.9 
60.9 
42.9 
12.4 
3.3 
25.1 
37.4 
20.5 
40.3 
48.3 
70.6 
41.6 
73.5 
25.5 
37.1 
39.5 
27.6 
47.4 
80.8 
65.6 
19.1 
76.5 
72.1 
44.9 
51.9 
58.4 
100.0 
38.5 
1.8 
2.6 
4.2 
4.7 
3.1 
3.7 
1.1 
2.1 
1.6 
38.5 
1.9 
2.9 
1.8 
5.4 
2.3 
0.7 
3.8 
♦ 
0.4 
1.8 
4.2 
9.3 
14.4 
5.9 
6.2 
3.9 
8.8 
1.4 
5.0 
11.2 
0.5 
2.8 
10.2 
10.7 
7.2 
16.3 
2.7 
4.8 
1.8 
3.8 
23.7 
7.8 
0.4 
5.3 
23.5 
1.5 
10.0 
21.3 
31.4 
12.8 
9.7 
6.3 
19.7 
23.0 
6.9 
31.2 
42.3 
60.4 
8.1 
18.9 
1.6 
8.4 
3.9 
20.8 
26.7 
4.5 
4.8 
19.2 
19.9 
13.4 
1.8 
22.5 
17.7 
1.2 
6.9 
13.8 
13.3 
38.2 
23.9 
5.6 
3.4 
2.5 
52.8 
25.3 
2.5 
0.4 
18.8 
12.1 
8.2 
27.9 
23.9 
59.6 
21.9 
68.1 
17.0 
19.7 
15.9 
16.8 
10.2 
61.0 
3.9 
6.6 
68.2 
32.0 
16.8 
24.7 
28.6 
48.3 
2.4 
1.0 
0.3 
3.9 
1.3 
3.8 
2.0 
4.9 
4.1 
1.2 
2.3 
5.5 
6.4 
1.2 
5.5 
1.0 
1.0 
* 
0.7 
1.5 
♦ 
0.4 
3.2 
♦ 
* 
8.2 
10.5 
6.9 
4,5 
4.4 
1.6 
1.4 
« 
3.5 
2.4 
1.1 
0,6 
3.4 
2.4 
12.7 
1.2 
0.4 
0.8 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
1.5 
0.3 
0.2 
14.1 
2.1 
1.3 
3.9 
3.0 
2.6 
0.6 
0.4 
1.0 
♦ 
0.6 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 
1.7 
0.8 
6.1 
♦ 
* 
0.7 
8.1 
* 
16.6 
0.7 
♦ 
♦ 
♦ 
1.7 
0.1 
0,3 
0.3 
3.1 
♦ 
4.3 
5.1 
5.6 
0.5 
0.2 
0.5 
14.2 
0.6 
0.3 
3.3 
0.3 
0.6 
♦ 
Chemicals (N. O. S.) 
0.5 
♦ 
2.9 
1.2 
1.1 
1.8 
0.8 
0.1 
1.1 
5.1 
0,8 
0.5 
2.8 
12.1 
6.6 
0.4 
2.9 
1.5 
5.5 
0.2 
10.2 
5.0 
3.6 
1.2 
12.9 
2.5 
6.4 
4.3 
7.5 
0.3 
3.2 
5.7 
0.9 
0.2 
1.7 
4.3 
3.5 
0.1 
Salts (Ni 0. S.) 
3.8 
1.7 
5.1 
0.3 
0.5 
4.5 
4.3 
1.0 
0.9 
5.5 
1.6 
4,1 
0.9 
0.7 
0.5 
0.5 
4.4 
3.8 
8.3 
2.0 
6.9 
3.3 
0.6 
0.3 
0.7 
3.0 
0.4 
2.8 
1.0 
2.8 
4.7 
2.6 
1.9 
5.2 
2.9 
11.4 
9.0 
25.2 
4.4 
2.9 
3.0 
55.7 
15.9 
27.3 
1.3 
100.0 
1.5 
0.8 
13.9 
1.9 
3.3 
6.5 
2.6 
3.9 
2.5 
7.8 
7.8 
38.5 
100.0 
100.0 
•Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE IS—PERCENT OF EXPOSED WORKERS HAVING CONTROLS IN ALL INDUSTRIAL AND SERVICE GROUPS SURVEYED 
2,545 Plants; 247,817 Employees 56 
different industries merely to present the more important materials and 
the occupations where these materials were encountered. Similar informa- 
tion is available for the remaining industries, but is not presented in this 
report in order to save space. 
The material exposure by occupation tables will be found in the 
particular discussion relating to the industrial group being considered. 
The occupational analysis for the Paint and Varnish Industry is presented 
along with the other data pertaining to the Chemical and Allied industrial 
groups and so on. Occupations were very general in nature and many 
similar occupations were combined in order to prevent the table from 
becoming too long. The number of workers in each occupation which 
were found to have exposures to each material was listed. A few of the 
material exposures for some occupations may appear to be out of line, 
but in those cases the workers probably had two or three jobs and as a 
result had more exposures than the majority in that occupation. 
Occupational tables were not made up on these industries for which 
other states had already completed similar tables. The State of New 
Hampshire notably has covered certain industries very well and it was 
felt that new industries should be selected for the Indiana report rather 
than a duplication of this work. Each table dealing with occupational 
exposures will be discussed as it is presented. EXTRACTION 
OF 
MINERALS Placing sand into the sandbox of haulage tractor in a coal mine. The sand is applied 
on rails for stops and is continually ground and reground, thereby increasing the silica con- 
tent of haulage ways. 
Machine used to cut coal in mines prior to blasting. 59 
EXTRACTION OF MINERALS 
The number of workers exposed to various materials in the extraction 
of minerals classification is shown in Table 16. For this industry three sub- 
divisions are presented: coal mines, sand and gravel pits, and limestone 
quarries. If the limestone was also fabricated as well as extracted, that 
plant was not classified under this heading, but under manufacturing and 
mechanical; sub-group lime and artificial stone. This will explain why so 
few persons are listed in the limestone quarry industry. In these industries 
.approximately 10 major exposures were found of a total of 51. 
The coal mines contributed to the greater number of workers, as well 
as exposures to bituminous coal dust, which was the leading material ex- 
posure for this group. Silica dust was next in numerical importance. The 
coal mines, through “the technique of sanding the rails” in the haulage 
ways contributed heavily to this exposure. (See photograph on fly leaf.) 
The balance was in the sand and gravel pit industry. Non-siliceous dust, 
chiefly limestone in this instance, was next. Limestone is practically pure 
calcium carbonate and was therefore classified as a non-siliceous, and con- 
sequently non-silicosis producing dust. Again, it should be pointed out 
that these figures are merely based on tabulations of potential exposures 
and no quantitative evaluations were made. 
Since industrial establishments have been classified according to their 
chief product, all the operations in an industry will not be common to that 
industry alone. This factor must be taken into consideration with respect 
to the mining industry. The survey of coal mines, for example, also 
include outside activities as machine shops, offices, repair men, etc. No 
attempt was made to sub-divide these industries into departmental divi- 
sions for any of these reports, since we were mainly concerned with ex- 
posures for the industry as a whole. 
Material 
Number and Percent of Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed 
to Specified Material 
Total 
Coal Mines 
Sand and 
Gravel 
Limestone 
Quarries1 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
4.704 
4,125 
87.7 
371 
7.9 
208 
4 4 
Bituminous coal dust 
3,320 
70.6 
3,269 
79.2 
27 
7.3 
24 
11.5 
761 
18 2 
705 
17.1 
56 
15.1 
Non-siliceous dusts 
236 
5.0 
45 
1.1 
88 
23.7 
103 
49.5 
Oases (N. 0. S.) 
194 
4.1 
168 
4.1 
2 
0,5 
24 
11.5 
Petroleum products 
179 
3.8 
119 
2.9 
54 
14.6 
6 
2.9 
Carbon monoxide 
173 
3.7 
130 
3.2 
12 
3.2 
31 
14,9 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
164 
3.5 
154 
3.0 
6 
1.6 
4 
1.9 
Silicate dusts 
144 
3.1 
117 
2.8 
8 
2.2 
19 
9.1 
Dermatitis producers 
129 
2,7 
124 
3.0 
3 
0.8 
2 
1.0 
Sulphur dioxide 
69 
1.5 
52 
1.3 
5 
1.3 
12 
5.8 
42 
0.9 
17 
0.4 
25 
12.0 
Organic dusts 
27 
0.6 
16 
0.4 
3 
0.8 
8 
3.8 
16 
0 3 
16 
0 4 
4 
4 
0 1 
2 
♦ 
2 
* 
2 
♦ 
9 
♦ 
1 
* 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
‘Less than 0.1% 
'Only Quarrying—if engaged in finishing, then the industry is classified under Clay, glass and stone. 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 16—EXTRACTION OF MINERALS 
Control Measures Used: Table 17 illustrates the engineering con- 
trol measures used by the industry to prevent the occurrence of occupa- 
tional diseases; positive general ventilation was used practically to the 
exclusion of all others. This is due to the fact that Indiana laws compel 
mine operators to use positive ventilation in the mines. The wet methods 
used in the control of non-siliceous dusts were chiefly in the sand and 
gravel industry. Local exhausts were used for 0.8% of exposures of non- 
siliceous dusts. 60 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type of Control 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
3,320 
761 
236 
194 
179 
173 
164 
144 
129 
69 
42 
27 
16 
4 
2 
2 
1 
1 
78.5 
65.8 
25.8 
30.9 
1.1 
35.3 
35.4 
20.1 
0.3 
0.4 
2.6 
1.8 
13.6 
1.2 
0.1 
2.9 
79.5 
68.3 
40.3 
31.4 
2.2 
35.3 
36.0 
23.6 
0,8 
0.5 
1.1 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
0.6 
2.1 
i.4 
2.9 
2.9 
11.9 
22.2 
62.5 
11.9 
22.2 
62.5 
(N. 0. 8.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 17—EXTRACTION OF MINERALS INDUSTRY—CONTROLS 
74 Plants—4,704 Employees CHEMICAL 
AND ALLIED TABLE 18-CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES 
Number and Percent op Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed to Specified Materials 
Material 
Total 
Explosives 
etc. 
Fertilizer 
Gas 
works 
Paints and 
varnish 
Petroleum 
refineries 
Soap 
Blacking, 
stains, etc. 
Chemical 
works 
Compressed 
gases 
Drugs 
Glues 
Greases 
Oils 
not Pet. 
Cosmetics 
Chemicals 
(N.O. S.) 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
Total No, Workers Employed.. 
15,741 
84 
0.5 
267 
1.7 
166 
1.1 
678 
4.3 
7,659 
48.6 
1,584 
10.1 
351 
2.2 
1,156 
7.3 
150 
1.0 
2,527 
16.1 
47 
0.3 
133 
0.8 
46 
0.3 
77 
0.5 
816 
5.2 
Extreme temperature changes— 
1,379 
8.8 
2 
2.4 
37 
22.3 
12 
1.8 
1,170 
15.3 
28 
1,8 
5 
1.4 
76 
6.6 
19 
0 8 
12 
1 
20 
9.0 
0.8 
15.0 
3.8 
18 
36 
126 
49 
2,2 
4.4 
15.4 
6,0 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
1,185 
7.5 
3 
3.6 
1 
0.4 
9 
5.4 
83 
12.2 
782 
10.2 
70 
4.4 
18 
5.1 
92 
8.0 
72 
2.8 
7.9 
2.0 
5 
10.6 
17.0 
? 1 
5 
10.9 
8 
12 
10.4 
15,6 
3.9 
Dermatitis producers 
911 
5.8 
8 
9.5 
5 
1.9 
9 
5.4 
23 
3.4 
314 
4.1 
50 
3 2 
112 
38 
31.9 
10 8 
24 
48 
44 
123 
2 1 
199 
51 
8 
1 
6 
i 
Petroleum products 
901 
5.7 
9 
10.7 
2 
0.8 
14 
8.4 
29 
4.3 
596 
7.8 
56 
3.5 
4.2 
3.8 
10.6 
843 
5 4 
15 
17.9 
139 
52.1 
48 
13 
7.1 
1.9 
122 
465 
1.6 
6.1 
185 
19 
11.7 
1.2 
25 
6 
7.1 
1.7 
i 
Gases (N. O. S.) 
825 
5.2 
24 
9.0 
47 
28.3 
42 
28.0 
53 
64 
48 
181 
73 
74 
12 
2.1 
3 
2 3 
2.6 
161 
30 
19.7 
3.7 
780 
5 0 
2 
2 4 
1 
0 4 
19 
11 4 
19 
134 
37 
2,8 
19.8 
5.5 
494 
386 
222 
6.4 
5.0 
2.9 
1 8 
49 
3.1 
0.4 
4.2 
8.8 
10 1 
1.1 
24.2 
3.7 
0.3 
2.8 
1.7 
5 
8 
1 
3 
r» i 
5.3 
1.5 
2.3 
5.3 
15.8 
5.3 
i 
2.2 
8.7 
6,5 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
11.7 
2.6 
702 
4.5 
1 
1.2 
1 
0.4 
4 
2 4 
85 
13 
1 
10 
5.3 
2. o 
1.9 
7.2 
2.9 
2.9 
0.5 
6.4 
9 
50 
6.1 
Chemicals (N. O. S.) 
579 
3.7 
4 
2.4 
67 
139 
160 
29 
80 
25 
51 
2.7 
4.7 
1.3 
4.0 
2 
13 
1.6 
1.6 
512 
3.3 
19 
22.6 
7 
1.0 
135 
6.9 
2.2 
4.4 
i 
i 
2.6 
13 
High humidity 
435 
2.8 
6 
2.2 
12 
7.2 
2 
0.3 
86 
1.1 
2 
21 
36 
5.0 
4.4 
383 
2.4 
2.3 
2.2 
2.0 
4 
4.8 
1 
0.4 
15 
9.0 
17 
2 5 
225 
2.9 
20 
1.3 
6 
6 
1 
2.1 
Lead 
n.i 
11.5 
17 
368 
351 
314 
75 
78 
134 
231 
99 
1.7 
3.0 
1.3 
32 
2.0 
0.3 
1.8 
7 
2.0 
60 
5.2 
2 
1.3 
58 
2.3 
Mineral acids 
15 
5.6 
4 
28 
20 
80 
1.7 
6.9 
1 
0.7 
13 
80 
14 
9 
16 
0.5 
3.2 
0.6 
0.4 
0 6 
3 
2.3 
3.0 
11.3 
8 
1.0 
223 
1.4 
79 
11 7 
2 
♦ 
75 
4.7 
i2 
14 
3.4 
4.0 
2.0 
5.3 
0.7 
6.4 
15 
4.3 
10.9 
2.6 
Non-siliceous dusts 
214 
1.4 
62 
23.2 
9 
1.3 
58 
0.8 
5 
0.4 
3.6 
8 
16 
44 
2.0 
5.4 
0.2 
0.2 
6.4 
1.5 
0.1 
11.5 
2.5 
0.5 
3.3 
0.4 
Salts (N.O. S.) 
212 
1.3 
1 
1.2 
133 
49.8 
4 
2.4 
4 
0.6 
6 
0.4 
42 
1 
3 
2.3 
Alcohols, esters and ethers 
209 
1.3 
36 
5.3 
4 
0.1 
42 
2.7 
7 
2.0 
12 
1.0 
106 
82 
12 
152 
15 
4 2 
202 
1,3 
5 
1.9 
30 
0 4 
3 
0.9 
0.9 
4.3 
2.1 
24 
7 
18.0 
5.3 
8.7 
4.3 
52 
12 
1 
94 
20 
Bituminous coal dust 
201 
168 
1.3 
1.1 
5 
6.0 
1 
0.4 
51 
30.7 
8 
1.2 
51 
7 
0.7 
0 1 
5 
5 
0.3 
0.3 
3 
39 
3 
3.4 
0.3 
4 
2.7 
0.5 
6.0 
0.6 
1 
2 
Coal tar products 
147 
0.9 
2 
0.3 
28 
6.4 
2 
0.8 
6 
Silica dust 
131 
0.8 
4 
0,6 
71 
0.9 
2 
0.6 
34 
2 9 
Sulphur dioxide 
129 
0.8 
4 
4.8 
1 
0.4 
14 
8.4 
6 
0.9 
5 
0.1 
10 
0.6 
66 
5 7 
3 
2.0 
10 
7 
0,4 
0,3 
3.0 
2.6 
1 
2 1 
4 
3.0 
Sulphur 
124 
0.8 
16 
19.0 
28 
10,5 
13 
0.2 
33 
2.9 
27 
3 
107 
0.7 
2 
2.4 
1 
0.4 
8 
1.2 
2 
* 
7 
2 0 
76 
65 
1 
1.5 
8.7 
2.6 
Halogenated hydrocarbons 
82 
0.5 
4 
0.6 
2 
« 
11 
3.1 
Asbestos dust 
73 
67 
40 
0.5 
0.4 
0.3 
1 
66 
0.1 
9.7 
68 
1 
6 
0.9 
2 
0.1 
i 
0.8 
Organic acids 
0.1 
1 
0.1 
2.9 
28 
1.1 
0.6 
Arsenic 
33 
0.2 
33 
32 
0.2 
10 
1.5 
7 
0.1 
10 
2.8 
2 
0.1 
« 
0.4 
1.3 
Hydrogen sulphide 
22 
0.1 
10 
0.1 
1 
3 
11 
Benzene 
18 
0.1 
4 
2,4 
10 
1.5 
1 
♦ 
0.1 
0.6 
Antimony 
17 
0.1 
1 
♦ 
16 
Fluorides 
14 
0.1 
14 
1.2 
Mercury 
10 
0.1 
10 
1 
0.4 
* 
Aldehydes 
10 
0.1 
5 
0.7 
0.5 
8 
0.1 
6 
0.9 
2 
0.6 
Chromium 
8 
6 
5 
0.1 
* 
5 
0.7 
3 
0.1 
Chlorine 
* 
6 
5 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
Cyanides 
5 
♦ 
1 
0.4 
4 
Manganese 
2 
2 
« 
2 
0.3 
‘Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 63 
Chemical and Allied Industries 
Exposures: Table 18 shows the number and percentage of workers 
exposed to the specific materials in all chemical and allied industries, ac- 
cording to each sub-division. For the industry as a whole extreme tempera- 
ture changes, metals (N.O.S.), dermatitis producers, petroleum products, 
organic dusts, gases (N.O.S.), silicate dusts and organic solvents seem 
to be the chief exposures. Extreme temperature changes head the list 
because of the concentration of petroleum refineries, chemical works, and 
gas works in the state. Metals run high because of the large paint in- 
dustry in the state, as well as the large maintenance crews in the oil 
refineries. Petroleum products are high in the list because of the large 
refineries. 
Control Measures: The types of control used by industry for various 
exposures are noted on Table 19. For example, of the 911 workers poten- 
tially exposed to materials capable of producing some sort of dermatitis, 
only 11.5% had control measures instituted, and in this instance it was 
protective clothing (gloves usually). Lead dust is controlled by positive 
and negative ventilation, as well as by local exhausts, enclosed methods, 
wet methods and respirators. Of the respirators provided by industry, 
14.1% of the workers exposed to lead had respirators which were not 
approved for lead, while only 5.4% had approved type respirators. This 
was seen in other industries also and at an early date lists of approved 
types of respirators for various exposures were sent to Indiana plants for 
their guidance. 64 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of E posed Workers Having Indicated Type of Control 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
1,379 
0.2 
1.1 
0.7 
0.4 
0.6 
6.7 
8.6 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
1,185 
0.9 
4 3 
1.7 
8.7 
1 9 
1 3 
0 1 
0.2 
17 0 
911 
11.5 
11.5 
901 
0.1 
20.0 
0.7 
20.8 
843 
7.3 
8.8 
19.6 
7.3 
3.4 
13.2 
41 7 
825 
3.0 
2.8 
16.7 
0.7 
0.8 
25.6 
786 
1 0 
2,4 
8.3 
1.8 
2.3 
6.8 
2.7 
21 3 
702 
0.7 
2.9 
4.0 
18.3 
3.9 
1.4 
1.6 
28.3 
579 
10.4 
7.9 
0.7 
1.4 
0.2 
12 9 
512 
5 9 
13.3 
10.2 
16 8 
0.4 
1 0 
10 4 
11 7 
0 4 
43 3 
435 
12.7 
26.2 
7.1 
1.4 
34 0 
383 
1.8 
4.7 
1.3 
7 8 
368 
5.7 
1.1 
11.7 
14.4 
1.1 
5.4 
14.1 
3 8 
36 7 
351 
0.6 
7.1 
7.7 
3.7 
16 6 
314 
8,3 
13.7 
5.1 
22.3 
2.2 
5.4 
21.0 
4.5 
62 4 
223 
0.4 
4.0 
1.8 
4.5 
0.4 
2.7 
11.2 
214 
6.5 
1.4 
1.4 
0.5 
9.8 
30.8 
12.6 
56 6 
Salts (N. O. S.) 
212 
1.4 
23.1 
1.4 
3.3 
17.0 
42 8 
209 
19.2 
45.8 
17.2 
17.2 
0.5 
1.4 
3.8 
10.1 
65 6 
202 
9 9 
9 9 
201 
0,5 
1.5 
2 0 
168 
11.9 
32.2 
7.1 
24.4 
1.8 
48 2 
147 
4.1 
1.4 
2.7 
8 2 
131 
3.1 
3.1 
22.1 
29.0 
6.1 
3.1 
64 8 
129 
21.7 
3.1 
24 8 
124 
4.8 
9.7 
1,6 
8.1 
33.9 
21.8 
70 9 
107 
82 
14.6 
12,2 
9,8 
4.9 
7.3 
22 0 
73 
2.7 
5.5 
5 5 
67 
1.5 
22.4 
4.5 
26 9 
40 
5.0 
32.5 
55.0 
7.5 
47.5 
7.5 
97 5 
33 
57.6 
51.5 
93.9 
33.3 
100 0 
32 
3.1 
25.0 
3,1 
3.1 
34 3 
22 
45.4 
45 4 
18 
17 
29.4 
29 4 
14 
14.3 
14.3 
57.2 
71 5 
10 
40.0 
40.0 
30.0 
60.0 
60.0 
10 
8 
12.5 
12 5 
8 
25.0 
37.5 
25.0 
37.5 
6 
100.0 
100 0 
5 
5 
80.0 
80.0 
60.0 
20.0 
80 0 
100 0 
2 
2 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 19—CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES—PERCENT OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS HAVING INDICATED CONTROLS 
107 Plants: 15,741 Workers 65 
Occupational Analysis of Paint Industry: By rearranging the expos- 
ures listed on Table 18 for the paint and varnish industry and listing these 
in descending order and by listing the occupations where these exposures 
occur, we derive Table 20. Thus it can be seen that for the paint industry 
the exposure to organic solvents is a sizeable one. Should the industry 
care to minimize this exposure it can be seen by referring to Table 20 that 
the occupations that contributed mostly to this exposure are the mixers, 
lacquer and varnish makers, cookers, paint grinders, thinners and reducers. 
Thus adequate control measures for this group of occupations would greatly 
minimize the hazard of pathology due to organic solvents. 
TABLE 20—PAINT AND VARNISH INDUSTRY1 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data: 17 Plants: 678 Employees; 349 Employees were given 842 Exposures 
Occupation 
Number of Workers Exposed to Specified Materials by Occupation 
s 
> 
'o 
00 
.2 
I 
M 
c 
O 
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D 
3 
a 
| 
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© 
a 
o 
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a 
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1 
CQ 
© 
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§ 
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s 
© 
1 
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G 
o 
JB GQ 
Jd 
a 
2 
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1 § 
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s 
1 
'o 
t-. 
© 
Pin 
.2 2 
© 
•rt © 
s2 
© a 
Q 
QQ 
-o 
© 
1 
OQ 
© 
3 
o 
§ 
a 
§ 
h 
cj 
o 
02 
d 
g 
CO 
a 
a 
<3 
c 
a g 
II 
O -C 
g ° 
© ® 
S 3 
* 
w 
03 
l-S 
11 
*3 ti 
s| 
a 
Total Number of Workers Exposed 
134 
83 
79 
78 
75 
66 
48 
37 
36 
29 
23 
19 
17 
13 
12 
93 
38 
32 
33 
12 
30 
14 
10 
2 
15 
7 
2 
Lacquer and varnish makers, cookers 
19 
13 
14 
2 
2 
23 
7 
5 
10 
18 
13 
13 
25 
22 
3 
7 
2 
5 
1 
10 
5 
3 
2 
2 
2 
9 
6 
\i 
2 
2 
7 
3 
6 
6 
6 
7 
6 
4 
3 
1 
3 
6 
1 
3 
1 
6 
6 
6 
1 
5 
4 
4 
1 
4 
1 
2 
4 
4 
15 
9 
15 
34 
1 
3 
2 
5 
1 
1 
2 
2 
3 
1 
4 
1 
3 
1 
2 
7 
9 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
8 
2 
1 
18 
8 
1 
1 
2 
5 
2 
1 
93 
■The paint and varnish industry includes paint, varnish, lacquer, wood stain and filler manufacturing. 
2Organic solvents in this industry are generally turpentine, naphtha, gasoline, toluol, xylol, oleum spirits and kerosene. 
sThe next largest material is approximately 1-2% of the total number of exposures. 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
The same procedure may be used for other occupational analyses. 
The paint industry was not chosen for an occupational breakdown because 
of any preponderance of disturbing materials used in the manufacturing 
of paints, but because it is an industry on which occupational data was 
lacking. CIGAR AND 
TOBACCO 
INDUSTRY 69 
Cigar and Tobacco Industry 
Exposures: 11 of the 51 major groups were encountered in this rela- 
tively small industry in Indiana. Exposures were chiefly to dermatitis pro- 
ducers, organic dusts, high humidity and petroleum products. Dermatitis 
in the tobacco industry may be encountered through specific irritant prop- 
erties of tobacco dust.21 The dermatoses may be allergic, infectious, or 
irritative and generally appear among the waterers, sorters, and pressers. 
Controls: The only control encountered in the industry was for 
organic dusts. Local exhaust methods were used for 7.9% of the 190 
exposures to organic dusts. (See Table 21 for detailed study.) 
Material 
Number and Percent of 
Workers Exposed to 
Specified Material 
Number 
Percent 
1,035 
379 
36.6 
190 
18.4 
33 
3.2 
22 
2.1 
4 
0.4 
4 
0.4 
3 
0.3 
3 
0.3 
3 
0.3 
3 
0.3 
1 
♦ 
•Less than 0.1% 
TABLE 21—CIGAR AND TOBACCO 
The only control in this industry consists of Local Exhaust as a control for Organic Dusts; 7.9% of the 190 exposures to 
Organic Dusts were credited this control. 
CIGAR AND TOBACCO-CONTROLS CLAY, GLASS 
AND STONE Mined limestone ready for loading. 73 
Clay, Glass and Stone Industry 
Exposures: Table 22 presents the data on exposures to materials 
contacted in this industry. Forty-one of the 51 major groups were en- 
countered, of which non-siliceous dusts, silicate dusts, extreme tempera- 
ture changes, silica dust, gases (N.O.S.) and metals (N.O.S.) predomi- 
nated. Since the limestone, cement and rock wool industries are large 
industries in the state, one would anticipate a preponderance of non- 
siliceous dust exposures. Silica bearing dust is relatively high in this 
series and is encountered in some of the high silica bearing Indiana clays 
used in the brick, tile, terra cotta, and pottery industries. This type of 
dust potentially may produce silicosis. It should be noted that a rather 
sizeable group of people are potentially exposed to asbestos dust (159) and 
that they may, through these exposures, develop asbestosis. 
Controls: Table 23 indicates the controls encountered in the handling 
of materials workers were exposed to in Table 22. For example, it is 
noted that the 1,675 persons exposed to silica bearing dusts, 45% have one 
or more controls instituted. The methods used were chiefly local exhaust, 
enclosure, wet methods, and respirators. Again it should be pointed out 
that 5.1% of the workers exposed to silica dust were provided with 
respirators which were not of the approved type for silica. 
Cement Industry; Occupational Analysis: Table 24 presents the most 
common exposures for the cement industry as well as the occupations 
where these exposures tend to occur. It can be seen for carbon monoxide, 
for example, that of the 75 potential exposures listed that 33 of them are 
potentially present in the occupations listed as kiln operators, feeders and 
chargers. 
The most common exposures for the cement industry are non-siliceous 
dust, silicate dusts, dermatitis producers, bituminous coal dust and silica 
dust. 
Lime and Artificial Stone Industry; Occupational Analysis: Data is 
presented in Table 25. The most common exposure is to non-siliceous dusts 
and occurs primarily in the cutting operations listed as planers, shapers, 
sawyers, stonecutters and channeling machine operators. Adequate control 
measures in this group would practically solve this dust problem. 
Rock Wool Industry; Occupational Analysis: Table 26 conveys the 
same information for the rock wool industry as does Table 24 and 25 for 
the cement and limestone industry as a whole. Rock wool industry is 
quite a sizeable industry in Indiana due to the fact that some of the Indiana 
limestone is quite adaptable to the manufacture of rock wool. The chief 
exposure is non-siliceous dust. 74 
Number and Percent of Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed to Specified Materials 
Brick, 
Lime and 
Marble 
Roofing 
Rock wool 
Material 
Total 
tile, 
Mirrors 
Glass 
Cement 
Artificial 
and 
Potteries 
and 
Asbestos 
and other 
terra cotta 
stone 
stone 
asphalt 
products 
(N. O. S.) 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
15,343 
2,050 
13.4 
157 
1.0 
6,507 
42.4 
1,500 
9.8 
2,293 
14.9 
152 
1.0 
715 
4.6 
179 
1.2 
615 
4.0 
1,175 
7.7 
Non-siliceous dusts 
2,859 
18.6 
450 
22.0 
9 
5.7 
235 
3.6 
318 
21.2 
1,170 
51.0 
15 
9.9 
91 
12.7 
22 
12.3 
25 
4.1 
524 
44.6 
Silicate dusts 
2,308 
15.0 
191 
9.3 
59 
37.6 
1,195 
18.4 
261 
17.4 
36 
1.6 
51 
33.6 
190 
26.6 
23 
12.8 
50 
8.1 
252 
21.4 
1 942 
12 7 
290 
14.1 
1,339 
20.6 
67 
4.5 
8 
0.3 
56 
7.8 
2 
1.1 
23 
3.7 
157 
13.4 
1,675 
10.9 
718 
35.0 
7 
4.5 
'367 
5.6 
102 
6.8 
5 
0.2 
31 
20.4 
340 
47.6 
3 
0.5 
102 
8.7 
1,344 
8.8 
151 
7.4 
3 
1.9 
907 
13.9 
68 
4.5 
44 
1.9 
28 
3.9 
14 
7.8 
20 
3.3 
109 
9.3 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
1,230 
8.0 
55 
2.7 
39 
24.8 
869 
13.4 
75 
5.0 
88 
3.8 
2 
1.3 
15 
2.1 
7 
3.9 
29 
4.7 
53 
4.5 
664 
4.3 
43 
2.1 
358 
5.5 
80 
5.3 
47 
2.0 
1 
0.7 
8 
1.1 
45 
25.1 
12 
2.0 
70 
6.0 
647 
4.2 
232 
11.3 
1 
0.6 
120 
1.8 
133 
8.9 
72 
3.1 
18 
2.5 
13 
7.3 
16 
2.6 
42 
3.6 
Dermatitis producers 
523 
3.4 
43 
2.1 
6 
3.8 
222 
3.4 
174 
11.6 
1 
* 
2 
1.3 
31 
4.3 
2 
1.1 
16 
2.6 
26 
2.2 
477 
3.1 
146 
7.1 
137 
2.1 
75 
5.0 
49 
2.1 
3 
2.0 
15 
2.1 
7 
3.9 
6 
1.0 
39 
3.3 
355 
2.3 
9 
0.4 
5 
3.2 
140 
2.2 
31 
2.1 
8 
0.3 
8 
5.3 
8 
4.5 
77 
12.5 
69 
5.9 
Organic solvents 
260 
1.7 
6 
0.3 
5 
3.2 
117 
1.8 
30 
2.0 
3 
0.1 
1 
0.7 
22 
3.1 
3 
1.7 
15 
2.4 
58 
4.9 
247 
1.6 
108 
5.3 
60 
0.9 
14 
0.9 
19 
0.8 
3 
2.0 
13 
1.8 
7 
3.9 
5 
0.8 
18 
1.5 
222 
1.4 
46 
2.2 
5 
3.2 
81 
1.2 
5 
0.3 
2 
0.3 
2 
1.1 
S3 
8.6 
28 
2.4 
173 
1.1 
5 
0.2 
3 
1.9 
89 
1.4 
40 
2.7 
33 
4.6 
2 
1.1 
1 
0.2 
159 
1.0 
4 
♦ 
155 
25.2 
156 
1.0 
10 
0.5 
3 
1.9 
27 
0.4 
26 
1.7 
43 
6.0 
47 
4 0 
149 
1 0 
122 
1.9 
27 
4 4 
128 
0.8 
9 
0.4 
1 
0.6 
66 
1.0 
10 
0.7 
1 
* 
9 
1.3 
22 
3.6 
10 
0 9 
95 
0 6 
6 
0 3 
2 
1.3 
24 
0.4 
40 
2.7 
1 
0.1 
2 
1.1 
10 
1 6 
10 
0 9 
94 
0 6 
43 
0.7 
8 
0.5 
3 
1.7 
16 
2.6 
24 
2.0 
77 
0.5 
77 
1.2 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
57 
0.4 
9 
0.4 
47 
0.7 
1 
♦ 
44 
0.3 
44 
0.7 
39 
0 3 
3 
0 5 
36 
3.1 
29 
0.2 
29 
0.4 
22 
0.1 
22 
0.3 
21 
0.1 
7 
0.3 
3 
* 
11 
7.2 
17 
0.1 
3 
0.1 
1 
• 
7 
1.0 
1 
0 2 
5 
0.4 
17 
0.1 
8 
0.5 
9 
1.5 
13 
* 
2 
1.3 
7 
0.1 
4 
0.6 
13 
• 
4 
2.5 
6 
♦ 
3 
0 3 
11 
* 
6 
♦ 
4 
0.3 
1 
• 
10 
* 
6 
3.8 
4 
0.3 
10 
* 
10 
0.2 
9 
« 
9 
0.8 
8 
♦ 
8 
0.5 
5 
♦ 
1 
0.6 
1 
* 
3 
0.3 
4 
♦ 
4 
♦ 
3 
♦ 
2 
0.1 
1 
0.1 
1 
♦ 
1 
* 
‘Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 22—CLAY, GLASS & STONE 75 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type of Control 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
N egative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
2,859 
2,308 
1,942 
1,675 
1,344 
1,230 
664 
647 
523 
477 
355 
260 
247 
222 
173 
159 
156 
149 
128 
95 
94 
77 
57 
44 
39 
29 
22 
21 
17 
17 
13 
13 
11 
10 
10 
9 
8 
5 
4 
3 
1 
2.2 
8.5 
21.2 
0.6 
12.2 
7.6 
13.1 
1.7 
5.2 
3.3 
5.9 
3.3 
21.6 
4.1 
13.2 
17.7 
5.9 
16.4 
10.6 
10.4 
4.1 
3.4 
4.9 
2.2 
0.4 
5.2 
1.7 
1.8 
15.3 
6.1 
4.4 
12.1 
2.0 
2.8 
0.3 
39.7 
47.0 
34.1 
45.0 
40.1 
32.3 
16.7 
17.6 
♦ 
5.2 
4.0 
0.9 
7.3 
17.4 
5.1 
0.9 
0.8 
♦ 
Gases (N. O. S.) 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
8.9 
2.9 
0.7 
0.6 
6.5 
3.6 
1.9 
7.3 
9.0 
4.6 
1.2 
12.6 
9.2 
38.4 
1.3 
2.3 
43.1 
4.2 
4.4 
4.8 
6.2 
2.3 
3.1 
0.4 
13.4 
63.9 
15.8 
6.1 
14.9 
42.8 
69.2 
27.6 
17.4 
19.5 
25.3 
26.6 
67.5 
33.3 
4.5 
15.4 
100.0 
7.9 
0.4 
3.4 
0.6 
5.4 
0.3 
4.5 
1.8 
0.6 
16.4 
0.5 
4.5 
17.3 
37.7 
14.1 
14.1 
8.6 
4.2 
18.1 
23.4 
9.8 
0.6 
9.6 
10.4 
2.5 
4.5 
2.9 
0.6 
6.7 
2.0 
2.3 
8.6 
Chemicals (N. 0. S.) 
21.1 
3.2 
4.2 
3.2 
8.5 
5.2 
10.5 
3.9 
44.2 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
1.8 
31.6 
4.5 
7.7 
48.3 
7.7 
15.4 
100.0 
19.0 
5,9 
17.6 
15.4 
19.0 
5.9 
64.7 
46.2 
30.8 
5.9 
17.6 
15.4 
30.8 
5.9 
47.1 
30.8 
7.7 
30.8 
100.0 
80.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
20.0 
100.0 
20.0 
100.0 
100.0 
‘Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 23-CLAY, GLASS AND STONE INDUSTRIES-CONTROLS 
169 Plants—15,343 Employees 76 
TABLE 24—CEMENT INDUSTRY1 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data: 24 Plants; 1,500 Employees; 976 Employees were given 1,581 Exposures 
Occupation 
Number op Workers Exposed to Specified Materials by Occupation 
C0 
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■+-> © 
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II 
© a 
Q 
GO 
a 
fin 
n 
CO 
03 
S3 
,d 
05 
0 
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m 
03 
O 
S3 
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fH 
a 
a 
i 
(H 
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PH 
02 
d 
g 
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1 
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a 
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03 
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03 
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0 
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1 
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II 
Jl 
a 
Total Number op Workers Exposed 
318 
38 
34 
26 
25 
24 
23 
19 
18 
15 
13 
10 
9 
8 
8 
8 
6 
4 
2 
1 
261 
22 
13 
18 
16 
24 
9 
1 
18 
55 
174 
31 
5 
133 
12 
102 
4 
17 
80 
7 
75 
4 
75 
4 
67 
10 
68 
40 
40 
31 
30 
26 
61 
3 
22 
54 
33 
25 
8 
'o' 
3 
3 
1 
4 
1 
6 
2 
10 
5 
16 
1 
2 
1 
1 
12 
5 
1 
2 
1 
6 
1 
6 
“3' 
3 
V 
11 
8 
is 
6 
7 
3 
2 
12 
26 
13 
16 
2 
4 
8 
7 
1 
2 
"2' 
32' 
is' 
38 
29 
32 
4 
2 
13 
2 
'26' 
15 
ie' 
4 
1 
25 
16 
18 
5 
13 
13 
1 
21 
6 
38 
39 
18 
16 
1 
16 
ei’ 
27 
20 
18 
7 
1 
2 
7 
2 
3 
1 
2 
1 
1 
•Cement Industry includes plants manufacturing cement and cement products such as cement tile, block, concrete vaults, 
slabs, etc. Some plants in the survey make ready-mixed concrete. 
•Next largest material is approximately 0.9% of the total number of exposures. 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 77 
TABLE 25—LIME AND ARTIFICIAL STONE INDUSTRY1 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data: 49 Plants; 2,293 Employees: 1,320 Employees were given 1,549 Exposures 
Occupation 
Number op Persons Exposed to Specified Materials by Occupation 
Non-siliceous 
dusts* 
Metals (N. O. S.)» 
Bituminous coal 
dust 
| Carbon monoxide 
Petroleum products 
Gases (N. O. S.) 
Silicate dusts 
Sulphur dioxide 
Extreme tempera- 
ture changes 
Silica dust 
Miscellaneous4 
materials 
1,170 
246 
209 
187 
104 
64 
59 
45 
43 
41 
25 
23 
19 
16 
10 
10 
9 
9 
9 
8 
8 
7 
2 
86 
72 
49 
47 
44 
36 
19 
8 
5 
13 
2 
6 
6 
6 
6 
Crusher and pulverizer operators and feeders... 
3 
1 
1 
4 
1 
21 
3 
3 
12 
2 
36 
2 
14 
8 
6 
8 
51 
30 
24 
2 
21 
9 
2 
12 
1 
2 
25 
12 
3 
1 
1 
10 
5 
1 
17 
2 
1 
13 
‘Primarily limestone quarrying and processing; Does not include brick, tile, terra cotta, cement, marble and natural 
stone plants, or potteries. Plants where limestone quarrying alone is done are classed under extraction of minerals and not 
included here. 
‘Primarily limestone dust in this industry. 
•Principally iron and steel dusts. 
‘Next material is approximately 0.5% of the total number of exposures. 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 78 
TABLE 26—ROCK WOOL INDUSTRY! 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data; 12 Plants, 938 Employees: 728 Employees were given 1,550 Exposures 
Occupation 
Number of Workers Exposed to Specified Materials by Occupation 
§ 
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£ 
J 
0 
02 
PL. 
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CO 
I 
1 
1 
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u 
0 
02 
d 
CQ 
3 
0 
a 
CD 
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CO 
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£ 1o 
PQ 
02 
2 
0 
a 
0 
£ 
§ 
£ 
U 
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O 
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>> 
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< 
*3 
1 
43 
43 
hfi 
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02 ® 
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S 
Total Number of Workers Exposed .... 
517 
120 
06 
66 
54 
50 
30 
25 
15 
14 
10 
9 
9 
6 
6 
5 
5 
4 
3 
2 
209 
81 
45' 
157 
109 
92 
3 
6 
3 
9 
30 
6 
3 
6 
1 
69 
6 
30 
47 
46 
41 
38 
38 
35 
33 
28 
26 
24 
41 
95 
2 
30 
45 
45 
45 
48 
50 
3 
3 
2 
3 
3 
3 
2 
9 
10 
6 
6 
i’ 
1 
6 
9 
6 
2 
8 
6 
2 
6 
1 
1 
9 
2 
6 
1 
3 
22 
12 
20 
23 
18 
6 
2 
2 
25 
6 
23 
2 
3 
3 
4 
1 
12 
23 
5 
18 
4 
21 
il 
18 
3 
5 
3 
2 
1 
1 
5 
3 
3 
2 
tRock wool plants are classified under Rock Wool, other (N. 0. S.) in the clay, glass and stone industries. 
Only plants primarily making rock wool are included here. ‘Next material is less than 1.0% of total number of exposures. 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. CLOTHING 
INDUSTRY 81 
Clothing Industry 
Exposures: Organic dusts, petroleum products and silicate dusts were 
the materials giving the most potential exposures in the clothing industry. 
Frequent exposures to high humidity were also noted. The data on physical 
conditions which are given for this industry or any industry in this survey 
are of limited value only. No actual measurements of physical conditions 
were made and the reporting of potential exposures to such conditions 
depended upon the personal judgment of the surveyor and his knowledge 
in the industry. These physical data have been included to indicate where 
one may make studies of such environments. (See Table 27 for detailed 
analysis of the industry.) 
Controls: A glance at Table 28 will reveal that outside of general 
ventilation few control measures were instituted. 
TABLE 27—CLOTHING AND ALLIED INDUSTRY 
Material 
Number and Percent of Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed to Specified 
Material 
Total 
Gloves 
Shirts 
collar 
and cuff 
Suits 
Women’s 
clothing 
Other 
clothing 
(N. O. S.) 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
Total Number Workers Employed. . 
17,456 
1,939 
11.1 
1,330 
7.6 
7,583 
43.5 
3,108 
17.8 
3,496 
20.0 
2,548 
14.6 
312 
16.1 
67 
5.0 
1,683 
22.2 
62 
2.0 
424 
12.1 
High humidity 
i;083 
6.2 
117 
6.0 
193 
14.5 
'265 
3.5 
125 
4.0 
383 
11.0 
Petroleum products 
133 
0.8 
16 
0.8 
11 
0.8 
42 
0.6 
18 
0.6 
46 
1.3 
Silicate dusts 
100 
0.6 
6 
0.3 
8 
0.6 
35 
0.5 
11 
0.4 
40 
1.1 
99 
0.6 
1 
♦ 
49 
0.6 
44 
1.4 
5 
0.1 
90 
0 5 
90 
1.2 
Carbon monoxide 
67 
0.4 
6 
0.3 
3 
0.2 
18 
0.2 
17 
6.5 
23 
0.7 
Bituminous coal dust 
59 
0.3 
7 
0.4 
6 
0.5 
18 
0.2 
8 
0.3 
20 
0.6 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
58 
0.3 
12 
0.6 
5 
0.4 
26 
0.3 
7 
0.2 
8 
0.2 
48 
0 3 
7 
0.4 
6 
* 
1 
34 
1.0 
Sulphur dioxide 
42 
0.2 
6 
0.3 
3 
0.2 
11 
0.1 
4 
0.1 
18 
0.5 
Ink 
29 
0.2 
8 
0.4 
2 
0.2 
7 
3 
* 
9 
0.3 
27 
0.2 
1 
♦ 
10 
0.1 
16 
0.5 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
23 
0 1 
1 
* 
4 
17 
6.5 
1 
Non-siliceous dusts 
22 
0.1 
12 
0.6 
1 
* 
5 
* 
3 
* 
1 
♦ 
22 
0 1 
1 
21 
0.6 
16 
* 
16 
6.5 
11 
* 
3 
* 
8 
0.3 
10 
* 
4 
* 
6 
0.2 
9 
* 
9 
0.3 
9 
♦ 
9 
0.3 
7 
♦ 
5 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
1 
7 
* 
7 
0.2 
6 
♦ 
6 
0.2 
4 
* 
4 
0.1 
4 
♦ 
2 
0 1 
2 
* 
3 
* 
3 
♦ 
3 
♦ 
3 
♦ 
2 
♦ 
2 
* 
2 
* 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
1 
* 
1 
♦ 
*Less than 0.1% 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 82 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type or Control 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
2,548 
1,083 
133 
100 
99 
90 
67 
59 
58 
48 
42 
29 
27 
23 
22 
22 
16 
11 
10 
9 
9 
7 
7 
6 
4 
4 
3 
3 
2 
2 
1 
1 
9.7 
0.9 
31.4 
13.4 
0.4 
2.9 
0,4 
0.6 
0.4 
32.8 
15.9 
2.0 
9.0 
2.0 
11.0 
100.0 
7.5 
100.0 
13.4 
6.0 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
3.5 
15.5 
10.4 
3.5 
19.0 
10.4 
7.1 
17.2 
7.1 
17.2 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
21.7 
4.5 
.. 21.7 
4.5 
27.3 
27.3 
27.3 
40.0 
40.0 
100.0 
100.0 
85.7 
85.7 
100.0 
85.7 
100.0 
75.0 
50.0 
66.7 
75.0 
50.0 
66.7 
Chemicals (N. 0. S.) 
Salts (N. O. S.) '. 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 28—CLOTHING AND ALLIED-CONTROLS 
100 Plants—17,456 Employees FOOD AND 
ALLIED INDUSTRY 85 
Food and Allied Industry 
Exposures: The importance of these industries in Indiana was real- 
ized, especially the tomato canning industry, and consequently 35,464 
workers were studied. This group, for the industry as a whole was exposed 
to 34 of the 51 major groups. The most outstanding exposures being 
dermatitis producers, high humidity, organic dusts, extreme temperature 
changes, gases (N.O.S.), alkalis, and carbon monoxide. The factor of 
dermatitis producers is the major problem in all sub-groups except the 
flour and grain industries, ice manufacture, spices and coffee, and bever- 
ages. Thirty-two and seven-tenths per cent of all the workers were poten- 
tially being exposed to some type of dermatitis producer. The canning 
industry, which contributed mostly to the population of this group, as 
well as exposures, is a highly seasonal industry. (See Table 29 for detailed 
study.) 
Controls: Of the 32% potentially being exposed to dermatitis pro- 
ducers only 6.3% had some type of protective clothing and 0.3% had some 
other type of protection, usually some bland ointments. Controls provided 
for the materials are listed in Table 30. 
Canning Industry; Occupational Analysis: Dermatitis and high hu- 
midity appear to be the two major problems of this industry. Both expos- 
ures appear to be concentrated in the occupations of tomato peelers, hand 
packers, sorters, trimmers and cutters, soakers, and cookers. The industry 
shows 14 of the 51 material exposures as potentially occurring. (See Table 
31 for additional data.) 
Slaughter and Packing Industry: Table 32 presents the major mate- 
rial exposures for the industry as well as the occupations where the ex- 
posures tend to occur. Dermatitis, infections, high humidity, and tempera- 
ture changes appear to be the outstanding problems. Table 32 gives the 
rest of the analysis by occupations. 86 
Number and Percent or Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed to Specified Materials 
Flour 
Fruit and 
Slaughter 
Ice 
Spices 
Other 
Non- 
Material 
Total 
Bakeries 
Dairy 
Candy 
and 
vegetable 
and 
Manu- 
and 
foods 
alcoholic 
Alcoholic 
products 
grain 
canning 
packing 
facturing 
coffee 
(N. O. S.) 
beverages 
beverages 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
Total No. Workers Employed 
35,464 
3,566 
10.1 
3,292 
9.3 
867 
2.4 
1,556 
4.4 
15,378 
43.2 
3,221 
9.1 
668 
1.9 
349 
1.0 
2,515 
7.1 
627 
1.8 
3,425 
9.7 
Dermatitis producers 
11,601 
32.7 
970 
27.2 
524 
15,9 
449 
51.8 
28 
1,8 
7,212 
46.9 
1,276 
39.7 
18 
2.7 
16 
4,6 
491 
19.5 
87 
13.9 
530 
15.5 
High humidity 
6,102 
17.2 
44 
1.2 
479 
14.6 
15 
1.7 
8 
0.5 
4,008 
26.1 
621 
19.3 
4 
0.6 
5 
1.4 
363 
14.4 
31 
4.9 
524 
15.3 
Organic dusts 
2,164 
6.1 
460 
12.9 
20 
0.6 
44 
5.1 
694 
44.6 
161 
1.0 
36 
1.1 
4 
0.6 
52 
14.9 
364 
14.5 
2 
0.3 
327 
9.5 
Extreme temperature changes... 
1,831 
5.2 
359 
10.1 
243 
7.4 
22 
2.5 
13 
0.8 
48 
0.3 
617 
19.2 
162 
24.3 
3 
0.9 
71 
2.8 
8 
1.3 
285 
8.3 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
1,550 
4.4 
330 
9.3 
63 
1,9 
8 
0.9 
11 
0.7 
79 
0.5 
156 
4.8 
53 
7.9 
15 
4.3 
84 
3.3 
90 
14.4 
661 
19.3 
Alkalis 
1,033 
2.9 
20 
0.6 
309 
9.4 
1 
0.1 
3 
0.2 
17 
0.1 
14 
0.4 
2 
0.3 
5 
1.4 
9 
0.4 
76 
12.1 
577 
16.8 
Carbon monoxide 
1,028 
3.0 
284 
8.0 
191 
5.8 
10 
1.2 
46 
3.0 
163 
1.1 
111 
3,4 
42 
6.3 
14 
4.0 
39 
1.6 
60 
9.6 
68 
2.0 
Petroleum products 
879 
2.5 
144 
4.0 
114 
3.5 
10 
1.2 
73 
4.7 
124 
0.8 
105 
3.3 
67 
10.0 
4 
1.1 
70 
2.8 
8 
1.3 
160 
4,7 
795 
2.2 
12 
0.4 
23 
0.1 
734 
22.8 
5 
0 2 
1 
0.2 
20 
0 6 
Silicate dusts 
688 
1.9 
62 
1.7 
106 
3.2 
9 
1.0 
40 
2.6 
196 
1.3 
65 
2.0 
50 
7.5 
6 
1.4 
42 
1.7 
13 
2.1 
100 
2.9 
Bituminous coal dust 
686 
1.9 
50 
1.4 
117 
3.6 
10 
1.2 
50 
3.2 
194 
1.3 
71 
2.2 
71 
10.6 
2 
0.6 
38 
1.5 
14 
2.2 
69 
2.0 
Sulphur dioxide 
483 
1,4 
27 
0.8 
106 
3.2 
8 
0.9 
40 
2.6 
124 
0.8 
57 
1.8 
26 
3.9 
2 
0.6 
31 
1.2 
8 
1.3 
54 
1.6 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
399 
1.1 
15 
0.4 
29 
0.9 
7 
0.8 
13 
0.8 
114 
0.7 
25 
0.8 
15 
2.2 
10 
2.9 
75 
3.0 
1 
0.2 
95 
2.8 
303 
0.9 
129 
3.6 
31 
3 6 
33 
2 1 
38 
1 2 
2 
0 3 
11 
3 2 
46 
1 8 
2 
0 3 
11 
0 3 
224 
0.6 
5 
0.2 
3 
* 
8 
2 3 
12 
0 5 
196 
5 7 
Organic solvents 
188 
0.5 
9 
0.3 
1 
11 
i.3 
9 
0.6 
66 
0.4 
13 
0.4 
12 
1.8 
12 
3.4 
11 
0.4 
5 
0.8 
39 
1.1 
Chemicals (N. 0. S.) 
180 
0.5 
1 
* 
18 
0.5 
19 
1.2 
33 
0,2 
3 
0.4 
1 
0.3 
68 
2.7 
1 
0.2 
36 
1.1 
161 
0.5 
8 
0 2 
10 
0 6 
74 
0 5 
10 
0 3 
16 
2 4 
15 
4 3 
19 
0 8 
9 
0 3 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
161 
0.5 
11 
0.3 
13 
0.4 
6 
0.4 
71 
0.5 
5 
0.2 
18 
2.7 
15 
4.3 
8 
0 3 
3 
0 5 
n 
0 3 
137 
0.4 
10 
1 2 
8 
0 5 
103 
0 7 
2 
* 
6 
1 7 
s 
0 3 
118 
0.3 
73 
2 2 
6 
0 4 
5 
♦ 
2 
* 
1 
0 1 
21 
0 8 
5 
0 8 
5 
0 1 
112 
0 3 
4 
0 1 
18 
0 5 
12 
0.8 
27 
0.2 
1 
♦ 
4 
0.6 
4 
1.1 
29 
1 2 
4 
0.6 
9 
0.3 
93 
0.3 
52 
1.5 
2 
0 2 
33 
1 0 
6 
0 2 
66 
0.2 
5 
0.1 
8 
0 2 
2 
0 1 
29 
0 2 
2 
2 
0 3 
12 
0 5 
2 
0 8 
4 
0.1 
54 
0.2 
22 
0.1 
1 
♦ 
6 
1 7 
20 
0.8 
5 
0.8 
Coal tar products 
53 
0.1 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
5 
1 4 
46 
i 3 
Chlorine 
49 
0.1 
10 
0 3 
21 
1 3 
2 
♦ 
5 
1.4 
3 
0 1 
6 
1.0 
2 
Medicinals 
29 
8 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
18 
0 7 
2 
* 
Dyes 
17 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
1 
* 
5 
1 4 
10 
0 4 
Lacquers 
11 
♦ 
2 
♦ 
3 
♦ 
3 
♦ 
2 
0 3 
1 
* 
Silica dust 
10 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
9 
0.3 
Antimony 
10 
♦ 
7 
* 
3 
0 1 
Halogenated hydrocarbons 
4 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
3 
0 1 
Sulphur 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
Asbestos dust 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
•Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 29—FOOD AND ALLIED 87 
Material, 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent or Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type or Control 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
11,601 
6,102 
2,164 
1,831 
1,650 
1,033 
1,028 
879 
795 
688 
686 
483 
399 
303 
224 
188 
180 
161 
161 
137 
118 
112 
93 
66 
54 
53 
49 
29 
17 
11 
10 
10 
4 
1 
1 
6.2 
0.3 
0.6 
6.3 
8.4 
36.0 
19.1 
14.6 
5.2 
10.5 
0.1 
1.4 
1.1 
0.2 
1.0 
4.3 
9.2 
6.2 
7.4 
1.5 
1.8 
1.7 
15.9 
2.3 
8.8 
* 
4.9 
2.0 
16.2 
0.9 
♦ 
1.3 
2.7 
11.2 
Gases (N. 0. S ) 
6.2 
0.4 
4.0 
1.2 
1.1 
3.2 
0.3 
0.9 
0.4 
0.1 
0.6 
0.9 
0.2 
0.3 
1.2 
0.1 
1.6 
0.4 
0.4 
3.8 
2.6 
3.9 
10.8 
2.0 
12.5 
41.5 
1.2 
3.7 
0.5 
Mfitsls (NOS) 
2.0 
7.3 
1.3 
6.5 
0.7 
0.7 
2.2 
20.2 
11.2 
3.7 
1.3 
2.1 
1.1 
14.4 
1.1 
OWniVals (N O St 
9.3 
0.6 
5.8 
2.5 
0.6 
10.6 
13.0 
1.2 
35.0 
5.1 
7.1 
22.6 
43.9 
1.9 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
33.6 
1.5 
0.9 
1.7 
2.5 
5.4 
1.8 
10.8 
3.0 
1.9 
1.8 
2.2 
10.8 
42.4 
1.5 
6.1 
18.4 
26.5 
12.2 
12.2 
2.0 
59.2 
27.3 
27.3 
60.0 
27.3 
18.2 
72,7 
60.0 
60.0 
60.0 
‘Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S ) Not othorwi' e specified. 
TABLE 30—FOOD AND ALLIED—CONTROLS 
535 Plants—35,464 Employees 88 
TABLE 31—FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNING INDUSTRY' 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data: 107 Plants; 16,378 Employees; 9,389 Employees were given 12,916 Exposures 
Occupation 
Number op Persons Exposed to Specified Materials bt Occupation 
1 Dermatitis 
producers 
High humidity 
Silicate dusts 
Bituminous coal 
dust 
Carbon monoxide 
Organic dusts 
Petroleum 
products 
Sulphur dioxide 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
Inks 
Gases (N. O. S.) 
Non-siliceous dusts 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
Organic solvents 
Extreme tempera- 
ture changes 
Miscellaneous2 
materials 
Total Number of Workers Exposed 
7,212 
3,814 
724 
721 
663 
267 
191 
150 
80 
78 
48 
42 
42 
36 
33 
29 
26 
21 
20 
20 
19 
19 
16 
15 
12 
12 
9 
7 
3 
3 
4,008 
1,557 
395 
363 
308 
22 
19 
260 
196 
194 
163 
161 
124 
124 
114 
103 
79 
74 
71 
66 
48 
179 
35 
19 
5 
Warehousemen (labellers, casers, shippers, 
8 
53 
2 
4 
1 
24 
2 
12 
164 
2 
77 
44 
61 
41 
49 
6 
16 
19 
227 
4 
10 
20 
28 
3 
Machinists, mechanics, maintenance men. 
5 
12 
83 
1 
84 
2 
20 
62 
2 
25 
3 
9 
4 
127 
2 
3 
10 
1 
6 
1 
1 
18 
8 
2 
1 
1 
160 
1 
7 
2 
Firemen and helpers (coal and ash haulers) 
162 
13 
5 
181 
139 
2 
is' 
3 
15 
123 
23 
2 
2 
2 
7 
6 
4 
"s' 
41 
7 
6 
12 
6 
4 
92 
138 
3 
11 
13 
2 
4 
7 
179 
'Survey was conducted mostly during tomato canning season. Main types of plants are tomatoes, tomato products, 
com and green beans. There are also a few plants canning pork and beans, hominy, pimento, pickles, beets and miscellaneous 
vegetables and fruits. Pumpkins were not being canned during survey. 
'Next material is less than 0.3% of total number of exposures. 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 89 
TABLE 32—SLAUGHTER AND PACKING HOUSES* 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data; 39 Plants; 3,221 Employees; 2,090 Employees were given 3,998 Exposures 
Occupation 
Number of Workers Exposed to Specified Materials by Occupation 
.2 2 
© 
•rs o 
SI 
S-> fr* 
© a 
Q 
1 
1 
*s 
>> 
s 
3 
X 
-£ 
£ 
OS 
C 
a ® 
S m 
®XS 
£ 0 
S £ 
£ 3 
X +» 
W 
d 
g. 
© 
S 
O 
© 
3 
S 
§ 
£ 
§ 
X! 
h 
a3 
O 
CO 
O 
| 
b 
a 
£ 
| 
"3 
© 
Ph 
1 
© 
S 
3 
as 
3 3 
CQ 
CO 
3 
TJ 
© 
s 
© 
3 
.2 
*3 
3 
3, 
3 
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| 
0 
b. 
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cu 
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00 
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© 
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g, 
1 
3) 
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© g 
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a 
Total Number of Workers Exposed 
1,276 
274 
150 
127 
114 
90 
64 
62 
45 
42 
39 
35 
34 
27 
23 
20 
17 
17 
14 
12 
10 
9 
9 
7 
6 
4 
2 
1 
734 
296 
17 
100 
56 
5 
62 
2 
621 
204 
41 
3 
1 
6 
63 
2 
617 
115 
8 
94 
9 
22 
22 
4 
109 
156 
111 
105 
71 
65 
57 
38 
36 
33 
25 
53 
Sausage choppers and mixers, meat grinders 
2 
3 
87 
20 
6 
39 
9 
12 
25 
2 
23 
15 
9 
15 
"2 
"9' 
32 
7 
35 
4 
5 
23 
49 
10 
' i4’ 
9 
5 
9 
10 
17 
9 
9 
8 
8 
48 
13 
1 
12 
14 
78 
1 
3 
4 
9 
"7 
17 
1 
5 
22 
17 
19 
4 
7 
4 
6 
7 
ii‘ 
1 
17 
10 
8 
27 
11 
5 
22 
6 
22 
75 
1 
23 
4 
40 
60 
2 
29 
1 
68 
1 
63 
2 
57 
22 
12 
2 
6 
2 
53 
‘This industry includes meat slaughtering and packing and poultry dressing. 
2The next largest material is less than 0.4% of the total number of exposures. 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. IRON AND STEEL Controlled grinding- operations in one of the large plants. Note local exhausting of all wheels and 
good “housekeeping.” 93 
Iron and Steel 
This was the largest industrial group studied, totaling 80,728 workers. 
The sub-groups indicated on Table 33 comprise the various constitutents of 
this industry. Blast furnaces and steel rolling mills make up the largest 
single sub-group, accounting for 17,300 of the surveyed 80,728 persons. 
Exposures: For the industry as a whole the leading major exposures 
were to metals (N.O.S.), dermatitis producers, silica dust, and extreme 
temperature changes. Exposure to metals were predominant in practically 
every sub-group, while dermatitis producers seemed to be concentrated in 
the aircraft works, possibly due to the vast amount of machining done in 
this industry. Exposures to silica dust were predominantly in the foun- 
dries. Extreme temperature changes were encountered in the blast fur- 
naces and steel rolling mills chiefly. It was in this same industry that 
Bloomfield4 of the United States Public Health Service, discovered that 
the pneumonia rate was higher than for any other industrial group. 
Controls: Table 34 indicates that 35.7% of workers exposed to metals 
(N.O.S.) had some type of control. Thirty-seven and two-tenths per cent 
of workers exposed to silica dust had control measures instituted. Other 
exposures and controls are listed in Table 34. 
Blast Furnaces and Steel Rolling Mills; Occupational Analysis: The 
chief exposures for this industry as well as the occupations where these 
exposures tend to occur, are listed in Table 35. In summary it would ap- 
pear that exposures to metals (N.O.S.) lead the list and is followed by 
exposures to extreme temperature changes, gases, petroleum products 
and dermatitis producers. For example, the occupations chiefly concerned 
with extreme temperature changes are rollers, roughers, catchers, sticker 
pullers, furnace chargers, melters, tenders, heaters, tappers and blowers. 
This table is very useful in locating occupations where the exposures 
tend to occur so that preventive methods may be used at points of origin. 
Iron Foundry; Occupatoinal Analysis: Silica dust, metals (N.O.S.), 
extreme temperature changes and silicate dusts were the main potential 
exposures. Holders and molder helpers had the greatest number of poten- 
tial exposures to silica. Silica dust control measures in few occupations 
would greatly reduce the silicosis problem in foundries. 94 
Number and Percent of Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed to Specified Materials 
Blast 
Agri- 
Auto- 
furnaces 
Car and 
Ship and 
Wagon and 
Small 
Other 
Material 
Total 
cultural 
mobiles 
Wire 
and steel 
railroad 
boat 
carriage 
Aircraft 
Foundries 
Machine 
machinery 
Heavy 
iron 
imple- 
and 
mills 
rolling 
shops 
building 
shops 
shops 
and 
machinery 
and steel 
ments 
trailers 
mills 
cutlery 
(N.O.S.) 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
Total No. All Workers 
80,728 
2,290 
2.9 
20,118 
25.0 
2,135 
2.6 
17,300 
21.4 
2,616 
3.3 
232 
0.3 
243 
0.3 
362 
0,4 
11,691 
14.5 
1,316 
1.6 
3,898 
4.8 
5,446 
6.7 
13,081 
16.2 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
26,886 
33.3 
851 
37.2 
6,728 
33.4 
251 
11.8 
4,905 
28.4 
797 
30.5 
67 
28.9 
19 
7.8 
236 
65.2 
4,580 
39.2 
647 
49.2 
1,622 
41.6 
1,781 
32.7 
4,402 
33.7 
Dermatitis producers 
8,354 
10.3 
304 
13.3 
2,945 
14.6 
73 
3.4 
1,021 
5.9 
198 
7.6 
2 
0.9 
4 
1,6 
171 
47.2 
449 
3.8 
388 
29.5 
740 
19.0 
602 
11.1 
1,457 
11.1 
Silica dust 
6,974 
8.6 
181 
7.9 
587 
2,9 
4 
0.2 
494 
2.9 
89 
3.4 
2 
0.9 
21 
8.6 
2 
0.6 
4,808 
41.1 
2 
0.2 
122 
3.1 
164 
3.0 
498 
3.8 
Extreme temperature changes.... 
6,746 
8.4 
52 
2.3 
819 
4.1 
77 
3.6 
3,349 
19.4 
94 
3.6 
2 
0.9 
10 
4.1 
1,202 
10.3 
28 
2 1 
102 
2.6 
193 
3 5 
818 
6 3 
5,013 
6.2 
37 
1.6 
1,087 
5.4 
206 
9.6 
1,491 
8.6 
156 
6.0 
41 
17.7 
489 
4 2 
99 
7 5 
250 
9 0 
130 
2 4 
927 
7 1 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
4,909 
6.1 
84 
3.7 
'775 
3.9 
25 
1,2 
L822 
10.5 
306 
11.7 
11 
4.7 
21 
8.6 
32 
8,8 
725 
6.2 
87 
6.6 
131 
3.4 
246 
4.5 
644 
4.9 
Silicate dusts 
4,711 
5.8 
97 
4.2 
1,104 
5.5 
113 
5.3 
891 
5.2 
105 
4.0 
11 
4.7 
9 
3.7 
1 
0.3 
925 
7.9 
122 
9.3 
460 
11.8 
266 
4.9 
607 
4.6 
Non-siliceous dusts 
3,914 
4.8 
56 
2.4 
903 
4.5 
11 
0.5 
646 
3.7 
17 
0.6 
5 
2.2 
2 
0.8 
27 
7,5 
762 
6.5 
65 
4.9 
363 
9.3 
101 
1,9 
956 
7.3 
3,165 
3.9 
61 
2.7 
656 
3.3 
44 
2 1 
1,000 
5 8 
174 
6 7 
13 
5 6 
29 
8 0 
.852 
2 0 
60 
4 6 
108 
2 8 
144 
2 6 
523 
4 0 
Organic dusts 
Si 025 
3.7 
127 
5.5 
960 
4.8 
122 
6.7 
236 
1.4 
94 
3.6 
9 
3.9 
109 
44.9 
17 
4.7 
610 
5.2 
20 
1.5 
149 
s's 
no 
2.0 
462 
2.5 
1,794 
2.2 
3 
0.1 
399 
2 0 
141 
6 6 
271 
1 6 
29 
1 1 
7 
3 0 
81 
22 4 
150 
1 2 
18 
1 4 
12Q 
2 2 
99 
1 8 
467 
2 6 
Paints 
1,144 
1.4 
52 
2.3 
280 
1.4 
14 
0.7 
31 
0.2 
54 
2.1 
4 
1.7 
10 
4.1 
12 
3.3 
168 
L4 
25 
1.9 
74 
L9 
158 
2.9 
262 
2'o 
1,143 
1.4 
98 
4.3 
25 
0.1 
1 
♦ 
214 
12 
9 
0 3 
7 
2 9 
512 
4 4 
4 
0 2 
56 
1 4 
42 
0 7 
175 
1 2 
Bituminous coal dust 
1,120 
1.4 
19 
0.8 
124 
0.6 
41 
1.9 
407 
2.4 
72 
2.8 
2 
0.9 
8 
3.3 
1 
0.3 
161 
1.4 
13 
1.0 
34 
0,9 
46 
6!s 
1921 
1.5 
993 
1.2 
1 
♦ 
111 
0.6 
59 
2 8 
466 
2 7 
1 
♦ 
6 
17 
50 
0 4 
1 
* 
53 
1 4 
21 
0 4 
224 
1 7 
Organic solvents 
876 
1.1 
19 
0.8 
264 
1.3 
5 
0.2 
106 
0.6 
36 
1.4 
4 
1.7 
4 
1.6 
5 
1.4 
52 
0.4 
15 
1.1 
122 
3.1 
77 
L4 
167 
1.3 
860 
1,1 
2 
0.1 
42 
0.2 
12 
0 6 
666 
3 8 
13 
0 5 
4 
1 6 
5 
♦ 
30 
0 8 
10 
0 2 
7ft 
0 6 
Lacquers 
565 
0.7 
15 
0.7 
181 
0.9 
19 
0.9 
70 
0.4 
1 
4 
1.7 
12 
4.9 
2 
0.6 
24 
0.2 
2 
0.2 
861 
2.2 
26 
0.5 
123 
0^9 
529 
0.7 
115 
0 6 
19 
0 9 
94 
0 5 
10 
0 4 
1 
0.4 
2 
0.6 
20 
0 2 
40. 
2 0 
68 
1 7 
liL 
0 3 
513 
0.6 
16 
0.7 
100 
0.5 
39 
1.8 
145 
0 8 
25 
1.0 
44 
0 4 
2 
0 2 
24 
0 6 
38 
0 7 
80 
0 6 
280 
0.3 
105 
0.5 
8 
0 4 
4 
♦ 
2 
0 9 
3 
0 8 
8 
♦ 
2 
0 9 
42 
1 1 
IS 
0 2 
88 
0 7 
Chemicals (N. 0. S.) 
267 
0.3 
1 
* 
28 
0.1 
6 
0.3 
135 
0.8 
10 
2 8 
30 
0 3 
1 
9 
0 2 
16 
0 2 
31 
0 2 
189 
0.2 
27 
0.1 
94 
0 5 
2 
0 6 
23 
0 2 
6 
0 2 
4 
33 
0 2 
Salts (N. O. S.) 
143 
0.2 
62 
0.4 
15 
01 
27 
0 7 
39 
0,8 
120 
0.1 
30 
0.1 
6 
♦ 
3 
0.8 
4 
0.3 
10 
0 2 
7 
0 1 
60 
0 5 
97 
0.1 
55 
0.3 
9 
* 
16 
0 4 
4 
♦ 
IS 
01 
75 
♦ 
6 
0.3 
27 
0.1 
20 
0 1 
2 
* 
5 
* 
3 
* 
5 
* 
7 
* 
75 
♦ 
5 
0.2 
11 
♦ 
ii 
0.5 
2 
2 
0.8 
2 
* 
2 
♦ 
4 
♦ 
36 
0 3 
70 
* 
1 
♦ 
2 
1 
♦ 
6 
0.2 
1 
* 
59 
0 5 
Coal tar products 
69 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
48 
2.2 
6 
♦ 
8 
0.3 
7 
4> 
Manganese 
69 
♦ 
4 
0.2 
45 
0.3 
20 
0 2 
59 
♦ 
5 
0.2 
3 
♦ 
49 
0 4 
2 
♦ 
Antimony 
44 
* 
4 
0.2 
1 
« 
3 
* 
36 
0 2 
38 
♦ 
15 
♦ 
2 
* 
1 
* 
20 
0 2 
28 
* 
10 
* 
10 
0.5 
5 
0 1 
3 
• 
Dyes 
27 
♦ 
13 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
13 
0 1 
Organic acids 
25 
♦ 
8 
* 
10 
0.5 
5 
* 
1 
♦ 
1 
Benzene 
15 
* 
6 
♦ 
6 
2.5 
3 
♦ 
Accelerators 
12 
♦ 
10 
0.5 
2 
* 
Mercury 
4 
♦ 
4 
* 
Aniline 
1 
* 
1 
♦ 
*Less than 0.1% 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified). 
TABLE 33—IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 95 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type of Controls 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
26,886 
8,354 
6,974 
6,746 
5,013 
4,909 
4,711 
3,914 
3,165 
3,025 
1,794 
1,144 
1,143 
1,120 
993 
976 
860 
565 
529 
513 
280 
267 
189 
143 
120 
97 
75 
75 
70 
69 
69 
59 
44 
38 
28 
27 
25 
15 
12 
4 
1 
0.7 
3.7 
13.1 
1.4 
18.3 
1.5 
1.8 
0.5 
0.5 
0.3 
« 
0.9 
1.1 
* 
35.7 
0.3 
37.2 
19.2 
5.5 
21.9 
45.9 
49.0 
14.7 
30.6 
23.7 
60.1 
8.6 
20.1 
49.4 
32.0 
14.8 
55.0 
56.5 
14.0 
76.8 
15.0 
56.6 
0.5 
68.3 
18.6 
6.4 
4.7 
2.3 
4.7 
4.4 
2.2 
2.7 
3.5 
2.5 
13.0 
1.8 
* 
8.1 
3.9 
12.8 
4.7 
1.8 
14.9 
25.7 
23.2 
10.4 
22.6 
15.1 
36.8 
6.0 
5.1 
25.2 
22.8 
12.9 
45.5 
23.3 
9.4 
58.2 
4.5 
49.2 
2.1 
48.3 
15.5 
3.5 
0.3 
0.2 
1.9 
0.2 
7.0 
2.3 
0.7 
1.1 
1.3 
0.9 
2.2 
0.1 
0.1 
10.7 
6.2 
5.0 
1.1 
♦ 
11.0 
0.5 
0.4 
1.7 
0.5 
0.7 
1.4 
1.1 
1.4 
4.0 
0.5 
0.4 
0.1 
4.1 
3.7 
5.3 
0.9 
2.6 
3.1 
8.0 
0.3 
1.6 
3.5 
* 
0.8 
0.9 
18.0 
0.4 
4.5 
1.2 
10.4 
Gases (N. 0. 8.) 
0.1 
17.0 
13.6 
0.1 
0.2 
♦ 
2.2 
0.2 
* 
2.3 
0.3 
3.1 
1.1 
0.3 
0.3 
10.5 
1.0 
1.5 
1.7 
0.5 
3.4 
15.2 
2.0 
3.5 
2.5 
0.3 
5.8 
5.9 
1.1 
9.5 
4.7 
20.0 
5.3 
23.7 
0.7 
1.2 
12.7 
9.3 
1.8 
10.0 
8.9 
19.6 
9.4 
2.6 
2.1 
5.7 
0.4 
0.7 
9.5 
8.4 
Chemicals (N. 6. S.j 
1.1 
4.2 
0.7 
1.7 
8.3 
1.7 
2.1 
1.7 
6.2 
2.5 
4.2 
2.7 
2.7 
4.3 
84.1 
53.6 
44.1 
15.9 
84.2 
42.9 
33.3 
72.0 
86.7 
83.3 
1.4 
69.6 
2.9 
8.7 
1.4 
4.3 
1.4 
26.1 
27.5 
16.9 
1.7 
42.4 
6.8 
71,1 
7.1 
33.3 
9.1 
7.9 
35.7 
14.8 
24.0 
2.6 
23.7 
48.0 
40.0 
46.7 
6.7 
10.7 
4.0 
83.3 
*Less than 0.1% 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 34—IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY—CONTROLS 
480 Plants—80,728 Employees 96 
TABLE 35—BLAST FURNACES AND STEEL ROLLING MILLS (Except Wire) 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data; 15 Plants; 17,300 Employees; 8,720 Employees were given 18,705 Exposures 
Number of Workers Exposed to Specified Materials by Occupation 
Occupation1 
Metals (N. 0. S.)> 
Extreme tempera- 
ture changes 
Gases (N. O. S.)s 
Petroleum products 
Dermatitis 
producers 
Carbon monoxide 
Silicate dusts 
High humidity 
Non-siliceous dusts 
[ Silica dust 
| Mineral acids 
Bituminous coal 
dust 
[ Lead 
Organic dusts 
| Oils (not petroleum) 
Sulphur dioxide 
Chemicals (N. O.S.) 
[ Organic solvents 
Miscellaneous4 
materials 
Total Number of Workers Ex- 
4,905 
768 
578 
3,349 
51 
803 
1,822 
63 
1,491 
668 
1,021 
368 
1,000 
21 
891 
666 
646 
494 
466 
52 
407 
271 
236 
21 
214 
145 
135 
106 
440 
Machine operators, machinists, 
102 
48 
80 
8 
3 
127 
70 
Rollers, roughers, catchers, pliers 
Burners, welders (electric and 
100 
129 
56 
39 
245 
12 
3 
21 
16 
384 
380 
274 
2 
238 
3 
2 
1 
Furnace, chargers, melters, ten- 
604 
357 
21 
269 
40 
90 
15 
8 
Pipe fitters, threaders, helpers.. 
Furnace heaters, blowers, heat 
281 
32 
20 
19 
185 
3 
5 
26 
142 
19 
1 
18 
262 
260 
224 
130 
11 
83 
5 
14 
5 
42 
Casting cleaners, chippers, tumb- 
107 
108 
6 
179 
176 
163 
18 
89 
2 
125 
39 
5 
Steel workers, general laborers.. 
Charging machine operators and 
51 
131 
16 
137 
50 
6 
14 
6 
126 
6 
90 
3 
35 
3 
4 
30 
9 
9 
2 
Steel pourers, ladle men, furnace 
100 
147 
47 
36 
12 
11 
18 
12 
Blacksmith, forgers and helpers. 
99 
2 
70 
44 
3 
9 
2 
79 
35 
18 
26 
9 
76 
122 
21 
36 
3 
20 
17 
70 
81 
9 
22 
26 
Roller levellers, straightener op- 
68 
49 
3 
6 
4 
Boilermakers and helpers and 
65 
11 
5 
5 
4 
51 
4 
3 
Crane hookers and operators 
Galvanizers, plating pot operators 
Motor inspectors and tenders 
Saw men, saw operator, cutter 
61 
172 
50 
31 
29 
7 
57 
8 
27 
38 
26 
2 
59 
6 
33 
15 
94 
107 
6 
59 
12 
11 
81 
29 
2 
6 
6 
39 
9 
6 
55 
7 
20 
2 
49 
34 
6 
48 
136 
Hot bed workers and helpers 
46 
6 
6 
44 
18 
6 
12 
42 
40 
20 
20 
39 
49 
30 
22 
27 
28 
Annealers, deoxodizing gas treaters 
Foremen and assistants, super- 
34 
25 
31 
16 
3 
9 
8 
30 
10 
33 
3 
5 
1 
4 
2 
6 
6 
8 
7 
5 
18 
1 
30 
30 
11 
29 
28 
2 
5 
18 
5 
23 
1 
16 
24 
9 
11 
15 
22 
4 
3 
5 
1 
18 
21 
10 
15 
3 
15 
2 
10 
3 
5 
8 
97 
17 
3 
97 
8 
4 
10 
103 
1 
1 
1 
10 
Firemen, coal men (gas producer, 
3 
83 
92 
79 
56 
3 
15 
3 
172 
45 
72 
Brick masons, ladle limers, oven 
123 
83 
71 
12 
249 
53 
149 
34 
127 
1 
119 
14 
3 
4 
10 
1 
183 
9 
66 
4 
221 
277 
80 
83 
30 
57 
58 
92 
47 
41 
62 
22 
29 
47 
9 
4 
6 
12 
440 
■Occupations given in the table are very general as two large mills were surveyed, each of which employed over 5,000 
workers. Many workers were classed under the listed occupations because their operations were similar and yet the name 
of their occupations are omitted to save space. 
■Metals (N. O. S.) includes primarily steel and iron dusts in this industry; for other metals included see material classi- 
fication in appendix. 
■Gases (N. O. S.) includes for the most part carbon dioxide, acetylene and oxides of nitrogen. See appendix. 
■Next largest material is approximately 0.5% of the total number of exposures. 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 97 
TABLE 36—IRON FOUNDRY INDUSTRY 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data: 86 Plants; 11,691 Employees; 8,268 Employees were given 16,266 Exposures 
Number op Workers Exposed to Specified Materials by Occupation 
Occupation 
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Total Number of Workers Exposed. . 
4,808 
4,580 
1,202 
925 
762 
725 
610 
512 
489 
449 
353 
168 
161 
150 
52 
50 
49 
44 
177 
2,110 
751 
1,227 
50 
426 
41 
264 
62 
171 
21 
41 
57 
19 
10 
23 
6 
Core makers (helpers, assemblers, set- 
50 
5 
99 
87 
428 
137 
13 
11 
1 
38 
2 
428 
267 
30 
76 
39 
12 
5 
4 
277 
14 
9 
200 
201 
19 
4 
181 
608 
454 
141 
5 
23 
3 
191 
7 
6 
1 
12 
37 
13 
1 
Casting cleaners (by hand and air ham- 
141 
209 
12 
29 
115 
69 
28 
71 
171 
125 
13 
10 
1 
66 
52 
62 
93 
10 
3 
8 
159 
2 
7 
8 
27 
11 
39 
295 
278 
56 
109 
243 
3 
108 
45 
4 
27 
46 
13 
4 
6 
111 
17 
11 
10 
6 
15 
103 
5 
113 
52 
12 
41 
42 
5 
12 
20 
6 
4 
2 
6 
33 
38 
16 
38 
38 
5 
35 
22 
1 
23 
5 
2 
65 
51 
29 
3 
3 
1 
12 
182 
32 
18 
14 
39 
123 
6 
215 
72 
Miscellaneous machine operators (N. 0. 
S.) 
217 
8 
7 
2 
16 
90 
2 
2 
131 
11 
5 
64 
18 
76 
19 
29 
9 
33 
9 
23 
3 
6 
4 
16 
59 
14 
2 
3 
48 
63 
32 
7 
16 
19 
25 
39 
20 
131 
6 
19 
17 
2 
2 
1 
27 
1 
29 
115 
3 
23 
2 
8 
7 
16 
116 
172 
64 
49 
25 
58 
30 
10 
23 
10 
22 
2 
4 
19 
3 
16 
177 
’Percent is less than 0.2% of the total number of exposures. 
(N. O.'S.) Not otherwise specified. NONFERROUS 
INDUSTRIES 101 
Metal Industries Except Iron'and Steel 
The sub-groups listed in this industry, as well as material exposures 
tabulated for these sub-groups, are presented in Table 37. 
Exposures: Metals (N. 0. S.), lead, non-siliceous, silica and organic 
dusts seem to be the major exposures. Since quite a sizable number of 
lead and zinc plants were studied, one would anticipate lead to be a prob- 
lem for this industry. 
Controls: Types of control measures used for the specific exposure 
groups are indicated in Table 38. Of the 840 workers potentially shown 
as exposed to lead 47,7% were provided with one or more controls. These 
controls were chiefly local exhausts and respirators. Again, 4% of the 
exposed workers were provided with respirators which were not approved 
for lead fumes or dust. 
Musical Instrument Industry; Occupational Analysis: It may be 
seen from Table 39 that for this industry metallic, non-siliceous, silica, 
organic and silicate dusts seem to be the major exposures. Further it 
is evident that all these exposures are practically concentrated in one 
operation; that of polisher, burnisher and buffer. These are usually some 
type of grinding operations and by local exhaust methods, these exposures 
would be minimized. This table illustrates beautifully the value of occu- 
pational analysis of exposures for future control programs. 102 
Number and Percent op Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed to Specified Materials 
Brass mills 
Lead 
Tinware 
Metal 
(N. O. S.) 
Material 
Total 
and musical 
Copper 
Jewelry 
and 
and 
Aluminum 
specialties, 
Metal 
Electro- 
instruments 
Zinc 
enamelware 
novelties 
industries 
plating 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No 
% 
No. 
% 
9,474 
2,161 
22.8 
1,799 
19.0 
369 
3.9 
757 
8.0 
2,276 
24.0 
336 
3.6 
239 
2.5 
1,157 
12.2 
380 
4.0 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
2,959 
31.2 
851 
39.4 
181 
10.1 
214 
58.0 
172 
22.7 
521 
22.9 
153 
45.5 
35 
14.6 
589 
50.9 
243 
63.9 
840 
8.9 
88 
4.1 
134 
7.4 
12 
3.3 
269 
35.5 
177 
7.8 
2 
0.6 
1 
0.4 
76 
6,6 
81 
21.3 
Non-siliceous dusts 
716 
7.6 
149 
6.9 
225 
12.5 
38 
10.3 
38 
5.0 
113 
5.0 
14 
4.2 
8 
3.3 
76 
6.6 
55 
14.5 
Gases (N. 0. 8.) 
547 
5.8 
38 
1.8 
130 
7.2 
24 
6.5 
91 
12.0 
117 
5.1 
20 
6.0 
4 
1.7 
110 
9.5 
13 
3.4 
458 
4.8 
294 
13.6 
3 
0.2 
12 
3.3 
5 
0.7 
48 
2.1 
29 
8.6 
28 
2.4 
39 
10.3 
Organic dusts 
454 
4.8 
121 
5.6 
77 
4.3 
9 
2.4 
14 
1.8 
22 
1.0 
22 
6.5 
6 
2.5 
113 
9.8 
70 
18.4 
Petroleum products 
433 
4.6 
48 
2.2 
52 
2.9 
16 
4.3 
14 
1.8 
163 
7.2 
15 
4,5 
44 
18,4 
67 
5.8 
14 
3.7 
Silicate dusts 
413 
4.4 
112 
5,2 
41 
2.3 
5 
1.4 
18 
2.4 
101 
4,4 
35 
10.4 
3 
1.3 
41 
3.5 
57 
15.0 
412 
4.3 
5 
0.2 
138 
7.7 
263 
11.6 
3 
1.3 
3 
0.8 
381 
4.0 
40 
1.9 
36 
2.0 
146 
19.3 
45 
2.0 
33 
9.8 
1 
0.4 
77 
6.7 
3 
0.8 
366 
3.9 
78 
3.6 
43 
2.4 
6 
1.6 
12 
1.6 
146 
6.4 
11 
3.3 
23 
9.6 
47 
4.1 
325 
3.4 
29 
1.3 
40 
2.2 
25 
6.8 
13 
1.7 
68 
3.0 
7 
2.1 
1 
0.4 
38 
3.3 
104 
27.4 
Carbon monoxide 
233 
2.5 
18 
0.8 
16 
0.9 
49 
13.3 
24 
3.2 
91 
4.0 
3 
0.7 
3 
1.3 
25 
2.2 
4 
1.1 
215 
2.3 
20 
0.9 
95 
5.3 
2 
0.5 
11 
1.5 
68 
3 0 
4 
1.7 
3 
0 3 
12 
3 2 
Alkalis 
206 
2.2 
29 
1.3 
42 
2.3 
3 
0.8 
10 
1.3 
24 
1.1 
7 
2.i 
1 
0.4 
38 
0.3 
52 
13.7 
146 
1.5 
56 
2.6 
8 
0.4 
4 
1.1 
9 
1.2 
2 
* 
4 
1.2 
31 
2.7 
32 
8 4 
139 
1.5 
11 
0.5 
79 
4.4 
22 
6.0 
1 
0.1 
14 
0.6 
5 
2.1 
7 
0.6 
132 
1.4 
31 
1.4 
8 
2.2 
11 
0 5 
1 
0.4 
18 
1.6 
63 
16 6 
100 
1.1 
12 
0.6 
12 
3.3 
5 
6.2 
1 
0.4 
3 
0.3 
67 
17.6 
94 
1.0 
3 
0.1 
42 
2.3 
3 
0 4 
20 
0 9 
1 
0.3 
1 
0.4 
9 
0 8 
15 
3.9 
93 
1.0 
25 
1.2 
1 
* 
1 
* 
66 
17.4 
84 
0.9 
81 
4.5 
3 
0.4 
82 
0.9 
9 
0.4 
11 
0.6 
4 
1.1 
21 
2.8 
21 
0 9 
5 
0 4 
11 
2 9 
70 
0.7 
11 
0.5 
20 
1.1 
4 
1.1 
35 
4.6- 
64 
0.7 
3 
0.8 
17 
2.2 
9 
0 4 
35 
3 0 
62 
0.7 
62 
ie 3 
57 
0.6 
2 
♦ 
11 
0.6 
4 
1.1 
22 
2.9 
9 
0 4 
2 
0 6 
7 
0 6 
49 
0.5 
7 
0.3 
11 
0.6 
7 
0.9 
18 
0 8 
4 
0 3 
2 
0 5 
47 
0.5 
3 
0.2 
30 
4.0 
12 
0.5 
2 
0 5 
39 
0.4 
14 
0.6 
25 
6 6 
28 
0.3 
4 
0.2 
6 
0.3 
1 
0.4 
3 
0.3 
14 
3.7 
20 
0.2 
20 
1.1 
12 
0-.1 
9 
0.4 
3 
0 3 
11 
0.1 
2 
♦ 
7 
0 3 
2 
6 8 
11 
0.1 
11 
0.5 
10 
0.1 
10 
1 3 
7 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
3 
0 1 
i 
0 3 
2 
0 2 
6 
* 
1 
0.3 
3 
0.4 
2 
0 5 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
4 
♦ 
2 
♦ 
2 
0.5 
4 
♦ 
4 
0.2 
3 
♦ 
1 
2 
0 2 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
*Less than 0.1% 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 37—METAL INDUSTRIES EXCEPT IRON AND STEEL 103 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type of Control 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
2,959 
0.7 
10.0 
25.3 
1.6 
6.1 
2.6 
4.5 
0.4 
0.3 
41.1 
840 
12,9 
25.7 
2 9 
1.2 
13.0 
4 0 
47.7 
716 
5.4 
30.9 
7.8 
6.3 
0 7 
0 1 
46 8 
547 
4.4 
5.3 
18.1 
0.5 
0.2 
26.1 
458 
3.5 
15.3 
43.7 
10.5 
2,8 
11.6 
6.3 
2.8 
0.4 
62.9 
454 
0.4 
8.8 
65.9 
0 4 
2 6 
7 5 
60.1 
433 
1.4 
5.8 
0.5 
7.6 
413 
8.5 
27.1 
0.2 
1.5 
1.0 
4.4 
36.8 
412 
17.2 
2.9 
56.6 
1.7 
4 6 
5 1 
0.7 
65.5 
381 
0.3 
5.5 
13.4 
0.3 
0 8 
19.4 
366 
5 2 
5.2 
325 
1.5 
33.5 
30.8 
7 4 
19.1 
1.2 
65.8 
233 
1.3 
2.6 
5.6 
0.9 
9.4 
215 
8.8 
7.4 
10 7 
33.5 
4.2 
0.9 
2.3 
60.0 
206 
4.4 
22.3 
40.8 
12.1 
1.5 
20 4 
66.5 
146 
6.2 
17.8 
4.1 
2.7 
24.7 
139 
7.9 
36.0 
54.7 
4.3 
4.3 
89.2 
132 
40 9 
62.1 
6 8 
2.2 
64.4 
100 
65.0 
7.0 
4.0 
72.0 
94 
3.2 
18.1 
9.6 
26.6 
93 
33.3 
95.7 
1.1 
97,8 
84 
82 
70 
28,6 
64.3 
30.0 
28.6 
64.3 
64 
14.1 
15.6 
21.9 
14.1 
46.9 
62 
93.5 
93.5 
57 
1.8 
5.3 
8.8 
1.8 
15.8 
49 
8 2 
8.2 
47 
14.9 
14.9 
25.5 
14 9 
57.4 
72.3 
39 
43.6 
66.7 
5.1 
74.4 
28 
53.6 
3.6 
25.0 
7.1 
71.4 
20 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
12 
75.0 
75.0 
11 
11 
10 
10.0 
10.0 
7 
6 
33.3 
50 0 
33.3 
83.3 
4 
50.0 
50.0 
Salts (N. 0. 8.) 
4 
3 
33.3 
33.3 
33.3 
1 
100.0 
100.0 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 38—METAL INDUSTRY OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL—CONTROLS 104 
TABLE 39—MUSICAL INSTRUMENT INDUSTRY1 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data: 10 Plants; 1,420 Employees; 504 Employees were given 1,010 Exposures 
Occupation 
Number of Workers Exposed to Specified Materials by 
Occupation 
qq 
6 
55 
2 
"8 
a 
OQ 
S 
73 
9 
8 
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CO 
§ 
S 
m 
CO 
s 
73 
0 
1 
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u 
o 
-2 
CO 
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1 
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8 
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0 
11 
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© 
2 
1 
>> 
O 
2 
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c3 
2 
© 
d 
s 
2 
£ 
£ 
| 
O 
s 
£ 
0 
H 
O 
00 
O 
73 
O 
fa 
a 
£ 
J 
2 
© 
Pin 
|| 
© 2 
Js 
s 
Total Number of Workers Exposed 
425 
145 
41 
32 
32 
23 
23 
21 
19 
14 
14 
10 
9 
8 
6 
5 
4 
3 
3 
2 
2 
85 
60 
84 
69 
74 
46 
72 
28 
51 
40 
27 
23 
21 
14 
14 
11 
69 
34 
27 
23 
21 
14 
14 
23 
23 
23 
12 
2 
7 
7 
7 
2 
1 
1 
3 
1 
Maintenance men, machine operators (N. 0. S.) 
10 
2 
4 
3 
3 
8 
1 
6 
10 
4 
' "2 
4 
1 
9 
3 
6 
1 
69 
‘The Musical Instrument Industry is classified in the Brass Mills and Musical Instrument group. This table presents 
only musical instrument plants. It is primarily band instruments and does not include pianos. 
2The classification, Metals (N. O. S.) in this case is primarily for brass with some steel, gold and silver. 
’The next largest material is less than 1.0% of the total number of exposures. 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. LEATHER 
INDUSTRY 107 
Leather Industry 
Exposures: This is a minor industry for Indiana. Dermatitis pro- 
ducers and organic dusts seem to be the chief tabulated exposures as 
recorded on Table 40. The dermatitis occurs chiefly in the preparation of 
the leather and in using various dyes and stains. 
Controls: Roughly 16.6% of the 338 workers exposed to dermatitis 
producing substances had some type of control, and 40.5% of the 215 
workers exposed to organic dusts had some type of control. (See Table 41 
for detailed analysis.) 
TABLE 40-LEATHER 
Material 
Number and Percent of Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed 
to Specified Material 
Total 
Shoes 
Tanneries 
Trunk, 
Suitcase 
and bag 
Other 
Leather 
industries 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
2,056 
1,616 
78.6 
296 
14.4 
59 
2 9 
85 
4.1 
Dermatitis producers 
338 
16.4 
219 
13.6 
92 
31.1 
10 
16.9 
17 
20.0 
Organic dusts 
215 
10.5 
150 
9.3 
17 
5.7 
22 
37.3 
26 
30.6 
127 
6.2 
37 
2.3 
85 
28.7 
5 
5.9 
90 
4.4 
65 
3.4 
28 
9.5 
7 
11.9 
50 
2.4 
5 
0.3 
44 
14.9 
1 
1.8 
40 
1.9 
40 
2.5 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
39 
1.9 
39 
2.4 
37 
1.8 
34 
2.1 
3 
5.1 
36 
1.8 
26 
1.6 
7 
2.4 
3 
5.1 
30 
1.5 
25 
8.4 
5 
5.9 
27 
1.3 
11 
0.7 
16 
5.4 
26 
1.3 
22 
1.4 
4 
4.7 
23 
1.1 
12 
0.7 
11 
3.7 
20 
1.0 
20 
1.2 
20 
1.0 
10 
0.6 
9 
3.0 
1 
1.8 
19 
0.9 
19 
1.2 
17 
0.8 
8 
0.5 
8 
2.7 
1 
1.8 
15 
0.7 
7 
0.4 
8 
2.7 
15 
0.7 
7 
0.4 
8 
2.7 
14 
0.7 
14 
4.7 
Saits (N. 0. S.) 
12 
0.6 
12 
4.1 
8 
0.4 
6 
0.4 
2 
0.7 
8 
0.4 
8 
0.5 
7 
0.3 
4 
0.2 
3 
3.5 
7 
0.3 
4 
0.2 
3 
1.0 
5 
0.2 
5 
1.7 
2 
♦ 
i 
« 
1 
1.7 
2 
♦ 
2 
0.7 
1 
♦ 
1 
* 
1 
♦ 
1 
* 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
•Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 108 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type op Controls 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
[respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
Dermatitis producers 
338 
215 
127 
90 
50 
40 
39 
37 
36 
30 
27 
26 
23 
20 
20 
19 
17 
15 
15 
14 
12 
8 
8 
7 
7 
5 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
16.6 
16,6 
40.5 
10.2 
17.8 
4.0 
17.9 
58 3 
46.7 
22.2 
69.2 
13.0 
100.0 
10.0 
10.5 
Organic dusts 
38.1 
3.1 
17.8 
2.3 
2.8 
High humidity 
7.1 
Oil (not petroleum) 
4.4 
""■LO" 
Mercury 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
154 
58.3' 
22.2 
69.2 
13.0 
100.0 
10.0 
10.5 
2.6 
2.8 
14.8" 
Inks 
Non-siliceous dusts 
Infections 
Aniline 
46.7 
Organic solvents 
Petroleum products 
13.0 
Silica dust 
30.0 
Silicate dusts 
Alkalis 
Carbon monoxide 
Bituminous coal dust 
Sulphur dioxide 
Organic acids 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
Extreme temperatue changes 
Lead 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
25.0 
25.6 
Chemicals (N. 0. S.) 
Mineral acids 
Paints ....... 
Chromium 
Lacquers 
mo'" 
" 60.6" 
60.6 ‘ 
100.0 
Coal tar products 
Medicinals 
100.0 
100,0 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 41—LEATHER—CONTROLS 
21 Plants—2,056 Employees LUMBER AND 
FURNITURE 
INDUSTRY Lumber and Furniture industry 
The lumber and furniture industry is a rather large industry in 
Indiana, consequently 18,757 workers were surveyed in this group. 
Exposures: Table 42 indicates that exposures to organic dusts, silica 
dusts and dermatitis producers are the numerically significant exposures. 
The relatively high number of silica exposures may be explained by the 
rather frequent use of sandstone grinding wheels in the industry. Derma- 
titis producers were high in number due to the handling of various tars, 
waxes, and wet woods as well as trade callosities developed in the various 
rubbing operations. 
Controls: 61.9% of the 6,448 workers having exposures to organic 
(wood) dusts had some type of controls installed. The control method 
was chiefly local exhaust. Practically 52% of the workers working in a 
silica dust environment had some type of control for that exposure. This, 
too, was usually a local exhaust method. (See Table 43.) 
Material 
Number and Percent op Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed to 
Specified Material 
Total 
Furniture 
Caskets 
Pianos 
and 
organs 
Saw and 
planing 
mills 
Other 
wood- 
working 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
Total Number Workers Employed 
18,757 
12,953 
69.1 
802 
4.3 
341 
1.8 
1,021 
5.4 
3,640 
19.4 
m 
Organic dusts 
6,448 
34.4 
4,551 
35.1 
284 
35.4 
77 
22.6 
332 
32.5 
1,204 
33.1 
Silica dusts 
1,534 
8.2 
1,303 
10.1 
62 
7.7 
24 
7.0 
18 
1.8 
127 
3.5 
Dermatitis producers 
1,468 
7.8 
1,013 
7.8 
126 
15.7 
32 
9.4 
15 
1.5 
282 
7.7 
Lacquers 
689 
3.7 
577 
4.5 
32 
4.0 
19 
5.6 
1 
0.1 
60 
1.6 
538 
2.9 
458 
3.5 
28 
3.5 
10 
2.9 
42 
1.2 
Silicate dusts 
513 
2.7 
348 
2.7 
45 
5.6 
23 
6.7 
32 
3.1 
85 
1.8 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
372 
2.0 
161 
1.2 
98 
12.2 
23 
6.7 
15 
1.5 
75 
2.1 
352 
1.9 
330 
2.5 
11 
1.4 
6 
1.8 
5 
0.1 
Paints 
337 
1.8 
284 
2.2 
8 
1.0 
6 
1.8 
2 
0.2 
37 
1.0 
Non-siliceous dusts 
310 
1.7 
251 
1.9 
16 
2.0 
3 
0.9 
13 
1.3 
27 
0.7 
Petroleum products 
281 
1.5 
193 
1.5 
9 
1.1 
18 
5.3 
6 
0.6 
55 
1.5 
Bituminous coal dust 
266 
1.4 
186 
1.4 
7 
0.9 
7 
2.1 
20 
2.0 
46 
1.3 
Carbon monoxide 
255 
1.4 
170 
1.3 
12 
1.5 
4 
1.2 
15 
1.5 
54 
1.5 
206 
1.1 
67 
0.5 
6 
0.7 
12 
1.2 
121 
3 3 
Sulphur diozicTe 
203 
1.1 
145 
1.1 
5 
0.6 
4 
1.2 
11 
1.1 
38 
1.0 
Gases (N. O. S.) 
159 
0.8 
63 
0.5 
42 
5.2 
7 
0.7 
47 
1.3 
158 
0.8 
79 
0.6 
59 
7.4 
1 
0.1 
19 
0 5 
144 
0.8 
137 
1.1 
4 
0.5 
2 
0.2 
1 
* 
57 
0.3 
50 
0.4 
7 
0 2 
Extreme temperature changes 
53 
0.3 
20 
0.2 
2 
0.2 
3 
0.9 
6 
0.6 
22 
0.6 
46 
0.2 
14 
0 1 
27 
3.4 
4 
1.2 
1 
* 
37 
0.2 
29 
0.2 
2 
0.2 
6 
0.2 
28 
0 1 
11 
* 
17 
2.1 
23 
0.1 
19 
0.1 
4 
0.4 
19 
0.1 
2 
* 
17 
2.1 
19 
0.1 
1 
* 
17 
2.1 
1 
0.3 
12 
« 
4 
* 
5 
0.6 
3 
0.9 
7 
• 
3 
0.9 
4 
0.1 
5 
* 
2 
* 
3 
0.4 
5 
♦ 
4 
* 
1 
* 
5 
• 
1 
♦ 
4 
0.1 
4 
« 
4 
0 1 
4 
• 
4 
* 
3 
• 
1 
* 
2 
0.2 
3 
♦ 
2 
♦ 
1 
0.1 
2 
* 
2 
* 
2 
* 
2 
• 
2 
• 
2 
* 
2 
• 
2 
0.2 
1 
♦ 
1 
* 
•Lees than 0.1% 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 42—LUMBER AND FURNITURE 112 
Percent of E > posed Workers Having Indicated Type of Control 
‘ 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
Material 
of workers 
exposed 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
Other 
6,448 
1,534 
1,468 
689 
3.8 
58.3 
0.8 
0.2 
0.1 
0.9 
0.2 
61.9 
0.7 
8.3 
46.7 
0.1 
0.7 
0.3 
1.0 
51.6 
T-v " . J.J J 
2.2 
66.9 
0.6 
3.0 
13.9 
0.3 
67.5 
538 
3.7 
39.0 
0.2 
2.2 
6.7 
0.4 
41.8 
513 
0 4 
16 6 
8.2 
W 
0.4 
25.1 
MpfnN ('NOS) 
372 
0.5 
8.9 
5.6 
1.3 
0.3 
16.1 
352 
2.0 
33.5 
0.3 
1.1 
6.5 
0.6 
0.9 
36.1 
Paints 
337 
3.6 
65.6 
0.3 
0.3 
3.6 
16.0 
0.6 
66.8 
310 
58 4 
2.3 
5.8 
7.7 
61.3 
281 
0.7 
0.7 
Pi t uminoiisVna 1 H.ust 
266 
255 
0 4 
0.8 
1.2 
206 
203 
1.0 
5.3 
6.3 
Sulphur dioxide 
(NOS) 
159 
3 1 
3 8 
3.8 
6.9 
158 
2 5 
6 3 
0.6 
1.9 
11.4 
144 
0 7 
8 3 
0.7 
9,0 
57 
5.3 
38 6 
5.3 
7.0 
50.9 
53 
18.9 
18.9 
46 
2.2 
32.6 
32.6 
37 
29.7 
29.7 
28 
39.3 
39.3 
23 
17.4 
17.4 
19 
42.1 
5.3 
47.4 
19 
5 3 
5.3 
5.3 
10.5 
12 
58.3 
25.0 
58.3 
7 
42.9 
42.9 
Saif* fN OS) 
5 
5 
5 
80.0 
80.0 
4 
50.0 
50.0 
4 
OhpmipnN CN O S') 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
.. 
. 1 
I 1 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 43—LUMBER AND FURNITURE—CONTROLS 
287 Plants—18,757 Employees PAPER, PRINTING 
AND ALLIED 
INDUSTRIES 115 
Paper, Printing and Allied Industries 
This classification is rather diversified as may be seen by referring 
to Table 44. Newspaper printing was the largest sub-group studied; this 
industry contributing 28.8% of the total number of workers. 
Exposures: For the entire industry lead, inks, organic solvents and 
antimony were the major exposures tabulated. Since hard or soft lead 
type is extensively used in this industry it is not surprising to find lead 
leading the list. That lead is a problem in the printing industry is sub- 
stantiated by Hepler22, when he finds lead concentrations of 1.63 mgs/10M3 
about the linotype machines and breathing zone of the operators. Table 
44 summarizes the rest of the findings. 
Controls: Of the 1,841 workers exposed to lead 46.2% had some type 
of control. The control methods used for other materials may be seen 
by consulting Table 45. 116 
Number and Percent of Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed to Specified Materials 
Wallpaper 
Paper and 
Other paper 
Engraving 
Other 
Material 
Total 
and 
pulp 
Paper 
products 
Book 
and 
Litho- 
Newspaper 
Stereotype 
Printing 
wax paper 
mills 
boxes 
(N. O. S.) 
binding 
developing 
graphing 
printing 
(N. O. S.) 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
12,075 
140 
1 2 
332 
2 7 
2 532 
21 0 
2 253 
18 6 
650 
5 4 
316 
2 6 
281 
2 3 
3,472 
28 8 
79 
0 7 
2 020 
16 7 
1,841 
15.2 
i 
0 3 
29 
1 1 
164 
7 3 
53 
8 2 
9 
2 8 
23 
8 2 
1,171 
33 7 
51 
64 6 
340 
16 8 
1 j 604 
13.3 
16 
11 4 
6 
1 8 
232 
9 2 
258 
11 5 
81 
12 5 
46 
14 6 
72 
25 6 
447 
12 9 
446 
22 1 
Organic solvents 
1,529 
12.7 
13 
9.3 
12 
3.6 
135 
5.3 
233 
10.3 
21 
3.2 
40 
12.7 
57 
20.3 
525 
15.1 
6 
7.6 
487 
24.1 
1,330 
11 0 
98 
4 3 
42 
6 5 
1 
0 3 
22 
7 8 
918 
26 4 
15 
19 0 
234 
11 6 
732 
6 1 
7 
5 0 
11 
3 3 
201 
7 9 
236 
10 5 
58 
8 9 
17 
5 4 
24 
8 5 
29 
0 8 
149 
7 4 
725 
6 0 
53 
16 0 
428 
16 9 
165 
7 3 
9 
1 4 
26 
8 2 
2 
0 7 
22 
0 6 
3 
3 8 
17 
0 8 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
397 
3.3 
17 
5.1 
44 
1.7 
40 
1.8 
27 
4.2 
84 
26.6 
20 
7.1 
115 
3.3 
11 
14.0 
39 
1.9 
327 
2.7 
27 
19,3 
5 
1 5 
116 
4 6 
35 
1 6 
20 
3 1 
6 
1 9 
14 
5 0 
35 
1 0 
69 
3 4 
267 
2.2 
30 
9.0 
8 
6 3 
11 
0 5 
4 
0 6 
8 
2 5 
9 
3 2 
176 
5 1 
3 
3.8 
18 
0 9 
255 
2.1 
7 
5 0 
44 
13 3 
114 
4 5 
79 
3 5 
1 
0 3 
10 
0 3 
167 
1.4 
4 
2 9 
7 
2 1 
72 
2 8 
26 
1 2 
6 
0 9 
28 
8 9 
15 
0 4 
9 
0 4 
116 
1.0 
1 
0.3 
4 
0.2 
58 
18 4 
28 
10.0 
17 
0.5 
8 
0 4 
109 
0.9 
8 
2 4 
40 
1 6 
16 
0 7 
3 
0 5 
1 
0 3 
1 
0 4 
23 
0 7 
17 
0 8 
91 
0.8 
28 
20.0 
6 
1.8 
10 
0 4 
25 
1 1 
2 
0 6 
11 
3 9 
9 
0 4 
89 
0.7 
7 
2 1 
40 
1 6 
28 
1 2 
1 
0 4 
7 
0 2 
6 
0 3 
83 
0.7 
5 
0 2 
6 
0 3 
43 
13 6 
10 
3 6 
15 
0 4 
4 
0 2 
67 
0.6 
1 
0.3 
46 
1.8 
8 
0 4 
7 
0.2 
5 
0 2 
66 
0.5 
7 
2.1 
33 
1 3 
16 
0 7 
1 
0 4 
4 
0 1 
5 
0 2 
63 
0.5 
39 
1 5 
2 
* 
12 
3 8 
10 
0 3 
58 
0.5 
4 
0 2 
4 
0 2 
3 
0 5 
2 
0 6 
6 
2 1 
18 
0 5 
3 
3 8 
18 
0 9 
53 
0.4 
2 
3 
0 1 
1 
0 2 
9 
2 8 
7 
2 5 
8 
0 2 
23 
1 l 
51 
0.4 
7 
0 3 
4 
0 2 
22 
7 0 
14 
0 4 
1 
1 3 
3 
0 1 
48 
0.4 
1 
0.7 
42 
13 3 
1 
0 4 
2 
2 
0 1 
46 
0.4 
15 
0 6 
1 
♦ 
3 
0 5 
5 
1 6 
2 
0 7 
9 
0 3 
n 
0.5 
36 
0.3 
4 
1.2 
32 
1.3 
34 
0.3 
2 
0.6 
6 
0.2 
7 
1.1 
5 
1.6 
14 
0 7 
20 
0.2 
5 
0.2 
3 
0 1 
3 
0 5 
3 
0 9 
6 
0 3 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
19 
0.2 
6 
4.3 
9 
2.7 
2 
0 7 
2 
0 1 
14 
0.1 
4 
0 2 
1 
0 3 
4 
1 4 
5 
0 1 
13 
0.1 
12 
0 5 
1 
♦ 
12 
0.1 
4 
0 2 
6 
2 1 
2 
0.1 
11 
* 
8 
0 4 
2 
0 3 
1 
0 3 
9 
♦ 
3 
0 9 
6 
2 1 
6 
♦ 
6 
0 3 
4 
♦ 
2 
♦ 
2 
0.1 
3 
♦ 
1 
0 3 
2 
0 7 
1 
♦ 
1 
0 2 
*Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 44—PAPER, PRINTING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES 117 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type of Control 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
1,841 
1,604 
1,529 
1,330 
732 
725 
397 
327 
267 
255 
167 
116 
109 
91 
89 
83 
67 
66 
63 
58 
53 
51 
48 
46 
36 
34 
20 
19 
14 
13 
12 
11 
9 
6 
4 
3 
1 
3.0 
2.4 
2.2 
0.6 
31.3 
5.7 
14.4 
26.1 
24.2 
3.1 
2.4 
26.4 
5.3 
0.3 
46.2 
10.5 
18.2 
44.3 
Tnlra 
0.2 
6.3 
0.1 
5.7 
31.0 
4.3 
12.3 
2.4 
49.8 
12.2 
18.6 
9.5 
4.6 
6.6 
0.4 
2.8 
1.8 
0.7 
1.4 
5.8 
0.1 
0.3 
11.6 
43.3 
3.1 
57.0 
47.1 
25.7 
13.8 
20.2 
6.6 
4.5 
68.7 
16.4 
10.6 
7.9 
6.9 
20.8 
21.6 
35.4 
6.5 
83.3 
61.8 
10,0 
Mptftla (NOS) 
11.6 
0.5 
r,asM fN O S 1 
1.9 
11.8 
30.0 
38.8 
15.6 
8.6 
12.8 
1.9 
0.6 
Dhpmicala (N O S ) 
4.6 
2.8 
4.6 
4.5 
26.5 
3.0 
6.1 
1.6 
54.2 
7.5 
6.0 
7.2 
6.0 
4.5 
1.6 
6.9 
7.5 
13.7 
31.3 
4.3 
6.3 
1.7 
13.2 
1.9 
7.9 
25.0 
2.2 
83.3 
8.8 
1.9 
83.3 
55.9 
10.0 
5.9 
8.8 
2.9 
Salts (V O SI 
28,6 
7.7 
28.6 
15.4 
7.7 
7.7 
50.0 
66.7 
50.0 
66.7 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 45—PAPER, PRINTING AND ALLIED—CONTROLS 
272 Plants—12,075 Employees TEXTILE 
MANUFACTURING 121 
Textile Industry 
Exposures: Organic dusts and high humidity appeared to be the most 
important of the materials to which exposures were attributed in the 
industry. (See Table 46.) This industry is rather large in Indiana due to 
the fact that several large silk hosiery plants are located in the State. 
71.7% of the workers surveyed for this group were in the knitting mills. 
Controls: General ventilation was used most frequently to control 
exposures to organic dusts and high humidity. For control measures of 
other materials see Table 47. 
TABLE 46—TEXTILEHNDUSTRIES 
Number and Percent of Workers in Each Industrial Sub Group Exposed 
to Specified Materlal 
Material 
Total 
Knitting 
mills 
Textile 
dyeing. 
finishing 
and 
printing 
Woolen 
and 
worsted 
mills 
Hemp, 
jute and 
linen 
Tent 
and 
awning 
Other 
textiles 
(N.O. S.) 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
Total Number Workers Employed. ... 
8,232 
5,903 
71.7 
696 
8.4 
609 
7.4 
24 
0.3 
230 
2.8 
770 
9.4 
3,751 
2,734 
523 
45.6 
33.2 
2,489 
2,216 
469 
42.2 
562 
80.7 
361 59 3 
17 
70.8 
31 
13.5 
291 
37.8 
37,5 
391 
56.2 
117 
19.2 
6 
25.0 
4 
0.5 
6 4 
7.9 
22 
3.2 
4 
0.7 
7 
3.0 
21 
2.7 
330 
4.0 
210 
3.6 
12 
1.7 
4 
1.7 
104 
13.5 
230 
2 8 
198 
3.4 
32 
5.3 
48 
0 6 
20 
0 3 
12 
1.7 
9 
1.5 
1 
0.4 
6 
0.8 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
44 
0 5 
19 
0 3 
6 
0 9 
2 
0.3 
6 
2.6 
11 
1.4 
43 
0 5 
14 
0.2 
6 
0.9 
9 
1.5 
6 
2.6 
8 
1.0 
43 
0.5 
24 
0.4 
2 
8.3 
3 
1.3 
14 
1.8 
41 
0 5 
19 
0 3 
2 
0.3 
16 
2.6 
4 
0.5 
40 
0 5 
14 
0 2 
10 
1.4 
9 
1.5 
1 
0.4 
6 
0.8 
29 
0 4 
14 
0 2 
9 
1.5 
6 
0.8 
29 
0 4 
16 
0 3 
4 
0.6 
9 
1.2 
28 
0 3 
7 
0.1 
21 
3.4 
27 
0 3 
18 
0 3 
1 
0.1 
2 
8.3 
6 
2.6 
26 
0.3 
5 
10 
1.6 
11 
1.4 
Gases (NOS) 
25 
0.3 
10 
0 2 
12 
1.7 
3 
1.3 
25 
0 3 
2 
♦ 
5 
0.7 
18 
3.0 
18 
0 2 
13 
0.2 
2 
0.3 
2 
0.3 
1 
0.4 
Chemicals (N. O. S.) 
16 
12 
0 2 
12 
0.2 
1 
0.1 
3 
0.4 
0.1 
10 
4.3 
2 
0.3 
Salts' (N.O. S.) 
12 
0 1 
6 
0 1 
6 
25.0 
11 
0 1 
4 
♦ 
2 
0.3 
i 
0.4 
4 
0.5 
11 
0 1 
7 
0 1 
4 
0.5 
7 
* 
1 
♦ 
2 
0.3 
4 
1.7 
5 
* 
2 
♦ 
3 
0.5 
5 
♦ 
5 
* 
3 
♦ 
3 
* 
2 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
1 
0.2 
2 
* 
2 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
i 
♦ 
1 
♦ 
•Less than 0.1% 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 122 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type of Control 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls! 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
3,751 
2,734 
523 
330 
230 
48 
44 
43 
43 
41 
40 
29 
29 
28 
27 
26 
25 
25 
18 
16 
12 
12 
11 
11 
7 
5 
5 
3 
2 
2 
1 
1 
0.1 
0.6 
10.8 
19.2 
0.5 
3.8 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
4 
11.6 
23.6 
0.7 
13.0 
0.4 
0.4 
13.9 
2.1 
11.4 
4.7 
14.0 
9.8 
2.1 
4,5 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
6.8 
4.7 
4.7 
9.3 
9.8 
4.7 
9.8 
3.4 
3.4 
14.3 
14.3 
19.2 
16.0 
19.2 
19.2 
16.0 
16.0 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
16.0 
16.0 
Chemicals (N. 0. S.) 
12.5 
50.0 
50.0 
25.0 H* 
50.0 
25.0 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
60.0 
54.6 
9.1 
28.6 
9.1 
63.6 
28.6 
20.0 
28.6 
20.0 
ioo.o 
ioo.o 
Alcohols, esters and ethers 
1 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 47—TEXTILE INDUSTRIES—CONTROLS 
51 Plants—8,232 Employees MISCELLANEOUS 
MANUFACTURING 125 
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries 
This group is a heterogenous group made up of 14 sub-groups. In- 
dustries falling into this group would not lend themselves to the specifica- 
tions of our previously discussed classifications. 
Exposures: The principal exposures encountered in this classification 
were to metals (N. 0. S.), organic dusts, and dermatitis producers. 
Metallic dusts were high in the electrical supply industries while organic 
dusts were high in the broom and brush, as well as the rubber, strawboard, 
dental appliance and hairgoods industries. Dermatitis producers were 
concentrated in the broom and brush industries, electrical machinery, 
rubber and optical glass industries. (See Table 48.) 
Controls: Controls reported for various material exposures are listed 
in Table 49. It may be seen that 51% of the workers exposed to metals 
(N. 0. S.) had one or more controls listed. 
Rubber Industry; Occupational Analysis: Organic dusts, dermatitis 
producers, high humidity and silicate dusts are listed as major material 
exposures in the rubber industry in Table 50. In addition the distribution 
of the material exposures among the various occupations is noted in this 
same table. 126 
Number and Percent op Workers in Each Sub Group Exposed to Specified Materials 
Electric 
Straw 
Hair- 
Lamp 
Broom 
Lamps 
machin- 
and 
Dental 
Signs 
Toys 
goods, 
and 
Other 
Material 
Total 
and 
Buttons 
B t ries 
and 
ery and 
Rubber 
straw- 
appliances 
non- 
and 
artificial 
Lenses 
window 
non- 
brush 
fixtures 
supply 
board 
electric 
novelties 
flowers 
shades 
specified 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
No. 
% 
Total Number All Workers 
21,822 
342 
1.6 
105 
0.5 
850 
3.9 
1,990 
9.1 
7,617 
34.9 
8,801 
40.3 
499 
2.3 
43 
0.2 
160 
0.7 
621 
2.8 
253 
1.2 
233 
1.1 
48 
0.2 
260 
1.2 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
2,836 
13.0 
1 
0.3 
3 
2.9 
53 
6,2 
478 
24.0 
1,521 
20.0 
572 
6.5 
9 
1.8 
10 
23.3 
39 
24.4 
11 
1.8 
26 
10.3 
70 
30.0 
5 
10.4 
38 
14.6 
2,182 
10.0 
167 
48.8 
11 
1.3 
45 
2.3 
114 
1.5 
1,394 
15 8 
142 
28.5 
17 
39,5 
7 
4.4 
105 
16.9 
84 
33 2 
9 
18.7 
87 
33.5 
2,088 
9.6 
36 
10 5 
4 
3.8 
63 
7 4 
37 
1 9 
765 
10 0 
980 
11 1 
1 
0 2 
3 
7.0 
2 
1.2 
9 
1.4 
P2 36 4 
45 
19.3 
51 
19.6 
l'605 
7.4 
2 
0 6 
484 
56.9 
15 
0 8 
913 
12 0 
iss 
1 8 
11 
6 9 
12 
1,9 
1 
0.4 
4 
8.3 
8 
3.1 
1 j 334 
6 1 
3 
0 9 
1 
1.0 
87 
4 4 
336 
4 4 
715 
8 1 
25 
5 2 
17 
39.5 
7 
4 4 
38 
6.1 
5 
2 0 
86 
36,9 
14 
5.4 
1 j 135 
5.2 
4 
3.8 
5 
0.6 
27 
1 4 
2 
♦ 
898 
10 2 
160 
32 1 
3 
0.5 
36 
14.2 
1 j 070 
4.9 
1 
0.3 
94 
89.5 
24 
2.8 
24T 
12.2 
200 
2 6 
362 
4 1 
30 
6.0 
13 
30.2 
23 
3.7 
67 
28.8 
13 
5.0 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
'930 
4.3 
1 
0.3 
45 
5.3 
107 
5.4 
531 
7.0 
146 
1.7 
32 
6.4 
3 
7.0 
6 
3.8 
35 
5.6 
17 
6.7 
3 
1.3 
4 
1,5 
649 
3.0 
6 
1.8 
65 
7.6 
105 
5.3 
296 
3.9 
102 
1,2 
52 
10 4 
4 
2.5 
2 
0.3 
3 
1.2 
9 
3.9 
4 
8.3 
1 
0.4 
480 
2.2 
7 
0.8 
87 
4.4 
67 
0.9 
232 
2 6 
32 
6.4 
3 
1,9 
36 
5.8 
15 
5.9 
1 
0.4 
471 
2.2 
2 
0.6 
2 
0.2 
81 
4.1 
99 
1 3 
232 
2 6 
1(4 
11.9 
4 
0.6 
3 
1.2 
2 
4.2 
27 
10.4 
442 
2.0 
74 
8.7 
104 
5.2 
106 
1,4 
126 
1.4 
28 
5.6 
3 
1.9 
1 
0.4 
379 
1.7 
8 
0 9 
116 
5 8 
111 
1.5 
124 
1.4 
10 
2 0 
10 
4.0 
295 
1.4 
3 
0.9 
1 
1.0 
16 
1.9 
5 
0.3 
117 
1 5 
84 
1.0 
21 
4,2 
20 
46.5 
4 
2.5 
5 
0,8 
8 
3.2 
4 
1.7 
7 
2,7 
271 
1.2 
10 
2.9 
5 
0,6 
6 
0.3 
58 
0.8 
112 
1.3 
4 
2.5 
47 
7.6 
7 
2.8 
3 
6.2 
19 
7.3 
260 
1.2 
8 
2 3 
4 
0 5 
2 
0 1 
108 
1 4 
73 
0 8 
4 
2 5 
7 
1 1 
6 
2 6 
2 
4.2 
46 
17.7 
221 
1.0 
8 
2 3 
40 
4 7 
2 
161 
1.8 
io 
4.0 
207 
0.9 
2 
0.6 
7 
0 8 
32 
1.6 
89 
1.2 
14 
0 2 
29 
18.1 
25 
4.0 
4 
1.6 
1 
2.0 
4 
1.5 
195 
0.9 
10 
2 9 
1 
i 6 
60 
7 1 
4 
0 2 
34 
0 4 
50 
0 6 
19 
3 8 
4 
2 5 
5 
0 8 
5 
2.0 
3 
1.2 
182 
0.8 
3 
0.9 
1 
1 0 
23 
1 2 
39 
0.5 
72 
0.8 
25 
5 0 
4 
2.5 
5 
0.8 
5 
2.0 
1 
0.4 
4 
1.5 
172 
0.8 
9 
1.1 
162 
2 1 
1 
♦ 
170 
0.8 
73 
2i 3 
4 
0 2 
53 
10 6 
40 
15.8 
169 
0.8 
169 
1.9 
156 
0.7 
5 
1.5 
20 
2.4 
2 
0.1 
9 
0.1 
115 
1.3 
5 
1.0 
129 
0.6 
70 
3 5 
43 
0 6 
15 
0 2 
1 
0.4 
106 
0.5 
4 
1.2 
7 
0 4 
95 
1.2 
101 
0.5 
3 
0.9 
41 
0.5 
4i 
0.5 
11 
25.6 
3 
1.9 
2 
6.7 
98 
0.4 
38 
1 9 
55 
0 7 
3 
♦ 
2 
0.8 
80 
0.4 
1 
* 
48 
0 6 
30 
0.3 
1 
0.4 
79 
0.4 
8 
2 3 
2 
0 1 
4 
* 
40 
0 5 
9 
5 6 
1 
0 1 
9 
3.6 
6 
2.3 
46 
0.2 
46 
0 6 
35 
0.2 
5 
0.6 
4 
0.2 
3 
16 
0.2 
6 
1.0 
1 
0.4 
35 
0.2 
8 
0.1 
22 
0.2 
5 
2.0 
33 
0.2 
8 
2.3 
20 
0.2 
i 
0.1 
4 
1.6 
Salts (N. 0. S.) 
19 
« 
18 
0 2 
1 
* 
17 
• 
9 
1.1 
8 
0.4 
15 
* 
1 
0.1 
6 
0.3 
5 
* 
3 
* 
Benzene 
11 
* 
1 
0.1 
7 
* 
3 
1.3 
6 
* 
6 
* 
Arsenic 
2 
• 
2 
0,1 
Fluorides 
2 
* 
2 
0,1 
2 
* 
2 
0.1 
1 
* 
1 
• 
•Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 48—MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL 127 
Matehial 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type of Control 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
2,836 
7 8 
17.7 
29 6 
2 4 
16.7 
0.1 
0 2 
0.1 
51.3 
2,182 
0.4 
8.7 
27.9 
1.7 
3.6 
2 0 
37.9 
2,088 
1.3 
0.4 
1.7 
M05 
0.2 
2.2 
13 8 
5.2 
7.7 
0.7 
3.9 
20.5 
l'334 
6.7 
4.3 
24.7 
5.2 
12.1 
43.1 
11135 
1.9 
17.4 
10.2 
1.9 
2.3 
25.0 
l’070 
5.0 
17.5 
41.0 
0.2 
26.3 
4.7 
73.4 
’930 
4 5 
18.7 
17.7 
5 8 
0.4 
3 7 
1.3 
26.2 
649 
0 6 
2,5 
2.9 
4.8 
480 
13.1 
32.5 
13.5 
5.6 
17.1 
55.6 
471 
8 3 
24 6 
25.7 
5 3 
0 2 
0 4 
37.8 
442 
2 3 
29 0 
83.7 
4.5 
0.5 
20.4 
2.9 
53.6 
379 
0 5 
33.8 
31.7 
9.0 
0.5 
1 6 
10.0 
48.8 
295 
1.4 
4.7 
0.3 
2.0 
6.4 
271 
0 4 
1 8 
52.8 
0.7 
6 3 
0.7 
54,2 
260 
5 0 
10.8 
59.6 
22.7 
26.5 
1.2 
1.5 
80.4 
221 
39 4 
34 8 
0 9 
52.0 
207 
10 6 
10 1 
56.0 
4.8 
1.4 
8 2 
61.4 
195 
14 9 
1.0 
15.9 
182 
4.4 
4.4 
172 
0 6 
4 1 
88.4 
91.9 
170 
169 
35 5 
60.4 
78.1 
Chemicals (N. 0. S.) 
156 
3.2 
2.6 
5.8 
129 
56 6 
70.5 
7.8 
1.6 
15.5 
76.0 
106 
6 6 
17.9 
3.8 
21.7 
101 
1 6 
24.8 
2.0 
27.7 
98 
2 0 
89.9 
2.0 
3.1 
5.1 
95.9 
80 
2 5 
3 8 
18 8 
2.5 
21.3 
79 
6.3 
25.3 
2.5 
11.4 
41.8 
46 
10 9 
63.0 
8.7 
73.9 
35 
11 4 
11.4 
11.4 
35 
17.1 
20.0 
37.1 
33 
3.0 
12.1 
15.2 
Salts (N. O. S.) 
19 
17 
15 
ii 
9.1 
9.1 
6 
33.3 
33.3 
33.3 
2 
100 0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
2 
100 0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
2 
100 0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
1 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 49—MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING-CONTROLS 
134 Plants—21,822 Employees 128 
TABLE 50—RUBBER INDUSTRY1 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data: 21 Plants; 8,801 Employees; 4,267 Employees were given 7,088 Exposures 
Occupation 
Number of Workers Exposed to Specified Materials by Occupation 
Organic dusts2 
Dermatitis 
producers 
High humidity 
Silicate dusts 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
Non-siliceous dusts 
Extreme tempera- 
ture changes 
| Organic solvents 
| Accelerators 
| Sulphur 
% 
| Gases (N. O. S.) 
| Mineral acids 
| Alkalis 
| Chemicals 
| Lacquers 
| Petroleum products 
Miscellaneous* 
materials 
1,394 
154 
135 
113 
113 
87 
80 
76 
72 
70 
63 
62 
50 
46 
42 
38 
35 
33 
30 
25 
10 
980 
301 
898 
6 
715 
90 
58 
1 
21 
41 
572 
25 
” i 
2 
10 
362 
' ’58 
55 
25 
232 
6 
232 
169 
161 
155 
146 
126 
124 
96 
115 
112 
102 
493 
Rubber cutters, slitters, trimmers, punchers 
4 
2 
6 
3 
"10 
30 
39 
Grinders, sanders, grinding lathe operators.. 
6 
50 
73 
2 
8 
Cloth weaving, knitting, spinning machine 
Mandrel and tuber operators, off-bearers 
19 
39 
14 
6 
9 
23 
9 
40 
38 
3 
1 
26 
11 
80 
28 
91 
11 
6 
10 
27 
45 
4 
27 
46 
129 
349 
Rubber cement makers, rubber surfacers.... 
70 
19 
32 
26 
11 
17 
2 
9 
5 
27 
9 
8 
15 
3 
64 
51 
20 
217 
14 
234 
145 
18 
31 
2 
9 
39 
70 
107 
11 
15 
33 
83 
22 
1 
50 
1 
6 
33 
39 
1 
82 
240 
20 
12 
39 
67 
16 
13 
13 
2 
16 
35 
10 
18 
86 
93 
100 
103 
103 
104 
8 
Miscellaneous 
34 
84 
64 
10 
41 
31 
23 
15 
2 
5 
13 
18 
23 
27 
2 
493 
Rubber Industry includes all plants making hard, soft and sponge products and rubber composition products. 
2Rubber dusts, both crude and vulcanized, are classed as organic dusts and make up the majority of exposures in this 
industry to organic dusts. Other prevalent organic dusts are cloth, felt and wood dusts. 
“Next largest material is approximately 1.2% of total number of exposures. 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. PERSONAL 
SERVICES 131 
Personal Services 
Exposures: Only two sub-divisions, laundries and dry cleaning estab- 
lishments, were surveyed in this group. High humidity was the most 
frequently reported potential occupational hazard, while dermatitis was 
second. High humidity was chiefly a factor in the laundries. (See 
Table 51). 
Controls: Indicated controls for specified materials are tabulated in 
Table 52. It may be seen that 48.5% of the workers exposed to high 
humidity had one or more controls. 
Dry Cleaning Industry; Occupational Analysis: The occupations as 
well as the relative frequency of material exposures are noted in Table 53. 
TABLE 51—PERSONAL SERVICE 
LAUNDRIES AND DRY CLEANING 
Number 
and Percent of Workers in Each Sub Group 
Exposed to Specified Material 
Material 
Total 
Laundries 
Dry cleaning 
Number 
Percent 
Number 
Percent 
Number 
Percent 
4,930 
2,321 
281 
3,781 
2,027 
237 
76.7 
1,149 
294 
23.3 
47.1 
53.6 
25.6 
5.7 
6.3 
44 
3.8 
232 
4.7 
51 
1.3 
181 
15.8 
198 
4.0 
160 
4.2 
38 
3.3 
111 
2.3 
94 
2.5 
17 
1.5 
90 
1.8 
69 
1.8 
21 
1.8 
83 
1.7 
22 
0.6 
61 
5.3 
82 
1.7 
66 
1.7 
16 
1.4 
72 
1.5 
58 
1.5 
14 
1.2 
66 
1.3 
20 
0.5 
46 
4.0 
61 
1.2 
10 
0.3 
51 
4.4 
40 
0.8 
34 
0.9 
6 
0.5 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
32 
0.6 
9 
0.2 
23 
2.0 
21 
0.4 
10 
0.3 
11 
1.0 
18 
0.4 
1 
* 
17 
1.5 
13 
0.3 
10 
0.3 
3 
0.3 
13 
0.3 
2 
♦ 
11 
1.0 
10 
0.2 
10 
0.9 
10 
0.2 
8 
0.2 
2 
0.2 
9 
0.2 
7 
0.2 
2 
0.2 
8 
0.2 
8 
0.2 
8 
0.2 
4 
0.1 
4 
0.3 
8 
0.2 
8 
0.7 
7 
0.1 
4 
0.1 
3 
0.3 
7 
0.1 
7 
0.6 
6 
0.1 
* 
6 
0.5 
4 
4 
0.3 
3 
« 
3 
• 
2 
* 
2 
0.2 
2 
* 
2 
* 
2 
* 
2 
« 
1 
* 
1 
* 
‘Less than 0.1% 
(N. O. S.) Not otherwise specified. 132 
Material 
Number 
of workers 
exposed 
Percent of Exposed Workers Having Indicated Type of Control 
Percent of 
exposed 
workers 
having one 
or more 
controls 
General ventilation 
Local 
exhaust 
Enclosed 
process 
Wet 
method 
Gas 
mask 
Respirator 
Air line 
respirator 
Protective 
clothing 
Other 
Positive 
Negative 
Approved 
type 
Not 
approved 
2,321 
281 
232 
198 
111 
90 
83 
82 
72 
66 
Cl 
40 
32 
21 
18 
13 
13 
10 
10 
9 
8 
8 
8 
7 
7 
6 
4 
3 
2 
2 
2 
1 
7.2 
37.0 
6.1 
* 
2.1 
43.5 
0.9 
31.0 
18.7 
2.7 
5.0 
22.9 
0.1 
2.8 
25.8 
20.2 
5.0 
15.0 
31.0 
11.1 
23.7 
5.6 
20.7 
56.5 
22,2 
4.5 
5.6 
33.7 
6.1 
5.6 
43.9 
27.9 
5.0 
18.8 
56.5 
22,2 
1.8 
12.0 
10.8 
2.8 
10.6 
18.2 
4.9 
5.0 
12.5 
23.7 
5.6 
Gases (N. 0. S.) 
3.1 
20.7 
5.6 
0.9 
23.1 
23.1 
40.0 
22,2 
40.0 
22.2 
37.5 
12.5 
37.5 
28.6 
71.4 
42.9 
28.6 
71.4 
71.4 
25.0 
25.0 
Salts (N. 0. S.)...’ 
100.0 
100.0 
*Less than 0.1% 
(N. 0. S.) Not otherwise specified. 
TABLE 52—PERSONAL SERVICE—LAUNDRIES AND DRY CLEANING—CONTROLS 
162 Plants—4,930 Employees 133 
TABLE 53—DRY CLEANING INDUSTRY1 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE BY OCCUPATION 
Survey Data: 61 Plants; 1,149 Employees; 547 Employees were given 902 Exposures 
Occupation 
Number op Workers Exposed to Specified Materials by 
Occupation 
High humidity 
Organic solvents 
Halogenated 
hydrocarbons 
Organic acids 
Alcohols, esters 
and ethers 
Dermatitis 
producers 
Alkalis 
Gases (N.O.S.) 
Bituminous coal 
dust 
Benzene 
Carbon monoxide 
Silicate dusts 
Sulphur dioxide 
Miscellaneous2 
materials 
294 
161 
66 
22 
16 
10 
5 
5 
3 
3 
3 
181 
61 
51 
46 
44 
38 
23 
21 
17 
17 
16 
14 
79 
91 
10 
7 
16 
24 
5 
5 
5 
3 
2 
3 
2 
3 
13 
4 
1 
9 
2 
70 
2 
12 
8 
2 
46 
39 
29 
14 
12 
3 
2 
2 
1 
1 
3 
15 
14 
14 
11 
19 
4 
1 
79 
'Includes dry cleaning, dyeing and pressing shops, but not laundries except where laundering is done incidentally. 
'Next largest material is less than 1.0% of the total number of exposures. SURVEY 
SUMMARY 
TABLES 137 
Summary Tables 
Table 54 is a summary of previous tables showing the materials in 
each service group to which 10% or more of the persons in that industry 
are exposed. 
Table 55 shows the number of persons, in the sample studied exposed 
to the important materials, irrespective of the industry in which it oc- 
curred. The table lists “important” materials not from a numerical 
standpoint, but from the possible injury that it may produce. For 
example the study as a whole showed numerically that metals (N. 0. S.) 
had the greatest frequency and that lead was ilth in numerical order. 
However, from the standpoint of potential pathology lead would over- 
shadow metals (N, 0. S.) since most of the metals classified under this 
were iron and steel. 
It is believed that our sample for each group was adequate and 
consequently that our percentage could be applied to our industrial popu- 
lation for each group, so that we may estimate a total “expected” number 
of Indiana workers potentially exposed to the various materials. This, 
however, requires an accurate knowledge of the total number of workers 
employed in each industry for the present time. In the absence of such 
data, and with the knowledge that such figures, if accurate at the time 
of collection, are subject to change, the estimate of the total number of 
workers exposed to each material was based on the 1930 census, corrected 
according to industrial classification used in this study. These data are 
shown in Table 56. 
The choice of the 1930 population census instead of a more recent 
biennial census was due to the greater accuracy of the decennial census, 
and to the belief that the 1930 census figure most closely approached the 
actual employment at the time of the survey. 
Table 56 shows the number of persons, in the industries studied, 
who are expected to have potential exposures to the materials classified 
in this study. The estimates are based on the total working population 
in those industries surveyed. Since some of the industries omitted would 
contribute some additional exposures, it is probable that the expected 
number of potential exposures for all gainful workers in Indiana will be 
slightly higher than the values shown. 
Thus it would appear that for Indiana one would expect to find 42,540 
exposed to dermatitis producers, 11,566 to silica dust, 11,886 to lead, 1,059 
to cyanides and etc. 
These data reveal that a large portion of Indiana’s industrial popu- 
lation potentially comes in contact with numerous hazardous materials. 
Further it is important to remember that the material contributing the 
greatest number of exposures may not be the most toxic material. 
Nevertheless, these data properly interpreted are very useful in planning 
preventive programs in the future. Basically that was the objective of 
this huge “physical examination” of this large “industrial patient” of 
ours. We have our findings on physical examination, certain laboratory 
studies now seem indicated so that we can reach a true diagnosis. Once 
a diagnosis is made the treatment will be apparent. 138 
TABLE 54—MATERIALS IN EACH INDUSTRY OR SERVICE GROUP TO WHICH 10% OR MORE PERSONS 
WERE EXPOSED 
Industry or Service Group 
Material 
Exposed Persons 
Percent 
Number 
70.6 
16.2 
3,320 
761 
36.6 
18,4 
379 
190 
18.6 
15.0 
12.7 
10.9 
2,859 
2,308 
1,942 
1,675 
Extreme temperature changes 
14.6 | 2,548 
Food and allied 
Dermatitis producers 
32.7 
17.2 
11,601 
6,102 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
33.3 
10.3 
26,886 
8,354 
Dermatitis producers 
Metals other than iron and steel 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
31.2 
2,959 
Leather 
Dermatitis producers 
Organic dusts 
16.4 
10.5 
338 
215 
Lumber and furniture 
Organic dusts 
34.4 
6,448 
15.2 
13.3 
12.7 
11.0 
1,841 
1,604 
1,529 
1,330 
Inks 
Antimony 
45.6 
33.2 
3,751 
2,734 
High humidity 
Miscellaneous manufacturing 
Metals (N. 0. S.) 
Organic dusts 
Dermatitis producers 
13.0 
10.0 
9.6 
2,836 
2,182 
2,088 
Personal services 
High humidity 
47.1 
2,321 
TABLE 55—NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE SAMPLE STUDIED EXPOSED TO SOME OF THE IMPORTANT 
MATERIALS 
Material 
Number of 
employees exposed 
Inorganic non-metallic dusts: 
Silica dust 
11,842 
Silicate dusts 
11,312 
Non-siliceous dusts 
9,647 
Bituminous coal dust 
6,800 
Asbestos dust 
315 
Metallic dusts and fumes: 
6,884 
Antimony 
1,506 
411 
Mercury 
154 
132 
122 
77 
29 
2 
22,948 
Gases: 
6,364 
2 115 
77 
26 
Miscellaneous materials: 
27,599 
High humidity 
15,623 
12,921 
10i067 
' 5,128 
2,381 
1,248 
971 
638 
579 
452 
136 139 
Material 
Total 
for all 
industries 
Extraction Chemical 
minerals and 
allied 
Cigar 
and 
tobacco 
Clay, 
glass and 
stone 
Clothing 
and 
allied 
Food* 
and 
allied 
Iron 
and 
steel 
Metals* 
otherthan 
iron and 
steel 
Leather 
Furniture 
and 
lumber 
Paper 
and 
allied 
Textiles 
Miscel- 
laneous 
manu- 
facturing 
Personal 
Services 
To al Employees—1930 U. S. 
Census 
404,059 
24,034 
17,704 
2,997 
22,449 
18,891 
25,901 
161,305 
7,146 
5,261 
30,662 
16,822 
8,694 
52,445 
9,748 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
69,173 
841 
1,332 
12 
1,806 
63 
399 
53,700 
2,959 
18 
608 
555 
46 
6,818 
16 
Dermatitis producers 
42,540 
659 
1,027 
1,097 
768 
107 
11,601 
16,700 
366 
863 
2,400 
1,020 
348 
5,030 
554 
Organic dusts 
34,930 
138 
950 
550 
521 
2,760 
2,164 
6,050 
454 
549 
10,540 
1,009 
3,964 
5,240 
41 
High humidity 
21,287 
82 
488 
96 
326 
1,170 
6,102 
1,720 
94 
324 
337 
355 
2,886 
2,727 
4,580 
Extreme temperature changes... 
9,522 
216 
1,550 
2,851 
12 
1,831 
1,350 
381 
21 
87 
50 
5 
1,154 
14 
11,566 
3,884 
147 
2 460 
4 
10 
1 395 
51 
17 
1 
625 
Silicate dusts 
20,200 
736 
885 
9 
3,390 
118 
688 
9,420 
413 
51 
’840 
233 
45 
3,210 
162 
Gases (N. (). S.) 
18,887 
991 
928 
1 970 
25 
1 550 
372 
26 
2 235 
Petroleum products 
17,622 
913 
1,014 
63 
'975 
151 
’879 
10*030 
433 
59 
460 
454 
552 
L560 
79 
Non-siliceous dusts 
17,689 
1,210 
241 
12 
4,186 
22 
161 
7,830 
716 
92 
507 
93 
31 
2,570 
18 
11,886 
20 
413 
188 
8 
112 
19 
3 850 
Bituminous coal dust 
22,478 
16,968 
226 
9 
949 
64 
686 
2^240 
“82 
38 
435 
124 
42 
’437 
178 
Carbon monoxide 
11,278 
884 
432 
9 
700 
72 
1,028 
6,330 
233 
43 
417 
152 
51 
708 
219 
8,093 
788 
391 
52 
188 
45 
Alkalis 
4,689 
5 
576 
254 
29 
1 033 
88 
43 
390 
4,543 
10 
395 
229 
2 
7 
4,122 
354 
19 
10 
118 
26 
3J21 
251 
25 
303 
2*290 
146 
128 
235 
81 
12 
242 
8 
3,011 
120 
32 
31 
137 
150 
95 
2 237 
28 
84 
26 
Sulphur dioxide 
3,578 
352 
145 
9 
362 
45 
483 
1,030 
49 
38 
332 
' 92 
31 
468 
142 
3,227 
75 
19 
11 
1 130 
139 
3 
1 128 
47 
13 
650 
12 
2,114 
19 
4 
1 
10 
88 
64 
31 
1 855 
1 
41 
2,180 
10 
655 
139 
3 
180 
534 
57 
18 
5 
162 
17 
374 
26 
1,567 
5 
227 
17 
795 
4 
77 
3 
27 
408 
4 
1,548 
36 
31 
24 
17 
54 
230 
576 
127 
243 
190 
20 
1,260 
235 
15 
11 
224 
194 
100 
93 
64 
2 
192 
130 
Salts (N. O. S.) 
906 
238 
84 
3 
161 
31 
26 
13 
46 
6 
1,020 
165 
138 
53 
1 
138 
84 
3 
U 
15 
413 
1,038 
140 
218 
56 
70 
3 
6 
530 
14 
1,059 
6 
560 
132 
31 
20 
310 
Halogenated hydrocarbons 
819 
92 
12 
4 
4 
240 
28 
8 
12 
255 
164 
753 
9 
378 
93 
5 
20 
13 
235 
438 
181 
3 
16 
2 
29 
150 
7 
3 
5 
1 
5 
36 
469 
■ 82 
233 
1 
140 
u 
2 
477 
45 
7 
6 
54 
50 
6 
36 
67 
2 
84 
120 
318 
11 
57 
1 
93 
118 
12 
g 
18 
308 
20 
25 
30 
62 
38 
71 
26 
36 
468 
15 
24 
20 
3 
406 
235 
11 
97 
g 
i 
100 
4 
14 
248 
9 
8 
2 
69 
7 
28 
30 
79 
16 
239 
6 
76 
39 
8 
no 
165 
37 
113 
10 
5 
133 
16 
65 
47 
5 
149 
2 
1 
138 
3 
5 
90 
6 
10 
49 
2 
3 
20 
43 
43 
32 
25 
7 
16 
13 
3 
7 
7 
2 
2 
*As the number of workers surveyed in the Food and Allied industry and the Metals Other than Iron and Steel industry was greater than the U. S. Census figure, the expected number of 
persons exposed is given as 100% of that obtained in the survey. 
TABLE 56—EXPECTED NUMBER OF PERSONS IN INDIANA EXPOSED TO INDICATED MATERIALS BASED ON DATA OBTAINED IN THE SURVEY 140 
Acknowledgments 
For policies and letters to manufacturers, prior to the survey, the 
Bureau is indebted to Dr. V. K. Harvey, Director, Indiana State Board 
of Health. 
The industrial file was completed largely through the cooperation of 
the Indiana Unemployment Compensation Division and the State Planning 
Board. The data on milk plants and canning industry was supplied by the 
State Board of Health, Bureau of Dairy Products and Bureau of Food 
and Drugs, respectively. The Indiana Canners’ Association also supplied 
us with a list of canning plants. 
The field work was carried out by our own personnel with the valu- 
able and immeasurable service of the United States Public Health Serv- 
ice, Division of Industrial Hygiene, by training our field staff, organizing 
the office and assisting in the conduct of the survey. Sanitary Engineer 
J. J. Bloomfield assisted in the training of the field staff, Mrs. Mary F. 
Peyton helped organize the survey and Mr. Richard T. Page assisted in 
the summary and writing of this report. 
Other agencies that cooperated are the State Labor Department, 
Mr. Thomas Hutson, Director; Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, State 
Board of Health, Mr. B. A. Poole, Chief; state and city Chambers of 
Commerce, State Mining Board, and officials of all the establishments 
covered in the study. The officials cooperated whole-heartedly in furnish- 
ing the information requested. This is deeply appreciated by the Bureau 
since the survey was voluntary on the part of plant officials. 
All illustrations are by Bird Baldwin, Staff Artist, of the Indiana 
State Board of Health. APPENDIX 
1. A—Forms 
2. B—Industrial Codes 
3. C—References 143 
APPENDIX A 
FormS INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY Page .of. 
INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERVICE DATA Surveyed by 
Name of Plant.... - .Industry Code and No.. Date. 
County.. City Location 
Plant Owner - .Address NO. EMPLOYEES 
M 
Product Manufactured or Service.. - F - 
Plant official - Title T 
Drinking || Washing T ilet 
Sanitati n 
Public Supply 
Fountain No. 
Individual Cup 
| Common Cup 
| Other 
Sink No. 
Other 
Cold Water 
Hot Water 
Soap 
Common Towel 
Other Towel 
Shower 
Flush M F 
Pit Privy M F 
Urinal No. 
Other No. 
Sep. Lunch Room 
Individual Locker 
Maximum Employees 
Safety Pk visi ns I Medical Pbovisi ns j Benefits and Rec rds 
Sick Benefit Yes 
Organization; 
No 
Sickness Yes. 
Record: 
No 
Waiting 
Period: No. Days 
Accident Yes 
No 
Remarks: 
INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 
Full Time 
Physician; Part Time 
On Call 
None 
Full Time 
Nurse: Part Time 
None. 
P. H 
R. N 
Other 
Remarks; 
Company 
Hospital: Contract 
None 
First Aid Yes 
Room: No 
First Aid Yes. 
Kit; 
No 
Trained Yes 
First Aid 
Worker; No 
Remarks: 
Full Time 
Safety 
Director: Part Time.. 
None. 
Shop Yes 
Committee: 
Insurance Yes 
Service: 
No 
Other; Yes. 
No.... 
Remarks: 144 
Form 4 INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY Page of 
' WORK ROOM SURVEY DATA 
Name of Plant.: .Industry Code and No... 
Department Work Room No 
Informants Name .Surveyed by Date.. 
INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 
Occupation 145 
Form'8 INDIANA'INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERVICE 
Page 
Industry Code Name of Industry 
INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 
Number op Persons to Whom Indicated Service is Available 146 
Form 6 
INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
NUMBER OF PERSONS EXPOSED, CLASSIFIED BY MATERIAL 
Industry Code Name of Industry Page 147 
INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
MATERIAL EXPOSURE IN EACH INDUSTRY BY OCCUPATION 
Material Exposure - - -Page 
Industry Code - Name of Industry - - — - 
INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH, BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 
*Number of employees brought forward. 148 
Form 8 Page 
INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
GENERAL SANITATION 
Industry Code Name of Industry. 
INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH, BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 149 
Form 8A Page 
INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
GENERAL SANITATION 
Industry Code....... Name of Industry....... i 
Drinking Washing Toilet Facilities 
Number 
Number Number Number Number Toilets Number Privies Number Other Number Persons Urinals 
Fountains Lavatories Showers Provided Provided Provided Per Toilet 
Prov. 1 Ratio Prov. I Ratio Prov. I Ratio MIF MIF MIF M|F Prov. I Ratio 
INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH, BUREAU INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 
Maximum No. 
of Employees 
Plant 
No. 150 
Form 9 
INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
CONTROL MEASURES FOR SPECIFIED EXPOSURE IN EACH INDUSTRY 
Material Exposure T Page. 
Industry Code. Name of Industry. 
Number of Persons to Whom Control is Available Classified by Plants 
•Number of employees brought forward. INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH, BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 
Plant Number 
Number of Employees Exposed 
T ype of Control 
Positive General Ventilation 
Negative General Ventilation 
Local Exhaust 
Enclosure 
Wet Methods 
Gas Masks 
Respirator 
Air Line Respirator 
Protective Clothing 
Other 
Total Persons 151 
DAILY OFFICE PROGRESS REPORT 
INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
Month of. 
Letters [ Surveys Surveys Surveys Out of Too Small 
Sent Returned Edited Tabulated Business Let. Returned 152 
INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
ASSIGNMENT OF PLANTS 
Date Letters Sent County 
Plant Data 
Size 
Industry 
Engineer 153 
Total 
Timm 
Schellhase 
Reichelderfer 
Miller 
Keppler 
Karnisky 
Hollenbeck 
Goory 
Fleming 
Black 
Field Engineer 
- 
O 
- 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Moved 
Monday 18 
- 
o 
- 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Closed 
O 
o 
o 
o 
• 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Refused 
to 
o 
o 
CO 
o 
- 
- 
4»> 
- 
to 
o 
Completed 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Moved 
Tuesday 19 
- 
- 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Closed 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Refused 
o 
to 
CO 
o 
CO 
o 
o 
- 
o 
o 
o 
Completed 
CO 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
CO 
o 
Moved 
Wednesday 20 
- 
o 
- 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Closed 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Refused 
co 
o 
o 
- 
o 
- 
o 
4* 
o 
o 
o 
Completed 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Moved 
Thursday 21 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Closed 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Refused 
23 
o 
- 
to 
o 
o 
to 
4* 
05 
4*. 
Completed 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Moved 
Friday 22 
- 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
- 
o 
Closed 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Refused 
22 
00 
o 
to 
o 
to 
to 
o 
o 
Completed 
- 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
- 
o 
o 
o 
Moved 
Saturday 23 
CO 
o 
o 
CO 
CO 
o 
to 
o 
o 
o 
- 
Closed 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Refused 
M 
o 
to 
- 
- 
- 
to 
- 
« 
o 
Cn 
Completed 
Cn 
o 
- 
o 
o 
o 
o 
- 
o 
CO 
o 
Moved 
Total 
CO 
- 
to 
CO 
CO 
o 
to 
o 
o 
- 
- 
Closed 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
Refused 
93 
o 
o 
ts 
o 
o 
Oi 
oo 
o 
00 
CO 
Completed 
179 
CO 
B 
23 
20 
Cn 
Oi 
to 
CO 
CO 
CO 
Assigned 
DAILY PROGRESS CHART—INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
Week op July 17, 1938 154 
Field Engineer 
Week of July 
August 
September 
October 
November 
December 
J anuary 
10 | 17 
24 | 31 
7 | 14 | 21 
28 
4 
11 
18 | 25 
2 | 9 | 16 
23 
30 
6 | 13 
20 | 27 
4 | 11 | 18 
25 
1 
8 
Black 
Fleming 
* 
Goory 
Hollenbeck 
— 
— 
Kami sky 
Keppler 
Miller 
Reichelderfer 
Schellhase 
Timm 
Total Completed 
— 
Total to Complete 
1 
1 
1 
WEEKLY PROGRESS CHART—INDIANA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY 
NUMBER OF PLANTS SURVEYED WEEKLY 155 
APPENDIX B 
TABLE 57—INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH, BUREAU INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 
INDUSTRIAL CODES 
V2 Coal Mines 
V2A Strip Mines 
V9 Quarries 
Extraction of Minerals 
V9A Sand and Gravel 
V9B Limestone 
Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries 
Chemical and Allied; 
X3 Explosives, Ammunition and Fireworks Factories 
X4 Fertilizer Factories 
X5 Gas Works 
X6 Paint and Varnish Factories 
X7 Petroleum Refineries 
X9 Soap Factories 
OVB Blacking, Stains, Etc. 
OVD Chemicals 
OVE Compressed Gases 
OVG Drugs, Patent Medicine 
OVH Glues, Paste 
OVI Greases, Tallow 
OVJ Oils, Not Petroleum 
OVK Perfumes, Cosmetics 
OVL Other Chemicals 
00 Cigar and Tobacco 
Cigar and Tobacco Factories 
01 Brick, Tile, Terra Cotta 
02 Glass Factories 
02A Mirrors 
03A Cement 
03C Lime and Artificial Stone 
Clay, Glass and Stone Industries 
04 Marble and Stone Yards 
05 Potteries 
2VA Roofing—Asphalt 
2VB Asbestos Products 
2VD Rockwool and Other Clay, Glass and Stone 
Clothing Industries 
07 Glove Factories 
09 Shirt, Collar and Cuff 
IV Suit, Coat and Overall 
IDA Women’s Clothing 
10C Other Clothing 
Food and Allied Industries 
11 Bakeries 
12 Butter, Cheese and Milk 
13 Candy Factories 
15 Flour and Grain Mills 
16 Fruit and Vegetable Canning, Etc. 
17 Slaughter and Packing Houses 
19A Ice Manufacturing 
19B Spices, Coffee 
19C Other 
20A Liquor and Beverage Industries (Soft) 
20B Alcoholic Beverages 
21 Agricultural Implement Factories 
22 Automobiles 
24B Blast Furnaces and Steel Rolling Mills (Except Wire) 
24A Wire Mills 
25 Car and Railroad Shops 
26 Ship and Boat Building 
27 Wagon and Carriage 
Iron and Steel Industries, Machinery and Vehicle Industries 
28A Aircraft 
28B Foundries 
28C Machine Shops 
28D Small Machinery, Implements and Cutlery 
28E Heavy Machinery 
28F Other 
3V Brass Mills, Musical Instruments 
31 Copper Factories 
33 Jewelry Factories 
34 I,eid and Zinc Factories 
35 Tinware, Enamelware, Etc. 
Metal Industries, Except Iron and Steel 
36A Aluminum 
36B Metal Specialties, Novelties 
36C Other 
36D Electro Plating, Metal Finishing 
Leather Industries 
38 Leather Belt, Leather Goods, Etc. 
39 Shoe Factories 
40 Tanneries 
41 Trunk, Suitcase and Bag 
42A Furniture Factories 
42B Caskets 
43 Piano and Organ 
Lumber and Furniture Industry 
44 Saw and Planing Mills 
45 Other Woodworking 
Paper, Printing and Allied Industry 
46A Paper Products (N. O. S.) 
46B Wax and W'all Paper 
47 Paper and Pulp Mills 
48 Paper Box Factories 
49A Book Binding 
49B Engraving and Developing 
49C Lithographing 
49D Newspaper 
49E Stereotype 
49F Other Printing and Allied 
Textile Industries 
50 Knitting Mills 
52 Textile Dyeing, Finishing and Printing Mills 
53 Woolen and Worsted Mills 
55 Hemp, Jute and Linen Mills 
58 Sail, Awning and Tent 
59 Other Textile Mills 
60 Broom and Brush 
61 Button Factories 
63 A Batteries 
63B Lamps 
63C Other Electric Machine and Supplies 
65 Rubber Factories 
66 Straw and Strawboard Factories 
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries 
68A Dental Appliances and Supplies 
68C Signs 
68 D Toys and Novelties 
68E Hair Goods, Artificial Flowers 
68F Lenses 
68G Lamp and Window Shades 
08H Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries 
Personal Service 
97 Laundries 98 Dry Cleaning 156 
TABLE 58-MAJOR EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATIONS 
Accelerators 
Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Aldehydes 
Alkalis 
Amines 
Aniline and its Compounds 
Antimony and its Compounds 
Arsenic and its Compounds 
Benzene 
Cadmium and its Compounds 
Carbon Monoxide 
Chemicals (N. O. S.) 
Chlorine 
Chromium and its Compounds 
Coal Tar Products 
Cyanides 
Dermatitis Producers 
Anthracite Coal Dust 
Asbestos Dusts 
Bituminous Coal Dust 
Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Organic Dusts 
Silica Dusts 
Silicate Dusts 
Dyes 
Extreme Temperature Changes 
Fluorides 
Gases (N. O. S.) 
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 
High Humidity 
Hydrogen Sulphide 
Infections 
Inks 
Lacquers and Varnishes 
Lead 
Manganese 
Medicinals (N. O. S.) 
Mercury and its Compounds 
Metals (N. O. S.) 
Mineral Acids 
Oils, Fats and Waxes (Not Petroleum) 
Organic Acids 
Organic Solvents 
Paints and Enamels 
Petroleum Products (Other than Solvents) 
Phosphorus 
Salts Inorganic (N. O. S.) 
Selenium and its Compounds 
Sulphur and its Compounds 
Sulphur Dioxide 
TABLE 59—EXAMPLES OF PRODUCTS INCLUDED UNDER EACH MAJOR CLASSIFICATION 
Accelerators— 
Ammonia Formaldehyde 
Butraldehyde Aniline 
Butyl Aldehyde 
Butylamine 
Butylamine Aniline 
Diorthotolylguanidine 
Diphenylguanidine 
Mercaptobenzathiozole 
Paraphenylenediamine 
Piperidine 
Tetramethylthiuram disulphide 
Tetramethylthiuramonasulphide 
Thiooarbamites 
Toluidine 
Xexamethylinetetramine 
Alcohols, Esters and Ethers— 
Ethyl and Methyl Alcohols 
Amyl Acetate 
Butyl Acetate 
Ethyl Acetate 
Esters 
Aldehydes— 
Acrolein 
Formaldehyde 
Alkalis— 
Ammonium Hydroxide 
Barium Hydroxide 
Barium Oxide 
Calcium Hydroxide 
Calcium Oxide 
Cleaning Compounds 
Magnesium Oxide 
Oakite 
Potash 
Potassium Carbonate 
Potassium Hydroxide 
Sal Soda 
Soda Ash 
Sodium Carbonate 
Sodium Hydroxide 
Sodium Salicylate 
Sodium Hypochlorite (dry) 
Washing Powders 
Wyandotte Cleaner 
Animes— 
Alifatic Amines 
Aniline and its Compounds— 
Acetanilide 
Dimethylaniline 
Paranitra aniline 
Antimony and its Compounds— 
Type Metal 
Arsenic and its Compounds 
Benzene 
Cadmium and its Compounds 
Carbon Monoxide 
Chemicals (N. O. S.)— 
Organic and Inorganic where they were not specified 
Chlorine 
Chromium and its Compounds— 
Chrome Ore 
Chromic Acid 
Chrome Alum 
Potassium Dichromate 
Other Chromates 
Coal Tar Products— 
Coal Tar 
Coal Tar Paint 
Creosote 
Cumar Resin 
Hydroquinone- 
Napthalene 
Nitrobenzene 
Phenol 
Phenolic Resins 
Pyridine 
Cyanides— 
Cyanogen 
Hydrocyanic Acid 
Potassium Cyanide 
Sodium Cyanide 
Zinc Cyanide 
Dermatitis Producers— 
Animal Products 
Chocolate 
Cutting Oils 
Dough 
Sugar 
Tobacco 
Vanilla 
Vegetable Products 
Anthracite Coal Dust 
Asbestos Dusts 
Bituminous Coal Dust 
Non-Siliceous Dusts— 
Alundum 
Barium Sulphate 
Bone Meal 
Calcium Carbonate 
Corundum 
Emery 
Limestone 
Marble 
Maynesite 
Rockwool 
Plaster of Paris (Gypsum) 
Tricalcium Phosphate 
Organic Dusts— 
Cotton 
Coke 
Carbon Black 
Dextrin 
Feathers 
Felt 
Fibre 
Fur 
Graphite 
Gums and Resin 
Kapook 
Leather 
Mustard Seed 
Paper 
Rags 
Rayon 
Rosin 
Sawdust 
Sisal (Hemp) 
Spices 
Straw 
Starch 
Wool 157 
Silica Dusts— 
Agate 
Berotonite 
Chalcedony 
Cristobalite 
Diatomaceous Earth 
Flint 
Gannister 
Granite 
Infusorial Earth 
Jasper 
Novaculite 
Onyx 
Opal 
Quartz 
Sand 
Tridymite 
Tripoli 
Silicate Dusts— 
Ashes 
Carborundum 
Clay 
Feldspar 
Ferrosilicon 
Fullers Earth 
Fireclay 
Glass 
Garnet 
Mica 
Portland Cement 
Pumice 
Slate 
Soapstone 
Talc 
Dyes— 
Coal Tar 
Shoe Dyes 
Stains 
Extreme Temperature Changes 
Fluorides— 
Calcium Fluoride 
Fluorine Gas 
Hydrofluoric Acid 
Gases (N. O. S.)— 
Acetylene 
Ammonia 
Carbon Dioxide 
Oxides of Nitrogen 
Ozone 
Phosgene 
Halogenated Hydrocarbons— 
Carbon Tetrachloride 
Trichlorethylene 
Perchlorethylene 
Dichlorethylene 
Pentachlorethylene 
Tetrachlorethane 
Ethyl Chlorbromide 
Acetylene Tetrabromide 
High Humidity _ 
Hydrogen Sulphide 
Infections— 
Actinomycosis 
Anthrax 
Blastomycosis 
Glanders 
Sporotricosis 
Tetanus 
Tularemia 
Inks— 
Printers 
Stencil 
Lacquers and Varnishes— 
Duco 
Shellac 
Lead- 
Babbit Metal 
Lead 
Litharge 
Type Metal 
White Lead 
Manganese 
Medicinals (N. O. S.)— 
Cocaine 
Codeine 
Iodine 
Morphine 
Opium 
Pharmaceuticals in general 
Mercury and its Compounds 
Metals (N. O. S.)— 
Brass 
Bronzing Powder 
Cobalt 
Copper 
Iron Dust 
Iron Pyrites 
Nickel and its Salts 
Steel 
Titanium Oxide 
Zinc, Oxide and Stearate 
Mineral Acids— 
Hydrochloric 
Nitric 
Phosphoric 
Sulphuric 
Oils, Fats and Waxes (Not Petroleum)— 
Lard 
Tallow 
Vegetable Oils 
Organic Acids— 
Acetic 
Formic 
Oxalic 
Picric 
Tannic 
Organic Solvents— 
Acetone 
Benzene 
Carbon Disulphide 
Diethyl Sulphate 
Ethylene Glycol 
Kerosene 
Naphtha 
Prestone 
Toluene 
Turpentine 
Xylene 
Paints and Enamels— 
Japan Compounds 
Lithopone 
Zinc Paint 
Petroleum Products (Other than Solvents) 
Asphalt 
Greases 
Lubricants 
Mineral Oil 
Paraffin 
Tar and Pitch 
Phosphorus 
Salts Inorganic (N. O. S.) 
Selenium and its Compounds 
Sulphur and its Compounds— 
Barium Sulphide 
Calcium Sulphide 
Potassium Sulphide 
Tuads 
Zinc 
Sulphur Dioxide 158 
TABLE 60—ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MATERIAL CLASSIFICATIONS 
Material Classification 
Abrasives .... Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Accelerators Accelerators 
Acetanilide Aniline and its Compounds 
Acetic Acid Acids, Organic 
Acetone Organic Solvents 
Acetylene Other Gases 
Acetylene Tetrabromide Halogenated Hydrocarbons 
Acrolein Aldehydes 
Alabastine Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Alcohols Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Alundum Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Alum Inorganic Salt 
Aluminum Oxide Other Metals and their Compounds 
Amines (Alifatic) Amines 
Ammonia Other Gases 
Ammonia Formaldehyde Accelerators 
Ammonium Chloride Inorganic Salts 
Ammonium Hydroxide Alkaline Compounds 
Amyl Acetate Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Aniline Aniline and its Compounds 
Aniline Dyes Dyes 
Antimony Antimony 
Antimony Sulphide Sulphur and Compounds 
Anthrax Infections 
Arsenic Arsenic and its Compounds 
Arsine Other Gases 
Ashes Silicate Dusts 
Asbestos Asbestos Dust 
Asphalt Petroleum Products 
Babbit Lead and its Compounds 
Bakehte Coal-tar Products 
Barium Sulphide Sulphur and Alkaline Sulphides 
Barium Sulfate Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Benzene Benzene 
Benzine Organic Solvents 
Benzol (Benzene) Benzene 
Beritonite Silica Dusts 
Brass Other Metals and their Compounds 
Bone Meal Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Brine Inorganic Salts 
Bronzing Powder Other Metals and their Compounds 
Butyl Acetate Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Butyl Aldehyde Accelerators 
Cadmium Cadmium and its Compounds 
Calcium Chloride Inorganic Salts 
Calcium Cyanamide Amines 
Calcium Hydroxide Alkaline Compounds 
Calcium Oxide Alkaline Compounds 
Calcium Sulphide Sulphur and Alkaline Sulphides 
Calcium Tri Phosphate Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Carbon Dioxide Other Gases 
Carbon Bisulphide Organic Solvents 
Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide 
Carbon Tetrachloride Halogenated Hydrocarbons 
Carborundum Silicate Dusts and Carborundum 
Carbon Black Organic Dusts 
Caustic Soda Alkaline Compounds 
Cement Silicate Dusts and Carborundum 
Celluloid Solution Lacquer 
Chemicals, Inorganic (Not otherwise specified) Chemicals 
Celluloid Dust Organic Dusts 
Chemicals, Organic (Not otherwise specified) Organic Dusts 
Chalk—French Silicate Dust 
Chlorine Chlorine 
Chloroform Halogenated Hydrocarbons 
Chocolate Dermatitis Producers 
Chromates Chromium and its Compounds 
Chromic Acid Chromium and its Compounds 
Chrome Alum Chromium and its Compounds 
Chrome Ore Chromium and its Compounds 
Cleaning Liquids and Compounds Either Organic Solvents or Alkaline Compounds (specify) 
Clay Silicate Dusts 
Coal Dust, Anthracite Coal Dust, Anthracite 
Coal Dust, Bituminous Coal Dust, Bituminous 
Cobalt and its Compounds Other Metals and their Compounds 
Cocaine Medicinals 
Codeine Medicinals 
Coke Silicate Dusts 
Copper and its Compounds Other Metals and their Compounds 
Copper Oxide Other Metals and their Compounds 
Corundum Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Cotton Organic Dust 
Creosote. Coal-tar Products 
Cumar Resin Coal-tar Products 
Cutting Compounds Dermatitis Producers 
Cyanides Cyanides 
Cyanogen Cyanides 
Dichlorethylene Halogenated Hydrocarbons 
Diethyl Sulphate Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Dimethyl Aniline Aniline and its Compounds 
Dough Dermatitis Producers 
Dextrin Organic Dusts 
Dragons Blood Organic Dusts 
Duco Lacquer and Varnishes 159 
Material Classification 
Dyes Dyes 
Emery Dust Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Ethyl Acetate Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Ethyl Alcohol Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Ethylene Dichloride Halogenated Hydrocarbons 
Enamel Paints and Enamels 
Esters Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Ether Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Feathers > Organic Dusts 
Felt Dust Organic Dusts 
Ferrosilicon Silicate Dusts 
Fibre Organic Dusts 
Fibre Boards Organic Dusts 
Fire Clay Silicate Dusts 
Flint Silica Dust 
Feldspar Silicate Dusts 
Flour Organic Dusts 
Formaldehyde Aldehyde 
Formic Acid Acids, Organic 
Fuller’s Earth Silicate Dusts 
Fur Dust Dusts 
Gasoline Organic Solvents 
Garnet Silicate Dusts 
Gannister Silica Dust 
Glue Dermatitis Producers 
Glass Silicate Dusts 
Water Glass Cement—Sodium Silicate Silicate Dusts 
Graphite Organic Dust 
Granite Silica Dusts 
Grain Alcohol Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Grease Petroleum Products 
Gums Organic Dusts 
Gypsum Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Hexamethylenetetramine Accelerators 
Hexine Accelerators 
Hides Infections 
Hydrochloric Acids Acids, Mineral 
Hydrocyanic Acids Cyanides 
Hydrofluoric Acid Fluorides 
Hydrogen Sulphide Hydrogen Sulphide 
Hydroquinone Coal-tar Products 
Inks Inks 
Iodine Medicinals 
Infusorial Earth Silica Dust 
Iron Dust Other Metals and their Compounds 
Iron Oxide Other Metals and their Compounds 
Iron Pyrites Other Metals and their Compounds 
Japan Compounds Paints and Enamels 
Jaspar Silica Dusts 
Kapock Organic Dusts 
Kerosene Organic Solvents 
Lacquer Lacquer and Varnishes 
Lampblack Organic Dusts 
Lard Oils, Waxes and Fats 
Lead Lead and its Compounds 
Lead Salts Lead and its Compounds 
Litharge Lead and its Compounds 
Linseed Oil Oils, Waxds and Fats 
Leather Cement Organic Solvents 
Leather Organic Dusts 
Lime, Quick or Slack Alkaline Compounds 
Limestone Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Lubricants Petroleum Products 
Lycopodium Sulphur and Compounds 
Magnesite Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Manganese Manganese 
Marble Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Meats Dermatitis Producers 
Mercury Mercury and its Compounds 
Mercury Nitrate Mercury and its Compounds 
Methanol Alcohols, Esters and Ethers 
Metallic Oxides (Mineral) Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Metallic Oxides (Unless Mineral) Other Metals and their Compounds 
Metal Fumes Other Metals and their Compounds 
Methyl Alcohol Organic Solvents 
Methyl Chloride Halogenated Hydrocarbons 
Mica Silicate Dusts 
Mineral Oils Petroleum Products 
Morphine Medicinals 
Muriatic Acid Acid, Mineral 
Mustard Organic Dusts 
Naphtha Organic Solvents 
Naphthalene , Coal-tar Products 
Nitrecake Inorganic Salts 
Nitrocellulose Organic Dusts 
Nitric Acid Acids, Mineral 
Nitrobenzene Coal-tar Products 
Nitrous Oxide Other Gases 
Novaculite Silica Dusts 
Oakite . Alkalines 
Oils, Vegetable Oils, Waxes and Fats 
Oils, Cutting Dermatitis Producers 
Oils, Mineral .. Petroleum Products 
Oleum Spirits Acids, Mineral 
Onyx Silica Dusts 
Opal Silica Dusts 
Opium Medicinals 160 
Material Classification 
Oxalic Acid Acids, Organic 
Ozone Other Gases 
Paint, non-lead Paint 
Paint, Lead Lead and Paint 
Paper Organic Dusts 
Paraffin Petroleum Products 
Perchlorethylene Halogenated Hydrocarbons 
Petroleum Petroleum Products 
Pharmaceuticals Medicinals 
Phenolic Resins Coal-tar Products 
Phosgene Other Gases 
Phosphine Phosphorus 
Phosphoric Acid Acids, Mineral 
Phosphorus Copper Other Metals and their Compounds 
Picric Acid Acids, Organic 
Piperidine Accelerators 
Pitch Petroleum Products 
Phenol Coal-tar Products 
Portland Cement ; Silicate Dusts 
Potash Alkaline Compounds 
Potassium Carbonate Alkaline Compounds 
Potassium Cyanide Cyanides 
Potassium Diohromate Chromium and its Compounds 
Potassium Hydroxide Alkaline Compounds 
Potassium Sulphide Sulphur and Alkaline Sulphides 
Prestone Organic Solvents 
Primer Organic Solvents 
Printer’s Ink Ink 
Prussian Blue Cyanides 
Prussic Acid Cyanides 
Pumice Silicate Dusts 
Pyroxylin Organic Dusts 
Quartz Silica Dusts 
Rags Organic Dusts 
Rayon Organic Dusts 
Resins Organic Dusts 
Rockwool Non-Siliceous Dusts 
Rosin Organic Dusts 
Rottenstone Silica Dusts 
Rouge, Polishers Other Metals and their Compounds 
Rubber Organic Dusts 
Rubber Latex Dermatitis Producers 
Rubber Cement Organic Solvents 
Sal Soda Alkaline Compounds 
Sand Silica Dusts 
Sawdust Organic Dusts 
Selenium Selenium 
Shale Silica Dusts 
Shellac Lacquer and Varnishes 
Shoe Dve Dyes 
Sisal (Hemp) Organic Dusts 
Slate Silicate Dusts 
Soda Ash Alkaline Compounds 
Soapstone Silicate Dusts 
Sodium Bisulphite Inorganic Salts 
Sodium Borate Hydrated Inorganic Salts 
Sodium Carbonate Alkaline Compounds 
Sodium Chloride Inorganic Salts 
Sodium Cyanide Cyanides 
Sodium Hydroxide Alkaline Compounds 
Sodium Hypochlorite Alkaline (if dry) 
Sodium, Meta Phosphate Alkaline 
Sodium Nitrate Alkaline 
Sodium Silicate Alkaline 
Sodium Sulphide Sulphur and Alkaline Supplies 
Sodium Sulphite Inorganic Salts 
Sodium Thiosulphite Inorganic Salts 
Spices Organic Dusts 
Stains Dyes 
Stripping Compounds Alkaline Compounds 
Straw Organic Dusts and Infections 
Starch Organic Dusts 
Stearic Acid Acids, Organic 
Steel Other Metals and their Compounds 
Stencil Ink Inks 
Sugar Dermatitis Producers 
Sulphur Sulphur and Alkaline Supplies 
Sulphuric Acid Acids, Mineral 
Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur Dioxide 
Sulphuretted Hydrogen (Hydrogen Sulphide) Hydrogen Sulphide 
Sulphur Monochloride Acids, Mineral 
Tale Silicate Dusts 
Tallow Oils, Waxes and Fats 
Tannic Acid Acids, Organic 
Tar Petroleum Products 
Tetanus Infections 
Tetrachlorethane Halogenated Hydrocarbons 
Titanium Oxide Other Metals and their Compounds 
Toluol Organic Solvents 
Tobacco Organic Dusts and Dermatitis Producers 
Tridymite Silica Dusts 
Triohlorethylene Halogenated Hydrocarbons 
Tripoli Silica Dusts 
Tuads Sulphur and its Compounds 
Type Metal Lead and its Compounds 
Turpentine Organic Solvents 
Vaccines Infections 161 
Material Classification 
Vanilla Bean Dermatitis Producers 
Varnish Lacquer and Varnishes 
Vegetable Products Dermatitis Producers 
Vegetable Oils v Oils, Waxes and Fats 
Vinegar Acids, Organic 
Washing Powder Alkaline Compounds 
Waxes Oils, Waxes and Fats 
White Lead Lead and its Compounds 
Wood Alcohol Organic Solvents 
Wood Dust Organic Dusts 
Wyandotte Cleaner Alkaline Compounds 
Xylol Organic Solvents 
Xylene Organic Solvents 
Zinc Other Metals and their Compounds 
Zinc Cyanide Cyanides 
Zinc Hydrosulphite Inorganic Salts 
Zinc Oxide Other Metals and their Compounds 
Zinc Nitrate Salt 
Zinc Stearate Other Metals and their Compounds 
Zinc Paint Paint 
* 
1 [ TABLE 61—INDIANA BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CODE OF CONTROL MEASURES 
Code Meaning 
1. POS POSitive 
2. N Negative 
3. LE Local Exhaust 
4. ENC ENClosure 
5. W. M Wet Method 
6. G. M Oas Mask 
7. RESP RESPirator 
8. ALR Air Line Respirator 
9. P. C Protective Clothing 
10. OTH OTHer 162 
APPENDIX C 
References 
1. Sayers, “Health Promotion in Industry,” Journal Industrial Medicine, Vol. 7 : No. 7, pp. 410, July, 
1938. 
2. Sayers—Ibid. 
3. Newquist, M. N., “Medical Service in Industry and Workman’s Compensation Laws,” American 
College of Surgeons, Chicago, 1938. 
4. Bloomfield, J. J„ “Engineering Aspects of Problems in Industrial Epidemiology,” Industrial Medicine, 
Vol. 7 ; No. 7, pp. 377, July, 1938. 
5. Sayers, “Industrial Hygiene Activities in the U. S.,” U. S. Public Health Service, Bulletin 1630, pp. 6. 
6. “Accident Experience in Iron and Steel Industry,” Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
U. S. Department of Labor, Vol. 37 ; No. 3, September, 1933. 
7. Brundage, D. K., and Bloomfield, J. J., “The Pneumonia Problem in the Steel Industry,” Journal 
Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 14 ; No. 10, December, 1932. 
8. Illinois—Personal Communication. 
9. Ohio—Personal Communication. 
10. Bloomfield, J. J., and Peyton, M. F., “Evaluation of the Industrial Problems of a State,” Public 
Health Bulletin No. 236, Washington, D. C., 1937. 
11. “Evaluation of Industrial Hygiene Problems of Virginia,” Tillson, W. D., Virginia Bureau of Indus- 
trial Hygiene, 1938. 
12. Wilson, H. F„ and Brown, R. M., “An Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problems in South 
Carolina,” South Carolina Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, 1938. 
13. “Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problem of the State of Colorado,” Colorado State Board of 
Health, 1939. 
14. “Evaluation of Industrial Hygiene Problems of State of Idaho,” Department of Public Welfare, 
Division of Public Health, Boise, Idaho, 1938. 
15. “Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problems of the State of Utah,” Page, R. T„ and Bloomfield, 
J. J., U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., 1938. 
16. Maine—Courtesy of Mr. Richard Page, U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Industrial Hygiene. 
17. “Evaluation of Industrial Hygiene Problems of State of New Hampshire,” F. J. Vintinner, New 
Hampshire State Board of Health, 1938. 
18. Arkansas—Courtesy of Mr. Richard Page, U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Industrial Hygiene. 
19. Ehlers and Steel, “Municipal and Rural Sanitation,” McGraw-Hill, 1937. 
20. Joel I. Connolly, “Plumbing as an Industrial Hygiene Problem,” Industrial Medicine, Vol. 7 : No. 9, 
pp. 555-559, September, 1938. 
21. White, “Dermatergoses of Occupational Affections of the Skin,” 4th Edition, Lewis Publishing Com- 
pany, London, pp. 184. 
22. Hepler, John M., “Lead in the Printing Industry,” Journal Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 
December, 1938.