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v--:; , o= .= vi. A MANUAL OF ARTIFICIAL 
RESPIRATION A Manual of 
Artificial Respiration 
What it is and How to Perform it to Resuscitate 
Those Included by That Class of Emergencies 
Which Cause the Victims to Stop Breathing and 
are Designated as “Apparently Dead!” 
' Compiled by 
Capt G. R. G. FISHER 
With the American Red Cross overseas 
during the World War; Director bureau 
of first aid, Northern Division A. R. C.; 
Formerly with the British Army Medical 
Corps, and assistant instructor in ambu- 
lance work at Polytechnic, London, Eng- 
land; Present director of accident pre- 
vention and instructor in first aid to 
Industries and Civic organizations (in 
affiliation with the Manufacturers Asso- 
ciation, the Chamber of Commerce) of 
the City of Omaha, Nebraska. 
* - — 1923 
THE STRATFORD COMPANY, Publishers 
Boston, Massachusetts Copyright, 1923 
The STRATFORD CO., Publishers 
Boston, Mass. 
The Alpine Press, Boston, Mass., U. S. A. Dedicated 
to those of my fellow-mortals, who 
are employed Industrially, particu- 
larly those in electrical, telephone, 
gas making and mining hazards. 
Also to policemen, firemen and life- 
guards, and to all who ought to know 
what to do in emergencies only too 
common. Preface 
IV T 0 APOLOGY is made by the author and com- 
I \ piler of this small and somewhat modest hand- 
book, since it was conceived and bom out of a 
conviction due to the urgency of dire necessity, 
through daily contact with a profession which em- 
phasized only too keenly the appalling mortality 
entailed through a class of accidents, which, to treat 
properly, demands a working knowledge of artificial 
respiration. 
Recent official U. S. mortality statistics show that 
about 10,000 lives are lost annually. Of these, about 
6,000 are due to drowning, 3,000 to asphyxiation, and 
1,000 to electrocution. If we add to these figures the 
4,000 cases of suicides from drowning, asphyxiation 
and hanging — for many of these unfortunates are 
found before life is extinct — we are at once con- 
fronted with an appalling thought as to what this loss 
means to us as a Nation. 
One of our great industrial surgeons, commenting 
upon our losses from such emergencies, has this to 
say: “If only the knowledge of artificial respiration 
were more generally known, especially among workers 
within the industrial world, thousands of persons 
which have been buried might be alive today!” In 
view of these words, is it saying too much that in 
all industries where these hazards exist to a greater 
I Preface 
degree than in some others, that it ought to be the 
humanitarian duty, to say the least, that all such con- 
cerns ought to afford this positive instruction to their 
employees, so that any victim may be given this 
peculiar form of first aid so that these lives be saved. 
If some corporations are doing this very thing, and 
if numerous victims are being snatched from the very 
jaws of death is attested by the fact, that at least 
7/10 of all these successful cases of resuscitation 
reported are performed, not by doctors, but by the 
workmen themselves; it at once is an incentive to 
other concerns to do likewise and to all workmen to 
covet this most invaluable knowledge. 
For who can tell when the occasion may arise, when 
a fellow man’s life may be at stake, and how unspeak- 
ably worth while to be able to step in and thus ward of 
THE GREAT ENEMY, to say nothing of the joy of 
restoring that one to his or her loved ones. 
Therefore there is the conviction that if the simplic- 
ity of the Schaefer method of artificial respiration in 
particular could be taught clearly, so that immediate 
action would be taken on such victims, who, in only 
too many cases are beyond hope through the time lost 
while awaiting the coming of him who may know what 
to do. It was this conviction which led the writer to 
frame this little manual in the hope and confidence 
that this very thing might be accomplished and thereby 
aid in the stemming of this awful tide of lost lives, 
of which, according to our insurance authorities, seven 
out of every ten lives lost ought to be saved. 
II Foreword 
IT IS axiomatic that the price of human progress is 
human life. Fortunately this price is not con- 
stant; the factors making it variable are many, 
but more prominently stand out the factors of Sanita- 
tion, Disease and Accident Prevention and First Aid. 
This little manual by Captain G. R. G. Fisher 
succinctly and, at the same time, amply deals with 
one measure of First Aid to accidents so common to 
industrial life-. The application of the principles and 
practices set forth herein will be a dependable factor 
in enormously reducing the present too high death toll 
claimed by accidents which attack the centers and 
functioning organs of respiration. 
It is unmistakably destined to be of inestimable 
value in reducing mortality price of human progress. 
Delmer L. Davis, M. D., 
Dept, of Surgery, University of Nebraska. 
III List of Illustrations 
Four Positive Steps in performing Schaeffer 
method. First Step 15 
Second Step . .... 16 
Third Step ....... 18 
Fourth Step and First Position performing 
Schaeffer method 19 
Second position in performing Schaeffer method 22 
Third position in performing Schaeffer method. 
Hands snapped off body . . . .24 
Inspiration movement in Sylvester method . 26 
Expiration movement in Sylvester method . 27 
Method of administering “Counter Shock” . 42 
The Assist 52 
The Coat Carry — First Movement . . .53 
The Coat Carry — Second Movement . . .54 
The Hip Carry — First Movement . . .55 
The Hip Carry — Second Movement . . .56 
Fireman’s Lift — First Movement . . .57 
Fireman’s Lift — Second Movement . . .59 
Fireman’s Lift — Third Movement . . .60 
Fireman’s Lift — Fourth Movement . . .61 
The Back Crawl Carry — Movement One . . 63 
The Back Crawl Carry — Movement Two . . 64 
The Back Crawl Carry — Movement Three . . 66 
The Back Crawl Carry — Movement Four . . 67 
V Contents 
CHAPTER PAGE 
Dedication 
Preface 
Foreword by Dr. Delmar Davis, M. D. 
i The emergencies demanding artificial res- 
piration 1 
ii What actually occurs in the body when one 
is taken by any one of these emergencies 3 
in What others have done, you can do . .6 
iv How does the diaphragm work ... 9 
v To know the position of the organs of the 
body and the floating ribs is vital in per- 
forming the Schaefer method of artifi- 
cial respiration . . . . .11 
vi A comparative chart of the Sylvester and 
Schaefer methods 13 
vii The four positive steps to be taken pre- 
paratory to performing artificial respi- 
ration 14 
vm The correct manner of performing the 
Schaefer or Prone method of artificial 
respiration 21 
ix The correct manner of performing the 
Sylvester method of artificial respiration 
and some additional aids in securing 
success with the movement . . .25 
VII CONTENTS 
CHAPTER PAGE 
x General rules to be observed in performing 
artificial respiration . . . .29 
xi Some vital “don’ts” to be kept in mind 
when artificial respiration has to be per- 
formed 31 
xil The pulmotor and some important facts 
about it 31 
xiii The particular emergency, the particular 
thing to do and its peculiar treatment 38 
xiv Transportation,— the knack of handling by 
one-man methods the injured or un- 
conscious 52 
VIII Chapter I 
The Emergencies Which Demand Immediate Treatment 
By Rendering Artificial Respiration. 
Drowning. 
Asphyxiation, such as from illuminating gas, 
mine gas, blast furnace gasses, sewer gas, coal 
gas, charcoal gas, etc. Monoxide gas, as the 
fumes thrown off from an oil stove in a bath 
room with its window and door closed, or a gas 
stove in a small room with little or no ventila- 
tion, or the exhaust from a gasoline engine in a 
small garage when the doors are shut. Dead air 
in a manhole, or one shut up in a bank vault, 
wherein he quickly consumes the little oxygen 
and is soon overcome by the carbonic acid gas he 
breathes out. 
Fumes, such as in dense smoke, acid, ammonia, 
chloroform, ether, etc. 
Fumigating Agents, such as formaldehyde, 
sulphur, etc. 
NOTE—Scientists report that there are over 40 non- 
respirable gasses, any one of which, if breathed for a few 
minutes, will cause death. 
1 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
Severe Electric Shock, including lightning 
stroke. 
Cave-in. This is usually quite serious, owing 
to the weight of earth material on the body. 
Poisons, such as laudanum, prussic acid, 
strychnine, etc. 
Sunstroke. In severe cases the hard rapid 
breathing may produce a clogging of lung 
action. 
Freezing. In extreme cases respiration ceases. 
Hanging, Garrotting, Choking from food. 
Knockout Blows, as being “beaned” by a 
baseball, severe blows on the head short of a 
fractured skull, a blow at “solar plexus” or 
under jaw. 
Winded Athletes, as one exhausted from a 
grilling race, or one “knocked out” in a football 
game. 
2 Chapter II 
What Actually Occurs in the Body of One to Whom Any 
of These Named Emergencies May Happen. 
The average person thinks that all the breath- 
ing he or she does is carried on by the lungs, 
but, in reality, the most important part of the 
breathing function is that of the diaphragm, 
and, to some extent, even by the very pores of 
the skin. This fact was more than demonstrated 
some years ago in the south, when a little negro 
boy, who was selected to represent cupid, and 
whom they had beautified (?) with a coating of 
bronze paint, died from suffocation within two 
hours. 
But let us deal a little at length with this 
little-known, and less understood muscle, the 
diaphragm. It is the muscular partition which 
divides the chest from the abdomen, the floor of 
the former and the roof of the latter. Its vital 
importance lies in the fact that, just as the heart 
is the organ of the circulation, so is the dia- 
phragm the organ of our respiration. 
3 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
If you will attentively watch one in a sound 
healthy sleep, you will be more than surprised to 
note that there is comparatively little movement 
of the chest, while that of the abdomen is quite 
conspicuous which rises and falls rhythmically 
15 or 18 times a minute; this is respiration. 
So then, let any one of these emergencies occur 
which we have named, and at once that which 
we call the respiratory center in the brain, which 
regulates the breathing, becomes temporarily 
paralyzed, and at once the diaphragm stops 
functioning; and following this, the lungs and 
the heart. 
Perhaps you will now understand the com- 
monly used term, “apparently dead.” The 
victim is not really dead because he or she has 
stopped breathing, but they soon will be, unless 
some one performs artificial respiration, which is 
the one and only thing to do, and to continue it 
until the respiratory center in the brain is re- 
stored, and with it, those of the heart and the 
lungs. But is quite evident that this alone is 
possible to those who not alone understand these 
facts, but who also, know how to perform this 
4 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
life-reviving movement; and to ‘‘carry on” the 
work patiently and hopefully — even though it 
may take many hours to obtain results. 
5 Chapter III 
What Others Have Done You Can Do. 
Ponder these quite recent verified reports of 
some interesting cases of resuscitation and pur- 
pose in your heart to acquire this life-saving 
knowledge so as to be prepared against the any 
moment possibility of this emergency arising 
when YOU may actually be enabled to save a 
life. 
A boy of 11 was drowned; his body was not 
recovered for fully 20 minutes. Two doctors 
awaited its being brought to shore; they care- 
fully examined it, and pronounced the verdict 
that there was no hope. They covered the 
corpse (?) and went off to notify the coroner. 
All this time there stood by the chum of the 
victim — a boy scout — bitterly weeping at the 
thought of what had occurred. However, as 
soon as the doctors were out of sight he snatched 
off the sheet and, actuated by mingled feelings 
of despair and hope, proceeded to perform 
6 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
artificial respiration, and within 45 minutes 
actually revived the dormant life. 
A lineman of the Power Company was 
“hit” by 2300 volts, and pronounced dead by an 
attending physician, who also withstood the 
pleadings of his mates, because as he insisted 
“there was positively no hope.” Nevertheless, 
despite his verdict, to the no less disgust of the 
physician, and even though they possessed but 
an elementary knowledge of the methods of re- 
suscitation, they did what they thought should 
be done, and in about 35 minutes he was restored. 
A baseball player in Iowa was “beaned” 
and pronounced dead, yet because one of his 
team mates knew how to perform artificial res- 
piration and who also insisted that they do not 
surrender his body until they had at least £ ‘ tried 
to do something,” they made the effort. Within 
45 minutes the ‘ ‘ apparently dead ’ ’ was upon his 
feet and led home with no little joy and satis- 
faction. 
Perhaps one of the most extreme cases of 
which I have ever heard and one which certainly 
ought to have been hopeless, but which I dare to 
mention since it will prove an incentive to all my 
7 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
readers so that they too “will take a chance.” 
It is that of a lumber jack in northern Minne- 
sota who fell through a log jam above a dam. 
They were nearly an hour in recovering his body, 
yet after four hours of persistent work, they 
actually restored him. 
Please permit me to add “a word in season,” 
on behalf of the medical profession, that when a 
doctor pronounces a verdict such as “beyond 
hope,” “dead,” remember that he is conscien- 
tiously acting upon the prescribed teachings of 
medical science; namely, that with the cessation 
of heart action, life is extinct. However, there 
are numerous surgeons — especially among those 
in the great industrial plants — who discard the 
stethoscope with all such victims, proceed to per- 
form artificial respiration, and who pronounce 
the doleful verdict only after all has been done 
which ought to have been done. And for such as 
these, let us fervently “give thanks,” and also 
pray that the Good God may increase their kind. 
8 Chapter IV 
How Does the Diaphragm Work? 
First, permit me to say that this great muscle 
is attached to the lower ribs, which you can 
easily feel in your own body, though there are 
two “floating ribs” on each side lower down 
which are practically free of the diaphragm of 
which we shall speak later. 
In answering the above question — when one 
breaths in, this great muscle practically flattens 
down (except at the front where the bottom of 
the breast bone can be felt, and where it is 
slightly concave.) This movement is called 
“inspiration.” When one breathes out, it rises 
dome-like on each side, a little higher on the 
right than on the left, which difference is due to 
the facts that the apex of the heart protrudes a 
little towards the left side and the liver ascends 
on the right side. Thus it rises and falls like 
pistons in their cylinders, about 18 times a 
minute; and this out-breathing is called “expira- 
tion.” 
9 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
Now while you are reading these words, will 
you turn your thought in upon your own breath- 
ing and, in doing so, you will notice that you 
breathe more deeply in than you do when you 
breathe out; in other words, your inspirations 
are about one-third longer than your expirations. 
This is an important point to keep in mind when 
performing artificial respiration, which shows 
that the down pressure on the body of the 
victim ought not to be so long as the off-pause, 
when the hands are snapped off the body during 
the operation of the Schaefer movement. 
10 Chapter V 
To Know the Positions of the Organs of the Body, as also 
Those of the “Floating Ribs” is Vital in Performing 
the Schaefer Method of Artificial Respiration! 
It is probably safe to assume that most per- 
sons have studied an anatomical chart and that 
it might seem very unnecessary to waste time in 
specifying the location of the organs of the body, 
but long experience as a teacher of physiology 
compels me not to take things for granted. 
The organs above the diaphragm in the chest 
are the lungs and the heart; those below are, on 
the right side, the liver; on the left side the 
spleen; in the front and extending well to the 
left, the stomach; and immediately behind and 
on either side of the spine, the kidneys. These 
all, in the main, are protected by the ribs, save 
part of the stomach at the immediate front, 
which is known to most people as the region of 
the “solar plexus.” 
Now, strange to say, at the lower parts of 
these organs, to the immediate right and left, lie 
11 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
the 11th and 12th pair of ribs known as the 
“floating ribs;” just as if the All-wise Creator 
had purposely placed them there that they might 
act as springs, so to speak, to the bellows we are 
to work in performing this wonderful Schaefer 
movement, which, without question, is the most 
effectual method of artificial respiration. 
Consequently, when you straddle the body of 
a victim, placing the hands as will be described 
and illustrated later, the downward pressure 
with rigid arms and inward pressure with fin- 
gers causes these organs to force up the dia- 
phragm and when this pressure is released by 
the snapping off of the hands, the ribs spring 
back, the diaphragm descends, creating a vac- 
uum which compels the air to rush in; so much 
so, that one usually hears a gasping sound from 
the victim. 
12 Chapter VI 
Since the Methods Most Commonly Used Are the 
“Sylvester” and the “Schaefer,” Possibly the Follow- 
ing Comparative Chart Will Prove of Some 
Interest by way of Visualizing Their 
Respective Points. 
SYLVESTER 
SCHAEFER 
Position of victim—on back. 
Tongue of victim must be 
held so that it may not fall 
back over trachea. 
If a drowning case, water 
can not escape. 
Movement calls for 2 or 3 
persons. 
Victim’s arms have to be 
used in the movement, there- 
fore laborious. 
Amount of air inspired and 
expired by the victim in this 
method is 175 c. c. (spiro- 
meter measurement) 
In severe electric shock 
cases, the muscles of the 
chest, shoulders, and the arms 
are usually rigid, hence but 
few resuscitations are ob- 
tained; about 3 in 10. 
Position of victim—on face. 
Victim’s tongue when once 
brought forward remains so 
because of position. 
If a drowning case, the 
water will ooze out freely. 
One person can carry on 
alone. 
Pressure is at the small of 
the back with arms rigid, 
hence easy on operator. 
Amount of air inspired and 
expired by the victim in this 
method, is 520 c. c. (spiro- 
meter measurement). 
NOTE—the advantage of 
this method in electric shock 
is only too evident; indeed, it 
is said that the very pressure 
made by this movement, actu- 
ally helps to ease up this 
muscular tensity. Resuscita- 
tions obtained 10 in 13. 
13 Chapter VII 
There Are FOUR Positive Steps Which Must be Taken 
Before the Actual Movement for Resuscitation is 
Started, the Neglect of Any of Which May 
Spell Failure for the Operator and Burial 
for the “Apparently Dead.” 
First Step. Loosen all tight clothing, espe- 
cially at neck and waist. 
a. A man’s collar, and the suspenders over 
shoulders. 
b. A man’s belt and trouser band. 
c. A woman’s skirt bands and corsets. 
NOTE—Any tight waist clothing will positively impede the 
free movement of the diaphram, the attachment of which is at 
the waist line. 
Study the accompanying cuts of these four 
steps. 
Second Step. Turn the body of the victim 
over, face down; stand over it astride, clasping 
the hands under it at about the pit of stomach, 
jerking it up and holding it there for a few mo- 
ments by bracing the elbows on the thighs. If 
the case is one of drowning, hold the body up a 
14 ILLUSTRATION No. 1 
First Step 
15 ILLUSTRATION No. 2 
Second Step 
16 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
little longer so as to allow the water in the 
stomach and breathing passages to drain out. 
If a suffocation ease, this jerking up of the body 
will help to clear the air passages and in such 
cases to do it two or three times will be helpful. 
If the victim is a large heavy person, have some 
one assist in the lifting process by clasping 
hands while facing each other at opposite sides. 
Study illustration No. 2. 
Third Step. Open the mouth, use a clean 
handkerchief or piece of gauze; insert one or 
two fingers; pull the tongue forward; remove 
any obstruction from mouth such as loose false 
teeth, tobacco or chewing gum; if there is none 
of these, there is usually some mucus. Of course 
the jerking up of the body does much to effect 
this very thing, especially in drowning; never- 
theless, it is important that this step be taken 
so as to make quite sure that everything is clear. 
See illustration No. 3. 
Fourth Step. Stretch victim’s arms straight 
out above head; flex left forearm, supporting 
head thereon, with the face turned to the right, 
17 ILLUSTRATION No. 3 
Third Step 
18 Fourth Step, and first position in performing Schaefer Method 
ILLUSTRATION No. 4 
19 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
but see tliat there is no outside obstruction in 
the way of the mouth. (This fourth step is only 
used when performing the Schaefer movement.) 
See illustration No. 4. 
20 Chapter VIII 
The Schaefer or “Prone” Method of Artificial Respira- 
tion, and How to do it Correctly for Successful 
Resuscitation—Following Instructions as to 
the Four Necessary Steps. 
Proceed as follows:— 
First. Straddle the body by kneeling a little 
above the victim’s knees (a woman operator can 
spread the legs of the victim and kneel between) ; 
this position is positively necessary, since in this 
way only can equal pressure be made to cause 
the diaphragm to function successfully. 
Second. Place the hands with thumbs close to 
the fore-fingers on the small of the victim’s 
back, immediately above the hip bones, with the 
finger tips out of sight. Make the arms rigid 
and throw the weight of your body forward with 
steady pressure — there must be no jerking — 
and, as this is done, squeeze in with the fingers 
thus forcing in the floating ribs. 
While making this downward pressure, count 
deliberately — one — two, then snap the hands 
21 Second position in performing the Schaefer Method 
ILLUSTRATION No. 5 
22 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
off the body onto the ground, continuing to 
count — three — four — five, and resume the 
movement as above; thus carrying on until re- 
suscitation is achieved. Study illustrations Nos. 
5 and 6. 
NOTE—The entire movement should not be less than five 
seconds, so that about twelve movements will be rounded out 
to the minute. This is the rate suggested by those who have 
had much experience in reviving the “apparently dead.’’ An 
aid could time the operator by holding a watch and calling the 
periods. 
23 Third position in performing the Schaefer Method. Hands snapped off body. 
ILLUSTRATION No. 6 
24 Chapter IX 
As it is Quite Possible That in Some Instances the “Syl- 
vester” Method Might Have to be Used, the Follow- 
ing Rules Ought to be Held to Faithfully if Success is 
to be Obtained. But of Course the Preparatory Steps 
Must be Taken Prior to the Movement Itself. 
Proceed as follows:— 
First. Place the victim on back, preferably 
on a bench so that there will be more freedom in 
the movement; have an aid hold the victim’s 
tongue out, a small wooden paper clip or piece 
of gauze will do for this purpose. 
Second. Grip the victim’s forearms close to 
the elbows, swinging outwards for the upward 
movement, doing so slowly while counting — one 
— two — three, this for inspiration. Then swing 
arms quickly back to the lower edge of ribs and 
press in strongly with the victim’s elbows. This 
movement should equal about two moderate 
counts; this is expiration. 
NOTE—As an aid to the success of this movement, the 
helper who is attending to the victim’s tongue, may also hold 
a cloth to the nose on which a little aromatic spirits of 
25 Inspiration movement in Sylvester Method. The lady assisting is ready with clenched 
fist to press in at pit of stomach, when the operator brings victim’s arms down. The 
boy has a cloth with aromatic spirits of ammonia on it to hold to nostrils in this motion. 
ILLUSTRATION No. 7 
26 Expiration movement in Sylvester Method. The lady assistant quickly removes fist as 
soon as Operator strikes lower ribs with victim’s elbows. 
ILLUSTRATION No. 8 
27 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
ammonia is poured, while the inspiration movement is being 
executed—but only for a moment. Further, he may also work 
the tongue in and out; a ‘Laborde style, i. e. In for inspirar 
tion, and out for expiration. Another helper can be of much 
assistance by kneeling at the victim’s side and, with clenched 
fist, press in sharply at pit of stomach when the operator’s 
hands are brought down for the expiration movement; thus 
producing a more positive stimulating effect upon the heart. 
This is a part of the method known as the “Howard.” 
Study illustrations Nos. 7 and 8. 
28 Chapter X 
A Few General Rules to be Observed During the Appli- 
cation of Artificial Respiration. 
1. Always send for medical aid, but do not 
wait for his coming, minutes are as hours in 
these cases; proceed as has been suggested. 
2. If cold weather, cover the body with a 
blanket; apply hot water bottles to the feet and 
sides — see that they are not too hot to hum. 
3. In all cases of asphyxiation — except by 
ammonia fumes — use aromatic spirits of am- 
monia to the nostrils momentarily while inhaling. 
4. Always provide abundance of fresh air, 
which means that if there is any crowding of 
spectators, that they be kept well back from the 
victim. 
5. When signs of reviving show themselves, 
have the helpers begin to rub the limbs towards 
the body; occasional slapping of the bare soles 
of the feet, or striking with a small club over 
the soles of the shoes is often helpful. 
29 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
6. If when applying the Schaefer method, the 
face becomes congested, quickly change over to 
the Sylvester, but see that the body is kept on a 
slant — head slightly higher; when congestion 
disappears change hack to Schaefer position. 
30 Chapter XI 
Some Vital “Dont’s” to be Rigorously Kept in View 
When Artificial Respiration Has to be Given. 
1. DON’T wait, not under any circumstances; 
if the body is where you can work on it, do it, 
and do it right away. 
2. DON’T stop the application of the Schaefer 
method to permit the use of a pulmotor or lung- 
motor, unless you know that the apparatus is 
actually in working order; and that, too, it is 
in the hands of a trained operator. 
3. DON’T surrender the body to an ambu- 
lance unless you can accompany it and continue 
the movement enroute to the hospital. When 
this is permitted, there is usually a funeral, i. e., 
short of the movement enroute. 
4. DON’T desist, even if a physician pro- 
nounces the victim “dead;” there are so many 
cases in which this has been done, where, in the 
face of the verdict, a persistence in continuing 
the movement has won out. No sane doctor will 
31 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
resist you and all tlie friends of the victim will 
back you in your efforts, while, as for the rela- 
tives in their despair, nothing need he said. 
5. DON’T allow the chafing of the limbs, 
until there are signs of reviving; it is rather 
questionable since it has the tendency to push 
the blood hack on the heart, which is dormant 
until revival sets in. There is an exception how- 
ever to this rule — see chapter 13 ‘ ‘ illuminating 
gas. ’ ’ 
6. DON’T turn the victim over on his back 
at first signs of reviving (when Schaefer method 
is used) ; be patient and only do so when the 
lung action shows up positively. When turned 
over, continue to keep the hands on the lower 
ribs to assist the labored breathing. See that the 
victim is in a reclining position; he will breathe 
easier this way. 
7. DON’T allow the spectators to crowd in 
when he is reviving, that is, when necessary, 
insist that they be made to get away off, and 
especially permit no hysterical relative to come 
near him until he is getting well back to normal. 
8. DON’T be too eager to give liquids, give 
32 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
him a chance to breathe freely before this is 
attempted. When a stimulant can be given with- 
out fear of choking him, see that it is something 
hot, such as tea, coffee, or what is without ques- 
tion the best possible stimulant, aromatic spirits 
of ammonia, *4 a teaspoonful in % a glass of hot 
water; feed it to him in a spoon by sips. 
9. DON’T fail to watch him for hours after 
he is revived; it is not beyond the possible for 
him to stop breathing again and, in that case, go 
at it again. In such instances the victim quickly 
responds. A heart stimulant in the line of a 
hypodermic injection by the doctor will work 
wonders. 
33 Chapter XII 
The Pulmotor—Some Facts to Keep in Mind in 
Reference Thereto. 
Most industrial surgeons condemn this method 
of mechanical resuscitation. 
One such authority has this to say relative to 
its use: ‘ ‘ Since the introduction of the pulmotor, 
thousands of persons have been buried that 
ought to he alive today.” It may be that his 
conclusions are based upon the three reasons 
which I like to give for not using it. 
1st. It is not always at hand, and to wait for 
it is fatal. 
2nd. It may be out of order, and to use it, if 
such is the case, must prove fatal. 
3rd. If used by other than a trained operator, 
it is a risk which may also turn out fatally. 
So then the moral is clear, do not depend upon 
that which might prevent the resuscitation of the 
victim, but go to it and use your hands (which 
are always with you), just in the manner which 
34 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
we have tried herein to make clear to you; and 
by all means stick to the Schaefer method. 
It will be of much interest to my readers, as 
it was to the writer, to learn from the pages of 
a government report devoted to the investiga- 
tions of a select committee upon this subject of 
resuscitation of these victims, i. e., Technical 
Paper No. 77, Bureau of Mines, 1914, p. 25. 
Two very startling objections are therein raised 
in reference to the use of a mechanical appara- 
tus such as the pulmotob. 
First. “It is possible when using a mechan- 
ical apparatus to turn inspiration into expira- 
tion through a slight resistance in the air pas- 
sages of the victim.” 
Second. “That the expiration (breathing out) 
movement by suction, as in the pulmotor, is 
very harmful.” 
I take time here to recall to the reader’s mind 
what wre endeavored to show as to the move- 
ment of the diaphragm; that is, in normal res- 
piration, expiration is produced by muscular 
contraction. Hence the conclusion reached in 
the above quoted report is, “that the automatic 
35 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
mechanism of the pulmotor, though an ingenious 
technical contrivance, instead of assuring arti- 
ficial respiration, may interfere greatly with its 
efficiency, because the mechanism is likely to cut 
off inspiration prematurely.” 
This government report strongly commends 
the Schaefer method of artificial respiration. 
"While representing the Bureau of First Aid 
of the American Red Cross at the South Dakota 
State Fair, just before the World War, I was 
giving demonstrations in first aid to very large 
crowds whose interest was most compelling. 
In these demonstrations artificial respiration 
was one of the most vital elements emphasized 
and, as is my custom, I had warned my hearers 
as to the pulmotor (as per my threefold objec- 
tions.) One day as I closed the demonstrations 
a gentleman accosted me, introduced himself and 
said that he represented the TJ. S. Department of 
Mines. lie took occasion particularly to com- 
pliment me upon the demonstration in resuscita- 
tion and added, ‘ ‘ what you said about the pul- 
motor was most timely and I wish to state a 
fact which I shall be glad if you will be good 
enough to repeat in connection with your re- 
36 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
marks on the pulmotor. It is this; in most cases 
where the pulmotor is used, if the victim is not 
revived, the post mortem usually reveals that 
the lungs are a mass of blood, the pulmotor 
having ruptured the lung tissue.” I am sure 
that you can now grasp the significance of the 
government report, especially in the light of the 
shocking fact stated by this officer of the Bureau 
of Mines; the connection is clear, “it is possible 
with a mechanical apparatus to turn inspiration 
into expiration.” In conclusion, as far as this 
subject is concerned, hold to the use of the 
hands, and especially through the Schaefer 
method, in the application of which you are at 
least positive that, if you do not accomplish any 
good, you certainly will do no harm; and yet, 
in the bulk of such cases, providing that the 
conditions are right, and that you follow the 
suggestions herein given, success ought to crown 
your labors. 
37 Chapter XIII 
The Particular Things to do, in the Particular Emer- 
gency Which May Demand its Own Peculiar Treat- 
ment, Which if Followed Would Secure 
Speedier Results. 
In Case of Electric Shock 
The question of high or low voltage in this 
matter of electrocution is rather a puzzling one. 
A good authority on this subject cites the case 
of a man who, while taking a bath, reached up 
to turn on the light, and who received sufficient 
shock to effect him for several days—the voltage 
was only twenty-seven. Quite recently a lady 
while taking a bath, in some manner overturned 
a small electric heater into the tub. Upon the 
arrival of the physician he pronounced her dead 
— though no effort was made to resuscitate her. 
The voltage was 110. 
In contrast with these we have cases of electric 
power linemen being “hit” with as high as 6600 
volts and actually being revived. Some author- 
ities lay this fact to the higher voltage seemingly 
38 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
only affecting the body surfaces; they name it 
“skin effect.” However, whether “high” or 
“low” let us not waste any time in debating the 
matter, especially in the light of one case where 
a lineman was “hit” by such high voltage and 
fell 30 feet. Even though his left hand was 
burnt off and the arm charred to the shoulder, 
still his mates actually revived him. 
Of course if the victim is in contact with “a 
live wire,” the first work will be that of remov- 
ing him from that predicament; but you must 
think of your own safety; if you do not, there 
will be two in the same fix and you will he one 
of them. Either “short circuit” or sever the 
wire on the side from which the current is 
coming, or have the current cut off; but what- 
ever you do, follow ‘ ‘ safety first ’ ’ rules. 
If a victim is “hit” on a pole or a cross-arm 
and does not fall, tie a bowline around chest 
under arm-pits and lower to ground. If you do 
not have a rope, tie the hands together, putting 
your head and one arm between, thus getting 
him on your hack. In that way one can easily 
bring him down to the ground. See this illus- 
trated in chapter on transportation. 
39 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
If the victim is “hit” in a bath-tub, first cut 
off current, or remove wire from the water or 
contact with tub (if it is metal) with a dry stick. 
Then get him out of the water and proceed to 
resuscitate. 
In all cases of electric shock, if the victim 
does not fall at least ten feet when “hit,” you 
must administer COUNTER SHOCK. 
Victims of severe electric shock who fall have 
always been easily revived, and the medical 
world, especially the industrial, have decided 
that this falling of the body is the “saving 
clause,” inasmuch as it imparts a “counter 
shock” and thereby reacts upon the temporary 
paralyzed respiratory nerve center in the brain, 
which makes possible speedier resuscitation — 
especially when the Schaefer method is em- 
ployed. Numerous cases of those thought to he 
electrocuted, whose bodies were put into vehicles 
for conveyance to some undertaking establish- 
ment, have been revived by the very jolting of 
the machine. 
Here is one practically fresh off the press:— 
Omaha Bee, September 6th. “Man thought 
dead, screams in hearse.” This victim was 
40 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
“hit” by a live wire, pronounced dead by a 
physician, no effort made to resuscitate, under- 
taker called, the corpse (?) was put into the 
hearse and, on the way to his home, the jolting 
brought him to. That’s all and it is laughable, 
but when one consideres the distressing fact of 
the many such victims who are not only pro- 
nounced “dead” but in time actually buried, 
who ought to have been revived, what shall we 
think of the ignorance which is responsible for 
these tragedies ? 
Indeed it is a mild form of culpable homicide, 
on the part of those who stand by and consider 
a victim dead who is in point of fact only “ap- 
parently dead,” but who will soon be dead and 
ultimately buried, if the bystanders, whether 
medical or lay, do not know how to render arti- 
ficial respiration. 
How then is “counter shock” administered? 
While the operator is going on with the resuscit- 
ating movement two helpers should kneel at the 
feet of the victim, one on either side who, at 
intervals of say half a minute, lift up the foot 
of the victim and hit smartly right over the sole 
of the boot ’twixt heel and toe, with a hammer 
41 Method of administering “Counter Shock” 
ILLUSTRATION No. 9 
42 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
handle or the ‘ ‘ climbers, ’ ’ taking care to sustain 
weight of limb so that the knee is not on ground 
when the blows are administered. If the shoes 
are off, spank sharply with the hand, a paddle or 
anything which is narrow and flat. This then in 
how “counter shock” may be given if the body 
does not fall ten feet or more. Study illustra- 
tion No. 9. 
In a recent case of severe electric shock treated 
by the linemen of the Nebraska Power Company 
and revived in 35 minutes, the men reported to 
me that, in addition to the hitting of the soles 
of the shoes with their climbers, they found that 
they made more positive progress by pausing in 
the movement two or three times to jerk up on 
the victim’s abdomen (step No. 2). 
NOTE—In all cases of severe electric shock, because of the 
fact that the “juice” causes the muscles of the shoulders, 
chest and arms to become tense or rigid; it is NOT possible to 
get results if the Sylvester method is used; therefore always 
resort to the Schaefer or prone method. 
Study illustration No. 9 for the method of 
giving “counter shock.” 
NOTE—The Nebraska Power Co. of Omaha, reports that 
it is not uncommon for a victim who has suffered from low 
voltage shock to have violent convulsions when coming out of 
the dormant stage. If the surgeon is present a hypodermic 
injection is administered to relieve the pain. It is evident 
from this, that the low voltage must go to the heart, probably 
43 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
that helps to explain why it is more difficult to resuscitate 
these cases; while those suffering from the high voltage (espe- 
cially if the victim falls) are revived within a few minutes. 
But let no one despair in performing artificial respiration on 
one who may be “hit” with low voltage. Use the Schaefer 
method and follow these instructions herein given; since they 
are the tried methods which have proved successful in num- 
erous eases and they will always bring results—provided there 
is a ghost of a chance. 
In Case of Drowning 
If the body is taken out of the water some 
distance from shore, at once follow STEPS 1, 2 
and 3. Place the victim on his back over the 
thwart or seat of the boat and apply the Syl- 
vester method, while others are pulling ashore. 
This is the only method which one could use in 
this peculiar instance, and is at once a strong 
reason for a working knowledge of this method 
of resuscitation also. When on shore, however, I 
should resort to that of the Schaefer method. 
NOTE—Don’t try to apply any method if you are in a 
canoe; quickly get the body to shore and there set to work. 
In Cases op Asphyxiation from Illuminating 
Gas 
If the victim lies in a closed room, endeavor 
to have the gas shut off at the meter, and, if it is 
necessary, break the windows so as to let in air; 
lots of it is vitally necessary. In all cases, get 
44 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
the victim out into the open air, hut avoid this 
if it is frosty; in that case seek a moderately 
warm room. In slight cases, where they are not 
entirely overcome, give a goodly draught of 
effervescing phosphate of soda; if you can get 
it; by all means induce vomiting; keep them 
walking, and while doing so, have some one hold 
a cloth to their nose upon which aromatic spirits 
of ammonia has been sprinkled — but don’t hold 
it too long at a time as it will be apt to suffocate 
them. 
If helpless but still breathing turn over on 
stomach, jerk up on clasped hands under pit 
of stomach (step No. 2). Do this two or three 
times, as this will help rid the air passages of 
any gas; hold aromatic spirits of ammonia to 
nostrils; and, as soon as it is possible for him 
to swallow, give the effervescing salts. Try to 
induce vomiting. When he is able to stand, 
assist him to walk up and down. 
If the victim has stopped breathing, rush med- 
ical aid and "proceed as has been suggested for 
the work of resuscitation. But in addition, apply 
heat to the body, have the muscles of the limbs 
45 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
vigorously rubbed, as such friction is a decided 
help in these peculiar cases. 
NOTE—This is the one exception in performing artificial 
respiration, where rubbing of limbs should be permitted before 
the victim revives; in this case it is really friction to help 
relax the muscles. 
In many gas plants, oxygen is kept on hand 
for the treatment of such cases and hypodermic 
injections are administered. In the hospital 
treatment, much success has been achieved by 
the use of normal saline solution and even by 
blood transfusion in the saving of these victims. 
In the Case of One Overcome by Gasoline 
Fumes 
First get the victim up off the floor and into the 
fresh air, as the fumes are heavy and hug the 
ground. Even if he is not quite overcome turn 
him face downwards and clasp hands under the 
abdomen and jerk up two or three times to help 
rid the air passages of fumes. If you can induce 
vomiting, that will be even better than the jerk- 
ing up method. Use plentifully aromatic spirits 
of ammonia for inhaling, and when able to swal- 
low give some internally — % teaspoonful in 
46 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
1/2 glass of water. If entirely overcome follow 
the general rules for reviving, preferably by the 
Schaefer method. 
In Cases of Hanging or Choking from 
Food, etc. 
If strangulation from food, bend the body for- 
ward; slap hard on the back. If that does not 
discharge the mass, run the finger around the 
outside of back teeth, and in that way you may 
succeed in getting the finger behind it and thus 
eject it. If the victim stops breathing, quickly 
remove the obstruction, and proceed to perform 
artificial respiration. 
If hanging, and you discover that the victim 
has not hung for more than say twenty minutes, 
and that there is no evidence that the neck is 
broken (most cases of this nature merely strangle 
to death), get help, cut the body down, jerk up 
on the stomach as in “step No. 2,” and at once 
proceed with the artificial respiration movement. 
If after faithful and persistent effort you do not 
succeed, then call for the coroner. 
NOTE—According to the dictates of the Law you are 
supposed to first call the coronor, but that would mean loss of 
time, therefore FIRST try to resuscitate if there is but a ghost 
47 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
of a chance; and if you should succeed, even the Law will com- 
mend you for your ignoring its mandate. Even the poor 
mortal whom you snatched from the jaws of death, may have 
good cause to be grateful also. 
In Case of Ammonia Asphyxiation 
Quickly remove the victim from the area of 
the fumes; it is quite possible that to do this 
you may have to crawl on your hands and knees 
to where he is. In that case soak a handkerchief 
in vinegar or diluted acetic acid, tying same 
over your nose and mouth; this will enable you 
to breathe in the midst of the ammonia fumes.— 
See chapter on transportation for methods of 
rescuing. 
When you have him at the place wdiere the 
air is good, proceed with the general rules of 
resuscitation. But instead of using aromatic 
spirits of ammonia — this is the exception to 
the rule — in these cases you substitute a cloth 
soaked writh good vinegar or diluted acetic acid, 
and see that it is so held to the mouth and nose 
that he inhales its fumes. Ammonia is a strong 
alkali and must be overcome with a weak acid as 
suggested. 
When he is revived and can swallow, a good 
stimulant would be a cup of hot lemonade. 
48 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
In Case of Suffocation from Smoke or 
Acid Fumes 
Get the victim out into the open air; try to 
induce vomiting — this is the method usually 
practiced by firemen who are so effected. Hold 
a cloth with aromatic spirits of ammonia to the 
nostrils so that he may freely breathe it; when 
able to swallow give V2 teaspoonful in y<% cup of 
water. If entirely overcome, proceed with arti- 
ficial respiration as per the rules given. 
In Case of Prussic Acid Poisoning 
The action of this poison is exceedingly rapid, 
unconsciousness usually setting in within two or 
three minutes; and one of the distressing symp- 
toms is that of the swelling of the throat causing 
suffocation. 
If possible quickly neutralize the effect of the 
poison by getting the patient to rinse out mouth 
and gargle throat with an alkali, i. e., pure 
alcohol, lime water or a mixture of strong 
saleratus water; and have him also slowly swal- 
low some. Hot cloths should be applied to the 
neck, especially to the windpipe; also give 
49 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
chipped ice to suck; in this manner the swelling 
may be reduced. If there is difficulty in breath- 
ing he may be materially aided by performing 
artificial respiration and since it will be easier 
for him to remain on his back, resort to the 
Sylvester method. 
NOTE—Whatever causes a swelling of the tissues of the 
throat, always resort to the use of hot applications to the 
throat say from the top of the breast bone to the chin and 
around the neck, also give chipped ice to suck; and olive, 
sweet, or any good oil may be given in dessert spoonfuls. 
Often a bee sting, particularly at the temple produces these 
symptoms. Remove sting and follow this treatment. 
50 Chapter XIV 
Transportation, or the Knack of Handling the Injured, 
Helpless or the “Apparently Dead”—by 
“One Man” Methods. 
AH persons, especially those employed in our 
industries, particularly where the “hazards” 
exist, ought to know how to be able to take 
proper care of their fellows when taken by some 
emergency, to the extent of their either assisting, 
or lifting, or carrying them. This whole matter 
of so doing is just “a hit of science,” and these 
instructions, together with their accompanying 
illustrations, will make it easy for the reader to 
acquire the knack — if only he will practice 
them a little. 
1. The Assist is the easiest method of helping 
one either with an injured ankle or knee, or in 
the case of one being shakey from gas, fumes, 
etc. Be sure to hug the patient close to you. See 
illustration No. 10. 
2. The Coat Carry. If the patient can stand 
just long enough so that a few turns to the tail 
51 ILLUSTRATION No. 10 
The Assist 
52 The Coat Carry—First Movement 
ILLUSTRATION No. 11 
53 The Coat Carry—Second Movement 
ILLUSTRATION No. 12 
54 The Hip Carry — First Movement. 
ILLUSTRATION No. 13 
55 The Hip Carry—Second Movement 
ILLUSTRATION No. 14 
56 Fireman’s Lift—First Movement 
ILLUSTRATION No. 15 
57 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
of his coat can be given, then turn quickly, 
bringing the twist well over on to your shoulder, 
then stoop, pulling tightly so as to have him well 
up on your back; and in that manner you will 
easily carry him. Be sure that you bend your 
body well forward in lifting and carrying. 
Study illustrations Nos. 11 and 12. 
3. The Ilip Carry. This is another quick 
method of carrying one out of a dangerous place 
— providing you can get him to stand while 
making the hold. Stand to the front of the 
patient, run your hand over the near shoulder, 
around the neck, catching him under the further 
armpit, stoop down with bent knees, catch your 
free hand around the patient’s limbs; and lift 
over onto your hips. Follows illustrations Nos. 
13 and 14. 
4. The Fireman’s Lift. Without question, 
this is the best of all methods to lift and carry 
the helpless or unconscious. It is not a question 
either as to size or weight, providing you do it 
as illustrated. Roll the patient over face down, 
lift him by his armpits on to his knees, clasp 
him around the body in a tight embrace and rise, 
58 ILLUSTRATION No. 16 
Fireman’s Lift—Second Movement 
59 ILLUSTRATION No. 17 
Fireman’s Lift—Third Movement 
60 ILLUSTRATION No. IS 
Fireman’s Lift—Fourth Movement 
61 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
bringing him to his feet. As you do this, place 
your left knee against his knees so as to keep him 
erect. Hold him tightly with the left arm, grip 
his left wrist, stoop so as to thrust head under the 
left arm, pulling the body over your back with 
the bend of his body pressed against your 
shoulder, at the same time drop the left hand 
over the buttocks to about the knees. Then brace 
yourself thoroughly for the lift and, as you rise, 
pass his left hand to your left, grasping strongly 
at the wrist; and if he is not quite well balanced 
upon your shoulder throw his body into correct 
poise by a hitch of your shoulder. 
NOTE—-The firemen always place the lifting arm between 
the legs. They do so as to bring the body across the shoulders 
and that the feet will be out of the way of the ladder in des- 
cending. But for surface work the above is by far the best as 
it gives one a more secure hold of the body. 
Study illustrations Nos. 15, 16, 17 and 18. 
5. The Back Crawl Carry. This method will 
he found very useful in rescuing a victim from 
a gas-filled room, or where fumes demand great 
care on the part of the rescuer. 
If smoke with acid fumes or illuminating gas, 
wet a handkerchief with diluted aromatic spirits 
of ammonia; if ammonia fumes, wet with good 
62 The Back Crawl Carry—Movement One 
ILLUSTRATION No. 19 
63 The Back Crawl Carry—Movement Two 
ILLUSTRATION No. 20 
64 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
vinegar and tie over mouth and nose, then when 
you near the point for the dash to rescue, get 
down on hands and knees so as to avoid the 
fumes, because the air is purer near the ground. 
When you reach the victim see that he is on his 
back, quickly tie his hands together at wrists — 
be sure you tie a square knot. Lie on him face 
up, bring his tied hands over your head, grip 
his pants tightly at either hip, holding taut. 
Roll over onto your chest, this movement will 
bring him on to your back and under him. 
Spread his legs so that they will liange one on 
either side of yours; then rise to your knees and 
crawl back to where the air is good and there 
finally rising to your feet so that you may run 
to safety. Study illustrations Nos. 19, 20, 21 
and 22. 
NOTE—With this “carry” the rescuer may descend a 
ladder or fire escape, providing that when he rises to his feet 
that he thrust one arm through the (bight of) the victim’s tied 
arms: this will prevent the possibility of his arms choking one 
as his weight hangs on the neck. 
As a further word of exhortation,— he sure 
that for all rescue work where it is necessary 
either to use a rope in lowering a body, or to tie 
the hands as in this latter “carry,” that you 
65 The Back Crawl Carry—Movement Three 
ILLUSTRATION No. 21 
66 ILLUSTRATION No. 22 
The Back Crawl Carry—Movement Four 
67 A Manual of Artificial Respiration 
know how to tie a bowline with a rope for the 
former, and a square knot for the latter. And 
be sure that you can even do it in the dark, so 
that you do not endanger your victim whom you 
are trying to rescue. A ‘ ‘ granny knot ’ ’ will not 
hold, and a slip knot tied with a rope around 
a man’s body, owing to his own weight, may 
cause injury of a serious nature. 
68 Index 
PAGE 
A 
Abdomen, movement of, in respiration . . 4 
Acid fumes 1 
Acetic acid. Necessary in cases of ammonia 
fumes 48 
Ammonia asphyxiation 1 
“Apparently dead” is really suspended anima- 
tion 4 
Arms, position of, in performing the Schaefer 
method ........ 17 
Aromatic spirits of ammonia. How to use as a 
stimulant ....... 29 
Asphyxiation. Its causes ..... 1 
Assist, the. For the injured . . . .51 
B 
Back crawl carry ...... 62 
“Beaned” by a baseball 2 
Bee stings. The treatment for all cases of 
swollen throat ....... 50 
Blast furnace gas ...... 1 
Boat, rescue of the drowned in a. What method 
to use ........ 44 
Breathing and how it is carried on . .3 
71 INDEX 
PAGE 
c 
Carbonic acid gas ...... 1 
Cave-in 2 
Chafing of the limbs in artificial respiration . 32 
Charcoal gas 1 
Choking from food ...... 2 
Choking from food. How to treat same . . 47 
Chloroform ....... 1 
Clothing must be loosened before performing 
artificial respiration . . . . .14 
Coat carry, the 51 
Cold weather, what to do when performing 
artificial respiration in . . . .29 
Congested face in victim being operated on by 
Schaefer method ...... 30 
Convulsions when reviving from electric shock 43 
Corporations active in teaching artificial respir- 
ation to employees ..... Preface 
Coroner, calling the ...... 47 
Corsets. Necessity of loosening before perform- 
ing the movement ...... 14 
Counter shock. Why necessary in all cases of 
severe electric shock . . . . .38 
Counter shock. How to perform if the body 
does not fall 40 
D 
Dead air ........ 1 
Dense smoke ....... 1 
72 INDEX 
PAGE 
Diaphragm. Its importance in the organism . 3 
Diaphragm. Its attachments. How it functions 
in breathing 9 
Diaphragm. How it is made to function in per- 
forming Schaefer movement . . . .10 
Doctor, the, who pronounces a victim dead . 31 
“Don’ts” to be observed in performing arti- 
ficial respiration 31 
Drowning 1 
Drowning, points for treatment in . .44 
E 
Effervescing salts, need of, in caring for those 
overcome by illuminating gas .... 45 
Emergencies calling for artificial respiration . 1 
Ether asphyxiation 1 
Expiration. What it is . . . .9 
Exhaust from gasoline engines—monoxide gas 1 
F 
Face. If congested must change from Schaefer 
to Sylvester 30 
Feet, slapping the soles of the . . . .29 
Fireman’s lift, the. How to do it right and 
easily ........ 58 
Formaldehyde 1 
73 INDEX 
PAGE 
Four steps to be taken before performing arti- 
ficial respiration 14 
Fractured skull 2 
Fresh air vital in performing artificial respira- 
tion 29 
Freezing may cause one to stop breathing . . 2 
Friction of limb muscles in treating illuminat- 
ing gas victims 45 
Fumes causing asphyxiation 1 
Fumigating agents 1 
G 
Garrotting 2 
Gas stove dangerous in badly ventilated room 1 
Gas, blast furnace 1 
Gas, charcoal 1 
Gas, coal 1 
Gas, illuminating 1 
Gas, mine 1 
Gas, monoxide 1 
Gas, sewer 1 
Gasoline engine exhaust and its possible dan- 
gers 
Gasoline fumes victims and how to treat . . 46 
General rules to observe in performing artificial 
respiration 29 
74 INDEX 
PAGE 
H 
Hanging ........ 2 
Hanging, treatment for 47 
Head, position for, in performing Schaefer 
method 17 
Heart, position of the- 10 
Heart, apex of the 9 
Hip carry. The quick method of removing the 
helpless 51 
Hot cloths to the windpipe. For prussic acid or 
bee sting cases 49 
Howard method as an aid in the Sylvester 
movement 28 
Hysterical relatives 32 
Hypodermic injections necessary in certain 
cases 33,46 
I 
Ice to suck in cases of swollen throat . . 50 
Illuminating gas 1 
Illuminating gas treatment 44 
Industrial surgeon’s testimony to need of this 
practical knowledge .... Preface 
Interesting cases of resuscitation are an incen- 
tive to learn “how” ..... 7 
Inspiration. How it is accomplished ... 9 
75 INDEX 
PAGE 
J 
Jaw, knock-out blow on the .... 2 
Jerking up body of the apparently drowned 
most important 14 
Jerking up body in electric shock and gas as- 
phyxiation cases 45 
K 
Kidneys, position of 11 
Knock-out blows should be given artificial res- 
piration ........ 2 
L 
Laborde method an aid in the Sylvester move- 
ment ........ 28 
Labored breathing when reviving. How to assist 32 
Laudanum poisoning 2 
Lightning stroke ...... 2 
Limbs. When and when not to rub in artificial 
respiration ....... 29 
Lime water as an antidote in certain cases . 40 
Liquids. Great care must be exercised in ad- 
ministering 32 
Live wire with victim on it. How to proceed to 
rescue ........ 38 
Loosening tight clothing in performing artificial 
respiration 14 
Lungs, position of the 11 
76 INDEX 
PAGE 
M 
Man-hole, dead air in 1 
Medical aid, always call for, but don’t wait, 
begin the movement . . . . .29 
Mine gas ........ 1 
Monoxide gas 1 
Mortality statistics of victims (U. S.) . Preface 
Mouth must be cleaned out in performing arti- 
ficial respiration 20 
N 
Need of haste in handling “apparently dead” 
cases 8,31 
Need of long patience in performing artificial 
respiration ....... 31 
Non-respirable gases 1 
0 
Obstructions must be removed from mouth when 
performing the movement . . . .20 
Oil stoves dangerous in poorly ventilated rooms 1 
Oil and aid in treating certain cases . . .50 
Organs of respiration. The diaphragm . . 3 
Organs of body and their positions ... 9 
Oxygen necessary in some cases . . . .40 
77 INDEX 
PAGE 
P 
Poisons Avhich cause asphyxiation ... 2 
Position. The correct position in performing 
the Schaefer method . . . . .23 
Prussic acid treatment . . . . .49 
Pulmotor, some points which need emphasizing 
in relation to the ...... 34 
Pulmotor, a government report on the . . 36 
R 
Respiratory nerve center. How it enters into 
the subject of resuscitation .... 4 
Resuscitations obtained through workmen ex- 
ceed those by doctors .... Preface 
Ribs, some facts relative to the “floating” . 11 
Rules to strictly follow in performing the move- 
ments ........ 29 
S 
Saleratus (carbonate of soda) as an antidote . 49 
Schaefer method, the wonderful . . . .11 
Schaefer method compared with that of the 
Sylvester 13 
Schaefer method, how to perform the . . .14 
Severe electric shock ...... 2 
How to treat ....... 38 
Lower body of . . . . . . .39 
78 INDEX 
PAGE 
Sewer gas ........ 1 
“Skin effect,’’ so-called, in explaining the ac- 
tion of high voltages . . . . .39 
Slapping the soles of the feet for electric shock 
treatment ........ 43 
Solar plexus, a blow over the .... 2 
Spleen, position of the . . . . .11 
Stethoscope, some doctors discard the . . 8 
Stimulant, the best . . . . . .33 
Stomach, position of the . . . . .11 
Strangulation from food . . . . .47 
Strychnine poisoning ...... 2 
Suicides. Some attempted suicides might be 
saved ....... Preface 
Sulphur fumes ....... 1 
Sunstroke cases in some instances need artificial 
respiration ...... 2 
Surrendering the body of a victim to be taken to 
an hospital ....... 31 
Swelling of the tissues of the throat. What to 
do 50 
T 
Time an important factor in performing artifi- 
cial respiration ...... 13 
Tissues of the throat, if swollen . . . .50 
79 INDEX 
PAGE 
Tongue of victim must be brought forward be- 
fore applying movement . . . • .25 
Transportation. How to handle if alone, the 
helpless or unconscious 51 
V 
Vacuum created by descent of diaphragm when 
movement is performed ..... 2 
Vinegar. Its use in ammonia asphyxiation . 48 
Voltage, the question of high and low . . 38 
Vomiting as a help in case of gas or smoke 
victims ........ 46 
W ' 
Walking a victim partially overcome by gas . 45 
Watching a case which has been resuscitated . 33 
Water in the stomach—lungs . . . .17 
Why doctors usually pronounce a victim of as- 
phyxiation as dead beyond hope ... 8 
Winded athletes may need artificial respiration 2 
80