Four General Rules for Pronuntiation. 1. Final consonants before any stop, or before a word beginning with a consonant are seldom sounded. Ex. gr. comment vous parlez-vous 2. Final consonants before a word beginning with a vowel are commonly sounded, as if joyn’d with [illegible] vowel, ex. gr. nous a vous etc. nous [illegible] in etc. 3. When there are 2 or 3 consonants at the end of a word one is only sounded ex. gr. Corps, temps, etc. ts or st final is not sounded as forett, arrets 4. & final, causes always the immediately preceding consonant to be strongly [insisted] upon. v.g. Toule, Savonte, prudente. Pronuntiation of Vowels. A. a is always as (aw) Ex. g. Table, fable, sable. E. e when accented, is called Masculine, it is sounded & insisted upon, as in the Latin words bene, optime, e.g. conte, [sanite] e Before a final, r or z is always masculine tho’ not accented as, Porter, Parlez. e unaccented is call’d feminine, it is mute, not sounded, e.g. porte, parle Except: to the 4 gen: rules 1. Conson: ante Conson: except C [?ut:] fiant, final. L r t non [illegible] Vowels a e e e e in Des ces etc. e ante [C] st, ts vel e e ante M vel N except: i o u y Circumst: always mascul: ante r, or z feminine as as as as as [Pot??t]: aw e e mute a a a ee w Duke i e In the following words has the sound of a english (a) (viz) Des, Ces, ses, mes, ls, pres, apres, aupres, expres, exces, acces, succes, deces, proces, abses, cypres. e before l, st, ts, or accented they with a circumflex e, is also sounded as (a) english, ex. gr. Tel, morest, valets, tete bete fete. e before M or N in the same syllable half the sound of a, as [e?] prendre, Emporter; Except when I recedes or [D?] the N vollows, as Mien, tien, sien, prenne, ennemi. I sounds always as a, as mi, lui, visible. o sounds always as in the l’article, so or es. u. sounds as in the word Duke. y sounds always as I vowel. Of Consonants C before e or I sounds as double s, as cui cela. C before a, o, or, u sounds as K, ex gr. Capable, cocu. Ch sounds sh: ex: gr: chose, chacum. C final is commonly sounded as sec, sac, pic, roc. Conson: [Potest] C ss before e & i C K before a o & u. Ch sh C c final d t final vowel [sequent]. f f final exc. ele g I before e or i. g gh before a o or u. p p final except 4 words M N at the end of words & syllab: N Ng at the end of N Mute after e in 3d Person plural qu K S z between 2 vowels r final [vid] exception: t t except in et. x x except nouns of number ubi Z D. final before a word beginning with a vowel, takes the sound of T as Quandil vous [plara]. F. final is commonly sounded as soif vif; except clef. [cle] G before e or I sounds as j consonant, ut geler, agir. G before a, o, or u, sounds as gh in Ghost, ex: gr: gorge, guems [Garde?] L final is commonly sounded as bel, quel, mal, fil. L in the 4 following words is never sounded (viz) quelque, quelqu un fils ils. M at the end of words & syllables has the sound of N. N at the end of words & syllables as if g went after it, as Mon, ton, son, nom, nombre, sem, peindre, pain, vin, fain. N after e in the last syllable of the 3d person plural of [tense?] is never sounded as ils partent, ils parterent. Qu sounds K qui, quoi, quand. S between 2 vowels, sounds Z raison, saison, maison. R final is sounded, pour, par, pear amour: R final after e or I is not sounded porter, finer. R final after e is sounded in these words, mer, fer enfer, mer, hiver, hier, cher chier, ver: R after I is sounded in desir, [so??ir], cjir, saphir, martyr. T in et is never sounded. T final before a stop is commonly sounded as, bonnet, valet, piquet X sounds as in English, except in few words of number or [De??ci??] sixiene, dixiene, soixante, & at the end of word before a word beginning with a volwel where it takes the sound of Z as dix e cent. Of Diphtongs and Tripthongs. Diphthongs Potest au eau. O ai ay e in the beginning and end of words a in the middle. oi, oy oa in monosyllables. oir oar oi a in polysyllables oit e in polysyllables. ou oo. au et eau sounds o, as au, haul, chapeau, couteau, chateau, beau. ai vel ay in the beginning or at the end of words sounds as an e masculine as ferai, vimerai; but in the middle of words it commonly takes the sound of (a) English, as faire, plaire, taire, mais, jamais. oi, oy. in monosyllables sounds oa, as, moi, toi, soi, loy roi foy. oir sounds (oar) voir, soir, avoir. oi in polysyllables takes commonly the sound of a, as, je connois, connoitre, paroitre, Anglois, Franciois. oit in polysyllables sounds like e masculine, as il portoit, ou. sounds double o, tout, pour, vous. Of Nouns. The cases of our nouns are known by the articles; we reckon but 3 cases, nomin: gen: dat: because the accusat: is like the nominal: & the ablative like the genitive. Sing: Plur: Nom: le the les Gen: du of the Des Dat: au to the aux These articles are for nouns masculine beginning with a consonant Nom: la the les Gen: dela of the Des Dat: a la to the aux This before nouns feminine beginning with a consonant Nom: l’ the les Gen: del’ of the des Dat: a l’ to the aux This before nouns either masculine or feminine beginning with a vowel Examples Nom: le Roy les Roys la Reine les Reines. Gen: Du Roy Des Rois. De la Reine Des Reines Dat: au Roy aux Roys a la Reine aux Reines l’Empereur les empereurs De l’empereur Des empereurs a la empereur aux empereurs un livre a book Des livres books une page a page des pages pages. Proper nouns & most pronouns have only De in the genitive & a in the dative case as Caesar, de Cesar, a Cesar, Pompee, De Pompee, a Pompee nous de nous a nous. The verb auxiliary avoir. avoir Infinitives avoir to have Participium activum ayant eyang having passivum eu had. Indications present J’ ai, as, a, avons, avez, ont. [J ge], tu as, il a, nousavong, vousave, illong. I have. Imperfectum 1: J avais, avais, avait, avions, aviez, avaient [?J ai], illegible, illawve, nous aviong, vous avie, isawva. I had. Imperf: 2. I’eus, eus, eut, eusses, eusies, eussent. J geu, tu eu, ileu, nous eum, vous eut, ileur. I had. Ped: perf: J ai eu I have had. J [?] eu, tu as eu, il a eu, nous avons eu, vous avez eu, isongt eu [Pl??] perf: J avois eu I had had J avois eu [illegible] Futur: J aurai, auras, aura, aurons, aurez, auront, I shall have J’ore, tu [illegible], [ilora?], [nosarong], vozore], [i?ong] Optations [illegible]. J’aye, ayes, ait, ayons, ayez, ayent. I may have. nousayong, voyzae. Imperf: 1. J’aurais, aurais, aurait, aurions, auriez, auraient I should have. J’ ora. Imperf. 2. J’eusse, eusses, eut. sussions, sussioz, eussient. I might have. [Pret]: Inf: J’aye, eu Imperatives aey, qu’il, ait ayons, ayez, qu’ils ayent, have a [Ki??] eyong, a Kiza [Ph?q]: perfectum: Optativi J’aurois eu. 2: J’eusse eu. ful [illegible]. J’aurai eu. Pronoun Personal. je tu il nous vous ils ego tu ille nos vos ills: The verb auxiliary estre, ater Infinitivus etre, to be Participium activum etant being along Passivum ete been. [illegible] Indications Present, je suis, es est, sommes, etes, sont I am Je me tua illa nousomme, [vousa?e], isong Imperfect: 1. J’etais, stais, etait, etions, etiez, etaient I was Je [illegible], [tu???], illete, nozaliong, vozatie, izala. Imperf: 2: Je fus, fus, fut, fumes futes furent I was. Pret: perf: J’ai ete. ifure. Plusq: perf: J avois, ete. Futurum: Je serai, seras, sera, serons, serez, seront, I shall be. je zere Imperatious. sois qu, il soit, soyon, soyoz, qu ils soient be [illegible] soa Kisoe, soyiong [soyee] Kisoa Optations Present Je sois sois soit soyons, soyez, soient, I may be Iperf: 1. Je serois, serois, seroit, seriez, seroiat, I should be. 2. Je fusse, fusse, fut, fussions, fussiez fussent. I might be. Pret: part: J’aye ete I may have been Plusq: perf: 1: J’aurois ete I should have been 2: J’eusse ete I might have been. Future: J’aurai ete I shall have been Conjugations known by the last syllable of the infinitive, 1. Parler, 2. Finir, 3. Devoir, 4. Rendre. Participium Activum Parlant, finissant, devant, rendant Passivum. Parle ex Infin: [illegible]: [add]: Accent Fini ex infin: [illegible}: r Deu ex infin: [illegible]: oir. Rendu ex infin: mat: re in u. Indicativus Presens Je Parle les le, lons, lez lent ex infin: [illegible]: r Je Finis, is, it, issons, issez, issent ex infin: mut: r. in s. Je Dois, ois, oit, evons, evez, oiveat ex inf: mut: evoir in ois Je Rens, ens, end, dons, dez, dent ex inf: mut: re in s. Pmperfect: S. Je [Parl?] Finiss Deu Rend ois, ois, oit, ions, iez, oient ex prima persona plural: presentis mut: [illegible] ois. Imperf: 2. Parlai, as, a, ames, ates, erent ex inf: mut: [er], in [illegible] Je finis, is, it, imes, ites, irent ex inf. mut: r: in s. Deus, eus, eat, eumes, eutes, curent ex inf: mut: oir, in s. Rendis is it, imes, ites, irent ex inf: mut: re. in [illegible] Pret: pef: J’ai parle, fini, deu, rendu Plusq: perf: J’avois, parle, fini, deu, rendu. Futurum Je Parle ex inf. adv: ai Je Fini ex inf. adv: ai. Je Deu rai, ras, ra, rongs, rez, rout ex inf: mut: [illegible] Je Rend ix inf: mut: re [in rai] Imperatious. Parle qu’il parle, longs lez qui’le lent like the present Finis, qu’il finisse, issont, issez, qu’ils issent like the present Doi qu’il, doive evons, evez qu’ils don’t ex [presati] [illegible] s. Optatives. Present Je Parle les, le lions liez, lent [illegible] present: [illegible]: s Je finisse isses, isse, issiong, issiez issent like the 3d singular Je Doive, oives, oive, evions, eviez, oivent of the [illegible] Je Rende, des, de dions, diez, dent ex fut: [illegible]: rai [illegible] Imperf: 1: Je Parle Je fini Je Deu rois, rois, roit, rions, rioz, rioent Je Rend Imperf: 2: [illegible] Parlasse, asses, at, assions, assiez, assent ex secunda Persona Finisse, isses, it, issions, issiez, issent sing: Imperf: 2d Deusse, easses, eut, eussions, eussiez, eussent Indic: add: [illegible] Rendisse isses, it, issions, issiez, issent Pret: perf: J’aye Pare, fini, deu, rendu Plusq: perf: 1 J’aurois Parle, fini, deu rendu Plusq: perf: 2 J’eusse Futurum J’aurai [en.] Is a particle relating to persons things & places immediately spoken of before & put instead of them, for brevity who it signifies in English, of it, her, him them, some, whereof, thereof, thence, from thence, etc. Example [illegible] voulez vouz, il’en voulez sond pas, en avez vous parle, qu’en dites vous. Je [?en] disrien, en venez vous, j’en [illegible], Je [illegible] pas, [illegible] avez vous [recen] des [Novelles], J’en ay recen, je n’en ay pas, recen, [?en] viens de recevoir, J’en [illegible], tours les jours. Y. Is [illegible] particle relating only to things & places it signifies in English in it, to it, there thither etc. Example. Y viondrey vous, voulez vous aller avec mot, y portirez vous, il que vous [?cavez] [illegible] y allez [pos] [illegible] moi, y mettrez vous [aque] je vous dis, mellez y [illegible] un peu davantage etc. Pronouns. Mascul: Fem. Plur: Mon Ma Mes my ton ta tes thy Son Sa Ses his [Ce??] cette ces this. le la les before nouns articles, before verbs him it her them Pronoun Relative. celui he, cette her, ceux, these or those, cellei ci, celle ci, [clex] ci lui him or he, his, before verbs, to him or to her. moi I absolute, toi thou absolute, soi himself me before verbs te se, [c??i] this celo that, le mien nine [let???] [illegible] se [illegible] his, notre, votre, nos vos, le notre, le votre, qui who, que whom ours yours lequel, laquelle, [illegible], les quelles which quoy what dont, of which of whom. that, que in asking, what. In explaining or wondering how, in neither let Imperative. autre, another, chagne, every, chacun, every one; Ne, aucun, none, ne jamais never, ne rien, nothing, ne quere little He pay not, ne point not, ne peresonne no body. Meme with verbs even, before [illegible] some, after pronouns self [tel] [illegible] [telle]. Irregular Verbs In [pr?nia] conjugatione Infinitious aller aquerir courir couvrir offrir ouvrir soufrir cucillir Dromir Fuit [Hai?] [Me?tir] Sentir Screpentir Mourir [illegible] Partir servir sortir tenir venir vetir [Parti??um] passivum aquis coursi couvert offert ouvert soufert mort tenu venu vetu Present Indicatioi vay, vas, va Inscenda aquiers, aquerions cours, courons couve couvory ofie, ofrons ouvre, ouvons soufre, soufrony cucille, [cu??ony] Dors, dormons fui [f??ns] hai haissony mens mentons sens, sentors [rep??], repentons [illegible], meurons, [illegible] [meve] ois, oions part, partons sers servons sort sortons [illegible] tenons, oz [illegible] [illegible] [ven???] [illegible] [illegible] vets,vetons Imperfectum Secundum Conjugatione aquis courus [illegible] tins vins futurum irai aquerrai [couerai] cucillerai [morrai] orrai tiendrai [??tudrai] Imperativas [va qu’il aille] [aq??] g. [illegible] cours g. [couvre] couvre g. couvre ofre g. ofre ouvre g. ouvre scife g scife [illegible] g. [illegible] [do??] g. dorme fui g. fuie ha g. haisse [illegible] g. mente sent g. sente [rept??] g [illegible] [illegible] g. [illegible] oi g. oie [pa?] g. parte [ser?] g. serol [sort] g. sorte tien g. [illegible] [vi??] g. vienne [vets] g. vete to go to go. to run to cover to offer. to open. to suffer. to gather. to run away to hate. to feel to [dye] to hear. to set out for to serve. to go out to hold to come [restive] Infinitous Sassevoir Monsoir pleuvoir pouvoir Scavoir valoir voir vouloir Boire conclure exclure conduire connoitre croitre paroitre coudre craidre feindre joindre croire dire eirire faire lire mettre naitre plaire taire predre resondre dissondre rire suffire Participium Passivum assis men pleu pu sen valu veu voilu beu conclu exclus conduis connu cru paru consu craint feint joint cru dit eirit fait leu mis ne ply leuy pris resolu [diss??] ri sufi Presens Indicativi In tertes conjugatione assields, asseions muns [meu??], oz meuvere il pleut, il pleuvoit pais, peax, peut, pouvons oz peuvert scai savois vaux, valons voi, voions vene, voulous, oz veulent In quarta conjugatione beavous oz concluons excluory condissons connoissons crossons paroissons consons craignous feignens joignous croions dissoy, dites eirivous faisons, faites, font litory mettons naissons plaisons laisons prenons resolvons dissenders [rions] sissions Impefrectu: Secundum assis mus il plut pas say vailus vis voulus bus conclus exclus conduisis connus crus parus cousis craguis feignis joignis crus dis ecrivis fis lus mis naquis plas lut pris [resoluns] ris sufis futurum Imperatious assierai assids g s assive sedere. meus, g. meuse movere. il pleuvra g. pleuve to rain pourrai g. puisse passe scaurrai sais g. scache scire vaudrai vaux g vaill valere verrai voi, g. voil videre voudrai g. veuille velle. boi g. boive biberl conclu, g. conclue concludee exclus g. exclue excludere g. connisse connois g. connoisse cognossure crois, g. croisse cressiere parois g. paroisse apparere cous g. couse to sow [crai??] g. craigne to fear feins, g. feigne to feign [joi??] g. joigne go joyn g. croie credere. g. [dise] dicere g. cerire scribere ferai g. fasse [fa??l] lis g. lise legore mets, g. mette to put g. asisse [nasei] plais, g. plaise placere tais a. taisse tacere pren, g. prenre [illegible] resons, g. resolve dissons g. dissonde ri g. ril. ridere sufi g. suffise [suffi??] Irregular Verbs 4th Conjugations Infinitius Suivse Vamere vivre Participium passivum suivi vainen vecu [Presens Indicativi] sui suivery vaines, vainquoy vis vivons Imperfectum Secundum: suions vainqui vecus veguls Futuram Imperatious sui, g. suive v g vaingal vi, g. vive Verbs Impersonal Il y a there is il y avoit there was il y [illegible] there was il y a eu there hath been il y a voile eu, there had been il y aura there shall be il y ait there may be il y auroit there shou’d be il y eut there might be il y ait eu, there may have been il y auroit eu there shou’d have been il y eut eu there [illegible] have been il y aura eu there shall have been il a y a pas, y a t il, il’y a t il pas, il a’y [avoit] [p???t], y avois il, n’y avoit il [point] il n’y eut pas, y eut il n’y eut il pas, il n’y a pas eu, y a t il eu, n’y a t il pas eu, il n’y avois pas eu y’avoit il eu, n’y avoit il pas [illegible], [illegible] [deca??] combien y a t is dies a Londres il y a quarant [illegible] [mites] Combine y a t il que vous [demeuret] a Cambrdige il y a [illegible] mois, un an, une semaine un jour etc. il faut opportet il faloit oportebat il falut oportuit il a folu oportuit il a voit valu oportuerat il faudra oportebat il faille oporteat il fondroit oporteret il falul oportuerit il eit falu oportuerit il auroit fala oportuisset il [illegible] fal oportuerit il aura falu oportuerit il ne faut pas. faut il, ne faut il pas. il ne faloit pas. faloit il, ne faloit il pas. il ne falut pas. falut il, ne falut il pas. il n’a pas falu, a t il falu, n’ a t il pas falu il n’avoit pas falu, avoit il falu, n’avoit il pas [fa??] sic de cateris. il faut que je lui, parle il faut hui scrire une lettre. il me faut aller a Londres Combien seu faut il how much does it want of it il s’eu faut, ne [illegible] faut il que cela Combine vous faut il, how much must you have faises cela comme il faut. C’est it is it was c’est ete cetoit c’avoit ete ceful c’sort ce a ete ce serois c’ent ete c’a voit ete c’sera c’e [f?t] c’aura ete ce sont, they or these are c’etoient, ce furent, c’ont ete etc. [E??ce] ce n’est pas, n’eit ce pas. Etoit ce, N’glois ce pas. [illegible] ete il’a ce pas etc. sont [illegible] ne sont pas, ne sont a pas. Verbs are also made impersonal when the nominative which should go before the verb is put after it, the pronoun, se, is commonly put immediately before the verb. Examples il se boit de bon vin en France. il se fait de bonne biere in Angleterre. il se dit de bonnes nouvelles. il ne se peut rien voir de plus beau. Verbs reflected are when the action is reflected upon the agent, or him [illegible] does the action, [the] case of verb is always conjugated with two pronouns, and its compounds tenses are made up with the verb, Je suis, & not with the verb [illegible] as other verbs. Example. Je lever to rise je me lefe, tu te leves. il se leve, nous nous levons, vous vous leves, il se levent. Je me levois Je me levai Je me suis leve Je me etois leve Je me leverai leve toi, qu’il se leve, levons nous, levez vous, qu’ils se levent Je me leve Je me leverois Je me levasse Je me sois leve Je me serois leve Je me fusse leve Je me serai leve Verbs reciprocal are such as those S’[??tec] amier, S’entre Embrasser etc. The particle, en, joyned with a verb of motion as aller, venir, revenir, retourner signifies nothing, it makes only the verb it is joyned with reflected, as S’en aller, S’en venir, S’en revenir, S’en retourner Je m’en vais, je m’en viens, etc. On Is a particle much in use, it goes always before a third person singular of any tense, it is English’d several ways, but chiefly those 3, by, one, by the of the passive voice, Ex: On dit, one says, they say, it is said. que dit on de nouveau, de quois perle t on, on n dit rien. qu’on dise le qu’on vondre, etc. They order, said I, this matter better in France You have been in France? said my gentleman turning quick upon me with the most civil triumph in the World. Strange I quoth, I debating the matter with myself that one & twenty miles sailing, for tis absolutely no more from Dover to Calais, should give a man these rights I’ll look into them: so giving up the argument I went strait to my lodgings, put up half a dozen of shirts, & a black pair of silk Breeches “the Coat I have on, said I, looking at the miror, will do” took a place in the Dover stage; & the packet sailing at nine the next morng by three I had got sat down to my Dinner upon a Fricaseed Chicken so incontestably in France that had I died that night of an indigestion, the whole world could not have suspended the effects of the Droits d’abain my shirts, & black pair of silk Breeches portmantua & all must have gone to the King of France even the little picture which I have so long worn, & so often told thee Eliza, I would carry with me into my grave, would have been torn from my Neck. Ungenerous! to seize upon the wreck of an unwary passenger, whom your subjects have beckon’d to their Coast by heaven! [Sir?] it is not well done; & much does it grieve me, this the Monark of a people so civilised & courtious, & so renown’d for sentiment & fine feelings, that I have to reason with But I have scarse set foot in your Dominions When I had finished my Dinner a drank the King of Franc’s health, to satisfy my mind that I bore him no spleen, but on the contrary high honor for the humanity of his temper I rose up an inch taller for the accommodation. No said I the Bourbon is by no means a cruel race; they may be misled like other people but there is a coolness in their Blood. As I acknowledg’d this, I felt a suffusion of a finer kind, upon my cheek more warm & friendly to man than what Burgundy (at least of two livres a Bottle, which was such as I had been drinking) could have produced. Just God! said I kicking my portmantua aside, what is there in this worlds goods which should sharpen our spirits, & make so many kind Hearted Brethren of us fall out so cruelly as we do by the way? When man is at peace with man, how much lighter than a Feather is the heaviest of Metals in his hand! he pulls out his purse & holding it airily & uncompress’d looks round him as if he sought for an In doing this I felt every vessel in my person dilate the Arteries beat all chearfully together & every powr which sustained life, performed it with so little friction, that ‘twould have confounded the most physical preciense in France: with all her materialism she could scarse have called me a Machine I’m confident said I to myself, I should have [overset] her [breed]. The accession of that Idea carried nature at that time as high as she could go I was at peace with the world before & this finished the treaty with myself Now was I aking of France [illegible]! what a moment for an orphan to have beg’d his Fathers portmantua of me! Materia Medica Omnia sublunaria sunt objecta medicinae; which: are divided into 3 parts, animal, vegetable, and mineral bodies. animals are divided into volatilia, terrestria et aquatica the volatilia are of 3 sorts, 1 carnivorous, which: are also of 2 sorts, those that live upon the flesh of greater animals, and those that live upon insects as the eagle, swallow etc. 2 those that live upon seeds which are of 2 sorts, the one which feeds on seeds only, the other on seeds & flesh. 3 those which are amphibious, viz both aquatick & terrestrial as duck, teal etc. whose feet are so contrived as to be of use either for swimming or walking. we observe some volatile animals that they sleep all the winter season as the cuckow swallow etc. as the learned [Wormi?y] observed in his museum; where he tells [the] [that] in Denmark in boggy places great numbers of swallows have been found. he says farther that att the approach of winter, they strike them selves into the earth as deep as they can, to defend themselves from the frost something of the same nature wee may observe in butterflies, when being found in winter as dead and exposed to a gentle fire under a glass, will immediately revive from whence wee may conclude that they are not actually dead, but asleep of the generation of butterflies & silkworms, [you] may see [Molpighius] & Dr [Liste] in his treatise of insects of [illegible] animals man is the most noble who is nevertheless a part of the materia medica because wee use his blood in making of volatile salt and spirit in chemistry wee make use also of his skull urine, fat. Terrestrial animals are divided into carnivorous & not carnivorous. Man is not naturally carnivorous as is rightly observed, that all animals which have [dentes] quadratos are not carnivorous as sheep, deer, horses, cows etc. on the contrary those animals which have dentes serratos are carnivorous as the lyon, tyger, fox etc. There is another sort of terrestrial animals which are amphibious as the hippopotamus, crocodile, otter, etc. These feed upon both flesh & fish others of them there are which may bee called subterraneus because they seldom appear, and that generally in the night, as the scorpion, mile, earthworm etc. Fish are divided into 2 sorts, salt and fresh water fish, both which are divided into several species viz [illegible] scale fish, as trout, and those without scales, as eels. also wee have shelfish in fresh water as crawfish & though wee have verry rarely found snailes in rivers, tho different from the sea snaile but these are not found in all countries. Sea fish are divided after the same manner they are generally voracious as well as river fish, which if they were not, considering how fast they multiply the sea would not be able to contain their number This is to bee observed in all animals, that 2 animals, of different species coupling together will produce a 3d diffent from them both but they will never generate any of his own kind; and though wee find in authors the description of quadrupeds with the face of a man, which are supposed to bee begotten by man upon a [brute], yet they will never propagate farther. Among sea animals wee reckon shell fish which are verry useful in physick whose species are almost infinite as wee may read in Dr Lister, & other authors, who have treated upon that subject, wee reckon also all snails among these conchez has as well terrestrial as marine; among the terrestrial some are prodigious small even like dust which would not be known to be snails, but by the help of a microscope. We observe the several marine animals cast their shell every year as crabs, lobster etc. so some terrestrial animals cast their skin, as the viper adder etc. tho not every year. The reason wee suppose to bee their want of perspiration instead of whereof nature discharges herself by casting of the skin as wee observe in dogs which do not perspire, nature discharges herself by dropping a [lympha] from their tongues animals are used in physick sometimes the whole bodys as toads when calcin’d; vipers are sued in like manner, as [illegible] make oleum viperinum scorpiuns, as with we make oleum scorpionum sometimes wee use only part of them as the tooth of the elephant, the horn of the unicorn the horn of the stag, [?ears] of the stag, the fat of many beasts, the brain of the whale of which is made sperma cetis & many other parts as wee shall discourse particularly in another place vegetables are of 3 species, herbs, plants, & trees. Herbs are those whose leaves grow close to the ground, with a woody stalk; plants are those which have several woody stalks as hazel nuts, etc. Trees are those which come fro the root, with one single stalk, and [then] spread themselves into several branches, as oaks, elms etc. The root of vegetables are used in physick sometimes the bark of the root only viz with the root is [illegible] lignosa, for instance the root of lignum guaiacum the root of box, asparagus, & fennel, only with this distinction, then some are used for [illegible] others require a corrective, for instance [Sparg] which require vinegar to correct it acrimonious salt, as we do in animals, which wee take cantharides wee always fumigate them with boyled vinegar. wee shall have occasion to explane the nature of vegables more particularly in another place. Also the bark of trees is used not only in physick but by mechanicks also, as the bark of oake by tanners. The use of cork is sufficiently known, which is also the bark of a tree; the physical use of barks is infinite sometime wee make use of the trunk without the cortex, sometimes of the leaves, sometimes of the flower fruit, & seeds all these are used in mechanicks, as well as in physick sometimes per se sometime [co????] sometimes exalted by fermentations as in wine, beer, sider etc. sometime, by putrefaction as when you make urinous spirit of plants tho plants of the same species are found in different countrys yet their qualities are verry different according to the diversity of the climate & [illegible] where in they are found. Hypericum in England is not so good as in Spain, for the spanish is verry viscous & of a delicate flavour which qualities are not found in the English the oil make of the Spanish plant is much better than that drawn from the English so that we must not wonder when wee read in ancient authors of the virtues of their simple & compound medicines, tho they are not equalled by those of our own country the difference proceeding purely from the climate as we see in the vine that produce canary, the original of which was transported from the Rhine it is observed also that different climes have different effects upon animals also, as well as plants in hounds for example the best of which being transported into France, will loose their quickness of scent. Of Mineralls. Under the head of minerall, are to bee considered first the six mettalls, gold silver, copper, lead, iron, tin. And tho mercury bee numbered among the mettals, yet they may equal the number of the planetts, whose names they also bear yet nothing is to bee esteemed a mettal but to the ductile ther are also imperfect minerals which have a body metallick tho with so much dross & impurity intermixed yet it is not worth while to work upon them. The Elector of Saxony in his museum has a white stone like marble out of which silver to the weight of 4 ounces appears to drop as gums do from trees. These stones wee call marcasite of this or that mettal according to which they produce what wee call spar is the marcasite of Saturn, for there are no lead mines but have this spar And the more it abounds the richer the mine is. And this is the reason why rich persons who can afford it, when they find a rich mine will not break it up till a long time after that it may grow richer by the spars [?eading] of it as wee see plainly that chalk nourishes flint, for generally where there is chalk there is flint, but never without it. Gold in Guinea which is brough [illegible] in quadrangular grains, is found among the ponds by the sides of rivers with rivers passing through the gold mines carry the gold along with their stream; they find it also in digging their ground but without any marcasite. But in Hungary where there are rich gold mines they find a great deal of antimony, which is thought by some to bee the marcasite of gold; whence several chymists have endeavoured to extract gold from it but with great loss of time and no profit. in the river which runs thro the kingdom of Granada into the Mediterranean, is found a great quantity of mineral gold, 3 ounces of which will yield 2 of pure gold, much richer than the Hungarians and tis not doubted but that there are gold mines at the source of that river but the land is so rigorous against any one that searches after them for fear of spoyling’ their comerce & made, & least they should bee invaded by their enemies, for the [illegible] of their gold, add to this the slothfullness & ignorance of the inhabitants; upon these accounts this treasure is unprofitable. Tis certain the old Romans had their gold fro Spain, the gold’ which was used in Solomons temple was likewise fetched from thence for the people of those times being little skilled in navigation can be supposed to fetch it from no other place. Some authors of good repute will have gold to bee a vegetable in the ground, and that like a tree it has roots, trunk, boughs, etc. whether it be so or no we cannot certainly tell but this we observe in coal mines, that their original begins as small as a litle plant, & by degrees encreaseth & tis observed by the colliers that that fibre which appears verry small at first, will grow in 30 years as thick as a mans arm, from this various other fibres proceed, & grow long like branches of a tree the same is observed in lead, & without doubt tis so with all other mettals. Salts also are found in mines, as sal gemmae, vitrislum caraleum, rock alum, rock salt, which wee have found in Lancashire 20 yards below the surface of the earth this rock salt the inhabitants dissolve in water then boyle it, & so make their salt which is of comon use among us, and tis a great pity they should so much mistake the matter as to put themselves to the trouble & charge of boyling it for the salt is verry much weakened by the ebullitions, and it would bee much more serviceable to preserve meat att sea, if wee should only take it and beat it to powder: even more than the French salt now in use. The republick of Venice has a mine of the same salt in Dalmatia, but they do not boyle it only beat it small, and so sell it. The salt which used in the kingdom of Valentia, Catalonia & other places thereabouts is found in mines fit for use. This salt is verry usefull in salting codfish, and the like; but they transport it & ignorantly make use of bay salt, salt peter is also a mineral & brought to us from the Indies, tho there is a great quantity of it in Spain, but it is never dug up but in time of war to make gunpowder of. Of mercury argentum vivum. [illegible] Mercury is a liquid mineral body, of which there are two sorts, one call’d virgin mercury, because in splitting the rock or stone from which mercury is distilled (which stone is known by the name of cinnabar) some of the mercury will run from the vein into the cavities of the rock, which is therefore called virgin because it never suffers the fire, as the other doth, which is made after the following manner viz by grinding the stone, & putting it soe ground into an iron retort, & applying to the retort a large stone receiver half full of water; then by the force of the fire the quicksilver rises in vapours, & being condens’d by the water falls down to the bottom in that form we see it. In several places of Europe we find great quantities of mercury, especially in Spain, near Corduba where there is a plentifull mine which is of great use to the Spaniards in separating their silver from the dross, which is done by amalgamation. A Spanish authour tells us that before he taught ‘em the use of quicksilver they had no other method of separating their silver but by fusion only. and that he himself with the help of quicksilver got out of the dross so much silver, as amounted to twenty thousand pound sterling. Tho there is quick-silver in America, yet they have not enough for their use, so the Spaniards ballast their galleons with the quick-silver of their own country, which they tye up in bladders, which they buy of the English & Dutch merchants. I cannot imagine what made Lomery dream of making a sublimation of mercury & silver, which when finished we call cinnabaris officinalis, only to make it more commodious for transportation, when this cinnabar is in America, they distill the mercury again from the cinnabar, as we do from the mineral stone at first. This would be soe laborious, as well as expensive that it would by no means answer the design. But the merchants understand better & transport it after the aforesaid manner. Mercury abounds very much in the Hungarian mines, which [state] [emperour] being in great want of money pawned to the Dutch for a certain term of years, which raised the price from thrre and sixpence to eight and sixpence per pound. but lately we have had some brought from China, exceeding good & far excelling the European, which has lower’d the price. The best of all we have from Persia. the purer the cinnabar is, the purer also is the mercury. In some mines you will find the mercury mixt with arsenick, [o?p??t] & other impure mineral substances which impure bodies are found mixt with the Persian cinnabar. If you take 12 ounces of fine Persian cinnabar will pwoder’d, & mingled with 24 ounces of sal tartarum powder’d also [with] sal tartarum must be dissolved in water, filtrated, & evaporated ad siccitate to clean it from all terrestrious bodies which may be mingled with it, otherwise you will be deceiv’d in the experiment. But this powder into a proportionable retort, yet the powder may fill only the 4th part of it, which rule is commonly observed as other experiments but tis not universal. Place your retort in a calotte on a furnace, & so by degrees begin your distillation you will perceive the mercury ascend in vapours, when the vapours begin to ascend, keep and exact moderate fire, otherwise you will endanger your glasses, & if at last you must raise your fire, you must do it gradually, the necessity whereof you will perceive by the slow ascent of the vapours; when this distillation is finished, which you will perceive by the vapours not rising at all, you will find in your receiver 10 ounces of pure mercury distilled from the twelve ounces of cinnabar before mentioned. This mercury exceeds all others for the barometer by reason of its purity, for tho all mercury grows thick & pure by losing its more volatile parts, yet this will last much longer than any other. If you put lake water in your retort, and shake it a little, and then let it settle the water will dissolve your sal tartarum, and the sulphur will precipitate; decant gently the water impregnated with the aklalick salt, and put fresh warm water on the sulphur; shake it, let it settle, then decant it, repeat this operation 3 or 4 times, till the sulphur is [edalcorated]. This sulphur tho tis not used, either through ignorance or because tis ear, is doubtless an excellent medicine, for it is sulphur fixum [maturumg?] & the good effects of Persian cinnabar in the epilepsie are attributed to the sulphur, more than to the mercury. mercury is seldom us’d internally except in the distemper call’d miserere mis, which is an inversion of the peristaltick motion of the gutt. In this case the patient takes 3 or 4 pd of mercury. Afterwards apply’d as the elixir vitrioli, [mynsiethi] etc. sometimes the mercury runs through by its own weight & activity without any effect. There is no other remedy yet found out but that of large shot taken after the same manner & if this fails, the patient certainly dies. Crude mercury is given in no disease but the [morbus] [gallicus] Take 4 ounces of mercury, 6 of common turpentine, put em into a mortar & stir ‘em with a wooden pestle, the mercury will be by that [illegible] per minimas & so incorporated with the turpentine, that it cannot be [illegible] which the vulgar call mercuriaum extinctum, then take 5 ounces of antimony finely pulveriz’d, 4 ounces of coloquintida powder’d also, mix ‘em all together in the same mortar, in massa pilulari. The dose is half a drachm every 3 days. Of amber succinum [illegible] Amber is a liquid bituminous substance, ‘tis found in many countries, in Europe especially, & particularly in the kingdome of Prussia there are of it 5 sorts, the red, white, black, yellow, & the vegetable amber. They are all, except the vegetable, of the same nature, & the difference of colour proceeds from the different subterranean heats, where the heat is more intense the amber is blacker, where weaker, the amber is paler. The vegetable is always clear and transparent, [because] this bituminous substance passing through the ducts of the trees which grow where this bituminous substance abounds, becomes [thorally] [more] rarefied. This bitumen rises from the bottom of the sea to the surface & is by the waves driven to the shore when we find an Insect inclos’d in amber, we may reasonably conclude that to be vegetable amber for tis contrary to the nature of butterflies, ants, & such like insects to approach so near the sea as is requisite for this purpose. But these insets coming upon the trees from which amber proceeds, stick to it when liquid, till more sweating out quite covers ‘em. Tis true fishes have been found inclos’d in amber as may be seen in the K of [illegible] museum. amber was us’d by the antients per se, particularly in partu difficili, & in several other cases, as you may find in authours. It [illegible] moderns also, as we shall show when we come to treat of the distillation of amber tis us’d also by mechanicks, who turn it artificially, as they do ivory, & of it make cups, and other things ad libitum In the emperours museum, as well as the King of Prussia’s, there are large vessels of amber, which, though they seem to be one intire piece of amber, yet if you nicely observe ‘em, you will find ‘em to be made of several pieces artificially joyn’d together. amber pulveriz’d is often mixt with tobacco, which renders it cephalick, & cooler to the taste, ‘tis us’d also in fumigations. Of coral Corallium [illegible] Coral is a marine plant of a lapiduous substance, there are of it 3 sorts, the red, which is the best, the white, and the black, which is very rare the two first are only us’d in physick, but the red chiefly. Authours differ very much concerning the nature & growth of this plant. some affirm that ‘tis soft growing, and that coming into the air it hardens this they prove from the testimony of the inhabitants of Sicily, where the most & best grows. Others affirm that ‘tis hard in the sea also. The latter opinion seems the more probable and the mistake of those that think it is soft in the water seems to have risen from hence in that they mistake a slimy substance soft to the touch, which often covers the coral, for the coral it self. There is at Rome the skull of a man taken up out of the Sicilian sea, cover’d all over with coral as with hair. There be several sorts of the red coral, as the tubatum, and another sort of true coral which has leaves and flowers like other plants. Sir Tho: Willoughby has of this sort, which I mention’d the last There are several sorts of the white, the most solid is the best. The black is much of the same nature with the red, but more bituminous, from whence it’s colour proceeds. but the sulphur of the red is more pur of like nature is the plant which we call coralina, as also what we call corallium flavum spongiosum; the former is much us’d in physick, as for children troubled with worms. Tis also an ingredient in several [galonical] compositions. If you take a pound of red coral, and without bruising put it into a retort, then place your retort up in a reverberatory furnace, [?ute] to it a receiver, and augment your fire to the extremity of reverberation for 20 hours, you will have a least 6 ounces of an oil substance not unlike petroleum, there will remain nothing in the retort but the coral calcin’d ad albodinom, which if you weigh exactly, notwithstanding the loss of the liquor, you will find very little diminished for the fire having separated the acid parts of the coral, it will draw to it any acid it can get and the nearest are the acid particles of the fire. If you powder the calcind coral and put upon it the materia distillata, the alkaly will absorb it’s proper acid with great avidity; which you may perceive by the heat it produces, and in this motion a great quantity of the igneous particle will evaporate and if you put upon this mass alcohol vini and digest it in a matrass you will have the tincture of coral all the methods that have hitherto been us’d for making this tincture of coral all the [illegible] & deceitfull and participate nothing of the coral for some [monst???] will turn red by long digestions without the coral as well as with it and tho’ the spirit of honey by long digestion will turn redder with coral than without it, yet the reason it that it proceeds not from coral [quat?nus] coral, but because tho’ those two vessels are in equal heat, yet that wherein the coral is, by reason of the solidity of the coral, will retain the heat longer, and so facilitate the internal oil which is invisibly in the menstruum to become manifest in the tincture. If you sublime sal armoniack with powder of coral it will receive a red tincture, and so will sal armoniack sublim’d without coral this is sufficient for an instance, tho’ we want not many others, to prove that authors both ancient & modern have been deceiv’d in this tincture, ‘tis no reason that because fire will alter the colour of coral it should therefore make the menstruum impregnated with it for any heat will alter the colour of coral. Of spunge spongia [illegible] Spunge is a fungus marinus, ‘tis found in all the asiatic [illegible] sea, & in the eastern part of the mediterranean, it grows for the most part at the bottom of the sea jupon the rocks, from whence it receives it’s nourishment, from whench by the violence of tempestuous weather tis torn & so washed to the shore, where ‘its found taken up & dried. It has been of opinion of some that spunge is nothing but the froth of the sea, made by the agitation of the waters, in storms, & tempests, and afterwards condensd by the heat of the sun into that substance. But this opinion is groundless. Tis much in use among mechanicks, and so well known, that we [illegible] not mention it. It’s use in physick is but small, except amongst the [Switz] & Grisons, & the neighbouring parts, the people of that country generally bring troubles with a swelling in their throat, which is occasion’d by their eating their victuals boiled in snow water, which runs from the hills, and drinking of the same water. The apothecaries of that country take spunge and dry it, then powder it, and mix it with sugar, & with the mucilaginous gum of tragacantha make it up in to lozenges; by continually chewing of which, they preserve themselves from this distemper, these lozenges drying up and absorbing the mortified humour. Of the sea scink scincus marinus. [illegible] The sea scink is an amphibious animal, much like a lizard, it’s skin is smooth, and shining like that of a chamaeleon, the antients had a particular veneration for this animal, & made great use of it in physick. Mithridates King of Pontus in compounding these [mod??] which still bear his name, invented by himself to prevent any accident of poison, made this animal the basis of his composition and without doubt, it was in use long before The Turks at this time made a powder of it, and take it in sherbet or any other liquor, to strengthen themselves. The lizard is like animal only different in colour, & bigness. The [lacertus] amonicanus is the largest and most beautifull, having all the colours of the rain=bow; the Portuguese is the next. The Italian is very small, having it’s upper part of a gray colour, it’s belly white, they are very inoffensive, and live upon insects. These lizards are never us’d, but in this peculiar case viz to preserve the hair, or make it grow against lost for which the oil of them is commended, which is made after the following method. Take a flask of comon oil, fix it in [Bal??o] Marine, by boiling your water, the oil will boil also, when your oil boils put in your lizards, according to proportion; keep it boiling till the animals are dissolved, then strain it through a cloth, to separate the bones and skin, and preserve it for use oleum viporarum, bufonum, etc. are made after the same manner. Sperma Ceti Sperma ceti is nothing but the brain of a whale, which you first warm in a kettle, to facilitate the separation of the oil from it, which is afterwards done by expression, what remains in the [press] you warm a 2d time over a slow fire, stirring it continually, and then [press] it again by this means your sperma ceti will be purified, and separated from the oyl it will be very white if well done, which you then crumble with your hands, and so ‘tis fit for sale. It was us’d by the antients, as now by the moderns both externally & internally, internally per se vel [commisctim] in difficili partu, externally in unguentis et emplastris resolutivis. Of Isinglass Icthyocolla Ising=glass is made by the peope of Norway, Lapland, and those northern parts, of the skin, fins, and gute of fish; these they boil to a jelly, then straining ‘em through a cloth they clean ‘em from all impurity; this when cold will be a hard transparent jelly. this they cut in pieces, & hang upon lines to dry, when tis about half dry, they roll it up, in that form we have it, and then dry it throughly. IT is not made of any particular fish, as some have imagin’d, but of all glutinous fish, especially cod & ling ‘tis not made of the bladders of fish, as Sir Francis Willoughby suppos’d, for that, considering the vast quantity that is us’d all over the world, is impossible. It is us’d in physick both internally & externally, seldom per se, ‘tis us’d internally, because it’s glutinous substance not only corroborates the weak relax’d viscera, but also takes off all the acid & acrimonious salts, which are the principal occasion of some distempers. Tis us’d also externally, as in decoctions, sometimes per se sometimes mixt with roses, myrrh, etc. which is us’d in bathing the [illegible], ankles, or any relax’d joynts. Tis of great use amongst mechanicks, of it they make their finest glue, which they use in gluing violins, & other fine work. The vintners use it in [fin?ing] their wines. Of Spanish flies Cantharides. [illegible] The Spanish flies never appear but in hot weather, & then they swarm in the air in prodigious numbers, the inhabitants can smell ‘em at the distance of 10 miles, which is caus’d by the prodigious effluvia of their acrimonious salt. AT sunsetting they generally fall upon a garden, or some fertile place, for after sunset they cannot flie, and they never feed but in the night, in the space of which so great are their numbers, they will destroy the product of the ground, for a vast circumference. The inhabitants who by their smell know where they are, go towards ‘em with long poles & large sheets, & so take ‘em, which makes sufficient amends for their loss they carry ‘em home, and suffocate ‘em with the fumes of boil’d vinegar; then they sell them to the merchants. we call ‘em Spanish-flies because we have ‘em chiefly from Spain But they are much more numerous in Africa. nor do they as far as we can find multiply in Spain, but come thither from Africa which we are the rather inclin’d to believe, because there are more of ‘em in the single province of Andaluzia when the sea is not very broad, than in all Spain besides. Cantharides are us’d in physick internally, & externally, tho’ internally they ought to be given with great caution, either an infusion of ‘em, in warm milk, or else mix ‘em with the mucilaginous gum of tragacantha after the following manor beat cantharides, and gum of tragacantha together to a paste in a stone mortar with a wooden pestle for if you beat ‘em in a metallick mortar, the acrimonious salt of the cantharides will prey upon it, and make a considerable alteration. This is a general rule in all such like cases. continue beating ‘em til lyour cantharides are divided per minimas, which you may know when there is nothing that appears shining then take your paste, & lay it flat upon a stone to dry when it is well dried, powder it fine, and make it into a paste and time, adding to it first a little more of the gum then dry it again and powder it, and so the 3d time, & so preserve it for use. In soe doing you will reduce the cantharides into an impalpable powder, without any damage to your self, which without the gum might have been offensive & dangerous, it will likewise being given internally, prevent its sticking to the intestines, which is apt to cause ulcerations. This was used externally amongst the antients in plaisters, in making of which they were very cautious, they pulverized them very well, and mixt them with a paste, then put in a little vinegar and some powder of euphorbium, & so spread it for use. The modern way of making these plaisters you may see in the Pharmacopoea Londinonsis There are other animals which abound with this acrimonious salt, but in a less degree. There are in Spain a large sort of pismires, with wings, they smell strong like cantharides, & are of a deep red colour. Physicians make an oil of these by infusion; take of these living creatures, & put them into a bottle half full of sallet oil, or oil of almonds, & fill the bottle up with ‘em expose your bottle to the air & sun in the heat of summer, then when you have occasion to make use of them, strain them through a cloth This is us’d in a palsie sometimes per se, sometimes mixt cum unguento martiato, et camphora oleogs succini,. by [an???ting] the neck to the spina dorsi cantharides are us’d by the chymists take a pound of fresh cantharides, & distill ‘em in a retort, you will have two parts out of three of volatile salt which will have a great deal of spirit and phlegm impregnated with it. (all volatile spirits are nothing but volatile salts diluted in phlegm) the remaining third part will be half oyl, & half caput [mor???] which oyl with the spirit put into a small retort, & distilled again very slowly will produce an oyl of a fine ruby colour, free fro any volatile salt, or terrestrious body; separate the oil from the spirit, & preserve it for use. the first volatile salt as well as the second which is the spirit is of no use in physick, because therein is contain’d all the acrimonious salt of the cantharides but the oyl is used with good success, externally, and internally. Cantharides should be kept in glasses close stopt, otherwise by reason of their continual effluvia they will soon lose their [vert???] Of the Sea Crab. Cancer Marinus [illegible] There are abundance of them in the German and English seas the biggest in the world are in the Welsh sea. the claws are prepared after the same manner as coral, and are the basis of pulvis chela cancrorum, a known cardiacum oyster shells are to be cleaned by washing, and then expos’d to the air for 4 or 5 months, then strike ‘em with a hammer, & the outward coats will fall off, and the pearls remain. this bare ground as coral, may be used per se, or in composition, oysters ought not to be used calcined, because by calcination they lose that noble salt, which is the active principle and instead thereof are impregnated with igneous particles as appears by its roughness and acrimonious taste, tho’ they may be used in chirurgery. Egg-shells are also to be us’d without calcination and to demonstrate the different nature of these bodies you cannot calcine an egg-shell, tho’ you spread it then in a reverberatory furnace, in less than 4 days, with a continual fire but you make an oyster shell calcine in 5 or 6 hours; and the chela cancrorum in about 12. crabs eyes oculi cancrorum The cancer fluviatilis is a reptile of the bigness of a frog, of the shape of a lobster, found in shallow rivers in the cavities of the banks, which they themselves make the oculi cancrorum are found in July and August, in the head of these animals, under their eyes in the figure of a small mushroom in stead of which, sometimes you find a piece of flesh, of the same figure, these stones gathered when throughly hard are smooth, and white, with a little reddish tincture, sometime transparent, they break like glass, and are composed of thin shells, stratum super stratum like pearl, they are prepar’d as coral the meat of this fish is very stomachick, therefore broths are made of it very delicious & wholesome. The crabs eyes us’d in England are much bigger, but of the same shape, they break like chalk, & are more [???ly] pulveriz’d, they are brought from the north, and are suppos’d to be the eyes of another sort of marine crab because [in?ours] no such thing is found they are likewise suppos’d to be falsified, and made in a mould of clay; because when pulveriz’d, they are gritty and sandy/ they were us’d by the antients in cordial waters, electuaries and cephalick powders but more used by the moderns. Of Angelica. the root of angelica is brought from Spain, being the same sort of plant with that we have in England, but that which grows in Greece is most aromatick, the English is of little value, the plant being very small, that which grows in Spain is about two yards and one half high, having a strong stalk, and very gummous, the root from one head spreads into several branches; tis gathered in February and March, before the stalk be grown too high, when it’s well clean’d, and dried, it must be kept close, because it abounds with a volatile salt. It’s taste is very aromatick, ‘tis used in almost all cordial electuaries., ‘tis a good [alexipharmacon]. Aqua angelica is made of it, which is a noble sudoirifick, ‘tis used in perfumed waters, the seed are of the same use, and are very oleus and gummous, this plant dried & distilled yeilds an excellent aromatick oyl, and the root is [????led] and excellent volatile salt. Of birthwort. Aristalochia longa et rotunda [illegible] it grows all over Italy and the eastarn parts of France, but that which are of a yellowish green, the stalk woody, and twisted, about a yard high, the roots when dry shrink, those that shrink least are the best. the rotunda is most esteemed because it’s salt is most volatile, they are both of a bitter taste, but not nauseous, both used in stomachical decoctions, they resist putrefaction, are an ingredient in vinis medicatis, in electuaries and plaister of Paracelsus, the powder is used in incarnatives the infusion in wine half a pint a morning for a month together will cure the fistula in ano before ‘tis ulcerated, or hasten the cure when proper medicines are applied outwardly. Of white bryony bryonia alba is a plant common all over Europe, especially in this part of England, it grows generally in hedges, and runs up trees like the virginian creeper ‘tis a bacciferous plant, it’s stalk and leaves are small of a pale green it bears a small white flower, and red berries. it’s seeds are small yellow and flat, it’s root white & thick & very milky, of an ungratefully smell take this root when green, and grate it, then press it, it will yeild a milky substance. let it settle 24 hours, decant the clear liquor from the white settlement, then dry the settlemt upon a sand furnace, when dry preserve it for use. this is facula bryoniae, which is used in the Kingsevil, ‘tis emetick and cathartick, consult Ray upon [Zacut??] Lusitanicus his discourse of white bryony, this experiment never fails but cures the Kings-evil either by breaking the glandules or dissolving ‘em if it breaks ‘em continue your cataplasm till the cure be perfect; if it dissolves ‘em give the following purge to carry off the floating humour, viz, Take of mercurius dulcis 12 grains, of rosin of jalap 8 grains, of [e??????] rudii half a drachm, make these into pills, and give half over night and half [illegible] at morning repeat this as oft as you see occasion. There is another sort called bryonia nigra, which is seldom used in physick. Of turmerick curcuma. Tis brought from the East Indies, and is the root of a plant which bears long and narrow leaves; there are two sorts brought to us, the one long, the other round, ‘tis doubted whether from the same plant, but the vertue, colour and taste of both is the same, ‘tis a specifick in the jaundice, and is used in dying. Of spurge esula This plant is a species of the tithymalus, it’s root is gathered in the spring or autumn which is the proper season for gathering roots, because they are then more succulent, wash it then steep it in a vessel of vinegar, then slice your root length ways and separate your cortex from the ligneous substance. dry the cortex by the sun, and preserve it for use. The vinegar wherein it is steeped serves to correct the acrimonious salt of this plant, as in cantharidies. Of gentian gentiana. The best we have comes from Italy, in May it produces a purple flower it’s leaves like those of white hellebore, but of a deeper green, its root cilea cannot only be divided into branches; the outside of the root is of a dark yellow the inside of a yellow red. Some use only the cortex of this root when green in infusions, and decoctions; attributing most vertue to it. this root has abundance of saline particles, and very few resinous. It is an excellent alexipharmick, and therefore used in all compositions of that kind. the infusion or decoction of this root is given in intermitting [illegible] sometimes per se, sometimes commixtim. Of Hermodactyls. Hermodactylus Tis brought from grand Cairo, and Aleppo, is a species of the satyrion, of a sweetish taste, like agarick, the best is white withing, & reddish without, of the figure of an heart. it was used by the antients in antipodagrical powders, and electuaries, not much us’d by the moderns, tis not so resinous as agarick, for it may be pulveriz’d, which agarick cannot. Of Jalap Jalapium It comes from Alexandria and Smyrna, it is a root of the fiture and bigness of a parsnip, tis cut in pieces and so dried, when green tis black without, and white within, and lacteous, as all resinous roots are. when dry ‘tis dark coloured within, which proceeds from the condensation of the rosin. There is another sort which when dry is as white as mechoacan; it is less valuable because less resinous when dry, and less milky when green, this has occasioned some to think that white jalap and mechoacan are the same but tis a mistake, for a peice of white jalap is twice as heavy as a peice of mechoacan of equal bulk jalap is used in electuaries as mechoacan, & is an ingredient’ in antipodagrical powders. chymists make a rosin of it. Of Mechoacan. Mechoacana. Tis a root brought from the East Indies of a thick lacteous substance when green, like bryone ‘twas much us’d by the antients in electuaries, pills, and powders, which purge the pituata and serous humours, ‘tis us’d in antipodagrical medicines and often in the dropsie. tis thought to be a sort of bryony but better than ours from the climate. Chymists extract a rosin from it, as from other resinous roots. the whitest and heaviest is the most preferable, tis also brought from [Americas] Of Rhubarb Rabarbarum [illegible]. The root of a plant so called by the Romans, from the river Rha now Volga where it grows, and barbarum, after Pompey con2uered pentas the Romans there found this root, only more oblong than the common rhubarb, which for distinction sake they called Rha-Ponticum and this is all the knowledge the antients had of it they not being acquainted with China from whence the best we have comes but from what particular province it comes, we are altogether ignorant, only this we known, that ‘its brought to Aleppo from India extra gargem that which is heaviest is the best, it appears yellowish externally, internally of a yellowish red colour. It has an agreable bitterness and feels rough and astringent upon the tongue. It was of great repute amongst the antients, and was used in their best compositions, as theriaca andromachi etc. tis both purgative and corroborative, tis used with success in the diarrhoea, but to make it more proper they used to [???rifie] it, to augment it’s astringent, and lessen it’s laxative quality, tis used often in mastication, to corroborate the ventricles and create an appetite. We have very seldom any of the true Rha-Ponticum, what is commonly sold for it by the apothecaries is nothing but lapathum major which is of a different nature. Of Madder. Rubia Tinctorum. Tis the root of a plant common in Spain, whose stalk grows about 4 foot high, is square, and nodous and has upon every knot five oblong leaves, rough like borage. This root is used in the bloody flux, fluor albus, etc. tis also used by Dyers. Of Virginian Snakeweed. Serpentaria Virginiana. Tis a root full of small fibres, of a little plant with small leaves, tis of a bitter aromatick taste, and balsamick smell, tis a [great] alexipharmick; it grows not only in Virginia, but in many parts of Asia, for it was much used by the Greeks, and Arabs, in all their Alexipharmick composition. A strong tincture of this root made with generous wine was always used against the biting of venemous beasts. This tincture given often a spoonfull at a time is very good to bring away the gravel, and to give ease in the stone, and continued every morning will compleat the cure, it was added by the Roman physicians to theriaca andromachi reformata. Of the Misseltoe of the Oak Viscus Quercinus. It grows all over Europe, though not very plentifully, no other misseltoe is used in physick; of this there are two sorts, one of a yellow coloured cortex, which grows in England; that which grows in Italy is of a dark coloured cortex, and smoother than the English. The Italians prefer their own. It was much used by the antients in epileptical cases. Some of it grows a yard and half high full of joints which are easily broken, it bears a white transparent berry somewhat bigger than pepper, which is full of seed, and when ripe very viscous. It bears few leaves somewhat oblong but very thick of a yellowish green, which it retains tho the leaves of the Oak dye. The antients made rings of it against epilepsies, and used the powder per se, or in composition for epilepsus vertigo’s, etc. Of Agarick. Agaricum. It is a fungous substance arising from the larch-tree; the best is light, white, and frangible, sapore subdulei et amaro, it doth not arise as other fungus’s in one night, but is a year in coming to perfection; ‘tis a moderate cathartick, the antients used to correct it with sal gemmae, as you may see in [illegible] Pharmacopoea tis used by the moderns in extracto rudii and per se. Of Sal Ammoniack. Sal Ammoniacum. This salt was of great esteem among the antients for its peculiar quality and the veneration they had for jupiter ammon, to whom they attributed the virtue of it, and from whom it takes its name, we have at present none of that sort which they used, for that was the product of the urine of camels, traveling in caravans, to Jupiter’s temple, which being [condeased] by the heat of the sun, was gathered by travellers; and that only was used in physick. but they quantity of that being very small in comparison of what was used afterwards, the Venetian merchants found out an artificiall way of making that which we use att present under the same name. They take the urine of camels and boyl it wile ‘tis fresh, mingled with common salt and soot to the consistance of a poultace, then cover the pot with a cover made of earth of a conicall figure, having a hole at the top whereby the moisture may exhale; the sal ammoniack will stick to the sides: the sublimatum being completed, they put in more of the matter to boyl as before; and so] repeat the sublimation to the third or fourth time, then they break the bot, & the sal ammoniack is fit for use. the first that used it chymistry was Glauberus which was but lately. He was the inventor of spiritus salis ammoniaci, by which many have since gotten good estates, tho he dyed very poor. Of Myrobalans. Myrobalani. There are five sorts of them, vix. indae, citrinae, chebulae, bellericae, emblicae. they are cathartick fruits which are brought from India; when you use them you must separate the pulp from the stone, they were of great use among the antients, but neglected by the moderns because they loose their virtue in the long transportation. Of Coloquintida Colocynthis. [illegible] Tis a sort of wild gourd, growing after the manner of other gourds, only its leaves are darker and ore rough, the fruit is round like a large apple, smooth & white; it grows in Barbary wild by the river sides, there are great quantities of it in Spain also, the inhabitants peel it and expose it to the sun, til it is thoroughly dry, then they put it into bags as we do hops and send it over to us. ‘Tis used externally & internally, it abounds with an acrimonious salt, which often causes very ill effects therefore the antients never gave it per se, but corrected it in that composition which is called trochiscus achandall this is given internally for the dropsy, externally to kill the worms in children, which is done by boiling oil & wine worm-wood coloquintida, & [di??amus] creticus, boyl these ad consumptionem vini which you will perceive when the oyl begins to bubble, then strain the oyl & dissolve in it the gall of beasts and pix navalis, with this anoint the childrens navels, nostrils, temples, & wrists, it will not only kill the worms but purge them also. Of the Pudding-Pipe-Tree. Cassia fistularis. ‘Tis the product of a tree like a peach tree only bigger, it grows both in the east & west Indies, that brought from grand Cairo is the best & largest, it is sometimes 20 inches long & 4 bout, especially the garden cassia. The best is black, shining, & ponderous, before it is ripe ‘tis of a beautifully green, the inhabitants candy it & send it to us pots, but the candy’d cassia is not good for women with child, for the exterior crotex, either green, candy’d, or ripe dried to powder causes abortion, & is never given but in partu difficil or to expel a dead foetus. the seeds that are among the pulp are of a red colour, and stony substance, of no use in physick, the pulp is of a temperate heate & humid, therefore when physitians give it in a bolus, they always add a little powder or oyl of aniseeds, or some hot seeds, the candy’d cassia, as well as the ripe pulp is a fine gentle purge; the pulp has little smell but a gratefull taste, ‘tis given in fevers & is the basis of the lenitive electuary, & some others. ‘tis used in lenitive clysters. The pulp is externally apply’d to inflammations, ‘tis not used by the chymist or mechanick to get the pulp for use you must break the cortex, in the sutures and drive out the pulp seeds and values together into a plate then moisten it a little with any distilled water, and stir it when it is well moistened roll it upon a sieve with a wooden spatula, that the [illegible] may goe through, and the seeds and values remain behind. If you would keep it for any time or use it in an electuary you design to keep, evaporate it in balneo arenae ad consistentiam S.A. after this method use the pulp of tarmarinds etc. ‘tis given in a bolus with cremor tartari to cool and cleanse the ureters. Of the Winter Cherry. Alkekengi. sive [illegible] It is common in gardens, the berry is ripe in October or November, and is used in decoctions aperitive per se, vel commixtim, and in trochisseo de alkekengi for the stone and gravel. These trochisci pulveriz’d are properly given in the pulp of cassia fistularis with a little cremor tartari. the berry is used externally to ease pain. Of the Nutmeg. Nux Moschata [illegible] The nutmeg comes from Ceylon, and the Molucca Islands; it grows upon a small tree the kernel is inclosed in a thin hard shell, over which grows the mace, about which is a thick cortex, like that of a green wall-nut; when ‘tis green and the shell and cortex soft, ‘tis preserved by the inhabitants and sent to us in pots. when it is more ripe, and the exterior cortex broke of, while the mace is upon the shell, it is sometimes preserved and sent to us. those that we have are only the kernel and want both mace and cortex. Oyl of nutmeg is made as we have shown in our chymicall lecture de oleo stillatitis. This oyl is used per se externally for cold pains, ‘tis the basis of balsamum apolecticum. Chymists make a tincture of nutmegs with alcohol, which is nothing but a dissolution of the more oleous parts of the nutmeg, depurated from the terrestrious. tis not used by mechanicks unless in perfumes. Of Dates Dactylus. [illegible] The fruit of the Palm-tree, of an oblong figure, of a pulpy substance, like a fig, with a large stone, of a sweet taste like sugar, used by the Asiaticks for food, as figs in Italy; ‘tis the basis of electuarium diapharicon, the pulp of Dates is apply’d to ripen humours, which proceeds from its fermentative quality. The Asiaticks [diluto] dried dates in warm water [illegible] it ferment, & thereof make a wine, & of that wine a spirit, and alcohol, the spirit is like that of raisons. Of the Cacao Nut. Tis a sort of amygdalus nut, of a thin shell, and gratefully taste, without any smell, the inhabitants eat it for food especially when they travell. ‘tis not used in physick but as restorative being very oleus. Chocolate is made of it by parching it, by which means the husk is separated from the kernell, which being ground upon a warme stone, and mixt with sugar is made into cakes. Oil may be made of it by expression, as of nutmegs. Of Vanilles. Vaynillus. They are somewhat like kidney-beans, only longer, of a black shining colour, very fragrant smell, and gratefull taste, and therefore called siligila moschata odoratu jucundissima. the texture of the siliqua is somewhat like the stalk of a ripe bean in the cavity of it, it contains a very small black seed. to incorporate it with chocolate, you must cut the siliqua with scissors and beat it in a morter with loaf-sugar, which helps to pulverize it. And so ‘tis used to mix with cacao nut to perfume it. ‘tis not used by physitians. Distill vanilles as you do oleum anisi, and they will make a noble essence. Of Myrtle Berrys. Baccae Myrh They are the product of an ever-green plant, of a round figure, like juniper berrys pulpous & full of white seeds, there are severall sorts of this plant, the Barbadoes myrtle has the largest leaves, which smell like mastick. they are much used in fumigations especially ad utorum. The flower of this plant is small and white, the whole plant is a good alexipharmick. The berry’s boyl’d in water will stick to the bottom, and upon the top of the water when cool, you will have a hard green wax, of which if you make candles it will burn like white wax and perfume the room, this wax is good for all sorts of bruises. Of Juniper Berries. Baccae Juniperis. They grow upon an evergreen shrub, which has always upon it green and ripe berries at the same time; as the orange and lemon trees. These berries are ripe in two years. they are plentyfull in the northern countries; before they are ripe they are green, when ripe black & shining, of a round figure, pulpous, with small brown seeds. They are odoriforous and of a gummy substance. The Germand depulp them when green as we do cassis fistularis, which is called theriaca germanorum. tis diuretick & diaphoretick. These berries are used in severall [gal?nicall] compositions. The chymists made an extract of them. You may distill oil from them but in a small quantity. Those berries being resinous are notwithstanding very tenacous. This oyl is sold cheap because it is adulterated in the distillation with spirit of turpentine, as for the most part all chymicall oyls of vegetables are; but ‘tis easily discovered, for rubing them upon you hand the volatile oyl will soon fly away & the turpentine only remains.’ Of Gums in generall. Gums are doubtless the [???est] part of vegetables, the best of them are brought from Asia & Arabia. Avicenna & [Avorrahes] among the Arabians, Galen & Hippocrates among the Greeks throughly understood the nature of gums of which they wrote large encomiums, tho among us their virtues are not so great. by reason that they are often adulterated, especially when dear; and likewise in that they suffer much damage by the length of the passage, the heat of the ship, and by being long kept afterwards. Laguna observes in his book & upon Dioscorides that since the improvement of navigation the virtue of drugs has possibly decay’d, for the aforesaid reasons, and that when they caryed drugs to Alexandria in caravans, and from thence by a short sea passage to Venice, & so to all parts of Europe they were then more excellent. And the same author observes that drugs carried but a hundred leagues by sea, suffer more than if they were carried a thousand by land. Pepper brought by sea to us loses its smell, nor will it recover it til it has been sometimes exposed to the air & often burn’d, & after all there will be some decay in it. The same may be said of clover etc. Some make a question how, so barron a country should produce such noble rich gums; but the reason is plain for ‘tis observable that the earth in all Asia & great part of Africa is very bituminous, which bituminous substance rarefi’d by the continually heat of the subterraneous fires is the basis of those gums as we see amber in a retort will rarefy it self by distillation into a cleare oyl. So in latu judaico there is found a great quantity of black bitumen, (which takes its name from the [lake].) which colour proceeds from nothing but the subterraneous heat for the amber melted into a glass vessell will loose its transparency, and turn of the same coour as bitumen judaicum, nor do these two bodys differ in their specifick gravity, quality or colour, from whence we may reasonably conclude that they are the same. The country people about Modena by digging holes of a conicall figure in the rocks thereabouts, will in a fortnight or three weeks time get great quantitys of oyl, which we call petroleum, this oyl is nothing but liquid amber There was not long time since neare London a spring found, which had an oyl upon the superficies of its water, like petroleum, it was much talk’d of, but considering the number of springs in other countries of the same nature, there was nothing extraordinary in it. This oyl was nothing else but petroleum brought by the spring from those rocks which bound with it. The olive tree thrives better in a rocky soil than any other, for they are nourished by the oleaginous juice of the rocks, so on the hills near Verona are the best olives in all Italy. The Luca olives are less pulpous & more woody; & doubtless the trees there want their due nourishment. That there is bitumen in the earth is evident from the mountains Aetna, & Vesuvius, & severall other eruptions. The Asiatick gums are combustible, as frankincence, benzoin, olibanum, etc. and doubtless they are all nourished by the same bituminous substance, which by various permentations and impressions, produces different qualaty’s as smell, taste etc. Gums are of 3 kinds, resinous, oleus, & aqueous; the resinous are of 3 kinds viz: 1 the forulaceous, which are five, to wit ammoniacum, galbanum, [b?ellium], sagaperum, opoponax. Those will not dissolve in oil, no pulverize, except when you mix them with other ingredients, & so beat them up, as when you make Venice treacle. Otherwise you must dissolve them in virdigras, and by evaporation reduce them to the consistency of an ungent, which you incorporate with other ingredients, as when you make emplastrum, paracelsi, diachylon cum gumi, unguentum apostolorum etc. The second species are those which are ambiguous, which are dissolved with oyl or alcohol vini. you dissolve them with oyl when you use them externally, as in plaisters and ungents. As the plaister of gum elemi, which is made by dissolving that gum in oyl, & adding to it yellow wax, so make a plaister of it, ‘tis used in strains & fractures of the head. generally those gums which will dissolve in oyl, will dissolve in honey also, as francincence etc. Of the third species are those that will dissolve neither in spirit, oyl, vinegar, now honey. Some of which will not pulverize as tragacantha cherry-[illgible] gum etc. but they will dissolve in water. Gummi arabicum, as well as euphorbium will pulverize & dissolve in water, the euphorbium will not dissovle in water. Gambodia will pulverize dissolve in water as well as in spirit. Gum senica & gum animi are seldom used, but when they are, you must pulverize them, because ‘tis difficult to dissolve them many menstruum gums are not only used in physick, as being as essentiall part of it but also by mechanicks, as we shall show in its proper place. Of Camphire. Camphora [illegible] Camphire is a gum the product of a beautifull tree, whose leaves are like those of an apricock; ‘tis the lacryma of this tree, & is at first limpid, but afterwards by the heat of the son grows hard and red. This tree grows very plentifully in the East-Indies, the best in the Island Borneo. we have also some from China not much inferior to the former. This camphire used to be brought to Alexandria, & so to Venice & the Venetians were famous for purifying of it, but since the improvement of navigation the English & Dutch doe it as well, ‘its purifyed after this manner. Grind the red camphire & sand together, sublime it,& what is impure will remain at the bottom of the sublimitory vessel. The quantity of the lacryma of this tree being so small in comparison of what is used, makes the inhabitants of China & Borneo dig up the tree by the roots, which abound with camphire as well as the trunk & branches, and cut the whole into small chips, the veins of which are full of shining camphire, these chips being boul’d in water, the camphire will swim to the top, which they skim of & dry in the air, and then purifye it by sublimation. This formerly the English and Dutch used to do at home. Camphire has allways been used internally with good success, ‘tis extoll’d by the moderns very much, especially the Dutch & Germans. particularly by [Crani?] Mr. P. at Leyden in his book de medicina practica, who seldom gave a prescription without it. He himself being in a small intermitting feaver making use of two much camphire turned it to a continued feaver changing all his blood into a phosphorus, so altho he lived seven years afterwards yet he was never free from his feaver. This camphire has been call’d sal volatile olessum but is more properly call’d acidum volatile olessum, because this is combustible the other not. Camphire is easily dissolved in oyl, honey & spirit of wine, but not absolutely in water. ‘Tis true camphire burnt in water and extinguished, will leave some flavour in the water, but it properly cannot be called a dissolution. Camphire is used in cosmmeticks, & the Europeans make cabinets of the wood, ‘twos thought by the antients that camphire hindered propagation, but we find the contrary, for the purifyers of camphire have generally more children than other people. Of Mastick Lentiscus. [illegible] Mastick is a gum of the shrub lentiscus, which grows all over Asia, but the most and best mastick comes from the island Chios. The grand Seignior forbids the exportation of this gum, til he has chose the best for his one use. The greatest use of it is ad misticandum, from whence it has its name, it preserves the teeth clean and firm, and the saliva mixt with it if swallowed helps digestion The mastick brought to us in England is generally in small drops, and very impure, & so dry that it may be easily pulverized. So that when we make use of it we are forc’d to pick the best, what the Turks use it in large pieces, as big as a wall-nut, which is only incrustated, the middle of it being liquid like Venice turpentine. That which we call Chios turpentine, if it is not mixt with Venice turpentine is nothing but pure liquid mastick, got by the incision of the tree; but the other flows from it spontaneously. Tis used in physick both externally and internally, externally in plaisters for the temples to prevent rheums and defluxions. Mechanicks make a varnish of it by mixing with alcohol vini, and decanting it from the dregs which will subside this they use to perserve pictures both prints and pieces of painting from dust. Of Aloes. Aloe [illegible] An inspissate juice, of a plant of the same name, which has a thick root somewhat fibrous, and of a tender substance, from it comes forth very thick leaves about a yard high, somewhat like house-leek, only the leaf is longer and sharp pointed. It grows wild in Asia & Africa, but they transplant it into gardens & cultivate it, there three sorts of it. the best comes from Succatra an island in eastern Africa. the inhabitants there live altogether by cultivating of it, from whenc ‘tis transported to all parts of Europe, ever to those places, where aloes are common. It is of a yellowish brown colour, when ‘tis in the [lump], ‘tis not so heavy as the other sorts, ‘tis also of a good flavour. the Asiatick is next in goodness, ‘tis brought to us from Smyrna, and is called hepatica from its liver colour, both sorts are of a compact substance, & shine when broke especially the succatrine. The third sort is much inferior to the others, ‘tis brough from Barbadoes, & from its nauseous smell is called caballina, but being cheap ‘tis often used instead of the other. Aloes is seldom used internally per se, because it abounds with an acrimonious salt, which is very pernicious to human body. as we observe that pure aloes, or [puts] where aloes predominate, will augment the [piles]. if a man be inclined to them, or cause them if much used; each of these genus’s, has two species the one is made by an incision of the leaves, at the time of the year when the begin to swell, at which incision the aloes sweats out very plentifully in glutinous substance, which being dryed in the sun, is put in bladders & kept for use. the other is made by bruising the leaves, & expressing the juice which being exposed to the sun, is condensed into that substance which is brought to us. This method the antients knew not, & it had been better if we had not; for the juice so prest is more foeculant, & abounds with more acrimonious salt, than that got by incision. [Merves] the Arabian physitian considering the danger of aloes in medicine, corrected it afte the following manner. He tooke a sufficient quantity of the juice of Damask roses in which he dissolv’d as much aloes as it would imbibe, then let it run through a cloth, & afterwards put it in a glass morter, & expos’d it to the hot sun, continually stirring it with a glass pestle, til it came almost to its proper consistence; this he dissolved again in more juice, ‘tis then called aloes rosata; & is the same with what we call scotch pills. This rule cannot be observed in England or Scotland, the heat of the sun being not sufficient, therefore we are forc’d to make use of balseum arenae, wherein great caution must be used [?oa?t] the aloes should be empyereumatick. the pill of russus, which is made according to the dispensatory here in England, is not the true pill of Ruffus, for his pills are made of aloes & gumous ammoniatici, & is the same with what we call pillula stomachica cum gummi. The Aethiopians made use of aloes in embalming. Of Scammony. Scammonium. [illegible] Tis the product of a root of the bigness of briony-root, it has a very small stock & sharp, pointed leaves like [alsine], it spreads like ground ivy. It grows in Asia & most pars of Africa, ‘tis brough to us from Smyrna & Alexandria The inhabitants dig it up in Italy, and make an incision on the side of the root, from whence issues a visid juice; this they put into bladders. then dry it in the sun, and so transport it to us in that substance we see it; the best is light and frangible, and when broke shines like lapis judaicus. Moisten it with spittle, and it will turn milkey, this may be weakoned among the succi condossati. There is a great quantity of it in Spain also, especially in that part which respects Africa, but the wool of the Spanish is smaller than the other, ‘tis of an acrimonious nauseous taste, therefore to make more usefull and less nauseous, tis connected after the following manner. Take a large quince, and cut a peice out of the top of it, and scoop out all the core, fill it with powder of scammony, & stop the hole with the peice you before took out; then cover your quince with a past a inch thick, and put it into an oven, let it stand til it be thoroughly bak’d, then break the crust, cut your quince and take out your scammony, spread it thin upon a smooth stone, & cut it into what forme you please. when tis dry preserve it for use. Of Elaterium [illegible] It is the foecula of the juice of cucumenis sylvestris, commonly called cucumis asiminus take the fruit when ripe & beat it in a stone morter, take care the juice don’t fly into your eyes, for tis very noxious, squeeze it in a press, let the juice settle, then decant it from the foeces, which foeces when dry are called elaterium, ‘tis used in dropsy, but it is violently cathartick, & emetick, it must be given therefore with great caution The dose is 4 grains. this fruit when throughly ripe, bursts it self with a great noise and scatters abroad its seed. The forementioned is the true method of making elaterium, tho some are of opinion tis nothing but the pulp scraped from the fruit and so dry’d Of Opium [illegible] The best and truest opium of the antients was brought from Thebes, and therefore called thebaicum. ‘tis got by making a incision in the heads of poppy’s in August, from whence distills a transparent lacryma, which by the heat of the sun grows black externally, but if you breake it ‘tis white within. The opium which we have in England France etc. is only a meconium made by expressing the juice of [?is??tall] puppies, which is thickened by evaporation, and then wrapt up in leaves to be sold here; But the Turks keep the [tears] of the poppy’s, or the true opium to themselves, & will not vend them abroad. Meconium is also made here of our garden poppy but there is as much difference between our & theirs, as between theirs & true opium. Opium is used per se in compositions. ‘tis the basis of theriaca andromachis, & of philonium, persicum, et romanum. chymists make an extract of it with common brandy. Gummi Ammoniacum [illegible] Tis brought to us from Syria and is the product of a ferulaceous plant, much like fennel onely higher it distills from the trunk in July and August and is white and transparent at first but [bom?] expos’d to the air is somewhat yellowish on the outside, but white within tis of a fragrant small, its taste somewhat soure and bitterish a volatile salt predommates in it, tis us’d per se internally and externally, internally in morbo uterino externally to dissolve hard knots, tumours, and bruises. This gum has a peculiar virtue in keeping the part to which it is applied in a continual exsudation This and all other ferulaceous gums dissolve onely in vinegar, strain the dissolution through a linnon cloth, to purifye it then evaporate it ad consistentium mellis and preserve it for use tis often sold adultrated with three parts of rosin. Tis questioned whether by dissolving, and evaporating it, you don’t lose a great part of the volatile salt because you may perceive a great flavour in the evaporation, but being opened by the vinegar it becomes more exalted than before. [It] may be perceived by the smell which is then very strong when you use this gum in pills you may incorporate it with your other ingredients in a warm mortar without any antecedent dissolution. Dr [illegible] adds this gum in the distillation of spiritus salis amoniaci which spirt will chrystallize in this figure, like the point of a broad [illegible] if you distill this gum in a retort by itself it will produce an acid spirit and a [illegible] oyl, which spirit is nothing but the salt diluted in the phlegm, this gum is not combustible having much salt & little oyl Galbanum [illegible] Is the product of another ferulaceous plant of the same country it is dissolved in the same menstruum & put to the same use, onely ‘tis applied in [ca??] frigidiori because it is more sulphurous & oleous as appears by its combustibility; being distilled it produces a great quantity of sweet volatile oyl which is an ingredient in spiritus salis amoniaci galbanati ‘tis used in hystericall cases. no ferulaceous gum is us’d by mechanick [B?ellium] [illegible] Is reckoned among the ferulaceous gums not that it comes from a ferulaceous plant, but because it will dissolve in nothing but vinegar, tis the product of a tree as large as an oak, its fruit of the figure of a green fig and as large as a walnut, this gum abounds with a great deal of oyl, and a little [illegible] volatile salt as [appears] by its inflamability; tis us’d internally and externally as in Venice treacle & plaisters as appears by the pharmacopoeia. Tis not us’d by chymists but if distill’d per se it will produce a little acid spirit & a great deal of fetid oyl, the spirit consists of a volatile acid salt diluted in its phlegma tis of an acrimonious taste, & of a dark ruby colour & transparent when pure & clean. Opoponax [illegible] A ferulaceous gum brought from Arabia the best is of a yellow colour and somewhat viscous & when broke whitish the smell of it not unpleasant the taste bitterish, it is us’d onely externally it contains an equal proportion of volatile acid salt, & fetid oyl. Sagaponum [illgible] Is brought to us from Asia & is the product of a ferulaceous plant, it smells something like garlick & tastes bitter, it is yellow & transparent, it is an ingredient in thoriaca venetil & in emplastrum [demelelot] etc. it is not us’d per se internally or externally nor by chymists. Gummin Foeniculi In Andalusia fennel grows much higher & larger than in England in July & August the trumk swells, & breaks in the middle from which [illegible] this gum distills tis transparent like venia turpentine it grows near the sea, the outside turns yellow tho within tis white the Spaniards make use of it in stomachical plaisters & the comon people use it for the tooth=ach by putting it into a hollow tooth. it has a strong fennel taste not much inferiour to oleum foeniculi Guaiacum Comes from America & is the product of a tree of the same name it is got by incision ‘tis friable pellucid nigricant, when in lumps, when broke some parts are of a transparent green ‘tis of a gratefully smell it abounds with salt tis sometimes adylterated with colophonia which is often sold for it. the best way of making this gum is by rasping the lignum guaiacum & drawing a strong tincture from it with spiritus [mireclificatus] (not alcohol) then evaporate or distill it ad consistentiam mellis not by precipitation as in other rosinous body’s lest you lose the salt of it[this] gum thus prepared is more efficacious & odoriferous than the natural it is us’d with success if taken in a large quantity in all venereal diseases it is good in rheumatisms, & provokes urine Asa Foetida Is a gum brought from Persis there are of it two sorts the one distills from the tree in drops, this is the purest & not altogether so fetid as the other, which comes from the tree by incision and is gathered in bladders. this preserves its fetor better than the other and is [illegible] this difference has made some authors believe that they are distinct species’s. it comes from an aquatick milky plant like the fig tree ‘tis supposed a sort of salix tis never us’d per se, but in fumigations, ‘tis always an ingredient in hysterick pills, & is as it were the basis of them, ‘tis to be mixed with other ingredients in a warm mortar, ‘tis sometimes used in making spiritus salis amoniaci in distillations per se it produces but little spirit and a great quantity of fetid oyl which is never us’d because of its foetor ‘tis not used by mechanicks. As Dulcis Benzoin Benjamin. Is brought from the East Indies, and is the product of a tree about the bigness of an apricock tree. the best is that which is most amygdalated, that is coloured like porphyry marble, the more white spots it has the better. tis a rosinous gum inflamable it abounds with a volatile salt & oyl, ‘tis us’d internally ] in pills, externally in cephalick pliasters, in fumigation it causes expectoration; and is us’d in any defect of the lungs, chymists make of it flores benzoin, if instill’d in balmeo marimo it produces a butyrium and a limpid balsamick oyl, both very odoriferous ‘tis us’d in all perfumes Sanguis Draconis Dragon’s Blood This gum is brought from carhtagena and is the product of a large tree, from whose fruit it distills there are tow sorts of it, the first comes in small ]pieces wrapt up in leaves, the other in lumps. ‘tis us’d in plaisters which are made by the help of turpentine & yellow wax. ‘tis applied to the top of the head and in astringent plaisters. ‘tis given per se in the bloody-flux in lozenges in painting, for ‘tis a red that will not fade as metallick colours will. ‘twas thought by the antients to be the blood of animals congeal’d; all rosinous gums dissolve in oyl. [Sacca?] [illegible] Comes from Sumatra, it inclines to red, in summer the flies pierce the cortex of the tree, & this gum exsudes & by the heat of the sun is congeald about the stock which when dry they separate. Tis us’d in powder with sanguis draconis for a dentifrice, tis u sed in trochiscis for the bloody flux, as you may see in the pharmacopoea. ‘Tis used tho but seldom in astringents it will dissolve in either oyl or spirit of wine & is inflammable, as sanguis draconis. ‘tis not used by chymists mechanicks use it much, the Turks with this gum and putrid urine dye their turky [bather], & make sealing was of it by mixing it with turpentine all Japan varish is made with this gum dissolved in alcohol [vini], ‘tis applied to polished wood or iron warm Gummi Animi A rosinous gum brough from Guinea by the Portuguese, there are of it three sorts, the best is white & transparent the next of a deep yellow, the third [sof] yellow & dusky. it comes from a very high tree which has a leaf like that of the myrtle. ‘twas much esteemd by the antients but is not so by the moderns Lacutus Lucitanus thinks tis the same with the corchamo of the antients which was an ingredient in their perfumes. This gum will not dissolve in spiritus vini, but in oyl, tis us’d neither by chymists nor mechanicks. Tragacantha [illegible] Is brought from Turkyh it proceeds from the root of the plant by incision the whtiest & most transparent is the best tis an aqueous gum, & dissolves onely in water, the dissolution is mucilaginous & is used in lozenges to moderate the acrimony of other ingredients to effect which the better, when your lozenges are dry pulverize them & make them up again with this mucilage, as in trochisei alhandal. Olibanum Thus [illegible] Is brought from Arabia & comes from a small tree whose leaves are like those of the lentiscus. it is hot & dry like benzoin, & astringent it abounds with a very subtil aromatick oyl, almost as subtle as that of gum elemi, tis inflamable like camphire; tis used in corroborative & astringent plaisters & unguents tis us’d internally as a balsam, & in fumigations per se or mix’d. ‘tis not us’d by mechanicks. this gum is never adulterated. there are two sorts of it male & female. the male is the purest, most white & transparent; the female more opaque & impure the male grows on the mountains. The female in the valleys Of Turbith Turpethum. Tis the cortex of the root of a plant with leaves like althoea, it grows in the East Indies, and is brought from Alexandria, it’s outside is of a dusky colour, it’s inside whitish, the taste acrimonious and nauseous like that of jalap, the best is the heaviest, and most gummous, ‘tis us’d in all phlegmagogick electuaries, and is an ingredient in antipodagrial powders. Turbith mineral has the same vertues, and therefore the same name but is more violent. Of Cinnamon and Cassia lignea. All authours agree that they are barks of trees, which have leaves like wall-nut leaves. they are plentifull in Ceylon but they generally differ about these barks some thinking that they are the outward, some the inward bark. Some authours likewise confound these barks, but ‘tis plain from hence that they are not the same, for cassia lignea is not so aromatick or ligneous as cinnamon, for if you break it ‘its without filaments, and if you chew it, it is of a sandy substance first and then turns to a mucilage, but if you chew cinnamon you will find it as ligneous as other barks generally are. Tis evident also from hence that they are not the same for we find that the antients in several [galonical] compositions, have prescribed cinnamon and cassis lignea together, sometimes cinnamon alone sometimes cassis lignea alone. Of the Sea-Onion. Squilla [illegible] It is commonly call’d the sea-onion, not because it grows near the sea, as the vulgar believe, but because ‘tis brought to us by the sea. So the turpentine we bring from Venice, is called Venice turpentine, not that there is any gathered there, but ‘tis brought thither from Tirol, down the river Adige, and so to us. There is a great quantity of it in Portugal, Extremadura, & Barbary tis not used so much by the moderns, as it was by the antients who made of it trochiseus squilla, which is an ingredient in Venice treacle. they made also acetum squilliticu & which this acetum oxymel squilliticum, to which they attribute great vertue the method of preparing these things you have in the Pharmacopoea Londinensis. Of the Chast-Tree Agnus Castus Tis a plant which spreads itself in small long stalks, at every knot there is a small long stalk, which produces [5] leaves not unlike pentaphyllum only bigger. The seed of it is generally us’d in physick. It smells like camphire, and they are both thought to preserve chastity, but falsely, for they rather strengthen the body then weaken it: and ‘tis observ’d by [Tachenius], that the refiners of camphire ate Venice have more children than other people. It grows in Spain wild ad stoechas. ‘tis used in palsies with good success Of Camels-hay [illegible] Tis a spica aromatica, whence ‘tis called juncus aromaticus et odoratus ‘tis common in all Asia, extra et intra gargem, they feed their camels with it, when they travel in caravans, and litter ‘em with it instead of straw. It abounds with a volatile aromatick salt of a pleasing bitter taste it] was much esteemed by the ancients who put it in their best compositions as Venice treacle etc. ‘tis lately found to be an excellent specifick against the collick by cutting it small and making of it a strong tincture with good brandy. take of this tincture 2 spoonfull at a time, & repeat it as you see occasion. Of French Lavender Stoechas Arabica Tis a species of lavender with broader leaves than the common lavender, it’s spica is also larger, and it’s flower of a purple colour, ‘tis very aromatick. The antients made a syrup of it & call’d it by its’ name [which] is brought from Arabia to us is of very little use, by reason of the length of the voyage whereby it loses its smell & colour, & consequently its vertue that which comes from Spain Portugal & Languedoc is the best for our u se. it grows there spontaneously, but what is transplanted into our physick gardens never comes to perfection. The climate being too cold. It is a good pectoral. [Balsamum] [illegible] Comes from a ]illegible] the same name in America, it comes in [dried] gourds, is of a reddish colour transparent and of fragrant smel and pleasant taste. ‘tis very rosinous ‘tis used externally per se in dolore arthritico; internally either per se or mixt in stomachick pills tis a good pectorall. There is a syrup made of this balsamum called syropus Balsamieus after the following manner. Dissolve this balsam in the richest wine you can gett when dissolved decant it into another vessel and with sugar make a syrup as you doe syrup of violets Tis good for asthma’s. Thestronger the wine is the better your dissolution will be, and when you make your syrup, the less you boyle your dissolution the better syrup may be made of any balsam this way. Acacia Comes from the same tree as gummi Arabicam and is an inspissable juice of the fruit of the same tree It allso comes from Egypt as well as Arabia and is brought to us in bladders. It is blackish and shining like [aloes] hepatica, but not friable. ‘tis easily dissolved in any aqueous juice ‘tis stiptick to the taste ‘tis used in flues & excess of the menses and somtime in clysters seldome externally. Chymists use it but litle. mechanicks not att all the juice of [illegible] boyled ad consistentiam is often used for it. Terra Japonica Catechu. Called terra by [similitude] but is realy an inspissate juice expressed from the fruit of a tree whose leaves are like those of the palm the fruit like the nutt meg, ‘tis stiptick given against vomiting strengthens the stomach, causes a [appetite] small grains are made of this terra by heating a pestle & mortar & putting this juice in which will then [liquo???] mix sugar with a little [mu??], and then incorporate & ingranulate it. Gambodia. Gutta Gambae. Is a condensate juce, brought to us from Malabar of a rosinous substance, yellow colour, & very ungratefull & acrimonious taste per se it [illegible] donum, the comon [dose] is from six grains to eight, generally mixt with [illegible] grains with success. mixt with an [illegible] tartarum vitriolatum & then it purges nitrous [illegible] used in painting. To correct Gambodia Take an ounce of gambodia finely pulveriz’d & put to it four ounces of ros vitrioli, shake it, & let it stand 3 or 4 days in a retort in a gentle heat then distill it gently in balneo marino ad siccitatem, this powder will be whitish, will purge gently, & never vomit, after this method you may correct scammony. Ros vitrioli comes imediately after the phlegma, & before the spirit. Euphorbium [illegible] Is a gum brought from Mauritania & comes from a species of the tithymalies without incision ‘tis of a brownish yellow colour of a very acrimonious taste, & friable tis seldom adulterated in France & Spain tis always used in vesicatory plaisters which clean the salival glands from any viscous pitulta. Succus Glycyrrhixa. Is improperly called a condensate juce because not expressed but got by decoction of the root. when settled decant it & evaporate it ad consistentiam mellis, then dry it in the sun in Spain in England in a stove to that hardness we have it of the Spanish juce being most gumous is most esteem’d the difference betwixt these two is easiely known, the Spanish is not easiely dissolv’d in the mouth & will not grow moist by the air as the English will tis never counterfeited onely by mixing these two togather the evaporation must be made very gently for fear of an empyreuma, ‘tis used per se to chew, & in composition in chewing it takes away the stomach therefore if you mix powder of elecampane with it before it is dry it will be more stomachick, or else make your extract with equal quantity of elecampane & liquorish. ‘tis an ingredient in theriaca andromachi & others. ‘tis never used externally. Manna De Calabria. Is a condens’d juce gathered from the leaves of all trees & plants before sun rising. it is found granulated in [Sum??] it is much used in cahtartick potions as angelica etc. [dissolved] in orange flower water & clarified with the white of an egg, onely tis to be observed of manna that if it boyl above once it will be muddy & never clarifie, run it thro Hippocrates’s sleeve & give it warm to the patient ‘tis sometimes dissolved & clarified with an infusion of rhubarb senna or the like ad libitum, because manna is apt to coagulate. the apothecary’s add to it the slice of lemon to prevent its coagulation & make it purge more effectually. ‘tis observed that all syrup where there is any acid will never candy tho never so much boiled. ‘tis used in severall electuary’s [never] externally. the manna which is broug to England is supposed to be counterfeited by being mixt with honey because it is not naturally gathered in lo large peices, that in small grains is the best. Sandaracha Arabum [illegible] Is a gum which distills from the juniper tree it is of a pale amber colour when chewed it turns sandy in the mouth, & smells a little rosinous, ‘tis the onely gum of a rosinous tree that has not the smell of the tree from which it comes, this is the sandaracha graecorum, ‘tis not much used in physick. distill’d it will produce an oyl like all other rosinous bodys. Mechanicks use it for white varnish dissolv’d in spirit of wine. Is gathered [illegible] America ‘tis a rosinous gum & comes [illegible] as large as the olive tree, & its leaves are [illegible] the [illegible] tree there is but one sort brought to us which is rarely adulterated, it never comes in [granules] but always in cakes. ‘tis white & fat more than any other rosinous gum; of a very fragrant smell & very volatile tis hot & good to dissolve tumours, & ease pains, tis a specific for all wounds in the head, & an adjutory ingredient in other plaisters, distill’d it produces an oyl more volatile than any other gum internally us’d tis sudorifick and diuretick Gummi Arabicum. Is an aqueous gum which comes from the same bacciferous tree that the berry do’s of which we make acacia the whitest is the best, it is dissolved in water as tragacantha but the dissolution is not so mucilaginous it is us’d internally upon the same account as tragacantha, ‘tis us’d sby mechanicks to [illegible] & give a gloss to silks, and in some fine glue’s, and in water paints, & in ink to keep it from spreading on the paper. the gum of the plum, apricock & cherry-tree is of the same nature which English gums are us’d by dyers, when you pulverise aqueous gums, you must oyl your pestle & mortar when rosinous you must wet them with water, ferrulaceous gums cannot be pulverisd Myrrhe. Myrrha. [illegible] Is brought from Arabia, tis uncertain from what tree it comes, the purest is said to grow upon the hills there are three sorts of it, one [??pid] almost like thus which is generally most valued but is not really the bet because it contains more water & less oyl or rosin, as appears by its not being inflamable the second sort comes in larger lumps, is more opake & more ponderous, when you break it, it appears fat & red with some white specks sometimes. this really the best because most oyly, it will burn like olibanum the third the best because most oyly, it will burn like olibanum the third sort is very dark colour’d & friable & something inflammable and therefore better than the first; & inferiour to the second. tis hot & dry & [rosinis] putrefactions, therefore tis an ingredient in all unguents, & plaisters. tis us’d in cathartick pills, & in all alexipharmick electuaries, & the like there is an oyl made of it per deliquium, after this manner, boyl an egg hard, peel it, then cut it in two & take out the yolk, & fill the white full of myrrhe which hang up in a moist place [illegible] deliquium. [??arcum] [Myrrh??] [?ganicum.] Take one ounce of Myrrhe [illegible] matrass, & put upon it six ounces of small [illegible] gently in balneo aronae, shake it now & then & boyl one third away. so [illeigible] the myrrh may be dissolv’d as much as possible; when it is cool decant it into another matrass & add to it about the same quantity of spirit of turpentine, shake them well togather & when they are incorporated it will be a thick balsam & white, tis excellent for fistula’s, ulcers, cancers, & the like. Storax Liquida. Is a rosinous gum which some authors take to be liquid myrrhe, but it do’s not seem to be so either from the taste smell, or quality, others take it to be the expression of the comon storax, but it is not, because they agree neither in smell taste or colour; we have no account from what tree it comes, which has made some imagine it to be artificial but it is not because tis always alike. Tis a specifick for all scabrous diseases externally us’d, especially if diluted with three or four parts to one of unguentum nutritum. Tis used by mechanicks in the composition of aqua angelicae of which the perfumers in Italy make great use; tis used in combustible perfumes never internally Styrae Calamita The true styrax calamita of the antients was the product of a tree like the quince-tree & was brought from Egypt to us in reeds it was rosinous, & of a red colour transparent, with white specks, like benzoin of this sort we have none that which is now brought for sytrax is the cake of an aromatick gum got by expression, as appears by the marks of the cloath upon the outside so that this is nothing but the foeces which remain after the expression of the gum, the gum so expressed is sometimes though very rarely sold for styrax calamita, which if it can be had is to be preferr’d the cake is sometimes used in coughs as benzoin tis much used in perfumes. Comon Turpentine [illegible] rosin which comes from the [illegible] [illegible] colour but some [illegible] Venice [turpentine] this turpentine [illegible] vesica capros with eight parts of water [illegible] & distilled to 2/9 the water will rise with [illegible] of oyl which will swim upon the top. This oyl is sometimes sold for spirit of turpentine sometimes for oyl of turpentine but they are the same what remains in the alembick they separate from the water & put into bladders, which grows hard & yellow & is cold for colophonia which is a great cheat, for the true colophonia comes from Greece, & is black & transparent. Venice Turpentine. Comes from the firr tree, is more liquid & more transparent than comon turpentine, it is brought down the Adige to Venice from whence it has its name this is of the greatest value & most used both internally & eternally. Turpentine pills are made by boyling this turpentine in water till it comes to a consistence fit for pills. but by this operation all the spirit & oyl evaporates & so the best part is lost therefore the best method of making them, is to bring turpentine to the consistence of pills by mixing it with oculi cancrorum. Mix this turpentine well in a mortar with the yolk of an egg & it may be dissolved into a fluid, & administred in potions. all oyls may be dissolved in water, being first imbibed in sugar. Cyprus Turpentine. Is of an harder substance than comon turpentine of a reddish obscure colour ‘tis small not very gratefull, it comes from a firr. it is us’d much after the same manner as chios turpentine, but is inferiour to it. Chios Turpentine. Is more white, & of a better flavour than that of cyprus, tho both come from the same sort of tree, but growing in different soils, they are both used in strenghning plaisters, but this caution must be observed in these as well as others of the same nature, that you incorporate them with other bodys over a very slow fire, otherwise [you] [will] loose the most volatile part of them. [illegible] [illegible] It grows [illegible] from [illegible] Arabia is whitish & [illegible] liquid than turpentine the best will swim & spread itself upon water, it comes from the same tree as xylobalsamum tis very fragrant & acrimonious, ‘tis given in pills for the physick, or in drops in sugar, tho it is not proper to use it too much it being very acrimonious, to moderate which take an ounce of saccharum saturni, dissolve it in aqua 2-3 mix an ounce of this dissolution with an ounce of balsam of gilead, by agitation it will incorporate into a white substance, this will correct the acrimony & preserve the virtue of the balsam. it is sometimes counterfeited by mixing with it Venice turpentine & chymical oyl of fennel Balsamum Peruvianum. Comes from Peru & other parts of America, is of a dark red colour viscous & ponderous, if good it will sink in water, ‘tis of a fragrant smell, ‘tis us’d in stomachicks & cephalick plaisters, ‘tis given internally in asthma’s & colds. ‘tis a good pulmonick, & a great ingredient in the apoplectick balsam. Balsamum Copaivae. Is brought from Brazil & often call’d balsamum Americanum album. ‘tis little used except internally in fluxes, & externally in ulcers. ‘tis used by fishermen. The [illegible] their remedies have [illegible] name of vitria was mysterious, & that [illegible] in it signify’d a word. Thus vitriolum is as it were, [illegible] terrae rectificando invenies optimum lapidem, veram medecinam. Vitriol is a salt made in Kent of a stone, which is found by the sea-side, like that we call horsegold: the crust of this stone being broke, they expose it to the air, which penetrating it, dissolves it into dust. this powder they dilute in water, then put the water impregnated with the vitriolick salt into a leaden vessel, & boil it to two thirds. when it is cold the chrystals will be at the bottom of the fluid, which fluid by further evaporations may be all reduced to chyrstals. It is necessary to dilute salts with more liquor, than is requi4red to support them; & the evaporations are necessary to deprive the salts of the overplus of their humidity which wou’d otherwise hinder the chyrstalization. but before the evaporation a filtration is necessary to separate the pure from the unpure parts; with filtration doth not alter the qualities of the bodys, but onely exalts them by purification. vitriol is not alwaies made after the foregoing manner but is naturally found in mines, sometimes one some times two foot deep, in a chrystalline substance without the help of art, this is reckon’d the best. tis disputed among the learned, whether the change of colour in the dissolution of vitriol, & the tincture of galls proceeds from an acidum vitriolicum & alkali austerum, or alkali vitriolicum & acidum austerum. the former opinion seems the most probable for the dissolution of vitriol boil’d towards chrystalization will never succeed without the help of iron. whence it is apparent that the alkalick body of the iron acting upon the acidum vitriolicum causes the fermentation & ebullition, & from hence it appears that the acidum is in the vitriol, & is the cause of the precipitation of the alkalick body [Ga?h]: vitrioli [illegible] take of good oyl of vitriol lb I [of] alkohol equal weight put ‘em into a [clear] retort there will succeed a warm fermentation which being over you will discover a very agreable smell; set your [illegible] in a sand furnace & fitting to it a receiver [??te] very well the Junctures & draw of two thirds of the liquor; with a very gentle [illegible] [we?] by repeated [con??at???] volatilize the sp will appear at first in drops then in white vapours; when the distillation is finisht [illegible] remain nothing but a black dry caput [mort??] Elixer Vitrioli [MY??ichli] Is 1/3 of the Gath to 2/3 of an aromatik tincture, see [Mya??l]: collect: chymica Gas Vitrioli alcohol vini mixt with the oil of vitr. [coa?tt] a great heat, but without any apparent fermentation, there being both acids, yet it may seem strange that it viz (alcohol) shud have the same effect on oil of vitriol as water which done by the phlegma of the alcohol seperated from the oil of the alcohol in this [prep] call’d it ol: vini. It is helmonts true gass sulphuris of which [m??fichis] ade for it a noble acid: volat: (& without doubt) the same which [Tachenius] calls Ac: [ma?] The above mention’d elixir may also be call’d sal: acid: volat: et oleos: [tis] not the only volatile acid but the difficulty of volatilizing acids hath hindred many from searching after ‘em: all sulphurous & volatile bodies being able to carry up with them a [illegi ble] acid. In this praeparation the fire must be very slow: [let] it raise a froth & [ather] [illegible] the retort or rise thro’ it’s neck. of the gall, as Tachenius reports [illegible] is an experimen parallel to this, tea mix’d with any vitriolick body is turn’d into ink, the same effect will follow upon mixing any alkali aus terum viz: an infusion of oak leave, Jesuits bark etc. with the dissolution of vitriol. Colchathar Vitrioli. Fill a crucible full of green vitriol, place it in a strong melting furnace, make your fire round about so that your crucible may heat & your vitriol melt, when melted fill your crucible again with more vitriol & so let it melt altogether, when all becomes dry & of a white substance tis call’d calcinatio vitrioli ad albedin in this calcination is nothing else really but a deprivation of the accidental humidity, which concurs in all chrystallyzed salts, without which tis impossible they shou’d chrystallize: cover well your crucible with a brick, then cover it round with fire.’ make with your bricks a tunnel & continue your fire for six hours at least. let it cool in the furnace, uncover take your crucible out of the fire, & put your colchothar on a paper. It will be of a red colour Then put it into a bason of warm water, stirr it well & let it settle to the bottom, then decant the water from it & repeat your lotion five or six times. put your bason upon a sand furnace & dry your colchothar gently, which when dry put into a glass & stop close. for if it take air it will degenerate, absorbing these particulars from the air which are necessary towards its degeneration, which tho it be not ev ident at first will appear in a little time by its operation. if you mix one part of this colcothar with two parts of sal ammoniack & sublime them as you do flores salis ammoniaci chalybeatie, [the?] flores so sublimated are call’d ens veneris. Now if you put these flores into the spirit of sal of sal ammoniact, they will not turn the spirit to a deep blow. Colour, as all preparations impregnated with the spirit of Venus will, which makes me admire that Mr Boyle should give it that name. But if you will make [ens] veneris make colchothar of blew vitriol, which abounds with copper, which dulcify by lotions as the other sublime as before, those flores so sublim’d will make a blew tincture in spirit of sal ammoniack & is the true [ens] veneris, & the effects will be answerable to the name as well as the experiment. When vitriol is onely calcin’d ad albedinem, it retains its spirit & its oil, which it loses afterwards by the violence of the fire, & when it is reduc’d to chocothar is deprived of both. the following experiment will demonstrate that there is sulphur in oil of vitriol, take two ounces of oil of vitriol, put it in an open glass vessel, pour upon it by little & little four ounces of the oil or spirit of turpentine, by a small agitation it will make a violent fermentation almost to flame, the whole mass turns red which is the intrinsick colour of the sulphur, in the bottom remains a viscous mass like itch which is nothing but the sulphur which was contained in the oil of vitriol. & tho Dr Simpson brings this experiment among others to confirm his hypothesis de acido & sulphure, yet I am persuaded he is mistaken because the sulphur does absolutely remain & most of the acid id distroyed by violent fermentation: because we farther observe that this viscous substance if was put in warm water several times in order to dulcify it, this sulphur used in plaisters relieves pains as we observe all narcotick metallick sulphurs do. A particular instance whereof we have in the narcotick sulphur of pepper, which is good in all arthritick pains. this experiment contradicts the doctrine of acid [on] 4 alkaly because this violent fermentation is produc’d by two acids for even the defenders of the doctrine of alkalie & acid allow that all combustibles are occult acids. And oil of turpentine is combustible therefore an acid, and oil of vitriol is acidum manifestum the question is therefore how those two acid should [cause] a fermentation more violent than an acid & an alkali those who contend for the doctrine of acid & alkali affirm that a stronger acid will work upon a weaker as upon an alkali. Others are for the hypothesis of acid & sulphur which will appear to be no despicable one if well understood. the learned Dr Simpson in his book de acido & sulphure argues well upon this point, & for ought I know upon as good grounds as Tachenius does upon acid & alkali, there being as many experiments for the proof of the one as the other. Sulphur of vitriol mix’d with emplastrum Paracelsi is extraordinary in pains, especially of the gout. Dr Colobatch mies three or four parts of common oil with one of oil of vitriol, which by agitation turns to a red balsamick substance, to this he attributes great virtue & that very deservedly in [?odagrick] pains & the but herein he seems to be mistaken in that he attributes this virtue to the acid salt contained in the vitriol & not to the sulphur with which thus oil abound. Of Antimony. The Hungarian antimony is allowed by all to be the best as growing in the gold mines of that country whereupon some chymist have advanced to extract gold from it, but in vain tis though by some to feed all metals & hence call’d Pater Tinct: of Antimony Take 1 prt of regul: antimon: martialis 4 of nitre pulverise ‘em well, then mix, & [detoni??] em as you do the regul: mettall upon the same reasons you make the tincture with alkohol & you’l have a red tincture not unlike that of mettalls. Obs: we make up of the regul: antimonii martialis to impregnate the [menstruu] as well with the sulphur of Mars as of antimony so the tincture becomes more efficatious; you may make it with the regul: antim [per] se & you’ll have a tincture but not quite so deep as the former. Tinct: Mettallortt Powder & put of the regul: mettal: & 4 of nitre mixt ‘em very & put ‘em [by] little & little into a crucible in a melting furnace let your matter melt keep it in [??ion] for an hour untill it become a deep green, then pour it into a mortar & stir it to a powder; put [illegible] prt of this powder into a mattrass [illegible] 6 pt alkohol, digest till the menstruum be throly impregnated with the sulphur of the [illegible] which you will see by the deep colour of your tincture Obs: Some object that these tinctures are not produc’t from mettallick sulphur, but from the [illegible] because it is observable that salts diluted in alkohol by digestion [pro??] a red tincture. & so does salt petre, but we know by experience that tinctures of salts if put in water take their colour from the sulphur; tis no great wonder antimony de metallizes metalls for it is an effect of the prodigious quantity of [illegible] it abounds: common sulphur will do the same: for if we put a lump of [illegible] pillegible] upon a red hot iron it will drop as if liquid: and we observe that when mines [illegible] with too much sulphur it destroys the mineral: To prevent such the miners heat the [illegible] to separate the sulphur from it befor they melt it; & this operation they call [Jo??] 5 omnium metallorum, it is sometimes found of a reddish colour which by some is esteemed to be the best, but ‘tis a palpable mistake, this colour proceeding onely from an impure sulphur, with which this sort abounds. Antimony is used very much in chymistry as we shall show by & by : & by the mechanicks onely viz by goldsmiths in purifying gold, & by farriers to make a horse stall [free?y] after hard riding they mix the powder among his corn & give him to eat Crocus Metallorum. Take a pound of antimony, break it into small pieces & melt it in a crucible, then pour upon it little & little half a pound of powder of salt peter, keep it there in fusion till the fire is out then breake your crucible & separate the crocus from the scoria which may be easily done, the crocus by reason of its weight subsiding, preserve it for use, this crocus has been made several waies, that which is made in a mortar, as you may see in [?emery], is the most ancient, this is a vitrification of antimony, per nitrum & tis observed that the nitrum alwaies subsides, the vitrification beginning at the superficies. which is prov’d by this experiment: if you put in by little & little onely four ounces of this salt-peter & let it cool as before, you will find upon breaking your crucible the upper part vitrify’d the lower crude antimony, some say that an ounce of this crocus put into a quart of white wine & after an infusion for some time decanted, loses none of its virtue i:es: of its emetick faculty, nay tho the infusion be never so often repeated. But experience shows the contrary for it will not have it’s effect without the addition of more powder. Chymist after all their labour & industry can’t find a way to make antimony onely cathartick, for if you manage it as a crocus whatever way you prepare it, ‘tis alwaies, emetick, & if it gives a purge ‘tis onely by accident, if you fix it as in antimonium diaphoreticum, ‘tis neither cathartick nor emetick, but sudorific Antimonii Diaphoreticu In this course he orders 4 prts nitre to one of antimony they must be well pulveris’d & exactly mixt upon which depends a great part of the operation: you may [mesh] hyour powder by the help of a cloath as in [anti??ct]: poterii: the whole process in the next page verbatim according to Lemery Obs Some falsly call this operation a calcination: because the white powder is not a calx but rather out to be call’d antimony fix’t by nitre for if twas a calx there wou’d be considerably greater diminution of the matter than realy there is. if you make your diaphoretick wet the regul: of antim [per] se & wet the same quantity of nitre & [??lassi] if by lotion as before you [illegible] call’d [marga???] minerale & is much to be prefer’d to the former because tis [mani??] beyond contradiction that the regul is depriv’d of a great deal of impure sulphur which the [illegible] contains it may be seen in the [scoria] of [illegible] 6 & that scarcely without the help of Venice treacle, [bezoar] etc. the mean between these two extreams is not yet known. Antominium diaphoreticum. The method of making an antimonium diaphoreticum prescrib’d by the London Dispensatory is not so good as that which is as follows in Lomery Powder & mix well one part of antimony with three parts of purify’d salt peter & having heated a crucible red hot, cast into it a spoonfull of your mixture it will cause a detonation, after that is over cast in another spoonfull & continue to do so till all your powder is in the crucible, leave a great fire about it two hours, then throw your matter which will be white into an earthen pan almost fill’d with fountain water, & leave it a steeping warm almost ten hours, that the fix’d salt peter may dissolve in it, separate the liquor by inclination wash the white powder that remains at the bottom five or six times with warm water & dry it. this is call’d antomonium diaphoreticum It should not be kept two hours in fusion as he would have for that wou’d make the diaphoretick almost metallick but it must be taken of as soon as the detonation is over. this praeparation is not the calcination of antimony as some authors affirm, but onely a deprivation of some sulphureous particles by the body reduc’d in minimas: if it was a calcination, there wou’d be a greater diminution of it’s weight, but we observe that a pound of antimony will yield fourteen ounces of diaphoretick. Beside if you put this powder after dulcification into a crucible, by the help of a little sulphur you may turn it to antimony again. Some chymists put the mixture into an earthen pot & bury the pot in the sand & so set it on fire with charcoal dropt into it but this is a sordid method. In this preparation we observe that the sulphur of the antimony alkalizes the [??tre], as the sulphur of charcoal does in nitrum fixum. The best way is to make this diaphoretic with the regulus of antimony (according to the foresaid method) instead of crude antimony. if you dry antinony diaphoretick in the air, the superficies will be of a dark yellow Regulus Potorii & [Antihecti??] [Pot??] Take regul: Poteri in an equal mixture of reg: antim: mart: which [illegible] per [?ussione] in order to make [the] antihect: poterii which has it’s name from the [effect] it produces & from the in [illegible] of it: & is made thus Take of regul: poterii [illegible] i nitre [illegible] 4 pulverise & mix ‘em both together then [illegible] putting ‘em in a crucible & keeping em in [illegible] till the matter turns red after which pour it into a warm mortar & when tis cool put water to it in [illegible] to separate its saline [g??ts] decant the water & pour on [illegible]. continue so doing till the water come off in [illegible], as you do in antim: diaphoret: & then dry [illegible] powder in a sand furnace & keep it close which if good will be a little reddish This experiment depends upon entirely opening the mettallick body which is done by keeping it a right time in [fusion] & tho’ by this way of procedure we have a less quantity yet the medicin is the better: for the virtue of this [preparation] is greater or less according as the body is more or less opned: but you may fail in this extream for if it be over opn’d the water in the potion will be turn’d of a purple colour, which colour shows that the sulphur is seperated from the powder which is there by weakn’d as to its virtue. The [illegible] chymist: either thro’ [ignorance] or [knavery]: make this as they do antim: diaphoret: & to have a greater [quantity] get only a [illegible] powder, & so the mettal not being throughly opn’d can’t be so efficatious & this is the reason why this noble medicin has so much [illegible] its reputation underserv’d by for tis of excellent use in physick, & [illegible] to the phylosopher now [illegible] bodies may be diluted in water by colouring it as the [sulphur] of other bodies may be known by the smell. 7 colour, which is a certain sign, that the air causes some alteration in it. I don’t say so much as to make it become emetick as some authors affirm, who tho they mention it not in the [???iccation], yt advise you after its made to keep it close from the air, but if any alteration happens ‘tis in the drying to avoid which inconvenience after due edulceration put it upon a clean smooth piece of chalk, which will immediately suck up the moisture Regulus Antimony per se Take sixteen ounces of antimony, twelve of tartar & eight of nitre powder’d separately very well mix them very well together then place a crucible in a melting furnace & when red hot put your mixture in by spoonfull, it will cause a detonation, which when over repeat till your matter is all in the crucible, let the heat abate by degrees & when the matter is cool break your crucible & you will find the regulus at the bottom which consists of the most metallick parts of the antimony separated from its impure sulphur. You have a much smaller quantity of this regulus in proportion to the antimony, than you have of that made with Mars because it has not the advantage of the addition of the sulphur of Mars, as the other has by which it is encreased in bulk & weight the scoria consists of an alkalick salt impregnated with the sulphur of antimony, this alkalick salt proceeds from the nitre & tartar a singl case of making sal tartar with nitre & if the detonation be stronger than when you make sal tatar with nitre, yhou may observe that the sulphur of antimony is the cause of it & that this alkalick body is impregnated with the sulphur of antimony is [the] great wonder for all alkalick bodies fix’t salt especially will absorb all metallick sulphurs, and by dividing the sulphur in minimas, they then show themselves by their smell and colour. Dissolve the scoria in water, and filtrate it, then precipitate that liquor with any acid, especially spiritus acetis and the sulphur will remain at the bottom of the glass, wash this with warm water and stir it, then filtrate it, this preparation must be repeated till the water loose its saline part, then dry it and preserve it close in a vial for use. this was used by the ancient chymists under the name of sulphur auratum diaphoreticum but experience teaches us that it is seldom diaphoretick, but emetick and sometimes cathartick in short ‘tis a nasty stinking medicne uncertain in its operation [illegible] that you make this regulus you may try all sorts of mineral substances whether they contain any mettall or no. powder the mineral or stone you design to try then test it (as the miners term it) i.e. spread your powdr upon a life and put it into a hot oven till ‘tis thoroughly healed, then let it cool and powdr it again, then put it into the oven a second time, take a pound of this powder when cool with the same quantity of nitre & tartar as before, and proceed after the same mannr as before if there be any metal it will subside in the form of a regulus. The reasons of [tossing] all sorts of minerals before you melt them is to deprive them of their sulphur or arsenick which are destructive of metals. this is the first trial of minerals. Antimony may be easily vitrified, but Lemery’s common way is not only verry troublesom, but unhealthfull also, by reason of the ascending vapours, but if you melt antimony in a crucible then put upon it powdr of lead [illegible] it will presently vitrifie Sulphur [?um] Antimonii Dissolve the scoria of reg: of [illegible] per se, in warm water, filltrate the dissolution and drop any acid [mens???] upon it, as sp of vineg: a seperation of the sulphur will follow, which must be [??lored] again, & then the sulph: will remain in the [filter] which must be wash’d in warm water to separate the saline parts from it, and then dry’d on a sand furnace to a powder & to preserve for use. Observ: This scoria consists of alkalick salts which are produc’t from [illegible] & [illegible] which are impregnated with the [illegible] of [illegible] as ‘tis an efect of all alkalick bodies to absorb [illegible] sulphurs: when you dilute the scoria in warm water as all alkalick salts will [illegible] so will they also carry with ‘em the mettallick [illegible] & tho when the dissolution is filtrated, the [illegible] is not apparent, being supported by the alkalick salts, yet as soon as you drop any acid to act upon the alkalick body, the sulph: is manifest for we [illegible] when an acid acts upon an alkalick body the alkaly will precipitate Take [illegible] in all metals is manifest, but the mercury so much argued for is imaginary for tho’s we have several receipts to separate [illegible] from minerals yet it can’t be done except you make cinnabar [native] produce both [illegible] & [illegible] which is proper only to quick silver mines. This [illegible] [illegible] has been much exploit’d by authors & tho’ it has the name of diaphoretick, yet it’s operations are very uncertain, because it is sometimes cathartick sometimes emetick, besides it is as nauseous as its operations are uncertain. This as well as all other mettallick [illegible] chymically prepar’d is not imaginary but real because it has the same qualities of common brim stone. This the regulus, and the [crocus] are emeticks formerly they used to make cups of the regulus of antimony and keep wine in them all night, which they gave to the patient the next morning, but [this] [is] a severe vomit and leaves a nasty vitriolick tast upon the stomach for several days, crocus metalloru is the best vomit of the three. Regulus Antimonii Martialis. Place the crucible into a melting furnace with four ounces of [nailes] in it the points of horse shoe nails are the best, that iron being less terrestrious, [illegible] it the red hot, put 12 ounces of antimony to it, and to it the throughly melted put upon it by little and little 8 ounces of salt peter pulverized, permit it to cool then break the crucible & separate the regulus from the scoria. Powdr the regulus verry fine, mingle it with nitre and charcoals of each a double quantity powder & mingle them all verry well together, & having ready a red hot crucible in a melting furnace, put a spoonfull of this mixture into the crucible with the detonation is over another, & is on till it is all in, keep it on the on the fire forhalf an hour, when it is cool break the crucible, and separate your regulus from the scoria, which will bee verry pure, if not repeat the preparation. This regulus consists of nothing else but the pure metallick parts of the antimony united with the pure sulphur of the Mars, as you may perceive by its hardness and quantity and not of any mercurial parts of the antimony separate from the sulphur, as some authors think The regulus of antimony with Mars is used by the French pewterers, who keep it as a great secret; they put 5 pounds of it to an hundred weight of pewter which makes their plates much more beautifull and to sound like silver the English pewterers know not this way but instead of it makes use of bismuth, which does not so well. it is made as hard as flint by impregnating it 3 times with the sulph martis Regulus Antimony Medicinalis Take 5 ounces of antimony four of comon salt an ounce of sal tartar put these into a hot crucible and let them melt, then let the matter cool, so break the crucible & separate the regulus from the scoria, powder the regulus verry fine & edulcerate the powder in warm water till all the salt is separated fro it, which you may perceive by the tast of the water, after being several times shifted, when you have dried the powder preserve it in a close vessel. This is the panacea of Dr Needham’s one effect of it is infallible, viz. it certainly cures the palpitation of the heart, one scruple is sufficient This experimt can [?radick] the doctrine of acid & alkalies because the comon salt absorbes the sulphur of the antimony as well as the sal tartar. it fixes the purer part & absorbes the impure, now if comon salt be a [neutru], as Tachinus will have, how comes it to pass that it absorbes the sulphur & the comon salt [fixes] the remainder. But tho this answer seems verry rational, yet the following experimt proves the contrary. for if the melt comon salt in a crucible & put upon it a piece of [sea] coals & keep it so melted for half an hour, the salt will tast verry strong of Panacaea Antimonii Take & mix 5 parts of antimony 4 of common salt & [illegible] of salt tartar well [pow??] put this matter into a hot crucible set in a melting furnace & continue a strong [illegible] till it be throly melted. when tis cool separate the regulus from the scoria & pulverize to an alcohol then saperate its saline parts from it by repeated [lotions] & pulverize it. it is us’d in [tertians]. & given to any person that is inclin’d to a fever Obser: Some say that common salt is a neutru & does not absorb any of the melted sulphur in this operation, but they labour under a very great mistake, for common salt will act upon any metal except gold & impregnate it self with its sulphur, for [illegible] *If you melt common salt in a ladle, it will be strongly impregnated with its sulphur & so of any other metal except gold. [For] [?ulgru] antimonii, mercurius vitre, cinnabar antimonii: consult Lemery & for distillation [Hartshorn] Emeticu specificu Willisianum Take 2 oz of antimony finely powder’d & mix it in a [illegible] morter with zviii of sal tartar well powder’d. put it in a crucible red hot in a [me???] furnace: & let it be in [fusion] for an hour then take it out & put it in a warm mortar: when ‘tis cool take it out & put warm water to it to dilute the salts as you do in other cases of the like nature when the powder is well dulcified you separate the fine from the grosser part & dry this powder must be kept close for use. The dose is from 4 to 8 gr tis not onely an easy emetick but also cathartick. This is only antimony opn’d & devided [illegible] minimis by salt tartar ‘tis one of the most certain & safe emeticks that is made of antimony [brimstone] to this they will answer, that the same salt will act upon differt bodies sometimes as [illegible] acid, sometimes as an alkali but this is a mere subterfuge and tho this notion of the chymists if well explained be applicable to verry many instances, & may bee of good use in practise, yet I take it to bee such as is not universally true Regulus Matallorum. Take 3 ounces of regulus of antimony with Mars, an ounce of block tin, an ounce of copper & an ounce of iron, put them in a crucible placed in a melting furnace, keep it there till it becomes fluid, then stir it with a pipe verry well & take your crucible from the fire when the matter is cool break the crucible, & gather the regulus Tinctura Metalloru Take of this regulus quantu vis, pulverize it verry small & mingle it with 4 parts of nitre, place a large crucible in a melting furnace, & keep a fire, till it is red hot, then put the mattr by little & little into the crucible & to facilitate the fusion, you may put in a little bit of charcoals when you put in the mixture there follows a small detonation, because the sulphur of the regulus is more fixt, than that of crude antimony, keep this mattr fluid for an hour at least, then you will see by taking part of it upon an iron spatula, that it is turned to a dark green colour which is a sign that the metallick sulphur is absolutely divided among the salts, then pour it into a hot mortar, & when the mattr is a little congealed beat it small & put it in a matrass & pour upon it alcohol vini digest it for twenty four hours slowly, then decant it, filltrate it, & preserve it for use The virtue of this tincture is to restore the spirits when they are sunk & vapid. Of Nitre or Salt Peter When wee speak of nitre we understand that which is of modern use for the nitre of the ancients was quite another thing, as you may find in ancient authors particularly in the book of Proverbs c. 25 & 20 their nitre fermented with an acid which ours doth not from which and other reasons we may conclude that the nitre of the ancients was the true sal armoniack but our nitre is a mineral salt impregnated with the earth from whence it is dug it is plentifull in the east & there are great quantities of it in Spain. it is gathered by filling great tubs full of this earth & diluting the salt with warm water & then by evaporations chrystallize it, some of it is to bee found among the stones & earth of old ruined buildings, & in cellars. Spirit of nitre is much in use both in physick & mechanicks, it is made by mixing one pound of nitre with four pound of brick dust, this way is comon in all authors & used in the distillation of all salts, except vitriol for the addtition of this dust being only to prevt the running together of the particulae salinae, which instead of spirit would produce flores, there is no occasion for it in vitriol its own proper [illegible] serving for the same purpose. I mean after calcinatio ad albedinem Glauberus in making his spirit of salt, orders it to bee done with the addition of oil of vitriol, poured upon the dissolution of comon salt in water, & then distill it in a retort, it proves an excellent antiscorbutick spirit, verry pleasant, & was formerly used in sauces instead of limon. spirit of nitre is made after the same manner, only with a little alterations take a pound of nitre finely powdered, put to it a pound of oil of vitriol, & distill it slowly till nothing remain but a dry earthy cake, preserve this spirit verry close because ‘tis verry volatile. This spirit of [nitre] poured upon an ounce of spirit of turpentine in an open vessel, will permit [illegible] to a flame, & not only with spirit of turpentine but with oil of cloves, nutmeg juniper berries etc. if wee consider the composition of gunpowder in which nitre sulphur, and charcoal are necessary, we may easily conclude that his mixture nitru [illegible] Lett the charcoal you use be cold for if you use live charcoal because the [sulphur] is mostly gone it will not fix your nitre so perfectly. Prov: 25 & 20. seems to show that the nitre of the ancients was [illegible] for ours being a neutru will ferment with neighther acid nor alkali 11 of spirit of nitre, & spirit of turpentine is nothing but liquid gunpowder for it has the sulphureous particles of the oil of vitriol, the nitrous of the nitre conjoined with the vegetable oil of charcoal which is in the turpentine Oil of turpentine is vulgarly made by putting rosin into a still, with water, the oil will swim upon the water which separate which remains in the vesica cuprea after distillation they put in bladders & sell to the apothecaries for burgundy pitch & of this they make plaisters. But wee may easily imagine how little virtue remains after the volatile oil is separated. Tis much the same cause when they make pills of turpentine by boyling it in water till when cool it becomes brittle & easy to powder, that is in reality till ‘tis good for little, but the best way to give turpentine internally is to dilute it in the yolk of an egg & then take it in a convenient vehicle or else make it into pills with oculi cancrorum, as in the case of a gonorrhea Nitrum fixum Take a pound of salt peter melt it in a proportionable crucible when it’s melted put a little peice of charcoal into it, it will cause a great detonation, which being over, add another peice of charcoal, & so continue it till the char-coal wil cause no more detonation, what remains in the crucible pour into a warm mortar, and when it’s cool pulverize it, & [keep’t] in a glass well stop’t, other-wise it will run to deliquium. This preparation is nothing but nitre fixt into an alkalick body by the help of a particulo sulphures, that are contain’d in the charcoal. it’s used in extracting tinctures from vegetables, it seperates the [illegible] from spirits of wine, as sal tartar does & in several other cases is used instead of sal tartar. It’s supposed that by the detonation, the spirit of nitre, is separated from the fix’t salt, for accroding to the chymists all bodies are compounded of an acid & an alkali; it is an active, & a passive principle, so that the active principle being expos’d by detonation, the passive onely remains, that’s the nitre fixum, to prove this separate it with spirit of nitre, & it will be perfect again Regeneration of Nitre. Take 4 ounces of nitrum fixum, dissolve it in warm water, filtrate the dissolution, put it into a glass vessel, pour up-on it [guttatim] spirit of nitre till the alkalick body is saturated with its proper acid which you will perceive when the liquor ferments no more, then filtrate it, sevaporate, & chrystallize it, your chrystals wil be pure nitre to all intents & purposes as they were before. Tis remarkable in this experiment that the nitre when fixt has the same qualities as sal tartar, they are both equally lixivious to the touch & tast, nor will either of them admit of chrystallization, they are safely diluted per deliquium, & will ferment with any acid, as all alkalick salts do, in short the difference between these two bodies is not found by an experiment, as soon as it’s saturated with its proper acid, it immediately loses it’s lixivious quality, & becomes as we said before perfect nitre. Sal Prunellae This praperation is not so good in physick as pure nitre the name is a cheat for under is the [illegible] inventors wou’d [disqui??] the medium which they pretend was the salt of the wild prunellas or the prun: [sylvestr]: of the ancients which were us’d in [illegible] to quench thirst. Sal Tartari Made of [Renish] wine tartar turns when melted to a red purple & alters not for 12 hours only a little deeper: Spanish tartar turns red a blood [illegible] to orang & lemon colour & lastly white: The Spanish wine is [most] oyly the Rhenish has init acid: [manifest]: & Burdeaux acidu aufferu X but it is plain they are different for if you expose the true ol: [illegible] [illegible] deliq. to the sun etc. 12 Sal Prunella. Melt half a pound of salt peter in a crucible, if you observe the salt-peter when melted appears opake, put a little flower of brimstone upon it, it will cause a detonation, which being over put in more, & so continue it till the mass appears diaphanous, then pour it into a warme morter, & when it is cool preserve it from the air. This is nothing but a purification of the salt-peter by the sulphur, for is you observe the opacity of the nitre is a sort of [pinguedo] which is eat of by the sulphur, when it is transparent it is sufficiently clean, for it afterwards you continue to put on sulphur, as some authors direct, all the nitre will rise in flowos; for brimstone though it cause a detonation as well as charcoal, yet has a different effect, for the sulphur of the charcoal being of a more volatile nature, penetrates all the parts of the nitre, but brimstone being nore fat swims upon the stop, & acts only upon the superficies, the difference between this and nitrum fixum is very manifest, first from the difference of the detonations, secondly it never ferments with an acid, & has no affinity with an alkalick body, it is nothing but nitre purified. It is used in feavors, is diuretick & a good cooler. Salt of Tartar. Place your crucible in an ordinary furnace, kindle your fire til the crucible is in a moderate heat, take a pound of tartar & a pound of nitre well pulverized & mingl’d together, & by a spoonfull at a time put it into the crucible, it will cause a detonation, which being over proceed til your crucible is full, then pour it into a warme mortar when the salt is cool pulverize it, keep it in a bottle close stopt for use. There is another shorter way of making this salt, by putting all the mixture into a mortor of proprotionable bigness, & then with a coal setting it on fire, it will cause a great detonation, & so turne it into an alkalick salt. but the first preferable, the salt being more fixt & more pure. This salt is really a composition of both the tartar & the nitre, which is fixt by the help of the sulphur, which is in the crud sal tartar, & tho in many common experiments it may answer expectation, yet in cases of any moment you must use the true sal tartar. Besides this is very terrestrious & impure therefore before you use it you must dissolve it in water, then filtrate it, when it is filtrated it will evaporate into a salt imediately. You must use the true sal tartar, when you make oleum tartari per deliquium which is nothing else but sal tartar [spred] in an open glass vesssel & set in a moist place, till it run to a liquor, which filtrated is called sal tartari per delqiuium To distinguish it from the other oil of tartar, some either out of ignorance or for expedition, dissolve salt of tartar in common water, which filtrated they called oleum tartari per deliquiumX to the sun in sumer, it will Tinct: of Salt of Tartar. [illegible] Take of pure salt of tartar (made [illegible] se out [illeigible] [?tionem]) lbi when melted put it in a hot mortar and stir it till it come to a small powder, if you can’t make it into a small powder it must be pulveris’d you must have 2 matrasses ready: one of which must contain 8 zi of well rectified sp: of [illegible] the other a pound of alkohol vini: both so it must be [illegible] then put your let [illegible] as hot as can be into the vessel that contains the sp of [illegible] and stir it well then put the hot alkohol upon it and keep it stirring & you’ll have a tincture as red as blood: in a few minutes: when all is cool decant & full of xtalls which if you dissolve filtrate & evaporate you’ll obtain [illegible] beautiful xtalls because in this operation the sal tartar is volataliz’d Obs Get if you can tartar made of the lees of Spanish or Canarie wines; & your tincture will be the stronger. Tartar: vitrio [latu] Obs: If you make this with a dissolution of the sal: [illegible] in water: the praeparation will never xtallize as it will always do with the ol [of] [deliq??] this effect is attributed to the nitrous particles of the air which it attracts & such are the cause of its dissolution [illegible] being volatile so in some measure xtallize the fixt alakali which water can’t A xtallization of fixt salts is the beginning of your volatilization ‘Tis [illegible] with Tachenius & others affirm that ol: of vitriol drop’t upon an alkalick salt will degenerate into vitriol: for in this praeparation which is a true neutru if the ol of vitriol be pour’d in only to saturation & not all of fermentation ceases: there is neither the smell or tast of vitriol in it: neither with sp: of [sal?] communis dropt upon sal [illegible] make common salt: as is said 5 In preparing mercurius dulcis your sublimation must be repeated two or three times, to deprive the body of its acrimonious salt which exhales at the mouth of the flask. Some sublime it seven times, & then ‘tis called calamalanos. but the true method is this, take your mercurius dulcis after the second sublimation, & pulverize it very fine, then put it into an open glass vessel, & pour upon it a triple quantity of rectifyed spirit of Hartshorn, stir it & it will be black, evaporate it gently in a sand furnace, ad [??atatem], then sublime it again it will be a fine white mass, this is the best calalemanos, and the safest way of preparing any thing of this nature. Sal Martis Take four ounces of filings of iron, cleaned from other mettals & dirt by the help of a loadstone put them into a matrass, & pour upon them eight ounces of oil of vitriol, there will appeare little or no ebullition, add two ounces of water, & stir it a little, a violent fermentation will follow, the reason is plain, the vitriolick acid not being able to act upon the alkalick body of the iron, before it was diluted with the water, quoniam salia non agunt nis dissoluta, within half an hour put in two ounces more, & so repeat it every half hour till you have put in half a pound shaking every time, let it stand upon a digesting furnace for twenty four hours, your matter will be concreted into a saline body. Ad to it a pound of water more, shake it well & digest it for twelve hours, the second digestion you will have a small fermentation not so violent as the first, the acid being almost saturated with the alkalick body of the iron add it to a pound of water more & digest it for two or three days, then filtrate it, & in an open vessel upon a digesting furnace evaporate it & chrystallize it. This preparation is not absolutely sal martis, for though it contains many parts of the iron, yet considering the quantity of the oil if vitriol, it doth not deserve the name of sal martis, but is rather oil of vitriol regenerated into vitriol by the help of the iron. Other mettals as well as this will with their proper menstruum produce a salt, as gold with aqua regia, silver with agua fortis, tin with spirit of nitre etc. If you distill this vitriolum martis mix’t with lbi of common salt you will have the same quantity of oil you put in, first you will the phlegma, then the which is part water part oil, lastly the oild which is is better than it was before being exalted by fermentation, in the bottom of the retort you will have no colcothar as you have in the distillation of common vitriol, but some small quantity of the particulae calybeata. there is very little sal martis to be had now adays, what is generally now sold for it, is nothing but [?antrick] vitriol purifyed by dissolution, filtration, evaporation and chrystallizaiton, & not answering the effects attributed to sal martis, this noble medicine has lost its reputation. Balsam of Sulphur. Take twenty four ounces of sweet sallet oil & three ounces of flower of brimstone, put them into an earthen pipkin, place your pipken in a [calot], & with a gentle heat keep it constantly boiling, by which means the superfluous humidity of the oil is exhaled, without which it would be impossible to unite these two besides, shake them now and then, & they will become of the consistance of balsam, which you will perceive when the matter is spumeous & of a red colour permit it to cool & preserve it for use. It is used in colds per se, or mixt with flowers of Benjamin, or balsam of Peru ad libitum. Balsam of sulphur is an union of common sulphur with any oil, & has its name from the oil it is made with, if made with the oil of amber, ‘tis called balsamum sulphuris succinatum, if with oil of turpentine, terebinthinatum, if with common oil balsamum sulhuris commune Balsams that are made with etheriall oils, are always made in a mattrass, first because the have an accidentall humidity to be seperated, secondly the are so volatile that otherwise you would loose half your oil before the balsam was perfected, & in this case the longer the neck of your mattrass is the better the mass be stopt only with a peice of paper, to keep out the dust, for if you stop it close you will break your glass. Sal Lunae Half an ounce of sylver [caminas] with an ounce of good aq fort: [illegible] drawn from vitr & nitre in a reverberatory being put into a matrass & let in a calot over a gentle fire till the sylver is quite dissolv’d & the whole cool: you’l have [larg] great [xtals] call’d sal lunae: if you mix with them double the quantity of tartar powder’d in a [li??] pot set on a calot & gentle fire then stirring till the mixture be evaporated you’ll have a dry powder which will change mettalls into [pyloes] colour observ: The xtalls are improperly call’d sal lunae being only saline particals of the mixture xtalli’d by he alcalic parts of the sylver as was shown in vitriola marti. If you pour this tincture into a copper bason fill’d with warm water the sylver will praecipitate in a powder. again if you dissolve copper & put it as before into an iron it will have same effect. Flowers of Benjamin. Put your Benjamin into an earthen pot covered with a coffin of paper, set it upon the fire, the flowers will rise up into the paper, when you take of one paper you may put on another. If you make this preparation over the sand, it will proceed more regularly. The moister the air is, the greater quantity of flowers you will have, because they are thereby sooner condensed. This preparation is nothing but a seperation of the more pure and volatile parts of the Benjaimn from the gross and ouyly ones, and well deserves to be reckoned among the sublimations. This experiment is peculiar to this gum, tho some authors affirme it of other gums also. Another way of making these flowers is by a slow distillation in a retort, which produceth the gum, in the form of butter; and if this operation be perfromed exactly, I doe not know but it may be more usefull in physick. this butyrum being mingled with a fine etheriall and balsomick oyl of the Benjamin, which in ulcerated lungs is much more to be commended than the flores. But this preparation is more difficult than the other it being easily spoiled by too much fire. Flores Salis Ammoniaci Chalybeati. Take half a pound of sal ammoniack, powder it very fine, and mingle it with two ounces of filings of iron, put the mixture into a proportionable short-necked matrass, place it in a furnace upon a calot, cover it with a peice of paper, keep a sublimating fire for six hours, then let it cool, break your glass separate your flowes that are in the upper part, & keep them for use. These floes are almost of the colour of saffron, & of a pleasant smell not much unlike it. IF you mingle the flores with caput mortuum, & sublime it again, even the third time, your flores will be fully impregnated with the sulphur of Mars, as you may perceive by the colour & smell, its virtue will also be treble. Sal ammoniack is also sublimed per se, with only a double proportion of decrepited common salt, it will produce fine flores, which are nothing but the pure and more volatile parts of the sal ammoniack. Sal ammoniack is a volatile salt, and therefore doth not require a very violent fire to sublime it, for it easily melts, & a solid body when melted is easily raised, when ‘tis melted keep a equall fire, sufficient to keep it in fluore. If the matter to be sublimed require a great heat to melt it, you must keep a great fire during the sublimation, & because it is necessary that the matter should be equally melted, therefore you must take care that the sand in the calot be an inch above th matter, otherwise if there be not sand enough it will melt at the bottom & crust upon the superficies, the matter being rarefied will break the crust & consequently the vessel. Neither must your matter occupy above a 4th part of your vessell that it may have reem enough to rarifie in the lower parts & condense in the upper. If the flame come on one side of the vessel, it will cause the sublimation to run on the other, being the cooler place. These flores are used in rachitide and all obstructions; all sublimations are made after the same manner, except flowers of Benjamin. Mercurius Dulcis Take sixteen ounces of sublimate corrosive, & twelve ounces of mercury mix then together in a stone morter, with a wooden pestle, til the mercury is throughly impregnated with the sublimate, put it into a matrass & make your sublimation as you did before in the case of flores salis ammoniqaci chalybeati. The reason of this sublimation is to dilute the acrimonious salt contained in the sublimate corrosive, now this salt is weakened by the addition of the mercury & this is the first step towards the dulcification, therefore you must be very cautious that the mixture be not imperfect, for the whole experiment depends upon this first mixture. There is no stronger fire required than in raising flores salis ammoniaci chalybeati. The instructions we meet with in authors concerning the the various degrees of fire are useless & superfluous; the only way is to consider will the nature of the body you have to deal with, & to order your fire accordingly. Calomelanos Take of crude quick silver 6 zi of sublimat corrosive 8 zs rub ‘em together in a stone mortar with a wooden pestle till the [illegible] does not appear then put it in a matras with a short neck & set it to sublime; after this sublimation powder it very fine in a clean [illegible] mortar, then moisten it with a little sp: of Hartshorn [illegible] [illegible] of the powder turn black put this in a new matrass & renew your sublimation then preserve your sublim’d matter for use. Obs: This is the true method of making this preperation for the sp: cc breaks of acid [illegible] of the salts in the sublimate more than [illegible] pretended sublimation & divides the mercury [illegible] [illegible] minimas as may be seen by a microscope. Don’t [mi??] the part of the sublimate which is near the neck of the glass with the other because it is more corrosive but keep it for [illegible] sublimation. take care not to put more sp: cc than is just sufficient to make it black. least your sublimation shoud not be white, because it will contain too much contain to much of the oyl of hartshorn Balsam of Sulphur No bituminous bodies will unite while there is any moisture betwixt ‘em: at the beginning of this operation the bubbles are very large from the great quantity of moisture; when that decreases so do they, and when they are very small the bodies begin to unite which you may know by the red colour & smel, if true [illegible] rich colour of all mettallick sulphur This balsam may be made with oyls of anissi carvi [minimi] [lin?] succini etc. Compound Balsam of Sulphur Add an equal quantity of extract of elecampane & liquorish & when this is [incorp???] 2 [zs] of butter of Benjamin with zfs of oyl of aniseeds. These make a good [pectoral] chrystalize, having contracted some particulae sulphurae from the air which are the cause of it, but that made by a dissolution in water will never chrystallize Tartarum Vitriolatum. Take of oleum tartari per deliquium ad libitu, put it into an open glass vessel drop into it by little and little oil of vitriol, it will cause a fermentation. which repeat, stirring it with a stick for [illegible] iron cathr mettal will after the quality of the coposition; after it has stood 24 hours drop into it a little more oil of vitriol & stirr it again repeat this till the tartar is saturated with the oil of vitriol, which you will perceive when it is neither acid nor luxivious to the last, but of an agreable bitter. upon this experiment many others depend as tartarum nitratum, when instead of oil of vitriol you use spirit of nitre it seems common & easy but is of great consequence for it ither predominates ‘tis utterly spoild, when tis dry if well made tis very hard to dissolve in water otherwise it will dissolve like sugar the London Dispensatory as well as other authors order you to put in oil of vitriol till the fermentation ceases by which meanes your tartarum vitriolatum will be as sharp as oil of vitriol. Hence it is that this noble medicine has lost it’s credit amongst the physicians which if well prepared is an excellent remedy against convulsive vomitings by correcting the gas peregrinum if not it provokes them: if you use it in pills with violent catharticks as coloquintida, gambogium etc. it corrects the acrimonious salts which cause gripings if you can’t get thes true tartarum vitriolatum make use of tartarum limoniacum, that tartar saturated with the juice of lemmons, which juice you must digest before you use it for twenty four hours in warm sand then filtrate it, by which means losing it’s viscosity, it will be more active upon the tartar, but in case of necessity you may make it extempore without filtration or digestion sal absinthii is better than sal tartarii [T??bith] Mineral: Put ½ [illegible] of mercury into a [illegible], pour on lbi of oyl of vitriol set it in a calot in a convenient furnace, with just as much fire under it as will make it boyl then the 8 will dissolve in a while [mass] (which break the retort & pouring it into lukewarm water) will immediately change into a yellow powder obs This praeparation is nothing else but [illegible] fixt by the [illegible] of vitriol; for after the salts are diluted by washing in warm water: the [illegible] appears in it’s own colour & this proves that is sulph: in vitriol: also if you pour ol: [illegible] [illegible] deliq. on a solution of vitriol in water [illegible] precipitate the [illegible] being separate from the acid salt in the mixing ol: vitrioli with ol: terebinthinae: this will appear more [illegible] [illegible] some take a greater quantity of ol: vitriol then double it of [illegible] which is needless This [turbith] mineral melted in a crucible with a violent fire turns to a mass like gold. it has it’s name from the colour purgative quality & root of the same name Flowers of Benjamin. You may change the papers & continue the operation till the flowers [ascend] yellow which is a sign the grosser oyl rises which you will rise at first if you take not great [illegible] of a gentle fire Some advise to burn the Benjamin in an open room where the [illegible]is that he may draw in the expanded flowers with the air immediately into his lungs This praparation is different from the volatile salt of [ambar] gather’d in [illegible] and indeed differs from all other chymical operations Flores sal: x [illegible] Chalybeata In this course 8 zi of sal: x [illegible] to 3 z of filings of [illegible] is directed, proceed as usual observ: If you put some of these flowers in a tincture of tea or galls it will turn black: they are good in obstructions & for the stomach: if when you melt [illegible] you put some of these flowers upon it twill turn if of a golden colour Some in stead of iron make the calcination with colchothar vitrioli ad albedini sp: of sal [illegible] blew as all praperations of copper ought to do A tincture made with quicklime & sal: [illegible] will become blew if put in a copper vessel, & [illegible] this liquor by evaporation & xstallization may be produc’d as good vitriol as is brought from Hungary. if you can colour your blew vitriol with sal [illegible] & make the [illegible] veneris it is a certain sign that the sal [illegible] is impregnated is improved after the distillation of verdigrease of which is nothing but [illegible] copper that remains after after making spiritus veneris the pretended alkali & sal [illegible] the flowers will be much more impregnated with the sulph: veneris than before If you put filings of copper into a smal [gl] vessel, & fill it up with the sp: of sal [illegible] & keep it close stop’t for 3 days tho’ as long as [illegible] [illegible] the liquor [illegible] no alteration as to its colour yet as soon as you open the bottle it will begin to turn blew on the surface & by little & little it will become all blew; which colour it will lose open stopping the bottle again; & recover when opn’d; the colour precipitates in the form of a xstall at the bottom of the glass Hepar Sulphuris Take four ounces of salt of tartar well pulveriz’d, add to it an ounce of flowers of brimstone put them into an earthen pot well glazed, & upon a slow fire melt your matter, continually stirring it with a glass, til it appears of a fine liver colour, then take it from the fire, & keep stirring it is cold, put it into a glass & stop it close, it will otherwise run to deliquium. This preperation is nothing but an opening of the sulphur by the salt of tartar, which you may doe it instead of salt of tartar you make use of any other fixt alkali. ‘Tis a good remedy against the physick, the dose is ten grains taken in conserve of roses twice a day. Beguinus made a tincture of it, by digesting it with alcohol vini, this is called tincture sulphuris. Dr Willis improved it by digesting it with canary, which when cool he filtrated & put into a cucurbile with three pounds of white sugar, this in balneo marino he reduced to a syrup. Gash Sulphuris Take of roche allom well pulverized one pound, of flower of brimstone fouer ounces, mix them together, & put them into a retort, put your retort into a calot, which being filled an inch thick with sand place in an ordinary furnace, [lute] a receiver to your retort, & when the lute is dry, kindle your fire, & continue a moderate heat, as to keep your mixture fluid, continue your fire til no vapours ascend from it, then raise your fire once more & let your matter stand till your fire is out, when it is cool unlute your vessell & take out the spirit, & keep it in a glass well stopt, for the parts are so subtile & volatile that they can scarce be preserved. This spirit is nothing but the flame of the sulphur pserved in the phlegma of the alom, the practice of the wine coopers is much of the same nature they put into a large clean vessel six or seven gallons of water, they then mix brimstone, & dip peices of cloth in it, which they set on fire, & put into the vessel, fastening one end to the bunghole, & stopping the bung upon it the vessel will be imediately fild with sulfurous vapours, they repeat those cloths till the water be fully impregnated with the sulphur, which water so impregnated they mix proportionally with every hogshead of wine, which is of double service, for it takes away all [fu??iness] from the cask, & preserves the wine from decay. If care be not taken to proportion it exactly, the sulphur will, as we find it sometimes does, praedominates & give a sulphureous taste & smell to the wine. This gash sulphuris thus made by distillation doth not differ from that which is exhaled from that grotto in Italy called Delcary, the exhalations of which will throw a dog into convulsions & kill him imediately, the same effect they will have upon men also if they stoop down. Travellers have writ much upon this subject, but being ignorant of the nature of bodies, they have not onely varied in their philosophicall opinions from one another, but they give the strange & incredible stories concerning this place. ‘Tis also a remarkable error that a certain author has delivered, which he received from the ignorant people living thereabout, that the lake adjoining this cave has some peculiar virtue differing from all other water, because a dog being convulsed by the exhalations of the cave, if imediately thrown into the lake, will soon recover, but ‘tis plain this is no peculiar virtue belonging to the lake, for any common water will have the same effect, which proceed from its rarifying & dispersing the sulphureous particles which are so pernicious to the nerves. Tincture of Myrrhe Take half a pound of good myrrh, & equal quantity of salt of tartar, pulverize them both together, & put them into an open glass vessel, & expose them to the air, til they turne to a substance like paste, put this mass into a receiver proportionably copious, pour upon it spiritus vini rectificatus, til it be 4 fingers breadth above the matter, stop it with a glass stopple, or good cork, & digest it for eight & fourty hours, shaking it now & then, which when you doe remember to give it a little air otherwise you will endanger your vessel. permit it to cool, filtrate your tincture, & preserve it for use. myrrh is a gum partaking of two different qualities, the one balsamick & resinous of the nature of Benjamin, the other aqueous of the nature of gum arabick, sometimes the one predominates sometimes the other, that which is of a ruby colour & very Tinct: of Saffron If you put 12 zi of alkohol to 4 z of the saffron for your 1st tincture you may add 8 zi more of alkohol after the 1st tincture is filtrated: for a 2nd tincture which you may mixt with your first when decanted & filtrate both together: then put on [zi?] of alkohol which digests as before and keep it for a menstruu till you make another tincture: this is a general rule for all tinctures of vegetables Tinct: of Aloes Aloes zr alkohol z16. Aloes will dissolve in juice of roses as in aloe roset and in water in which they are sometimes dissolv’d to [illegible] in fromy our sand: which shows that there are in them oyly or sulphureous, and saline as well as resinous parts, and so may be dissolv’d by other menstruus then spiritous, but when we design this tinctr for elix: [illegible] it must be with alkohol: for if with a weaker menstruum it wou’d precipitate the resinous parts of the myrrh when mixt with tit. fragrant when broken is fittest for use, & most balsamick, that which is transparent, a [illegible] dish & melts easily in the mouth like gum Arabick, with a little bitterness, is the worst of all, but through the ignorance of the people this sort is sold dearer than the other: In this tincture of myrrh the balsamick substance is onely required, & that only will joyn with alcohol vini, & therefore we industriously endeavour to separate those two substances by salt of tartar, for the myrrhe being mixt with salt of tartar & exposed to the air, the tartar runing to diliquium byits misture & sharpness penetrates the body of the myrrhe by which means the balsamick parts become loose as easily unite with the alcohol, as their propper menstruum. In making this mixture we use rectifi’d sprit of wine, not alcohol because spirit of wine contains some phlegma which by digesting causes a further dissolution of the myrrhe, besides by this means it becomes alcohol. Tincture of Saffron Take two ounces of saffron, cut it very small, & put it into a matrass, & pour upon it eight ounces of alcohol vini, digest it in a balneo arenae for four & twenty hours, shaking it now & then, when it is cool filtrate it & keep it for use. Tinctures are nothing else but the menstruum impregnated with the most etheriall parts of the body you make your tincture of & not the totall dissolution of the body. So that tincture of aloes, catechu, gambogia, acaci & the like are improperly so called, being in reality not tinctures bur dissolutions of the whole body in the menstruum. Tinctures in generall are not to be filtrated til they are absolutely cool, for when they are hot, tho they look very diaphonous sometimes before, & always after they are filtrated, yet when they become cool they are more or less muddy, the reason of which is that the menstruum being rarified when warm will support more than when it is cold, for instance warme water will dissolve more salt than it can bear when cold, & if you filtrate it when it is hot, tho it goe through the filtre freely, yet when it is cold it will be a third part chrystallized, yet what is not chrystallized will bear an egg, which is a signe it can dissolve no more. Tincture of Aloes. Take two ounces of succhine aloes, pulverize them grossly, & put them into a matrass, pour upon them twelve ounces of alcohol vini, & digest them for four & twenty hours in balneo arenae, stirring them a little now & then, when the tincture is cool filtrate it, & preserve it for use; this is improperly called a tincture as we said before, 7 is rather a dissolution than the whole body. Elixir Proprietatis. Take four ounces of the tincture of myrrh two ounces of the tincture of aloes, & two of the tincture of saffron mix them together this is called elixir proprietatis. By the word elixir is understood nothing but tinctura spissa, I mean the elixir of the moderns, for among the Arabians the word elixir signifies quinia esssentia. It may be objected that this elixir is not spissated, nor the superfluity of this menstruum seperated by distillation. I answer that it is not at all necessary, the menstruum being fully saturated at the first infusion, & we doe not make a second third or fourth tincture so that afterwards we should be obliged to thicken it by distillation which must necessarily be a great detriment to the elixir, it being by this means deprived of the most volatile & best parts of the myrrhe aloes, & saffron. Therefore we chuse to make but one tincture & put in more matter than the menstruum can possibly dilute In this composition we consider the myrrhe as the basis, the aloes as an adjutorium, the saffron as a correctivum, we put two parts of the tincture of myrrhe to one of aloes, & if you compute the mixture exactly tho there is a double quantity of myrrhe, yet the rosinous part of the myrrhe is no more in substance or effect than the aloes we likewise put in no more of the tincture of saffron than we doe of aloes, for if you consider the nature of the volatile sulphur which is easily communicated to (18) the menstruum that quantity is sufficient. Paracelsus makes another sort of elixir much like this which he calls elixir album. Take an equall quantity of myrrhe, aloes, and saffron, and bruise them well together putt them into a flat bottomed matrass, and digest them very slowly in balneo arenae for a month untill you see some red drops ascending and descending on the side of the matrass, then add to it a due quantity of cinnamon water, digest it and decant it and preserve it for use. This from it’s colour is call’d elixir album Paracelsi for the oleos particles of gums being diluted in aqueous menstrua always turne white. Oil of Camphire Take an ounce of camphire, break it in pieces and put it into a mattrass, pour upon it four ounces of spirit of nitre shake it and let it stand without any digestion In a short time it will dissolve into an oyly substance which will swim upon the surface which separate either by decantation or per sundibulum, and pressing it. Camphire is nothing but an oil witness it’s inflammability for if you burn it, it perfectly consumes, without leaving any thing behind, but the pars are so united that they will admitt no dissolution by distillation as other bodys will doe. tho several authors propose various methods of making this oyl, yet it can be made only after the foregoing manner, and even this is improperly called an oil and better deserves the name of a dissolution. It being the body of the camphire kept in fluore by the interveneing of the acute and volatile parts of the spirit of nitre which is evident for if you putt this oil into a glass of water, the water diluting the particulae nitrosae contained in the oil the camphire imediately resumes it’s proper form. This is oil is seldom or never used internally because of the perniciousness of the menstruum It’s used externally by surgeons in cleansing rotten bones, which is more upon the account of the menstruum than the camphire. To make this oil be so pernicious putt more camphire into the menstruum viz. a double quantity & by shakeing of it a little it will in three or four days turn all to oyl, and that you may be sure that the oil can dissolve no more camphire putt in 2 or 3 pieces more to try , and if in five or six days it will not dissolve it, strain it through a fine linen cloth & preserve it in a bottle close stopt for use. This ‘tis plain is not so pernicious as it was the spirit being in proportion much less then before, but in reality the use of camphire per se internally is more comendable. Rosin of Jalap. Take a pound of jalap bruise it small putt it into a matrass and pour upon it rectified spirit of wine ‘till it is four fingers breadth above the powder digest it in a sand furnace for 24 hours then decant and philtrate your tincture, then pour more spirit of wine upon it repeat your digestion and philtration to the 3d time by which means you will separate all the rosin that was contained in the root, mingle these tinctures together and by gentle evaporation digest them to an eight part pour your matter into a bason of cold water and the rosin will precipitate (19) wash it several times to purifie it then putt it on a plate and cover it with paper and so let it dry. This is a general method for seperating rosins from all gummy roots or other parts of vegetables It is observed that these rosins doe not purge equally In proportion to the roots themselves because the salinae particulae are diluted by the water which otherwise [vellicateing] the fibres of the intestines, are the cause of evacuation this is more apparent in scammony which abounds more with saline than rosinous particles. But however the rosin is prefferable in pharmacy for it acts more effectually though more gently upon humane body, and is less nauseous, and doth not occasion gripings as the root doth. If you putt all your tinctures into a retort, and distill instead of evaporateing ‘em, you will have a spirit which will be of the same use. If you have occasion to make use of this rosin ‘twill be proper for you to make it yourself. for that which is commonly sold by the druggists is mixt with two thirds of colophonic, it is allso counterfeited by mixing the tincture of guaiacum with the tincture of jalap. Cinnamon Water. Take half a pound of cinnamon, cut it small and bruise it’ put it into a retort through a tunnel of paper that reaches to the bottom, so that the cinnamon may goe to the bottom and not stick to the sides of the retort, for if it doe ‘twill [tenge] your three quarts of sack place your retort in balneo arenae and with a slow fire of into your receiver two quarts. The reason of putting rose-water into this composition is because nothing exalts the smell of cinnamon so much as roses as you may perceive by the following experiment. Take an ounce of spiritus rosarum and impregnate it with as much oil of cinnamon as it can imbibe which you may easily perceive for if it has more than it can support ‘twill become thick and muddy. add a little more spirit of roses to it, it will become clear again which is a sign ‘tis exactly impregnated, by this means the smell of the cinnamon will be very much exalted butyrum rosarum mixt with the oil of cinnamon makes a noble perfume. In ‘ mixing all odoriferous bodys care must be taken that one does not predominate over an other, which will not easily be prevented without a strict enquiry into the nature of the bodies to be mixt which if you have not an exact knowledge of the best way will be to grind them together on a stone by litle and litle, and keep them 2 or 3 days in which time you will perceive which body predominates to which you must add accordingly to make your perfume exact, sometimes among perfumes we mix asa foetida which though nauseous of it self yet by its volatility exalts the perfume and makes is more gratefull. Spirit of Roses. Fill an earthen pot with damask roses pour water upon them then cover your pot with a trencher with a piece of lead laid upon it (20) let it stand about a month in the exact time cannot be determin’d because they will ferment more or less according as the weather is, but your fermentation will be perfect when the roses are mouldy and smell sour then distill them in the vesica cuprea with a slow fire ad dimidium puttt the distilled water upon fresh roses and make a second fermentation as before then distill it again in a retort inn balneo arenea ad limidium put the distilled water into another retort and distill it again ad dimidium, and so the third time then you will have a spirit of roses combustible. Take the remainder of the 3 distillations, and add as much water to them as there is of the remaining liquor distill it in vesica cuprae ad dimidium, and you will have a better rose water than can be made any other way. Butyrum Rosarum. Take six pound of roses and one pound of common salt beat them well together in a mortar, and putt ‘em in to a pot cover them, & lett them stand for six months, in which time the salt will coagulate some part of the spirit of the roses into a pingueous substance then put four parts of water to one of roses & distill them in vesica cuprosa to two thirds and by the help of a seperatory vessel gather your butyrum from your aqua rosarum. This butyrum is nothing but oleum rosaru per se liquo modo butyri ad [instan??] crassum, the same wee observe in oil of anniseeds etc. which when cool are like butter. Of Magistery. Magistery is nothing but an alcoholization of coral, pearl, crabs eyes or other bodys which is effected per menstruum first by dissolving the body in acido blando as juice of lemons distilled vinegar or the like to facilitate which experiment bruise the body and put it into a matrass and pour your menstruu upon it. then digest it by a slow fire for four and twenty hours skaking it now and then the liquor will be very limpid If you pour salt of tartar upon it guttatim the alkali of the tartar acting upon the acid which invisibly supports the body so weakens it, that not being able to support it any longer the body is precipitated in the substance of a pouder decant the liquor from it and dulcified it by repeated lotions with warm water then dry this pouder and it is called magistery of this or that thing according to what is made of alcoholization is a Arabick word and signifies the reducing a body in minimas now nothing can be more subtilizing then that body which cannot be seen in the menstruum before the precipitation is made but this term is not only confined to powders but is aplyed to spirits also as we shall shew hereafter. these magesteries were of great repute before [Zwelforus] phycision to the late emperor in his pharmacopoea Destillation of Coral & its Tincture Take 2 [pts] of the freshest & thickest coral you can get because the freshest [illegible] contain & the thickest preserve best the [?umes] which nourish’t the coral when green Put it in a retort whose 2/3 remains empty place it in a calot in a reverberatory furnace & continue your fire for 40 hours you’ll obtain a spiritous & an oleous liquor. if you take 4 ounces of the corel the remains in the [illegible] & powder it very well then put it in a fresh matrass when your liquor are distill it from [illegible] stir it so that the powder may be thoroughly imbed’d then put upon it alkohol vini and digest it & you’ll have a noble tincture of corel. Majistery of Coral Powder coral in a mortar putt it in a matrass & pour sp of vinegar upon it [3] fingers above the matter distill it in a sand furnace & stir it now 7 then to hasten the dissolution when the matter is cool filtrate & pour upon it oul of tartar per deliquiu & ‘twill make it muddy which is a sing of a filtration of the majistery from the acid menstruu. continue pouring on till all the coral be precipitated but this you must do with consideration & time for it is impossible to know when all the corel is precipitated only by the clearness of the liquor; when your corel is settled decant the liquor & pour more oyl of tartar upon it, & if it don’t turn muddy tis a certain sign that all the corel is precipitated you must cleanse your powder by repeated [lotion] & dry in the sun or sand furnace obs Tho’ some of our moderns affirm that all [???aceous] bodies that are real alkalies are of the same nature yet we find by experience several differences but in their nature and use. Pearls calcine easily [illegible] not under 44 hours Oyster shells have a salt which egg shells have not, & egg shells have qualities which they have not etc. (21) Augustana reformate, a very good book in its kind, [dete?ed] the insignificancy of them in physick for if you consider, the acid destroys the alkali of the coral or other body in the dissolution, which, tho’ it afterwards precipitates, & you separate the salt from it by repeated lotions, yet by washing you will never absolutely separate the acid which has enter’d the pores of the alkalick body, & this is the reason that neither acid nor alkali will act upon magistery, now altho’ this experiment be of great use in physick, yet is it a very philosophical one, & teaches us the nature of bodies & enables us to make a judgment of other experiments. If the dissolution of the body be not throughly performed by the first digestion, it is because the menstruum is sufficiently saturated, & can absorb no more, so after decantation you may put more menstruum to it, till it is all dissolved, mechanicks that make use of coral polish it with aqua fortis, which eats of the external [scurf], & makes the coral appear more beautifull. Of Extracts in general. The word is general, for all chymical preparations may be called by that name, but by extracts properly so called, we understand decoctions or tinctures which by distillation or evaporation are reduc’d to the consistence of honey. These extracts are made with different menstruums, according to the different natures of the bodies they are made of. If you have an aqueous body as liquorice, ele, campane etc. you must make use of water for your menstruum, resinous bodies as opium, aloes etc. require spiritous menstrua, The extract of saffron tho’ often used with success, is not to be comended the powder being much better for in making sp: of saffron with sack & saffron distills in a retort upon a sand furnace, we observe that the spirit is impregnated with the most volatile parts of the saffron, so consequently in making an extract of it, your extract will be depriv’d of all that is volatile & essential in the noble flower, & this observation is not confin’d to saffron only, but extends to all flowers & other bodies that are very volatile. The spirits in all tinctures drawn by distillation except of saffron & ros solis are limpid; only of these two bodies they rise in a yellow tincture, which is caus’d by the volatility of their sulfur, above that of any other plant. This inconsistence attends aqueous extracts, that let ‘em be made with all the care & exactness imabinable yet being full of an essentiall Extract of Opium [illegible] prepares with liq vini vulgaris the common way & rejects the extract made with the water, as recommended by Mr [Bo??] & Mr Jones; but gives no other reason that that it soon turns mouldy when drawn with water & that the ancients understood the nature of opium better than the moderns he prepares his opium with the [illegible] of brimstone burnt which jones rejects 22 salt they will grow moist and lose their virtue, to remedy which chymists will dry the extracts more then the body can bear by which means it becomes empyerumatick and quite loses its virtue the best method in this case is to dissolve the extract in spiritous vini vulgaris and by gentle evaporation reduce it to the same consistence it was att before. Then soften it with alcohol vini, and reduce it again with farther evaporation to its former consistence, repeat your alcohol vini as before then by evaporation in a sand furnace dry it and preserve it for use. The alcohol vini deprives it of its humidity, and so deprives it of corruption or being mouldy. Alcohol Vini. Take two gallons of brandy put it into the vesica cuprea put to it four pounds of common salt, stir it well adapt it to your vesica cuprea its capitellum rostratu with its refrigeratorium, you may loose half a spoonfull at first, and so the rest will be very pure distill of a fourth part with a gentle heat then change your receiver and encrease your fire & distill of another fourth part. the first will be alcohol the second spiritus vini rectificatus which keep singly for different uses. the alcohol is dephlegmated, the other has a proportion of phlegma. this method of alcoholization is not peculiar to spirit of wine but may be applied to all fermented bodies, as perry, cider, beer etc. though before fermentation they will produce nothing but an empyreumatick thickly Put it into a matrass with salt of tartar & shake it well let it stand twenty four hours shakeing it now & then if there be never so little water in the alcohol. The sal tartar will absorb it. If you perceive your salt to be very moist, decant it, and put in fresh, and proceed as before all other experiment to prove alcohol are frivolous. Some doe imagine it to be perfectly alcoholized, when putt into a spoon & sett on fire, it consumes, without leaveing any phlegma behind it, but this is a mistake for the heat of the spoon itself is sufficient to evaporate that small quantity of phlegma that is in it. Another method of tryal is this. Put gumpowder into a spoon and pour alcohol upon it. Set the alcohol on fire, which when almost consumed will sett fire to the gunpowder. ‘Tis vulgarly conceived that were there any phlegma in the alcohol it could not possibly fire the gunpowder, but this likewise is a mistake for we observe that in making squibs and other fireworks allways take fire from whence we may conclude that there may at least be a phlegma in the alcohol notwithstanding the fireing of the gunpowder, & that there realy is is evident for true alcohol will not fire gunpowder the flame of it being 23) being so rarefied that it can make no impression upon it but if you put tow or three drops of water to the alcohol it will fire the water which it would not doe per se. ‘Tis a wonderfull thing that the modern chymists as wel as the antient should have so many contrivances in making alcohol some put parchment between the vesica cuprea and the capitellum to prevent the ascending of the phlegma with the spirit, others put a spunge in the neck of the vesica cuprea to absorb it as it ascends: some make use of strange contrived alembicks with long or twisted necks other again repeat] their distillation several times but all in vain for such twisted and longnecks require a violent fire to raise the alcohol’ which heat will raise the phlegma allso repeated distillations are allso needless for if you can regulate your fire as the nature of the body requires it may be done as well at once as at ten times whence ‘tis plain that those authors who talk of these extravagant methods did not understand the nature of the body nor how to regulate their fire acordingly which if they had done they would not have imposed upon the world and themselves, we make use of common salt in the distillation of alcohol upon this account that it being diluted in the phlegma makes it more difficult to ascend but you must remember to put the salt in but just before the distillation for if you put it in any considerable time before it will prey upon the spirit and consume it. this distillation will be more noble if instead of common salt, you make use of salt of tartar and distill it in a retort upon a sand furnace this must not be mistaken for alcohol vini tartarizati that preparation being of another nature viz. distill alcohol vini with salt of tartar in it & pour the materia distillata upon the salt seven or eight times, this is called cohobation, by this means the alcohol will be much exalted by the union of some of the saline volatile particls of the first alcalick body, and becomes a considerable menstruu in several preparations. Oil of Vegetables. Take two pound of caraway seeds put ‘em into the veisca cuprea ad to them two gallons of water cover the vesica with its capitellu rostatum cum suo refrigeratorio put under it a large cruet placed in an earthen vessel, to preserve the water whose neck is 2 or 5 inches higher than the spout that the water may run out & not the oil make your fire so that the matter may gently boyl when the cruet is full the oil will swim in the neck of it & the water will run out of the spout into the beson continue your fire ‘till the third part be drawn off, pour all the water into the vesica cuprea again, and repeat your distillation upon Oyl of Anniseeds Take dry aniseeds & put ‘em into the vesica cuprea then fill your vesical half full with water & [illegible] salt to it & proceed after the common method & you will have a limpid oyl swimming on the surface of the water which you must separate & keep for use. Observ: Vegetable oyls are nothing but the liquid [illegible] of the vegetables, all of ‘em swim upon the surface of the water except oyl of cinnamon which always [illegible] it’s [illegible] is more grateful than its [illegible] & on the contrary the [tinct] of volatile oyl is more grateful than the [illegible] our modern chemists adulterate [illegible] oyl by putting oyl of turpentine before the [illegible] [with] the alembeck, which rising carries with it some of the smel & vertue of the seed you may discover the cheat by rubbing a little of it in your hands the aromatick will soon exhale, & the smel of turpentine will remain [(24)] The same seeds, or so the third time, buy this means you will have all the oil that is possible to be extracted from the body, then carefully separate the water from the oil, & preserve the oil for use. The making of oil by distillation is not peculiar to these seeds but may be practised upon all seeds & all plants. All vegetables must be dry before digestion, that being deprived of their humidity, the menstruum may penetrate the pores of the body, & separate the oil; some add salt of tartar in this distillation, which is comendable enough for it by boiling being dissolved in the menstruum, does by its moderate acidity, so dispose the body, that the oil may more easily [illegible], comon salt being more acid is not so good, some have given the name of essence to this oil, because it retains the smell & quality of the plant, which is not very improper. others through ignorance have called it quinta essentia but that name is by the antient chymists appropriated to a substance separate from the four elements, which to me, by what they have writ which is very obscure, seems to be altogether imaginary. By the four elements they understood oil, which [illegible] to fire, spirit which [illegible] to air, water & earth; the body calcined after distillation they call earth; out of which ashes, they exhalt an alkalick salt which alt they put into a circulatory vessel, & add to it its proper oil, spirit & water, then sealing the vessel hermetically, they place it in horse dung, where by continual circulations it will produce a substance more subtle than all four of them, & this is the true quintessence of the antients. All oils are not made after the foregoing manner, some as oil of nutmegs, mace, etc. are made by expression; oil of cloves is made this way, or by distillation, but that made by distillation, is the better being more etherial, some are made per [de??ension], as the oil of lignum vitae, & other rosinous woods, but they are so impure, viscous, & nasty, that they are not used but by furriers, the Danes & Sweeds make great use of this distillatio per [de??nforium], for by it they make their pix novalis, which we call tar. There is another oil different from these, which is drawn per [secodionum], from those fat coals which are in Shropshire, grind them to dust & put them into a large iron pot, U put to them a sufficient quantity of water, keep them boiling & there will swim upon the surface of the water a great quantity of bituminous matter, which skim off, this oil is usefull for [car??ning] ships, it preserving them from worms better than any thing else, if you distill this bituminous substance in a retort you will have a fine oil not much unlike that of amber. Sal Volatile Oleagum. Take a pound of salt of tartar, the same quantity fo sal armoniack, beta them very small, add to them nutmegs, cloves, cinnamon, mace, an ounce of each; two ounces of lavender, & two of sweet marjoram; put to these ingredients dried orange & lemon pill, then add to them a pint of water, & an equal quantity of alcohol vini, the water will immediately dissolve the salts, & the alkali [illegible] making a cold fermentation will ensue, the contrary to which we observe when 25) the [illegible] predominates, put this mixture into a glass or earthen cucurbile, fit to it a head, & receiver, lute well the conjunctions, with a wet bladder, set your vessel in sand, & give it a small fire for three or four hours; Then there will first rise a volatile salt, which will stick to the head , & after the spirit will distill into the receiver, drawing also with it a part of the volatile salt, when it has left distilling let the vessels cool, & unlute them, separate the volatile salt & keep it for use. In this preparation we put on equal quantity of alcohol to the water because the alcohol is a more proper menstruum to raise the oleus parts of the aromaticks, besides it produces volatile salt, which water alone will absorb into a spirit, as we have said before, that spirits are nothing but an aqueous substance impregnated with an alkalick salt. This volatile alkali was the invention of Glauberus, Dr [Sylvine] was the first man that aromatized it Dr Willis made it with gums as gummi ammoniacum, opoponax, assa fetida etc. from which gums it takes its name of sal volatile oleogum cum gummi ammoniaca etc. Spiritus salis ammoniaci cum gummi amoniaci is an excellent remedy for an asthma, it is made with four ounces of gum ammoniack, a pound of salt of tartar, & an equal quantity of sal ammoniack, & eight ounces of water; aromaticks become empyreumatick sooner than gums, therefore you must order your fire accordingly. The method of making this sal volatile olegum is not stated, it is sufficient if it be a volatile alkali impregnated with oleus & aromatick particles. Spiritus salis ammoniaci succinatus is very good in epilepsies, and all diseases of the brain. Spiritus salis amoniaci galbaratus is excellent in hystericks. In the distillation of spiritual salis amoniac cum gallano there is always an oil produced which swims upon the surface of the spirit, in that mode with gum ammoniack there is no apparent oil, whence we may conclude what galbanum abounds with more oleus, the other with more saline particles, take powder of amber, & distill it, with spirit of sal amoniack, according to the London Dispensatory, dry the remaining amber & distillit again, it will produce an oil but no volatile salt whence it is plain that the alkali volatile [illegible] has carried with it all the volatile salt of the amber this volatile alkali si of no great use to humane body, but acidum volatile is, for instance elixir vitrioli [mynsicthi], which is prepar’d according to art, is a true acidum volatile oleogum et aromaticum; but Dr Salmon mistakes, & asserts it to be nothing but a plain tincture acide fixe et manifesti, but if this tincture doth not enfuse the effects ascribed to elixir vitrioli mynficthi, ‘tis not the authors fault, Helmont was the first man that understood the nature of acidum [matu??m], [mynficthus] the next, otherwise he could not have said [???lentur] per quadraginga dies, for by these long circulations acidum [immaturum] fit [maturum]. Of Amalgama. Amalgama is nothing but an alcoholization of gold, or other metalls per mercurium which is done after the folowing manner, take an ounce of gold & melt it in a crucible, heat three ounces of quicksilver very hot, & mingle them together, putting the quicksilver upon the gold; take them of the fire, [illegible] stir them with a pipe till they are cold, if you put the same amalgama into a crucible & keep it on the fire til all the mercury is exhaled you will have your gold in an impalpable powder. Chymists make use of this powder, because the parts of the gold being divided in minimas, they suppose it will be of greater use in aurum [notabile], & other compositions wherein gold is the basis. but tho’ abundance of aurum [?olubile] has been made by several according to their different [illegible], & has sometimes succeeded well, & been very profitable to mankind in diverse distempers, yet it may be questioned whether the gold by any waye assisting in this matter. for several menstruums, & several salts mixt together, by long digestions, & circulations, may produce a good medicine, tho’ the gold contribute nothing towards it, & it is hard to conceive that such a body before ‘tis absolutely demottalized, so as to become irreducible, should impart any vertue. Mechanicks make use of this amalgama, as well as that made with sliver, in guilding. Mercury will amalgamize with lead also, & with copper but not without great difficulty. Take verdigrease, which is nothing but kings cupri, while vitriol and mercury put all these into an iron pot with a sufficient quantity of water wherein smiths have quenched their irons, boyl them for ten or twelve hours, continually stirring them with an iron spatula, & supplying as much of the same sort of water as is necessary, you will have your mercury amalgamate with the copper which amalgama, will take any, even [illegible] impression [illegible] of [illegible] often make use of it, for when it is warm it will take the impression of any seal, & when cold seal it again. We have not yet found the way of amalgamating iron with mercury & tis supposd we never shall, not according to the [fiction] of the [pock], because mercury being [begotten] between Mars & Venus will unite with neither father nor mother, but because these metals abound with an impure sulfur, which hinders the union, & one the contrary these metals which contain less suffer amalgamata sooner, as lead. Amalgama sorts. Take two ounces of quicksilver & the same quantity of block tin, put them into a [crucible] & warm them in a gentle heat, as soon as the quicks 26 silver is warm it will unite with the metal, when the matter is throughly liquid stir it with a pipe & take it from the fire & when cool keep it for use in making this amalgama the proportion of quicksilver & block-tin is not always the same, but sometimes triple, sometimes quadruple, according to the use you design to make of it. for it is used by mechanicks as well as chymists, as gilders, & looking glass makers. but the amalgama made with this proportion is of use in making aurum mosaicum of which as follows. Aurum Mosaicum. Take two ounces of amalgama iovis, made as above directed; powder it with two ounces of sal almoniack, & two of sulfur, sift & mingle them together very well, put this mixture into a matrass with a short neck, placed on a calot, in a sublimatory furnace, keep the same degree of fire as in flores salis amoniaci chalybeati, continue it for seven or eight hours, then permit the matter to cook, break your matrass & generate your aurum mosaicum, which will be in the bottom, from the materia sublimata, keep it close from the air, it will otherwise lose its colour. This cannot properly be called a sublimation, but is rather a fixation of the mercury, by the sulfur, & some metallick parts of the tine, ‘tis the sulphur likewise that gives it its colour. Sal amoniack is used in this composition, not only to facilitate the sublimation, but it likewise by its saline quality, raises with it all that is heterogeneous, & impure, either in the tin or mercury. Tis much commended in epilepsies, convulsions, & hystericks. Tis us’d by mechanicks in Japan works, & if well varnished will keep its colour a long time. observ: This operation is rather a fixation than a sublimation being the useful part of the matter remains [illegal] at the bottom of the vessel & [with] [illegible] is but the scoria of the composition. The mercury is [illegible] not only by the common sulphur but by the sulphur of the tin for all sulphurs fires [illegible] and that in the body of the earth, as in natural cinnabar which is nothing but a composition of [illegible] & [illegible] for if you take clear [illegible] [illegible] deliqu. and grind it finely with the cinnabar & put this [mess] into a retort & [illegible] a receiver to it half fill’d which water the mercury will rise in white vapours by a slow fire & precipitate to the bottom of the water if your salt tartar be pure from any dregs which you must cleanse by filtration. if you dilute the caput mortuu & filtrate, what remains in the [illegible] it the pure sulphur of the cinnabar which is the purest & freest from the mixture of all [illegible] parts is the Persian cinnabar as may be know by it’s breaking fine like a ruby next to that is the Spanish or Hungarian but none full of earth. The factitious cinnabar is paralel in physick to the [illegible] Persian ‘tis a certain remedy in an [epilepsi] dos: zi 2 or 3 times a day according to the circumstance of the patient. Tis us’d in hysterick Aethiops Mineral Take 2 prts of sulphur & one of mercury mix ‘em in a stone mortar with a wooden pestle till the mercury do not appear & the mortar be perfectly reduc’t to a black powder. [illegible] obs: This is doubtless the best way of making this median for when there is fire usd it makes the [suds] of the sulphur more manifest & consequently of Aethiops in some measure corrosive Artificial Cinnabar may be made from the Aethiops mineral prepar’d by fire & then sublim’d but then you must put 3 parts of mercury to one of sulphur. Tis rediculous to think that cinnabar is made for the convenient transportation of mercury for the [making] the cinnabar & reviving the mercury will be of more charge than if mercury is realy worth. besides ‘tis notoriously known that the Spaniards who carry quicksilver from [Andalusia] to America convey it in bladders & they carry such a vast quantity that they ballast their galleons with it as the English ballast their ships that come from the East Indies with salt petre Distillation of Wood Soot Take soot produc’t from oak wood which shines like black amber when broke Distill it with the same caution you do amber for the same reason, it will produce a good quantity of volatile salt which being more volatile than that of ambar adheres to the sides of the receiver in fine xstalls. see the rest in Mr Boyl use [illegible] of experimental physiol: Distillation of Benjamin & Camphire Take a pd of fine Benjamin with 2 oz of camphire mix em well & put when powder’d [illegible] em into a retort which set upon a sand furnace & distill with a gentle heat as you do Benjamin for the same heat will raise the flowers of both. the distillation may be made in the hottest place of a sand furnace it will produce a limpid spirit which easily unites with water as the spirit of Benjamin [illegible] without camphire, therefore its probable the spirit comes whole from the Benj: without any mixture with the camp: for if it was otherwise the camph: wou’d separate when pour’d in water. The weight of the flowers shows that they are a mixture of Benjamin & camphir as also the smel & tast. These flowers are easily dissolv’d in alkohol & are a better cosmetick than either Benjamin or camphire alone: & are better united in physick. Distillation of Silk Take raw silk, cut into smal pieces, & half fill a retort with it; lute it to a large reciever; & begin your distillation with a moderate heat & augment till your distillation be completed, you’ll get a volatile salt & an urinous spirit which must be rectify’d & seperated. The spirit is call’d sal volatile [godhardia??], or kings drops, & is useful in an epileptic palsie etc. Distillation of bread Take the crum of brown bread well [illegible] fill half a [illegible] with it & distill L:A: with a degree of fire suitable to the body: you will obtain a noble subacid spirit which when rectified is an useful menstruu to dissolve corel etc. & perhaps not unserviceable in some cases as a stomachick. Balsam of Myrrh Take ½ a pd of sal myrrh beat it smal put it in a flask & add to it 12 oz of water, boil it in a calot with the help of sand till it be deminish [illegible 1/3 keeping it constantly stirring to make the dissolution the more perfect then add to it zviii of ol: of turpentine agitate it till these bodies are perfectly united & come to the consistence of a balsam, & then they are in separate (without art): let your matter stand & the more gross & impure parts will fall to the bottom which may be seperated from the balsam: tis a good [?ulmerary] & cleanser Tincture Nephritica Take 4 oz of lign: nephrit: cut it into very smal peices, put it into a matrass & add to it 4 oz of borax pulveris’d, then pour upon it 2 qts of white wine digest it for 3 or 4 days in a sand heat & agitate it now & then it will produce a very deep tincture: which you must [illegible] & preserve in a bottle well stop’t because ‘tis volatile & [illegible]: dos: 4 zs mixt with an equall quantity of white wine rhenish or any other proper vehicle is an excellent medicine against the gravel if not stone Tinctura cort: Peruviani Take a pound of Jesuits bark, bruise it smal & put in a matrass pour upon it [sp] vini rectified: four fingers above the matter set it to digest for 2 or 3 days & when the matter is cool & when the matter is cool filtrate your tincture you may draw another tincture by the addition of the same menstruum, but not in so great a quantity as before, keep these 2 tinctures for the following use. observ: This tincture is seldom made for any use in physick because it does not contain the whole vertue of the [bark], but only that which is most resinous: but the following is an useful preparation: Take the matter when the 2 tinctures are drawn of: boyl it with water & so make a 1st 2d & 3d decoction then evaporate these decoctions, to a consistence of hony: dissolve this in 2 tinctures made with sp: of wine as above: & evaporat to a new extract. by this method you get both the resinous & salini parts of the body: which will produce the desir’d effects if the extract of this bark made by common chymists don’t answer the [physicians] expectation ‘tis the chymists fault who don’t understand the nature of the body they work upon Oyl of Nutmeggs 1st way By [?orrifying] in a kettle as lemeries 2nd way but the following is the best Take a pd of nutmegs beat ‘em to powder & put ‘em in an earthen vessel full of holes, & place your vessel over a port full of boyling water & keep it there till the matter is throughly & then press it: after this method is made oyl of yolks of eggs when boyld [illegible] oyl of almonds walnuts etc. what is call’d essence of taking almonds & boyling them in water then blanching ‘em & drying ‘em in a stove till they rattle, then stratifie ‘em with flowers of jessamine which flowers change every 12 hours for a week if you have enoug: then beet your almonds & press ‘em & you’ll have an oyl odoriferous of the jessamine & is the same we have from Genoa. Oyl of Turpentine Fill 1/3 of a [illegible] with [illegible] turpentini fix it in a calot over a plain furnace lute a proportionable receiver to it & by a slow fire distill 2 prts out of 3 of a quantity of oyl & sp which will ascend promiscuously in vapours when all your matter is cool separate your spirit from the oyl the common way. observ; If the turpentine in the [illegible] rises into bubbles tis a sign the fire is too hot The spirit of turp: is nothing but a phlegm impregnated with a subacid & volatile salt. The oyl is the most volatile part of the turpentine attenuated by fire: The caput mortuum remains at bottom in a hard transparent resinous substance. Some use an iron plate to swim upon the turp in the [illegible] to break the bubbles & prevent its rising into the receiver, others sand, but they are both needless if you understand but the nature of your body & regulate the fire accordingly [oyl] [of] is made out of rosin in a vesica cuprea by the help of water we make oyl of vegetables it is very useful to physitians as well as mechanicks but the inconvenience is that the apothecaries sell what remains after the distillation for for [tis] burgundica & use it in all their composition of plaister, ointments etc. where that ought to be us’d: but its virtues are all gone by the distillation Sp: & Volatile Salt of Sal Armoniack Take a pd of sal amm: & another of salt tartar, powder ‘em very finely then mix ‘em equally and put ‘em into a retort & add 6 or 8 z of water to ‘em as you define to have more or less spirits: for alkalick spirits are nothing but phlegm impregnated with volatile salts so if you add 6 z of water you’ll have more volatile salt & less spirit if 8 vice versa: if you put in no water you’ll have all volatile salt & no spirit. you must make your distillation (as you do all distillations of volatile bodies) with a slow fire, because by reason of their volatility they easily ascend, but if the fire be too hot then they arise with great violence & endanger both the glasses: In making this spirit of sal ammon we intermingle cloves, mace nutmegs or any other aromatick, but in this case we use sp: vin: rectif, because water can’t so well impregnate it self which the oyl of the aromatiche. This sp: is call’d sal volat: oleag: aromaticu because the alkalick spirit is impregnated which if aromatick oyl this was first invented by Dr Sylvius. Dr Willis instead of any aromatick made use of ambar & call’d it sp: sal: x[illegible] succinatus. But the first inventor of the [cases] of sal: volat: was Glauber. when the spiritous volatile salt ceases to ascend take of the receiver when the matter is cool, & lute a fresh one to the retort. & you’ll have the flores sal: [illegible] distinct from the volatile salt & without any urinary smel yet very fine & pungent to the tast, which are us’d in all obstructions. Sp: of sal: amm. is made another way, by taking 4 parts of quick lime to one of sal [illegible] & by mixing ‘em together & distilling till no vapours ascend. This spirit is stronger than the other: but is of ill consequence given inwardly because of the acrimonious salts of the quicklime that are mixt [illegible] never a grains of volatile salt ascends in this distillation, because the parts are devided by the acrimonious salts of the lime not withstanding Lemery affirms the contrary all vegetable has alkalies will perform the same effects in their distillation as sal tartar tho’ not so well for no vegetable fixt alkalie is so truly fixt as sal tartar & consequently less porous & attractive of the acids of the sal: ammon: Sal ammon: if brought from [illegible] is a a composition of camell urine in the caravansaries & some terrestrious matter: if made in Europ tis from human urine. common salt & wood soot. by [illegible] evaporating to a consistence of an extract, then by subliming it into a saline mass as we see it. This sublim’d mass consists of the volatile alkali of the urine, which is bound by the acids of the common salt & this is the reason why sal ammon: has no smell but as soon as it is mixt with the salt of tartar, the acids of the common salt containing the sal amm: acting upon the [fixt] alkali of the tartar let loose the volaltile alkali o the urine as may be perceiv’d by the smell before but more plainly after distillation Dilute your caput mortuum in water & if your fire was not so hot as to make the flores rise & then filter & evaporate till there remains a thin skin on the surface of the lixiviu then set your liquor in a cool place and your salt will xstaallise, decant your liquor that is not xstalliz’d & by new evaporations xtallize again till all be xtalliz’d: This is a general rule in all xtallizations. The cutick upon the top of the water denotes that the liquor contains more salts than it can support, and if you don’t take off the vessel when this cuticle appears, tis impossible to make the xstallizations for want of a [illegible] quantities of moisture; we observe also that in the least negligence of a xstillazation the xstalls never alter their proper figure, because the same bodies always keep the same disposition of parts There is another way of making the volatile salt of sal [illegible] by mixing 3 lb of chalk with 1 lb of sal [illegible] but that this be the cheepest way & the most common for you’ll get lbi of volatile salt, if you use a strong fire yet tis to be rejected for tho’ the volatile salt be very strong when tis first gather’d: yet it loses it’s strength & nothing remains but a chalky substance If you take the sp: of sal amm: made by salt tartar & mix with it an equal quantity of alkohol vini, the 2 liquors will coagulate. Spirit of nitre will presently dissolve this coagulu & make the liquor limpid. This makes [?elmou] dry up sp: nitre [illegible] in the stone which are supposed caus’d by the joying of [urinous] & venous spirits in the body Spirit of Nitre dulcified Take 4 parts of alkohol vini to 1 prt of sps nitre & distill ‘em with a gentle fire so they ascend dulcified, [illegible] for the better performance of the dulcification we put the liquor into the same retort & by 2 or 3 [co?bations] perfect the preparation: sp of nitre is dulcified to dilute its acrimonious salts to attenuate & volatilize em so as to make it fit to be taken inwardly: If you put a pint of sp: of wine to the remainder in your retort after the distillation of volatile sal: [illegible] is finisht you will get a quantity of a pretty good sp of sal: [illegible] If you take the caput mortuu after the [?tion] of sp: of sal: [illegible} dissolve filter & coagulating you will obtain (says Mr Boyl) a pure salt of greater diruetical efficacy than any I have hitherto met with. Distillation of Cantharides This distillation is done [illegible] retortu as other animal praeparations: only this requires a very slow fire: when you have drawn the spirit volatile salt [illegible] etherial & thick oyl, let your vessels cool & unlute ‘em then filtrate your sour spirit & oyls, your fine oyl will go thro’ which the spirit, & the [thick] oyl will remain in the filter, then with a little warm water [wash] your volatile salt from the sides of the receiver & put it with [illegible] spirit & fine oyl to be rectified in a [illegible] [illegible] in caln: arenae by which means youll get the sp: & volatile salt free from the phlegm which you must separate & keep for use; you may put the oyl into another [illegible] to separate the more viscid from the limpid. IN all rectifications of animal’s spirits the lower the vessels are the easier the spirits ascend, & are more pure: [illegible] the cucurbils & other high vessel make ‘em but the more impure, because the very heat that will raise the spirits to the height will also raise the phlegm. Calcinatio Saturni Melt lead on a slow fire, take it off & stir continuely, till it is reduc’t to powder put it in a reverberatory furnace till it turn red. Then ‘tis call’d minium This is calcinatio sicca to distinguish it from calcinatio humidae by boyling lead in vinegar till it turns to a white powder such is call’d [corossa] saturni or white lead. another way is to burn vinegar under a leaden cover: 7 the fumes calcine the lead into a white powder which they scrap off this is calcinatio vaporosu [illegible] observ: [sho?] will not calcine the first way Vetrification [illegible] Take 3 crucibles each less than the other put your angles a cross that they may not fit as in a next. Put minium into the uppermost, build the fire up to it so as the miniu may melt, but the ashes not fall into any of the crucibles when melted it will pass from the first to the third in which (raking of the 1 & d) let it stand till the matter is clear then pour it into any polisht iron vessel & you will have, & you will have the transparent vitrium saturni Another way to do a greater quantity is to put a [illegible] in cold sands almost to the ribbs, with an earthen cover on it; which cover’d with fire and surrounded with bricks in the manner of a melting furnace for an hour the minium will be transparent. Some have in vain indeavour’d to draw an oyl from this vitrium, whence they promist themselves the arcamum philosophuru Distillation of Tobacco Distill a pound of tobacco in a retort plac’d in a calot in a common furnace lute a large receiver & continue the fire till the vapours ascend no longer. observ: This distillation affords an acid sp: & a solid oyl, the first is good for nothing the last only for [illegible] This is a general example as when a fetid strong oyl of a vegetable is requir’d but if you wou’d have an aromatick oyl & such as by its smell [perta?es] only of the finisht parts, it must be done by the receipt of the oyl of carraways If you drop a little of this oyl upon a cat’s tongue she will immediately fall into convulsions caus’d by the narcotic acids coagulating the blood: which is prov’d bec: the spt: of sal [illegible] reduces the blood to its former state But if [Brasil] tobacco is so narcotick & convulses so strongly that no al: can resist it.