Dr Barton’s Lectures on Botany 1809. William Elmer Monday April 17th 1809. Lecture 1st Of the difference between Animals and Plants. A plant is defined to be a living organized body, fixed to a certain spot, where it propagates its species. Some plants have locomotion The Valleriana Spiralis of Linnaeus & some others have locomotion. In these plants the male and female flowers are separate from each other. The male flowers detach themselves from the stalk, and [pursue] the females & in this manner propagate their species. The flower of Locomotion cannot be considered a characteristic mark, between Animals & plants. For I say some animals are not capable of spontaneous motion The Pennatula [Enominus]) Pennatula Setacea of Linnaeus are animals that are not possessed of spontaneous motion. Some animals as well as plants have no sexual organs. The Taenia (Tape Worm) is certainly produced in the intestines of the Foetus. Irritability exists in near all the parts of Plants. The brain is wanting in some animals as the [polypi], [tenia] cuttlefish etc. Plants have both brain & nerve Some animals have no heart as the fresh water polypi the hydra etc. Some flowers have the property of doubling themselves The Almond tree in its wild state bears single flower, when brought into a garden and nourished the flowers become double The smell of the [glaucs] [illegible] proves fatal to some Animals. Lecture 2d April 18th 1809. The natural heat of Man is 98 [degrees] of Farenheit’s Thermometer. The heat of the Rattlesnake is 61 [degrees]. Plants have a peculiar heat of their own, different from that of the Atmosphere in which they live. The Maple Birch, English Walnut etc. have a specific heat. Both animals and plants are able to support for a considerable time a greater heat than is natural. Hermaphrodites are those plants in which the male and female organs are blended together. Monaecians are those plants in which the male & female organs are upon the same root but in different parts of it. Dionaecious are those plants in which the male & female organs are upon distinct root as in the Lombardy Poplar. In this Country the Lombard Poplars are all Males. [M??allus] Lecture 3d April 24th 1809 Absent. [illegible] Lecture 4th April 25th 1809 The branches of Natural History are six in Number viz Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, including Geology, Meteorology and Hydrology That part of Natural History which is called Botany is the subject of our present course of Lectures. Botany is of vast extent, it composes seven eights of the Materials in the Materia Medica Anatomists divide the human body into Head, Trunk & Extremities. In like manner Linnaeus divides plants into three parts viz: radix, herba and fructificatis. By the radix I mean the root or that part of the plant which lies buried in the ground. By the herba I mean the stem leaves, and its appendages & by the Fructificatis, I mean the flower or properly speaking the fruit. The radix is that part which supports the herba & fructificatis. It is divided into two parts viz. the candex, and the radicula, the latter act as absorbing vessels The candex is that part of the root which supports the tree and from which it proceeds. The radicula are the fibres which proceed from the candex and nourishes both it and the plant. Linnaeus also subdivides into Candex Ascendens and Candex Descendens. This division & think is altogether needless Every part of a plant contains the germ of every other part [Cutenum Re??] I. Of the Radix This I shall consider in the following manner viz. 1. With respect to its form, 2. Its growth and 3 Its duration 1. With respect to its Form They are 1. Radia Fibrosa 2. [Ra??] Fusiformis. 3. Rad: Tuberosa 4. Rad: Granulata. 5. Rad: Bulbosa. 6. Rad: Premorsa. 1. Of the Radix Fibrosa, or Fibrous Root. This kind may be seen in all the grapes, and in wheat rye, oats, barley etc. 2. Radix Fusiformis, or Spindle- Shaped Root. This is very common & known to all. examples of it are seen on the Carrot, Parsnip, Hemlock etc. 5 3 Radix Tuberosa or Tuberose Root It is a hard solid & fleshy root and has sometimes one knob, & sometimes more, according to the different kinds of plants, as in the turnip & potatoe which have but one knob in the [illegible] which has several [Geranium] [Ma??la] 4. Radix Premorsa. It is a species of root which does not taper off but ends very abruptly, and appears as if it had been eaten off. It is called by the Country People Devil’s Bit. 5. Radix Granulata. This is exceedingly rare. An example of it may be seen in the White Saxifrage [illegible] 6 Radix Bulbosa or Bulbous Root. This is very common & familiar to all, as the Onion Tulip etc. The bulb consists of two parts the bulb properly so called, and the radicula. These fasciculi consist of exhaling and absorbing vessels. The business of Nutrition is carried on in them. Linnaeus also divides the bulbous into [Squamosus], Solidus, [Tunicatus], Articulatus and Duplicatus. Squamosus as in the Lily Solidus, there is none. Tunicatus, as in the Onion, Tulip. Articulatus, is very rare. Duplicatus two bulbs connected together this plant is called by the Country people Adam & Eve. When this plant is put into water one of the bulbs swims, & the other sinks. The reason of this is obvious, the bulb that swims is the one that has put forth its germ, and the other retains its germ untill the next year, for this reason it is heavier & of course sinks. [illegible] Lecture 5th 27th April 1809. Delineatio Plantae. A plant is divided into the Radix, Herba & the Frucitificatis. The [Fritellaris] Imperialis or Crown Imperial of Persia is a true specimen of the division viz: radix. herba, fructificatis & the small twigs on the top of it are called the bractea or bracte. Of roots with respect to their Growth. 1. Some roots run perpendicularly into the ground, the fusiforme roots are all of this kind viz: the parsnip, carrot, raddish. 2. Some run in an horizontal direction, as the Podophyllum peltatum or May Apple. 3. Some pass off in every direction as in the Radix Repens or weeping root and the Mint Roots are divided into simplex ransosa, rumosissima. [illegible] Duration. Some roots subsist for one year and are called annual as the wheat, rye, barley etc. Some for two years they are called binennails, as the Clover Some for many years they are called perennials, as the radices fruticosa. Climate and cultivation affects perennial plants, and changes them into annual. The moving of a perennial plant from a warm climate to a cold one changes it into an annual. Culture prolongs the life of plants. The [Dodder] is very pernicious to the [flax]. The Misletoe clings to the Apple Tree and receives its nourishment from it. These are called parasitic plants. Some roots penetrate through wood and other hard substances. Dr Barton showed an instance in which the root of a small Orange Tree had penetrated through a piece of wood. [Illegible] [Illegible] II. Of the Herba By Linnaeus it is defined to be that part which arises from the root and is composed of the trunk, leaves etc. 1. Of the Trunk. It is divided into six kinds, viz: caulis, [culmus] scapers, pedunculus, petiolus and frons. The Caulis or Stem is the body of a tree or herb, supporting the branches, leaves & the fructification, as the Crown Imperial. Culmus is the proper trunk of the grapes, Indian Corn etc. It is generally tubular or hollow 7 and jointed. All those plants [of that] have the Culmus trunk are innocent. Scapus is a stem which proceeds from the roots and supports the frucitification only as in the Blue Bottle narcissus, & primrose. Thrombus is that kind of Stem which terminates in a Leaf as in the Ferns. [Stepes] is that Stem which supports the plant as in the Mushroom. Pedunculus is that which supports the flower. Petiolus is the Stem which supports the leaf. Lecture 6th 28th April We come now to speak of the Folium or Leaf. Organ: motus plantae. I shall speak of them under Linnaeus three general Heads. 1. The Simple. 2. Compound. 3. As to their Determination. 1. Folium Simplex is that kind which consists of one undivided expansion proceeding from the rib. 2. Compound 3. Determination. They are either opposite or alternate. There is a material difference between the colour of the sides of the leaves the upper surface being of a much deeper green than the under, owing to its receiving a greater quantity of light. Linnaeus calls their surfaces [discus], supine prone, but I think Pagina Superia & Inferia are much better names. The chief vegetable principles of plants are the following. 1 Caloric, it is present in all plants. 2. Light it is found in the Oils 3. Electric fluid in the Marygold 4. Carbon it forms the chief part of plants. 5 Hydrogen. 6 Oxygen 7. Azote it is exhaled by plants 8 Lecture 7th May 1st 1809 Of the Folium. They are divided into Simple and Compound. The folium simplex is that kind of leaf which consists of one undivided portion situated on its petiole, as in the folium populi. The folium composita is that kind of leaf which is divided into several smaller leaves or folleolae, situated upon a single petiole, as in the Goat’s [R??], Parsnip The leaves of the Rose are opposite excepting the terminating one which is called a “folium pennata cum impari.” The horse chesnut is a folium digitatum. The Ceringa or Lealock is a folium Oppositum Some have their leaves both opposite & alternate. they are called “Fol: alternis oppositisque.” Structure of the Leaves. The Cortex is the outer green part or covering of the leaf. Underneath that is the net like work. Underneath the cortical net is the parenchyma or pulpy substance. The leaves of Plants are not the only organs of perspiration. Lecture 8th May 3d 1809. Of the Green Colour of the Leaves It is by far the most grateful to the sight of all Colours. Dr Stahl supposes it to arise from the phlogiston which is contained in the Atmosphere There are at least 28,000 or 30,000 different species of Plants In the hottest parts of the globe we find the largest leaves. The Tallipot (a kind of Palm) which is found in the Island of Ceylon bears the largest leaves. Beyond the Southern boundary of Virginia, the leaves of the plants begin to increase in size. Lecture 9th Took no Notes 9 Lecture 10th May 8th 1809 Of the Hybernacula The Gemma or bud are of three kinds viz the Gemma Florialis or flower bud, the Gemma Folies or leaf bud, & the Gemma foliis florialisque, or the leaf & flower bud united. Of the Fructificatio It is divided into Calix Corolla & Stamen. 1. Calix periantheum involucrum as the Cornes Florida (Dogwood) Amentum, Spatha (Narcissus) Lecture 11th May 10th 1809 Fructificatis Continu: As I said in my former Lecture that the Calix is divided into the perianthium (as in the Laracenia) the involucrum as the (Cornus Florida) the amentum as the (grapes, also wheat, rye) the spatha as in the (Narcissus) the gluma as the husk of (Indian Corn) the Calyptra as in the (Mosses) & the volva as in the (Mushroom) Lecture 12th May 12th 1809 Of the Corolla. It is that part of the plant which is coloured & encloses the organs of generation, as in the Tulip. [illegible] [illegible] Lecture 13th May 15th 1809 The Narcissus & Tulip according to Linnaeus has no Calyx but the Corolla & nectary only Mr DeJussieu says they have both calyx & corolla & no nectary, therefore what Linnaeus calls the corolla Jussieu calls the calyx, & what Linnaeus calls the nectary, Jussieu calls the corolla. Of the Genitalia These organs are two in number viz the Stamen & Pistillum. The Stamen is the Male Organ & the Pistillum the female. The Stamen is by Linnaeus divided into 3 parts the filamentum anthera & the Pollen. I say but 10 two, the filament & anther. The filaments are the thread like parts of the stamen The Anther is the summit or top of the stamen which contains the Pollen. The Pollen is the prolific seed of the plant it is most commonly of a yellow colour. The Pistillum is divided into the Germ, the Stylus & Stigma. The Germ or Uterus is the bottom of the Pistillum which is contained in the Receptacle & produces the flower. The Stylus is a tube thro which the Pollen passes into the Germ, & The Stigma is the top of the Pistillum which collects the Pollen Botany A plant is an organized & living body, [enclosed] with the attribute of irritability doubted whether possessed of sensibility many facts render it probable that it is possessed of feeling. The organic parts are nearly of the same structure in the root, branches or trunk. IN the trunks of trees six species are found. 1. Epidermis or Leaf Skin. 2. Cortex or Outer Bark 3. Liber or Inner Bark. 4. Albumus or Sap. 5. Lignum the wood. 7. Medulla or Pith. There are seven different Vessels of Plants. 1. Sap Vessels. 3. Proper Vessels containing the proper juice or blood. 3 Air Vessels 4. Medullary Vessels. 5. Absorbent. & Excretory. 7. Secretory. [?i?es] of Plants. All plants are known and distributed into different Classes, Orders, Genera Species & Varieties. The Classes are 24 in number, formed from the number, place of insertion, properties connection, disposition, or absence of the stamen or male organs of generation. Orders are founded upon the number of Styles or female Organs chiefly 2 Class Monandria are made from [manos] on and [illegible] a man has 2 Orders. Monogynia are male & female & Disgynia two males & females 11 Hoya Carnosa Wax Plant Colchicum Autumnale Meadow Saffron Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum May weeds White Daisy, or Burk’s Eye. One Eye. white [weed] Mastagon Tustis Cape Lily Zizania Aquatica, Canadian or Wild Rice Licium Matrimonial Bower Helianthem Subarorus Jerusalem Artichoke Viburnum [Oxysoceos] (Bush Cranberry) Spinosa Filipendula Common Dropwort Saxifragia Umbrosia (London pride) Mimulus Aurea (Monkey Flower) Lychnis Calceidonica (Double red Ragged Robin.) Achillea Aegyptiana (Egyptian Milfoil) Veronica Gentianoides (Gart leaved Speedwell Amarylis Formosiforma ([Tenobian] Lily) Shepherdia Eleagnoides (Buffalo berry tree) Rubres rosafolin (rose flowering bramble) Scutellaria (Scull Cap. [illegible] flower) Dionea Muscipula (Venus’ Fly Trap (a [illegible] plant Polygala Lutoea Milk Wort Botanical Names of Plants Fragaria Strawberry Punica Pomegranate Spiraea Trifoliata Indian Physic Thalictrum Meadow Rue Aconitum Stagger Weed (or Delphis Cynorhodon. Wild Rose [Cleome] Bartons Mustard Cardamine Pratensis Ladies Smock Pelargonium Geranium Podylaria Tinctoria Wild Indigo Mimosa Sensitive Plant Triticum Repens Couch Grass. Primula Primrose Cistus Rock Rose Symphytum Comfrey Nyssa Integrifolia Gum Tree Citrus [Aurantium] Orange Tree Citrus Medica Lemon Liriodendra Tulip Tree Ruscus Butchers Broom Anthyllis Ladies Finger [Cumila] Puligoides Penny Royal Agave Americana American Aloe Rhamnus Buckthorn Broussonettia Paper Mulberry [Cesarus] Double flowering Cherry Salyx Babylonica Weeping Willow Sympharia Racemosa Snow berry Rosa Rubiginosa Sweet Briar Convallaria Solomon’s Seal Arum Tryphyllum [illegible] Robin Arolia Racemosa Spikenard Euphorbia Hypericifolia Milk weed & [illegible] in [illegible] Lobelia Inflata Asthma weed 12 Botanical Names of Plants etc. Azalea viscosa Wild Honey Suckle [illegible] Bignonia Catalpa Catalpa Tree Cactus Indian Fig Asarum Canadensi Coltsfoot or Wild Ginger Antirrhinum Linaria Snap Dragon R??nsted Weed Polygonum Fagopyrum Buckwheat Cochlearia Armoracia Horse Radish Morus Rubra Mulberry Tree Myrica Cerifera Bayberry [Wax] bearing [illegible] Candleberry [illegible] Platanus Occidentalis, American Plane or Button Wood Tree Brassica Rapa Turnip Lactuca Sativa Lettuce Tussilago Farfarum Coltsfoot Artemisia Absynthicum Wormwood Pyrola. Winter Green Pyrola Umbellata, called by the Indians Dipsiposana Rhododendron Rose Bay Rhod. Maximum [Pe??] Mount Laurel Dracontium Foetidum Skunk Cabbage Humulus Lupulus Common Hop Comptonia asplenifolia Sweet Fern Panax Quinquefolium ginseng Cunila Mariana Dittany Rhus Glabrum [Sumaret] Rhus Toxicodendron radicans Poison [illegible] Populus Poplar Thuya Occidentalis. Amer. Arbor Vitae. Cheiranthus Insanus, [St??k] [L?ly] Flower Seringa Lilac Syringa Ribes Currant. [Somat] Tree Robinia Pseud. Acacia White flowering Chionanthus, Snow Drop of Fringe Tree Juglans Nigra Walnut Jugl Alba Terminata Hickory Nut Jugl. A. Minerva Pig ?art Jug. A. Ovata Shell Bark Juglans Pecan. Illinois Hickory or Pecan Kalmia Latifolia Laurel Fagus Castanea Dentata. Chesnut tree Fagus Castanea Pumila Dwarf ches. or [chinquapin] Diospyros Persimmon Tree [illegible] [E??nymus] Sempervirens or Evergreen Spindle Tree Burning Bush or Indian Arrow Wood Lonicera Woodhen Varieties Magnolia Glauca Tramp Sassafras Ilex Aquifolium American Holly Gleditsia Spinosa. Honey Locust Hypericum St. Johns Wort. weed Laurus Benzoin Spice Wood Laurus Sassafras Sassafras Tree Verbascum Mullein [S????rus] Water Lily (or Swamp Lily) Rubus hispidus Dewberry Bush Rubus fruticosus Blackberry Rubus Occidentalis Raspberry 13 Tilia Americana Linden or Lime Tree Vaccinnium Corymbosum Whortleberry. Vac Macrocarpa Cranberry Prysa Sativa Rice Podophyllum Peltatum Lime Plant May Apple Veronica Speedwell Nathalium Life Everlasting Hedera Quinquefolia American Ivy Hydrangea Virginia Shrub Oxalis Acetosella Sorrel Rumex A. Humulus Lupulus Hop Absinthium Vulgar Wormwood Arctium Burdock Atropa Belladonna Nightshade Brassica Cabbage Spigelia Marylandica Indian Pink [Leontodan] Taraxacum, Dandelion Paeonia Officinalis [Piney] Papaver Poppy Potentilla reptan cinquifoil five finger Portulaca Purslane Calendula Officinalis Marigold Cannabis Hemp Anthemis Nobilis Chamomile Cheiranthus Wall flower Chelidonium Celandine Cynara scolymus Artichoke Fragaria Strawberry Rumex Aquatum Water dock Iris Pseudocorus Water [flag.] yellow. Convallaria majalis Lily of the Valley Hyachinthus Orientalis Garden Hyacinth Pelargonium Geranium Viburnum Opulus Snow Ball Dianthus Barbatus Sweet William Gemphrena globosa Batchelor’s Buttons Marrubium Vulgare Harehound Zea Mays Indian Corn Aquilegia Canadensis Columbine Fritalaria Crown Imperial Helianthus Sunflower Nymphaea or Nelumbium Water Lily Lunaria Biennis Honesty or Latin Flower Poterium Sanguisorba Garden Burnet Citrus Decumana Shaddock Ligustrum Privet Delphinium Larkspur Carduus Thistle Typha Cat-tail [Theaspi] Shepherd’s Purse Cynoglossum Hounds tongue Momordica Balsam [Apple] Phaseolus Kidney Bean Physalis Viscera Ground Cherry [Phytol???] [deiandria] Common Poke Rumex Dock Onopordum Cotton Thistle Cochlearia Officinalis Scurvy Grass Caltha Palustris Marsh Marygold Reinea Periwinkle Euphorbia Spurge Datura Stramonium Jamestown Weed Crocus Sativus Saffron Cuscuta Americana American Dodder Ceanothus Americana New Jersey Tea or Red Root Butornus Flowering Rush Musa Plantain or Banana Tree 14 Convolvulus Batatas Sweet Potatoe Calceolaria Corymbosa Slipper Wort Convallaria racemosa Nagalis Lilly of the Valley Yucca Filamestosa, Palmetto plant, Adam’s thread Agapanthus [Umbelictu] African Blue Lily Cactus Tuna Prickly Pear Asclepia [Syriaca] Milkweed Fraxinum Ornus Flowering Ash Chionanthus White Fringe Tree Robinia Viscosa Purple [Acacia] Pseuda [A??sia] Common [illegible] Ardromeda [illegible] Whortleberry Hibiscus Esculentus Okra Solanum Lucopersicum Tomato Sol. Melanogera Egg Plant Sesamum Orientale Benne plant Maranta Zebrina Double Tuberose Apium Petroselinum Garden Parsley Apium Graveolens Celery Plantago Lanceolata common Plantain Plexocotus Lirnensis Lima Bean Phlox Nivalis Snowy Phlox [illegible] Periwinkle Hemerocallis fulva Yellow Day Lily Lilium coneola Dwarf lily Spirea tomentora alba White Elder Acer Regundo Box Elder Staphyloea Trifolia Bladder Nut Asclepias tuberosa White Root gillenia trifoliata, Amer Ipecacuanha Flox adonis Kerria Japonica [Corchorrus] Japonicus very showy yellow Canna Indica Indian Shot [Iradisicantia] Virginia Cucurbita Citrullus, Water Melon Gladiolus Sword Lily [illegible] New American Orchardist by [illegible] Baltimore price $1.25 The Young [illegible] Manna by G. C. [Barnett] price [37 ½] cents