t %■■* v V- 1M_ *! . ^ ■ 91 Horses, working and management of 104 J Joint water, to suppress the running of 52 L Lameness in round joint of the hip, 32 Do. tendinous and ligamentary, 42 Lungs, inflammation of - 73 INDEX. M VII Mange, 43 N Neat Cattle, 134 0 Ointment, mild quicksilver Do. yellow digestive Do. Citron Oil, camphorated 33 37 39 39 P Poll Evil, Purging balls, Plaster, strengthening saturnine Powder, cooling 25 37 43 54 R Ring bone, 30 S Scratches, - 19 & 134 Sore tongue, - - 21 Sprains, - - 23 Sand cracks, 31 Severe ulcers and stubborn eruptions, 33 Sallenders and Mallenders, - 33 Staggers, mad - - 41 Do. sleepy - - 41 Do. blind ^ 110 Vlll INDEX. Swina, r 40 Setons and rowels, . 80 Surfeit, - 125 Sheep, . 128 Swine, - 162 Tumors, - l^v u Urine, suppression of 71 Do. ball, 72 Ulcers, 130 V Yives, - 35 Veterinary operations, 75 Yeterinary Pharmacopia, 111 W Wounds, flesh - 37 Warbles and sitfasts, . 42 Wounds, to keep flies from, &c. 50 Do. ulcerated 51 Do. treatment of 75 WTieezing, - 133 Y Yellow water, 20 Yellows. 132 PREFACE. To the intelligent reader, an apology for the present work would be useless; and at firsl thought, all must readily acknowledge the want of a more extended research in this branch of science. Most of the present works on Farriery, or more especially those adapted to our western climate, are cf little avail, and serve to lead the community still farther astray in witchcraft and delusion, rather than enligh* ten and prove useful. Such for example as a work recently published by Wilhelm. But in the following work, we have long ex- perience, aided by the most profound sciet.tifi" cal research. Dr. William \\ allis,who is well known to the public, after having resided at London and practised in the principal cities of Europe and America, made his residence amo;:g us, during which time, all have witnessed his success in business; and happily for the good of community, the last year previous to his death was spent in preparing the following pag cine by rubbing it on with the hand four or five times, daily. Do not suffer the horse to stand in the mud or water during the time. STRENGTHENING SATURNINE PLASTER. Take Extract of Sugar of Lead 4 pint Alcohol i pint Mix and use as for Tendinous and Ligamentary lameness. In most slight injuries, particularly when discovered early and the mixture imme- diately applied, it seldom fails to have the de- sired effect. MANGE. This disease, which in general proceeds from surfeit, is contagious, hence the necessity of keep- 44 WAMjIS' FARRIERY, ingthe horse apart from others, as it is common for those confined in the same stable to catch the infection. Although the disease is not dang- erous, yet it sometimes occasions a vast deal of trouble. If prope** treatment is observed it is easily cured; in order to which rub on the "cit- ron ointment" with the hand closely, and give the following medicine in his food, every other day: Take of Antimony * oz. Salt Petre * oz. Sulphur 2 oz. Rosin -1 oz» Mix. No blood must be taken from the horse —keep him from mud and wet for two or three weeks. This disease is common in the western states generally, and particularly in Indiana. GLANDERS. Happily this disease is not common in this section of country, as it ever has, and, I sup- pose ever will be considered incurable. Some authors have recorded instances of cures, but I am inclined to believe they only amounted to a partial relief instead of permanent cures. My own practice, which has been pretty exten- sive, has not furnished a solitary instance of cure. The most prominent symptoms are a watery discharge from the nostrils, which after- WALLIS' FARRIERY. 49 wards assumes an appearance not unlike the white of an egg, after which a mixture of blood appears in the mucus which exudes from the nostrils emitting a foetid smell. The animal may be relieved by using the following medi- cines and treatment: Take Balsam Tolu 1 oz. Gum Ammoniac 1 oz. Gum Arabic 1 oz. Oxymel of Squills 1 oz. Mix the gums and oxymel in one quart of strong vinegar,then add the balsam; make into two drenches and give one each day. This mixture will give relief for about a month, at the end of which time it must be repeated. Care must be taken to keep him from other horses as the disease is contagious. EMOLIENT FOMENTATION. Take of Rosemary leaves 1 oz. Wormwood leaves 1 oz. Lavender leaves 1 oz. Camomile flowers 1 oz- Elder flowers 1 oz. Boil in three gallons of water for half an hour keeping the herbs stirred below the surface. In cases of swelling in any part of the body or limbs, let the affected parts be fomented with sponge or flannel, as warm as possible 4,6 WALLIS' FARRIERY. without injuring the hair orskin of the animal, for a considerable time. In such cases you will find this productive of the utmost benefit. SWINA. The swina consists in a reduction or con- traction of the flesh on the shoulders of the animal, and is occasioned by straining; it may be cured in the following manner: Take Spirits of Turpentine 1 pint Hog's Lard * lb. Rosin * lh. Cantharides, (pulverised) 1 oz. Mix the lard, rosin and cantharides together, then add the turpentine, and shake them well together. Apply, by rubbing the ointment on each shoulder every other day for a week, then dis- continue. Use a hot shovel over the part each time, to assist the absorption; but not so close as to injure the skin by burning. NOTE. This medicine and treatment is good for swina either on the shoulder or hip. QUINCY OR COLT DISTEMPER. This disease consists in an inflamation and swelling of the glands under and in the throat. It more generally attacks horses of from three to five years of age. The inflamed glands, in a short time suppurate, and emit a quantity of wallis' farriery. 47 matter—in which case there is not so much danger of the loss of the horse, as when entirely internal. Inveterate cases sometimes occur that prevent the animal from swallowing either water or food, when an external suppuration should be promoted as much as possible. Should the disease prove altogether internal, Take Oxymel of Squills J oz. Vinegar 1 pint Ginger, ground, 4 table spoonful! Two Eggs Boil the vinegar and squills together, and while warm add the ginger and eggs. Mix them well togetherand drench the horse. I f external—Take of Sal. Ammoniac 2 oz. Olive Oil i pint Mix. Apply by rubbing it on the part af- fected briskly with the hand. Then take half a peck of bran and pour half a gallon of boiling water upon it, and tie the horse's head to it in such a manner that he cannot move it about.— Let it be as warm as possible; thiss hould be done for the purpose ofsteaming his throat. Should it be necessary, as is sometimes the case, let a rowel, such as before described, be introduced under his jaw. Let his food be bran and oats scalded together, given warm. Whether external or internal repeat the dose every five days, if necessary. 48 WAlLls' FARRIERY. HIDEBOUND. A horse said to be hidebound has a cohtra'c- ted tightness and unpliability of the skin, and, felt on either side, seems as if almost adhering to the ribs. It proceeds from the penurious- ness of the owner in not allowing him suffici- ent food, or from the inattention, neglect, or bad usage of the person to whose care he is entrusted. The coat of a horse affected with this disease, is alternately smooth and staring in patches, or in other words, standing on end, and sometimes appears of different hues. He has the appearance of extreme poverty, dejec- tion of spirits, and internal disquietude, togeth- er with an unusual hollowness of the eyes.— It may be removed in the following manner- Take Anniseed, ground, 1 oz. Caraway Seed, do, 1 oa. Coriander Seed, do. 1 oz. Turmeric 1 oz. Liquorice, pulverised, I oz. Mix in one quart of whiskey and water, with two or three spoonfuls of sugar or molasses- drench. Repeat the dose every four days,— Let his exercise be gentle, his food be bran and oats scalded together, adding a little flax- seed—give it warm. DISLOCATIONS' If the fetlock joint be dislocated, let the ope* aW with two or three assistants, bring the limb WAtLIs' FARRIERY. 49 to its proper place, then apply bandages ofthree inches in width, made of flannel, tightly bound upon the part: Pour cold water on it three or four times a day, for six or eight days, let- ting the horse stand still during the time, that the part may gain strength. Let his food be light, such as scalded bran, and very little wa- ter. Every other dislocation should be treated in the same manner—let the operation in all cases be performed as soon as possible, lest a swelling and inflamation ensue, which will render it more difficult. _____ I BROKEN LIMBS. If the leg be broken, let splints, between two pieces of leather, be tightly bound upon the part, after having washed it well with spirits. Should the thigh be broken, treat in the same manner; there is, however, small hope of a cure. In either case, his dietjniustbe light, his bowels kept open by emollient clysters, if they can conveniently be administered; if not, give some mild purgative medicine in his food. Keep him cool and quiet, and let him rest at least a month. Should a swelling or inflama- tion ensue, bathe the part with strong vinegar or camphorated spirits of wine every day$ talcing care not to remove the bandages. 50 tVALLIs' FARRIURY. TO KEEP FLIES, &c. FROM WOUNDS. Take Fish oil and tinct. Asafoetida of each an equal quantity—rub on the part affected,— Should maggots be generated, in the wound, take the following mixture— Corrosive Sublimate * oz. Rain or soft water 1 pint, Dissolve and apply to the part affected with a syringe. Good for cattle as well as horses. TO REMOVE LICE FROM HORSES' AND COLTS. Take Hog's Lard 1 lb. Fish oil or fish brine 1 quart, Mix it well together and «rub it all over the horse, in the sun: Two applications will be sufficient. TO STOP BLOOD. Take string Styptic water 2 parts, Solution of Gam Kino 1 part, Mix and apply. If from the nostrils, with a syringe: if from the mouth, by drenching with half a pint of the mixture. To discriminate whether the blood proceeds from a vein or ar- tery , notice the appearance thereof: If it be bright and thin it issues from the latter; if, on the contrary, it should be black and corroded, it proceeds from a vein. WALLIS' FARRIERY. 51 Should the blood proceed from the hinder internal parts, it will be discharged by the urin- ary passage. This hermorrhage arises from a strain or hurt on the back or across the kidneys, and can be cured as follows; Take Sweet Spirits Nitre 1 oz. Oil of Juniper 1 oz, Balsom Copoevia 1 oz. Salt of Prunelle 1 oz. Mix by dissolving the salt of prunelle in one pint of Pennyroyal tea, and then add the oth- ers. This will be sufficient for one drench, If necessary repeat in two days afterwards. ULCERATED WOUNDS. Ulcers are in general occasioned by the •mistreatment of wounds and bruises. When you discover that an ulcer has fairly made its appearance, wash the part clean with soap suds, and apply a sufficient quantity to cover the wound, every other day, with the following medicine: Take Balsom Copcevia 2 oz. Gum Kino 1 oz. Lithrage of lead 1 oz. Verdigris i oz. Rosin 1 oz. Hog's Lard 3 oz. Melt the lard, gum and rosin together—when nearly cold, add the other medicines and stir briskly. 5 52 walms' farriery. 4N[OTE. The above is good for any kind of Ulcers to which the horse is liable. HOOKS. This disease, which is very common in this country, consists of a large swelling in the lower muscle of the eye, which if not removed, will in a short time become inflamed and give the owner or keeper much trouble, the animal great pain, with, perhaps, partial or total blind ness. To obviate this Take Sugar of Lead 2 drachma Zinc 1 do. Opium 1 do. Dissolve the sugar of lead and zinc in six ounc- es of water, then add the opium—shake them well and apply to the internal part of the eye with a feather or soft sponge, every evening for four days, then discontinue. Should the med- icine be found at the end of two weeks, not to have had the desired effect, repeat it for the same time as before directed, and in the same manner—this will prove sufficient. The eyes of the horse should never be cut on any ac- count, as it disfigures him forever after. Let his manger be kept clear from dust. TO SUPPRESS THE RUNNING OF JOINT WATER. The emission of joint water proceeds from wallis' farriery. 53 a hurt on the joint, where an incision has been made so far as to permit the oozing of the li- quid which is generally known by the above term. This, if not arrested, will eventually produce a stiffness in the joint which is very hard to remove. Take Gum Ammoniac 1 oz. Strong Vinegar 1 pint Balsom Tolu 1 oz. Dissolve, and apply to the wound with a syringe Poulticing must be avoided. [In the former part of the work 1 discover that the following article, which should have been attached to or immediately followed the article on the disease "Farcy," was, by hav- ing the copy mislaid, omitted. I have, how- ever, on account of its importance to the keep- ers of Livery Stables, horse owners, and Agri- culturists in general, inserted it here.] FARCV CAUSED BY OVERHEATING. Although this disease has much the appear- ance of the disease "Farcy," it is to be treated in a very different manner; to cure this kind of farcy Take Sulphur 2 oz. Salt. Prunelle 2 oz. Calcined Magnesia 2 oz. Antimony 1 oz. 5* 54 WALLIS' FARRIERY. Mix them well together and give one table spoonful in bis food, once a day. At the same time apply to the swelling sores the following, Sugar Lead 2 drachms White Vitriol 2 do. Tinct. Opium 3 do. Lithrage 1 do« Mix in one pint of soft water, and, after having well cleansed the part affected, wash once a day. Should the horse be veiy fleshy take 2 quarts of blood from him; if lean, or has been greatly overheated, take none at all. COOLING POWDER. In warm weather, especially when they are denied the luxury of wholesome water, hor- ses require something cooling. 1 would recom- mend for their relief the following- Take Magnesia 4 oz. Salts of Prunelle * oz. Mix them together and give in his food once every two weeks, and oftener if necessary. ANOTHER. Take one table spoonful, well mixed togeth- er of Antimony, Sulphur, Nitre, and rosin—give every other night in his food. When a horse is overheated, Take Salt of Prunelle 1 oz. Soft Water 1 pint Dissolve and drench—be will be relieved. WALLIS' FARRIERY. 55 LAMENESS IN THE FOOT. When the hoof becomes sore from wounds or bruises, you may, easily, by feeling with the hand, find its locality, and when discovered, take the corn knife, the figure of which is attached, & make an incision in the part, then drop a little Spirit of Salts in the wound-put some tow satura- ted with tar over it—then put on the shoe. The horse should then be kept in the stable for three or four days. But if the lameness proceed from corns, take the above mentioned knife, (which should be possessed by every practical Farrier and Smith, made of the finest steel, about six or seven inches in length, including the handle of wood, the back about one eighth of an inch thick, brought down to a fine edge on the other side, and one inch and a quarter in width,) and carefully cut the corns away. The knife must be made straight until within one and a half or two inches from the point, then curved as in the cut. In some instances the corns are so situated is to prevent the use of the above, in which case, take a small instrument made in the same manner, about one third the width of the 56 WALLIS' FARRIERY. above. You will then be prepared, completely, for any operation of the kind. The smith and groom should attend, particularly, to this bu- siness. It is further the duty of the Farrier to be possessed of a picker—an instrument used for the purpose of extracting gravel from between the shoe and hoof. I conceive it to be unneces- sary to describe the operation—as the shape of the instrument would point out its use.— Every farmer and driver of horses should have one, as in many instances it might save the trouble of sending the horse to a smith for the purpose of examining for the cause of the lame- ness, which will inevitably ensue. The neg- ligence of the smith in shoeing is the principal cause of gravel being caught and retained in this manner.—Let the hoof be pared to fit the shoe or the shoe made to fit the hoof, [see ar- ticle on shoeing.] The picker made in the form of the annexed cut, I conceive to be the most safe and convenient for the purpose. When a horse becomes lame it is the duty of the owner or person in whose possession he WALL1&' FARRIERY. 57 is, to examine the foot particularly, and apply the proper remedy, and if possible, save for their own benefit, and for the sake of humanity, the services of a noble animal. SHOEING OF HORSES. When it is necessary for the horse to be shod, if he has old shoes on, let them be taken care- fully off, then, as his foot may be hollow or flat, form the shoe to fit, taking care in paring, not to cut too much from the frog of the foot; but tut off all the corns. Corns are generally on the inside of the fore, and outside of the hind foot. Should the foot be festered, reduce the part as much as possible without causing it to bleed, and drop a few drops Spirit of Salts on the part affected; then tack on the shoe with a few nails. Stage horses should have shoes with heels half an inch high, made of steel, and toes corresponding. Let the shoes be taken off, carefully, every month. The frog must not be cut unless diseased. But if the foot be affect- ed, put on the broad shoe reccommended for sand cracks, taking care, however, that the nails touch not the affected part. Notice particularly that the smith has good iron and steel, and let it be well hammered— much depends upon this. The nails should* in general, be small; but for large waggon hor° *es, they may be increased in size. 58 WALLIS' FARRIERY. The following valuable article on this sub- ject, is from Loudon's Cyclopaedia, and its according with my rules, prompts me to insert it. From Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture. THE SHOEING OF HORSES. The importance of the subject of shoeing to the agriculturist, is sufficiently attested by the im- men?e number of inventions which the ingenui- ty of philosophers and artists are every day devising, to render the system complete. Al- most every veterinary professor has his favour- ite shoe; and we find one of the most ingenious of the present day endeavouring to force on our notice, and introduce into our stables, the French method; which, with the exception of the mode of nailing on, White observes, is the very worst he ever saw. The French shoe has a wide web towards thetoe,and is concave above, and convex below on the ground surface, by which neither the toe nor heel touch the ground but the horse stands pretty much in the same way with an unhappy cat, shod by unlucky boys with walnut shells. But as Blaine observes, in reference to these inventions, "no one form of foot defence can be offered as an universal pattern." It is, he continues, plain that the principles of shoeing ought to be those that allow as little departure from nature as circumstances will justify. The practice, al- WALLIS5 FARRIERY, 59 30, should be strictly consonant to the princi- ples; and both ought to consist, first, in remov- ing no parts but those which, if the bare hoof were applied to- natural ground, would remove of themselves. Secondly, in bringing such parts in contact with the grownd (generally speaking,) as are opposed to it in an unshod state; and above all, to endeavour to preserve the original form of the foot, by framing the shoe thereto; but never to alter the foot to the defence. The shoe at present made at the forges of the most respectable smiths in the cities and large towns throughout the kingdom, if it have not all the requisites, is, however, so much improved on, that with some alterations, not difficult either to direct or adopt, is the one we shall holdup as the most eligible for gen- eral shoeing. It is not that a better might not be offered to the notice; and in fact such a one we shall present to our readers; but so averse are the generality of smiths to have any im- provements forced on them, and so obstinately detei mined are they to adhere to the forms handed down to them by their forefathers, that their stupidity or malevolence, or both, frequent- ly makes the improvement itself, when seeming- ly acquiesced in, a source of irreparable injury. It is for these reasons we would recommend to agriculturists in general, a modified shoe of the common stamp. 60 WALL1S FARRIERY. The improved shoe for general use is rather wider than what is usually made. Its nail holes extend no further towards the heels than is actually necessary for security; by which the expansion of these parts is encour- aged, and contraction is avoided. To strength- en the attachment,and to make up for this lib- erty given to the heels, the nails should be carried around the front of the shoe. The nail holes, on the under or ground surface of the shoe are usually formed in a gutter, technically called the fullering; but in the case of heavy treading powerful horses, this gutter may be omitted, or if adopted, the shoe in that part may be steeled. The web, should be quite even on the foot or hoof surface, and not only be rather wider, but it should also have rather more substance than is com- mon, from half an inch to five-eighths in thickness according to circumstances, forms a fair pro- portion; when it is less, it is apt, in wearing, to bend to pressure and force out the clinches. A great error is committed in setting shoes out so much wider than the heels themselves: this error has been devised to correct another, which has been that of letting hoi ses go too long without shoeing; in which case, if the heels of the shoe were not too wide originally, as the foot grew, they became lost within the heels; and thus bruised and produced corns: WALLIS5 FARRIERY. 61 but as we will suppose that few will wish to enter into a certain error to avoid an uncertain one, so we recommend that the heels of the shoe should stand only wide enough to prevent the expansion of the quarters pushing the heels of the feet over the outer edge of the heels of the shoe: for which purpose, if the iron pro- ject rather less than a quarter of an inch, in- stead of three-eights, or even half an inch, as it frequently does, many advantages will be gained. Whoever attentively examines a shoe well set off at the heels, as it is termed, will find only one-third of its flat surface protecting the heels: the remainder projects beyond, and serves but to form a shelf to lodge dirt on; or as a convenient clip for another horse to tread on, or for the wearer to cut his own legs with; or to afford a more ready hold for the suction of clayey grounds to force off the shoe by.— The heels of the common shoe are likewise not in general sufficiently long for the protection of the foot; and which defect, more than a want of width, causes the tendency to press on the crust of the heels. It is further to be ob- served, that if the decreased width of the outer standing of the heels, and the increased width of the web, should make the inner angle of the shoe heel in danger of interfering with the frog, the corner may be taken off. In forging this shoe, it may be bevelled, or left plane on both 6 $2 WALLIs' FARRIERY. surfaces, or rather nearly so, for it is usual win. most smiths to thin it in some degree towards the inner edge. This shoe is applicable to most feet, is easily formed, and, as such, in country places, is all that can be expected. The injurious effects of bad shoeing would only be required to be known to excite every endeavour to obviate them; and there are some circumstances in the more common shoes of country smiths, that ought to be impressed on the mind of every agriculturist, and guard- ed against by everyone who possesses a horse. It is too frequently observed that the ground side of their shoe is convex, and that the inner rim, when the foot is on the ground, is the low- est part," on which it is evident the weight must first press; and by which pressure the crust will be forcibly thurst on the. extreme edge of the shoe; and the only assistance offered to its be- ing forced from it, depends upon the nails and clinches, instead of its just application to the ground, and the support derived from the uni- form pressure of the whole. Every shoe should, therefore, be perfectly level on its ground sur- face: nor should any shoe be put on that has not been tried on a plane iron purposely made for such trial: which irons are kept in some smithies, but are absent from too many. The substance of the 6hoe should be the same throughout, forming two parallel lines of upper WAI.MS' FARRIERY. 63 and under surface; in plain language, the heels, instead of being clubbed, as is too frequent, should be the exact thickness of the toe. Neith- er should the width at the heels diminish in the proportion it usually does; on the contrary, for a perfectly formed foot, the web should present an uniform width throughout. Varieties in form of foot,differences in size, weight, and uses of horses, will necessarily make deviations in the form and substance of shoes. The very shoe recommended, may be consid- ered as a variation from what would be imme- diately necessary, were the feet generally per- fect; but it is to be considered that there are but very few feet but what have undergone some unfavourable alteration in their form, which makes them very sensible of concussion. It is for this reason, theiefore, that it is recom- mended, that a shoe b« used, for general pur- poses, somewhat wider and thicker than the common one. In weak, tender, flexible feet, it will be found particularly advantageous; and here the benefit of wide heels to the shoe will be most apparent. Good as the roads now are, yet most horses are occasionally subjected to travel on bad ones; some know no other: to these, the addition of one, or at the most, two ounces to each shoe is nothing; but the ease to the horse and its superior covering, as well as tupport, is incalculable. In very young, very 34 WALLIS' FARRIERY. 2ight,and very firm feet, the width and sub« stance may be somewhat diminished at pleas- ure, and particularly in situations where the roads are uniformly good; but a very long and extensive experience has assured us, that the shoe pourtrayed,is one well calculated to meet the ordinary purposes of travelling, and the present state of the art of horse shoeing. What has since been called the seated shoe, was introduced by Osmer; but from the obsti- nacy and ignorance of smiths, as it could not be brought into general use, it became little thought of, until revived by Clark, of Edin- burgh, by whom it was. patronised and recom- mended. It finally was taken up by Mooiv croft, and has ever since attracted some atten- tion, and continues to be forged in some shops where the work is superiorly done; and where the employers have liberality enough to pay for such work, and judgment enough to dis- criminate between its advantages and those of the common shoe. If to this shoe were added the French mode of fastening it to the foot, we think the improvement would almost shut out all others. This shoe presents a flat sur- face opposed to the ground; but a concave one towards the sole; but that this concavity does not begin, as in some seated shoes, near the outer edge, but embraces two-thirds only of the web, leaving by this means a sufficient surface for WALLIS' FARRIERY, 65 the crust: but this bevelling is not intended to reach the heels; it stops short of them leaving the web at this part plane for the heels to rest upon. The great advantages of this seating are, first, that as the crust rests on a flat surface instead of an inclined plane,as most of the com- mon forged shoes presents, so its position is" maintained entire, and the inclination to con- traction is in a great degree avoided. The nailing on of this shoe we would recommend to be after the French method, which consists in conical nail holes, punched with a square countersink, into which are received conical nails which exactly fill up the countersink; by which means so long as any part of the base of the nail remains, the shoe must be held firmly on, and which is not the only advantage gain- ed ; for the nail holes being obliquely formed, and at some distance from the outer rim, act less detrimentally on the crust of the foot. To prepare the foot for the application of the shoe, is also an important consideration.— Avoid taking off more than one shoe at a time; otherwise the edges of the crust become broken away. Observe that the clinches are all care- fully removed. Let the rough edges of the crust be rasped away; after which, the sole should be pared throughout, until a strong pres- sure with the thumb can produce some yielding: too strong a sole lends to heat and contraction;, G6 WALLlfi' FARRIERY. too weak a one will not require paring". In this paring, imitate the natural arch of the sole as much as possible. The line of concavity should not begin, as it usually is made to do, from the extreme margin of the foot, but should begin from the inner line of the crust only; by which means the crust, or outer wall of the hoof, will have a firm bearing on the flat sur- face of the shoe. Let no heated shoe be ap- plied to correct the inequalities that may be left, unless it is for a moment, only to observe, but not burn them; but still more carefully a- void putting a plane shoe on an uneven foot.— The portion of sole between the bars and quar- ters should be always pared out as the surest preventive against corns. The heels also should be reduced to a general level of the foot, never allowing their hardness to serve as an excuse for being left; neither suffer the inner heel to be lowered more than the outer. After all the rest has been done, the frog should be so trimmed as to remain on an exact level with the returns of the heels, and no more. The cus- tom of taking away the point or angle of the horny inflexions of the heels, under the false term of opening the heels, is to be carefully a- avoided. Let all these operations be performed with a drawing knife. The butteris should nev« er be allowed to come near the foot of any horse but the largest and eoarsest of the cart breed. WALWS' FARRIERY. 67 The shoes for the hind feet are somewhat diflferent to the fore, being a little squarer at the toe for about an inch; to which squareness the hoof is to be also adapted by rasping it slightly so, avoiding, however, to do it injuri- ously;. By this mode a steady point of bearing is afforded to the hinder feet in the great exer- tions they are often called upon to make in galloping, leaping, & c. They are, when thus formed, less liable, also, to interfere with the fore shoes by clicking. When horses click or over-reach very mutm, it is also common to square, or rather to shor- ten the toes of the hinder shoes; but not to do so by the horn; by which the hoof meets the middle of the fore shoe instead of the shoe itself, and the unpleasant noise of the stroke or click of one foot against the other is avoided. Varieties which necessarily occur in shoeing. The bar shoe is the most important variety and it is to be regretted that so much preju- dice prevails against this shoe, which can only arise from its unsightly appearance as be- tokening unsoundness. As a defence to weak thin feet, it is invaluable, as it removes a part of the pressure from the heels and quarters, which can ill bear it, to the frog which can well bear it; but a well formed bar shoe should not have its barred part raised into an edge behind, but such part should be one uniform 68 WALLK1 FARRIERY. thickness throughout the web ofthebar^ which, instead of being the narrowest, should be the widest part of the shoe. The thickness of the bar should be greater or less, so as to be adapt- ed to take only a moderate pressure from the frog. When the frog is altogether ulcerated away by thrush, the bar may be altogether plain; but this form of shoe is best for these cases, as it prevents the tender surface from being wounded. In corns this shoe is invalu- able, and may then be so made as to lie off the affected part, which is the great desideratum in corns. The hunting shoe is made lighter than the common one, and it is of consequence that it is made to sit as flat to the foot as it can safely do without pressing on the sole, by which the great suction in clayey grounds is much lessened. Hunting fore shoes should also be as short at the heels as is consistent with safety to the foot, to avoid the danger of being pulled off by the hinder shoes; nor should the web project atall. It is the custom to turn up the outer heel to prevent slipping; which is done some- times to both fore and hind feet, and sometimes only to the latter. As this precaution can hardly be avoided in hilly slippery grounds, it should be rendered as little hurtful as possible by making the tread equal; to which purpose thicken the inner heel and turn WALLIS' FARRIERY. 69 up the outer. This is better than lowering the outer heel to receive the shoe, which still leaves both the tread and foot uneven. The racing shoe, or plate, is one made as light and as slender as will bear the weight of the horse, and the operations of forgeing, groov- ing, and punching: to enable it to do which, it ought to be made of the very best Sweedish iron. Three,or at most four nails, are suffici- ent on each side; and to avoid the interfering of the hind with the fore feet, the heels of the fore shoes are made as short as they can safely be. As racers are shod in the stable, the owners should be doubly careful that the plate is an exact fit. Many pairs ought to be brought and tried before any are suffered to be put on, and which is more important than is at first considered. Grass shoes or tips, are very short pieces placed on the toe alone, in horses turned to grass in sumn.er; at which time they are es- sentially necessary to guard the fore feet, which otherwise become broken away and irretrieva* bly injured. They should be looked at occa- sionally, to see that they do not indent them- selves into the soles. Frost shoes, have the ends turned up to pre- vent the foot from sliding; unless the turning up or calkin be hardened, they soon wear level and require to be renewed, to the injury of the 70 WALLIS* FARRIERY. foot by such frequent removals. To remedy this, many inventions have been tried; one of the best of these is that of Doctor Moore, in which the frost clip is made distinct and mova- ble by means of a female screw worked in it, U> which a knob or wedge and male screw are adapted; a key being used for fixing or remov- ing it. High calkins, or turn ups, however objects ionable in general shoeing, yet, in precipitous counties, as those of Devonshire, Yorkshire, andofScetland,&c, are absolutely necessary For their draft horses. It greatly obviates the evils of uneven pressure, if a calkin be also put to the toe; and it would be still better were these calkins steeled, particularly the fore ones. The shoeing of diseased feet is necessarily very various, and is too often left to the discre- tion of the smith, by which the evils themselves are greatly aggravated, ifhe be ignorant. The most prominent alterations for these purposes will be found described under the respective diseases of the feet requiring them. Horse Pattens arein use by some cultivators who occupy soft or mossy soils. Those es. teemed the best are constructed of alder or elm, and are fixed to the hoof by means of three links and a staple, through each of which pass- es a leathern strap that goes twice around the hoof, and is fastened by a buckle. The staphs WAIXIS' FARRIERY. Ti is placed behind tne patten, which is ten inches oneway, by ten and a half the other. The links are about three inches in length, and riv- eted through pieces of hoop iron to prevent the wood from splitting. After numerous trials it has been found that pattens made in this wayi answer the purpose better than any other kind* (Farmers Mag.) SUPPRESSION OF URINE. To give relief to a horse affected with this disease— Take Asafoetida 4 oz. Spirits 1 pint Tinct. Opium 2 drachms Sweet Spirits Nitre 2 do Mix the asafcetida and Spirits together, then add the opium and nitre—drench the horse immediately. If the case should prove obsti- nate, and the horse should not void urine in the course of half an hour, add to the above one oz. Spirits Turpentine, and give another drench. The feeding of pumpkins seems, frequently, to be a cause of this suppression, and more particularly with mares. When a mare has the colic, she is invariably more or less affected with it, and when the above cannot be conve- niently procured, Take the seeds from three common red pep- pers, mix with a common sized red onion, cut 72 WALLIS* FAIERY. fine, then apply to the interior of the puden- dum with the thumb and fingers. This seldom fails to give immediate relief, and the ingre- dients being in possession of almost every far- mer, renders it doubly valuable. ANOTHER—URINE BALL. Take CasteelSoap * lb. Juniper berries 4 lb. Oil of Juniper 2 oz. Balsom Capaiva 2 oz. Rosin I lb. Oil of Turpentine 2 oz. Ginger 1 oz. Mix—apply by putting a ball as far as you can down his throat, of about the size of a hen's egg. Should the horse not be relieved in half an hour repeat the ball. The second ap- plication is almost certain to give relief. Before, however, the practical farrier should make use of any medicines, he ought to be cer- tain from what source the suppression proceeds. It is frequently produced by an inflammation of the kidneys; when such is the case, which you may easily discover by the horse shrinking and seeming to be in pain when you press the hand on the loins, you must pursue a different course. Give a dose of Castor oil, say from sixteen to twenty ounces, having previously taken trom the horse from three to six or eight pints of WALL1S' FARRIERY. 78 blood: after which should it be necessary, give him clysters or water gruel or warm water, to the amount of from six to twelve pints—then Take Flour of Mustard 8 oz. Oil of Turpentine 2 oz. Camphor 1 oz. Aqua Ammonia 2 oz. Make them into a thin paste, and then apply by rubbing on the part for a considerable time, with the hand—cover the part with a warm blanket. When the disease proceeds from this cause, all diuretic medicines must be care- fully avoided, as they tend to the production of irritability of the part, and instead of benefi- cial effects, the contrary is the result. INFLAMATION OF THE I.UNGS. This disease, although prevalent in several parts of the United States and Canada, does not so often visit this neighborhood; but when it does may always be considered dangerous, and in many instances, terminates, only, with the life of the animal. On the discovery of the disease it is necessary to meet it promptly. The symptoms are on examination generally found to be, an appearance of stupidity, the countenance without expression, loss ofappetite, the mouth dry, the eyes red, the pulse quick, an tae breathing snort, accompanied by a cough. The skin seems to stick more closelv to the ribs, and has a rough appearance. 7 74 WALLls' FARRIERY. Take from the neck vein from two to four quarts of blood, and should he be costive give a pint of Castor oil, and administer an injec* tion of warm gruel or linseed tea. If you find no visible alteration for the better in eight or ten hours, bleed and pursue the same course as at first; frictions produced by rubbing, has in many instances been found beneficial. Give the following drench: J oz. Balsom Copcevia i oz. Gum Ammoniac Dissolved in one pint of snake root tea, then add 1 oz, of Salt Prunelle, mix the whole in a pint of warm water, for two drenches, the sec- ond to be given after a lapse of four days.— Feed the horse on bran and oats. The horse should be kept warm, and moderately exercised; if necessary, rowel in the breast, &WHBIHD2SU [From LoudorCs Encyclopaedia of Agriculture.'] VETERINARY OPERATIONS. The general practices to be here enumer- ated are chiefly the treatment of wounds, the application of fomentations, setons, blisters, clysters, and physicking; and the operations of castrating, nicking, bleeding, &c. TREATMENT OF WOUNDS. A wound must be treated in some measure according to the horse's body in which it hap- pens; but there are some principles to be ob- served alike in all horse surgery. There are likewise a few, which, as they differ from the principles of human surgery, should be first noticed, and which should guide the practice of those who might be misled by analogy. The wounds of horses, however carefully brought together and confined in their situation, as well as shut out from the stimulus of the exter- nal air, are seldom disposed to unite at once, 76 APPENDIX. or, as it is called in surgical language, by the first intention. It is always, therefore, neces- sary to expect the suppurative process: but as the adhesive inflamation does, now and then occur, we should never wash with water or otherliquids a mere laceration, if no foreign matter, as dirt &e. be suspected to be lodged within it, still less should we stuff it with can- dle or tents of any kind. On the contrary, it should be carefully and smoothly brought to- gether, and simply bound up in its own blood; and if it do not wholly unite at once, and by the first intention, perhaps some portion of it may; and, at all events, its future progress will be more natural, and the disfiguration less than whenstufied with tents, tow, &o, or irritated with heating oils or spirits. When an exten- sively 'jaccratcil wound takes place, it is com- mon, and it is often necessary to insert sutures,J or aiches, into the lips of the wound, and here we have to notice another considerable varia- tion frcm the principles of human inflamation, which is, that these stitches in the horse, ox, and dog,soon ulcerate out, seldom remaining longer th-ip. the third or fourth day at farthest. It therefore is the mere necessary to he careful* that by perfect rest, and the appropriation of good bandages, we secure the wot.,.' from dis- tortion. In this we may he assisted by strip9 of sticking piaster, made with diachylon and APPENDIX. 77 pitch: but these strips should be guarded from touching the wound itself by means of lint or tow first put over it. When, in addition to the laceration in a wound, there is a des- truction of substance, then the caution of washing will not apply, as it will be necessary to bathe with some warming spirit, as/mctareo/" myrrh, tincture aloes, or friars'' balsam, to assist in restoring the life of the part, and in preventing mortification. Bleeding must be stopped by pressure and astringents, as powdered alum: when it is very considerable, the vessel from whence the blood comes must be taken Up.— When great inflamation follows wounds or bruises, counteract it by bleeding, a cooling temperature, opening rhedicines, and continual fomentation to the part itself. BALLS AND DRINKS. Mode of giving a ball. Back the horse in his stall, and being elevated on a stool, (not a bucket turned upside down,) gently draw the tongue a little out of the mouth, so as to pre- vent its rising to resist the passage of the hand: the tongue should however not be laid hold of alone, but it should be held firmly by the fin- gers of the left hand against the jaw. The ball previously oiled, being taken into the risht hand, which should be squeezed into as narrow a shape as possible, must be passed up close to the roof of the mouth, and lha ball 7* 78 APPENDIX. placed on the root of the tongue, when both hands being withdrawn, it will readily pass down. This mode is much preferable, when a person is at all handy, to using a balling iron. At Long's, veterinary surgeons' instrument ma- ker,is sold a clever machine for this purpose. Mode of giving a drink. Exactly the same process is pursued, except that a horn holding the liquid matter is forced up the mouth; the passage being raised beyond the level line, the liquid is poured out from the larger end of the horn, and when the tongue is loosened it is swallowed. Clark, however, ingeniously pro- poses to substitute the smaller end of the horn, the larger being closed, by which he says, the horn can be forced up the mouth between the teeth, and poured farther back so as to insure its not returning. FOMENTATIONS AND POULTICES. Fomentations are very commonly recommend- ed of various herbs, as chamomile, St. John's wort, wormwood, bay leaves, &c; but the principal virtue is to be found in warmth and moisture, which unload the vessels: but this warmth is not to be too considerable, except when the inflamation is within, as in inflamed bowels. Here we foment to stimulate the skin, and cannot foment too hot; but when we do it at once to an inflamed part, it ought not to Ibe more than of blood heat; and it should hi APPENDIX. 79 continued long, and when removed the part should be dried or covered, or cold may be ta- ken, and the inflamation increased instead of diminished. Anodyne fomentations are made of poppy heads, and of tobacco, and are fre- quently of great use. The method of applying fomentations is conve- niently done by means of two large woolleu cloths wrung out of the heated liquors; as one is cooling the other should be ready to be ap- plied. Poultices act in the same way as fomentation in allaying irritation and inflamation; but are in some respects more convenient, because they act continually. It is an error to suppose that poultices, to be beneficial, should be very hot: however hot they maybe applied, they soon become of the temperature of the surrounding parts. When it is drawn over the leg and bound round the lower part of the hoof, or of the pastern, or otherwise, the matter of the poultice may be put within, and it may be then kept in its situation, if high up on the extrem- ity, by means of tape fastened to one part of it, and passed over the withers or back to the other side, and again fastened to the stocking. In this way, also, loose bandages may be retained from slipping down. Cold poultices are often useful in the inflamations arising from strains, &c. In these cases bran and gou- SO APPENDIX. lard water form a convenient medium: but when the poultice is necessarily hot, a little linseed meal added to the bran will render it adhesive, and give it consistency. It is a very necessary caution in this, as in every instance where bandages are wanted around the ex- tremeties, to have them broad, and so tight as to secure the matters contained, as in a poul- tice, or as in common bandaging. It is often supposed that "as strong as a horse," denotes that nothing can be too strong for him. The horse, on the contrary, is one of the most ten- der animals rdive; and a string tied very tight around the leg would occasion, first, a falling off of the hoof, next a mortification of the rest of the limb, and lastly the death of the animal; and all this as certainly as though he were shot with a bullet through the head. SETONS AND ROWELS. Setons are often useful in keeping up a drain to draw what are termed humours from parts; or by their irritations on one part, they lesson the inflamation in another part not very remote, as when applied in the cheek for ophthalmia of inflamed eyes. They also in the same way lesson old swellings, by exciting absorption.— Another useful action they have, is to make a dependent or convenient orifice for the escape of lodged matter: thus a seton passed from the noper part of the opening of pole-evil, through APPENDIX. 81 ihe upper part of the integuments of the neck, as low as the sinues run, will often effect a cure without farther application. The same with fistulous withers, which sometimes run under the shoulder blade, and appear at the arm point; in whioh cases a blunt seton needle, of sufficient length to be passed down to that point, and to be then cut down upon, will form the only efficient mode of tieatment. Setons maybe passed in domestic farriery, with a com- mon packing needle and a skein of thread, or piece of tape: but in professional farriery they are made by a proper needle armed with tape or lamp cotton, or skeins of thread or silk smear- ed over with digestive ointment. When the seton needle is removed, the ends of the tape should be joined together, or otherwise knotted* to prevent them from coming out. Rvwels, in their intention, act as setons, and as irritating a larger surface, so when a general drain is required, they act better, asin grease, &c: but when their action is confined to a part only, setons are more convenient. Any person may apply a rowel, by making an in- cision in the loose skin about an inch, separat- ing with the finger its adherenccs around, and then inserting in the opening a piece of round leather witha hole in the middle,smeared with a blistering ointment. Then plug the open ing with tow, and in three days, when the sup- 82 APPENDIX. puration has begun, remove if. The rowel leather is afterwards to be daily moved and cleaned. BLISTERING AND FIRING. Blistering answers the same purposes as se- tons; and is first practised by first cutting or shaving the hair from the part, when the blis- tering ointment should be well rubbed in for ten minutes, or a quarter of an hour. Some of the ointment, after the rubbing, may be smeared over the part. The head of the horse should now be tied up to prevent bis gnawing or licking. If a neck cradle be at hand it may also for safety be put on; in which case the head may be let down the third day. A neck cradle, for blistered horses is very con- venient for other occasions also, when the mouth is to be kept fromlicking orbiting other parts; or to keep other parts from being rubbed'a- gainst the head. It is of very simple construc- tion, and maybe made by a dozen pieces of wood of about an inch and a half diameter, as old broom handles, &c. These bored at each end admit a rope to be passed through; and as each is passed on, a knot may be tied to the upper part of the pieces of the cradle two inch- es apart; and those which form the lower part, four inches; by which means the neck will be fitted by the cradle when it is put on, and the horse will be prevented from bending his head APPENDIX. 83 to lick »r gnaw parts to be protected. When the lower parts of the legs, particularly of the hinder, require blistering, it is necessary to bear in mind that in gross full horses, partic- ularly in autumn, grease is very apt to follow blistering, and almost certainly if the back of the heels below the fetlock be blistered. First, therefore, smear this part over with lard or suet; and afterwards avoid touching it with the ointment. After blistering in summer, the horse is frequently turned out before the blis- tered parts are quite sound; in this case guard them from flies by some kind of covering, or they may become fly blown: and likewise the fourth or fifth day rub into the blistered part some oil or lard, to prevent the skin from cracking. Sweating or liquid blisters are only more gen- tle stimulants, which are daily applied to pro- duce the same effects on a diseased part with- out removing the hair. Of course less activ- ity is expected; yet as the action is repeatedr- they are often more beneficial even than blist- ering itself: as in old strains and stiffnesses. Firing, as requiring the assistance of an ex- perienced practitioner, we shall not describe; it will be only necessary to point out that it is a more active mode of blistering, and that it acts very powerfully as a stimulant, not only while its effects last as blisters do, but also af- ter its escharotic effect is over, by its pressure; 54 APPENDIX. and in this way it is that it operates so favour- ably in bony exostosis, as splints and spavins; and in this way it is so useful in oW ligament- ary weaknesses; because by lessening the dil- atability of the skin, it becomes a continual bandage to the part. CLYSTERING AND PHYSICKING. Clystering should always be preceeded by backraking, which consists in oiling one hand and arm, and passing them up the fund^rient, and by that means to remove all the dung balls that can be reached. The large pewter syringe for clystering, is neither a useful nor safe ma- chine. A much better consists in a turned box pipe, to which may be attached a large pig or ox bladder, by which four or five quarts * of liquid can be administered at one time.— The pipe should be previously oiled, by which meansitpassess more easily: the liquor should then be steadily pressed up; and when the pipe is removed, the tail should be held down over the fundament a little, to prevent the return of the clyster. In some cases of a spasmodic nature,as gripes and locked jaw, great force is made by the bowels to return the clyster, and nothing but continued pressure over the fundament can enable it to be retained. Clys- ters not only act in relaxing the bowels, but they may be used as means of nutriment when it cannot be taken by the mouth; as in locked APPENDIX. OJ jaw, wounds of the mouth, throat, &c. &c. In locked jaw, it was observed by Gibson, that he kept a horse alive many days hy clysters also, many medicines may be given more conveni- ently than by the mouth. Physicking of horses. It is equally an error to refrain altogether from giving horses physic, as it is to give it on every occasion, as some do. Neither is it necessary for horses to be bled and physicked every spring and autumn, if they be in perfect health, and the less so, as at this time they are generally weak and faint from the change going on in their coats. Nor is it always necessary to give horses physic when they come from grass or a straw yard; provided the change from the one state to the other be very moderately brought about. But on such a removal, it certainly expedites all the phenomena of condition, and such horses are less likely to fall to pieces, as it is termed, afterwards. In various morbid states physic is particularly useful, as in worms, hide-bound, from too full a habit, &c. &c. It is not advis- able to physic horses in either very cold or very warm weather. Strong physic is always hurtful: and all that physic can do is as well operated on by a mild as by a strong dose, with infinitely less hazard. No horse should be physicked whose bowels have not been pre- viously prepared by mashing at least for two 8 *°° APPENDIX. days before. By these means the physic will work kindly, and a moderate quantity only is requisite. Most of the articles put" into the purging ball for horses, to assist the aloes, are useless. Jalap will not purge a horse, nor rhubarb either. Aloes are the only proper drug to be depended on for this purpose, and of all the varieties of aloes, the socotorine and Cape are the best. Barbadoes aloes are also not improper, but are thought more rough thaa the socotorine. Blaine gives the followiDg as the process. Physicking process. The horse having fasted an hour or two in the morning from food, but having had his water as usual, give him his purge, and two hours after offer him a little chilled, but not warm water, as is often done by which horses are disgusted from taking any: it may be here remarked that in this particular much error is frequently committed. Many horses will drink water with the chill taken off, provided it be perfectly clean, and do not smell of smoke from the fire, kettle, or sauce- pan: but few, very few, will drink warm or hot water; and still fewer, if it be in the least degree greasy or smoky. He should have walk- ing exercise as usual, moderately clothed: and altogether he should be kept rather more warm than usual. At noon mash again, and give a little hay, which should be repeated at APPENDIX. 87 tught, giving him at intervals chilled water.— On the following morning the physic may be expected to work; which, if it do briskly, keep the horse quiet: but should it not move his bow- els , or only relax them, walk him quietly half an hour, which will probably have the desired effect. Continue to give mashes and warm water,repeating them every two or three hours to support him. When physic gripes a horse, give him a clyster of warm water,andhand rub the belly as well as walk him out. If the grip- ing prove severe, give him four ounces of gin in half a pint of sound ale, which will soon re- lieve him. On the next day the physic will probably set, but should it continue to work him severely, pour down some boiled starch; and if this fail, turn to the directions under di- arrhaea. The horse should return to his usual habits of full feeding, and full exercise, by de- grees; and if more than one dose be to be giv- en, a week should intervene. It is often requis- ite to make the second and third dose rather stronger than the first. A very mild dose of physic is likewise often given to horses while at grass in very warm weather, and without.any injury. When worms, or skin foulness are present, the mercurial physic is deemed neces- sary, it is better to give two drachms of calomel in a mash the previous night, than to put it into the purging ball. 38 APPENDIX. CASTRATION, NICKING, DOCKING &c. The operations of castration, nicking, docking, and that of cropping,) which is now seldom prac- tised,) all require the assistance of a veterinary surgeon; and it is only necessary to remark of them, that the after treatment must be the same as in all other wounds. To avoid irritation, to preserve a cool temperature and a moderate diet: and ifactive febrile symptoms make their appearance, to obviate them by bleeding, &c. It likewise is proper to direct the attention of the agriculturist who attends to these matters himself, that the moment the wound following any of these operations looks otherwise than healthy, locked jaw is to be feared, and no time should be lost in seeking the best assist- ance that can be obtained. BLEEDING. Bleeding is a very common, and to the horse a very important operation, because his infla- matory diseases, on account of the great strenglto of his arterial system, run to a fatal termina- tion very soon, and can only be checked in the rapidity of their progress, by abstracting blood, which diminishes the momentum of circulation. Bleeding is more particularly important in the inflamatory diseases of the horse; because wc cannot, as in the human, lower the circulation by readily nauseating the stomach. Bleeding also lessons irritation, particularly in the young APPENDIX. 89 and plethoric, or those of full habit j hence we bleed in spasms of the bowels, in locked jaw, &c; with good effect. Bleeding is general or topical. General, as from the neck, when we mean to lessen the general momentum. To- pical, when we bleed from a particular part, as the eye, the plate vein, the toe &c. Most expert practitioners use a large lancet to bleed with; and when the habit of using it is acquired, it is by far the best instrument, particularly for superficial veins, where the Wow might car- ry the fleam through the vessel. In common hands the fleam, as the more general instru- ment, is best adapted to the usual cases re- quiring the agriculturist's notice. Care should, however, be taken not to strike it with vehem- ence; ana the hair being first wetted and smoothed down, it should be pressed close be- tween the hairs, so that its progress may not be impeded by them. A ligature should be first passed round the neck, and a hand held over the eye, unless the operator be very ex- pert, when the use of the fingers will dispense with the ligature. The quantity of blood fa- ken is usually too small. In inflammatory dis- eases, a large horse, particularly in the early stage of a complaint, will bear to lose eight or ten quarts,and half the quantity may be ta- ken away two or three times afterwards, if the violence of the symptoms seem to require it: 8* 90 APPENDIX. and the blood should be drawn irt a large stream to do all the good it is capable of. After the bleeding is finished, introduce a sharp pin, and avoid drawing the skin away from the vein while pinning, which lets the blood escape be- tween the vein and skin: wrap round a piece of tow or hemp, and next day remove the pin, which might otherwise inflame the neck. In drawing blood, let it always be measured: let- ting it fall on the ground prevents the ascer- taining the quantity; it also prevents any obser- vation On the state of the blood, which, if it forms itself into a cup-Jike cavity on its surface, and exhibit a tough yellow crust over this cav- ity, it betokens an inflammatory state of the body that will require further bleedings, un- less the weakness forbid. After the bleeding, it now and then happens, from rusty lancets, too violent a stroke with the blood stick, or from drawing away the skin too much while pinning up, that the orifice inflames and hardens, and ichor is seen to ooze out between its edges.— Immediately this is discovered, recourse must be had to an able veterinary surgeon, or the horse will lose the vein, and perhaps his life. APPENDIX. 91 [From the Gentleman's new Pocket Farrier.] SADDLE HORSE. When a horse is purchased for the saddle alone, it is to be presumed he must be clear of all defects, strike the fancy, entirely please the eye, and from this happy symmetry and due pro- portion of form, stand the second beauty in the wovld. When this is the case, he is seldom disposed of at too high a price. Amongst the great number of people in the United States, lam induced to believe, there are few good judges of a horse calculated for the saddle. In- deed they are better informed upon almost any other subject that can be mentioned. Yet the Virginians have a large number of fine horses,and are accused of devoting too much attention to that beautiful animal. Among all the difficulties attending the affairs of common life, there is not, perhaps, a greater than that ofchoosing a beautiful, an elegant, or good horse. Nor will this appear strange, when we consider the number of circumstances that are to be taken into consideration, with regard to shape, size, movements, limbs, marks, eyes, colour, age, &c. &c.—which are so various that it would fill a volume to describe, and indeed the best judges are often obliged to con- tent themselves with guessing at some things, Unless they have sufficient time to make a * *** ATPENDTX. i thorough trial. If I were asked what were the two most beautiful objects in nature, I [ would answer, that woman, lovely woman, be- fore whose charms the soul of man bows with |J reverence and submission, stands unparalled; next to this matchless paragon, a beautiful j horse displays nature in her highest polish and greatest perfection. His gay and cheerful ap- pearance, proudly prancing and bounding, his elegance of shape, smoothness of limbs, polish ' of skin, due proportion of form, and graceful- ness of action, united to a mild, soft, faithful and patient disposition, raise him far above the rest of the brute creation. I shall now proceed to lay down some rules, and to give some hints, for the examination of a horse previous to a purchase being made, to prevent the liberty of exaggeration, which is too frequently taken by dealers in those animals, and which too often terminates to the serious injury of the pur- chaser. It is to be much lamented, that men who entertain a proper idea of honour, in all the common affairs of life, so soon as they become the owner of a horse, feel at liberty, without being sensible of doing violence to their morals. to knock off two or three years from his reel age, and express themselves with apparent de- light, of services, gaits and qualities, to which he never had any sort of claim or pretensions; APPENDIX. »° carefully keeping a secret every vice and de- fect to which he is subject. I do not pretend to say this is the case withal! who exchange or sell a horse—but that it has often occurred, no person will deny. If a fraud can be prac- ticed at all, it is sufficient reason for the inexpe- rienced and unsuspecting to be placed on their guard. When a horse is offered for sale, 1 would advise the purchaser to ask one ques- tion, viz: Is he in all respects perfectly sound? Should a cheat be practiced on you, an action would lie against the seller, and damages could be recoverable; but be your own judge, not permitting any declaration that may be made by the seller, to alteryour opinion of form, age, condition, movements, action, &c. As the eyes of a horse are the most important organ, first let him undergo a strict examination, (in open daylight;) ascertain his age, examine his figure and action, guarding youraelf with be- ing too much pleased or fascinated with the appearance of a new object; view his feet and legs; large ndges on the hoofs, or very flat feet, discover ahorse to be subject to founder: large gouty legs, with enlarged tendons, indi- cate strains and other injuries. Examine his hind legs, with great attention just below the hock, and inside the hind knee; if there is any unnatural prominence, or knot, unlike the other knee, it wears the appearance of a spavin,. 94 APPENDIX which rendersahorseof butlittlevalue. Splint, which appears on the inside of the fore legs, and wind-galls, upon the ancles, are unpleas- ant to the eye, but seldom produce serious lameness, they furnish plain proof that a horse has been serviceable, and are very seldon pro- ductive of any other injury than stiffness, as he advances in years. Ride yourself, for the pur- pose of trying his gaits and qualities—as a ri- der, accustomed to a horse by private signs, such as manner of riding, bearing on the bit, leaning backward or forward, holding the heels close to his sides, &c. can make a dull horse appear gay and spirited, a wild horse gentle, a stumbler clear footed; one that is blind appear to see, and a startinghorse free from that ob- jection, &c. Before mounting him examine his knees, to discover if they are skinned, the hair off, or scarred: those are strong symptoms of his politeness to a fault. Ride with your bridle loose over any uneven ground: if he is in the habit of stumbling, he will very readily inform you—then approach some object offen- sive to the sight: if he appears much alarmed, stopping suddenly, and attempt to turn round, paying but little respect to the bearing of the bridle, you may judge he has long been in the habit of that bad practice. Ride, him in all his different gaits, to ascertain if they are smooth, easy, and agreeable; move him about a mile, APPENDIX. 9$ out and back, in full half speed; frequently stopping him to try his wind, also if he is spav- ined. If his wind has been injured, he will blow unnaturally; making a loud wheezing noise, with great difficulty of breathing. While warm, ride him in cold water above the belly; after which let him cool fifteen or twenty minutes, and if he is spavined, and has received temporary relief, by applications of any kind, the disease will make its appearance so plain, that you will discover evident marks of lame- ness. The spavin is often relieved for a time; and in a few instances, has been permanently cured by blistering, bathing with double dis- tilled spirits, &c. The brisk exercise, &<** is intended to bring on a return of its effects, in case the animal should have had temporary relief from that distressing disease. Having given such hints as I am persuaded will lead to the discovery of any material de- fects in a horse about to be purchased, I shall now proceed to the description of a horse that I consider elegant and fit for the saddle. In order that he may have just claim to beauty and elegance, his head must be small, thin, bony and tapering; his countenance lively and cheerful; his ears quick of action, high, erect, narrow, thin, and pointing together; his eyes large, round, full of black, sparkling with cheerfulness, yet hushing his agitating passious 96 APPENWX. in order and obedience; his nostrils large and expanded, and when in motion, disclosing a deep red colour; his brow and forehead smooth, and not too flat; his nose somewhat rising, of good turn, and a little inclined to the roman shape; his nerk long thin, delicate and arched; forming a beautiful gradation from the breast and shoulders; his main half the width of his neck, thin and smooth, his shoulders high, ta- pering, and thrown well back [this we should regard as of the first importance;] his breast plump,full, and of moderate width; his fore legs straight, flat, sinewy and thin; his arms large and muscular; his back short and not too much swayed for strength and durability, but pretty even and straight; his body rather round and swelling than flat, and of proportion- able size; his flanks plump and full, and the last rib approaching near the hip bones; his hips and buttocks full, round and well covered with muscles; his chine broad; his tail well placed, and naturally or artificially elegant, which adds much to his figure and gay appeal ance; his thighs long, from the hip to the haunch bone large and bulging with muscles; his hocks broad, sinewy, bony and clear of puffs; his hind legs from the hock short, bending a little, rather than straight, flat and sinewy; his pasterns of modern length, small and bony; his hoofs cup- ped, small, round and smooth; his hind parts APPENDIX. »' not tucked, but of easy turn and graceful slope. When mounted, his appearance should heboid, lofty and majestic; his eyes shining with intre- pidity and fire; his movements light and airy as a phantom, with a fairy step, that would scarcely break a dew drop; his actions smooth and graceful; his colour should suit the taste of the purchaser, though a mahogany bay is certainly the best colour; his marks large of irregular white, to light up the countenance; and at least two white legs,* which will add much to his beauty—though it must be ac- knowledged, that all parts of a horse that are white, are much more tender than any other colour. When a horse is rode by any person for you to judge of his gaits, you should have him moved towards you, from you, and finally by you; as you may have the opportunity of discovering ifthere is any turning in and out about his knees and ancles, before or behind, which is very objectionable. A well shaped horse will track as trutey or his legs will follow each other in as direct a line, as the wheels of a well constructed carriage. For him to be considered a good riding horse, he should move with ease to himself and pass over the ground with great rapidity. Hard steps, short going, *Here we differ decidedly with tlje author. We Should not mind his having one white foot behind, 9 JS APPENDIX. tnd great apparent labour, is offensive to the sight, unpleasant to the rider, and fatiguing to the horse himself. With respect to the col- our of horses, people differ very widely; a black horse with white face and legs, a grey or a mahogany bay with white marks, when well kept, are all shewy colours; but for actual ser- vice, experience has proved, that dark col- ours without any white feet are far preferable; for who ever recollects to have seen a black, sorrel or bay horse, with a bald face and four white legs, distinguish himself on the turf, in four mile heats ? lam inclined to believe there is no first rate race horse, of that description, within the United States. I have perhaps stated some facts relative to horse jockies, in a manner so plain and candid, as to draw from them their displeasure. My object is not to-offend, but to instruct and be useful to those who want experience on the subject, for which this little book is designed. To bring a horse into condition. Not only should the purposes he is intended for betaken into account, but. also his previous state. If he be taken up from grass with much flesh on him, it is evident that what is required is to remove the soft interstitial matter it may be supposed he has gained by green food, and to replace it by hard flesh; and also to produce a sleekness of coat and beauty of appearance.— APPENDIX. 9V* To accomplish these ends, the horse should be accustomed to clothing and the full heat of the stable by degrees only; and also by degrees only to the meditated change of food; which is best done by mashes. In two or three daye a mild dose of physic may be given, during all which moderate exercise only should be given, as walking, but which may be continued two hours at a time. After the physic has set, be- gin to dress his coat, increase his exercise and his food, and accustom him to an increase of warmth. In four or fhe days time again mash him for two days, and give a second dose of physic, a very little stronger than the first. Af- ter this, still further increase his warmth, his exercise, and his food, by which his belly will be taken up, his flesh will harden; and his coat will begin to fall. A third dose of physic, or urine balls, &c. are only necessary in the train- ing of hunters, &c. and even in these, a grad- ual increase of exercise, rather long continued than violent, with proper food, will effect the end, if not so quickly, more beneficial to the animal. To bring a lean horse into condition, a somewhat different plan should be pursued.— If from grass, still mash him for a day or two, by no means stint him in his water, and with his mash let oats also be soaked. If oats be speared or malted,it will produce flesh sooner. But even here, give the ho»se moderate walk- 100 APPENDIX. ing exercise, and if he be not too much reduc- ed, add a mild dose of physic to prevent hi$ heels flying, or his getting hide bound by the increased food; but if great emaciation forbid the physic, give him nightly an alterative.— {Vet Pharm 126, No. 1.*) As his appearance improves gradually harden his food and increase his exercise. Founder. The injury sustained by horses, called founder, is sometimes the effect of the cruelty of his master, and at other times brought on by injudicious treatment; but it is most frequently produced by carelessness, or a want of knowledge of the treatment necessary to those excellent animals on a journey. Although the horse is endowed with the strength and powers of the lion, yet he seldom exerts either to the prejudice of his master.— On the contrary, he shares with him in his la- bours, and seems to participate with him in his pleasures. Generous and persevering, he gives up his whole powers to the service of his master—and though bold and interpid, he re- presses the natural fire and vivacity of his tenv per, and not only yields to the hand, but seems to consult the inclination of his rider. But it must continue to be a matter of re- gret to every feeling mind, that these excel- *Levigated antimony, 2drachms. Cream of tarter^ »ad floor of sulphur, each half an ounce. APPENDIX. 101 lent qualities should be so often shamefully a- bused in the most unnecessary exertions; and the honest labours of this noble animal, thrown away in the ungrateful task of accomplishing the purposes of an unfeeling folly, or lavished in gratifying the expectations of an intemperate moment. A horse may be foundered by excessive hard rides, permitting him to plunge deep into cold water, while hot and sweating, and drinking cold pond water, eating large quantities of new corn and fodder, and then briskly exercised; over feeding with bran alone whilst performing hard labour, drinking plentifully at every branch in travelling, feeding with more than a horse can eat after being half starved, violent exer- cise on a full belly, or not permitting a horse who has travelled in a hot sun all day, to cool thoroughly before he is given as much as he can eat, drink, &c. &c. Symptoms of a Founder. The symptoms that indicate an approaching founder, are so fow and so common, that the most ignorant persons will rarely be mistaken. Great heat about the legs, pasterns and ears, a soreness in the feet, together with a stiffness so great in all his limbs,that the animal frequently refuses to move, unless force is used—his flanks and low- er part of his belly draws up.hishide becomes bound or tight, his legs thrown a little more 9* 10*2 APPENDIX. forward than in his usual or natural position; a constant thirst, and very often a considerable swelling of the ancles, &c. &c. Remedy for a Founder, So soon as you are convinced that your horse is foundered, take from his neck vein at least one gallon of blood; give a drench of one quart strong sassafras tea, one tea spoonful of salt petre, and a quarter of an ounce of assafoetida, and do not permit him to eat or drink for five or six hours—at the expiration of which time, should he not be ev- idently better, repeat the bleeding, take half a gallon of blood, and give another drench: at night offer him some bran or oats, scalded with sassafras tea, and if it can be procured, let him have green food, fresh from the field, for it has the happy effect of opening the bowels and cooling the system: his feet should be nicely cleaned out and stuffed with fresh cow manure: his drink should be at least one half sassafras tea, with a small handful of salt thrown there- in. By the morning should the horse be better, nothing further is necessary, only being care- ful not to over-feed him. But should there be no change for the better, tie a small cord just above his knees, and with a lancet or phleme bleed in a vein that runs around the coronet just above the hoof: take from each leg a pint of blood: give a pound of salts dissolved in three APPENDIX. 103 half pints of water, in form of a drench: keep his feet stuffed with fresh cow manure, and bathe his legs with equal parts of sharp ine- gar, spirits and sweet oil or lard. By attention to these directions, in two or three days the horse will again be fit for service. Ahorse in this unpleasant situation, requires great attention. Whenever they are founder- ed, they search for a bank of manure to stand on, which should always he prevented, as it increases the fever. Horses slightly foundered, have sometimes been cured in a few hours, by standing them in a pond of water or mud, or by bleeding in the mouth, but those remedies are uncertain, and aTe not to be so much relied on, as those first recommended. A foundered horse is generally very much reduced in flesh, before a cure is effected; and is always more subject to founder afterwards. Large ridges on the hoofs or a turning up of the feet, are strong indications of old foun- ders or other injuries. 104 APPENDIX. [From Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture^ OF THE WORKING AND MANAGE MENT OF RIDING HORSES. The managing and working of hackney or riding horses, includes what is required for them as pleasure horses for ordinary airings; and what they require when used for purposes of travelling or long journeyings. It embraces also their stable management in general, with the proper care of horse and stable appoint- ments: all which are usually entrusted to a servant, popularly called a groom, whose qual- ifications should be moderate size, light weight, activity and courage, joined with extreme mild- ness and good temper; and above all a natural love of horses, by which every thing required is done as a pleasure for the animal he loves, and not as a task for those he is indifferent to. The hackney for gentlemen's airings should be in high condition, because a fine coat is thoughtrequisite; and here the groom ought to be diligent, that he may keep up this con- dition by regularity and dressing, more than by heat, clothing and cordials. Whenever his master does not use his horse, he must not fail to exercise him (but principally by walking,) to keep up his condition, and to keep down useless flesh and swellings of the heels. The horse appointments are to be peculiarly bright APPENDIX. *w and clean. The bridle should be billetted and buckled, that the bits may be removed to clean them without soiling the leather, and which cleaning ought not to be done with rough materials, but fine powder and polishing. On the return from exercise, they should be wiped dry and then oiled. Two pair of girths should be used, that a clean pair may always be ready, and the same if saddle cloths are used. The preparation for, and the cure of a horse on a journey, involve many particulars which should not escape the eye of the master. The first is, is the horse in hard travelling condition! xYext, do his appointments all fit, and are they in proper order? The bridle for journeying should always be a double curbed one. The Bnaffle can be ridden with certainly; but the snaffle cannot do the work of the curb, in staying a horse, in saving him from the ground under stumbling or fatigue; or throwing him on his haunches; or in lightening his mouth. The bridle should not be new, but one to which the horse is accustomed. It is of still more consequence that the saddle be one that the horse has worn before, and that fit? him thoroughly. The girths should also be of the best material to prevent accidents; and if the sad- dle be liable to come forward, however object- ionable the appearance, a crupper had better 106 APPENDIX. be used. Some days before a long journey is attempted, if the shoes are not in order, shoe the horse; but by no means let it be done as you set off, otherwise having proceeded on the journey a lew miles, you find that one foot is pricked, and lameness ensues; or, if this be not the case, one or more shoes pinch, or do not settle to his feet; all which cannot be so well altered as by your own smith. It is always best to begin a long journey by short stages, which accustoms the horse to con- tinued exertion. This is the more particularly necessary, if he have not been accustomed to travel thus, orif he be not in the best condi- tion. The distance a horse can perform with ease, depends greatly on circumstances. Light carcassed horses, very young ones, and such as are low in flesh, require often baiting, partic- ularly in hot weather; horses in full condition, above their work, and well carcassed, and such as are from seven, or ten, or twelve years old are better when ridden a stage of fifteen or twenty miles, with a proportionate length of baiting time afterwards, than when baited often with short stoppages: the state of the weather should also be considered; when it is very hot, the stages should be necessarily shorter. To a proper consideration of the baiting times on a journey, the physiology of digestion should be studied. Fatigue weakens ths APPENDIX. 107 stomach. When we ourselves are tired, we seldom have much inclination to eat, and fa- tigue also prevents activity in the digestive powers. To allay these consequences, ride the horse gently the last two or three miles.— If a handful of grass can be got at the road side, it will wonderfully refresh your horse, and not delay you three minutes. In hot weather, let the horse have two or three go downs (gulps,) but not more, of water occasionally as you pass apond; this tends to prevent excessive fatigue. Occasionally walk yourself up hill, which great- ly relieves him, and at which time remove the saddle, by shifting which, only half an inch, you greatly relieve him; and during this time he may perhaps stale, which also is very refreshing to him. It may be as well,in a flinty country, to take this opportunity of examining that no stones are got into the feet likewise. When a horse is brought into an inn from his journey, if he be very hot, first let himbe allowed to stale; let his saddle be taken off, and with a sweat knife draw the perspiration away,; then, with a rug thrown over him, let him be ed out and walked in some sheltered place till cool, by which means he will not afterwards break out into a secondary and hurtful sweat: but by no means let an idle ostler hang him to dry without the stable. Being now dried, re- move him to the stable, where, let some good 108 APPENDIX. hay, sprinkled with water, be placed befort him: if very thirsty, give three or four quarts of water now, and the remainder in half an h6ur, and then let him be thoroughly dressed, hand-rubbed, foot-picked, and foot-washed;but by no means let him be ridden into water; or, if the practice is customary, and cannot be avoided, let it be not higher than the knees, and afterwards insist on the legs being rubbed per- fectly dry; but good hand-rubbing and light sponging is better than washing. Having thus made him comfortable, proceed to feed with corn and beans according as he is used. To feed a horse when very hard ridden, or if weak and tender, it is often found useful to give bread,or bread with ale: if this be also refused, horn down oatmeal and ale, or gruel and ale. It is of the utmost consequence if the journey is to be of several days continuance, or if it is to consist of a great distance in one or two days, that the baitings are sufficiently long to allow the horse to digest his food: digestion does not begin in less than an hour, and is not completed in less than three; consequently any bait that is less than two hours, fails of its ob- ject, and such a hoise rather travels on his for- mer strength than on his renewed strength,and therefore it cannot continue. After a horse is fed he will sometimes lie down; by all means encourage this, and if he is used to do it, ge^, him a retired comerstall for the purpose. APPENDIX. 109 The night bai ting of a journey ing ho»se should embrace all the foregoing particulars, with the addition of foot stopping, and care that his stable be of the usual temperature to that to which he is accustomed; and that no wind or rain,can come to him: give him now a full supply of water; if he has been at all exposed to cold, mash him, or, if his dung be dried by heat, do the same; otherwise, let a good pro- portion of oats and beans be his supper, with hay, not to blow on half the night, but enough only to afford nutriment. When returned home from a journey, if it has been a severe one, let the horse have his fore shoes taken off, and, if possible, remove him to a loose box, with plenty of litter, but if the stones be rough, or the pavement be un- even, put on tips, or merely loosen the nails of those shoes he has on; keep his feet continu- ally moist by a wet cloth, and stop them at night if the shoes be left on; mash him regularly, and if very much fatigued or reduced, let him have malt or carrots, and if possible, turn him out an hour or two in the middle of the day to graze: bleeding or physicking are unnecessary, unless the horse shows signs of fear. If the legs be inclined to swell, bathe them with vin- egar and chamber ley, and bandage them up during the day,but not at night, and the horse will soon recover to his former statet 10 110 APPENDIX. BLIND STAGGERS. The following article comes from a respect- able source, and is entitled to consideration, particularly where the distemper it is designed to remedy, prevails. JV. Y. Eve. Post. "This disease appears to be a compression upon the brain, caused by a collection of wind and matter in the forehead. The writer wit- nessed a cure effected in the following man- ner: A hole was bored with a nail gimblet through the skull, on the curl of hair central between the eyes. In various instances he has heard of its being applied with uniform suc- cess. This remedy was discovered by an at- tempt to kill, and thus relieve a horse from the distress of this disease. His skull was fractur- ed by the stroke of an axe. The morning foU lowing the horse was found feeding apparently well. The remedy may be applied by any person, as the horse very soon becomes help- less after the attack, and immediate relief is afforded by letting out the matter, &c. "Those who are too timid to try the above remedy, may resort to one less severe, and as the writer has understood from a creditable source, equally successful. Make a vertical incision in the sldn between the eyes; separate it from the skull, so as to make a sufficient cav- ity to contain a gill of salt. A cure will very soon be effected,—A friend ton valuable animal. APPENDIX. "1 (From Loudon's Encyclopedia of Agriculture.) THE VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA. The following formulas for veterinary prac- tice have been compiled from the works of the most eminent veterinary writers of the pres- ent day, as Blaine, Clark, Laurence, Peel, White, &c; and we can from our own expe- rience also, confidently recommend the selec- tion to the notice of agriculturists, and the owners of horses in general. It would be pru- dent for such as have many horses, and par- ticularly for such as live at a distance from the assistance of an able veterinarian, to keep the more necessary articles by them in case of emergency: some venders of horse drugs keep veterinary medicine chests, and where the compositions can be depended on, and the un- compounded drugs are genuine and good, one of these is a most convenient appendage to every stable. The best arranged veterinary medicine chest we have seen, was in London, at the veterinary elaboratory of JTouatt, of Nassau street, Middlesex Hospital. The veterinary pharmacopeia for oxen, calves, and sheep has been included in the ar- rangement. When any speciality occurs', or where distinct recipes are requisite, they have been carefully noticed; it will, therefore only be necessary to keep in mind, that with the exception of acrid substances, as mineral acids, 112 APPEtfBIX. Sue, which no cattle bear with equal impunity with the horse, the remedies prescribed re- quire about the following proportions. A large ox will bear the proportions of a moderate sized horse; a moderate sized cow something less; a calf about a third of the quantity; a sheep about a quarter, or at most a third of the proportions directed for the cow. It is al- so to be remarked, that the degrees in strength *n the different recipes, are usually regulated by their numbers, the mildest standing first* Aleratives. 1 Levigated antimony, two drachms. Cream of tarter. Flour of sulphur, each half an ounce* 2 Cream of tarter, Nitre, of each half an ounce. 3 iEthiops mineral, Levigated antimony, Powdered rosin, each three drachms. Give in mash, or in corn and bran a little wetted, every night, or make into a ball with honey. Tonic Alteratives. 1 Gentian, Aloes, Ginger, Blue vitriol, in pow- der, of each one drachm. APPENDIX. 113 Oak bark in powder, six drachms. 2 Winter's bark in powder, three drachms. Green vitriol, do, one and a half drachm. Gentian, do. three drachms, Make either of these into a ball with honey, and give every morning. 3 White vitriol, one drachm. G inger or pimento ground, two drachms. Powdered quassia, half an ounce. Ale, eight ounces. Mix, and give as a drink. 4 Arsenic, ten grains. Oatmeal, one ounce. Mix, and give in mash or moistened corn ^ghtly. Astringent mixtures for Diarrhoea, Lax or Scouring 1 Powdered ipecacuanha, one drachm* Do. opium, ha f a drachm. Prepared chalk, two ounces. Boiled starch one pint. 2 Saet, four ounces; boiled, in milk eight ounces. Boiled starch, six ounces, Powdered alum, one drachm. The following has been very strongly re- commended in some cases, for the lax of hof- ses and cattle. 10* 114 APPENDIX* 3 Glauber's salts, two ounces. Epsom do. one ounce Green vitriol, four grains. Gruel, half a pint. When the lax or scouring at all approaches to dysentery or molten grease, the following drink should be first given. 4 Castor oil four ounces. Glauber's salts (dissolved,) two ounces. Powdered rhubarb half a drachm. Powdered opium, four grains. Gruel, one pint. Astringent Balls for Diabetes or pissing evil. Catechu, (Japan earth) half an ounce. Alum powdered, half a drachm. Sugar of lead, ten grains. Conserve of roses to make ball. Astringent paste for Thrush, Foot root, foul in the Fdot td Foul Blotches fftid Eruptions in Cattle, in general. Camphor, one drachm, Sugar of lead, half a drachm, Mercurial ointment, one ounce:- APPENDIX. 125 FOALS OR COLTS. To raise the best Colts, the first step is to procure the best Brooding Mares, then put them to the best Horses, and give the Colts good keeping, particularly during the first win- ter after they are weaned. The proper time for weaning is the beginning of foddering time; and then they ought to be put in a stable by themselves, kept on good hay, and fed regular- ly twice a day, during winter, with oats, or some other nourishing food. The next sum- mer they ought to have good pasture. Colts are frequently spoiled by poor keeping at the lime they require the best; and this, as is the case with all other young animals, is du- ring the first winter. After this they do not require better keeping than is requisite for other Horses. If Colts be not well kept the first winter, they are very apt to get stunted; and of this they never wholly recover. If Farmers would pay more attention to keeping their Colts in the best manner, as well as a due attention to the selection of Breeding- mares, and of Horses for covering, we should soon find the breed of Horses in..our country much improved. . SURFF.1T. A disease to which Cattle, and particularly Horses are liable. In Horses, it is generally 11* 1*26 Appendix. the effect of intense labor, or overheating.— The skin becomes dry and full of dander, or of scabs, if the disease be more inveterate.— The hair of the animal stands out, and he has a dull sluggish look. Some have merely this look and appearance of the hair, while they grow lean and hide- bound, without any irruptions of the skin.— Some have what is called a wet surfeit, in which case sharp thin humors run from the scabs. This is often attended with great heat, inflammations and sudden swellings of the neck, which causes great quantities of briny liquor to issue from that part; and if not allayed, will collect on the withers, and produce the fistula, or about the head, and produce the pollevil. To cure the dry surfeit, the author of "TTte Complete Farmer'1'' directs, first, to take away three or four pounds of blood, and then give the following purge, which will work as an al- terative, and should be repeated once a week, for some time: "Take suecotrine aloes, six drachms, or one ounce; gum guaicum, half an ounce; diaphor- etic antimony and powder of myrrh, of each two drachms; and make the whole into a ball, with syrup of buckthorn." In the intermediate days an ounce of the following powder should be given, morning and evening, with his feed: APPENDIX. 127 ''Take native cannahar or cinnabar of anti- mony, finely powdered, half a pound; crude antimony, in fine powder, four ounces; gum guaicum in powder, four ounces; make the whole into sixteen doses, for eight days." The medicine must be repeated till the horse coats well, and the symptoms of the disease disappear. If the scabs do not come off an- noint them with mercurial ointment. This ointment alone, well rubbed into the blood, and aWed by purges, will commonly effect a cure. For the wet surfeit bleed plentifully, avoid- ing externally all repelers, and in the morning while fasting, give cooling physic twice a week composed of four ounces of lenitive electuary, four of cream of tartar, and four of Glauber's salts, quickened with a little jalap. After three or four of these purgings, give two ounces of nitre, made into a ball with ho- ney, every morning for a fortnight; and if suc- cessful, repeat this a fortnight longer. The above may also be given with the food of the Horse; or a strong decoction of logwood may be given alone, at the rate of two quarts a day. Where the disease proves obstinate, the medi- cine must be continued a considerable length of time, to prove effectual. The Horse should be kept dry and his food should be cool and opening. If he be hide-1 bound give him fenugreek seed for some time. 128 APPENDIX* Where the disorder proceeds from worms, give the mercurial physic, and afterwards the cin- nabar powder, as above directed. The author, from whose book the above directions are taken, observes, however, that as this disease is not always original but atten- dant on otners, in the cure, regard should be had to the first cause, and thus the removal of the complaint may be variously effected. TUMORS. When Tumors appear on the poll, withers, under the jaws or in the groins of Horses, they ^should be forwarded by ripening poultices of oatmeal boiled soft in milk, mixed with oil and lard, and applied twice a day, till the matter is perceived to grow soft and move under the fingers; and then it should be let out by a suf- ficiently large opening with the lancet. Let the opening be full as far as the matter ex- tends. After cleaning the sore, apply pledgits of tow spread with a salve, or ointment, made Of Venice turpentine, beeswax, oil of olives, and yellow rosin; and let these be administer- ed twice a day, if the discharge is great, till a proper digestion takes place, when it should he changed for ple4gits spread with, the red pre- cipitate ointment, applied in the same manner. Should the sore not digest, but run a thin water, foment it as often as you dress it, and ajpply. oyer the drpssjng a strong beer-poultice* APPENDIX. 129 and continue this till the matter grows thick and the sore florid. Should any proud flesh get Into the sore, wash it as often as you dresS it with a solution of blue-vitriol in water, or sprinkle it with burnt alum and precipitate.— If these should not prove sufficiently powerful apply caustics, by washing it with a solution of half an ounce of corrosive sublimate in a pint of water. Where the sore can be tightly com- pressed with a bandage, however, these fungu- ses may be generally prevented. Tumors caused by bruises, should if neces- sary, be bathed with hot vinegar or verjuice;. and then a flannel cloth be wrapped round the part, if it can be done. If this does not abate the swelling, especially if it be in either of the legs poultice it twice a day, after bathing it with wine-lees or beer-grounds and oatmeal or with vinegar, oil and oatmeal, till the swelling abates; when in order to disperse it entirely, let it be bathed twice a day with a mixture of two ounces of crude sal ammoniac in a quart of chamberlie, having rags dipped in this and laid on. Where the extravasated blood is not disper- sed by these means, let an opening be made in the skin and let the blood out, and then heal the wound. 13() APPENDl %'. ULCERS. The following are the directions for treating ulcers, in Horses particularly. The first point is to bring them to discharge a thick matter, which may generally be effec- ted with the green ointment, or that together with precipitate. Should the sore still dis- charge a thin matter, apply balsam, oil of tur- pentine, melted down with a common digestive and the strong beer poultice over them. The part affected should be well warmed with fomenting, to quicken the circulation, &x. If the lips of the sore grow callous, pare them down with a knife, and rub a little caustick over them. Where proud flesh appears, let it be care- fully suppressed. If it" has sprouted above the surface, pare it down with a knife, and rub the remainder with caustic. To prevent its rising- again, sprinkle the sore part with equal parts of burnt alum and red precipitate; or wash it with sublimate water, and dress it with dry lint, and draw the bandage tightly over the sore; for a tight bandage is the most effectual in dissipating these funguses. All the sinuses or cavities, should be laid open as soon as discovered, after bandages have been ineffectually tried; but where the cavity penetrates deep into the muscles, and a counter-opening is impracticable or hazard- APPENDIX. 131 ous; or where the integuments of the muscles are constantly dripping or melting down; these injections should be used. For this purpose, take of Roman vitriol half an ounce, dissolve it in a pint of water, decant it into another bot- tle, and add a pint of camphorated spirit of wine, the same quantity of the best vinegar, and two ounces of Egyptiacum. This mixture is also good for ulcerated greasy heels, which it will cleanse and dry. These cavaties sometimes become lined in- side with a callous substance; and in such case they should be laid open, and the hard sub- stance cut away. Where this cannot be done scarify them, and apply the precipitate, rubing them now and then with caustic, butter of anti- mony or equal parts of quicksilver &, aquafortis. When the bone under the ulcer has become carious, which may be ascertained by probing it, it should be laid bare, in order that the rot- ten part may be ren.oved. In this case all the loose flesh should be removed, the bone scraped smooth to the sound part, and then dressed with dry lint, or with pledgits dipped in the tincture of mynh or euphorbium. Where the cure does not properly succeed, mercurial physic should be given, at proper intervals; and to correct the blood and juices, the antimonial and alterative powders, with a decoction ofguiacum and lime-water are good, 132 APPENDIX, YELLOWS. When horses are troubled with this disordei it is known by the yellowness of the eyes, and of the inside of the moutb. The animal be- comes dull and refuses to eat. The fever and the yellowness increase together. His urine is voided with difficulty, and looks red after it has lain some time. The off-side of the belly is sometimes hard and distended. If the disor- der be not checked, he becomes frantic. In old Horses when the liver has been long diseeased, the cure is hardly practicable, and ends fatally with a wasting diarrhoea; but when the disease is recent and the horse young, there is no danger, if the following directions are ob seiyed: First, bleed plentiful and give the laxative clyster, as Horses having this disorder are usu- ally costive; and the next day give him a purge of an ounce and a half of cream of tartar, half an ounce of Castile soap, and ten drachms of succotrine aloes. Repeat this two or three times, giving intermediately the following balls and drink: Take Ethiop's mineral half ounce; millipedes the same quantity; Castile soap one ounce; make this into a ball, and give one ev- ery day, and wash it down with a pint of this decoction: Take madder-root and tumerick, of each four ounces; burdock-root shad, half a pound: Monk's rhubarb, four ounces; boil APPENDIX* 133 the whole in a gallon of forge-water down to 3 quarts; strain it off and sweeten it with honey. Balls of Castile soap and turmerick may also be given for this purpose, three or four ounces a day, and will in most cases succeed in effect- ing a cure. By these means, the disorder generally a« bates in a week, which may be seen in the al- teration of the Horse's eyes and mouth; but the medicines must be continued till the yel- lowness is removed. Should the disorder prove obstinate, you must try more potent medicines; viz. Mercurial physic repeated two or three times at proper intervals, and then the follow- ing balls: Take salt of tartar, two ounces; cin- nabar of antimony, four ounces; live millipedes and fillings of steel, of each four ounces; Cas tile soap, half a pound: make these into balls of the size of hen's eggs, and give one of them night and morning with a pint of the above drink. On the recovery of the Horse, give him two or three mild purges, and if he be full and fat put in a rowel. WHEEZING. A disease of Horses commonly called broken wind; caused by surfeits, violent exercise when the belly is full; by being rode into cold water when very warm; or from obstinate colds not. £nred.- (.2 134 appendix; For the cure Dr. Bracken advises that the Horse should have good nourishment, much grain and little hay; and that the water given him to drink daily have a solution of half an ounce of saltpetre, and two drachms of sal am- moniac. It is said that the hay made of white weed will cure this disorder. SCRATCHES. This is a disease in the legs of horses, occa- sioned by bad blood, or too hard labor. The skin of the legs becomes cracked open, emit- ting a redish colored humor. To cure the dis- ease, wash the cracks with soapsuds, and then rub them twice a day with an ointment of hogs lard, mixed with a little sublimate mercury. Another says that this troublesome disorder may be effectually cured by the application of as strong a solution of copperas in water as can be made, and rubing the legs up and down, with a cob, each time. A few applications will be sufficient. NEAT CATTLE. The diseases of Neat Cattle are various; and frequently new and uncommon diseases occur. A disorder prevails among Neat Cattle, in the northern parts of this State, which is usu- ally termed the hoof ail. It has ruined many hundred cattle in this county. It would seeir appendix. 135 that the feet of the Cattle first become diseased and then they are frozen during the course of the Winter; after which they are of no further value, except for their skins. There is probably something in certain soils which is calculated to injure the feet of cattle in the Fall, and thus render them more liable to the frost of Winter. In Herkimer county, those cattle which are kept on farms of moist rich soil have been most liable to this disorder; and it is believed that such as are fed on sandy, sandy loam, or gravelly farms, have seldom suffered in this way. Probably it would be found, that pursuing the soiling husbandry, feeding the cattle with plenty of rich food, as has been before directed, and keeping them well littered in warm stables, would at once be the most profitable and eflectual method of avoiding this disorder. In the Spring, our cattle which have been poorly kept through the Winter, are subject to a wasting of the pith of the horn, which is usu- ally called the horn distemper. It is sometimes in one horn only, and sometimes in both. The indications of the disease are, coldness of the horn, dullness of the eyes, slugglishness want of appetite, and a disposition to lie down. When the brain is affected, the animal will toss its head, groan, and exhibit indications of -greal pain. 136 A.PPENDIX, To cure the disease, bore a hole with a small' gimblet in the lower side of the horn, about an inch from the head, and the corrupted matter in the horn will ran out. If this does not com- plete the cure, Mr Deane directs, that the horn have a mixture of rum, honey, myrrh and aloes thrown into it with a syringe; and that this be repeated till the cure be effected. Probably warm water thrown in would answer just as well; as the essential point seems to be to clean the horn of the corrupted matter. Another disease to which our poorly kept cattle are subject in the Spring, is commonly called the tail sickness. In this case the tail becomes hollow and relaxed. The cure is ef- fected, says Mr Deane, by cutting off a small piece of the tail, which will be attended with a small discharge of blood; or when the hollow part is near the end, cut a slit in it, one or two inches long, and this will effect a cure. The gripes or cholic is mostly troublesome to young cattle. When attacked with it they lie down and get up incessantly, and keep striking their horns against any object that presents— It is attended either with costiven ss or scour- ing. In the former case they are to be treated with purgatives; and in the latter with restrin- gents. To stop the purging, give them half a pint of olive-oil sweetened with sugar j or a quart of APPENDIX. I2i7 ale mixed with a few drops of laudanum, and two or three ounces of oil of sweet almonds.— To promote purging, give them five or six drachms of fine Barbadoes aloes, and half a pint of brandy, mixed with two quarts of water gruel, in a lukewarm state. These are the directions of the uComplete Grazier" but it is believed, that other purga- tives and restringents would answer as well.— In cither case speedy attention to the beast is necessary, in order to prevent an inflammation of the intestines, which must prove fatal. The scouring in Neat Cattle is known by the frequent discharge of slimy excrement, loss of appetite, loss of flesh, increasing paleness of the eyes, and general debility. The beast should be immediately housed and put to dry food, and this in the early stage of the disease, will generally effect a cure. Should it, however, fail, it is directed in the work last mentioned, to boil a pound of mutton suet in three quarts of milk, till the former is dissolved, and give it to the beast in a luke- warm state; or in the obstinate cases boil half a pound of powdered chalk in two quarts of water, till it is reduced to three pints; add four ounces of hartshorn shavings, one of casia arid stir the whole together. When cold add a pint of lime water and two drachms of the '.ihclurc of opium; keep the whole in a corked 12* 13§ APPENDIX. bottle, and after shaking it before using, give one or two hornsful, two or three times a day, as the nature of the case may require. Some- times, however, this disease proves incurable. Cattle sometimes become hoven, as it is term- ed, owing to eating too much, when first turned into rich pastures, to swallowing potatoes, or other roots, without sufficient chewing, and to other causes. The stomach of the animal be- comes distended with wind, and if a vent for this cannot be afforded the beast must die. The usual remedy is to open a hole with a sharp-pointed knife, with a blade three or four inches long, between the hip and the short ribs, where the swelling rises highest, and insert a small tube in the orifice, till the wind ceases to be troublesome. The wound will soon heal again. But some of the English Graziers have adop- ted an improved method of obviating this com- plaint. This is by providing a flexible tube, with a knob at one end; the tube with the knot end foremost, is run down the throat of the beast into its stomach, and then the confined air escapes through the tube. The operation is repeated, if necessary. The tube for a large ox should be upwards of six feet long, as that is about the length requisite to reach the bottotb of the stomach. APPENDIX. Ir39 The method recommended by Mr Young for curing this complaint is, to take three fourths of a pint of olive oil and a pint of melted butter, or hogslard, and pour this mixture down the throat of the beast; and if no favorable change be produced in a quarter of an hour, repeat the dose. For Sheep about a gill should in like manner, be given, and the dose repeated, if ne- cessary. M r Young asserts this to be a specific which will not fail of a cure in half an hour. To prevent this disorder cattle should not be turned at first with empty stomachs into rich pastures; nor should they be allowed to feed on potatoes and some other roots, without their being first steam-boiled, or cut into pieces.— Where a beast, however, happens to get one of these in its throat, which cannot be forced down, take a smooth pliable rod and make a knob on the end, by winding and tying rags round it, and run this down its throat into the stomach, which will force all before it into that receptacle. The staggers are easily known by the drow- siness, lethargy and staggering gait of the ani- mal. This disorder is sometimes occasioned by plethora, or fullness of blood, and sometimes it is seated on the brain; in which case it is incurable, unless by trepaning. In the former case, the remedy is to keep the beast housed} ind to bleed and purge H sufficiently. $40 APPENDIX. The overflowing of the gall, which is some- times called the yellows or jaundice, is known by the yellow tinge in the mouth and eyes; and sometimes the whole body assumes a yel- lowish cast. The nose is dry; the udder of the Cow becomes swollen, and yields but little milk, which also becomes yellow and curdled, on being boiled; and sometimes the fore-teeth become very loose. The beast affected with this disorder should be housed, and have two or three gentle pur- ges; then give it, twice a day, a pint of beer, in which has been infused for three or four days, about an ounce to each quart of the filings of iron, and a small quantity of hard soap. Let the beast be well kept during the time with warm messes of bran and other nourishing food, to which some olive oil or other purgative med- icine should be added, if the beast be costive. For curing this disorder Mr Deane directs to take an egg and empty it of its white, re- taining its yolk, and fill the cavity with equal quantities of soot, salt and black pepper; draw out the tongue of the beast, and with a smooth stick push the egg down its throat. Repeat this two or three mornings and, he says, it will seldom fail of a cure. Sometimes, however, this disorder does not yield to the power of medicine; but at length turns to the black jaundice, which is incurable. APPENDIX. I4f "The disorder called red-water, or voiding bloody urine, it is believed, has seldom or ne- ver prevailed in this country. Its attacks are mostly on young beasts, which in that case are seen leaving the herd, and exhibiting frequent ineffectual attempts to void urine. The British practice has been to house the beast, and give it two doses of glauber salts, of a pound each in two succeeding days. But this practice is condemned in "The Complete Grazier," and instead of purgatives, strong de- coctions of Peruvian or white oak bark and alum are recommended to be given, in such quantities and at such times as the violence of the disease may require. The pantasie is known by the panting ot heaving of the animal's flanks, which is accom- panied with trembling and a decay of flesb.— House the beast, and give it every six hours, during the continuance of the chilly symptoms a quart of strong beer, in which a table spoon- ful of laudanum, another of ground ginger, and two of the spirits of hartshorn have been infu- sed. The beast should be fed on sweet hay, and well littered. Its drink should be warm water with a little nitre dissolved in it, if there be symptoms of fever. As it gains strength let it out in the middle of the day, until such time as it has fully recovered. The inflamation of the liver is indicated by ^42 APPENDIX. fever, difficult breathing, a swelling near the shorter ribs, and in Cows, a remarkable disten- sion about the womb. Cattle affected with this disorder will never fatten. It is sometimes hereditary in certain breeds; in which case it is incurable. In the work last mentioned it is recommended to house the beast, bleed it profusely, and give it the following medicine*, in a tepid state, viz: Saltpetre and glaubef salts, of each two oun- ces; Venice treacle, mithridate, and white gin- ger pulverized, of each one ounce; let these be boiled in three pints of water, in which may be gradually added one gill of oil of sweet almonds the whole being stirred together. This is suf- ficient for one dose, which should be repeated the succeeding day. V\ arm messes of bran should be the principal diet of the beast, till it has recovered. The inflamation of the lungs is known by a shortness of breath and a painful cough. The animal looks dull, the skin is hot and harsh, and a copious discharge of thick ropy phlegm issues from its mouth. House the beast, and bleed it plentifully and give it a dose composed of the flour of sulphur, balsam of sulphur, syrup of clotsfoot and oil of sweet almonds, of each an ounce blended together. If the above treat- ment produces no visible alteration in eighteen iiours, repeat it. Probably any other purge APPENDIX, 143 would answer as well as the above. Let the beast be kept comfortable, and have some ex- ercise every day till it recover. The locked jaw is similar to that in the human frame, is caused by similar means and requires a similar treatment. If the beast be hardy, opiate frictions, and dashing on of cold water is recommended. If it be of slender constitu- tion, opiate frictions and warm fomentations of the part affected, is directed. As the beast cannot swallow let gruel be poured down its throat with a horn, till the disorder is removed. The indications of colds in cattle, to which they are mostly liable in the Spring, are hol- lowness of the flanks, roughness of the coat, beat of the breath, and running at the eyes.— House the beast, keep it warm, and if it be very feverish bleed it pretty freely, and let its drink be warm, and have some nitre dissolved in it. Expose it to the air at first, in the middle of pleasant days, when recovering. Cattle are sometimes poisoned by eating poisonous plants, or by being bit with Mad- dogs, &c. In the latter case, if the wounded part be cut away shortly after the bite, and then be kept open for some time; it is perhaps, the only effectual remedy. Dr. Crouse's prescrip- tion for curing the bite of Mad-dogs, as made public in pursuance of a law of this State, is believed by many to be effectual, and is cer- 144 APPENDIX. tainly worth the trial. It is believed that any medicine which is very strongly anti-spasmodic if given plentifully, and in a proper season, will counteract the effects of the bite of mad ani- mals. For the bite of Rattle snakes and most other vipers, a plentiful dose and repeated when ne- cessary, of olive-oil, has been found effectual in most cases. Other diseases of Neat Cattle, it may not be amiss to mention, which have at times prevailed in particular places. Some years since a very fatal disease, which principally attacked calves in the fall and yearlings in May and June, and sometimes older cattle, prevailed in Connecti- cut. It was called the mortification. Those in the best condition were most liable to it. Its symptoms were an aversion to move, a swelling, most commonly in the region of the kidney, but sometimes in the shoulder, flank, leg, or side, &c. and in a short time the beast died with little pain, but with a very feted smell. On examining the swellings they were found to contain a jeJJy and black blood. The cause was ascribed to fulness of habit; and a too sudden change from indifferent pastures into such as were very rich* Bleeding was re- commended as a preventive. No cure was discovered. A disease something similar to the above, APPENDIX, 14° prevailed about sixty years since, in the north of England, which was commonly called the black quarter. Bleeding was found a prevent- ive, but in very few instances «as a cure effec- ted after the beast was seized with the disor, der. This was ascribed to too much succulent food, when given to beasts of full habit. • It would seem generally, that cattle in a plethoric state, when overfed with rich food, or when too suddenly surfeited with it, are suddenly indisposed and carried off before re- lief can be given. There are, however, epi- demics among cattle as well as among men, the precise causes of which may oftentimes be difficult to ascertain. Generally speaking, it is believed, that among the horned race, either plentiful bleeding or purging, or both, will be found a preventive, and in most instances a cure, of the maladies which are usually most fatal to them from too full habit, When oxen are long and hardly drove in muddy roads, particularly where the soil is calcareous, they are liable to soreness between their claws. This will make the beast lame; and when discovered, the part should be clean- sed and healed with some proper ointment.— Sometimes from inattention to this, the part becomes horny; in this case the hard parts mu*t be cut away, and the wounded flesh cured* A general indication of health in Neat Cat 146 APPENDIX. tie is a moist or wet nose, and when this ia found dry it is a certain symptom of disease of gome kind or other. The udder is divided into as many «part> menls as there are teats, so that if one or more of these are diseased, this does not affect the rest. The milk of one teat may be good, and that of another bad. The udders of cows may be injured in various ways, and swellings and inflamations are the usual consequences.— These must be removed or the beast will be in danger. Mr Deane speaking of hard swellings in the udder, which he calls the garget, recommends making a rowel or seton in the dewlap, and inserting therein a piece of the root of mechoa- can, as large as a nutmeg, with a string fasten- ed to it, so that it may be drawn out when the cure is effected; and this, he says, will cause a revulsion of the humor in the udder into the orifice in the dewlap, where it will be dischar- ged. When the cure is effected, the piece of root is to be drawn out by the string. Proba- bly a common rowel placed in the breast or dewlap, would answer the same purpose. Where hard tumors have formed, the com- pilers of "The Complete Grazier" recommend to take of common hemlock (conium maculatum) dwarf or round leaved mallow (malva roturuh- folia) and common millilot (trifolium milhlolvs\ APPENDIX. 147 of each a handful and boil them in water; with this wash the tumor, after it has opened; the water to be as warm as the beast can bear it; and after thus cleansing the part, cover it with a plaster of basilicon ointment. The following is also recommended in the last mentioned work, in obstinate cases of ul- cerated uddere: Take gum ammoniac, gum galbanum, castile soap and extract of hemlock, of each one ounce; form them into eight bolus- ses, and give one every morning and eve- ning. It is observed in the same work that internal remedies are always necessary where the udder and teats are considerably inflamed, and for this purpose another internal medicine is men- tioned, viz: Four ounces of nitre mixed with a pound of common salt; give two table spoon- fuls of this powdered, in a gallon of thin water gruel, every three hours. Where the inflamations are less violent and exhibit no symptom of increasing rapidly, it may answer to annoint the udder frequently, during the day, with fresh butter, or with a salve made of an ounce of castile soap, dissolv- ed in a pint of sweet milk, over a gentle tire, or with an ointment made with the juice of the leaves of the thorn, mixed with hogs-lard; or the tumor may be annointed with a little mix- ture of camphor and blue ointment; and let 148 APPENDIX. half a drachm of calomel be given in a bom: ful of warm beer, if the malady increase. Where the teats are only sore they may be washed with soapsuds, and rubbed with an ointment made of white lead and goose grease"; or fresh butter would, perhaps, do as well. The proper position for the calf to lie in thi calf-bed has already been mentioned; where, therefore, it is not presented in this position, at the time for its birth, and by reason of this the cow cannot deliver her burden, it becomes ne- cessary, if possible, to place it properly. Where this cannot be done, the method of extracting it by a hook fixed in the under jaw, as before mentioned, may be frequently and successfully practised. Sometimes the hinder parts of the Calf are foremost; and in this case it is best to extract it in that position, by proper force used for the purpose. Whatever assistance, however, may be requisite in these cases, should be given with care and judgment, minding to hurt the cow as little as possible. Another impediment to calving, as noticed in the last mentioned work, is owing to a part of the natural passage becoming of so horny or firm a texture, that it will not yield or distend. When on due examination this is found to be the case, insert a sharp-pointed penknife with the forefinger to the back of it to guide it eofr APPENDIX. 149 rectly, and with this carefully cut the horny circle through', which will immediately give the animal the requisite relief, if proper assist- ance be also given. In this case, as in others where the passage is wounded or torn, it should be bathed with a pint of camphorated spirit of wine, injected with a syringe; the beast should be housed and kept moderately warm, and well and dryly lit- tered, and be fed with wholesome nourishing food, and with drink a little warmed. The falling down of the calf-bed frequently happens after a laborious birth; though some cows are naturally disposed to this disorder.— Where this is apprehended it is directed in the last mentioned work that the cow should be carefully watched, and the placenta or clean- ing removed without effusion of blood. After which the operator may gently replace the calf-bed, taking care not to withdraw his1 hand till the former begins to feel warm. The following draft may then be given: Of bayberries, pulverized gentian root and corri- ander seeds, each an ounce; of anise-seed and juniper berries, each two ounces; together with half a pound of treacle, and the whole put into three pints of strong beer. After this it is ad- visable to lead the beast gently down a hill, if one be near, which, will assist much in placing the calf-bed in its proper place, and render th*», 13* 150 APPENDIX. application of stays to the womb unnecessary. Where the calf-bed, however, comes down and no immediate aid can be had, the parts expo- sed should be laid on, and kept covered with a linen cloth; and when replaced, bathed with a mixture of new milk and spirits; after which the above treatment may be pursued. Some cows have a peculiar shape of the hinder parts, which tends to produce this mal- ady; and in such case it is perhaps difficult to prevent it, unless it can be done by keeping their hinder parts higher than usual, while con- fined to their stalls about the period of gestation. The puerperal fever is caused by taking cold while calving. Cows thus affected should have housing and good treatment, as has been direc- ted in other cases, and the head should be pla- ced highest, in order to assist the natural dis- charges. In.other respects they should be treated as in cases of violent colds, except that ho blood should be taken, unless, perhaps, in violent cases, and then only at the commence.- ment of the disorder. Close attention should be paid to Cows, as well as to the females of other kinds of cattle about their periods of gestation. They often then stand in need of some skilful aids, which, if rendered in due season may save their lives: and which, if not thus afforded, may be of es- sential loss to the owner. APPENDIX. 151) Calves are also liable to some diseases, and in some countries to such as do not prevail in others. In this, it is believed, they are subject to but few. One, however, which frequently attacks them is looseness or scouring. It is sometimes caused by their having the milk of the dam too soon; sometimes by too frequent changes of the milk which is given. One method of cure is to stint the animal of its food, and give it once or twice while fasting, a hard boiled egg, mashed fine and well mixed with its milk. Another directs that powdered chalk, mixed with wheat-flour, and made into balls with gin (brandy would seem to be better) be given the animal, as a safe medicine. Calves are also liable to colds; in which case they should have a treatment similar to older Neat Cattle. We have read a theoretical essay of the late Dr. Rush on the disease of cattle, written with his usual ability. His theory is this: That similar causes produce similar diseases in the human and in the brute creation; and that the most proper cure for the disease, in either case is pretty much the same. He also contends that the diseases of each are often simultaneous, produced by the same generally prevailing causes. We are aware that the most eminent of the descendants of Aesculapius have laid the found- 152 APPENDIX. ation of their fame on some new theory, often more or less incorrect; but we are induced to concede to this, as being fundamentally true, and worthy of due consideration by all who attempt the healing art, upon cattle of every description. We shall merely add that in Norfolk county in England, which is famous for its numbers of Neat Cattle, the polled breed is in almost uni- versal use. The cows of this breed are excel- lent milkers; and their inability to be mischiev- ous from their want of horns, would seem to entitle them to a preference. Mr P. Cooper of New Jersey, however, de- prives his horned cattle oi their horns, when he thinks proper, by taking the calves when about a month old, and the horns have risen above the skin, and cutting off the knobs close with a chi- sel; then with a sharp gouge paring them oil clean to the bone, searing the wounds thus made and filling them with hogs lard, which com- pletes the operation. SHEEP. Sheep of all kinds are subject to fewer disea- ses in this country than in most others This article shall, therefore, be concluded with noti- cing: those most prevalent here, and the reme- dies for each, together with some slight notice of some which prevail abroad. APPENDIX. 153 Those of grown Sheep are as follows t The Scab. This appears first by the sheep\ rubbing the part affected, and pulling out the wool in that part with their teeth, or by loose locks of wool rising on their backs & shoulders. The Sheep infected is first to be taken from the flock and put by itself; and then the part affected is to have the wool taken off as far as the skin feels hard to the finger, and washed with soap-suds and rubbed hard with a shoe* brush, so as to cleanse and break the scab,— Then annoint it with a decoction of tobacco* Water, mixed with the third of lye of wood ashes. as much grease as this lye will dissolve, a small quantity of tar and about an eighth of the whole inass of the spi rits of turpentine. This ointment is to be rubbed on the part affected, and for some little distance round it, at three different times, with an interval of three days after each washing. With timely precautions this will always be found sufficient. In very inveterate cases, Sir Joseph Banks says mercurial ointment must be resorted to; with great care, however, keeping the Sheep dry; the wool to be opened, and a streak to be made down the back, and thence down the ribs and thighs. Fine-wooled Sheep and Rams which have been much exhausted by covering are mo*t subject to this disorder, and in fine- wooled flocks it is most ditfipult to cure. It is 154 APPENDIX. said that it may be communicated even by u sheep lying on the same ground on which u scabby one had shortly before Iain, or by rub- bing against the same post. v Pelhrol. In this disease the wool falls off, hut the skin does not become sore, but it is covered with a white crest. Cure,—Full feed- ing, warm keeping and anointing the hard part of the skin with tar, oil and butter, mixed to- gether. Tick. As these occasion a constant scratch- ing, they prove injurious to the wool, and they sometimes occasion the death of lean Sheep. Cure.—Blow tobaeco-smoke into every part of the fleece by means of a bellows, the wool is opened and the smoke is blown in, and the wool is then closed. This is repeated over every part of the body, at proper distances.— It is quickly performed. Staggers. A disease of the brain, which ren- ders them unable to stand: Incuiable by any means known which would warrant the cost. Colds. The principal indication of this is the discharge of mucus from the nose. The cure has already been noticed. When this, however, becomes habitual with old sheep they should be killed off. Purging. If any are severely afflicted in the spring with this, which sometimes happens after being turned out to grass, house them, APPENDIX* 155 give them a dose of castor-oil, feed them with dry food, and give them some crusts of wheat bread. A slight purging will not hurt them. Hove. Sheep, like ^eat Cattle, when put into clover pastures, sometimes have their sto- machs distended by wind, so that they will die if not relieved. The swelling rises highest on the left side, and in this place let the knife be inserted, or other means used, in the manner directed for Neat Cattle. The diseases of Lambs are : Pining. When-the excrement of the Lamb becomes so glutinous as to fasten the tail to the vent, it must be washed clean and have the buttocks and tail rubbed with dry clay, which will prevent any further adhesion. Purging. Put the lamb with its dam into a dry place and give her oats, old Indian corn or crusts of wheat bread. If the dam has rot milk enough, give the lamb cow's milk boiled, or let it suck a cow. Sometimes it may be found necessarv to bleed sheep to allay some inflammatory disor- der. Daubenton recommends bleeding in the lower part of the cheek, at the spot where the root of the fourth tooth is placed, which is the thickest part of the cheek, and is marked on the external surface of the bone of the upper jaw, by a tubercle sufficiently prominent to be very sensible to the finger, when the skin of the 150 APPENDIX. cheek is touched. This tubercle is a certain index to the angular vein which is placed below. The method of bleeding after finding the vein, it is hardly necessary to describe. Philip de Castro, a Spanish Shepherd, has written a short treatise on the diseases of Sheep in Spain, and of their management there; and he recommends that bleeding should be per- formed in a vein in the forepart of the dug.— The essay of this Shepherd is believed to be worthy of some further notice. He says the Merino Sheep of Spain are sub ject to the following diseases : The Scab. Cured by juniper-oil when the weather is wet, or by a decoction of tobacco, in dry weather. Basquilla; occasioned by too much blood.— Cured by bleeding in the dug, as before men- tioned. Moderez, (lethargy) occasioned by pustules formed on the brain. The Sheep keep turn- ing, while feeding, to the side where the pus- tules are formed. Few recover, and the dis- ease is infectious. Some get well in part, by pricking the part affected with an awl; but those attacked with this disorder should be killed off. Small Pox; being blisters which first appear on the flacks, and spread o\or the body. It is nroduced by drinking stagnant waters^ The APPENDIX. 10* diseased Sheep are to be kept apart from the rest, as the disease is infectious, and when the blisters break, anoint them with sweet-oil. Lastly, Lameness. He observes that the legs •f Sheep are furnished with a duct which ter- minates in the fissure of the hoof; from which, when the animal is in health, there is secreted a white fluid; but when sickly these ducts are stopped by the hardnes of the fluid. He adds, that he had in some instances found the sheep relieved by pressing out the harden- ed matter with the finger from the orifice of the duct in each foot. Perhaps it may in some cases be proper to place their feet in warm water, or to use a probe or hard brush, for cleansing this passage. He concludes by observing, that probably the ill-health of Sheep, in wet or muddy pas- tures, may in some measure be ascribed to the necessity of keeping these ducts free and open. The compilers of the "Complete Grazier" however, mention another kind of lameness in Sheep which is called the Foot-halt. It is cau- sed by an insect resembling a worm, two or three inches long, which is found to have en- tered between the close of the claws of the sheep, and worked its passage upward between the external membranes and the bone. To extract the worm move the claws backwards and forwards in contrary directions, and ii will 14 158 APPENDIX. work its way out. In Great Britain this dis- order is chiefly confined to wet pastures. De Castro also mentions diseases to which the Merino Lambs are subject in Spain, when brought forth in wet weather; such as the loh- annillo (gangrene) which has no cure. The amarilla (jaundice) which is infectious; the flesh and bones of the Lamb turning of the co- lor of yellow wax: For this a small quantity of the flax-leaved daphne guidium is good. The Coviro. a lameness of the feet, which appears to be the stoppage of the excretory duct, be- fore mentioned. Generally, he says, the lambs are subject to the diseases of the ewes; and that the same remedies are requisite. Sheep in Great Britain are subject to the rot but it is believed that this disease has never been known in this country. Another disease, however, which the British writers mention, our sheep are sometimes liable to; this is being maggoty, occasioned by being flyblown; and if not timely remedied the maggots will eat into the entrails in twenty-four hours Cured by corrosive sublimate and turpentine rubbed into the sore. Sheep in Great Britain are also subject to diseases called the Red-water and White-water, from the color of their urine. No cure known. Supposed to be occasioned by eating poison ous weeds. APPENDIX, 159 In England it is a common practice, after shearing to smear the bodies of the sheep with a mixture ofctar and fresh butter, which serves to cure the wounds in the skin and to fortify their bodies against the cold. This. mixture may be improved by the addition of a small quantity of sulphur. The Sheep should again be anointed in the month of August, by intro- ducing the ointment from head to tail, and also on the sides and back, by parting the wool for the purpose. This composition should, at all events, be applied to the wounds. It serves effectually to destroy all the ticks, which are very pernicious to Sheep. After shearing the horned Sheep should be examined, to see that their horns do not press on the scull, or endanger the eyes; either of which may kill the animal. Where this is the case the horns are to be taken off; and for this purpose Mr. Livingston recommends sawing them off with a fine stiff-backed saw; then ap- ply some tar to the stumps, and tie a double linen cloth over them to keep off the flies. At this time also the lambs should be docked castrated and marked. Mr Livingston recom- mends the Spanish custom of docking the tail, as conducive to cleanliness. The castration is best performed by taking away the testicles at once. This operation may be performed on Lambs when not more than ten days old, and 160 APPENDIX. the earlier this is done the finer will be their wool and flesh. If rain or cold weather suc- ceed this operation before they arexured, they should be housed, otherwise the^frill be in danger of dying. Another method of castration, which is prob- ably best for grown Sheep, is to tie a cord tightly round the scrotum, and after five or six days, when the part below the cord is dead, cut it off just below the string, and tar the wound. This is, howver, a dangerous opera- tion when the weather is warm: Cool and dry weather should be chosen for it. In Spain it is usual, instead of either of these operations, to twist the testicles within the scro- tum, so as to knot the cord, in which case they decay gradually, without injuring the sheep. Spaying Ewe-lambs increases their wool, makes them fatten better, and it is said im- proves the taste of their flesh. If this opera- tion is to be performed, which perhaps will seldom be found advisable, it should not be at- tempted before the lambs are six weeks old. Where ewes are to be turned off for fatting, the lambs must be weaned early; and then let the ewes have the ram again, which will make them fatten better. Lambs thus weaned should be put in a pasture of young tender grass, out of hearing of their dams, and an old wether or ewe should be put with them. Care must be APPENDIX. 161 ukan tajtoiUV