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V
                       THE

            ED INBVRGHA

  NEW  DISPENSATORY:
                   CONTAINING,
I.  The Elements of %   History  of  the different
   Pharmaceutica l.'I   Substances employed in
   Chemistry.      •'   9   Medicine.
II. The Materia Medi-'?III. The  Pharmacedti-
   c a ; or, the Natural,Phar- /   calPreparations
   maceutical  and Medical }   and Compositions;
                        ©
                   INCLUDING
    COMPLETE AND. ACCURATE TRANSLATIONS
Octavo Edition of the London Pharmacopoeia, published in 1791 $
    Dublin Pharmacopoeia, published in 1794; and of the
         New Edition of the Edinburgh Pharmaco-
                poeia, published in 1803.
Illustrated and Explained in the Language and accotmng* to^e
          Principles of Modern" Chemistry
WITH MANY
NEW and USEFUL TABLES, s£§
Several Copperplates, explaining the New System of CHEM-
    ICAL CHARACTERS, and reprefenting the moftufe-
        ful PHARMACEUTICAL APPARATUS.
*3&&&<j0a/>c><
    By ANDREW  DUNCAN, Jun. M. D.
ELLOW OF THE R8YAL COLLEGE OF PHY S I C I AHS, AN D ROYAL SOCIET
EDINGBUR.CH, AND ASSOCIATE OF THE LINNiEAN SOCIETY IN LONDON
FIRST WORCESTER EDITION.
fir
                    WORCLSTEH :

         FROM THE PRESS OF ISAIAH THOMAS, JUN.
Said by him ia Worcuter & Springfield. ; also by Thomas & Andrews, Boitorij and
             by Thomas (3 Whiffle, Newburyport,

                   July—1805.





                 0
£ 
 
                                    * ■









                    TO







    ANDREW DUNCAN,  M.  D.







PROFESSOR OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF MEDICINE IN





        THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH,







               THIS WORK.






                     I s






            MOST DUTIFULLY






                    A N L>






              AFFECTIONATELY






                 INSCRIBED






                     BY







                HIS  SON, 
»©«!&»
 Directions to the Bookbinder*

Plate   I. to front p.  110.
      IE            in.
     HI.            112.
     IV.            113.
      V.            114.
     VI.            118.
.$>&G), 
PREFACE.
     1~)r. LEWIS publifhed the firft  edition of his New  Dispensa-
tory in 1753.   The principal part of the work was a Commentary upqn
the London and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias, of both of which it contained
a complete  and accurate translation.   A concife fyftem of the Theory and
PraCtice of Pharmacy was prefixed, as an introduction ; and directions for
extemporaneous prefcription, with many elegant examples, and a collection
of efficacious bat cheap remedies,  for the ufe of the poor, were added as an
Appendix.
    The manner in which the whole was executed, placed Dr. Lewis  at
the head of the reformers of Chemical Pharmacy ;  for he contributed more
than any of his predeceflbrs to improve that fcience, both by the judicious
Criticifm with which he combated the erroneous opinions prevalent in his time
and  by  the actual and important additions he  made to that branch of our
knowledge.  He was juftly rewarded  by the decided approbation of the
public.  During the Author's lifetime  maay editions were published,  each
fucceeding  one being improved as the advancement of the fciences con-
nected with Pharmacy fuggefted improvements.
     After the death of Dr. Lewis ; Dr. Webster, Dr. Duncan, and
Dr. Rotheram, fucceffively contributed to maintain the reputation of the
work, by taking advantage of the dileoveries made in Natural Hiftory and
Chemiftry, and by making thofe alterations which new editions of the Phar-
macopoeias, on which it was founded, rendered necelfary.   From the place
of their publication, and to diftinguifh them from the original work of Dr.
Lewis,  which was ftill reprinted  in London, thefe improved editions  were
entitled, " The Edinburgh New Dispensatory."
    When the Edinburgh College fome time  ago  determined to  publifti a
new edition  of  their Pharmacopoeia, the  bookfellers who purchaled the
copy right of that work being defirous that it fliould be accompanied by a
correfponding edition of the  Edinburgh New  Difpenfatory,  applied to the
prefent  Editor  to make the neceflary alterations.   This he readilyoinder-
took, and the number of the alterations made will ftiew, that if he has «ot
fulfilled what was expeCted from  him, it has been owing to want of ability,
and not  to want of exertion.                             .         .
    The general plan of the work remains the fame.   It is divided into
three parts.  The firft  contains  Elements of Pharmacy ; the fecond, the
Materia Medica ; and the laft, the Preparations and Compoiitions.
    The firft of thefe is entirely new, nothing being retained but the  title.
It is divided into two feftions.  The firft contains a very concife account of
fome of the general doctrines of Chemiftry, and of the properties of all am-
ple bodies, and the generic characters of compound bodies.  In the fecond
part, the Operations of Pharmacy, and the neceflary apparatus, aredefenb-
ed ; and an Appendix is added, containing many very ufeful Tables, and
the Explanation of the Plates.
   We now poflefs fo many excellent elementary works on Chemiftry, both
tranflations, and original works, fuchas  thole of Dr. Thomson, Mr.MuR-
ray and Mr  Nicholson,  that it is perhaps neceflary toexplainwhy  we
have introduced an epitome of Chemiftry into this work.  But its introduction
is not only  authorifed by the example  of former editions, and in attempt-
in" to explain in a fcieatific manner the operations 01 Pharmacy, we found
ourfelves fo  frequently obliged to mention the general principles and  faCts
of Chemiftry, that, to avoid  tedious repetition*;  it became neceflary either
                A 
VI
PREFACE.
to refer to fome elementary book already publifhed, or to affix to this  ivc;k
a fhort abflraCt of Chemical Science.  The latter alternative was ptefened,
as it would torm a bond of connexion between the detached fubjeCts  treat-
ed of in the other parts of the work, and as it appeared, that, by meansof a
due attention to arrangement,  and by rejecting hypothetical reafoninej, a
very few pages would be fufficient to contain a valuable collection of the
facts afcertained with regard to the fimple bodies, and the generic  charac-
ters of  compound, which would enable us to explain the properties of the
fpecies employed in medicine with more facility to ourfelves, and with more
advantage to  our readers.  Long  after this  part was ready for the  prefs,
Mr. Davy's Syllabus was publifhed, and we were agreeably flattered to
find, tlvat befides the  fame general arrangement, we  had often taken the
fame view of the fame fubjefts. This fimilarity enabled us on feveral occa-
sions to profit by  Mr. Davy's Syllabus during the printing of the meets.
   The  principal addition to the fecond and third parts of this work is the
introduction  of a complete tranflation of the excellent Pharmacopoeia  of the
Dublin College, which has never, we believe, appeared before in  the En-
glifh language.  We therefore truft, that  it will be found an important and
valuable addition.
   The fecond fart contains the Materia Medica, arranged in alphabetical
order.   The alterations in this part are alfo very conliderable.  We have
adopted the Nomenclature of the Edinburgh College, or rather of  Natural
Hiftory, in preference to the  officinal names hitherto employed.  To the
fyflematic name of each article, are fubjoined its fynonimes in the different
Pharmacopoeias, and the defignations of the parts ufed in medicine ; then
the clafs and order of natural bodies to which it belongs, and if a vegetable
the exaC't number of  its genus and fpecies,  according to the excellent edi-
tion of Linnjeus's Species Plantarum,novf publifhing at Berlin by profeflbr
Willdenow.
   In  other particulars, conliderable additions have been made to the  Nat-
ural Hiftory of the different articles, to the  means of diftinguifhing them
from other fubftances with which they are apt to be confounded, and of de-
tecting frauds and adulterations.  Almoft every thing which regards their
Chemiftry is  entirely new.  As from the principal  lift  every article has
been-excluded which is not contained in the Materia Medica of at leaft one
of the Britifh Colleges, we have given in  an  Appendix a very concife ac-
count of fuch other articles as poflefs a place in fome  refpeCtable foreign
Pharmacopoeias ; but we have to  exprefs our regret,  that notwithftanding
repeated attempts, we have never been able to procure the lali edition of
the Pruflian Pharnracopoeia, publifhed at Berlin in 1799. ^e have alfo added
lifts of  the Medicinal  Simples, arranged according  to the beft fyftems of
Natural Hiftory.
   The  third part contains the Preparations and Compofiticns.
   In our general arrangement of thefe,  we  have not followed any of the
Colleges exaCtly, although  we have not deviated much from that of the
Dublin Pharmacopoeia.  It is not of very great importance in what order
the clafles or chapters be arranged ; but thefe clafles  fhould be  natural
and, if pofliblc, eftablifhed on one general principle.   Unfortunately  how-
ever, in moft Pharmacopoeias, fome of the clafles are  founded on Chemical
Analogy, and others on  the fimilarity of form, or mode of preparation •
and what is ftill worfe, fome are  entirely anomalous  and  unnatural.  The
laft error we have carefully endeavored to avoid, but  we have not attempt-
ed, and, indeed, it feems fcarcely  poflible to form an ufeful arrangement"
 on a fingle principle.  The analogous preparations in  the different Phar-
 macopoeias,  arc always placed immediately next each other, which renders
 it eafy  to compare  them,  and to  difcover  at once the circumftances C\
 which  they referable or differ from each other. 
PREFACE.                       nj
  The Commentaries upon this rait,  are more or lefs full, as the fubjed
feemed to be more or lefs important.   Little  alteration has been made in
the obfervations upon their medical powers, becaufe thefe we-re generally
riie refult of more practical experience than  v\ e poflefs, and  becaufe this
Difpcnfatory is to be confidered rather as a  pharmaceutical than  a pr; Cti-
cal expofition of  the Brir.fh Pharmacopoeias.  At cne time it was alfo  in-
tended to have inferted example: of extemporaneous prefcription, with ob-
fervations ; but it would have extended  the work too much beyond its ufual
limits; and fortunately the latter deficiency is well fupplied by theThe-
faurus Medicaminum, and the former by the practical Synopfisof the Ma-
teria Alimentaria et Medica, and by Dr. Cullen's claffical work.
  During the progrefs of this publication, all the beft Journals and fyftems
of Chemiftry, particularly  Fourcroy's Syftcme des Connaiffances Cbimi-
ques, have been occafionally confulted,  for chemical information.   But we
lie under more immediate  obligations  to fome of the German writers en
Pharmacy,  fuch  as  Hagen',   Hermbstaedt,  Gottung,  Gren and
Westrumb.  The writings of the French Chemifts, alfo contain  detached
pharmaceutical faCts ; but it is not a little remarkable, that a nation which
has publifhed the beft fyftems of Chemiftry, fhould not have produced afin-
gle elementary work on Pharmacy that  is not below mediocrity.
e
  THE ancient praCtice of naming medicines from their inventors, or fup-
 Eofed virtues, has been for fome time exploded from our Pharmacopoeias;
 ut it has been long cuftomary to defcribe both fimple fubftarces and their
preparations or compofitions by what are generaljy termed Officinal Names
in contradiftinCtion to the prefent fyftematic names of  the fame fubftances.
But their officinal names are in fact the old fyftematic  names, which vers
unaccountably retained for the denomination of medicinal fubftances, after
the improvements in Natural Hiftory and Chemiftry  rendered  the intro-
duction of a new nomenclature into thefe fciences neceflary.
  Attempts have been made, both in  this Country and in Germany to  in-
troduce the language of Chemiftry into Pharmacy ;  but thefe attempts,
however ufeful, were but feeble and incomplete.  The honor of being  the
firft to compofea Pharmacopoeia in the pure and unmixed language of Scir
ence,belongs indifputably to the Royal College of Phyficians of Kdinburgh,
in the beginning of the Nineteenth Century.  It is extremely probable that
to this innovation many objections  may be made; but it is probable that
they will rather apply to the neceflary imperfections  of the firft attempt,
than to the principle itfelf, the propriety of which can  fcarcely be doi b  . !.
twhen we confider, that Materia Medica and Pharmacy are but an applica-
 ion of Natural  Hiftory  and Chemiftry  to a particular purpofe.  II  the
general principle be admitted, it naturally follows, that the names of a!!
Subftances employed in Medicine, fhould be the  fame with the names of
the fame fubftances, according to  the moft approved fyftems of  Natural
Hiftory and Chemiftry, and that the titles of Compound Bodies fhould  ex-
cprefs as accurately as poflible the nature of their compofition.
  Confiderable difficulties,  however, occur, in  attempting to form a  no-
menclature in ftriCt  conformity with thefe principles.   The  moft apparent
of thefe is, that the titles  of the more compounded medicines would  be-
come too verbofe and inconvenient, if they were to exprefs every  ingredi-
ent, although of little importance.   The College, fully aware of this diffi-
culty, have therefore contented themfelves with indicating in the t:t!es the
principal ingredient only, on which  their powers and ufes feem to depend. 
viii                      PREFACE.
For the fame reafon, they have prefcribed fome well known fimples in very
frequent ufe, by their common names, fucli as Opium, Mofchus, Caftoreum,
Crocus Anglicus, thinking it fufficient to have pointed out in the catalogue
of the Materia Medica the animals and vegetables from which they are ob-
tained.              ,
  In moft cafes it is proper to mention both the Generic and Specific names
of fimples ; but where it is neceflary to point out even the variety employed,
it will be in general more convenient to omit  the fpecific name, and to re-
tain thofe of the genus and variety, as Aloes Socotorina for Aloes perfolia-
ta Socotorina, Crocus Anglicus for Crocus fativus Anglicus.  Alfo when
any fubftance is obtained indifcriminately from feveral fpecies of the fame
genus, the fpecific name may be  omitted with propriety.  Thus,  it is fuf-
ficient to fay, Rejina pint, Oleum volatile pint, &c.
  Another difficulty arifes from the Reformers of Chemical Nomenclature
not having pointed out the manner of exprefling  certain, and thefe very
common forms of combination, without employing a periphrafis totally in-
compatible with  the brevity of a name.   Pharmaceutifts have  therefore
been obliged to ftipply this deficiency from their own ftore.
  The Edinburgh College  have accordingly retained fome titles, fuch as
Tintlure and Spirit, which, although not ftrictly chemical, have been long
received in Pharmacy, and are fo well underftood and defined that they can
lead to no error or ambiguity.
  The principles, therefore, upon which  the Edinburgh College have ef-
tabliflied the new Nomenclature which they have introduced into Materia
Medica and Pharmacy, appear to  be fo rational and fcientific, that it can
fcarcely fail to be  generally adopted.  As fcience advances, its imperfec-
tions will be remedied, and  its deficiences fupplied ; for, be fides other ad-
vantages, it facilitates  remarkably the application  of difcoveries and im-
provements in Natural Hiftory and Chemiftry.  to  the  purpofes of medi-
cine. 
CONTENTS.
                 PART  I.


            Elements gf Pharmacy.
9bjec7 and divifion of Pharmacy,
                 SECTION I.

            Epitome of Chemistry.
Page.
Attraction and Refulfion, -	ib.
Aggregation, - - - -	2
Affinity, ^	ib.
Clafjification of Jimple fubftances, - - -	3
Caloric y - -	4
Light, - - - ,.	6
Eleclricity, - - -/ V •-Galvanifm, - - - .^ ■ "/, _ . «	8
	9
Magnet if m, - - ^fi • -Salifiable bafest - - /- 7	ib.
	ib.
Oxygen, - | -	14
Nitrogen, -* -	16
Hydrogen, - - -	r7
Carbon, - - -	iS
Metals and metallic oxides, -	22
Acids nuithfimple bafes, - - - ^ .	28
Compound oxides, - y	33
Ternary oxides, (Vegetable fubftances) -. - / jj .	34
Quarternary oxides, (Animal fubftances J	39
Compound acids, - -	42
7£r«ary acids, - - -,	43
Quarternary acids, -	4«
 
X
CONTENTS.
5*
                         SECTION  II.
                                                                   #
                   Pharmaceutical Operations.

 Colleclion and prefervation of fimples,         -       - '     .      47
 Mechanical operations of Pharmacy,    -                           49
 Weighing and meafuring,       -         _            _        -,     ib.
 Mechanical divifion, by pulverization, trituration, levigation and
     granulation,       -
 Mechanical feparaiion byfifting, elutriation, decantation, filtration,
     exprefjion and defpumation,        -  '     _       .       .       *2
 Mechanical mixture by agitation, trituration and kneading,            54
 Apparatus,         -                                                -.
 ycjfels,       ----".".         jt:
 Lutes,      -                                _                      ._
 Heat and fuel,         -                    _           _            5„
 Furnaces,        -           _          .                    -     60
 Chemical operations,        -           _           _        -      61
            changing the form of aggregation,         _         _      ib.
                Fujton,                                              ib.
                Liquefaclion,         -                  .            62
                Vitrification,         -           -            -        ib.
                Vaporization,       ,   -       -        _       .63"
                  Uftulation,     -                              .     ib.
                  Charring,^      -----    64
                  Evaporation,      -         -                     ib.
                  Concentration,                                    65
                  lnfpiffation,         -         -           -         ib.
                 Exjiccation,       -                                jb.
                  Condenfation,         -        -         -        ib.
                  Diftillation,       -                                66
 Chemical operations.
                    Circulation,                                     g-
                    Retlification,                                    -0
                    Sublimation,      -      _       .      _       -r
                    Congelation,     ...       .             j^
                    Coagulation,        -        _         „        jb"
             effecling combination,       -               ■   .        jbj
                Solution,               ,
                Extratlion,       -
                Abforption,
                Csnfolidation,         ...
         effecling decompofition,         -                             jb,
                Diffolution,        -                  -        -        ib"
               Precipitation,           ,                             jb"
                Cryftallization,                .         .            -g
                Oxygenizement,         -        .         .         -g
                Difoxygenizement,         .-         .         _       8l
               fermentation,         _                               8

                         APPENDIX.

Tables ofjimple affinity,             _
Cafes of mutual decompofition,           _                              •*
C«/W of difpofing affinity,           _  " •               _              95
Formula for comparing the fc ales of different thermometers nuith
    each other,           ...                       .,
              '                                        -              10.
72
73
74 
APPENDIX.
XI
Table of the thermometric degrees, at vjhich fome remarkable chem-
    ical phenomena occur,             -        -                    97
Table of freezing mixtures,           -                              99
Table of galvanic  circles,           -         -         ~           lOQ
Weights and meafures,         -        -         -           -     Ior
Table of fpecific gravities,         -,                 -              l04
Table of the fallibility of different fubftances in -water,               '°6
Table of the folubility of different fubftances in Alcohol,         -      ib.
Table of the vjeight ofgafes abforbed by ivater,      . -         -     109
Explanation of the plates,             -         -         -          Iia

                           PART   II.

                         Materia Medica.

 General obfervations,                            -*                 Iai
 Natural Medical and Pharmaceutical Hiftory of the different Articles
     contained in the Pharmacopoeias of London,  Dublin and Edin-
     burgh, arranged according to the momenclature of the Edinburgh
     College,                                                      J23

                         APPENDIX.

 No. I. Concife  account of fome fubftances contained in fome of the beft
     foreign Pharmacopoeias, but not received into the lifts of any of
     the Britifh Colleges,       -        -        -        -        3:7
 No. II. Lift of animals vjhich furnifih articles »J the Materia Medica,    <
     arranged according to Cuviers fyftem,        -        -       349
 No. III.  Lift of the genera of medicinal plants, arranged according
     to Linnaus,           -        -        -        *           350
 No. IV.  Lift of officinal plants, arranged according to their natural
     orders, by Dr. Murray,         -                             354
 No. V. Lift of officinal fubftances belonging to the mineral kingdom,   358

                            PART.  III.

                 Preparations and Compositions.

 Chap. I. Sulphur,      -                                        350
       II. Acids,         ...             -         361
      III. Alkalies and alkaline falts,          -        -          375
       IV. Earths and earthy falts,         -                         410
       • V. Antimony,       -        -         -        -     -     422
       VI. Silver,          -        -        -        -           43 S
      VII. Copper,       -               -                         441
     VIII. Iron,             -                           -         444
       IX. £>uickfilver,         -                                   453
        X. Lead,         -         -        -                      475
      XI. Tin,      -                                              477
     XII. Zinc,        ...         -              47g
    XIII. Alcohol,  ether andetherealfpirits,     -         --         483
     XIV. Drying of flowers and herbs,       -         -              491
      XV. Expreffed juices,             -                           493
    XVI.  Infpiffatedjuices,      -         -         -               496
    XVII. Fixed oils,         -                                     499
   XVIII. Oily preparations,         ...           $9l 
xii
CONTENTS.
CHAP. XIX.  Diftilled waters,      -                             5°3
        XX. Volatile oils,         -                               5*°
       XXI. Empyreumatic volatile oils,         -        -         5X5
      XXII.  Diftilledfpirits,        -         -         -          5*8
     XXIII. Infuftons,        -        -         -         -522
     XXIV. Decoclions,        -         -         -         -      527
      XXV. Mucilages,        -        -        -         -      534
     XXVI. 5yrK^j,    ,   -         -         -        -           53^
    XXVII. Medicated honeys,           -        -         -      546
   XXVIII. Emulfions and mixtures,         -         -            549
    XXIX. Medicated vinegars,       -'        -      -          553
     XXX. TincJures,         -         -                  -      557
    XXXI. TincJures made ivitb etherealfpirits,        -          578
   XXXII. Ammoniated or volatile tinclures,          -             580
  XXXIII. Medicated vjines,         -        -        -         584
   XXXIV. Ex trails and rejns,        -         -        -        588
    XXXV. Powders,       -        -                            599
   XXXVI. Conferves,           -                                607
  XXXVII. Elecluaries.and confeilions,         -         -          610
XXXVIII. Troches,                                              615
   XXXIX. Pills,        -        -        -         -            619
       XL. Cataplafms,          -        -        -             627
      XLI. Liniments,  ointments, cerates, andplafters,         -     6zl

TABLES fhewing the proportion of antimony, opium, ana] mercury con-
    tained in different compofitions,      -                         650
Index of names that have been changed in the laft editions of the Lon^
    don and Edinburgh Pharmacopeias,         -        -          654
Englifh index,                                      -             66"j
Latin index,                ~  -        -         -        -       *?4 
                EDINBURGH

NEW  DISPENSATORY*
           PART  I.

ELEMENTS  OF PHARMACY.

i.  1 HE objeft of  Pharmacy is  to provide  thofe* fubftances
which may be employed for the prevention or cure of difeafes.
  2.  To obtain this object completely, an acquaintance with the
phyfical and chemical properties of  bodies is neceffary.   This
may  be termed the Science of Pharmacy.
  3.  As few fubftances are found in  nature in a ftate fit for their
exhibition in medicine, they previously undergo various prepara-
tions.  Thefe conftitute the Art of Pharmacy.
  4.  Pharmacy is fo intimately connected with chemiftry, that the
former can neither be underftood as a fcience, nor practifed with
advantage as an art, without a conftant reference to the principles
of the latter.   For this reafon, it will be proper to premife fuch
a view of the general doctrines of chemiftry, and of the moft re-
markable properties of chemical agents, as is neceffary for the
purpofes  of Pharmacy.
SECT.   I.
EPITOME OF CHEMIS
     Matter is of different fpecies.
  6. The phenoma of matter are regulated by attraction arrchre.-
pulfion.
  7. Attraction comprehends thofe forces which caufe bodies to
approach towards each other.
             B
O' 
&             Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part.  1.

  8. It operates
     a. at fenfible diftances, as in the attraction of gravity, elec-
       tricity and fnagnetifm.
     b. at infenfible diftances :
       a a. between particles of the fame fpecies, conftituting the
         attraction of cohefion or aggregation ;
       b b. between particles of different fpecies, the attraction of
         compofition or affinity.
  ij. Repulfion tends to feparate bodies from each other.
  10.  It alfo operates either
     a. at fenfible diftances, as in the repulfion of electricity and
       magnetifm \ or,
     b. at infenfible diftances, as in the repulfion of the matter  of
       heat or caloric.
  il. The phenomena  refulting from the operation of the fecond
clafs of attractions, (8. b.) and feeondFclass of repulfions, (io. b.)
conftitute the proper objett of chemiftry.

                      Aggregation".

  12. Bodies exift under different forms of aggregation  :
     a. Solid, in which the attraction of cohefion  reufts relative
       motion among the particles, either
       a a. perfectly, as in hard bodies ; or
       b b. imperfectly, as in fbft, malleable, ductile and elaftic
         bodies.
     b. Fluid, in which  it admits relative motion among the par-
       ticles, either with facility ;  or difficulty, as  in vifcid flu-
       ids.
     ■c. Gafeous, in  which the particles repel each other.

                        Affiniiy.

  23. Affinity is regulated by the following laws:
     a. It does not a6t at fenfible diftances.
     If. It is exerted only between integrant particles of  different
       fpecies.
     c. It is exerted by different bodies, with different degrees  of
       force.
     d. Moft bodies combine only in certain proportions.
     e. It is the inverfe ratio  of faturation.
    f. Ifs aclion is  oppofed by the attra6tion of aggregation.
     g. It is often accompanied by a change of temperature.
     h. Subftances,- chemically combined,  acquire new  proper-
       ties ;
     i. And cannot  be feparated by mechanical means. 
Sect. I.]             Epitome of Chemistry.              3
  14. Affinity is
    a. fimple, when two bodies unite, in  cbnfequence of their
      mutual  attraction  alone,  whether thefe bodies be them-
      felves fimple or compound, and even although, in the lat-
      ter cafe, it be attended with decomposition.
    b. compound, when there is more than one new combination,
      and when the  new arrangement  would  not have taken
      place, in confequence of the(attraclions tending to produce
      either combination fingly.
    c. difpofing, when bodies, which apparantly have no tenden-
      cy to unite, combine, in confequence of  the addition  of
      another body, which has a ftrong affinity for the compound.
    When the fcience of chemiftry  comes to be better  under-
      ftood, all the cafes at prefent referred to this laft fpecies of
      affinity, will probably be found to belong to one of the pre-
      ceding fpecies : For, it is abfurd to fuppofe, that a body
      can poflefs affinities before it  is formed.
  15. The attra&ions which tend to preferve the original arrange-
ment of bodies prefented to each  other, are denominated Quief-
cent attractions ; thofe which tend to deftroy  the original, and to
form a new arrangement, are termed Divellent attractions.
  16. It is evident, that no new arrangement  can take place, un-
lefs the  divellertt be more powerful than the quiefcent attractions.

           Clarification of Simple Substances.

  \tj. Simple fubftances:
    a. Without appretiable gravity,             Caloric.
                                               Light.
                                               Eledtricity.
                                               Galvanifm.
                                               Magnetifm.
     b. Gravitating fubftances :
       a a. Capable of fupporting combuftion,    Oxygen.
       b b. Capable of combining with oxygen,    Nitrogen.
                                               Hydrogen.
                                               Carbon.*
                                               Sulphur.
                                               Phofphorus.
                                               Metals.
       i: c. Having no affinity for oxygen,         Earths.
                                                Alkalies.
   In treating of  thefe  fubftances,  we (hall begin with the firft
clafs, on account of the very great influence of caloric on all chem-
ical attions :  But, of the fecond clafs, we (hall  firft confider the
laft order, becaufe they are tangible  objefts, confiderably perma-
             9 
 4             Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I.

 nent in their properties, and fimple in their action ;  and becaufe
 we fhall.thus become gradually familiarized with  chemical lan-
 guage, before we enter upon the con fideration of fubftances, whofc
 properties are fcarcely the obje£b  of our fenfes,  and  which are
 highly alterable in their nature, and complicated in their action.
   18. Compound bodies.may be divided  into
     a. primary compounds, confiftingof  fimple fubftances com-
        bined with each other.   Thefe  may be fubdivided into
        binary,  ternary, quaternary, &c. according to the number
        of their conftituents.
     b. fecondary compounds,confiding of compound bodies com-
        bined with fimple bodies, or with  each other.
   19. As the chemical  nature of bodies is determined1 by their
 action on each  other, and as, in every cafe,  we fhould endeavor
 to advance from what is known to what is not known,  the fimple
 fubftances will firft be defcribed, and  then fuch of  the primary
 compounds which they form with fubftances already treated  of,
 as are not more conveniently arranged in  feparate  claffes.

                         Caloric.

   20. Heat, in common language, is  a term employed, to exprefs
 both a certain  fenfation, and the caufe producing  that fenfation.
 In philofophical language, it is. now confined  to the fenfation, and
 the term Caloric has been fubftituted to exprefs the caufe.
   21. Temperature is that ftate of any body, by which it excites
 the fenfation of heat or of  cold,  and produces the other effects
 which depend on the prefence of  caloric.
   22. The moft general  effect of caloric  is expanfion  ; the only
 real exception to this law, being the contraction of  water from the
 30th to the 40th degree or Fahrenheit's thermometer.   This ex-
 panfion either confifis,
     a. in a  fimple ihcreafe of volume ; or
     b.  it produces a change  of form in the fubftance heated.
   23 The former fpecies takes place gradually, and at all tem-
 peratures, as  long as the   bodies expanded  undergo no other
 change.
   24. Bodies differ very much  in the degree of expanfion, which
 equal increments of temperature produce in them.   Gafes are
 more expansible than fluids,  fluids than foli:h'.  The individuals
 of each form of aggregation  alfo exhibit con fid trable differences,
   25. The fecond fpecies occurs ludJcal), and always at certain
 degrees of temperature.
   26. The degree at which any folid  is rendered fluid by means
 of caloric, is denominated its point of fufion ; and that at which
 either a folid or a fluid is converted  into vapor,  is its boiling
,point, or point  of evaporation.  Evaporation is  much retarded by 
Sect. I.3             Epitome of Chemistry.              5
m                          *
increafe of preffure, and facilitated by its diminution, infomuch,
that thofe fubftances which, under the ordinary preffure of the
atmofphere, feerh to pafs at  once from the ftate of folid to that of
vapor, may, by the application of fufficient preffure, be made to
affume the intermediate ftate of fluidity.
   27. From analogy, all bodies are considered as folid, when to-
tally deprived of caloric ;• but- they are termed folid, fluid, orga-
feous (12.) according to the  ftate in which they exift at the ordina-
ry temperature of the atmofphere.   They are alfo termed fufible,
or infusible, volatile or fixed, condenfible, or permanently elaftic,
according to the effects of caloric upon them.
   28. Another very  general effefcl of caloric, is increafe of tem-
perature.   This effefcl is conftant when bodies retain their form
of  aggregation, or undergo  the firft or gradual fpecies of expan-
 fion, (22 a.) but while they undergo  the fecond or fudden fpe-
cies (22. b.) they remain at one determinate temperature, that nec-
effary for their fufion or vaporization, until the change be  com-
 pleted throughout the whole.  During the time neceffary to effefcl;
this, the influx of caloric continues as before, and as  it does  not
increafe the temperature, is  is faid to become latent or combined.
   29. The caloric neceffary for thefe changes, is  beft denomi-
nated the caloric of fluidity,  and the caloric of vaporization ; and
its quantity, is determinate  with regard to each fubftance.
   30.  The abfolute caloric, or total quantity of caloric contained
in any body,  is perfectly unknown ;  but the quantity which in-
 creafes the temperature of any  body a certain number of degrees,
 is termed its Specific caloric, when its weight is the objefcl of cotn-
^>arifon ; and its Capacity for caloric, when its volume is confider-
ed.  The fpecific, and therefore the abfolute, caloric of bodies,
 varies very much.
   31.  Incandefcence is the  leaft general effefcl of caloric, as it is
 confined to thofe fubftances which are capable of fupporting the
 very high temperature neceffary for its production, without being
 converted into vapor or  gas.
   32.  On the living body caloric produces the fenfation of heat,
and its general afclion is ftimulant.   Vegetation and  animal  life
are intimately connected with temperature, each climate fupport-
 ing animals and  vegetables peculiar to itfelf.
   33. Caloric influences affinity, both on account of the operation
 of its own  affinities, and  of its facilitating the afclion of bodies, by
 counterafcting the affinity of  aggregation, (12.)   For the  latter
reafon, it alfo  promotes folulion, and increafes the power  of fol-
 vents.
   34. The particles  of caloric repel each other :  It is  therefore
 difpofed to fly off in every direfclion from a body in which it is
accumulated,  or .to pafs  off by  radiation.
                3 
  6            Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I.

   35. Radiated caloric is tranfmitted with the velocity of light \
 and, iike it, it is reflefcled and refrafcled.
   36. Caloric is attrafcled by all other bodies.  It has  therefore
 an irrefiftible tendency fo to diftribate itfelf as to produce an uni-
 verfal equilibrium of temperature, or to pafs from bodies in which
 it is accumulated, into bodies in which it is deficient, until the at-
 traction of each for caloric, and the  repulsive force (34.) of the
 caloric contained in  each become equal to each other.
   37. Caloric, communicated in this way, is faid to be conducted ;
 and the condufcling power of different bodies feems to be inverfely
 as their affinity for caloric.  Metals are the beft condufclors ; then,
 Hones, glafs, dried wood.  Spongy  bodies,  in general, are bad
 conduaors.   Fluids alfo condufcl caloric ;  but as they admit of
 mteftine motion among their particles, they carry it more  fre-
 quently than they condufcl  it.
   38. The general effea.s of the abftraaion of caloric, are dimi-
 nu ion of volume, condenfation, diminution of temperature,  and
 fenfation of cold.  It alfo influences  affinity, and, in general, re-
 tards folution.  The abftraaion of caloric never can be total ;'and
 the attempts to calculate the thermometrical  point at which it
 would take place have hitherto  been  fruitlefs.
   39. The means employed to increafe temperature are, the rays
 of the fun, colled by means of a concave mirror,  or double con-
 vex lens, elearicity,  fridion, percuffion, collifion, condenfation
 and combuftion. Caloric is abftrafcled by rarefaaion, evaporation*
 and liquefafclion.
  40.  Temperature is estimated relatively by our fenfations and
 abfolutely by means of various inftruments.   The thermometer
 indicates  temperature, by the expanfion which a certain bulk of
 fluid undergoes from  the addition of caloric, and  by the condenfa-
 tion produced by its abftraaion.   Mercury, from the uniformity
 of its expanfion, forms the moft accurate  thermometer;  but for
 temperatures in which  mercury would freeze,  alcohol muft be
 employed.   Air  is fometimes ufed to fhew very fmall variations
 o  temperature.  The pyrometer of Wedgewood,  which is em-
 ployed for meafuring very high temperatures, depends upon the
 permanent and uniform contraaion of pure clay at thefe temner
 atures.                                     '             v

                          Licht.

  41. Light emanates in every direflion from  vifible bodies.
  42. It moves in jlraight lines,  with a velocity equal to 200*000
miles  in a fecond                          '
  43. Its gravity is not appretiable.
  44. When a ray of light paffes very near a folid body, it is in-
flected towards it.                                  J 
Sect. I.3         Epitome of Chemistry.                7

  45. When it paffes  at a diftance fomewhat greater,  it is de-
flefcted from it.
  46. When a ray of light falls  upon a polifhed  furface,  it is
refleaed from it, and the angle ofreflcaion is equal to the angle
of incidence.
  47. Bodies which do not allow light to pafs through them are
termed Opaque.
  48. Bodies which allow it to  pafs  freely through them are
termed Tranfparent.
  49. When a ray of light paffes obliquely from one medium in-
to another of greater denfity, it is bent towards the perpendicu-
lar ; but if the fecond  medium be of lefs denfity, it is bent from
the perpendicular.   The light, in  both cafes, is faid to be Re-
fraaed.
  50. The refraaing power of bodies is proportional to their den-
lities, except with regard to inflammable bodies, of which the re-
frafcling power is greater than in proportion to their densities.
  51. By means of a triangular prifm,  light is feparated by re-
frafclion into feven rays ; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
and violet.
  52. Thefe rays are permanent, and fuffer no further change by
refleaion or refraaion.
  £3. They differ in flexibility and refrangibility ; the red pof-
feffing thefe properties in a lefs degree than the orange, the orange
than the yellow, and fo on in the order of their enumeration.
  ^4. They poflefs different powers of illumination.  It is great-
eft between the yellow and green, and gradually declines towards
both ends of the fpearum.
  55. The different  colors of bodies depend on  their tranfmit-
ting or refleaing thofe rays only which conftitute their particular
colors.
  56. White confiils of the whole prifmatic rays united.
  57. Black is the total abfence of light, or complete fuffocation
,©f all the rays.
  ^8. Light poffeffes the power of heating bodies.
  ^9. The heating  power  of the  different  rays is inverfely as
their refrangibility.
  €0. Bodies are heated by light inverfely as their  tranfparency,
and direaiy, as the number of rays fuffocated by them.
  61. Light poffeffes the chemical  property of Separating oxygen
from many of its combinations ; and on this property its falutary;
effeas on vegetable and animal life depend,
  62. The difoxygenizing power of the different rays is in  pro-
portion to their refrangibility.
  63. Light is abforbed by many  bodies, cjqd again emitted by
them-in the dark.
                    A 
 8                Elements of Pharmacy.         [Part. I,

   64. The fources of light are the  fan's rays, combuftion, heat,
 and percuffion.

                       Electricity.
   65. The particles of the elearic fluid repel each other, with a
 force decreafing as the diftances increafe.
   6':. They attraa the particles of other bodies, with a force de-
 creafing as the diftances increafe ; and  this attrafchon is mutual.
   6y. They are difperfed in the pores of other bodies, and move
 with various degrees of facility through different kinds of matter.
     a. Bodies,  through which they move without any perceiva-
       ble obftruaion, are called Nonelefclrics.
     b. Bodies, through which they move with very great diffi-
       culty, are called Elefclrics.
   68. The phenomena of elearicity arife
     a. from the aaual motion of the  fluid from a body contain-
       ing more into another body containing lefs of it ;
     b. from its, attraaion or repulfion, independently  of any
       transference of fluid.
   69. By rubbing elearics on each other, the distribution of the
 elefcmc fluid in  them is  altered.   On feparating them, the one
 contains more, and the other lefs, than the natural quantity ; or,
 the one becomes positively, and the other negatively, elefclrified.
   70  Elearics  may alfo be excited by rubbing them with non-
 elearics.
   71.  If a body B  be brought into the neighborhood of an elec-
 trified body A, B becomes elearified by pofition.
   72.  If a body B be infulated, that is in contaa with elearics
 only, when brought into the  neigborhood of an elefclrified body
 A, a fpark paffes between them, accompanied by  noife.   B be-
 comes permanently elearified, and  the elearicity of A is  dimin-
 ifhed.
   73.  When a body A has imparted elearicity to another body
 B, they repel each other, unlefs B  fhall have afterwards imparted
 all its elefciricity to other bodies.
   74.  Bodies repel each other when both are positively or both
 negatively elefclrified.
   75.  Bodies  attraa each other, when the  one is positively and
 the other negatively elefctrified.
   76.  1( either of the bodies be in the natural ftate, they will nei-
ther attraa nor repel each other.
   77.  The fpark [72.) is accompanied by intenfe increafe of tem-
poral ure  (39.) and will kindle inflammable bodies.
   78.  It produces very  remarkable chemical effeas, depending
chiefly on fudden and momentary increafe of temperature, and on
the light produced.
   79.  Ekriricuy a3s on the living  fyftem as a flirnulus. 
Sect. I.3         Epitome of Chemistry,                9

                       Galvanism.

  80. The phenomena of galvanifm feem to depend folely on the
.agency of elearicity, excited during certain chemical afclions.
  81. The galvanic fluid is excited  by arranging at leaft three
heterogeneous bodies ; for inftance, two metals and a fluid, in fuch
a manner that the two metals be in direfct contaa with each other
in one part, and have  the  fluid  interpofed between them in an-
other.
  82. The pile of Volta, by which it is rendered moft manifeft, is
conftruaed, by  combining a feries of fimple galvanic arcs (81.)
into one continuous circle, in one uniform order of arrangement.
  83. The folids capable of exciting galvanifm, are the metals
and charcoal; and the moft efficient fluids are certain faline folu-
tions.
   84. Theeffeas of the  fimple galvanic circle (8i.) on the ani-
mal body, are the produaion of a fenfation of light when applied
to the eye ; of an acid tafte on the tongue ; and the excitement of
the mufcles through the medium of the nerves.
  85. The pile, when well conftruaed, besides thefe effefcTs, alfo
givesa fhock and fpark refembling thofe of elearicity (72.) and
proves, that the  galvanic aaion is always  accompanied by the
decompofuion of the fluid, and  a combination of one of its con-
ftituents with one ot the metals.

                       Magnetism.

   86. If an oblong piece of iron be fufpended freely, it will af-
fume a determinate pofition with regard to the axis ot the earth.
   87. When the fame end always points in the fame direaion,
it is faid to poflefs polarity,  or  to be  a magnet.
   88. The similar poles of  two magnets repel each other ; and
 the diffimilar poles attraa each other with a  force decreasing as
 the diftances increafe.
   89. Any piece of iron, when in the  neighborhood of a mag-
net, is a magnet ; and its polarity is fo difpofed, that the magnet
 and iron mutually attraa each other.
   90. Magnetifm does not feem to affea fenfibility or irritability,
 or to influence chemical aaion.

                    Salifiable Bases.

   91. The great bulk of this globe confi (Is of earths and ftones.
 Although  thefe vary  infinitely in their external charaaer and
 physical properties, they are found to confift  of a very  few fub-
 ftances, mixed together indifferent proportions, and modified Ly
 external agents. 
 10               Elements of Pharmacy.          [Part I.

  92. Thefe elementary fubftances are termed Earths.  Their gen-
 eral charaaers are, total want of inflammability, infufibility, fix-
 ednefs, a fpecific gravity lefs than five, inalterability, whitenefs,
 drynefs, brittlenefs, fparing folubility in water,  and, in general,
 infipidity and want of fmell, capability of forming chemical com-
 pounds with  acids, alkalies,  fulphur,  phofphorus, and oils, and
 fufibility when mixed with each other, or with alkalies, intocol-
 orlefs glaffes, enamels, or porcelains.
  93.  Alkalies are a clafs ot bodies which are commonly defined
 to be incombuftible, foluble in water, cauftic, and capable of neu-
 tralizing the acids, of combining with alcohol, oils, earths, fulphur
 and phofphorus, and of changing vegetable blues and reds to green :
 But as  many of thefe properties are poffeffed in a greater or  lefs
 degree by fubftances ufually claffed with the earths, and as there
 is a continual gradation from the infipidity,  infolubility, and in-
 fufibility of filica, to the caufticity, folubility, fufibility, and com-
 parative volatility  of potafs, we fhall  treat ot them in fucceffion
 under  the name of Salifiable Bafes.
  94.  Silica, when obtained perfeaiy pure by art, is in the form
 of a very fine powder, hard, rough and gritty to the touch ;  when
 applied to the tongue, giving a rough and dry fenfation, but with-
 out tafte or fmeH, having a fpecific gravity of 2.66 ; when  com-
 pletely difaggregated, foluble in 1000 times  its weight of water ;
 foluble in the fixed alkalies and fluoric acid ; fufible with the fix-
 ed alkalies and  other earths  ; and  combining by  fufion with the
 metallic oxides, and the phofphoric and  boracic acids.  It has a
 tendency to cryftallization,  and its ultimate particles  feem to be
 tranfparent.  It in general imparts to the foffils of which it  is a
 principal conftituent,  tranfparency, luftre, a tendency to cryftal-
 lization, and  a degree of hardnefs, enabling them to flrike  fire
 with fteel.   Rock  cryftal, quartz, agate, flint,  calcedony, jafper,
 fhorl, are examples ot filiceous ftones.
  95.  Zirconia  is obtained in the form of a fine white powder, al-
 most foft to the  touch ;  without tafte or fmell ; having, in a ftate
 of aggregation, a fpecific gravity of 4. 3 ; infoluble in water;  in-
 fufible by heat alone,  but, when furrounded  by charcoal,  its par-
 ticles become agglutinated, and fo hard as to ftrike fire with fteel ;
 foluble in all  the acids ; fufible with filex and alumina ; infoluble
 in the alkalies, but foluble in their carbonates.   It is only found
 in the zircon or jargon  ot Ceylon, and in  different  varieties of
 hyacinth.
  96.  Alumina is  obtained in friable fragments, or in a very fine
 white powder ;  foft and unauous to the touch ; adhering ftrong-
 ly to the tongue, abforbing  its moifture, and producing a flight
 fivpiic effea upon  it ;  fpecific gravity, 2  ; infoluble in water, but
 very diffufible through it; abforbing a certain quantity of it rap-
idly, and forming with  it a  very duaile adhefive pafte, which 
•Sect. I.3        Epitome of Chemistry.                II

 contraas and hardens remarkably in the fire, but is perfeftly infu-
 sible.   Its ultimate  particles feem to be opaque.  It combines
 with moft of the acids, and thefe compounds have a fweetifh ftyp-
 tic tafte ; it unites with charcoal,  the alkalies, baryta, ftrontita,
 lime, and filica; it ismanufaaured into porcelain and glafs.  Fof-
 fils, containing much alumina, have generally a laminated  ftruc-
 ture; it exifts cryftallized in fapphire ; and  it forms thebafisof
 all clays, boles, mica, trap, bafaltes, flate, and corundum.
   gj.  Yttria (Gadolina) is obtained in the form of a  fine white
 powder, without tafte or fmell ; infoluble in water ; it does not
 alter vegetable blues ;  is infusible ; infoluble in the alkalies, but
 readily foluble in  the carbonate of ammonia.    With the acids it
 jforms falts, which have a fweet and fomewhat auftere tafte.   It
 has been found only in the gadolinite.
    98.  Glucina \i  obtained in white light  rnaffes or powder, of a
 foft feel, infipid, but  adhering ftrongly to the tongue ;  apyrous
 and infoluble in water, but forming with  it a pafte, (lightly duc-
 tile andadhefive;  it is foluble in potafs, foda, and carbonate of am-
 monia ;  it combines with moft of the acids, forming foluble falts,
 difficultly cryftallizable, of a fweet and fomewhat astringent tafte,
 and with fulphuretted  hydrogen.   It  has hitherto been  found,
 very fparingly, only in the beryl and emerald.
    99.  Magne/ia is obtained in light white friable maffes, or very
 fine powder ; to the touch it is very fine ;  its  tafte is not very fen-
 fible, but peculiar and pleafant; its fpecific gravity  is 2. 33. It is
 infoluble in water, but forms with it  a pafte without duaility.
 It is apyrous ;  flightly alters vegetable blues to green ; forms  fo-
 luble compounds with moft acids, and unites with  fulphur. The
 foffils, in which it predominates, are generally foft, and have  an
 unauous feel; the  principal are talc, fteatites, afbeftos, &c.
   100. Lime is obtained in the form of a grey ftone, or  in frag-
 ments more or lefs  pulverulent and  white ; warm,  acrid, and
 urinous to the tafte ; reddening the fkin  when applied to it  for
 any time ; fpecific  gravity 2.  33.  It is foluble in 450  times  its
 weight of water, and has a ftrong attraaion  for it.  If a  certain
 quantity of water be thrown upon frefh burnt lime, itisabforbed
 rapidly, with the extrication of confiderable  heat, and fome phof-
 phorefcent light ; at the fame time the lime crumbles down into a
 very fine,  white,  dry powder,  augmented much in bulk, but lefs
 cauftic than before.  Lime, thus flacked, does notrenew thefe phe-
 nomena, on a further addition of water, but may bediffufedordif-
 folved in it.   It  is  apyrous ;  it changes vegetable  blues to green ;
 it combines withall the acids, fulphur, fulphuretted hydrogen, and
  phofphorus;  it is  very  abundant in the mineral kingdom,  and
  forms the  bafes of animal bones andfhells. The calcareous fpaiv,
  marble, limestone,  chalk, and marl confift chiefly of lime. 
12                 Elements of Chemistry.         [Part I.

  101.  Slrontia is obtained in  final],  whitifh grey,  and often
porous maffes ; its tafleis warm, acrid and urinous; it isflightly
cauftic, aaing feebly on animal matters.   Taken into the stom-
ach, it is not poifonous ; its fpecific gravity is  nearly 4 ;  it is
foluble  in 200 times its  weight of water at 500,  but in  little
more than fix times its weight of boiling water, which, on cooling,
depofites flat rhomboidal cryftals , it is flaked more rapidly than
lime, and it is inf ufible ;  it changes vegetable blues to green ; it
combines with all the acids, fulphur, fulphuretted hydrogen, and
phofphorus, alumina, and filex.   It is the  bafis  of  fome ot the
heavy fpars.
  102.  Baryta is obtained in fmall,  grey, porous  maffes, of toler-
able folidity  ; its tafte is acrid,  urinous, and pungent; applied to
the fkin, it proves cauftic, and it is deleterious when fwallowed  ;
its fpecific  gravity is 4 ; it is foluble in twenty times its weight ot
cold water, and in  twice its weight of boiling water; depofiting,
on cooling, tranfparent, white, prifmatic cryftals ,  when flaked,
it boils up with violence ;  becomes very hot ;  increafes in bulk;
and is changed into a fpongy, white mafs.   It changes vegetable
blues to green ;  it is fufible;  it combines  with all the acids, ful-
phur, fulphuretted hydrogen, and phofphorous.  It is the bafis of
fome of the heavy fpars.
  103.  Soda is got in the form of folid plates, .of a greyifh white
color, urinous tafte, and burning caufticity ;  aaing  with  con-
siderable violence on animal matter.   When a certain quantity of
water is thrown upon it, itabforbs and folidifies  it,  with the dif-
engagement of caloric, and alixivial fmell; a larger quantity dif-
folves it ;  it abforbs from the atmofphere  moifture and carbonic
acid, becoming lefs cauftic.  In the fire it melts like an oily fub.
fiance ; boils and  is converted into vapor ; hut is incombufti-
ble ; it is cryftallizable into tranfparent  prifmatic  cryftals.  It
changes vegetable  blues to green ;  unites  with all the acids, oils,
fulphur, fulphuretted hydrogen, phofphorus, many metallic ox-
ides, and thcearths.  It  forms  the bafis of rock  fait and fea wa-
ter ;  is obtained from  the afhes of marine plants,  and exifts in
fome mineral.
   104. Potafs is a folid, white fubftance ;  extremely acrid to the
tafte; unctuous tothefeel, but highly cauftic ; destroying the fkin,
and diffolving all foft animal fubftances.   It is deliquefcent and
foluble in  hall its weight of water  at 50°  Fahrenheit; it is fufi-
ble, and may be vaporized, but is perteaiy incombuftible ; it is
capable c\ crystallizing into very long quadrangular, compreffed
prifms, terminated  by lharp pyramids; it  changes vegetable blues
to green, and combines with all the acids, oils, fulphur, fulphur-
etted hvdro/.'en, and the earths.   Jt is obtained from the aflies of
•; ;•£<■•.,.";le.s, and ex;i!s in  fome minerals. 
Sect. I.3         Epitome of Chemistry.               13

  105.  Ammonia is always  claffed  with the alkalies, from the
analogy of its tafte, caufticity, combinations with the acids, and
effefcts upon vegetable blues ; but as it differs in many particulars,
being extremely volatile, and a  compound fubftance, readily de-
compofed, and  formed in many  chemical operations, and its com-
position well known,  we have ventured to feparate it from the
alkalies, and refer  it to  that place,  which, in all probability, it
will always retain, and to which the  other alkalies will, perhaps
be referred, when their compofition  (hall be deteaed.

   Primary Compounds of the Salifiable Bases.

  A.  With each other ; earthen ware ;  glafs.
  B.  With fulphur;  alkaline and earthy fulphurets.   Vide Sul-
    phur.
  C.  With phofphorus; alkaline and earthly phofphurets.  Vide
    Phofphorus.
  106.  The fubftances of this clafs exert a considerable aaionon
each other.  Potafs was long believed to be  the- only  folvent of
filica  , and it is now further proved, that the whole of this clafs
are capable of combining, when prefented to each other in a ftate
of folution ; and on this  property, in part, the effea of mortars de-
pends.  Their  afclion  on each other, by means of heat, is ot much
greater importance, as it includes  the theories of the  manufac-
tures  of porcelain and glafs.
  107. Porcelain, and all kinds of earthen ware, confift of alumina
and filica, mixed in different proportions into a plaftic mafs, fabri-
cated  into various fliapes, dried and expofed to the heat of a fur-
nace,  where they undergo a kind of femifufion.  They are glaz-
ed by being thinly covered with a more fufible compofition, and
may be afterwards painted with  enamels, which are ftill more
fufible than the glazing.
   108.  Glafs is compofed by melting about equal parts of potafs
or foda with filica.  It is harder and more durable in proportion
to the excefs of the filica. The tranfparency of glafs depends upon
its being cooled quickly ;  for if cooled  very flowly, it affumes
a radiated crystalline appearance, and becomes perfeaiy opaque.
By melting  filica with about three times its weight of foda or
potafs, a giafs is obtained, which not only is foluble in water, but
even attraas moifture from the  atmofphere.  This  folution has
long been known by the name of Liquor Tot Flints.  The proper-
ty which metallic oxides have of  rendering glaffes more fufible,
and of imparting to them certain colors,  has given  rife to the
arts of imitating precious Hones, and of enamcih'^. 
14
Elements of Pharmacy.
[Part. I.
                        Oxygen.

   iog. Oxygen is the principleonwhichmoftof thechemical qual-
ities of atmofpheric air depend   Its  tendency to combination is
fo very ftrong, that it has never been procured in a feparate ftate.
Oxygen gas, or the combination of oxygen with caloric, is its moft
fimple form.  This is permanently elastic, compreffible, tranfpa-
rent inodorous and infipid.   Its fpecific gravity is 0.00135.   It
fupports inflammation ; is neceffary for refpiration and vegetation,
and is decompofed in all thefe proceffes; it constitutes 0.22 of at-
mofpheric air.  Oxygen is alfo a principal conftituent in  water,
in all acids and metallic oxides, and in almoft all animal and veg-
etable fubftances.   It is feparated from many of its combination^
by light, (61.)
                   OxYGENIZEMENT.

   up. As thecharaaeriftic diftinaion  between the fimple fub-
ftances already treated of, and thofe which remain to be examin-
ed, confifts in the  former  poffeffing  no affinity  whatever for
oxygen, and #in the latter having a more or lefs  ftrong  attrac-
tion for it, it will be proper to explain in this  place, the general
phenomena which attend the combination of oxygen with oxy-
genizable bafes.  The term Combuftion has been by the French
chemifts incorreaiy extended to all thefe  combinations ;  for. in
common language, that word is applied to cafes in which oxygen
is not an agent, and always  fuppofes the produaion  of heat and
light, although in numberlefs inftances of oxygenizement thefe
phenomena do not appear.
   111. Oxygenizement is an example of chemical union,  and is
fubjefcled to all the laws of affinity, (13.)  h requires the prefence
and contaa of oxygen, and of another fubftance poffefling affinity
for it.
   112. Oxygenizable bafes attraa  oxygen with very different
degrees of toice.  This attrafclion is much influenced by temper-
ature.  Thus charcoal, which at ordinary temperatures feems to
poflefs no attrafclion for oxygen, unites  with  it  rapidly, and al-
moft infeparably, when heated to ignition.
   113. Oxygen combines with moft oxygenizable fubftances in
certain definite proportions, perhaps only in one, and the appar-
ent variety of proportions  may be owing to  a fecond or third
fimilar combination of the firft compound with another quantity
of oxygen, or of the bafe  and  of the  fecond compouud with a
third quantity.
   114. Theattraaion between  oxygen and  the oxygenizable
bales, is in the mverfe ratio ot faturdtion; or, in other words, the
affinity by which th,-y form their pi imary combinations, is ftrong- 
Sect. 1-3          Epitome of Chemistry.              15

er than that by which they form any fecondary combination, and
fo on progreffively.
  115. In many inftances, oxygenizement is fo ftrongly oppofed
by the affinity of  aggregation,  that it  does not take place unlefs
affifted by a degree of heat fufficient to melt or vaporize the oxa-
genizable bafe.
  116. It is alfo often accompanied by the extrication of caloric
and light in a very confpicuous degree. To thefe the term com-
buftion fhould be confined ; and only fuch oxygenizable bafes as
are capable of exhibiting thefe phenomena are combuftible. Thefe
phenomena depend upon the new compound,  having a weaker af-
finity or  lefs capacity than its constituents for light and caloric,
which are therefore  extricated.
  117. If the combuftible body be vaporized, flame is produced,
and the procefs is then denominated Inflammation.
  118. By its union with oxygenizable fubftances, oxygen un-
dergoes very various changes of its properties.  In many inftan-
ces, the compounds  of oxygen are fluid or folid, opaque, colored,
incapable of fupporting inflammation, and deleterious to animal
or vegetable lite.   The  changes  which the oxygenizable bafes
undergo, are no lefs confpicuous.  Their form, color, tafte, odor,
denfity, permeability to light and elearicity, fpecific caloric, and
finally, their affinities, are often totally altered.
   119. When, in confequence of oxygenizement, any  fubftance
acquires  a four tafte, and  the properties of converting  vegetable
blues to red, and of  faturating or  deftroying the charafcleriftic
properties of alkalies  and earths,  it is faid  to be acidified, and
fuch compounds are termed Acids.
   120. When it  does not acquire thefe properties, the compounds
are termed Oxides.
   121. Many oxides are capable of being converted into acids, by
combination with an additional quantity of oxygen.
   122. Oxygenizable fubftances, combined with each  other, are
capable of combining as fimple fubftances with oxygen  ; and the
oxides or acids which refult from fuch combinations, are termed
Oxides or Acids with a double or triple bafe.
   123. In general, the  bafes which are leaft  fimple, unite with
oxygen in the greateft variety of proportions.

           Primary  Compounds of Oxygen.

  A. Binary,
       a a. with nitrogen :
           1. Atmofpheric air.
          2. Nitrous oxide.
           3. Nitric oxide.
          4. Nitric acid. 
16             Elements of Pharmacy.           [Pail L
      b b. With hydrogen ; water.
      c c. With carbon :
          1. Incombuftible coal, plumbago.
          2. Charcoal, (carbonous oxide.)
          3. Gafeous oxide of carbon, (carbonic oxide.)
          4. Carbonic acid.
      d d. With fulphur :
          1, Oxide of fulphur.
          2. Sulphureous acid.
          3. Sulphuric acid.
      ee. With phofphorous  :
          1. Oxide of phofphorus.
          2. Phofphorous acid.
          3. Phofphoricacid.
  B. Ternary, with Carbon and Hydrogen.
      a a. Oxides.   Hydrocarbonates, alcohol, ether, oil, vege-
          table fubftances.
      b b. Acids. Vegetable acids.
  C. Quaternary, with Hydrogen, Carbon and Nitrogen.
      a a. Oxides.  Animal  fubftances.
      b b. Acids.   Animal acids.

 124. Nitrogen, or azotic, g#j conftitutes o. 78 of the atmofpherej
But as it has few attraaions at ordinary temperatures, its princi-
pal effea on the chemical properties of the atmofphere  feems to
be the dilution of the oxygen  gas, which in its  pure ftate would
be more aaive than is confiftent with the economy of nature. It
alfo is permanently elastic, compreffible, inodorous  and infipid ;
it  greens  very delicate vegetable blues ; its  fpecific gravity is
0.0011,5 ; it is unable to fupport refpiration, vegetation, or com-
bustion, and is not decompofed in thefe proceffes; it is acidifiable,
and is a conftituent of the nitric and nitrous  acids,  nitrous  and
nitric oxides, of ammonia, and perhaps ot the other  alkalies, and
of moft animal  fubftances ; it  diffolves phofphorus  and carbon
in fmall quantities, and is not abforbed by water.

      Primary Compounds of Nitrogen,  (Azote.)
   A. Binary,
       a a. with oxygen :
          1. Atmofpheric air.
          2. Nitrous oxide.
          3. Nitric oxide. (Nitrous gas.)
          4. Nitric acid.
       b b. With hydrogen.  Ammonia. (Nitroguret of Hydro-
          gen.)
       c c. With fulphur.  Sulphuretted nitrogen gas.
       d d. With phofphorus.  Phofphuretted nitiogen gas. 
Sect. I.]
Epitome of Chemistry.
17
     B. Quaternary, with hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
          a a. Oxides.   Animal fnbftances.
          b b. Acids.  Animal acids.
     125. Atmofpheric air, confifts of 22 parts of oxygen gas, and of
   78 of azotic gas by bulk, or 25 and 75 by weight ;  it is tranfpa-
   rent, compreffible, and permanently  elaftic; its  fpecific gravity
   is 0.00123 ; it is inodorous and infipid, refpirable, and capable of
   fupporting inflammation ; its component parts feem to he chem-
   ically combined.  The atmofphere, befides the air now defcribed,
   alfo contains other gafes, water in folution, &c.
     126. Nitrous oxide gas is compofed of 37 of oxygen, and 63 of
   nitrogen.   It does not change vegetable colors ; its  fpecific grav-
   ity is 0.00197 ; it fuffers no diminution  when mixed with oxy-
   gen gas.  Water  abforbs about half its weight  of it, at a mean
   temperature.  It does not combine direaiy with alkalies ;  it  fup-
   ports combuftion  ; and  its refpiration, when  perfeaiy pure, or
   mixed with atmofpheric air,  produces the higheft excitement the
   animal frame feems capable of undergoing.
      127.  Nitric oxide gas (nitrous gas) confifts, according to Davy,
   of 44 azote and 56 oxygen.   It does not change vegetable col-
   ors.   Its  fpecific gravity is 0.00I343.  When mixed with about
   twofifths of oxygen gas, they condenfe into red  fumes, (nitrous
   acid) which are entirely abforbed by  water.   The quantity of
   oxygen gas that any air contains  is  fometimes  eftimated by the
   diminution of volume fuftained after a firflicient quantity  of ni-
   trous gas  has been mixed with it. Water tbforbs 0.118 of its  bulk
   of this gas.  It is not inflammable ;  and only in very few inftanc-
   es fupports combuftion.   It is noxious to vegetation, and its ref-
   piration is fatal to animals.
      j 28. Nitrogen admits of higher degrees of oxigenizement,form-
at ing nitrous and nitric acids.
      129.  Hydrogengas is often found colleaed in  mines and  cav-
   erns, and  perhaps conftitutes the upper ftrata of  the atmofphere.
   It is permanently elaftic and compreffible.   Its fpecific gravity
   is 0.000094, being the lighteft body with which we are acquaint-
   ed.  It is highly  inflammable, and  burns in contaa  with oxygen
   gas or atmofpheric air, and detonates on the application of a burn-
   ing body  when mixed with them.  It extinguifhes  flame, and is
   deleterious to animal life.  It diffolves fulphur,  phofphorus and
   carbon, forming with  them peculiar fetid gafes.

             Primary  Compounds of Hydrogen.

      A. Binary,
          a. With oxvgcn ; water.
          b. With nitrogen ; ammonia.
                      C 
18             Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part L

       c. Vv ith fulphur ; fulphuretted hydrogen.
       d. With phofphorus ; phofphuretted hydrogen.
  B. Ternary,
       a. With carbon and oxygen :
         i. Oxides ;  hydrocarbonates, vegetable fubftances.
         2. Acids ; vegetable acids.
  C. Quaternary,
       With carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen :
         l. Animal oxides.
         2.---------acids.
  130. Hydrogen, combined with oxygen in the  proportion of
14.42,  to 85.^8, forms water.   Water is tranfparent,  colorlefs,
inodorous,  «uid  infipid.  At 320 it exifts in a folid form,  and is
cryftallized.  At  2:2° it  expands to 2000 times its buik,  and is
converted into o very  elaftic vapor.   It abforbs fmall quantities
ot the fimple gafes, efpecially oxygen.  It diffolves feveral of the
faiifiable bafes,  and in fome degree all falinc bodies, and is effen.
tial to their chryftallization.  It is compoftd and decompofed in
many inftances, and its chemical agency is almoft  univerfal.  It
is the only  binary combination ot hydrogen with oxygen.
   131. Ammonia  (hydroguret of nitrogen) confifts of four parts
of nitrogen, with  one  of hydrogen.   It exifts in  its pureft  form
combined with caloric as a gas, which is perfeaiy tranfparent and
cc■• lorlcfs, elaftic and compreffible ;  fpecific  gravity  0.000732  ;
has, a urinous and acrid odour, irritating thenoftrils and eyes, and
;;n acrid and cauftic tafte;  does not diffolve animal fubftances ; is
irrefpirJjIe ; extinguifhes  flame ; colors vegetable blues green ;
fend is decompofed by  being tranfmitted through a red hot tube, and
by the elearic fpark,  into its conftituent gales ; and  by oxygen
and atmofpheric air at a red heat, and by  ox\ muriatic acid, it is
converted into water and nitrogen gas.   It  is abfoibed without
change by  porous bodies ;  it diffolves fulphur and phofphorus ;
and combines readily  v\ ith water in all its dates.   Water is fatu-
ratei by one third of its weight of gafeous ammonia, and is there-
by increafed in bulk,  and acquires the fpecific  gravity of  0.90,5.
Ammonia combines with all the acids, forming neutral falts.   It is
formed during the putrefaaive fermentation ;  and it is common!}'
chffed with the alkalies.
   132. Carbon, in a ftate of pcrfe& purity, is well known  by the
raice of diamond.  It poffefies the higheft degree ot luilre, trans-
parency, and hardnefs.  It is cryftalized, and generally colorlefs.
Its fnccilic gravity, is from 3.44 to 3.55.  It is infoluble in water,
and can neither be melted  nor vsporized by caloric.   It is not
afcted upon by any chemical agent,  except  oxygen at very  high
temperatures.  When expofed in oxygen gas to the rays of  the
fun, concentrated by  a very  powerful lens, its furface becomes 
Sect. I.]
Epiidme of Chemistry.
19
fenfibly blackened ; it is ignited, and at laft confumed.   The re-
fult ot this combuftion is carbonic acid gas ; 100 parts of which
confift of  17.88 of carbon, and 82.12 of oxygen.  It combines with
iron, forming fteel.  It is a conftituent of almoft all animal and veg-
etable fubftances;  and an  oxide of carbon is obtained from them
by exposing them to heat in clofed veflels.
         Primary Compounds of Carbon.

A. Binary,
    a a. With Oxygen :
       1. Incombuftible coal ; plumbago ;
       2. Charcoal (carbonows oxide)
       3. Gafeoiis oxide of carbon (carbonic oxide gas
       4. Carbonic acid.
    b b. With metals ; carburets.
 B. Ternary,
    a a.  With oxygen and hydrogen :
       1. Oxides.
         a. Hydrocarbonates,            gafeous.
         b. Alcohol,
         c. Ether,
         d. Fixed oil and fats,
         e. Wax,
\  .
 >oxi
des.
1
 f. Adipocire,
  g. Volatile oils,
  A. Refins,
  i. Camphor,
  k. Starch,
  /. Sugar,
  m. Jelly,
  n. Tannin.
2. Acids.
  a. Acetous.
 *b. Acetic.
  c. Oxalic.
  d. Tartareous^
  e. Citric.
 /. Malic.
 g. Laaic.
 h. Gallic.
  i. Mucous.
 k. Benzoic.
  /. Succinic.
  m. Camphoric.
  n. Suberic.
    2
y fluid or fufible with-
j   outdecompofition.
}
folid,and infufible
 without decom-
 pofition. 
20             Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I.

           o. Laccic.
           p. Sebacic.
  C. Quaternary,
       With nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon.
         l. Oxides.
           a. Gum.
           b. Gumrefin.
           c. Extrafcl.
           d. Lignin.
           e. Suber.
           f. Caoutchouc.
           g. Gelatin.
           h. Albumen.
           i. Fibrin.
           k. Urea.
         2. Acids.
           a. Pruffic.
           b. Zoonic.
           c. Uric.
           J. Amnic.

  133. Plumbago and incombuflible coal contain carbon  in the firft:
degree of oxygenizement.   The moft remarkable known proper-
ty of this oxide, is  the very high  temperature neceflary for its
combuftion.
  134. Common charcoal of wood (carbonous oxide) is carbon in
the fecond  degree of oxygenizement, confi fling of 63.86 of carbon,
and 36.14 of oxygen.  It is obtained in the form of folid maffes ot
a black color.  It has neither fmell nor  tafte.   It is brittle and
never cryftallized.  It abforbs light ftrongly, is perfeaiy refrac-
tory in the fire, infoluble in water, and a bad conduaor ot caloric,
but an excellent one of elearicity.   At a red heat, it burns rapid-
ly in oxygen gas,-28 of charcoal and 62 of oxygen  forming 100 of
carbonic acid gas.  It alfo burns in atmofpheric air, but lefs viv-
idly.
  135. Gafeous oxide of carbon (carbonic oxide gas) is carbon in
its third degree of oxygenizement.  It is invifible and elaftic ; fpe-
cific gravity 0.001167. It does not fupport combuftion orrefpir-
ation.   With oxygen gas it burns with a lambent blue flame, and
is converted entirely into  carbonic  acid without  producing any
Hioifture.   It has no affinity for lime.   It confifts ot 25.99 carbon,
and 74.11 oxygen ; or 40.41 charcoal, and 59.59  oxygen.
  136.  Sulphur is a cryftallizable folid ;  of a yellow color ; little
fenfible tafte; particular fmell  ; fpecific gravity  1.9907  ;  brit-
tle ; elefctric ; fufible at 1850 ;  Converted into vapor at  1700 ;
burning with a pale blue flame at 3020 ;  and with a bright  white
flame at 5700 ; and capable of combining, with different propor-
• 
 Sect. I.]        Epitome  of Chemistry.                 21

 tions of oxygen.   It is found pure in the neighborhood of  volca-
 noes, and exifts in many minerals, and in animal fubftances.

          Primary Compounds of Sulphur.

     a. With oxygen :
        1. Oxide of fulphur.
        2. Sulphureous acid.
        3. Sulphuric acid.
     b.  With  nitrogen.   Sulphuretted nitrogen gas.
     c.  With hydrogen.  Sulphuretted hydrogen.
     d. With phofphorus.  Sulphuretted phofphorus.
     e.  With  falifiable bafes.   Earthy and alkaline fulphurets.
    J.  With metals.  Metallic fulphurets.
   137. Oxide of Sulphur is of a reddifh brown  color, and an
 auftere tafte.  It is formed on the furtace of melted fulphur.
   138. Sulphuretted Nitrogen Gas is only known to have  a fetid
 odour.
   139. Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas confifts  of 71 fulphur, and 29
 hydrogen ;  fpecific gravity 0.000135.  It has the odour of rotten
 eggs;  is notrefpirable ;  burns with oxygen gas without explod-
 ing, and fulphur is depofited ; is readily abforbed by water,  which
 is the mode  in which fulphur exifts in  mineral waters ; reddens
 vegetable blues; and in  its affinities, and the cryftallizability of its
 compounds, it refembles the acids.
   140. Hydroguretted Sulphur is fulphuretted hydrogen combin-
 ed with an additional dofe  of fulphur.   It has the appearance of
 a yellow oil.
   141. Sulphurets are folid opaque bodies,  of confiderable  fpe-
 cific gravity, decompofible by heat, water, and the acids.
     a.  The  alkaline and earthy fulphurets have a  red or brown-
       ifh red color, and *by folution in water are  immediately
        converted  into hydroguretted fulphurets.
     b.  The  metallic fulphurets have  neither tafte nor fmell, are
        often poffeffed ot metallic brilliancy, and areconduaors of
       elearicity.
   142.  Phofphorus is a  femi tranfparent folid, flightly brilliant,
 and of a waxy confidence ; fpecific gravity 2.0382 ; tafte in fome
 degree acrid and difagreeable ; fmell  alliaceous.  It is brittle un-
 der 320 ; its fraaure is vitreous, brilliant, and fometimes  lamel-
 hted ; above 320  it foftens  a little, becomes  ductile  about 900,
 melts at 1050, becoming tranfparent like a white oil;  at 1800 be-
gins to be vaporized, and at 5340 boils.  It  is cryftallizable into
prifmatic needles or long ofctohedrons.   It exifts in many mine-
rals, and is obtained from bones and other animal fubftances.
 
22               Elements of Pharmacy.          [Part 1,
         Primary Compounds of Phosphorus.

    a. With oxygen :
       i Oxide of phofphorus.
       2. Phofphorous acid.
       3. Phofphoric acid.
    b. With nitrogen.   Phofphuretted nitrogen gas.
    c. With hydrogen.   Phofphuretted hydrogen gas.
    d. With fulphur.  Phofphuret of fulphur.
    e. With metals.   Metallic phofphurets.
    f. With falifiable bafes.   Alkaline and  earthy phofphurets.

  iAO. In its folid ftate, phofphorus  is not aaed upon  by pure
oxygen gas, but when melted, burns in it with a dazzling  fplen-
dor, abforbing about half its weight of oxygen, and forming phof-
phoric acid.  In atmofpheric air, below 1200, it undergoes a flow
combuftion, emitting light in the  dark,  but without the produc-
tion of fenfible heat; abforbing a poition of oxygen, and forming-.
phofphorous acidj above 1200 it burns rapidly, but lefs brilliant-
ly than in oxygen gas, forming phofphoric acid.   It is  therefore
always kept immerfed in boiled water ; but even there its furface
is oxidized, becoming white and opaque.
  144. Hydroguretted phofphorus poffeffes a peculiar odour, and
the  property of becoming luminous when mixed with oxygen gas.
It may be combined witha much larger proportion of phofphorus,
acquiring then a fetid alliaceous odour, a cunfiderable increafe of
fpecific gravity, and the property of burning by the fimple con-
tafcl ot oxygen, or of the atmofphere, with a very brilliant  white
flame.
  145. Sulphuretted phofphorus, and  phofphuretted fulphur, are
of a yellowifh color, more fufible than either of the components,
and exceedingly inflammable.
  14^. Nitrogen gas diffolves phofphorus,  forming  a fetid gas,
which inflames at 4 low  temperature.
  147. Phofphuret of lime is infoluble in water; but when thrown
into it, decompofes 1:, and produces phofphuretted h\ droaen gas,
whofe  bubbles  catch fire when they burft on the fui face of the
water.   Phofphuret of barytes is a brown mafs ; of a metallic ap-
pearance ;  very fufible ; luminous in the dark ;  decompofed by
expofure to air ;  emitting an  alliaceous fmell when  moiftencd ;
and decompofed by water, furnifhing phofprmretu-ci hydrogen
gas.   The phofphuret of ftrontites is very fimilar.

            Metals, and Metallic Oxides.

 ^ 148. Metals arecrydallizable ; their form depends on the reg-
ular tetrahedron or cube ;  their furface is fpccular ; thev are per- 
Sect. I.]           Epito?nc of Chemistry.               23

feaiy opaque ; their  color is  various;  their luftre peculiar and
fhining, or fplendent ; their hardnefs various, but at lead  consid-
erable ;  many of them are  brittle, others poffefs malleability and
dufctility in a furprifing degree, and fome are fciffile,  flexiie, or
elaftic ;  their  frafclure in general is hackly ; theirtexture compaa,
fibrous  or toliated; many of them are remarkably fonorous; their
fpecific gravity is great ;  they poffefs no fmell  or tafte, unlefs
when heated or rubbed ;  they are the beft conduaors  of  caloric
and elearicity ;  are powerful agents in producing  the galvanic
phenomena, and a few of them are the only fubftances which ex-
hibit the phenomena of magnetifm.   By the aaion of caloric they
are melted, but with different degrees of facility,  and fome a£
them may be vaporized.   Except iron and  platinum,  they  melt
fuddenly, without undergoing any intermediate ftate of foftnefs  ;
and when melted, their furface is convex and globular.   They are
infoluble in water, but fome of them decompofe it, and are  oxid-
ized by it.
          Primary Compounds of the  Metals.
     a.  With  oxygen :
        i. Metallic oxides.
        2. Acids of arfenic, tungften, molybdenum,  chrome, and
          columbium.
     b. With  hydrogen.   Hydrogurets.
     c.  With  carbon.  Carburets.
     d. With phofphorus.   Phofphurets.
     e.  With  fulphur.  Sulphurets.
     f.  With  each other.   Alloys and amalgams.
   149. They are oxidized with different degrees of facility, fome
 by mere expofure to air, and others feem almoft to  refill the ac-
 tion of heat and air.   Their oxidizability  is always increafed by
 increafe of temperature.   Their oxides  are in the form of  potv-
 der, laminae, or friable fragments ;  fometimes cryftalline; of va-
 rious colors, determinate with regard to  each metal; poffefs great-
 er abfolute weight; arerefraaory, or fufible into glafs; infipid, or
 acrid, and ftyptic ; in general  infoluble in water ;  and combine
 either with acids and alkalies, or only with acids.  Some of thofe
 are difoxygenized by light alone, others by_ caloric, and others re-
 quire hydrogen, carbon,  &c.
   150.  Hydrogen gas is capable of holding arfenic, zinc, and iron
 in folution.
   151. Carbon unites only with iron.
   152. The  metallic  phofphurets  a(e  fufible, brilliant,  brittle,
 granulated, larr.ellated, fcarcely combuftible, and permanent.
   153. The fulphurets are brittle; cryftallizable in large brilliant
 and metallic laminae,  more easily fufible th m the retraaory met-
                     4 
 24                Elements of Pliarmacy.         [Part. I.

 als,  but lefs eafily than the very fufible metals; decompofable by
 heat, humidity, and the acids.
   154. The  mixtures of the metals with each other are termed
 alloys ; thofe in which mercury is contained are amalgams.   They
"acquire by mixture new  properties, and are in general more tufi-
 ble than their components.  The reguline metals are not foluble
 in the acids ;  but when aaed upon by them, are firft oxidized, and
 then diffolved.   The metallic oxides, by fufion, color glaffes and
 enamels.
                  Oxidizable Metals.
   1^^. Gold is of a brilliant,  yellow color,  infipid, inodorous ;
 fpecific gravity between 19.258and 19.300 ; foft and flexible; lit-
 tle elafticity or  fonoroufnefs ;  fo dufclile, that its furface may be
 extended more than 650,000 times ; of very great tenacity ;  eafily
 hammerhardened ;  a good conduaor of  caloric,  elearicity,  and
 galvanifm; fusing at 320 of Wedgewood  ; brittle when cooled too
 quickly ; cryftallizing in oaohedrons ; unalterable in the air ; con-
 verted  by a long and violent heat, into a vitrified, violet oxide;
 oxidized and djfperfed by elearicity; foluble in alkaline fulphu-
 rets ; rendered brittle by phofphorus, arfenic, bifmuth, tin, and
 antimony ;  lefs  brittle by lead ; foluble  in mercury ; hardened by
 zinc, copper, iron, fteel, and filver ;  oxidizable, ot a purple col-
 or,  and flightly loluble, in nitrous acid;  very  oxidizable, of a
 fawn or yellow color by  the  nitro  or  oxymuriatic  acids.  Its
 oxide is eafily reduced by light and heat ; colors glaffes purple
 or topaze yellow, and forms a fulminating  compound with am-  A
 lipoma.
   156. Platinum. Of a grey,  white color, almoft black  when
 poliihed, Infipid, inodorous ; fpecific gravity 20.850 to 21.061  \
 fofter only than iron, and lefs dufclile only  than gold ; moft diffi-
 cult of fufion, aboye  1600 of Wedgewood ; a good condufclor of
 clefclricity and galvanifm ;  unalterable by air  and heat; convert-
 ed into a grey powder, its firft. degree of oxidization, by elearic-
 ity ; unites  with phofphorus ; forms alloys  with arfenic, bifmuth,
 antimony, mercury, zinc, tin, lead, call iron, copper, filver,  and
 gold.  It is oxidized and diffolved by the  oxymuriatic acid, and
 more readily by the nitromuriatic.   Oxide grev.
   157. Stiver. Very  l.iiliant, white, infipid,  inodorous ; fpecific
 gravity 10.47410 u.091 ; hardnefs between  iron and gold ; elaftic-
 ity between  gold and copper;  ftrong acute found ;  considerable
 dufctility and tenacity ; hardening much under the hammer ; a good
 conductor of electricity,  caloric, and galvanifm ; fufible at  28°
 Wedgewood ; cryftallizable by cooling ;  unalterable in the air ;
 changed into a greemfh oxide by long  and violent heat, burning
 with a greenifh  flame, and  inftantly bv  the elearic  fhoch.  Its
 phofpiiuiit is granulated, brittle a..d Lifible ; its  fuiphuret grey, 
Sect. I.]         Epitome of Chemistry.                25

black, lamellaled, orftriated and fufible ; it unites but flightly with
the acidifiable metals and iron ; i6 hardened by gold, bifmuth, an-
timony, tin, lead  and copper, and amalgamates with mercury.  It
is oxidized, and diffolved by the fulphuric, fulphurous, nitric, and
oxymuriatic  acids.  Its oxide, is greenifh ; reducible by light and
heat, hydrogen, and the other metals ;  colors fome glaffes of an
olive green, and is very foluble in ammonia.
   158. Copper. Bright red ; difagreeabie  tafte  and  fmell when
rubbed or heated  ; duaile ; ot great tenacity ; fonorous ;  fufible
at  270 Wedgewood ;  granulated  texture,  and fubjea to blifters;
a good condufctor of caloric, elearicity, and galvanifm ; becomes
brown, and at laft green, in the air ; when heated, turns blue, yel-
low, violet,  deep brown ; when  ignited and plunged  into water,
forms brown, brittle fcales of oxide.  Its phofphuret is brilliant,
brittle, hard, and  fufible ; its fuiphuret  brown, fufible, and very
phofphoric ; its alloy with arfenic is white, with bifmuth reddifh,
with antimony violet, mercury deep red, with zinc formsbrafs, and
with tin is orange; it is oxidized and diffolved by the fulphuric,
nitric, and muriatic acids ; its oxide is brown, brittle,  and foluble
in ammonia, producing a  beautiful blue.
   159. Iron is of a bluifh grey color  ;  texture either fine grain-
ed, fibrous or denfe  plates ; fapid  and  odorous ;  fpecific gravi-
ty 7.600 ; the hardeft, and moft elaftic and moft tenacious  metal;
very dufclile ; fusing at 1300 Wedgewood, fufion at firft clammy,
afterwards very fluid ; igniting by ftrong percuffion, and inflaming
by the collision of flint ;  magnetic.   It is  oxidized flowly in the
air, efpecially when moid ;  when heated in contaa with air, it is
changed to a black oxide, containing 201027 of oxygen ; fufible,
hard, brittle, lamellated, ftill attraaed by the magnet; afterwards
into a brown, red, fine pulverulent  oxide, not attraaed by the
magnet, containing 0.40 to 49 of oxygen.   It burns with fplendor
and deflagration in oxygen  gas, and is  converted into a fufed,
black oxide; it decompofes water flowly,  and when ignited, very
rapidly.   In fome inftances it is diffolved in hydrogen gas.  Car-
bon united to iron, converts it into fteel.
   160, Sleel is  of a  grey color,  brilliant  and  granular  in  its
fraaure ;  fpecific gravity 7.795 ; harder than any of the  metals,
and more elaftic,  dufclile, malleable, and  fufible  at a lower tem-
perature than pure iron.   Its charafcteridic property  is, that af-
ter being heated,  if fuddenly plunged into cold water, it becomes
harder, more eladic, lefs pliable and brittle ; but by being again
heated and cooled flowly, it acquires its former foftnefs, pliability
and ductility.  Steel  contains only fome hundred parts of carbon,
and is known chemically,  by letting a drop of acid fall upon it,
which produces a grey cr  black fpot. 
26                Elements of Pharmacy.          [Part. I.

  161. Plumbago confifts of about 0.1 of iron, combined with car-,
bon in its firft degree of oxidizement.  The phofphuret of iron is
white, granulated, brittle, permanent in the air.  Its fuiphuret is
yellow, hard, brittle, and very fufible, oxidizing flowly in a hu-
mid atmofphere.  Iron forms alloys with arfenic, cobalt, manga- (
nefe, bifmuth, antimony, zinc  and tin.  Iron is oxidized and dif-
folved by almoft all  the  acids ; oxides, black, brown, red.   It
gives glaffes a brown, fmoky, deep green, or black color.
  162. Lead is of a grey, blue, livid color, ftreak grey, difagree-
able tade and odour ;  fpecific gravity 11.352 ;  foft; very lami-
nable  ; hardens little under the hammer ; very flexible ; flightly te-
nacoius; fufibleat594° Fahrenheit; volatile atared heat; tarnifhed
in the air ; flightly oxidized by air and  water ;  by heat and air it
forms a grey, then a yellow, and, laflly, a red oxide, which is vit-
rifiable.  its  phofphuret and  fuiphuret are brittle ; it  forms  al-
loys with arfenic, bifmuth, antimony, mercury, zinc  and  tin ;
it is oxidized by, and  combines with, the fulphuric, nitric,  mu-
riatic, phofphoric, and other acids.  Its oxides  impart  to glafs a
uniform denfity, and ftrong retraaing power.
  163. Tin is pure, brilliant, white, fapid, and odorous ; fpecif-
ic gravity 7.291  to 7.500, foft,  flexible, and emitting a crackling
noife when bent ; fufing at 4100 Fahrenheit ; oxidizes  flowly in-
the air ; is converted, when fufed, into a grey  oxide ;  when red hot
it burns vividly.  Its  fuiphuret and phofphuret are lamellated and
brittle; it forms  alloys with arfenic, bifmuth, antimony,  mercu-
ry and zinc ;  it  is oxidized by many acids, and combines with the
muriatic, fluoric, boracic, and carbonic acids.   Its oxide is grey
or white, unites  readily with fulphur, and renders glaffes opaque.
  164.Zinc is bluifh white,  lamellated, fapid,  and odorous; fpecif-
ic gravity 7.190; laminable, foft, clogging the file; fufible at 7000;
vaporizabie;a powerful agent in the phenomena of galvanifm; oxid-
ized by fufion ;  at a red heat it catches fire,  and emits white films
of oxide, which  contain about 0.33 oxygen  ; it is foluble in hy-
drogen ; it combines with phofphorus, fulphur, arfenic, antimony,
and mercury ; it eafily decompofes water; it is oxidized and  dif-
folved by ahnoft all the acids.   Oxide, white films.
  16^. Mercury. Very bright white ;  fpecific gravity  3.563 ;
freezing «.t—39 ; boiling at 248* ; partly duaile and malleable ;
oxidizable by trituration in  the air, and in a   farther degree by the
afciion  of the air and  heat; does  not decompofe  water ; forms
amalgams with mnny metals ;  it is oxidized  and diffolved by  the
fulphuric, nitric, and oxymuiiatic acids.  Oxides, black, yellow,
red.
  166. Tellurium. Whit.-, lead grey, very bright ; harfh andhrit-"
tie; lamellated ;  crvflallizable ;  fpecific'gravity 6.115  ; ve: y fu-
fible and volatile , burns  with a blue  and greenifh  flame, and a 
Sect. 1.]         Epitome of Chemistry.                 27

white fmoke,  having the  odour of radifh ; oxide very fufible
into a ftraw colored radiated glafs ; foluble  in fulphuric, nitric,
and nitromuriatic  acids ; unites  with  fulphur.   Oxides, black,
white.
   167. Antimony. White, very brilliant, lamellated; fpecific grav-
ity 6.702 ; moderately  hard ; polverizable ;tufible at 8090; vol-
atile when highly  ignited ; fenfible tafte and  fmell ;  unalterable
in cold air ; oxidizable by  air and heat ; oxide fufible into a yel-
low brown glafs ;  decompofes water when ignited ;  oxidized by
the fulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids ; combines with phofpho-
rus and fulphur.   Oxides, black, brown, orange, yellow, white;
and colors glafs yellow  or hyacinthine.
   168. Bi/muth: White, flightly yellow, in large fpicular plates ;
pulverizable ;  fpecific gravity 9.822 ;  moderately hard ; fenfible
odour and tafte ; very fufible and volatile at a high temperature ;
oxidizable by heat and air ; oxide verifiable into a greenifh yel-
low glafs; oxidizable by boiling fulphuric, nitric, and muriatic
acids ; unites  with fulphur. Oxides grey, yellow, dirty green, and
colors glafs of a greenifh yellow.
   160. Manganefe.  Small whitifh grey globules ; fpecific gravi-
ty 6.850 ; very hard and very  brittle ; very difficult of fufion ;
very oxidizable by expofure to air ; decompofes water  ftrengly ;
is oxidized by the fulphuric,nitric,muriatic acids; combines with
many  metals.   Oxides white, red, brown,  and  black ; color
brown, violet, or  red ;  difcolor glafs colored by iron.
   170.  Nickel.  Yellow or reddifh white, granulated; fpecific
gravity nearly 9 ;  very difficult ot fufion,  and of oxidization  in
the air ; oxidizable by moft of the acids,  which it  colors  of a
brilliant green ; combines with phofphorus, fulphur, and the met-
als.  Oxide light  clear green, coloring glafs brown,  orange, red.
   171. Cobalt. Reddifh grey, fine grained, pulverizable  ; fpecific
gravity between 7.700 and 7.800; very difficult of fufion; oxidiz-
able before  fufion ; unalterable  by water ;  attacked  by all the
acids ; combines with phofphorus and fulphur; its alloys are gran-
ulated,   rigid, and brittle.   Oxide deep blue or black, and colors
glaffes ot a fine blue.
   172. Uranium.  An incoherent mafs  offmall agglutinated glob-
ules, of a deep grey and  pale  brown ; fpecific gravity 6 440 ;
 i-ery hard ; very difficult of fufion, even by long continued heat;
is attacked by feveral ot the acids  ; combines with  phofphorus.
Oxide foluble in the alkalies,  and very foluble in  their carbo-
nates.   Oxide yellow,  coloring glafs  of a  greenifh  yellow, em-
erald green, or various  brown.
    173. Titanium.  Agglutinated, hard, friable maffes, cryftalliz-
ed, internally  of  a brilliant  red;  infusible; unalterable by wa-
ter ; oxidizable by boiling fulphuric,  nitric,  and muriatic acids.
Oxides, blue, deep red, white. 
23              Elements of Pharmacy.             [Parti.


                  Acidifiable Metals'.

  174.  Chromum.  Agglutinated maffes of  a whitifh grey color ;
very hard, very brittle, and very infufible ; appears to be  difficult
to oxidize and eafy to difoxidize ; does not appear to decompofe
water ; not attacked by the fulphuric or muriatic acids ;  changed
into a green oxide, and afterwards into a red acid, by the nitric
acid diftilled from it.   Oxide of a beautiful emerald green ;  acid
a red or orange yellow powder.
  175. Molybdenum.   In black powder, or agglutinated, blackifh,
friable maffes, having little metallic brilliance ;   fpecific  gravity
6 ;  by a ftrong heat changes into a white brilliant oxide  in  nee-
dles, and very acidifiable ; oxidizable by boiling  fulphuric acid,
and acidifiable by  the nitric  acid.  It forms a fuiphuret ; and its
alloys are granulated and triable ;  acid white, pulverulent,  ftyp-
tic, fpecific  gravity 8.400.
  176. Tungjlen.   Small  flightly adherent globules of a flate-
grey ;  fpecific gravity 17.5 ,  very  infufible ; oxidizable in the air
by heat, and afterwards acidifiable.   Oxide yellow, pulverulent,
coloring glafs of a blue or  brown color ; acid a white harfh pow-
der ; fpecific gravity 3.600.
  177. Arfenic.   Grey plates ot a lively brightnefs ; friable; fpe-
cific gravity between 8.310 and 5.763 ; vaporizable at540° ; emit-
ting a fmell like garlic ; cryftallizable ;  oxidizable  in  the  cold
air ; inflammable  at a red  heat, and fublimed in the form of the
white oxide or acid ; farther oxidizable by the nitric and nitrous
acids ; combines with phofphorus, fulphur, and many of the met-
als ; foluble in hydrogen gas.   Arfenious acid,  white,   cauftic,
fublimable in white tetrahedrons,  tranfparent, vitreous;  fpecific
gravity between 4 and 5.  Arfenic acid, white, tranfparent, cauf-
tic ; fpecific gravity 3.391 ;  fufible ;  not cryftallizable.
   178. Columbiumhas hitherto been examined only in the ftate of
eolumbic acid, which is a white powder infoluble  in water.

    Acids with Simple Eases, and their Compounds.

   179. The fimple fubftances, in their extreme ftates of oxygenize-
ment, conftitute a ftrongly marked  clafs  of bodies termed Acids,
which are diftinguifhed by the following properties :
  a. Their tafte is four ;
  b. They change vegetable blues  to red ;
  c. They combine with water in almoft  any proportion,  without
    fuffering any charge in their properties, except what depend
    or; dilution. 
Sect. I.]             Epitome of Chemistry.             29

  d. They unite with alkalies, earths, metallic  oxides ;  forming
     compounds with them, poffeffed of new properties, and c/>m-
     monly known by the names of Neutral and Metallic Salts.
  180. Befides fome of the metals, hydrogen is  the  only  fimple
fubftance which does not feem to be capable of acidification ; and,
on the other hand, there are three acids, the muriatic, boracic,and
fluoric, with whofe compofition we are ftill unacquainted.
  181. Carbonic acid gas is tranfparent, colorlefs, without fmell,
irrefpirable, and incapable of fupporting  inflammation ;  its fpe-
cific gravity is 0,0018.   Water abforbs an equal bulk of it at 410,
 acquiring a fpecific gravity of  1.0015,  and an agreeable acidity
and  fparkling appearance, efpecially it heated to 88°.  It is  fepa-
rated from water by freezing or boiling.    It is alfo  abforbed by
alcohol, oil of turpentine, and olive oil.  It contains 17.88 carbon,
and 82.12 oxygen, or 28  charcoal and 72  oxygen. Its compounds
are denominated Carbonates.
   182. The carbonates always preferve their  alkaline properties
in fome flight  degree.  They  are  decompofed by all the  acids,
forming  a brifk effervefcence, which is colorlefs.  The carbonates
of  the metals  very muchrefemble their oxides.
   183. Nitrous acid is of a brown  or red color, exceedingly vola-
tile and  emitting an intolerable and fuffocating odor.  By the addi-
 tion of water,  its color is fucceffively changed to blue,  green, and
yellow.   In the ftate of vapor, it is abforbed by water, oil,  and
 fulphuric acid.  It confifts of fomewhat lefs than three parts of
 oxygen,  and one of nitrogen, or rather of nitric acid and nitric ox-
 ide.  It forms Nitrites.
   184. The nitrites are charaaerized by their emitting the nitrous
 acid in orange fumes, on the addition of fulphuric acid.
   185. Nitric acid confifts  of nitrogen combined with oxygen.
 It is liquid, colorlefs, and twanfparent.   It is very corrosive,  and
 tinges the fkin of a yellow color.  It has a ftrong affinity for  wa-
 ter, and  abforbs it from the atmofphere.  When moil concentrat-
 ed, its fpecific gravity is 1-5543.  It produces heat  w» en  mixed
 with water.   It is decompofed by many fubftances.  Light con-
 verts it in part into nitrous acid. When  entjrely deprived of wa-
 ter, it fets fire to oils, to fulphuretted hydrogen gas, to iron filings,
 when perfeaiy dry ; and to zinc, bifmuth and tin, when  poured
 on them in a ftate of fufion.   it oxygenizes all the metals, except
 gold, platinum, and titanium.  It confifts of four parts,  by weight,
 of oxygen, and one of nitrogen.
    186. The nitrates, by the aaion of fire, fumini impure oxygen
 gas, mixed with nitrogen, and are  reduced to their bafes.  By the
 aaion of concentrated  fulphuric  acid,  they emit a white vapor,
 and they are capable of fupporting combuftion.
    187. Sulphurous acid gas is colorlefs, incapable of maintaining
 combuftion, and deleterious when refpired.   It has a ftrong fuflo- 
 30               Elements of Pharmacy.         [Part. I.

 eating odour ;  its fpecific gravity is 0.0046, or o 00251.  Water
 at 540 rapidly abforbs one fourth of its weight  of  this gas,  and
 when faturated, acquires the fpecific gravity of 1.040.   It is again
 expelled from it by heat, but not by freezing.  It is alfo abforbed
 by oils  and ether.   When water is prefent, it is  converted  by
 oxygen  gas into fulphuric acid.  It is decompofed  by hydrogen,
 carbon, and fulphuretted hydrogen gas, when affifted by heat.   It
 oxidizes iron,  zinc, and manganefe.  It confifts of 85 fulphur,and
 15 oxygen.
    188. Thefulphites, by the aaion of heat, furnifh  fulphur,  and
 become  fulphates.  They are alfo converted into fulphates,  with
 eflervefcence,  and exhalation of fulphurous vapors, by the ful-
 phuric, nitric,  muriatic, and other acids, and gradually, by expof-
 ure to the atmofphere when dry, and  very  quickly  when diffolv-
 ed.
    189. Sulphuric acid is compofed of fulphurous acid and oxygen.
 It  may be obtained in a cryftallized or glacial form,  but generally
 exifts as  a denfe liquid ; fpecific gravity 1.85 ;  flightly  vifcid ;
 tranfparent and colorlefs; without fmell ;  of a  ftrong acid tafte.
 In a fufficient degree  of cold it freezes ; it boils at 5720.   It  has
 a  ftrong  attraaion for water, abforbing it rapidly from  the atmof-
 phere, and producing confiderable heat when mixed  with it.   It
 is decompofed by moft inflammable fubftances.   It does not oxid-
 ize gold, platinum, tungften, or titanium.    It  decompofes  the
 alkaline  and earthy fulphurets, and reduces all  organic fubftances
 to charcoal.  In medicine it is a powerful refrigerent and antifep-
 tic.  It  contains gd fulphur, and 44 oxygen.
   190. The fulphates form  fulphurets, when  heated to rednefs
 with  charcoah and furnifh copious precipitates with folutions  of
 barytes.
   191. Phofphorous acid is a white fluid of an oily appearance.
 It has a fetid odour, and difagreeable tafte ;  and gives  out a thick
 white fmoke arjd vivid flame when ftrongly  heated.  It is decom-
 pofed by ignited charcoal.  The proportions of  phofphorus and
 oxygen have not been afcertained.
   192. Thephofphites are fufible, and when  heated in clofe veffels
 furnifh a little phofphorus, and become phofphates.  When heat-
 ed in the  open air, they emit a phofphorefcent light, and  often flafh-
 es of  flame, accompanied by a ftrong fmell  of garlic,  and a thick
 white vapor, and are converted into phofphates.
   193. Phofphoric acid is compofed of phofphorous acid and oxy-
gen.  It  is cryftallizable, fufible and vitrefcent. Its  fpecific grav-
ity is  2.687.  1*/eadily attracts moifture from the  atmofphere,
and then its fpecific gravity  becomes  1.417.   Its mixture with
water produces little increafe of temperature.    It is decompofed
at  a high temperature by hydrogen and carbon, and  by feveral ot
the metals.  It  confifLs of 100 phofphorus and 154 oxygen. 
Sect. I.]         Epitome of Chemistry.                31

  194. The phofphates are cryftallizable, fixed, fufible, verifiable,
and phofphorefccnt.  They are not decompofed by charcoal.  They
are  foluble in nitric  acid  without effervefcence, and precipitable
from that folution by lime water.
  195. Arfenious acidis ot a white color ; has a fharp acrid tafte,
and an alliaceous fmell ; fpecific gravity 3.706 ; is foluble in eigh-
ty parts of water at 6o°, and in fifteen at 2120.  At 2830 it fub-
iirncs ; if  heated in clofe  veffels is vitrified, and its fprcific grav-
ity  becomes 5.000.  It  confifts of 93 of arfenic, and 7  of oxy-
gen, and  is a mod  virulent poifon.
  196. The arfemtes are fcarcely known ; but their acid  is driven
off by heat, and is  precipitated by all the acids.
   197. Arfenic acid confifts of arfenious acid and oxygen.   It is
not cryftallizable ; has an acid cauftic  tafte,and is not volatile, but
very fixed and vitrifiablc.   Its  fpecific gravity is 3.391.  It at-
tracts moifture from the  atmofphere, and is foluble in two thirds
ot its weight of water.  By  a red heat it lofes part of its oxygen,
and becomes arfeneous acid.   It confids of 8 parts of  arfenious
acid, and 1 of oxygen, or of  91 arfenic, and 9 oxygen.
   198. The arfeniales are decompofed by charcoal at a high tem-
perature.
   199. Tungflic acidis  a white powder of a  rough,  metallic,  and
 feebly acid tafte.  Its fpecific gravity is 3.600.  It is foluble in
twenty parts of boiling  water.   Expofed to heat it becomes yel-
low, brown, and laftly black ; emits no fmoke,  and is not fufed ;
but lofes its folubility in water.   The fulphuric acid changes its
color to  blue, and the  nitric and muriatic acids to a fine yellow.
   200. The tungfates are little known.
   201. Molybdic acid is a white powder of  an  acid but metallic
tafte.  Its fpecific gravity is 3.400.   It is not altered in the air.
It is melted, and is fixed in a covered  crucible ;  but when the cov-
er is removed, it fublimes in a white fmoke, which  condenfes in
brilliant yellow fcales.  It diffolves in 500 parts of hot water.  By
heat it forms a blue folution in fulphuric acid.   It is alfo foluble
in the muriatic, but not  in the nitric acid.
   202. The molybdates  are fcarcely known.
   203. Chromic acid is a red or yellow orange powder, of a partic-
ular, rough, metallic tafte.  It is foluble in  water, and may  be
 obtained in ruby  colored cryftals.    It is  decompofable by he,::
and light, paffing to  the ftate of green oxide.  It is reduced  by
heat and charcoal.  It oxygenizes the muriatic acid.
   204. The chromates are of a yellow or orange color.
   205. Columbic acid is a white  powder, which reddens litmns
paper, although it  feems infoluble in water.   It is foluble in boil-
ing fulphuric and  muriatic acids, but not in the nitric.   It is pre-
cipitated from its  folutions by  water,  potafs,  and  fo..!<J.   With 
32                 Elements of Pharmacy.         [Part ti

pruffiate of potafs it forms an olive  green precipitate, and with
tinaure or galls, a deep orange precipitate.  It combines with pot-
afs and foda, and expels carbonic acid.  It does not unite with am-
monia.
  206. Columbate of potafs refembles boracic acid in its  appear-
ance.
  207. Other metalic oxides feem  capable  of acidification ;  but
our information refpeaing them is not yet fufficient to enable  us
to enumerate their properties.
  208. The following acids have not yet been decompofed.
  209. Muriatic acid gas is tranfparent and  colorlefs.  It deftroys
life, and extinguifhes flame.   Its fpecific  gravity  is 0.002315.
Water is capable of diffolving about an equal weight of it.   Its
fpecific gravity is then 1.500 ; it  is generally  of a pale yellow
color ;  is very  volatile,  and emits  white fumes of a peculiar  un-
pleafant odour. The gas decompofes alcohol and oil, and deftroys
putrid  exhalations.  It is farther oxygenated by the nitric acid.
  210. The muriates have a more or lefs  pure fait tafte.    They
are  not  aaed upon by any combuftible body.  They are all folu-
ble  in water,  and are the  moft volatile and moft difficultly decom-
pofed by heat of the neutral  falts.   They emit white fumes with
the  fulphuric acid, and oxymuriatic acid gas with the nitric.
  211. Oxygenized muriatic acid (or by contraaion, oxymuria'ic
acid) gas is compofed of muriatic acid 84 and oxygen 16.   It is
of a yellow color,  and very pungent fmell,  and acrid  tafte.   It
fupports flame, but is deleterious when refpired.   It deftroys the
vegetable colors.   It  oxygenizes  all  oxygenizable  fubftances,
(14. B. b b.) and  rcpaffes  to  the ftate of muriatic acid.   It is de-
compofed by light.  It does not unite readily with  water.  Wa-
ter  when faturated with it weighs 1.003.
  212.  The oxymuriates give out  very pure oxygen gas  by the
aaion of caloric, and become nunates.  Their acid is expelled
from them  with noife,  by the ftronger acids ;  and  they  inflame
combuftible bodies, even fpontaneoufly, and with detonation.
  213. Hyper oxygenized muriatic acid confifts of muriatic  acid 35,
and oxygen 6^.  It has been examined by  M.  Chencvix, 'whole
paper w<: have not yet feen.
  214.  Hyperoxygenized muriates.
  215.  Fluoric acid gas is invifibh-, irrefpir&bie, and extinguifhes
flame.  It has a  pungent fmell, approaching to that of muriatic
acid.  It is'heavier than common air.  It  corro:Vs the fkin.  It
is abforbed by water.  I's mod remarkable property is   t! at of
diffolving filica.   Its compofiiinn is unknown.
  216.  Filiates affovd,.when  treated with concentrated fuirhtrric
acid a vapor  which corro les glafs, ?.nd  from which the  filica is
alterwards  p'-oc:piL;t-.jd bv water. 
Sect. I.]        Epitome  of Chemistry.                33

  217. Boracic acid exifts in the form of fmall, fhining, laminated
cryftals.   Specific gravity is  1.479.  It is  fixed and verifiable in
the fire.  It is foluble in fifty parts of  boiling water.   It is alfo
foluble  in  alcohol,  to which it imparts the property of burning
with a yellow flame.   It oxidizes only iron and zinc.
  218. Borates  are vitrifiable ; and their concentrated folutions af-
ford when heated with the ftrong fulphuric acid, brilliant, lamel-
lated cryftals.

           Of  Compound Oxides and Acids.
  219. We have already noticed all the binary combinations which
oxygenizable fubftances  form with oxygen.   Thefe  in general
have confiderable  permanence  in their charaaers, and admit of
few variations in  the proportions of their conftituent principles.
But oxygen is capable of entering into combination at the  fame
time with more than one of thefe fimple oxygenizable fubftances,
forming oxides  and  acids, with double or  triple bafes, which, in
confequence of  the increafed number of principles, are fubjea to
greater variations in the proportion of thefe, and are  lefs perma-
nent in their charaaers.   Thefe are,  however, the fubftances in
which pharmacy is chiefly engaged, as  they comprehend the whole
of the vegetable and animal kingdoms.   Chemifts borrowing their
arrangement from natural hiftory, have almoft always  confidered.
them under the  title of Vegetable and of Animal Subftances.  But
fuch an arrangement is fo totally unconneaed with the principles
of chemidry, that the imperfea ftate of our knowledge is the only
apology than can be offered for its continuance; and imperfea as
that knowledge  is, we are perfuaded,  that even a very imperfefcl
attempt, at a chemical claffification of  thefe bodies, is to be pre-
ferred.

                   Compound Oxides.
  220- The compound oxides are charaaerized by their  great al-
terability, and by  their affording, when  burnt with a fufficient
quantity ot oxygen,  both water and carbonic acid.  They may be
divided into
    a. Ternary oxides (223.) containing various proportions of
       carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
    £.  Quaternary  oxides (261.) confiding of nitrogen, carbon,
       hydrogen and oxygen.
  221. The ternary  oxides coincide nearly with the clafs of veg-
etable fubdances, and are  charaaerized                     \
    a. By their being converted entirely into water and carbonic
      acid gas, when completely decompofed by oxygen.
    h. By their undergoing the acid fermentation,  from the ac-
       tion of air and water.
               D 
34    ^       Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I.

     c. And by their  furnifhing nitrous  gas and carbonic acid,
       when treated with nitric acid.
  222. The quaternary oxides coincide nearly with  animal fub-
ftances, and are characterized,
     a. By their furnifhing, when decompofed by oxygen, ammo-
       nia as  well as  water and carbonic acid gas.
     b. By their becoming putrid from the aaion of air and water.
     c. And by their furnifhing nitrogen gas  when treated with ni-
       tric acid.

                    Ternary Oxides.
  223.  The  ternary oxides (221.) may be  fubdivided into gaf-
eous, fluid, or eafily fufible, and folid infufible.   In general the
gafeous and volatile compound oxides, contain the larged propor-
tion  of hydrogen, and the infufible denfe oxides  the  largeft pro-
portion of carbon.
  224. Hydrocarbonates (carburetted hydrogen) are invisible elaf-
tic gafes of a ftrong difagreeable fmell,irrefpirable and incapable of
fupporting combustion, infoluble in water, burning with oxygen
■with a blue lambent  flame, and producing carbonic  acid gas and
water.  From  their furnifhing charcoal, when decompofed by melt-
ed fulphur, and from the produas  of their combuftion, they evi-
dently contain oxygen. There are different fpecies of hydrocarbo-
nates depending on the proportion of their conftituents, which,
from their fpecific gravities, are commonly diftinguifhed into heavy
and light hydrocarbonates.
  225. The light  hydrocarbonates are obtained by the diftillation
of wet charcoal, or by tranfmitting the vapor of  alcohol through
an ignited tube :  Specific gravity 0.00059 to 0x0064. The  heavy
hydrocarbonates are obtained, by diftillation from camphor,  ether,-
animal and vegetable fubftances,  and by  colleaing the gas  of
marines :  Specific gravity 0.00080 to 0.00082.  The latter con-
tain  more carbon, require more oxygen for  their decomposition,
and furnifh a  larger proportion of  carbonic acid  gas,  and lefs wa-
ter than the fbrmer.
  226. Alcohol is a tranTparent  colorlefs  liquid, of an agreeable
penetrating fmell, and pungent burning tafte : Specific gravity 0.8.
It remains fluid in the greateft natural or artificial cold.   It boils
at 1760, and in vacuum at 560, and it is foluble in air.
  227. Alcohol unites with water in every proportion.   During
the combination, caloric is evolved, and the fpecific gravity  of the
compound is  greater  than the mean of thofe of the components.
  228. Alcohol diffolves about 60  of fulphur, when they are pre-
fented to each other in the date  of vapor.   It  alfo  diffolves  a
little phofphorus.  Thefe folutions are decompofed by water.  It
diffolves the boracic  and carbonic acids, ammonia, foda and pot-
afs, and is the means employed to  obtain the two lad in a ftate of 
 Sect. I.]             Epitome of Chemistry.             35

 purity. Itsa&ion on the falts is various.  It diffolves the volatile
 oils, refins, foaps, balfams, camphor, fugar, tannin, extraaive, and
 in part the gummy refins.
   229. Alcohol is very inflammable, and when kindled it burns
 entirely away  with a  blue flame without fmoke.   The produas
 of its combuftion are carbonic acid and water.   It is alfo decom-
 pofed by being tranfmitted in the ftate ot  vapor through a  red hot
 porcelain tube ; by being heated with  the fixed  alkalies,  and
 by* the afclion of the fulphuric, nitric,  oxymuriatic, and  acetic
 acids.
 * 230. From Lavoifier's experiment on the combuftion of alcohol,
 it was found by calculation to confift of 51.72 oxygen, 29.88 char-
 coal, and 18.40 hydrogen  ; but by correaing the calculation ac-
 cording to Morveau's  experiments, proving the compofition  of
 charcoal, from the fame experiment alcohol would feem to confift;
 of  65.05 oxygen, 18.22 carbon, and 16.73 hydrogen.
  231. Ether is a tranfparent colorlefs fluid, of a very  fragrant
 odour, and hot pungent tafte i Specific gravity 0.758.  It  freezes
 and cryftallizes at—460.  It boils at 98°, and in vacuum at—200.
 It is very foluble in air, and during its evaporation  it produces an
 intenfe degree of cold.
   232. It is foluble in  ten parts of water, and in alcohol in every
 proportion.  It diffolves a fmall portion of phofphorus, and the
 folution is decompofed by alcohol.   It abforbs nitrous gas, com-
 bines with ammonia, and diffolves the volatile oils, refins, and ca-
 outchouc.
  233. Ether is extremely inflammable, and burns  with a  white
 flame.  Its vapor explodes when Kindled in contaa with oxygen
 gas.   It is decompofed by fulphuric acid, oxymuriatic acid gas,
 and by being transmitted through a red hot porcelain  tube.   Its
 conftituents are oxygen, carbon and  hydrogen, the proportion  of
 the lad of which feems  to be greater, and of the firft  lefs than  in
 alcohol.
  234.  Fixed oils are  tranfparent,  more or lefs colored,  fome-
 what vifcid, inodorous  fluids,having a mild tafle and unaous feel.
 In the different fpecies  the fpecific gravity  varies  from 0.9403
 to 0.9153.  The point of congelation alfo differs considerably, but
 in general it is within the range of the ordinary  temperatures  of
 the atmofphere.  Their boiling point exceeds 6oo°, and by being
 converted into vapor, they become empyreumatic.
  235. Fixed oils do not feem capable of combining with char-
 coal, but are freed from impurities, by being filtered through hot
 charcoal.  When affifted by heat, they diffolve fulphur and phof-
phorus.  They may be blended with fugar and gum  by tritura-
tion as in emulsions, and they diffolve the volatile oils, and refins,
and gummy refins.  With the alkalies and earths they form foaps. 
3d               Elements of Pharmacy.         [Part. I.

and with metallic oxides platters.  They are not foluble in water
or in alcohol.
   236.  They unite  readily with oxygen, which renders them
concrefcible.  Thofe  oils which dry without lofing their  tranf-
parency, as linfed oil,  aie termed dryingoils, in contradiftinaion
to the fat oils which from expofure  become white,  opaque  and
thick, and  remain greafy, fuch as  oil of olives or of almonds.
When they become rancid, they undergo a  farther degree of de-
compofition, and are found to contain febacic acid.
   237.  Oil in the ftate of vapor is  inflammable, and burns with a
white flame.   When the combuftion is complete, the produas are
carbonic acid gas and  water, but in general foot is depofited.
   238. The fulphuric  acid renders the fixed oils brown and thick,
and converts them  into waf.er and charcoal.  The nitric acid oxy-
genizes them.  The oxygenized muriatic acid blanches them,  and
renders them concrete like tallow or wax.   The oils oxidize fev-
eral of the metals, and are oxidized by feveral of their oxides.
   239.  From Lavoisier's experiment on the combuftion of olive
oil, its  conftituent principles were  eftimated at 79 charcoal  and
21 hydrogen; but by correaion they appear to be 50.39 carbon,
eo.23 hydrogen, and 29.38 oxygen.
   240.  Fat and tallow fcarcely differ from  the fixed oils, except
in being more concrete and more difpofed  to rancidity. Fat melts
between 920 and 1270.  Tallow is ftill lefs fufible.  They cannot
be converted into vapor without fuffering decompofition, and,when
melted, leave, like  oil, a greafy ftain on paper.
   241.  Wax is a folid, of confiderable corififtence, granulated and
 crystalline in its fraaure, of a white color, and without  any  re-
markable odour or tafte.   It  foftens and becomes plaftic when
 very flightly heated ;  at 4510 it melts; at a higher temperature it is
in part  vaporized  and decompofed, and its  vapor is inflammable.
 It refills in a remarkable degree the aaion of the acids; but in
 moft of its other properties it refembles the fixed oils.   From its
 combuftion it appears to confift of carbon 53.12, hydrogen 16.91,
 and oxygen 29.97; or, according to the former calculation, of 82.28
 charcoal, and 17.72 hydrogen.
   242. Spermaceti may be obtained cryftallized in white argen-
 tine plates, of an  unaous feel and  tafte,  and a vapid fmell.  It
 melts between 900 and 950,  and at a higher  temparature may be
 fublimed  almoft  unchanged.   Its vapor is inflammable, and its
 flame is bright,  clear  and without fmell.   By expofure to air it
 becomes rancid.  It  is  foluble, efpecially by the affifiance of  heat,
 in alcohol and in ether.   In its other properties it agrees with the
 fixed oils, with  which it unites Very readily by fufion.  Muicular
 flefh by long maceration in water  is converted into  a  fubftance
 very analogous  to fpermaceti, but more fufible,  melting  at  820 ;
 and biliary calculi often confift of another, which is much lefsfu- 
Sect. I.]         Epitome  of Chemistry.               37

fible, requiring a heat of 1920 for its fufion.   For all thefe varie-
ties, Fourcroy has propofed the generic name Adipocere.}
  243. Soaps are combinations of the fluid or concrete fixed oils
with alkalies, earths, or metallic oxides.
  244. The alkaline foaps  have an  unpleafant tafte and peculiar
fmell,  form  a milky folution  with water, and a tranfparent one
with alcohol, and are powerfully detergent.  White foap is made
of foda and olive oil or tallow.   Brown foap contains alfo refin.
Soft foap confifts of potafs and whale oil : The white fpots in it
are from the addition of a little tallow.   The volatile liniment of
the pharmacopeias is a foap of ammonia and olive oil.
  245. The alkaline foaps are decompofed by all  the earthy  falts.
The alkali of the  foap combines with tkeacid of the falts, and an
earthy foap is formed from the union of the earth and oil.    The
earthy foaps are infoluble in water.
  246.  The alkaline foaps are  decompofed in the  fame way by
the metallic falts.  The metallic foaps are alfo infoluble in water;
many of them are foluble in oil, and fome of them in alcohol.
  247,. Plaflers are alfo combinations of oil with metallic oxides.
They  are prepared by  their  immediate  aaion  on each other.
Olive oil and litharge are moft commonly  employed.
  248. Volatile oils  differ from the  fixed oils moft remarkably  in
being vaporized unchanged by  a heat under 212° ; by evaporat-
ing completely without leaving a ftain on paper ;  by being fapid,
often pungent and odorous ;  and by being foluble in alcohol, and
to  a certain degree in water.
  249. They are more inflammable than the fixed oils, and burn
with a large white flame, emit a great deal of fmoke,  and require
more oxygen for their  combuftion.   By expofure to air they be-
come colored and thick, and are at laft converted into  an almoft
inodorous refin.  The acids aa on  them with great violence, and
are even capable of inflaming them.  On the other hand they re-
fift considerably the aaion of the alkalies.  In their other general
properties they agree with the  fixed oils,  from which'they  feem
to differ  in compofition, only in containing a larger proportion  of
hydrogen.
   250. In other refpeas, thefe oils are infinitely varied, efpecially
in  their  tafte and odour.   Some are as limpid as  water, others are
vifcid, others congeal on a flight diminution of temperature, and
are even naturally concrete, and  others are  capable  of forming
crystallizations.    Their  predominant colors are the  different
fhades of yellow and red, but there  are  alfo blue,  green  and glau-
cous effential oils.  Their fpecific gravity varies  from 0.8697  to
1.0439.
   251. Refins are concrete fubftances,  poffeffing a certain degree
ot tranfparency,  and are generally of an amber or brownifh  red
color.   Their texture  is homogeneous, and  their fraaure vitre-
                S 
38                Elements of Pharmacy.         [Part I,

pus.  They are eafily reduced to  powder, which readily aggluti-
nates.    Their fpecific  gravity varies from  1.0452 to 1.2289.
They have little tafte or  fmell.   They are elearics.  Expofed
to a certain degree of heat, they melt without fuffering alteration,
but they are decompofed when  converted  into  vapor.   Their
vapor is  inflammable,  and burns  with a large  ftrong flame and a
great deal of foot.
   252. Refins unite by fufion with fulphur, difficultly with phof-
phorus.  They  are foluble  in alcohol, the fixed and the volaKje
oils.  They are infoluble in water, and are not aaed upon by the
acids, alkalies, metals or metallic oxides.
   253. Camphor is a concrete friable fubftance, of a white color,
with a considerable degree of tranfparency, and a  cryftalline ap-
pearance, fpecific gravity  0.9887.   Its tafte is  bitter  and acrid,
and its fmell penetrating  and peculiar.  It is evaporated unchang-
ed  by a heat of 1450, but may be melted by fuddenly exposing it
to 3020.   The vapor when  condenfed cryftallizes in hexagonal
plates.   Its vapor is exceedingly inflammable, and when kindled
it burns with a very white flame and a great deal of fmoke,  and
leaves no residuum. The produas of its combuftion are carbonic
acid gas,  charcoal  and water.
   254. Camphor is foluble  in alcohol and in the acids.   From
thele folutions it  is precipitated by water.  It is  alfo foluble in
hot oils,  both volatile and  fixed, but on  cooling feperates from
them in plumofe cryftals.   It is infoluble in water, and is not aa-
ed on by  the alkalies, metals or metallic  oxides.   By repeated
diftillation with nitric acid, it  is converted into a peculiar acid.
It exifts in many vegetables, but  is chiefly procured from the
laurus camphora.
   255. Starch is  a fine white powder, generally concreted  in fri-
able hexagonal columns,  fmooth to  the feel, and emitting  a par-
ticular found when compreffed. It has neither tafte nor fmell.  It
is  decompofed by heat.   It is not foluble in cold water or in alco-
hol. Warm water converts it into a kind of pafte, which on cool-
ing affumes a gelatinous  form.   This jelly when  dried by heat
becomes  tranfparent and  brittle like gum, but is not  foluble in
cold water.   Starch, after being thus diffolved in hot water, can-
not be reduced to its original ftate.
   256. Sugar is a hard, but  brittle fubftance, of a  white  coler,
difpofed  to form  femitranfparent cryftallizations, of a fweet tafte,
and without fmell.   When heated  fufficiently it melts,  is de-
compofed,  emits a peculiar  fmell (caromel)  and  becomes in-
flamed.
   2<57- Sugar at 400 is foluble in its own weight of water,  and in
ftill lefs at 212°.    It is alfo foluble  in about four parts of boiling
alcohol.  It combines  with  volatile oils, and  renders them mif-
cible with water.   It alfo unites with potafs and lime.   It  is dc- 
  Sect. I.]           Epitome of Chemistry*               39

  compofed by the concentrated fulphuric  and nitric acids.  Ac-
  cording to Lavoifier's experiments, it confifts of 71.76 oxygen,
  17.89 carbon, and 10.35 hydrogen ; or, according to the original
  calculation, of 64 oxygen, 28 charcoal, and 8 hydrogen.
    258. Saccharine  matter is  contained in  the juices  of many
  plants, but is principally obtained  from  the fugar cane, fugar-
  maple and beet root.   Manna and honey confid chiefly of fugar.
    259. Jelly is contained in  the juices of acid fruits.  It is depof-
  ited from them in the form of a foft tremulous  mafs, almofVcol-
  orlefs, and agreeable to the tade.   It is fcarcely foluble  in cold
  water, but very foluble in hot water ; and when the folution cools,
  it again affumes a gelatinous form.  With  fugar its combination
  is well known.  By long boiling it lofes this property of congeal-
  ing.  When dried, it becomes tranfparent, hard, and  brittle, re-
  fembling gum.   It  combines with the alkalies, and is converted
  by the nitric acid into oxalic acid.
    s6o. Tannin, when completely dried, is a brittle  fubftance, of
  a black color, and  vitreous  frafclure;  it is foluble in alcohol ; it
  is much  more foluble in hot than in cold water : The folution has
  a dark brown color,  aftringent  tafte, and  peculiar fmell ; it is
  precipitated by acids, in the torm  of a vifcid fluid,  like pitch ;
  it is alfo precipitated by carbonate of potafs in yellow flakes  ; it
  forms an infoluble elaftic  precipitate  with gelatin,  and dark
  blue or black precipitates with iron.
                 Quaternary  Oxides (222),

    261. Gum, when pure, is tranfparent and colorlefs,  eafily  re-
  duced to powder;  without fmell, and of a  flightly fweetifh  tafte.
  It is very foluble in water.   The folution of gum in water con-
  Ititutes mucilage;  it  is thick and adhefive, and  foon dries when
  expofed  to the air.   Gum is alfo foluble  in the weak acids ;  but
  is  totally infoluble in alcohol,  which even  precipitates it from
  mucilage.  When  triturated with a fmall quantity of oil or refin,
  it renders them mifcible with  water.  Gum  is very little difpof-
■v ed to fpontaneous  decompofition ;  even  mucilage may  be kept
  for many years without  change ; but it  is  decompofed  by the
  ftrong acids, and forms precipitates with fome metallic folutions.
  By oxygenizement  with nitric acid, it forms fucceffively, mucous,
  malic and oxalic acid ;  with oxymuriatic acid it forms citric acid ;
  When expofed to heat, it does not melt, but foftens, fwells, and
  becomes charred and incinerated.  Its produas are carbonic acid,
  and  carburetted  hydrogen gas, empyreumatic oil, and a confider-
  able quantity  of acetous acid, combined  with a little ammonia.
   Fourcroy and  Vauqueiin  fay it confifts of 65.38 oxygen, 23 08
  carbon, and 11.54 hydrogen.  Cruickflianks has, however, demon-
  strated, that it contains nitrogen  and lime,  and has rendered i*
                       4 
4©             Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I.

probable that it differs from fugar in containing more carbon and
lefs oxygen.
  262. Extracl is foluble in water, efpecially when hot, and in
alcohol; it is alfo foluble in the weak acids, but is infoluble  in
ether.   It attraas moifture from the atmofphere ;  and when dif-
folved in water, it abforbs oxygen, and becomes infoluble in wa-
ter ; it is alfo altered and  precipitated by oxymuriatic acid ; it
has a ftrong affinity for alumina, and decompofes feveral metallic
falts.  It is found in many plants, but can fcarcely be procured
feparate.
   263. Caoutchouc, when fmoke has not been employed in drying
it, is of a white color, foft, pliable, extremely elaftic, and diffi-
cultly torn ; fpecific gravity 0.9335 ;  inalterable by expofure to
air; infoluble in  water, but  foftened, fo  that its  edges may  be
made to adhere to each other; infoluble in alcohol; foluble, with-
out alteration, in  ether wafhed with water, and in reaified petro-
leum ; foluble in volatile oils;  and fufible by heat, but altered, fo
that it remains glutinous after evaporation  and cooling; inflam-
mable ; infoluble in alkalies, and decompofed by the ftrong acids.
Its decompofition proves that it confifts of carbon, hydrogen, ni-
trogen,  and oxygen.  It is  obtained principally  from Haevea
caoutchouc and Jatropha elaftica in fouth America, and the Ficus
Indica.  Artocarpus integrifolia, and Urceola elaftica in the Eaft
Indies.
   254. Suber constitutes the epidermis of all vegetables.   On the
quercus fuber it  is thickened by art  in a furprifing degree, and
forms common cork.   It is a light, eladic fubftance, very inflam-
mable,  burning  writh a bright white flame, and  leaving a very
fpongy charcoal; it is not foluble in any menftruum ; it is decom-
pofed by nitric acid, and is converted into a peculiar acid, and an
unauous fubftance.
   265. Wood, (Lignin)  when feparated  from all the other mat-
ters with which it is combined in vegetables, is a  pulverulent, fi-
brous, or lamellated body, more or lefs colored,  of confiderable
 weight, without tafte or fmell, and infoluble in water  or alcohol.
 When expofed to fufficient heat, it is decompofed without melt-
 ing or fwelling, and is converted into charcoal without any change
 of form.  Its produas, by combuftion, are carbonic acid, and car-
 buretted hydrogen gas, water, empyreumatic oil, and acetous acid.
 By nitric  acid, it is changed into  the malic, oxalic, and  acetous
 acids.   It forms, as it were, the fkeleton of all vegetables.
   266. Gelatin,  when  exficcated,  is a hard, elaftic, femitranfpa-
 rent fubftance, refembling horn, having a vitreous frafclure ; inal-
 terable in the air, foluble in boiling water,  and forming with it a
 gelatinous mafs on cooiing ; it is alfo foluble, but lefs readily, in
 cold water.   It is  completely infoluble in alcohol,  and is even
 precipitated  by  it from its folution in water ; it is  foluble in 
Sect. I.]        Epitome of Chemistry.'                41

acids, even when much  diluted, and alfo in the  alkalies; but its
moft charaaeriftic property is its affinity for tannin, with  which
it forms a thick, yellow precipitate, which foon concretes into an
adhefive, elaftic mafs, readily drying in the air, and forming a brit-
tle iubftance, of a refinous appearance, exaaiy refembling over-
tanned leather.   The folution of  gelatin in water, firft becomes
acid, and afterwards putrid.  When decompofed by nitric acid or
heat, its produas fhew that it contains only  a fmall proportion of
nitrogen.
  267. It is principally contained in the cellular, membranous,
and tendinous parts of animals, and forms an important article of
nourifhment.   Glue and ifinglas, which are much employed in the
arts, are almoft pure gelatin.
  268. Albumen is a brittle, tranfparent fubftance, of.a pale yel-
low color, and  glutinous tafte, without fmell, readily foluble  in
cold water, infoluble in boiling water, but foftened and rendered
opaque and white when thrown into it ; infoluble, and retaining
its tranfparency in alcohol ;  fwelling ;  becoming brown, and de-
crepitating when fuddenly expofed to heat.
  269.  It generally exifts in the form  of  a vifcid,  tranfparent
fluid, having little tafte or fmell, and readily foluble  in cold wa-
ter.   When expofed to a temperature of 165°, it coagulates into
a white opaque mafs, of confiderable confiftency ; it is alfo coagu-
lated by alcohol  and acids.    Albumen forms with tannin a yel-
low precipitate, infoluble in water.
  270. Coagulated albumen  is not foluble  either in cold or in
boiling water.   It is foluble, but with decompofition, in the alka-
lies  and alkaline earths.  It is alfo  foluble in the acids, greatly
diluted, but may be  precipitated  from them by tannin.   When
flowly dried, it becomes brittle, tranfparent, and of a yellow col-
or, refembling  amber.   When  decompofed by nitric acid  or
heat, it is found to contain more nitrogen than gelatin does.
  271. White  of egg confids of albumen, combined with a very
little foda, fulphur, and phofphateot lime.   Albumen alfo forms a
large proportion of the ferum of the blood, and is found in the fap
of vegetables.  It is highly nutritious.
  272. Fibrin  is of a white color, without tade or  fmell,  tough
and eladic, but when dried, hard and  almofl  brittle.   It is not fo-
luble in water  or in alcohol.  The concentrated caudic alkalies
form with it a  kind of fluid vifcid foap.  It is diffolved even by
the weak and  diluted acids ; but it undergoes  fome change, by
which it acquires the properties of jellying  and being foluble in
hot water.  By maceration in  water,  it becomes putrid, and  is
converted into  adipocere (242.) By long boiling in water, it is ren-
dered tough and  corneous.   When decompofed by heat or nitric
acid, it is found to contain a large proportion of nitrogen. 
42                Elements of Pharmacy.         [Part. J,

  273. It forms the bafis of the mufcular fibre, and is containde
in fmall quantity in the  blood.   The  gluten of wheat does not
feem to differ from it in any important property.  It is eminent-
ly nutricious.
  274. Urea is obtained in the form of brilliant micaceous cryf-
tals, in groups,  forming a mafs  of a yellowifh white color, ad-
hering to the veffel containing it; difficult to cut or break ; hard
and granulated in its centre, gradually  becoming foft, and of the
confiftence of honey on its furface ; of a ftrong, difguding, allia-
ceous odour ; ot an acrid, pungent, difagreeable tade.  It is deli-
quefcent; its folution caufes a fenfible diminution of temperature;
it is alfo foluble in alcohol, efpecially when affifted by heat.  On
cooling, the alcoholic folution depofites cryftals of pure urea.
  275. By the application of heat it melts, fwells rapidly, and  at
the fame time begins to be decompofed ; emitting an infupportably
fetid odour, and is converted into carbonate of ammonia, and car-
buretted hydrogen gas.   Urea is charred by concentrated fulphu-
ric  acid ; diluted fulphuric acid aided by heat, is capable of con-
verting it entirely into acetous  acid and ammonia ;  concentrated
nitrous acid decompofes it with rapidity ;  diluted nitric acid aid-
ed by heat, changes it almoft entirely into carbonic  acid gas and
nitrogen gas; muriatic  acid diffolves and preferves it;  oxymu-
riatic acid  converts it into ammonia and carbonic  acid ; potafs
aided by heat, converts  it into the carbonate and acetate of am-
monia. It influences the form of the cryftallization of the  muriates
of ammonia and foda.
  276. The folution of urea  in  water varies  in color from a
deep brown to pale yellow, according to its quantity.  With eight
parts  of water it is perfeaiy fluid ; it  fcarcely undergoes fponta-
neous  decompofition when pure, but the addition of fome albu-
men occasions it to putrefy rapidly.  By repeated diftillation it is
completely converted into carbonate of ammonia.   With nitric
acid it forms a  pearly cryfblline precipitate ; it alfo forms pre-
cipitates with the nitrates ot lead, mercury, and filver.   It is not
precipitated by tannin or gallic acid.
  277. Urea is only obtained from urine by  evaporating  the fo-
lution of a thick extraa of urine in alcohol.

                    Compound Acids.

   278. The compound acids poffefs the properties of acids in gen-
eral  (179); but they are diflinguifhed  from the acids with Am-
ple bafes, by their great alterability.
   279. The ternary acids  coincide  nearly  with  the  vegetable
acids, and are charaaerized by their being converted entirely into
water and carbonic acid when completely decompofed by oxygen. 
Sect. I.]         Epitome of Chemistry.                 43

They confift of various proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and ox-
ygen.
  280. The quaternary acids  coincide  nearly  with  the animal
acids ; and are charaaerized by their furnifhing ammonia as well
as water and carbonic acid when decompofed.

                     Ternary Acids.

  281.  Acetous acid is a tranfparent and colorlefs fluid,  of  an
acid tafte, and peculiar pleafant odour ; fpecific gravity 1.0005.
It reddens vegetable blues ; at —220 it congeals and crydallizes ;
it is converted into vapor about 212° ;  it combines with water in
every proportion ;  it combines with fugar, mucilage, volatile oils,
alcohol ;  it diffolves boracic acid, and abforbs carbonic acid gas ;
it is formed by the acidification of fugar, and by  the decompo-
fition of fome other ternary and  quaternary compounds  by heat
or acids.
   282.  It is decompofed by the fulphuric and nitric acids, and by
heat.  The proportions of its  condituents are not afcertained.
   283. Acetites are  very foluble in water ;  are decompofed  by
heat, by expofure of their folutions to the air, and by the ftrcnger
acids.
   284. Acetic acid is trafparent and colorlefs, of an  extremely
pungent and acrid fmell, capable of reddening and bliftering  the
fkin.  It is very volatile,  and its vapor is  highly  inflammable.
It feems to differ from  acetous acid, in containing more  oxygen
and lefs carbon.
   285. Acetates are fcarcely known.
   286. Oxalic acid is obtained in  quadrangular crydals, tranfpa-
rent and colorlefs, of a very acid tade.   They are foluble in their
 own weight of water at 2120, and in about two waters at 650.   It
reddens the vegetable  blues readily.   Boiling  alcohol  diffolves
fomewhat more than half its weight, and at an ordinary tempera-
ture a little more than  one third.   It is foluble  in the muriatic
 and acetous acids.
   287. It is decompofed by heat,  fulphuric acid,  and nitric acid.
 According to Fourcroy, it confills of yj oxygen, 13 carbon,  and
 10 hydrogen.
   288. Oxalates are decompofed by heat; form a white precipitate
 with lime water, which  is foluble in acetous acid after being  ex-
 pofed to a red heat.  The earthy  oxalates  are very fparingly fo-
 luble in water; the alkaline oxalates are capable of combining with
 excefs of acid, and become lefs foluble.
   289. Tartarous acid varies in the form of its crydals ;  its fpe-
 cific gravity is 1.5962 ;  it is permanent in the  air ; it  is decom-
 pofed by  heat ; it diffolves readily in water,  and the folution  is
 pot decompofed  by expofure, unlefs  very  dilute; it  maybe 
44               Elements of Chemistry.           [Part I.

changed by nitric acid into oxalic  acid.  According to Foursroy
it confifts of 70.5 oxygen, 190 carbon, and 10.5 hydrogen.
   290. Tartrites, by  a red heat, are converted  into carbonates.
The earthy tartrites are  fcarcely  foluble  in water;  the alkaline
tartrites are foluble ; but when combined with excefs of acid, they
become much  lefs  foluble.  The tartarous  acid is  capable of
combining at the fame time with two bafes.   When tartrites are
digefted in fulphuric acid, the  tartarous acid is feparated,  and is
recognized  by  forming a gritty  precipitate  with a folution of
potafs.
   291. Citric acid cryftallizes in rhomboidal prifms, which fuffer
no change from  expofure to  the air, and have  an exceedingly
acid tafte.   When fufficiently heated, they melt,  fwell, and emit
fumes, and are partly fublimed unchanged, and partly decompof-
ed.  WaterT at  ordinary  temperatures,  diffolves §• of its  weight
of thefe cryftals, and at 2120 twice its weight.  The folution un-
dergoes fpontaneous decompofition very flowly.  Sulphuric acid
chars it, and forms  vinegar.  Nitric acid converts  it into oxalic
and acetous acids.
   292. Citrates are decompofed by the ftronger mineral acids, and
alfo by the oxalic and tartarous, which form an infoluble precip-
itate in their folutions.  The alkaline citrates are decompofed by
a folution of barytes.
   293. Malic acid is  a vifcid fluid,  incapable of cryftallization,
of a reddifh brown color,  and very acid tafte.   It  exifts in the
juice of apples, and combined with lime in that ot the common
houfeleek.   It forms  precipitates in the folution of the nitrates of
mercury, lead, and filver.
   294. Malates  having alkalies  for their bafe,  are  deliquefcent.
The acidulous malateof lime is  foluble in cold water.
   295. Laclic acid  is incapable of crystallizing, and is  deliquef-
cent.
   296. Laclates are deliquefcent, and foluble in alcohol.
   297. Gallic acid cryftallizes in brilliant colorlefs plates, of an
acid and fomewhat auftere  tafte, and of a peculiar  odour when
heated.  It may be fublimed without alteration, although a ftrong
heat decompofes it in part.  It is  not altered by  expofure to the
air, is foluble in i-§- ot water at 2120, and in 12 waters at 6o°, and
in tour times its weight  of alcohol.   It has a ftrong affinity for
metallic oxides, efpecially iron.  It precipitates gold, copper, and
filver brown, mercury orange, iron black, bifmuth  yellow, and
lead white.   It exifts  in  nutgalls,  and in moft aftringent vegeta-
ble fubftances.
   298. Gallates have not been examined.
   299. Mucous acid  is a white  gritty powder, of a flightly acid
tafte,  foluble in 80 times its weight of boiling water. 
Sect. I.]
Epitome of Chemistry.
45
   300. Mucites of  potafs and foda are cryftallizable.  Mucites
 with earthy and  metallic bafes are nearly infoluble.
   301. Benzoic acid cryftallizes in compreffed prifms of a pungent
 tafte and aromatic fmell.  It is fufible, and evaporates  by heat,
 for  the moft part, without change.  When brought  in contaa with
 flame, it catches fire, and leaves no residuum.   It is permanent in
 the air.  It is very fparingly foluble in cold water ;  but at 2120
 it diffolves in about 24  waters.  It is alfo foluble in hot acetous
 acid.   It is foluble, without change, in alcohol, in concentrated
 fulphuric and nitric acids, and is feparated from them by water.
   302. Benzoates,  little known,  but generally forming  feather
 fhaped cryftals, and foluble in water.
   303. Succinic acid crydallizes in tranfparent  white triangular
 prifms ; may be melted and fublimed, but fuffers  partial decom-
 pofition ;  more  foluble in hot than in cold water;  foluble in  hot
 alcohol.
   304. Succinates little known.
   305. Camphoric acid cryftallizes in white parallelopipeds of a
 flightly acid bitter  tafte, and fmell of  faffron,  efflorefcing in the
 air; fparingly foluble in cold water ; more foluble in hot  water ;
 foluble in alcohol, the mineral acids,  volatile and  unauous oils ;
 melting and fubliming by heat.
   306. Camphorates have commonly a bitter tafte, burn  with a
 blue flame before the blowpipe, and are decompofed by heat, the
 acid fubliming.
   307. Suberic acid is not cryftallizable, but is obtained either in
 the iorm of thin pellicles, or ot a powder.   At  6o° it requires 140
 times its weight of water for its folution ; at 2120  only  twice its
 weight.  When heated, it firft melts, then becomes  pulverulent,
 and at laft fublimes.  It changes  the blue color of a folution of
 indigo in fulphuric acid, ot the nitrate of copper,  and of the  ful-
 phate of copper to  green, and gives a yellow color  to  the green
 fulphate of iron, and to the  fulphate of zinc.
   308. Subefates have in general a bitter tafte, and are decompof-
 ed  by heat.
   309. Laccic acid is obtained in the form of a reddifh liquor, hav-
  ing a flightly bitter faltifh tafte, and the  fmell of new  bread, by
 expreffion from the white  lac of Madras  ; but on evaporation it
 affumes the form of acicular cryftals.   It rifes  in diftillation.   It
 decompofes with efflorefcence the carbonates of lime and foda.   11
 renders the nitrate  and muriate of barytes turbid.   It affumes a
 green color with lime water, and a purplifh  color with fulphate
 of iron ; andvprecipitates fuiphuret of lime white, tinaure of galls
 green, acetite of lead  reddifh, nitrate  of mercury  whitifh,  and
 tartrite of potafs in the fame way as  tartarous acid does, except
 that the precipitate is not foluble in potafs.
    j 10. Laccate  of lime bitterifh,  of foda deliquefcent.

\ 
  46             Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I,

   311. Sebacic acid has no fmell,.and a flightly acid tafte.  Itiscryf.
  tallizable,  melts  like fat, and  is not volatile.  It is fo  foluble in
  hot water as to become folid on refrigeration.  It is alfo very fo-
  luble in alcohol.   It precipitates the nitrates of lead, filver, and
 mercury, and theacetites of lead and mercury.  It does  not preci.
 pitate the waters of lime, baryta, or flrontia.
    312. Sedates are foluble falts.

                   Quaternary Acids.

    313. Pruffic acid is a colorlefs fluid, of a ftrong fmell, like that
 of peach flowers or bitter almonds, and a  fweetifh pungent tafte.
 It does not redden vegetable blues, and unites difficultly with the
 alkalies and earths.   It is  eafily decompofed by light, heat, or
 oxygenized muriatic acid.   It does not afct upon the metals, but
 forms colored and generally  infoluble  combinations with  their
 oxides.   It has a great tendency to form triple  falts with alkaline
 and metallic bafes.  It is obtained from animal fubftances by the
 aaion of heat, nitric acid, fixed alkalies, and putrefaaion.
   314. Pruffiates of alkalies are eafily decompofed even by carbo-
 nic acid.   They form varioufly colored precipitates in  the  folu-
 tions of the metallic falts, except thofe of platinum.
   315. Zo'onic acid has an auftere tafte, and reddens paper tinged
 with turnfol, and is volatilized at 2120.  It forms a white precip-
 itate  in the folutions  of acetite of lead, and nitrate of  mercury.
 it is  obtained by distilling animal fubftances.   Thenard fays it is
 only  impure acetous acid.
   316. Zoonates are not cryftallizable, and are little known.
   317. Amnic acid is obtained in white,  brilliant, acicular  cryf-
 tals, of an acid tafte, reddening  the tinaure of turnfol,  fparingly
 foluble in cold water, but fomewhat more foluble in hot water. It
 is foluble in alcohol.   It is decompofed by heat.
   318. Amnates.   Very foluble in water,  and the acid is precipi-
 tated  from them in the form of a white cryftalline powder, by the
 other acids.
  319. Uric acid is obtained in the form of acicular brilliant cryf-
 tals, of a pale yellow color, almoft infoluble in cold, and very fpar-
 ingly foluble in boiling water, but becoming very  foluble when
 combined with an excefs of potafs or foda.  It is decompofed at
 a high temperature, and furuifhes carbonate of ammonia, and car-
 bonic acid with very little oil or water, and leaves a charcoal which
 contains neither lime nor alkali.   It is alfo decompofed by the
 nitric and oxygenized muriatic aci'ds.
   320. The urates are almoft infoluble in water.  The fuburate*
of foda and potafs are very foluble, and the  uric acid is precipitat-
ed from their folutions even by  the carbonic acid-. 
Sect. II.]
Pharmaceutical Operations.         47
                SECT.  II.

PHARMACEUTICAL  OPERATIONS,
     Collection and Preservation of Simples.

   i. XLACH of the kingdoms of  nature furnifhes articles which
are employed  in medicine, either in  their natural  ftate or after
they have been prepared by the art of pharmacy.
   2. In colleaing thefe, attention muft be paid to felea fuch as
are mod found and  perfea, to feperate from them whatever is in-
jured or decayed, and to free them from all foreign matters adher-
ing to them.
   3. Thofe precautions muft be taken which are beft  fitted  for
preferving them.   They muft  in general be  defended  from  the
effeas of moifture,  too great heat, or cold, and confined air.
   4. When  their  aaivity  depends  on volatile  principles they
muft be preferved  from  the contaa of the air as much  as poffi-
ble.
   5. As the vegetable kingdom prefents us with the greateft num-
ber of fimples, and the fubftances belonging to it  are the leaft con-
ftant in their properties, and moft fubjea to decay, it becomes nec-
effary to give a few general rules for their colleaion and prefer-
vation.
   6. Vegetable matters fhould be colleaed in the countries where
they are indigenous; and thofe which grow wild, in dry foils, and
high fituations, fully expofed to the air and fun,  are in general to
be preferred  to thofe which are cultivated, or which grow in moift,
low, fhady, or confined places.
   7. Roots which are annual, fhould be colleaed before they fhoot
out their ftalks or flowers ;  biennial roots in the harveft of the frrft,
or fpring of  the fecond year ; perennial  roots either in fpring  be-
fore the fap has begun to mount, or in harveft, after it has return-
ed.
   8. Thofe which are worm eaten or decayed are to be rejeaed.
The others are immediately to be cleaned with  a brufh and cold
water, letting them lie in it as fhort  time as poffible ; and the fi-
bres and   little roots, when noteffential,are to be cut away. 
48            Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part L

   9. Roots which confift principally of fibres, and have but a fmall
tap may be immediately  dried.   If they be juicy,  and not  aro-
matic, this  may be done by heat, not exceeding 1000 of  Fahren-
heit ; but  if aromatic,  by fimply expofing them, and frequently
turning them in a  current of cold, dry  air  :   If very  thick and
ftrong, they are to be fplit or cut  into flices, and  ftrung  upon
threads; it  covered with a tough bark, they may be  pealed  frefh,
and then dried.  Such as  lofe their- virtues by drying, or are di-
reaed to be preferved in a frefh ftate, are to be kept buried in dry
fand.
   10. No  very general rule can be given for the  colkaion of
herbs and leaves,  fome  of them acquiring aaivity from their age,
and others  ?s the mucilaginous leaves,  from the  fame  caufe, lof-
ing the property for which they are officinal. Aromatics are to be
colleaed after  the flower buds are formed;  annuals, not aromatic,
when they  are  about to flower, or*wnan in flower ; biennials, be-
fore they fhoot ; and perennials, before they flower, efpecially  if
their fibres  become woody.
   11. They are to be gathered in  dry  weather, after the dew is
off them, or in the evening before  it  falls, and are to  be  freed
from decayed,  withered or foreign leaves.   They are ufually tied
in bundles,  and hung up in a fhady, warm, and airy place ; or fpread
upon the floor, and frequently turned.   If very juicy,  they are
laid  upon a fieve,  and  dried by  a gentle degree of artificial
warmth.
   12. Sprouts  are colleaed before the buds open ;  and  ftalks are
gathered in autumn.
   13. Barks and woods are colleaed  when the moft aaive part
of the vegetables are concentrated in  them,  which happens in
fpring and in autumn. Spring is preferred for. refinous barks, and
autumn  for the others, which are not refinous, but rather gummy.
Barks fhould be taken from young  trees, and freed from  decayed
parts, and all impurities.
   14. The  fame rules direa  the colleaion of woods ; but they
muft not be taken from very young trees.  Among the refinous
woods, theheavieft,  which fink in water, are feleaed. The albur-
num is to be rejeaed.
   15. Flowers are  colleaed in clear dry weather, before noon,
but after the dew  is off; either when they are juft about to open,
or immediately after they have opened.   Of fome the petals only
are preferved,  and the colorlefs  claws  are  even cut  away ; of
others, whofe calyx is odorous, the whole flower is  kept. Flowers
which are too fmall to be  pulled fingly, are dried with part of the
flalk : Thefe are called heads or  tops.
   16. Flowers  are to be dried nearly as leaves, but more quickly,
and^with  more attention.   As they muft not  be expofed to the
fun, it is beft done by a flight degree of artificial warmth. 
Sect. II.]      Pharmaceutical Operations.            49

  17. Seeds and fruits, unlefs when otherwife direfled, are to be
gathered when ripe,  but before they fall fpontaneoufly.  Some
pulpy fruits are freed  from their  core and  feeds,  fining upon
threads, and dried artificially.   They are in  general beft preferv-
ed in their natural coverings,  although  fome, as the  colocynth,
are peeled, and  others, as the tamarind, preferved  frefh.  Many
Of thefe are apt  to fpoil, or become rancid;  and as  they are then
no longer fit for medical  ufe, no  very large quantity  of them
fhould be colleaed at a time.
  18. The proper drying of vegetable fubftances is of the great-
eft importance.   It is often direaed to be done in the fhade  and
flowly, that the volatile and aaive particles  may not be diffipated
by too great heat; but this  is an error, for they always lofe in-
finitely more by flow  than by quick drying.  When,  on account
of the color, they cannot be expofed to the fun, and the warmth
of the atmofphere is infufficient, they fhould be dried  by  an ar-
tificial warmth,  lefs than 1000 Fahrenheit, and well expofed to a
current of air.   When perfeaiy dry and friable, they have little
fmell ; but after being kept fome time, they attraft moifture from
the air, and regain their proper odour.
   19. The boxes and  drawers in which vegetable matters are
kept, fhould not impart to them any fmell or tafte;  and more cer-
tainly to avoid  this, they fhould be lined with paper.   Such as are
volatile, of a delicate texture, or  fubjea to fuffer from infeas,
muft be kept in well covered glaffes.  Fruits and  oily feeds,
which are apt to become rancid, muft be kept in a cool and dry,
but by no means in a warm or moift place.
   20. Oily feeds, odorous plants,  and thofe containing volatile
principles, muft be colleaed frefh every year.  Others,  whofe
properties are more permanent, and  not fubjea to decay,  will
keep for feveral years.
   21. Vegetables colle&ed in a moift and  rainy feafon,  are  in
general more watery and apt  to fpoil.  In a dry  feafon, on the
contrary, they contain more oily and refinous particles, and  keep
much better.

        Mechanical Operations of  Pharmacy.
     a. The determination  of the  weight and bulk of bodies.
     b. The division of bodies into more minute particles.
      c. The feparation of their  integrant  parts by  mechanical
       means.
      d. Their mixture, when  not  attended by any  chemical ac-
        tion.
   ^. The  quantities of fubftances employed in pharmaceutical
 •perations are moft accurately determined  by the  procefs called
 weighing.  For this  purpofe, there fhould be fets of beams aad 
80
Elements of Pharmacy.
[Part I.
 fcales of different fizes ; and it would be advifable to have a dou-
 ble fet, one for ordinary  ufe, and  another for occafions  when
 greater accuracy is neceffary.  A good  beam  fhould  remain in
 equilibrium without the fcales, and when the fcales are changed j
 and it fhould turn fenfibly  with a very  fmall proportion of th«
 weight with which it is loaded.  Balances fhould be defended as
 much as poffible from acid and other corrofive vapors, and fhould
 not be left fufpended longer than is  neceffary, as it impairs their
 delicacy  very much.  For the fame  reafon, balances fhould nev-
 er be overloaded.
   23. The want of uniformity of weights and meafures is attend-
 ed with many inconveniencies.   In  this  country,  druggifts and
 grocers fell by avoirdupois weight ;  and apothecaries are direaed
 to fell by troy weight, although, in faa, they feldom ufe the troy
 weight for more than two drachms.   Hence arife numerous and
 culpable  errors, the troy pounds being  lefs  than  the avoirdupois,
 and the ounce and drachm being greater.   Comparative tables of
 the value of the troy, avoirdupois, and  new  French decimal
 weights, are given in the Appendix.
   24. The errors arising from the promifcuous ufe of weights
 and meafures, have  induced the Edinburgh and  Dublin Colleges
 to rejea the ufe of meafures entirely, and to direa, that the quan-
 tities ot every thing fluid, as  well as  folid, fhall be determined by
 troy weight :  But as the London College have given their  fanc-
 tion to the ufe of meafures, and as, from the much greater facil-
 ity ot their employment, apothecaries will always ufethem, tables
 of meafures are alfo inferted in the Appendix.
   25. For meafuring fluids, the graduated glafs  meafures  are al-
 ways to be preferred : They fhould  be of different  fizes, accord-
ing to the quantities they are intended to meafure.   Elaftic fluids
are alfo meafured in glafs tubes, graduated by inches and their de-
cimals.
   26. Specific gravity is the weight  of a determinate bulk of any
 body.  As a ftandard of companion, diftilled water has been af-
 fumed as unity.   The fpecific gravity of folids is afcertained, by
 comparing the  weight  of the body in  the air with its .weight
 when fufpended in water.   The quotient obtained  by dividing its
 weight in air, by the difference between its weight in air and
 its weight in water, is its fpecific gravity.  The fpecific gravity
 of fluids  may be afcertained by comparing the  weight of a folid
 body,  fuch as a piece  of cryftal, when immerfed in diftilled wa-
 ter, with its weight when  immerfed in the fluid we with to ex-
 amine ; by dividing its weight in the water by its  weight in the
 fluid, the quotient is the fpecific gravity of the fluid: Or  a fmall
 phial, containing a known weight of diftilled water, may be filled
 with the  fluid to be examined and weighed, and by dividing  the 
Sect. II.]      Pharmaceutical Operationsi             SI

weight of the water by the weight of the fluid,  the fpecific grav-
ity is afcertained.
  27. Although thefe are the only  general principles  by  which
fpecific gravities are afcertained, yet as the refult is always influenc-
ed by the ftate of  the thermometer and barometer at the time o£
the experiments, and as the manipulation is a work of great nicety,
various ingenious inftruments have been contrived to render  the
procefs and  calculation eafy.   Of all thefe^ the gravimeter of
Morveau feems to deferve the preference*.

                 Mechanical Division.
  28. By mechanical division, fubftances are reduced to a form
better adapted for medical purpofes ;  and by  the increafe of their
furface, their aaion is promoted, both as medical  and chemical
agents.
  29. It is performed by cutting, bruifing, grinding, grating; rafp-
ing, filing, pulverization, trituration, and granulation, by means
of machinery or of proper inftruments.
  go. Pulverization is the firft of  thefe operation^  that is com-
monly employed in  the  apothecary's fhop.  It is performed by
means of peftles and mortars.  The bottom of the mortars fhould
be concave;  and their fides fhould neither be fo inclined as not to
allow the  fubftances operated on to  fall to  the  bottom between
each ftroke of the peftle, nor fo  perpendicular as to collea it too
much together,  and to retard the operation.  The materials of
which the peftles and mortars are formed, fhould-refift both the
mechanical and chemical aaion  of the fubftances for which  they
are ufed.   Wood,  iron, marble, filiceous ftones, porcelain, and
glafs, are all employed ;  but copper, and  metals  containing cop-
per, are to be avoided.
   31. They fhould be provided with covers, to prevent the fineft
and lighteft. parts from efcaping, and to defend the operator from
the effeas of difagreeable or noxious fubftances.  But thefe ends
are more completely attained by tying a piece of pliable  leather
round the peftle and round the mouth of  the mortar,   it muft be
clofely applied, and at the fame time fo  large, as  to permit the
free motion of the peftle.
   32. In fome inftances, it will  be even  neceffary for the opera-
tor to cover his mouth and noftrils with a wet cloth, and to ftand
with his  back  to a current of air, that the  very acrid particles
which arife may be carried from him.
   33. The addition of a  little water or fpirit  of wine,  or  of a
Few almonds, to very light and dry fubftances, will  prevent  their
 flying off.  But almonds are apt toinducerancidity, and powders
are always injured by the drying  which  is neceffary  when  they
                  * Sec NUfaolfon's Journal, V»l. I.
                2 
52             Elements of Pharmacy.            [Part I.

have been moiftened.   Water muft never be added to fubftances
which abforb it, or are rendered cohefive by it.
  34. Too great a quantity ot any fubftance muft never be put in-
to the mortar at a time, as it very much retards tfte operation.
  35. All vegetable fubftance muft be previoufly dried.  Refins
and gummy refins, which become  foft in fummer, muft be pow-
dered in Very cold weather.   Wood, roots, barks, horn, bone, ivo-
ry, &c; muft be previoufly  cut, fpHt, chipped, or rafped.   Seme
fubftances will even  require to be moiftened with  mucilage of
tragacanth,  or of ftarch, and then dried before they can be pow-
dered.   Camphor may  be conveniently powdered by the addition
of a little fpiritof wine, or almond oil.
  36. All impurities and inert parts having been previoufly  fep-
arated, the operation muft be continued and repeated upon veg-
etable fubftances, till no refiduum is left.  The powders obtained
at different times muft  then be intimately  mixed together, fo as
to bring  the whole to a ftate of perfea uniformity.
  37. Very hard ftony  fubftances muft  be repeatedly heated  to
a red heat, and then fuddenly quenched in cold water, until they
become fufficiently friable.   Some metals may  be  powdered hot
in a heated iron mortar, or  may be rendered brittle  by alloying
them  with a little mercury.
  38. Trituration is intended for the ftill more minute division of
bodies.   It is performed in flat mortars of glafs, dgate, or  other
hard materials, by giving a  rotatory motion to the peftle ; or on a
levigating ftone,  which is generally ot porphyry, by means of a
muller ot the fame fubftance.  On large quantities it is performed
by rollers of hard ftone, turning horizontally  upon each ether, or
by one vertical roller turning on a flat ftone.
  39. The fubftances  fubjeaed to this operation  are generally
previoufly powdered or ground.
  40. Levigation differs from trituration only in the  addition of
Water or fpirit of wine to the powder operated upon, fo  as  to
form the whole mafs into a kind of pafte, which is rubbed until
it be of fufficient fmoothnefs or finenefs.   Earths, and fome me-
tallic fubftances, are levigated.
  41. Granulation is employed for the  mechanical division  of
feme metals.  It is performed, either by ftirring the melted metal
with an  iron rod until it cools,  or  by pouring  it into water, and
ftirring it continually as before, or by pouring it into a covered box,
previoufly well rubbed with chalk, and fhakingit  until the metal
cools,  when  the  rolling motion will be converted into a rattling
one.  The adhering chalk is then to be wafhed away.
  42. Sifting. From dry fubftances,  which  are reduced to the
due degree ot minutenefs, the coarfer particles are to be feparated
by fieves of iron wire,  haircloth or  gauze, or  by being  dufted
through  bags of find linen.   For very light and valuable powders, 
 Sect. II.]      Pharmaceutical Operations.             53

 or acrid  fubftances,  compound fieves, having a  clofe  lid and
 receiver muft be ufed.  The particles which are not of fufficient
 finenefs to pafs through the interftices of the fieve, may be again
 powdered.
   43. Elutriation is confined to mineral fubftances, on which wa-
 ter has no aaion.   It is performed for feparating them from for-
 eign particles  and impurities, of a different fpecific gravity, in
 which cafe they arefaidto be wafhed ; or for feparating the im-
 palpable  powders, obtained by trituration and levigation from
 the coarfer particles.   This  procefs depends upon the property
 that very fine or light powders have of remaining  for fome time
 fufpended in  water ; and is performed by diffufing  the powder or
 pafte formed  by levigation through plenty  of water,  letting  it
 ftand a fufficient time,  until the  coarfer particles fettle  at  the
 bottom, and then pouring off the liquid in  which the  finer or
 lighter particles are fufpended.   Frefh water may  be poured on
 the refiduum, and the operation repeated; or the coarfer particles,
 which fall to  the bottom, may be previoufly  levigated a fecond
 time.
   44.  Decantation. The fine powder which  is wafhed over with
 the water, is  feparated from  it, by allowing  it  to  fubfide  com-
 pletely, and by either decanting off the water very carefully, or
 by drawing it off by  a fyringe or fyphon.  Thefe  proceffes are
 very  frequently made ufe  of for feparating  fluids  from folids
 which are fpecifically heavier, efpecially  when the quantity is
 very large, or the folid fo fubtile as to pafs through the  pores of
 moft fubftances employed for filtration, or the liquid fo acrid as
 to corrode them.
   45.  Filtration.  For the fame purpofe of feparating fluids from
 folids, draining and filtration are often ufed.   Thefe differ only
 in degree, and are employed when the powder either does not fub-
 fide at all,  or too flowly and  imperfeaiy for decantation.
   46.  Tbe inftruments for this purpofe are of various materials,
 and muft in no inftance bea6ledupon by the fubftances for which
 they are employed.    Fats,  refins, wax  and  oils, are  ftrained
 through hemp or flax  fpread evenly over a piece of wirecloth or
 net ftretched in a  frame.  For faccharine and mucilaginous liq-
 uors,  fine flannel  may be ufed ; for fome faline folutions, linen.
 Where thefe  are not fine enough, unfized paper is employed ; and
 very acrid  liquors, fuch as acids, are filtered  by means of a glafs
 funnel, filled with  powdered quartz, a few of the larger pieces be-
 ing put in the neck, fmaller pieces over thefe, and the finer pow-
der placed ever all.  The porofity of this  laft filter retains  much
of the liquor;  but it may be  obtained by gently pouring on  it as
much diftilled water ; the liquor will  then pafs through, and the
water be retained in its place.
               3 
54            Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I.

   47. Water may  be filtered in  large  quantities  through bafins
of porous ftone, or artificial bafins  of nearly equal .parts of fine
clay and coarfe fand.  Mr. Collier of Southwark has lately obtain-
ed a patent lor a very ingenious combination of hydroftatic  pref-
fure, with the mode of filtering per afcenfum ; thereby procuring
the new and peculiar advantage,that the fluid and itsfediment take
opposite direaions.
   48. The fize of the filters depends  on the quantity of matter to
be drained.   vVhen large, the flannel or linen  is  formed into  a
conical  bag, and fufpended from a hoop or frame;  the paper is
either fpread on the infide of thefe bags, or folded  into  a conical
form, and fufpended by a funnel.  It is of advantage to  introduce
glafs rods or quillbarrels between the paper  and funnel, to prevent
"them from  adhering too clofely.
   49. What paffes fird is feldom fine enough, and muft be pour-
ed back again, until by the fwellingof the fibres of the filter, or
filling up of its pores, the fluid acquires  the requifite  degree of
limpidity.   The filter is fometimes covered with  charcoal pow-
der, which is a ufeful addition to muddy and deepcolored liquors.
The filtration of  fome vifcid fubftances  in  much  affifted by
heat.
   50. Expreffion is a fpecies of filtration, affifted by  mechanical
force.   It is principally employed to  obtain  the juices of frefh
Vegetables, and the unauous vegetable oils.  It is performed by
means of a fcrew prefs  with  plates of  wood,   iron or tin.  The
fubjea of the  operation is previoufly beaten, ground or bruifed.
It is then inclofed in a bag, which  muft not be too much filled,
and introduced between the plates of the prefs.  The bags fhould
be of hair cloth, or canvafs inclofed in hair cloth.  Hempen and
woolen  bags are apt to give vegetable juices a  difagreeable  tafte.
The preffure fhould be gentle at firft, and increafed gradually. "
   51. Vegetables intended for this operation fhould be perfeaiy
frefh and freed from all impurities.  In general  they  fhould be
expre-fftd as foon as they are bruifed, for they are apt to ferment;
but fubacid fruits give a larger quantity of juice and of finer qual-
ity,  when  they are allowed to ftand fome days in a wooden or
earthen  veffel after they are bruifed.  To fome vegetables which
are not juicy enough of themfelves, the addition of a little water
is neceffary.  Lemons and oranges  muft be  peeled, as  their fkins
contain  a great deal of effential  oil, which would •> mix  with the
juice.   The oil itfelf may be  obtained  feparately, by expreffion
with the fingers againft a plate of glafs.
   52. For unauous feeds iron plates are ufed ;  and it is cuftomary
not only to  heat the plates, but to warm the bruifed,feeds  in  a
kettle over the fire, after they have been fprinkled with fome wa-
ter, as by thefe means the produa is  increafed, and the oil obtain-
ed is more limpid.  But as their difpdfition to rancidity is increaf- 
Sect. II.]      Pharmaceutical Operations.            55

ed by it, if poffible this praaice fhould be laid afide, or confined
to expofing the bruifed feeds, inclofed in a bag, to the fleam ot
hot water.
  53. Defpumation is generally  praaifed on  thick and clammy
liquors, which contain much flimy and other impurities, not eafily
feparable by filtration.   The fcara arifes either by fimply heating
the liquor, or by clarifying it, which is done by mixing with the
liquor, when cold, the white of  egg well beaten, with a little wa-
ter, which on being heated coagulates, and entangling the impu-
rities of the liquor,  rifes with them to the furface, and may  be
eafily removed by a perforated ladle.  Or the liquor may now be
filtered with eafe.   Spirituous liquors  are clarified by means ot
ifinglafs diffolved in water, or any albuminous fluid, fuch as milk,
which coagulates by the a£lion of the alcohol without the affift-
ance of heat.
  54. Fluids can only be feparated from  each other, when  they
have no tendency to combine, and when  they differ in fpecific
gravity.   The feparation may be effbaed, by flamming  off the
lighter fluid with a  fllver or glafs fpoon ;   or by drawing it off
by a fyringe or fyphon ; or by means of a glafs ieparatory, which
is an inftrument having a projeaing  tube, terminating in a very
flender point, through which the heavier fluid alone is  permitted
to run ; or by means of the capillary attraaion of a fpongy wool-
len thread ; for no fluid will enter a fubftance whofe pores are fill-
ed by another,  for which it has  no attraaion ;  and,  laftly,  upon
the fame principle by means of a filter of unfized paper, previouf-
ly foaked in one of the fluids, which  in  this way readily paffes
through it while the other remains behind.
  gg. Mechanical  mixture is performed by agitation, trituration,
or kneading ; but thefe will be beft confidered in  treating of the
forms in  which medicines are exhibited.

                        Apparatus.
  g5. Before entering on the chemical  operations, it will be ne-
ceffary to make a few remarks on the inftruments  employed in
performing them.  They may be divided into,
     a. The veffels in which the eflfeas are performed.
     b. The means of producing heat; or fuel; and,
     c. The means of applying and regulating the heat; or lamps
       and furnaces.

                         Vessels.
  57. The veffels, according to  the  purpofes for which they are
intended, vary,
     a. In form, and,
     b. In materials.
                    4
4 
56               Elements of Pharmacy.          [Part I.

  58. The different forms will be beft defcribed when treating of
the particular operations.                                ••
  59. No fubftance poffeffes properties  which  would render it
proper to be employed as a  material in every inftance.  We  are
therefore obliged to felea thofe fubftances which poffefs the prop-
erties more efpecially required in the particular  operations  for
which they are intended.
  60. The properties moft generally required, are
     a. The pow«r of refilling chemical agents.
     b. Tranfparency.
     c. Compaanefs.
     d. Strength.
     e. Fixity and infufibility.
    f. And the power of bearing fudden variations  of tempera-
       ture without breaking.
  61. The metals in general poflefs the four laft  properties in
eonfiderable perfeaion, but  they are all opaque.   Iron and cop-
per are apt to be corroded by chemical agents, and the ufe of the
latter is often attended by dangerous confequences.   Thefe defeas
are  in fome meafure, but not entirely, remedied by tinning them.
Tin and lead are too fufible.   Platinum, gold and filver refift
moft of the chemical agents, but their expenfe is an infurmounta-
ble  objeaion to their general ufe.
  62. Good earthen ware refills the greateft intensity of heat, but
is deficient in all the  other properties.  The bafis of all kinds of
earthen ware is clay, which poffeffes the valuable quality  of  be-
ing very plaftic when wrought with  water, and of becoming  ex-
tremely hard when burnt with an intenfe heat.   But it contra£ts
fo much by heat, that it is extremely apt to crack and fplit on be-
ing expofed to fudden changes  of temperature ; it is therefore ne-
ceffary to add fome fubdance which may counteraft this property.
Siliceous fand, clay reduced to powder, and then  burnt with a
very intenfe  heat,  and plumbago, are occasionally ufed.  Thefe
additions, however, are attended with other inconveniences ; plum-
bago efpecially is liable to combuftion,  and fand diminifhcs  the
compatlnefs  ; fo that when  not glazed, they are porous, and when
glazed they are aaed upon by  chemical  agents.  The  chemical
veffels, manufaaured by Meffrs.Wedgewood, are the beft of this
defcription, except porcelain, which is too expenfive.
   63. Glafs  poffeffes  the three firft qualities in an  eminent de»
gree, and may be heated red hot without melting.   Its greateft in-
convenience is its difpofition to crack or break in pieces when fud-
denly heated or cooled.  As this is  occafioned by its unequal ex-
panfion or contraaion, it is beft remedied by forming the veffels
very thin, and giving them in general a rounded form.   Glafs
yelfels fhould alfo be well annealed, that is,  cooled  very  flowly, 
Sect. II.]          Pharmaceutical Operations.          57

after being blown, by placing them immediately in an oven while
they are yet in a foft ftate.  When ill annealed, or cooled fudden-
ly, glafs is apt to fly in pieces on the flighted change of tempera-
ture, or touch of a fharp point.  We may fometimes take advan-
tage of this imperfeaion; for by means of a red hot wire, glafs vef-
fels may be cut into any fliape. When there is not a crack already
in the glafs, the point of the wire is applied near the edge, a crack
is formed, which is afterwards eafily led in  any direction we
wifh.
  64. Reaumeur's porcelain, on the contrary, is glafs, which by
furrounding it with hot fand, is made to cool  fo flowly, that it af-
fumes a cryftalline texture, which deftroys  its trafparensy, but
imparts to it every other quality  wifhed for  in chemical veffels.
The coarfer kinds of glafs are commonly ufed in making it ; but
as there is no manufacture of this valuable fubftance, its employ-
ment is ftill very limited.

                         Lutes.

  6g. Lutes alfo form a neceffary part  of  chemical apparatus.
They are compositions of various fubftances intended
     a. To clofe the joinings of veffels.
     b. To coat glafs veffels.
     c. To line furnaces.
  66. Lutes of the firft defcription  are commonly  employed te
confine elaftic vapors.  They fhould therefore poffefs the follow-
ing properties :
     a. Compaanefs.
     b. The power of refilling acrid vapors.
     C. The power of refilling a certain intenfity of heat.
     d. Facility of removal after the operation.
  67. Vifcid fubftances, as flour, ftarch, and gum, poffefs the firft
and laft properties in a fufficient degree ; they are therefore  em-
ployed when the heat is  moderate, and the vapor not corrosive.
They are  mixed with water, and fpread upon flips of paper or lin-
en,  which are wrapped round the joinings of the veffels, and, if
neceffary,  fecured with thread.  Slips ot bladder macerated in wa-
ter, and applied with the infide next  the veffels, are  employed ia
the  fame circumftances ; but from their great contraaionon dry-
ing, they are apt to break weak veffels. A pafte formed of almond
or linfeed  meal, and water, or mucilage, forms  a  very clofe  and
plaftic lute, which is eafily removed.
  68. Quicklime well incorporated  with a fixth part of  muriate
of foda, or  with white of egg diluted with water, applied on flips of
finen, dries eafily,and becomes very hard.  It is ufed for thediftil- 
58             Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I.

lation of the concentrated acids; but for this purpofe burnt  gyp-
fum and water is preferable.  Both thefe lutes muft be ufed as foon
as they are prepared, as they harden very quickly.
  69. Chalk  and oil, or glaziers putty, is a very compaa lute.
As it becomes fo hard as not to be eafily removed, it is principally
ufed for luting tubes into veffels for pneumatic purpofes.
  70. A pafte of  powdered clay and drying oil,  or what is  ftill
better, amber  varnifh,  is very clofe,  adhefive and plaftic,  and is
eafily removed ; but as it foftens with heat, it muft be fecured by
flips of linen and thread, and will not adhere to the veffels unlefs
they be perfeaiy dry.
  71. Clay and fand, in the proportion of one to four, form an ex-
cellent lute, capable of refilling very high temperatures,  and  the
greateft number of corrofive fubftances.
  72. Eight parts of yellow wax melted with one  of  oil of tur-
pentine, with or without the addition of fome refinous fubftances,
according to the degree of pliability and confiftence required, form
a very clofeand compaa  lute,  through which  the moft fubtile
corrofive vauors will not efcape.  But  it is foftened and liquefied
by heat, therefore cannot be ufed for purpofes where high tern*
peratures are required.
  y^. The lute employed for the coating of glafs  veffels, with the
intention of making them ftronger and  capable of rcfifting vio-
lent heats, without foftening, confifts of  four parts  of fand and one
of clay, made into a very thin mafs, and applied in fucceffive lay-
ers, taking care that each coat be perfeaiy  dry before another be
laid on.
  74. The lutes for lining furnaces will be defcribed when treat-
ing of furnaces.
  75. The junaure  of veffels which are to  be luted to  each other,
muft previoufly be  accurately  and firmly  fitted,  by introducing
between them, when neceffary, fhort bits of wood or cork, or, if
the difproportion be very great, by means of a cork fitted to  the
one veffel, having a  circular hole bored through it, through which
the  neck of the other veffel or tube paffes.
  y6. After being thus fitted, the lute isrolled and worked between
the fingers till it be  foftened, and is then formed into fmall cylin-
ders, which are fucceffively applied to the junaures, taking  care
that each piece be made  to adhere firmly and  perfectly  clofe in
every part before another is put on.   Laftly, the whole is fecured
by the flips of linen or bladder.
  jj. In many cafes to permit the efcape of elaftic  vapors, a
fmall  hole is made through the lute with a pin, or the lute is per-
forated by a fmall quill, fitted with a ftopper. 
Sect. II.]          Pharmaceutical Operations.
                    Heat and Fuel.

  78. As caloric is an agent of the moll extensive utility in the
chemical operations of pharmacy, it is neceffary that we fhould be
acquainted with the means of employing it in the moft economic-
al and efficient manner.
  79. The rays of the fun are ufed in the drying of many vegetable
fubftances, and the only attentions neceffary are to expofe as large
a furface as poffibJe, and to turn them frequently, that every part
may be dried alike.  They are alfo fometimes ufed for promoting
fpontaneous evaporations.
  80. The combuftion of different fubftances  is a  much  more
powerful and certain fource of heat.   Alcohol, oil, tallow, wood,
turf, coal, charcoal and coke, are all occafionally employed.
   81.  Alcohol, oil, and melted tallow, are burnt in lamps of va-
rious conftruaions. Thefe afford a very uniform, though not very
high temperature.   Alcohol has the great advantage of burning
without fmoke.  But oil burnt upon a cylindrical wick, fo contriv-
ed  that the air has free accefs both to the outfide and to the infide
of the cylinder, as in Arg2^d's lamp, may be made to produce a
 confiderable temperature of great uniformity, and without the in-
 convenience of fmoke.
    82. Wood, turf, coal, charcoal, and coke, are burnt in  grates
 and furnaces.  Wood has the advantage of kindling  readily, but
 affords a very unfteady temperature, is inconvenient from us flame
 fmoke, and foot, and  requires much attention.  The heavy and
 denfe woods give the greateft heat, burn longeft, and leave a denle

    83  Dry turf gives a permanent heat, and does not require fo
 much attention as wood ; but its fmoke is copious and penetrating,
 and the empyreumatic fmell which it imparts to every thing it
 comes in  contaa with, adheres to them with great obftinacy.
 The heavy turf of marfhes is preferable to the light fuperhcial

    84 Coal is the fuel moft commonly ufed in this country.  Its
 heat is confiderable and  fufficiently permanent,  but it  produces
 much flame and fmoke.
    85 Charcoal, efpecially of the denfe woods, is a very conven-
  ient and excellent fuel.  'It burns without flame or fmoke,  and
  gives a ftrong uniform, and permanent  heat which may be eali.y
  regulated, efpecially when it is not in too large pieces, and  is a
  little damp.                     _  „  .,          .       ,
     86. Coke, or charred coal, poffeffes fimilar properties to char-
  coal. It is lefs eafily kindled, but is capable of producing a .nguer
  temperature. 
 60             Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I,

   87. When  an open grate is ufed  for chemical purpofes,  it
 fliould be provided with cranes to fupport the veffels operated in,
 that they may not be overturned by the burning away of the
 fuel.

                         Furnaces.

   88. In all furnaces the principal objefts are,  to produce a fuf-
 ficient degree of heat,  with little confumption of fuel, and to be
 able to regulate the degree of heat.
   89. An unneceffary expenditure of fuel is prevented by form.
 ing the fides of the furnace of very imperfea conduaors of calo-
 ric, and by conftruaing it fo that the fubjeft  operated on  may be
 expofed  to the full aaion of the fire.
   90. The  degree of heat is  regulated  by  the quantity of air
 which comes in contaa with the burning fuel.   The quantity of
 air is in the compound ratio of the  fize of the aperture through
 which it enters and its velocity.  The velocity itfelf is increafed
 by mechanical means, as by bellows, or by increafing the height
 and width of the chimney.
   9iyThe fize and form of furnaces, and the  materials  of which
 they are  conftruaed, are various, according to  the  purpofes  for
 which they  are intended.
   92. The effential parts of a furnace are,
     a. A body for the fuel to burn in.
     b. A grate for it to burn upon.
     c. An afh pit  to admit  air and receive the afhes.
     d. A chimney for carrying off the fmoke and vapors.
   93.  The afh pit fhould be perfeaiy clofe, and furniflied with
 a door and  regifter plate,  to regulate the quantity of  air admit-
 ted.
   94. The bars of the  grate fhould be triangular, and placed with
 an angle  pointed downwards,  and not above  half an inch diftatvt.
 The grate fhould be fixed on the outfide of the body.
   95. The body may be cylindrical or elliptical, and it muft have
 apertures  for  introducing the fuel and the fubjeas of the opera-
 tion, and for conveying away the fmoke and vapors.
   96. When the combuftion is fupported by  the current  of  air
 naturally excited bv the burning of the fuel, it is called a wind-
 furnace ; when it is accelerated  by increafing the velocity of  the
 current by bellows, it forms a blaft furnace ;  and when the body
 of the  furnace is covered with a dome, which terminates in  the
 chimney, it  conftitutes a revcrberatory furnace.
  97. Furnaces are either fixed, and built of fire brick, or porta-
ble, ar»d fabricated of plate iron.  When of iron, they muft, be lin- 
Sect. II.]          Pharmaceutical Operations.         61

eel with fome badly conduaing and'refraaory fubftance, both to
prevent the dissipation of heat, and to defend the iron againft the
aaion of the fire. A mixture of fcales of iron and powdered titles
Worked up with blood, hair, and clay, is much recdmmended ; and
Profeffor Hagen fays, thas it is lefs apt to fplit and crack when ex-
pofed at once to a violent heat, than when dried gradually, accord-
ing to the common direaions.  Dr. Black employed two different
coatings.  Next to the. iron he applied a compofition of three parts
by weight of charcoal, and one of fine clay.  Thefe are firft mixed
in the ftate of fine powder, and then worked up with as  much wa-
ter as will permit the mafs to be formed into balls, which are ap-
plied to the fides of the furnace, and beat very firm and compaa
with the face of a broad  hammer, to the  thicknefs of  about one
inch and a half in general,but fo as to give an elliptical form to the
cavity.  Over this, another lute, compofed of fix or feven parts of
fand, and one of clay, is to be applied in the fame manner, to the
thicknefs of about half an inch.   Thefe lutes  muft be allowed to
become perfeaiy dry before the  furnace  is heated, which fhould
at firft be done  gradually.
   98. Heat may be applied to veffels employed in chemical ope-
raions,
     a.  Direflly, as in the open fire and reverberatory furnace.
     b.  Or through the medium of fand ; the fand bath.
     c.  Of water ;  the water bath.
     d.  Of fleam ; the vapor bath.
     e. Of air, as in the muffle.

                Chemical Operations.

   99. In all chemical operations, combination takes  place,  and
there are very few of them in which decompofition does not alfo
occur.  For the fake of method,  we fhall confider them as princi-
pally intended to produce,
     a.  A change in the form of aggregation.
     b.  Combination.
     c. Decompofition.
   100. The form of aggregation may be altered by,
     a.  Fufion.
     b.  Vaporization.
     c.  Condenfation.
     d.  Congelation.
     e.  Coagulation.
   101. Fufion  is the conversion of a folid into a liquid  by the
fole agency of caloric. Subftances differ very much in the degrees 
<J2
Elements of Pharmacy.
[Parti.
of their fufibility ;  fome, as water and mercury, exifting as fluids
in the ordinary temperatures of the atmofphere ; while others, as
the  pure earths, cannot be melted by any heat we can produce.
  102. Liquejaclion is commonly employed to exprefs the melting
of fubftances, as tallow, wax, refin, &c. which pafs through inter-
mediate ftates of foftnefs, before they become fluid.  Fufion is the
melting of firbfiances which pafs  immediately from the folid to
the  fluid ftate, as the falts and metals, except iron and platinum.
  103. When, in confequence of fufion, the fubftances  operated
on acquire a greater or lefs degree of transparency, a denfe  uni-
form texture, and great brittlenefs, and exhibit a  conchoidal frac-
ture, with a fpecular furface, and the  edges of the fragments very
fharp, it is termed vitrification.
  104. In general,  fimple  fubftances  are  lefs fufible than  com-
pounds;  for example, the  fimple earths cannot be melted singly,
but when mixed are eafily fufed.  The additions which are fome-
times made to refraaory fubftances to  promote their  fufion, are
tevme&fuxes.
  105. An open fire is fufficient  to melt fome fubftances, others
require the heat of a furnace.
  106. The veffels in which  fufion is performed, muft  refill the
heat neceffary  for  the operation.   In fome inftances,  an iron or
copper ladle or  pot may  be ufed, but muft commonly crucibles are
employed.   Crucibles are of various fizes.  The large crucibles
are generally conical, with a fmall fpout for the convenience of
pouring out; the fmall ones are truncated triangular pyramids, and
are commonly fold in nefts.
   107. The Heflian crucibles are compofed of clay and fand, and
when good, will with ftand an intenfe heat for many hours, without
foftening or melting ;  but they  are difpofed to  crack when fud-
denly heated or cooled.  This inconvenience may be on many oc-
casions avoided, by ufinga double crucible, and filling up the in-
terftice with fand, or by covering the crucible with a lute of clay
and fand, by which means the heat is tranfmitted more gradually
and equally.  Thofe  which ring clearly when ftruck, and are of
an  uniform thicknefs, and have a  reddifh brown color, without
 black fpots, are reckoned the beft.
   108. Wedgewood's crucibles are made of clay mixed with baked
 clay finely pounded, and are in every refpea fuperior to the Hef-
 fian, but they are very expenfive.
    109. The black lead crucibles, formed of clay  and plumbago,
 are very durable, refill fudden changes ot temperature,  and  may
 be repeatedly ufed, but they are destroyed when fa line fubftances
 are melted in ihem, and fuffer combuftion when expofed red hot
 to a current  of air.
    110.  When placed in  a furnace, crucibles fhould never  be fe't
 upon the bars  of the grate, but always upon a fupport.  They may 
Sect. It.]         Pharmaceutical Operations.          65

be covered, to prevent the fuel or afhes from falling into them,
with a lid of the fame materials, or with another crucible inverted
over them.
   m. When the fufion is completed, the fubftance may be either
permitted to cool in the crucible, or may be poured into a  heated
mould annointed with tallow, never with oil, or what is ftill bet-
ter, covered with a thin coating of chalk, which is applied by lay-
ing it over with  a mixture of chalk diffufed in  water,  and then
evaporating the  water completely by heat.  To prevent the cru-
cible from being broken by cooling too rapidly, it is to be either
replaced in the furnace, to cool gradually with it, or covered with
fome veffel to prevent its being expofed immediately to the air.
   112. Fufion is performed with the intentions,
     a. Of weakening the attraaion of aggregation.
       1. To facilitate mechanical divifion.
       2. To promote chemical aaion.
     b. Of feparating from each other, fubftances of  different de-
grees of fufibility.
   113. Vaporization is the converfion of a  folid or fluid into va-
por by the agency ot caloric.  Although vaporability be merely
a relative term, fubftances are faid to be permanently elaftic, vol-
atile, or fixed.   The permanently elaftic fluids  or gafes are thofe
which cannot be condenfed into a fluid or folid form by any  ab-
ftraaion of caloric we are capable of producing.  Fixed fubftances,
on the contrary, are thofe which cannot be converted into vapor
by great increafe of  temperature.   The preffure of the atmof-
phere has very confiderable effea in varying the degree at which
fubftances arc converted into vapor.    Some folids, unlefs fub-
jeaed to very great preffure, are at once converted into vapor, al-
though moft of them pafs through the intermediate ftate ot fluidity.
   114. Vaporization is employed,
     a. To feparate fubftances differing in volatility.
     b. To promote chemical aaion.
   115.  When employed with either of thefe views,
     a. No regard is paid to the fubftances volatilized,
        1. From  folids, as in uflulation and charring.
       2. From  fluids, as in evaporation.
     i. Or the fubftances vaporized are condenfed in proper veffels.
        1. Ln a liquid  form, as  in diftillation..
        2. In a folid form as in fublimation.
     c.  Or the fubftances vaporized are colleaed in their  gafeous
        form, in a pneumatic apparatus.
   116. Uflulation is almoft entirely a metallurgie operation, andia
employed to expel the fulphur and arfenic contained in fome me-
tallic ores.  It  is performed on fmall quantities in tefts placed 
64              Elements of Pharmacy.           [Part L

within a muffle.   Tefts are (hallow veffels made of toone aflies or
baked clay.   Muffles are veffels of baked clay, of a  femi cylin-
drical form, the flat fide forming the floor, and the arched portion
the roof and fides.   The end and fides are perforated with  holes
for the  free tranfmiflion of air, and the open extremity is placed
at the door of the furnace,  for the infpeaion  and manipulation of
the procefs.   The reverberatory furnace is commonly employed
for roafting,and the heat as at firft very gentle, and  flowly raifed
to rednefs.  It is accelerated by expofing as large a furface of the
fubftance to be roafted as poffible, and  by ftirring it  frequently,
fo as to prevent any agglutination, and to bring every part in fuc-
cefllon to  the furface.
   117. Charring may be performed on any of the compound ox-
ides, by fubjeaing them to a degree of heat fufficient to expel all
their  hydrogene, nitrogene, and fuperabundant oxygene, while
the carbon, being a fixed principle, remains behind in the ftate of
charcoal.   The temperature neceffary for the operation may  be
produced either by the combuftion of other fubftances, or  by the
partial combuftion of the fubftance to be charred.  In the former
cafe, the operation may be performed in any veffel which excludes
the accefs of air,  while it permits the  efcape of the vapors form-
ed.  In the latter, the accefs of air muft be  regulated in  fuch a
manner, that it may be fuppreffed whenever the  combuftion  has
reached the requifite degree ; for if continued to be admitted, the
charcoal itfelf would be diffipated in the form of carbonic  acid
gas, and nothing  would remain but the alkaline and earthy mat-
ter, which thefe  fubftances always contain. When combuftion is
carried this length, the procefs  is termed incineration.   The va-
pors which arife  in the operation of charring, are fomctimes con-
denfed,  as in the manufacture of tar.
   118. Evaporation is the converfion of a fluid into vapor, by its
combination with caloric.  In this procefs, the atmofphere is not a
neceffary agent, but rather a hindrance, by its preffure.  This forms
a criterion between evaporation and fpontaneous  evaporation,
which is merely  the folution of a fluid in air.
   119.  It  !•„ performed in open, fhallow, or hemifpherical veffels
of filver, tinned copper or  iron, earthen ware or glafs.  The nec-
effary caloric may be furnifhed by means of an open  fire, a lamp,
or a furnace, either immediately, or with the intervention of fand,
water, or vapor.   The degree of heat muft be regulated by the
nature of the fubftance operated on.   In general, it fhould not be
greater than what is abfolutely necelfary.
   120. Evaporation may be,
    a.  Partial.
        1.  From  faline fluids, concentration.
       2.  From vifcid fluids, infpiffation.
     b. Total, exficcation. 
   Sect. II.]      Pharmaceutical  Operations.            €5

      121. Concentration is employed,
        a. To leffenthe quantity of diluting fluids, dephlegmation.
•       b. To prepare for cryftallization.
      122. Infpiffation is almoft confined to animal and vegetable fub-
   ftances ; and as thefe are apt to be  partially decompofed by heat,
   or to become empyreumatic, it fhould always be performed, efpe-
   cially towards the  end of the procefs, in a water or vapor bath.
      123. Exficcation is here taktoi in a very limited  fenfe ;  for the
   term is alfo with propriety ufed to exprefs the drying ot vegeta-
   bles  by a gentle heat, the efflorefcene of falts, and the abftraaion
   of moifture from  mixtures  of infoluble powders with water, by
   means of chalk ftones or powdered chalk  preffed  into a fmooth
   mafs.  At prefent, we limit its meaning to the total  expulfion of
   moifture from any body by means of caloric.
      124. The exficcation of compound oxides fhould always be per-
   formed in the water bath.
      125. Salts are deprived of their water of cryftallization by ex-
   pofing them to the  aaion  of heat in a glafs veffel  or  iron  ladle.
   Sometimes they firft diffolve in their water of cryftallization, or
   undergo what is called the watery fvfion, and are afterwards con-
   verted into a dry mafs by its total expulfion ;  as in  the calcination
   of borax or burning of alum.
      ib6. When exficcation is attended with a crackling noife, and
   fplitting of the fait, as in muriate of foda, it is termed  decrepita-
   tion, and is performed by throwing into a heated iron veffel,- fmall
   quantities of the fait at a time,  covering it up, and waiting until.«,
 3  the decrepitation be over, before a frefh quantity is  thrown in.
      127. Exficcation is performed on faline bodies, to  render them
   more acrid or pulverulent, or to prepare them for chemical opera-
 - tions.  Animal and vegetable fubftances are exsiccated  to give
   them a folid form, and to prevent their fermentation.
      128. Condenfation is the reverfe of expanfion, and is  produced
   either,
       a. By mechanical preffure forcing out the caloric in a fenfible
         form, as water is fqueezed out of a fponge,  or,
       b. By the chemical abftraaion of caloric, which  is followed
         by an approximation ot  the particles of the  fubftance.
     129. The latter   fpecies of condenfation only is the objea of
   our inveftigation at prefent.   In this way we may be  fuppofed to
   condenfe,
       a. Subftances exifting naturally as gafes or vapors.
       b. Subdances, naturally folid or fluid,  converted into vapors
         by adventitious circumfiances.
                  F 
>
$6            Element* of Pharmacy.             [Part I.

   130. The former inftance is almoft fuppofititious ; for we are
notable, by any dimunition of temperature,  to reduce the  per-
manently elaftic fluids, to a fluid or folid ftate.
   131. The latter inftance is  always preceded  by vaporization,
and comprehends thofe operations in which the fubftances vapor-
ized are condenfed in proper veffels.  When  the produa  is a
fluid, it is termed diftillation ; when folid, fublimation.
   132. Diflillation is faid to be performed,
     a. Fid humidd, when fluids are the fubjeas  of  the opera-
       tion.
     b. Via ficcd, when folios are fubjeaed to the  operation, and
       the fluid produa arifes from decompofition, and a new ar-
       rangement of the conftituent principles.
   133. The objeas of diftillation are,
     a. To feparate more volatile fluids from lefs volatile fluids
       or folids.
     b. To promote the union of different fubftances.
     c. To generate new produas by the aaion of fire.
   134. In all diftillations, the heat applied  fljould not be greatel
than what is neceffary for the formation of the vapor, and  even
to this degree it fhould be gradually raifed.  The  veffels alfo in
which the diftillation is performed, fhould never be filled above -
one half, and fometimes not above one fourth, left the  fubftance
contained in them fhould boil over.
   135. As diftillation is a combination of evaporation and  con-
denfation, the apparatus confifts of two principal parts :
     a. The veffels in which the vapors are formed.
     b. The veffels in which they are condenfed.
   136. The veffels employed for both purpofes  are very various
in their fhapesr according to the manner in which the  operation is
conduaed.  The firft difference depends  on the direaion of the
Vapor after its formation.   It either,
     a. Defcends ;  diftillation per defcenfum.
     b. Afcends ; diftillation per afcenfum.
     c. Or paffes off by the fide ; diflillation per latus.
   137. In the diftillation per defcenfum, a perforated plate of tin-
ned iron, or other materials, is fixed within any convenient veffel,
fo as to leave a  fpace beneath it.  On this the fubjea of  the ope-
ration is laid, and over it is placed another plate, accurately clofing
the mouth of the veffel, and  fufficiently  ftrong to  fupport  the
fuel.  Thus the heat is applied  from above,  and the  vapor is
forced to defcend into the inferior cavity, where it is condenfed.
In this way the oil of cloves is prepared, tar is manufaaured, and
mercury  and zinc feparated from their opes. 
Sect. II.]      Pharmaceutical Operations.             67

   138. In the diftillation per afcenfum,  the vapor is  allowed  to
arife to fome height, and'then is conveyed away to be condenfed.
The veffel moft commonly employed for this purpofe is the com-
mon copper ftill, which confifts of a body  for containing the ma-
terials,  and a head into which the  vapor afcends.   From  the
middle of the head a tube rifes for  a  fhort  way; and  is then re-
fleaed downwards, through which the fleam paffes to be condenf-
ed.  Another kind of  head, rising to a great height  before it  is
refleaed, is fometimes ufed for feparating fluids, which differ lit-
tle in volatility, as it was fuppofed that  the lefs volatile  vapors
Would be condenfed  and fall back into the dill,  while only the
more volatile vapors would arife to the top, fo as to pafs to the
refrigeratory.  The  fame objea may be more conveniently at-
tained  by managing the  fire  with caution and addrefs.  The
greater the furface expofed, and  the lefs the  height  the  vapors
have to afcend, the more rapidly does  the  diftillation proceed ;
and fo well are thefe principles underftood by the Scotch diftillers,
that they do not lake more than three minutes to difcharge a ftill
containing 50 gallons of wafh.
   139. The condenfing apparatus ufed with the common ftill is
very fimple.  The tube in which the head terminates, is inferted
into the upper end of a pipe, which is kept cool by paffing through
a vaffel filled with water, called the refrigeratory.   This pipe is
commonly made of a ferpentine f orm; but as this renders it difficult
to be cleaned, Dr. Black recommends a figmoid pipe.   The refrig-
eratory may be furnifhed with a ftopcock, that when  the water
it contains becomes too hot, and does not condenfe all the vapor
produced, it  may  be changed for cold water.  From the lower
end of the pipe, the produa of the diftillation drops into the vef-
fel deftined to receive it ; and we may obferve,  that when any
vapor iffues along  with it, we fhould either diminifh the powerof
the fire, or change the water in the refrigeratory.
   140. Circulation was a procefs formerly in ufe.  It confided in
arranging the apparatus,  fo that the vapors were no  fooner  con-
denfed into a fluid form, than this fluid  returned back into thedif-
tilling veffels to be again vaporized ;  and was  effeaed by diflil-
ling in a glafs veffel, with  fo  long a neck that the vapors were
condenfed before  they efcaped at the upper extremity, or by in-
verting one matrafs within another.
   141. When corrofive  fubdances are diftilled  in this way, the
cucurbit and alembic are ufed ; but thefe fubftances are more con-
veniently diftilled  per latus.
   142. The diftillation per latus is performed in a retort or pear-
fliaped veffel, having the neck bent to one  fide. The body  of a
good retort is well rounded, uniform in its appearance, and of an
equal thicknefs, and the neck  is fufficienily bent to allow the
vapors, when condenfed, to run  freely away,  but not fo much as
                  2
1 
G3
Elements of Pharmacy.
[Part I.
1 to render the application of the receiver inconvenient, or to bring
 it too near the furnace.  The paffage  from  the  body into the
 neck mud be perfeaiy free and fufficiently wide, otherwise the
 vapors produced in the retort only circulate in its body, without
 paffinsr over into the  receiver.  For introducing liquors into the
 retort°without foiling its neck, which would injure the produft^
 a bent funnel is neceffary.  It mud be  fufficiently long to intro-
 duce the liquor direaiy into the body of the retort ; and in with-
 drawing it, we muft  carefully keep it applied to the  upper part
 of the retort, that the drop hanging from it may not touch the in-
 fide of the neck.   In  fome cafes, where a mixture ot different fub-
 ftances is to be diftilled,  it is convenient and neceffary to  have
 the  whole apparatus  properly adjufted  before  the  mixture  ii
 made, and we muft therefore employ a tubulated retort, or a re-
 tort furnifhed with an aperture, accurately clofed with a ground
 ftopper.
   143. Thetubulature fhould  be placed on the  upper  convex
 part of the retort before it bends to form the neck, fo that a fluid
 poured through it may fall direaiy into the body without foiling
 the  neck.
   141. Retorts are made of various materials.  Flintglafs is com-
 monly ufed when the heat is  not  fo great as to melt it.  For dif-
 tillations which require exceffive degrees of heat, retorts of earthern
 ware, or coated (73. Sea. 2.) glafs retorts are employed.   Quick-
 filver is diftilled in iron retorts.
   145. The fimpleft condensing apparatus ufed with the retort, is
 the  common glafs receiver ; which is a veffel of a conical or glob-*
 ular form, havingia neck fufficiently wide to 'admit of  the  neck
 of the retort being introduced within it.   To prevent  the lofs and
 diflipation of the vapors to be condenfed, the retort and receiver
 may be accurately ground  to each other, or  fecured by  fome
 proper lute.  To prevent the receiver from being heated by the
 caloric evolved during the condenfation of vapors in it, we muft
 employ fome  means to keep  it cool.   It  is either immerfed  in
 cold water, or covered with fnow, or  pounded ice, or a conftant
 evaporation is lupported from its  furtace, by covering it with a
 cloth, which is kept moift  by means of the defcent of water, from
 a veffel placed above  it, though minute fyphojns or fpongy worft-
 fcd threads.   But as, during the procefs of diftillation, permanent-
 ly elaftic fluids are oiten  produced, which  would*endanger the
 breaking of  the  veffels, thefe are permitted to efcape either
 through a tubulature, or hole in the fide of the receiver, or rather
 through a hole made  in :he luting (fj. Sect. 2.) Receivers having
 a fpout iffuing from their fide, are ufed when we with  to keep fep-
 arate the produ£is obtained at different periods  of any  diftilla-
 tion.  For condenfing very volatile vapors, a ferieg of receivers,
 communicating with  each other, termed Adopters, were formerly 
Sect. II.]         Pharmaceutical Operations-          69

ufed ; but thefe are now entirely fuperfeded by Woulfe's appara.
tus.
   146. This apparatus confifts of a tubulated retort, adapted to a
tubulated receiver.  With the tubulature of the receiver, a three
necked bottle is conneaed by means of a bent tube, the further
extremity of which is immerfed, one or more irfehes, in fome fluid
contained in the bottle.  A feries of two or three similar bottles
are conneaed with this firft  bottle in  the  fame way.   In  the
middle tubulature ot each bottle, a glafs tube is fixed, having its
lower extremity immerfed about a quarter of an inch in the fluid.
The height of the tube above the furface of the fluid  muft be
greater than the  fum of the columns of fluid ftanding over  the
further extremities of the conneaing tubes,  in all the bottles or
veffels more remote from the  retort.  Tubes foadjuited are term-
ed Tubes of Safety, for they prevent that reflux of fluid from the
more remote into the nearer bottles, and  into  the receiver  itfelf,
which would otherwife inevitably happen, on any condenfation of
vapor taking place in the  retort, receiver,  or nearer bottles.—
Different contrivances  for the fame purpofe  have been defcribed
by Meffrs. Welter and Burkitt; and a very ingenious mode of con-
neaing the veffels without lute, has been invented by'Citizen Gi-
rard, but they would not be eafily underftood without plates. T'he
further tubulature of the laft bottle is commonly conneaed with a
pneumatic apparatus, by means of a bent tube.  When the whole
is properly adjufted, air blown into the retort fhould pafs through
the receiver, rife in bubbles-through the fluids  contained in each
of the bottles, and at laft efcape by the  bent tube.   In the re-
ceiver, thofe produas of diftillation are collefted, which are con-
denfable by cold alone.  The firft bottle is commonly filled with
water, and the others  with alkaline folutions, or  other active
fluids; and as the permanently elaftic fluids produced, are fuccef-
fively fubjeaed to the aaion of all of thefe, only thofe gafes will
efcape by the  bent tube which  are  not abforbable  by  any  of
them.
                Pneumatic Apparatus.

   147. The great importance of the elaftic fluids in modern chem-
iftry, has rendered an acquaintance  with the  means of colleaing
and preferving.them indifpenfable.
   148. When a gas is produced by any means, it may be received
either,
     a. Into veffels abfolutely  empty ;  or,
     b. Into inverted veffels, filled with fome fluid, on which it ex-
       erts no aaion.
   149. The firft mode (148. a.) of colleaing gafes, may be fulfilled
by means of a bladder,  moiftened fufficiently to make it perfeaiy .
                    3 
70               Elements of Pharmacy.          [Part I.

pliable, and then compreffed fo as to prefs out every particle of air
from its cavity.  In this ftate it  may be eafily filled with any gas.
An oiled filk bag will anfwer the fame purpofe, and is more con-
venient in fome refpeas, as it may be made of any fize or form.
  150. Glafs or metallic veffels, fuch as balloons, may alfo be
emptied for the purpofe ot receiving gafes, by fitting them with a
ftopcock,  and exhaufting the air from them by means of an air
pump.
  151. But the fecond mode of colleaing gafes is the moft conven-
ient and common.  It confifts in condutling the  ftream of gas
into an inverted glafs jar, or any  other veffel filled with water  or
mercury.   The gas afcends to the  upper part  of the veffel, and
difplaces the fluid.   In this way gas  may  be  kept a very long
time, provided a fmall quantity of the fluid be left in the veffels,
which preveftts both  the efcape  of  the gas, and the admiffion  of
atmofpheric air.
  152. The veffels may be of various fhapes ; but the moft com-
monly employed are cylindrical.  They may either be open only
at one extremity, or furnifhed at the other with  a ftopcock.
  153. The manner  of filling thefe veffels  with fluid, is to im-
merfe them completely in it, with the  open  extremity direaed a
little upwards, fo that the whole air may efcape  from them, and
then inverting them with their mouths  downwards.
  154. For filling them with convenience, a trough  or ciftern is
commonly  ufed.  This either fhould be hollowtd out of a folid
block of wood or marble ; or, if it be conftruaed of wood fimply, it
muft be lined with lead or  tinned copper.  Its fize may vary very
much ; but it muft contain a fufficient  depth of  fluid  to cover the
largeft tranfverfe diameter of the veffels to be filled in it.  Atone
end or fide, there fhould be a fhelf for holding  the veffels after
they are filled.  This fhelf fhould be placed about an inch and a
half below the furface ot the fluid, and  fhould be perforated with
feveral holes, forming the apices of correfponding conical excava,
tions on the lower fide, through which, as through inverted fun-
nels, gafeous fluids may be more eafily  introduced into the veffels
placed over them.                    «q#
  *55- In general, the veffels ufed  with a mercurical apparatus
fhould be ftronger and fmaller than  thofe for a water ciftern, and
we  muft have a variety of glafs  and elaftic tubes for conveying
the gafes from the veffels in which they are formed to the funnels
under the fhelf.
  +56. Retlif cation is the repeated diftillation of any fluid  When
it renders the fluid ftronger, or abftra#s water from it, it'is term-
ed Dephlegmation.   When a fluid is diftilled off from any fub-
ftance, it is called  Abftraaion ;  and if the produa be rediftilled
from the fameTubftar.ce or a frefh quantity of the fame fubftance,
ft is denominated Cohobation.
V 
Sect. II.]      Pharmaceutical Operations.             71

  157. Sublimation differs from diftillation only in the form of
the produa.   When it is compaa, it is termed a Sublimate; when
loofe and fpongy,  it formerly had the improper  appellation of
Flowers.  Sublimation is fometimes performed in a crucible, and
the vapors are condenfed in a paper cone, or in another crucible
inverted over it, fometimes  in the  lower part  of a.,glafs flafk, cu-
curbit or phial, and the condenfation is effeaed in  the upper part
or capital, and fometimes in a retort with a  very fhort and  wide
neck, to which a conical receiver is fitted.  The heat is moft com-^
monly applied through the medium of a fand bath; and the degree
of heat, and the depth to which the veffel is inferted in it, are re-
gulated by the nature of the fublimation.
   158. Congelation is the reduaion of a fluid to a folid form, in
confequence of the abftraaion ot  caloric.  The means employed
for abltraaing the  caloric, are the evaporation  of volatile fluids,
the folution of folids, and the contaa of cold bodies.
   1«59< Coagulation is the converfion of a fluid into a folid of great-
er or lefs confidence, merely in confequence of a new arrangement
of its particles, as during the procefs there is no feparation of  ca-
loric or any other  fubftance.   The means of producing coagula-
tion, are increafe ot temperature, and the addition of certain fub-
ftances, as acids and runnets.

                      Combination.

   160. Chemical combination is the intimate union of the par-
ticles of at leaft two heterogeneous bodies. It is the effea refulting
from the exertion  of the attraaion of affinity, and is therefore fub-
jeaed to all the  laws of affinity (13.)
   161. To produce the chemical  union of any  bodies, it is necef-
 fary,
      1. That they  poffefs affinity for each other.
      2. That their particles come into aa«al contaa.
      3. That the ftrength of the affinity be greater than any coun-
        teraaing caufes which may be prefent.
   162. The principal counteraaing caufes are,
      1. The attraaion of aggregation.
      2. Affinities for other fubftances.
   163. The means to be  employed for overcoming the aaion of
 •ther affinities (15.) will be treated of under Decompofition.
   164. The attrafclion of aggregation is overcome  by means of,
      1. Mechanical  divifion (28.  Sect. 2.)
      2. The aaion of caloric (22.)
                   4 
  72             Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I.

    165. Combination is facilitated by increafing the points of aaual
  contaa,
      1. By mechanical agitation.
      2. By condenfation ; compreffion.
    166. The proceffes employed for producing combination, may
  be confidered, '*'
      1. With  regard to the nature of the fubftances combined j and
      2. To the nature of the compound produced.
    Gafes.
      1. Combine with gafes;
      2. And diffolve fluids or folids ;
      3. Or are abforbed by them.
    Fluids,
      1. Are diffolved in gafes ;
      2. Or abforb them.
      3. Combine with fluids,
      4. And diffolve folids ;
      5. Or are rendered? folid by them.
    {Solids,
      1. Are diffolved in fluids and in gafes ; or
      2. Abforb gafes,
      3. And folidify fluids.
    167. The combination  of  gafes with each other, in  fome  in-
  ftances, takes  place when fimply'mixed together : Thus nitrous
  and oxygen gafes combine as foon  as they  come into  contaft ;
  in other inftances, it is neceffary to elevate their temperature to
  a degree fufficient for their inflammation,  either by means of the
  elearic fpark, or the contaa of an ignited bocsy, as'in the combi-
  nation of oxygen gas with hydrogen or nitrogen gas.
    168. When gafes combine with each other,  there  is always a
  confiderable dimunitiop of bulk, and not unfrequently they are
  condenfed into a liquid  or folid form.  Hydrogen and oxygen
* gafes form  water;  muriatic acid and  ammonia gafes form folid
  muriate of ammonia.   But when the combination is  effeaed by
  ignition, a violent expanfion, which endangers  the burfting" of the
  veffels, previoufly takes place, in confequence of the increafe of
  temperature.
    169. Solution is the dimunition  of  aggregation in any folid or
  fluid fubftance, in confequence of its entering into chemical com-
  bination.  The fubftance, whether folid or fluid, whofe aggrega-
  tion is  leffened, is termed the  Solvend;  and the fubftance, by
  whofe agency the folution is effeaed, is.often called the  Menftru-
  um or Solvent.                    *u .
    170. Solution is  faid to be performed via humidd, when the na-
  tural form of the folvent is fluid ; but when the agency  of heat is 
Sect. II.]         Pharmaceutical Operations.          T3

neceffary to give the folvent its fluid form, the folution is faid to
be performed via feed.
  171. The diffolving power of each menftruum  is limited, and
is determinate with regard to each  folvend.   The  folubility of
bodies is alfo limited and determiaate  with regard to each men-
ftruunu
   172. When any menftruum has diffolved the greateft poffibte
quantity of any folvend, it is faid to be faturated with  it.   But,
in fome cafes, although faturated with one fubftance, it is ftill ca-
pable of diffolving others  :  Thus a faturated folution of muriate
of foda will diffolve a certain quantity of nitrate of potafs, and af-
ter that a portion of muriate of ammonia.
   173. The diffolving power ot  folvents, and  consequently the
folubility of folvends,  are generally increafed by increafe of tem-
perature ;  and converfely this power is diminifhed by diminution
of temperature ; fo that, from a faturated folution, a feparation of
a portion of the  folvend generally takes place on any reduaion
of temperature.   This property becomes extremely  ufeful in ma-
ny chemical operations, efpecially in cryftallization.
   174. Particular terras have been applied to particular  cafes  of
folution.
   175. The folution of a fluid in the atmofphere is termed  fpon-
 ianeous evaporation.   It is promoted  by expofing a large furface,
 by  frequently renewing the'air in  contaa with the furface, and
 by increafe of temperature.
   176. Some  folids have fo ftrong an affinity for water,  that they
 attraa it from the atmofphere in  fufficient  quantity to diffolve
 them.   Thefe are f$id to deliquefce.  Others, on  the contrary, re-
 tain their water of cryftallization with fo weak a force, that the
 atmofphere attraas it  from them, fo that they crumble into  pow-
 der.  Thefe are faid to efflorefce.   Both operations are promoted
 by  expofing large furfaces, and by  a current of air; but the lat-
 ter is facilitated by a warm dry air, and the former  by a cold hu-
 mid atmofphere.
    177. Solution is alfo employed to feparate fubftances, (for ex-
 ample, faline bodies) which  are foluble in the menftruum,  from
 others which are not. When our objea is  to obtain the foluble
 fubftance in a ftate of purity, the operation is termed lixiviation,
 and as fmall a quantity of the menftruum as is'poflible  is ufed.
 When, however, it is employed to free  an infoluble fubftance
 from foluble impurities, it is termed edulcoration, which is  beft
 performed by ufing a  very large quantity of the menftruum.
     178. Organic produas'jieing generally compofed of heteroge-
 neous fubftances, are  only partially foluble in  the  different men-
  ftrua. To the folution of any of thefe fubftances,  while the others
 •remain undiffolved, the term extra&ion is applied ; and when, by
 evaporation,  the fubftance extraaed is reduced to a folid form, it 
  74               Elements of Pharmacy.          [Part I.

  is termed an Extraa, which is hard or foft, watery or fpirituous,
  according to the degree of confiftency  it acquires, and the nature
  of the menftruum employed.
    179-  Infuflon  1S  employed1 to extraa the virtues of  aromatic
  and volatile fubftances,  which would be diffipated by decoaion,
  and deftroy ed by maceration, and to feperate fubftances of eafy
  folution from others which are lefs foluble.   The procefs confifts
  in pouring upon the fubftance  to be infufed, placed in a proper
  veffel, the menftruum, either hot or cold, according to the direc-
  tion, covering it up, agitating it frequently, and  after a  due time
  {training or decanting off the liquor, which is now termed the In-
  fufion.
    180.  Maceration differs from infufion, in being continued for a
  longer time, and can only be employed for fubftances which do
  not eafily ferment  or fpoil.
    181.  Digeflion, on the other hand, differs from maceration only
  in the aaivity of the menftruum being promoted by a gentle de-
  gree of  heat.  It is commonly performed in a glafs matrafs, which
  fhould only be filled one third, and covered with a piece of  wet
  bladder, pierced  with one or more fmall holes, fo that the evapo-
  ration of the menftruum may be prevented as  much as  poffible,
  without rifk of burfting the veffel.  The veffel may be heated,
  either by means  of the  fun's  rays, of a common fire, or of the
  fand bath ; and  when the laft is employed, the veffel fhould not
  be funk deeper in the fand than the portion that is  filled.   Some-
  times when the menftruum employed is  valuable, a diftilling ap-
  paratus is ufed to prevent any wafte ot it. At other times, a blind
  capital is luted on the  matrafs, or a fmaller  matrafs is  inverted
  within a larger one ; and as the vapor which arifes is condenfed
  in it, and runs back into the larger, the procefs  in this form  has
  got the  name of Circulation.
    182.  Decotlion is performed by fubjeaing the fubftances oper-
  ated on to a degree of  heat which is fufficient to convert themen-
-  ftruum into vapor, and can only be employed with advantage for
  extraaing principles which are not volatile, and  from fubftances
  whofe texture is  fo denfe and compaa as to refill the lefs aaive
  methods of folution.  When the menftruum is valuable, that por-
  tion of  it which  is converted into vapor, is generally faved by
  condenfing it in  a diftilling apparatus (136. Sect.  2.)
    183.  Solutions in alcohol are termed Tinaures, and in vinegar
  or wine, Medicated vinegars or,wines.  The folution  of metals
  in mercury is  termed Amalgamation.  The combinations of other
  metals with each other form Alloys.
    184-  Abforption is the condenfation of a gas into a fluid or fol-
  id form, in confequence of its combination with a fluid or folid.
  It  is facilitated  by increafe of  furface and agitation  ; and the
  powerof abforption in fluids is much  increafed  by  compreffion. 
Sect. II.]         Pharmaceutical Operations.          75

and diminution of temperature, although in every inftance it b«
limited and determinate.  Dr. Nooth invented an ingenious ap-
paratus for combining  gafes with fluids,  and  Meffrs. Schweppe,
Paul and Cuthbertfon have very advantageoufly employed com-
preffion.
   185. Fluids often become folid by entering into  combination
with folids, and this change is always accompanied by confiderable
increafe of temperature, as in  the flaking of lime.

                    Decomposition.

   186. Decompofition is the feparation of bodies which were chem-
ically combined.
   187. It can only be affeaed by the agency of fubftances pof-
fefling a ftronger affinity for one or more  of the constituents of the
compound, than thefe poffefs  for each other (16.)
   188. Decompofition  has acquired various appellations accord-
ing to the phenomena which accompany it.
   189. Diffolution differs from folution in being accompanied by
the decompofition, or a change in the nature ot the fubftance dif-
 folved.  Thus we correaiy fay, a  folution of lime  in muriatic
 acid, and  diffolution  of chalk  in muriatic acid.
   190. Sometimes a  gas is feparated during the a.aion  of  bodies
on each other.  When this efcapes with confiderable violence and
agitation of the fluid, it is termed  effervefcence.  The gas  is very
frequently allowed to efcape  into the  atmofphere,  but at other
times is either colleaed in a pneumatic apparatus, or made to en-
ter into fome new combination.  The veffels in which an  effer-
vefcing mixture is made, fhould be high and fufficiently large,  to
prevent any lofs of the materials from their running over, and in
fome cafes the mixture mud be made flowly and gradually.
   191. Precipitation is the reverie ot folution.  It comprehends
all thofe proceffes in whieli a folid is obtained by the decompofi-
 tion of a  folution.  The fubflance feparated is termed  a Precipi-
tate, if it  fink to the bottom of the fluid; or a Cream,  if it fwim
above it.   Precipitation, like folution,  is performed  either via
humidd, or via feed  (170. Sect. 2.)
   192. Precipitation  is effeaed,
     1. By leffening the quantity of the folvent \gy evaporation.
     2. By diminifhing its  powers,  as  by rcduaion of tempera-
       ture, or dilution.
     3. Or by the addition of fome chemical agent,  which from
       its more powerful affinities,
       a. Either combines with the folvent,  and precipitates the
        ,  folvend ;
       b. Or forms itfelf an infoluble compound with fome  con-
          ftituent of  the folution.
    193. The objeas of precipitation are, 
76               Elements of Pharmacy.           [Part I.

     l. The feparation of fubftances from folutions in which they
       are contained.
     2. The purification of folutions from precipitable impurities.
     3. The formation of new combinations.
  194. The two firft  means of precipitation have been  already
noticed (118, and 173, Sect. 2.)
  195. In  performing it in the laft manner, we may obferve#the
following rules :                                       _ '■>
     1. The folution and precipitant muft poffefs the requifite de-
       gree of purity.
     2. The folution fhould be perfeaiy faturated,  to avoid un-
       neceffary expenditure of the folvent or precipitant.
     3. The one is to be added flowly and gradually to the other.
     4. After each addition, they are to be thoroughly mixed by
       agitation.
     $. We muft allow the mixture to fettle, after we think that
       enough of the precipitant has been added,  and try a little
       of the clear  folution, by adding to it fome  of the precipi-
       tant ; if any precipitation takes place, we have not added
       enough of the precipitant.   This is neceffary, not only  to
       avoid lofs, but in  many inftances, the precipitant, if added
       in excefs, rediffolves or combines with the  precipitate.
  196. After the precipitation is completed, the precipitate is to
be feparated from the fupernatant fluid by fome ot the  means  al-
ready noticed (44, 45  Sect. 2.)
  197. When the precipitate is the chief objea of  our  procefs",
and when it is not foluble in water, it is often advifable to dilute,
to a confiderable degree, both the folution and precipitant,  before
performing the operation. When it is only difficultly foluble, we
muft content ourfelves with  wafhing  the  precipitate,  after it is
feparated by filtration.  In fome cafes the feparation of the pre-
cipitate is much affifted by a gentle heat.
  198. Cryfallization is a fpecies of precipitation, in which the
particles ot the folvend, on feparating from the folution, affume
certain determinate forms.
   199. The conditions neceffary for cryftallization are,
     1. That the  integrant  particles have  a tendency to arrange
       themfelves in a determinate manner, when  aaed on by the
       attraaion of aggregation.
     s. That they be  di{"aggregated, at leaft  fo  far as  to poffefs
       fufficient mobility to affume their peculiar arrangement.
     3. That the caufes difaggregating  them be flowly and  grad-
ually removed.                    °'

   sqo. Notwithftanding the immenfe variety in the forms of cryf- 
Sect. II.]      Pharmaceutical  Operations.             77

tals, M. Hauy has rendered it probable, that there are only three
forms of the integrant particles :
     l.  The parallelopiped.
     2.  The triangular prifm.
     3.  The tetrahedron.
   201.  But as thefe particles may unite in different ways,  either
by their faces or edges,  they  will compofe cryftals of various
forms.
   202.  The primitive forms have been reduced to fix :
     1.  The parallelopiped.
     2.  The regular tetrahedron.
     3.  The oaahedron with triangular faces.
     4.  The fix fided prifm.
     5.  The dodecahedron terminated by rhombs.
     6.  The dodecahedron with ifofceles triangular face*.
   203.  Almoft all fubftances, on  cryftallizing, retain a portion of
water combined with  them, which is effential to their exiftence as
cryftals, and is therefore denominated  Water  of  cryftallization.
Its quantity varies very much in different cryftallized fubftances.
   204.  The means by which the particles of bodies are  difaggre-
gated,fo as to admit of cryftallization, are folution (169, Sect. 2.)
fufion (101, Sect.2.) vaporization (113,Sect. 2.) or mechanical di-
 vifion and fufpenfion in a fluid medium.
   205.  The means by which the difaggregating caufes are remov-
ed, are  evaporation, reduaion  of temperature, and  reft.
   206.  When bodies are merely fufpended in  a ftate of  extreme
mechanicaldivifion, nothing but reft is neceffary for their cryftal-
 lization.
   207.  When they are difaggregated by  fufion or vaporization,
the regularity of their cryftals depends oh the flownefs with which
 their temperature is reduced ;  for if cooled too  quickly, their par-
 ticles have not time to arrange themfelves, and are  converted at
 once into a confufed or unvaried folid mafs.  Thus  glafs,  which
 when cooled quickly, is fo perfeaiy uniform  in  its appearance,
 when cooled flowly has a cryftalline texture. But in order to ob-
 tain cryftals by means of fufion,  it is often neceffary,  after the
 fubftance  has begun to cryftallize, to remove  the part which re-
 mains fluid, for otherwife it would fill up  the  interdices among
 the cryftals firft formed,  and  give  the whole the appearance of
 one folid mafs.  Thus, after a cruft has  formed  on the top of melt-
 ed fulphur, by pouring  off the dill fluid part,  we  obtain regular
 cryftals.                 «.'
   208. The means by which bodies, which  have  been difaggre-
 gated by folution, are made to cryftallize mo ft regularly, vary ac-
 cording to the habitudes cf the bodies with their folvents and ca-
 loric. 
78            Elements of Pharmacy.            [Part I.

   209. Some faline fubftances are much more foluble in hot than
in cold water.  Therefore a boiling faturated folution of any of
thefe will depofite, on cooling, the excefs of fait, which it is unable
to diffolve when cold.  Thefe falts commonly contain much wa-
ter of cryftallization.
   210. Other falts are fcarcely, if at all, more foluble in hot than
in cold water; and, therefore, their folutions muft be evaporated
either by heat or fpontaneoufly.   Thefe falts commonly contain
little water of cryftallization.
   211. The beauty and fize of the cryftals depend  upon the pu-
rity  of the folution, its quantity, and the mode of conduaing the
evaporation,  and  cooling.
   212. When the fait is not more foluble in hot than in cold wa-
ter, by means of gentle evaporation a fucceffion of  pellicles  are
formed on the top of the  folution,  which either are removed or
permitted to  fink  to the bottom by their  own  weight ; and the
evaporation  is continued until the cryftallization be completed.
   213. But when the fait is capable of cryftallizing on cooling,
the evaporation is only continued until  a drop  of  the folution,
placed upon fome cold body, fhews a difpofition to cryftallize, or
at farthest; only until the firft appearance of a pellicle.  The folution
is then covered up,  and fet aside to cool, and the  more flowly it
cools, the more regular'are the cryftals.   The  mother water or
folution, which remains after the cryftals are formed, may be re-
peatedly treated in the fame way as long as it is  capable of fur-
nifhing any more fait.
   214. When very large and beautiful cryftals  are wanted, they
may  be obtained by  laying well formed cryftals in a  faturated fo-
lution of the  fame fait, and turning them every day.  In this way '
their fize may be confiderably increafed, though not  without limi-
tation, for after a  certain time they grow fmaller inftead of larger.
   215. Crydallization is employed,
     1. To obtain cryftallizable'fubftancesina ftate of purity.
     2.  To  feparate them from each other, by taking  advantage
       of their different folubility at different temperatures.

                    Oxygenizement.
   216. The combination of oxygen is the  objea of  many  chem-
ical and pharmaceutical proceffes.
   217. With regard to the manner of combination, the oxygenize-
ment may take place, either,
     a. Without theproduaion of heat and light, to exprefs which
      there is no other than the gerieric term oxygenizement.; or
     b. With the produaion  of heat and light, combuftion.
       1. In  fubftances  which remain fixed at the temperature
         neceffary for their combuftion,  there is no other mori
          fpecific term. 
Sect. II.]          Pharmaceutical Operations.          79

       2.  In fubftances which exift as gafes, or are previoufly re-
         duced to the ftate of vapor by the temperature neceffa-
         ry, it is termed inflammation ; and it it proceed with
         very great violence and rapidly, defagration.
  218. Combuftion and inflammation have been already (116.)
defcribed.                               *^
  2 19. Deflagration from its violence muft always be performed
with caution.  The common mode of conduaing this procefs, is
to introduce the  fubftances  to be deflagrated  together into any
convenient veffel, commonly an iron pot, or crucible heated to
rednefs.   But to  obviate any inconvenience, and  to enfure the
fuccefs of the procefs they are previoufly made perfeaiy dry, re-
duced to powder, and thoroughly mixed  together,  and they are
deflagrated gradually,  for example  by fpoonfuls ; but we  muft
take care always to examine the fpoon, left a fpark  fhould adhere
to it, which might fet fire to the whole mafs. During the procefs,
the portion introduced fhould  be frequently ftirred.
  220. The oxygen neceffary for thefe proceffes,may be derived
 from the decompofition,
     a. Of oxygen gas or atmofpheric air.
     b. Of oxides, particularly water.
   - c. Of acids and their combinations, efpecially the oxygenized
       muriatic and nitric acids.
  221.  The different modes of  oxygenizement  are  intended ei-
ther,
     a. To produce heat and light (78, Sect. 2.)
     b. To obtain an oxygenized produa :
       1.  An oxide, when the  procefs may be  termed Oxidize-
         ment.
       2. An acid, Acidification.
     t. To remove an oxygenizable fubftance.
  222. Hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen, are never,  unlefs for ex-
periment, oxygenized as fimple fubftances.
  223. Sulphur is converted into fulphuric acid by burning it in
leaden chambers, or by deflagrating it with nitrate of potafs ; and
phofphorus is acidified by inflammation in the atmofphere.
  224. Of all the fimple oxygenizable  fubftances,  the metals are
moft frequently combined with oxygen ; and as, in confequence of
this combination, they  Iofe their metallic appearance, they  were
formerly faid to be calcined or corroded.
  225. Metals differ very much in the facility with  which they
are  oxygenized by the contaa of oxygen gas.  For fame, as iron
and  manganefe,  the ordinary, temperature  of the atmofphere is
fufficient;  others, as gold and  platinum,  fcarcely undergo any
change in  the moft violent heat.  The operation is performed  by 
80             Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I,

heating them to the requifite temperature, and  expofing them to
the aaion of the air ; and on the fufible metals it is promoted by
ftirring them when melted.
  226. Metals alfo differ in the mode of their aaion upon water.
They are either capable of decomposing water,
     a. At ordinary temperatures, as iron, zinc, mangahefe, &c.
     b. At elevated temperatures, as antimony and tin ; or,
     c. When aaed upon at the fame time by an acid ©r an alkali,
       as copper, lead, bifmuth ; or, laftly,
     d. They'are incapable ot decompofing it, as gold, filver, mer-
       cury, platinum.
  227. The oxygenizement of metals by water is  promoted by
the  aaion of air.   Iron  for example, is more quickly rufted by
being merely moiftened with water, than when totally  immerfed
in water.
  228. But the acids are the moft powerful agents in oxygenizing
metals.   They do it in  two ways, either
     1. By enabling them  todecompofe water (226, Sect. 2.)
     2. By being decompofed themfelves.
  229. Sulphuric acid is decompofed by very few metals, unlefs
affifted by confiderable increafe of temperature ;  but it powerfully
promotes the decompofition of water.
  230. Nitric  acid is decompofed by many  of them  with very
great violence, proceeding  in fome inftances even to inflammation.
It alfo oxygenizes them to the higheft degree of which they are
fufceptible.  It feldom produces the decomposition of water.
  231. Muriatic acid is never decompofed, and only aas on thofe
metals capable of decompofing water.
  232. Oxygenized muriatic acid refembles the nitric, both in the
violence of its aaion, and in the extent to which it carries the oxy-
genizement of the metals.
  233. The  metals are fufceptible of different degrees ot oxygen*
izement, fome ot them even of acidification,  and, in general, they
are  more  oxygenized according to the rapidity of the procefs.
When proceeding too flowly, it may be accelerated by heat; when
too violent, it muft be checked by diminution of temperature, as
by plunging the veffel in which the operation is performing  into
cold water.
  234. When the degree of oxygenizement is not very great, the
oxide formed, generally enters into combination with the acid em-
ployed, and formsa metallic fait ;   but when  carried to its higheft
degree, the oxide is often infoluble. 
Sect. II.]      Pharmaceutical  Operations.            81


 DlSOXYGENIZEMENT of METALLIC OxiDES and AdDS.

   235' This procefs was formerly termed reduclion, from its re-
ftoringthem to their metallic fplendor ;  and is performed by cauf-
 ing fome body to aa upon them, which has a greater affinity for
 oxygen than they have.  The different metals themfelves  vary
 very much in the degree of this  affinity, fo that they are reduced
 with very  different degrees of facility.  Gold, filver, platinum,
and mercury, are reduced by merely expofing them to a fufficient
degree of heat in clofe veffels.   The oxygen at this temperature
has a greater affinity  for caloric than for the metals, and is there-
fore driven off in the form  of very pure oyxgen gas.
   236. The other metallic oxides which  refift the fimple aaion
 of heat, may be reduced by melting them in contaa with char-
coal,or fubftances which may be charred (117.Sect.2.) fuch as oil,
 fat, refin, pitch, &c.  Besides the charcoal, different faline  mat-
 ters, fuch as alkalies,  muriate of foda, fubborate  of  foda, &c.
are alfo added to facilitate the fufion of the oxide.   Soap is there-
 fore often ufed, and the black flux confifts of a mixture of potafs
 and charcoal, obtained by deflagrating two parts of tartar and one
 of nitrate of potafs.
   237. The oxide to be reduced is mixed with a fufficient quan-
 tity of any of thefe fubftances, and placed in the bottom of a cru-
cible, which is afterwards filled up with charcoal powder, to pre-
 vent entirely the accefs  of the  air, and  expofed for a length of
 time to a fufficiently high temperature, when a button of the, me-
 tal will commonly be found in the bottom of the crucible.   Upon
 the volatile metals, fuch as arfenic and  zinc,  this operation muft
 be performed in a diftilling or fubliming apparatus.  Some metal-
 lic oxides,  fuch as thofe of platinum, columbium, &c.  cannot be
 reduced, from our being unable  to produce a degree of heat fuffi-
 cient to melt them.
   238. Metals may be alfo obtained from the metallic falts, by
 inferting in a folution of thefe a  plate of another metal, poffefling
 a ftronger  affinity for oxygen and  for the acid.   Thus  copper
 is precipitated by iron, and arfenic by zinc.  We  muft  only
 take care that  the two metals have no remarkable affinity tor
 each other, as in that cafe an alloy is commouly produced.  For
 example, when mercury  is placed in a foJaiion of filver, a cryf-
 tallized amalgam of filver is obtained, formerly called the Arbor
 Dianae.
   239. The compound oxides  may  be further oxygenized, by
 treating them with nitric acid.   In  this way  various acids are
 formed,  according  to the  nature of the oxide operated on, the
 quantity of the acid, and the mode of condua'mg the procefs.
                G 
82              Elements of Pharmacy.         [Part L....

   240. They alfo undergo changes by  gradually combining with
the oxygen of the atmofphere.   In fome cafes, this  combination
is attended with remarkable phenomena, which have been chaffed
under the term fermentation.
   241. There are feveral  fpecies of fermentation, which have
been named from the produfcls they afford.
     1. The faccharine, which produces fugar.
     2. The vinous, which  produces wine, beer, and fimilar fluids.
     3. The panary, which produces bread.
     4. The acetous, which produces vinegar.
     5. The putrefattive, which produces ammonia.
   242. The fame fubftances are  fometimes capable of undergoing
the firft, fecond,  fourth, and fifth ; or third, fourth, and filth, fuc-
ceffively, but never in a retrograde order.
   243. The conditions neceffary for all of them, are,
     1. The prefence of a fufficient quantity of fermentable mat-
       ter.
     2. The prefence of a certain proportion of water.
     3. The contaa of atmofpheric air ; and,
     4. A certain temperature.
   244. The faccharine fermentation.—The feeds of barley, when
moiftened with a certain quantity of water, and  expofed  to  the
contaa of the atmofpheric  air, at a temperature of not lefs than
500, fwell, and  fhew marks of  incipient vegetation, by pufhing
forth the radicle.  If at this period the fermentation be checked,
by expofing them to a confiderable degree of heat,  and drying
them thoroughly, the infipid amylaceous matter,  of which the
feeds principally  confifted,  will be found to be changed in part in-
to a fweet faccharine fubftance.   The oxygen of the air, in con-
taa with the feeds, is at the fame time converted  into carbonic
acid gas, by  combining  with part of the carbon of the feeds; and
there is  a confiderable increafe  of temperature in the fermenting
mafs, even to fuch a degree as fometimes to fet it on fire.  Simi-
lar phenomena occur in the maturation of fruits,  in  the cookery
of fome roots and fruits, and during the heating of hay, when put
up too wet.
   245. The vinous fermentation.—Theconditions neceffary for the
vinous  fermentation, are the prefence of proper proportions  of
fugar, acid,  extraa, and water,  and a  temperature of about 70°.
When thefe circumftancesexift.an intedine motion commences in
the fluid;  it becomes thick and muddy ; its temperature increafes,
and carbonic acid gas is evolved.  After a time the fermentation ,
ceafes ; the feces rife to the top, or fubfide to the bottom ; the
liquor becomes clear ; it has loft its faccharine tafte, and affumed
a new one, and its fpecific gravity is diminlfhed.   If the fermen- 
Sect. II.]         Pharmaceutical Operaiions.          83

tation  has been complete, the fugar is entirely decompofed, and
the fermented liquor confifts of a large  proportion of water, of
alcohol, of malic acid, of extraa, of effential  oil, and coloring
matter.  The fubftances moft commonly fubjeaed to this fermen-
tation, are, Mutt, which  is the expreffed juice of the grape, and
which produces the beft wines; the juice ot the currant and goofe-
berry, which, with the addition  of  fugar,  form  our homemade
wines; the juices of the  apple and  pear, which  give  cyder and
perry ; and an infufion of malt, which, when fermented withyeaft,
forms beer.   The brifknefs and fparkling of fome of thefe liquors,
depends on their being put into  clofe veffejs before the fermen-
tation is completed, by which means a portion of carbonic acid
gas is retained.
   246. The acetous fermentation.—All vinous liquors are fufcep-
tible of the acetous fermentation, provided they be expofed to t.he
aaion of  the atmofphere, in'a temperature not lefs than 700.  An
inteftine motion and hiding noife fenfibly take place in the fluid ;
it becomes turbid, with filaments floating in it, and its tempera-
ture increafes; it exhales a pungent acid fmell, without any  dif-
engagement of carbonic acid gas.   Gradually thefe  phenomena
ceafe; the temperature decreafes ; the motion fubfides, and the  liq-
uor becomes clear, having depofited a fediment   and  red  glairy
matter, which adheres to the fides ot the veffel.   During this pro-
cefs, the alcohol and malic acid difappear entirely, oxygen is ab-
forbed, and acetous acid formed.
   247. Thepanary or coloring fermentation—is lefs underftood than
thofe already defcribed.  A pafte of wheat flour and water expof-
ed at a temperature of 650, fwells, emits a fmall quantity of gas,
and acquires new  properties.   The gluten difappears, and it
acquires a four difagreeable  tafte.   If a juft proportion of  this
fermented pafte or leaven, or, what is ftill better,  if fome barm be
formed into a pafte with wheat flour and water, the fame fermen-
tation is  excited, without the difagreeable tafte being produced ;
the gas evolved is prevented from efcaping  by  the vifcidity of
the pafte, which therefore fwells, and, if baked, forms light, fpon-
gy bread.
   248. The putrcfa&ive fermentation.—Although vegetable fub-
ftances, when they are deftroyed by fpontaneous  decompofition,
are faid to putrify,  we fhall confider this fermentation  as belong.
ing exclufively to animal fubftances, or thofe which contain nitro-
gen as an elementary principle.  The effential conditions ot  pu-
trefaaion are humidity, and a temperature between 450 and 1 io°.
The prefence of air, the diminution of preffure, and the addition
of ferments,  are not effential, but  accelerate  its  progtefs.  The
fmell is at firft infipid and difagreeable, but afterwards  infupport-
ably fetid, although the fetor tor a time is  fomewhat diminifhed
by the mixture of an ammoniacal odour.  Liquids become turbid
               2 
84            Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I.

and flocculent.   Soft fubftances melt down into a gelatinous mafs;
in which there is  a kind of gentle  motion and fwelling up, from
the flow and fcanty formation of elaftic fluids.  Solids, befides the
general foftening,exude a ferofity of various colors, and by degrees
the whole  mafs diffolves, the fwelling ceafes, the matter fettles,
and its color deepens; at laft its odour becomes fomewhat aromat-
ic, its elements are finally  diffipated, and there remains only a
kind of fat, vifcid, and ftill fetid mould.   The produas of putre-
faaion are carburetted,   fulphuretted, and phofphuretted hydro-
gen gafes,  water,  ammonia,  and  carbonic  acid.   Thefe are all
diffipated in the form of gas or vapor.  Zoonic acid, a fatty mat-
ter, a foap compofed of this fat and ammonia, and often the nitric
acid, fixed  by a falifiable bafe, are alfo produced ; and the  ulti-
mate remains, befides falts, compofed of acid and earths, contain1
for a long time a portion of fat charry matter* 
              [85]

     APPENDIX.



TABLES OF SIMPLE AFFINITY.
Oxygen.
 Carbon,
 Charcoal,
 ; Manganefe,
 'Zinc,
 jiron,
 Tin,
 [Antimony,
 i Hydrogen,
 Phofphorus,
 Sulphur,
 Arfenic,
 Nitrogen, '
 Nickel,
 Cobalt,
 Copper,
 Bifmuth,
 Caloric,
 Mercury,
 Silver,    fnic,
 Oxide of arfe-
 Nitric oxide,
 Gold,
 Platinum,
 Carbonic oxide,
j Muriatic acid,
| White oxide of
   Manganefe,
I White oxide of
   Lead.
Oxygen.a.
 Titanium,
 Manganefe,
 Zinc,
 Iron,
 Tin,
 Uranium,
 Molybdenum,
 Tungften,
 Cobalt,
 Antimony,
 Nickel,
 Arfenic,
 Chromum,
 Bifmuth,
 Lead,
 Copper,
Tellurium,
Platinum,
Mercury,
Silver,
 Gold.
Carbon.
Oxygen,
Iron,
Hydrogen.
TT
ITROGEN.
Oxygen,
Sulphur,
Phofphorus,
Hydrogen.
  a. Vauquelin's Table of the affinity of the metals for oxygen,
according to the difficulty with which  their  oxides  are c^pcom-
pofed by heat. 
86             Elements ofPfiarmacy.         [Part I,  #
Tables of Simple Affinity continued.
,--,-----------	Sulphur.	Potass, SoDA.and
Hydrogen.	Phosphorus,	Ammonia.
Oxygen,	Potafs,	Acids. Sulphuric,
Sulphur,	Soda,	----Nitric,
Carbon,	Iron,	----Muriatic,
Phofphorus,	Copper,	----Phofphoric,
Nitrogen.	Tin,	----Fluoric,
	Lead,	----Oxalic,
	Silver,	----Tartarous,
	Bifmuth,	----Arfenic,
	Antimony,	----Succinic,
	Mercury,	----Citric,
	Arfenic,	----Laaic,v
	Molybdenum.	----Benzoic, ----Sulphurous, ----Acetous, ----Mucous, ----Boracic, ----Nitrous, ----Carbonic, Pruffic, Oil,
		Water, 1 Sulphur.
 
Appen.]
Affinities.
87
Tables of Simple Affinity continued.
Baryta.	Strontia.	Lime.
Acids. Sulphuric, ----Oxalic, ----Succinic, ----Fluoric,	Acids. Sulphuric, ----Phofphoric, ----Oxalic, ----Tartarous, ----Fluoric, ----Nitric, ---■— Muriatic, ----Succinic, —— Acetous, ---— Arfenic, ----Boracic, ----Carbonic, Water. »	Acids. Oxalic, ----Sulphuric, ----Tartarous, ----Succinic, |
----Mucous,		----Mucous, ----Nitric, ----Muriatic, ----Suberic, ----Fluoric, ----Arfenic, ----Laaic, ----Citric, ----Malic, ----Benzoic, ----AcetoUs, ----Boracic, ----Sulphurous, j ----Nitrous, j
----Muriatic,		
		
		
----Arfenic, ----Laaic,		
----Acetous, ----Boracic, ----Sulphurous,		
		
----Pruffic, Sulphur, Phofphorus, Water, Fixed oil.		
		...... Pruffir S
		Sulphur, Phofphorus, Water, Fixed oil. j
4 
88          Elements of Pharmacy.          [Part I.
Tables of Simple Affinity continued.
Magnesia.	Alumina.	Silica.
Acids. Oxalic,	Acids. Sulphuric,	Fluoric a»id,
----Phofphoric,	----Nitric,	Potafs.
----Sulphuric,	—-— Muriatic,	
----Fluoric,	----Oxalic,	!
----Arfenic,	----Arfenic,	
----Mucous,	----Fluoric,	
----Succinic,	----Tartarous,	
----Nitric,	----Succinic,	
----Muriatic,	----Mucous,	
----Tartarous,	----Citric,	
	-----Phofphoric,	■
		
----Malic,	---Laaic,	
---Laaic,	-----Benzoic,	
----Benzoic,	----Acetous,	
----Acetous,	----Boracic,	
----Boracic,	----Sulphurous,	
——. Sulphurous,	----Nitrous,	
----Nitrous,	■ Carbonic,	
----Carbonic,	----Pruffic.	
...... Pruffic		
[Sulphur.		-~......'
 
Appen.]                  Affinities,                     fffi
Tables of Simple Affinity continued.
Oxide of Platinum.
  ------Gold a.
Ether.  Gallic acid,
Muriatic,
•Nitric,
Sulphuric,
Arfenic,
Fluoric,
Tartarous,
Phofphoric,
Oxalic,
Citric,
Acetous,
Succinic,
Pruffic,
Carbonic.
Ammonia.
Oxide of Silver.
Gallic acid,
Muriatic,
Oxalic,
Sulphuric,
Mucous,
Phofphoric,
Sulphurous,
Nitric,
Arfenic,
Fluoric,
Tatarous,
Citric,
Laaic,
Succinic,
Acetous,
Pruffic,
Carbonic.
Ammonia.
Oxide or Mercury.  v'
 Gallic acid,
 Muriatic,
 Oxalic,
 Succinic,
 Arfenic,
 Phofphoric,
 Sulphuric,
 Mucous,
 Tatarous,
 Citric,
 Malic,
 Sulphurous,
 Nitric,
 Fluoric,
 Acetous,
 Benzoic,
 Boracic,
 Pruffic,
I Carbonic.
  a. Omitting the oxalic, citric,  fuccinic, and carbonic, and add-
ing fulphuretted hydrogen after ammonia. 
90            Elements of Pharmacy.         [Part I,
Tables of Simple Affinity continued.
Oxide of Lead.	Oxide of Copper.	Oxide of Arsenic.
Gallic,	Gallic,	Gallic,
Sulphuric,	Oxalic,	Muriatic,
Mucous,	Tartarous,	Oxalic,
Oxalic,	Muriatic,	Sulphuric,
Arfenic,	Sulphuric,	Nitric,
Tartarous,	Mucous,	Tartarous,
Phofphoric,	Nitric,	Phofphoric,
Muriatic,	Arfenic,	Fluoric,
Sulphurous,	Phofphoric,	Succinic,
Suberic,	Succinic,	Citric,
Nitric,	Fluoric,	Acetous,
Fluoric,	Citric,	Pruffic,
Citric,	Laaic,	
		
Malic, Succinic,	Acetous, Boracic,	Fixed alkaiies,
		"
Laaic,	Pruffic,	Ammonia,
Acetous, Benzoic, Boracic, PrHffic, Carbonic,	Carbonic,	
		Fixed oils,
	Fixed alkalies,	
		Water.
	Ammonia,	
Fixed oils,	Fixed oils.	
Ammonia.		
 
Appen.]
Affinities.
91
Tables of Simple Affinity continued.
Oxide of Iron.	Oxide of Tin a.	Oxide of Zinc. IOx.qf Antimony-I	
Ether. Gallic, Oxalic, Tartarous, Camphoric, Sulphuric, Mucous, Muriatic, Nitric, Phofphoric, Arfenic, Fluoric, Succinic, Citric, Laaic, Acetous, Boracic, Pruffic, Carbonic. i	Gallic, m 1 Muriatic, Sulphuric, Oxalic, Tartarous, Arfenic, Phofphoric, Nitric, Succinic, Fluoric, Mucous, Citric, Laaic, Acetous, Boracic, Pruffic,	Gallic, Oxalic, Sulphuric, Muriatic, Mucous, Nitric, Tatarous, Phofphoric, Citric, Succinic, Fluoric, Arfenic, Laaic, Acetous, Boracic, Pruffic, Carbonic,	Gallic, j Muriatic, | Benzoic, j Oxallic, 1 Sulphuric, Nitric, Tartarous, Mucous, Phofphoric, Citric, Succinic, Fluoric, Arfenic, Laaic, Acetous, Boracic, Pruffic,
	Ammonia.		
		Fixed alkalies, Ammonia.	Fixed alkalies, lAmmonia.
<?. Bergman places the tartarous before the muriatic. 
n
Elements of Pharmaey.
[Part!
Tables <?/" Simple Affinity continued.
"Sulphuric Acid.	SULPHUROUsAcip.	Phosphoric Acid.	PhosphorousAcib.
Prussic a.	Succinic b.	Carbonic c.	
Baryta,	Baryta,	Baryta,	Lime,
Strontia,	Lime,	Strontia,	Baryta,
Potafs,	Potafs,	Lime,	Strontia,
Soda,	Soda,	Potafs,	Potafs,
Lime,	Strontia,	Soda,	Soda,
Magnefia,	Magnefia,	Ammonia,	Ammonia,
Ammonia,	Ammonia,	Magnefia,	Glucina,
Glucina,	Glucina,	Glucina,	Alumina,
Gadolina,	Alumina,	Alumina,	Zirconia,
Alumina,	Zirconia,	Zirconia,	Metallic oxides.
Zirconia,	Metallic oxides.	Metallic oxides,	
Metallic oxides.		Silica.	
  <.:. With the omiffionof all after aramtmia.
  h. Ammonia fhould come before magnefia, and flrontia, glucina,
and zirconia fhould be omitted.
  c. Magnefia fhould ftand above ammonia, and alumina and fil-
ica fhould he omitted. 
Appea.]
Affinities.
S3
Tables ^/"Simple Affinity continued.
	Fluoric Acid.	Acetous Acid. 1	Oxalic Acid.
Nitric Acid.	Boracic---b.	Lactic ---	Tartarous ---
Muriatic---a-	Arsenic ---c.	Suberic ---d.	Citric ,e.
	Tungstic ---		
Baryta,	Lime,	Baryta,	Lime,
Potafs,	Baryta,	Potafs*	Baryta,
Soda,	Strontia,	Soda,	Strontia,
Strontia,	Magnefia,	Strontia,	Magnefiaj
Lime,	Potafs,	Lime,	Potafs, ,
Magnefia,	Soda,	Ammonia,	Soda,
Ammonia,	Ammonia,	Magnefia,	Ammonia,
Glucina,	Glucina,	Metallic oxides,	Alumina,
Alumina,	Alumina,	IGlucina,	Metallic oxides,
Zirconia,	Zirconia,	Alumina,	Water,
Metallic oxides.	Silica.	jZirconia.	Alcohol;
  a. Ammonia fhould ftand above magnefia.
  i. Silica fhould be omitted, and inftead of it water arid alcohol
be inferted.
  c. Except filica.
  d. With the omiffionof flrontia, metallic oxides, glucina  and
zirconia.
  e. Zirconia after alumina. 
94             Elements of Pharmacy:       [Part I
Tables of Simple Affinity continued.
Benzoic Acid.	Camphoric Acid.	Fixed Oil.	Alcohol.	Sulphuretted Hydrogen.
White oxide of Arfenic, Potafs, Soda, Ammonia, Baryta, Lime, Magnefia, Alumina.	Lime, Potafs, Soda, Baryta, Ammonia, Alumina, Magnefia. ■ -	Lime, Baryta, Potafs, Soda, Magnefia, Oxide of Mercury, Other metallic Oxides, Alumina,	Water, Ether, Volatile oil, Alkal.Sul-phurets.	Baryta, \ Potafs, Soda, Lime, Ammonia, Magnefia, Zirconi a.
 
Appen.]
Affinities.
t>$
Cases of  Mutual Decomposition.
            i. From Simple Affi
Sulphate of Potafs,       with
           Soda,         —
           Ammonia,     —
           Magnefia,     —
Superfulphate of Alumina, —
Nitrate of Potafs,          —
         Ammonia,       —■
Muriate of Baryta,        —

           Soda,          —
           Lime,        —
           Ammonia,     —
Phofphate of Soda,         —
Subborate of Soda,        —
Nitrate of Silver,          —
Acetite of Lead,          —
Sulphate of Mercury,      —
Soap of Potafs,           —
Soap of Soda,            —
nity (14. a.)
  Muriate of Baryta.
  Nitrate of Potafs.
  Muriate of Soda.
  Carbonate of Potafs.
  Muriate of Lime.
           Baryta.
  Phofphate of  Soda.
  All the Sulphates and Ni-
     trates
  Carbonate of Potafs.
  Subborate of Soda.
  Carbonate of  Potafs.
  Muriate of Ammonia.
  Carbonate of  Potafs.
  Muriate of Soda.
  Citrate of Potafs.
  Muriate of Soda.
  Muriate  of Soda.
  Sulphate of Lime.
           2. From Com
Sulphate of Baryta,
Sulphate of Baryta,
           Potafs,
           Soda,
Muriate of Baryta,
Muriate of Lime,
Phofphate of Soda,
Acetite of Lead,
Acetite of Lead,
pound Affinity (14. b.)
  with     Carbonate of Potafs.
  —                  Soda.
  —      Muriate of Lime.
  ->—      Muriate of Lime.
  —      Phofphate of Soda.
          Subborate of Soda.
  —      Carbonate of Potafs.
  —                  Soda.
  —                  Ammonia.
  —      Carbonate of Ammonia.
  —                  Lime.
  —      Sulphate of Zinc.
  —      Nitrate ot Mercury. 
96             Elements of PhaYmacy.            [PartL
         Cases of Disposing Affinity (14. c.)
  The formation of water by the aaion of the fulphuric acid on
tfie compound oxides.
  The oxidization of metals by water, in confequence of the pre-
fence of an acid.
                    Thermometers.
  Fahrenheit's therrhometer is univerfally  ufed in this kingdom.
In it -the range between the  freezing and boiling points of water
is  divided into  180 degrees ; and as the greateft poffible degree
of cold was fuppofed to be  that produced by mixing fnow  and
muriate of foda, it was made the zero, and the freezing point be-
came 320, and the boiling point 2120.
  The Centigrade thermometer of Revolutionized France, places
the zero at the freezing point, and divides the range between  it
and the boiling  point  into  1000.   This has long been ufed in
Sweden under the title of Celfius's thermometer.
   Reaumeur's thermometer, which was formerly ufed in France,
divides the fpace between the freezing and boiling of  water  into
8o°, and places the zero at the freezing  point.
  Wedgewood's pyrometer is only intended to meafure very high
temperatures.  Its zero correfponds with 10770 of Fahrenheit's
and each degree of Wedgewood is equal to  130 of Fahrenheit.
  Therefore 1800 F. =: 10o° C. — 8o°  R.  =150° D. = -LL W.
  Or to reduce centrigrade degrees  to thofe  of Fahrenheit, mul.
tiply by 9 and  divide by 5, and to the quotient add 00  that is,

   To reduce Reaumeur's to Fahrenheit's we have the  following
formula, f^-f 32 ™F.
  To reduce Wedgewood's degrees to thofe of  Fahrenheit, \v-
have 130 W. + 1077 ~ F- °r inverfely,
         5 f — 3 2___r>

         4,~"3*=R.
            9
         T.-._i o 7 j____-ry
            130 
Appen.]              Thermometers.                    97
Table of the Degrees of different Thermometers, omitting Frac-
   tions, at which fome remarkable Chemical Phenomena occur.
Reau.	Fahr.	Cent.
—35	-46	—43
—34	— 45	—42
—3a	— 39	—39
—24	— 22	—30
—14	0	—18
0	32	0
5	43	6
6	45	7
22	82	28
27	92	33
28	95	35
29	98	36
3°	99	37
33	„io6	41
40	122	50
42	127	53
44	13°	54
50	*45	63
59	165	74
61	170	77
64	176	80
68	185	85
71	192	89
80	212	100
80	212 +	100
83	219	104
96	248	120
H2	283	140
120	3°3	150.
I50	37°	188
164	400	205
168	410	210
190	460	238
226	54°	282
226	54°+	282
228	546	285
2G
Ether freezes.
Ammonia exifts in a liquid form.
Mercury freezes.
Acetous acid freezes.
Cold, produced by mixing equal parts of
  fnow and muriate of foda.
Ice melts.
Phofphorus burns flowly.
Wax melts.
The adipocere of mufcle melt*.
Fat begins to melt.
Spermaceti melts.
Ether boils.
Phofphorus melts.
Refin of bile melts.
Phofphorus burns vividly.
Fat is perfeaiy fluid.
Ammonia is feparated from water.
Camphor fublimes.
Albumen coagulates.
Sulphur evaporates (Kirwan.)
Alcohol boils.
Sulphur melts (Kirwan.)
Adipocere of biliary calculi melts.
Water and volatile oils boil.
Sulphur melts (Fourcroy.)
Phofphorus evaparates.
Nitric acid boils.
White oxide of arfenic fublimes.
Sulphur burns  flowly, and camphor melu.
Charcoal burns.
Arfenic melts.
Tin melts.
Bifmuth melts.
Lead melts (Newton ;) arfenic fublimes.
Tellurium melts.
Sulphuric acid boils (5400 Bergman.) 
98
Elements of Pharmacy.
[PartL
Table of Degrees of Thermometers continued.
Reau. i Fahr.		Cent.	VVedc.
232	554	290	
a99	57o	239	
2,50	594	312	
252	600	3*5	
z97	70O	37*	
34»	800	427	
* 345	809	432	
5^4	1300+	7°5	*-7
M5i	3297	1814	H
2024	45^7	253°	27
2082	47i7	2602	28
23*3	5237	2992	32
7975 17977		9969	130
913»,2°577		1*4*4	150
9602 21637		t2o01	158
1 970821877		12136	160
I1028623177 ^		12858	170-f
Phofphorus boils.
Sulphur burns vividly.
Lead melts (Morveau.)
Mercury boils, linfeed oil boils.
Sulphur fublimes (Davy.)
Zinc melts.
Hydrogen gas burns.
Antimony melts.
Azotic gas burns.
Diamond burns (Sir G.  Macken-
  zie.)
Copper melts.
Silver melts.
Gold melts.          „
Cobalt melts.
Nickel melts.
Iron melts.
Manganefe melts.
Platinum, tungften,  molybdenum/
   uranium, and titanium melt<
/
/ 
Appen.]
Freezing Mixtures.
99
            Table of Freezing.Mixtures^

  During the folution of many faline bodies, a very confidera-
ble reduaion of temperature takes place.  We fhall extraa from
Mr. Walker's  paper a few ot the moft convenient mixtures em-
ployed for this  parpofe.
A mixture of~\				[reduces the tern-perature.
Muriate of ammonia, Nitric of potafs, Water,		5 Parti 5 16	■'	► from 5b0 to io°.
Sulphate of foda, Muriatic acid,		8 5	> from 500 to o°.	
Snow, Muriate of foda, Snow, Muriate of foda,	}	l l 2 1 1 5 5	1 1 J	> from 320 to o°. > from o° to—50.
Snow, Muriate of foda, Muriate of ammonia, and Nitrate ot potafs,				> from—50 to—180.
Snow, Muriate of foda, Nitrate of ammonia,		12 5 5		► frbm—i8°to—250.
Snow, Diluted fulphuric acid,		i l		>• from 200 to—6o°.
Snow, Muriate of lime,		2 3	1	► from 320 to—50°.
Snow, Muriate of lime,		i 3	1 1	> from—40°to—730.
Snow, Diluted fulphuric acid,		8 io		» from—68° to—910.
  The falts ought to be recently cryftallized,  and reduced to a
Very fine powder, and the mixture  fhould  be made as quickly as
poffible.  To produce a very great degree  of cold, the materials
muft be  previoufly cooled down by  means of other mixtures.
               2 
100             Elements of Pharmacy.           [ParfcL
Table of fome Galvanic  Circles, compofed of two Per-
    fea Conduaors, and one Imperfea Conduaor (Davy.)
with gold,  charcoal,
       filver,  copper,
       tin, iron, mer
       cury.
----gold, charcoal,
       filver, copper,
       tin.
---- gold,    filver,
       charcoal.
----gold, filver.
gold, filver.
gold.
1
3


B
Solutions  of  nitric
acid   in   water,  of
muriatic  acid,   ful
phuric acid, &c.
Water,  holding  in
folution oxygen, at-
mofpheric air.
SJ
>T) Solution  of nitrate,
-n   of filver,  and
mer.
cury.
Nitric  acid, acetous
acid.
Nitric acid.
Table of fome Galvanic Circles, compofed of two Im-*
       perfea Conduaors, and one Perfea Conduaor.
 ° Charcoal,
Co /-»
 a Copper,
 c Silver,
rS 'Lead,
cS|Tin-
& :Iron,
 lii7'
 « Z,mc.
P-*
 o
cd
 3
 a retted  alkaline  ful-! 1:  acid, oxygenizedmu-
^j phurets,  capable  ofjrj viatic acid,  &c. ca-
# aaing  on  the   firftj ^ jpable of acling on all
Ji three metals, but notjviJ 'tb.* metals.
 ^on the-la ft three.
                       6
Solutions of hydrogu-|_n iSolutio»« of nitrous 
Appen.]
Weights and Measures,
\0)
               Weights  and Measures.

   ** To employ,  as the fundamental unity of all meafures, a type
taken from nature itfelf, a type as unchangeable as  the globe on
which we dwell—to propofe a metrical fyftem, of which all
the parts are intimately conneaed together, and of which the mul-
tiples and  fubdivifions follow a natural progreffion, which is fim-
ple,  eafy to comprehend :—This  is moft affuredly a beautiful,
great, and  fublime idea,  worthy of the enlightened age in  which
we live."
   Such were the ideas which influenced the French National In-
ftitute, when they  chofe as the bafe of the whole  metrical fyf-
tem, the fourth part of the terreftrial meridian between the equa-
tor and the north pole.  They adopted the ten millionth  part of
this arc for the unity of meafure, which they  denominated metre,
and applied it equally to  fuperficial and folid meafures, taking for
the unity of the former the fquare of the decuple, and for  that of
the latter the cube of the tenth part of the  metre.  They chofe
for the unity of weight, the quantity of diftilled water which the
fame cube contains when reduced to  a conftant ftate prefented by
nature itfelf; and, laftly, they decided, that the multiples and
fubmultiples of each kind of meafure, whether of weight,  capac-
ity, furtace, or length, fhould be always taken in the decimal pro-
greffion, as being the moft fimple, the moft natural,  and the moft
eafy for calculation, according to the fyftem of numeration whw-h
all Europe has employed for centuries.
   By a careful meafurement  of the arc  between  Dunkirk and
Mountjouy, they  found the length  of the metre to be equal  to
443.296 lines,of the toife of Peru. The cubic decimetre of diftilled
water, taken at its maximum of denfity and weight in vacuo, that
is the unity of weight, was found to be 18827.15 grains of the pile
of Charlemagne.  By aEtual comparifon, the metre was found to be
equal to 39.371 Englifh inches at 620, the temperature univcr-
fally employed in  the comparifon of  Englifh ftandards; and upon
thefe data the following tables have been conftruaed. 
Elements of Pharmacy.
[Part h
Tables of Weights and  Measures,
Ounces.
  12
   I
 Drachms
:  96
:   8
Troy Weight.

    Scruples.
  =  288  =
  =   24  =
  =    3  -
        1  =
Grains.
5760
 4»0
  60
  20
   I
Grammes.
372.96
 7I.08

  1.205
  0.0647$
Ounces.
  16
   1
Avoirdupois Weight.
Drachms.		Grains.
256	n_	7OOO
16	—-	437-5
I	==	27.97S
Grammes.
453-25
 28.32
  1.81
Measures.
Pints.   Ounces.
 8  =  128 =
 1  =   16 =
Drachms.
1024   =
 128   =
   8   =
Cub. Inch.
 231      =
  28.875   =
   I.8047  =
   0.2250  =
 Litres.
3-78515
O.47398
0.02957
O.OO369. 
Appen.]
Measures.
103
Meafures of Length ; the Metre being at 320, and thg hoot at 620
Millimetre
Centimetre
Decimetre
Metre
Decametre
Hecatometre
Chiliometre
Myriornetre
    Englilh Inches.
       •°3937
       •3937I
     3-937io
    39.37100
   393.71000  :
  393710000  :
 39371.00000  :
393710.00000  r
Mil.	Fur.	Yds.	Feet.	Inch.
0	O	10	2	9-7
0	0	I09	I	I.
O	4	213	t	10.2
0	1	156	0	6
Meafures of Capacity.
«,.,,.,.               Cubic Inches.
Milhlitre     =r         .06103
Centilitre     rr:         .61028
Pecilitre      rr       6.10280
Litre         —      61.02800
Decalitre      =     610.28000
Hecatolitre    =    6102.80000
Chiliolitre    =   61028.00000
Myriolitre    =  610280.00000
	Englifh.	
Tons.	Hogf.	Wine Gall
= 0	0	O
=r 0	0	2
— 0	0	26.419
— 1	0	I2.IQ
= 10	I	58.9
 Pints.

2-1133
5.1352
Milligramme
Centigramme
Decigramme
Gramme
Decagramme
Hecatogramme
Chiliogramme
Myriogramme
 Meafures of Weight.

 Englilh Grains.
       .OI54
       .1544
     I.5444
    154440
   154.4402    :
  1544-4023    :
 15444.0234    :
154440.2344    :
 Avoirdupois.
Poun.  Oun.  Drams.
  o     o    5.65
  o     3    8.5
  2     3    5
 22     j    2
4
% 
104             Elements of Pharmacy.         [Part I.
Table of  Specific  Gravities, at a  Medium
                  Temperature.
Diftilled water,
    Gases.
Oxygen,
Hydrogen,
Sulphuretted hydrogen,
Carburetted hydrogen,

Light do.
Nitrogen,
Atmofpheric air,

Nitrous oxide,
Nitric oxide,
Carbonic oxide,
»        acid,

Sulphurous acid,
■              ^
Muriatic acid,
Ammonia,
 i.o

 0.0013562
 0.00133929
0.0001
0.000099/11
0.000094671
0.00135
0.000804
0.000787
0.00063
0.000554
0.0012
0.00119048
0.001189
0.0012308
0.00123609
0.00197
0.001343
0.00130179
0.0014631
0.001167
0.00186161 •
0.0018454
0.00253929
0.0018856
0.00213482
0.00065357
0.00073539
 L.
 B.
 K.
 B.
 L.
 K.
 C.
 C.
 c.
 c.
 K.
 B.
 L.
 L.
 B.
 D.
 D.
 B.
.K.
 C.
 B,
 L.
 B.
 K.
 B.
 B.
 K.
  Oxygenized  muriatic acid gas, and  fluoric acid gas, unknown.
  L. Lavoifier.  B. Briffon.  K.  Kirwan.  C. Cruikfhank.  D.
Davy. 
Appen.]             Specific Gravities.               105
Solids.
Diamond       -      3-52i2 1
Native fulphur,       2.0332
Melted do.    -      i-99°7 |
Phofphorus,    -      17140
Platinum tufed,      19.5000
Gold do.       -     19.2581
Mercury,       -     13.5681
Lead,  '    -    -    n-3523
Silver,    -   -     10.4743
Bifmuth,     -       9.8227
Cobalt,    -    -    7.8227
Copper,      -      7.7880
Nickel,    -    -    7.3806
Tin,     -    -      7.2914
Caft iron,     -       7.2070
Zinc,     -    -      7.1908
Manganefe,      -   6.8500
Antimony,     -      6.7021
Tungften,      -    6.6785
Tellurium,    -      6.1150
Molybdenum,       6. nearly.
Arfenic,       -      5. 7633
 Uuranium, titanium, chrome,
   and columbium, unknown.
 Potafs,       -       46215
 Baryta,        -       4.
 Magnefia,      -     2.3298
 Lime,        -       a.3908
 Alumina,    -         2.
 Zirconia,      -      4.3
 Silica,      -        2.66
 Soda, flrontia, gadolina, gluci-
        na unknown.
 Tallow,       -       0.9419
Hogs lard,
Yellow wax,
White do.
Spermaceti,
Refin,
Sandarac,
Maftich,
Copal,
Elemi,
Labdanum,
Refin of Guaiac,
Refin of jalap,
Dragons Blood,
Tacamahaca.,
Benzoin,
Storax,
Gum ammoniac,
Gamboge,
Olibanum,
Myrrh,
Scammony,
Galbanum,
Affdfcetida,
 Hepatic aloes,
 Socotorine aloes,
Opium,
 Gum arabic,
----tragacanth,
 Exfraft of liquorice,
 -----,---catechu,
 Camphor,
 Caoutchouc,
 Cork,
Fluids.
Water,       -       1.0000
Sulphuric acid,       2.1250
Nitric acid,    ~      1.5800
Muriatic acid,         i-*94°
Acetous do.     -      1-0135
Acetic do.       -    1.0626
Water faturated with am-
      monia,         ©.8970
Alcohol,     , -
Sulphuric ether,
Oil of turpentine,
------  olives,
------  almonds,
Lin feed  oil,
Whale oil,
0.9478
0.9648
0.9686
o-9433
0.0727
1.0920
1.0742
1.0452
1.C682
1.1862
1.2289
1.2185
1.2045
1.0463
1.0924
1.1098
 1.2071
 1.2216
 1.1732
 1.3600
 12354
 1.2120
 2-3275
 1.3586
 1-3795
 1.3366
 1*4523
 1.3161
 1.7228
 M573
 0.9887
 0-9335
 0.2400
0.8293
0-7394
0.8097
°-9»53
0.9170
0.9403
0.9233 
106            Elements of Pharmacy.            [Parti.
(very foluble, proportion
(  not determined.
J'
15°
*33
 50
  8-3

  0.84

11.04
  0.69
  1.04
  0.208
Strontia,
cryftalized,
Lime,
                    Salts.
Sulphate of Potafs,
Superfulphate of potafs,
Sulphate of foda,
-----------ammonia,
Sulphate of Magnefia,
----------- alumina, very foluble, pro-
  portion unknown.
 5
57
 0.006
  1.9
 0.2

 6.25
 5°
  37-4
  5°
  100
unlimited.
   do.
   do.
   do.
Table of the Solubility of Saline and other Subflances in 109
 parts of Water, at the Temperature of 6o°     and    2120.
                      Acids.
Sulphuric,      -         -         unlimited.
Nitric,           -          -           do.
Acetous,         -        -            do.
Pruffic,        -                       do.
Phofphoric, ~\
Acetic,
Tartarous,
Malic,
Laftic,
Laccic,
Arfenic,
Citric,
Oxalic,
Gallic,
Boracic,
Mucous,

Succinic,
Suberic,
Camphoric,
Benzoic,
Molybdic,         -         -
Chromic, unknown.
Tungftic, infoluble.
                Salifiable Bafes.

SodaS' fvery Soluble, proportion not known.
Baryta,
       cryftalized,
200
 100
  66
  2
  1.25

 50


  8-3
  4.17
  o.i
     So

any quantity.

     5<a
 20
100+
125
100
 *33 
Appen.]            Specific Gravities.                 107
                     Temperatures,
Superfulphate of alumina and potafs,
1---------------ammonia
Nitrate ot baryta,
■--------■ potafs,
---------foda,
---------flrontia,
---------lime,
--------ammonia,
          magnefia,
6o«
' ^  alum,
   5
   8
 14.25
 33
 100
 400
 50
 100
 .20
 33
 35-42
 150
2 00
 33
 100
  6
 Muriate of baryta
 ---------— potafs,
 -----------foda,
 -----------flrontia,
 ■----------lime,
 -----------ammonia,
 ■----------magnefia,
 Oxymuriate of potafs,
 Phofphate of potafs very foluble.
 --------■— foda,
 -----------ammonia,
 ■-----------magnefia,
 Subborate of foda,         ■
 Carbonate of potafs,
 -----------. foda,
 -----------magnefia,
 -----------ammonia,
 Acetite ot potafs,
 ---------foda,
 ■--------ammonia very foluble.
 ---------magnefia, do.
 --------- ftrontia,
 Supertartrite of potaft,
 Tartrite of potafs,
 .         potafs and foda,
 Superoxalate of potafs,
 Citrate of potafs very foluble.
 Pruffiate of potafs  and iron.
 Nitrate of filver very folubl^.
 Oxymuriate ot  mercury (corrofive  fublimate) 5
 Sulphate of copper,        -         -     25
 Acetite of copper very foluble.
 Sulphate of iron,                           50
Muriate of iron very foluble.
 Tartrite ef iron and potafs.
Acetites of lead, and of mercury,
 25
 25
  6.6
  8.4
 25
 50
  2
50+
100
 35
 1.67

25
     212°

     »33
      s5
     100
     100-f-
     200
any quantity.
     200
      00
    36.16
any quantity. 
108           Elements of Pharmacy.             [Part I,
      2.5

any quantity,

very foluble.
abundantly.
more fo.
                       Temperatures,       6o°        2i2c
Sulphate of zinc,       -          -          44         44~r"
Acetite of zinc very foluble.
Tartrite of antimony and potafs,
Alkaline foaps very foluble.
Sugar,
Gum very foluble,
Starch,
Jelly,
Gelatin,
Urea very foluble.
       Salts not foluble in ioo times their weight of water.
Sulphates of baryta, ftrontia,  and lime, and fubfulphate of  mer
  cury.
Phofphates of baryta, ftrontia, lime, magnefia, and mercury.
Fluat of lime.
Carbonates of baryta, ftrontia, and lime.
Muriates of lead-, filver and mercury,  (Calomel.)
Subacetite of copper.
Solubility of Saline and other Subflances in ioo parts' of Al-
    1.25

 IOO

   0
fparingly,
foluble,
cohol, at the Temperature of
All the Acids, except the fulphuric, nitic,
  and  oxymuriatic, which decompofe  it
  and the phofphori?  and metallic acids.
Potafs, foda, and ammonia, very foluble.
Red fulphate of iron,
Muriate of iron,
■---------lime,
Nitrate ot ammonia,
Oxymuriate of mercury,
Nitrate of filver,
Refined fugar,
Muriate of ammonia,
Arfeniate of potafs,
Nitrate of potafs,
Arfeniate  of foda,
Muriate of foda (Mr.  Chenevix.)
Alkaline foaps,
Magnefian do.
Extracl.
Tannin.
Volatile oils.
Adipocere.
Refins.
Camphor.
Urea._
176°
100
ioo
 89.2
 88.3
 41.7
 24.6
  7-1
  3-75
  2.9
  ?7 
Appen.]             Specific Gravities:                 109


                Subflances Infoluble in Alcohol.
   Earths.
   Phofphoric and metallic acids.
   Almoft all the fulphates and carbonates.
   The nitrates of lead and mercury.
   The muriates of lead, filver, and loda.
   The fubborate of foda.
   The tartrite of foda and potafs, and the fupertartrite of potafs.
   Fixed oils, wax, and ftarch.
   Gum, caoutchouc, fuber, lignin, gelatin, albumen, and fibrin.


 Table of the Weight of the different Gases abforbed by ioo parts
                          of Water.
Muriatic acid,	-	ioo.
Ammonia,	-	34-
Sulphurous acid,	-	3-9^
Nitrous oxide,	-	0.27
Carbonic acid,	-	0.18
Nitric oxide,	-	0.16
Carbonic oxide,	■v	
Oxygen,	1 ,	
Hydrogen,	S unknowi.	
Sulphuretted hydrogen,	I	
Carburetted hydrogen,	J	
 
110
Elements of Pharmacy.
[Part I.
           EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.


  Fig. 1.2. 3. Mortars of metal, marble and earthen ware, with
their refpe&ive peftles, (30. Seft. 2.)
  Fig. 4. A levigating ftone and muller.
    a. The table of polifhed porphyry or other filiceous ftone.
    b. The muller of the fame fubftance.
  Fig. 5. A compound fieve.
    a. The lid.
    c. The body containing the fieve*
    b. The receiver.
  Fig. 6. A funnel.
  Fig. 7. A hooked glafs  rod.  Several of which may be hung
round the edge of the funnel, to prevent  the filtering fubftances
from adhering too clofely to its fides.
  Fig. 8. A compound fyphon.
    a. b. c. The fyphon.
    f g. The mouth piece.
    d. e. A board for fupporting it.
  When we infert the upper orifice a. into any liquid, and clofe
the lower orifice c. with the finger,  by fucking through  f the
fluid will rife from a. to b. and proceed to g. towards^.  As foon
as it has paffed g.  the finger is to be removed, and the fluid will
immediately flow through c. and continue  flowing as long as
any remains above the orifice a.  It  is abfolutely  neceffary that
the point g.  where the mouth  piece joins the fyphon, be  lower
than a.
  Fig. 9. Aboard perforated with holes for fupporting funnels.
  Fig. 10. A  feparatory.    The fluids to be feparated are intro-
duced through the orifice A. which is then clofed with a ftopper.
The one neck is then  to be fhut with the finger, and the phial is
to be inclined to the other fide.   As foon as the fluids have fepa-
rated by means of their fpecific gravity,the finger is to be remov-
ed, and the  whole ot the heavier fluid will run through the low-
er neck, before any of the lighter efcapes.
  Fig. II. and 12.  Glafs graduated meafures.  11. A  cylindrical
one for large,  12.  a conical one for fmall quantities.
  Fig. 13. A  phial of a particular fhape for keeping laudanum.
  Fig  14. External view  of Dr. Black's furnace.
    a. The body.                   ^
    b. The afh pit. 
 
FliATE I,
Pwb&thtd by Iraiah Ttomas Jun.rJ8oS
Pageiio .
A-jDooltlt-'eScitlff 
Plate n
Published 6y Latah TTwmas Jan? 1605
FageW.
AJJooltetie JaUfi, 
 
Appen.]           Explanation of the Plates.          Ill

    c. The chimney.
    d, The circular hole for receiving the fand pot.
    e. A door about the center of the body, to be opened when
       the furnace is ufed as a reverberatory.
    /. The door of the afh pit.
    g. The damping plate for regulating  the admiffion  of  air,
       having fix holes, fitted with ftoppers, increafing in fize in
       a geometrical ratio.
   Fig. 15.  A vertical feftion of the body of the fame furnace to
fliew  the manner of luting, and the form and pofition of the grate.
    a.-----g. As in the former figure, except the damping plate,
       which is here clofed by  a  Aiding door with a graduated
       fcale.
     k. The form which is given to  the lute of clay and charcoal
       which is applied next to the  iron.
     i. The form given to the lute of fand and clay, with which
       the former is lined.
    e. Is a femicircular aperture  left unluted, to ferve as a door
       when  neceffary.   On other occafions it is filled up with a
       femicylindrical piece of firebrick. Fig.  16. accurately lut-
       luted  in.
    k. The grate fattened oh the outfide of the body.
   Fig. 16.  A femicylindrical piece of fire brick  for doling  the
door e. of the furnace.
   Fig. 17* The fand pot which  is fufpended in the aperture d. of
the furnace, by means of the projecting ring a. b.
   Fig. 18.  A muffle, a. a. apertures  in its fides for the admiffion
of the heated air.
   Fig. 19. A large black lead crucible.
   Fig. 20. A fmall  Heffian crucible.
   Fig. 21. 22. Tefts.
   Fig. 23.   A fmall fupport of clay, to raife  the crucible above
the grate.
   Fig. 24.  A pair of crucible tongs.
   Fig. 2^, A fupport for raifing the muffle as high as the door e.
of the furnace.
   Fig. 26.   A ring for fufpending a retort within  the  furnace,
when we with to expofe it  to the immediate  a£lion  of the  fire.
The ring itfelf a. b. is fufpended within the aperture d. of the fur-
nace, by means of the three hooked branches c. c. c.
   Fig. 27. Semicircular rings of plate iron, for applying round the
neck of a retort when fufpended within the furnace, in order  to
clofe as much as poffible the aperture d. Fig. 1.  The largelt pair
a. are firft made to reft upon the edge of the aperture d.  the next
pair b. upon  them, and fo until they come in contact; with the neck
of the retort.  The whole are then  to be covered withafhes or fand, 
112             Elements of Pharmacy.           [Parti.
to prevent the lofs of heat, and the efcape of vapors, from the
burning  fuel.
   Fig. 28. Circular rings a. b. to be applied in the fame manner
when we wifh to evaporate with the naked fire.   We  muft al-
ways take care  that the fluid rifes higher than the portion of the
evaporating veflel introduced within the aperture of the ring ; c,
a circular piece of iron, which when applied with the rings a.  b.
completely clofes the aperture d. of the furnace.
  Fig. 29. 30. 31. 32.  Evaporating veffels of different fhapes.
  F'g- 33- A long necked matrafs.
  F'g. 34- Ajar.
  ^'g. 35" A phial or receiver.
  Fig. 36. A cucurbit.
  Fig. 37. A cucurbit with its capital.
  Fig. 38. The arrangement of the apparatus for diftilling per de-
cenfum.   The fuftance to be diftilled is laid on the metallic plate
a. which is perforated with holes.   The burning  fuel is laid upon
the upper plate b. alfo of metal, but not perforated.  On the ap-
plication of heat the vapor defcends into the cavity a. c. where it
is condenfed.
  Fig. 39. A retort and receiver ; a. the retort  ; b. the receiver.
  Fig. 40. A retort funnel.
  Fig. 41. A metallic  ftill.
     c. d. e.f. The body.
     a. b. e. f. The lower portion of the body, which hangs with-
       in the aperture d.  of the furnace, by the projecting parted
     d. g. c. The head of the ftill.
     d. c. A gutter  which goes round the bottom  of head,  for
       conveying any vapors which may be condenfed there, in-
       to the fpout k.  which conveys away the  vapor and  the
       fluid condenfed in the head into the refrigeratory.
  Fig. 42. A refrigeratory.
     a. £. c. d.  A cylindrical veffel filled with cold water.
     e.f.  A fpiral metallic pipe which  paffes through it.   The
       point h. ot the ftill is inferted within the upper orifice e. \
       therefore the vapors which efcape from  the head of the
       ftill enter it, and are condenfed in their paffage towards/
       the lower termination of the pipe horn which the diftilled
       fluid runs, and is  received into proper veffels. As the wa-
       ter in the veffel a. b. c. d. continually  abftracls  caloric
       from the vapors, it is apt to become too warm to condenfe
       them. As foon, therefore, as any fleam efcapes by the fpout
      /. the water  muft  be drawn off by the cock f. and its place
       fupplied by  cold  water.
   Fig. 43. A veffel  for boiling \i flammable fluids.
     a. U. c. d. The body  ot the kvt-.Ie. 
I
/ 
     *             PuMsked  by haia/i Thomas Jun^180.5.
FliATE HL                                      _______*&"«■
AMaoStie SaU/vf 
;Plate  IV.
Fh&tirkcd by Isaiah Thomas JunflSoj.
7Jage 1/3
A.Doc'i'Sie SaifiT 
,»»«»■-«'» 
Appcn.]
Explanation of the Plates.
113
     d.e.f. A long fpout proceeding from it, for preventing any
       rifk of boiling over.
     g. A fhort fpout for pouring out.  The veffel fhould not be
       filled above h.f. and the long fpout d. e.f. fhould be plac-
       ed fo as to be as little heated as poffible.  When the fluid
       begins to fwell and boil up, both from the great increafe of
       furface, and from part of it running up the cooler fpout
       d. e.f.  the ebullition will be checked, and all danger  of
       running over be prevented.
  . Fig. 44. A body with a bent tube.
     a. b. The body.
     b. c. A figmoid tube accurately ground to it.    When any
       permanently elaftic fluid is generated within the body a.
       b. it efcapes by  the  extremity ot the tube, and may  be
       collected by introducing it under a jar filled with water or
       mercury in the pneumatic ciftern.   This fimple apparatus
       can only be ufed conveniently when the production of the
       gas is not rapid, or requires  the application of  heat.
   Fig. 4,5. A Woulfe's apparatus.
     a. b. c. c. d. e. A tubulated retort and receiver.
    f. f.' f." Three threenecked bottles.   The firft f. is com-
       monly filled with water,  and the two others with alkaline
       folutions.
     d. g. d.' g.' d." g." d.'" g.'" Bent tubes conneaing the dif-
       ferent parts of the  apparatus,  fo  that  when  any vapor
       efcapes from the receiver c. d. e. it paffes along the tube d.
       g. and rifes through the fluid  contained in the  bottle f.
       where it remains in contact with  the furface, and under
       confiderable preffure, until the expanfion of the vapor, no:
       condenfible in^. overcomes the column of fluid h. g.' in
       the bottle/.' and efcapes into the upper part of/.'  In the
       fame manner  the uncondenfed vapors proceed to/." and
       at laft to the pneumatic apparatus.
   But, as in proceffes of this kind, diminution of temperature and
other caufes, frequently produce fudden condenfations of the gafes,
contained in the different parts of the apparatus, efpecially in the
retort and receiver, any fuch occurrence would caufe the fluids  to
move through the connecting tubes in a retrograde direction.  This
accident  is prevented, by inferung through the third neck of each
bottle a fmall tube/6. /. having its lower extremity /. immerfed  in
the fluid  contained in the bottle.  By this contrivance no  fluid can
poffibly pafs from one bottle into another.becaufe the columns £.
m. &c. which refill the abforption, are much higher than the col-
umns A./. which  oppofe the  admiffion of external air.  While,
on the  contrary, no gas  can efcape through thefe tubes, becaufe
the columns/£. k. which oppofe their efcape, are higher  than the
                I 
 Hi            Elements of Pharmacy.             [PartL

 columns g. h. which refill its progrefs to the next bottle.   From
 their ufe thefe tubes have got the name of Tubes of Safety.
   Another contrivance for the  fame purpofe,  the invention of
 C. Welter, feems now to be much ufed in France.  It is fixed to
 the connecting tubes as at n.
   Fig. 46. To explain it  more fully, we  have given a feparate
 view, taken in an oblique direction.   When the apparatus  is ad-
 jured, a fmall quantity of water is poured through the funnel p.
 until it rifes to about the centre of the ball 0.   Now, on any ab-
 forption taking place, the fluid rifes in the ball 0. until the columm
 g. n.  be annihilated, when a quantity of air will immediately rufh
 in through p. g. n. 0. 8cc. and the water will regain 'its  former
 equilibrium.   On the other hand, no gas can efcape by this tube,
 becaufe the whole fluid Contained in the ball  and tube muft pre-
 vioufly enter the portion of the tube  n. p. where it would form a
 column of fuch a height that its preffure could not be-.overcome."
   Fig. 47. A vertical fection of a pneumatic ciftern.
     a. b. c. d. The whole eavity of the ciftern.
     e.f. A fhelf for holding the jars.
     t. b. c. The well for filling the jarff.
    g, h. The furface of the fluid contained in the ciftern, which'
       fftuft always be  higher than the furface of the fhelf.
   Fig. 48. 40. 50. ,51. Pneumatic jars ot different  fhapes.
   Fig. 48. Ajar in the fituation in which it is.frlled with gas.
   Fig. 49. A jar fitted with a ftopcock.
   Fig. $o. A jar placed upon a tray  for  removing it from  the
pneumatic  ciftern.
   Fig. 51. A  graduated jar, commonly called a Eudiometfe.
   Fig. 32. A  hydroftatic funnel, for pouring fluids gradually into
air tight veffels, efpecially  when attended  with the formation of
gas.   It is evident, that any  portion of !fluid,»pouTred into the fun-
nel x. more than fufficient to fill the two firft parts of the bent
tube up to  the level z. will efcape by the lower extremity b.  At
the fame time, no gas can return  through  this  funnel, unlefs  its
preffure be able to overcome the reft fiance of a column of fluid of
the height of x. y.
   Fig. 53. Another contrivance for the fame purpofe.  It confifts
of a common  funnel ;  in the throm of which is inferted a rod with
a conical point, which regulates the paffage of the'fluid  through
the tunnel, according to the  firmnefs with  which it is fcrewed in.
   Fig. 54.  Nooth's apparatus for promoting the  abforption of ga-
 feous fluids liv liquids.   It confifts  of three  principal pieces ; a
lower piece a. b. a middle piece d. c. and an  upper  piece  d. e. ;
all of which are accurately ground to each other.   The fubftances
from  which the gas is to be extricated are put into the lower piece.
The middle piece is filled with the fluid with which the gas is to
 be combined, and the  upper piece is  left empty.   As foon as a 
Plate V:
PuSl^hed 6y Isaiah Thomas Jun!' lgOS.
P<i<je //4.
ADootiUUSc 
 
Appen.]       Explanation of the Plates.              115

fufficient quantity of gas is formed to overcome the preffure,  it
baffes through the valve/! g. and rifes through the fluid to the up-
per part of the middle piece.  At the fame time it forces a quan-
tity of fluid into  the upper piece through its lower aperture d.  As
foon as fo much of the.fluid has been forced trom the middle piece*
as to bring its furface down to the level of the  lower aperture of
the upper piece,  a portion of gas efcapes into the upper piece, and
the fluid rifes a little in  the middle piece.  The upper piece is
clofed with a conical ftopper e. which  yields,  and  permits the
efcape of a portion  of gas, as foon as its preffure in the upper
piece becomes confiderable, h. isa glafs cock for drawing off the
fluid.
   Fig. 55. The valve of Nooth's apparatus.  It confifts of an in-
ternal tube g. of fmall caliber, but pretty flout in fubftance, and
ground into an external  tube/, clofed at  the upper end, but per-
forated with fmall holes, to allow the gas to pafs.   After the in-
ternal tube is fitted  to the external, a portion of it is cut out as at
h. fufficient to receive  a fmall hemifphere of glafs, and to allow
the hemifphere to rife a little in its Chamber, but not to turn over
in it.  The upper piece of the internal tube is then  thruft home
into the place where it is to remain, and  the glafs hemifphere in-
troduced with its plane  recumbent on the upper end of the lower
piece of the tube, which is  ground perfectly flat, as is alfo the
plane of the hemifphere.   From this conftruction it is  evident,
that by the upward preffure of any gas, the glafs hemifphere may
be raifed fo as to allow it to pafs, while nothing can pafs down-
wards ; for the ftronger the preffure from above, the clofer  does
the valve become.   We  have been more  particular in our de-
fcription of this valve, becaufe it has been very  ingenioufly ap-
plied to diftillingapparatufes by Mr.Pepys/w/z^r and Mr. Burkit.

                    Chemical Signs.
   It is unrieceffary  here to point out the  advantages which might
refult from a well contrived fyftem of chemical figns.  About the
fame time that the French  chemifts introduced their methodical
nomenclature, they alfo propofed a correfponding fyftem of chem-
ical figns, which they  intended  fhould  fpeak a language  to be
underftood by the learned of all  nations.   In our explanation of
their fyftem, we fhall nearly follow what Mr. Chenevix has faid
in his judicious  remarks upon chemical nomenclature.
   There are fix fimple radical figns, which may be confidered as
fo many genera.
   The firft genus is the zig zag  line, and is ufed to  denote light.
See Plate, No. 1.
   The fecond genus is  the ftraight line.  It comprehends  three
fpecies, characterized by its direction.
                2 
116
Elements of Pharmacy.  ,        [Part L
   Sp. 1. A perpendicular line denotes caloric, 3.
   Sp. 2. A horizontal line denotes oxygen, 2.
   Sp. 3. An oblique line from right to left, nitrogen 4.
   The third genus is a crefcent, which is the generic fign of fim.
 pie combuftibles.
   Sp. 1. With the horns inclined to the right, carbon, 5.
   Sp. 2. The reverfe of the former, hydrogen, 6.
   Sp. 3. With the points upwards, fulphur, 7.
   Sp. 4. The reverfe of the latter, phofphorus, 8.
   The fourth genus is a triangle.  It comprehends the fimple fal-
 ifiable bafes.
   Sp. j. With the point upwards, and the bafe horizontal, 9. the
 alkalies.
   Sp. 2. With the point downwards, 10. the earths.
   Each of thefe fpecies comprehends feveral individuals, which
 are diftinguifhed by inferting within the triangle the firft letter of
 its name in the Latin language, or, if  two fpecies begin with  the
 fame  letter, the firft letter ot the fecond fyllable  is  added ;  thus,
 for Potafs P.  foda S. baryta B. ftrontia St. lime C. magnefia M.
glucina Gc. gadoliha Gd. alumina Al. zirconia 7+. filicia SI.
  The fifth genus is a circle 11.  It comprehends the metals ; and
the individuals are diftinguifhed  in the fame manner as the for-
mer, by inferting within it the primary letters of the  firft and fec-
ond fyllables; thus, for gold Ar. platinum Pt. filver Ag. mercu-
ry H. copper Cp.  iron Fr.  lead Pb. tin  Sn.  zinc Z. antimo-
ny Sb. bifmuth B. cobalt Cb.  nickle Nk. manganefe Mg. urani-
um Ur. titanium Tt.  tellurium  Tl. chromium Cm. arfenic Af.
molybdenum Ml. tungften Ts. eolumbium  CI.
  The fixth genus is a fquare ;  it comprehends all the unknown
bafes  of the acids, and the bafes of the compound oxides and acids.
  Sp. 1. A fquare with perpendicular fides, 12.  It  contains the
unknown and compound acidifiable bafes.
  Sp. 2. A fquare with inclined fides, 13.  It contains the  com-
pound oxides.  The individuals of both fpecies  are diftinguifhed
as before.
  All compound bodies are expreffed by  combinations of thefe
 fimple characters.  But as fimple bodies are capable of uniting in
various proportions, it becomes neceffary  that thefe proportions
fhould be expreffed ; and relative pofition has appeared the moft
natural method of doing fo.   In general, when the proportion of
anybody in a compound is fmall, its fign is placed above,  when
 large, below,  as in 35. 36. 42. &c.
  Caloric exifts in all  bodies :  But according to  its relative
quantity, they exift as folids, fluids, or gafes.  To exprefs the firft
ftate,  it has not  been thought neceffary to introduce the fign of cal-
oric ;  to exprefs  the fecond, it  is placed above ; and to exprefs
the third, below, as in the examples in the plate (22.—32.) 
Appen.]            Chemical Signs.                   117

   Oxygen alfo combines with many bodies,  and in feveral pro-
 portions.  The products refulting from thefe combinations are
 either oxides or acids.  The oxides may be characterized by af-
 fixing the fign of oxygen to the left fide of the fign of the bafe,
 and the acids by affixing it  to the right ; and the greater or lefs
 degree  of each  may be marked by placing  it above or below, as
 in the examples in the plate.  In this we have deviated from all
 the tables of chemical figns which we have feen, and we truftwith
 propriety ;  for M. Chenevix has remarked of the fyftem, that
 " one of its chief defects is the impoffibility of marking, by any
 principles it points out, the difference of the metallic oxides.  A
 circle, with the mark of oxygen at the top, is  the only method of
 marking a metallic oxide ; for if we  put the mark of oxygen
 lower, it will  then  have the force of an acid, and we muft not
 confound the fituation  of the figns to mark differences  of ftates,
 or the whole fyftem  will become confufed."   But the alteration
 we have propofed enables us to mark no lefs than  fix ftates of oxy-
 genizement. When the fign of oxygen is placed on the left, it im-
 plies that the compound is  an oxide ;  if it be placed at top, it
 expreffes the fmalleft degree of oxidizement;  at bottom, the high-
 eft, and  we have room for an intermediate one.  The degrees of
 acidification are expreffed in the fame manner, except that the
 character of oxygen is placed to the right of the bafe. See 14.—21.
   The othej primary combinations are expreffed in the fame way.
 When they unite only in one proportion, or when the proportions
 are indifferent, the figns are placed indifferently, though it would
 be better to place them in one determinate way;  but when either
 of them  is in excefs, its fign is always placed below.  Thus heavy
 carburetted hydrogen is expreffed by placing the fign of hydrogen
 above that of carbon, 36, light carburetted hydrogen by. reverting
 their pofition, 35. Glafs is expreffed by placing  the figns of foda
 and filica fide by fide, 41 ; the liquor filicum, by placing the fign
 of the alkali under that of the earth, and adding the fign of fluid-
 ity above, 42.
   The fecondary compounds are expreffed in a  fimilar manner.
 The bafis has  been generally placed  before the acid, to admit of
 the fign  of the degree of acidification being added to the acid ;
 and the  fame pofition fortunately admits of the fign of the degree
 of oxidizement being added to  the oxide, when  a metallic oxide
 forms the bafis of the fall.   The excefs of acid or bafe is marked
 as before, by placing the acid or bale below.   With regard to the
 metallic falts, Mr. Chenevix has given fome reafons for no^ in-
 troducing the fign of oxygen ; but he himfelf has given the moft
 powerful reafon for introducing it, by proving, that the real dif-
 ference between calomel and corrofive fublimate  is in the ftate ot
 oxidizement of  the metal.   The manner of  marking the oxides
 propofed above, enables us to exprefs this  difference diftinctly,
 when the degree of oxidizement is afcertained.
                  3 
118
Elements of Pharmacy.
[Part J.
No.
Explanation  of the Table of Signs.
            Generic Signs.
i. .Light. \$. Carbon.		9. Alkalies. 11. Metals.		12. Acidifi-able bafes, unknown or com-pound.
2. Oxygen.	6. Hydrogen	10. Earths.		
3. Caloric.	7. Sulphur.			
4. Nitrogen.	8, Phofpho-rus.			13. Com-pound ox-ides.
No.
Combinations of Oxygen.
 Oxides.              Acids.
1A. 16.	1 ' c Nitrogen.	t Atmof-pheric air.	2 Nitrous oxide.	1' > 3 Nitric oxide.	1 Nitrous.	2	3 Nitric.
	Carbon.	Incombuf-tible coal.	Char-coal.	Carbonic oxide.			Carbo-nic.
	Hydrogen.			Water.			
J7-18. To. 21.	Sulphur.			Oxide of fulphur. Red.	Sulphu-rous.		Sulphu-ric. 4
	Mercury.	Bhck ox-ide.	Yellow.				
	Iron.	Green ox-ide.		Red.			
	Arfenic.			White.			Arfenic.
	Muriatic, radical.	... . . 1			Muriat-ic.	Oxyge-nized muriatic	Hyperox-ygenized muriatic.
 
Piute W.
PublirtiM by Isaiah Thomas JunSIgoS

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Pdge 118.
N°      Generic Signs
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Appen.]              Chemical Signs.                H9


                   Combinations of Caloric.

   22. Oxygen. 23.  Nitrogen. 24. Sulphur.  25. Potafs. a6-^ce-
tic acid. 27. Ice. 28. Ammonia. 29. Sulphuric  acid. 30. Mer-
cury. 31. White oxide of arfenic. 32. Acetite of ammonia. 1 he
three columns reprefent the mode of characterizing the three Hates
of aggregation of each of thefe fubftances.

                     Primary Compounds.

   q*. Ammonia.  34. Carburet of iron.  35. Light hydrocarbo-
nate;  36. Heavy hydrocarbonate. 37. Sulphuretted phofphorus.
38. Phofphuretted  fulphur. 39. Amalgam of gold.  40. Alloy of
filver and copper.   41. Glafs. 42. Liquor fihcum.

                    Secondary Compounds.

   40. Sulphite of potafs. 44. Sulphate of potafs.   45. Sulperful-
phate of potafs.  46. Sulphate of alumina.  47. Superfulphate ot
alumina and potafs, alum.  48. Nitrate of potafs. 49. Muriate ot
ammonia.   50. Hyperoxygenized muriate of potafs.   51. Tar-
trite of foda and potafs.  52. Subborate of foda.  53. Muriate ot
mercury lefs oxidized, calomel. 54.  Muriate of mercury more ox-
idized, corrofive  fublimate.  55. Green  fulphate of iron. 56.
Brown fulphate of iron. 57. Tartrite of antimony and potafs. 58.
Subacetite of copper.  59. Acetite of copper. 60. Soap of foda.
61.  Soap of ammonia. 62. Hydroguretted fuiphuret  of   potafs,
63.  Litharge plafter.   64. Fulminating gold.
4 
*l 
                    PART II.


      MATERIA  MEDICA.

 THE Materia Medica comprehends emery substance,
 whether natural or artificial, which is employed in medi-
 cine.  Put in most Pharmacopoeias the materia medica is
 confined to simples,  and to those preparations which are
 not supposed to be prepared by the apothecary himself but
 to be purchased by him as articles of commerce from drug-
 gists and others.
   Much pains has been bestowed by the writers on the
 materia medica in attempting to form useful arrangements I
 of these articles.  Some  have arranged them according
 to their natural affinities ; others according to their active
 constituent parts ;  and others according  to their real and
 supposed virtues. Each of these arrangements have their
 particular advantages. The first wilVprobably be prefer-
 red by the natural historian, the  second by the chemist,
 and the last by the physiologist.  But no arrangement has
 yet been proposed which is not liable to numerous objections.
 Accordingly, in the Pharmacopoeias published by the Col-
 leges of Physicians of London, Dublin  and Edinburgh,
 the articles of the materia medica are arranged in alpha-
 betical order ;  and the same plan is now also adopted in
 almost every Pharmacopoeia of much estimation lately pub-
 lished on the Continent of Europe.   We  shall  tlierefore
follow the same plan, subjoining to i/ie name of each arti- 
122               Materia Medica.             [Part II.
 cle a short view of its natural, medical, and pharmaceuti-
 cal history.  Informing our dictionary of materia medica,
 we shall adopt the nomenclature of the Edinburgh College,
 and shall include in it every article which is  admitted by
 any one of the British  Colleges.
   In an Appendix, we shall give a  very concise account
 of such otlier substances, as, from their  possessing a place
 in some respectable foreign Pharmacopoeias,  or from their
 active properties, seem of sufficient importance  to  be ac-
 quainted with.    But  to conjoin the advantages of other
 methods, to the history  of the materia medica given in al-
 phabetical order, we shall add some of those arrangements
 which seem  to us to be the most useful. 
Part II.]
Materia Medica.
123
 XTlBROTANUM.  (Lond.) See Artemisia.
   ABSYNTHIUM MAR1TIMUM. {Lond. Dub.) See Arte-
 misia.
   ------------VULGARE.  {Lond. Dub.)  See Artemi-
 sia.
   ACETOSA. {Dub.) ACETOSA PR.VTENSIS. {Lond.) See
 Oxalis.
   ACETUM VINI {Dub.) SeeAciDUM Acetosum.
   AC1DUM ACETOSUM IMPURUM.  {Ed.) Syn. Acetum
 Vini. {Dub.)
   Vinegar.  Impure acetous acid.
   Vinegar, as obtained by the fermentation of vinous liquors,
 befides the pure acetous acid (281) diluted with much water, con-
 tains tartarous acid, tartrite of potafs, mucilaginous matters, and
 fometimes phofphoric acid.   The leaft  impure is that  prepared/
 from white wine.   It fhould be of a pale  yellow color,  perfeftly
 tranfparent, of a pleafant, fomewhat pungent, acid  tafte,  but with-
 out any acrimony.   From the mucilaginous impurities which all
 vinegars contain, they are apt, on expofure to the  air, to become
 turbid and ropy, and at laft vapid.    This inconvenience is beft
 obviated by keeping it in bottles completely filled and well  cork-
 ed.  It is faid to keep better if it be boiled a few minutes before it
 is corked.
   Vinegar is fometimes adulterated with fulphuric  acid.  Its pref-
 ence is detected, if, on the addition of a folution of nitrate of ba-
 ryta to the fufpe&ed vinegar,  a white precipitate  is formed,
 which is  infoluble in nitric  acid, after  having been burnt in the
 fire.   With the fame intention of  making the vinegar appear
 ftronger, different acrid vegetables are occafionally infufed in it.
 This fraud is difficult of dete£Hon ;  but when tailed with atten-
 tion, the pungency of fuch vinegar will be found to depend rath-
 er on acrimony  than acidity.
   Vinegar poffeffes ftrong antifeptic powers on dead animal and
 vegetable matters.  Hence its employment in pickling.  The fine
green color fo much admired in  fome vegetable  pickles  is of-
ten improperly given them by means of copper.   This poifon-
ous addition is  eafily  detected, on dropping fome carbonate of 
124                 Materia Medica.              [Part II,

ammonia into the fufpecled vinegar, by the fine blue color, pro-
duced.  .
   Its aclion on the living body is gently ftimulant and aftringent.
It promotes tranfpiration and the difcharge by urine ; and ufed
moderately as a condiment, it facilitates digeflion.
   Vinegar is employed  as a ufeful addition to drink in inflam-
matory  fevers.   As a medicine, it is  ufed in putrid difeafes, in
fcurvy, and to counteract, the effects of narcotic poifons and  me-
phitic vapors.   In the form  of glyfter, it  is ufed  in  the fame
difeafes, and in obflinate conflipation.  Externally, it is applied
in fomentations and  baths,  as  a ftimulant and difcutient ;  and
its vapor is inhaled in putrid fore throat, and diffufed  through
the chambers of the fick  to correct, the putrefcency of the atmof-
phere.
ACIDUM SULPHUR1CUM  {Ed.)
   Syn. Acidum  Vitriolicum, (Lond.  Dub.J
         Sulphuric acid, Oleum Vitrioli.
   The London and Edinburgh  Colleges dircft, that in the fhops,
its fpecifjc gravity fhould  be to that of  water as 18,50 to 1000; the
Dublin College as 1845 to 1000.
   The phyfical and chemical properties of this acid have been al-
ready (189.) enumerated.  As it is prepared by the trading chemift,
it is  inferted among the   materia medica.   It is obtained in  two
ways ;  by diftilling off the acid from fulphate of iron.previoufly de-
prived of its water of cryftallization by heat, or by burning ful-
phur in large leaden chambers, with an eighth part of nitrate of
potafs to fupply the neceffary oxygen ; and  in the firft way the
flrongeft acid is obtained, but it is  apt to contain iron or  copper.
By the  fecond procefs it  generally contains lead,  which is eafily
detected by mixing a portion ot the acid with three parts of diftil-
led water, and If the acid  be impure, a depofition will be formed.
It may be rendered perfectly  pure by  diftillation, filling a retort
half full of the common  acid, and diftilling in a fand bath, gradu-
ally heated as long as any acid comes over.   The receiver  fhould
not be luted on.   As its  ftrength is apt to vary, the London Col-
lege have directed, that in the apothecary's fhop, its fpecific grav-
ity fhould be 1.850 ;  the  Irifh College 1.845.  This want ot unU
formity is to be regretted.                                 :
   Sulphuric acid powerfully decompofes dead animal matter.  It
becomes diluted with water formed by the union of the hydrogen
and  oxygen ; another portion of the hydrogen combines with the
azote to torm ammonia, and the carbon is feparated in the ftate of
black oxide.  The  affinities  which  regulate this aftion are fo
powerful,that it produces the fame effefts on the living folid, and
therefore it acts upon them as a corrofive. But to its employment
with this view, its fluidity is an objection,   as it cannot be eafily
managed. 
Part II,]                Materia Mexico.               US

  When fufficiently diluted, if. is an excellent tonic, checking fer-
mentation, exciting appetite,  promoting digeftion, and quenching
thirft, and it is therefore uled wuh fuccefs in morbid acidity;wc^k-
nefs, and relaxation of the ftornach.  As an aftringent, it is ufed
in haemorrhagies; and from its refrigerent and antifeptic properties,
it is a valuable medicine in many frebrile difeafes, efpecially thofe
called putrid.  If taken in any confiderable quantity, or for fome
time, it feems to pafs off undecompofed by the kidneys or fkin ;
and it is perhaps by its ftimulant afclion on the  latter, that it is ad-
vantage®ufly employed internally, in pfora,  and other  cutaneous
affections.   The beft mode of prefcribing it, is to order the quan-
tity of acid to be ufed,  and to direct it to be mixed with as much
water as will render it palatable, to which fome fyrup or mucilage
may be added.  To prevent it from attacking the teeth, it may be
conveniently fucked  through  a  quill, and the mouth fhould be
carefully wafhed  after  each dofe.
  Externally it is ufed as a  gargle, particularly in putrid fore
throats, and in aphthous mouths, and as a wafh  in cutaneous erup-
tions, and ill conditioned ulcers.
  The combinations ot this acid with alcohol, aromatics, &c.
and the procefles  in which it is employed, will be afterwards  ex-
plained.
ACCIPENSER STURIO, the  Sturgeon.
----------------STELLATUS, the Serruga.
----------------HUSO, the lfinglafs Fifh, the Beluga, {Lond.)
_______________^RUTHENUS, the Sterlet, Lond.
Fifhes of the order Branchiojlegi of Cuvier.
  The flefh and roe, dried  and  falted (caviare) are alimentary.
The found prepared, (ifinglafs,  ichthyocolla) is officinal.   {Lond.
 Dub.)
  The preparation of ifinglas is almoft peculiar to Ruffia.  It is
made in all places where the large fpecies of fturgeon are caught,
as on the Dnieper.the Don, and efpecially on the Cafpian Sea, alfo
on  the Volga, the Ural, the Oby, and the Irtyfh.   .That prepared
from the fturgeon is reckoned the beft, and next to it  that from  the
beluga.  It alfo varies according to the mode of preparation.  On
the Volga and Ural, the founds are watered while frefh, and dried
to  a certain degree.    The outer fkin  is next taken off, and  the
inner gloffy white membrane is twitted into proper fhapes, and
then completely dried.  The beft is ufually rolled into the form
of a fnake or heart; the fecond folded in leaves, like 3 book ; and
the worft is dried  without any care.   In other places, as at Gu-
rief, fifh glue is extracted from  the founds by boiling.  This is  cut
into flabs or plates, is perfectly tranfparent, and has the color ot am-
ber. On the Okka, where the fterlet only is to be  had, the founds
are beat juft as they are extracted from the fifh, and dried ::;toglue. 
126               Materia  Medica.              [Part IL

  Good ifinglas is white, in fome degree tranfparent, dry com-
pofed of membrane not too thick, and without any fmell.
  The properties of ifinglas depend entirely  on the gelatine, of
which it principally confifts.   A nutritious jelly may be prepar-
ed from it. A watry folution of it is ufed as a teft of the prefence
of tannin,  and for the clarification of fpiritous liquors ;  and  it is
faid to be employed for the preparation of Englifh court plaifter.
See Emplafl. ichthyocol.
  ACONlTUxM NEOMONTANUM.  Radix.
  Large blue Wolfsbane, Monk's hood, Aconite.   The root.
  Linnai  Species Plantarum, edit. Willdenozu,genus io6z,fpeciej
9. Polyandria Trigynia.—Nat. ord. Multifdiqucc.
  This is  a perennial plant, found in the Alpine forefls of Carin-
thia, Carniolia, and other mountainous countries in Germany, and
cultivated in our gardens.
  Synonimes.—A. napellus of Stoerk ;  Lond, Edin. Dub.and
other pharmacopoeias; A. cammarum.  Haller, Moench, &c.  ;  A.
tauricum, Koelle.
  The characters which diftinguifh the different fpecies of aconite,
are fo obfcure as to have  occasioned confiderable confufion.  Sto-
erk, who  firft employed aconite rationally as a medicine, ufed the
A. neomontanum, and miftook it for the A. napellus ;  other phy-
ficians, who faw his error, committed  a fimilar one, bv fuppofing
the aconite ufed in medicine to be the  A. cammarum. The real A.
cammarum,  when it was  fometimes given, was alfo  miftaken tor
the A. tauricum. Thefe errors were however of little confequence
as they regarded the names only, and not the article employed.
  The frefh plant and root are very violent poifons, producing
remarkable debility, paralyfis of the limbs, convulfive motions of
the face,  bilious vomiting, and catharfis, vertigo, delirium, af-
phyxia, death.   The frefh leaves have very little fmell, but when
chewed have an acrid tafte, and excite  lancinating pains, and fwel-
ling of the tongue.   By  drying, its acrimony  is almoft entirely
deftroyed.
  For medical ufe the plant muft be gathered before the ftem fhoots.
   When  properly adminiftered, it acts as a penetrating ftimulus,
and generally excites fweat, and fometimes an increafed difcharge
of urine.
   On many occafions, it has been found a very  effectual remedy
in glandular fwellings, venereal nodes, anchylofis,  fpina ventofa,
itch, amaurofis, gouty and rheumatic pains, intermittent fevers,
and convulfive dilbrders.
   It is commonly ufed in the form of an  infpiffated juice.   As
 foon as the plant is gathered, the juice is expreffed, and evapo*
 rated without any previous clarification, to the confiftence  of  an 
 Part II.]               Materia Medica.              121

extract.  It is an unfortunate circumftance, that the powers  of
this medicine vary very much, according to its age.  and the heat
employed in its preparation.   When recently prepared, its action
is often too violent, and when kept more than an year it becomes
totally inept.  It may therefore be laid down as a univerfal rule,
in the employment of this and of many other fimilar active medi-
cines, to begin with very fmall dofes, and to increafe them grad-
ually to  the neceffary degree ;  and whenever we have occafion
to begin  a new parcel of the medicine, we fhould again commence
with the  fmalleft dofe, and proceed with the fame  caution as at
firft.
   We may begin by giving half a grain  of this extraft, either
formed into a powder  with  ten  grains  of white fugar,  or  made
up with any convenient addition into a pill, twice or thrice a day,
and  gradually increafe the dofe :  Or  a tincfure  of aconite  may
be prepared by digefting one part of the dried leaves in fix parts
of fpirit of  wine ;  the dofe of which will be  at firft five or ten
drops, and may be gradually increafed to forty.
   ACORUS  CALAMUS.—{Edin.)  Radix.
   Calamusaromaticus.   {Lond. Dub.)
   Sweet flag.   The root.
   Willd.g. 66o).fp.  l.—HexandriaMonogynia.—'Nzt. ord.Piperita:.
   This plant is perennial, and grows  plentifully in rivulets  and
marfhy places about Norwich and other  parts of England, in  the
canals of Holland, in Switzerland, and in other countries of Eu-
rope.  The fhops have  been ufually fupplied from the Levant
with dried roots, which do not appear to be  fuperior  to  thofe of
our own growth.
   The root of acorus is full of joints, crooked, fomewhat flatted
on the fides,  internally of a  white color,  and loofe fpongy tex-
ture ; its fmell is ftrong ; the tafte warm, acrid, bitterifh, and aro-
matic ; both the fmell  and  tafte are improved by exficcation.
This root is generally looked upon  as a carminative and  ftom-
achic medicine,  and as fuch is fometimes made ufe of in praftice.
It is faid by fome to be fuperior in aromatic flavor to any  other
vegetable that  is  produced in  thefe northern climes ;  but this af-
fertion is by no means ftriaiy true.   It is,  neverthelels. a fuffi-'
ciently elegant aromatic.  The frefh root, candied  atter the man-
ner directed for candying eryngo root, is faid to be employed at
Conftantinople as a preservative af^ainft  epidemicdifcafes.  The
leaves of this  plant have a fweet  flagrant fmell, more agreeable.
though weaker than that of the roots.
   ADEPS ANSER1NUS.   {Dub.)  See Anas.
   ADEPS SU1LLUS.   (Dub.)   See Svs. 
128               Materia Medica.              [Part II.

  jERUGO.   (Dub.) SeeSuBACETis Cupri.
  yESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM.   (Ed.) Semen Cortex.
  Horfe chefnut.  The fruit and bark.
  Willd. g.717' fp> 1.HeptandriaMonogynia.—Nat.ord.Trihilatct.
  This  is a very  common  and well  known tree.   The  fruit,
which probably contains much amylaceous matter, has been ufed
as food for domeftic animals, and even for men in times of fear-
city.   But its introduction into the Edinburgh  Pharmacopoeia,
was probably owing to its having been ufed and recommended as
a fternutatory in fome cafes  of ophthalmia and headache.   With
this view it was drawn up the noftrils in the form of an infufion
or deco£lion.
  The bark promifes to become a much more valuable and im-
portant remedy, as an indigenous fubfHtute for the very expenfive
and often adulterated Peruvian bark. Many fuccefsful experiments
of its effects, when given internally  in intermittent and typhus
fever, and alfo when applied externally in gangrene, fufficiently
warrant future trials.  In powder it may  be given to the extent
of a fcruple and a half, or a drachm for a dofe.   Buchholz prefers
a folution of a drachm of the extract  in an ounce of cinnamon
water, ot which fixty drops are to be given every  three hours.
  ALCOHOL.   (Ed.)
  Spiritus vinofus reclificatus, (Lond.)  Spiritus vini reclificatus
(Dub.)
  Alcohol.  Rectified fpirit of *vine.
  The fpirit   diftilled from wine or other fermented liquors,
perfectly free from any unpleafant fmell, and  of  which the  fpe-
cific gravity is  to that of water as 835 to 1000,  fuch as may be
eafily procured.  (Ed.) The London College order a fpirit of the
fame fpecific gravity, and add, that it contain  95 parts of pure al-
cohol,  and 5 of water.  The Dublin College Older it of the fpe-
cific gravity 840.
  Alcohol forms the true  charafleriftic of vinous  liquors, and
arifes  from the  decompofition of fugar, being always in propor-
tion to its quantity.  It is found in greateft quantity in the wines
of warm countries, and in wines prepared from thoroughly ripen-
ed  fruit.  In the fouth of France, fome wines yield  a  third of
brandy.   It is the proportion of  alcohol which renders wines
more or lefs generous, and  prevents them from  becoming four.
The richer a wine is in alcohol, the  lefs malic  acid it contains,
and, therefore,  the beft wines give the beft brandv, becaufe they
are free from the difagreeable tafte which the malic acid imparts
to them.   Old wines give better brandy than new wines, but lefs
of it.
  Alcohol is procured from wine  by  diftillation  ; in conducing
 which the follow ing rules are to be obferved  : 
Part II.]                Materia Medica.               129

   i. To heat the whole mafs of fluid at once, and equally.
   2. To remove all obftacles to the afcent of the vapor.
   3. To condenfe the vapor as quickly as poffible.
   The diftillation  is continued  until the liquor which comes ovc;
is  not inflammable.
   Diflillers judge  of the ftrength of  their fpirits by the fize and
durability ot the bubbles it forms,  when poured from one veffel
into another, or on agitating it  in a veffel partly filled.   Another
proof is, by the combuftion of gun powder :  Some of which is put
in a fpoon ; it is then covered with the fpirit to be tried, which is
fet on fire ;  if it kindle the gun  powder, it is fuppofed to be ftrong,
and vice vtrfd.  But a fmall quantity  of fpirits will always kindle
gun powder,  and  a large quantity never.   Another proof is, by
the carbonate of potafs,  which attracts the water, and diffolves in
it, while the alcohol fwims above.  But all thefe are uncertain ;
and dependence can only be put in the proof by hydrometers, or
fome fuch contrivance,  for  afcertaining  the weight of a given
quantity at a given temperature.
   In this country, alcohol is procured from an infufion of malt,
and before its rectification is termed Whifkey.  In the Eaft Indies,  „
arrack is diftilled from rice  ; in the Weft Indies, rum from the
fugar cane ;  and in France and Spain, brandy from wine.   Of all
thefe the French brandy is the  fineft  fpirit ; for  the others  are
more or lefs impregnated  with effential oils,  of which it is almoft
impoffible to free them entirely.  When any ardent fpirit is re-
idiftilled to procure alcohol,  the water bath   is commonly  ufed,
which gives a more equal and temperate heat, and  improves  the
product.  Gren fays, that the addition  of four pounds  of well
burnt charcoal, and three  or four ounces of fulphuric acid, previ-
ous to  this rectification,* deftroys entirely the peculiar tafte ot malt
fpirit ;  and that a fecond rectification with one pound of charcoal,
and two ounces of fulphuric acid, affords an  alcohol of very great
purity.  But the affinity of alcohol for  water is fo  very ftrong,
that it cannot be obtained entirely free from it by fimple diftilla-
tion.   We muft, therefore,  abftraft  the water by means of fome
fubftance which has a  ftronger affinity for  it than alcohol has.
Carbonate of potafs was formerly employed  ; but muriate of lime
is preferable, becaufe its affinity for water is not only very great,
but by being foluble in  alcohol,  it comes  in contact with every
particle of tbe fluid. For this purpofe, one part of muriate of lime,
rendered perfeftly dry by having been expofed to a red heat, and
powdered  after it becomes cold, is put into the ftill.   Over this
three parts of highly rectified fpirits are to be poured, and the mix-
ture well agitated.  By diflillation with a very gentle heat, about
two thirds of the  fpirit will be obtained in the ftate of perl'ec^y
pure alcohol.
r               K 
130               Materia  Medica.              [Part II.

   The chemical properties of alcohol have been already mention-
ed, (226—230.)                                     ti-
   In pharmacy it is much employed as a menftruum.   Its appli-
cation for this purpofe will be mentioned in the proper place.
   On the living body aicohol acts as  a moft violent ftimulus.  It
coagulates all the albuminous  and gelatinous  fluids,  and corru-
gates all the folids.  Applied externally, it ftrengthens the veffels,
and thus may reftrain paffrve haemorrhagies.  It inftarrtly contracts
the extremities of the nerves it  touches,  and  deprives  them of
fenfe and motion ; by this means eafing them ot pain, but at the
fame time deftroying their ufe.   Hence employing lpirituous li-
quors in fomentations, notwithftanding the fpecious titles ot vivi-
fying, heating,  reftoring mobility, refolving, diffipating, and the
like, ufually attributed to them,  may fometimes be attended with
unhappy confequences.   Thefe  liquors received  undiluted into
the ftomach,  produce the fame effects, contracting all the folid
parts which they touch, and deftroying, at leaft for a time, their
ufe and office :  If the quantity  be confiderable, a palfy or apo-
plexy follows, which ends in death.  Taken in fmall  quantity,
and duly diluted, they brace up the fibres, raife the fpirits, and
promote agility : If farther continued, the fenfes are difordered,
voluntary motion deftroyed,  and at length the fame inconvenien-
ces brought on as before.   Vinous fpirits, therefore, in fmall dof-
es, and properly diluted may be applied to ufeful purpofes in the
cure of difeafes ; whilft in larger ones they produce thre moft de-
leterious effects.

   ALCOHOL D1LUTUM.  (Ed.)
   Spiritus vinofus tenuior. (Lond.) Spiritus vini tenuior. (Dub.)
   Diluted alcohol.   Spirit of wine.  Proof fpirit.
   Alcohol mixed with an  equal quantity of water, being fome-
what weaker than proof fpirit ;  its fpecific gravity is to that of
diftilled water,  88935 to icoo.  (Ed.)   The London and Dublin
Colleges order it of the fpecific gravity of 930, which according
to the former, contains 55 parts of pure alcohol, and 45 of water.
   Although it be defirable that  diluted alcohol fhould always be
prepared, by mixing rectified fpirit with  water,  inftead of em-
ploying an impure fpirit ot the requifite ftrength, it is hardly to
be expected that apothecaries will either be at  the trouble or ex-
penfe.   The diluted alcohol of the Edinburgh College is fome-
what weaker than that of'the other two Colleges ; but befides that
it is more convenient for their mode ot preparing it, this will b«
attended with no difadvantage, as it is ftill fufficiently ftrong for
any purpofe to which it may be applied. 
Part II.]              Materia Medica.                131
Table of the Specific Gravities of mixtures of Alcohol and
  Water at 6o° Fahrenheit, according to Gilpin.
Water,	AlcOhol.	Specific Gravities,
O	IOO	O.835
5	95	O.83887
10	9°	O.85244
*5	Is	O.86414
20	80	O.87606
*5	75	O.88762
3°	70	O.89883
3.5	6,5	O9094I
40	60	0 91981
45	55	O.92961
50	5<5	O.93882 '
55	45	O.94726
60	4©	°95493
6.5	35	0.96158
7°	3°	0.96736
75	25	o-97 2 39
80	20	0.97723
85	»5	0.98213
9°	10	0.98737
95	5	o-99327
100	0	1.00000
  ALLIUM.
  Willd. g. 626.—Hexandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord.  Liliacea.
  Sp. 14. Allium Sativum.   Radix.  (Ed.)
  Allium.  Radix.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Garlic.   The root.
  The garlic is a perennial  bulbous  rooted  plant, which grows
wild in Sicily, and is cultivated in our gardens.   The root confifts
of five or fix fmall bulbs, called cloves,  inclofed/ in one common
membranous coat, but eafily leparable from each other.  AH the
parts ot this plant, but more efpecially the roots, have a ftrong
offenfive, very penetrating and diffufive  fmell, and an  acrimoni-
ous, almoft cauftic tafte.  The root is  full of a limpid juice, of
which it furnifhes almoft a fourth part of its weight by expreffion.
The root lofes about half its weight by drying, but fcarcely any
of its fmell or taile.  By decoction its virtues are entirely deftroy -
ed ;  and by diftillation it furnifhes a fmall quantity of a yellowilh
effential oil, heavier than  water, which poffeffes the fenfible qual-
ities of the garlic in an eminent degree.   Its peculiar virtues are
alfo in fome degree extracted by alcohol and acetous acid.
               2 
132               Materia Medica.              [Part II.

  Applied externally,  it a£ts fucceffively as a ftimulant, rubefa-
cient and blifter.   Internally, from its very powerful and diffufi-
ble ftimulus, it is often ufeful in  difeafes of languid circulation
and interrupted fecretion. Hence, in cold leucophlcgmatic habits,
it proves a powerful expectorant, diuretic, and,  if the patient be
kept warm,  fud^orific ; it has alfo  been by fome fuppofed to be
emmenagogue.   For the fame reafon  in cafes in which a phlogi-
ftic diathefis, or other irritability  prevails,  large dofes of it may
be very hurtful.
  It is fometimes ufed by the lower claffes  as a condiment, and
alfo enters as an ingredient into many ot the epicure's  moft fa-
vorite  fauces.  Taken in moderation,  it promotes digeftion ; but
in excefs, it is ppt  to produce headach, flatulence, thirft, febrile
heat and inflammatory difeafes,  and  fometimes  occafions  a dif-
charge of blood from the hcemorrhoidal veffels.
  In fevers  ot the typhoid type, and even in the plague itfelf, its
virtues have be,en much celebrated.
   Garlic is  with fome alfo a favorite remedy in the cure of inter-
mittents ; and it has been  faid to have fometimes fucceeded in ob-
it inate quartanr., after  the Peruvian bark had failed.  In catarrh-
ous diforders of  the breaft ; afthma, both pituitousand fpafmo-
dic ; flatulent colics ;  hy Clerical, and other difeafes proceeding
from laxity  of the folids, it has generally good effects ; it has like-
wife been found ferviceable in fome hydropic cafes.   Sydenham
relates, that  he has known  the dropfy cured  by  the ufe of garlic
alone ; he recommends it chiefly as a warm ftrengthening medi-
cine in the beginning of the difeafe.
   It is much recommended by fome as an anthelmintic, and has
been frequently applied with fuccefs  externally  as a ftimulant to
indolent tumors,  in cafes of  deafnefs  proceeding from atony or
rheumatifm, and in retention of urine, arifing from debility of the
bladder.
   Garlic may  be  either exhibited in fubftance, and in this way
feveral cloves may be taken  at a time without inconvenience, or
the cloves cut  into flices may be {wallowed without chewing.
This is the  common mode of exhibiting it  for the cure of inter-
mittents.
   The expreffed juice,  when given internally, muft  be rendered
as palatable  as poffible, by the addition ot fugar and lemon  juice.
In  deafnefs, cotton moiftened with the juice is introduced within
the ear, and  the application renewed five or fix times in one day.
   Infufions in  fpirit, wine, vinegar and water, although contain-
ing the whole ot its virtues, are fo acrimonious, as to be unfit for
general ufe  ; and yet an infufion of an ounce of bruifed garlic in
a pound of  milk, was the mode in  which Rozenftein exhibited
it to children afflicted with worms. 
  Part II.]              Materia Medica.               133

    But by far the moft commodious form for adminiftering gar-
  lic, is that ot a pill or bolus conjoined with fome powder, corref-
  ponding  with the intention of giving the garlic.   In dropfy, ca^
  lomel forms a moft ufeful addition.   It may alfo  fometimes be
  exhibited with advantage in the form of a clyfter.
    Garlic made into  an ointment with oils, &c. and applied ex-
  ternally, is faid to refolve and difcufs indolent tumors, and has
  by fome been greatly efteemed in cutaneous difeafes.  It has like-
  wife fometimes been employed as a  repellient.   When applied
  under the form of a poultice to the pubis, it has fometimes  prov-
  ed effectual in producing a difcharge of urine, when retention has
  arifen from  a want of due  action of the bladder.   Sydenham aT-
  fures us, that among all the fubftances which occafion a derivation
  or revulfi©n from the head, none operates  more powerfully than
  garlic applied  to the foles of  the feet ; he was led to make  ufe
  of it in the confluent  fmall pox : About  the eight day,  alter the
  face began  to  fwell, the root  cut in pieces, and tied in a linen
  cloth,  was  applied to the foles, and renewed  once  a day till all
  danger was over.
    Sp. 43. Allium Cepa.
    Cepa.   Radix.   (Dub.)
    Onion.  The root.
    This is alfo a perennial bulbous rooted plant.   The root is a
  fimple bulb, formed of concentric circles.  It poffeffes in general
 the fame properties as the garlic, but in a much weaker degree.
 OnioUs are, therefore, confidered rather as articles of food than
 of medicine  ; they  are fuppofed  to  afford little or no  nourifh-
 ment, and when  eaten  liberally  produce flatulencies,  occafion
 thirft, headachs, and turbulent dreams : In cold phlegmatic hab-
 its, where vifcid mucus abounds, they doubtlefs have their ufe ;
 as by  their ftimulating quality they tend to excite appetite^ and
 promote the fecretions :  By fome they are ftrongly recommend-
 ed in fuppreflions of urine and in dropfies'.   The chief medicinal
 ufe of onions in the prefent practice  is in external applications,
 as a cataplafm for fuppurating tumors, &c.
   ALOE PERFOL1ATA.  Gummi Refina.   (Ed.)
     a. Aloe  Barbadenfis.   (Lond. Dub.)   A. hepaticd.   (Ed.)
     b. Aloe  Socotorina.   (Lond. Dub. Ed.)
   Barbadoes, or hepatic,  and focotorine aloes.  A  gum  refin.
,  Willd.g. 659. fp. 3. Hexandria Monogynia.  Nat. ord. Liliaceae.
   A perennial  plant,  of  which there are many varieties which
 grow in  the fouth  of  Europe, Afia,  Africa and America.  But
 Thunberg fays,  that the fiaeft aloes  are prepared from the Aloe
fpicata,  the  fecond fpecies of Willdenow, which grows at the
 Cape of Good Hope.
                3 
134                Materia Medica.            [Part II.

   1. Socotorine Aloes.
   This article is brought, wrapt in flcins, from the ifland ot So-
cotora in the Indian Ocean.  This fort is the pureft of the three
in ufe ;  it is of a gloffy furface, clear, and in fome degree pellu-
cid : In the lump, of a yellowifli red color,  with a purple caft ;
when reduced  to powder, of a bright golden color.   It is hard and
friable in the  winter, fomewhat pliable in  fummer,  and grows
foft between the fingers.  Its tafte is  bitter, accompanied with an
aromatic flavor, but infufficient to prevent its being difagreeable;
the fmell is  not very unpleafant, and  fomewhat refembles that of
myrrh.
   It is prepared by pulling of the leaves in July, from which the
juice is expreffed, and afterwards boiled and fkimmed.   It is then
preferved in fkins,  and dried in Auguft in the fun.   According
to others, the  leaves are cut  off clofe to the ftem and hung up.
The juice which drops from  them  without any expreffion, is af-
terwards dried in the fun.

   2. Barbadoes, or Hepatic Aloes.
   Hepatic aloes is not fo clear and bright as the foregoing fort;
it is alfo of a darker color, more compact texture, and for the moft
part drier.   Its fmell is much ftronger and more difagreeble ; the
tafte intenfely  bitter and naufeous,  with little or nothing of the
fine aromatic flavor of the focotorine.  The beft  hepatic  aloes
comes from Barbadoes in large gourd fhells, and an inferior fort
of it, which is generally foft and clammy, is brought over in cafks.
Jn Barbadoe* the plant is pulled up by the  roots, and carefully
cleaned from the earth and other impurities.  It is then fltced and
cut in pieces into fmall hand  bafkets and  nets.  Thefe nets or
bafkets are put into large iron boilers or cauldrons with water, and
boiled for ten minutes, when they  are taken out, and frefh parcels
fupplied till the liquor is ftrong and black.
   At this period the- liquor  is thrown through a  ftrainer into a
deep vat, narrow at bottom, where it  is left to cool and to depofit
its feculent  parts.   Next day  the clear liquor is drawn off by a
cock, and  again committed to a large iron  veffel.  At firft it  is
boiled  brifkly, but towards the end the evaporation is flow, and
requires conftant ftirring to prevent burning.  When it becomes
of the confiftence of honey, it is poured into gourds or calubafhes
for fale, and hardens by age.
   3. Fetid, Caballine  or Horse Aloes.
   This  fort is eafily diftinguifhed from both the foregoing  by its
ftrong rank  fmell; although, in other refpeas, it  agreespretty
much with the  hepatic,  and is  not unfrequently fold in its ftead.
Sometimes the caballine aloes  is prepared fo pure and  bright,  as
not to be diftinguifhable by the eye even from the focotorine ; 
Fart II.]            Materia Medica.                  Ioj

but its offenfive fmell, of which it cannot be diverted, readily be-
trays it.  It has  not now a place in the lift of almoft any modern
pharmacopoeia, and is employed chiefly by farriers.
  The component parts of aloes are refin and extractive.  They
therefore diffolve in alcohol, proof fpirit, and proot fpirit diluted
with  half  its weight of  water ;  the impurities only being left.
They diffolve alfo by the  affiftanceof heat in water alone ; but as
the liquor  cools, the refinous part fuhfides, the extractive remain-
ing united  with the water.   The hepatic aloes is found to contain
more refin  and lefs  extractive than  the focotorine,  and this lefs
than the caballine.  The refins of all the forts,  purified by fpirit
of wine, have little fmell ; that obtained from the focotorine has
fcarce any  perceptible tafte ; that ot the hepatic, a flight bitterifh
relifh ;  and the refin of the caballine, a little more of the aloetic
flavor.  The  extractive obtained feparately  from  any of  the
kinds, is lefs difagreeable than the  crude aloes :  The extractive of
focotorine  aloes  has very little fmell, and is in  tafte  not unpleaf-
ant ;  that of the hepatic has a fomewhat ftronger fmell, but is
rather more agreeable in tafte than the extract of the focotorine ;
the extractive of the caballine retains a confiderable  fhare of the
peculiar rank fmell of this fort of aloes, but its  tafte is not much
more unpleafant than that of the extractive obtained from the two
other forts.
  Aloes is a bitter ftimulating  purgative.  Its  purgative effects
feems chiefly to depend on its proving a ftimulus to the  rectum.
in fmall dofes it empties the large  inteftines, without making the
ftools thin  ; and likewife  warms the habit, quickens the circula-
tion, and promotes the uterine and hemorrhoidal fluxes.   If given
in fo large  a dofe as to purge effectually, it often occafioas an ir-
ritation about the anus,  and fometimes a difcharge of bloods
  Aloes is  much lefs  frequently  ufed to operate as a purgative
than merely to obviate coftivenefs ; and indeed its purgative effect
is not increafed in proportion to the quantity that is  taken.
  It is frequently employed in cafes of fuppreffion of the menfes,
or of the hasmorrhoidal difcharge  ; .but it is particularly fervice-
able in habitual coftivenefs, to perfons of a phlegmatic tempera-
ment and fedentary life, and where the ftomach is op preffed and
weakened.   Perhaps the chief objection to aloes, in cafes of habit-
ual coftivenefs,  is the tendency which it has to induce and aug-
ment hemorrhoidal affections :  And with thofe, liable to fuch
complaints, it  can feldom be employed.   In  dry bilious habits
aloes proves injurious, immoderately heating the body, and inflam-
ing the bowels.
  $ome are ot opinion, that the purgative virtue of  aloes refides
en/tirely in  its refin ; but experience has fhewn, that the pure  refin
hajs little or no purgative quality, and that the extractive part fep-
  I         4 
 136                 Materia  Medica.           [Part. IL

 arated from the refinous,  acts more powerfully than the crude
 aloes.   If the aloes indeed  be made to undergo long coction in the
 preparation of the gummy extract, its cathartic power will be con-
 fiderably leffened, not from the feparation of the refin, but from
 an alteration  made  in  the extractive  itfelf by the action of the
 heat and air.   The ftrongeft vegetable cathartics become mild by
 a like treatment, without any remarkable  feparation of  their
 parts.
  Socotorine aloes,  as already obferved, contains more extractive
 than the hepatic ; and hence is likewife found to purge more, and
 with greater irritation.   The firft fort, therefore, is moft proper
 where a ftimulus is required, as for promoting or exciting the men.
 flrual flux ; whilft the latter is better calculated to act as a com-
 mon purge.
  Aloes are adminiftered either
     a.  Simply, or
     b.  In compofition ;
       1. With purgatives. Soap, fcammony, colocynth, rhubarb.
       2. With aromatics.   Canella.
       3, With bitters.  Gentian.
       4. With emmenagogues.   Iron, myrrh.
  They are exhibited in the form  of
     a. Powder ; too naufeous for general ufe.
     b. Pill ; the moft convenient form.
     c. Solution in wine or diluted alcohol.

  ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS.   Radix, Folia.   (Ed.)
  Althaa.  Radix,  Folium.  (Lond.)
  Marfh mallow.  The root and  leaves.
  Willd. g.  1289. fp. 1.—Monadelphia Polyandria.—Nat. ord.
Columnacea.
  The marfh  mallow is a  perennial, indigenous plant, which is
found commonly on the banks of rivers, and in fait marfhes.
  The whole plant,  but  efpecially the root, abounds with a pure
mucilage, free from fmell or tafte.   The roots are about the thick-
nefs of a finger, long and fibrous.  They arc peeled and dried, and
then are perfectly white.
  It is ufed as  an emollient and demulcent,  in difeafes attended
with irritation  and pain,  as  in various pulmonary complaintsi and
in affeftions  of the alimentary canal, and urinary organs ;  andut is
applied externally in emollient fomentations, gaygles and clyfBers.

  ALUMEN.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Super Sulphas  AlujM-
 INiEet Potassje.

  AMMONIACUM.   Gummi Refina.  (Lond.  Dub. Ed.)
  Ammoniacum.  A gum refin. 
Part II.]             Materia  Medicd.                137

  Ammoniacum is a concrete, gummy refinous juice, brought
from the  Eaft Indies, ufually in large maffes, .compofed of little
lumps  or tears, of a milky color, but foon changing, upon being
expofed to the air, to a yellowifh  hue.  We have no certain ac-
count of the plant which affords this juice ;  the feeds ufually found
among the tears refemble thofe of the umbelliferous clafs.   It has
been alfo alledged, and not without  fome degree ot probability,
that it is an exudation from a fpecies of the ferula, another fpecies
of which produces the affafcetida.   The plant producing it, is faid,
to grow in Nubia, Abyffinia,  and the  interior parts  of Egypt.
Such tears as are large, dry, free from little (tones, feeds, or other
impurities, fhould be picked out and preferred for  internal ufe ;
the coarfer kind  is purified by folution, colature, and careful in-
fpiffation ; but unlefs this be artfully managed, the gum will lofe
a confiderable deal  of  its more  volatile parts.  There is often
vended in the fhops, under the name of (trained gum  ammonia-
cum, a compofition of ingredients much inferior in virtue.
   Ammoniacum has a naufeous fweet  tafte, followed by a bitter
 one ;  and a peculiar fmell,  fomewhat like that of galbanum, but
 more  grateful ; it foftens in the mouth, and  grows of a white col-
 or upon being chewed.  It is not fufible ; but when thrown upon
 live coals, it burns away in flame ; it is in fome  degree foluble in
 water and in vinegar, with  which  it affumes  the appearance of
 milk  ; but the refinous part, amounting to about one half, fubfides
 on ftanding.
    About one half of pure ammoniac is foluble in alcohol, and the
 folution  is tranfparent ;  but on the  addition of  water  becomes
 milky.   Water diftilled from gum ammoniac is ftronglv impreg-
 nated with its flavor.  It therefore  feems  to be  gummy refin,
 combined with an effential oil.
    The general action of gum ammoniac is  ftimulant.  On many
 occafions it proves a valuable antifpafmodic, deobftruent, or ex-
 pectorant.  In large dofes it purges gently, excites perfpiration,
 and increafes the flow of urine.
    It  is ufed with advantage to promote expectoration in fome pul-
  monary difeafes ;  in dropfical affections, to augment the flow of
  urine, and to fupport the falivation in fmall pox.   It is alfo an
  ufeful deobftruent ; and is frequently prefcribed for opening ob-
  ftructions of the abdominal vifccra, and in hyfterical disorders oc-
  cafioned by a deficiency of the menflrual  evacuations.   In long
  and obftinate colics, proceeding from vifcid matter lodged in the
  inteftines, this gummy refin has produced happy effe£ts, after pur-
  ges and the common carminatives had been ufed in vain.  Exter-
  nally, it is  fuppofed to  foften and ripen hard tumors.  A folutior?
  ot it in vinegar has been recommended by fome for refolving even
  fcirrhous fwellings. 
138
Materia  Medica.
[Part II.
   It is exhibited internally,
     a. In folution, combined with vinegar, vinegar ol fquills.af.
       fafcetida, &c.
     b. In pills, with bitter extracts, myrrh, affafcetida.
     c. And externally, combined with vinegar, turpentine, com-
       mon plaifter, &c.
   AMOMUM.
   Willd. g. 4.—Monandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Scitaminca,
   Sp. 1. Am o m u m Zingiber.  Radixficcata, et radix condi-
ta ex India allata.  (Ed.)
   Zingiber. Radix.   (Lond.)  Radix, Radix cendita.  (Dub.)
   Ginger.   The root, and the candied root brought from India.
   Ginger is a perennial plant, indigenous in the Eaft Indies,
but now cultivated in the Weft India Iflands.  It is cultivated^
there very  much  in the fame manner as potatoes are here, and is
fit for digging once a year, unlefs for  preferving in  fyrup, when
it fhould be dug at the end of three or four months, at which time
it is tender and full of fap.
   Ginger is diftinguifhed into two forts, the black and the white.
The former is rendered fit for prefervation by  means of  boiling
water, the latter by infolation ;  and as it is neceffary to felect the
faireft and roundeft forts for expofure to the fun, white ginger is
commonly one third dearer than black.
   Black ginger confifts  of thick and knotty roots,  internally of
an orange or brownifh color, externally of a yellow grey.  White
ginger is lefs thick and knotty, internally of a reddifh yellow, and
externally of a whitifh grey or yellow.  It is firm and refinous,
and more pungent than the black.  Pieces which are worm eaten,
light, friable, or foft,  and very fibrous, are to be reje£t«d.
   Candied ginger fhould be prepared in India from the young and
fucculent roots.   When genuine, it is almoft tranfparent.  That
manufactured in Europe is opaque and fibrous.
   Ginger has a fragrant fmell, and a hot, biting, aromatic tafte.
Rectified fpirit extracts its  virtues by infufion, in much greater
perteftion than aqueous liquors ; the latter elevate  its whole fla-
vor in diftillation, the former little or nothing.   Ginger is a very
ufeful  fpice in cold flatulent colics, and in  laxity and debility of
the inteitines ;  it does not heat fo much as  thofe of the pepper
kind, but its effefls are more durable.
   It may alfo be applied externally as a rubefacient.
   Sp. 3. Amomum Zedoaria.   Radix.  (Dub.)
   Long Zedoary.  The root.
   The Zedoary is perennial, and grows in Ceylon and Malabar.
The roots come to us in pieces, fome inches in length, and about
a finger thick.  Externally they are wrinkled,  and of an afh grey 
Part II.]             Materia Medica.                 139
color, but internally are brownifh red.  The beft kind comes from
Ceylon, and fhould be firm,  heavy, of a dark  color within, and
neither worm eaten hor very fibrous.  It has an agreeably fragrant
fmell, and a warm, bitterifh, aromatic tafte.
  In diftillation with water, it yields an effential oil, poffeffing the
fmell and flavor of the zedoary in an eminent degree ; the remain-
ing decoction is almoft fimply bitter.   Spirit likewife brings over
fome fmall fhare of its flavor  ; neverthelefs the fpirituous extiact
is confiderably more grateful  than the zedoary itfelf.
  Sp. 7. Amomum Cardamoml'm.
  Sp. 10.--------Rep ens.  Semen.   (Ed.)
  Cardamomum minus.  Semina.  (Dub. Lond.)
   Leffer Cardamom feeds.
   The London and Edinburgh Colleges, on the authority of Son-
 nerat, have fuppofed thefe feeds  to be  the product of the latter
 fpecies, while the Dublin College, with Murray, Willdenow, and
 all the foreign, pharmaceutical writers,  afcribe them to the form-
 er.   Both fpecies are native  of India.
   Cardamom feeds are a very warm, grateful, pungent aromatic,
 and frequently employed as fuch in practice :  They  are  faid to
 have this advantage,  that notwithftanding their pungency, they
 do not, like thofe of the pepper kind,  immoderately heat or in-
 flame the bowels.  Both water and  rectified  fpirit extract their
 virtues by infufion, and elevate them in diftillation ; with this dif-
 ference, that the  tin£ture and diftilled fpirit are confiderably more
 grateful than the infufion and diftilled water : The watery infufion
 appears turbid and mucilaginous ;  the tincture made in fpirit, lim-
 pid and tranfparent.  The hufks of the feeds, which have very
 little fmell or tafte, may be commodioufly feparated, by commit-
 ting the whole to the mortar, when the feeds will readily pulver-
 ize, fo as to be freed from the fhell by the fieve : This fhould not
 be done till juft before ufing them ; for if kept without the hufks,
 they foon lofe confiderably ot their flavor.—The officinal prepa-
 tions of thefe feeds  are fpirituous tinftures, fimple  and com-
 pound :  They are employed alfo as an aromatic in feveral of the
 ^fficiridl compofitions.
    AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS.  Nucleus.  (Ed.)
      a. Amygdalus dulcis.   (Ed.)
        Amygdala dulces.  (Lond. Dub.)
      b.---■-----amaroz.   (Lond.)
    The almond tree.   The kernel of the fruit.
    Willd.g. 981.7^. 2. Ico/andria Monogynia.  Nat.ord. Pomacece.
    The fruit which affords thefe kernels, is the produce ot a tree
  nearly refembling the peach. It originally came from Syria and
  Barbary ;  but is now much cultivated in the fouth of Europe. 
149
Materia  Medica.
[Part II.
  The eve diftinguifhes no difference betwixt the trees which pro-
duce the fweet and bitter,  or betwixt  the kernels themfelves ;  it
is faid that the fame tree has, by a difference in culture,  afforded
both.
  The almond is a flattifh kernel, of a white-color, and  of a foft
fweet tafte, or a difagreeable bitter one.   The  fkins of both forts
are thin, brownifh, unpleafant,  and  covered with an acrid pow-
dery fubftance.  They are very apt to become rancid on keeping,
and to  be preyed on by a kind of infect, which eats out the inter-
nal  part, leaving the almond to appearance entire.   To thefe cir-
cumfiances regard ought to be had in the choice of them.
  Sweet almonds are ot greater ufe in food than as medicine, but
they are reckoned to  afford little nourilhment; and when eaten
in fubftance, are not eafy of digeftion, unlefs thoroughly commi-
nuted. They are fuppofed, on account of their uncfuous quality,
to obtund acrimonious juices in the primas  viae  : Peeled fweet al-
monds, eaten fix or eight at  a time, fometimes give prefent relief
in the heartburn.
  , Bitter almonds  have been found poifonous to dogS and fome
other animals ;  and a  water diftilled from  them, when made of a
certain degree of ftrength, has  had the fame effects.   Neverthe-
lefs when eaten,  they appear innocent to moft men, and have been
not  unfrequently ufed as medicines  :  Boerhaave recommends
them, in fubftance, as  diuretics which heat but moderately,  and
which may therefore  be ventured upon in acute difeafes.  The
only officinal preparations of almonds are, the expreffed oil and
emulfion.
  Both forts of almonds yield, on expreffion,  a large quantity of
oil.  which feparates likewife upon boiling  the  almonds in water,
and is gradually  collected on the furface.
  The oils obtained by expreffion from both forts of almonds are
in their fenfible qualities the fame.  They fhould be  perfectly
free from fmell and tafte, and poffefs the other properties of fixed
oils, (234.)
  The general virtues of thefe  oils are, to  blunt acrimonious hu-
mors, and to foften and relax the folids ; hence their ufe internal-
ly, in tickling coughs, heat of urine, pains and inflammations; and
externally, in tenfion and rigidity of particular parts.  On tritu-
rating almonds with water,  the oil and  water unite together, by
the  mediation of the other matter of the kernel, and form an  unc-
tuous milky liquor.
  The milky folutions of almonds in watery liquors, commonly
called emulfions, contain the oil of the fubject, and participate in
fome degree of its emollient virtue; but have this advantage above
the  pure oil, that they may be given  in  acute or  inflammatory
diiorders, without danger of the ill  effects  which  the oil might 
Part II.]             Materia  Medica.                141

fometimes produce ;  fince emulfions do not turn rancid or acri-
monious by heat, as all the oils of this kind in a little time do.  As
the bitter almond  imparts its  peculiar tafte when treated in this
way, the fweet almonds are employed in making emulfions.
   Several un£luousand refinous fubftances, of themfelves not mif-
cible with water, may by trituration with almonds be eafily mixed
with it into the form  of an emulfion ; and are thus excellently fit-
ted for medicinal  ufe.  In this form, camphor  and the refinous
purgatives may be commodioufly taken.
   AMYLUM ex tritico praparatum.
   Wheat ftarch.
   The Edinburgh Colleg . have inferted ftarch as a feparate fub-
ftance in their catalogue of the Materia Medica, probably confid-
ering it  to be a general principle common to many vegetables, al-
though  they point out the particular  fpecies  which they wifh  to
be employed.
   The general properties of ftarch have been already (255.) enur
merated.
   As a  conflituent of many vegetable fubftances, it forms a moft
important alimentary fubftance.    In a medical point of view, it is
to be confidered as a demulcent ;  and  accordingly  it  forms the
principal ingredient of an officinal lozenge, and a mucilage pre-
pared from it often produces  excellent effects, both taken by the
mouth,  and in the form of a clyfter  in  dyfentery and diarrhoea
from irritation of the inteftines.
   Starch is  found in many vegetables, combined with different
fubftances.  Fourcroy accordingly makes various fpecies ot it  as
combined,
     1.  With gluten or fibrine, as in wheat, rye, and other fimilar
       feeds.
     2.  With  extraflive,  as in beans, peafe, lupins, &c.
     3.  With  mucilaginous matters,  as in the potatbe  and many
       other roots, in unripe  corn.
     4.  With  faccharine  matter, in moft  roots,  and  in corn after
       it has begun to germinate.
     5.  With  oil, in  the emulfive feeds, almonds, &c.
     6.  With  an acrid principle, as in the root of  the burdock,
       jatropha, manihot, arum, afarum, and oilier tuberous  roots.
   AMYR1S.
   Willd. g. J55. Otlandria Monogynia.—Nat.  ord. Dumofae.
   Sp. 2. Amyris Elemifera.
   Elemi.  Refina.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Elemi.  A  refin.
   The tree which furnifhes elemi grows in Carolina and Spanifh
America.  In dry weather, and efpecially at  full moon, inrifions 
142
Materia  Medica.
[Part IL
are made in the bark,  from which a refinous juice flows, and is
left to harden in the fun.   It is  brought to us in long roHndifh
cakes, generally wrapped up in flag leaves.  The beft fort is foft-
ifh, fomewhat tranfparent, of a pale whitifh yellow color,  inclin-
ing a little to green, of a ftrong not unpleafant fmell, refembling
fomewhat that of fennel.
  It almoft totally diffolves in pure fpirit, and  fends over fome
part of  its  fragrance along with this menftruum in diftillation ;
Diftilled with water, it yields a confiderable quantity of palecol-
ored, thin, fragrant, effential oil.   Its only conftituents, therefore,
are refin and  effential  oil.  It gives name to one of the officinal
unguents, and is at prefent fcarce  any  otherwife made ufe of ;
though it is certainly preferable  for internal  purpofes  to fome
others which are held in greater efteem.
  Sp. 18. Amyris Zeylanica.
  The elemi which comes from the Eaft Indies is faid to be the
produce of this fpecies.
    Sp. 6.  Amyris Gileadensis.   Refina.  (Ed.)
   Balfamum Gileadenfe.
  Balfam of Gilead.   A refin.
  This article, which has alfo had the name of Balfamum Juda*
icuro, Syriacum, de Mecca, Opobalfamum, &c. is a refinous juice,
obtained from an evergreen tree, growing fpontaneoufly, particu-
larly near to Mecca, on the Afiatic fide of the Red Sea.  The beft
fort ot it is a fpontaneous exudation from the tree ;  and is held in
fo high efteem by the Turks, who are in poffeffion of the country
where it is  produced, that it is rarely, if ever, to be met with gen-
uine among us.  From  the high price fet upon it, many adultera-
tions are practifed.   The true opobalfamum,  according to Alpi-
nus, is at firft turbid and white, of a very  ftrong pungent fmell,
like that of turpentine,  but much fweeter ; and  of a bitter acrid,
aftringent tafte ;  upon being kept for fome time, it becomes thin,
limpid, of a greenifh hue, then of  a gold yellow., and at length of
the color of honey.
   This  balfam is in high efteem among the eaftern nations', both
as a medicine, and as an odoriferous unguent and cofrnetic.   11 has
been recommended in  a variety of complaints.   But in Europe it
is never obtained genuine ; and as all the figns of its  goodnefs are
fallacious,  it has been very rarely  employed.   Nor need we re-
gret it; for any of the other refinous fluids, fuch as the balfam of
Canada or Capaiba will anfwer every purpofe full as  well.
   The dried berries of this tree were formerly kept under the ti-
tle of Carpo balfamum, and the  dried twigs under that  of Xylo-
balfamum.   Although Willdenow has  inferted the  amyris  opo-
balfamum as a diftinct fpecies, he  thinks they are the fame. 
Part II.]            Materia Medtca.                 143

   ANAS ANSER.
   Adeps Anferinus.  (Dub.)
   The goofe.   The fat.
   The fpecific properties of the  different kinds of fat are now
very generally difbelieyed ; and therefore almoft the only kinds
in ufe are thofe of the domeftic animals, which are eafily procur-
ed.  Goofe fat is foft and very greafy.   It is very rarely ufed in
medicine, as it poffeffes no advantage over axunge.

   ANCHUSA TINCTORIA.  Radix.  (Ed.)
   Anchufa.  Radix.  (Dub.)
   Alkanet. The root.
   Willd.g. 277. fp. .7. Pentandria  Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Afpe-
rifolia.
   This plant is a native of Europe ;  it is fometimes cultivated in
our gardens ; but the greateft quantities are raifed in Germany
or France, particularly  about Montpelier, from whence the dried
roots are ufually imported  to us.   The alkanet root produced in
England is much inferior in color  to that brought from abroad ;
the Englifh being only lightly reddifh, the others of a deep pur-
plifh red ;  and it has been fufpected,  but without fufficient foun-
dation, that the foreign roots owe part of their color to art.  The
cortical part of the root is of a duflcy red, and imparts an elegant
deep red to oils, wax, and all unctuous  fubftances, but not to wa-
tery liquors.
   Alkanet root has little  or no fmell  ; when recent,  it has a bit-
terifh aftriirgent tafte ;  but when dried, fcarcely any.  As to its
virtues, the prefent  practice expects not any from it.  Its chief
ufe is  for coloring oils,  ointments, and plaifters.  As the color
is confined to the cortical part,  the fmall roots are beft, having
proportionally more bark than the large.
   ANETHUM.
   Willd.g. 560.  Pentandria Digynia.—Nat. ord. Umbellata.
   Sp.  1. Anethum Graveolens.   Semen.   (Lond.)
   Dill.  The feed.
   Dill is an annual umbelliferous plant,  cultivated  in gardens,
as well for culinary as medical ufe.   The feeds  are of a pale  yel-
lowifh color, in fhape nearly oval,  convex  on  one fide, and flat
on the other.  Their tafte is moderately  warm and pungent; their
fmell aromatic,  but not of the moft  agreeable kind.   Thefe feeds
are recommended as a carminative in flatulent colics.   The moft
efficacious preparations of them, are, the diftilled oil, and a tinc-
ture or extract made with rectified fpirit.
   Sp. 3. Anethum Fceniculum.   Radix, Semen.   (Ed.)
   Fccniculum duke.  Semen.  (Lond. Dub.) 
144
Materia  Medica.
[Part II.
  Sweet Fennel.  The root and feeds.
  This is a biennial plant, of which there are four varieties.  One
of thefe. the common fennel, is indigenous to England. The fweet
fennel, the variety which  is officinal, grows wild in Italy, but is
alfo cultivated in our gardens.
  The fweet fennel  is  fmaller in all its parts than the common,
except the feeds, which are confiderably larger.   The feeds of the
two forts differ likewife in fhape and color :  Thofe of the com-
mon are roundifh, oblong, flattifh on  one fide, and protuberant on
the other, of a dark almoft blackiffi color ; thofe of the fweet are
longer, narrower, not fo flat, generally crooked,  and  of a whitifh
or pale yellowifh color.
  The feeds of both  the fennels,  have an aromatic fmell, and a
moderately warm, pungent tafte ; thofe of thefceniculum dulce are
in flavor moft agreeable,  and have alfo a confiderable degree of
fvveetnefs.
  ANGELICA  ARCH ANGELIC A. Radix,  Folia, Semen,

  Angelica.  Radix, Caulis, Folia, Semen. (Lond.) Caules, Folia,
eniina. (Dub.)
  Angelica.  The root, ftalk, leaves, andfeeds.
   Willd.g. 543.fp. 1. PentandriaDigynia.—Nat. ord. Umbellata.
  Angelica is a large biennial umbelliferous plant.   It grows
fpontaneoufly  on the banks of  rivers in Alpine countries ; but
for the ufe of the fhops, it is  cultivated  in  gardens in different
parts of Europe.
  All the parts of Angelica, efpecially the roots,  have a fragrant
aromatic fmell; and a pleafant bitterifh warm tafte, glowing up-
on  the lips and palate for a long time after they have been chew-
ed.  The flavor of the feeds and leaves is very perifhable ;  par-
ticularly that of the latter,  which, on  being  barely dried, lofe the
greateft part of their tafte and fmell;  the roots are more tenacious
of their flavor,  though they lofe part of  it  with  keeping.   The
frefh root, wounded early in the fpring, yields an odorous yellow
juice ; which, flowly exficcated, proves an elegant gummy refin,
very rich in the virtues of the angelica.   On drying the root, this
juice concretes  into diftinct moleculae, which, on cutting it  lon-
gitudinally, appear diftributed in  little veins;  in this ftate,  they
are extracted by pure fpirit, but not by watery liquors.  Angelica
roots are apt to grow mouldy, and to be preyed on by infects, un-
lefs thoroughly dried, kept in  a  dry place, and frequently aired.
We apprehend, that the roots which  are fubject  to this inconve-
nience, might be preferved, by dipping them in  boiling fpirit, or
expofing them to its  fleam, after they are dried.
   Angelica is one of the  moft elegant aromatics of  European
growth, though little regarded in the  prefent practice.   The root, 
Part II.]            Materia Medici.                 14$

which is the moft efficacious part, is ufed in the aromatic tincture.
The (talks make an agreeable fweetmeat.
  ANGUSTURA. Cortex. (Ed. Dub.)
  Th e natural hiftory of this  bark is hitherto unknown.  Will-
denow fufpeds  that it is the bark of the magnolia  Plumieri.
The firft parcel of it that  was imported came from Dominica, in
July 1788, with an account, " that it had been found fuperior to
the »* Peruvian bark in the cure  of fevers."  Subfequent impor-
tations from the Spanifh  Weftindies,  either  immediately or
through the medium of Spain,  give reafon to  fuppofe, that it is
the produce of South America.   Now that the ifland of Trinidad,
from which it is commonly imported into Europe, belongs to the
Englifh, we may expect to get further information  refpecting its
natural hiftory.
  Its appearance is various, owing to its having been taken from
larger or fmaller branches.  The outer furface of it is more or lefs
wrinkled, and covered with a greyifh coat, below which it is of a
yellowifh brown : The inner furface is of a dull brown. It breaks
fhort and refinous.  The tafte is intenfely bitter, and flightly aro-
matic, leaving a ftrong fenfeof heat and pungency in the throat
and fauces.  The odor is peculiar.  The powder  is yellow.
  Its predominant conftituent principles are bitter extractive mat-
ter, with mucilage and a  peculiar refin.  It is flightly aromatic,
and not at all aftringent. The extractive is very foluble in water,
and the refin in alcohol.
  As an aromatic bitter, it has been found to be a  tonic and fti-
mulant of the organs of digeftion.  It increafes the appetite for
food, removes flatulence and acidity, arifing from dyfpepfia, and
is a  very  effectual  remedy in diarrhoea, from  weaknefs of the
bowels, and in dyfentery ; and it poffeffes the lingular advantage
of not oppreffing the ftomach, as Peruvian bark is apt to do. It
does not cure intermittents.
  It is exhibited, 1. In powder,  in dofes of from 5 to 20 grains,
either alone, or with rhubarb, magnefia, or carbonate of lime.
  2. In infufion.  The infufion of one drachm in four ounces of
water may be ufed daily.
  3. Ib tincture.
  4. In watery extract.

  ANISUM.  (Lond. Dub.)   See Pimpinella.

  ANTHEMIS.
  Syngenefia Polygamia fuperflua.—Nat. orb. Compojitoz radiates.
  Sp. An them is  Nob 1 lis.   Herba etflores.  (Ed.)
  Chamamelum.  Flo res.   (Dub.)  Flos Simplex.  (Lond.)
  Chamomile.   The herb and flowers.
               L 
14G              Materia Medica.              [Part. II.

  Camomile is  a perennial plant, indigenous to the South of
England, but cultivated in our gardens for the purpofes of medi-
cine.   The flowers  have a ftrong not ungrateful aromatic fmell,
and a very bitter naufeous tafte.
  Their active conftituents are bitter extractive, and effential oil.
To the latter is to be ifcribed their antifpafmodic  carminative,
cordial, and diaphoretic effects ; to the former their influence in
promoting digeftion.
  Camomile flowers  are a very common and excellent remedy,
which is often ufed  with advantage in fpafmodic difeafes,  in hy-
fteria,  in fpafmodic  and flatulent colics, in fuppreffion of the men-
flrual difcharge, in the vomiting of puerperal women, in the after-
pains, in gout, in podagra, in intermittents, and in typhus.
  As  camomile excites the periftaltic motion, it is ufeful in dy-
fentery, but  is  not admiffible in all cafes of diarrhoea.   From its
ftimulating and fomewhat unpleafant effential oil, camomile is
alfo capable of exciting vomiting, efpecially when given in warm
infufion ; and in this way is often ufed to affift the action of other
emetics.
  Externally,  camomile  flowers are applied as a difcutient and
emollient, in the  form of clyfter or embrocation, in cholic, dyfen-
tary, and ftrangulated hernia, &c.
  Camomile flowers are exhibited,
   1. In fubftance, in the form of powder, or rather of electuary,
in dofes of from half a drachm to two drachms, either alone,  or
combined with Peruvian  bark, as for the cure  of intermittent
fevers.
   2. In infufion, in the form of tea.   This may either be drunk
warm, for promoting the action of  emetics,  or cold, as a  fto-
machic.
  3. In decoction or extract.   Thefe forms contain only the ex-
tractive, and therefore may be confidered as fimple bitters.
   a. The effential oil may be obtained by diftillation.   This pof-
feffes the antifpafmodic powers in a higher  degree than the fimple
flowers, but on the contrary does not poffefs the virtues depend-
ing on the prefence of the bitter extractive.               >
  Sp. Anthemis  Pyrethrum.   Radix.  (Ed.)
   Pyrethrum.  Radix.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Pellitory  of Spain.   The root.
   This plant, though a  native of warm climates, as Barbary,
bears the ordinary winters of this country, and often flowers fuc-
ceflively  from Chriftmas to May : The roots alfo grow larger
with us than  thofe with  which  the  (hops  are ufually fupplied
from abroad.
   Pellitory root has no fenfible fmell ; its tafte is very hot and
acrid, but lefs fo than that of arum ; the juice expreffed  from it
has fcarce any acrimony,  nor is the root itfelf fo pungent when 
 Part II.]             Materia Medica.                147

 frefh as after it has been dried.   Water, affifted by heat, extracts
 fome mare of its tafte; rectified fpirit, the whole ; neither of them
 elevate any thing in  diftillation.  Its  acrimony is therefore deriv-
 ed from a  refin.   The principal ufe of pyrethrum in the prefent
 practice is as a mafticatory, for promoting  the falival flux, and
 evacuating the vifcid humors  from the  head and  neighboring
. parts ;  by this means it often relieves the toothach, fome kinds
 of pains of the head, and lethargic complaints.  A vinous infu-
 fion is alfo ufeful  in debility ot the tongue.

   ANTIMONIUM.
   Stibium.
   Antimony.
   The phyfical and chemical properties of this metal have been
 already defcribed (167 J
   Antimony is found,
     I.  In its metallic ftate,
       1. Alloyed with three or four per cent, of arfenic.
     II.  Oxidized,
       2. Volatile oxide of antimony.   Mongez.
     III. Mineralized,
       3. Grey  ore of antimony,  (74 antimony,  26 fulphur.)
         Bergman.
            a. Compact.
            b. Foliated.
            c. Striated.
       4.  Plumofe  ore,  (antimony, arfenic,  filver,  fulphur.)
         Bergman.
       5. Red ore, (hydroguretted fulphuretted antimony.)
       6. White ore, (muriated antimony.)   Hacquet.
   The grey ore of antimony (III. 3.) is the ftate in which it is
 officinal, and alfo that in which it is moft commonly found.

   Sulphuretum An riMONii.   (Ed.)
   Antimonium.  (Lond.)
   Stibium.  (Dub.)
   Sulphuret of antimony.
   Whatever opinion may  be formed of the nomenclature adopted
 by the Edinburgh College in general, the propriety of the change
 which they have introduced in this and fimilar inftances cannot be
 difputed : For while chemifts, according to rational principles de-
 fignated fimple fubftances by fimple names, the fame  names con-
 tinued to be given  by pharmaceutical writers to compound ftates
 of thefe bodies.   To  haveeftablifhed, therefore, an uniformity of
nomenclature in fciences  fo intimately  aliied,  cannot fail to be
confidered as an improvement of  the greateft importance.
             2 
14 S                 Materia  Medica.            [Part II.

  Although fulphuretted antimony be a natural production, yet it
is commonly fold'in the form of loaves, which have been leparat-
e 1 from the ftoney and other impurities ot the ore by fufior!%nd
a fpecies of filtration.   For the ore is  melted in conical  well-
baked earthen pots, having one or more fmall holes in their apices.
The fire is  applied around and above  thefe pots;  and as foon as
:he fulphuretted antimony  melts, it drops through the boles into
veffels placed beneath to receive it, while the ftoney and other im-
purities remain behind.  As antimony is very volatile, the mouths
and joinings of the pots muft be clofed  and luted.   The upper
part of the loaves thus obtained is more fpongy, lighter and im-
pure than the lower,  which is therefore always to be preferred.
Thefe loaves have a  dark grey color  externally,  but on being
broken, they appear to  be compofed  of radiated ftriae, of a metal-
lic luftre, having the color of lead. The goodnefs of the loaves is
eftimated from their compa£lnefs  and  weight, from the largenefs
anddifiinctnefsof the flriae, and from their being entirely vaporiz-
able by heat.  Lead has been fold for  antimony ; but its texture
is  rather foliated than flriated, and it is not vaporizable.   The
prefence ol arfenic, which  renders the antimony ufelefs for medi-
cal purpofes, is known by its emitting the fmell of  garlic when
thrown upon live coals, and by other tefts mentioned under Arfe-
nic.  The  prefence of manganefe or iron is known by their not
being volatilized by a red heat.
   Antimony is obtained from its ores  by gradually detonating in
a large crucible four parts of fulphuretted antimony,  three of
crude tartar, and one and a half of dry nitrate ot potafs,  reduced
to a fine powder,  and intimately mixed.   The detonated mafs is
then to be fufed and poured into a heated mould, greafed with a
little fat, in which it is allowed to confolidate.   It is then turned
out, and the fcoriae are feparated  from the antimony, which will
weigh about onefourth part of the fuiphuret employed.   The
fcoriae are a mixture ot fuiphuret  ot potafs and of antimony, and
may be preferved tor other purpofes.
  Another method ot obtaining  antimony, is by melting three
parts of fulphuretted  antimony with one of iron.   The fulphur
quits the antimony, and combines with the iron.
  Formerly antimony was given  internally ; but as its action de-
pended entirely on the acid it met with in the ftomach, its effects
were very uncertain, and often violent.   Cups were alfo made of
antimony,  which imparted to wine that flood in them for fome
time an emetic quality.  But both thefe improper exhibitions of
this metal are now laid afide.
  Sulphuretted antimony was employed by the ancients incolly-
ria againft  inflammations of the eyes  ; and for ftaining the eye-
brows black.  Its internal ufe does not feem to have been eftab-
lifhed till towards the  end of the  fifteenth century ; and even at 
 Part II.]            Materia Medica.                 149

 that time it was by many looked upon as poifonous.   But expe-
 rience has  now fully evinced, that it has no noxious quality, being
 often ufed, particular in chronic eruptions; thai fome of the pre-
 parations of  it are medicines of great efficacy ;  and that though
 many of them are moft violently emetic and  cathartic, yet even
 thefe, by a flight alteration or addition, lofe their virulence, and
 become mild in their operation.
   Antimony is at prefent the bafis of many officinal preparation/,
 to be afterwards mentioned.  But befides thofe ftill retained, mj-
 ny others have been formerly in ufe, and are ftill employed by
 different praaitioners.   We (hall here, therefore, fubjoin a table,
 drawn up by Dr. Black, exhibiting a diftina  view of the whole!

    DR. BLACK'S TABLE Of THE PREPARATIONS OF ANTIMONY.

 Medicines  are prepared cither from crude antimony, or from the
   pure metallic part  of it, called regulus.

                 From Crude Antimony.

 I. By trituration.
   Antimonium praeparatum.  Ed. et Lond.
 II. By the aflion of  heat and air.
            Flores anrimonii fine addito.
   Vitrum antimonii.  Ed.
  Antimonum vitrificatum.  Lond.
  Vitrum antimonii ceratum.   Ed.
  Antimonium calcareo-phofphoratum, five pulvis antimonialis
     Ed.
  Pulvis antimonialis.   Lond.
III.  By the aaion of alkalies.
  Hepar antimonii rnitiflimum.
  Regulus antimonii  medicinalis.
  Hepar ad kermes minerale.  Geoffroi.
  Hepar ad tincf. antimonii.
  Kermes minerale.
  Sulphur antimonii  prascipitatum.   Ed. et Lond.
IV.  By the aaion of nitre.
  Crocus antimonii mitiffimus, vulgo, Regulus antimonii media-
      natis.
  Crocus antimonii.  Ed. et Lond.
  Antimonii emeticum mitius.  Boerh.
  Antimonium uftum cum nitro,  vulgo, Calx antimonii nitrata.
    Ed.
  Antimonium calcinatum.  Lond. vulgo, Antimonium diaph&ret.
              3 
150
Materia Medica.
[Part II.
V. By the aaion of acids.
  Antim. vitriolat.   Klaunig.
  Antim. cathartic.   Wilfon.
  Antimonium muriatum, vulgo, Butyrum Antim.   Ed.
  Antimonium muriatum.  Lond.
  Pulvis algarothi, five Mercurius Vita.
  Bezoardicum minerale.
  Antimonium tartarifatum, vulgo Tartarus emeticus.   Ed.
  , Antimonium tartarifatum.  Lond.
  Vinum antimonii tartarifati.  Ed. et Lond.
  Vinum antimonii.  Lond.

                   From the Regulus.

This metal, feparated from the fulphur by different proceffes, is
  called Regulus antimonii fimple x, Regulus martialis, Regulus
  jovialis, &c.  From it were prepared,
I. By the aaion of heat and air,
   FJores argentei, five nix antim.
II. By the aaion of nitre.
  Ceruffa antimonii.
  Stomachicum Poterii.
  Antiheaicum Poterii.
  Cardiacum Poterii.

Preparations which have their name from Antimony, but
  fcarcely contain any of it.
   Cinnabaris antimonii.
   Tinaura ammonii.

   To this table of Dr. Black's, which we have left unaltered, we
fhall add another,  not taken from the mode of preparation, but
from the nature of the produa.

   Antimony has been exhibited,
     I.  In its metallic ftate.
       a.  Antimonium.   Regulus antimonii.
       b.  Alloyed,
          l.  With iron.   Regulus antimonii martialis.
          2.  With tin.  Regulus antimonii jovialis.
          3.  With tin and copper.  Regulus metallorum.
       c.  Combined with fulphur.
          1.  Sulphuretum antimonii. (Ed.) Antimonium. (Lond.)
             Stibium. (Dub.)
          2.  Regulus antimonii medicinalis. (Maet.) Febrifu-
             gum Craanii.
       d.  Combined with fuiphuret of potafs.  Hepar antimonii. 
Part II.]            Materia Medica.                 151
     II. Oxidized,
       a.  In a fmaller degree.
        i. Calx antimonii per fe.   Cinis antimonii.
        2. Flores antimonii argentini.
        3. Pulvis algarothi.
        4. Vitrum antimonii.
        Combined with wax.   Vitrum antimonii ceratum.
       b.  Combined with a  little fulphur.   Crocus antimonii.
        Crocus metallorum.
       c.  Combined with fulphuretted hydrogen.  Sulphur aura-
          tum antimonii.
       d.  With hydroguretted  fulphur.   Kermes Minerale.
       e.  With muriatic acid.   Butyrurn antimonii.
      f.  With tartarous acid and potafs.   Tartarus emeticus.
          Diffolved in wine.  Vinum antimoniale.
       g.  With phofphoric acid and phofphate of lime.   James's
          powders.
       k.  Oxidized in a greater degree. Antimonium calcinatum.
          Lond.

  Thefe are the principal preparations of antimony.   In eflimat-
ing their comparative value,  we may attend to the following ob-
fervations.  All the  metallic preparations are uncertain, as it en-
tirely depends on the ftate of the ftomach, whether they have no
aaion at all, or operate with dangerous violence.   The fuiphuret
is expofed, though in a lefs degree, to the fameobjeaions.
  The preparations  in which antimony is oxidized to the maxi-
mum, are  perfeaiy infoluble in  any vegetable or animal  acid, and
are  alfo found to be perfeaiy inert when taken into the  ftomach.
  The remaining preparations of antimony, or thofe in which it
is oxidized in a  fmaller degree, are readily foluble in the juices
of the ftomach, and a& in very minute dofes.   Of its  faline pre-
parations,  only thofe can be ufed internally which contain a veg-
etable acid ;  for its  foluble combinations with the fimple acids
are very acid and corrofive.  In general, the furett and beft prep-
arations of antimony are thofe  which contain a known  quantity
of the metal in its  ftate of lefs oxidifement.
  The general effects of antimonials ave, in fmall dofes, diaphore-
fis,  naufea ;  in large dofes, full vomiting and purging.   Some al-
lege that antimonials  are of moft ufe in fevers, when they do not
produce any  fenfible evacuations, as is faid to be  the cafe fome-
times with James's powder.   They therefore prefer it in typhus,
and emetic tartar in fynochus, in which there is  the appearance
at firft of more aaivity in the  fyftem, and more apparent caufe
for  evacuation.
4 
152
Materia  Medica.
[Part II.
  APIUM PETROSELINUM.  Radix.   (Ed.)
  Petrofelinum.   Radix, Semen.  (Lond.)
  Parfley.   The root.   (Ed.)   The root and fee,d.  (Lond.)
  Willd.g. 563. fp. 1. PentandriaDigynia.—Nat. ord. Umbellatce.
  Parsley is a  biennial plant, and a native of the South of Eu-
rope.  It is very generally cultivated in this country for culinary
purpofes.  The  feeds have an aromatic flavor, and are occafion-
ally made ufe of as carminatives.  The tafte of the root is fome-
what fweetifh, with a light degree of warmth and aromatic flavor,
and it poffeffes gentle diuretic properties.

  ARABICUM GUMMI.  (Lond.)  See Mimosa.

  ARBUTUS UVA URSI.   Folia.  (Ed.)
  Uva Urfi.  Folia.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Whortleberry.   The leaves.
  Willd.g.Syifp.j.—Decandria Monogynia.—Nat.ord. Bicornes-.
  The uva urfi is a low fhrub, fomewhat refembling the  myrtle.
It feems firft to have been employed in medicine in Spain  and the
South of France :  It is an indigenous vegetable of thefe countries,
but it  grows alfo  in northern climates, particularly in Sweden,
and  on the hills of Scotland.  The leaves have  a bitterifh aftrin-
gent tafte ;   ami their latter  quality is fo confiderable, that in cer-
tain places, particularly in forne of the provinces of Ruffia, they
are ufed for tanning leather.  A watery infufion of the leaves im-
mediately ftrikes a very black color with chalybeates:
  The uVa urfi feems firft to  have been employed  in medicine
with a view  to its aftringent power.   With  this intention, it was
ufed under the form of decoction, for reftraining an immoderate
flow of the  menfes, againft other hasmorrhagies, in cafes  of diar-
rhoea and dyfentary, and for the cure of cutaneous eruptions.  But
it had fallen much into difufe till its employment was again reviv-
ed by Dr. de Haen, of Vienna.  He bellowed very high enco-
miums on it, againft ulcerations of the kidneys, bladder and uri-
nary paffages. He reprefents it as capable of curing almoft every
cafe of that kind ; and even afferts, that in cafes of calculus much
benefit is derived from its ufe ;  patients after the employment of
it paffing their water eafily and without pain.   It has, however,
by no means anfwered the expeaations, which,  on thefe grounds,
other praaitioners formed of it {  But in many affeaions of the
urinary organs, it  has proved  to be  a remedy of fome  ufe ; and
it has been particularly ferviceable in alleviating dyfpeptic fymp-
toms in nephritic and calculous cafes. It has  alio been  fervice-
able in cyftirrhcea or catarrhus veficae; and it has been thought to
be fometimes produftive of advantage in diabetes.  It is fometimes
ufed in the  form of decoaion, but moil frequently in that  of pow- 
Part II.]
Materia Medica.
153
der, from a fcruple to a drachm for a dofe, repeated  twice or
thrice a day.
  ARCTIUM LAPPA.   Radix.  (Ed.)
  Bardana.  Radix.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Burdock.  The root.
  Syngenefia Polygamia cequalis.—Nat. ord. Compofitcc Capitatce.
  This is a perennial plant, which grows wild in uncultivated
places.   The feeds have a bitterifh fubacred tafte ; they are re-
commended as very efficacious diuretics, given either in the form
of emulfion orin powder, to the quantity of a drachm. The roots
tafte fweetiffi, with a light aufterity and bitteriffinefs ;  they are
efteemed aperient, diuretic, and fodorific ; and are faid toaa with-
out irritation, fo as to  be fafely ventured upon in accutediforders.
Decoaions of, them have of late been ufed in rheumatic, gouty,
venereal, and  other diforders ; and are preferred by fome to thofe
of farfaparilla.

ARGENTUM.  (Ed. Lond.)
  Argentum in laminas extenfum.  (Dub.)
  Silver.  Silver leaf.
  The chemical and phyfical properties of %Jver have been al-
ready enumerated (157.)
   Silver is found,
   1. In its  metalic ftate :
     l.  Pure.
     2.  Alloyed with  gold.
     g.,-------------antimony.
     4.--------------iron and arfenic.
   2. Combined with fulphur :
     1.  Sulphuretted filver.
     2.------------------ with  antimony,  iron, arfanic,  and
         copper.
    g.------------------with copper.
     4.  ■         ---------with lead and antimony.
   3. Oxidized :
     1.  Combined with carbonic acid and antimony.
     2.---------,— with muriatic acid.
     3.  ————— with fulphur and oxide of antimony.
   Silver is admitted into the lift of Meteria Medica, only as being
 the bafis of a preparation to be mentioned afterwards.

   ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA.     Radix.  (Ed.)
   Serpentaria Virginiana.  Radix.  (Lond.   Dub.)
   Virginian Snakeroot.  The root. 
 154                 Materia  Medica.            [Part II.

   Gynandria Hexandria—Nat. ord. Sarmentofix.
   This is  a fmall, light, bufhy  root, confifting of a number of
 firings or fibres matted together, iffuing from one common head ;
 of a brownifh color on the outfide, and paler or yellowifh within.
 It has an aromatic fmell,  like that of valerian, but more agree-
 able ; and a warm, bitteriffi pungent tafte, very much refembling
 that of camphor.  Its virtues are  principally owing to the effen-
 tial oil  with which it abounds. Its general a&ion is heating and
 ftimulant ; its particular effeas, to promote the difcharge by the
 fkin and urine.  In its effeas it  therefore coincides with camphor,
 but feems to be a more permanent ftimulus.
   It is recommended,
     l.  In intermittent fevers, efpecially  when the paroxifms do
       not terminate by fweating, and to affift the action of Peru-
       vian bark in obftinate cafes.
     2.  In typhus, and in putrid difeafes,  to fupport the vis vitoe,
       and to excite gentle  diaphorefis.
     3. In exanthematous difeafes, when the fever is of the ty-
 phoid type,  to  fupport the aaion of the fkin, and keep  out the
     eruption.
     4.  In gangrene.  Externally it is ufed as a gargle in  the pu-
       trid fore throat.

   It is exhibited,
     1. In powder, which is the beft form, in dofes of twenty or
       thirty grains.
     2.  In infufion with wine or water.  By decoaion its pow-
      ers are entirely deftroyed.
  It is often  combined with Peruvian bark, or with, camphor.

  ARNICA MONTANA.   Flores, Radix.  (Ed. Dub.) Her.
ba, Flos, Radix.   (Lond.)
   German Leopard's bane.  The  flower,  herb, and  root.
  Syngenefia Polygamia fuperfi.ua.—Nat. ord. Compofita. radiata.
  Leopard's  Bane is a very common perennial plant in the
Alpine  parts of Germany, Sweden, Lapland, and  Switzerland.
The flowers, which are ot a yellow color and compound,  confid-
ing entirely of tubular florets, are diftinguifhed from fimilar  flowers,
with which they are often  mixed  from  ignorance or fraud, by
the common calyx, which is fhorter than the florets, and  confifts
entirely ot  lancetfhaped fcales, lying parallel and clofe  to each
other, of a  green color, with  purple points.  The calyx of the
different fpecies  of Inula are  compofed of  briftlefhaped fcales,
refleaed  at the points, and befet with hairs.  The florets of the
genus Hypochaeris are ftrapfhaped. 
Part II.]
Materia  Medica.
15S
  Thefe flowers have a weak bitteriffi tafte,  evidently combined
with a degree of acrimony, and, when rubbed with the fingers, have
a fomewhat aromatic  fmell.  Their aaive  conltituents are not
fufficiently  afcertained.  They evidently contain a great deal of
refin, and  fome effential oil.  In their  effetts they are ftimulat-
ing, and fuppofed to be diicutient.
  In fmall dofes, and properly adminiftered, they poffefs very be-
neficial effeas, in railing the pulfe, in exciting the aaion ot the
whole fanguiferous  fyftem, in checking  diarrhoeas, in promoting
expeaoration, and,  molt  paricularly  in removing paralytic af-
fections ot the voluntary mufcles ;  but their ufe is frequently at-
tended  with no fenfible operation, except that in fome  cafes of
pafalvfis, the cure is faid to be preceded by a peculiar prickling,
and by (hooting pains in the affeaed parts.  When given improp-
erly or in too large  dofes, they excite an infupportable degree of
anxiety, fhootingand burning pains, and even dangeious haemorr-
hages, vomiting,  vertigo and coma.   For thefe dangerous fyrnp-
toms, vinegar is faid to be the beft remedy.

   They have been recommended,
   1. In paralytic diforders, in chronic  rheumatifm,  in retention
     of the urine, from paralyfis of the bladder, in  amaurofis.
   2. In intermittent fevers, combined with Peruvian bark.
   3. In dyfentery and diarrhoea, but  in fome cafes they have
     had bad efft-as.
   4. In putrid difeafes.
   5. In typhoid inflammations.
   6. To promote the uterine difcharge.
   7. And in internal pains,  and congeflions from bruifes.  In
     the countries where they  are indigenous, the  flowers of the
     leopard's bane, have long been a popular remedy in  thefe
     accidents.

   They are contraindicated by an inflammatory diathefis,  a  pre-
 difpofition to haemorrhages,  and internalcongeflions.
   They are beft exhibited  in the form of infufion.   One or two
 fcruples may be infufed with half a pound of water, and drunk
at proper intervals.  The flowers  fhould be wrapt up in a piece
 of linen, as otherwife their down is apt to be  diffufed in the liquid,
 and to caufe violent irritation of the throat.
    The dried root  of this  plant is about the thicknefs of a fmall
 quill, and fends out fibres along one fide.  Externally it is rough,
 and of a red brown color,  internally of  a dirty white.  Its tafte
 is acrid, and (lightly bitter.  It  is exhibited in the fame manner
 and circumftances  as the flowers, but it is more apt to excite vo-
 miting.  In powder, its dofe is  from five to ten grains. 
156
Materia  Medica.
[Part. II.
  ARSENICUM.
  Arfenic.
  The general properties of this metal have been already enu.
merated.
  Arfenic is found,
  1. In its metallic  ftate:

     i. Alloyed with iron,,
     2#------------iron gold.
     3.------------cobalt.
  S. Oxidized :
     1. Uncombined.  White oxide of arfenic.
     2.  Combined with fulphur :
       a.  Oxide of arfenic 90, fulphur 10, Orpiment.  Yellow
         fulphuretted arfenic.
       b.  Oxide of  arfenic 84, fulphur  16, Realgar,   Red ful-
         phuretted arfenic.
     3. Accidified and  combined ;
       I,  With lime.
       2.  With copper.
       3.  With iron.
       4.  With lead.
       5.  With nickel.
       6.  With cobalt.

  Oxidum Arsenici.  (Ed.)
  Oxide of arfenic.   Arfenious acid  (Fourcroy.) (195.)
  This fubftance, which was formerly named improperly arfenic,
is moft generally obtained in the procefs of roafting the ores of
cobalt in Saxony.  The roafting is performed in a kind of rever-
beratory furnace, with which a very long chimney is conneaed,
lying in a horizontal direaion.  The oxide ot arfenic is condenfed*
in it  in the  form of  a loofe grey  powder, which, by a fecond
fublimation with  a  little potafs, and in  a great degree of heat,
coalefces into a firm vitreous fublimate, which gradually becomes
opaque by expofure to the air.  In this ftate it is the white arfe-
nic  of commerce, or, as it fhould be termed, the white oxide of
arfenic.   For internal ufe, the lumps ot a fhining appearance and
dazzling whitenefs fhould bechofen ; but  it is generally offered
for  fale in the form of powder, which is very often mixed with
chalk or gypfum.  The fraud is eafily deteaed by expofing it to
heat.  The oxide of arfenic is entirely fublimed, and the addi-
tions remain behind.
   As this fubftance is one of the moft virulent poifons,  we fhall
give a full account of its properties.   It is white, compaa, brit-
tle,  and  of a glaffy  appearance.   Its tafte is  fweetifh, but
acrid and flow in rnanifefting itfelf.  It fublimes entirely when 
Part II.]               Materia Medica.               157

expofed to 2830 Fahrenheit. When the operation is performed in
clofe veffels, the  oxide of  arfenic affumes a glaffy appearance,
which  it foon lofes on expofure to the air. In open veffels it fub-
limes in denfe white fumes, fmelling  ftrongly  ot garlic.   If a
pla-te of copper be expofed to the fumes, it is whitened.  Oxide ot
arfenic is foluble in 80 parts of water at 6o°, and in 15 at 212°.
This folution has an acrid tafte, and reddens vegetable blues.  It
is alfo foluble in 80 parts of boiling alcohol.  From either folu-
tion it may be  obtained regularly cryftallized in tetrahedrons.
From  its folutions a glafs green precipitate  is feparated by a fo-
lution of fulphate of iron,  a white precipitate by lime water, and a
yellow precipitate by any  of the combinations  of an alkali with
fulphur, or with fulphur and hydrogen.  All thefe precipitates,
when  expofed to  a fufficient temperature, fublime  entirely, and
emit the fmell of garlic.
   When  treated with  nitric acid, the white  oxide  of  arfenic  is
converted into arfenic acid (197.)
   But by far the fureft teft of the prefence of  arfenic,  is its re-
duction by  carbonaceous  fubftances.
   With this view, a fmall quantity of any  fufpeaed  fubftance
may be mixed  with fome fatty or oily matter, and introduced
within a tube clofed at the bottom, and expofed to a  read heat ; if
arfenic be prefent in any  ftate, it will be  fublimed in the form
of brilliant  metallic fcales.
   Oxide of arfenic is ufed by the dyers, as a flux in glafs making,
in docimaftic works, and in fome glazes.  Its fulphurets are much
ufed by painters, but thefe advantages are not able to compenfate
for its bad'effeas.  In mines, it caufes the deftruaion of numbers
who explore  them ; being very volatile,  it forms a dull,  which
affeas and  deftroys the lungs,  and the unhappy miners, after a
languifliing  life of a few  years, all perifh  fooner or later.  The
property which it poffeffes of being foluble in water, increafes and
facilitates its deftruaive power ; and it ought to be profcribed in
commerce, by the ftria law which prohibits the fale of poifons to
unknown perfons.  Oxide of arfenic is every day the inflrument
by which viaims are facrificed, either by the hand of wickednefs
or imprudence.   It  is often miftaken  for fugar ; and  thefe mif-
takes  are  attended  with the moft dreadful  confequences.  The
fymptoms which charaaerize this poifon are a great conftriaion of
the throat, the teeth feton edge, and the mouth ftrongly heated, an
involuntary fpitting, with  extreme pains in the ftomach, vomiting
of glairous and bloody matter, with cold fweats and convulfions.
   On  diffeaion, the ftomach and bowels are found  to  be inflam-
ed gangrenous and corroded, and the blood is fluid.  Soon after
death livid fpots appear on the furface of the body, the nails  be-
come blue, and often fall off along with the hair, the  epidermis
feparatej,  and  the whole body  becomes very fpeedily putrid. 
158
Materia Medica.
[Part  II.
When the  quantity is fo very fmall as not to prove fatal, tre-
mors, palfies,  and lingering hectics  fucceed.
  Mucilaginous drinks have been long ago given to perfons  poif-
oned  by  arfenic.   Milk, fat, oils and butter,  have been fuccef-
fively employed.   M. Navier  has propofed a more direct coun-
terpoifon.   He prefcribes one dram of Sulphuret of potafs  to be
diffolved in a pint of water, which the patient is direaed  to drink
at feveral  draughts ; the fulphur unites to  the  arfenic,  and de-
ftroys  its caufticity and  effeas.  When the  firft fymptoms are
diffipated, he advifes the  ufe of fulphureous mineral waters.  He
likewife approves the ufe of milk, but condemns oils.  Vinegar
which diffolves arfenic, has been recommended  by M. Sage, but
upon what grounds we know not.
  According to Hahneman a folution  of foap is the beft remedy.
One pound of foap may be diffolved in four pounds of water,
and a cupful of this folution may be  drunk lukewarm every three
or four minutes.
  Notwithftanding, however, the very violent effeas of oxide of
arfenic, it has been employed in the  cure of difeafes, both as ap-
plied externally  and as taken internally.   Externally it has been
chiefly employed in cafes of cancer ;  and as ufed in this way, it
is fuppofed that its good  effeas depend on its aaing as  a  pecu-
liar corrofive ; and it is  imagined,  that oxide  of  arfenic  is the
bafis of a remedy long celebrated in cancer, which, however, is
ftill kept a fecret by a family of the name of Plunket in  Ireland.
According  to  the  beft  conjeaures,  their  application  con-
fills of  the powder of fome vegetables, particularly the  ran-
unculus flammula and cotula fcetida, with a confiderable portion
of oxide of arfenic and fublimed fulphur intimately mixed togeth-
er.  This powder, made into a pafte with the white of an egg, is ap-
plied to the cancerous part which it is intended to corrode;  and
being covered with a piece of thin bladder, fmeared  alfo with the
white of an egg,  it is fuffered to lie on from twenty four to forty-
eight hours;  and afterwards the efchar is to be treated with fott-
ening digeftive, as in other cafes.   This application, whether it
be precifely the fame with Plunket's remedy or  not, and likewife
arfenic in  mere  fimple  forms,  have in fome inftances been pro-
duaive of good effects.
  Juftamond ufed an ointment compofed of four grains of  white
oxide of arfenic, ten grains ot opium, and a drachm oi cerate, and
fpread very thin upon linen.  But its aaion is tedious.-  He alfo
fumigated cancerous fores with a fuiphuret of arfenic with a view
to deftroy their intolerable fetor, with great fuccefs.  Le Fe-
bure wafhed cancerous fores frequently, in the courfe of the day,
with a folution of four grains of oxide of arfenic in two pounds of
water. Arneman recommends an ointment ot one drachm of arfe-
nic, the fame  quantity of fulphur, an ounce of diftilled vinegar 
 Part II.]            Materia  Medica.                  159

and  an ounce of ointment of white oxide of lead, in cancerous,
and  obftinate, illconditioned fores, and in fuppurated fcrofulous
glands.  The oxide of arfenic has even been applied in fubftance,
fprinkled npon the ulcer.   But this mode of ufing it is exceffive-
ly painful, and extremely dangerous.  There have been even fa-
tal effeas produced from its abforption.
   The principal thing to be attended to in arfenical applications,
 is to diminifh their  aaivity to a  certain degree.   They  then,
 caufe  little irritation  or pain,  but rather excite a gentle de-
 gree of inflammation, which caufes the difeafed parts to (lough off;
 aftd it has the peculiar advantage of not extending its operation
 laterally.
   No other  efcharotic poffeffes equal powers in cancerous affec-
 tions ; but unfortunately its good effects often do  not go  beyond
 a certain length, and if in fome cafes it effeas a cure, in others it
 muft be allowed it does harm.  While it has occafioned very con-
 fiderable pain,  it has given the  parts no difpofition to heal, the
 progrefs of the ulceration becoming even more rapid than before.
   White oxide of arfenic has alfo been recommended as a reme-
 dy  for cancer when taken internally.   With this  intention,  four
 grains of oxide of arfenic, of a  clear  white fhining  appearance,
 and in fmall cryftals, is direaed to be diffolved in a pint of diftil-
  led water \  and of this folution the patient is to take a table fpoon-
  full,  with an equal quantity of milk,  and  a little fyrup of white
  poppies, every morning faffing, taking care to tafte nothing for
  an  hour after it.  After this  has been  continued  for about eight
  days, the quantity  is to beencreafed, and the dofes more frequent-
  ly  repeated, till the folution  be taken, by an adult, to the extent
  of  fix table fpoonfuls in the courfe of a day.   Mr. Le  Febure,
  who is, we believe,  the introducer of  this praaice, affirms that
  he  has ufed it in more than two hundred inftances without  any bad
  effea,  and with evident proofs of its  efficacy.   But when em-
  ployed  by others,  it has by  no means been found equally effica-
  cious.
    Of all the difeafes in which white oxide of arfenic has been
  ufed internally, there is no one in which it has been fo frequently
  and fo  fuccefsfully employed as in the cure of intermittent fevers.
  Prepared in different ways, it has long been ufed  in Lincolnfhire,
  and fome other of the  fenny countries,  under  the name of the
  Arfenic drop : And it is conjeaured, that an article, which has
  had a very extenfive fale, under the title of the Tuftelf's aguedrop,
  the form of preparing which, however, is ftill kept a fecret, is noth-
  ing elfe but a folution of oxide  of arfenic.   But whether this be
  the cafe or not, we have now the moft fatisfaaory information con-
   cerning this article, in the Medical Reports ot the effeas  of Arfe-
   nic in  the cure of Agues, Remitting Fevers, and Periodic Head-
  achs,  by   Dr. Fowler, of Stafford.  The medicine ho employed
  was the arfenite of potafs. He direas, that fixtyfour grains of oxide 
160
Materia  Medica.
[Part II.
of arfenic, reduced to a very fine powder, and mixed with as much
carbonate of potafs,  fhould be added to half a pound of  diftil-
led water, in a Florence flafk ;  that it fhould then be placed in a
fand  heat, and gently boiled  till  the oxide of arfenic be com-
pletely diffolved ; that after the folution is cold, half an ounce of
compound fpirit of lavender be added to it, and as much diftilled
water as  to  make the whole folution amount to a pound.   This
folution is taken in dofes, regulated according to the age, ftrength,
and other circuraftances of the patient, from two to twelve drops,
once, twice, or oftener in the courfe of the day.   And in the dif-
eafes mentioned above,  particularly in intermittents, it has been
found to be  a fafe and very efficacious remedy, both by Dr. Fow-
ler and by other praaitioners ; but in fom° inftances, even when
given in very fmall dofes, we have found it excite violent vomit-
ing, and befides this,  it has alfo been alleged  by fome, that thofe
cured of intermittents  by arfenic,  are very liable to become
phthifical.                     "
  It arfenic fhall ever be extenfively employed internally, it will
probably  be moft certain and moft fafe in its  operation,  when
brought to a ftate of a fait readily foluble in  water.  Mr.  Mac-
quer tells us,  that it  may be brought to a ftate of a true neutral
fait in the following manner : Mix well together equal quantities
of nitrate of potafs, and of pure oxide of arfenic; put them  into a
retort, and diftil at firft with a gentle heat, but afterwards with fo
ftrong a heat as to redden the bottom of the retort.  In this pro-
cefs the nitric acid is partly decompofed, and paffes over into the
receiver in the ftate of nitrous acid.  The oxide of arfenic is at
the fame time accidified, and combines with the potafs.  The pro-
dua which is  arfeniate of potafs, is found in the bottom of the
retort, which may be obtained in the form of cryftals of a prifma-
tic figure, by difolving it in diftilled water, filtering the folution
through paper, evaporating and cryftallizing.
  Oxide of  arfenic, in fubftance, to the extent of an eighth of a
grain  for a dofe, combined with a little of the flowers of fulphur,
has been  faid  to be employed internally in fome very obftinate
cafes of cutaneous difeafes, and with the beft effea.   But of this
we have no experience.

  ARTEMISIA.—Syngenefia Polygamiafuperflua.—Nat. ord.
Compofita. difcoidew.
  Sp. Artemisia Abrotanum.
  Abrotanum.  Folium.   (Lond.)
  Southernwood.   The leaves.
  This is a perennial fhrub, which grows readily in our gardens,
though a native of the fouth of Europe.
  Southernwood has a ftrong fmell, which, to  moft people,  is not
difagreeable  ; it has a pungent, bitter, and fomewhat naufeous 
Part II.]
Materia Medica.
161
 tafte.   Thefe qualities are very completely extrafted by reaified
 fpirit,  the  tin6ture  thus  formed is  of  a  beautiful  green  color.
 They are lefs perfeaiy extraaed by watery liquors, the infufion
 being of a light brown color.
   Southernwood, as well as fome other fpecies of the fame genus,
 particularly the abfinthium and fantonica, has been recommended
 as an anthelmintic ; and it has alfo been fometimes ufed as a ftim-
 ulant, detergent, and fudorific.   It has likewife  been employed
 externally  in  difcutient and antifeptic fomentations.  It has alfo
 been ufed under  the form of  lotion  and ointment for cutaneous
 eruptions, and for preventing the hair from falling off.  But al-
 though it ftill  retains a place in the pharmacopoeia of London, it is
 at prefent very little employed in praaice.

   Sp. Artemisia Maritima.
   Abfinthium  Maritimum.  Cacumina,  (Lond. Dub.)
   Sea Wormwood.  The tops.
   Th i s fpecies of artemifia is perennial and herbaceous.  It grows
 wild  in fait marfhes, and in  feveral parts about the feacoafls.
 In tafte and fmell it  is weaker and lefs unpleafant than  the com.
 mon wormwood.  The tops of fea wormwood formerly entered
 fome of the compound diftilled waters ;  but they are now rejected
 from thefe,  and are very little employed in  praaice.
   Sp.Artemisia Santonica.   Cacumen.  (Ed)
   Santonicum.  Cacumen.  (Lond.) Semina. (Dub.)
   Wormfeed.   The tops.   The feeds.
  All the  Britifh  Colleges have given this fpecies as the plant
 which produces thefe feeds, but it is by  no means afcertained.
 They have  been  afcribed  by different writers  to other fpecies of
 the fame genus, the Judaica, the Contra, and the Auftriaca, and
 are even faid by Saunders to be the produce of a fpecies of  Che-
 nopodium.
  The feeds themfelves are fmall, oblong, fmooth, and of a green-
 ifh or greyifh  yellow color.  As the whole head is gathered af-
 ter  the  feeds  are ripe,  they are mixed with the fcales of the ca-
 lices and bits ot (talks.   Their tafte is bitter and fomewhat acrid,
 their fmell  ftrong and difagreeable.    Thofe  which  come  from
 Aleppo are efteemed the bed, and thofe from Barbary the word.
 When they have no fmell, and  a lefs  intenfely bitter tafte, and are
 difcolored,  and mixed with a longer kind ot feed,  they are  to be
 rejeaed. They are alfo adulterated  with the feeds of tanfy and
 wormwood.  The latter are eafily known, by having a light yel-
 low color, and refembling powdered hay more  than feeds.
  Wormfeed is one of the oldeft and moft common anthelmintics,
efpecially in the lumbrici of children.  On account of their effen-
tial oil, they are heating and ftimulating.  ,
                  M 
162                  Materia Medica.            [Part iL

  They are given to children
     1.  In fubftance, to the extent of ten grains, or half a drachm,
       finely powdered,  and  ftrewed  on bread and  butter ; or
       made into  an eleauary with  honey or treacle ;  or  candied
       with  fugar ;  or diffufed  through milk, and taken in the
       morning when the ftomach is empty.
     a.  In infufion or decoaion,  but to thefe forms their bitter-
       nefs is a ftrong objeaion.
  After  they have been ufed  for fome days,  it is cuftomary to
give a cathartic,  or  they  are  combined from the beginning with
rhubarb, jalap, calomef, fulphate of iron, or muriate of ammonia.

  Sp. Artemisia Absinthium.  Folia etfummatesfiorentes.
(Ed.)
  Abfinthium vulgare. Herba. (Lond.) Folia, cacumina.  (Dub.)
  Common  wormwood.  The herb, leaves, and flowering heads.
  This perennial herb grows by  the road fides, and  on rubbifh
in many parts of  Britain ; and about London it is cultivated for
medical ufe.  Its fmell is ftrong and difagreeable  ;  its tafte in-
tenfively bitter.   Its aaive conftituents  are bitter extraaive and
effential oil.  It  is ufed in ftomach  complaints, and is of great
ferviceto hypochondrifts.  It is alfo employed in intermittent fe-
vers, in cacheaic and hydropic affeaions, in jaundice, and againft
worms.  Many perfons cannot fuffer the difegreeable  fmell of
wormwood, which is apt  to occafion headach, but it may be freed
from it in a great meafure by docoaion.  The extraa  is a pure
and  fimple bitter.  The effential oil is ftimulating, and  is fuppofed
to be a powerful antifpafmodic and anthelmintic.  It was former-
ly much ufed for  the preparation of medicated wines and ales.

   ARUM MACULATUM.
  Arum. Radix recens.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Wakerobin.   The recent root.
   Gynandria Polyandria.—Nat. ord. Piperita.   '
  This is  a perennial  folid bulbousrooted  plant, which grows
wild in fhady fituations, and by the fides of banks, iri  many parts
of Britain.   The root is knotty,  roundifh and  white.    When
colleaed in fpring before the leaves fhoot,  or in  autumn af-
ter flowering,  it  contains a milky  juice of very  great acrimony.
Applied to  the tongue, it caufes a burning heat, which lafts for
many hours, and excites  confiderable thirft.   Thefe' difegreeable
fymptoms may be relieved by buttermilk or oily fluids.  Rub-
bed  between the fingers,  it blifters and excoriates them ;  it  is
therefore a  corrofive vegetable poifon.  By draining, it lofes its
acrimony entirely, and becomes fimply  amylaceous.  It is alfo
rendered perfeaiy mil4  by  frequent waffling with  water.  Its 
i*artIL]            Materia Medica:                  16$

acrimony  is therefore volatile, and eafily deftruaible ; and as it
does not arife from the prefence^of an effential oil, it depends up-
on a vegitable principle, different from all others,  and not well
underftood.   It is the fame upon which  the virtues of the fquill,
hellebore, &c. depend.  Gren has diftinguifhed it by the name of
the Acrid Principle.
  In the recent root, the degree of acrimony  is fo very uncertain,
and often  fo exceffive, that its effeas, as  an internal remedy, can-
not be depended on.   The  dried root is perfeaiy inert; but the
roots may be kept frefh for a year, by burying them in a cellar in
fand.    ^

  ASAFOETIDA.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Ferula.

  ASARUM EUROPIUM.
  A/arum.  Folia.   (Dub. Lond.)
  Afarabacca.  The leaves.
  Willd.g. 925. fp. 1.—Dodecandria Monogynia.—rNat. ord. Sar*
mentacece.  *
  This is a perennial plant, which is a native of fome places of
England, although the dried roots are generally brought from the
Levant.
  It grows in moift and fhady fituations.  It produces only two
leaves,  which are uniform and very obtufe.   The root is fibrous,
of a grey brown  col«r externally, but white within.
  Both the roots  and leaves have a naufeous, bitter, acrimonious,
hot tafte ; their fmell is ftrong, and not very difagreeable.
  Afarabacca contains,  befides its odorous  principle, which is
probably camphor, a portion of the  fame  acrid principle which
we  have noticed when fpeaking of arum.   Upon this  its  virtues
depend ; and as this principle is volatile, we find accordingly that
afarabacca lofes much of its aaivity by decoaion and long keep-
ing.
  Given in fubftance from half a drachm to a drachm, it evac-
uates powerfully  both upwards and downwards.  It is faid, that
tinaures made in fpirituous rnenftrua, poffefs both the emetic and
cathartic virtues ot the plant :  That the extraa obtained by infpif-
fating thefe tinaures, acts only by vemihing,  and with great mild-
nefs :  That an infufion  in water proves cathartic, rarely emetic :
That aqueous decoaions made by long boiling, and the watery ex-
traa, have no purgative or emetic quality, but prove good dia-
phoretics, diuretics, and emmenagogues.
  The principal ufe  of  this plant among us is as a fternutatory.
The root of aforum is perhaps the ftrongelt of ali the vegetable
errhines,  white hellebore itfelf not excepted.  Snuffed  up the
nofe, in the quantity  of a grain or two, it occafions a large evac-
nation of mucus, and raifes  a  plentiful fpitting.  The loaves are 
164                 Materia Medica.            [Part II

confiderably milder, and may be ufed to the quantity of three,
four, or five  grains.   Geoffroy relates,  that after fnuffing up a
dofe ot this errhine at night, he has frequently obferved the dif-
charge from  the nofe to  continue for three days together;  and
that he has known a paralyfis of the mouth  and tongue cured by
one dofe.  He recommends this medicine in  ftubborn diforders ot
the head, proceeding from  vifcid tenacious matter, in palfies, and
in foporifk diftempers.

  ASTRAGALUS TRAGACANTHA.   Gummi. m (Ed.)
  Aflragalus  Crtticus.  (Lamarck.)
   Tragacantha Gummi.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Gumtragacanth.
  Diadetphia Decandria.—Nat. ord. Papilionacea.
  Gumtragacanth  is  the produce  of  a very thorny fhrub1,
which grows on the ifland  of Candia, and other places in the Le-
vant.
  About the end of June a fluid exudes from the Item and larger
branches,  which dries in  the fun, and  is coileaeo' by the fhep-
herds on Mount Ida, from whence it is fent to Europe,  under the
title ot Tragacanth.
  It confifts of whitifh femitranfparent vermiform pieces, fcarce-
ly a line in thicknefs, without tafte or fmell.
  There is alfo a dirty yellow, or  brownifh kind,  which is not
fit for medical purpofes.
  Tragacanth is a true gum, and is principally employed as a de-
mulcent to blunt acrimonies, and as a pharmaceutical agent.

  ATROPA BELLADONNA.  Folia. (Ed.)
  Belladonna.  Folia.  (Dub.)
  Deadly  Nightfhade.  The leaves.
  Willd.g. $i.fp. 2.—Pentandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord.-oWi-
nacex.
  The Deadly  Nightfhade is a perennial plant, with a herba-
ceous Item, which is indigenous both in  mountainous and woody
fituations  in this country,  and often cultivated  in gardens.  The
whole plant is poifonous, and the berries, from their beautiful ap-
pearance, have fometimes proved fatal to children.  The fymptoms
excited are, a  drynefs of the mouth ; a trembling of the tongue ; a
very diftreffing thirft;  a difficulty of fwallowing ; fruitlefs efforts
to vomit; and great anxiety about the praecordia.  Delirium then
comes on, with knafhing of the teeth and  convulfions. The pupil
remains dilated, and is not  fenfible even to the  ftimulus of light.
The face becomes tumid,  and of a dark red  color.  The jaws  are
frequently locked.  Inflammation attacks the cefophagus, ftomach
and inteftines, fometimes extending to the mefentery, lungs and liv-
er, accompanied with violent pains in the abdomen.  The ftomack 
Part II.]
Materia Medica.
165
is very infenfiblf to ftimulus, and the periftaltic motion of thein-
teftines is  deftroyed.   General relaxation,  palfy  efpecially, of
the lower extremities, convulfions, vertigo, blindnefs, coma, and
death, fucceed.   The body  foon putrifies, fwells, and becomes
marked with livid fpots ;  blood flows from the nofe, mouth and
ears, and the ftench is infufferable.   On diffection, the blood is
found to be fluid, the interlines are inflated and inflamed, or erod-
ed and gangrenous.  The  beft method ot cure is to excite vomit-
ing as foon as poffible, by emiticsand tickling the fauces ; to evac-
uate the bowels by purgatives and glyfters ; and to give, largely,
vinegar, honey,  milk and oil.   In  fome children  who recovered
by this treatment, the delirium was fucceeded by profound fopor,
accompanied with fubfultus tendinum ; the face and hands became
pale and cold, and the pulfe fmall, hard and quick.   Their recov-
ery was flow, and the blindnefs continued a confiderable time, but
at laft went off.
   Yet this virulent  poifon, under proper management, may be-
come an excellent remedy.   Befides a very remarkable narcotic
power, it poffeffes confiderable influence in promoting all  the ex-
cretions, particularly by fweat, urine, and it is alfo faid by faliva  ;
but its exhibition requires the greateft caution ;  for it is apt when
continued for  any length  of time, even  in fmall dofes, to caufe
drynefs and tenfion ot  the throat and neighboring parts, vertigo,
dimnefs of fight, and even temporary blindnefs.  When  any of
thefe fymptoms  occur,  its ufe muft  be fufpended  for fome time,
and afterwards refumed  in fmaller dofes.
   Deadly nightfhade has been exhibited
     l. In feveral febrile difeafes ; in obftinate intermittents;  and
       in the plague.
    *. In inflammations ; the gout.
     3. In coraatofe difeafes ;  in palfy  and lofs of fpeech from
       apoplexy.
    ^. In fpafmodic difeafes; in chorea ; epilepfy;  chincough;
       hydrophobia ; melancholy, and mania.
    5. In cacheaic affeaions ; in dropfies and obftinate jaundice.
    6. In local difeafes;  in amaurofis ; in fcirrhus, and cancer.
   Deadly  nightfhade is beft exhibited  in  fubftance, beginning
with a very fmall dofe of the powdered leaves or root, fuch as the
fourth or eighth part of a grain for children, and one grain for
adults, to be repeated daily, and gradually increafed.  In hydro-
phobia, Miinch gave the powdered root every fecond morning, to
the extent of from one to  five grains to children, and fourteen or
fifteen grains to adults.
   The watery infufion is  alfo a powerful remedy.   One fcruple
of the dried leaves are infufed in ten ounces of  warm water,  and
drained after cooling.  At firft two ounces of this  may be given
                3 
 166                Materia Medica.             [Part II,

 daily to adults, and gradually  increafed until thevtenfion of the
 throat fhews that it would be imprudent to go farther.
  The watery extraa is not a judicious preparation.
  Externally, the powdered leaves are applied as a narcotic to di-
 minifh pain, and to cancerous and illconditioned fores.  From its
 effea in permanently  dilating the pupil, Profeffor Reimarus pro-
 pofed, and tried with  fuccefs, the dropping a little of the infufion
 into the eye, a few hours before performing the operation for the
 cataraa, with the view of facilitating the operation.

  AURANTIUM HISPALENSE. (Lond. Dub.)See Citrus.

  AVENASATIVA.   Semen.   (Ed.)
  Avena.  Semen.  (Lond.)
  Oats.  The feed.       *
  Willd.g. \Ai.fp. 13.—Triandria Digynia.—Nat. ord.Gramina*
  This is a well known annual plant, which is very generally
 cultivated in northern countries, and in many places furnifhes
 their principal fubfiftence.  When  fimply freed from the hufks,
 this grain gets the name of groats, but it  is  more  frequently
ground into meal.  Groats are made into, broths.  Meal is baked!
 with fait and water into cakes, or with the fame additions, is boil-
 ed to form porridge.  An infufion of the hufks in water, allowed
to remain till it become acidulous, is boiled down to a jelly, which
 is called fowins.   In all thefe forms it is nutritious, and eafy of
 digeftion.
  Gruels or decoaions, either of groats or oatmeal, either plain
 or acidified, or fweetened,  form an excellent drink in febrile dif-
 eafes,  diarrhoea, dyfentery, &c.  and from their demulcent prop-
erties, prove ufeful in inflammatory diforders,  coughs, hoarfe-
nefs, roughnefs, and exulcerations of the fauces.

  BALSAMUM CANADENSE.   (Lond.  Dub.)  SeePiNUS
Balsamea.

  BALSAMUM COPAIBA. (Dubj Balfamumcofaiva. (Lond.)
See Copaifera Officinalis. »

  BALSAMUM  PERUVIANUM.  (Lond. Dub.)  See My-
roxylon Peruiferum.

  BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM. (Lond. Dub.)  SeeToLUi^
 fera Balsamum.
               *
  BARDANA.   (Lond.  Dub.)   See Arctium Lappa.

  BARILLA.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Carjsonas SodjE, 
Part II.]            Materia  Medica.                 167

  BECABUNGA, (Dub.) Beccabunga. (Lond.) See Veroni-
ca Beccabunga.

  BELLADONNA.  (Dub.)   See Atropa Belladonna.

  BENZOE. (Lond.) Benzoinum.  (Dub.)  SeeStyrax Ben-
zoin.

  BERBERIS VULGARIS.
  Berberis.  Fruilus.  (Dub.)
  Barberry.  The fruit.
  Willd. g. 6jj.fp. 1.—Hexandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Trihi-
lata.
  The barberry  is a fmall tree,  or  rather a large buffi,  covered
with an afhcolored bark, under  which is contained another of a
deep yellow :  The berries are of an elegant red color, and  con-
tain each two hard brown feeds.  It grows wild on chalky hills
in feveral parts of England ; and is frequently planted in hedges
and in gardens.
  The  outward  bark  of the branches and the leaves  have  an
aftringent acid tafte ;  the inner yellow bark, a bitter one.  This
laft is  faid to be ferviceable in the jaundice ;  and by fome to  be
an ufeful purgative.
  The berries contain a very acid red juice, which confifts chief-
ly of. malic acid.   In warm countries it forms a ufeful and pleafant
addition to antiphlogiftic drinks in fluxes and in malignant fevers,
for  abating heat, quenching third, raifing the ftrength, and pre-
venting putrefaaion.
  They alfo form a  very elegant fyrup or preferve, which may
be employed with advantage in the fame difeafes.

  BETULA ALBA.  Succus.  (Dub.)
  The birch tree.  The juice.
  Monoccia Tetrandria.—Nat. ord.  Amentacea.
  This tree grows wild in moft woods :  Its bark  is aftringent.
  Upon deeply wounding or boring the  trunk of the tree in the
beginning of fpring, a fweetifh juice iffues  forth, fometimes, it is
faid, in fo large quantity, as to eqaal in weight the whole tree and
root :  One branch  will bleed a  gallon or more  in a day.  This
juice is chiefly recommended in.fcorbutic and fimilar diforders :
Its moft fenfible effea is  to promote the urinary difcharge.

  BISTORTA.   (Lond. Dub.)  SccPolygonumBistorta.

  BITUMEN PETROLEUM.  (Ed.)
  Petroleum.  (Lond.)
  Petroleum Barbadenfe.  Refina.  (Dub.)

                 i 
 168                 Materia  Medica.            [Part II,

   Rock oil.  Barbadoes tar.
   Bitumen is now employed as the generic name for feveral in-
 flammable bodies of different degrees of confiftency, from perfect
 fluidity to that  of a brittle but very fufible folid, and of little fpe-
 cific gravity.  They are infoluble in alcohol-or in water, combine
 with effential oil&and fulphur, decompofe only a fmall proportion
 of nitrate  of potafs by deflagration, and on inflammation leave lit-
 tle or no refiduum.
   Sp. 1. IN aphtha. It is nearly as colorlefs, tranfparent, and fluid
 as water.   Specific gravity 0729 to  0.847, of a highly penetrat-
 ing, yet not diiagreeable fmell, fomewhat  like that of rectified oil
 of amber,  very volatile, and remaining fluid at o° Fahrenheit.
  Sp. 2. Petroleum.  Not fo fluid, tranfparent, or colorlefs, as
 the former ;  fmell lefs pleafant.   Specific gravity  0.878.
  Sp.3. Mineral Tar.   Vifcid;  of a dark  color; fmell
 fometime  ftrong, but often faint.   Specific gravity  i.t.
  Sp.4. Mineral Pitch ; maltha. Brittle in cold weather ;
 of a dark color; opaque.  Specific gravity probably 1.07.
  Sp.g. Asphaltum.  Very brittle ;  fraaure  conchoidal  ;
glaffy luftre ;  no fmell unlefs when  melted or heated.   Specific
gravity  1.07 to  1.165.  Fufible and inflammable.
  According to Mr. Kirwan and Mr. Hatchett, the firft fpecies, by
expofure to the  air, and gradual decompofition, paffes fucceffively
 through the intermediate ftates, till at laft it is converted into af-
phaltum.  When partially decompofed, the remaining naphtha may
 be feparated by diflillation from the.fuperabundant charcoal.
  From the different pharmacopoeias having  been publifhed before
the fpecific charaaers  were properly afcertained, there is fome
confufion  with regard to the fpecies which is officinal.  The Lon-
don  College name the fecond, and the Dublin College the third ;
but the  latter err greatly in calling it a refin ; while the Edinburgh
 College incorrectly give petroleum Barbadenfe, which belongs to
 the third fpecies,  as a  fynonime  of bitumen petroleum, which is
the fecond.  The firft fpecies  is found abundantly in Perfia ; but
what we receive comes from the dutchy of Modena in Italy.  It
is very  rarely met with in the (hops  ;  the fecond,  mixed with a
 little of the  third and fome fubtile oil, is ufually  fent us inftead
of it.
  Petroleum  is  at prefent very rareiy  employed,as a  medi-
cine, though  if the finer kinds could be  procured genuine, they
feem to deferve fome notice : They  are more agreeable than the
 oil of amber,  and milder than that of turpentine ; of the virtues
of both  of which they participate.  They are principally recom-
mended by authors for  external purpofes,  againft pains and aches,
in paralytic complaints^ and for preventing chilblains.  For thefe
intentions, fome of the more common  mineral oils have been made
ufe of with good fuccefs i an oil extraaed from a kind of ftone- 
part. II.]           Materia Medica.                 169

coal has been extolled amotig the common people, under the name
of Britifh oil, for rheumatic pains, &c.  even this is often coun-
terfeited by a fmall portion of oil ot amber added to the common
expreffe i oils.
  The Barbadoes tar is found in feveral of the Weft India iflands,
where it is efteemed by the inhabitants of great fervice as a fudo-
rific, and in diforders of the bread and lungs ; though in cafes of
this  kind, attended with inflammation, it is certainly improper ;
they likewife apply it externally as a difcutient, and for prevent-
ing paralytic diforders.

  BOLETUS IGNIAR1US.  (Ed.)
  Agaricus chirurgorum.   Off.
  Female agaric,  or agaric ot the oak, called, from its being very
eafily inflammable, Touchwood, or Spunk.
  Cryptogamia Fungi.—Nat. ord. Fungi.
  This  fungus is frequently met with, on different kinds of trees,
in Britain, efpecially the cherry and plumb ; and is  faid to have
been fometimes brought into the (hops mixed with the true agaric
of the larch ; from this it is  eafily  diftinguiffiable by its  greater
weight, dufky color, and mucilaginous tafte, void of  bitternefs.
The medullary part of this fungus, beaten foft, and applied exter-
nally,  has been much celebrated as a ftyptic; and faid to reftrain
not only venal but arterial haemorrhages, without the ufe of liga-
tures.   It does not  appear, however, to have  any  real  ftyptic
power, or to aa any otherwife than dry lint, fponge, or other fott
fungous applications.   It is beft when gathered  in Auguft or Sep-
tember.

  BORAS SOD^E.  (Ed.)   See Subboras  Sodm.

  BOLUS  GALLICUS.   (Lond.)
   French bole.
  Boles are earthly aggregates, confifling chiefly of filiceous and
argillaceous earths.  They are lefs coherent and  more friable than
pure clay,  more  eafily  diffufed through water,  and  more freely
fubfidiog from it.  They feel greafy to the touch, adhere flightly
to the tongue, and break down in the mouth,  impreffing a light
fenfe of  aftringency.   A great variety of thefe fubftances were
formerly ufed in medicine, but the  French bole alone  is now re-
tained in  the London Pharmacopoeia.  If is of a pale red color,
variegated with irregular fpecks or veins  of white and yellow.
   Thefe earths have been recommended as aftringent, fudorific,
and alexipharmic ; and they have been ufed in diarrhoeas, dyfen-
teries, haemorrhages, and in malignant and peftilential diftempers.
In inteftina! fluxes, and complaints in the firft paffages, from thin
acrimonious humors, they  may doubtlefs be of fome ufe; but 
170                 Materia Medica.           [Part II,

the virtues afcribed to them in the other cafes appear to have na
foundation.

  BORAX.  {Dub. Lond.)   See Subboras  SodjE.

  BRYONIA ALBA.   (B. dioica, Jacquin, Withering.)
  Bryena.  Radix.   (Du(>.)
  Bryony;  Wild vine.   The root.
  Monoecia  Syngenefia,—Nat. ord. Cucurbitacea.
  This is an indigenous perennial plant,  growing on dry banks,
under hedges, and climbing upon the bufhes.  The roots are large
fometimes as thick as a man's thigh ;  their fmell, when frefh, is
ftrong  and difagreeable; the tafte naufeoufly bitter, acrid,  and
biting; the juice is  fo fharp as in a little time to  excoriate the
Ikin ; in drying they lofe great part of their acrimony, and almoft
the whole of their fmell.
  Byrony root is  a ftrong irritating cathartic; and as fuch has
fometimes been fuccefsfully exhibited in maniacal  cafes, in fome
kinds of dropfies, and in  feveral chronical diforders.   An  extraft
prepared by  water aas more mildly and with greater fafety than
the root in fubftance ; given from half a drachm to a drachm, it is
faid to prove a gentle purgative, and likewife to operate powerfully
by urine.  The frefh root applied externally, is faid to be a power-
ful difcucient in oedematous fwellings.  Befides the acrid principle
on which the aaivity ©f thefe  roots depends, they contain a great
deal of ftarch, which was formerly ufed under the title of Faculty
radicis bryoma.

  BUBON  GALBANUM.   Gummirefina.    (Ed.)
   Galbanum.  Gummirefina.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Galbanum.  A gumrefin.
   Willd.g. 5\6.fp. 2. Pentandria Digynia.—Nat. ord. Umbellate.
   This plant is perennial, and grows in Africa. It abounds with
a milky juice, which fometimes exudes from the joints of the old
plants, but is more frequently obtained by cutting  them acrofs
fome inches above  the root.   The juice which flows from the
wound foon hardens, and is the galbanum which is brought to us
from Syria and the Levant.
   The beft fort of galbanum confifts of pale colored pieces, about
the fize of a hazel nut, which on being broken appear to be com-
pofed of clear white tears, of a bitteriffi acrid tafte, and a ftrong
peculiar fmell.   But it moft  commonly occurs in  agglutinated
maffes, compofed of yellowiffi or reddifh and  clear white tears,
which may be eafily torn afunder, mixed with feeds and leaves,
of the confiftence of firm wax, foftening by heat, and becoming
brittle by cold.   What is mixed with  fand,  earth  and other im-
purities, and is of a brown or blackifh color, interfperfed with no 
Part II.]           Materia  Medica.      '           171

White grains, of a weak fmell, and of a confiftence always foft, is
bad.
  Galbanum is almoft entirely foluble in water, but the folution
is milky ; neither do wine or vinegar diffolve it perfeaiy.  Al-
cohol has very little aaion upon it.  It is not fufible ; but fur-
nifhes a confiderable proportion of effential oil when diftilled with
water.   It is therefore principally compofed of gum and effential
oil.
  Galbanum agrees in virtue with gum ammoniacum ; but is gen-
erally accounted lefs proper in afthmas, and more fo in hyfterical
complaints.
  It is exhibited in the form of pills or emulfion, to the extent of
about a drachm.
   Applied externally, it  is fuppofed to refolve and  difcufs tu-
mours, and to promote fuppuration.

   CALAMUS AROMATICUS.   (Lond.) See Acorus.

   CALX.  (Lond.)
   Calx viva.  (Ed.)
     a. Ex lapide calcareo.
     b. Ex teftis conchyliorum.
   Calx, recens ufia.  (Dub.)
   Quicklime, recently burnt.
   Lime is a fimple fubftance, the properties of which have bee»
 already enumerated (lot-)  It is fcarcely  found  in  nature un-
 combined, but is eafily  prepared  from any of  its  carbonates, ei-
 ther minerial or animal, by the aaion of fire, which firft expels the
 water, and then deftroys any  animal matters which may be pre-
 fent, and laftly, expels the carbonic acid.   The procefs  improp-
 erly termed the burning of lime.   The produft is lime, or, as it
 is commonly  called, quicklime.
   If about half its weight of water be poured  upon lime, a great
 increafe of temperature  takes place,  fteam is  produced, and the
 lime crumbles down into  a dry powder,  fomewhat increafed in
 weight by  the prefence of part of the water,which  has been folid-
 ified by the lime;  and to the caloric of fluidity, which is expelled
 during the converfion of the water into a folid, the great increafe
 of the temperature is owing.  Lime in this ftate is  faid to be flak-
  ed.  If more water be poured upon flaked lime, there is no new
  evolution of caloric ; but if  the  water amount to 700 times the
  weight ot the lime, the lime is completely diffolved.   This folu-
  tion is termed Lime water.
    As lime quickly attraas moifture  and carbonic acid  from the
  atmofphere,  it fhould be  always  recently prepared ; and when
  kept, it ftiould be preferved in very clofe bottles.  Xime fhould
  not effervefce with acids, and fhould be entirely foluble  in water. 
 172                 Materia  Medica.           [Part. II.

   On the living body lime aas as an efcharotic, and  as fuch it
 was formerly applied to illconditioned and obftinate fores.  But
 it is now principally ufed in pharmacy for the purpofe of forming
 lime water, and as  a chemical agent in feveral preparations.

   CAMPHORA.  (Lond. Dub.)   SeeLAURUS.

   CANCER.  Chela. (Lond.) Calculi oculi dicli; Chela. (Dub.)
   The crab.   A genus of cruftaceous infeas.

   Sp. Cancer Astacus.   Lapilli.  Ed.
   The craw fifh.  Crab's ftones, vulgarly called Crab's eyes.
   Crab's ftones are generally about the fize of peas, or  larger; of
 a fpherical fhape, but a little flatted on one fide ;  of a white col-
 or ; but fometimes with a reddifh or bluifh caft, and internally of
 a laminated ftruaure.
   Thefe concretions are found in the ftomach, one  on  each fide,   *
 at the time when the crab changes  its (hell, and alfo renews the
 inner membrane of the ftomach, which commonly happens in the
 month of  Auguft.   They afterwards gradually difappear, and no
 ftones are  found after the new ffiell has acquired its full degree of
 firmnefs.  They therefore feem to furnifh the materials for the in-
 duration of the new fhell.  They are brought in great numbers
 from Poland and Ruffia, efpecially from the province of  Aftracan,
 where the craw fifh are either bruifed with wooden mallets,  or
 laid up in  heaps  to putrify,  when the flefh is  wafhed away with
 water, and the ftones picked out.
  They confift of carbonate ot lime, combined with  a little phof-
 phate of lime and gelatine.  The quantity  of the two  laft is too
 fmall, and their aaion on the  living body  too inconfiderable, to
 make any  confiderable difference  in  medical properties, between
 thefe concretions and foft carbonate of lime, as it occurs in the mi-
 neral kingdom.
  Crab's ftones are faid by moft Writers on the materia medica to
 be frequently  counterfeited with tobacco pipe  clay, or compofi-
 tions ot chalk with mucilaginous fubftances. This piece of fraud,
 if really prafctifed, may be very eafily difcovered  ; the  counter-
 feits wanting the leafy  texture which is obferved  upon breaking
 the genuine ; more readily  imbibing water ; adhering to the
 tongue; and diffolving in vinegar, or the ftronger acids, diluted
with water, either entirely, or not at all, or by piecemeal ;  whilft
 the true crab  ftones, digefted  in  thefe liquors, become foft and.
tranfparent, their original form remaining the fame as the organ-
ization of  the  gelatine is not altered by the acid.

  Sp. Cancer  Pagurus.   Chela.  (Ed.)
  The black clawed crab.  The claws. 
Part II.]
Materia Medica.
173
  This fpecies of crab inhabits the fea, and is found efpecially
in the North Sea.  Its claws are yellow, tipt with black, and in
every refpea they  refemble the former article.

  CANELLA ALBA.   Cortex.  (Lond. Ed. Dub.)
  Canella alba.  The bark.
  Willd. g. qAi.fp. 1. Dodecandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Ole-
racea.
  The Canella alba, or, as the Dublin  College name it, the Win-
terania Canella, is  a tall tree which is  very common in Jamaica,
and other Weft India iflands.
  The canella is the  interior bark, freed from an outward thin
rough one, and dried in the  ffiade.   The ffiops diftinguiffi two
forts of canella, differing from each other in the length and thick-
nefs of the quills  ; they are both the  bark of the fame tree, the
thicker being taken from the  trunk, and the thinner from (he
branches.
  It is brought to us rolled up in long  quills, thicker than cinna-
mon, and both outwardly and inwardly of a whitiffi color, light-
ly inclining to yellow.    It is a warm  pungent  aromatic, not of
the moft agreeable kind ; nor are any of the  preparations of  it
very grateful.  Infufions of  it in water, are of a yellowiffi color,
and fmell of the canella; but they are  rather bitter than aromatic.
Tinaures in reaified fpirit  have  the warmth of the bark, but
little of its fmell.   Proof  fpirit .diffolves  the aromatic as well as
the bitter matter of the canella, and  is therefore the beft men-
ftruum.
  Canella alba is often employed where a warm ftimulant to the
ftomach is neceffary, and as a corrigent of  other articles.  It is
ufeful as covering the tafte of fome  other articles.
  It muft not be confounded with the bark of the Wintera  aro-
matica.

  CANTHARIDES.   (Lond. Dub.)  See Meloe.

  CAPSICUM ANNUUM.  FruRus.  (Ed.)
  Piper Indicum.  Capfula.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Cockfpur pepper.   The pod.
   Willd. g. 384.^. 1. Pentandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Sol*-
nacea.
   This is an annual plant, a native of South America, but culti-
vated in large quantities iu our Weft India iflands ; and it will
even ripen its fruit in this climate.
   The pods of this fpecies are long, pointed and pendulous, at firft
of a green color, and  afterwards of a  bright orange red.  They
are filled with  a  dry loofe  pulp,  and contain  many fmall, flat
kidney ffiaped feeds.   The  tafte of capficum  is extremely pun-
gent and acrimonious, fetting the mouth as it were on fire. 
i74
Materia  Medica.
[Part  If;
   Its pungency is not owing to the prefence either of the acrid
principle, (See Allium) orof an effential oil, both «f which are
volatile, but to a fixed refinous fubftance ;  for it is not diminifhed
by drying, and may be extraaed by alcohol.
   Cayene pepper is an  indifcriminate mixture of the powder of
the dried pods of many fpecies of capficum, but efpecially of the
Capficum frutefcens or bird pepper, which is the hotteft of all.
   Thefe peppers  have been chiefly ufed as a condiment.  They
prevent flatulence from  vegetable food,  and  have a warm and
kindly effea in the ftomach, poffeffingall the virtues of the orien-
tal fpices, without, according to Dr. Wright, producing thofe com-
plaints of the head which the latter  are apt to occafion. An abufe
of them,  however, gives rife to vifceral  obftruaions, efpecially
of the liver.   But of late they  have been employed alfo in the
praaice of medicine.  There can belittle doubt that they furnifh
us with one of the pureft and ftrongeft ftimulants which can be
introduced into the  ftomach ; while at the fame time they have
nothing ot the narcotic effeas of ardent fpirit.  Dr. Adair Maki-
trick, who was perhaps the firft that employed them as a medi-
cine, direas their being given to the extent of fix or eight grains
under the form of pills, or under the form of tinaure made by in-
fufingh'alf an ounce in a pound of reaified fpirit, and giving of this
from one to three drachms diluted for a dofe.   He has found them
ufeful in a variety of affeaions, particularly in that morbid difpo-
fition which hecalls the Cachexia Africana, and whichhe confiders
as a moft frequent and fatal  prcdifpofkion to difeafe  among the
flaves.
   Dr. Wright fays, that in dropfical and other complaints, where
chalybeates are indicated, a  minute portion  of powdered capfi-
cum forms an excellent addition, and recommends its ufe in le-
thargic affeaiorts.  This pepper  has alfo been fuccefsfully em-
ployed in a fpecies of cynanche maligna, which proved very fatal
in the Weft Indies,  refilling the ufe of  Peruvian bark, wine, and
the other remedies commonly employed.
   In  tropical fevers, coma  and delirium  are  common atten-
dants ; and in fuch cafes, cataplafms of capficum have a fpeedy and
happy effea.   They redden the parts, but feldom blifter, unlefs
kept on too  long.   In ophthalmia  from relaxation, the diluted
juice of capficum is  a fovereign remedy.

   CARBONAS.
   Carbonate is  a generic name  for the combinations of the
carbonic acid with earths, alkalies, and metalic oxides.
   The nature of thefe fubftances was  totally  unknown, until the
year 1756, when thegenius of Dr. Black at once removed the veil,
and displayed to his  cotemporaries a new  and immenfe field, in
which the moft important difcoveries might be made; and to their 
hut ii.]
Materia  Medica.
17S
ardor in cultivating it,  we  are indebted for the prefent ftate of
chemical knowledge.
  Before the brilliant epoch  we have mentioned, the carbonates
were fuppofed to be fimple bodies; and the faa of their acquiring
new and cauftic properties by the aaion of fire, was attempted to
be explained by fuppofing that the particles of the fire combined
with them.   Dr. Black, however, demonftrated by proofs which
carried univerfal conviaion along with them, that thefe bodies in
their cauftic ftate are fimple, and  that their mildnefs is owing to
their being combined with an acid, to which the name of  carbon-
ic is now given.
   The moft general character of  the carbonates, in their effervef-
cing violently  when any of the  ftronger acids  is poured upon
them.   This phenomenon is  owing to thefe acids difplacing, by
their great affinity, the carbonic  acid, which flies  off in the form
of a gas.
   The carbonates may be  alfo deprived of their carbonic acid,
either  by the aaion of heat alone, or by heating them when mixed
with charcoal, which decompofes the carbonic acid by combining
with part of its oxygen,  fo  that both the acid and the charcoal
are  converted into carbonic oxide gas.
   The carbonates may be  divided into three great families, -the
alkaline, the earthy, and the metallic.
   Family i. The alkaline  carbonates have a  urinous tafte, tinge
Vegetable blues green, and are  foluble in water, an infoluble in
alcohol.
   Family 2. The earthy carbonates are infipid,  and infoluble in
water, but foluble in water  faturated with carbonic acid.
   Family 3. The metallic carbonates fcarcely differ in appearance
 from the metalic oxides.
   We fhall  have immediately occafion to notice fome individuals
 of each of thefe families.

   CARBONASBARYTvE.  (Ed.)
   Carbonate of baryta*
   Carbonated Baryta is  rarely  found in nature, and as it
 was firft difcovered by  Dr. Withering, Mr. Werner gave it the
 name  of Witherite.  Its color is greyifh white, fometimes inclin-
 ing to milk  white, and fometimes with a flight tinge of yellow,
 from  a mixture of iron, feldom greenifh, often invefted with a red
 ochry cruft. It is found in folid maffes, fometimes filling an entire
 vein,  fometimes  interfperfed with  fulphated baryta, frequently
 rounded or  effeaing that  form,  feldom cryftallized.  Texture,
 fibrous ; fraaure, conchoidal, fragments, long fplinters ; fpecific
 gravity, 4. 3 to 4. 338. Although it has no fenfible tafte, it is poi-
 fonous.  In medicine it is  only ufed for preparing the muriate of 
175
Materia Medica.
[Part It.
baryta.  It is found at Anglefarkin Lancafhire,at Alftoon  moor
in Cumberland, in Scotland and in Sweden, but is not common.
   According to different analyfes its conftituents are,
                                                   Water.

                                            +      16
	Acid.		Baryta
Withering,	20	+	86
Pelletier,	22	+	62
Kirwan,	82	+	78
Fourcroy	10	+	9°
  CARBONAS CALCIS.  (Ed.)
  Creta.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Carbonated lime.   Chalk.
  This is the moft common in all minerals, is found under a great
variety of forms, and has  various  names,  as  chalk,  limeftonej
marble fpar.  In form it i*  either amorphous,  ftalaaical, orcryf-
tallized.   When amorphous, its texture is  either foliated, flriat-
ed, granular, or earthy.  The primitive form of  its cryftals is a
rhomboidal parallelopided.    Hardnefs,  luftre, and tranfparancy
various ;  when tranfparent, it caufes double refraaion ;  fpecific
gravity from 2. 3 ij; to 2. 78 ; color when pure, white ; effervefces
violently with muriatic acid, and diffolves entirely or nearly fo
in it, forming a colorlefs folution.
  Its different varieties may be arranged under,

    1. Soft carbonate ot lime.
    2. Indurated carbonate of lime.
  They contain about 45 parts of carbonic acid, and 55  of lime.
  In medicine it  is given to correa acidity in the prim ae vias,
efpecially when  accompanied  with  loofenefs    Powdered chalk
has been  externally applied  with fuccefs  to fdalds and  burns.
  In pharmacy it is employed for the preparation of carbonic acid,
gas, and of the muriate of lime.
  CARBONAS POTASS^ IMPURUS.   (Ed.)
  Cineres davellati.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Pearl aflies.  Potafhes.   Impure  carbonate of potafs.
  The potafhes of commerce are fent to us from the fhores ofyhe
Baltic and from America.  They are prepared by lixivating the
afhes of  vegetables in barrels,  firft with cold  and then with  hot
water, filtering the ley, and evaporating it to drynefs in an iron
pot.   In this ftate they ftill contain fome vegetable matter,  not
perfeaiy incinerated, which gives them a brown of black  colon
To deftroy  this, and render their  color purer,  they are again
burnt in  a reverbatory furnace. They now get the name  ot
pearl afhes;  but even  yet, they are  very impure, and often con-
tain the fulphates of potafs and of lime, and  the muriate of potafs.
Theyare alio frequently adulterated with vegetable afhes, fand. 
Part II.]             Materia  Medica.                 17?
772	65	5	5$	2,54
8,57	i<54	20	2	JlQ
754	80	4	6	3°8
720	165	44	24	J99
603	152	H	79	3°4
444	148	510	34	3-04
and fulphate of potafs.   The afhes are deteaed by their difficult
and imperfea folution ; the fand, by the precipitation of filica in
a gelatinous form by the  addition of an acid, and the fulphate of
potafs by  its  cryftallization.  All  vegetables which grow at a
diftance from the fea afford potafhes by incineration ; herbs give
the largeft proportion, then the leaves of trees, then fhrubs, and
woods the leaft.  It formerly had the name of Fixed Vegetable Al-
kali, but it is alfo found, though much more fparingly, both  irt
the animal and mineral kingdoms.
  Vauquelin has given a table of the quantity of pure potafs, and
of heterogeneous matters, contained in 1152 parts of  the different
potaffies of commerce.
                     p   ,-   Sulphate.  Muriate  Infoluble  Carb  acid
                            of potafs. of potafs. rcfiduum.  and water.

  Ruffian potafhes,
  American do.
  Pearl afhes,
  Potafhes of Treves,
  Dantzig afhes,
  Potafhes of Vofges,  444

  The potafs was  eftimated  by the quantity ot diluted nitrous
acid faturated by it ; the  fulphate of  potafs by  the precipitate
formed with nitrate of baryta; and the muriate of potafs by that
 formed with nitrate of filver.
  All thefe different  potaffies,  except the laft, may  be purified
fufficiently for pharmaceutical purpofes, by lixiviating them with
a fmall proportion of  cold water, and evaporating the ley to dry-
nefs in an iron pot.
  Carbonate of potafs is ufed in form  of lotion,  in  rachitic and
fome  cutaneous difeafes, and as a ftimulant to the inaaive ftate of
the veffels in certain ulcers. It is ufed internally as a diaphoretic
or diuretic, and of late in calculous complaints; but its continued
ufe feldom fails to injure the conftitution, or the inteftinal canal.

  CARBONAS SODJE IMPURUS.  (Ed.)
  Barilla.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Impure carbonate of foda.  Barilla.   Fixed mineral alkali.
  Soda is a very common mineral produ6tion.   It is the bafis of
fea fait ; and combined with carbonic acid, it  is  found on the fur-
face of the earth in  Egypt, Syria, Barbary, Hungary, &c. and is
obtained by the incineration of marine vegetables, efpecially the
falfola foda and kali,  the fal":ornia  herbacea, &c.  The  Span-
iards  even cultivate thefe in fait  marffies for the  fake  ot the
foda.   Atter being cut down, they  are  dried like hay.  A deep
pit  is  then prepared, and a bundle or two of  the dried vegetables
let on fire are thrown into it.  When well kindled, other bundles
                  N 
178
Materia  Medina,
[Part II,
are thrown in until the  pit  is filled.   When the incineration is.
completed, the foda is found in  the  bottom, caked into a folid
mafs, which is worked like a ftoney fubftance.  When good, it is
firm1, hard, heavy, dry, fonorous, fpongy, and internally of a blue
color,  mixed with white fpots, does  not deliquefce, emits no
Unpleafant fmell on folution, and does not leave a large propor-
tion of infoluble matter.   Incinerated  foda is mix,ed with potafh,
muriate of foda, and other faline matters ; mineral foda with clay
and other earthy fubftances.  The  Egyptian foda was reckoned
the beft; then the Spanifh (Barilla);  afterwards the Carthagenian ;
and that prepared from different fpecies of  fuci (Kelp) is the worft.
  But all thefe carbonated  fodas  are  inferior in purity to thofe
now rnanufaaured  in Britain,  by  decompofing the fulphate of
jbda.
  That commonly  ufed, is obtained  by the bleachers as a refi-
duum'in their method of preparing oxygenized muriatic acid, by
decompofing muriate of  foda with  fulphuric  acid and the black
oxide of manganefe.
  The fulphate of foda is decompofed,
     l. By carbonate of  potafs.  Mr. Accum has defcribed the
       manipulations of  this mode.   A "boiling concentrated fo-
       lution of about 560 pounds of American potafhes is ladled
       into a boiling folution of 500 pounds of fulphate of foda,
       agitated together,  and the whole 'quickly heated to ebulli-
       tion.   It is  then drawn off into leaden citterns, lined with
       thick ffieet  leacj,  and allowed  to cool  in a temperature
       which  (hould not  exceed §£>.
         The fluid is  then drawn off, and the mafs of fajt wafhed
       with cold water, to free it  from impurities, and again put
       into the boiler  with clean water,   This fecond folution is
       alfo evaporated at a low heat,  as  long as any pellicles of,
       fulphate of potafs  form on its  furface, and fall to thebot-
       tom of the fluid.   The fire is then withdrawn, and the
       fluid  ladled  out into the ciftern to  cryftallize.   Unlefs the
       fluid  be allowed to cool  pretty low before it is removed
       to cryftallize,  the fait obtained will contain fulphate of
       potafs.
     s. By acetite of  lime.   The  acetous  acid for this purpofe
       is obtained by  diftillation from wood,  during its conver-
       fion into charcoal.                          •
     3.  By litharge or acetite of  lead.   Very pure carbonate of
       foda  is prepared   by this procefs in the  vicinity of Edin-
       burgh.
     4. By decompofing  the fulphuric acid by charcoal.  About
     •  ^eo cwt. of  fulphate  of magnefia, and 100 cwt. of char-
       coal are ground together, and the mixture expofed in are- 
Part II.]
Materia Medica.
179
       verbatory furnace  until it  becomes  pafty.   It is then
       transferred fnto  large cafks and lixiviated.  The  ley is
       afterwards evaporated and cryftallized.  By this or a fim-
       ilar procefs, very pure carbonate of  foda is manutaaujred
       in the weft of Scotland.
   On the Continent, muriate of foda is fometimes decompofed
 by potafs, and fometimes by lime.
   Carbonate of foda is an article  of the greateft importance in
 many manufaaures.
   In medicine it poffefes  fimilar  virtues with the carbonate of
 potafs ;  and  from its cryftallizability and efflorefcence when ex-
 pofed to the  air, it  is  preferable to it, becaufe its dofe may be
 more accurately  afcertained,  and it may  be given either in the
 form of  powder, or made up into pills.

   CARBONAS Z1NCIIMPURUS. (Ed.) See Zinci  Car-
 BONAS.

   CARDAMINE  PRATENS1S.   Petalia,folia.  (Ed.)
   Cardamine.  Flos.  (Lond.)
   Ladies fmock. The petals and leaves.
   Willd. g. i*57-fip. 19.  Tetradynamia Siliquofa.—Nat. ord.
 Siliquofx.
   The cardamine is a perennial plant, which grows in meadow
 grounds, fends  forth purpliffi flowers  in the fpring ; and in its
 fenfible qualities refembles ihefifymbrium nafiurtium.  Long ago
 it was employed as a diuretic ; and of late it has been introduced
 in nervous difeafes, as epilepfy, hyfteria, choraea, afthma, &c.  A
 drachm or two of the powder is given twice  or thrice a day.  It
 has little  fenfible operation, except that it fometimes fweats.
   CARDAMOMUM  MINUS.   (Lond.  Dub.)   See Amo-
 MUM REPENS.

 CARDUUS  BENEDICTUS. (Lond. Dub.)SecCEHT\\jre a.
   CARICA.   (Lond. Dub.)  SeeFicus.
   CARUM CARUI.   Semen.  (Ed.)
   Carui.   Semina.  (Dub.)
   Caruon.  Semen.   (Lond.)
   Caraway^   The feeds.
   Willd.g.561. fp. i. Pentandria Digynia—Nat. ord.  Umbellata.
   Caraway is a biennial umbelliferous plant, cultivated with us,
in gardens, both for culinary and medicinal ufe.  The feeds have,
an aromatic fmell, and warm pungent tafte.
   They are employed as  a ftomachic  and carminative in flatulent
colics, and the like.
                 P-2
/ 
180                 Materia  Medica.            [Part II.

  CARYOPHYLLA AROMATICA.  "(Dub.)
Caryophyllus aroinaticus.   (Ed. Lond.)  See Eugenia.
  C ARYOPHYLLUM RUBRUM.   (Lond. Dub.)  See Di-
ANTIIUS.
  CASCAR1LLA.  (Lond. Dub.)   See Croton.
  CASSIA.
  JVUld.g. 813. Decandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord.  Lomentacea.
  Sp. 28. Cassia Fistula.   Fruclus.  (Ed.)
  Caffiafifiularis.  Fruclus.  (Lond.)  Fruclus, pulpa.  (Dub.)
  Caffia tree.   The fruit.
  This tree is indigenous in  India  and  Egypt, and is cultivated
in Jamaica.   It rifes to about thirty feet high, and has long flow-
er fpikes, with yellow papilionaceous blofl'oms.
  Its fruit is a  cylindrical pod, fcarcely an inch in  diameter; a
foot or more in length ;  the outfide is a hard brown  bark ;  the in-
fide is divided by thin, tranfverfe, woody  plates, covered  with a
foft black pulp, of a fweetiffi tafle, with fome degree  of acrimony.
There are two forts of this  drug in  the ffiops ; one  brought from
the Eaft Indies, the other from'the Weft, (Caffia Javanica) ; the
canes or pods of the latter are generally large, rough, thick rinded,
and the pulp naufedus ; thofe of the former are lefs,  fmoother, the
pulp blacker, and of  a fweeter tafte ; this fort is preferred to the
other.  Such pods ffiould be chofen as are weighty, new,  and do
not make a rattiing noife (from the feeds being loofe  within them)
when ffiaken.   The pulp  ffiould be of a bright, fhining, black
color, and have a fweet tafte, neither harfh, wJmcIi  happens from
the fruit being  gathered before it has grown fully ripe, norfour-
iffi, which it is  apt to become upon keeping, nor at all mouldy,
which from its  being kept in  damp cellars, or moiftened in order
to increafe its weight, it is very fubjea to be.   Greateft  part of
the pulp diffolves both in water and in reaified fpirit ;  and may
be  extraaed from the pod  by either.  The (hops employ water,
boiling the bruifed pod  therein, and afterwards evaporating the
folution to a due confiftence.
   The pulp of caffia, from its faccharine and mucilaginous confti-
tuents, is a gentle laxative medicine, and  frequently given, in a
dofe of fome drachms, in coftive habits.   Some direct a  dofe of
two ounces or more as a cathartic,  in  inflammatory cafes, where
the more acrid  purgatives have noplace ;  but in thefe largequan-
tities it generally excites naufea, produces  flatulencies, and fome.
limes gripings of the bowels, efpecially if  the caffia be not of a
very good kind ; thefe effeas may be  prevented by the addition
of  aromaties, and by exhibiting it in a liquid form. 
Part II.]
Materia  Ml died.
m
   Sp. 24.  Cassia Senna.  Folia.  (Ed.)
   Senna.  Folia.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Senna.  The leaves.                       «
   This fpecies of caffia is annual, although in its mode of growth
 it refembles a  fhrub, and  fends out hollow,  woodv items'to the
 height of  four feet.   It grows principally  in Upper Egypt, from
 whence the leaves are brought, dried and picked from the ftalks,
 to Alexandria  in  Egypt, and   thence  imported  into Europe.
 They are of an oblong figure, (harp pointed  at the ends, about a
 quarter of  an  inch broad, and not a  full inch in length,  of a lively
 yellow iffi  green color,  a  faint,  not  very  difagreeable fmell,
 and a fubacrid,  bitteriffi, naufeous tafte.   Some inferior forts are
 brought from other places; thefe may eafily  be diftinguifhed by
 their being either  narrower,  longer,  and  (harper pointed, from
 Mocha ; or larger, broader, and round pointed, with fmall  promi-
 nent veins, from Italy ;  or large and obtufe, of a frefh green col-
 or, without any yellow caft, from Tripoli.
   ft has been cuttomary to rejeft  the pedicles of the leaves of
 fenna as caufing gripes and pains  in the boweh>; but this is a mere
 prejudice,  for both leaves and pedicles aa in the very fame way.
   Senna is a very ufeful cathartic, operating  mildly, and yet ef-
 fe£lually ; and, if judicioufly dofed and managed, rarely occafion-
 ing the ill  confequences which too  frequently follow the exhibi-
 tion  of the ftronger purges.  The only inconveniences  complain-
 ed of in this drug are, its being apt to gripe, and its naufeous fla-
 vor.
    Thefe are beft obviated by  adding to  the fenna fome aromatic
 fubftance,  as ginger, .cinnamon, &c. and by facilitating its opera-
 tion  by drinking plentifully of any mild diluent.
   Senna may be  given  in fubftance  to the  extent of about  a
 drachm, but it is rather  too bulky,  and it is therefore better to
 divide it into two dofes, and to take the one half at night and the
 other in  the morning.   It is more conveniently given in the form
 of infufion, which is generally made by pouring about fix ounces
 of boiling water upon from two to fix drachms of fenna leaves in
 a  tea  pot, and letting it ftand about  an hour.  Senna ought never
 to be  ordered in  deco6tion,  Amemann  fays,  becaufe  it  always
 gripesfeverely,  from too many refinous particles being diffolved;
 Gren fays, becaufe it  becomes perfeaiy inert  from the total difli-
 pation of the naufeous and volatile principle on which its  purga-
 tive and griping effeas depend.   The  tinaure on account of the
 menftruum, cannot be given in dofes large enough to purge.
   CASTOR FIBER.   Materia infollicuiis prope aturn collecla.
 (Ed.)
   Cafloreum Rofficum.  (Dub.)  Materia in fclhculoprope anum
fito collecla. (Lond.)
                   3 
 1&2               Materia Medica.             [Part II.

   The Beaver,  Caftor. The fubftance colleaed in the follicles
 near the anus.—Mammalia rodentia, Cuvier.
   The beaver is  ftrongly  charaaerized  by its flat horizontal,
 fcaly tail.  It is an amphibious animal, and is found in the nor-
 thern parts of Europe, Afia and America, on the banks of  lakes
 and rivers.   In inhabited countries it is a folitary flothful animal
 but in the defert regions it lives in fociety ;  the remarkable man-
 ners of which, and the immenfe works effeaed by the united la-
 bors of all the individuals of their republic,  have rendered the
 natural hiftory of  this animal  familiar  to every  one.   In both
 fexes, between the anus and pudendum, there are four follicles of
 an oblong fhape,  fmailer  above and larger  below, formed of a
 tough membrane,  almoft refembling leather.  The two largeft
 and undermoft of thefe, which are alfo conneaed, and lie parallel
 and clofe to each other, contain an oily fluid fecretion, which is
 the fubftance known by the   name ot  caftor.  It is preferved by
 cutting out the entire bags, and  drying them  in the fmoke.
   The beft caftor comes from Ruffia, Pruffia and Poland.  The
 cods fhould be dry; gibbous, roundifh, heavy, folid, and filled with
 a folid fubftance, contained in membranous cells, fomewhat tough
 but brittle, of a dark brown color, of  a- peculiar difagreeable^
 narcotic fmell, and a  naufeous  bitter acrid tafte.  The Canadian
' caftor is of an inferior quality ;  the cod* are  fmaller, thin, oblong
 and much corrugated, and the caftor itfelf has much lefs fmell and
 tafte.;  What is very old, quite black, and almoft deftitute of fmell
 and tafte is unfit for ufe, as well as the counterfeited caftor, which
 is a mixture of various gummy refins and other fubftances, with a
 little  real  caftor,. artificially interfperfed with membranes, and
 fluffed into the fcrotum of a goat.  ;This  impofition is eafily de-
 teaed by the weaker degree of its fmell and tafte, by chemical
 analyfis, and even by mere  external examination ; for to the real
 bags, the two fmaller and upper follicles,  filled with a fatty mat-
 ter, are always attached.
    The predominant or really aaive conftituent of  caftor, is of a
 volatile nature, though not properly an  effential oil.   Water dif-
 tilled from it fmells ftrongly ot caftor,  and  has an aromatic tafte,
 but does not  afford any effential oil, and the  refiduum ftill pre-
 ferves a ftrong fmell  and tafte ot caftor.  Water extraas from it
 about o.io of a gelatine, and alcohol 0.2,5 of refin. The refiduum
 now confifts ot fibrous matters.   To preferve caftor, it ffiould be
 kept wrapt up is bladder or oiled paper.
    Caftor is an excellent antifpafmodic.  It is very little heating,
 and aas particularly  upon the uterine fyftem.
    It is given with advantage,
    1. In typhoid fevers.
    2.  In fpafmodic difeafes,  efpecially  in hyfteria and epilepfy,
       and in cafes of  difficult parturition, from a fpafmodic con- 
Part II.]           Materia Medica.                 186

       traaion of the mouth of the uterus after the membranes
       have burft.
     3. In amenorrhcea.
  It is exhibited moft  advantageoufly  in the form of powder, in
dofes of from 10 to 20 grains, and in clyfters to a drachm.  Di-
luted alcohol extraas its virtues ; therefore  it may be alfo given
in the form of tiaaure.  But its exhibition in the form of extra&
or decoaion is improper.

   CATECHU.   (Lond. Dub.)   See Mimosa.

   CENTAUREA BENEDfCTA.   Herba.  (Ed.)
  Carduus Benediclus,   Herba.   (Lond.)  Folia.  (Dub.)
  Bleffed Thiftle.  The leaves or plant.
  Syngenefia Polygamiafrufiranea.—Nat. ord. Compofitacapitata*
  This is an annual plant, indigenous in the Grecian iflands,and
cultivated in gardens ;  it flowers  in  June and July, and perfeas
its feeds in the autumn.  The  herb  (hould be  gathered when in
flower, quickly dried, and  kept in a very dry airy place, to pre-
vent its rotting or growing mouldy, which  it is very apt to do.
The leaves have a penetrating bitter  tafte, not very ftrong or very
durable, accompanied with  an ungrateful flavor, from which they
are in a great meafure  freed by  keeping.  Water extraas, in a
little time, even without heat,  the lighter  and more grateful parts
of this plant ; if the digeftion  be  continued  for fome hours, the
difagreeable parts are taken up.  A  ftrong decoaion is very nau-
feous and offenfive to the ftomach.  Reaified fpirit gains  a very
pleafant bitter tafte, which  remains uninjured in the extraa*
  The virtues of this plant feem to be little known in the prefent
praaice.  The naufeous decoaion is fometimes ufed to provoke
vomiting ; and a ftrong infufion to promote the operation of other
emetics.  But this elegant  bitter, when freed from the offenfiTe
parts of the herb, may be advantageoufly applied to  other purpo-
fes.   We have frequently  experienced excellent  effeas from a
flight infufion of carduus in lofs  of appetite, where the ftomach
was injured by irregularities.   A  ftronger infufion made in cold
or warm water, if drunk freely, and  the patient kept warm, occa-
fions a plentiful  fweat,  and  promotes the (ecretions in general.
  The extraa prepared, by evaporating the expreffed juice, with
the addition of a little alcohol to prevent it from becoming moul-
dy, has been ftrongly recommended in the catarrh of children;
  The feeds of this plant  are alfo  confiderably bitter, and have
been fometimes ufed with the fame intention as the leaves.
  CENTAUREUM MINUS.  (Lond. Dub.) See Chironia
Centaureum.
             fct-4 
 184                Materia Medica.

   CEPA.  (Dub.)  SeeALLiUM Cepa.
   CEPHAELIS IPECACUANHA.
   Ipecacuanha.  Radix.   (Lond. Ed. Dub.)
   Ipecacuan.  The root.
   Willd. g. S57-JPec^es nova-—Pentandria Monogynia—Nat. ord.
 Aggregate.
   This plant is perennial, and grows in Brazil in moift woody
 fituations.  Notwithftanding the root  has been fo long in general
 ufe, the plant to which it belonged was not fatisfaaorily afcertain-
 ed until very lately, when  a  complete monography of it, and an
 excellent plate were publiffied in the fixth volume of the Tranf-
 aftions of the Linnsean Society, by Profeffor Brotero, who calls it
 the Callicocca Ipecacuanha ; but the genus Caliicocca has been
 united by Willdenow  with that of Cephaelis, to which we have
 therefore referred it.
   The plate of Brotero correfponds with that publiffied in Wood-
 vilte's Medical Botanv, vol. 3, from  a plant fent in  fpirits from
 Brazil by Governor Philips to  Sir Jofeph Banks, but which un-
 fortunately was not in flower, and alfo with the rude draught of Pi-
 fo, who firft examined it.   It likewife  agrees in many effential
 charaaers, though not in  all, with the  defcription  given of the
 Pfychotria Emetica of Dr. Mutis.  Indeed,  the genera of Pfy-
 chotria and Cephaelis are not fufficiently diftinguifhed.
   The root is brought from Spanifh America.   It is divided into
 two forts, Peruvian and Brazilian; but the eyediftinguiffies three,
 afh colored orgrey, brown and white. The afh colored, or Peruvi-
 an ipecacuan of the ffiops, is a fmall wrinkled root, bent and con-
 torted into a great variety of figures, brought over in  fhort pieces
 full of wrinkles, and deep circular fiffures,  quite down to a fmall
, white woody fibre that runs in the middle of each piece ; the cor-
 tical part is compaa,  brittle,  looks  fmooth and refinous upon
 breaking; it has very little fmell; the  tafte is  bitteriffi and fub-
 acrid, covering the  tongue as it were with a kind of mucilage.
 The brown ipecacuan  is fmall, and fomewhat more wrinkled than
 the foregoing ; its bark is of a brown or blackiffi color without,
 and white within j  this is brought from Brazil,  and is the root of
 the  cephaelis.   The white fort is woody, has no wrinkles, and no
 perceptible bitternefs in tafte.  It is probably the root of a viola.
 The firft fort, the afh colored or grey ipecacuan, is that ufually
 preferred for medicinal ufe.  The brown has been fometimes ob-
 ferved, even in a fmall dofe, to produce violent effeas.  The
 white, though taken in a large one, has fcarce any affe& at all.
   Ipecacuan was firft brought  into Europe about the middle of
 laft century, and an account  of  it publiffied about the fame time
 by Pifo;  but it did not come into  general ufe till about the year
 1686, when Helvetius, under the  patronage of Lewis XIV, in-
[Part II 
Part II.]
Materia  Medica.
185
troduced it into praaice. This root is one of the mildeft and fafeft
emetics with which we  are acquainted,  and has this peculiar ad-
avantage, that when it does not  operate by vomiting, it paffes off
by o her emunaories.
  Many ingenious experiments  were made on the fubjea of ipe-
cacuan by Dr. Irvine, for which he  obtained the prize medal of
the Harveian Society at Edinburgh in 1784.  He afcertained that
this root contains a  gummy  refinous matter ; that the gummy
exifts in a much greater proportion  than  the refinous part  ; that
the gummy part is much more  powerfully emetic than the refi-
nous ; that the cortical is more  aaive than the ligneous part ; and
that the whole root poffeffes confiderable influence, both as  an an-
tifeptic and aftringent; that the diftilled water has very little in-
fluence ; but that the decoaion which remained  in the ftill, ope-
rated violently  as  an emetic, produced  rigors, cold fweats, and
other alarming fymptoms ; that by  long  continued boiling, the
aaivity of the root is  almoft totally dgftroyed ;  that the emetic
property of ipecacuan was moft effeaually counteraaed by  means
of the acetous acid, infomuch that thirty grains of the powder ta-
ken in two ounces of vinegar, produced only fome loofe (tools.
   From thefe experiments  it evidently appears,  that the  a&ive
conftituents of ipecacuan are  a  fpecies of extraaive and a refin,
and that its emetic property depends upon the former.  Others
have found, that the latter or refinous part is more apt to aa upon
the inteftinal canal, and to operate by (tool.
   The primary effea of ipecacuan is  that of ftimulating the fto-
 mach.   If the dofe be fufficiently large, it excites vomiting, by
inverting the periftaltic motion of the ftomach and duodenum ; in
a fmaller dofe, it only produces naufea, and operates by ftool; and
 in ftill fmaller dofes, it gently ftimulates the ftomach, increafesthe
appetite, and facilitates digeftion.  Its fecondary effeas depend on
 the fympathy of other parts  with the ftomach ;  and in this  way
 only can we explain its aaion as an antifpafmodic, diaphoretic, ex-
 pectorant, and  in checking hasmorrhagies. Its beneficial effeas in
 fome cafes alfo feem to be owing to the general concuffion  given
 to  the whole fyftem during the  aaion of vomiting.
   Ipecacuan, properly adminiftered, often proves  ferviceable,
     1. In intermittent fevers.   It  has  frequently  fucceeded in
        flopping thefe, when given about an hour before an  accef-
        fion was expedted, and  alfo  when given fo as to produce
        vomiting at the time of  an acceffion, or at the end  of the
        cold ftage.
      2.  In continued fevers.   We have never feen more decided-
        ly beneficial effeas from the  ufe  of  any medicine w hat-
        ever, than from the exhibition of  ipecacuan in the'com-
        mencement of typhus fever.  An  emetic, fucceeded  by a
     -* diaphoretic regimen,  when adminiftered fufficiently early 
186               Materia Medica.              [Part. II.

      in this difeafe, very frequently cuts it  fhort at once, and
      when it fails in this defirable objea, it always has a bene-
      ficial influence  on the progrefs of the fever.
    3.  In inflammatory difeafes, rheumatifm, bubo, fwelled tef-
      ticle.
    4.  In exanthematous difeafes, when the eruption is difpofed
      to recede.
    5.  In haemorrhagies, when given in naufeating dofes.
    6.  In profluvia, efpecially in dyfentery, fo much fo, that it
      was  formerly efteemed a fpecific  againft that difeafe. But
      Cnllen attributes its good  effeas  in  this  inftance, to its
      producing a fteady determination of the periftaltic motion
      of the inteftines downwards, when given in repeated fmall
      dofes.
    7.  In many fpafmodic difeafes ; in epilepfy ; afthma ;  dyf-
      pncea ; pertuffis;  'chronic diarrhoea ; hyfteria ; melaneho*
      lia;  mania.
   .8.  In  cacheaic difeafes, as in fome kinds of dropfy*
    9.  In impetiginous difeafes ; in jaundice;
   10.   In  local difeafes ; in amaurofis, and feveral of the dyfoi
      rexias.
   11.   Laftly, in every inftance when we wiffi to evacuate the
      ftomach, as when it is overloaded with food, or when poi-
      fon, efpecially opium, has been fwallowed.
 The ufe of ipecacuan, as an emetic, is contra indicated,
    *.   Where there is a difpofition to haemorrhagy.
    2.   Where there is  an  increafed flow of blood towards the*
      head.
    3.   In very irritable fubjea.s.
   4.   In  pregnant women, and perfons affliaed with hernia*.
 Ipecacuan is exhibited,
   i.   In fubftance ;  in powder.   Full vomiting will generally
      be produced in an adult by a fcruple or half a drachm, and
      though lefs might anfwer the purpofe, fortunately an over
      dofe  is fcarcely attended  with  any inconvenience, as the
      whole of it is vomited with the contents ot the ftomach as
      foon  as it operates.  The vomiting  is  promoted and fa-
      cilitated by drinking copioufly of warm watery fluids. On
      the contrary when vomiting is not intended, liquids muft
      be rather drunk  fparingly, and the dofe muft be diminifh-
      ed to a grain or lefs.  In fuch fmall dofes it is convenient-
      ly combined with any proper adjuna, in the form of pow-
      der, pill or bolus.
   2.  In infufion.   One drachm may be infufed in four ounc-
      es of water, and taken in repeated dofes till it operate.
   3.  Infufed in wine.  See Vinum IfecacuanhvE. 
Part II.]            Materia Mediial                 187

  Ipecacuan not only checks the narcotic effeas of opium, and is
therefore one of the beft antidotes for its poifon, but reciprocally
the emetic powers of ipecacuan are checked by  the  addition of
opium, and the combination operates by increafing the cuticular
difcharge.  See Pulvis Ipecacuanha et Opii.
  CERA FLAVA.  (Ed. Lond. Dub.)
  Yellow wax.
  For this ufeful  fubftance we  are indebted to  the  common
honey bee, (apis mellifica) an infea  belonging to the clafs of i/y-
menoplera mellita of Cuvier.  It is however, a vegetable produc-
tion, and is colleaed by the  bees from  the furface of leaves, and
the antherae of flowers.  They employ  it to  form the combs in
which the honey and larvae are depofited.
  It is found  in the ffiops  in round cakes, which are formed by
melting the combs, after all the honey  has been expreffed from
them, in hot water.  The  wax  fwims  above, and the impurities
either fink to the bottom, or are diffolved in  the water.  When
recent, it is tenacious, but  brittle,  of a yellow  color, and  fweet
honey like fmell; dry, not greafy, to the feel; infoluble in water,
alcohol and ether; foluble in the fatoils and alkalies; fufible and
inflammable.   In fekaing  it,  we  ffiould obferve that the cakes
be brittle, have a pleafant yellow  color,  an  agreeable  fmell.no
tafte, do not adhere to the teeth when chewed, and burn entirely
away.   When adulterated with refin, the fraud is deteaed by its
tafte, and the aaion ©f alcohol, which diffolves the refin.  When
mixed with peafe meal or earthy fubftances, it is more brittle, of
a paler color, and may be  feparated from  them by liquefaaion
and (training.   When combined with tallow, it becomes lefs brit-
tle, but at the fame time fofter, and has an unpleafant fmell.

  CERA ALBA.  (Lond.  Dub. Ed.)
  White wax.
  The yellow color of bees wax, and its peculiar  fmell, may
be deftroyed by the combined aaion of  water, air, and the fun's
rays.   In the procefs  for  bleaching wax, we, therefore, extend
its furface as much as poffible, by melting it and forming it into
thin plates, which are fully  expofed to the fun's rays, upoa linen
ftretched in frames, and  repeatedly moiftened, until they acquire
the whitenefs defired.   It is then  ufually melted into thin difes.
White wax is  more brittle, lefs fufible, and heavier than yellow
wax.  It is fometimes mixed  with white oxide of lead, or with
tallow.   For medical ufe, it has no advantage over yellow wax.
  When taken internally,  wax agrees  in its  effects with the fat
oils, and though lefs frequently prefcribed  in this way, it is pre-
ferable, in being lefs apt to become rancid. Poerner recommends
it as an excellent remedy in difeafes  of the inteftines, attended 
 18.8                 Materia  Medica.           [Part II.

 with pain, excoriation, and obftinate diarrhoea. He gave a fcruple
 or half a drachm of wax, three or four times a day, in the form of
 an emulfion, by melting it firft with fome fixed oil, and then mix-
 ing it with a decoaion of groats  by trituration with the yolk of
 an egg.   But by far its principal  ufe  is for  the formation of ce-
 rates, ointments, platters, &c.
   CERUSSA.  SeePLUMBl OXIDUM ALBUM.
   CERVUS ELAPHUS.   Cornu.   (Ed.)
  Cornu Cervinum.   (Dub.)
  Cervus.  Cornu.  (Lond.)
  The flag or hart.   The horns.
  This animal belongs to the clafs mammalia, order ru?ninantia:
The male has two round folid horns on his forehead, with feveral
conical branches, the number of which  afcertain  the age of the
animal to which they belong.   Thefe horns fall off and are renew-
ed every year.   When firft reproduced, they are foft, full of blood
veffels, and covered with  a velvety fkin,  but they foon lofe their
covering, and become hard, compaa, and bony.
  In their nature, they do not feem to differ from bone except in
containing a larger proportion of  cartilage.   They afford a very
confiderable  quantity of  gelatine  by decoaion with water, and
hartffiorn ffiavings  are ftill  employed in domeftic economy for
furnifhing a nutritious and demulcent jelly.  By the aaion of fire
their proauas are the fame with thofe ot animal fubftances in gen-
eral, and they were formerly fo  much ufed for the preparation
of ammonia, that it was commonly called Hartffiorn.   By  burn-
ing they  are totally converted into phofphate of lime.
  CHAMvEMELUM.   (Lond. Dub.)   SeeANTHEMis.
  CHIRONIA CENTAUREUM.
  Gentiana Centaureum.   Summitatesfiorentes.  (Ed.)
  Centaureum minus. Summitatesfiorentes.(Dub.) Cacumen.(Lond.)
  Smaller Centaury.  The flowering heads.
  Willd. g. 394. fp. 9. Pentandria Monogynia—Nat ord. RotaCea.
  This plant is annual and grows wild in many  parts of England
on barren paftures.  It flowers between June and  Auguft.   The
corolla is faid to have no tafte ; and therefore the herb, which is
intenfely bitter,  ffiould be preferred to the flowering tops, which
derive their virtues only from the ftalks conneaed with them. It
agrees in every refpea with other pure bitters.
  CICUTA.  (Lond. Dub.)  SeeCoNiUM.
  C1NARA.  (Lond. Dub.  Ed.) SeeCYNARA. 
Part II.]
Materia Medica.
189
  CINCHONA.
  Willd. g. 346. Pentandria Monogynia.—Nat ord. Contdrta.
  Sp. 1. Cinchona officinalis.  Cortex.  (Ed.)'
  Cinchona.  Cortex.   (Lond.)
  Cortex Peruvianus.   (Dub.)
  Officinal Cinchona. The bark, commonly called Peruvian bark,
of which the Edinburgh College enumerates three varieties,
  a. The  common,
  b. The yellow,
  c. The red.
It is, however, by no means  afcertained, that the two laft are the
bark ot  the cinchona officinalis, but have been merely claffed un-
der it until we are better acquainted with their botanical hiftory.
  The  cinchona officinalis  grows in the neighborhood of Loxa,
a city in the province of Quito, in the kingdom of Peru.  It is a
mountainous tree, and is- never found  in the plains.   It grows to
a great height, and  formerly its  trunk  was often thicker than
a man's  body. But fince its bark has come into fuch general ufe,
few trees are to be feen thicker than a man's arm.  Indeed, there
is reafon to fear that it will become ftill more fcarce, as no atten-
tion is paid to its cultivation, and the trees always die after being
ftripped of their bark.  This operation is  performed in the dry
feafon, from  September to  November.  The bark is then care-
fully dried in the fun, and packed in  fkins, which contain from
100 to 150 pounds, and are called by the Spaniards zeronne.   In
thefe coarfe and fine pieces of the fame kind of  bark are promif.
cuoufly  mixed, but they are afterwards forted.
  1. Common pale bark.
  In commerce we find feveral varieties of the common pale bark,
the moft remarkable of which come from Loxa,  the quilled bark,
and from Guanaco, the flat bark.
  The bark  which comes from Loxa confifts  of thin finglyor
doubly rolled pieces a finger's length or more, and fcarcely a line
in thicknefs ; externally  rough,  of a greyifh brown color, and
generally covered with a  kind  of lichen ;  internally of a cinna-
mon color.  Its fraaure ffiould not be fibrous or powderv, but e-
ven and ffiining.  It has a peculiar aromatic fmell, and a pleafant
bitter aftringent tafte.
  The bark which comes  from Guanaco confifts of much thicker,
coarfer, and flatter pieces ; externally of a  dark brown or almoft
black color, but internally it has  the fame  cinnamon color, and
in its refinous fraaure, fmell, and  tafte, it exaaiy refembles the
former.   When genuine, both varieties are excellent remedies,
although the former be generally preferred on the Continent, and
the latter in Britain.
  The great price of Peruvian bark has fometimes tempted dif-
heneft men to adulterate it  with other fimilar and lefs powerful 
190
Materia  Medica.
[Part II,
 barks, and, what is ftill more blameable, with genuine bark, frqm
 which the aaive conftituents have been entirely extraaed by de-
 coaion with water.
   In feleaing Peruvian bark, we muft therefore fee, that, befides
 the charaaeriflics already  noticed, it  be denfe, heavy, and dry,
 not mufty or fpoiled by  moifture, and that a decoaion made of
 it have a reddifh color when warm,  but when cold become paler,
 and depofite a  brownifh red fediment.  Thofe pieces whofe tafte
 is  fimply intenfely bitter  or  very aftringent, or  naufeous, or
 merely mucilaginous,  whofe furface  is fmooth or polifhed of a
 dark color or  pale yellow  or  red, which are tough or fpongy,
 whofe fraaure is fibrous, woody, or powdery, and their internal
 color, white or grey, are to berejeaed.
   The predominant conftituents of Peruvian bark are, bitter, ex-
 traaive, tannin  and gallic acid,  combined  with fome mucilage
 and refin.  Its aroma depends  upon the  prefence of fome effen-
 tial oil, which, however, is  not confiderable.
   On dead animal matter it acts as an antifeptic, and  on the living
 body it aas moreover as a ftimulant, tonic, and antifpafmodic—~
 The difcovery of  its  medical virtues  was, in all probability, the
 refult  of  accident ; and in faa,  according  to fome, the  Peru-
 vians learned the ufe of  the bark by  obferving certain animals
 affeaed with intermittents  inftinaively led to it ;  while others
 fay, that a Peruvian having, an ague, was cured by happening to
 drink of a pool which, from fome trees having fallen into it, tafted
 of cinchona ; and  its ufe in gangrene is  faid to have originated
 from its curing one in  an aguifh patient.   About the year 1640,
 the lady of the Spanifh viceroy, the  Comitiffa del Cinchon, was
 cured by the bark,  which has therefore  been called Cortex or Pul-
 vis Comitiffas, Cinchona, Chinachina  or Cinchina, Kinakina or
 Kinkina, Quinaquina or Quinquina ; and from the intereft which
 Cardinal de Lugo and the Jefuit fathers took in its diftribution, it
 has been called Cortex or Pulvis Cardinalis de Lugo, Jefuiticus,
 Patrum, &c. or fimply  from its preeminence, Bark.
  On its firft introduction into Europe, it  was reprobated by ma-
 ny eminent phyficians ; and at different periods long after, it was
 confidered a dangerous  remedy ; but its  charaaer, in procefs of
 time, became very univerfally eftablifhed.
  Praaitioners have differed much  with  regard to  the mode of
 operation of the Peruvian bark.  Some have afcribed its virtues
 entirely to a ftimulant power.  But while the ftrongeftand moft
 permanent ftimuli have by no means the fame effea  with bark in
 the cure of difeafes, the bark itfelt fhows hardly any ftimulant
 power, either from its aaion on the ftomach,  or on other fenfible
 parts to which it is applied.  From its aaion  on dead animal fi-
bres, there can he no doubt of  its being a powerful aftringent j
and from its good effeas in certain cafes ot difeafe, there is reafoa 
Part II.]            Materia Medica.                  191

to prefume that it is a ftill more powerful tonic.   Tq this tonic
power fome think that its aaion as an antifeptic is to be entirely
attributed ;  but that, independently of this, it has a very power-
ful effea in refitting the feptic prqgrefs to which animal fubftan-
ces are naturally fubjeaed,  appears  beyond all difpute, from its
effeas in  refitting putrefaaio», not  only  in  dead animal folids,
but even in animal fluids,  when entirely detached from the living
body.
   But although it be admitted that the Peruvian bark aas power-
fully as an aftringent,  as  a tonic,  and as an  antifeptic, yet thefe
principles will by no means explain all the effeas derived from it
in the cure of difeafes.   And accordingly, from  no artificial com-
bination in which thefe  powers are  combined.,  or in which they
exift even to higher degree, can the good  confequences refulting
from  Peruvian bark be obtained.   Many praaitioners,  therefore,
are difpofed to view it as a fpecific.   l-i by a fpecific we mean an
infallible remedy, it cannot indeed be confidered as  entitled to that
appellation ; but in as  far  as it is a very powerful remedy,
of the operation of which no fatisfaaory explanation has yet been
given, it may with  great propriety  be denominated a fpecific.—
But whatever its  mode  of  operation may  be, there can be no
doubt that it is daily employed with  fuccefs in a great  variety of
different difeafes.
   It was firft introduced, as has already been faid, for the cure of
intermittent fevers; and  in  thefe,  when  properly  exhibited, it
rarely fails of fuccefs.   Praaitioners, however, have differed with
regard to the beft mode of exhibition  ; fome prefer giving it  juft
before the fit, fome  during the fit, others immediately after it.
Some, again, order it in the quantity of an ounce between the fits ;
the dofe  being the more frequent and  larger according to the
frequency of the fits ; and this mode of  exhibition, although it
may perhaps  fometimes  lead  to  the  employment ol more bark
than is neceffary, we confider as upon the whole preferable, from
being beft fuited  to moft ftomachs.  The requifite  quantity is ve-
ry different in different cafes; and in  many vernal intermittents it
feems even hardly neceffary.
   It is now given, from the  very commencement  of the difeafe,
without previous evacuations, which, with  the delay of  the bark,
or under dofes of  it, by retarding  the cure, often  feem to induce
abdominal inflammations, fcirrhus, jaundice, heaic, dropfy,  &c.
fymptoms formerly imputed to the premature or intemperate ufe
of the bark, but which are  beft obviated  by its  early and liberal
ufe.   It is to be continued not only till the- paroxyfms ceafe, but
till the natural appetite, ftrength and complexion return.  Its ufe
is then to  be gradually left off, and repeated at proper intervals to
fecure  againft arelapfe;  to which,  however, unaccountable,there 
192                  Materia Medica.             [Part II,

often feems to be a peculiar difpofition ; and efpecially when the
wind blows from the  eaft.   Although,  however, moft evacuants
conjoined with the Peruvian bark in intermittents are rather pre-
judicial than  otherwife, yet it is of advantage, previous to its ufe,
to empty the alimentary canal, particularly the ftomach ; and on
this  account good affecls are  often obtained from premifing an
emetic.
   It is a medicine which feems not only  fuited to both formed
and latent intermittents, but to that  ftate of fibre, on which all ri-
gidly periodical difeafes feem  to depend ;  as periodical pain, in-
flammation, hacrnorrhagy,  fpafm, cough, lofs of external fenfe,
&c.
   Bark is now ufed by  fome in all continued fevers;  at the fame
time attention is paid to keep the bowels clean, and  to promote
when neceffary the  evacuation of redundant  bile, always, how-
ever, fo as  to weaken the patient as little as  poffible.
   In confluent fmall pox, it promotes languid eruption and fup-
puration, diminifhes the fever through  the whole  courfe of it,
and prevents or correas pretefcence and gangrene.
   In gangrenous fore throats it is  much ufed, as it is externally
and internally in every fpecies of gangrene.
   In contagious dyfentery, after due evacuation, it has been ufed,
taken internally and by injeaion, with and  without opium.
   In all thofe hasmorrhagies called paffive,  and which it is allow-
ed all basmorrhagies are very apt to  become, and  likewife in other
increafed difcharges, it is much ufed ;  and in certain undefined
cafes of haemoptyfis,  fome allege that it  is  remarkably  effectual
whenjoined with an abforbent.
   It is ufed for obviating the  difpofition to nervous and convul-
five  difeafes;  and fome  have  great, confidence in it, joined with
fulphuric acid, in cafes of phthifis, fcrofula, ill conditioned ulcers
rickets, fcurvy, and in ftates of convalefcence.
   In thefe cafes, notwithftanding the ufe of the  acid, it is proper
to conjoin  it  with a milk diet.
   In dropfy, not depending on any particular local affeaion.itis
often alternated or conjoined  with  diuretics or  other evacuants,
and  by its  early exhibition  after the water  is  once drawn off, or
even begins to be freely difcharged,  a frefh accumulation is pre-
vented, and a radical cure obtained.
   Mr. Pearfon of the Lock  Hofpital praifesvery highly the pow-
ers of  this  remedy in different forms of  the venereal difeafe ; in
reducing incipient bubo, in cleanfing and   healing ulcers of the
tonfils, and in curing gangrenous ulcers from a venereal caufe. But
in all thefe cafes mercury muft aifo be given to eradicate the ve.
neieal virus trom the fyftem.
   Peruvian bark may be exhibited,
     i. In  fubftance. 
rart. II.]
Materia Medica.
193
   The beft form of exhibiting  this valuable remedy  is  in the
 ftate of a very fine powder,  in  dofes of  from ten grains to two
 drachms and upwards.   As it cannot be fwallowed in the form of
 a dry powder, it muft either be  diffufed in fome liquid, as water,
 wine, or milk, or mixed with fome vifcid  fubftance, as currant
jelly.  Its tafte, which  is  difagreeable  to many people, is beft
 avoided by taking  it immediately after  it is  mixed up ; for by
 ftanding any time, it is  communicated to the vehicle.  In this re-
 fpea, therefore, it is better for  the  patients to  mix it up  them-
 felves than to  receive  it  from  the apothecary  already made up
 into a draught with fome fimple diftilled water, or into an eleau-
 ary with a fyrup.   A much more important objeaion to this form
 of giving Peruvian bark is, that fome  ftomachs will not bear it,
 from the oppreffion and even vomiting which in  thefe cafes it ex-
 cites.  We muft endeavor to obviate  this inconvenience by the
 addition of fome aromatic, and  by giving it in  fmall dofes more
 frequently repeated.  If we are unable to fucceed by thefe means,
 we muft extraa the moft aaive  conftituents of the bark by means
 of fome menftruum.  It has therefore long been a pharmaceutical
 problem to difcover which menftruum extraas the virtues of Pe-
ruvian bark moft completely. But the aaive conftituents of this
 remedy, according to the beft and lateftanalyfis, are bitter extraa-
 ive, tannin, and gallic acid, combined with fome  mucilage and re-
 fin.   Of thefe the two  laft are not foluble in any one menftruum;
 but they moft probably contribute very little to the powers of the
 medicine. The three other conftituents, on the contrary, on which
 all its aaivity depends, taken fingly, are all of them very foluble,
 both in water and in alcohol, and in every  mixture of thefe.   But
 it would be contrary to  analogy to fuppofe, that thefe fubftances
 fhould exift fo intimately mixed as they muft be in an organic bo-
 dy, without exerting upon each other forae degree of chemical af-
 finity, and forming combinations poffeffed of new properties. Ac-
 cordingly we  find, whether it  arife from this caufe, or merely
 from the ftate of aggregation, that neither'water nor alcohol ex-
 traa thefe conftituents  from Peruvian  bark in the fame quantity
 in which they are able  to  diffolve them  feparately, and that we
 muft have recourfe to direa experiment  to determine the degree
 of aaion poffeffed by each menftruum  upon it.   With this view
 many experiments have been  made,  and  by very able chemifts.
 But molt of them were performed when  the fcience of chemiftry
 wis but in its infancy; and  even at  this time that branch of it
 which relates to thefe fubftancesis fo little undcrPood, thut the re-
 fill ts of the late experiments are far from conclufive.
   2. In infufion.
   To thofe whofe ftomachs will  not bear the powdv  ■'. '. is the
 beft form of exhibiting Peruvian bark. Water, at ? given :_mper-
 ature feems capable  of diffolving only a  certain quantity, and 
194                 Materia Medica.             [Part II.

therefore we are not able to increafe  the ftrength of an infufion,
either by employing a larger  quantity  of  the bark, or allowing
them to remain longer in contaa.  One part of bark is fufficient
to faturate fixteen of water in the courfe ot an hour or two.  To ac-.
celerate the action of the water, it is  ufual to pour it boiling hot
upon the bark, to  cover it up, and allow it to cool flowly. After
fianding a fufficient length of time, the infufion is decanted off
for ufe. The infufion in water is  however liable to one very great
objeftion, that it cannot  be kept  even  a very ffiort time without
being decompofed and fpoiled.  Therefore,  in fome inftances,
we prepare the infufion with wine ; and it. fortunately happens
that very often the ufe of  the menftruum is as much indicated as
that of the  folvend.
  3. In tincture.
  The great aaivity  of the menftruum in this preparation, pre-
vents  the bark from  being given in fufficiently  large  dofes to
exert its peculiar virtues.  It is however, a powerful ftimulant.
  4. In decoction.
  Water of the temperature  of  2120 is capable of diffolving a
much larger proportion of the foluble parts of Peruvian bark than
water at 6o©.   But the folvent powers even of  boiling water  have
their limits> and by protraaing the decoaion we do not increafe its
ftrength, but rather,  by diminiffiing  the quantity of the men-
ftruum, we leffen the quantity of matter diffolved.   Befides, at a
boiling temperature, extraaive abfords  oxygen rapidly from the
atmofphere, and is converted into what feems to be an infoluble
and inert refinous fubftance.
   5.  In extraa.
   In this preparation we expea to poffefs the virtues of Peruvian
bark in a very concentrated ftate.  The principal objeaions  to its
ufe are its  great expenfe, and the decompofition and deftruaion
of the aaive conftituents of the bark during the preparation, when
not properly conduaed.   It  is convenient  for the formation of
pills and bolufes,  but we would always prefer a frefh infufion or
decoaion to any mixture in which the extraa is rediffolved.
   Externally, Peruvian  bark is ufed in fubftance,  as an applica-
tion to ill conditioned, carious, or gangrenous ulcers.
   In  the form of clyfter, it may be given in fubftance, decoaion
or extraa.   The powder is ufed as a tooth powder for fpongy and
bleeding gums, and the decoaion  is an excellent aftringent gargle
or wafh.                                                -
   To increafe the power of Peruvian bark, or to direa its effica-
cy to a particular purpofe, or to correa fome  inconveniences oc-
cafionally produced by it, it  is frequently  combined  with other
remedies.  When it produces vomiting,  carbonic  acid forms a
ufeful addition ;  when it purges, opium ;  when it oppreffes the
ftomach, aromatics ; and when it induces coftivenefs, rhubarb. It
may be alfo combined  with other vegetable aftringent or bit-
ter remedies, without  impairing  its  powers.  But we are a- 
Part II]
Materia  Medica-.
195
fraid  that  many additions  are made,  chiefly faline fubftances,
of which the effeas are not at all underftood.   Sulphuric acid,
fuperfulphate of alumina and potafs (alum) muriate of ammonia,
carbonate of potafs, tartrite of  potafs, tartrite  of antimony and
potafs (tartar emetic) iron,  lime water, &c. have been frequently
prefcribed with it ; but we know that in many of thefe mixtures
decornpofition occurs, which renders the whole either inaaive, er
completely deceives us with regard to the expeaed effeas.
   2.  Yellow Peruvian bark.
   This  kind of bark has only been introduced fince 1790, and
we are ftill uncertain,  both  with regard  to the tree which pro-
duces it, and the place of its  growth.   It confifts  of pieces a-
bout  fix inches in  length, thicker, and lefs  rolled  up than the
common bark.   Its internal furface is of a deeper red.  It fome-
times wants the epidermis, which is often as thick as the bark it-
felf.  It is lighter and  more friable than the former variety ;  its
fraaure is fibrous ;  and when reduced to powder,  its color is
paler.  Its tafte is much more bitter,  aftringent,  and ftronger, but
its fmell is weaker.   Its decoaion when hot is  redder, but when
cold,  paler.   Its folutions  ftrike a deeper color with fulphate of
iron.   It contains  more bitter extraaive, and  more tannin  and
gallic acid, than either of the others,  but  lefs gum than the com-
mon, and lefs refin  than the  red.  It alfo produces  the fame ef-
feas  in  much fmaller  dofes.  The epidermis fhould always be
removed before it is powdered.
   3.  Red Peruvian bark occurs generally in much larger, thick-
er, flatter pieces, but fometimes alfo in the form of quills.   It is
heavy, firm, found and dry ;  friable between the teeth ;  does not
feparate into fibres ; and breaks not  fhivery, but ffiort, clofe and
fmooth.   It has three layers ; the outer is thin,  rugged, of a red-
difh brown  color, but frequently covered with moffy mat,ter ;
the middle is thicker, more  compaa, darker colored, very  refin-
ous, brittle,  and yields  firft to the  peftle ;  the inmoft is more
woody,  fibrous, and of a brighter red.  Its powder is reddifh, like
that of Armenian bole.
   Its  aftringency and bitfernefs are more intenfe, and it contains
more  refin than the pale  bark.   It  alfo produces  its effeas in
fmaller  dofes.  It is faid to be mdre frequently adulterated.
   4.  Cinchona CaribjEA.  Cortex.   (Ed.)
   Cinchona of the Caribaean iflands.  The bark.
   This  tree is found in the Caribbean iflands.  It grows to a very
large  fize.   Dr. Wright, to whom  we are indebted for all our
knowledge of it, found fome in the pariffi of St. Jamet's, Jamaica,
fifty feet high,  and proportionably  thick.   The wood is hard,
clouded, and takes a fine poliffi.   The  bark of  the large trees is
rough, th« cuticle thick and inert, and the inner bark thinner than 
196                  Materia Medica.           [Part II.

that of the young trees, but more fibrous. ^The bark is brought
to us in pieces about a fpan in length, rolled, together, and a line
or half a line in thicknefs, of  a brown color on the furface, which
is moft commonly covered with white lichens ; internally it is of
a dark brown color, and  very fibrous in its fraaure.   It has at
firft a fweetifh tafte, but after  being chewed fome time it becomes
extremely  naufeous and bitter.  Dr. Wright fays he made ufe of
this bark  in all cafes  where  Peruvian  bark was  indicated, and
with the greateft  fuccefs.  It has  often been confounded with
the cinchona floribunda. (Willdenow's 7th fpecies) fo excellently
analyzed by Fourcroy under the title of the Cinchona of St. Do-
mingo, and which taken internally  is apt to excite vomiting and
purging.

  CINERES  CLAVELLATI.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Cario-
NAS POTASS/E IMPURUS.

  C1NNAMOMUM.  (Lond.Dub.)   See Laurus Cinna"
MOMUM.

  CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA.
  Pareira Brava.  Radix.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Pareira  brava.  The root.
  Dioecia  Monadelphia—Nat. ord. Sarmentacea.
  This is a perennial climbing plant which grows in the  Weft
India iflands and in South America. The root, which is officinal,
is brought to us from Brazil,  in pieces of different fizes, fome no
bigger than one's finger,  others as  large as a child's arm ; it is
crocked, and varioufly wrinkled  on the  furface ; outwardly ot a
dark color, internally of a dull yellowifli, and  interwoven with
woody fibres ; fo that upon a tranfverfe feaion, a number of con-
centric circles appear, croffed with fibres, which run  from the
centre to the circumference :  It has no fmell ; the tafte is a little
bitteriffi, blended with a fweetnefs like that of  liquorice.  This
root is highly extolled by the  Brazilians and Portuguefe, in a great
variety of difeafes, particularly againft fuppreffions of  urine, ne-
phritic pains, and calculus.  Geoffroy alfo found  it ufeful in ne-
phritic diforders, in ulcers of  the kidneys and bladder, in humoral
afthmas, and in fome fpecies of jaundice.  The  common people
of Jamaica ufe a deco£tion of the roots for pains and weaknefs of
the ftomach, proceeding from relaxation. The dofe of the root in
fubftance is from twelve grains to half a  drachm  j  in decoaion to
two or three drachms.

   CiSTUS  CRETICUS.
   Ladanum.   Refina.   (Lond.) 
Part II.]
Materia Medica,
197
  Cretan Ciftus.   Ladanum.  A refin.
  Willi, g. 1048.7^. 13.—Nat. ord.  Afcyroidea.
  This is a perennial ffirub which grows in Syria, and more ef-
pecially in the Grecian iflands.
  This refin is faid  to  have  been  formerly colleaed from the
beards of goats who brow fed the  leaves of the ciftus; at prefent,
a kind of rake, with  feveraj ftraps or throngs of fkins fixed to it,
is drawn lightly over the fhrub, foas totakeup the unauous juice,
which is afterwards  fcraped off with knives.  It is rarely met
with pure, even in the places where it is produced; the duft, blown
upon the plant by the wind, mingling with  the vifcid juice, and
the inhabitants alfo being faid to mix it with a certain black fand.
In  the ffiops two forts ate  met with  ; the beft (which is very rare)
is in dark colored almoft black'maffes, of the confiftence of a foft
plafter which  grows ftill  fotter  upon  being handled;  of a very
agreeable fmell, and of a light pungent bitteriffi tafte ;  the other
fort is harder, not fo  dark  colored,  in  long rolls coiled up ; this
is of a much weaker fmell  than  the firft,  and  has a large admix-
ture of a fine fand, which in the  ladanum examined by the French
Academy, made up three fourths of the mafs.   Reaified fpirit ot
wine almoft entirely diffolves pure ladanum,  leaving only a fmall
portion of gummy matter which has no tafte or  fmell.
  CITRUS.
  Polyadelphia Icofandria.—Nat. ord. Pomacea.
  Sp. Citrus Aurantium.   Folia, filores, aqua Jlillatitiaet
oleum volatile florum, fruftus fuccus,fruclus immaturus, et cortex
exterior. (Ed.)
  Aurantium Hifpalenfe.   Folium, flos fruclus fuccus, et cortex
exterior,  (Lond.)   Fruclus fuccus et cortex exterior, fruclus
immaturus,filorum aqua flillatit\a.
  Seville orange.  The leaves, flowers, diftilled water and effen-
tial oil of the flowers, the juice and outer rind of the truit, and the
unripe fruit.
  The orange tree is a beautiful evergreen, a native of Afia, but
now abundantly cultivated in the fouthern puts ot Europe and in
the Weft India iflands.  There are feveral varieties of this fpecies
but they may be all referred to  the bitter  or Seville orange, and
the fweet or China orange.
   The leaves are  neither fo aromatic nor  fo bitter as the rind of
the fruit, yet they have been celebrated by eminent phyficians as
a powerful antifpafmodic in convulfive diforders,  and efpecially
in epilepfy ; with others they have entirely failed.
   The flowers (flores naphae)  are highly  odoriferous,  and have
been  for fome time paft in great  efteem as a perfume ; tlv \x tafte
is fomewhat warm, accompanied with a degree of bitiernefs. They
                    3 
 193            Materia Medica.                 Part II.]

 yield their flavor by infufion to reaified fpirit, and in diftillation
 both  to fpirit and water, (aqua florum naphse) ;  the bitter matter
is diffolved by water, and, on evaporating the decoaion, remains
entire in the extraa.
  A very fragrant red  colored oil,  diftilled from thefe flowers,
is brought from  Italy under the name of oleum or efifentia neroli ;
but oil of behen, in which orange flowers  have been digefted, is
frequently fubftituted for'it.  The fraud, hawever,  is eafily de-
teaed, as the real oil is entirely  volatile,  and the adulterated is
not.
  Orange flowers were at one time faid to be an ufeful remedy in
convulfive and epileptic cafes ;  but experience has not confirmed
the virtues attributed to them.  As by  drying they lofe their vir-
tues, they may  be preferved for this purpofe  by packing them
clofely in earthern veffels,  with half  their weight of muriate of
foda.
  The juice of oranges is a grateful acid liquor, confifting princi-
pally ot critic acid, fyrup, extraaive, and mucilage; of confider-
able ufe in febrile or inflammatory diftempers,  for allaying heat,
quenching thirft, and promoting the falutary excretions ; it is like-
wife of ufe in genuine fcorbutus,  or fea fcurvy.  Although the
Seville, or bitter orange as  it is  called, has alone a place in our
pharmacopoeias, yet the juice of the China, or fweet orange, is
much more employed.   It is more mild,  and lefs acid ; and it is
employed in its  moft fimple ftate with great advantage, both as a
cooling medicine, and as an ufeful antifeptic in fevers of theworft
kinds, as well as in many other acute difeafes, being highly bene-
ficial as alleviating thirft. Dr. Wright applied the roafted pulp of
oranges as a poultice to  fetid fores in the Weft Indies, with very
great fuccefs.
  The outer yellow rind of the fruit  is a grateful aromatic bit-
ter ;  and proves an excellent ftomachic and carminative, promot-
ing appetite, warming  the  habit,  and ftreiigthening the tone  of
the vifcera.   Orange peel  appears to  be confiderably  warmer
than that of lemons, and to abound more with effential oil ;  to this
circumftance, therefore, due regard ought to be had in the ufe of
thefe medicines.  The flavor of  the  firft  is likewife fuppofed  to
be lefs perifhable than that of the other ;  hence the London Col-
lege employ orange peel in the fpirituous  bitter tinaure which is
defigned for keeping ;  wbilft in the bitter watry infufion, lemon
peel  is preferred.  A fyrup and  diftilled  water  are for the fame
reafon prepared  from the rind of oranges in preference to that of
lemons.
  The outer rind of the orange is the bafis of  a  conferve both in
the Edinburgh and London pharmacopoeias ; and this is peihaps
one of the moft elegant and convenient forms ot  exhibiting it. 
Part II.]             Materia Medica.                 193

  The unripe fruit dried are called Curacoa oranges.  They vary
in fize from that of a pea to that of a cherry.  They are bitterer
than the rind of ripe oranges, but not fo aromatic, and are ufed as
a ftomachic.
  Sp.  Citrus Medica.  Fruclus, cortex fruclus, et  ejus ole-
um volatile.  (Ed.)
   Limon.   Succus,  cortex  exterior,  et olettm  effentia diSum.
(Lond.) Succus, cortex exterior, ejufdemqueoleum effentiale. (Dub.)
   Lemon tree.    The juice and outer rind, and its effential  oil, of
the fruit.
   The juice of lemons is  fimilar  in  quality to that of oranges
from which it differs  little otherwife than in containing  more ci-
tric acid and lefs fyrup.  The  quantity of the former is indeed
fo great, that the  acid has been  named from this fruit, Acid of
Lemons, and is  commonly prepared from  it.   The  fimple ex-
preffed juice will not keep  on account of the fyrup, extraaiveand
mucilage and quantity of  water which  it contains, which  caufes
it to ferment.
   It was therefore extremely defirable that an eafy method ffiould
be difcovered of reducing it to fuch a ftate that it would not fpoil
by keeping, and would be lefs bulky.
   Various  means have  been  propofed and praaifed with this
view.   The juice has been  evaporated to the confiftence of  rob ;
but this always gives an empyreumatic tafte, and does not fepar-
ate the extraaive or mucilage fo that it  is ftill apt  to ferment
when agitated on board of (hip in tropical climates.  It has been
expofed to froft,  and part of the  water been removed under the
form of ice;  but this is liable to all the former objeaions, and be-
fides, where the lemons are produced in fufficient quantity, there
is not a fufficient degree of cold.   The addition of a quantity of
alcohol to the infpiffated juice feparates the  mucilage, but not the
extraaive or fugar.  By means, however, ot Scheele's  procefs, as
reduced  to  determinate quantities by  Prouft,  we can obtain the
acid perfeaiy pure and cryftallized.
  To 94 parts of lemon juice, 4 parts of carbonate of  lime are to
be added ;  the carbonic  acid is feparated by effervefcence, and a
quantity of infoluble citrate of lime is precipitated. By evaporat-
ing the fupernatant liquor, another portion of citrite  of lime is
obtained.  Thefe added  together  amount  to about y\ parts, and
require 20 parts of fulphuric acid, of  the fpecific gravity of 1-1,5
to decompofe them.   The fulphate of lime  being nearly infoluble
is  precipitated,  and the citric acid remains in folution, and is to
be feparated by waffiing, and cryftallized by evaporation.  If too
much  fulphuric acid be added,  when the liquor is much concen-
trated, it reaas upon the  citric acid, and chars a portion of it.__
When this is the cafe, a little chalk muft be added.
                 la*  4 
    200                  Materia Medua.             [Part II,

      By this or fome fimilar procefs, it is now rnanufaaured, in this
    country in large quantities, and fold under the name of Coxwell's
    Concrete Salt of Lemons.
      Citric acid is a powerful and agreeable antifeptic.   Its powers
    are much increafed, according to Dr.  Wright, by  faturating it
    with muriate of foda.  The mixture he recommends  as poffeffing
    very great efficacy in dyfentery,  remittent  fever,  the belly ach,
^    putrid fore throat,  and as being perfeaiy fpecific in  diabetes and
    licnteria.   Citric  acid is often ufed with great fuccefs for allay-
    ing vomiting; with this intention it is  mixed with  carbonate of
    potafs,  from which it expels the carbonic acid with effervefcence.
    This mixture fhould be drunk as foon as it is made; or, the car-
    bonic acid gas, on  which aaually the anti emetic  powers of this
    mixture depends,  may be extricated in the ftomach itfelf, by firft
    {"wallowing the carbonate of potafs diffolved in  water, and drink-
    ing immediately afterwards  the citric acid properly fweetened.
    The dofes are about a fcruple of the carbonate  diffolved in eight
    or ten drachms ot  water,and an ounce of lemon juice,or an equiv-
    alent quantity of citric acid.
      Lemon juice is alfo an ingredient in  many pleafant refrigerant
    drinks, which are  of very great ufe in allaying febrile heat and
    thirft.   Of thefe the moft generally ufeful is lemonade, or diluted
    lemon juice, properly, fweetened. Lemonade, with the addition of
    a  certain quantity  of any good ardent fpirit, forms the well known
    beverage Punch, which is fometimes given as a cordial to the tick.
    The German writers order it to be made with arrack, as rum and
    brandy, they fay, are apt to occafion headach.  But  the  faa is
    direaiy the reverfe, for of all fpirits  arrack  is moft apt to pro-
    duce headach.  The lighteft  and fafeft fpirits  are  thofe which
    contain leaft effential   oil, or other foreign matters, and  which
    have been kept the longeft time after their diftillation.
      The  yellow peel is an elegant aromatic,  and is frequently em-
    ployed  in ftomachic tinaures  and infufions; it isconfiderabiy lefs
    hot than orange peel, and yields in diftillation  with water a lefs
    quantity of effential oil; its flavor is  neverthelefs  more perifh-
    able, yet does not  arife fo readily with fpirit of wine; for a fpiri-
    tuous extraa made from lemon peel poffeffes the aromatic tafte
    and fmell of the fubjefct in much greater perfeaion than an extraa
    prepared in the fame manner from the peels of  oranges.   In the
    fhops a fyrup  is  prepared from the juice, and  the peel is can-
    died ;  the peel is an ingredient in the bitter infufions and wines ;
    the effential oil  enters the volatile aromatic  fpirit, or fpiritus
    ammonias compofitus, as it is now called, and fome other formulyj-
    COCCUS CACTI.  (Ed.)
      Coccinella.   (Lond.)
      Cochineal. 
Part II.]             Materia Medica.                Spl

  Cochineal is the dried body of the female of  a heraiptercus
infeft.  It is found only in Mexico, and is nourished entirely on
the leaves of the opuntia or nopal, (caaus coccinelliferus.)  The
wild cochineal, which is  covered with a filky envelop, is lefs
valuable than the cultivated cochineal,  which is without that
covering, but  grows to a  larger fize, and furnifhes a finer and
more permament  color.  The   Spaniards  endeavor to  confine
both the infea and the  plant on  which it feeds to Mexico.  But
this attempt at monopoly will, we hope be fruftratcd by the ex-
ertions of fome gentlemen in the Eaft Indies.   The male only is
furnifhed with wings, the female has none, and remains conftant-
ly attached to the leaf of the caaus.   During winter, the Mexi-
cans preferve thefe infeas,  with the fucculent leaves to which
they are attached, in their houfes.  In fpring, after the rainy fea-
fon is over, they are  transferred  to the living plants, and in a few
days they  lay innumerable  eggs and  die.  They are colleaed
three times in the year; firft the  dead  mothers  are gathered as
foon as they have laid  their eggs; in three or four months, the
young which have grown to a fufficient fize are colleaed ;  and in
three or four months more, all  the young are colleaed, large and
fmall indifcriminately,  except  thofe  which   they  preferve for
breeding next year.  They  are killed by inclofing them in a bag
and dipping them in hot  water,  and by expofing them on iron
plates to the heat of the fire;  8co,ooo pounds are brought an-
nually to Europe; and each pound contains at leaft  70,000 infeas.
From their appearance, when brought to us, they  were long fup-
pofed to be the feed  of fome plant.  They are fmall, irregular,
roundiffi bodies,  of  a blackiffi  red color on  the  outfide,  and a
bright  purple  red within.   Their tafte is acrid, bitteriffi and
aftringent.  They are  ufed  only for the fake of the fine color
which they produce, and  they are principally confumed by the
fcarlet dyers.   In pharmacy they are employed to give a beauti-
ful red to fome tinctures.  Their color is eafily extraaed, both
by alcohol, water, and water  of ammonia ; and in the dried infea
it is not impaired by keeping for any length of time.
   COCHLEARIA.
   Willd.g. 1228. Tetradynamia Siliculofa.—Nat. ord. Siliquofx.
   Sp. 1. Cochlearia Officinalis.   Herba.    (Ed.)
   Cochlearia.   Herba.  (Dub.)
   Cochlearia hortenfis.  Herba.  (Lond.)
   Garden fcurvy grafs.  The plant.
   This is an  annual plant which grows on the fea ffiore  of the
northern countries of Europe, and is fometimes cultivated in gar-
dens.   As long as it is frefh it  has a peculiar fmell, efpecially
when bruifed, and a kind of faline acrid tafte, which it lofes com- 
202                  Materia Medica.            [Part II.

pletely by drying, but  which  it imparts  by diftillation to water
or alcohol.  It alfo furnifhes an  effential  oil, the fmell of which
is jfo ftrong as to make the eyes water.
  The frefh plant is a gentle ftimulant and diuretic, and is chiefly
ufed for the cure of fea fcurvy.  It  is employed externally as a
gargle in fore  throat,  and fcorbutic affeaions of the gums and
mouth.   It may be eaten in fubftance in any  quantity, or the
juice  may be expreffed from it,  or it may  be infufed in wine or
water, or its virtues may be extraaed by diftillation.
  Sp. 8- Cochlearia Armoracia.   Radix.  (Ed.)
  Raphanus ruflicanus.  Radix.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Horferadiffi.  The root.
  This perennial  plant is fometimes found wild  about river
fides, and other moift places ;  for medicinal and culinary  ufes, it
is cultivated in gardens ;  it flowers in June, but rarely perfeas its
feeds in this  country.   Horferadiffi root has a quick pungent
fmell, and a penetrating acrid  tafte; it neverthelefs  contains  in
certain veffels a fweet  juice, which  fometimes exudes upon the
furface.  By  drying,  it lofes  all its  acrimony,  becoming firft
fweetiffi, and afterwards almoft  infipid ;  if kept in a cool place,
covered with fand,  it retains its  qualities  for a confiderable time.
The medical effe£ts of  this root are,  to flimulate the folids, and
promote the fluid fecretions; it feems to extend its aaion through
the whole habit, and affect the minuteft glands.  It has frequently
done fervice in fome kinds of fcurviesand other chronic diforders
proceeding from a  vifcidity of the juices, or  obftruaions of the
excretory  duas.  Sydenham recommends it likewife in dropfies,
particularly thofe which  fometimes follow intermittent fevers.
Both  water and reaified fpirit  extraa the virtues of  this  root-by
infufion, and elevate them in diftillation;  along with  the aqueous
fluid, an effential oil arifes, pofiefling the whole tafte and pungen-
cy ot  the horferadiffi.

   COCOS BUTYRACEA.   Oleum  nucis fixum.   (Ed.)
  The mackaw tree.  The fixed oil of  the nut, commonly called
 Palm Oil.
  Pahnce.—Nat. ord. Palma.
  This tree is a native of South America.  The  fruit is triangu-
lar, yellow,  and as big as a plumb.   The  nut or kernel by decoc-
tion  yields the oleum palmas of the (hops. This oil  has the con-
fidence of butter,  a golden yellow  color, the fmell of  violets,
and a fweetiffi tafte.    When well preferved, it keeps feveral
years without becoming rancid.  When fpoiled, it lofes its yellow
color and pleafant  fmell.  It is faid to  be often imitated with
axunge, colored with  tumeric,  and fcented with Florentine iris 
Part II.]
Materia  Medica,
203
root.   It is rarely ufed in medicine, and  only externally as an
emollient ointment.
  COLCH1CUM AUTUMNALE.  Radix.  (Ed.)
  Colchicum.  Radix.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Meadow faffron.
  Willd. g. joy.fip. 1. Hexandria Trigynia.—Nat. ord. Liliacea.
  Meadow Saffron is a perennial,  bulbous  rooted plant,
which grows in wet meadows in  the temperate  countries of  Eu-
rope. It flowers in the  beginning of autumn, at which time the
old bulb begins to  decay, and a new bulb to be formed.   In the
following May the new bulb is perfeaed,  and the old one wafted
and corrugated.  They are dug for  medical ufe in the beginning
of fummer.
  The fenfible qualities  of the frefh root are very various, accord-
ing to the place of growth, and feafon of the year.   In autumn it
is inert; in the  beginning of fummer  highly acrid ; fome have
found it to be a corrofive poifon, others  have eaten it in confider-
able quantity without experiencing any effea.   When it is  pof-
feffed of acrimony, this is of  the fame  nature with the acrimony
ot garlic, and is entirely deftroyed by drying.   Stork, Collin and
Plenk have celebrated its virtues as a diuretic in  hydrothorax and
other dropfies.   But it is at beft a very uncertain rem«dy.   The
expreffed juice is ufed in Al face to deftroy vermin  in the hair.

   COLOCYNTHIS.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Cucumius.

  COLOMBA.   (Lond. Ed.)  '
  Columbo.  (Dub.)
  Colomba.  The root.
  This is the root of an unknown plant, which, however, is co«-
jeaured by Willdenow to be a fpecies of bryonia.   It was fup-
pofed  to have its name  from a city in Ceylon, from which it is
fent overall India.  But more recent accounts fay, that it is  pro-
duced in Africa, in the  country  of  the Caffres, and that it forms,
an important article of commerce with the Portuguefeat Mozam-
bique, in the province of Tranquebar.  It  is generally brought
in tranfverfe feaions, from half an inch  to three  inches in diame-
ter, rarely divided horizontally.   This  is evidently done to facil-
itate its drying, for the large pieces are  all perforated with holes.
The bark is wrinkled and thick,  of a  dark brown color on the
outfide, and bright yellow within. The  pith in the centre is fpon-
gy, yellowifh}and flightly ftriped.  Its fmell is  flightly aromatic,
and readily loft when not  preferved in clofe veffels ; its tafte is
unpleafant, bitter, and fomewhat acrid ;  the bark has the ftrongeft
tafte;  the pith is almoft  mucilaginous.  Its effential  condiments
are bitter extraaive, and a great deal of mucilage.   It is accord- 
 204                 Materia  Medica.            [Part II,

 ingly more foluble in water than in alcohol.  In India it is much
 ufed in difeafes attended  with bilious  fymptoms, particularly in
 cholera ; and it is faid to be fometimes very effeaual in other cafes
 of vomiting. Some confider it is as very ufelul in dyfpepfia. Half
 a drachm of the powder is  given  repeatedly in the day.  Its ufe
 in medicine has been particularly  recommended to the attention
 of Praaitioners by Dr. Percival of Manchefter in his Experimen-
 tal Effays ; and it has in general been  found  to anfwer expeaa-
 tion ; but  it is to be regretted, that it is not fo regularly import-
 ed as to admit of our ffiops  being fupplied with'it of good quality.
 Hence, when prefcribed, it is  often exhibited in a very decayed
 ftate.

   CONIUM MACULATUM.   Folia, Semen.  (Ed.)
   Cicuta.  Herba, fiosj'emen.  (Lond.)  Herba,femina nondum
 matura.  (Dub.)
   Hemlock.  The leaf, flower, and feed.
   Willd.g. 533. fp. 1. PentandriaDigynia.—Nat. ord. Umbellata.
   ThIo is a large biennial  umbelliferous plant,which grows very
 commonly about the  fides  of  fields, under hedges,  and in moift
 fhady places.  As it may eafily be confounded with other plants
 of the fame natural order, which are either more virulent or lefs
 aaive, we (hall give  a full defcription ot its botanical charaaers.
 The root is white, long, of the thicknefs of a  finger, contains when
 it is  young a milky juice, and refembles both in fize and form the
 carrot.   In fpring it is very poifonous, in harveft lefs fo.  The
 ftalk is  often three, four,  and even fix feet high, hollow, fmooth,
 not befet with baifs,  and marked with red or brown  fpots.   The
 leaves are large,  and  have long and thick foot  (talks, which, at
 the lower end, affume the form of a groove,  and furround  the
 fiem.  From each fide of the foot ftalk other foot (talks arife, and
 fiom thefe a ftill fmaller order, on which there are feffile, dark
 green, fhining, lancet ffiaped,  notched  leafits.  The umbels are
 terminal and compound.  The flowers confift of five white hear:
 fhaped leaves.   The  feeds are flat on the one fide, and hemifphe-
 rical on the other, with five  ferrated ribs.  This laft circumftance
 with the fpots on the ftalks, and the peculiar very naufeous fraell
 of the plant, fomewhat refembling the urine  of a cat,  ferve to dif-
 tinguiffi it from all other plants.   We muft not be  milled by its
 officinal name Cicuta, to  confound  it with the Cicuta virofaot
 Linnaeus, which is one of the  moft virulent plants produced in
 this country, and readily diftinguifhable from the conium, by hav-
ing its roots always immerfed in water, which thofe of the conium
never are.  The poffibility  of this miftake (hews the propriety of
denominating all  vegetables by  their fyftematic names,  as the
 Edinburgh College now do.  The other plants which have been
miftaken for the conium maculatum  are, the  iethufa cynapium, 
Part II.]
Materia Medica.
205
caucalis arithrifcus, and feveral fpecies of chaerophyllum, efpecial-
ly thebulbofum, which however, is not a native of this country.
   Hemlock fhould not be gathered unlefs  its peculiar fmell be
ftrong.  The leaves ffiould be colleaed in  the month  of June,
when the plant is in flower.   The leafits are  to be picked off, and
the foot ftalks  thrown  away.   The  leafits  are then to be dried
quickly in a hot fun, or rather on tin plates before a fire, and pre-
ferved in  bags of ftrong brown  paper, or powdered and kept in
clofe veffels, excluded from the light ;  for the light foon difli-
pates their green color, and with it the virtues of the medicine.
   Frefh hemlock contains not  only  the  narcotic but alfo the a-
erid principle ; of the latter much, and of the former little, is loft
by drying.  The  whole plant is a  virulent  poifon, but varying
very much in ftrength according to  circumftances.   When taken
in an over dofe, it produces vertigo, dimnefs of fight, difficulty of
fpeech, naufea, putrid  eruaations, anxiety, tremors,  and paralyfis
of the limbs.  But Dr. Stork found, that in  fmall dofes it may be
taken with great fafety  ; and that, without  at all difordering the
conftitution, or even  producing any  fenfible operation, it fome-
times proves a powerful  refolvent in many obftinate diforders.
In fcirrhus, the internal and external ufe of  hemlock has been
found  ufeful,  but then mercury has  been  generally ufed at the
fame time.  In open cancer it often  abates  the pains, and is free
from the conftipating  effeas of opium.   It is  likewife ufed in
fcrofulous  tumors and ulcers, and in other ulcers thatare only
defined by  the term ill condition.   It is alfo recommended by
fome in chincough, and various other difeafes.   Its moft common
and beft form, is that of the powdered leaves, in the dofe at firft
of two or three  grains a day,  which in  fome cafes has been gra-
dually increafed to upwards of two ounces a day, without produc-
ing  giddinefs.  An extraa from the feeds is faid to produce gid-
dinefs  fooner than that  from the leaves.

   CONTRAYERVA.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Dorstenia.

   CONVOLVULUS.
   Willd'. g. 323. Pentandria Monogynia___Nat. ord.Campanacea.

   Sp.  4. Convolvulus Scammonia. Gummi refina. (Ed.)
   Scammonium.  Gummi refina.  (Lond* Dub.)
   Scammony.   The gum refin.
   The  fcammony convolvulus  is a climbing  perennial plant,
 which grows in Syria,  Myfia and Cappadocia.  The roots which
 are very  long and thick, when frefh  contain a milky juice.  To
 obtain this, the earth is removed from the upper part'of the roots,
 and the tops of thefe cut obliquely off.  The  milky juice which
 flows  out, is colleaed in  a fmall veffel,  funk in the earth at the 
 206                  Materia Medica.            [Part II.

 lower end of the cut.  Each root furnifhes only a few drachms,
 but it is colleaed from feveral veffels, and dried in the fun. This
 is the true and unadulterated fcammony.   It  is light, of a dark
 grey color, but becomes of a whitifh yellow when touched with
 the wet finger, is ffiining in its  fraaure, has a  peculiar naufeous
 fmell, and bitter acrid tafte, and forms with water a greenifh mil-
 ky fluid, without any remarkable fediment.   In this ftate ot pu-
 rity it feldom reaches us, but  is commonly mixed with the ex-
 preffed juice of the root, and even  of  the  ftalks and leaves, and
 often with flour, fand or earth.   The beft to be met with in the
 ffiops comes  from Aleppo, in light fpongy maffes, eafily friable,
 of  a ffiining afh color, verging to  black;  when powdered, of a
 light grey or whitifh color.  An inferior  fort is  brought from
 Smyrna in more compaa ponderous pieces, of a darker color,
 and full of fand and other impurities.
   Refin is the principal constituent of fcammony. Sixteen ounc-
 es of good Aleppo fcammony, give eleven  ounces  of refin and
 three and a half of watry extraa.
   Scammony  is an efficacious and ftrong purgative.   Somehave~
 condemned it as unfafe, and laid fundry ill qualities to its charge ;
 the principal ot which is, that its operation is uncertain, a fulldofe
 proving fometimesineffeaual, whilftatothers a much fmalieronc
 occafions dangerous hypercatharfis. This difference however, is
 owing entirely to the different  circumftances of the patient, and
 not to any ill quality, or  irregularity of operation, of  the medi-
 cine; where the inteftines are lined with anexceffive load of mu-
 cus, the fcammony paffes through,  without exerting itfelf upon
 them ; where the natural mucus is  deficient, a fmall dofe of this
 or any other  refinous cathartic, irritates and inflames.   Many
 have endeavored to abate the  force of this drug, and to correct
 its imaginary virulence, by expofing it to the fumes of fulphur,
 diffolving it in acids, and the like ;  but thefe only deftroy a part
 of the medicine, without making any alteration in the reft. Scam- ,
 mony in fubftance, judicioufly managed ftands not in need of any
 corfeaor ; if triturated with fugar  or with almonds, it becomes
 fufficiently fafe and mild in  its operation.  It may likewife be
 conveniently diffolved by trituration, in a ftrong decoaion of li-
 quorice,  and then poured off from the feces.  The common dofe
 of fcammony is from three to twelve grains.

  Sp. 61. Convolvulus Jalap a.   Radix.  (Ed.)
  jfalapium-   Radix.   (Lond.) Jalapa.   Radix.   (Dub.)
  Jalap.  The root.
  Jalap is another climbing perennial fpecies of convolvulus.
 It is an inhabitant of Mexico and Vera Cruz. It is brought to us
in thin tranfverfe flices.whichare covered with a blackiffi wrink-
led bark, and  are of a daik grey color internally  marked with 
 Part II.]            Materia  Medica.                  20?

 darker or blackiffi flripes.  It has a naufeous fmell and tafte, and
 when fwallowed it affeas the throat with a fenfe of heat, and oc-
 cafions a plentiful difcharge ot faliva.  When powd«red it has a
 yellowiffi grey color.
   Such pieces ffiould be chofen as are moft compaa, hard, weitrh-
 ty, dark colored, and abound  moft with black circular ftrise-and
 fhining points ;  the light, whitiffi, friable, worm eaten pieces muft
 be rejeaed.
   Slices of bryony root are faid to be fometimes mixed with thofe
 of jalap ;  thefe may  be eafily diftinguifhed by their whiter color
 and lefs compaa texture.
   Its aaive conftituent  is a refinous fubftance, of which the root
 furnifhes about one tenth of its weight.
   Jalap in fubftance, taken in a dofe of about half a drachm (lefs
 or more, according to the circum (lances of the patient) in pletho-
 ra, or cold phlegmatic habits, proves an effeaual, and in general
 a fafe purgative, performing its office mildly, feldom occafioning
 naufea or gripes, which teo frequently accompany the other ftrong
 cathartics.   In hyphochondriacal diforders, and' hot bilious tem-
 peraments, it gripes  violently, if the jalap be  good; but rarely
 takes due effea as a  purge.   An extraa made by water purges
 almoft univerfally, but weakly ;  and at the fame time has a con-
 fiderable effea by urine; the root  remaining  after this procefs
 gripes violently.   The pure refin, prepared by fpirit of wine, oc-
 cafions moft violent gripings, and other diftreffingfymptoms, but
 fcarce proves at all cathartic  ; triturated with fugar, or with al-
 monds, into the  form of an emulfion, or diffolved in fpirit, and
 mixed with fyrups, it purges  plentifully in a fmall dofe, without
 occafioning much diforder ;  the part of the jalap remaining after
 the feparation  ot the  refin, yields to water  an extraa, which has
 no effea as a cathartic,  but  operates  powerfully by urine.  Its
 offieinal preparations are an extraa made with water and fpirit,
 a fimple tinaure, and a compound powder.

   COPAIFERA OFFICINALIS.  Refina.   (Ed.)
   Balfamum Copaiva. (Lond.) Balfamum Copaiba.  (Dub.)
   Copaiva  tree.   The refin.
   Willd.g. 88o.y£>. x.Decandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord.Dumofa.
   The tree which produces this refin is a native of the Spaniffi
 Weft India iflands, and  of fome  parts of the continent of South
 America.   It grows to a large fize,  and the refinous juice flows
 in confiderable quantities from incifions made in the trunk.
   The juice is clear and tranfparent, of a whitiffi or pale vellow-
ifh color, an agreeable fmell, and a  bitteriffi  pungent taiie.  It
is  ufually about the confiftence of oil or a little thicker ; when
long kept, it becomes nearly as thick as honey, retaining its clear-
 Kefs ; but has not been obferved'to grow dry of folid, as moft of 
208               Materia Medica.             [Part II.

the other  refinous juices do.  The beft refin of copaiva comes
from Brazil ; but we fometimes meet with a thick  fort which is
not at all tranfparent, or much lefs fo than the foregoing, and,
generally has a portion of turbid watery liquor at the bottom.—
This is probably either adulterated by the mixture of other fubftan-
ces, or has been extraaed by decoaion from thebark and branch-
es of  the tree; its fmell and  tafte  are  much  lefs pleafant than
thofe ot the genuine refin.
  Pure refin or copaivadiffolves entirely in alcohol ; the folution
has a very fragrant fmell.  Diftilled with water it yields a large
quantity of a limpid effential oil, but no benzoic acid;  it is there-
fore not a balfam but a combination of  refin and effential oil.
  The refin of copaiva is an ufeful corroborating detergent medi-
cine, accompanied with a degree of irritation.  It ftrengthens the
nervous fyftem, tends to loofen the belly ; in large dofes proves
purgative, promotes urine,  and cleans and heals exulcerations in
the urinary paffages, which it is fuppofed to perform more effec-
tually than any of the other refinous fluids.   Fuller obferves, that
it gives the urine an intenfely bitter taftej  but not a violet fmell
as the turpentines do.
  This refin has been principally  celebrated in  gleets and the
fluor albus, and externally  as a vulnerary.
  The dofe of this medicine rarely exceeds  twenty or thirty dropsy
though fome authors direa fixty or upwards.   It may be conve-
niently taken in the form of an oleofaccharum, or in that of an
emulfion, into  which it may be reduced, by triturating it with al-
monds, with a  thick mucilage of gum Arabic, or with the yolk of
eggs, till they are well incorporated, and then gradually adding i
proper quantity of water.

  CORALLIUM RUBRUM.   (Lond.)  Seelsis.

  CORIANDRUM SATIVUM. Semen.   (Ed.)
  Coriandrum.   Semen.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Coriander.  The feeds.
  Willd.g. 552.fip. 1. Pentandria Digynia—Nat. ord. Umbellatd.
   Coriander is an annual, umbelliferous plant, a native of the
fouth ot Europe, differing from all the others of that clafs in pro-
ducing fpherical feeds.   Thefe, when  frefh,  have a ftrong^difa-
greeable fmell, which improves by drying, and becomes fufficient-
ly grateful; they are recommended as carminative and flora-
achic.

  - CORNU CERVINUM.  (Dub.)   SeeCERVus.

   CORTEX  PERUVIANAS.   (Dub.) See Cinchona. 
frart II. j
Materia Medica.
209
   CRETA.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Carbonas Calcis.

   CROCUS SATIVUS.  Florisfiigmata.  (Ed.)
   Crocus.   Florisfiigma   (Lond.)  Filamenta.   (Dub.)
   Common faffron.  The fummits of the piflils.
   Willd.g. 92.fp. l.Triandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Liliacea.
   Croc u s is a bulbous rooted perennial plant, probably a native
 of the Eaft, although it is  now found wild, in England and other
 temperate countries of Europe.  It is  very generally cultivated
 as an ornament to our gardens, and in fome places for the faffrort
 which is formed of the dried fummits of thepiftil, and not of the
 filaments, as dated by the  Dublin College.  Each flower has one
 piftil, the fummit ot which is deeply  divided into three  flips,
 which are of a  dark orange red color, verging  to white at the
 bafe, and are fmooth and  ffiining.  Their fmell  is pleafant and
 2romatic, but narcotic ; their tafte a fine aromatic bitter, and they
 immediately give a deep yellow color to the faliva when chew-
 ed.   The flowers are gathered early in  the morning, juft before
 they open ;  the fummits of the piflils are picked out, very care-
 fully dried by the heat of a ftove, andcompreffed into firm cakes.
 In this ifland the Englifh faffron  is luperior to what is imported
 from other countries, and may be  diftinguifhed by its blades being
 broader.
   On the Continent they reckon the Au (Irian and the French from
 Gatinois the beft. The Spaniffi is rendered ufelefs, by being dipt
 in oil with  the  intention  of preferving it.   Saffron fhould be
 chofen frefh, not above a year old, in clofe cakes, neither dry,
 nor yet very moift ; tough and firm in tearing ; difficulty pulver-
 izable;  of a fiery orange red color ; of  the fame color within as
 without; of a ftrong, acrid, diffufive fmell ;  and capable of  col-
 oring a very large proportion of water or alcohol.  Saffron which
 does not color the fingers when rubbed  between them  or ftains
 them with oil, has little fmell or tafte, or a mufty or foreign fla-
 vor, is too tender, and has  a whitifh, yellow,  or blackiffi color,
 is bad.  It is faid that it is fometimes adulterated with the fibres
 of fmoked beef, and  with the flowers of  the carthamus tinaorius,
 Calendula officinalis,  &C.  The  impofition may be deteaed by
 the.abfence of the white   ends,  which  may be obferved in the
 real faffron, by the inferior coloring power, and by the want of
 fmell, or bad fmell when thrown on live coals.
  By diftillation with  water,  faffron furnifhes  a fmall propor-
 tion  of effential oil, of a golden yellow color, heavier than water,
 and poffeffing the characteriftic fmell  in an eminent degree.   Its
Other principal  conftituent is extraaive,  and it is the fubftance
 from which Hermbftadt obtained  it  in the ftate of greateft pu- 
$10               Materia Medica.               [Part II,

   On account of the great volatility of the aromatic part of the
faffron, it ffiould be wrapt up in bladder, and preferved in a box
or tin cafe.   Saffron imparts the whole of its virtue and color to
reaified fpirit, proof fpirit, wine,  vinegar and water ; a tincture
drawn with  vinegar, lofes  greatly of its color in  keeping ; the
watry and vinous, tinaures are apt to grow four, and then lofe
their color alfo ; that made in pure  fpirit keeps in perteaion tor
many years.
   Saffron is a very elegant aromatic ; befides the virtues which it
has in common with alt the bodies of that clafs, it has been alleg-
ed that it remarkably exhilarates, raifes the fpirits,  and is deferv-
edly accounted one of  the higheft cordials ;  taken in large dofes,
 it is faid to occafion immoderate mirth, involuntary laughter, and
the ill effeas which  follow from the abufe of fpirituous liquors.
The  medicine is alfo faid to be particularly ferviceable in hyfte-
ric depreffions, or obftruaion  of the uterine  fecretions, where
other aromatics, even thofe of the more generous kind, have lit-
tle effea.  But fome experiments  made by Dr. Alexander ferve
to (hew that it is much lefs powerful  than was once imagined ;
and it was given in the Edinburgh  Infirmary by Dr. Henry Cul-
len, even to the extent of half an ounce a day, in feveral hyfteri-
 cal cafes, without any fenfible effea whatever ;  fo that of late the
eftimation in which it was held as a medicine has been on the de-
 cline.

   CROTON ELEUTHERIA.  Cortex.  (Ed.)  Swart;. Prod.
   Cafcarilla.  Cortex.   (Lond.  Dub.)
   Eleutheria or Cafcarilla.   The bark.
   Monoecea Adelphia.—Nat. ord.  Tricocca.
   This bark, is imported into  Europe from, the Bahama iflandi,
 and particularly from one of them of the name of Eleutheria ;
 from which circumftance it was long known  by the title of Eleu-
 theria.  But Dr. Wright alfo  found the tree on the fea ffiore in
 Jamaica, where it is common, and rifes to about twenty feet.   It
 is the Clutia eleuteria of Linnaeus ; the bark of  whofe Crotqn
 cafcarilla has none of the fenfible qualities of the cafcarilla of the
 (hops.  The cafcarilla is in general brought to us either in curled
 pieces, or rolled up into ffiort quills, about an inch in width, fome-
 what refembling in appearance the Peruvian bark.   It is covered
 on the outiide with a  rough whitiffi matter ; and in the infide;it
 is ot a brownifh caft.   When broken it exhibits a frnootb, clofe,
 dark brown furface.
    This bark, when freed from the outer whitiffi coat.which is in-
 fipid and inodorous, has a light agreeable fmell, and a moderate-
 ly bitter tafte, accompanied with a confiderable aromatic warmth.
 Jt is eafily  inflammable, and yields, when burning, a very tra- 
Part. II.]
Materia Medica.
211
grant fmell,  refembling that of  mufk ;  a property which diftin-
guiffies the cafcarilla from all other barks.
   Its aaive conftituents are aromatic effential oil and bitter ex-
traaive.
   Its virtues  are partially extraaed by water, and totally by rec-
tified fpirit;  but it is moft .effectual when given in fubftance.
   It produces a fenfe of heat, and excites the aaion of the ftomach ;
and it is therefore a good and pleafant llomachic, and may be em-
ployed with advantage in flatulent colics, internal hasmorrhagies,
dyfenteries, diarrhceas, and fimilar diforders.
   As the effential oil is diffipated in making  the extraa, this pre-
paration aas  as fimple bitter.   It was  much  employed by the
Stahliaiisin intermittent fever, from their fear of ufnig Cinchona
bark, to which, however, it is much  inferior in efficacy.

   CUBEBA.  (Lond.)   See Piper.

   CUCUMIS AGRESTIS.  (Lond. Dub.) See Momordica.

   CUCUMIS COLOCYNTHIS.   Fruclus, corticefeminibufi
<tue abjetlis.   (Ed.)
   Colocynthis.   Fruclus  medulla.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Coloquintida or bitter apple.  The medullary part of the fruit,
   Monoecia.  Syngenefia.—Nat. ord. Cucurbitacea.
   This is an annual plant of the gourd kind, growing in Turkey.
The fruit is about the fize of an orange ;  its medullary  part,  freed
from the rind and feeds, is ajone made ufe of  in  medicine ; this is
very light, white, fpongy, compofed of membranous leaves,  of an
extremely bitter, naufeous, acrimonious  tafte.
   It is not yet known on what chemical principle its aaivity de-
pends ; but its virtues are more completely extraaed by water than
by alcohol.
   Colocynth is one of the moft powerful and moft violent cathar-
tics. Many eminent phyficians condemn it as dangerous, and even
deleterious ;  others recommend it not only as an efficacious pur-
gative, but likewife as  an alterative in obftinate chronical difor-
ders.  This  much is certain, that colocynth, in the dofe  of a few
grains,  acts with great vehemence, diforders the body, and fome-
times occafions a difcharge of blood.   Many attempts have been
made to correa its virulence by  the  addition of acids,  afltingents
and the like  ; thefe may leffen the force of the colocynth, but no
 otherwife than might be equally done by a reduction of the dole.
 The beft method of abating its virulence, without diminishing iis
purgative virtue, feems to  be  by triturating it with gummy fari-
 naceous fubftances, or the oily feeds, which, without making any
 alteration in the colocynth itfelf, prevents   its  refinous particles
 from cohering, and (licking upon the inteflines, fo as to irritate,
                     G3-2 
212                 Materia Medica.           [Part II.

inflame, or corrode them. It is an ingredient in fome of the pttr-
gative pills, and the cathartic extraas of the (hops.

  CUMINUM CYMINUM.
  Cuminum.   Semen.   (Lond.)
  Cummin.  The feeds.
  Willd. g. 547. fp. 1. Pentandria  Monogynia—Nat. ord. Um-
bel lata.
  The cummin is an annual umbelliferous plant, in appearance
refembling fennel, but much fmaller.   It is a  native of Egypt ;
but the feeds ufed in Britain are brought chiefly from Sicily and
Malta.  Cummin feeds have a bitteriffi, warm tafte, accompanied
with an aromatic ffavor,  not of the moft  agreeable  kind.   An
effential oil is obtained from  them by diftillation,  in which their
aaivity is concentrated and  they  are not unfrequentty ufed ex*
rernally, giving name both to a plafter and cataplafm.

  CUPRUM.  (Lond. Dub. Ed.)
  Copper.
  Copper is found in many countries,
    a.  In its metallic ftate :
        1. Cryftallized.
        2. Alloyed with arfenic and iron*
        3. Sulphuretted.
    b.  Oxidized  :
        4. Uncombined,
        5. Combined  with carbonic acid.
        6. ■       ------- fulphuric acid.
        7.--------------arfenic acid.
  The general properties of copper have been already (158.) enu-
merated.
  Copper has a more perceptible fmell and tafte than almoft any
other metal.  Its  effeas when taken into the ftomach are highly
deleterious, and often fatal.  It particularly affeas the primae viae,
exciting exceffivenaufea, vomiting, colic pains, and purging, fome-
times of blood, or, though more rarely, obftinate conftipation. It
alfo produces agitation ot the mind, head ach, vertigo, delirium ;
renders the puife fmall and weak, the countenance pale, and caufes
fainting, convulfions.paralyfis, and apoplexy.  When any of thefe
fymptoms occur, we muft  endeavor to obviate the aaion of the
poifon by large andcopious draughts ot oily and mucilaginous li-
quors, or to deftroy its virulence  by folutions of potafs, or fui-
phuret ot potafs.
  Poifoning from copper is moft  commonly the effea of igno-
rance, accident, or carelefsnefs ; and too many examples are met
with of fatal  confequences enfuing upon eating food which had 
  Part II.]             Materia  Medica,                213

  been dreffed in copper veffels not well cleaned from the ruft which
  they had contraaed by lying  in the air;  or  pickles,  to which a
  beautiful green color had been  given, according to the murder-
  ous  direaions of the moft popular  cookery books, by boiling
  them with halfpence, or  allowing them to ftand in a brafs pan un-
  til a fufficient quantity of verdegris was formed.
    Great care ought to be taken that acid liquors, or even water,
  defigned for internal ufe, be not fuffered  to ftand long in veffels
  made of copper ; otherwife they will diffolve fo much of the met-
  al as  will give them dangerous  properties.  But the radical pre-
  ventive of thefe accidents is to  baniffi copper utenfils from the
  kitchen and laboratory.  The prefence of copper in any fufpeaed
  liquor is eafily  deteaed  by inferting into it  a piece of poliffied
  fteel, which will foon be  coated with copper,  or by dropping into
  u fome carbonate of ammonia,  which will produce a beautiful
 blue color if any copper be prefent.
   But although copper be thus dangerous, fome preparations of it
 are in certain  cafes ufed with great advantage both externally and
 internally.
   The chief of thefe are,
        l. The fubacetite of copper.
        S. The fulphate of copper.
        3. The fubfulpbate ot copper and ammonia.
        4. The muriate of copper and ammonia.
        5. A folution of the fulphate of  copper, and fuper ftil-
         phate of alumina in fulphuric acid ,
   As the two  firft of thefe are never prepared by the apothecary
 but bought by him  from the manufacturer, they are inferted, in
 the lift  of Materia Medica.

   Sub  Acetis Cupri.  {Ed.)
   AZSrgo.   (Lond.  Dub.)
   Sub acetite of Copper.   Verdegris.
  The preparation of this fubftance was almoft confined to Mont-
pelier in France, owing chiefly to an excellent regulation which
exifted, that no verdegris  fhould be fold until it had  been exam-
ined and found of fufficiently good quality.   For fince that regu-
lation has been aboliffied, Chaptal informs us, that fo many abufes
have crept into the  manufaaure, that the Montpelier verdegris
has loft its decidedfuperiority of charaaer. It is prepared by Gra-
tifying copperplates  with the hufks and (talks of the grape, which
have been made to ferment  after the wine has been expreffed from
them.   In  from ten to twenty  days,  when  the  hufks  become
white, the plates of copper  are taken out, and their furfaces are
found to be covered with detached and filky cryftals.   They are
                    <rT3 
   214               Materia Medica.                Part II. J

   now placed on edge, with their furfaces  in  contaa, in the corner
   of a cellar, and alternately dipt in water, and replaced to dry eve-
/  ry feven or  eight days, for fix or eight times.   By  this manage-
   ment, the plates fwell, and are every  where covered with a coat
   of verdegris, which is eafily feparated with  a knife.   In this ftate
   it is only, a pafte and is fold  by the manufafcturers to commif-
   fioners, who beat it well with wooden mallets, and  pack it up in
   bacrsof white leather, a foot high and ten inches wide, in which it
   is dried by expofing it to the air and fun, until the loaf of verde-
   gris cannot  be pierced with the point of  a knife.
      Sub acetite of copper ffiould be of a blueiffi green color., dry and
   difficult to break, and ffiould neither deliquefce, have a fait tafte,
   contain anv  black or white fpots, nor be adulterated with earth or
   gypfum.  Its purity mav  be tried by diluted fulphuric acid, in t
   which the fub acetite diffolves  entirely, and  the  impurities re-
   main behind.
      W'^-jvis, as it comes to us,  is generally mingled with (talks
   of the grape ; they may be feparated in  pulverization, by difcon-
   tinuin^the operanon as foon as v/hat remains  feems to be almoft
   entirely compofed of them.
      Verdegris is never or  rarely  ufed  internally.   Some writers
   high!v extol it as an  emetic, and  fay that  a  grain  or two aa as
   foon as received into the ftomach ; but its ufe has been too often
   followed by dangerous confequences to«allow of its  employment.
   Verdegris applied externally, proves a gentle detergent and ef-
   charotic, and is employed to deftroy callous edges or fungous flefh
   in  wounds.   It is alfo advantageoufly applied to fcorbutic ulcers
   of the mouth, tongue, or fauces, and deferves to be carefully tried
   in cancerous fores.   With thefe intentions it  is an  ingredient in
   different officinal compofitions.

      Sulphas Copri.  (Ed.)
      Cuprum vitnolatum. (Dub.)  Vitriolum  caruleum. (Lond.)
      Sub hate  of copper.  Blue vitriol.
      This metallic fait is  rarely  formed by combining direaiy its
   component  parts; but it is obtained, either by evaporating mine-
   ral waters which contain it, or by  acidifying native fulphuretted
   copper, by expofing it  to  the  aaion of air and moifture, or by
   burning its fulphur.
      When pure it has a deep blue color, and is  cryftallized gener-
   ally in  long rhomboids.  It efflorefces flightly in the air, is folu-
   ble in four parts ot water at 6o°, and in two  at 2120, and is in-
   foluble in alcohol.   By heat it lofes, firft its water of cryftalliza-
   tion, and  afterwards  all its  acid.  It is  decompofed by the alka-
   lies and earths, and fome of the metals, the alkaline carbonates,
   borates and  phofphates, and fome metallic  falts. 
Tart II.]             Materia Medica.                 $l£

   It is compofed of,
     Copper,   24 ^|
     O^vgen,   8  >  4a hydro oxide of copper,
     Water,    to J
                      33 fulphuric acid.
                      25 water of cryftallization.

                      100
   The fulphate of copper has a ftrong, ftyptic, metallic tafte, and
 is chieflv' uf.d externally as  an efcharotic  for deftroying warts,
 callous edges, and fungous excrefcences, as a ftimulant applica-
 tion to ill conditioned ulcers, and as  a ftyptic to bleeding furfaces.
 Taken internally, it operates, in very fmall  dofes, as a very pow-
 erful emetic. It has, however, been  exhibited in incipient phthif-
 is pulmonalis, intermittent fever, and epilepfy ; but its ufe is not
 free from danger.

   CURCUMA LONGA.
   Curcuma.   Radix.  (Lond.)
 -*• Turmeric.   The root.
   Willd.g. 1 i.fp.i.Monandria Monogynia.  Nat. ord. Scitaminea.
   Turmeric  is a perennial plant, a native of the Eaft Indies. The
 roots are tuberous, knotty and long,  wrinkled,  externally of a
 pale yellow color, and internally of a ffiining faffron brown. They
 have a weak aromatic fmell, and a  flightly bitter aromatic tafte.
 They contain a very little effential oil, but their chief conftituent
 may be extraaed by water, and is an aromatic bitter.
   Turmeric, when taken internally, tinges the urine of a deep
 yellow color, and aas as a  gentle  ftimulant.   It has been cele-
 brated in difeafes ot the liver, jaundice, cachexy, dropfy,  inter-
 mittent fevers, &c.  But its internal ufe in  this country is almoft
 confined to its being a principal ingredient  in the compofition of
 curry powder,  in which form it is ufed in immenfe quantities in
 the  Eaft Indies.   It is alfo a valuable  dye fluff, and an excellent
 chemical teft of the prefence of uncombined alkalies ; for the yel-i
 low color of turmeric is changed by them to a reddiffi brown.

   CYDONIA  MALUS.   (Lond.)  See Pyrus.

   CYNARA  SCOLYMUS.
   Cinara.  Folium.  (Lond.)  Cinara Scolymuf.  Folia.  (Ed.)
 Cinara Hortenfis.  Folia.   (Dub.)
   Artichoke.  The leaves.
   Syngenefia Polygamia  aqualis.—Nat. ord. Compofita capitata.
   The artichoke is a perennial plant,  indigenous in the fouth of
 Europe, but  very frequently cultivated, in  our gardens for culi-
 flary purpofes.
                   £T4 
216                 Materia Medica.            [Part II,

  The leaves are bitter, and  afford by expreffion a confiderable
quantity of juice, which is  faid to be diuretic, and to have been
fuccefsfully ufed in dropfy.

   CYNOSBATUS.  (Lond.)  See Rosa Canina.

   DAPHNE MEZEREUM.  Radicis Cortex.   (Ed.)
   Mezereum. Radicis Cortex. (Lond.)   Mezereon. Radix,Cor-
 Ux.  (Dub.)
   Mezeieon, or (purge laurel.  The bark of the root.
   Willd.g. jy%.fp. i. Oclandria Monogynia.  Nat. ord. Vepreculx.
   Mezereon is a ft rub which grows in woody fituations in the
northern parts of Europe, and is admitted into our gardens from
its flowering in winter. The bark which is taken from the trunk,
larger branches, and root, is thin, ftriped reddifh, commonly cov-
ered with a  brown cuticle,  has no fmell,  and  when chewad ex-
cites an infupportable fenfation of burning in the mouth and throat.
When applied to the fkin in  its recent ftate, or infufed in vine-
gar, it raifes blifters.
   The root was long ufed in the Lifbon  diet drink, for venereal
complaints, particularly nodes  and other fymptoms refifting the
ufe of mercury.   The bark  of the root contains moft acrimony,
though fome prefer the woody part. Mezereon has alfo been ufed
with  good effeas in tumors  and cutaneous  eruptions not vene-
real.
   Dr. Cullen fays that it aas upon the urine, fometimes giving it
a filamentous appearance, and upon the perfpiration, without di-
 miniffiing the ftrength remarkably ; and  that in irritable habits
 it quickens the pujfe, and increafes the heat of the whole body.
 But Mr. Pearfon of the Lock Hofpital fays, that excepting a cafe
 or two of lepra, in which a decoaion of this plant conferred tem-
 porary benefit, he very feldom found it poffeffed ot medicinal vir-
 tues, either in fyphilis, or in the fequelae of that difeafe.  In fcro-
 fula,  or in cutaneous affeaions, it is employed chiefly under the
 form of decoaion;  and it enters the decoftum farfapatillae com-
 pofitum of the London College ; but it has alfo been ufed in pow-
der, combined with fome inaaive one, as that of liquorice root.
 It is  apt to  occafion vomiting and purging ;  fo  muft be begun in
 grain dofes, and gradually increafed.   It is often  combined with
 mercury.
   The ferries are ftill more acrid than the bark,  and they have
 even been known to  produce fatal effeas  on children, who have
 been tempted by  their beauty  to eat them.  It is faid that they
 are fometimes infufed in  vinegar, to make it more pungent, and
 appear ftronger. 
fart II.]            Materia  Medica.                 217

   DATURA STRAMONIUM.  Herba.   (Ed.)
   Stramonium officinale.
   Thorn apple.   The plant.
   Willd.g. 377.fp. 2.Pentandria Monogynia. Nat.oxd.Sofanacea.
   The thorn apple is an annual plant, a native of America, but
 now growing wild on dry hills and uncultivated places in England
 and oiher parts of  Europe.  The leaves are  dark green, feffile,
 targe, egg ffiaped, pointed, angular, and deeply indented, of a dif-
 agreeable fmell and naufeous tafte.   Every part of the plant is a
 ftrong narcotic poifon, producing vertigo, torpor, death. The beft
 antidote to its effeas is faid to be  vinegar.
   Dr. Stbrk firft tried it  as  a remedy in mania and melancholy
 with confiderable fuccefs.  Severalcafes of the fame difeafes were
 alfo cured or relieved by it, under the diieaion of different Swe-
 diffi phyficians ;  and although in  other experiments it frequently
 failed, we think that it deferves the attention of praaitioners, and
 well merits a trial, in affeaions often incurable by other means.
   Befides maniacal cafes, the ftramoniu'm has been alfo employed,
 and fometimes with advantage, in convulfive and epileptic affec-
 tions.  It is not  only taken internally, but has alfo been ufed ex-
 ternally.   An ointment prepared from the leaves of the ftramo-
 nium has been faid to giveeafe in external inflammations and hae-
 morrhoids.
   The infpiffated juice of the leaves has been commonly ufed, but
 its exhibition requires the greateft caution.    At firft one fourth
 of a grain is a fufficient dofe.
   The powder of the leaves or feeds promifes to furnifh a  more
 certain or convenient formula than the infpiffated juice.

   DAUCUS CAROTA.  Semen.  (Ed.).^
   Daucusfylvefiris.  Semen.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Wild Carrot.   The feed.
   Willd.g.530. fp. 1.Pentandria Digynia.—Nat. ord. Umbellattt.
   This is a biennial plant, which grows wild in Britain, and is
 cultivated in great quantities as an  article of food.  The  feeds,
 efpecially of the wild variety, have a moderately warm pungent
 tafte, and an agreeable  aromatic  fmell.   They are,carminative,
 and are faid to be diuretic. The rotks efpecially of the cultivated
 yariety, contain  much mucilaginous  and faccharine matter, and
 are therefore highly nutritious and emollient.  When beaten to a
 pulp, they form  an  excellent application to carcinomatous and
 ill conditioned ulcers, allaying the pain, checking the fuppuration
 and fetid fmell, and foftening the callous edges.

    DELPHINIUM  STAPHISAGRIA,
    Staphifagria.   Semen.  (Lond. Dub.}
    Staveiacr.e.  The  feed. 
213              Materia Medica.               £Part. th

   Willd.g. 1061.fip.  13. Polyandria Trigynid.—Nat. ord. MuL
tifiliqua.
   S tavesacre. is a  biennial plant, a native of the fouth of Eu-
rope.  The feeds  are ufually  brought from  Italy.  They are
large and rough, of an irregular triangular  figure, of a  b'ackifh
cole»r on the outfide, and yellowifh or whitiffi within ; they have
a difarrreeable fmell, and a very naufeous, bitteriffi, burning tafte.
Stavefacre  was employed  by the  ancients as a cathartic ; but it
operates with fo much violence, both  upwards and downwards,
that its internal ufe has been, among the generality of praaition-
ers, for fome time  laid afide.  It is chiefly employed in  external
applications for fome  kinds ot cutaneous eruptions,  and for de-
ftroying lice and  other  infeas; infomuch,  from  this  virtue it
had received its name, in different languages.

   DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS;  Flares.  (Ed.)
   Caryophillum rubrum.   Flos.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Clove Gilly flowers.   The flowers.
   Willd.g. Sg^.fp. 9. Decandria Digynia. Nat. ord. Caryopkilleai
   This fpecies of dianthus is a native of Italy, and is perennial.
By cultivation, its varieties have increafed to a very great num-
ber, and they form one of the greateft ornaments of our gardens.
Moft of thefe are termed  Carnations, but the  variety which is »f-
ficinal furpaffes all the others in the  richnefs of its  fmell, and is
alfo diftinguifhed by its color* being of an uniform deep crimfon.
Their only ufe in pharmacy  is to give a pleafant flavor and beau-
tiful color to an officinal fyrup.

   DIGITALIS PURPUREA.  Folia.   (Ed.)
   Digitalis. , Folium.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Foxglove.  The leaves.
   Willd. g. n55.  fp.  i. Didynamia Angiofpermia.—Nat. ord.
Solanacea.
   This is  an indigenous biennial plant, very common on hedge-
banks, ancrfides of hills, in dry, gravelly, or fandy  foils, and the
beauty of its appearance has gained it a place in our gardens and
fhrubberies.  The  leaves^are large, oblong, egg ffiaped, foft, cov-
ered with hairs, and ferrated.  They have a bitter, very naufeous
tafte, with fome acrimony.
   Its effeas when fwallowed are,
       1. To diminifh the frequency of the pulfe.
      2. To diminifh the irritability o   the  fyftem
       3-- To increafe the aaion of the abforbents.
      4. To increafe the difcharge by urine.
   In exceffive dofes, it produces vomiting, purging, dimnefs of
fight,,vertigo, dilirium,  hiccough, convulfions,  collapfe, death.
For thefe fymptoms the beft remedies are cordials and ftimulants. 
Part II.]
Materia  Medica.
21g
  Internally,digitalis has been recommended,
    I.  In inflammatory  difeafes, from its very remarkablepow*
      erof diminifhing  the velocity of the circulation.
    2.  In aaive haemorrhagies, in phthifis.
    3.  In fome fpafmodic affeaions,  as  in fpafmodic  afthma,
       palpitation, &c.
    4.  In mania from effufion on the brain.
    5.  In anafarcous and dropfical effufions.
    6.  In fcorfulous tumors.
    7.  In aneurifm of the  aorta, we  have feen it alleviate the
       the moft diftreffing fymptoms.
  Externally it has been applied to fcrofulous tumors.
  It may be exhibited,
  1. In fubftance, either by itfelf, or conjoined with fome aro-
matic, or made into pills with foap or gum ammoniac.   Wither-
ing direas the leaves to be gathered after the flowering ftem has
(hot up, and  about the time  when the bloffoms are coming forth.
He rejeas the leaf ftalk,  and middle rib of the leaves, and dries
the remaining part either in  funffiine or before the fire.   In this
ftate they are eafily reduced  to a beautiful green powder, of which
we may give at firft one grain twice a day, and gradually increafe
the dofe until it aa upon the kidneys, ftomach, pulfe and bowels,
when its ufe muft be laid afide or fufpended.
  2. In infufion. The fame author direas a drachm of the dried
leaves to be infufed for four hours in eight ounces of boiling wa-
ter, and that there be added to the drained liquor an ounce of any
fpirituous water,  for its prefervation. Halt an ounce or an ounce
of this  infufion may be given twice a day.
  3. In decoaion.  Darwin direas that four ounces of the frefh
leaves be boiled from two  pounds of water to one, and half an
ounce of the drained decoaion  be  taken every two hours, for
four or more dofes.
  4. In tinaure.  Put one ounce of the dried leaves coarfely pow-
dered into four ounces of diluted alcohol;  let the mixture ftand
by  the fire fide twenty four  hours, frequently fhaking the bottle;
and the faturated  tincture, as Darwin calls it, muft then be fepar-
ated from the refiduum by draining or decantation.  Twenty drops
of this tinaure may be taken twice or thrice a day.  The Edin-
burgh College ufe eight  ounces of  diluted alcohol to one of the
powder, but let it digeft feven days.
   5.   The expreffed juice and extraa are not proper forms of ex-
hibiting this very aaive remedy.
   When the digitalis is  difpofed to excite loofenefs, opium may
be  advantageoufly conjoined with it ; and when the bowels are
tardy, jalap may be given at the fame time,  without interfering
with its diuretic effects.   During its operation in this way, the pa-
tient fhould drink very freely. 
220                Materia  Medica.             [P^t II.

  DOLICHOS PRURIENS.  Pokes leguminis rigida. (Ed.)
  Dolichos.  Seta leguminum-   (DuM.)
  Cow itch.  The ftiff hairs which cover the pods.
  Diadelphia Decandria.—Nat. ord.  Papilionacea.
  The dolichos is^a climbing plant growing in great abundance
in warm climates, particularly in the  Weft Indies. The pods are
about four inches long, round, and  as thick as a man's finger.
Theoutfide of the pods is thickly befet with ftiff brown hairs,
which, when applied to tbe fkin, occafion a moft intolerable itch-
ing. The ripe pods are dipped in fyrup, which  is  again fcraped
off with the knife. When the fyrup is rendered by the hairs as
thick as honey it is fit for ufe. It a&s mechanically as an anthelmin-
tic, occafions no uneafinefs in the primae viae, which are defend-
ed by mucus, and may be fafely taken from a tea fpoonful tq
a table fpoonful in the morning failing.  The worms  are faid tQ
appear with the fecond or third dofe  ; and b.y means of a purge
in fome cafes the (lolls have confided entirely of worms.

  DORSTENIA CONTRAJERVA.  Radix.   (Ed.)
  Contrayerva.   Radix.   (Dub. Lond.)
  Contrayerva.   The root.
  Willd.g. 244. fp: 5. Tetrandia Monogynia. Nat.ord. Scabrida..
  This plant is perennial, and grows in  South  America,  and
fome of the Caribbean iflands.
  The root is knotty, an inch or two long, and about half an inch
thick, of a reddifh brown color externally, and pale within, long,
rough, flender fibres (hoot out from all fides of it ^ and are gene-
rally loaded with fmall round  knots. It has a peculiar kind of
aromatic fmell, and a fomewhat  aftringent, warm, bitteriffi tafte,
with a light and  fweetifh kind ot acrimony, when long chewed ;
the fibres have little tafte or fmell; the tuberous part, therefore,
ffiould be alone  chofen.
  This root contains  fo much  mucilage, that a decoaion of it
will not pafs through the  filter.   Alcohcvl does not extraft half
as much as water, but the fenfible qualities of the alcoholic ex-
traa are ftronger.  Neither of  them are blackened by fulphate
of iron.
   Contrayerva is a gentle ftimulant and diaphoretic, and is  fome?
times given in exanthematous difeafes, typhus, and dyfentery. Its
dofe is about half a drachm.

   DULCAMARA.   (Dub.)   SeeSoLANUM.

   ELEMI.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Amyris.

   ENULA CAMPANA.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Inula. 
Part II.]            Materia Medicd.                121

  ERYNGIUM MARITIMUM.
  Eryngium.  Radix.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Eryngo.  The root.
  Willd.g.518. fp. 6. Pentandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Uni*
iellata
  This plant grows plentifully on fome of our fandy and grav-
elly ffiores ; the  roots are  flender, and very long;  of a pleafant
fweetifh tafte, which, on chewing them for fome time, is follow-
ed by a light degree of aromatic warmth and acrimony. They are
accounted aperient aud diuretic, and have alfo been celebrated as
aphrodifiac ;  their virtues, however are too weak to admit them
under the head of medicines.

  EUGENIA  CARYOPHYLLATA.
  Caryopkyllus Aromaticus.   Floris germen, et oleum eftts vola-
tile. (Ed.) Caryophylla aromatica,tt oleum eorundem effentiale.
(Dub.) Caryopkyllus aromatica. Pericarpium, immaturumet oleum
ejus effentiale. (Lond.)
  The clove tree.  The flower bud and its effential oil.
  Willd. g. 072. fp. 24. Icofandria Monogynia.-—Nat. ord. Hefi
perideee.
  This is a beautiful tall tree, a native  of the Molucca Iflands.
The Dutch from the defireof monopolizingthe valuable fpice pro-
duced  by  it, deftroyed all the trees except in Amboyna where it.
is carefully cultivated.  But their fcheme has been fruftrated, and
the clove  is now thriving in the Ifle of France and  other pfaces.
Every part of this tree is highly aromatic, but efpecially the Jeat-
ftalk.  Cloves are the flower buds, which are gathered in Oaober
and November, before they  open,  and  when they are ftill green,
and which are expofed to fmoke tor fomfe days, and then dried in
the fun.
  Cloves  have fomewhat the form  of a nail, confifting of a globu-
lar head, formed of the four petals  of the corolla, and four leaves
of the calyx not yet expanded; but  this part  is often wanting,
being eafily broken off; and a germen fituated below,  neatly?
round, but fomewhat narrower towards the bottom  ; fcarcely ai*
inch in length, and covered with another  thicker calyx, divided
above into four parts.  Their color fhould be of a deep brown,
their fmell ftrong, peculiar,  and grateful ; their tafte acrid, aro-
matic, and permanent.   The beft cloves  are  alfo large, heavy,
brittle, and when preffed with the nail, exude a little oil.  When
light,  foft, wrinkled, dirty, pale, and without fmell or tafte, they
are to be rejeaed.
  The Dutch, from whom we have this fpice, frequently mix it
with cloves from which the oil has been diftilled. Thefe, though
hi time they regain  from the  others a confiderable  ffiare both of v< 
222                Materia Mediea.            [Part II.

tafte and fmell, are eafily  didinguiffiable by their weaker flavor
and lighter color.
  The charaaeriftic  conftituents  of cloves are an effential oil,
and a refinous matter, in which their acrimony principally refides.
  Cloves, confidered as medicines, are very hot ftimulating aro-
matics, and poffefs in  an  eminent  degree the general virtues of
fubftances of this clafs.
  The effential oil of cloves is obtained by  diftillation.  It has a
ftraw color, is tranfparent,  and finks in  water.   It  is alfo got
from the Dutch,  who  coramonjy  adulterate  it with tinaure of
cloves, which gives it a brown color, and renders its tafte  more
pungent and acrid,"'

  FERRUM,
  Iron is the moft common of all metals.   It feems even  to be
a conftituent of organic  fubftances,  and is  the only metal which
when taken into the body, exerts  no deleterous aaion upon it.
The numerous ores of it  which are  found in every part  of the
glebe, may be reduced to the following genera.
  \. Native iron.   Immenfe ifolated maffes of this  have been
found in Siberia and in South America.  Their origin is ftill per-
feaiy problematical.
  2. Carburetted iron.  Plumbago.
  3  Sulphuretted iron.   Pyrites.
  4. Oxidizedt'iro».
     a.  Lefs oxidized.  , Magnetic iron ore ; color black or grey.
     b.  More oxidized.  Not magnetic ;  color red or brown.
     c.  Carbonated.
    V.  Arfeniated.
     e. 'Tungftated.
  The properties of iron, when obtained from any of thefe ores by
the ufual proceffes of-fufion, &c. have been already (ijo,.) defcrib-
ed. As its mechanical divifion is extremely  difficult, it  is direaed
to be kept in the (hops in the ftateof filings or wire, and the fcales
of black oxide, which  are  found around the fmith's anvil. Soft
malleable iron is the only  kind fit  tor internal ufe, as fteel and
caft iron always  contain impurities and often arfenic.
  The general virtues of,  this metal,  and the feveral preparations
of it, are, to conftringe the  fibres, to quicken the circulation, to
promote the deficient fecretions in the remoter parts, and at the
fame time to reprefs inordinate difcharges into the inteftinal tube.
After the ufe of them, if they take effea, the pulfe is very fen-
fibly raifed ;  and 4he color of the face, though before  pale, chan-
ges to a florid red ;  the alvine, urinary, and cuticular  excretions,
are increafed.   Fetid eruaations, and the faeces voided ofa black
•olor, are marks; pf their taking due effea. 
Part II.]
Materia  Medica.
<m
  When given improperly or to excefs, iron produces headach,
anxiety, heats the body,  and often caufes haemorrhagies, or even
vomiting, pains  in  the  ftomach, and fpafms and pains of the
bowels.
  Iron is given in moft cafes of  debility and relaxation,

     l. In paffive haemorrhagies,
     %. In dyfpepfia, hyfteria,  and chlorofis.
     3. In moft of the cachexiae.
     4. In general debility  produced  by difeafe, or exceffive hae-
       morrhage.
  Where either  a preternatural difcharge) or fuppreffion of nat-
ural fecretions, proceed from a langour  and fluggiffinefs of the
fluids, and  weaknefs of the folids ;  this  metal, by increafing the
motion of the former, and the  ftrength of the latter, will fupprefs
the flux, or  remove the fuppreffion ;   but where the circulation is
already too  quick, the folids too tenfe and  rigid, where there is
any ftriaure or  fpafmodic contraaion of the  veffels; iron and
all  the preparations of it, will  aggravate both diftempers.   .*
     Iron is prefcribed                                    ♦
     1. In its metallic ftate.  Limatura ferri.
     II. Oxidized.
       a. Lefs oxidized.   Squama ferri.  Ferri oxidum nigrum.
          1. Combined with excefs of carbonic acid as in the cha-
            lybeate mineral waters.
          2.----------------fulphuric acid.  Sulphas ferri.
          3.----------------tartrite of  potafs.  Tartris ferri et
            potaffa.
       k. More oxidized.   Ferri oxidum rubrum.
          1. Combined with carbonic acid. Carbonasferri ruber.
          2.---------------—muriatic acid. Murias ferri fer-
            rugineus.                                     v
          3. ----------=--------muriate  of  ammonia.   Murias
            ammonia et ferri.

   Ferrum (Lond.)  Ferri limatura. (Ed.) Ferrum  in fit a
 iedutlum.  (Dub.)
   Iron.   Iron filings.   Iron wire.
   Iron probably has no aaion on the body when taken into the
 ftomach, unlefs it be oxidized.  But during its oxidizement, hy-
 drogen  gas is evolved;  and accordingly we find that fetid eruc-
 tations are confidered as a proof of the medicine having taken ef-
 fea.  It can only  be exhibited internally in the ftate  of  filings,
 which may be given in  dofes of from five to twenty grains, either
 in  the form of powder, with fome aromatic,  or made into anelecr
 tuary or bolus or pills with any bitter extraa.   Iron  wire is to
 be preferred for pharmaceutical preparations,  bdth^becaufe it  is


                                            ■ 'a 
224                 Materia  Medica.           [Part IL

the moft convenient form, and becaufe it  is always made of the
pureft iron.

   Ferri Oxidum Nigrum.
   Ferri fquama.   (Ed.)
   The fcales \>f iron.
   When iron is heated to rednefs in the fmith's forge, to render
it  more malleable, its furface becomes oxidized by the aaion of
tlW atmofpheric air ; and  as the oxide formed does not adhere to
the iron, it is eafily feparated by percuflion on the anvil, and flies
off in the ftate of fparks,  which on cooling, conftitute the fcales
of iron.  In thefe the iron is oxilfczed to that degree in which it
is foluble in acids, without the produaion of hydrogen gas ; there-
fore when taken in the ftomach, they do not produce the diften-
tion  and flatulence  oceafioned by the ufe of the filings.

,   Sulpha Ferri.   ,
   Ferrum vitridlatum.   (Dub.).,-
  .Sulphate of iron!  Greeflcvitriol.   Copperas.
'♦The fulphate of 'iron of commerce is commonly obtained by
the*fpontaneous oxidizement of fulphuretted iron, and fubfequent
ijixiviafion and cryftallization.  It is never .pure, and often con-
tains zinc or copper.  The copper  may be feparated by adding
fome metallic iron  to the  folution, but we have no means of  fepa-
rating the zinc ; therefore we muft prepare it by diffolving iron in
diluted fulphuric acid, in order to obtain it in a ftate of purity. Its
cryftals are tranfparent rhomboidal prifms, of a fine green color.
They are foluble in two parts of cold, and in lefs than their own
weight of boiling water.  They are infoluble in alcohol.
   They are compofed of
   Black oxide of iron,   s81   />r>     t. j     -j  r-
 .  Water of compofition,  8 j> 3<$ Green hydro oxide of iron.

                      .  26 Sulphuric acid.
                        38 Water of cryftallization.

                        100
   Green fulphate of iron  is decompofed by all the earths and al-
kalies, and  by thofe  falts whofe bafe forms an infoluble  com-
pound with fulphuric acid.  11 is alfo decompofed by expofure to
the air, efpecially when in folution, and by all fubftances which
part readily with their oxigen.   The oxide of iron abforbs  oxy-
gen, and paffes to  the ftate of red oxide, which forlns a red ful-
phate, poueffing properties very different from thofe of the green
fulphate.
  Taken into the ftomach, the green fulphate is apt to excite pain
in tht ftomach, and fpafms in the bowels, and in large dofes it
.? 
Part II.]
Materia Medica.
S£5
caufes vomiting.   In fmall dofes, however, of from one tp three
grains, it is fometimes given as a tonic, aftringent, or anthelmintic.

   FERULA  ASSA FOETIDA.  Gummi refina.  (Ed.)
   A fa fcetida.   Gummi refina.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Affa tcetida.  A gum refin.
   Willd.g. ,539.fp. u.—Pentandria Digynia.—Nat. ord. Urn-
be Hat a.
   The plant which furnifhes affa fcetida is perennial, and a native
6f Perfia.   It  has, however, borne fertile feeds in the open air in
the Botannical Garden of Edinburgh.  The gum refin is procured
from the roots of plants which are at leaft tour years old.  When
the leaves begin to decay, the ftalk  is twitted off, and the earth
removed from about their large tapering roots.   The top of the
root is fometimes afterwards cut off tranfverfely ;  and fortyeight
hours afterwards the juice, Which has exuded, is fcraped off, and
a fecond tranfverfe feaion is  made.  This operation  is repeated
until the root be entirely exhaufted of juice.   After being fcrap-
ed off, the juice is expofed to the  fun to  harden.
   It is. brought to us in  large irregular maffes, compofed of vari-
ous little ffiining lumps  or grains, which are partly of a whitiffi
color, partly reddifh, and partly of a violet hue.  Thofe  maffes
are accounted  the beft which  are clear, of  a  pale reddifh color,
and variegated with a great number of elegant  white tears.
  This drug has a ftrong fetid fmell, fomewhat like that of gar-
lic ; and a bitter, acrid, biting tafte. It lofes fome of its fmell
and  ftrength  by keeping; a circumftance  to be particularly  re-
garded in its exhibition.
  Affa fcetida  contains more gum than refin, but its predominant
Conftituent  is effential oil.
  It is the moft powerful of all the fetid gums, and is,a moft val-
uable remedy.  It aas as a ftimulant, antifpafmodic, expeaorant,
cmmenagogue  and anthelmintic.   Its action is quick  and pene*
trating.
  It is often fcrviceable,
     l.Tn croup.                   ,   ' .  ,  .
     2. In dyfpepfia, amenorrhcea and chlorofis.
    3. In afthma, dyfpncea arid hyfteria.
    4. In tympanites and worms.
  It is exhibited,
     I. In fubftance, in the form of pills;  in dofes of from  five to
       twenty grains, either alone,  or «ombined  with bitter ex-
       traas or purgatives.
    s. Diffolved in fome fimple diftilled water.
    3. Diffolved in alcohol.
    4. In the  form of clvfter, to the extent of about two dracnms,
                 Q   ' 
 22§                 Materia  Medica.            [Part II.

   FICUS CARICA.  Fruclus.  (Ed.)
   Carica.   Fruclus.  (Lond. Dub.)
   The figtree.   The fruit.
   Polygamia Tricecia.—Nat. ord. Scabrida.
   This tree 'is probably a native of Afia, but grows  plentifully
 in the fouth ot Europe.   As the fruit is very pulpy, it is dried
 when it  is to  be preferved.  To this  country  they are chiefly
 brought  from the Levant.   They confift almoft entirely  of fugar
 and mucilage,  and are  therefore deraulceht.  They are alfo ef-
 teemed  by fome as fuppuratives  ; and they are fometimes appli-
 ed by themfelves, heated as warm as they can eafily be borne, to
 promote the fuppuration  of a phlegmon,  particularly  when fo
 {ituated that other cataplafrns cannot eafily be kept applied.

   FILIX  tylAS,  (Lond. Dub.)  See Polypodium.

   FOENICULUM DULCE.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Anethum.

   FOENUM GR^ECUM.  (Lond.)  See Trigonella.

   FRAXINUS ORNUS.  Succus concretus.   (Ed.)
   Manna.   (Lond. Dub.)'
   Manna afh.  The concrete juice.   Manna.
   Polygamia Diacia.—Nat. ord. Afcyroidea.
   Manna is obtained  from other fpecies of fraxinus befides the
 ornus, and efpecially  from the rotundifolia.  It is principally
 colleaed in Calabria,  Apulia and Sicily.  In the warmeft  fea-
 fon of the year, from the middle of June to the end of July, a clear
 juice exudes from the ftem  and branches of thefe trees, which, when
 naturally concreted on the plants and fcraped off, is called Manna
 in the  tear; but if allowed to exude on draws, or chips  of wood
 fattened to the tree, it is  called Canulated or flaky manna.   The
 common or fat manna, is got by  incifions made after the fponta-
 neous  exudation is over, and is in larger maffes and  ofa redder
 color.   The beft  Calabrian  manna is in oblong, light, friable
 pieces  or flakes, of a whitiffi.or pale yellow color, and fomewhat
 tranfparent.  The  inferior kinds are moift, unauous, and dark
 colored.   Manna is faid to be fometimes counterfeited by a com-
 pofition of fugar and honey, mixed with a little  fcammony; there
 is alfo a  faaitious manna, which is white and dry, faid to be com-
 pofed of fugar, manna, and fome purgative ingredient, boiled to a
 proper confiftence ; this may be diftinguifhed by its weight, folid-
ity, untranfparent  whitenefs, and by its tafte, which is  different
 from that of manna.
   Manna is a mild,  agreeable laxative, and may be given with
 fafety to children and pregnant women j neverthelefs in fome  par-
 ticular cojift.ituuon.s, it aefs very  unkindly, producing flatulency 
Part II.]
Materia Medka.
"227
and diftention of the vifcera ;  thefe inconveniences may be pre-
vented by the addition of any grateful warm aromatic.  Manna
operates fo weakly as not to produce the full effea ofa cathartic,
unlefs taken in large dofes ; and hence it is rarely given with this
intention by itfelf. It may be commodiouflv' diffolved iu- the purg-
ing mineral waters,  or  joined to the cathartic falts, fenna, rhu-
barb, or the like.  .

   FULIGO LIGNI  COMBUSTI.  (Dub.)
   Wood foot.
   This  fubftance is inflammable, of a ffiining black color, a dif-
agreeable fmell, and'an  empyreumatic, bitter naufeous tafte.
   It varies fomewhat according to the' nature of the fubftance, and
the ftrength of the fire employed in its produaion. But it con-
fifts principally of charcoal, empireumatic oil, and acetous acid.
It fometimes contains, ammonia, and the other alkalies and earths.
Its medical properties are to be afcribed folely to the empynejunra-
tic oil it contains,

   FUMARIA  OFFICINALIS.
   Fumaria.   Herba.  (Dub.)
   Common fumitory*  The plant.
   Diadelphia Hexandria.—Nat. ord. Lomentacea.
   This is a common annual  weed in ffiady cultivated grounds.
It is very juicy,  ofa bitter tafte, without any remarkable  fmell,
The alleged medical  effeas of this herb are, to  ftrengthen the
tone of the bowels, gently loofen the belly, and promote the uri-
nary and other  natural fecretions.   It is principally recommend-
ed in melancholic, fcorbutic, and cutaneous diforders.

   GALBANUM.  (Lond. Dub.)  SeeBuBON.

   GALLA.  (Lond. Dub.)   See O^uergus Cerris*

   GAMBOGIA.  (Ed. Lond. Dub.)   See Stalagmite.

   GENISTA.   (Lond. Dub.)  SeeSpARTiUM.

   GENTIANA LUTEA. Radix.  (Ed.)
   Gentiana.   Radix.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Gentian.  The root.
   Willd.g.512.fp. 1.—Pentandria Digynia.—Nat. ord. Rotacea.
   Gentian is a perennial plant, which grows  upon the Alps^
Pyrennees, Appenines  and other  mountainous fituations in the
temperate  parts of Europe.
   The .roots .are  long,, thick, externally of a brown color and
wrinkjed ; infernally fpongy and ef a yellow 6olor, without anv
                gsr a         - 
-228
Materia Medica.
[Part It,
 remarkable fmell, but furpaffiug in bitternefs all other European
 vegetables.  Alcohol  diffolves only the bitter  extraaive-, water
 both the extraftive and mucilage.
   Gentian pofTeffes the general virtues of bitters in an eminent
 degree, and it is  totally devoid of aftringency.   On dead animal
 matter it aas as an antifeptic,  Taken into the ftomach, it proves
 a powerful tonic, and in Jarge dofes it evacuates the inteftines.
 It is ufeful in debility of the ftomach, in general debility, and in
 gout.   Combined with an aftringent, it cures intermittents.  Ex-
 ternally it rs-applied to putrid ulcers.
   It is rarely given in fubftance, becaufe the heat neceffary to be
 applied to render it puIvertXable is faid to injure its virtues.  It
 is therefore exhibited in infufion, tinaure or extract, all of which
 will be noticed hereafter.

   GEOFFR^EA INERMIS.  Cortex.   (Ed.)
   Geoffroca.  Cortex.  (Dub.)
   Cab; ^  - bark tree.  The bark.
   Diadgiphia Decandria.—Nat. ord. Papilionacea.
   The  bark of this tree, which grows in the low favannahs of Ja-
 maica, is ot a grey color externally, but black and  furrowed on
 the infide.  The powder looks like jalap, but is not  fo heavy.  It
 has  a mucilaginous and  fweetifh tafte, and a difagreeable fmell.
 But its medical effects are much greater than its fenfible qualities
 would lead us to expe&.
   It is given in cafes of worms, in  form  of powder,  decoaion,
 fyrup, and extraft. The decoaion is preferred; and is made by
 flowly boiling an ounce of the frefh dried  bark in a  quart of wa-
 ter, till it affume the color of Madeira wine.  This  fweetened is
 the fyrup; evaporated, it forms an extraa.  It commonly pro-
 duces  fome ficknefs and purging;  fometimes  violent effects,  as
 vomiting,  delirium and  fever.  Thefe  laft are faid to be owing
 to an  over dofe, or to drinking cold water ; and are relieved by
 the ufe of warm water, caftor oil, or a vegetable acid. It ffiould
 always be begun in fmall dofes; and when  properly and cautiouf-
 ly adminiftered,  it operates as  a very powerful anthelmintic,
 particularly for the expulfion of  the  lumbrici, which are a very
tcommon caufe of difeafe in the Weft India iflands ;  and there it
 is very frequently employed.

   GINSENG.   (Lond.)  See Panax.

   GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA.  Radix.  Extraclum. (Ed.)
   Glycyrrhiza.   Radix.  (Lond, Dub.)
   Liquorice.  The root and the extract.
   Diadelphia Decandria.—Nat. ord. Papilionacea.
   Liquorice is a perennial plant, and a native^lff the fjuth of
 Europe, but it is cultivated in confiderable quantities in England 
Part  II.]             Materia Medica.               220

for medical purpofes; and the roots which are raifed in this coun-
try, are preferred to thofe imported from abroad, which <irc  very
frequently mouldy and fpoiled, which this root is extremely apt
to be  when not well  preferved  in  a perfeaiy dry place.   The
roots are very long, about an inch thick, flexible, fibrous, exter-
nally of a brown color, internally yellow, and,  when frefh, juicy.
Their tafte is very fweet, combined with a flight degree of bmer,
when  long kept in the mouth.   They are prepared for ufe by
peeling them, cutting away all  the fibres and fpoiled or mouldy
parts.
   The powder  of  liquorice ufually fold  is often mingled  with
flower, and perhaps alfo with fubftances not  quite fo whole-
fome  ; the beft fort is of a brownifh yellow color, the fine pale
yellow being generally fophifticated, and it is of a very rich fweet
tafte,  much more agreeable than that of the frefh root,  Iu pre-
dominant conftituents are faccharine and mucilaginous matter.
Its only aaion is, therefore, that of  a mild demulcent, and as fuch
it  is frequently ufed in catarrh, and in fome ftomach complaints,
which feem to arife from a deficiency of the natural mucus, which
ffiould defend the ftomach againft the acrimony of the food, and
the fluids fecreted into it.
   On account of its bulk it is rarely exhibited in fubftance, but
Vnore frequently in infufion or decoction.

   Extractum Glycyrruizjb  Glabra.  (Ed.)
   As  this extraa is never prepared by the apothecary, but com-
monly imported from other countries, the Edinburgh College have
inferted it in their lift of Materia Medica. It is imported in cylin-
drical rolls, covered with bay leaves. It ffiould be perfeaiy black,  v
brittle when cold,  and break with a fmooth and gloffy fraaure,
have a fweet tafte without empyreuma, and be entirely foluble
in water.  It is prepared from  the frefh roots by expreffion, de-
coaion and  infpiffation.
   The beft foreign extraa of liquorice is prepared in Catalonia,
but it is not fo pure or fo agreeable as the  refined liquorice fold
in the (hops in fmall cylindrical pieces, not thicker than a goofe-
quill.
   The extraa poffeffes the fame  properties with the root, and is
ufed for the formation of feveral  kinds of troches.

   GRANATUM.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Punic.vs

   GRATIOLA OFFICINALIS.   Herba.   (Ed.)
   Gratiola.   Herba.  (Lond.)
   Hedge hyffop.  The plant.
   Willd.g. A§.fp. 1.—Diandria Monogynia—Nat, ord. Perfenattc,
                     f^3 
2£0
Materia  Medica.
[Part. II,
  This  is a perennial plant, a narive of marfhy fituations in the
fouth of Europe.   It is gathered for ufe when in flower.   It has
no fmell, but a very bitter fomewhat naufeous tafle.  It is a draf-
tic purgative  and emetic, and a very powerful anthelmintic, but
its ufe requires caution.   In fubftance it may be given to the ex-
tent of half a drachm, and in infufion to three drachms.

  GUAJACUM OFFICINALE. Lignum, Gummi refina. (Ed.)
  Guaiacum.  Lignum. Ccitex. Gummi >efiini. (Lond.) Lignum,
Gummi refina.  (Dub.)
  Guaiac.  The wood, bark and gum refin.
  Willd.g. Stg.fp. 2.—Decandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Gtuu
nales.
  This  tree is a native of the Weft Indies', where it grows t© a
middling fize.  The wood is heavier than water, very hard, refi.
nous,  and of a greeniffi black color.   Its tafle is bitteriffi, and
when kindled it gives out a pleafant  fmell.  It is brought either
in pieces, which are fometimes covered with a  pale yellow albur-
num, or  already rafped,  when  by'divifion  its color appears
greeniffi, brown or yellow.  The bark is thin, of an alh grey or
blackiffi color,  and apparently  compofed of feveral lamh.ae.  It
js lefs refinous than the wood.  The refin exudes fpontaneoufly in
tears, but is principally obtained  by fawing  the wood into billets'
about three feet long,  which are then bored with an augre longi-
tudinally.  One end of thefe is laid upon a fire, fo that a calabafh
may receive the melted refin, which runs through the hole as the
wood burns.   It may be  alfo obtained by boiling the chips or
fawings of the wood in water and muriate of  foda.   The  refin
fwims at the top, and may be  fkimmed off.   This refin has a
brownifh  yellow coior externally ;  when held  againft the light is
tranfparent, breaks with a  uniform fmooth ffiining fraaure, of a
bluifh green color, pulverizable, powder of a white color, grad-
ually becoming bluifh green, fufeable in a moderate heat, but not
foftened by the heat of the fingers, foluble in alcohol, infoluble in
water, without proper fmell or tafte, but when thrown on hot coals
diffufing an agreeable odor, and when  fwallowed in a ftate of mi-
nute divifion, caufing an  infufferable burning and prickling in
the  throat.  It therefore is not a gummy  refin, but a pure refin.
It is fometimes adulterated with colophony or common refin, but
the fraud  is eafily deteaed by the  fmell of turpentine which they
emit when thrown  on live coals.
  Taken internally,  guaiac commonly excites a fenfe of warmth
in the ftomach, a drynefs of the mouth, with thirft.  It increafes
the heat ot the  body, and quickens the circulation.   If the pa-
tient be kept warm, it produces diaphorefis ; if expofed freely to
the air, an increaW flow of urine.   In large dofes it is purgative. 
Part II.]             Materia Medica.                251
   Guaiac is a ufeful remedy,
      i. In rheumatifm and gout.
      9. In certain venereal fymptoms, as in foul indolent ulcers,
        and a thickened ftate of the  ligaments or periofteum, re-
        maining after the body  is reduced  by a mercurial courfe.
        Guaiac will alfo fufpend the progrefs of fome of the fe-
        condary fymptoms, but it is totally incapable of eradicat-
        ing the difeafe.
      3. In cutaneous difeafes.
      4. In ozsena and fcrofulous affeaions of the membranes and
        ligaments.
   The wood is always exhibited in decoaion, from the refimfus
 nature of the aaive conftituent of this fubftance.   This cannot be
 a very aaive preparation, and the menftruum is totally incapable
 of diffolving, though it may fufpend a little of the refin. Thede-
 co6tion of  an ounce may be drunk in cupfuls in the courfe of a
 day.
  The refin may be exhibited,
     1.  In  fubftance, either made into pills, or fufpended in wa-
       ter in the  form of an emulfion.  In this way from 1® to
       30 grains of the refin may be taken in the day.
     %. Infolution; in alcohol.  About half an ounce of the tinc-
       ture, with three ounces of water, is  a fudorific dofe for an
       adult, if he attend to keeping hirnfelf warm.
     3.  Combined with an alkali,            ■»

  GUMMI ARABICUM.  (Dub.)  See Mimosa.

  GUMMI TRAGACANTHA. (Dub.)  See  Astragalus,

  H^MATOXYLON CAMPECHIANUM.  Lignum.  (Ed.)
  Hamatoxylum.  Lignum.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Logwood tree.  The wood.
  Willd.g. 830.  fp. 1.—Decandria Monogynia.'—-Nat. ord. Lo-
 mentacea.
  This tree was introduced  from the  Honduras into Jamaica,
 where it is  now very common.   The  wood is firm, heavy, and of
 a dark red color.   Its  tafte  is aftringent, with a perceptible de-
 gree of fweetnefs.   It is principally ufed as a dye wood, but alfo
 with confiderable advantage in medicine.
  Its extraa is a very powerful aftringent, combined with mucil-
age and perhaps fugar ; and is, therefore, ufeful in obftinate diar-
rhoeas, and in chronic dyfentery.

  HELLEBORASTER.  See  Hellebores Foetidus,
             £T4 
   23^                  Materia Medica.            [Part II,

      HF.LLEBORUS.
      Willd.g. 1089.—Polyandria Polygynia. Nat. ord. Multifiliquct.

      Sp.  2. Helleborus Niger.  Radix.  (Ed. Lond.  Dub.)
      Melampodium.
      Black Hellebore.  The  root.
      This plant is perennial, and grows wild in the mountainous
   parts of Auftria, and  on the Pyrennees and Appenines ; the ear-
   linefs  of its flowers, which fometimes appear in December, has
   gained it a place in our gardens.
      The roots confift of a black furrowed roundiffi head, about the
   fize of a nutmeg, from  which  fhort  articulated branches arife,
   fending out  numerous  corrugated fibres, about the thicknefs of a
   ftraw,  from a fpan to  afoot in length, deep, brown on the outfide,
   white, or yellowiffi white  within, and of  an  acrid, naufeous and
   bitteriffi tafte,  exciting  a  fenfe  of heat  and  numbnefs  in the
   tongue, and of a naufeous acrid fmell.  Thefe fibres only are ufed
   in medicine, and the  head  and  decayed parts are reje£ted.  For
   the roots of the real black hellebore, the roots of the Adonis vei>
   nalis, Trollius Europaeus, Aaaea fpicata, Aftrantia major,  Helle-
   borus  viridis fcetidus, Veratrum album, and  Aconitum neomon-
   tanum, are often fubftituted.  The laft is a moft virulent poifoa,
   and may be  diftinguifhed  by  its roots being fufiform, or nearly
   globular, fending/out numerous very brittle fibres, of a greyifh
   black  or brown color, as thick  as a man's finger, and repeatedly
   divided.  But the furell way to avoid miftakes, is by the apothe-
   cary cultivating the plant itfelf  in his own garden.
      In large dofes, hellebore  is adraftie purgative  ; in fmaller dofes
   it is diuretic, and emmenagogue.   Its  a£tive conftituent feems to
/  be of a volatile nature ;  for it  lofes its  virtues by keeping, and
    water diftilled from it has an acrid tafte.
      It is principally ufed as  a purgative in  cafes of mania, melan-
   choly, coma, dropfy,  worms and  pfora, and as an emmenagogue.
   But its ufe requires very great caution, for its effeas are very un-
   certain, and affeaed by many circumftances.
      It is commonly exhibited in the  form of extraa, although its
     attivity be much diffipated by the preparation.  An infufion or
    tinaure certainly  promife to  be  medicines ot  more uniform
    powers.  Willdenow fays  that the black hellebore of the ancients
   js his fifth  fpecies, the Helleborus orientalis.

      Sp. 6. Helleborus Foetidus.
      Helleborafter.  Folium.   (Lond.)
      Bears foot.   The leaves.
      This fpecies is a native  of England. It  i perennial, and grows,
    in ffiady places, and  under hedges.   The leaves  hr.ve an acrid,
    Litter, naufeous tafle, anduiapleafdnt find;, efpecially  when they 
Part II.]             Materia Medica.                233

are freffi.   When dried,  they are frequently given as a domeftic
medicine to deftroy worms; but they muft be ufed fparingly be*
ing fo violent in their operation that initances of their fatal ef-
feas are recorded.

   HORDEUM  DIST1CHON.  Semen omni cortice nuddtum.
(Ed.)
   Hordeum dijlichum.  Semina. (Dub.)Hordeum.  Semen. (Lond.)
   Barley.   The feed.  Pearl barley.
   Willd.g. 151.fp. 3. Triandria Dygynia.—Nat. ord. Gramina.
   Barley is an annual plant, cultivated in almoft every country
of Europe.   Linnaeus fays that it is a native of Tartary, but with-
out adducing fufficient proof.
   Pearl barley is prepared by grinding off the hufk of rough bar-
ley, and forming  the grain into little round  granules, which ap-
pear ofa  kind of pearly whitenefs.  In this ftate barley confifts
almoft folely  of amylaceous matter, and when boiled forms an
excellent article of nourifhment; while a decoaion of it, proper-
ly acidulated, is one of the beft beverages in acute difeafes.

   HYDRARGYRUM.  (Dub.)
   Hydrargyrus.  (Lond. Ed.)
   Mercury.  Quickfilver.
   The general, chemical, and phyfical properties of this metal,
have been already (165) enumerated.   We (hall now treat of it
more minutely, as forming an important article  in  the Materia
Medica.
   It is found,
   I. In its metallic ftate :
     a.  Uncombincd.
     b.  Alloyed with filver.
     c.  Alloyed with copper.
     d.  Combined with fulphur, (Cinnabar.)
     e.  Combined with hydroguretted  fulphur, (TEthiops mine-
       rale.)
   II. Oxidized :
     a.  Combined with muriatic acid.
     b.-----------------fulphuric acid.
   There are confiderable  mines  of mercury in Hungary  and in
Spain ; and what is employed in England is principally import-
ed from the former country.
   Mercury taken into the ftomach  in its metallic ftate' has no ac-
tion on the body, except what arifes from its weight or bulk.  It
is not poifonous as was vulgarly  fuppofed, but perfeaiy inert.
   But in its various ftates of combination, iTproduces certain fen-
fible effeas.  It quickens the circulation, and  increafesall the fe- 
234
Materia  Medica.
[Part. II.
cretions and excretions.   According  to circumftances, the habit
of the body of the patient, the temperature in which he is  kept,
the nature of the preparation, and the quantity in which it  is ex-
hibited, its effeas are indeed various ; it fometimes increafes one
fecretion more particularly, fometimes another, but its moft char-
aaeriftic effea is the increafed flow of faliva, which it generally
excites if given in fufficient quantity.   Its particular Affeas, and
means ot producing each of them, will be noticed hereafter.
   From  many motives, both laudable and culpable, mercury has
been tortured into a greater variety of forms than any other arti-
cle ot  the Materia Medica.   Of  thefe  Swediaur has given a
complete table in the late addition of his  works on the venereal
difeafe.   It is too long for infertion in thi* place ; we fhall there-
fore give a fyftematic view  of thofe mercurial preparations only
which enter at leaft one  of the Britiffi Pharmacopoeias.
  Mercury is exhibited,
  I. Purified by diftillation.
    Hydrargyrum purificatum.  (Dub. Lond.)
  II. Oxidized in a fmaller degree.
    a.  By precipitation from its folution in nitrous acid, by am-
      monia.
      Oxidum hydrargyri cinereum.  (Ed.)
      Pulvis hydrargyri-cinereus.  (Dub.)
    b.  By trituration:
      I.  With unauous fubftances.
         Unguentum hydrargyri.  (Ed.)
         ——---------------------fortius.  (Lond. Dub.)
         1 ■        -------=--------mitius.   (Lond. Dub.)
         Emplaftruro ammoniaci cum hydrargyro.  (Lond.)
         —-----------  lithargyri cum hydrargyro. (Lond.)
         ■-------------hydrargyri.  (Ed.)
      2. With faccharine fubftances.
         Pilulas hydrargyri.   (Lond.  Dub. Ed.)
      3. With carbonate of lime.
         Pulvis hydrargyri  cum  creta.   (Lond.)
    III. Oxidized in a greater degree :
      1. By the aaion of heat and air.
         Hydrargyrum calcinatum.  (Lond.  Dub.)
      a. By the aaion ot nitrous acid.
         Oxidum  hydrargyri rubrum  per  oxidum nitricum.
           (Ed.)
         Hydrargyrum fub  nitratum.  (Dub.)
         Hydrargyria nitratus ruber.   (Lond.)
         Unguentum oxidi hydrargyri rubri.   (Ed.)
    IV. Oxidized and combined with acids :
      A. Oxidized in a fmaller degree, 
Part II.]            Materia  Medica.                  235

       1. With nitrous acid :
          Unguentum hydrargyri nitrati.  (Lond. Dub. Ed.)
       2. With fulph'uric acid :
          Subfulphas hydrargyri.  (Ed.)
          Hydrargyrum fubvitriolatum.  (Dub.)
          Hydrargyrus vitriolatus.  (Lond-)
       g. With muriatic acid :
          a. By fublimation.
            Submurias hydrargyri.   (Ed.)
            Hydrargyrum muriatum mite fublimatum.   (Dub.)
            Calomelas.   (Lond.)
          b. By precipitation.
            Submurias  hydrargyri praecipitatus.   (Ed.)
            Hydrargyrum muriatum mite praecipitatura. (Dub.)
            Hydrargyrus muriatus mitis.  (Lond.)
       4. With acetous acid :
          Acetis hydrargyri.  (Ed.)
          Hydrargyrum acetatum.   (Lond. Dub.)
    B. Oxidized in a greater degree.
       l.  Muriate.            '
          Murias hydrargyri.  (Ed.)
          Hydrargyrus muriatus.  (Lond.).
          Hydrargyrum muriatum corrofive.   (Dub.)
       2. Submuriate with ammonia.
          Calx hydrargyri alba.  (Lond.)
    V. Combined with  fulphur :
       1.  By trituration.
          Sulphuretum hydrargyri nigrum.  (Ed.)
          Hydrargyrum fulphuratum nigrum.  (Lond. Dub.)
       2.  By fublimation.
          Hydrargyrum fulphuratum rubrum.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Mercury, or fome of its preparations, is exhibited,
    1. As an errhine.  The fubfulphate ot mercury."
    2. As a fialogogue.   Mercury in almoft any  form.
    3. As a cathartic.   The fubmuriate of Mercury, (calomel.]
    4. As a diuretic.  The oxides, the muriate,  and the fubmu-
       riate, combined with other diuretics.
    5. As a fudorific.   Calomel conjoined with  a fudorific reg-
       imen.
    6. As an emmenagogue,
    7. As an aftringent.   Muriate of mercury.
    8. As a ftimulant.   Muriate of mercury.
    9. As an antifpafmodic.
   jo. As an anthelmintic.

  With fome of thefe views, mercury is frequently exhibited,
    1. In febrile difeafes ; in obftinate agues. 
236
Materia  Medica.
[Part U.
     2.  In inflammatory difeafes ; in indolent and chronic inflam-
        mations, efpecially of the glandular vifcera, as the liver,
        fpleen, &c.
     *.  In exanthematous difeafes ;  variola.
     4.  In profluvia ; in dyfentery,
     5.  In fpafmodic difieafes;  tetanus, trifmus, hydrophobia, &c.
     6.  In cacheaic difeafes; anafarca, afcites, hydrothorax, hy-
        drocephalus, &c.
     7.  In impetigines;  fcrofula, fyphilis, lepra, iaerus, &c.
     8.  In  local  difeafes ; in  caligo  corneae, amaurofis, gonor-
        rhoea,  obftipatio,  amenorrhcca fuppreffionis, tumors  of
        various kinds, herpes, tinea, pfora, &c.
  Mercury  occafionally attacks' the bowels, and  caufes  violent
purging, even  of blood.   This effea is remedied by intermitting
the ufe^of the medicine,  and by exhibiting opium.
  At other  times it 'is fuddenly determined to the mouth, and
produces inflammation, ulceration, and an exceffive flow of faliva.
In this cafe,  too,  the ufe of the mercury muft bedifcontinued for a
time ;  while,  according  to Mr. Pearfon's  advice, the  patient
ffiould be freely expofed to a dry cold air, with the occafional ufe of
cathartics, Peruvian bark, and mineral acids, and  the  affiduous
application of  aftringent gargles.  On the other hand, the fudden
fuppreffion of ptyaiifm isnot without danger.   It is moft frequent-
ly caufed by cold liquids being taken  into the ftomach, or expo-
fure to  cold and moifture, while under the influence of mercury.
The danger is to be obviated by the quick introduaion of mercury,
fo as to affea the gums, with the occafional  ufe of the warm bath.
  Sometimes alfo a morbid condition of the fyftem occurs during
a mercurial courfe,  and which tends  to a fatal iffue.   Mr. Pearfon
has termed it Erethifmus.  It is charaaerized by great depreffions
of ftrength ;  a fenfe of anxiety about the praecordia ;  frequent figh-
ing ;  trembling, partial or univerfal  ; a fmall, quick pulfs; fome-
times vomiting ; a pale contraaed countenance ;  a  lenfe of cold-
nefs, while the tongue  is feldom furred, or the vital or  natural
funaionsmuch difordered. In  this ftate a  fudden or violent  ex-
ertion of mufcular power will  fometimes prove fatal.   To pre-
vent dangerous confequences, the mercury  muft be difcontinued,
whatever may  be the ftage, extent, or  violence of the difeafe for
which it has been exhibited, and the patient muft expofe himfelf
freely to a dry and cool air, in fuch a manner as ffiall be attended
with the leaft fatigue ; and in the cqurfe of ten or  fourteen days,
he will  fometimes be fo far recovered that he may fafely refume-
the ufe of mercury.

  HYOSCYAMUS NIGER.   Herba.  Semen.   (Ed.)
  Hyofcyamus.  Herba.   Semen.  (Dub.)
  Black henbane.  The herb and feeds. 
I^art II.]            Materia Medical                 231

  Willi, g. 378.7^. 1.—Pentandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Sola-
tia cea.
  H e N b an e is a biennial plant, which grows in great abundance
in moft parts  of Britain.
  The fmell  of the hyofcyamus is ftrong and peculiar ;  and  the
leaves when bruifed emit fomewhat of the odour of tobacco. This
fmell is ftill ftronger when the leaves are burnt ;  and on  burning
they fparkle with a deflagration fomewhat refembling that of ni-
tre ; but to the tafte they (hew no evident faline impregnation.
When chewed,  they are  infipid, mild, and mucilaginous ;  yet
when taken to any great extent, they produce the moft alarming
effeas.  They give the appearances of intoxication, attended with
wild delirium, remarkable dilatation of the pupils  of the eyes,  and
convulfions.   It often produces fweat, and fometimes an eruption
of puftules over  the furface, and generally found fleep, fucceeded
by ferenity of mind, and recruited vigor of the  body ;  but  like
the other narcotics, inftead of  thefe, it  fometimes  gives rife to
vertigo, headach, and general uneafinefs.  With particular indi-
viduals it occafions vomiting, colic pains, a copious flow of urirfe.
and  fometimes purging.  Upon  the whole, like opium, it is  a
powerful anodyne ;  and like cicuta, it is free from any conftipat-
ing effea, having rather a tendency to move the belly.
  From  thefe effeas, it is not furprifing that hyofcyamus fhould
have  been introduced into the practice of medicine ; and  accord-
ingly, it appears to have been ufed both  externally and internally
for a variety  of purpofes.  Several different fpecies ot the hyo-
fcyamus were formerly employed, as appears  from the  writings
of Diofcorides and  others.  Celfus, in particular, was very fond
of this medicine ; he ufed it externally as a collyrium in cafes of
ophthalmia ;  he  empolyed it  topically for allaying the pain ot
(oothach ; and he gave it internally, both with the view  of miti-
gating other pains, and of producing quiet fleep.
  For a  confiderable length of time, however, hyofcyamus fell aK
moft  into difufe  ; but the employment of it has of late been reviv-
ed by Dr. Stork  of Vienna ;  and it has been ufed both  by him,
and by many other praaitioners in thofe cafes  where an  anodyne
is requifite, and where an objeaion occurs to the ufe of opium. It
is employed tor  refolving fwelling, and  allaying  pain in  cafes of
fcirrhus, under the form of cataplafm of  the leaves, or ofa plafler
made from the oil of the feeds  and power of the  herb, With wax,
turpentine, and other articles;  or of ointment made of the powder
of the leaves  with hogs lard.   In  open ulcers, the powder of the
leaves, fprinkled on the part, has often a good eflVa.  '
   An extraa from the  leaves, or from the feeds, is  the form in
which it is given internally ; but contrary to what happens with
cicuta, the former appears to be the moft powerful.   This extra&
has bren given with  advantage in  a variety of nervous affeaions. 
£38                Materia Medica.             [Part It.

as mania, melancholia, epilepfy, hyfteria, &c.; in glandular fwell-
ings, in obftiriate ulcerations ; end in every cafe where it  is nec-
effary either lb allay inordinate aaion,  or mitigate pain.   In ac-
compliffiing thefe ends, it is often no lefis ufeful than opium ; and
it frequently  fucceeds where opium produces very difagreeable
effeas.  The dofe of  this extraa muft be accommodated to the
circumftances of the cafe and of the patient ; and it has been in-
creafed from half a grain to half a  drachm in the day ; for like
opium, its influence is very much diniiniffied by habit.

  HYPERICUM PERFORATUM.
  Hypericum.  Flos.  (Lond.)
  Common St. John's wort.  The flower.
  Polyadelpkia Polyandria.—Nat. ord. Afcyroidea.
  •This plant is perennial,and grows wild in woods and unculti-
vated places in  Britain.   Its tafte is rough and bitteriffi,  and its
fmell difagreeable.  It abounds with  an  effential oil, which is
contained in fmall veficles in the growing plant.  Thefe vefieles,
when viewed, by holding the plant between the eye and the light,
referable perforations ; and the effential oil itfelf may be feparat-
ed in confiderable quantity by diftillation.  The  flowering tops
tinge expreffed oils of a red color, which very few vegetable fub-
ftances do.

  HYSSOPUS  OFFICINALIS.  Herba.  (Ed.)
  Hyffopus. . Folia.   (Dub.)
  Hyffop.  The herb.
  Willd.g. iog6.fp. i.—Didynamia Gymnofpermia.—Nat. ord.
Verticillata.
  Hyssop is a perennial herb, which grows wild in Germany.
  The leaves of hyffop have an aromatic fmell, and a warm pung-
ent tafte.  Befides the general virtues of aromatics, they were
formerly  recommended in humoral afthmas, coughs, and other
diforders of the breaft and lungs, and were faid to promote expec-
toration.

  ICHTHYOCOLLA.   (Lond.  Dub.)  See Accipenser.

  INULA HELENIUM.
  Enula campana.  Radix.  (Dub. Lond.)
  Elecampane.  The  root.
  Syngenefia Superflua.—Compofita radiata.
  This is a very large downy perennial plant, fometimes found
wild in moift rich foils.   The root, efpecially when dry,  has an
agreeable aromatic fmell ; its tafte, on firft chewing, is glutinous,
and a* it were fomewhat rancid ; in a little time it difcovers an 
 Part.  II.]          Materia  Medica.                  239

 aromatic bitternefs, which by degrees becomes confiderably acrid
 and pungent.
   Its predominant  conftituents are effential oil, mucilage, and a
 little bitter  extraaive ; and it  is therefore a gently ftimulating
 medicine, nearly fimilar in its aaion to angelica.  The extraa is
 merely a flight bitter, as the effential oil is totally diffipated inth«
 preparation.

   IPECACUANHA.  (Lond. Dub. Ed.) See Cephaelis.

   IRIS.
   Willi, g. 97. Triandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Enfata,

   Sp. 7. Iris Florektina.   Radix.  (Ed.)
   Iris.  Radix.   (Lond.)
   Florentine Oris.  The root.
   This is a perennial plant, a native of the fouth of Europe,
 The dried roots are imported from Italy.  They are white  flat-
 tiffi, knotty, and have a very flightly  bitter  tafte, and an agree-
 able fmell, refembling that of violets.   They are only ufed as a
 perfume.

   Sp. 24. Iris Pseudacorus.
   Iris.  Radix.   (Dub.)
   Water flag.  The root.
   This plant is perennial, and grows in great abundance by the
 brinks of rivers, and in other watery places :  The root has an ac-
 rid tafte ; and when freffi, is ftrongly cathartic.  Tbe expreffed
 juice, given to the quantity of fixty or eighty drops every hour or
 two, and occafionally increafed, has been productive of  very co-
 pious evacuations,  after  jalap,  gamboge, and other ftrong purga-
 tives had proved ineffeaual ; and it is in this form only that it is
 ufed ; for by drying, it entirely lofes its purgative effeas.
   We have here another proof of the neceffity of denominating
 the officinal vegetables by their fyftematic names ;  for in  Eng-
 land, Radix Iridis is  a  pleafant perfume, in Ireland a draftic
 purgative ; and as confultations are not unfrequently fent  from
 the one country to the other,  ignorance of this circumftance might
 give rife to unpleafant confequences.

   ISIS NOBILIS.
   Ctrallium Rubrum.  (Lond.)
   Red coral.
   Tn 1 s is the axis of a zoophyte of the order of ceratophyta.   It
 is found only in the Mediterranean Sea, and  the fentient fleffi is
 rubbed off by means of pumice ftone. The coral thus prepared is
«f a fcarlet or pale red color, and fufceptible of a  high poliffi. 
240               Materia Medica.              [Part II.

As an article in medicine, it is to be regarded merely as an indu-
rated carbonate of lime.

  JALAPA.  (Dub.) JALAPIUM.  (Lend.)  See Convol-
vulus.

  JUGLANS  REGIA.
   Juglans.   Fruclus Immaturus.  (Lond.)
  The walnut tree.   The unripe fruit.
  Monoecia Polyandria.—Nat. ord. Amenlacea.
  This beautiful tree, although.a native of Perfia, grows  to  a
very large fize, and produces ripe fruit in moft parts of England.
The fruit eonfifts ofa thick, fleffiy, green, fmooth rind, which in-
clofes the proper nut.  When unripe, they have a peculiar fmell,
and a bitteriffi aftringent tafte.   They have been fuppofed to pof-
fefs tonic and anthelmintic virtues.   The green rind has been cel-
ebrated as a powerful antivenereal remedy  ; but it poffeffes no
real antifyphilitic virtues, although  it forms a  very ufeful addi-
tion to the compound decoaion ot farfaparilla, where pains of the
limbs and indurations of the membranes remain after the venere-
al difeafe has been cured by mercury, and in many  of thofe cuta-
neous difeafes which are  attended with aridity of the fkin.  A de-
coaion of the green rind has  alfo been recommended as a  ufeful
application to old ulcers.

  JUNIPERUS.
  Dioecia Monadelphia.—Nat. ord. Coniferd.

  Sp. Juniperus Communis.  Bacca.  (Ed.)
  Juniperus.  Bacca, Cacumen.  (L ond.) Bacca.   (Dub.)
  Juniper.   The berries and tops.
  This is an  ever  green ffirub, growing on heaths and  hilly
grounds in all  parts of Europe; the berries  are brought fromi
Holland and from Italy.   The Italian berries are in general reck-
oned the beft.
  Juniper berries have a  ftrong not difagreeable fmell, and a warm
pungent fweet tafte, which if they are long chewed, or previoufly
well bruifed, is followed by a bitteriffi one*.
  Their predominant conftituents are effential oil, and  a fweet
mucilaginous matter.   To the former of thefe they are indebted
for their  ftimulating, carminative, diaphoretic, and diuretic pro-
perties.  They are moft  commonly ufed in the form of infufion,
as a diuretic drink in dropfy.  The effential oil may be feparated
by diftillation.  It poffeffes  the  fame properties  in a   higher [de-
gree, and imparts them  to ardent fpirits.  The peculiar flavor,
and well known diuretic efftas of Hollands, are owing to the oil
of juniper.
  The decoaion and  extraa are  very inert preparations. 
Part II.]
Materia Medica'.
241
  Every part of  the plant contains the fame effential oil;  there-
fore an infufion of the tops is likewife diuretic.  The wood, alfo,
was formerly officinal.
  In warm countries a refin exudes  from the juniper tree.  It is
called fandarac, and is often mixed with maftich.
  Sp. Juniperus Lycia.   Gummirefina.  (Ed.)
  Olibanum.  Gummi refina.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Ohbanum.  A gum refin.
  Olibanum is principally colleaed in Arabia, and brought from
Mecca to Cairo, from whence it is imported into Europe. It con-
fifts of tranfparent  brittle grains of different fizes, not larger than
a chefnut, of a red or yellow  color,  having little tafte^ and a pe-
culiar aromatic fmell.  It is  entirely foluble in alcohol, forms a
milky fluid when  triturated   with water,  is  not  fufible, but  in-
flammable, and burns with an  agreeable fmell.  It is  the frankin-
cenfe of the  ancients ; and the  diffufion of its vapor around the
altar ftill forms part of the ceremonies of the Greek and Roman
Catholic churches.

  Sp. Juniperus Sabin a.  Folia.  (Ed.)
  Sabina.   Folium.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Savine.   The leaf.
  This is an evergreen ffirub,  a  native1 of Siberia and Tartary,
but not unfrequent  in  our gardens.  The leaves have a bitter,
acrid, biting tafte, and a ftrong difagreeable fmell ; diftilled with
water, they yield an effential oil, in confiderable quantity.
  Savine is  a warm ftimulating medicine, capable of producing
diaphorefis,  and increafing all  the fecretions, but apt to excite bae-
morrhagyj efpecially from the uterus.  It is alfo recommended as
an anthelmintic, and faid to be very efficient in the cure of the gout.
  Internally, a  conferve of the freffi leaves is exhibited in dofes
of from half a drachm to a drachm.
  Externally, the leaves are applied  in the  form of powder or in-
fufion, to warts, carious bones, and old ulcers ; and in cafes of
gangrene, pfora, and tinea.  The effential  oil is a very aaive re-
medy.
  K^EMPFERIA &OTUNDA.
  Zedoaria.  Radix.  (Lond.)
  Round Zedoary.   The root.
  WiUd. g.  12. fp. 2. Monandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord, Scit-a*
tninea.
  This is a perennial plant,  a natir^ of  India.   The roots are
about an inch long, fomewhat rough on the furface, and often ter-
minate in a point.  They correfpond  in fenfible  qualities with
the root* of the amomum zedoaria, but are not fo ftrong,  By 
  242                 Materia Medica.             [Part 11.

  fome, indeed, they  are  fuppofed  to  be produced from the fame
  plant, and that the round  zedoary is the upper, and the long ze-
  doary the under part of the root.

    KINO.  Gummi refina.   (Ed.)   Refina.  (Lond. Dub.)
    Gummi rubrum afiringens Gambienfe.
    Kino is brought to us from Africa, in amorphous pieces of va-
  rious fizes,  to which the  leaves of  foma arundinaceous plant are
  often found adhering on tbe outfide.  It  is of a dark red color,
  hard, but fo brittle that  it may be  eafily rubbed  to powder be-
  tween the fingers.  Its  fraaure is  ffiining, and its texture often
  cellular.  It has no fmell; when chewed it firft crackles between
  the teeth, then fticks to them, and is afterwards diffolved in the
  faliva, to which  it gives .a reddifh  black color.   Its tafte is then
  perceived to be very aftringent, with a flight degree of fubfequent
  fweetnefs.  It does not  melt, and it  burns with difficulty.   It is
  very  foluble both in water and in alcohol. The folutions are col-
  ored and tranfparent,  ftrike  an intenfely  black color with ful-
  phate of iron, and form a white tenacious precipitate in a folution
  of ifinglafs.   Its powder has a deep red color.
    From its  folubility  in water, it is evident that the London and
  Dublin Colleges err in denominating  it  a  refin ; and we appre-
  hend  that the Edinburgh College is not correa in calling it gum.
,  refin.   The exaa nature of the gum refins is not perfeaiy under-
  ftood, but they feem in general to poffefs the following properties :
  Their fmell is often powerful,  and their tafte never aftringent;
  they are either fufible, or foftened by heat, and burn readily ; they
  are partially foluble in alcohol and in water ; their watery folu-
  tion is opaque ;  their alcoholic folution, on the contrary, is tranf-
  parent,  but it is  decompofed,  and rendered milky, by mixing it
  with water,  although there is no precipitation, or it takes place
  very flowly.  Thefe  folutions  neither ftrike  a black color with
  fulphate of iron, nor precipitate gelatine.   On diftillation they
  afford effential oil.  The gum refins  all derive their origin from
  the natural juices,of the vegetables which afford them.  They ei-
  ther exude  fpontaneoufly from them,  by burfting the veffels in
  which they  are contained, or flow from  incifions made intention-
  ally into them, and afterwards harden by expofure to the fun and
  air. They therefore, generally have a  rounded form, whence they
  are often called Tears ; and  their fraaure is  compaa, and never
  cellular.
    From the total diffimilarity  of charaaer, therefore, it  appears
  evident to us, that this is not a gum refin; but  we will venture
  a ftep farther, and fay that it is  an  aftringent extraa,  obtained by
  decoaion and evaporation. We ground  this opinion upon the co-
  incidence of the chemical  properties of kino, with thofe of  other
  aftringent extraas;  upon  the faft, that part of the kino of com-
4 
Part II.]            Materia  Medica.                  243

merce, not diftinguifhable from  the  African  kino, is  imported
from Jamaica, and  is  known to be the extraa of  an aftringent
bark ;  upon the very finking refemblance of this in every partic-
ular with the extract  of Swietenia febrifuga, fent by Dr. Rox-
burgh  from the Eaft Indies ; and upon  the cellular texture of
kino, which it could only acquire by the aaion of heat.  All thefe
proofs, however ftrong, would be overturned,  if Dr. Fothergill's
account of the origin of kino, which has been adopted by all the
writers on materia medica fince his time, were correct.  But there
is  no evidence  whatever, that  the gum dragon, mentioned  by
Moor as obtained by incifions made into the  pau de fangue, is the
fame with  kino ; while, on the contrary, the very imperfea de-
fcription he gives of his gum dragon, renders it almoft  certain
that it is not kino.
   Kino, therefore, in our opinion, ffiould be  confidered as an ex-
traa, from the probable manner of its preparation.  In its chemi-
cal properties, it is almoft  pure tannin (260) and in  its  medical
properties,  it is a fimple aftringent.
   It is a powerful remedy in obftinate chronic  diarrhoeas and dy-
senteries ;  in all paffive haemorrhagies, efpecially from the uterus ;
in fluor albus ;  and in  difeafes arifing from laxity of the folids.
   It is exhibited  internally, in dofes of from  ten to thirty grains,
in fubftance, or diffolved in diluted alcohol.
   Externally, it is applied  as a  ftyptic, to check haemorrhagies
from wounds or ulcers, and to diminifh  the difcharge of fanious
or ichorous matter from ill conditioned ulcers.

   LACTUCA VIROSA.   Folio.  (Ed.)
   Strong fcented or wild lettuce.  The leaves.
   Syngenefia aqualis.—Nat. ord. Compofitafemiflofculofiz.
   This plant is biennial, and grows wild on rubbiffi and rough
banks,  in many places in this country.
   It fmells ftrongly of opium, and refembles  it in fome of its ef-
feas ;  and its narcotic  power, like that of the  poppy heads, re-
fides in its  milky juice.  An extraa, prepared  from  the expreff-
ed juice of the leaves  of the plant, gathered when  in flower, is
recommended in fmall dofes in dropfy.   In dropfies of long (land-
ing, proceeding from  vifceral obftruaions, it has been  given to
the extent of half an ounce a day.  It is faid to agree with the
ftomach, to quench thirft, to be gently laxative, powerfully diu-
retic, and  fomewhat diaphoretic.  Plentiful  dilution is  allowed
during its operation. Dr. Collin of Vienna afferts, that out of twen-
tyfour  dropfical patients, all but one were cured by this medicine.

   LADANUM.   (Lond.)   See Cistus.

   LAPIS  CALAMINARIS.   (Dub.)   See Zincum.
                    (£S-2 
244                 Materia  Medica.           [Part. II,

  LAURUS.
  Willd. g. 798. Enneandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord.  Oltracea.

  Sp. 1. Laurus Cinnamomum.  Cortex.   (Ed.)
  Cinnamomum.  Cortex et ejus oleum effentiale.   (Lond. Dyk.)
  The cinnamon tree.   The bark and its effential oil.
  This beautiful and valuable tree is native in Ceylon, where it
was guarded with unremitting jealoufy  by the Dutch, Tthat they
Blight monopolize the commerce of its produaions.  They failed,,
however, in the attempt ; and cinnamon trees are found, not only
in other parts of the Eaft Indies, but alfo in Jamaica, and other
iflands of the Weft Indies.
  Cinnamon is the inner bark of this tree.  It is of a reddifh co-
lor, light, very thin, rolled up in long  quills  of a  fragrant de-
lightful, fmell, and an aromatic pungent tafte, with fome aftrin-
gency.  Its fra&ure is fplintery.  The Dutch  were accufed of
deteriorating their cinnamon by mixing it with a proportion of real
cinnamon, but which had been deprived of its effential oil by dif-
tillation.  This fraud could only be deteaed by the weaker fmell
and tafte.  It is  alfo often mixed  with caffia bark.  This  laft
is eafily  diftinguifhable  by its breaking over fmooth, and by its
flimy mucilaginous tafte, without any thing of  the roughnefs of
the  true cinnamon.  Cinnamon is a very elegant and ufeful  aro-
matic, more grateful both to the palate and ftomach than moft
other fubftances  ot this clafs.
  Like other aromatics, its effeas are  flimulating, heating, fto-
machic, carminative, and tonic ; but it is rather ufed as an aajunft
to other remedies, than as a remedy itfelf.
  The effential oil  of cinnamon has  a  whitifh yellow  color, a
pungent burning tafte, and the peculiar fine flavor of cinnamon in
a very great degree.  It  fhould fink in water, and be entirely fol-
uble in alcohol.   It is principally prepared in Ceylon.
  It is one of  the  moft powerful ftimulants we poffefs, and  is-
fometimes ufed  as a cordial in cramps of the ftomach and in  fyn-
cope ;  or as a ftimulant in paralyfis of the tongue, or  to deaden
the  nerve in toothach.  But it is principally ufed as an aromatic,
to cover the lefs agreeable tafte of other drugs.

  Sp.2. Laurus Cassia. Cortex. Flores nondumexplicitif Ed.)
  Caffia Lignea.   Cortex.  (Dub.)
  The cafBa tree.  The bark and flower buds gathered before
they open.
  This tree is very fimilar to the former.  The bark, which  is
imported from different  parts  of the Eaft Indies and  from China,
has a very exaa refemblance to the cinnamon.   It is diftinguifh-
able from the Qinnamojj» by  being of a thicker and coarfer ap- 
Part II.]           Materia  Medica-                  245

pearance, and by its breaking ffiort and fmooth, while the cinna-
mon breaks fibrous and ffi-very.
   It refembles cinnamon ftill more exaaiy in its aromatic flavor
than in its external  appearance, and  feems only to differ from it
in being fomewhat weaker, in abounding more with a mucilagin-
ous matter, and in being lefs aftringent.
   Caffia buds are the flower buds which  are gathered  and dried
before they expand.   They  have the appearance of a nail, con-
fiftingof a round head, about the fize of a  peppercorn, furround-
ed with the imperfea hexangular corolla, which gradually termin-
ates in a point.   They have a brown color, and the fmell and tafte
of cinnamon.
   Both the bark and buds of caffia poffefs  the fame properties
with cinnamon, though in an inferior degree.                *
   The bark  is very  frequently, and  fometimes unintentionally
fubftituted for the more expenfive cinnamon ;  and the produas
obtained from  caffia bark and  buds by diftillation, are in no re-
fpea inferior to thofe prepared from cinnamon.

   S/i. 3. LaurusCamphora.  Campkora.  (Ed.)
   Camphora.  (Lond.)   Refina.  (Dub.)
   Camphor  tree.   Camphor.
   The camphor laurel grows  in great abundance, and to a very
confiderable fize, in the forefts of Japan. It is not uncommon in
green houfes in  England.   Every part of the  tree fmells ftrongly
of camphor, which is obtained from the trunk, tranches, and root
by diftillation.  They  are cut  down  into fmall pieces, and put
into a ftill with a  quantity of water.   After  the water has been
kept boiling forty eight hours, the  camphor is found adhering to
the ftraw with which the head of the ftill is lined.   In this  ftate
it is imported by the Dutch, and is called  crude camphor.  It is
very impure, confifting of fmall  brownifh or dirty grey grains,
mixed with ftraw, wood, hair, and other impurities.   From thefe
it is purified in Holland, by a lecond fublimation in glafs veffels ;
being previoufly mixed with quicklime,  to  combine with,  and
prevent any empyreumatic oil with which it  may be contaminat-
ed from fubliming, while the camphor concretes  in the upper
part of the veffel into cakes, convex on the one fide, and concave
on the other, about two or  three  inches thick, thinner at the
edges, and generally perforated in the middle.
  Pure camphor is lighter than water, very white, pellucid, fome-
what unauous to the touch, brittle, yet tough  and elaftic, fo as to
be fcarcely pulverizable ;  ffiining in its fraaure,  and cryftalline
in its texture ;  of a  bitteriffi, aromatic pungent tafte, yet accom-
panied with a fenfe of coolnefs ;  of a ftrong and very penetrating
fmell ; very volatile, inflammable,  burning entirely away with-
out leaving  any  coal  or afhes; capable of  combining with the
                     P"3 
\
 246             Materia  Medica.                Part II.]

 fixed and volatile  oils,  refins and  balfams ;  foluble  in  rJcohol,
 ether, and the concentrated fulphuric, nitric, and  acetic acids ;
 feparable from thefe alcoholic and acid folutions by water, infolu-
 ble in water, alkalies, and the weaker acids; decompofable by
 heat ; when mixed with alumina  being converted into an  effential
 oil and charcoal, and by treating  it with nitric acid, which acidi-
 fies it, producing camphoric acid.
   But the produaion  of  camphor  is  not  confined to the laurus
 camphora, although it furnifhes almoft all the camphor of com-
 merce ;  it is found  in very great purity in the interftices among
 the woody fibres of an unknown tree in Borneo ; it  is alfo con-
 tained in the roots of the laurus cinnamomum and caffia, Alpi-
 nia galanga, amomum zedoaria,  &c.; in  the feeds of the amo-
 naum cardamomum, piper cubeba, &c. ; and  in many indigenous
 plants, as in the  thymus ferpyllum  and vulgaris, juniperus com-
 munis, rofmarinus  officinalis, falvia officinalis,  mentha piperita,
 &:c. and may be  feparated  from the effential  oils of rofemary, la-
 vender, marjoram and fage.   It is therefore now univerfally con-
 fidered as a peculiar principle of vegetables, and notasarcfin,
 as flatedby the Dublin College.
   Camphor is a  very aaive  fubftance when  taken into the ftom-
 ach.  It increafes  the heat of the body  confiderably, and gives a
 tendency to diaphorefis, but without quickening the pulfe.  At
 firft it raifes the  fpirits, but produces a fubfequent depreffion; and
 it facilitates voluntary motion.   In exccffive dofes it caufes fyn-
 cope, anxiety, retchings, convulfions,  and delirium.  Thefe vio-
 lent effeas of camphor are moft effeaually counteraaed by opium,
   In a morbid ftate of the body, camphor allays inordinate aaions.
 When the pulfe  is  hard and contraaed,  it  renders it fuller and
 fofter. It removes  fpafms, and flitting pains arifing from fpafms ;
 and in delirium,  when opium fails  of  procuring fleep, camphor
 will often fucceed.   It is alfo faid to  correa the bad effects of
 opium, mezereon, cantharides, and the draftic purgatives and diu-
 retics.
   The moft general indication for the  ufe of camphor, is the lan-
 guor or oppreffion  of  the vis vita.   It may therefore be given
 with advantage.
   I. In all febrile difeafes of the typhoid type, efpecially when
    attended with delirium.
   2.  In inflammations with typhoid fever, as in fome cafes of pe-
    ripneumonia and rheumatifm.
   3.  In eruptive difeafes, to favor the eruption,  or to bring it
    back to the  fkin, if from any caufe it  has fuddeniy receded,
    as in fmallpox, meafles, &c.
  4.  In many fpafmodic  difeafes, efpecially mania, melancholy,
epilepfy, hyfteria, chorea, hiccough, &c. 
 Part II.]    -         Materia Medica.                 247

   5.  In indolent local inflammations, not depending upon an in-
     ternal caufe, to excite aaion in the part.
   As from its great lightnefs it is apt to fwim upon the contents
 of the ftomach, and  to occafion pain at its upper orifice, it is ne-
 ceffary that it be always exhibited in a ftate of minute divifion.
 In order to reduce it to powder, it muft be previoufly moiftened
 with a little alcohol.   It may then be given,
   1. In powder, with fugar, magnefia, and nitrate of potafs.
   2.  In  pills, with the fetid gums and mucilage.
   3.  In folution, in alcohol, oil, or acetic acid.
   4. Sufpended in the form of an emulfion, by means of muci-
     lage, fugar, yolk of egg, almonds, vinegar, &c.
   Internally it may be given in  fmall dofes, of from one  to five
 grains, repeated at ffiort intervals, as  its effeefs are very tranfient,
 or in large dofes, not under twenty grains.

   Sp. 10. Laurus Nobilis. Folia.   Baccx. Bate drum oleum
fixum.   (Ed.)
   Laurus.   Folium.   Bacca.  (Lond.)
   Bay tree. The leaves, berries, and expreffed oil of the berries'.
   This tree is a native of the fouth of Europe,  but  bears the
 winters of this   climate perfeaiy well.  Both leaves and berries
 contain  a  confiderable quantity of  effential oil, which renders
 them aromatic, ftimulating fubftances.
   The berries are generally brought  from the Mediterranean, and
 are more pungent than the kaves.   In Spain and Italy a confid-
 erable quantity of oil is obtained by expreffion trom the freffi  ber-
 ries.  It has a green color, and ftrong aromatic tafte and fmefh
 As it therefore is not a fixed oil, but a mixture of fixed and effen-
 tial oil, and as its peculiar properties depend entirely on the  pre-
 fence of the fatter, it is incorreaiy ftated to  be a fixed oil  by the
 Edinburgh College.   It ffiould  rather have been denominated,
 from the mibde of its preparation, an expreffed oil.
   It is only ufed externally as a ftimulant.

   Sp. 34. Laurus Sassafras.  Lignum, radix,ejusque cortex.
 (Ed.)
   Saffafras.  Lignum, radix, ejusque cortex. (Lond.)   Lignum
 radix eorunique cortex.   (Dub.)
   Saffafras.  The wood, root and bark.
   This tree is a native of North America, and is cultivated in
 Jamaica.   It is the  root which is commonly employed.  It is
 brought to  us in long branched pieces.  It  is foft, light, and of a
 fpongy  texture; of a  rufty   white  color;, of a.ftrong, pleafant
 fmell, refembling that  of fennel ; and a  fweetifh  aromatic fub-
 acrid tafte.  The bark is rough,, of a  brown  afh color on the out-
              fit 4 
 248              Materia Medica.              Part. II.]

 fide, and  ferrugineous color within ; fpongy  and divifible into
 layers, and of a ftronger tafte and fmell than the wood.
   Saffafras contains much effential  oil,  and is therefore a gently
 ftimulating, heating, fudorific and diuretic remedy.
   It is beft given  in  infufion,   The decoaion  and extraa are
 mere bitters, as the oil is diffipated by the preparation.
   The effential oil  may be obtained feparate by diftillation.  It
 is ofa whitiffi, yellow color, and finks in water. It is highly ftim-
 ulating and heating, and muft be given only in very fmall dofes.

   LAVANDULA SPICA.   Spicaflorentes.   (Ed.)
   Lavandula.  Flos.   (Lond.)  Lavandula. Flores.   (Dub.)
   Lavender.  The flowering fpikes.
   Willd.g. 1099. fp. 1. Didynamia  Gymnofpermia.—Nat. ord.
 Verticillata.
   Lavender is a well known fmall, ffirubby, perennial plant, a
 native of the fouth  of Europe, but  frequently cultivated in our
 gardens for the fake of its perfume.   There are two varieties.__
 The flowers of both have a fragrant  agreeable fmell, and a warm,
 pungent, bitteriffi tafte; the broad leaved  fort \& the ftrongeft in
 both refpeas, and  yields in diftillation thrice as much effential
 oil as the other ;  its  oil is alfo hotter and fpecif\cally heavier ;
 hence, in  the fouthern parts  of France, where both  kinds grow
 wild, this only is ufed for the diftillajion of what is called Oil  of
 Spike.  The narrow leaved is the fort commonly met with in our
 gardens
   Lavender is a warm ftimulating aromatic.  It is principally uferi
 as a perfume.

   LEONTODQN TARAXACUM. Herba. Radix.  (Ed.)
   Taraxacum.  Radix. Herba.   (Lond.) Radix.  Folia. fD.ub.)
   Dandelion.   The root and leaves.
   Syngenefia AZqualis.—Nat. ord. Compcfitafemifipfculofaf
   This perennial plant is very common in grafs fielo> and un-
 cultivated places.   The  whole  plant  contains a bitter,  milky
juice, which, however, is moft abundant in the roots before the
 flower ftem (hoots.  The bitternefs is  deftroyed by drying, and,
 therefore,  the recent roots ©nly ffiould be ufed.   Its vulgar name
 Pifs a bed, (hows a popular belief of its poffeffing diuretic prop-
 erties ; and it  was lately a very faffiionable remedy  in Germany,
 and given  in the form of an expreffed  juice or  decoaion,  or ex-
traa prepared  from either  of them,   To us it feems merely a
mucilaginous bitter.

  LIL1UM CANDIDUM.
  Lihum album.  Radix.   (Dub.)
  The wfiite lily.  The root, 
 Part II.]            Materia  Medica.                 219

 Willd. g. 127. fp. 3.  Hexandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Liliacece,
   The while lily is  a perennial, bulbous rooted plant, a native
 of the fouth  of Europe,  and cultivated in our gardens for the
 beauty of its flowers.   The mucilaginous root is fometimes ufed
 as a poultice; but it  poffeffes no advantage over  the poultices
 formed of any vegetable farina.

   LIMON.   (Lond. Dub.)  See Citrus..

   LINUM.
   Willd. g. 590. Pentandria Pentagynia.----Nat. ord. Gruinales.

   Sp. 1. Linum Usitatissimum.  Semen, ejufque oleum fix-
 um.  (Ed.)
   Linum.  Semen.  (Lond. Ed.)
   Common flax.  The feed, and oil expreffed  from the feed.—
 Linfeed, and  linfeed oil.-
   This valuable annual plant, is faid to have  come originally
 from thofe parts of Egypt which  are expofed to the inundations
 of the Nile.   It now grows wild among our fields, in the fouth of
 England, and many other parts  of Europe, and is cultivated in
 large quantities.
   Linfeed contains about one fifth of mucilage, and one fixth of
 fixed oil.  They are  therefore confidered as emollient, and de-
 mulcent.  The entire feeds are only ufed in cataplafms.
   The mucilage refides entirely  in  the fkin, and is  feparated by
 infufion or decoaion.   The infufion  is ufed as a peaoral drink,
 and in ardor urinse, nephritic pains, and during the exhibition of
 corrofive fublimate.
  The oil is feparated by  expreffion.  It  is one of  the cheapeft
 fixed oils; but is generally rancid and naufeous, and unfit  for in-
 ternal ufe.
  The cake which remains after the expreffion of the oil, contains
 the farinaceous and mucilaginous part of  the feed, and is ufed in
 fattening cattle, under the name of Oil cake.
  Sp. 26. Linum Catharticum.   Herba.  (Dub.)
  Purging flax.
  This is an annual  plant, found wild on dry  meadows and paf-
tures in Britain.  Its  virtue is expreffed in its title ; an infufion
in water or whey of a handful of the freffi herb, or a dram of
them in fubftance when dried, are faid to purge  without incon-
venience.

  LITHARGYRUS.  (Dub.)   See Plumbum.

  LOBKLIA SYPHILITICA.  Radix.  (Ed.)
  Lobelia.  The root, 
250                 Materia Medica.            [Part II.

   Syngenefia Monogamia.—Nat. ord. Campanacea:
   This plant grows in  moift  places in Virginia, and bears our
winters.  It is perennial, has an erea ftalk three or four feet high,
blue flowers, a milky juice, and a rank fmell.  The root confifts
of white fibres about two inches long,  refembles tobacco in tafte,
which remains on the tongue, and is apt to excite vomiting.
   Dr. Barton fays, that it is confiderably diuretic, and Mr. Pear-
fon found, that it generally difagreed  with the ftomach, aud fel-
dom failed ot affeaing the bowels as a ftrong cathartic. It certain.
ly poffeffes no power of  curing fyphilis;  even  the Indians, when
they have the  difeafe, are glad of  an opportunity of applying to
the whites.


   LUJULA.   (Lond.)  See Ox a lis.

   MAGNESIA VITRIOLATA.  (Lond. Dub.)   SeeSuL-
phas Magnesia.

   MAJORANA.   (Lond. Dub.)   See Origanum.

   MALVA SYLVESTRIS.  Herba.  Flores.  (Ed.)
   Malva.  Folium.  Flos.   (Lond.)
   Willd. g. 1290. fp.  43. Monadelphia  Polyandria.—Nat. ord.
Columnifera.
   Common Mallow.  The leaves and flowers.
   This is an annual plant,  common in  Britain,  under hedges,
near footpaths, and among rubbifh.
   The whole  plant abounds with  mucilage.  The leaves were t
formerly of fome efteem, in food,, for loofeningthe belly.;  at pre-
fent, decoaions of  them are  fometimes employed in dyfenteries,
heat, and ffiarpnefs of urine,, and in general for obtunding acri-
monious humors ; their principal ufe is in emollient gly Iters, cat-
aplafms, and fomentations.

   MANNA.   See Fr ax in us.

   MARRUBIUM  VULGARE.  Herba.  (Ed. Lond.) Folia.
(Dub.)
   White horehound.  The leaves.   -.
   Willd. g. mi. fp. 8. Didynamia  Gymnofpermia.—Nat.ord.
Verticillata.
   This is a perennial plant which  grows wild on road fides and
among rubbifh.   The leaves have a  very ftrong, not difagreeable
fmell, and a roughifh very bitter tafte.   They  promote the fluid
fecretions in general, and liberally taken, loofen the belly. 
fart. II.]
Materia Mediea.
251
  MARUM  SYRIACUM.  (Lond. Dub.) Set  Teucrium.

  MASTICHE.  SeePisxACiA.

  MEL.  (Lond. Dub. Ed.)
  Honey.
  This is a well known fubftance, and although it is moft proh-
bly of vegetable origin, we do not procure it in any quantity
except as an animal excretion, from the bee, (apis mellifica.) This
indullrious infect, in  the fummer time flies from flower to flower
to collea the fweet juice fecreted in them.  When fufficiently
loaded it returns to its hive,  where it depofits it, as a winter's
fupply in the cells of the comb it had prepared of  wax to receive
it.  What change it undergoes in the  body  of the infea is un-
known ;  but  it is certain, that honey varies very much, according
to the nature of the plants from  which it  is colleaed.   In fome
fituations, where poifonous plants abound, it is even deleterious.
  The beft honey is that which is freeft from color, and contains
the iargeft grains when it concretes.  For medical ufe,  it ffiould
alfo be as tree of flavor as  poffible.  That obtained from young
bees, and which flows fpontaneoufly from the combs, is the pureft
and fineft, and is known by  the  name of Virgin honey.   When
feparated from the wax by expreffion, it is lefs pure ; and there is
another fort ftill inferior,  obtained  by heating the combs before
they are put into the  prefs.
   Honey confifts principally of fugar,  but it alfo  probably can-
tains mucilage and  an acid, and  is often impregnated with the ef-
fential oil of  the flowers from which the bees have gathered it.
   From the earlieit  ages it  has been employed as a medicine.
Befides the general properties of faccharine bodies, it poffeffes
others peculiar to itfelf, probably depending on the prefence of
an acid.  For internal  ufe, fugar is always to be preferred, as
honey  in fome conftitutions  produces gripes and colic pains.
From its ftimulus, however, it forms an excellent  gargle, and fa-
cilitates the expeaoration of vifcid phlegm, and is fometimes em-
ployed as an emollient application to abfceffes, and as a detergent
to ulcers.

   MELALEUCA LEUCADENDRON. Oleum volatile. (Ed.)
   Cajeputaoffcinarum.
   The Cajeput tree.   The effential oil.
   Polyadelphia Polyandria.—Nat. ord. Hefperidea.
   The tree which furnifhes the cajeput oil is frequent on the
mountains of  Amboyna, and other Molucca iflands.  ft is obtain-
ed by diftillation from  the dried  leaves  of  the fmaller of two
varieties.   It is prepared in great quantities, efpecially in the Ifl-
and of Banda, and fent to Holland in copper flafks. As it comes 
252               Materia Medica.              [Tart  II.

to us it is ofa green color,  very  limpid,  lighter  than water, ofa
ftrong fmell, refembling camphor, and a ftrong, pungent tafte, like
that of cardamons.  It burns entirely away, without leaving any
refiduum. It is often adulterated  with other effential oils, colored
with the refin of the milfoil.  In  the genuine oil, the green color
depends on the  prefence of copper ; for when reaified it is color-
lefs.
  Like other aromatic oils it is highly ftimulating, and is princi-
pally recommended in hyfteria, epilepfy, flatulent colic, and para-
lyfis of the tongue. The dofe is from one to four drops on a lump
of fugar.
  It is applied externally where a warm and  peculiar ftimulus is
requifite ; it is employed  for  reftoring vigor after luxations and
fprains, and for eafing violent pain in gouty and rheumatic cafes,
in tooth ach and fimilar affedtions.

  MELISSA OFFICINALIS.   Folia.   (Ed.)
  Melififa.   Herba.  (Lond.)
  Balm.  Tbe leaves.
  Willd.g.  1118. fp. 1. DidynamiaGymnofpermia.—Nat.ord.
Verticillata.
  Balm is a perennial plant, which grows wild on the Alps and
Pyrennees, and  is frequently cultivated in our gardens.   It has a
pleafant fmell, fomewhat of the lemon kind ; and a weak, rough-
i(h  aromatic tafte.  The young (hoots  have the  ftrongeft flavor ;
the flowers, and the herb itfelf when old, or  produced in very
moift rich foils  or rainy  feafons,  are much weaker both in fmell
and tafte.
  It is principally ufed in the form of a watery infufion, which is
drunk in the manner of tea.

  MELOE VESICATOR1US.  (Ed.)
  Cantharis.  (Lond.)  Cantharides. (Dub.)
  Infecla, Coleoptera,  Veficantia.   Lytla vificatoria. Fabricii.
  These infeas have  a  longiffi, green and. gold ffiining body,
with flexible green ftriped elytra, which  cover the  whole back
of  the body, and  under  which  are  their brown  membranous
wings.   On their head they have two black articulated feelers.
They  are found on the fraxinus,  fambucus, falix, liguftrum, &c.
in Spain, Italy, France and Germany.  The largeft come from
Italy, but the Spaniffi cantharides are preferred.   They are gath-
ered by ffiaking the trees on which they  are found, and catching
them on a-cloth fpread beneath  it. They  are  then killed by  the
funies of vinegar, and dried carefully in a  ftove.  The Melolontha
vitis is fometimes  found  mixed  in  confiderable numbers with
the cantharides.  They are eafily diftinguifhed  by  their almoft 
Fart II.]            Materia  Medica.                  $5$

fquare body, and as probably they do not ftimulate the fkin, they
(hould be picked out before the cantharides are powdered.
  Cantharides have a peculiar naufeous fmell, and an extremely
acrid, burning tafte.   Taken internally, they often occafion a dif-
charge ot blood by urine, with exquifite pain; if the dofe be con-
fiderable, they feem to inflame and exulcerate the whole inteftinal
canal ; the (tools become mucous and purulent  ;  the breath fetid
and cadaverous; intenfe pains are felt in the lower belly ; the pa-
tient  faints,  grows giddy, delirious, and dies.   Applied  to the
fkin, they firft inflame, and afterwards excoriate the part, raifing
a more perfea blifter than  any  of  the  vegetable acrids, and oc-
cafioning a more plentiful difcharge of ferum.   But even the ex-
ternal application of cantharides is often  followed by a ftrangury,
accompanied with thirft and feveriffi heat.
  The inconveniences arifing from  the ufe of cantharides, wheth-
er taken  internally,  or  applied  externally, are beft  obviated by
drinking plentifully  of bland emollient liquids, fuch  as milk,
emulfions,  &c.   The fpecific property  of  counteraaing cantha-
rides afcribed  to camphor, has no foundation.
  The  aaive conftituent  of cantharides is not well afcertained.
It is not diffipated by keeping for  any length of time, and does
not  rife in diftillation.   It is  foluble in alcohol and in  water.
Gren and Hagen, both great authorities, fay, indeed, that it is in-
foluble in  v.ater ; but both the  London, Dublin and Edinburgh
Colleges, prepare an ointment from the watery infufion.
  The internal ufe of cantharides is at all times doubtful, and re-
quires  the moft prudent management.  They have, however, been
fometimes employed with  fuccefs in dropfy, and in difeafes of the
urinary organs, arifing from debility. They are given in fubftance
in very fmall dofes, or in  tinaure.
  Applied externally, they are one of our beft and  moft power-
ful remedies.  By proper management,  they may be regulated fa
as to aa as a gentle ftimulus, as  a rubefacient, or as a blifter.
  Blifters are applied,
     I. To increafe the aaivity of the fyftem in general, by means
       of their irritation.
     2. To increafe the aaivity  ofa particular organ.
     ft. To diminifh morbid aaion in particular organs, by means
       of the irritation they excite  in the parts  to which they are
       applied.
   They  may  be employed with advantage in almoft all difeafes
accompanied with typhus  fever,  efpecially if any important vifcus
as the brains,  lungs, or liver, be at  the fame time particularly af-
feaed.   In thefe cafes the blifters are not applied to the difeafed
•rgans  themfeivec,  but a* near  them as may  be convenient* 
254
Materia Medica.
[Part. IT.
When we wiffi to excite aaion in any organ,  the blifters are, if
poffible, applied direaiy to the difeafed organ.'
m Cantharides are employed externally, either in fubftance, mixed
up with wax and refin, fo as  to form a plafter or ointment, or in
the form of tinaure.

  MENTHA.
  Willd. g.  1102. Didynamia Gymnofpermia.—Nat. ord.  Verti-
cillata.

  Sp.  7. Mentha  Viridis.
  Mentha fativa.   Herba.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Spearmint.  The plant.
  Spearmint is perennial, and a native of Britain.  The leaves
have a warm, roughiffi, fomewhat bitteriffi tafte ; and a ftrong,
not unpleafant, aromatic fmell.   Their virtues arc ftomachic and
carminative.

  Sp.  13. Mentha Piperita.  Herba.  (Ed.)
  Mentha piperitis.  Herba.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Peppermint.  The plant.
  This  fpecies of mint is alfo perennial, and  a native of Britain.
where  it is cultivated in very great quantities  for the fake of its ef-
fential  oil.  The leaves have a ftrong, rather agreeable fmell, and
an intenfely pungent, aromatic tafte, refembling that  of pepper,
and accompanied with a peculiar fenfation of coldnefs.
  Its predominant conftituents are effential oil  and camphor, both
of which rife in diftillation, and are combined in what is  called
Oil of Peppermint.
Peppermint is principally ufed as a carminative and antifpafmodic.
The  diftilled  water is a domeftic remedy  for flatulent colic,  and
the effential  oil is often given with advantage in dofes  of a few
drops in cramps of the ftomach.

  Sp. so. Mentha Pulegium.  Herba.  (Ed.)
  Pulegium.   Herba.  Flos.  (Lond.)   Herba.   (Dub.)
  Pennyroyal.  The herb  and flower.
  This is alfo perennial, and a native of Britain.   In its fenfible
qualities, it is warm,  pungent, and aromatic, fomewhat fimilar to
fpearmint, but lefs agreeable.   It is feldom ufed.

  MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA.  Folia.  (Ed.)
   Trifdlium paludofum. Herba.  (Lond.)  Folia.  (Dub.)
  Marfh Trefoil.   The leaves.
   Willd.g. 2gg.fp. 4.  Pentandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Rota-
cea.
  This  perennial plant is very  common  in marffiy fituations,
and is  one of the moft beautiful of our native flowers. 
Part  II.]             Materia Medica.                255

The leaves grow by threes  on footftalks.   They are exceffive-
ly bitter, and their bitternefs is extraaed by infufion.  They are
faid to be fometimes ufed in brewing ale, and that one ounce will
go as  far as half a pound of hops.
   A drachm ot them in powder purges and vomits.   In infufion
or extraa they  have been recommended in intermittents, in feveral
cacheaic and cutaneous difeafes, the dofe  of  the extraa is  from
ten to twenty grains.

   MEZEREON.  (Lond. Dub.)   See Daphne.


   MiLLEPEDA.  (Lond, Dub.)   SeeONiscus.
   MIMOSA.
   Polygamia Monoecia.—Nat. ord. Lomentacea.

   Sp. Mimosa Catechu.   Extraclum ligni.  (Ed.)
   Catechu.  Succus fpiffatus.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Catechu.  The extraa of the wood.
   This tree is a native of Hindoftan.  The  extraa of catechu,
 which was formerly  termed,  with  peculiar  impropriety, Japan
 earth, is principally prepared  from  the  internal colored part of
 the wood by depoaion, evaporation,  and  exficcation in the fun.
 But catechu is alfo prepared in India from feveral other fpecies of
 mimofa, and even from the woods, barks, and fruits  of other ge-
 nera.
   The catechu of the ffiops confifts of  dry, hard, brittle  maffes,
 of a reddifh brown color, differing confiderable in ffiade and inten-
 fity in different fpecimens ; fometimes of  a lamellar texture of a
 more or lefs ffiining fraaure, of no fmell, and  an aftringent fome-
 what bitteriffi  tafte, fucceeded by a  peculiar fweetnefs, which
 lafts a confiderable time  in the mouth.   It is  not  fufible; and
 when burnt leaves little refiduum.   It is almoft entirely foluble
 in water and in alcohol.  Thefe folutions ftrike a black  color
 with fulphate of iron, and  form a precipitate  with  gelatine.  It
 therefore feems to contain a large proportion of tannin.  The bit-
 ternefs would lead us to fufpea the prefence of extraaive; and it
 alfo very probably contains gum ; for gum exudes fpontaneoufly
 irom many of  the fpecies of  mimofa, and other trees,  which,
 by decoaion furnifh aftringent extraas.
    It may be ufefully employed for moft purpofes where an aftrin-
 gent is indicated; and it is particularly ufeful  in  alvine fluxes.
 Befides this, it is employed alfo in uterine profluvia, in laxity and
 debility  of  the vifcera in general,  in catarrhal affeaions and
 various other difeafes  where  aftringants are indicated. It is often
 fuffered to diffolve leifurely in the  mouth, as a topical aftringent
 for laxities and exulcerations  of the gums, for  aphthous ulcers in 
256
Materia  Medica.
[Fart If,
 the mouth and fimilar affections;  and  it is  in fome other cafes
 applied externally, both  under the form of  folution and of oint-
 ment.
   Sp. Mimosa Nilotica.   Gummi.  (Ed.)
   Gummi Arabicu.a.  (Lond. Dub)
   Gum Arabic.
   This fpecies of mimofa grows  in Arabia Petnsa and Egypt;
 The greateft quantity of pure gum, commonly called Gum Ara-
 bic, is furniffied by this tree, from which it exudes either fpon-
 taneoufly, or from incifions made  into  the  bark, and afterwards
 hardens in the air.   But a  perfeaiy fimilar gum may be obtained
 from all the fpecies of mimofa, and from many other trees, fuch
 as the Swietenia febrifuga, Melia  azadirachta,  and the different
 fpecies of Terminalia.  It is remarkable that the barks of all the
 trees which furnifh this bland mucilaginous fubftance, are highly
 aftringent ;  that of the mimofa  nilotica  itfelf is ufed in India for
 tanning ;  and in our own  country,  the  cherry and plumb trees,
 which fometimes yield a little gum, have very aftringent barks.
   Gum Arabic confifts of roundiffi tranfparent  tears, of a yel*
 lowiffi color, ffiining fraaure, without  fmell or tafte, and per-
 feaiy foluble in water.  The pieces  which  are moft tranfparent
 and have leaft color are reckoned tbe beft.
   It poffeffes the powers of a mucilaginous  demulcent in a high
 degree ; and is frequently exhibited in diarrhoea, dyfentery, chin-
 cough, hoarfenefs,  ftranguary, &c. ; and is an extremely ufeful ar-
 ticle, for giving  form to fome  remedies, and for  correaing the
 acrimony of others.

  MOMORDICA  ELATERIUM.  FruSus recens fubmalu-
 rus.  (Ed.)
  Cucumis Agreflis.  Fruclus recens.  (Lond.)  Fruclus.  (Dub.)
  Wild cucumber.  The freffi fruit, when almoft ripe.
  Monoecia Syngenefia.—Nat. ord. Cucurbitacea.
  This plant is a native of the  fouth of Europe, and is perennial.
When cultivated in this  country, it does not furvive the winter,
The fruit is oblong, about an inch and a  half  long, and an inch in
diameter. It is of a green color, and befet with  ftiff hairs.  When
nearly ripe, it  burfts on  a flight touch, feparates from its ftalk,
and ffieds its feeds with great violence. From which circumftance
it was named by the Greeks Elaterium, which  name was alfo ap-
plied to the faecula  of the juice of the fruit, the only preparation
ufed in medicine.   In a tew grains it operates as a  draftic  purga-
tive, and is fometimes ufed  in dropfies.

  MO RUS NIGRA.
  Morus.  Fruclus.  (Lond.) 
fart  II.]
Materia Medica.
257
   Mulberry tree.  The fruit.
   Monoecia Tetrandria.—Nat. ord. Scabrida.
   This tree, which is fuppofed to have come originally from Per-
fia, bears the cold of our winters, and ripens its fruit in England.
The fruit has the fame properties with other  fubacid fruits.  Its
juice contains tartarous acid.

   MOSCHUS  MOSCHIFERUS.   Materia in folliculo prope
umbilicum collecla.   (Ed.)
   Mofchus.   (Dub.)  Materia in folliculo prope umbilicum fiito
collecla,   (Lond.)
   The  Mufk deer.  Mufk.  The fubftance contained in a folli-
cle fituated near the navel.
   The mufk animal is an inhabitant  of the moft elevated region
of Alia, particularly of  the Altayan Alps, and the  mountains
which divide Thibet from China.  It is a gentle and  timid ani-
mal, and  its chafe is difficult and dangerous.  Its  general  form
refembles the deer tribe,  and it is about three feet in length.   In
the male, behind the navel and before  the prepuce, there is fituated
an oval bag, flat on one fiile and convex on the other, about three
inches long and two broad, projeaing about an inch, and having a
fmall open orifice, befet with ffiort hairs, which  is  empty in the
young  animal, but in the adult  is filled with a fecreted  matter,
known by the name of mufk.   When the bag becomes too full,
the animal expreffes part of its contents by rubbing itfelf againft
ftones or trees.  The mufk expreffed in this manner is faid to be
the pureft, but none of it probably reaches this  country.   The
beft mufk is brought from Tonquin,  an  inferior  fort from Agria
and Bengal, and a ftill worfe from Ruffia.
   Fine mufk comes to us in round thin bladders ; which are gen-
erally about the fize of a  pigeon's egg, covered with ffiort brown
hairs, lined with a thin brown membrane, well filled, and without
any appearance of having  been opened. The mufk itfelf is dry, with
a kind of unauofity, of a dark reddiffi brown, or  rufty blackiffi
color, in fmall round grains, with very  few hard black clots, and
perteaiy  free from  fandy or  other  vifible  foreign matter.  If
chewed, and rubbed  with a knife on paper, it looks  fmooth,
bright, yellowiffi, and is  free from grittinefs.  Laid on a red hot
iron, it catches flame, and burns almoft entirely away, leaving on-
ly an exceeding fmall quantity of light greyifh afhes.  The larg-
eft and fulleft bag fcarcely contains  more than two drachms  of
mufk.
   The very great price of mufk has given rife to  many modes of
adulterating it.  To increafe its weight, fand, and even particles
of lead, are introduced through very  fmall openings into the bags.
The real mufk is frequently abftracfed from the bag, and its place
fupplied with dried and coarfely powdered  blood, or fome mix- 
258
Materia  Medica.
[Part II.
ture with afphaltum.  Thefe adulterations are to be deteaed  by
difcovering that the bag has been opened.  The prefence of blood
is alfo known by the fetid fmell it emits when heated fufficiently,
and by the formation of ammonia when rubbed with potafs.   Af-
phaltum is known by its  ffiining fraaure and melting on hot iron,
while mufk is converted  into charcoal.   But there are even arti-
ficial bags  filled with a compofition  containing fome real  mufk,
Thefe are in general thicker, and covered with  longer hair, and
want, the internal  brown membrane which lines the real mufk-
ba£-
  The charaaeriftic conftituent of mufk feems to be of the nature
of an effential oil.   It rifes in diftillation, and is  foluble in alco-
hol.   Tbe reft of it feems to confift ofa  fatty refinous matter.
  Mufk is a medicine  of very great efficacy,  and for which, in
fome cafes, there is hardly  any  fubftitute.  When properly ad-
miniftered, it fometimes  fucceeds in the moft  defperate circum-
ftances.   It  raifes  the pulfe, without,  heating much; it allays
fpafms  and operates remarkably on the  brain, increafing  the
powers of thought, fenfation, and voluntary motion.
  It may be employed in every inftance of typhous fever, efpec-
ially when attended with  delirium, or fpafmodic  affection  of
any particular organ, or of the whole fyftem, or fubfultus tendi-
num, &c.  It is alfo ufed^with the greateft benefit in exanthema-
tous and phlegmonic difeafes, accompanied with typhoid fever ;
and in many fpafmodic affeaions, as chincough, epilepfy, trifmus,
&c.
   It is moft conveniently given in fubftance in powder, in dofes
of three grains or upwards, repeated every one or two hours.  lis
beft  preparation is the tinaure.

   MURIAS.
  Muriate is the generic term for thofe fecondary  compounds
which contain muriatic acid.  Their general properties have been
already mentioned (aio.)
  The muriates may be divided into three families :
  I. Alkaline muriates—foluble in water fufible, and vaporizable
without decompofition, forming no precipitate with alkaline car-
bonates.
  2. Earthy muriates—foluble in water in general, decompofable
by heat, forming a white  precipitate with alkaline carbonates.
  3. Metalline muriates.—The muriatic acid is capable of com-
bining with many metals, in two ftates of oxidizement.  The mu-
riates which contain the metal more oxidized are in general very
acrid, and foluble both in water and alcohol.  The muriates which
contain  the metal lefs oxidized are often infoluble, have a white
color, and  cgntain an  excefs of  bafe, or are fubmuriates.   The 
Part II.]             Materia Medica.                %&

muriates are alfo the moft volatile metalline falts, and often rife
undecompofed in fublimation or diftillation.                     '

   MURIAS AMMONIA.  (Ed.)
   Sal Ammoniacus.  (Lond.  Dub.)
   Muriate of ammonia is found native efpecially in the neigh-
borhood ot volcanoes. It was firft prepared in Egypt from the foot
of camel dung by fublimation.  But the greateft part of that now
Ufed is  rnanufaaured  in  Europe, either by combining direaiy
ammonia with muriatic acid, or by decompofing the fulphate of
ammonia by means of muriate of foda, or the muriates of lime and
magnefia by means of ammonia.
   In commerce,  muriate of  ammonia occurs either fublimed in
firm,  round, elaftic, concavo convex cakes, or cryftallized in co-
nical maffes.   The latter commonly contain other falts, efpecially
muriate of lime, which renders them deliquefcent ; and therefore
the fublimed muriate of ammonia is to be preferred for the pur-
pofes  of medicine.
   Muriate of ammonia has an acrid, pungent, urinous tafte.  It
is foluble in about three times its weight  of water at 6o°, and in
an equal weight at 212®.   During its folution, it produces 32 de-
grees of cold.   It is  alfo foluble in about  4-5 parts of alcohol. It
is permanent in the ordinary  ftate of the atmofphere.  By a  gen-
tle heat, it may  be deprived  of its water of cryftallization, and
reduced to the form of white powder.  At a higher temperature
it fublimes unchanged.   Its cryftals are either fix fided pyramids,
aggregated in a plumofe form, or ftill more commonly four fided
pyramids.  It confifts of 42. 75 muriatic acid, 25.00 ammonia,
and §2.  25  water. It is decompofed by the fulphuric and nitric
acids, by baryta, potafs, foda, ftrontia, and lime ;  by feveral fe-
condary falts, containing thefe acids or bafes ; and by thofe met-
alline (alts whofe bafes form with muriatic acid an infoluble com-
pound.
  Muriate  of ammonia is now feldom ufed  internally.  It was
formally fuppofed to be a powerful aperient and attenuant of vif-
cid humors.  Externally applied, it is a valuable remedy.  It may
aa in two ways,
   1. By the cold produced during its folution.
   It is  from this caufe  that fomentations of muriate of ammonia
probably prove beneficial in mania, apoplexy from plethora, le-
tions of the head,  and in violent headachs.  When ufed with this
intention, the folution ffiould  be applied as foon as it is made.
   2. By the ftimulus of the  fait.
   On this principle we may explain its aaion as a difcutient in
indolent tumors of all  kinds, contufions,  gangrene, pfora, oph-
thalmia, cynanche, and in ftimulating clyfters.   In fome cafes, aa 
260
Materia Medica.
[Part II.
in chilblains and other indolent  inflammations, both modes of ac-
tion may be ferviceable.   WThen firft applied, the cdldnefs of the
folution will diminifh the fenfe  of heat and uneafinefs of the part,
and the fubfequent ftimulus will excite a more healthy  aaion in
the veffels.

  MURIAS SOD^E.  (Ed.)
  Sal Muriatic us.  (Lond.)  Sal Communis.   (Dub.)
  Muriate of foda.   Common  fea fait.
  This is the moft common of all the neutral falts.  It is not only
found  in immenfe. maffes on, under, and above  the earth's  fur-
face, and contained in great quantities in many fait fprings,  but
it is the caufe of the  faltnefs of  the fea.
  Native muriate of  foda prefents two varieties, the lamellar and
fibrous.  It is found in Poland, Hungary, Spain,  England, &c.
When not perfeaiy pure, it is purified by folution and  cryftalli-
zation.
  Salt fprings occur in many pirts of the world.   The quantity
of muriate of foda contained in thefe varies, from an inconfidera-
ble quantity, even up to one third.
  Sea  water alfo varies much  in  ftrength.  It is faid  to contain
moft fait in warm climates, and  at great depths.
  Muriate of foda, as obtained  from thefe natural folutions of it
by evaporation and cryftallization, is feldom pure, but commonly
mixed with earthy muriates, which being  deliquefcent falts, dif-
pofe it to attraa moifture from the  atmofphere.   It  may, how-
ever, be purified by precipitating the earths  by means  of carbo-
nate of foda, or by waffiing  the cryftallized fait with a  faturated
folution .of muriate of foda, heated to ebullition.   In this ftate it
is not capable of diffolving any more muriate of foda, but will
diffolve a confiderable quantity of the earthy muriates.
  Muriate ot  foda has a pure fait tafte, is foluble in 2.8 times its
weight of water at 6o°, and in 2.76 at  *i2°.  It is not foluble in
alcohol.  By  the aaion of heat it firft  decrepitates,  then melts,
and laftly fublimes without decompofition. The  primitive form
of its cryftals is cubic, and they are permanent in the atmofphere.
According to  Kirwan, they confift of  38.88  muriatic  acid, 53.
foda, and 8.12 water.  It is decompofed by the fulphuric and ni-
tric acids, by potafs and baryta, by  fecondary falts  containing
thefe, and by metalline falts, whofe bafe forms an infoluble com-
pound  with muriatic acid.  It is alfo gradually decompofed by
lime, iron, and litharge.
   Muriate of foda is one of the moft important articles in the arts,
and in domeftic economy.  As a  medicine, it is  ufeful in fome
cafes of dyfpepfia; and in large dofes it is faid to  check  vomit-
ing of blood.   It is a common  ingredient in ftiraulating clyIters,
and is fometimes applied externally as-a fomentation  to bruifes, 
 Part. II.]            Materia Medica.                 261

 or in the form of bath, as a gentle ftimulus to the whole furface
 of the body.

  MYRISTICA  MOSCHATA. Fruclus nucleus, Nux  Mof-
 chata diclus.   Macis. Hujus oleum fixum, Olcam Macis ditlum.
 Oleum volatile.  (Ed.)
 Myrifiica.   Fruclus nucleus. Nux Mofchata  diSus.  Oleum ef-
fentiale.   Oleum expreffum, Oleum Macis vulgo diclum.  Macis,
 (Lond.)  Nux  Mofchata.   Oleum effentiale.   Oleum expreffum.
 In volucrum, Macis diclum.  (Dub.)
  The nut meg tree.  The kernel of  the fruit, commonly called
 Nutmeg.   Its effential oil.   Its expreffed oil,  called oil of Mace.
 The  involucrura of the nut (mace.)
  Monoecia Monandria.—Nat. ord. Oleracea.
  The tree which furnifhes this elegant fpice is a native of the
 Molucca iflands.  It is not, however, cultivated in any of  them
 except Banda, from which all Europe has been hitherto fupplied
 with mace and nutmeg.   The entire  fruit is  about the fize of a
 peach, and is marked with a longitudinal furrow.  The external
 covering is fmooth, fleffiy and bitter.  As  the fruit ripens,  this
 burfts and difclofes the mace, which is an oily membranous pulp,
 of a dark red  color  and aromatic flavor,  divided  into narrow
 branched flips.  Within the mace is inclofed the nut, which con-
 fifts of a brown, thin hard ffiell, and a fat parenchymatous kernel,
 of an oval ffiape.  The fruit is gathered three  times a year. The
 external covering is feparated on the fpot, and the mace and  nut
 carried home, where they are carefully dried in the fun.   After
 they are dried, the nutmegs  are  dipt in lime water, and the mace
 is fprinkled  with fait water, probably to preferve them from  the
 attacks of infeas.
  By drying, mace requires a  reddiffi yellow  color.   When
good, it is  flexible, thin, oily, of a deep color, ftrong agreeable
 fmell, and an aromatic, bitteriffi,  acrid tafte. When brittle, divi-
ded into fewer flips, of a whitiffi or pale yellow  color, and of lit-
tle fmell or tafte, it is to be rejeaed.
  Dried nutmegs are oval, flattened at both ends, of a grey brown
color, and reticularly furrowed  on the outfide, of a yellow  color
 within, variegated with brown undulating lines,  folid, hard, unc-
 tuous to the teel, and eafily cut with a knife ; and have a balfamic
 fmell and  agreeable aromatic tafte.   The fmall round nutmegs
are better than the large oval ones; and they ffiould have a ftrong
fmell and tafte, and ffiould  neither be worm eaten, mufty, nor
 variegated with black lines.
  Both mace and nutmegs are rather to be confidered as aromat-
ic fpices than  as articles  of medicine.  From the  effential  oil
they containthey are heating and  ftimulating,  and they are added
to other medicines for the fake of their agreeable flavor.
                U3-3 
 262                Materia Medica.              [Part II,

   By diftillation  they yield a confiderable quantity of effential
 oil, of a whitiffi yellow color, lighter  than water, and poffeffing
 the aromatic tafte and fmell in an eminent  degree.  In dofes of a
 few drops, it is a powerful carminative and ftomachic.
   Nutmegs alfo  yield, by  expreffion, a confiderable quantity of
 limpid  yellow oil, which  on cooling concretes into a febaceous.
 confiftence.
   They are previoufly beaten  to a foft pafte in a warm  mortar,
 then inclofed in a linen bag, expofed to  the vapor of hot  water,
 and fqueezed in a prefs, of which the plates have been heated.
   In  the ffiops we meet with three forts of unauous fubftances.
 called Oil. of Mace, though  really expreffed from  the nutmeg.
 The beft is brought from the Eaft Indies, in ftone jars ;  this is of
 a thick confiftence, of  the color of mace,  and an agreeable fra-
 grant fmell : The fecond fort, which is  paler colored, and much
 inferior in quality, comes from Holland in folid maffes, general-
 ly flat and of a fquare figure :  The third, which is the worft of all,
 and ufually called Common Oil of Mace, is an artificial compofi-
 tion of fuet, palm oil, and thelike, flavored with a little genuine
 oil of nutmeg.
   The unauous fubftance obtained from nutmegs by expreffion,
 is  a mixture of the volatile oil, on which  their flavor depends,
 and of a fixed oil, of a white  color, without tafte or fmell ; and
 as the properties which  charaaerize  it, depend on the prefence
 of the volatile oil, the denomination of  Fixed Oil, applied to it
 by the Edinburgh College,  is  lefs correa than that of Expreffed
 Oil, given to  it by the other  Colleges, from the manner of its
 preparation.

   MYROXYLON  PERUIFERUM.  Balfamum.   (Ed.)
   Balfamum Peruvianum.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Sweet fmelling balfam tree.  Peruvian balfam.
   Willd. g. $2g. fp. %. Decandria Monogynia,—-Nat. ord. Lomen*
 tacea,
   Thi§  tree grows in the  warmed provinces of South America,
 and is remarkable for its elegant appearance.  Every part  of it
 abounds  with  refinous juice, even the leaves are full of tranfpa-
 rent refinous points, like thofe of the orange tree.
   The balfam as brought to us, is commonly of the confiftence of
 thin honey, of a  reddiffi  brown color, inclining to  blade, an a-
greeable aromatic  fmell, and a very hot, biting tafte.
   It is very often adulterated, and  fometimes what is fold for
 Peruvian balfam,  is a fpurious mixture ot  refin and effential oil,
 flavored  with benzoin.   Thefe frauds  are not  eafily deteaeA
 £nd fortunately they are of little importance 
Part II.]           Materia  Medica.                 263

  It is faid to be obtained by boiling the cuttings of the twigs in
water, and flamming off with a fpoon the balfam which fwims on
the top.
  There is another fort of balfam of Peru, of a white  color, and
confiderably  more fragrant than the former.  This is very rarely
brought  to us.  It is faid to be the produce of the fame plant
which yields  the coramonorWa^ balfam ; and to exude from in-
cifions made  in the trunk.   Befides the white, there is alfo a third
kind, commonly called the red or dry.  This is fuppofed to differ
from the white, merely in confequence of the treatment to which
it is fubjeaed after it is got from the tree.  In its fragrance it in
fome degree approaches to the balfam of Gilead, held in fo high
efteem among the eaftern nations ; but it is very rarely in ufe in
Britain, and almoft never to be met with in our (hops.
  Peruvian balfam confifts of a volatile oil, refin and benzoic acid.
It is accordingly entirely foluble in alcohol, and in effential oils.
Water diffolves part  of the benzoic acid, and  fixed oil  combines
with the refin.  It may be fufpended in water by trituration with
mucilage and yolk of eggs.
  Balfam of  Peru is a  very warm, aromatic  medicine, confider-
ably hotter and more acrid than Copaiva.   Its principal  effeas
are, to warm  the habit,  and to  ftrengthen  the  nervous  fyftem.
Hence its ufe in fome kinds of afthmas, gonorrhoeas, dyfenteries,
fuppreffions of the  uterine difcharges, and other diforders pro-
ceeding from a debility of the folids.   It is alfo  employed exter-
nally, for cleanfing and healing  wounds and ulcers *, and  fome-
times againft  palfies and rheumatic pains.
  MYRRHA.  Gummi refina.   (Ed. Lond. Dub.)
  Myrrh.  A gum refin.
  The tree which produces  this gum refin is not yet afcertained.
Mr. Bruce has given fome reafons for fuppofing that it is  a  mi-
mofa  ; but we may  obferve,  that all the mimofas with which we
are fufficiently acquainted, furnifh a pure gum,  and not  a gum
refin.  The beft myrrh is brought from Troglodytitia, a province
of Abyflinia,  on the borders  of the Red  Sea; but what  we re-
ceive comes from the Eaft Indies, and is produced on the eaftern
coaft of Arabia Felix.
  The beft myrrh is in  the form of tears.   It ffiould be of a yel-
low  or reddiffi yellow color, becoming redder when breathed
on, light, brittle, of an unauous feel, pellucid, ffiining ; prefent-
ing white femicircular ftriae in its fracture ; of a very bitter, aro-
matic tafte, and a ftrong, peculiar, not  unpleafant odour.  It is
not good if whitiffi, dark colored, black, refinous, ill fmelled, or
mixed with impurities, which is too commonly the cafe.
  Myrrh is not fufible, and is  difficultly  inflammable.   It melt*
entirely in the mouth, and is njuch more  foluble  in wateT than i«
             P°4 
264
Materia  Medica.
[Part II.
 alcohol.  The watery folution is yellow and opaque.   The alco-
 holic folution is tranfparent, and when poured into water forms
 a yellow opaque fluid, but lets fall no precipitate.  By diftillation
 with water, myrrh furnifhes a portion of effential oil.
   Myrrh is a heating, ftimulating  medicine.  It frequently  oc-
 cafions a.mild diaphorefis, and promotes the fluid fecretions in gen-
 eral.  Hence it proves ferviceable in  cacheaic difeafes, arifing
 from inaaivity ot the fyftem, and  is  fuppofed to act efpecially
 upon the uterine fyftem, and to refift putrefa6tion.
   It is exhibited,

     1.  In fubftance ; in the form of  powder, or made up  into
         pills, in dofes of ten to fixty grains.
     2. Diffolved in water, as in Griffiths' famous  but unchemi-
         cal myrrh mixture.
     3. Diffolved in alcohol.

   MYRTUS PIMENTA.  Fruclus.  (Ed.)
   Pimento.  Bacca.  (Lond.)   Semina.  (Dub.)
   Pimento tree.  The fruit, commonly called Jamaica  Pepper.
   Willd.g. 973.fp. 28.  Icofandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord.  Hef-
 Peridea.
   This is a native of Jamaica, and grows in  all the woodlands on
 the north fide.  Soon after the trees have bloffomed,  and berries
 become fit for gathering ; the fruit not being fuffered  to ripen, as
 in that ftate  it is moift  and glutinous, and therefore difficult to
 cure, and when dried becomes black and taftelefs.   The  berries
 are dried by fpreading them on a terrace, expofed to  the fun, for
 about  feven  days, during which time they gradually lofe their
 green color and become of a reddiffi brown.
   The fmell of this fpice refembles a mixture ot cinnamon, cloves,
 and nutmegs ; its tafte approaches to that of cloves, or a mixture
 of the three foregoing ;  whence it has  received the name of all-
fpice.
   Pimento is a warm, aromatic ftimulant, and is much ufed  as a
 condiment in dreffing food.  As a medicine, it is advantageouf-
 ly fubftituted for the more coftly fpices,  efpecially  in  hofpital
 praaice.

   NASTURTIUM AQUATICUM.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Si.
 symbrium.

   NICOTIANA TABACUM.  Folia.   (Ed.)
   Nicotiana.  Folium.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Tobacco.   The leaves.
   Willd.g. 379.fp. 1. PentandriaMonogynia.—NdX, ord. Sola-
 naceot. 
Part II.]
Materia Medica.
265
  This is an annual plant, a native of America, from whence it
was firft brought into Eur»pe about  the year 1560.   It is now
fometimes cultivated for medicinal  ufe  in  our gardens ;  but in
general it is imported trom America in  large  quantities.   The
leaves are about two feet long, of  a  pale green color whilft frefh,
and when  carefully dried of  a lively yellowifh  caft.  They have
a ftrong, difagreeable, narcotic  fmell, and a very acrid, burning
tafte.
   On the living body, whether taken into the ftomach in fubftance
or folution, or into the lungs in  the form of fmoke, or applied to
abraded lurfaces, tobacco is capable  ot producing deleterious ef-
feas.  It often proves  virulently  cathartic  or emetic, and occa-
fions intolerable cardialgia, anxiety and vertigo.
   The fyftem becomes eafily habituated to the aaion of tobacco ;
and many people ufe very large quantities of it in various ways
as a luxury, without experiencing  any other bad effea  than what
arifes from their being  unable  to relinquiffi it after the*habit is
confirmed.
   The aaive  conftituent of tobacco is  an effential oil  ;  for, by
long boiling, the decoaion and  extraa of tobacco become almoft
 inert ; and by diftillation an oil  is obtained  from it, fo  aaive,
 that fmall animals are almoft inftantly killed, when wounded by
a needle dipped in it.
   As a medicine,  it is exhibited in various forms :
   1. In fubftance.   When  chewed  it caufes an  increafed flow
     of faliva, and fometimes relieves the toothach ;  and  reduc-
     ed to powder, it proves an excellent errhine and fternutato-
     ry, when  fnuffed up the noftrils.
   4. In infufion in water or wine.   Taken in fuch fmall dofes
     as to have little effea on  the  ftomach, it proves  powerful-
     ly diuretic, and was  employed by Dr. Fowler with very
     great fuccefs in cafes of dropfy and dyfuria.  It is alfo appli-
     ed externally for the cure of" pfora, tinea, and  other cutane-
     ous difeafes.
   3. In the form of fmoke,  it  is  injeaed into the anus by means
     of bellows of a peculiar conftruaion.  By aaing as  a ftim-
     ulus to the reaum, it fometimes  fucceeds in reviving  the
     vital powers in fome kinds of  afphyxia,  and in evacuating
     the inteftines in cafes of obftinate conftipation.

   NITRAS.
   Nitrate is the generic term for fecondary compounds, which
 confift of  nitric acid, combined  with any bafe.   Their  general
 charaaers have been already mentioned (186.)  There are three
 families of nitrates. 
266
Materia  Mediea.
[Part II.
  i. Alkaline nitrates ;—foluble in water;  folubility increafed
by increafe of temperature ; cryftallizable ; forming no precipi-
tate with alkaline carbonates.
  2. Earthly nitrates ;  foluble in water ;  forming a white precj-
pitatewith alkaline carbonates.
  3. Metallic nitrates ;—generally  foluble, both in water and in
alcohol ;  decompofable by heat, furnifhing nitric oxide gas, and
leaving the metal oxidized to a maximum.

  NITRAS POTASS/E.   (Ed.)
  Nitrum.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Nitrate of potafs.  Nitre.
  Nitrate of potafs is annually produced on the furface of the
earth in many  countries.   For this  produaion, the prefence of a
calcareous bafe, heat, and an open, but not too free communication
with dry atmofpheric,  air,  is requifite, the putrefaaion of orga-
nic, efpecially animal fubftances, is  not neceffary to, but accele-
rates rhe formation of this fait, by affording the azote in a  ftate in
which  it combines readily with the oxygen of the atmofphere, and
forms  the nitric  acid.  Accordingly, in Germany and France, ni-
trate of potafs is  prepared, by expofing mixtures of putrefying
animal and vegetable fubftances, and  calcareous  earths, to the
aaion  of the atmofphere.   The  fait is  afterwards  extraaed by
lixiviation and cryftallization.  The nitre  ufed in this country is
chiefly imported from the Eaft Indies. As  it occurs in commerce,
it often contains  a little muriate of  potafs and muriate of foda,
from which it is eafily purified by  diffolving it in boiling water,
and filtering it ;  on cooling, the nitrate ot  potafs cryftallizes, and
the other falts remain diffolved.
  Nitrate of potafs has a ffiarp, bitteriffi, cooling tafte.  It fhoots
in pretty large cryftals, which are generally fix fided prifms, ter-
minated by fix fided pyramids; very brittle,  and  permanent in
the atmofphere ;  foluble  in feven  times their weight of water at .
6o°, and in an equal weight at 2120  ; melting  when  expofed to a
ftrong heat, giving out at firft oxygen, and afterwards nitrogen gas,
until the whole acid be  decompofed, and the potafs alone  remain
behind.  It deflagrates more or lefs   violently with all oxygeniz-,
able fubftances, oxidizing or acidifying them.  When dried in
a temperature of 700, it confifts, according to Kirwan of  44. ni-
tric  acid, 51.8 potafs, and 4.2 water.  It is   decompofed  by the
fulphuric acid and baryta,  by the muriate and acetite ot   baryta,
and the fulphates of foda, ammonia, magnefia, and alumina.
  Taken to the extent of from a drachm to half an ounce in the
courfe of a day, in repeated dofes, it diminifhes  the heat of the
body, and the frequency of  the pulfe, and operates by (tool, and
aa$ upon the fecretion of urine, but is apt to produce pains in the
ftomach.  In large dofes, fuch as an ounce, taken at one time, i$ 
Part II.]
Materia  Medica.
267
produces the moftdreadful fymptoms,conftant vomiting, purging,
mixed with blood, convulfions and death. Accidents of this kind
have happened from  its being fold by mi flake for fulphate of
foda.
  It is belt given in fmall  dofes,  as five to ten grains frequently
repeated, and is only admiflible in inflammatory difeafes.  Exter-
nally it is ufed in gargles, for inflammatory fore throats.

  NUX MOSCHATA.   (Dub.)  See Myristica.

  OLEA EUROP.EA.  Fruclus oleum fixum.   (Ed.)
  Oliva et ejus oleum.  (Lond.)  Oleum olivarum.   (Dub.)
  The olive tree.  The fruit, and oil expreffed from the fruit.
  Willd. g. 36. fp. %■ Diandria Monogynia.-—Nat. ord. Sepiaria.
  This tree is a native of the fouth of Europe and north of Afri-
ca.   It is cultivated in France, Spain, and  Italy,  for the fake of
its fruit, and the oil expreffed from it.   Olives when freffi, have
an acrid, bitter,  extremely difagreeable tafte ; but  they are only
eaten when pickled.  They are firft fleeped tor feveral days in a
ley of wood afhes, and then pickled in a ftrong folution of muri-
ate of foda.
  They are principally valued  for the oil  they afford by expref-
fion.   For this purpofe  they are gathered  when  fully ripe, and
immediately bruifed  and fubjeaed  to the prefs.   The fineft oil
flows firft, and a very bad oil is  obtained  by boiling the magma
which remains after expreffion, in water.
  Good olive oil ffiould have a  pale  yellow color, fomewhat in-
clining to green, a  bland  tafte,  without  any rancidity, and no
fmell, and fliould congeal at 380  Fahrenheit.  In  this country it
is frequently rancid,  and fometimes adulterated.
  Taken internally it operates as a gentle  laxative, and is given
in cafes of worms.  It is alfo given in large quantities to mitigate
the aaion of acrid fubftances taken into the ftomach.  It is ufed
externally in  friaions, in gargles, and in  clyfters ;  but its princi-
pal employment is for the compofition of ointments  and platters.

  OLIBANUM.   (Lond. Dub.)  See Juniperus.

  ONISCUS ASELLUS.
  Millepeda:  (Lond.) Millepeda fpiritus vini vapore enecata.
  Slaters killed by the vapor of alcohol.
  Infetla apt era.
  These infeas are found in cellars, under ftones, and in cold
moift places ; in warm countries  they are rarely met with-  They
have a faint difagreeable fmell, and a fomewhat pungent, fweetjfh,
naufeous tafte. 
268            Materia  Medica.                Pail II.]

  They have been analyzed by Thouvenel.   Diftilled  without
addition in the water bath, they furniffied a quantity of  alkaline
water, and loft five eighths of their  weight.  Treated  afterwards
with water and alcohol, they yielded a fourth  of their weight of
extraaive and  waxy fubftances.
  The expreffed juice of  thefe  infeas feemed alfo to contain mu>
riate of potafs and of lime.
  Their medical virtues have been very much over rated.

  OPIUM.  (Lond. Dub.)  SeePAPAVER.

  OFOPONAX.   (Lond.)  See Pastinaca,

  ORIGANUM.
  Willd. g.  1116. DidynamiaGymnofpermia.—Nat. ord. Verti.
eillata.

  Sp. 10. Origanum Vulgare.
  Origanum.  Herba.  (Lond.)   Folia.  (Dub.)
  Wild marjoram.  The herb.
  This is a perennial plant, and is  met with  upon dry chalky
hills, and  in  gravelly foils, in  feveral parts of Britain.   It has
an agreeable  fmell, and a  pungent tafte, warmer than that of the
garden marjoram, and much refembling thyme, with which it
feems to agree in virtue.  An effential oil diftilled from it is kept
in the ffiops, and is very acrid.

  Sp. 15.  Origanum Majorana.   Herba.  (Ed.)
  Majorana.  Herba.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Sweet marjoram.  The plant.
  Sweet marjoram is an  annual  plant, which grows  wild in
Portugal, but is cultivated in our gardens, principally for culina-
ry purpofes.
  It is a moderately warm aromatic, yielding its virtues both to
aqueous and  fpirituous liquors by infufion, and to water  in diflil-
lation.

  OSTREA EDULIS.
  Ofirea.  Tefia.   (Lond.)  Putamina.   (Dub.)
  Oyfter.  The ffiell.
  CI. Vermes. Ord. Teflaeea.
  The oyfter  is a very nutritious article of diet, and in fome dif-
eafes  not only admiffible,  but even advantageous.  Their (hells,
which are officinal, are compofed, like all the mother  of pearl
ffiells, of alternate layers of carbonate of lime, and a thin membra-
naceous fubftance, which exaaiy  refembles coagulated albumen
in all its  properties.  By burning, the  membrane is  deftroyed, 
Part II, J            Materia  Medica.                 269

and they are converted into lime, which, although very pure, pof-
feffes  no advantage over that of the mineral kingdom.

  OVIS  ARIES.  Adeps.  (Ed.)
  Ovis Sevum.  (Lond.)  Sevum. Ovillum.  (Dub.)
  The ffieep.   Mutton fuet.
  CI.  Mammalia.  Ord. Ruminantia.
  Mutton  is a highly nutritious and wholefome food.   Ewe
milk is thick and heavy, and contains much cream and little whey.
The cheefe made from it has a bitter biting tafte, efpecially whets
old, and is  fuppofed to be ftomachic.  Mutton  fuit is officinal,
for the purpofe of giving confiftency to ointments and plaflers.

  OVUM.  (Lond.  Dub.)   See Phasianus.

  OXALIS ACETOSELLA.
  Lujula.   Folium.  (Lond.)   Acetofella.  Folia. (Dub.)
  Wood forrel.   The leaves.
  Willd. g. gi%.fp. 25. Decandria Pentagynia.—Nat. ord. Grtti-
nales.
  This is a fmall perennial plant, which grows wild in woods,
and fhady  hedges.  The leaves contain a confiderable quantity
of fuper oxalate of  potafs, and have  an extremely pleafant acid
tafte.  They poffefs the fame powers  with the vegetable acids in
general, and may be given in  infufion, or beaten with fugar into
a conferve, or boiled with milk to form an acid  whey.   The fu-
per oxalate of potafs is extraaed  in large quantities from them
and fold under the name of" Effential  Salt of Lemons.

  ^OXIDUM ARSENICI.   (Ed.)  See Arsenicum.

   OXIDUM  PLUMBI ALBUM.   (Ed.)

   ---------:-------RUBRUM.  (Ed.)

  ---------------SEMIVITREUM. (Ed.) See Plum-
 bum.

   OXIDUM Z1NCI IMPURUM.   (Ed.)  SeeZiNCUM.

   PANAX  QU1NQUEFOLIUM.
   Ginfeng.  Radix.  (Lond.)
   Ginfeng.   The Root.
   Polygamia Dicccia.—Nat. ord. Hederacea.
   This is a perennial plant, which grows in Tartary and North
 America.   The root is about the thicknefs of the little finger; an
 inch or two in length, often dividing into two branches; ofa whi-
 tiffi yellow color; wrinkled on the furface ;  of a compaa, almoft
0 
 270                 Materia Medica.            [Part II.

 horny texture ;  when  broken, exhibiting a refinous circle in the
 middle, of a reddiffi color.   It has no fmell, but a very fweet tafte,
 combined with a flight degree of aromatic bitternefs.
   The Chinefe, probably on account of its fcarcity, have  a  very
 extraordinary opinion of the virtues of this rooty fo that  it fells
 for many times its weight of filver. The Americans, on the con-
 trary, difregard it,  becaufe it  is found  plentifully in their woods;
 In faa, it is a gentle and agreeable ftimulant.

   PAPAVER.
   Willd. g. 1015.—Polyandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Riceades.

   Sp. 5.  Papaver Rhoeas.
   Papaver erraticum.   Flos.   (Lond.)
   Common rofe, or red poppy.  The  flower.
   Th 1 s fpecies of poppy is annual, and very common in our corn
 fields.  The petals give out a fine red color when infufed,  and
 are fuppofed to poffefs  flightly anodyne properties.

   Sp. y. Papaver Somniferum.  Capfula,  et fuccus fpiffa-
 ins.  (Ed.)
   Papaver album.  Capfula, (Lond. Dub.)  Opium (Lond. Dub.)
   White poppy.  The capfules and their infpiffated juice, com-
 monly called opium.
   The white poppy is alfo an annual,  and is fometimes found
 wild in this country, but it is  probably originally a native of the
 warmer parts of Afia.
   In this country it is  frequently cultivated for the beauty of the
 varieties of its flowers, and  for its feeds.  Some attempts have
 been made to obtain opium from its capfules; and Mr. Ball re-
 ceived a premium from the Society for  encouraging the Arts, fdr
 fpecimens  of  Britiffi opium,  in no refpea inferior to the beft
 eaftern opium.   But we apprehend that the climate of this coun-
 try is an infuperable obftacle to its becoming a profitable branch
 of agriculture.   For, fetting afide the chance of a total tailure of
 the crop from a few days rain,  how could  the produce of our pig-
 my  poppies ever come in competition with that of the gigantic
 plants of the eaft, rifing, as we are told by travellers, to the height
 of forty feet, and bearing capfules thirtyfive ounces in weight!
   The leaves, ftalks and capfules of the poppy, abound with a
 milky juice, which may be colleaed in confiderable quantity, by
 flightly wounding them when almoft ripe  ; this juice, expofed for
 a few days to the air, thickens into a ftiff tenacious mafs, which in
 faa is opium.   By decoaion this juice is partially extraaed, to-
gether with a confiderable quantity of mucilage. The liquor  ftrong-
ly preffed out, fuffered  to fettle, clarified with whites of eggs, and
evaporated to a due confiftence, yields about one fifth, or one fixth 
If art II.]            Materia  Medica.                 271

the weight of the heads, of extraa.   This poffeffes the virtues of
opium but in a very  inferior  degree.  A ftrong decoaion of the
dried heads, mixed with as much  fugar as is fufficient to reduce
it into  the conlftence of a fyrup, becomes  fit for keeping in a li-
quid form ; and is the only officinal preparation  of  the poppy.'
It is, however, a very unequal preparation,  as  the real quantity
of opium it contains is very uncertain, and by no means equal to
fyrup, to which a certain quantity of  folution of opium is added.
   The feeds of the poppy are fimply emulfive, and contain none
of the  narcotic principle.   They yield a confiderable quantity of
oil by  expreffion.
   In the province of Bahar in the Eaft Indies, it is faid the pop-
py feeds are fown in Oaober or November, at about eight inches
diftance; and are well  watered  till the  plants are about  half a
foot high, when a compoft ot  nitrous earth, dung and aflies, is
fpread over the areas ; and a little before the  flowers appear, they
are again watered profufely till the capfules are half grown  ;  and
then the opium is colleaed ;  for when fully ripe, they yield little
juice.  Two longitudinal incifions, from below upwards,  without
penetrating the cavity, are made at  funfet for three or four fuc-
ceffive evenings.  In the morning the juice is fcraped off with an
iron fcoop, and worked in an  earthern pot in the funs heat till it
be ofa confiftence to be  formed into thick cakes, of about four
pounds weight, which are covered over with the leaves of poppy
or tobacco, and dried.
  Opium is a folid compaa fubftance, poffeffing  a confiderable
degree of tenacity ;  when broken, having a ffiining fraaure  and
uniform appearance ; of a dark  brown  color, when moiftened,
marking  on paper a light  brown interrupted ftreak, and becom-
ing yellow when reduced to powder ; fcarcely coloring the fa-
liva when chewed, exciting at  firft a naufeous bitter tafte, which
feon becomes acrid,  with  fome degree of warmth ; and having
a peculiar heavy difagreeable fmell.  It is bad  if it be foft, friable,
mixed  with any impurities, have  an intenfely  dark or blackifh
color, a weak or empyreumatic  fmell, a fweetiffi tafte, or draw
upon paper a brown  continuous ftreak.
  Opium is not fufible,  but is foftened  even  by the heat of  the
fingers.  It is highly inflammable.   It is  partially foluble, both
in alcohol and in water.  The folutions are tranfparent, and faave
a dark brown color.   The watery folution is  not decompofed by
alcohql.   A fmall quantity of refin is feparated from the alcohol-
ic folution by water. Alcohol, or water diftilled from opium,  are
impregnated with its  narcotic  virtues, which by  long  boiling,
roafting,  or great age, are diminiffied, or entirely diffipated.  The
part of opium which is infoluble either in water or in alcohol, is
albumen  according to Gren, caoutchouc according to Buchholtz,
a virulent glutinous  fubftance according  to Joffe;  and Preuii 
272                 Materia  Medica.            [Part  II.

fays it  contains wax.  From experiments  made fome years ago,
we concluded that it was perfeaiy fimilar to the gluten of wheat
flour  or fibrine.   Upon the whole it appears that the aaive con- *
ftituent of opium, though not perfeaiy underftood, is of a volatile
nature, but fomewhat fixed by its combination with the other con-
ftituents  ; that it is foluble both  in water and in alcohol; that it
is diffipated in the proceffes recommended for purifying opium by
folution and evaporation ; and  that  the attempts, made by fome
pharmaceutifts, to  obtain a  preparation  of  opium, which ffiould
poffefs only its fedative, without its mrcotic effeas, only fucceed-
ed in fo far as they diminiffied its aaivity.
  The aaion of opium on the living fyftem, has been the fubjea
of the keeneft controverfy.   Some have affcrted  that it is a dire6t
fedative,  while others have afferted as ftrongly, that it is a power-
ful ftimulus, and that the  fedative effeas, which  it  certainly  pro-
duces, depend entirely on the previous excitement.  We cannot
here pretend to give even an abftraa of the arguments ufed by
the fupporters of each opinion.   We  regret ftill more,  that the
contradiaory refults of their experiments render it difficult to af-
certain even its primary and vifible effeas.
  Opium, when taken into  the  ftomach to  fuch an extent as to
have any fenfible effea, gives rife to a pleafant ferenity of mind,
in  general proceeding to a certain degree of  languor, and drowfi-
nefs.   The aaion  of the fanguiferous fyftem  is diminiffied, the
pulfe becoming for the moft part fofter,  fuller, and flower than it
was before.
   By many, on the contrary,  it  is  faid, in the firft inftance at
leaft, to increafe the  frequency of the pulfe, and the heat of the
body.  It diminiffies all the  fecretions and'excretions,  except the
cuticular difcharge, which it frequently augments in a very fen-
fible degree;   It excites thirft,  and  renders the mouth dry and
parched.
   Opium taken into the ftomach in a larger dofe, gives rife to
confufion of  head and  vertigo.  The power of all ftimulating
caufes  of making  impreflions on the body, is  diminiffied ; and
even at times, and in fituations, when a perfon would naturally be
awake, fleep is irrefiftibly induced.   In ftill larger dofes, it aas in
the fame manner as the  narcotic poifons,  giving rife to vertigo,
headach, tremors, delirium, and convulfions ; and thefe terminat-
ing in a ftate  of ftupor, from which the perfon  cannot be roufed.
This ftupor is accompanied with flownefs of the pulfe, and with
ftertor in breathing, and the fcene is terminated in death, attend-
ed with the fame appearances as take  place in an apoplexy.
  From thefe effeas of opium  in a ftate of health, it is not won-
derful  that recourfe ffiould have been had to it in difeafe, as miti-
gating  pain, inducing fleep, allaying inordinate aaion, and dimin-
iffiing morbid fenfibility.  That  thefe  effeas  refult  from it, is 
Part II.]
Materia  Medica.
2»73
confirmed by the daily experience of every obferver ; and  as an-
fwering one  or other of thefe intentions, moft, if not all, of the
good confequences derived  from it  in aaual  praaice, are to be
explained.   It, therefore, by a  fedative medicine, we mean an ar-
ticle capable of allaying, affuaging, mitigating, and compofing, nd
fubftafice can have a better title to the appellation of fedative than
opium.
   Some praaitioners are averfe to its ufe where an aaive inflam-
mation takes place ; 'but others have  recourfe to it in fuch cafes,
even at an  early noriod, efpecially after bloodletting ; and where
fuch affeaions are  attended  not only with pain  and fpafm, but
with watchfulnefs and cough, it is often productive ot the greateft
benefit.  Opium combined with calomel has of late been exten-
fively  employed in every form of aaive inflammation,  and with /
the greateft fuccefs.  It is found alfo to be of  very great  fervice
in allaying the pain and  preventing  the fymptomatic fever liable
to be induced by Wounds,  fraaures, burns,  or fimilar accidents.
   In intermittents, it is faid to have been ufed with good effea
before the  fit in the cold  ftage, in the  hot ftage,  and during the
interval.   Given  even in the  hot  ftage, it  has been obferved £0
allay the heat, thirft, headach, and delirium, to induce fweat and
 fleep,  to cure the difeafe with lefs bark, and without leaving ab-
dominal obftruaions or dropfy;
   It is often ot very great fervice in fevers of the typhoid type,
 whert  patients are diftreffed with watchfulnefs or diarrhoea. But
 where thefe or fimilar circumfla _?s do not indicate its ufe, it is
 often  diftreffing to patients by augmenting thirft and conftipation.
   In  fmall pox, when the  convulfions  before  eruption  are fre-
 quent and  confiderable,  opium is  liberally ufed.  It is likewife
 given  from the fifth day onwards ; and is found to allay the pain
 of fuppuration, to promote the ptyalifm, and to be otherwife ufeful.
   In  dyfentery, alter the ufe  of gentle laxatives, or along with
 them, opium, independently of any effea it may have on the  fe-
 ver, is of confequence in allaying the tormina and tenefmus, and
 in obviating that laxity of bowels  which  fo  frequently remains
 after that difeafe.
   In diarrhcea, the difeafe itfelf generally carries off any acrimo-
 ny that may  be a caufe, and then opium  is  ufed with great effea.
 Even in the worft fymptomatic cafes, it feldom fails to alleviate.
   In  cholera and pyrofis, it is almoft the only thing trufted to.
   In  colic, it is employed with laxatives ; and no doubt  often pre-
 vents  ileus and inflammation,  by  relieving  the fpafm.   Even in
 ileus  and incarcerated hernia, it is often found to allay the vom-
 iting,  the fpafms, the pain, and fometimes to diminifh the inflam-
 mation, and  prevent the gangrene ot the ftrangulated gut.
   It is given to allay the pain and favor the defcent of  calculi,
 and to relieve in jaundice and difuria proceeding from fpafm. 
 274                 Materia  Medica.           [Part. II.

   It is  of acknowledged ufe  in  the different fpecies of tetanus;
affords relief to the various fpafmodic fymptoms of dyfpepfia, hy-
fteria, hypochondriafis, afthma,  rabies  canina,  &c. and has been
found ufeful in fome  kinds of epilepfy.
   In fyphilis  it is only ufeful in combating  fymptoms, and in
counteraaing  the effeas refulting from the improper ufe of mer-
cury, for it poffeffes no power of overcoming the  venereal virus.
   It is  found  ufetul   in certain cafes of threatened abortion and
lingering delivery, in convulfions during parturition, and  in the
after pains and exceffive flooding.
   The only form perhaps neceffary for  opium is that of pill; and
as it is fo foluble in every menftruum, there  feems the lefs occa-
fion for the addition of either gum or foap.  This form  is more
apt to fit on the  ftomach than any liquid form, but  requires rather
more time  to produce its effeas.  The adminiftration of opium
to the unaccuftomed,  is fometimes very difficult.   The requifite
quantity of opium is wonderfully different  in different perfons,
and  in  different ftates of the fame perfon.  A  quarter of a grain
wiil in one adult produce effeas which ten times the quantity will
not do in another ; and a dofe that might prove fatal in cholera
or colic, would not be perceptible in many cafes of tetanus or ma-
nia.  The loweft fatal dofe to the unaccuftomed, as mentioned by
authors, feems to be  four grains ; but a dangerous dofe  is fo apt
to puke, that it has feldom time to occafion death.  When given
in too fmall a  dofe, it is apt to produce  difturbed fleep, and other
difagreeable confequences ; and with fome conftitutions it  feems
not to agree in  any  dofe or form.   Often, on the other hand, from
a fmall  dofe,  found fleep, and alleviation of pain will  be pro-
duced,  while  a  larger one gives rife  to vertigo and delirium.
Some prefer the repetition of fmall dofes, others  the giving ofa
full dofe at once.  In fome it feems not to have its proper effea
till after a confiderable time.  The operation of a  moderate  dofe
is fuppofed  to laft in general about eight hours from the time of
taking it.

  PAREIRA  BRAVA.   (Lond. Dub.)  See Cissampelos.

  PARIETARIA OFFICINALIS.
  Parietaria.  Herba.  (Lond.)
  Pellitory of  the wall.  The herb.
  Polygamia Monacia.—Nat. ord. Siabrida.
  This is a fmall plant growing  uptn old walls;  of an herbace-
ous fubfaline tafte,  without any fnce .

  PASTINACA OPOPONAX.
  Opoponax.   Gummi refina.  (Loi&i,)
  Opoponax.  A gum refin. 
fcart. II.]          Materia Medica.                 275

   Willd. g. ,558. fp. 3.  Pentandria Digynia.—Nat. ord. Umbel-
la ta.
   This plant is perennial, and grows wild in the fouth of Eu-
rope ;  but the gum refin which  is faid to be obtained by wound-
ing the ftalk or root, is brought from the Levant and Eaft Indies,
fometimes in round drops or tears, but more commonly in irregu-
lar lumps,  of a  reddiffi  yellow color on the outfide with fpecks
of white, inwardly of a paler color, and  frequently variegated
with large white pieces.  It has a peculiar ftrong fmell, and a bit-
ter, acrid, fomewhat naufeous tafle.
   It forms a  milky folution with water, and yields a little effen-
tial oil on diftillation.  It is fuppofed to be emmenagogue, but is
rarely ufed.

  PENTAPHYLLUM.   (Lond.)  See Potentilla.

   PETROLEUM.  (Lond.)  Petroleum Barbadence.  (Dub.)
See Bitumen.

   PETROSELINUM.  (Lond.)  See Apium.

   PHASIANUS GALLUS.
   Ovum.   (Lond.)  Ovum; putamen.   (Dub.)
   The dunghill fowl.  The egg, and egg ffiell.
   Cl.  Aves. Ord. Gallina.
   From what country this ufeful bird originally came, is not as-
certained.  It is  now dorriefticated almoft every where,'and fur-
nifhes one of the moil wholefome and deiicate articles of food.
   The  egg only is officinal.  The  ffiell  confifts principally oF.
carbonate of lime, with a fmall quantity of phofphate of lime and
animal matter.   When burnt, the animal matter and carbonic acid
are deftroyed, and we obtain a lime, mixed with a little phofphate
of lime.
  The contents of the egg confifts of two fubftances, the white,
and the yolk.   The white is albumen, combined with a little foda
and fulphur.  The  yolk is alfo albuminous, but contains alfo a
bland oil, and fome coloring matter.  The latter is  fometimes uf-
ed in pharmacy for fufpending oily and refinous fubftances in wa-
ter.  The former is ufed  only for clarification (S. 2. 53.)

   PHYSETER  MACROCEPHALUS,   Sevum.  (Ed.)
  Spermaceti.  (Lond.)  Spermaceti.  (Dub.)
   Spermaceti whale.  The fuet.  Spermaceti.
  Cl.   Mammalia.   Ord.  Cetacea.                      \
  The fpermaceti whale is charaaerized by his enormous head
great part of which is occupied by a triangular cavity of bone,
covered only by the common integuments.   In the living animal
his cavity filled is with a white, fluid., oily fubftance, amounting
                8^T e
• 
276
Materia Medica.
[Part II.
fometimes to many tons in weight.  On the death of the whale,
it congeals into a white unauous ma Is, from which a confiderable
quantity of very pure whale oil  is obtained by expreffion.  The
refiduum, afterwards freed from impurities, by waffiing with wa-
ter, melting, ftraining,  expreffion through  linen  bags, and, laft-
ly, wafliing in a weak ley of potafs, is the peculiar fubftance well
known by the name of Spermaceti.   It is alfo contained in folu-
tion in the common whale and other fiffi oils ; for it is often found
depofited by a fpecies of cryftallization, in the refervoirs  contain-
ing them.
  The  chemical   properties  of fpermaceti  have been  already
(242.) noticed.  . As a medicine for internal ufe, it agrees with
the fixed vegetable oils -r and in the compofition of ointments &c.
its place may be very well fupplied by  a mixture of oil and wax.

  PIMENTO.   (Lond.  Dub.)   See Myrtus.

  PIMP1NELLA ANiSUM.   Semen.  (Ed.)
  Anifum.  Semen.  (Lond. Dub,)
  An;fe.   The feed.
  Willd. g. 56-2.  fp. 8.  Pentandria  Digynia.—Nat. ord. Umbei-
lata.
  Anise is an annual umbelliferous plant, growing naturally*in
Crete, Syria, and other places of the eaft. It is cultivated in fome
parts of France, Germany,  and Spain, and may be raifed alfo in
England.   The feeds brough^from  Spain, which are fmaller than
the others, are preferred.
  Anifeeds have an aromatic fmell,  and a pleafant  warm tafte, ac-
companied with a degree of fweetnefs.  Water extraas very little
of their flavor ; reaified fpirit the whole.

   PINUS.
   Monacia AdtlpMa.*—Nat. ord. Conifera.

   Sp. Pinus Abies.   Refina.  (Ed.)
  Pix Burgundica.  (Lond.  Dub.)
   Thus.  Refina.  (Lond.)
   Common fpruce fir. Burgundy pitch. Common frankincenfe.

   Sp. PinusBalsamea.  Refina.  (Ed.)
   Balfamum Canadenfe.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Hemlock fir.  Balfam of Canada.

    Sp.  Pinus Larix.  Refina et Oleum volatile. (Ed.)
   Terebinthina Verieta.   (Lond. Dub.)
    The larch.  Venice turpentine.   Oil of turpentine. 
 Part IIr]            Materia  Medica.                  277

   Sp. Pinus Sylvestris.  Refina.  (Ed.)
   Pix tiquida.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Terebinthina vulgaris.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Scotch fir.  Tar.   Common turpentine.
   These different fpecies of fir are all natives of fandy fituations.
 The  laft only grows  wild in this  country.  They all abound in
 every part with a refinous juice, which poffeffes the fame  general
 qualities, but prefents fome  varieties, according to the nature of
 the fpecies and mode of preparation.
   We may arrange the produas,
      i. Into thofe which exude fpontaneoufly.
     2. Into thofe procured by wounding the tree.
      3. Into thofe procured by decoaion.   And
     4. In,to thofe which are  procured by  the aaion of fire.
   From the pinus abies, and  perhaps from the pinus fyiveflris,
 in warm feafons and climates, a refinous  jtwee  exudes  fpontarte-
 oufly, which hardens into  tears.   It  is the Thus of the London
 Pharmacopoeia, or common frankincenfe.
   The pirtus larix exudes a   fpecies  of manna, called  Briancon
 Manna, but which is not ufed ; as, befides  the faccharine maitcrs,
 it evidently contains turpentine.
   To obtain the products of the fecond kind, a feries of w«unds
 are made through the  bark, beginning at  the bottom, and rifing
 gradually upwards,  until a  ftripe of the  bark, about nine feet
 high,  be removed,  which is commonly effeaed in  about four
 years.  The fame operation is then repeated on the oppofite fide.
 The operation is  then recommenced clofe to the edge of the for-
 mer wound,  which by this time is  nearly clofed.   A tree worked
 in this manner will furvive and furnifh turpentine for near a  cen-
 tury.   The juice which flows from thefe wounds during fummer,
 is.collecied in a fmall cavity, formed in the earth at the bottom
 of the incifions, from which itis occafionallyremoved into proper
 refervoirs previous to this purification.  As the trees exude  very
 little juice during cold weather, no new incifions are made in  win-
 ter ; but the old ones get covered with a foft refinous cruft, called
 barras, galipot, or white refin, which is fcraped  off, and alfo col-
 leaed for fubfequent purification.
   Both thefe produas are purified by liquefaaion and filtration.
 They confift almoft entirely of an effential oil, and a refin, and dif-
 fer only in the proportions, the turpentine containing moft oil, and
the galipot moft refin.
  Turpentines have different appellations according to the fpecies
 of tree from which they are procured.
  Balfam of Canada.   Pinus balfamea et Canadensis.
  Cyprian turpentine.   Piftacia tcrebinthus.
  Strafbucgh turpentine.  Pinuspuea.
                    p-3 
278               Materia Medica.'               Part II]

  Venice turpentine.   Pinus larix.
  Common turpentine.   Pinus fylvefris.
  Hungarian balfam.   --------- var. Mughos.
  Carpatian balfam.   Pinus cembra.
  None of thefe are properly  balfams ;  which term is now ufed,
to exprefs thofe oily refinous fubftances only  which contain ben-
zoic acid.  The Edinburgh Collage  have denominated them re-
fins, but the proportion of effential oil which they contain is much
too large to admit of the name, which ought to be confined to
the other conftituent, being applied to the compound with propri-
ety.  Therefore,until more attention fliall be paid to this branch of
nomenclature, We fliall employ the common term ot Turpentine.
The effential oil, commonly  called  Oil of Turpentine, may be
procured  trom any of thefe by diftillation.
  The refiduum of the diftillation gets different names, according
to fome peculiarities in its treatment.   When the diftillation is
performed without addition, and continued until  the whole effen-
tial oil be driven  off, and there appear fome  traces of  empyreu-
ma, the refiduum is Common Refin or Colophony ;  but it, while
the mafs is ftill fluid, a quantity of water be added, and thorough-
ly blended with the refin by long and conftant agitation, it is then
called Yellow Refin.
  Although galipot contains effential oil, the quantity is fo  fmall
that it is never diftilled from it.  It is purified by melting it with
a very gentle fire, and filtrating it.  By this procefs it ftill contains
effential oil, and is the fubftance known by the name of Burgun-
dy Pitch.   If boiling water be  added  to it after it is drained, but
while it is  flill fluid,  and they  be  agitated together till the mafs
cools, we have a yellow refin,  which, from ftill, containing fome
effential oil, is preferred to that prepared by a fimilar procefs from
common refin.
   A fluid extraa  prepared by decoaion  from  the twigs of the
pinus fylveftris, is the well  known effence of fpruce, which fer-
mented with  molaffes,  forms the fafhionable beverage of fpruce
beer.
   The laft kind of produas  from  the  different  fpecies of fir are
obtained by the aaion of fire.   With  this view, a conical cavity
is dug out in  the earth,  communicating at the bottom with a re-
fervoir.   Billets or thin laths of wood  are then  placed fo as not
only to fill the cavity, but to form a conical pile over it, which is
covered with turf, and kindled at the top.  The admiffion of an*
isfo regulated, that it burns from above downwards, with a flow
and fmothered combuftion.   The fmoke  and vapors formed are
obliged to defcend into the  excavation in the ground, where
they are condenfed, and  pafs along with the matters liquefied into
the receiver.   This mixture  is denominated  Tar; and the v^ood 
Part  II.]              Materia Medica.                -~9

itfelf is reduced to charcoal.  By long boiling,  tar is deprived of
its volatile parts, and converted  into pitch.
   But the moft remarkable produaion is that of a real gum,  en-
tirely foluble in water, from a tree fo refinous as the Pinus larix.
It is  prepared in the Ural  larch forefts ; and exudes, according
to profeffor Pullas, from the interior parts of the wood when it is
burning.
   We fhall  now proceed to notice more particularly, fuch of thefe
fubftances as are officinal.

   Terebinthin a.
   Balfamum Canadenfe.  (Lond.  Dub.)
   Refina pini balfamex.  (Ed.)
   Terebintkina Chia.  (Lond.)
   ------------ piflacia lentifci.
   Terebinthina Veneta.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Refina pini laricis.  (Ed.)
   Terebinthina vulgaris.   (Lond. Dub.)
   -----------pini fylvefiris.                              .   *
   All thefe fpecies of turpentine  poffefs the fame general pior
perties.  They are more or lefs fluid, with  different degrees of
tranfparency ; of  a  whitiffi  or  yellowiffi color ;  a penetrating
fmell, and a warm pungent bitteriffi tafte.  They are entirelv fo-
luble in alcohol; combine with fixed oil ; and  impart their  fla-
vor to water,  but are not foluble in  it.  They are decompoled by
a moderate heat, being feparated into an  effential oil  and a rcfiu,
and are exceedingly inflammable, burning with a large white flame,
and much fmoke.
   Each fpecies has fome peculiarities.  The  Canadian is reckon-
ed the beft,  and next to it the Chian.  They are more tranfparent,
and have a more agreeable flavor than  the other forts-   i hr com-
mon turpentine,  as being the moft  offenfive, is rarely given in-
ternally ;  its principal ufe  is  in plafters and ointments among  far-
riers, and for  the diftillation of the effential oil.
   Taken internally, they are aaive ftimulants,  increafe the fecre-
tion of urine,  to which they give the fmell ot  violets, even though
applied only externally, and open the bowels.
   They  arc principally recommended in gleets, the fluor albu.s,
and the like ; and by fome in calculous complaints :  In all cafes
accompanied  with inflammation,  they ought to be abftained from,
as this fymptom  is  increafed,  and not untrequently occafioned
by them.   Their dofe is from a fcruple to a drachm and  a half;
they  are  moft commodioufly taken in  the  form of a bolus, or
blended with watery liquors by the mediation of the yolk of an
egg or mucilage.
   But they are more frequently ufed externally as ftimulants and
difcutients, and enter feveral officinal plziters and ointments,
               v^4 
280                 Materia  Medica.            [Part  II-

  Oleum Terebinthina Volatile.   (Ed.)
  In the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, this effential oil is officinal j
by the other Colleges direaions are given for this preparation.
  It is lighter than  water,  tranfparent, limpid, and volatile.  If
has a hot pungent  tafte, and  a penetrating fmell ;  is highly in-
flammable, and poffeffes all  the other properties of cffen-tial oils,
(248-)
  As a medicine it is highly ftimulating and penetrating.   Inter-
nally it aas as a diuretic or fudorific  in very fmall dofes.   It has
however, been given in much  larger  dofes, efpecially when mix-
ed with honey.  Recourfe has principally been had to fuch dofes
in cafes of chronic  rheumatifm, particularly in thofe modifications
of it which are ftyled fciatica and lumbago.   But they have not
been often fuccefsful, and  fometimes they have had the effea of
inducing bloody urine.
  Externally, it often produces excellent effeas as a difcutient in
indolent tumors ; as a  ftimulus  in paralyfis  of  the extremities,
and in bruifes ; as an antifpafmodic,  and as  a ftyptic, when ap-
plied as hot as the patient can  bear it, or  compreffes  direaiy tq
fhe bleeding mouths of the veffels.

  Resina.
  Refina alba. (Dub.)  Thus.   (Lond.)
  Refina pini abietis.  (Ed.)  Pix Burgundica.  (Dub.)
  These are not pure refins, as they ftill contain fome effential
oil.  They are obtained from feveral  fpecies of fir, indifferently.
The firft kind is a  fpontanepus exudation, which takes  place in
dry and warm weather, hardened by  expofure ; and the laft is the
cruft, which  colleas in winter upon the wounds infliaed for ob-
taining the turpentines, fimply purified by percolation.
   The firft is a folid, brittle refin, brought to us in little globes
or  maffes ofa brownifh or yellowiffi  color on the out fideJf* inter-
nally whitiffi or variegated  with whitiffi  fpecks,  of a bitterifh,
acrid, not agreeable tafte, without any confiderable fmell.
   The fecond is of  a folid  confiftence, yet fomewhat foft,  of a
reddiffi brown color, and hot difagreeable  fmell.
   They poffefs the general properties of refins (251.} and are on-
ly  ufed externally  in the compofition  of plafters.

   Pix Liquida.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Refina pmifylvefiris.   (Ed.)
   Tar is a mixture of refin, empyreumatic oil, charcoal, and ace-
 tous acid.   Its color is derived from the charcoal ;  and the other
 properties in  which it differs from a common refin, depend on the
 prefence of acetous acid and empyreumatic oil.
   The acid itfelf is not only foluble in water, but it alfo renders
}he empyreumatic oil foluble in larger quantities than it othervvi(e 
Part II.]            Materia Medica.                 28*

would be.  Tar water is a heating diuretic and fadorific remedy,
but by no means fo powerful, or To generally admiflible as it was
reprefented by Bifhop Berkeley.  Tar is  applied externally in
tinea capitis, and fome other cutaneous difeafes.

  PIPER  INDICUM.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Capsicum.

  PIPER.
  Willd.g. y\. Diandria Trigynia.—Nat. ord. Piperita.

  Sp. 1. Piper Nigrum.  Bacca.  (Lond.)   Fruclus.  (Ed.)
Semina.  (Dub.)
  Black pepper.  The berry.
  The black pepper is the fruit ot  a ffirubby,  creeping plant,
which grows wild in the Eaft  Indies, and is cultivated in Java
and Malabar, by which means the fruit is much improved.  The
berries are gathered before they are ripe, and are dried in the fun,
They become black and corrugated on the furface;  their tafte is
hot and fiery, and their fmell flightly  aromatic.                -*
  White pepper is the fruit of the fame plant, gathered after it is
fully ripe, and freed of its external coat by maceration in water1.
It is fmooth on the furface, and lefs  pungent than the black pep-
per,

   Sp. 3. Piper Cubeba.
   Cubeba.   (Lond.)
   Cubebs.
   Cubebs are a fruit brought from Java. This fruit has a great
 refemblance to pepper.  The principal  difference diftinguifhable
 by the eye, is, that  each  cubeb is  furniffied with a long  flender
 ftalk, whence they are called  by fome piper caudatum.  In aro-
 matic warmth and pungency, cubebs  are far inferior to pepper.

   Sp. 12. Piper Longum. Fruclus. (Lond.Ed.) Semina. (Dub.)
   Long pepper.  The fruit.
   The plant which bears the long pepper is alfo a farmentaceous
 climber.   The berries are fmall round grains, difpofed IpiraUy in
 a long cylindrical head.  They are gathered before they  are ripe
 and dried, and are the hotteft of all the peppers.
   The  warmth and pungency of thefe fpices refide entirely in a
 refin ; their aromatic odour in an effential oil.  In medicine they
 are fometimes employed as acrid ftimulants ;  but their chief ufe
 is in cookery as condiments.

   PISTAC1A.
    Djioecia Pentandria.—Nat. ord. Amentacea. 
282
Materia Medica.
[Part II.
   Sp. Pistacia Terebinthus.
   Terebinthina Chia.  (Lond.)
   Chian turpentine.
   The  tree which yields this turpentine, grows in India, the north
 of Africa, and fouth of Europe, but the turpentine is principally
 collected in the iflands  of Chios  and Cyprus, by wounding the
 tree.  It does not differ in any  thing material, except its price,
 from the other turpentines.  See Pin us.

   Sp. Pistacia Lentiscus.   Refina.   (Ed.)
   Mafiicke.  Refina.  (Lond.)
   Maftich.  A refin.
   This fpecies is a native of the fame countries with the  former.
 It is obtained principally in theifjandof Chios, by making tranf-
 verfe incifions in the tree, and allowing the juice to harden.  It is
 brought in fmall  yellowiffi, femi tranfparent, brittle grains ;  ofa
 fmooth and  ffiining fraaure,  foftening  when chewed,  fufible,
burning* with a pleafant fmell,  and foluble  in alcohol and fixed
Wils.  Its flavor is communicated  to water.   It is therefore a re-
 fin, combined with a little effential oil.  It is principally  ufed by
 the Turkiffi women as a  mafticatory,  to  preferve the teeth, and
 give a pleafant fmell to the breath.

   PIX  BURGUNDICA.  {Lond. Dub.)
   PIX  LIQU1DA.  (Lond.  Dub.)   See Pinus.

   PLUMBUM.  (Ed. Lond.)
   Lead.
   The general properties of lead have been already (192.) enu-
 merated.
   Lead is found,
     1. Oxidized :
       1. Lead ochre of different colors.
     II.  Oxidized,  and combined with acids :
       2. Carbonated lead.  White lead fpar.
       3. Murio carbonated.
       4. Phofphated lead.  Green lead ore.
       5. Arfeniated lead.
       6. Arfenio phofphated lead.
       7. Molybdated lead.
       8. Sulphated lead.
      III. Sulphuretted :
       9. Sulphuretted lead.  Galena.     •
       jo. Sulphuretted oxide of lead.
   Lead is obtained  by  various proceffes from thefe ores.   In its
 metallic   form it is fcarcely an officinal article, as  its different ox- 
Part II. ]             Materia Medica.                 233

Jdes are purchafed from the manufaaurers,  and never prepared by
the apothecary.
   Its effeas on the body are emaciation, violent colics, paralyfis,
tremors and contraaions of the limbs ; and as they generally come
on gradually, the caufe is fometimes overlooked till it be too late.
Poifoning from lead is nev^r intentional, but only accidental, ei±
ther from liquors becoming impregnated with lead, by being im-
properly kept in veffels lined or glazed with lead, or to which lead
has been criminally added to correa its acidity  ; or among manu-
faaurers who work much with lead, as painters and plumbers, and
who are not fufficiently attentive to avoid  {'wallowing any of it.
   The prefence of lead in any fufpeaed liquor isdeteaed by the
hydro fuiphuret of potafs, which forms with it a brown precipi-
tate, not foluble in diluted muriatic acid ;  and ftill more certain-
ly by evaporating a portion of it to drynefs, and  expofing the ex-
traa to a heat fufficient to reduce the lead.

   Oxidum  Plumbi album.  (Ed.)                   c\
   Ceruffa.  (Lond. Dub.)                                 ^
   White oxide of lead.  Ceruffe.
   The white oxide of lead is rnanufaaured in feveral countries.
 It is  prepared by expofing lead to the vapor of vinegar.  To ac-
 celerate the oxidizement, the lead is caft in thin  plates, which are
 rolled up fpirally.  A number of thefe are placed perpendicular-
 ly on a fupport, over a flat veffel containing vinegar, which is con-
 verted  into vapor by a gentle heat, fuch as that of dung.  The
 plates become flowly covered with a white cruft, w hich is in due
 time removed; and the remains of the plates again expofed to the
 vapor of vinegar, until they be entirely corroded.
   White oxide of lead has a fcaly or foliated  texture, is brittle,
 friable, heavy, ofa fnowy whitenefs, and a fweet tafte.   It is of-
 ten adulterated with earthy fubftances, which may be dilcovered
 by mixing it  with oil, aiid reducing the lean in a crucible.
   In pharmacy the white oxide of lead is only ufed in the compo-
 fition of ointments and platters.

   Oxidum  Plumbi rubrum.  (Ed.)
   Minium.  (Lond.)
   Red oxide of lead.
   The preparation of red lead is fo troublefome and  tedious,  as
 fcarce ever to be attempted by the apothecary  or chemilt; nor in-
 deed is this commodity expected to be made by them, the prepa-
 ration of it being a diftina branch of bufinefs.  The makers melt
 large quantities of lead at  once, upon the bottom of a reverbera-
  tory furnace  built  for this purpofe,  and  fo contrived, that the
  flame aas upon a large furface of the metal, which is continually
 changed  by  the means of ir«n rakes drawn  backwards and for- 
     284               Materia Media:.             [Part II.

     wards, till the fluidity ®f the  lead is deftroyed ; after which, the
     oxide is only now and then turned.
       The red oxide of lead is obtained in the form of a very heavy
     powder, confifling of minute ffiining  fcales, of a bright  fcai let,
     verging towards yellow, efpecially it triturated.   It is fometimes
     adulterated with red oxide  of  iron, red bole, or powdered brick.
     Thefe frauds are deteaed by the inferiority of color, by mixing it
     with oil and fubjeding it to the teft of reduaion ; and by its form-
     ing a black precipitate with tinaure of galls when diffolved in ni-
     trous acid.

       Oxidum Plumbi semivitreum.   (Ed.)
       Lithargyrus.  (Lond. Dub.)
t      Semivitrified oxide of lead.  Litharge.
       If oxidized lead be urged with a hafty fire, it  melts into the
     appearance of oil, and on cooling concretes into litharge.   Great-
     eft part of the litharge met with in the ffiops, is produced in tbe
     Durification of filver from  lead, and the refining of gold and filver
    ■Jy means of this metal.  According to the  degree of fire and other
     circumftances, it proves of a pale or  deep  color ;  the firft has
     been commonly called Litharge of Silver, the  other Litharge of
     Gold.
       The oxides of lead  diffolve by  heat, in expreffed oils; thefe
     mixtures are the bafis of feveral  officinal plafters and ointments.
       Lead and its oxides when undiffolved, have no confiderable ef-
     feas as medicines.   Diffolved in oils, they  are  fuppofed to be
     (when externally applied)  anti inflammatory and  deficcative.—
     Combined  with vegetable acids,  they are remarkably fo; and
     taken internally, prove a powerful, though dangerous ftyptic.

       POLYGALA SENEGA.  Radix.  (Ed.)
       Senega.   Radix.  (Lond. Dub.)
       Seneka, or Rattlefnake Root.
       Diadelphia Oclandria.—Nat. ord. Lomentacex.
       Seneka is a perennial plant,  which grows wild in North A-
     merica, particularly Virginia and  Pennfylvania.  This root is u-
     fually about the thicknefs  ot  the  little finger, varioufly bent and
     contorted, and appears as it compofed of joints, whence  it is fup*
     pofed to refemble the tail of  the  animal whofe name it bears; a
     kind of membranous margin  runs on  each fide, the whole length
     of the root.
       The bark is the aaive part of the root.   Its tafte is a* firft acid
     afterwards very hot and pungent.  It has no fmell.
       Its acrimony refides in a refin ; for  it is entirely extraaed by
     alcohol; does not  rife  in diftillation; and is not deftroyed by
     keeping. 
Part. II.]
»   Materia Medica.
285
  It is an aaive ftimulus, and  increafes the fo-rce of the circula-
tion, efpecially  of the pulmonary veffels.   It has therefore been
foun^ ufeful in typhoid inflammations of the lungs  ; but it is apt
todifoHer the ftomach, and to induce diaTrhcea.
  Some have likewife employed this root in  hydropic cafes, and
not without fuccefs.   There are examples of its  occafioning a
plentiful evacuation by ftool, urine, and perfpiration; and by this
means removing the difeafe, after the common diuretics and hy-
dragogues had failed.
  The Senegaro Indians are laid to prevent the fatal effeas of the
bite of the rattlefnake, by giving it internally, and by applying it
externally to the  wound.
   The ufual dofe of the powder is thirty grain* or more.
   Externally, it  has  been  advantageoufly ufed as  a ftimulating
gargle in croup.

   POLYGONUM BISTORTA.  Radix.  (Ed.)
   Biftorta.   Radix.   (Dub. Lond.)                          ^
   Great Biftort,  or Snakeweed.  The root.
   Willd.g. 785.  fp. 3. Oclandria Trigynia—Nat.  ord. Oleracetr.
   This plant is perennial, and grows wild in moift meadows in
 feveral parts of Britain. The root is about the thicknefs of  the
 little finger, of a blackiffi brown  color  on  the out fide, and red-
 diffi within ;  it  is writhed or bent vernacularly  (whence  the
 name of the plant) with a joint at each bending, and full ot buffiy
 fibres ;  the root of the fpecies here mentidned has, for the moft
 part, only one or two bendings ;  others have three or more.
   All the parts of biftort have a rough auftcre tafte, particularly
 the root, which is one of the ftrongeft of the vegetable aftringents.
 It is employed in all  kinds of immoderate haemorrhagies and oth-
 er fluxes, both internally and  externally where aftringency is the
 only indication.  It is certainly a very powerful ftyptic, and is to
 be  looked on fimply  as fuch.   To the fudorific, antipeflilential,
 and other virtues attributed to it, it has no other claim than in con-
 fequence of its aftringency, and of  the antifeptic power which it
 has in common with other vegetable ftyptics.  The  largeft dofe
 of  the root in powder is one drachm.

    POLYPODIUM  FILIX  MAS.  Radix.   (Ed.)
    Filix.  Radix.  (Lond.)   Filix. Mas.  Radix.  (Dub.)
    Male fern.   Male polypody.  The root.
    Cryptogamia. Filices.—Nat. ord  Filiees.
    This fern  is  perennial, and grows in great abundance in almoft
  every part ot Britain where the ground is not cultivated.  The
 greateft part of  the root lies horizontally, and has  a great number
  of appendages placed clofe to each  other in a vertical direaion,
  while a number  «f fmall fibres ftrike downwards.  The large root,
• 
 2 86              Materia Medica.               Tart. II. j

 together with its appendages, are  to  be referved for ufe.  The
 two ends however, are  to be cut  off,  the one being too old and
 fpongy, the other too new and green.
   When chewed, its  tafte is  fomewhat  mucilaginous and fweet,
 and afterwards flightly aftringent  and  bitter.   Its fmell  is alfo
 weak.
   This root was ufed as an  ahthelmintic in the days of Diofcori-
 des.   It gradually became negleaed ; but its ufe was again reviv-
 ed at different times  by  Madame Nuffer,  Herrenfchwand, and
 others, who certainly, frequently fucceeded in killing and  expel-
 ling the tasnia, both lata and cucurbitina, by the exhibition of fe-
 cret remedies, of which the  fern powder was, or rather  was fup-
 pofed to be the principal ingredient ;  for there is much reafon  to
 believe that the aaive purgatives with which it was always com-
 bined, were really the remedies which affeaed the cure.
   The fame, or nearly a fimilar fecret has been  bought by differ-
 ent potentates, and publiffied for the benefit of thofe iuffering un-
jder this obftinate difeafe .
   Even in 1799, a Berlin apothecary, Matthieu, was fo fortunate
 as to find a purchafer  of  his  fecret in the king of  Pruffia.   The
 remedy was tried in three cafes under the infpe£iion of the Medical
 College, and  in all of them fucceeded  in  expelling the  worms,
 without pain or any other remarkable occurrence. His fecret, and
 direaions for their  exhibition, was  publiffied by authority of
 the College.
   For forrre days the patient is to be confined to a fpare diet, and
 to live principally on faked  food,  bread, foups,  and light vegeta-
 bles.  He is then to take a  teafpoonful of the following eleaua'-
 ry every two  hours, for two  or three  days,  until he perceive the
 motion of the worm :
   R. Limatur. ftanni. Angli. pur. |i,
      Pulv. rad. filic. maris,  gvi.
     -----femin. cynse, ^fs.
     -----radic. jalap, refinofae.
     -----fal. polychreft,  ana ^i.  M.
   Fiat, cum mellis communis fufficiente quantitate, eleauarium.
   He is then to take in the  fame  manner, the  following purga-
 tive eleauary, until the worms be expelled ; or if that ffiould not
 happen, he is  to fwallow two or three fpoonfuls ot frefh caftor
 oil, or get a clyfter of the fame.
   R   Pulv. rad. jalap, refinof.
      -----fal. polychreft, ana 9ii.
     -----fcammon. Alep.  9i.
     ----gummi guttae, gr. x.  M.
   Fiat, cum melle communi, eleauarium. 
Part II.]            Materia  Medica*                 28f

  The internal folid part of the root only is to be powdered, and
the powder ffiould have a reddiffi color ; and as the dofe and ex-
hibition of the remedy muft be  regulated according to the age,
fex, and conftitution ot the patient, it muft be given always under
the direaion of an experienced praaitioner.

  POTENTILLA REPTANS.
  Pentaphyllum.  Radix.  (Lond.)
  Common cinquefoil.
  Willd. g.  xooo.fp. 34. Icofandria Polygamia.—Nat. ord. Seti-
 ticofa.
  This plant is perennial, and grows  plentifully in hedges, and
by road fides.  The root is moderately  aftringent; and as fuch is
fometimes given  internally in diarrhoeas and  other fluxes, and
employed in gargarifms  for ftrengthening  the gums, &c.  The
cortical part of the root may be taken in fubftance, to the quantity
of a drachm ;  the internal  part  is ro.ifiderably weaker, and re-
quires  to be given in double the dofe to produce the fame effea;
and as  we poffefs  many more powerful aftringcnts, the cinquefolt
is but  little ufed.

   PRUNUS.
  Willd. g. 982.  Icofandrid Monogynia.—Nat. ord.  Pomacea.

  Sp.  29. Prunus Domestica.  Fruclus.  (Ed.)
  Prunus Gallica.  Fruclus, Prunum Gallicum diclus.   (Lond.
Dub.)
  Plumb tree.  The fruit.  French prunes.
  This tree is found  wild in hedges in  England, but has proba-
bly originated from the ftones of the cultivated  kinds being dropt
there by accident.   Great quantities of the dried fruit are import-
ed from the Continent, but the  French prunes are reckoned the
beft.
  They contain much mucilaginous  and faccharine matter, and
their medical effeas are,  to abate heat, and gently loofen the bel-
ly ; which they perform by lubricating the paffages, and foftening
the excrement. They are of confiderable fervice in coftivenefs,
accompanied with a heat or irritation, which the more ftimulat-
ing cathartics would tend  to aggravate ; where prunes are foot of
themfelves fufficient, their aaion may be promoted  by joining with
them a little  rhubarb  or  the like ; to which may be added fome
carminative ingredient to prevent their occafioning flatulency.

  Sp. 32. Prunus Spinosa.
  Prunusfylveflris. Fruclus.  (Lond.)
  The floe tree.  The fruit. 
%88
Materia Medica.
[Part II.
  The floe alfo grows  wild in  Britain.   The fruit has a very
aftringent fouriffi tafte.   It contains malic acid.  The infpiffated
juice of the unripe fruit  is very aftringent,  and is called Acacia
Germanica.   An infufion of a handful of the flowers  is a fafe and*
eafy purge.   The powdered bark will fometimes cure agues.

  PTEROCARPUS.
  Diadelphia Decandria.—Nat. ord. Papilionacea.

  Sp.  Pterocarpus Santalinus.  Lignum.  (Ed.)
  Santalum rubrum.  Lignum.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Red Saunders.   The wood.
  This tree grows in the Eaft Indies, and acquires  a very large
fize.   The wood is brought in large billets, of a compaa texture,
a dull red,  almoft blackiffi color on   the outfide,  and a deep
brighter red within.  It has no manifeft fmell, and little or no
tafte.  It communicates a deep red  to  reaified fpirit, but gives
jno tinge to aqueous liquors j a  fmall quantity of the refin, ex-
traaed by means of fpirit, tinges a large one of freffi  fpirit, ot an
elegant blood red.
  The principal ufe of red faunders is as a  coloring drug; with
which intention it  is employed in fome formulae, particularly in
the tintlura lavandula compofitai

  Sp.  Pterocarpus  Draco.  Refina.   (Ed.)
  Sanguis Draconis.  Refina.  (Lond.)
  Dragon's blood.  A refin.
  This is alio a very large tree.  It is a native of South Amer-
ica, and the refin which  exudes  from incifions  made in its bark
ufed to be frequently fent from  Carthagena to Spain. It is how-
ever doubtful, if the dragon's blood of the  ffiops  be produced
from this tree, as many others furnifh a fimilar refin, as  the Dra-
caena draco, Dalbergia  monetaria, and  efpecially  the  Calamus
draco, which probably furnifhes all that is brought from the Eaft
Indies.
   The beft dragon's blood is not in cakes, but is brought in fmall
maffes, of the fize  of a nutmeg,  wrapt  up in  the dried leaves of
fome kind of reed, breaks fmooth, free  from  any vifible impuri-
ties, of a dark  red color, which  changes, upon  being powdered,
into an elegant  bright crimfon ; readily  melts and catches flame,
 and is not a£ted on by watry liquors.   It totally diffolves  in pure
 fpirit, and tinges a large quantity of the menftruum  ofa deep red
 color, it is likewife foluble in expreffed  oils,  and gives them a
red hue, lefs beautiful than that communicated by anchufa.  This
 drug in fubftance, has no fenfible fmell or tafte ; when diffolved,
 it difcovers  fome  degree ot warmth and pungency. 
 Part II.]            Materia Mejlica.                289

   PULEGIUM.  (Lond. Dub.)   See Mentha.

   PUN1CA  GRANATUM.   Cortex frudus.  Flores pleni,
 Balauftia dicli.   (Ed.)
   Granatum.    Floris  petalum, Balauftium  diclum.   Fruclus
 Cortex: (Lond.) Flores, Balauftia dicli. Pericarpii cortex. (Dub.)
   Pomegranate.  The outer rind of the fruit.  The double flow-
 ers, called Balauftine.
   Willd. g. y8o. fp. x.  Icofandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Po-
 maceae.
   The pomegranate is  a low tree, or rather ffirub, growing wild
 m Italy and other countries in the fouth of Europe ;  it is fome-
 times met with in our gardens ; but the fruit, for which it is chief-
 ly valued, rarely comes  to perfeaion.  This fruit has the general
 qualities of the other fweet fummer fruits, allaying heat, quench-
 ing thirft, and gently loofening the  belly.  The rind is a  ftrong
 aftringent, and as fuch is occafionally made ufe of.  The flowers
 are otan elegant red color, in appearance  refembling a dried red
 rofe.  Their tafte is bitteriffi  and aftringent.  They are recom-
 mended in diarrhoeas, dyfenteries, and other cafes where  aftrin-
 gent medicines are proper.            ..

   PYRETHRUM.  (Lond. Dub.)   See Anthemis.

   PYRUS  CYDONIA.
   Cydonia Malus.  Fruclus ejusque femen.  (Lond.)
   The quince.  The fruit and feeds.
   Willd. g. 992. fp. 17—Icofandria Pentagynia.—Nat. crd. Po-
 macea.                                           ,
 -  The quince is originally a native of Crete, but ripens its fruit
 perfeaiy in  England.
   Quinces have a very auftere acid  tafte; taken  in fmall quan-
 tity, they are fuppofed to reftrain vomiting and  alvine fluxes ;
 and more liberally, to loofen the belly.  The feeds abound with
a mucilaginous fubftance of no particular tafte, which they readily
 impart to watery liquors ;  an ounce  will  render three pints of
 water thick and ropy like the white  of an egg.

   QUASSIA.
   Willd. g. 849. Decandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Gruinales.

   Sp. 2. QuassiaSimaruba.  Cortex.   (Ed.)
   Simarouba.   Cortex.  (Lond.)  Cortex, lignum.  (Dub.)
   Mountain or bitter damfon.   The bark.
   This tree grows in Guiana and in Jamaica.  The fimaroubaof
the ffiops is the bark of the root of this tree, and not of the quaifia
amara, as ftated by the Dublin College.  It  is brought to ws in 
 290                  Materia Medica.            [Part II.

 pieces fome feet long, and  fome inches broad, folded lengthwife.
 It is light, fibrous, very tough ;  of  a pale yellow on the infide ;
 darker colored, rough, fcaly and wartedon theoutfide ;  has little
 fmell, and a bitter not difagreeable tafte.  It gives out its bitter-
 nefs both to alcohol and water.
   It  has been much celebrated in  obftinate diarrhoea, dyfenterv,
 anorexia, indigeftion, lienteria, and intermittent fevers;  but it is
 doubtful that it is better than other bitters.
   It  is given in powder, in dofes  of half a drachm or a whole
 drachm;  but it is  too bulky, and  very difficultly  pulverizable.
 It is  beft exhibited in decoction.  Two drachms ot the bark may
 be boiled  in two pounds of water to one, and the decoaion drunk
 in cuujFuls in the courfe of  the day.

   Sp. 3. Quassia Excelsa.   Lignum.   (Ed.)
   Quaffia.  Lignum, Cortex, Radix.  (Lond.)
   Quaffia.  The wood, bark, and root.
   This tree grows in Jamaica, and in the Caribaean iflands.  The
 quaffia of the  ffiops is the wood of its root, and not of the quaffia
 amara, which is a very rare tree, but  furpaffes  all others in bit-
 ternefs .
   This root is  about the thicknefs of a man's arm ; its wood is
 whitiffi, becoming yellowiffi by expofure to the air. It has a thin,
 grey, fi flu reel, brittle bark, which is deemed  in Surinam more
 powerful than  the wood.  Quaffia has no fenfible odour, but is
 one of the moft intenfe, durable, pure bitters known.   Its infu-
 fion, decoaion, and tinaure, are almoft equally bitter and yellow-
 iffi, and not blackened  by ehalybeates.
   It is a very pure  and  fimple  bitter, and  may be given in all
 cafes where bitters are proper.   It has been exhibited in intermit-
 tent and bilious fevers,  in ftomachic complaints, in lienteria, in
 cachexy, dropfies, leucorrhcea, and gout.  It is much ufed   in  this
 Country to givo the bitternefs to malt liquors, though it  fubje&s
 thofe brewers who employ it to a very heavy penalty.
   It can fcarcely be reduced  to  a  fufficiently fine powder to be
 given in fubftance, and  is therefore generally given in the  formef
 infufion, decoaion or extraa.

   QUERCUS.
   Monoecia Polyandria.—Nat. ord. Anuntacea.

  Sp.  Quercus Robur.   Cortex.  (Ed.)
  Ouercus.  Cortex.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Oak.  The  bark.
  The oak grows wild in  Britain.   The fuperior excellence of
its wood for ffiip building has rendered  its cultivation an objeft 
 Part II.]             Materia  Medica.                 291

 of national  concern.   Its faw dull is an ufeful dye fluff, and its
 bark is the principal article ufed in tanning.
   The bark is a ftrong aftringent ; and is recommended  in hae-
 morrhagies, alvine fluxes, and other preternatural or immoderate
 fecretions.  In  thefe it is fometimes attended with good effeas.
 But it is by no means  capable of being employed as a fubftitute,
 in every inftance, for Peruvian bark, as fome have afferted ; and
 indeed  it  is fo difficultly reduced  to a fufficient fine powder, that
 it can fcarcely be given internally in fubftance.

   Sp. Quercus Cerris.  Cymphis  nidus.  (Ed.)
   Galla.  (Lond.)  Gallce, Cynipidum  nidi.  (Dub.)
   Oriental  oak.  The neft ot thecynips quercifolii.
   This fpecies of oak is a native of the  Levant, and of the warm-
 er countries ot Europe.
   The cynips quercifolii, a hymenoplerous infea, depofits its
 eggs in the leaves and other tender parts  of the tree.  Around
 each pun£lure an excrefcence  is prefently formed, within  which
 the egg is hatched, and the infe6l  paffes through all the  fiacres of
 its metamorphofis,  until it become a perfea infea, when it eats
 its way out  of its prifon.  Thefe excrefcences are called galls, or
 gallnuts.    They are  ot different  fizes, fmooth or knotty on the
 furface, ot a whitiffi, reddiffi, or blackiffi color, and generally pen-
 etrated  with a fmall hole.   Internally  they  confift of a fpongy,
 but  hard, more or lefs brown fubftance, and  thev have a very
 rough aftringent tafte.   Good galls are of a blackiffi grey or yel-
 low  color, heavy, and tubercuJated on the furface.  They are the
 moft powerful aftringents we poffefs, but  are feldom ufed in me-
 dicine.

   RAPHANUS RUSTICANUS.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Coch-
 learia  ARMORACIA.

   RESINA ALBA.   (Dub.)  See Pinus.

   RHABARBARUM.   (Lond. Dub.)  See Rheum.

   RHAMNUS  CATHARTICUS. Baccarumfuccus.   (Ed.)
   Spina Cervina. .Bacca.  (Lond.)
   Purging buckthorn.  The berry.  The juice of the berries.
   Willd. g.  405. fp. 1. Pentandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Da-
 rn ofa.
   This tree, or buffi, is common in hedges  ; it flowers in June,
and ripens its truit in September or the beginning  of Oaober. In
our markets, the fruit of fome other trees, as the blackberry bear-
ing alder,  and the dog  berry tree,  have  of late been  frequently
mixed with  or fubftituted for thofe of  buckthorn.  This abufe 
3£>2
Materia Medica.
[Part II.
may be difcovered by  opening the berries ;  thofe of buckthorn
have almoft always four feeds, the berries of the alder two, and
thofe of the dog berry only one.   Buckthorn berries, bruifed on
white paper, ftain it of a green color, which the others do not.
Thofe who fell the juice to the apothecaries, are faid  to mix it
with a large proportion of water.
  Buckthorn berries have a faint difagreeable  fmell, and a naufe-
ous bitter  tafle.  They have long been in confiderable efteem as
cathartics ; and celebrated in dropfies, rheumatiftris, and  even in
the gout ;  though  in thefe cafes they have no  advantage above
other purgatives, and are more offenfive, and operate more fevere-
ly,  than many which the ffiops are furniffied with ;  they general-
ly occafion gripes, ficknefs, dry the mouth and throat, and leave
a thirft of long duration.   The dofe is about  twenty ot the frefh
berries in  fubftance, and twice or thrice-this number  in decop-
tion ;  an  ounce of the expreffed juice, or a drachm of the dried-
berries.

  RHEUM  PALMATUM.   Radix.   (Ed.)
  Rhabarbarum.  Radix.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Palmated rhubarb.   The root.
  Willd. g. 808.7^. 5.  JLnneandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Ole-
racea.
  This plant grows fpontaneoufly in China, and endures the colds
of  our climate.
   But it is not afcertained  that the Chinefe or Ruffian rhubarb is
the dried  roet of this  plant.  Pallas thinks  that it is obtained in-
difcriminately from the rheum undulatum, palmatum,  and com-
paaum,  more efpecially from the firft ; while Mr. Sievers, an
apothecary who was fent by Catherine II, on  purpofe to obtain
the true  rhubarb  plant,  and travelled  for feveral  years in the
countries contiguous to that whence  the rhubarb is  brought, is of
opinion, that the botanical  charaaers of the plant which furnifhes
it are ftill unknown, excepting that it is faid not to grow to a great
fize, and  to have round leaves, which are toothed  on  the  edges
with almoft fpinous points.
   All the rhubarb of commerce is brought from the Chinefe town
 Sini or Selim, by the Bucharians.  It grows on the neighboring
 chain of  lofty mountains which ftretches to  the lake Koko Nor,
 between  3,5° and 40° north latitude. It is  dug up by the poor
 peafants,  cleaned  from the earth, cut in pieces, ftrung with the
 bark on  firings, and expofed  dry  under  cover in the ffiade for a
 whole year, before it  Ts again cleaned and prepared for exporta-
 tion.
    There is a diftinaion made in commerce  between the Ruffian
 and Chinefe  rhubarb,  although  they both come from the fame
 country. 
 Part II.]            Materia  Medica.                  293

   The Ruffian  is dearer, and always good, as  very great  atten-
 (i©n is paid both in purchafingand tranfporting it, by order of the
 goyernrnent.  In  Kiachta, on the Ruflian frontier, it is received
 from the Bucharians by a Ruffian  apothecary, who examines it.
   The bad is  immediately  burnt, and the good is i'reed from its
 bark, woody parts, and every impurity, in the moft careful man-
 ner.   It is.  then fent to Mofcow and  to Peterfburgh,  where it is
 again examined.
   It is commonly in round  pieces, ofa reddiffi or whitiffi yellow
 color, feels  gritty  between the teeth, and is often perforated with
 fo large a hole, that many pieces have the appearance ofa bark.
   The Chinefe or  Eaft  India rhubarb is brought by fea from
 Canton.  It is heavier, harder, and more compact than the other ;
 feldom perforated with holes, and either in  long pieces, or with
 two flat fides, as if they had been  compreffed.
   The general  characters of good rhubarb are, its having a whit-
 iffi or clear yellow color,  being dry, folid, and compafct, moder-
 ately  heavy ;  brittle ;  when recently  broken appearing marked
 with yellow or reddiffi veins, mixed with white ;  being eafily pul-
 verizable ; forming a powder of a fine bright yellow,  having  the
 peculiar, naufeous, aromatic fmell ot rhubarb, and a fubacrid, bit-
 teriffi, fomewhat aftringent tafte, and when chewed feeling gritty
 under the teeth, fpeedily coloring the faliva, and not appearing  ve-
 ry  mucilaginous.   The fize and form  of the  pieces are  ot  lit-
 tle confequence ;  only  we muft break the large ones,  to fee that
 they are not decayed ©r  rotten within ;  and we muft alfo obferve,
 that they are not mufty or worm  eaten.   This is the more necef-
 fary, as damaged pieces  are frequently fo artfully dreffed up, and
 colored with powdered rhubarb as to impofe on the buyer.
  The principle conftituent  of rhubarb is extraaive matter, folu-
 ble both in alcohol and in water.  By gentle decoaion, it lofes
 above one half its  weight.   Rhubarb alfo  contains fome volatile
 odorous matter, on which its  peculiar naufeous fmell and its  aaiv-
 ity as  a purge depend ;  for  when diffipated, either by age or any
 preparation to which the rhubarb has been fubjeaed, the powers
 of the medicine are almoft deftroyed.  It alfo contains fome tan-
 nin, and aboUt one fixth of its weight of oxalate of lime.
  Rhubarb is a mild cathartic, which operates vyithout violence or
 irritation, and may be given  with  fafety even to pregnant women,
 and  to  children.  In fome people, however, it occafions fevere
griping.  Befides its purgative quality, it is celebrated as an  af-
 tringent, by which  it itrengthens  the tone of the ftomach and  in-
 teftines,  and proves ufeful in diarrhoea and diforders proceeding
 from laxity.
  Rhubarb is exhibited,
  1.  In  fubftance, in the form  of powder.  It operates more
 powerfully as a  purgative in this form than in any other.   Tht
                     6^3 
294                 Materia Medica.           [P"rt.  1]-

dofe for an adult, is about a fcruple or upwards.  On account of
its crreat bulk, it is  lometimes unpleafant to tai^e, and its laxative
effects are often increafed  by the addition ot  neutral falts, or oth-
er more aaive  purgatives.   In fmaller  dofes it often  proves an
excellent ftomachic.
   2.  In infufion.  Rhubarb yields more of its purgative property
to water than to alcohol.  The iniufion is however, confiderably
weaker than the powder, and requires double the dofe to produce
the fame effea.  It is well adapted for children, but muft be al-
ways frefh prepared.
   3.  In tinaure.   On  account of  the ftimulating nature of the
menftruum, this preparation frequently cannot be exhibited in do-
fes large enough to operate as a purgative.  Its principal ufe is as
a tonic and ftomachic.
   The virtues  of rhubarb are  deftroyed by roafting, boiling, and
in forming the  extraft.

   RHODODENDRON  CHRYSANTHUM.^  Folia.   (Ed.)
   Yellow flowered rhododendron.  The leaves.
   Willd'. g.  867. fp. 7. Decandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Bi-
cornes.
   This fmall  ffirub grows in  the coldeft fituations, and higheft
parts  of the fnow covered mountains in Eaft Siberia, and efpec-
ially in Dauria.  The ieaves are oblong,  rigid,  refleaed at the
edges, rough on the upper furtace, fmooth and  paler on the low-
er. When dried, they have no fmell, but a rough, aftringent, and
bitteriffi tafte.   They alfo  contain  a ftimulant, narcotic princi-
ple ; for they increafe the hsat ot the body, excite thirft, and pro-
duce diaphorefis, or an increafed difcharge of the other  fecretions
or excretions ; and in a larger dofe, inebriation and delirium.
   The Siberians ufe a decoction of  it  in rheumatifm and gout.
They put about two drachms of the dried fhrub in an earthern pot,
with about ten ounces of  boiling water, keeping it near a boiling
heat for a  night, and this they take in the morning.  Befides its
other effeas, it is faid to produce a fenfation of prickling or creep-
ing in the  pained parts ; but in a few hours the pain and difagree-
able fymptoms are relieved, and  two  or  three  dofes generally
complete the cure.  The ufe of liquids is not allowed during iis
operation, and this is apt to produce vomiting.

   RHUS TOXICODENDRON.   Folia.  (Ed.)
   Poifon oak.  The leaves.
   Willd. g. 566.fp. xj.  Pentandria Trigynia.—Nat. ord. Du-
 mofie.
   This is a deciduous ffirab  of moderate growth, a native of
 North America.  The  leaves are alternate, and ftand  upon very
 long leaf ftalks. Each leaf confifts of three leafits. It  is faid that 
Part  II.]              Materia Medica.               295

its juice is fo extremely acrid as to caufe inflammation,and fome
times even fphacelation, in the  parts touched with it.  It  was
firft tried as a medicine by Dr. Alderfon of Hull, in imitation of
the experiments ot M. Frefnoi with the rhus radicans.   He gave
it in four cafes of paralyfis, in dofes  of half a grain, or a grain,
three times a day, and all his patients recovered, to  a certain de-
gree, the ufe of their limbs.   The  firft fymptom of amendment
was always an unpleafant feeling  of prickling  or  twitching in
the paralytic limbs.   We have given it in larger dofes without
experiencing the fame  fuccefs.  It was not, however, inaaive.
In one cafe the patient difcontinued its  ufe on account ot the dif-
agreeable prickling it occafioned  ; and in general it operated as  a
gentle laxative,  not withftanding the torpid ftate of the bowels of
fuch patients,

   R1BES.
   Willd.g. 445. Pentandria Monogynia.—Nat.ord. Pomacea.

   Sp. x. Ribes Rubrum.  Fruclus.  (Lond.  Dub.)
   Red currant.   7'he fruit.
   This ffirub grows wild in England, and is very generally cul-.
tivated for the fake  of its pleafant fub  acid fruit.  The juice of
the fruit contains faccharine matter, malic, and citric acids, and  a
fubftance fcarcely foluble in cold water, very  foluble in hot wa-
ter and coagulating into the form of a jelly as it cools.   By boil-
ing currant juice with a fufficient quantity of fugar to abford the
acid watery parts, the whole forms on  cooling, an uniform jelly,
which is often  ufed as an acid  demulcent in fore  throats, and
diffolved in water,  forms a pleafant cooling  drink in feverifh
complaints.

   Sp. 8. Ribes Nigrum.  Fruclus.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Blackcurrant.  The fruit.
   This is alfo a native ffirub, which is likewife frequently cul-
tivated for the fame purpofes with the former variety, and indeed
is preferred to it for Medical ufe.

   R1C1NUS COMMUNIS. Semen, et ejus oleum fixum. (Ed.)
   Seminis oleum. (Lond.)  oleum efeminibusexpreffum. (Dub.)
   Monecia Monadelphia.—Nat.  ord. Tricocea.
   PalmaChrifti.  The feeds  and  the fixed  oil obtained trom
them.
   This plant grows in both Indies, Africa, and the fouth of Eu-
rope.  It is of fpeedy growth, and  in one year arrives at its  full
height,  which feldom  exceeds  twenty feet.   The capfules are
prickly and triangular, and  contain, under a thin, dry. grey,  and
black marbled hufk, a white oily kernel.   The fkin is extremely 
2-96                  Materia Medica.             [Part II.

acrid ; and one or two of the feeds  fwallowed entire, operates as
a draftlc purgative or emetic.
  The kerne is  yield  almoft  a  fourth part  of their weight of a
blar.d oxpd oil, commonly called Caftor Oil. It is obtained from
th ro  either by  evpreffion, or by decoaion with water.   The for-
mer me.hod is prafclifed in Europe,  the  latter  in Jamaica.   To
increafe the oroc'u-ft, it is common to parch the feeds over the fire
before •[.•.*?    ■•. extra ted from  them ;  but the oil thus obtained
v* in'lerior to that pri-paird by cold expreffion or fimple decofction,
Dftn s's^apt to''j.-: Mine rancid.
   genuine caftor oil  is thick and vifcid,  of a whitiffi color, in-
f.pi"1 or fveetifh to the tafte, and without fmell.
   A.s a ?;.edicine; it is  a- ;.M'le *r.d uleful purgative ; it in gener-
al produces its  jffecis  without griping,  and may  be given with
fafety w   ie acrid purgatives are improper, as in colic, calculus,
gc  u.iicea, &c. ; fome  likewife ufe it as a purgative in worm-
ca'e.s.   Half an ounce or an ounce commonly  anfwers  with an
adult, and a drachm or two with an infant.
   With many,  the averfion to oil is  fo great, that  this purgative
cannot be taken without great reluaance;  and accordingly differ-
ent mpdesof taking it have been propofed.  Some prefer taking
it fwimming on a glafs of water or  peppermint water, or in the
form of emulfion, with mucilage, or with the addition  of a little
rum.

   ROSA.                           ^
   Willd. g. 907. Icofandria Pologynia.—Nat.  ord. Senticofa.

   Sp. 16. Rosa  Gallic a.  Petala.  (Ed.)
   Rofa rubra Petala.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Red rofe.   The petals.
  This has not the fragrance of the  fucceeding fpecies ; but the
beautiful color ot its  petals, and their pleafant aftringency, have
rendered them officinal.

  Sp. 17. RosaDamaseeMa.  Petala.   (Lond. Dub.)
  Rofa centifolia.  Petala.  (Ed.)
  Darnafk rofe.  The petals.
  The native country of this ffirub  is unknown, but the delight-
ful fragrance of its flowers has rendered it the  favorite ornament
of every garden.  In the  former editions of  Linnaeus, the damafk
rofe was confidered as a variety only of the rofa centifolia;  but
Aiton, Du Iloi and Wiidenow have  arranged it as  a  diftina fpe-
cies.   It is howcer highly probable, that  the  petals  of all the
varieties of the rof- centiioiia,  or  Dutch hundred  leaved rofe,
Wil'denbvv's 15th fpecies, are  employed  indifcriminately with
thofe  of the real damafk rofe in  the diftillation of rofe water. 
Part. II.]            Materia Medica.                 597

  Sp. 31. Rosa Canina.  Fruclus recens.   (Ed.)
  Cynofbatus.   Fruclus.  (Lond.)
  Dog rofe.  The fruit called Heps.
  This fhrub is found in hedges throughout Britain. The pulp
of the fruit, befides faccharine matter, contains citric acid, which
gives it an acid  tafte.  The  feeds, and  ftiff hair with which they
are furrounded, muft be carefully removed from the pulp before
it can be ufed.

  ROSMARINUS  OFFICINALIS.    Summitates fiorentes.
(Ed.)  Rosmarinus.   Cacumen, flos.   (Lond.)  Rofmarinus.
Herba.   (Dub.)
  Rpfemary.   The herb and  flowers.
   Willd.g. 62. fp. x. Diandria Monogynia,—Nat. ord. Verticil-
lata.
  Rosemary is a ffirubby perennial,  which  grows wild in the
fouth of Europe, and is cultivated in our gardens.   It has a fra-
grant fmell, and a  warm pungent  bitterifh tafte, approaching to
that of lavender ; the leaves and tender tops are ftrongeft ; next
to thefe the cup of the flower ; the flowers themfelves are con-
fiderably the weakeft, but moft pleafant.
   Its virtues depend  entirely  on its effential oil, which feems to
be combmed with camphor, not only from its peculiar tafte, but
from its poffefling chemical properties, which depend on the pre-
fence ot camphor ; and from  its depofiting cryftals of camphor
when long kept.

   RUBIA TINCTORUM.   Radix.  (Ed.)
   Rubia.  Radix.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Madder.  The root.
   Willd.g. ^Sy.fp. x.  Tetrandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Stel-
lata.
   Madder is perennial, and grows wild in fome parts  of Brit-
ain,  but  the dyers are principally fupplied with it from Zealand,
where it  is cultivated in large quantities.
   The roots confift of articulated fibres, about the thicknefs of a
quill, which are red throughout, have a weak fmell, and a bitter-
iffi aftringent tafle.  For the ufe of the dyers, they are firft peel-
ed and dried, then bruifed and  packed in barrels.   Madder pof-
feffes the  remarkable property  of tinging the urine, milk and
bones of animals, which are fed  with it, of a red color.
   It is faid to be ufeful in the atrophy of children, and fome be-
lieve in its reputed powers as  an emmenagogue.
   It is given in fubftance in dofes of halt a drachm, feveral times
 a day, or in deco6tion. 
293
Materia Medica.
[Part  II.
   RUBUS ID^EUS.   Fruclus.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Rafpbeny.  The fruit.
   Willd. g. 998- fp. 4.  Icofandria Polygynia.—Nat. ord. Se.iti-
cofa.
   This  ffirub is  found wild in Britain, and is much cultivated
for the fake of its pleafant fubacid fruit, which contains both ni-
tric and malic acids.

   RUMEX ACETOSA. Folia.  (Ed.)
   Acetofa pratenfis. Folia.  (Lond,) Acetofa.  Folia.  (Dub.)
   Sorrel.  The leaves.
   Willd.g. 6gg.fp. gi. Hexandria Trigynia.—Nat. ord.  Olera-
cea.
   Sorrel is  a perennial plant, which  grows wild in fields and
meadows  ihroughout Britain.  The  leaves have an  aftringent
acid tafte, without any fmell or particular flavor ; their medical
effeas are, to cool, quench  thirft, and  promote the urinary dif-
charge ;  a decoaion of them in whey affords an ufeful and agree-
able drink in febrile or inflammatory diforders.
   All thefe effeifsarcto be  afcribed entirely to the fuper oxalato
of potafs which they  contain.

   RUTA  GRAVEOLENS.  Herba.  (Ed.)
   Rata.   Herba.  (Lond.)  Folia.   (Dub.)
   Rue.  The herb.
   Willd. g. 927. fp. 1. Decandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Mu(->
tifiliqua.
   This is a fmall ffirubby plant, a native of the fouth of Europe,
and cultivated in our gardens.
   Rue has  a ftrong, ungrateful fmell, and a bitteriffi, penetrating
tafte ; the leaves when in full  vigor, are  extremely acrid, info-
much as to inflame and blifter  the fkin,  if much handled. With
regard to their  medical virtues,  like  other remedies, of  which
the aaive conftituent is an effential oil, they are heating and ftim-
ulating, and hence fometimes  are ferviceable iu fpafmodic affec
tions, and cafes of obflrucled fecretions.

   SABINA.   (Lond. Dub.)  See Juniperus.

   SACCHARUM OFFIC1NARUM.
     a.  Saccharum  non  purificatum.   (Lond. Ed.)   Saccharum
       rubrum.  (Dub.)
     b. Saccharum purificatum. (Lond. Dub.) Saccharum punf
      fimum.  (Ed.)
     c. Sacchaii rubri fyrupus,  (Dub.) 
Part II.]           Materia  Medica.                   ^9

  Sugar cane.   Raw or brown fuoar.   Double refined fuear.—
Molaffes.
  Willd. g. 122. fp. 4. Triandria—Digynia. Nat. ord. Grainina.
  The fugar cane grows  wild in both  Indies, and forms  ike
principal objea of cultivation in the Weft Indies.
   Sugar, of which we  have already (256)  noticed  the general
properties, is  principally obtained  from  this  plant, by boiling
down its expreffed juice, with the addition ofa certain proportion
of lime or potais,  until the greater part is difpofed  to concrete
into browmlh or yellowiffi cryftalline grains.  The lime or potafs
is added to fat urate fome malic acid, whofe prefence impedes the
cryftallization.
   The molaffes, or that portion of the infpiffated juice  which does
not cryftallize, is  feparated  from the raw fugar, which is fent to
Europe to be refined.   This is performed by diffolving it in wa-
ter, boiling the folution with lime water,  clarifying it with blood
or white ot eggs, and ftraining it  through woollen bags.  The fo-
lution, after due evaporation, is permitted to cool to a  certain de-
gree, and then poured  into  conical  forms of unglazed earthern
ware, where it concretes into a  mafs of  irregular cryftals.   The
fyrup which  has  not  cryftallized is then permitted  to run off
through a hole in the apex of the cone.   The upper or bioad end
of the cone is then covered with  moift  clay, the water of which
gradually penetrates into  the fugar,  and  difplaces  a  quantity of
fyrup, which would otherwife  be retained  in it, and  diiv.oior it.
It is then carefully dried,  and gets the name of loaf or lump fugar.
When the folution and other fteps  of  the procefs are repeated,
the fugar is faid to be double refined.
   Sugar is fometimes made to  affume  a more  regular form of
cryftallization, by carrying  the evaporation only a certain length
and then permitting the fyrup  to cool flowly.   In this form it is
called White or Brown Sugar Candy, according to the degree of
its purity.
   Molaffes or treacleis a very impure fyrup.  It is thick, vifcid,
of a dark brown, aimoft black color, and has  a peculiar fmell,
and a fweet, fomewhat empyreumatic tafle. Treacle is applied to
many domeftic and economical purpofes ; and inhofpital praaice
may fuperfede the ufe of fugar in many  inftances.
   Raw fugar  varies  very much  in  quality.   It ffiould be dry,
cryftallized in large fparkling grains, of a whitifh or clear yellow
color without fmell,  and of a fweet tafle, without any peculiar
flavor.
   Refined fugar ffiould have a brilliant white color,  and a clofe
compaa texture.  It ffiould be  very hard, but brittle, aiid break
 with /harp femi tranfparent, fplintery fragments.
   Sugar, from being a luxury, has now  become one of the neccf-
faries of life. 
 SO©                Materia Medka.              [Part II.

    In Europe, fugar is almoft folely ufed as a condiment.   But it
 is alfo a very wholefomeand powerful article of nourifhment; for
 during .crop time, the negroes in the Weft  Indies, notwithftanding
 their  increafed labors, always grow  fat.   It is in  this way alfo
 that its internal employment is ufeful in fome difeafes, as in fea
 fcurvy ;  for fugar produces no particular effea as  a medicine, ex-
 cept that the coarfer and impure kinds are  flightly purgative. Ap-
 plied  externally, it aa« as an  efcharotic in fpongy and unhealthy
 granulations ;  and to abraded  or inflamed  furfaces it proves gent.
 ly ftimulant.  In pharmacy it is principally employed to cover
 bad faftes,  to give form, and to pie ferve more aaive fubftances.
 In ufing it  for the laft purpofe, we muft always remember, that if
 the proportion  of fugar employed be too final!, it will promote
 inftead of retarding the fermentation of the articles it intended
 to preferve.

    SAGAPENUM.   Gummi refina.   (Lond. Dub.  Ed.)
    Sagapenum.  A gum refin.
    The plant which furrrifhes  this fubftance is not afcertained.
 but is conjeaured by Wrilldenow to be the Ferula Perfica.
   Sacrapcnum is a concrete juice brought from Alexandria, either
 in diftina tears, or  agglutinated in large maffes.  It is outwardly
 ofa yellowiffi color ; internally, fomewhat paler, and clear like
 horn : It grows foft upon being handled, and fticks to the fingers;
 its tafte is hot, naufeous and bitteriffi, and its fmell difagreeable
 and alliaceous.
   It is not fufible ; is fparingly foluble in alcohol; almoft entire-
 ly foluble  in water; and affords a fetid effential oil by  diflilla-
 tion.
   In medical virtues it holds a  kind of middle place between affa-
 foetida and galbanum, and may be employed in the fame manner,
 and under fimilar circumftances.

   SAL AMMONIACUS.  (Lond.  Dub.)  See Murias Am-
 monite.

   SAL COMMUNIS. (Dub.) SAL  MURIATICUS. (Lond.)
 See Murias Soda.

   SALIX FRAGILIS.
   Salix.  Cortex.  (Dub.)
   Crack willow.  The bark.
   Dioecia Diandria.—Nat. ord. Atnentacea.
   This willow grows wild  in  England.   The bark poffeffes a
confiderable  degree ot  bitternefs and aftringency.  It has been
recommended by fome as a fubftitute for the Peruvian bark ; and
ot  the indigenous barks which have been propofed, it is perhaps 
Part II.]             Materia  Medica.                 301

one ot the moft effeaual.   But in point of efficacy it is in no de-
gree to be compared with the Peruvi&n bark.

  SALVIA  OFFICINALIS.  Folia.  (Ed.)
  Salvia.  Folium.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Sage.  The leaves.
  Willd. g. 63. fp. 7. Diandria Monogynia.-—Nat. ord. Verticil-
lata.
   Sage is a perennial plant, a native of the fouth of Europe, and
cultivated in our gardens.  There, are feveral varieties of it, dif-
fering in fize, or in  the color of its  flower, but  their properties
are the fame.  They have a peculiar  aromatic fmell, and a warm,
aromatic tafte, with fome  degree of bitternefs and altringehcy.
   In  its effeas fage agrees with other aromatics.   It is ftimulant,
carminative and tonic.
  In cold phlegmatic habits, it excites appetite,  and proves fer-
viceable in debilities of the nervous fyftem.  The beft preparation
for thefe purpofes is an infufion of the dry  leaves, drunk as tea ;
or a tinaure, or extraa, made with reaified fpirit, taken in pro-
per dofes ;  thefe contain the whole virtues of the fage ; /he diftil-
led water and effential oil, only its warmth  and  aromatic quality,
without any of its roughnefs or bitternefs.  Aqueous infufions of
the leaves,  with the addition of a little  lemon juice, prove an ufe-
ful diluting drink in febrile diforders, being fufficiently agreeable
to the palate.

   SAMBUCUS NIGRA.  Flores, Bacca, Cortex.  (Ed.)
   Sambucus.   Cortex interior, Flos, Bacca. (Lond. Dub.)
Common elder. The inner bark, flowers and berries.
   Willd.g. tfog.fp. 3. Pentandria Trigynia.—Nat. ord. Dumofie.
  This tree is  frequent in hedges ;  it flowers in May, and  ripens
its fruit in  September.  The inner  green  bark  of  its trunk is
gently cathartic.  An infufion of it in wine, OY the expreffed juice
in the dofe of half an ounce or an ounce, is faid to purge moder-
ately, and in fmall dofes to prove an  efficacious deobftruent capa-
ble of promoting all the  fluid  fecretions.   The young buds, or
rudiments of the  leaves,  are ftrongly  purgative, and aa with fo
much violence as to be defervedly accounted unfafe. The flowers
are very different in quality ; thefe   have an agreeable aromatic
flavor, which  they  yield in diftillation with   water, and  im-
part by infufion to  vinous and  fpirituous  liquors.   The berries
contain malic acid, and have a fweetiffi. not unpleafant tafte ; nev-
erthelefs, eaten in fubftance, they offend  the ftomach ;  the ex-
preffed juice, infpiffated to the confiftence of  a  rob, proves an
ufeful aperient medicine ;  it  opens   obftruaions  ot the vifcera,
promotes the naturalevacuations, and, if continued for a length of
time,  does oonfiderable fervice in fundry chronical diforders. 
 202                 Materia  Medica.            [Part If.

   SANTALUM RUBRUM.   (Lond. Dub.)   See  Ptero-
 CARPUS SANTALINUS.

   SANTONICUM.  (Lond. Dub.)   See Artimisia.

   SAPO.
   Sapo ex oleo olivarum et foda  confeclus.   (Ed.)  Sapo ex ole«
 oliva et natro confeclus. (Lond.) Sapo durus Hifpanicus. (Dub.)
   Th e general  chemical properties of foap have been already no-
 ticed (243.)   The only fpecies which  is officinal in our Pharma-
 copoeias,  is that compofed  of olive oil  and foda.  It  is only pre-
 pared in the countries which produce the oil.  For medicinal ufe
 we prefer the Spaniffi.
  . It ffiould be white and hard, diffolve entirely in water and in
 alcohol, forming with  the former a milky,  and with the latter a
 tranfparent folution,  the folutions ffiould froth freely on  agita-
 tion.  It ffiould not be variegated in its color, feel greafy or moift,
 or be covered with a faline efflorefcence ; and the folutions ffiould
 not have  a  rancid fmell or tafte.  Some of the foreign difpenfa-
 tories are  fo  very particular about the nature of the foap ufed in
 medicine, as  to direa it to be prepared by the apothecary, by fim-
 ply triturating, without the affiftance of heat.  Provence oil,  with
 half  its weight of  a  folution of foda, of the fpecific gravity of
 1.375, until  they unite.
  Soap is decompofed  by  all the acids,  earths, and earthy and
 metalline falts.  The  acids combine with the alkali, and feparate
 the oil.  The earths form  an  infoluble earthy foap with the oil,
 and feparate the alkali,  while with  the falts there  is a mutual de-
 compofition, the acid  combines with the alkali, and earthy or me-
 talline foaps are formed.
  The  detergent property of foap,  or the power  it poffeffes of
 rendering  oily and  refinous fubftances mifcible with water, has
 given rife to  very erroneous notions of its medical  virtues.  It
 was  fuppofed to render fuch  fubftances more  readily  foluble in
 the juices  of  the ftomach, and in the fluids of the body, and to be
 well fitted for diffolving fuch oily or unauous matters  as it may
 meet with in the body, attenuating vifcid juices, opening obflruc-
tions ©f the vifcera, and deterging all the veffels it paffes through.
  It has likewife been fuppofed a powerful menftruum for the uri-
nary calculus; and a folution of foap in lime water, has been  con-
 fidered as  one of the ftrongeft  diffolvents that can be taken  with
fafety into the ftomach : For the virtue of this compofition has  been
thought confiderably  greater than the aggregate of  the diffolving
powers of the foap and lirne water when unmixed.
  How erroneous thefe ideas  are, appears evidently, when we
 recollea the  very eafy decompofition of  foap,  which renders i' 
 Part II.]            Materia  Medica,                303

 perfeaiy impoffible that it ffiould enter the circulating fyftem, or
 indeed come into contaa with the fluids of the mouth, without
 being decompofed.  As to the folution of foap in lime water, we
 may obferve, that  it is  only a clumfy way of exhibiting a folu-
 tion of foda; for the foap is decompofed, an infoluble foap of
 lime is  formed,  and the foda remains in folution.  The internal
 ufe of foap  ffiould therefore be confined, in our opinion, to the
 giving form  to other fubftances which are not decompofed by it,
 and to decompofe metallic poifoni when they have been taken in-
 to the ftomach. For this laft purpofe, a  teacupful ofa  folution of
 foap, in four times its weight of water, may be drunk  every three
 or tour minutes,  until a fufficient quantity be taken.
   Applied externally, it is a very powerful detergent, and com-
 bines the flimulating  properties of the alkali with the lubricitat-
 ing nature of the  oil.   In this way it often proves a powerful dif-
 cutient and a ufeful application  to fprains and bruifes.

   SARCOCOLLA.  Gummi  refina.  (Lond.)
   Sarcocolla.
   This  is a concrete juice,  brought from Perfia and Arabia in
 fmall, whitiffi, yellow  grains, with a few of a reddiffi, and fome-
 times of  a deep red color, mixed with them ;  the whiteft  tears
 are  preferred, as being the freffieft.  It is fuppofed to  be the pro-
 dua of  the Penasa Sarcocolla, Willd. g. 21S. fp.  1.  Tetrandria
 Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Conglomerata-  Its tafte is bitter, accom-
 panied with a dull kind of fweetnefs.  It diffolves in watry liquors,
 and appears to be chiefly of the gummy kind, with a fmall admix-
 ture of refinous matter.

   SARSAPARILLA.   (Lond. Dub.)   SeeSMiLAx.

   SASSAFRAS.  (Lond.  Dub.)   See  Laurus.

   SCAMMONIUM.   (Lond.  Dub.)   See Convolvulus.

   SCILLA  MARITIMA.  Radix.  (Ed.) ^
   Scilla.  Radix.  (Lond. (Dub.)
   Squill.   The root.
   Willd. g. 6\o.fp. 1. Hexandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Lilia-
 cea.
   The fquill is a perennial bulbous rooted plant, which grows
 wild on the fandy ffiores of Spain, Portugal, north of Africa, and
 the Levant.
   The root is about the fize of the  fift,  pear fhaped, with the
 apex upwards, and confifts ot fleffiy fcales, attenuated at both edges,
 furrounded by other fcales, which are arid, ffiining, and fo thin
that the root at firft fight feems to be tunicated.   The recent roots 
304               Materia Medica.             [Part II.

are full of a white vifcid juice, have  fcarcely  any fmell, but a
verv bitter, naufeous and  extremely acrid tafte.   Rubbed on the
fkin it inflames and blifters.
   It is more commonly met with in the ffiops in the form of the
dried fcales, which fliouid be brittle, femipellucid, fmooth, but
marked with lines, and when  chewed, ffiould feel tenacious, and
tafte very bitter, without manifeft acrimony.
   The aaive conftituent of the fquill is the acrid principle ;  and,
therefore, it becomes almoft inert by two much drying, or by be-
ing kept too long in  the form of powder.  It  alfo contains bitter
extraaive, much mucilage, albumen and ftarch.
   Given internally in large dofes, it produces purging and vomit-
ing, fometimes even  ftrangury,  bloody urine, inflammation, and
erofion of the ftomach.  In fmaller dofes it proves a ufeful expec-
torant and diuretic, and it is faid to  lcffen the frequency of the
pulfe.
   Squill is fometimes  given  as a general  ftimulant in typhus^
efpecially to cattle.  But it is much more frequently exhibited as
an expeclorant where the lungs are loaded with vifcid matter, and
as a diuretic in dropfical cafes, for which purpofe it is commonly
conjoined with calomel.
   The dofe of fquill is one or two grains  three  or four times a
day;  and the moft commodious form  for the taking of fquills,
unlefs when defignedas an emetic, is that of a bolus, or pill ; li-
quid forms  are to moft  people too offenfive, though thefe may be
rendered lefs difagreeable both to the palate and ftomach by the
addition bf aromatic  diftilled waters.

   SCORDIUM.  (Lond.)  SeeTEUCRiUM.

   SENNA.  (Lond. Dub.)   See Cassia.

  SENEKA.   (Lond.  Dub.)  See PolygalLa.

   SERPENT ARIA  VIRGINIANA.   (Lond. Dub.)   See
Aristolochia.

  SEVUM OV1LLUM.  (Dub.)  See Ovis.

  SIMAROUBA.  (Lond. Dub.)   See Qt ^SMA.

  SINAPIS.
  Willd.g.  x2A6.Tetr adynamia  Siliquofa.—'Cat. ord. Siliquofa.

  Sp. 4. Sin apis Alba.   Semen.  (Ed.j
  Sinapis.  Semina-   (Dub.)
  Wrhite muftard.   Tbe feeds. 
Part II.]            Materia Medica.                305

  Sp. 5. Sinapis Nigra.
  Sinapis.   Semen.  (Lond.)
  Common  muftard.  The feeds.
  These plants are both annual, both  grow wild in England,
and poffefs fimilar virtues.
  They produce fmall round compreffed feeds, which have an
acrid bitteriffi tafle, and a pungent fmell when reduced to powder.
The common muftard has blackiffi  feeds, and is more pungent
than the white.
  Th^y impart their tafte  and fmell  in perfeaion to aqueous li-
quors, whitft reaified fpirit extraas  extremely little of either  ;
the whole of the pungency arifes with water in diftillation. Com-
mitted to the prefs, they yield a  confiderable  quantity of a foft
infipid oil, perfeaiy void of acrimony; the cake left after the ex-
preffion, is more pungent than the muftard was at firft.
  Muftard feed is  fwallowed entire,  to the quantity of a table-
fpoonful or more, to ftimulate the ftomach in fome cafes of dyf-
pepfia, and to excite the periftaltic motion of theinteftines,  efpec-
ially when they are  torpid,  as in paralyfis.   The powder made
into a  pafte  with water, is commonly ufed as  a condiment with
animal food  ; infufed in water,  it proves emetic when taken in
confiderable  dofes, and in fmaller ones, aas as a diuretic and ape-
rient ; but it is more  frequently applied externally as a topical
ftimulus, made into a pafte or finapifm  with vinegar and bread-
crumb.

  SIUM NODIFLORUM.
  Sium.   Herba.   (Lond.)
  Creeping  fkerrit.  The herb.
  Willd.g. 5\\.fp. 4.  Pentandria Digynia.—Nat. ord.  Umbel-
lata.
  This plant is perennial, and grows wild in rivers and "ditches
in England.  It was  formerly alleged to be not only a diuretic,
but alfo an emmenagogue and lithontriptic.  With  thefe inten-
tions, however, it is not now employed. Dr. Withering mentions
that a young lady of fix years old was cured of an obftinatecuta-
necus difeafe by taking three large fpoonfuls of the juice twice a^
day ;  and he adds ; that he  has given repeatedly to adults three-
or four ounces  every morning, in  fimilar complaints.  In fuch
dofes it neither affects the head, ftomach, nOr bow,els.  Children
take it readily when mixed with milk.

  SISYMBRIUM NASTURTIUM.   Herba.  (Ed.)
  Nafiurtium aquaticum.  Herba resens. (Lond.) Herba. (Dub.)
  Common  water creffes.  The recent herb.
  Willd. g.  it$. fp. 1. Tetradynamia Siliquofa.—Nat. ord. Si-
ll tuof a.
             W 
306
Materia Medica.
[Part  II.
   This plant is perennial, and grows wild in clear fprings and
rivulets throughout Britain. Its leaves remain green all the year,
but are in greateft perteaion in the fpring.   They have a quick
pungent fmell (when rubbed  betwixt the  fingers) and an acrid
tafte, fimilar to that of fcurvy grafs, but weaker.
   By dryiag or boiling it lofes its fenfible qualities entirely.
   It aas as a gentle  ftimulant  and diuretic  ; for thefe purpofes,
the expreffed juice, which  cootains the peculiar tafte and pungen-
cy of the herb, may  be taken in  dofes of an ounce or two, and
continued for a confiderable time.

   SMILAX  SARSAPARILLA. Radix.  (Ed.)
   Sarfaparilla.  Radix. (Lond.  Dub.)
   Sarfaparilla.  The root.
   Dioscia Hexandria.—Nat. ord.  Sarmentacea.
   This root is brought from the Spaniffi Weft Indies.  It con-
fifts ofa great number of long firings hanging  from one head;
the long roots, the only part made ufe of, are about the thicknefs
of a goofe quill, or thicker, flexible, compofed of  fibres running
their whole length, fo that  they  may  be  ftript  into pieces from
one end to the other.   They have a glutinous, bitteriffi, not un-
grateful tafte, and no fmell.  It was firft brought into Europe by
the Spaniards, about the year 1563, with the charaaer of a fpe-
cific for the cure of the lues veuera, a difeafe which made its ap-
pearance a little before  that time,  and likewife of feveral obfti-
nate chronic diforders.
   It is, however a yery  inert mucilaginous fubftance ; and the
diaphorefis,  which it is fometimes fuppofed to produce, is entire-
ly owing to the warm and diluent regimen employed at the fame
time.

   SOLANUM DULCAMARA.
   Dulcamara.  Stipites.   (Dub.)
   Bitter fweet.  The twigs.
   Willd.g.  383.^.  15. Pentandria Monogynia.—-Nat. ord. So-
lanacece.
   This plant grdws  wild in moift hedges, and climbs on thebufh-
es with woody brittle ftalks. The tafte of the twigs and roots, as
the name of the plant expreffes, is both bitter and fweet; the bit-
ternefs being firft perceived, and the fweetnefs afterwards.  The
dulcamara was formerly much  efteemed as a powerful medicine.
It is in general faid to occafion  fome confiderable  evacuation by
-fweat. urine, or ftool, particularly  the latter.   It has been recom-
mended as a difcutient and refolvent medicine ; and it has been
faid to be attended  with good effeas  in obftinate cutaneous dif-
eafes of the  herpetic kind.  It has  alfo been ufed,  and fometimes
with advantage, in cafes of rheumatifm, jaundice,  and obftruaed 
 Part II.]            Materia Medica.                 $oi

 menftruation.   It has principally been Employed under the form
 Of watery infufion, fometimes under that  of  extraa.

   SOL1DAGO  VIRGA  AUREA.
   Virga aurea.   Flores.  Folia.  (Dub.)
   Golden rod.  The flowers and leaves.
   Syngenefia Superflua.—Nat. ord. Compofita radiata.
   This plant is perennial, and is found  wild on heaths and in
 woods, producing fpikcs of yellow flowers in Auguft.  The leaves
 have a moderately aftringent bitter tafte ; and  hence prove fer-
 viceable in debility and laxity ot the vifcera, and diforders pro-
 ceeding from that caufe.

   SPARTIUM SCOPAR1UM.  Summitates.  (Ed.)
   Genifla.  Semina. (Dub.)  Cacumen.  Semen. (Lond.)
   Common broom.   The tops and feeds.
   Diadelphia Decandria.—Nat. ord. Papilionacea.
   This is a very  common ffirub on dry paftures.
   The leaves  have a very bitter tafte, and when given in decoc«
 tions prove confiderably diuretic.  The feeds have fimilar prop-
 erties,

   SPERMACETI.   (Lond.  Dub.)   SeePiiYSETER.

   SPIGELIA MARILANDICA. Radix.  (Ed.)
   Spigelia.  Radix.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Carolina pink.  The root.
   Willd. g. 308. fp.  2. Pentandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Stel-
 lata.
   This plant is perennial, and grows wild in the fouthern parts
 of North America.  The roots are celebrated as an anthelmintic
 particularly for the expulfion  of lumbrici from the alimentarv
canal.  Some order it in dofes ot ten or fifteen grains ;  tnd allege
it is apt to occafion nervous  affeaions if given in  large  dofes *
 while others order it in drachm dofes, alleging that the badeffeas
mentioned more readily  happen  from  fmall  dofes, as the large
ones often purge or puke;  fome prefer the form of infufion.  An
emetic  is generally premifed ;  and its purgative effea affifted by
fome fuitable additions.

   SPINA  CERVINA.   (Lond.)  SeeRHAMNUS.

   SPIRITUS VINE  (Lond. Dub)  See Alcohol.

  SPONGIA OFFICINALIS. (Ed.)
  Spongia.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Sponge.
               pr 2 
^C3
Materia  Medica.
[Part  II.
  Cl. Zoophyta. Ord. Spongia.                              *
  Stonge is principally"found in the  Mediterranean and Red
Seas.   It was long fuppofed to be a vegetable produaion, but it
is n»w univerfaliy allowed to  belong  to that remarkable clafs of
animals c 'led Zoophytes, which are negatively charaaerized  by
Cuvier, as having no vertebrae, no fanguiferous veffels, no fpinal
marrow, and no  articulated limbs.  The fponges belong to that
divifion of the zoophytes,  which are  attached to a folid trunk,
and are particularized by their bafe  being fpongy, friable or fi-
brous.
  Sponge is a foft, light, very porous and compreffible fubftance.
  From its property of imbibing and diftending by  moifture,
it is fometimes made ufe of as a tent  for dilating wounds and
ulcers.
  To fit it for thefe intentions, the fponge is  immerfed in melted
wax, and fubjeaed to preffure till cool ;' in this ftate it may be
eafily formed into  proper tents, foas to be introduced where nec-
effary.  And from the gradual melting of the wax in confequence
of the heat of the part, a dilatation of courfe takes place.
  It adheres ftrongly to the  mouths of wounded  veffels; and
when retained by proper compreffion, it is preferable to agaric or
puff ball for flopping haemowhagies.
   Burnt fponge is nothing elfe than charcoal mixed with a little
muriate of foda  and phofphate of lime.

   STALAGMITIS  CAMBOGIOIDES.
   Gambogia.  Gummi refina.   (Ed. Lond. Dub.)
   The gum refin called Gamboge.
   Polygamia Monacia.—Nat. ord. Tricocca.
   The tree which furnifhes the gamboge is of middling fize, and
grows wild in the  kingdom of Siam and in Ceylop.  In Siam  the
gum refin is obtained in drops by breaking the leaves and young
flioots, hence probably its name Gummi guttae ;  but in Ceylon
the juice  is obtained  in confiderable quantities by wounding  the
bark, and is afterwards dried in the fun.   It  is  brought from  the
 Eaft Indies in large cakes or rolls.  The\ beft  fort is ofa deep
 yellow or orange color, breaks ffiining, ang free from impurities.
 It has no fmell, and very little tafte, unlefs kept in the mouth for
 fome time, when  it impreffes a flight fenfe of acrimony.  It it
 almoft entirely foluble in alcohol, and in fpirit of ammonia, form-
 ing tranfparent folutions of  a bright  golden color ;  and  the re-
 fiduum is totally foluble in water.  The alcoholic folution is  de-
 compofed by water, becoming yellow and opaque ; but the fub-
 ftance  feparated remains long fufpended, and cannot be feparated
 by common filtering paper.   The folution in vinous fpirit of am-
 monia is not decompofed  by water, but  the addition of any acid
 immediately produces a copious yellow  precipitate, which differs
 from refin in being infufible  and difficultly combuftible, and i« 
 Part  H-]             Materia  Medica.                30r>

 having an earthy fraaure when dried.  The refiduum, foluble in
 WffCr  feems to be pure  gum.  Gamboge itfelf is almoft totally
 diffufible in water,  forming a turbid yellow liquor.
   Gamboge evacuates powerfully both upwards and downwards;
 fome condemn it as aaing with too great violence, and occafion-
 ing dangerous hypercatharfis ; while others are of a contrary opin-
 ion.  Geoffroy feems particularly fond of this medicine, and in-
 forms us,  that  he has frequently given from  two to four grains,
 without its proving at all emetic ; that from  four to eight grains
 both vomit and purge without violence ; that  its operation is foon
 over; and that if given in a liquid form, and fufficiently diluted, it
 does not need any correaor; that in the form of a bolus or pill, it is
 moft apt to prove emetic, out very rarely has this effea if joined
 along with  Calomel.   He neverthelefs cautions againft its ufe
 where the patients cannot  eafily bear vomiting.
   It has been ufed in dropfy with cream of tartar or jalap, or both,
 to quicken their operation.  It is alfo recommended by fome  to
 the extent of fifteen grains, with an equal quantity of vegetable al-
 kali, in cafes of the tape worm.   This  dofe is ordered in the
 morning; and if the worm is not expelled in  two or three hours,
 it is repeated even to the third time with  fafety and efficacy.   It
 is afferted, that it has been given to this extent even in delicate
 habits.
   It is an ingredient, and probably the aaive one, in moft of the
 noftrums for expelling tzeniae.

  STANNUM.  (Lond.)  Limatura et pulvis.   (Dub. Ed.)
  The general properties of tin have been  already mentioned
 (1630
  It is found,
     1. Sulphuretted, and  combined with copper.   Tinpyrites.
     a. Oxidized.
         a.  Combined with oxide of iron and filica.  Common
           tin  ftone.
         b.  Combined with oxide of  iron and a little arfenic.
           Fibrous  tin ftone.

 , The beft tin is found in  Cornwall, or is brought from the Eaft
Indies.  Its pUrity  is eftimated by its fmall  fpecific gravity, and
by the crackling  noife it makes when bent.
  It is now only  ufed as an anthelmintic, efpecially in cafes of tae-
nia, and probably afcts mechanically.

  STAPHISAGRIA.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Delphinium.

  STIBIUM.   (Dub.)  See  Antimonium. 
310  '            Materia Medica.              Part. II.]

  STYRAX.
  JFilld. g. 874. Decandria Jflonogynia.—Nat. ord. Bicornes.

  Sp. 1. Styrax Officinale.  Balfamum.  (Ed.)
  Styrax.   Refina.  (Lond.)  Styrax calamita.  Refina. (Dub.)
  Storax.   A  balfam.
  This tree grows in  the Levant, and  in Italy and France.  The
ftorax  flows from wounds made in the bark, in countries where
the heat is  fufficient, for neither in France nor in Italy does it fur-
nifh any.
  It is either in fmall diftina tears, of  a whitiffi or reddifh color,
or in  large maffes compofed  of fuch,  or in maffes of an uniform
texture and yellowiffi red or browniffi color; though fometimes
likewife interfperfed with a few  whitiffi grains.
  The common fiorax of the ffiops is in large maffes, confiderably
lighter and lefs compaa than the foregoing ;  it appears on exami-
nation to be compofed of a fine refinous juice, mixed with a quan-
tity of faw dull. -  —
  Storax has an agreeable fmell,  and an aromatic tafte/  It is fo-
luble in alcohol,  and only imparts a little of its flavor to water.
In diftillation it yields benzoic acid. "It is, therefore, a balfam, or
natural combination of refin with benzoic acid.

  Sp. 3.  Styrax Benzoin.   Balfamum.  (Ed.)
  Benzo'e.   Refina.  (Lond.)-  Benzoinum.   Refina.  (Dub.)
  Benzoin, a  balfam.
  This fpecies grows in Sumatra, and, like the former, alfo fur-
nifhes a balfam on being wounded.
  It is brought from the Eaft Indies only ;  in large maffes com-
pofed of white and light  brown pieces, or yellowiffi fpecks, break-
ing very eafily betwixt  the  hands ; fuch as is whiteft, and free
from impurities, is moft efteemed.           f
  In its properties it differs from ftorax, only in containing a' larg-
er proportion of benzoic acid.

■  SUB ACETIS CUPRI.   (Ed.)   See Cuprum.

  SUB BORAS  SODJE.
  Boras Soda.  (Ed.)   Borax.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Sub borate of foda.  Borax.                  -           •
  Borax is  found only in Thibet and Perfia.  It exifts in the
water of fome  wells and lakes, and is extraaed from them by evap-
oration.   In its impure ftate  it is called tincal, and is brought from
the Eaft Indies in great maffes, compofed of a few large cryftals,
but chiefly of fmaller ones, partly white and partly  green, joined
together as it were by a greafy yellow fubftance,  intermixed with
fand, fmall ftones,  and other impurities.   By repeated folutions,
filtration^,  and cryftallizations, it ffioots into hexangular prifms,
il.                                          .           ..    1 
 Part II.]    -         Materia Medica.                 311

 of which  two  fides are broader than the others, terminated by
 triangular pyramids, of a "white color,  a ftyptic and alkaline tafte,
 coloring vegetable blues green, foluble in eighteen parts of water
 at  6o°,  and in  fix at  212°,  flightly efflorefcing in  the  air, and
 when heated, fwelling, and, with the lofs of nearly half its weight,
 forming a porous friable mafs, which,  in a greater heat,  melts in-
 to a tranfparent glafs  foluble in water.  Befides the  acids and al-
 kalies which have a greater  affinity for its acid or bafe than thefe
 have for each other,  it is decompofed by fulphates,  muriates, ni-
 trates, phofphates, and fluates ot all the earths and  of ammonia.
 It confifts of 39 boracic acid, 17  foda,  and 44 water.
   The medical  virtues of borax have not been fufficiently afcer-*
 tained by experience; it is fuppofed to be in dofes of halt a
 drachm or two fcruples, diuretic, emmenagogue, and a promoter
 of delivery.  Mr. Biffet, in an effay on the  medical conftitution
 of Great  Britain, recommends a  folution of this fait in water, as
 the moft powerful diffolvent yet known, of aphthous crufts in the
 mouth and fauces of children.  And tor the fame purpofe alfo, a
 fmall quantity of it is often applied in "the form of powder mixed
 up with fugar.  There are ftrong reafons to believe, that the vir-
 tues of borax are  much greater than they are  in general fuppofed
 to be ; and that it may be more extenfively ufed with .advantage.

   SUCCINUM.  (Ed. Lond. Dub.)
   Amber.
   This is„ a folid, brittle, bituminous fubftance, dug out of the
 earth, or found  upon the fea ffiores ; the largeft  quantities are met
 with along the coafts of Poliffi Pruflia and Pomerania.  It is ofa
 white yellow, or  brown color, fometimes opaque, and fometimes
 very clear and tranfparent.
   It emits an agreeable fmell when heated or rubbed.  By fric-
 tion it becomes  elearic;  and when heated it foftens, fwells,  and
 then  melts and burns with a greeniffi or bluifh flame,  leaving a
 coaly refiduum.  By diftillation it affords a little acetous acid, an
. effential oil; and apeculiar acid, named from it the Succinic (303.)
 It is not  acled  upon  by water, alkalies,  or  diluted acids.   It is
 imperfeaiy diffolved in alcohol and ether ; and perfeaiy in the
 expreffed oils, and in boiling nitrous acid.  In the laft cafe,  how-
 ever,  it is previoufly oxygenized and  altered confiderably  in its
"nature.
   It is only kept for the effential oil and acid  obtained from it.  •

   SULPHAS.
   Sulphate  is a generic term for the combination of fulphuric
 acid with the alkalies, earths, and  metallic oxides.   Their gene-
 ric charaaers have been already  noticed (190.)  Like  the other
 genera, they may  be divided  into three families.
              G^4 
  512               Materia Medica.               Part II.]

     Family 1. Alkaline fulphates.—Thefe form no precipitate with
  alkaline carbonates.
     Family 2. Earthy fulphates.—Thefe are either infoluble in wa-
  ter, or, it foluble, form a white precipitate with alkaline carbo-
  nates,
     Family 3. Metalline fulphates.—Thefe form precipitates, which
  are often colored, with alkaline carbonates in general, with prufli-
  ate of potafs and iron, and with gallic acid.

     SUPER SULPHAS ALUMINA ET POTASSjE.
     Sulphas Alumina.   (Ed.)   Alumen.  (Lond. Dub.)
     Super fulphate of alumina and potafs.   Alum.
     Alum is obtained principally from fchiftofe clays, which con-
  tain iron pyrites, by roafting, expofure, lixiviation, the addition
  "ofa proportion of potafs ley, and cryftallization.
     The roafting deftroys the bituminous matters thefe clays com-
  monly contain, the expofure to the air acidifies the fulphur of the
  pyrites, and the addition of alkali is abfolutely neceffary  for  the
  conftitution of alum, which  is a triple fait, with excefs  of acid,
  confiftingof fulphuric acid, alumina, and'potafs, or ammonia, or a
  mixture of both.  The properties of alum do not feem to be af.
  feaed by the  nature of the alkali.
     Alum cryftallizes  in regular oaohedrons, whofe fides are equi-
   latural triangles.  It has  a fweetifh  but very aftringent tafte.   It
   is foluble  in 15 times its  weight of water at 6o»,  and  in three
   fourths of  its weight at U2».   It reddens vegetable  blues.  It ef-
   florefces  flightly in  the air-  By the aaion of heat it firft under-
   goes the watery fufion, then lofes its water of cryftallization, and
   laftly great part of its acid.  It is decompofed by  baryta, potafs,
■   foda, ftrontia, and all falts of which thefe are the bafes ; by  the
   nitrate, muriate, phofphate, carbonate, borate, and  fluate ot am-
   monia ; by the nitrate, muriate, phofphate, and carbonate of mag-
   nefia ; and vby  the  nitrate, muriate, and  carbonate of lime.   It
   is alfb decompofed by the gallic acid, by coloring matters, and by
   many animal and vegetable fubftances, in  a manner not yet fuffi- •
   ently underftood.
      It  commonly confifts, according to Vauquelin, of 49  fulphate
   of alumina, 7 fulphate ot potafs, and 44 of water.
      Alum is a powerful aftringent ; it is reckoned particularly fer«#
   viceable for reftraining hzemorrhagies, and immoderate fecretions
   from the blood ; but lefs proper in inteftinal fluxes.   In violent
   nacmorrhagies, it may be given in dofes ot  fifteen or  twenty grains,
   and repeated every  hour or half hour till the bleeding abates ; in
   other cafes,  fmaller dofes  are more  advifable;  large ones being
   apt to naufeate the ftomach, and occafion  violent conftipations of
   the bowels.   It is ufed alfo externally,  in aftringent and repel-
   lent lotions and collyria.   Burnt alum taken internally  has been 
Part II.]             Materia  Medica. .                 513

highly extolled in cafes of  colic.   In fuch inflances, when taken
to the extent of a fcruple  for a  dofe, it  has been faid gently to
move the belly, and give very great relief from the fevere pain.

   SULPHAS BARYTA.
   Sulphate of baryta.   Ponderous fpar.
   This fait has bees omitted in  the lift of the  materia medica of
the Edinburgh  College ; for they afterwards employ it ior the
preparation of the muriate  of baryta.
   It is found in great abundance  in  many countries, either in a
loofe earthy form, or compaa, ©r foliated, or flriated,  or acicular.
The foliated is in general the pureft.  Its fpecific gravity is from
4.4104.86,5.   It is  infoluble in  water.  It is  foluble in boiling
concentrated fulphuric acid.  It decrepitates  when fuddenly heat-
ed.   By being formed into a thin cake with flour and water, and
being afterwards heated to rednefs, it becomes phofphorefcent.
Heated to  rednefs with charcoal,  it is converted into a fuiphuret,
and it may be decompofed  either by  boiling, or in  a crucible,
with the carbonates  of potafs and of foda.   It contains about 84
ot baryta, and 16 fulphuric acid and water.

   SULPHAS  CUPRI.   (Ed.)  See Cuprum.

   SULPHAS  MAGNESIA.  (Ed.)
   Mqgnefia Vitriolata.   (Lond.  Dub.)
   Sulphate of magnefia.  Epfom fait.
   This fait is  contained in feveral mineral  fprings, and alfo in
 fea water,  from which it is obtained by evaporation.   It  cryftal-
 lizes in tetrahedral prifms.  It has a very bitter tafte.   It is folu-
 ble in its own weight  of  water at 6o°,'and  three  fourths of is
 weight of  boiling water.   It  cfflorefces  in   the  air,  and falls to
 powder.   By the aaion of heat  it undergoes  the watery fufion,
 and lofes its water of  cryftallization, but does not part with  its
 acid.   It is  decompofed by baryta, ftrontia,  the  alkalies, and all
 the falts formed by  thefe falifiable bafes, excepting  the alkaline
 muriates ; and by the  nitrate, muriate, and carbonate  of lime.
   It is a mild and gentle purgative, operating with fufficient effi-
 cacy, and in general with eafe and fafety, rarely  occafioning any
 gripes, ficknefs, or the other inconveniences which purgatives of
 4he rofinou* kind are too  often accompanied with.  Six or eight
 drachms may be diffolved for a dofe in a proper quantity of com-
 mon water ; or four, five, or more,  in  a  pint,  or quart of the
 purging mineral waters. Thefe liquors may  likewife be fo man-
 aged as to promote evacuation by the other emunaories ;  if the
 patient be kept warm,  they increafe  perfpiration ; and by mod-
 erate exercife in the cool air, the  urinary difcharge.  Some allege
 this fait has a peculiar  effea in allaying pain, as in colic, even in-
 dependently of evacuation. 
314                 Materia  Medica.             [Part II.

   Is is principally ufed for the preparation  of "the carbonate of
macrnefia.
   O
   SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM.  (Lond. Dub.  Ed.)
   Sublimed fulphur.
   We have already (136.) mentioned the properties  ot  fulphur.
   In the neighborhood of  volcanoes it  is fometimes found per-
fectly pure and cryftallized ; but all the fulphur of commerce is
extraaed from pyrites by fublimation.   It is ufually brought to
us in- i.irgt^ irregular maffes, which are afterwards melted and caft
into cylindrical roils, with theaddition of fome coarfe refin, flour
or the  like ; whence the paler color of the rolls.
   Sulphur ffiould be chofen of a bright yellow color, ffiould be
very inflammable, and fhould burn with a bright pure blue flame.
Sublimed fulphur is never  prepared by the apothecary.  It has
the form of a very fine powder, having a beautiful yellow color.
It often is contaminated with a little fulphuric acid, formed dur-
ing the procefs, from which it is eafily freed by waffiing.
   Pure fulphur loofens the belly, and promotes infenfible perfpi-
ration ; it feems to pafs through the whole habit, and manifeftly
tranfpires through the pores of  the fkin, as appears from the ful-
phureous fmell of perfons who have taken it, and from fllver being
f lined in their pockets of  a blackiffi color, which is  the known
effect of lulphureous fumes. It is a celebrated remedy againft cu-
taneous difeafes, both given internally, and externally  applied. It
has likewife been recommended in coughs, afthmas, and other dif-
orders of the breaft and lungs; and particularly in catarrhs of the
chronic kind.   But it is probable, that  the benefit derived  from
it in thefe cafes is principally, if not entirely,  to be attributed to
its operation as a  gentle  laxative.   And with this intention it is
frequently ufed with great  advantage in hsemorrhoidal affeaions,
and many other difeafes in  which it is proper to  keep the  belly
gently open.

   SULPHURETUM ANTIMONII.   (Ed.) SccAntimo-
NIU M.

   SULPHURETUM HYDRARGYRI RUBRUM. (Ed.) See
Hydrargyrum.

   SUPER TARTRTS POTASS^!.  (Ed.)
   'lartari Cryjlalli. (Lond.)  Tartarum, cryflalli et cremen dic-
tum. (Dub.)
   Super tartrite of potafs,  cryftals of tartar, and cream of tartar.

   Super Tartris Potass^ impurus.  (Ed.)
   Tartarum.  (Lend.) 
Part II.]
Materia  Medica.
315
  Impure fuper tartrite of potafs.  Tart;;r.
  Tartar exifts  in verjuice and  in muft, and  is depofited
on the fides of the cafks by repofe, from which it  is fcraped fome
time  before the next vintage, to prepare the cafks to receive the
new wine.  The deepeft colored and coarfeft wines generally give
moft tartar, and it gets the name of white or red  tartar according
to its color.
   It  is purified by  diffolving it in boiling water, and  feparating
the earthy part by filtrating the boiling folution.  On cooling the
folution, it depofites irregular cryftals, containing  the oily and co-
loring matters,  which are feparated by boiling the  mals with a
white  clay.   The  tartar thus purified, when  cryftallized, or in
powder, is called Cream of Tartar.
   Its  cryftals are fmall and  irregular,  and do not  melt in  the
mouth, but feel gritty under the teeth.   It has an  acid harffi tafte.
It is foluble in  fixty times its weight of water at  60°, and in thir-
ty  at 212°.   It  is decompofed, and its acid  is deftroyed, by heat.
It  contains 23 parts of potafs, according to Bergman, and 33, ac-
cording to Thenard.
   The virtues of tartar are thofe ofa mild, cooling, aperient, lax-
ative medicine.   It is much ufed in dropfy ; and  fome allege that
it has good effeas as a deobftruent, in dropfy from fcirrhus. Tak-
en from half an ounce to an ounce, it proves a gentle, though effec-
tual purgative.   Given in fmaller dofes, and in folution,  it often
acls as a powerful diuretic.

   SUS SCROFA.  Adeps.    (Ed.)
   Sus. Adeps.   (Lond.)  Adeps fuillus.  (Dub.)
   The hog.   The fat.  Hogs lard.
   CI. Mammalia.—Ord. Pachyderma.
   In  hogslard  we  have  a very pure animal  fat,  almoft entirely
free from any peculiar impregnation, and  of  a  foft confiftence.
Hence it is  a  very  ufeful emollient for relaxing thofe pans to
which it is applied; and it is  alfo a  ver/convenient article  tor
giving the proper confiftence to ointments, platters, and liniments.
Indeed this and  the fevum ovillum, or mutton fuet, are the  only
fats now retained by theLondonand Edinburgh Colleges,although
formerly more than twenty different fats entered fome lifts ot ma-
teria  medica.    Each particular tat was then fuppofed to poffefs
peculiar properties  ; but for this there is probably no foundation;
even thofe retained are now lefs  employed  than  before, as it has
been imagined that  a proper confiftence of any kind may be  more
certainly obtained by determined proportions of wax and oil; but
as  thefe articles are more  expenfive,  hogslard and mutton  Pact
are «f ten fubflituted for them by the apothecaries. 
 216                  Materia  Medica.           [Part. II.

   SWIETEN1A.
   Willd. £.843. Decandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Trihilatct.

   Sp.i. Swietenia  Mahagoni.   Cortex.  (Ed.)
   Mahogany tree.  The bark.
   This majefiic tree grows principally in Jamaica and in Spanifh
 America.   Its ufeful wood is univerfaliy known.   Its bark i>
 brown, rough, and fcaly ; on the branches  grey and fmoother.  its
 tafte is very aftringent,  and bitterer than that of  Peruvian bark.
 Its fmell weak  and aromatic.  In its properties and aaion  on the
 living body, it coincides with Peruvian bark, and may be  fubfii-
 tuted for it in many fituations.

   Sp.  2. Swietenia Febrifuga.   Cortex.  (Ed.)
   Febrifuge Swietenia.   The bark.
   This fpecies, which in many refpeas refembles the former, is
 a native of the Eaft Indies.  Its bark is red, brittle, and compact,
 and covered with a rough grey cuticle.  In its properties it  agrees
 with  the Mahogany bark,  and  forms a  very valuable fubftitute
 for Peruvian bark  in the Eaft Indies, where this laft is fo dear and
 fcarce, and the difeafes in which it is indicated fo common. Dr.
 Roxburg fent from India  a quantity of  the extraa of this bark,
 which could not be diftinguifhed from the kino of the ffiops.

   TAMAR1NDUS IND1CA.   Fruclus  conditus.  (Ed.)
   Tamarindus.  Fruclus.  (Lond. Dub.)
   Tamarind tree.  The preferved fruit.
   Willd. g.  1250. fp. x.  Monadelpkia Triandria.—Nat. ord.
 Lomentacea.
   This tree grows both in the Eaft and  Weft Indies.   The fruit
 is a broadafficolored pod.  The external covering is thin and brit-
 tle, and contains feveral hard feeds, enveloped in a foft brown pulp.
 Tamarinds are cured  in two ways.  The common way is to throw
 hot fugar from the boilers on the ripe pulp ;  but a better method
 is to put alternate  layers of tamarinds and powdered fugar in a
 ftone jar.   By this means the tamarinds preferve their color and
 tafte more agreeably.
  Eaft India tamarinds are longer than the  Weft India fort; the
 former containing fix or feven feeds each, the-latter rarely above
 three or four.
  Preferved tamarinds ffiould be freffi and juicy, and ffiould have
 an agreeable acid tafte.  They ffiould not have a mufty fmell; the
 feeds ffiould not be foft and fwollen, and  the  blade  of a  knife
 ffiould not get a coating of copper by being immerfed amongft
them.
  Tamarinds contain fugar, mucilage, citric acid, fuper tartrite of
potafs,  tartarous acid, and malic acid. 
Part II.]          Materia Medica.                  317

  The pulp of thefe fruits, taken in  the quantity of from two or
three drachms to an ounce  or more, proves gently laxative and
purgative, and at the fame time, by  its acidity, quenches thirft,
and allays immoderate heat.   It increafes  the aaion of the pur-
gative fweets, caffia and manna, and weakens that of the refinous
cathartics.
  Salts, whofe bafe is potafs, form an improper  addition to tama-
rind, for they are decompofed, and the tartarows acid or the  fruit
is precipitated in the forrri*of fuper tartrite of potafs.

  TANACETUM VULGARE.  Folia, Flores.  (Ed.)
  Tana»etum.  Folia. (Dub.) Flos, Herba.  (Lond.)
   I anfy.   The flowers and leaves.
  Syngenefia fuperflua.—Nat. ord. Compofita difceide^e.
  Tansy is perennial, and grows wild by road fides and the bor-
ders of fields, and  is frequently  alfo cultivated in gardens,  both
for culinary and medicinal ufes ;   it  flowers  in June and July.
Confidered as a medicine, it is a moderately warm bitter^ accom-
panied with a ftrong, not very difagreeable flavor.   Somephyfi-
cians have had a great opinion of  it in hyfteric  diforders, partic-
ularly  thofe proceeding from a deficiency or fuppreffion of the u-
terine purgations.  The leaves and feeds have been of confidera-
ble efteem as anthelmintics ; the  feeds are lefs bitter, and more
acrid and aromatic than thofe of rue, to which they are reckoned
fimilar ; or of fantonicum, tor which they have been frequently
fubftituted.
  An infufion of tanfy, drunk in a manner fimilar to tea, has been
ftrongly recommended as a preventive ot the return ofgout.

  TARAXACUM.  (Dub.)  See Leontodon.

  TARTARUM.  (Dub.)   See Super Tartris Potass*:.

  TEUCRIUM.
  Willd. g. 1093. Didynamia Gymnofpermia.—Nat. ord. Vetti-
cillata.

  'Sp. 12.  Teucrium Marum.
  Marum Syriacum. Herba.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Syrian herb maftich.
  This is a fmall ffirubby plant, growing fpontaneoufly in Syria,
Candy, and other warm  climates, and cultivated with us in gar-
dens.   The leaves have an  aromatic, bitteriffi  tafte;  and, when
rubbed betwixt the fingers, a  quick  pungent fmell, like volatile
alkali, which foon effeas the head, and occafions fneezing; diftil-
led with water, they yield a very  acrid, penetrating effential oil,
refembling that of fcurvy grafs. Thefe qualities  fufficiently point 
313
Materia Medica.
[Part II.
out the ufes to which this plant might be applied ;  at prefent it is
little otherwife employed than in cephaltic fnuffs.

  5/7.34. Teucrium Scordium.
  Scordium.  Herba. (Lond.)
  Water germander.  The herb.
  This is a fmall, fomewhat hairy, perennial plant,growing wild
in fome parts  ot  England, though  not veiy common ; the ffiops
are  generally fupplied  from gardens.   It has a bitter tafle, and a
ftrong difagreeable fmell.

  TEREBINTHINA.   (Lond. Dub.)
  THUS. (Lond.)  See Pinus.

  TOLUIFERA  BALSAMUM. Balfamum. (Ed.)
  Balfamum Tolutanum.   (Lond.  Dub.)
  Balfam  of Tolu.
  Willd.g. 828. fp. 1. Decandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Lomen-
tacea-
  This tree grows in Spaniffi  America, and the Balfam flows
from incifions made  in  its  bark,  during  the hot feafon, and is
brought to us in little  gourd ffiells.   It is of a yellowiffi brown
color, inclining to red ; in confiftence thick and tenacious; by
age it grows hard and brittle,  without  fuffering any great lofs of
its more valuable parts.  The fmell  of  this balfam is extremely
fragrant, fomewhat refembling that of lemons ; its tafte warm and
fweetiffi.
  In its medicinal  virtues it agrees with the other  balfams.

  TORMENTILLA ERECTA. Radix.  (Ed.)
  Tormentilla. Radix. (Lond. Dub.)
  Septfoil. The root.
  Willd.g. 1001. fp. 1.  Icofandria  Polygyria,—Nat. ord. Sen-
tic ofa.
  Tormentil is perennial,  and  found wild in  woods and on
commons ; it has long flender ftalks,  with ufually feven long nar-
row leaves at a joint ;  the root  is for the moft part crooked ar;d
knotty, ofa blackiffi color  on the outfide, and a reddiffi within.
This root has an aufter'e  ftyptic  tafte, accompanied with a flight
kind of aromatic flavor;  it is one  of the  moft agreeable and
efficacious of  the vegetable aftringents, and is employed withgood
effea in all cafes where medicines of this clafs are proper.

  TRAGACANTHA.  (Lond.) See Astragalus.

  TRIFOLIUM  PALUDOSUM.  (Lond. Dub.) SeeMzNY-
ANTHES TRIFOLIATA. 
Part II.] >
Materia Medica.
319
    TR1GONELLA FOENUM  GR.ECUM.
    Foenum Gracum. Semen.  (Lond.)
    Fenugreek the feeds.
    Diadetphia Decandria.—Nat. ord. Papilionacea.
    1 His plant is annual, and a native of the fouth ot France.  In
 Poland  it is  cultivated in  large quantities.   The  feeds have a
 yellowiffi color,  a rhomboidal figure, a difagreeable iirong fmell,
 and a mucilaginous tafte. Their principal ufe  .was in caicqjlaltns,
 fomentations, and the like, and in emollient glyfters.

    TRITICUM.
    Willd.g. 1^2. Triandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Gramina.
    Sp. i. Triticum  yEsTivu.M.  Seminum  Farina.  Amylum.
 (Dub.)                               *
    Sp. 2. Triticum  Hybernum. Farina. Amylum. (Lond.)
    Wheat. Flour.  Starch.
    By fome thefe are  confidered only as varieties, and as diftina
 fpecies. The latter, however, is the moft produaive, and is moft
 commonly cultivated on that account; for there is no material dif-
 ference between the grains they produce,  which are indifcrimin-
 ately  employed for every purpofe.
I'   Wheat flour  confifts  principally of  gluten, ftarch, albumen,
 and a fweet mucilage.   Thefe may be  feparated  by  forming the
 flour into a palte with a little water, and waffiing this pafte with
 freffi quantities of water, until it runs  from it colorlefs.   What
 remains is the gluten ; which, if not the fame, is very analogous
 to the fibrine of animal fubtlances (272.)   From  the  water with
 which the pafte was wafhed, a  white powder feparates on land-
 ing.  This is the ftarch  (855.) which we have already mentioned
 under the title Amylum.   The albumen and  fweet  mucilage
 remain diffolved in the  water.  By evaporating it, the albumen
 firft feparates in white flakes, and the fweet mucilage may begot
 by total evaporation.
    It is the prefence of gluten which charaaerizes wheat florr ;
 and on the due  admixture ot it with  the  other  conftituents, de-
 pends the fuperiority  of wheat  flour  for baking bread.
    Bread is made by working the flour  into a pafte with water, a
 quantity of fome ferment, fuch  as yeaft, and  a little  muriate of
 foda to  render it fapid, allowing the pafte to ftand until a certain
 degree of fermentation take  place, and  then baking it in an oven
 heated to about 48&0.  During  the fermentation a quantity of
 gas is formed, and as  it is prevented from efcaping by the tough-
 nefs of the pafte, and dilated by the heat of  the oven, the bread  is
 rendered light and fpongy.   In this procefs the nature of the con-
 ftituents of  the  flour is altered,  for  we  are not able to obtain
 cither gluten or ftarch from bread.
t 
S20
Materia Medica.
[Part II.
   Bread is not only one of the moft important articles of nourifh-
ment, but is alfo employed in pharmacy for making cataplafms,
and giving form to more  aaive articles. An infufion of toafted
bread has a deep color, and  pleafant tafte, and  is an excellent
drink in febrile difeafes, and debility of the  ftowiach. The change
which bread undergoes by toafting is not known ;' but it is prob.
ably very fimilar to that produced  in coffee by the fame means.
In raw coffee there is no tannin ; in roafted coffee it is abundant.

  TUSSILAGO FARFARA.  Folia.  Flores.  (Ed.)
  Tuffilago. Herba. (Lond.) Folia. (Dub.)
  Colt's foot.   The herb and flowers.
I Syngenefia fuperflua.—Nat. ord.  Compofita radiate.
  This grows wild in  moift fituations, producing yellow flowers
in February and March  ; thefe foon fall off, and are fucceeded by
large roundift'leaves, hairy underneath ; their tafte is herbaceous
fomewhat  glutinous  and fubacrid.  Tuffilago  is recommended
in coughs, phthifis, and other  difarders of  the breaft and lungs,
and fome ufe it in fcorfula.   It is chiefly  direaed to be taken
with milk ; and upon this probably, more  thao on the tuffilago
itfelf, any benefit derived from it in praaice is to be explained.

  ULMUS CAMPESTRIS.  Cortex, interior. (Ed.)
  Ulmus Cortex interior.   (Lond.  Dub.)
  Elm tree.  The inner bark.
  Willd. g. 505. fp. 1.  Pentandria  Digynia—Nat. ord. Sea-
brida.
  This tree grows wild in Britain. The  inner bark has a yel-
lowiffi color, and a mucilaginous, bitter, aftringent tafte, without
fmell.
  A decoaion formed from it, by  boilingan ounce with a pound
of water, to the confumption of one half, has been highly recom-
mended in  the lepra ichthyofis, and has been faid to cure dropfies.

 .URTICA DIOICA.
  Urtiea. Herba. (Lond.)
  Common nettle.  The plant.
  Monoecia Tetrandria.—Nat. ord. Scabrida-
  This is a well known perennial  weed. The leaves of the frefh
plant ftimulate, inflame, and raife  blifters  on thofe parts o£,:tV*
fkin which  they touch.   Hence, when a  powerful rubefaefc^t is v
required, flinging with  nettles  has  been  recommended£/-Itias
been alleged to have fometimes fucceeded in reftoring fe^fownd
motion to paralytic limbs.

  UVA  URSI.  (lond. Dub.)   SeeARBUTWs. 
Part II.]            Materia  Medica.                 321

  UV^E PASS^E.  (Lond. Dub.)  See Vitis.

  VALERIANA OFFICINALIS.  Radix.   (Ed.)
  Valerianafylvefiris.   Radix.  (Lond. Dub.)
  Wild velerian.  The  root.
Willd. g. 75. fp. 6. Triandria Monogynia.Nat. ord.—Aggregata.
  This plant is perennial, and grows wild in Britain.  Like ma-
ny other plants,  it varies in its appearance  and  fenfible qualities,
according  to  the fituation in which it  grows.   In  marfhes and
fhadowy places its leaves are broa"Her, on dry heaths and high paf-
tures they are narrower.
  The roots produced in low watery grounds, have a remarkably
faint fmell  in comparifon of the others,  and fometimes fcarce any
at all.   The roots taken up in autumn or winter, have alfo much
ftronger fenfible qualities than thofe colleaed in fpring and fum-
mer.
  The root confifts of a number of firings or fibres matted toge-
ther, iffuing from one common head ; of a whitifh or pale brown-
iffi  color;  its fmell  is ftrong, like a mixture of aromatics with
fetids ; the tafle unpleafantly warm, bitteriffi, and fubacrid.
  Wild  valerian is a medicine of great ufe in nervous diforders,
and is particularly ferviceable in epilepfies,  proceeding from a de-
bility of the nervous fyftem.
  Some recommend it as ufeful in procuring fleep, particularly in
fever, even when opium fails : But it  is principally ufeful in af-
feaions of  the hyfterical kind.
  The common dofe is from a fcruple  to a drachm  in powder j
and in infufion,  from one to two drachms.  Its unpleafant flavor
is moft effeaually concealed by a fuitable addition of mace.
  As its virtues refide  entirely in an effential oil, the decoaion
and extraa are improper forms for exhibiting it.

  VERATRUM ALBUM.  Radix.  (Ed.)
  Helleborus albus.  Radix.   (Lond.  Dub.)
  White hellebore.  The root.
  Polygamia  Monoecia.—Nat. ord.   Liliaceot.
  This plant grows fpontaneoufly in Switzerland and the moun-
tainous parts of Germany. The root has a naufeous, bitteriffi, acrid
tafte, burning the mouth and fauces; if wounded when treffi,  it
emits  an  extremely acrimonious juice, which mixed with the
blood,  by  a wound,  is faid to prov e very dangerous ; the pow-
der of the dried  root, applied to  an iffue, occafions violent purg-
ing; fnuffed up the nofe, it proves a ftrong, and not always a fafe
fternutatory.  This root, taken internally, aas with extreme vio-
lence as an  emetic;  and has been obferved, even in a fmall dofe, to
•c:afion convulfions,  and other terrible diforders.   The ancients 
 322                Materia Medica.             [Part II.

 fometimes employed it in very obftinate cafes, and always made
 this their  laft refource.   Modern praaice feems to have almoft
 entirely rejeaed its internal ufe, though fome have ventured up-
 on fo large a dofe as a fcruple, in maniacal cafes, and are faid to
 have experienced good effeas from it.

   VERONICA BECCABUNGA.
   Beccabunga.   Herba.  (Lond.)  Folia.  (Dub.)
   Brooklime.  The herb.
   Willd. g. 44. fp. 30.  Diandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Perfo.
 nata.
   This is a low perennial plant, common in little rivulets and
 ditches of ftanding water.   The leaves  remain all the winter, but
 are in greateft perteaion in the fpring.   Their  prevailing tafte is
 an herbaceous one, accompanied with a very light bitternefs.
   If  any good effeas be expeaed from brooklime, it ffiould be
 ufed as food.

   VINUM.  (Dub.)   SeeViTis.

   VIOLA ODORATA.  Flores:
   Viola.   Flos recens.   (Lond.)   Flores.   (Dub.)
   March violet.  The recent flower.
   Willd.  g.  446. fp.  12. Pentandria  Monogynia.—Nat. ord.
 Campanacea.
   This plant is perennial, and is found wild under hedges and
 in ffiady places;  but the ffiops are generally fupplied from gardens.
 Its flowers are fo remarkable for their delightful odour, and their
 peculiar richnefs of color, that they have given a name to both.
   In our markets we meet with the flowers of other fpecies; thefe
 may be diftinguifhed from the foregoing by their being larger, of
 a pale color, and of no fmell.
   They impart their color and flavor to aqueous liquors; a fy-
 rup made  from this infufion has long  maintained a place in the
 fhops, and  is faid to be an agreeable and ufeful laxative for chil-
 dren ; but is chiefly valued as  a delicate teft of the prefence of
 uncombined acids or alkalies, the former changing its  blue to 2
red, and the latter to a green color.

   VIRGA AUREA.   (Lond.)   SeeSoLiDAGO.

   VITIS VINIFERA.  Fruclus ficcatus, ejusque fuccusfermen-
tatus.  (Ed.)                                      <
   Vitis.   Fruclus.   Uva paffa,  Vinum.   Tartarum,  Tartari
 cryfialli.  Acetum.  (Lond.)
   Uva paffa.  Vinum album Hifpanicum,  album Rhenanum, ru-
brum  Lufitanicum.  (Dub.)
   The Vine.  Grapes.   Raifins.   Wine.   Tartar.  Cryftals oi
tartar.   Vinegar. 
Part II.]
Materia  Medica.
S23
   Willd. g. 453. fp. 1. Pentandria Monogynia.—Nat. ord. Hede-
 raca.
   1 he vine grows in temperate fituations in many parts of the
 world, and is cultivated very generally for the fake of its agree-
 able  fubacid  fiuit.  Before they are  ripe, grapes are extremely
 harffi and acid, and by expreffion furnifh a liquor v.hich is called
 Verjuice.  It contains  malic arid, fuper tartrite of potafs, and ex-
 tra6tive, and may be made  to furnifh w:ne  by the addition of fu-
 gar.   As  the grape advances to  maturity, the quantity  of fugar
 increafes, while that of malic acid diminifhes ; it however r ever
 difappears entirely.  When thoroughly ripe, the grape is one of
 the moft agreeable fruits.   It is cooling, antifceptic,  and  nutri-
 tious ; and when eaten in confiderable quantity, diuretic, and gent-
 ly laxative.   In inflammatory difeafes, and all others where acids
 are indicated, they form an excellent article of diet.
   Raifins, uva paffa, are grapes which have been carefully dried.
 By this means not only the water they contained is diffipated, but
 the quantity of acid feems to be diminiffied.  They become more
 faccharine, mucilaginous, and laxative, than the recent grape, but
 are lefs cooling.
   Wine is the juice of the grape altered by fermentation (S 2. 245.)
 The numerous varieties of  wine  depend principally  on  the  pro-
 portion of fugar contained in the muft, and the manner ot its fer-
 mentation.   When the proportion  of fugar is fufficient, and  th;
 fermentation complete,  the wine is perfect and generous :  If  the
 quantity of fugar be too large, part of it remains undecompofed,
 as the fermentation is languid, and the wine is fweet and lufcious ;
 if, on  the contrary, it  be too fmall, the wine is  thin and weak ;
 and  if it be bottled before the fermentation  be completed, it  will
 proceed flowly in  the bottle, and, on drawing the  cork, the wine
 will  froth and fparkle  in the glafs, as for  example Champaigne.
 When the muft is feparated  from the hufk of the grape before it
 is fermented,  the  wine has little or no color :  Thefe are called
 white wines.   If, on the contrary, the hufks are allowed to remain
 in the  muft while  the fermentation is going on,  the alcohol  dif-
 folves the coloring matter of the hufks,  and  the wine  is colored :
 Such  ate called  red wines.   Befides in thefe  principal circum-
 ftances, wines  vary very much in flavor.  The  red  wines moft
 commonly drunk  in  this country  are Port, which is ftrong  and
 auftere, and Claret, which  is thinner and higher  flavored.   Our
 white wines are all flrong, Madeira, Sherry,  Lifbon, Malaga  and
Hock.  Of thefe  the laft is the moft acidulous,  and  Maia,^ the
fweeteft.
  Wine, taken in moderate quantities, aas as a beref c^a! ftimu-
lus to the whole fyftem.  It promotes digeftion, incre.-its tIk-ac-
tion of the heart and arteries, raifes the heat of the tody, and ex-
hilirates the fpirits.  Taken to excefs, it produces inebriety  and 
324
Materia  Medica.
[Part II.
ftupor, which are often fucceeded by headach,  ftupor, naufeaand
diarrhoea, which laft for feveral days.  Habitual excefs in wine,
debilitates the ftomach, produces inflammation of the liver, weak-
ens the nervous fyftem, and gives rife to dropfy, gout, apoplexy,
tremors, and cutaneous affeaions.
   To convalefcents, and in all difeafes of general deb ility,  and de-
ficiency ot the vital powers, wine is the remedy on w hich we muft
place our chief dependance ; arid when properly  adminiftered,
its effeas are often fcarcely credible.
   The  ufe  of  wine, as an article of pharmacy, will be aoticed
hereafter.


   VITRIOLUM  ALBUM.  (Dub.)   SeeZiNCUM.


   WINTERA AROMATIC A.   Cortex.  (Ed.)
   Wmferanus.   Cortex officinarum.
   Winter's  bark.
   Willd.g.  1063.  P^lyandria Tetragynia.—Nat. ord. Olcracex.
   This  is the  produce of a tree growing about the fouthern pro-
montory of America.   It was firft difcovered on the coaft of Ma-
gellan by Capt. Winter, in the year 1,567 ; the failors  then em-
ployed  the  bark  as a fpice, and afterwards found it ferviceable
in the fcurvy; for which purpofe it is at prefent alfo fometimes made
ufe of in diet drinks.  The true Winter's bark is  not often met
wjth in the ffiops, Canella alba being generally fubftituted for it,
and by  fome they are reckoned to be the fame :  There is, how-
ever, a  confiderable difference betwixt them in appearance, and a
greater in quality.  The  Winter's  bark  is in large pieces, ofa
more cinnamon color than the canella, and taftes much warmer
and more pungent.  Its  fmell  refembles that of Cafcarilla.  Its
virtues refide in a very hot, ftimulant, effential oil.

   ZEDOARIA.   (Lond.  Dub.)   See Amomum.

   ZINCUM.  (Ed. Dub. Lond.)
   Zinc.
   This general  properties of zinc have been already noticed (164.)
   It is always found oxidized.
     I. Combined with  a  greater or lefs proportion  of carbonic
       acid.  Calamine.
     2.  Combined with fulphur.   Blende.
    3.  Combined with fulphuric acid, generally in folution.
   The ores of zinc are rarely  worked by themfelves,  or with the
fole intention of  extraaing zinc, but are generally melted with
the lead ores, particularly galena, which they commonly accom- 
 Part II.]             Materia Medica.     ,           325

 pany.  By this procefs the zinc is obtained in two forms ; part
 of it is fublimed in the ftate of  an oxide, and attaches itfelf to the
 chimney of the furnace in the  form of a grey, granular, earthy-
 like incruftation, which is known by  the name of Tutty or Cad-
 mia ; part of it is fublimed in its metallic form, and is condenfed
 in the throat of the chimney in  fmall grains, which are afterwards
 melted in a crucible,  and caft in ingots.
   Zinc is officinal for the preparation of the white oxide and the
 fulphate.

   Oxidum Zinci Impurum.  (Ed.)
   Tutia.   (Lond. Dub.)
   Impure oxide of zinc.  Tutty.
   It is moderately hard and ponderous ;  ofa browniffi color, and
 full ot fmall  protuberances on the outfide, fmooth  and yellow-
 iffi within ;  fome pieces  have a blueiffi  caft, from minute glo-
 bules of zinc in its metallic  form.  Tutty is  celebrated  as  an
 ophthalmic, and frequently employed as  fuch in unguents  and
 collyria.       -

   Carbonas Zinci Impurus.  (Ed.)
   Lapis calaminaris.   (Dub. Lond.)
   Impure carbonate of zinc.  Calamine.
   This mineral is found plentifully in  England, Germany, and
 other countries, either in diftina mines, or intermingled with the
 ores of different  metals. It is  ufually of a  greyifh, browniffi,
 yellowiffi, or pale rediffi color ; without luftre, or tranfparency ;
 fraaure commonly uneven or earthy ; tonfiderably hard, though
 not fufficiently  fo as to ftrike firewith fteel; fpecific gravity,2.585,
 but fometimes  much heavier.  Before the blow  pipe it decrepi-
 tates, but  does  not melt, and becomes either whiter or yellow.
 It is partly foluble in  acids, and often effervefces with them.   In
 the latter cafe it lofes  one third of its  weight by calcination.  It
 almoft always contains a confiderable  proportion of filica, fome:.
 times even a third, and often a little oxide of iron.
   Calamine is generally roafted  before it comes into the fliops, to
 render it more eafily reducible into a fine powder.   In  this ftate
 it is employed in collyria, againft defluxions of thin acrid humors
 upon the eyes, for drying up  moift, running ulcers, and healing
excoriations.

   Sulphas Zinci.
   Vitriolum album. (Lond. Dub.)
   Sulphate of zinc.  White vitriol.
   This is chiefly found native in the mines of  Goflar, fometimes
in tranfparent pieces, but more commonly in the form of white ef-
fiorefcences, which are diffolved in  water, and  afterwards reduc-
               es" 3 * 
326
Materia Me dice.
[Part II.
ed by evaporation and  cryftallization into large  maffes.  We
rarely meet with this fort of vitriol pure ; it is ordered therefore
to be prepared.
  White vitriol is fometimes  given, from five  or  fix grains  to
half a drachm, as  an  emetic; it operates very  quickly, and,  if
pure, without violence.   Externally, it is employed  as an ophthal-
mic, and often made the bafis of collyria, both in extemporaneous
prefcription and in difpenfatories.

   ZINGIBER.   (Lond. Dub.)   SeeAMOMUM. 
APPENDIX.
*
                        No.L

Listof Substances containedin some  of the latest and
  most esteemed Foreign Pharmacopceias, but not inserted in
  Me Materia Medica of any of the British Colleges.

                 ----«QOO----


     EXPLANATION of the ABBREVIATIONS.

R,—Pharmacopoeia Roflica.  8vo.  Petropoli, 1798.
A. p.—Pharmacopoeia Auftrircoprovincialis, emendata. 8vo.
  Viennae, 1794.
A. c.—Pharmacopoeia Auftriaco caftrenfis. 8vo. Ticini, 1795.
B.__Pharmacopoeia in ufum officinarum  Reipublicse Bremenfif
  ctnfcripta.  8vo.  Bremac, 1792.
$&* 4 
328               Materia Medica.            [Part II,
■O*
Achillea millefolium.''
  Miltefolii herba,fiores.   R.—A. p.—B.
  Smell fomewhat aromatic ; tafte flightly  aftringent and bitter-
iffi ; virtue's ftomachic and tonic.
  ACHILLEA  NOBIL1S.
  Millefolii nobilis herba,flores. R.
  Smell camphoraceouS and aromatic, preferable in every refpeft
to the preceding fpecies.
  ACHILLEA  PTARMICA.
  Ptarmica radix ;  Herba, cumfioribus,   R.
  No fmell ;  tafte acrid ;  virtues fialogogue, fternutatory.
  ADIANTUM CAPPILUS VENERIS.
  Capillus veneris.   Herba.  A.  p.
  Ufed for preparing the fyrup  called Capillaire.
  AGARICUSMUSCARIUS.  R.
  Smell fetid ; tafte acrid ; virtues inebriating,  and inducing de-
lirium.
  AGR1MONIA EUPATORIA.
  Agrimonia.  The herb.   A.  p.—B.
  Slightly ftyptic and aftringent.
  ALCEA  ROSEA.
  Malva  arboreaflores. R.—B.                       •
  No fmell ;  tafte mucilaginous and fubaftringent ; effeas emol-
lient and  fubaftringent.
  AMBRA AMBROSIACA GRYSEA.
  Ambra  gryfea.  R.
  Smell agreeable;  tafte refinous and aromatic ;~ effeas exciting
and augmenting the nervous power.
"amomumgrana paradise
  Grana  paradifi. B.
  Smell flightly aromatic ; tafte acrid ; aaion ftimulating,
  AMYGDALUS  NANA.   Nuclei.  R.
  No fmell ;  bitteriffi tafte ; a fubftitute for fweet almonds.
  ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS.
  Anagallis.   Herba.  A. p.—B.—R.
  No fmell;  tafte, at firft herbaceous, afterwards bitter and fome-
what acrid. 
Appen.]           Materia Medica.                329

  ANEMONE PRATENS1S.
  Pulfatilla nigricantis herba,.  R.—A. p.—B.
  Smell flight ; tafte acrid, cauftic, durable ; effeas diuretic and
 ftimulant.

  ANEMONE  NEMO ROSA.
  Ranunculi albiflores, et herba recens.  R.                         •
  Smell flight; tafte acrid ; effeas rubefacient and bliftering.
  ANTIRRHINUM LINARIA.
  Linaria.  A.  p.—B.
  Smell, urinous ;  tafte bitteriffi, effeas diuretic.

  ARISTOLOCHIA CLEMAT1T1S.
   Ariflolochia vulgaris.  Radix. R.
   Smell fragrant, but heavy ; tafte  bitter, durable ; effeas diu-
 retic, emmenagogue.
  ARISTOLOCHIA ROTUNDA.   Radix.  B.
   Smell, tafte and effeas, fimilar to thofe of the preceding fpecies.

  ARISTOLOCHIA TRILOBATA.  Slipites. Radix.  R.
   Smell, fragrant, ftrong ; tafte bitteriUi, correfponding with the
 fmell; effect diaphoretic.

   ARTEMISIA PONTICA.
   Abfyn'thium ponticum.  Herba.   A.  p.
   Similar to A. abfinthium but weaker.

   ASTRAGALUS EXSCAPUS. Radix.  R.—A. p._B.
   No fmell ; tafte bitteriffi  and fubaftringent ;  effeas  demulcent,
 and fallely fuppofed antifyphilitic.
   BELLIS PERENNIS.   Flos.   Folium.  A. p.
   No fmell ; tafte flightly acrid.

   BETULA  ALNUS.
   Alni folia.  R.
   No fmell ; tafte aftringent and bitterifli; effeas difcutient and
 vulnerary.

   BOLETUS LARICIS.
   Agaricus albus, fungus decorticatus.  A. p.
   Agaricus chirurgorum.  B.
   Tafte naufeous and bitter ;  effeas emetic, cathartic, draftic.

   BOLUS ALBA.  A. p.

   BOLUS ARMENA.   A. p.
   No fmell ;  adhere to the tongue ; effeas exficcative. 
340               Materia Medica.             [Appen.

  BOS TAURUS.
  Lac vaccinum.  A. p.
  Nutritious demulcent.
  Sevum Bovinum.   R.—A. c.
  Unctuous, emollient.

  BRASSICA (ERTJCA.J
  Eruca femina.   R.
  Smell heavy ; tafte acrid ; effeas ftimulant.

  CALENDULA OFFICINALIS.
  Calendula.  A. p.
  Tafte bitteriffi.
  CANNABIS SATIVA.
  Cannabis.   Semina. R.—B.
  Smell weak; tafte mawkiffi ; effeas emollient, anodyne.
  CARDUUS  MARIANUS.
  Carduus Maria.  Semen.  B.
  Emu 1 five,

  CAREX ARENARIA.  Radix.  R.
  Smell agreeable, but not  ftrong ; effeas demulcent, refolvent. '

  CERATONiA SILIOUA.                   *   '
  Sihqua dulcis.  R.—A. p.—B.
  No fmell ; tafte fweet; effeas edalcorant, expeaorant.

  CHEL.IDONIUM MAJUS. Radix.  Herba recens. R.—A.
p.-B.
  Smelt heavy ; tafte acrid, bitteriffi, durable ; effeas acrid, pur-
gative ;  when dried, aperient, diuretic.
  CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES.
  Chenopodii herba.  B.
  Smell ftrong, fragrant ;  tafte acrid, aromatic ; effeas ftimulant,
carminative, anthelmintic.

  CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS.
  Botrys vulgaris.  Herba.  R.
  Qualities and effeas fimilar to, but ftronger than thofe of the
preceding fpecies.

  CICHORIUM 1NTYBUS.
  Cichorii radix, herba.   R.—A. p. et. c.—B.
  No fmell; tafte of the herb agreeably bitter, of the root intenfc-
ly bitter ; effeas aperient tonic, diuretic. 
Appcn.]           Materia Medica.                341

  CLEMATIS ERECTA.
  Flamulde Jovis folia, flores.   R.—A. p.
  Smell weak ; tafte acrid, bliftering ; effeas diuretic, fudorific.

  CONFERVA  DICHOTOMA.  Fucus Hdminthocortos.
   Helminthocorton.  R.—B.
  Smell marine, fetid ;  tafte faline ;  effeas purgative, anthelmin-
tic.

  CONVOLVULUS  AMERICANUS.
   Mechoacanna.  Radix.  B.
   Tafte at firft fweetiffi, then fubacrid ; effea purgative.

  CUCUMIS MELO.
  Melo.  Semen.  A. p.
  Emulfive.
  CUCURBITA PEPO.
  Pepo.  Semen.  A. p.
  Emulfive.

  CYCAS CIRC1NALIS.
  Sago grana.  R.—B.
   Amylaceous ;  nutritious.

   CYNOMORIUM COCCINEUM.
   Fungus Melitenfis.  R.
   No fmell;  tafte  ftyptic,  bitteriffi, faline ;  effeas roborant, a-
 flringent.
   CYT1NUS HYPOCISTIS.
  Hypocifiii.  Succus infpffatus- A. p.
  Tafte acid ;  auftere ; effea aftringent.

  DICTAMNUS ALBUS.   Radix.   A. p. —B.
  Smell fragrant ; tafte bitter,  fubaromatic ; effeas tonic, anthel-
 mintic.

  EPIDENDRUM VANILLA.
   Vanilla filiqua.  R.
  Smell fragrant, balfamic ; tafte aromatic, fubacid, unauous ;
 effeas heating, diuretic.                             '
  EUPHORBIA OFFICINALIS.
   Euphorbii gummi.  R.—A. p.
   No fmell ;  tafte at firft none, then pungent, burning; effeas
 acrid, dfaftic.
   ERYSIMUM OFFICINALE.
   Eryfimum.   Herba.  B.
   Tafte acrid ; effeas aftringent, diuretic. 
342                 Materia Medica.            [PartII.

  FAGARA OCTANDRA.
  Tacamahaca.   Gummi refina.  R.
  Smell fragrant like lavender ; tafte bitteriffi, naufeous ; effeas
tonic, ftimulant.

  FICUS INDICA RELIGIOSA.
  Lacca gummi.  R.—B.
  Refinous^

  FORMICA RUFA.
  Formica cum acervo.  R.—B.
  Qualities and effeas  depend on the little acetous acid they coa-
taiu.

  GADUS LOTA.
  Muflelafiuviatilis.   Liquamen hepatis.  A. p.
  Detergent ; folvent.

  GENTIANA  PANNONICA.
  Gentiana.  Radix.   A. p.  et c.
  Qualities and effects  the fame as thofe of the gentiana lutea.
  GEUM  R1VALE.
  Gei palufiris radix.  R.
  Smell weak ; tafte ftyptic, auftere ;  effeas tonic, aftringent, fe-
brifuge.
  GEUM  URBANUM.
  Caryophyllata  radix.   R.—A. p.—B.
  Smell caryophyllaceous, loft by drying ;  tafte ftyptic, bitter;
 effeas tonic aftringent, febrifuge ; faid to be an excellent fubfti-
tute for Peruvian bark.
  GLECOMA  HEDERACEA.
  Htdera terreflris. Herba.   A. p.—B.
  Tafte bitteriffi, fubacrid ; effeas expeaorant, roborant.
   HIRUDO  MEDICINALIS.
   Herudo.  Animal vivum.  A. c.
  Topical abftraaion of blood.
   HYPERICUM QUADRANGULARE.
   Hypericum.  Flores.  B.
   Smell agreeable ; tafte  bitteriffi, fubaftringent,  balfamic ; ef-
 feas vulnerary.
   ILEX.AQUIFOLIUM.
   Aquifolii folia.  R.
   No fmell; tafte aftringent ; effeas febrifuge, antiarthritic.
   ILL1CIUM ANISATUM.
   AnifumJlellatum.  Fruclus,  A. p.—B.—R. 
AP\ppen.]            Materia  Medica.               343

    Smell aromatic ; tafte agreeable, like  anife; effeas  peaorai,
  carminative, diruetic.

    IMPERATORIA OSTRUTHIUM.
    Imperatoruz radix.   R.—A. p.—L.
    Smell aromatic; tafte warm, pungent, very durable; effeas ftim-
  ulant, carminative, fudorific, diuretic.

    JASMINUM OFFICINALE.
    Jafmini flores.  R.—B.
    Smell fragrant; tafte bitteriffi ; ufed as a perfume.

    LEDUM PALUSTRE.
    Rorifmarinifylveflris herba. R.—A. p.
    Smell heavy, fubaromatic ; tafte bitteriffi, fubaftringent \ effeas
  refolvent, diruetic.

    LICHEN ISLANDICUS. A. p. et. c—B.—R.
    No fmell ; tafte bitteriffi, fubaftringent ; effea nutritious-

    LIGUSTICUM LEVISTICUM.
    Leviflici herba, radix, femen. R.—A. p.—B.
    Smell unpleafant;  tafte warm,  aromatic ; effeas ftimulant, car-
  minative, fudorific.

    LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUUM.
    Styrax liquida.  Balfamum. A. p.
    Smell fragrant;  tafte acrid, aromatic ; effeas ftimalating, heat-
  ing.

    LONICERA DIERVILLA.
    Diervillaflipites. R.
    Tafte and fmell naufeous ; effeas antivenereal.

    LORANTHUS  EUROPiEUS.
    Vifcum quercinum.   Lignum.  A. p.
    Smell naufeous ; tafle aftringent, mucilaginous ; effeas tonic.
    LYCOPERDON BOVISTA.  R.
    No tafte or fmell ;  effeas mechanical, fuppreffion of  h«emorr-
  hagy.
    LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM.
    Lycopodii femen.  R.—B.
    No tafte or fmell ; effeas abforbent.
    LYTHRUM SALICARIA.
    Lyfimachia purpurea. Herba. B.  Salicaria.  A.  P;
    No fmell ; tafte fubaftringent ; effeas aftringent, tonic

    MANGANESIUM.
    Magnefia nigra.   R.  Magnefia vitrariorum. A. p. 
                                                        \
344               Materia  Medica.             Part II.]'

  Properties, fee (169,) ufed, for the produaion of oxygen gas,
oxymuriatic acid, and fome other chemical preparations.
  MARANTA  GALANGA.
  Galanga radix.   R.—A. p.—B.
  Smell fragrant ;  tafte aromatic, pungent, biting ; effeas ftom-
achic, heating.

  MATRICARIA  CHAMOMILLA.
  Chamomilla vulgaris flores, herba.   R.—A. p. ef. c.—B.
  Smell ftrong ; tafte bitter, warmiffi ; effeas ftomachic, difcu-
tient.
  MATRICARIA  PARTHENIUM.
  Matricaria.  Flos, Herba.  A.  p.
  Smell naufeous ;  tafte bitter ; effeas ftomachic.
  MELOE  PROSCARAB^EUS.   A.  p.
  Melde majalis. B.  Vermis majalis. R.
  No fmell j tafte acrid ; effeas ftimulating, diuretic, cauftic.

  MENTHA CR1SPA.   Herba.   R.—A. p.—B.
  Smell fragrant, ftrong ; tafte warm, aromatic,  flightly bitter ;
effeas refolvent, ftomachic, carminative.
  MENTHA AQUATICA.
  Mentha rubra.  Oleum diflillatum. A. c.
  Similar to the former.

  MIMOSA SENEGAL.
  Arabicum gummi.  B.
  Suppofed to produce the fineft gum arabic.
  MYROBALANUS CITR1NA.  Cortex fruBuum pulveri-
fatus.
  Terminali a fpecies f  A. p.
  Tafte aftringent;  effeas aftringent.
  NIGELLA  SATIVA.
  Nigella.  Semen.   B.
  Smell fragrant;  tafte  acrid,  aromatic ; effeas ftimulating, er-
rhine, fialogogue, anthelmintic.

  ONONIS  SPINOSA.
  Ononis radix.  A. p.
  No fmell; tafte fweetiffi ; effeas diuretic.
  ONOPORDUM ACANTHIUM.
  Cardui tomentofiherba recens.  R.
  No fmell;  tafte bitteriffi  ; effects  fpecific, the cure of  cancer.
ous affeaions. 
 Appen.]           Materia Medica.                345

  ORCHIS MASCULA, MORIO, MILITARIS, MjACU-
 LATTA, PYRAMIDAL1S, LAT1FOL1A.
  Salep.  Satyrium.   Radix.   R.—A. p. et c.—B.
  Tafte amilaceous ;  effeas nutritious.

  ORIGANUM DICTAMNUS.
  Diclamnus Creticus.  Herba.  B.
  Smell flight, aromatic ; tafte aromatic ;  effeas ftimulant.

  ORYZA SAT1VA.
  Oryza femen decor tic at urn.  R.
  Tafte farinaceous ; effeas nutritious, aftringent,

  PjEONIA  OFFICINALIS.
  Paonia radix. R.—B.
  Smell unpleafant ;  tafte at firft fweetiffi, then difagreeably bit-
 ter ;  effeas antifpafmodic.

  PECHURIM FAB A.  Ex Lauro quadam.   R.
  Smell fragrant, durable; tafte aromatic;  effeas ftomachic,
aftringent.

  PHELLANDRIUM AQUATICUM.  Semen.  R.
  Faniculum aquaticum.   B.
  Smell heavy;  tafte aromatic, acrid ; effeas ftimulating, refoi-
vent.

  PHYTOLACCA  DECANDRA.
  Phytolacca herba recens,  radix.  R.
  No fmell; tafte acrid, corrofive ; effeas corrofive in cancer.

  PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA.
  Pimpinella alba radix.   R.—A.   p.—B.
  Smell fragrant ; tafte warm, acrid; effecfs ftomachic, diapho-
retic, diuretic.

  PINUS PINEA.
  Pinusfativa, Nuclei.  A. p.
  Tafte fweet,  bland ; effeas nutritious.

  PLANTAGO MEDIA.
  Plantago.   Herba.   A. p.
  Tafte fubaftringent;  effects aftringent.

  PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM.
  Pfyllii femen.  R.
  Tafte naufeous, mucilaginous, then acrid ; effea» relaxant.

  POLYGALA AMARA.  Herba, radix.  R.—B. 
 346                 Materia  Medica.           [Part II,

   No fmell ; tafte bitter, acidulous, mucilaginous; effeas demul-
 cent, roborant.

   POLYGALA VULGARIS.  ,
   Poly gala.  Radix.  A. p.
   Tafte fweetiffi, bitter ; effeas tonic, expeaorant.

   POLYPOD1UM VULGARE.
   Polypodii radix.   R.—A. p.—B.                       y
   Tafte at firft fweet, then naufeous, bitterand aftringent;  effeas*
 demulcent, refolvent.

   POPULUS BALSAMIFERA.
   Tacamahaca.  Gummi refina.  R.
   Smell fragrant, tafte naufeous, bitteriffi j effeas ftimulant, to.
 nic.                                                  v

   PRUNUS CERASUS.
   Ceraforum rubrorum acidorum frudus.  R.—B.
   Ceraforum nigrorum aqua.  A. p.                   -
   Tafte acidulous, fweetiffi ; effeas refrigerating, antifeptic; wa-
 ter narcotic.

   PRUNUS LAURO CERASUS.                       v
   Lauro cerafi  folia.  R.—B.
   Smell fragrant ; tafte bitter like that of bitter almonds ;  effects
 highly deleterious, narcotic, refolvent, diuretic.
    PTERIS AQUILINA.    y
   Fihcisfamina radix.   R.
   Smell naufeous ; tafte vifcid, bitteriffi ; effeas anthelminlhic.

   RHEUM UNDULATUM.
   Rkabarbari Sibirici radix.  R.
   Smell flight;  tafte bitter and flightly au^irfgent ; effeas ftoma-
vchic, purgative.
   RUBUS ARCTICUS.  Bacca.   R.
   Smell fragrant ; tafte acidulous,  vinous;  effeas  refrigerant,
 antifcorbutic.  Similar properties are poffeffed  by the fruits %{
 the rubus idaus, cafinusfrutlicofus, chamamorus.

   RUMEX AQUATICUS.
   Lapathi aquatui radix.   R.
   Tafte auftere, bitter ; effeas tonic, antifcorbutic,

   RUMEX ACUTUS.
   Lapathum acutum.  Radix.  A. p.—B.
   Tafte bitterifli, acidulous; effeas aftringent, 
                                                         *
 Appcn.]          Materia+Medica.   &            S47 *

   SALIX ALBA, PENTANDRA,  FRAG1LIS,  V1TELLL
 NA.
   Sa!:rii cortex.  R.
   Smell ffagrant; tafte aftringent, bitter ; effeas tonic, febrifuge.
   SAMBUCUS EBULUS. -»
   Ebulus.  Radix.  A.  p.     A
   Smell fetid ;  tafle naufeous,  bitter, acrid ;  effeas draftic, ca-
 thartic, emetic, narcotic.                                 ,.>
   >■
?  SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS.*                  •*
   Saponaria radix.   R.—A. p. et. c.—B.
   No fmell ; tafte flightly fweet, bitter and glutinous; effects de-
 tergent.                             '*

   SCABIOSA ARVENSIS.
  ^Scabiofa.  Folium.  A. p.
  - Tafte flightly bitter ; effeas expeaorant, vulnerary.
   SCANDIX  CEREFOLIUM.
   Cerefolii herba.  Succus.  B.—A. p.    »
   Smell weak,  balfamic';  tafte aromatic,  balfamic ; effeas  ape*
 rient, peaorai,  diuretic.                                    '
   SCORZONERA HISPANICA.
 t^Scorzonera.   Radix.   A. p.
   Tafte fweetiffi ; effeas  aperient, demulcent.

   SCROPHULARIA NODOSA.
   Scrophularia.  Folium.  Radix.  A. p.                     ^
 * Smell unpleafant ; tafte naufeous, bitter ; effeEh attenuant.      *
   SEC ALE CEREALE.          >   .
   Secalisfarina.   A. p.
   Tafte farinaceous ; effeas nutritious,
   SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM. -
   Sedi majoris folia virentia.  R.—A. p#--B.
   Smell weak; tafte fubacrid, flight^ ftyptic;  effeas refrige- *•
 rant, aftringent.                                 •:•
   SEPIA OCTOPODA.  .
   Sepia, os.  B.                        k
   A carbonate ot lime agglutinated  by animal mucilage.

   SMILAX CHINA.                      ,
   China radix.  A. p.—B.                                ♦
   No fmell  ; tafte mucilaginous; effba's fudorific, antivenereal, -^
   SPIGELIA  ANTHELMIA. Herba cum radice.R.~-B.
 , Tafte and fmell fetid ; effeas narcotic, purgative, anthelmintic <
                    Y                 4&■        ■
 
   *348             ^Materia■ f^edica.           [Part II.

     *STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA.
       Nux vomica.
       No fmell ;  tafte intenfely bitter ;  effeas tonic, narcotic, dele-
     terious.

       SYMPHITUM OFFICINALE.
       Symphiti radix.   R.  Confolida major.  A. p.—B.
       No fmell;  tafte mucilaginous ; effects emollient, infpiffant.

      'TEUCRIUM CHAM EDRYS.
       Crta.madryos herba.   R.—A. p.—B.                      \
       Smell Highly fragrant ; tafte  bitter; effeas  tonic, emmen-
     agogue.

       TEUCRIUM CHA1S&EPITYS.
       thamapityos herba.  R.
       Smell fragrant ; tafte bitter and aromatic ; effeas tonic.

       THEOBROMA CACAO.                             4
       Cacao.  Nucleus.   Oleum.  R.—A. p.—B.
       Little fmell; tafte pleafant and oily, very flightly aftringent and
     bitteriffi ; efftcts nutricious.   Oil bland, fweetiffi ; effeas tmol-
     lient,  lubricating.

        THYMlis SERPYLLUM.
        Strpylli herba.  R.—A. p.—B.
        SmefU fragrant ;'fafle aromatic, bitteriffi ; effeas ftimulant, diu-
     retic, emmenagogue.

  & :   THYMUS VULGARIS.
        Thy mi heffaz.  R.—B.
        Smell fragrant; tafte warm, pungent, bitter ; effeas ftimulant,
      diuretic, emmenagogue.

        TRJFOLIUM MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS.        *
        Melxloti herba cum floribus. R.—A. p.—B.
        Smell fragrant;  tafle herbaceous, bitteriffi ; effeas difcucient.

        TRITICUM REPENS.
        Graminis radix. '  R.—A. p. et cl—B.
     *  Smell herbaceous"; tafte fweetiffi ; effeas aperient, demulcent.

        VACCINIUM  MYRTILLUS.
        Myrtillt baccie.  R.—A. p.
 <    *   No fmell ; tafte acidulous, fubaftringent ;  effeas refrigerant,
; Jf: aftringent". •

'♦•*     VACCINIUM OXYCOCCOS.
        Oxy^cci.bacca.  **R.
        Tafte acidulous; effeas refrigerant.

       Jf.V                               « 
Appen.]           Materia Medica.                 349
  VACCINIUM VlTISIDiEA.
  Vitis idaa bacca folia.   R.
  Tafte acidulous ; effetts refrigerant, antifeptic.

  VERATRUM SABADILLA.
  Sabadilla femen.  R.—-A. p. et. c.—B.        '•
  Tafte very bitter, acrid and cauftic ;  effeas ftimulant, draftic,
cathartic, anthelmintic, errhine.
  VERBASCUM THAPSUS.
  Verbafciflores, folia.   R.—A. p.—B.
  Tafte of the  leaves, herbaceous,  bitteriffi ; effeas  emollient,
difcutient.   Smell ct the flowers fweet; tafte fweet; effeas pec-
toral.
  VICIA  FABA.
  Faba.  Semen.  A. p.
  Tafte farinaceous;  effeas nutritious;

  VIOLA TRICOLOR.  Herba.   R.—A. p.
  Jacea.  Herba.  B.  '
 T«Smell agreeable ; tafte mucilaginous, bitteriffi ; effeas anodyne^
  VITIS VINIFERA APYRENAJ'
  Papula minores.   R.—B.
  Tafte fweet, acidulous ; effeas refrigerant, demulcent, lubricat-
ing,                                **»«
                         No. II.

List of Animals which furnifh articles of the Materia Medi-
  ca, arranged according to CuviER'sfyfiem.
           '■f  V
                     MAMMALIA;

  Rodentia.   Caftor fiber.
  Pachydermata.  Sus fcrofa.    /
  Ruminantia.  Mofchus mofchiferus.  Cervus elaphtUs.—
Ovis aries.  Bos taurus.
  Cetacea   Phyfeter macrocephalus.

                        AVES.
Galling.  Phafianus gallus.
Anseres.  Anas anfer. 
 35Q               Materia Medica.        -[Part  II.
     :     '            PISCES.
  Chondropterygii.  Acipenfer fturio, ftellatus, hufo,  ru-
thenus.
   ^ $             CRUSTACEA.
  Canceres.  Cancerpagurus, aftacns.
                      INSECTA.
  Coxeoptera.   Lytta veficatoria.  (Meloe vificatorias) Me-
loe profcarab as us.
  Hymenoptera.  Cyhfps querci folii.  Apis mellifera. For-
mica ru fa.                *f*
  Hemiptera.   Coccus caai.
  Gnathaptera.  Onifcusafellus.
                     MOLLUSCA.
  Cephalopoda.  Sepia officinalis.
  Atephala.  OflffeB edulis.
                  \ -VERMES.
  Hirudo medicmalis.
                   ZOOPHYTA.       (
  Ceratophyta.  Gorgonia nobilis. (Ifiis nobilis.)
  Spongia.  Spongia officinalis.
                     No. III.
List »fthe Gen era of'Medicinal Plants, arranged according
                to the LinNjEN  Syfiem.
Cl, I. MONANDRIA.        Cl. II. DIANDRIA
  Ord.  Monogynia.         Ord. Monogynia.*1*
    Kzempferia.                 OJea.
    Araomum.                  Gratiola.
    Curcuma,                  Salvia.
                              Veronica.
                              Rofmarinus. 
*?
Appen.]
Materia fiedica.  #
351
Cl. II.  DIANDRIA.
  Ord. Trigynia.
    Piper.

Cl. III. TRIANDRIA.
  Ord. Monogynia.
   v Valeriana.         *
    Iris.
    Crocus.

  Ord. Digynia.
    Saccharum.
    Secale.^
^   Hordeum.
    Avena.
    Triticum.

Cl.IV. TETRANDRIA.
    Ord. Monogynia.
    Plantago.
    Rubia.
    Alchemilla.
    Scabiofa.
    Santalum.
    Dorftenia.

  Ord. Digynia.
    Cufcuta.

Cl. V. PENTANDRIA.
  Ord. Monogynia,
    Anchufa.
    Spigelia.
   Datura.
   Nicotiana.
   Capficum.
   Atropa.
   Lobelia.
   Rhamnus.
   Viola.
   Menyanthes.
   Convolvulus.
   Hyofciamus.
   Strychnos.
   Solanum.
   Cinchona.
Cl. V. PENTANDRIA.
   Ord. Monogynia.
    Cephaelis.
    Vitis.
    Ribes.          v

   Old.JDlGYNIA.
    Gentiana.
    Eryngium.
    Conium.
    Cuminum.
    Bubdn,
,  *. Coriandrum.
^   Paftinaca.
    Apium.
    Ulmus.
    Daucus,.r»
    Sium.
    Ferula.  .
    Angelica.
    Carum.
    Anethum.
    PimpiaelUv

   Ord. Trigynia.
    Sambucus.
    Rhus.

   Ord. Pentagynia.
     Linum.
                 ** y»
Cl. VI. HEXANDRIA.
   Ord. Monogynia.
    Allium.
    Scilla.
    Atee.
    Calamus.
    Lilium.
    Dracaena.
    Acorus.
    Berberis.

  Ord. Trigynia,
    Rumex.
    Colchicum,
IK't 
m
* 352
'« Materia Medica.
[Part II,
Cl. VII. HEPTANDRIA.
  Ord. Monogynia.
    yEfculus.

Cl. VIII. OCTANDRIA.
  Ord. Monogynia.
    Amyris.       $
    Daphne.      - .*
    Vaccinium,

Ord. Trigynia.
    Polygonum.

Cl. IX. PENNEANDRlA.
  Ord.  Monogynia.
    Laurus.

  .Ord. Trigynia.
    Rheum.

Cl. X. DECANDRIA.
  Ord.  Monogynia.
    Caffia.
    Guajacum.
    Toluifera.
    Swietenia.
    Rhododendron.
    Styrax.
    Myroxylon.
  -*Rnta.
    Hgematoxylon.
    Quaffia.
    Arbutus,
    Cppaifera.

  Ord. Digynia.
    Dianthus.

 Cl. XI. DODECANDRIA.
  Ord. Monogynia.
    Afarum.
     Canella.

 Cl. XII. ICOSANDRIA.
  Ord. Monogynia.
    Caaus.
    Myrtus.
     '            6^4
CI. XII. ICOSANDRIA.
  Ord. Monogynia.
    Amygdalus.
    Eugenic!.
    Punica.
    Prunus.    ■

  Ord. PentagYnia.
    Pyrus.

  Ord. Polygynia.
    Rofa.
    Tormentilia.
    Geum.
    Rubus.
    Potentilla.

Cl. XIII. POLYANDRIA.
  Ord. Monogynia.
    Papaver.

  Ord. Trigynia.
    Delphinium.
    Acomtum.

  Ord. Tetragynia.
    Wintera.

  Ord.  Polygynia.
    Helleborus.

Cl. XIV. D1DYNAMIA.
  Ord.  Gymnospermia.
  t Hyffopus.
    Lavandula.
    Marrubium,
    Mentha.
    Teucrium.
    Meliffa.

  Ord.  Angiospermia.
    Digitalis.

Cl. XV. TETRADYNA- ^
  MIA.
  Ord.  SiliculoSjE.
; Cochlearia.
4. 
Appen.]
Materia Media-:.
353
 Cl.  XV.  TETRADYNA-
      MIA,
     Ord. Siliquos.«,    Tt
     Raphanus.
     Sinapis.
     Cardamine.
     Sifymbrium.  M

 Cl. XVI. MONAbftpHIA.
   Ord, Triandria.
     Tamarindut.

<flfOrd. POLYANDRIA.
T|  Malva.
 *   Althaea.

 Cl.  XVII. DIADELPHIA.
   Ord. Hexandria.
 ** Fumaria.

   Ord. OCTANDRIA.
     Polygala.

   Ord. Decandria.
     Pterocarpus.
 4V> Dolichos.
   '  Geoffroya"
     Trigone lla.l?
     Spartium.
     Glycyrrhiza/
    ~Aftragalus.

 Cl.^XVIII.  POLYADEL,
     PHIA.              *'■"
   Ord.  ICOSANDRIA.
     Citrus.

   Ord. POLYANDRIA.
     Melaleuca.
     Hypericum.

 Cl. XIX. SYNGENESIA.
   Ord. Polygamia Mqua-
 LIS*
     Laftuca.
     ArBium.
     Ceoiuodon.
     Cynara.
£1. XIX SYNGENESIA.
* Ord. PolygamiaSuper
     elua.
     Tanacetum,
     Tuffila«>.           ^ ■
     Inula.
     Matricaria.
     Achillea. (
     Arternifia.  "
     Solidago.          '
     Arnica.
     Anthemis.

 O.Polygamia.Frustra
   N EA.              •*
     Centaurea.

 Ord. Monogamia.
    * Lobelia.
     Viola.

 C1*XX. GYNANDRIA,
   Ord. DlANDRIA.
     Orchis.

   Ord.  Hexandria.
     Ariflplochia.

   Ord. Poly an dr i a.
     Ajurn.

 Cl. XXI. MONPECIA.
     Ord. Tetr'andriaV(
     Betula,            *'
     Morus.
     Urtica.   ■* 'f-

     Ord. POLYANDRIA.
     Quercus.
     Juglans.

 Ord. MoNApELPHIA,
     Pinus.
     Ricinus.
     Croton.

   Ord. SYNGENESIA.
    Momordica. 
55"4
Materia- Medica.
Part II.]
  Cl. XXI. MONOECIA.
    Ord. Syngenesia.
    Cucumis.
  '  Cucurbita,
    Bryonia.
                *W
C1.XX1I. DIOECIA,   v
  Ord. DlANDRIA.
  •  Salts.

  Ord. Pentandria.
    Piltacia.
 Cl. XXIII,  POLYGAMIA,
**  Ord. Monoecia,
   •  Mimofa.
     Parietaria.^
                     >%
   Ord. DlOECiA.
     Fraxinus.
     Panax.^V
Ord. Hexandria.
  Smilax.
 %

**
  Ord. Tr'ioecia.
^   Ficus.

Cl.  XXIV.  CRYPTOGA
  MIA.
  Ord. Filices.
    Polypodium.
  Ord. Monadelphia.
    Juniperus.*           '    Ord. Fungi.
    Ciffampelos.                 Boletus.

C\.  XXIII. POLYGAMIA.  Cl. XXV. PAI^MiE,
Ord. Monoecia.
  Veratum,
Cocos,
*
>®4fr*<
No. IV.
«*
Lifi ofOffcinal Plants, arranged according to their Natural
  Orders, ^vProfeffor Murray of Gottingen.        «.
Ord. I. CONIFER/E.
    Pinus.
    Juniperus.

Old. II. AMENTACE^E.
    Salix.
    Juglans.       i*
    Quercus.
    Betula.
    Piftacia.

Ord. III.  COMPOSITE.
  a. Capitate.
    Araiura.
    Cynara,
oI#: m. composite,
   Centaurea.
  b. Semiflosculosa,
   Leontodon.       T
   Laauca.          Jf*
  C. DlSCOIDEiE.
   Artemifia.
   Tanacetum.
   Tuffilago-
  d. Radiate,       . |
   Anthemis.
   Inula.         '•   *
   Arnica.
    Solidago.  „
*H 
Appen.]
Materia Medica.
355
 Ord. IV. AGGREGATE.
     Valeriana.
     Cephaelis.
                     «»

 Ord. V. CONGLOMERA.
%  T.E.
     Penaea.     >

 OrdV VI. UMBELLAT/E.
     Eryngium.
     Daucus. #       %*
     Conium.
£   Ferula.
 >%.  Angelica.
     Sium.
     Bubon.  ■.„<• "
     Cuminum.
    ♦ Coriandrum.
*
*> Paft
   inaca. •
Anethum.
Carum.
Pimpinella.
Apium.
I
Ord. VII. HEDERACE.E,
    Vitis.   ^
    Panax.

Ord. VIII. SARMENTA-
  £EJE.      I
 j. Smilax.
   rCiffampelos.
    Ariftolochia.
    Afarum.

Oro\ IX. STELLATE.
  ' Rubia.
  Pflpigelia,

Ord. X. CYMOS.E.
-*  Ord. XI.CUCURBITA.
      QEJE.
       * Cucumis.
        Momordica.
        Bryonia.

    Ord. XII. SOLANACEiE,
        Solanum,
Ord. XII. SOLANACE-^,
    Atropa.
    Hyofciamus. •'
    Datura.
    Nicofiana.
    Capficum.
    Digitalis,

Ord.XIlL CAMPANACEiE.
    Convolvulus. ,.
    Lobelia.
    Viola.

Orel XIV.  CONTORTS.
    Cinchona.

Ord, XV. ROTACE.E.
    Gentiana.
    Menyanthes.

Orel. XVI. SEPIARLE.
     Olea,

Ord. XVII. BlCORNES,  ,
     Arbutus.
     Rhododendron.
     Styrax.

Ord.  XVIII.  ASPERIFO-
   LUE.      ;
     Anchufa.1^

Ord. XIX. VERTICILLA.
   TiE.
     Teucrium.
     Meliffa^
     Hyffopus.
     Lavandula.
     Origanum.
     Mentha.
     Marrubium.
     Salvia.
     Rofmarinus.

 Ord. XX. PERSONATE
     Gratiola.
     Veronica.
* 
356              Materia Medica.

Ord. XXI. RHOEADE^..
    Papaver.

Ord. XXII. PUTAMINE.E.
[Part II.
Ord. XXIII.  SILIQUOS^.
    Sifymbrium.
    Cardamine.
    Raphanus.
    Sinapis.
    Cochlearia.

Ord. XXIV.  PAPILIONA-
  CE^E.
    Dolichos.
    Spartium.
/   Glycyrrhiza,
    ^Aftragalus.
    Trigonella.
    Pterocarpus.
    Geoffroy a.

Ord.  XXV.  LOMENTA-
  CEjE.
    Caffia.
    Myroxylon.
    Toluifera.
    Mimofa.
    Tamarind us.
    Heematoxylon.
    Polygala-           »
    Fumaria.

Ord. XXVI.  MULTISILU
  QUJE.
    Aconitum.
    Delphinium.
    Helleborus.
    Ruta.

Ord. XXVII. SENTI.pOSiE.
    Potentilla.
    Tormentilla.
    Rubus.
    Rofa.
Ord. XXVIII. POMACEiE.
    Pyrus.1
    Prunus.
    Amygdalus,
    Punica.
    Citrus.
    Ribes.

Ord.XXIX HESPER1DEA.
    Myrtus.
    Melaleuca.  #■
    Caryophyllus.

Ord. XXX.  SUCCULEN-  ..
  T^E

O.  XXKI. COLUMNIFE.
  R./E.                  %
    Althaea.              i\
    Malva.               ^

Ord. XXXII.GRUINALES,
    Gudiacum.
    Quaffia.
    Linum.
    Oxalis.                 *»
Ord. XXXIII.
  PHYLL.E.
    Dianthus.
CARYO.
*<
Ord. XXXIV. CALYCAN>
  THEM^.

Ord.  XXXV. ASCYROI-
  de,e.
    Ciftus.
    Hypericum.        ,trd|
    Fraxinus.            *

Ord. XXXVI. COADUNA-
  TjE.

Ord. XXXVII. DUMOSjE,
    Rhamnus.
    Sa nbucus.
     Rhus.
1>v
t 
*
 Appen.^J           Materia

 Ord. XXXVII. DUMOSiE.
  1  Amyris.
    Copaifera.

 Ord. XXXVIII. TRIHILA-
  TiE.
    Swietenia.
    iEfculus.
    Berberis.

.Ord. XXXIX.TRICOCCiE
     Stalagmitis.
     Croton.
     Ricinus.

 Ord. XL. OLERACE^.
     Rumex.
     Rheum.
    .Polygonum.
     Laurus.
     Myriftica.
     Wintera.
     Canella.

 Ord. XLI. SCABRIDGE.
  ** Parietaria.
     Dorftenia.
     Ficus.
     Urtica.
     Morus.
     Ulraa.

 Ord.XLIL  VEPRECUL^E.
     Daphne.

 Ord. XLIII. PALM.E.
     Cocos.

  Ord. XL1V. PIPERITA.
      Piper.      **
     Acorus.
     Arum.
*   »
Medica.               357

 Ord. XLV. SCITAMINE/E,
    Amomum.
    Curcuma.
    Ksempferia.

 bid. XLV I.  LILIACE.E,.
    Lilium.
    Scilla.
    Allium.
    Vera! rum.
     Colchicum.
     Crocus.
    Aloe.

 Ord. XLVII. ENSAT'iE.
    Iris.

 Ord.XLVIII. ORCHIDE.E.
     Orchis.

 Ord. XLIX.  TRIPETALOI-
   DE^E.
     Calamus.

 Ord. L. CALAMARLE.

 Ord. LI. GRAMINA.
     Triticum.
     Hordeum.
     Avena.
     Saccharum.

  Ord.  LII. F1LICES.
     Polypodium.

     Ordt'LIII.MUSCI.

  Ord. L1V. ALG.E.

  Ord. LV. FUNGI.
     Boletus. 
358
Materia Medica.
[Partil.
                        No. V.

Lifi of Subfiantes belonging to the Mineral Kingdom, ujhkh
                  are ufed in Medicine.
      EARTHS.

        Lime.

Carbonate of lime,
  Chalk.
  Marble.

      Baryta.

Carbonate of baryta.
Sulphate of baryta.
Bole.
Alumina.
SALTS.
Sulphate of magnefia.
Super fulphate of alumina and
  potafs.
Sulphate of iron.*
        of copper.
       SALTS.

Sulphate of  zinc.
Nitrate of potafs.
Muriate of foda.

  INFLAMMABLES,

Bitumen.
Amber.
Sulphur.

      METALS,

Silver.
Copper.
Iron.
Tin.
Lead.
Mercury.
Zinc.
Antimony,
Arfenic.
V 
                  PART  III.


PREPARATIONS  AND  COMPOSITIONS.
*.
                      CHAP  I.


                  SULPHUR.



 ■  .      Sulphur  sublimatum lotum.
                      ^   Edin.
               Flores Sulphuris Loti.
                          Lond.
   . Wafhed Sublimed Sulphur.  Wafhed Flowers ef Sulphur.
 Take of
   Sublimed fulphur, one pound ;
   Water, four pounds.
 Boil the fulphur for a little in the water, then pour off this water,
   and wafh away all the acid by affufions of cold water; and laft-
   ly dry the fulphur.

            Sulphur Sublimatum Lotum.
                         Dub.
                 Wafhed Sublimed Sulphur.
 Let warm water be poured upon fublimed fulphur, and thrtrafflamg-
 jf-he repeated  as long as the water,  when poured off, is impreg-
   nated with acid.
 When dried, it is to be kept in well clofed veffels.

   As it is impoffible to  fublime fulphur in veffek perfectly void
 of air, a fmatl  portion of it is always acidified and convened imo
j fulphurous or  fulphuric acid.  The prefence of acid in falphur,
/ is always to be conOdered as an impurity, and muft be removed
 by careful ablution. Whenthorou jhly walked, (uhlimsi fufyhar. :s 
$60        Preparations and Compositions.       [Pail Hf

a£ied upon  by the atmofphere ; there  is therefore no particular
reafon for preferving it from the action of the air;  for if, on keep.
ing,  it become moift,  it is becaufe the fulphuric acid has not been
entirely wafhed away.

              SULPHUR PRiECIPITATUM.
                             Lond.
                     Precipitated Sulphur.

Take of
   Sulphurated kali, fix ounces ;
   Diihlied water, one pound and an half;
   Diluted vitriolic acid, as much  as is fufficient.
Boil the fulphurated kali in the diftilled water until it be diflbhr-^
   ed.   Filter the liquor through  paper, to which add the diluted™
   vitriolic acid.   Wafh the precipitated powder by  repeated af;^
   fufions of water till it become infipid.

                             Bubi
Take of
   Sulphurated vegetable alkali, four ounces;
   Boiling water, a pound and a half ;
   Diluted nitrous acid, as much as may be fufficient.
Diffolve the fulphurated  vegetable alkali  in the water, and add
   the  acid to the filtered liquor as long as the liquor is rendered
   twrbid by its  addition.  Wafh the  precipitated powdag well
   with warm water, and keep it after it is dried in well clofed vef.
   fels.
   We fliall  have another opportunity of mentioning more parti-
cularly the  a£Hon of potafs and fulphur on each  other.  When
the fulphuretted potafs is thrown into water, it is entirely diffolvedj
but not without  decompofition, for it is converted into fulphate.
of potafs, hydroguretted fuiphuret of potafs, and fulphuretted hy-
droguret of  potafs.   The  two laft compounds are again decom-
pofed on the addition ot any acid.  The acid combines with the
potafs,  fulphuretted hydrogen  flies off in the form of gas, while
fulphur is precipitated.  It is of little confequence wh^t acid is
employed to precipitate the fulphur.  The London College order
the fulphuric, probably becaufe a portion of it is already contai|-
ed in the folution ; while  the Dublin  College ufe  nitrous acid,
becaufe the  nitrate of potafs formed, is more eafily wafhed away
than the fulphate of potafs.
   Precipitated fulphur does not differ from well wafhed fublimed
fulphur, except in being much dearer.   Its  paler color is owingi |
to its more minute divifion ; but from this circumftance it derives \
no fuperiority to compenfate for the difagreeablenefs of the pre-
paration.                                               •$

                                                             i 
/■;
. Chap.  II.]                 AM.  •                    361



                         CHAP.  II.

                            ACIDS.

           ACIDuM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM.
                               Edin.
                   Diluted Sulphuric Acid.
  Take of
    Sulphuric acid, one part;
    Water, feven parts.
  Mix them.

              AfllDUM Vitriolicum Dilutum.
                             Lond..
                  Diluted or weak Vitriolic Acid.
  Take of
    Vitriolic acid, one ounce ;
    Diftilled water, eight  ounces.
  Mix them by degrees.
                              Dub.
  Take of
    Vitriolic  acid, two ounces ;
  x% Diftilled water, fourteen ounces.
  Having gradually mixed them, fet them afide to cool, and then
    pour off the clear liquor.
    The  moft fimple form in which fulphuric acid can be advan-
  tageoufly employed internally, is that in which it is merely diluted
 , with water ; and it is highly proper that there fhoqld be tome fix-
  ed  ftandard  in which the acid in this ftate  fhould be kept.  It is,
  however, muc£ to be regretted,  that the colleges have not adopt-
  ed  the fame ftandard with refpeft to ftrength : 'For in the Edin-
  burgh and Dublin Colleges, the ftrong acid conftitutes an eighth ;
  and in the London, only a ninth of the mixture. The former pro-
  portion we are inclined  to prefer, as it gives exactly a  drachm of
  acid to the ounce ;  but  the dilution by means of diftilled water is
  preferable to fpring water ; which, even in its pureft ftate, is not
  free from impregnations affe£ling the acid.
     Sulphuric acid has a verf flrong attraction for water; and their
  bulk*when combined is  lefs than that of the water and acid fepa-
  rately.  At the fame time, there is a very confiderable increafe ojf
  temperature produced,  which is apt to crack glafs veffels, unlefs
  the combination be very cautioufly made ;  and for  the fame rea-
  fon, the  acid muft be poured into the water, not the water intqthe
  acid.         ,'
i    , 
362         Preparations apd- Compositions.      [Part III.'

                  ACIDUM  NITRQSUM.
                             Edin.      ^f.             ^ ...
                        Nitrous Acid.               •  *
 Take of
   Verypurenitrate of potafs. two pounds;
   Sulphuric acid, fixteen ounces.
 Having put the nitrate of potafs into  a glafs retort, pour upon it
   the fulphutic acid, and diftil in a fami bath, with a heat gradual.
   ly increafed, until the iron pot begins to be red hot.
 The fpecific gravity of this acid is  to that of  diftilled water  al
   io5Q to io©o.
                             Lond.
 Take of
   Purified nitre, by weight, fixty ounces ; 1
   Vitriolic acid, by weight, twentynine ounces.                *
 Mix and diftil.                                                ^
   The  fpecific gravity of this  is to the weight of diflilled water'as  *»
   155° to 1000.               -
                             Dub.
 Take of                                                 *■
   Nitre, fix pounds;
   Vitriolic acid, three pounds.
Mix and diftil, until the refiduum becomes dry*
The fpecific gravity of the acid is to the weight of dtftilled wa-
   ter as 1,550 to 1000.
   In this procefs, the fulphuric acid, by its fuperior affinity, com.
bines with the potafs of the nitre to  form fulphate of potafs, while
the nitric acid is feparated,  and is not only converted  into vapor
by the   application  ot the heat to the retort,  but is alfo partially
decompofed.  A portion of oxygen efcapes in a gafeotis form, and
the nitric oxide  gas combines with the nitric  acid ; fo that the
liquor condenfed in the receiver is nitrous and not nitric acid.
   In performing this jprocefs,  we muft take care, in pouring in the
fulphuric acid, not to foil the  neck of  the  retort.  The difference
of the proportions of the ingredients directed by the different Col-
leges, has no effecl: on the quality ef  the acid obtained, but only
affecls  the  refiduum.   The  London and Dublin Colleges ufe no
more fulphuric acid than what is neceffary toexpel all the nitric acid,
and the refiduum  is a  neutral  fulphat^ of potafs, fo infoluble, that
it cannot be got out without breaking the retort.   The  Edinburgh  *
College order as much fulphuric acid as renders the refiduum, an
acidulous fulphate of potafs, eafily foluble in water.
   Nitrous acid  is freqeently impure.   Sulphuric acid  is detected
by the precipitate formed on dropping into it a little nitrate  of ba- 
X
  Chap. !.l:j                  'Acids.     '                 363

s ryta, and is eafily got rid of by  rediftilling the nitrous acid from
  a fmall Quantity ot nitrate of potafs.
     Muriatic acid is detefted by the precipitate formed with nitrate
  of filver, and may be feparated by dropping into the nitrous acid
  a folution  of nitrate of filver, as long as it forms any precipitate,
 " and drawing off the nitrous acid by diftillation.
     The general properties  of nitrous acid have been already notic-
  ed (183.)  Mr. Davy  has fhewn that it is a compound of nitric-
  acid and nitric oxide, and that by additional dofes of the laft con-
  * ftituent,  its color  is fucceffively changed from yellow to orange,
  olive green, and blue green, and its  fpecific gravity is diminifhed.
  The fpecific gravity is probably ftated  too high by the Colleges ;
  for although Rouelle makes that of the  ftrongeft nitric acid 1,583.
  ' 'yet Kirwan could produce it no ftronger at 6o° than 1.5543, anc*
  Mr. Davy makes it only 1.504,  and  when faturated with nitric
  oxide only 1.475.

             ACIDUM  NITROSUM  DILUTUM.
                       Lond.  Dub. Edin.
                      Diluted Nitrous  Acid,
  Take of
     Nitrous acid,
     Water, equal  weights.
  Mix them, taking care to avoid the noxious vapors.

    Nitrous ac id has a great affinity for water, and attrafts it from
  the atmofphere.   During their combination there  is an increafe
  of temperature,  part of the nitric oxide is diffipated in the form
  of noxious vapors, and the color changes fucceffively from orange
  to green, and to blue, according as  the proportion of water is in-
  creafed.   A mixture of equal parts of Kirwan's ftandard acid oi
  1.5543 and water, has the  fpecific gravity 1,1911.

                     ACIDUM NITR1CUM.
                              Edin.
                           Nitric  Acid.
  Take of
    Nitrous acid, any quantity.
  Pour it  into a retort, and  having adapted a receiver, apply a very
    gentle heat, until the reddeftportion fhall have paffed over, and
    the acid which remains in the retort fhall  have become nitric
    acid.
    We have already ftated,  that nitrous acid is nitric acid com-
  bined with a variable  proportion of nitric oxide.  2N0W, by the
  application of  a gentle  heat,  the whole of the nitric oxide is
  vaporized,  and pure colorlefs nitric  acid remains  in the  re-
 rtort.  The nitric oxide, however,  carries ov«r  with it a portion
                      Z 
                        .   *
364           Preparations and Compositions.   [[Part. III.

of the acid,  2nd condenfes with it in the receiver, in the form of <i
very high colored nitrous acid.
   Richter has given  the  following manner of preparing nitric
acid.      ''<
Take of
   Purified nitrate of  potafs, feven pounds;
   Black oxide of manganefe, one pound two ounces;
   Sulphuric acid, four pounds, four ounces, and fix drachms.
Into a retort capable ot containing twentyfour pounds, introduce
the nitre and  manganefe,. powdered and mixed,  and pour upon'
them gradually, through a retort funnel, the fulphuric acid.  Lute
on the receiver with  flour and water, and conduct: the diflillation
with a gradually increafed heat.  From thefe proportions, Richter
fioi three pounds nine ounces ot very flightly colored nitric acid/
The operation  will be conducted with Jefs  hazard in a WoulfeY
apparatus, or by interpofing between  the retort and  a receiver a.
tubulated adopter,  furnifhed  with a bent tube, of  which  the fur*
ther extremity  is immerfed  in a veffel containing a fmall  quantity
of water.

   These acids, the  nitrous and nitric, have been long employed
as powerful  pharmaceutic agents.  Their application in this way we
fhall have many opportunities of  illuftrating.
   Lately,  however,  their ufe in medicine  has been confiderably
extended.                                                     ,»
   In  the ftate of vapor they have been ufed to deftroy contagion *.l
in jails, hofpitals, fhips, and other places where the accumulation
of animal effluvia is not eafily avoided."   The fumigating fuch
places with  the vapor of nitrous acid has certainly been  attended  t
with fuccefs ; but we have heard that fuccefs afcrihed entirely to
tifc ventilation employed at the fame time.  Ventilation  may cer-
tainly  be carried fo far, that the  contagious miafmata may be  di-
luted to fuch a degree that they fhall not  aft on  the body ; but
to us  it appears no lefs certain, that thefe miafmata cannot come
in contact  with  nitric acid  or oxymuriatic acid  vapor, without
being entirely  decompofed and completely deflroyed.  It is, be-
fides, applicable in fituations which do notadmi of fufficient ven-
tilation ; and where it is, the previous diffufion of acid vapors is
an excellent check upon  the indolence and inattention of fervants
unci nurfes, as by the  fmell we are "enabled  to judge whether they
have  been  fufficiently attentive to the  fucceeding ventilation.
Nitric  acid vapor, alfo, is not deleterious to life, and may be dif-
fufed in the  apartments of the fick,  without occafioning to them.
any material inconvenience.   The means of diffufing it are eafy.
Half an ounce of powdered nitre is  put into a faucer, which is plac-
ed in  a pipkin of heated   fand.  On the nitre, two drachm%of 
Chap. IL]
Acids.
366
 'fulphuric acid are then poured.   The fumes of nitric acid imme-
  diately begin to rife.  This  quantity will fill  with vapor  a  cube
  ot ten feet ;  and by employing a fufficient number of pipkins, the
  fumes may be eafily made to fill every part of a ward ot any ex-
  tent.  After the fumigation, ventilation is to be carelully employ-
'  ed.   For  introducing this  practice,  Dr. Carmichael Smyth has
  received from the Bruifh Parliament a reward of five thoufand
  pounds.
    The internal ufe  of thefe acids has alfo been  lately  much ex-
k tended.   In  febrile difoafes,  water aoidulated with them forms
  one of the  beft antiphlogiflie and antifeptic drinks we are ac-
  quainted with.  Hoffman and  Eberhard long ago  employed  it
  with very great fuccefs in malignant and petechial fevers; and in
  the low typhus, which frequently rages among the poor in the fu-
 juirbs of Edinburgh, we have repeatedly given it with unequivocal
  advantage, before the contemptible  quackery of Reich was fo un-
  defervingly  rewarded by the King of  Pruffia.  In the liver  com-
  plaint of the  Eaft Indies, and  in fyphilis, nitric acid has alfo been
  extolled as a  valuable remedy by Dr. Scott, and the evident bene-
  fits refulting  from its  ufe in thefe complaints,  has given rife to a
  theoryj  that mercury only a6ls by Oxygenizing the fyftem.  It  is
  certain, that both the primary and fecondary fymptoms of fyphilis
  have been removed by the ufe of thefe acids,  and that the former
  fymptoms have not returned, or been followed by any fecondary
  fymptoms.   But  in  many inftances they; have  failed, and it  is
  doubtful if ever they effected a permanent cure, after the feconda-
  ry fymptoms appeared.  Upon  the whole, the opinions of Mr.
  Pearfon on this fubjecf, lately agitated with fo much keennefs, ap-
  pear to us  fo caudid and judicious, that we fhall infert them  here.
  He does not  think it eligible to rely on the  nitrous acid in the
  treatment of any one form of the lues venerea ; at the fame  time,
  he by no means withes to fee it exploded as a medicine altogether
  ufelefs in that difeafe.   When an impaired ftate of the conftitution
  renders the introduction of mercury into the fyftem inconvenient,
  or evidently improper, the nitrous acid will be found, he thinks,
  capable of reftraining the progrefs of the difeafe, while at the  fame
  time it will improve the health and ftrength of the patient.   On
  fome occafions, this acid may be given in conjunction with a  mer-
  curial courfe, and  it  will be found to fupport the tone of the fto-
  mach, to determine  powerfully  to the kidneys and to counteract
  in no inconfiderable degree the effetls of mercury on the mouth
  and fauces. 
366
Preparations and  Compositions.   [Part III.
                 ACIDUM MURIATUM,
                            Edin.
                        Muriatic Acid.
Take of
   Muriate of foda, two pounds;
   Sulphuric acid, fixteen ounces j
   Water, one pound.
Heat the muriate of foda for fome time red hot in a pot, and after
   it has cooled,  put it into  a retort.  Then pour upon the mu-
   riate of foda, the acid mixed with the water and allowed to cool,
   Laftjy, diftil in a fand bath with a moderate fire, as long as any
   acid is produced.
   The fpecific gravity of this acid is to that of diftilled water as
1170 to 1000.
                            Lond*
Take of
   Dried fea fait,  ten pounds ;
   Vitriolic acid,  fix  pounds;
   Water, five pounds.
Add by degrees  the vitriolic acid, firft mixed  with the water, to
   the fait;  then diftil.

The fpecific gravity of  this acid is to that of diftilled water as
   1170 to 1000.
        «  .                 Dub.
Take of
   Common fait dried, five pounds ;
   Vitriolic acid,
   Water, each three  pounds.
Add the acid, diluted with the water, after it has cooled, gradual-
   ly to the fait,  and then diftil the liquor until the refiduum be-
   come dry.
The fpecific  gravity of this  acid is to  that  of diftilled water, as
   1160 to 1000.

   In this procefs the muriate of foda is decompofed, and the mu-
riatic acid  difengaged  by the fuperior affinity of the fulphuric
acid.  But as muriatic acid in itfelf is  a permanently elaftic fluid,
the addition of the water is  abfolutely neceffary for its exiftence
in a fluid  form.   Some operators put a portion of water into the
receiver, for the purpofe of abforbing the muriatic acid gas, which
is firft difengaged; the Colleges, however, order the whole of the
water to be previoufly mixed with the fulphuric acid.   This mix-
ture muft not be  made in the retort itfelf ;  for the heat produced
is fo great, that it  would not  only endanger the breaking of the vef-
fel, but occafion  confiderable lofs and  inconvenience by the fud-
den difengagement of muriatic acid gas. 
  Chap.  II.]                Acids.                       367

    The muriate of foda is directed to be heated to rednefs before
  it be  introduced into the retort,  that the whole of the water of
  cryftallization may be expelled, which being variable in quantity,
  would otherwife affect the ftrength of the acid produced ;  and be-
  fides,  without this precaution, the acid obtained is too high co-
  lored.
    Mr. Accum, in Nicholfon's Journal, vol. ii. p.  120. has faid,
 % that the quantity of fulphuric acid prefcribed by the London Col-
  lege for obtaining this acid  is much too large, and in p. 119. that
  the proportion of  fulphuric acid prefcribed tor preparing the nitrous
  acid is much too  fmall ;  but in both  criticifms he has fallen into
  error.
    If a  common retort and receiver be employed for this diflilla-
  tion, they muftnot be luted perfeftly clofely ; for if aDy portion of
  the gas fhould not be abforbed by the water employed, it muft be
  allowed to efcape ;  but the procefs  will  be performed with
  greater economy, and perfect fafety, in a Woulfe's or fome fimi-
  lar apparatus.
    The refiduum  in the retort confifts principally of fulphate of
  foda, which  may be purified by folution and chryftallization..
    If properly prepared,  the muriatic acid  is perfectly colorlefs,
  and  poffeffes the other properties already  enumerated (209.) but
  in the fhops  k is  very feldom found pure.   It almoft always con-
  tains iron, and very frequently fulphuric acid or copper.   The
  copper is detected by the blue color produced  by fuper faturating
  the acid with ammonia, the  iron by the black  or blue precipitate
  formed with  tincture  of galls or pruffiate of potafs.  The fulphu-
[ *ric  acid is known  by the white precipitate formed with muriate
•  of baryta, and may be eafily got rid of by rediftilling the acid from
  a fmall  quantity of  dried muriate of foda.
fy  In its effects on the animal economy, and the mode of its em-
  ployment, it  coincides with the  acids already mentioned, which
  almoft proves that they do not act by oxygenizing the fyftem, as
  the muriatic acid cannot be difoxygenized by any fubftance or pro-
  cefs with which we are acquainted.
                     Ozygenized Muriatic Acid.
    The vapors of this powerfully oxygenizing acid have been re-
  commended by Morveau as  the beft means of deftroying Conta-
  gion.   As, however, they are deleterious to animal lite, they can-
  not be employed in every fituation.  Where applicable, they are
 ^eafily difengaged by mixing  together ten parts of muriate ot foda,
  and two parts of black oxide of manganefe in powder and pour-
1  ing upon the mixture firft four parts of water, aud then  fix parts  >.
  of fulphuric acid.   Fumes of oxygenized muriatic acid are imme-
  diately difengaged.
                       ftt- $
1 
 ;S6S        Preparations atul Compc^'ibns.,      [Part III,

 <  •     ACIDUM ACETOSUM DESTILLATUM
                          ' Edin.
 *                   Diflilled Acetous Acid.

' i  Let eight pounds of acetous acid  be diftilled, in glafs veffel^
 with a gentle heat.  The two firft pounds which come over, being
 too watery, are to be fet afide; the next four pounds will be the
 diftilled acetous acid.   The  remainder furnifhes  a ftill ftronger
 acid, but too much burnt by the fire.

                  ACetum  Destillatum.
                             Dub.                        M
                       Diflilled Vinegar.                 ,,'
 Take of
   'Vinegar, ten pounds.
 Draw off,  with a gentle heat, fix pounds.
 The fpecific gravity of this acid is to the weight of diftilled.wa-*
   ter as 1004 to iooo.
                            Lond.
 Take of
   Vinegar, five pounds.
 Diftil with a gentle fire, in glafs veffels, fo long as the drops  fall
   free from empyreuma.                               t .
   Vinegar, when prepared from vinous liquors by fermentation,
 befides acetous acid and water/contains extractive,  fupertartriteof
 potafs, and often citric or malic acid, alcohol, and a pecdfiar agred. 1.
 able aroma.  Thefe fubftances, particularly the.extra£tive andfu-j^j
 pertartrite of potafs, render.it apt  to  fpoil, and unfit for pharma.
 ceutic and chemical purpofes.   By diftillation, however, the ace* \
 toui acid is eafily feparated from  fuch ot thefe fubftances  as are
 not volatile.  But by diftillation  it lofes its agreeable flavor, ariig
 becomes confiderably Weaker; for water  being rather more vola™
 tile than acetous acid, it cOrpeif over firft, whilethe laft and ftrong.
 eft portion of the acid carfnot be obtained free from empyreuma.
   This procefs may be performed either in a common ftill or in a
 retort.  The better kinds of wine vinegar fhould be used ; thofe
 prepared from malt liquors, however fine and clear they  may feem
 to be, contain a large quantity of a vifcous  fubftance,  as appears
 from the fliminefs and ropinefs to  which they are very fubje6L f
 This not  only hinders the acid from rifing  freely, but is  apt to
 make the vinegar boil over into the recipient, and at  the fame
 time difpofes it to receive a difagreeable impreffioti from,the fire.*
 Indeed, with the beft kind of vinegar, if the diftillation  be carried
 on to any great length,  it is extremely difficult to avoid empyreu-
 ma ,.* The beft   method of preventing this inconvenience is,
 if a retombe ufed, to place the fand but a little way up its fides,
 and when fomewhat  more than half the liquor is come ov«r, to
 
Chap. II.]                  Acids.    *                  s69
■'"-                    .                 $'
pour on the remainder a quantity of  frefh vinegar equal to the
liquor drawn'off.  This  may  be repeated three or four times ;
the vinegar fupplied at each time being previoufly heated.   The
addition'of cold liquor would not only prolong the operation, but
alfo endanger the breaking of the retort.    j
   Lowitz recommends the addition  of half an ounce of recently
burnt and powdered charcoal toeach pound of vinegar in the ftill,
as the beft means.of avoiding empyreuma.
   If the common ftill be employed, it  fhould  likewife beocca-
 fionally fupplied with frefli  vmegar.in  proportion as the acid runs
off;  and this continued until the procefs can be conveniently car-
ried no farther.  The diftilled acid muft be reaified by a fecond
"dt.ftillation in a retort or  glafs alembic ;  for although the head and
 receiver, be of glafs or ftone ware, the  acid will contract a metal-
 lic taint ff&m the pewter worm.
   The refiduuTrvof this procefs is commonly thrown away as ufe-
 Jefs  ,i.i,nn»i,  ;f"/L.;if.illi.- mcn^apA  it mav hp made to turn to ffood
    accout
    Mixed  .
    committed to diftillation in ajetort, with a- well regulated fiie, it
    yieldsvan exceedingly" ftrong acid, together with an empyreuma-
    tic oil,  which taints  the  acid  with a  difagreeable odor.  This
    acid is  neverthelefs, without, any  rectification, better  for fome;
    purpofes, as being ftronger, than  the pure  acid ; particularly for
    making acetite of potafs or foda ; for then  the empyreumatic oil,
    on wfntSh.its ill flavor depends, is burnt out.
/     Diftilled vipegar fhould be colorlefs and transparent ; have a
-   pungent fmell>nd purely acid tafte, totally freedom acrimony
    and empyreuma, and ffiould be  entirely volatile-:   It fhould not
 ;   form a  black  precipitate-on the addition of a  folution of Lai)ta,
    or of water, faturated, with  fulphuretted hydrogen  ; or change its
K   color when fuper faturSM. with ammonia.   Thefe circumftances
    fhew, that it is adulterated Wlth^ulphuric acid, lead^copper,  or
tin.
  Diflilled acetous acid in its effeas on the animal economy, docs
not differ from vinegar, and as it is lefs pleafant to the tafle, it is
only ufed for pharmaceutical preparations.
            ACIDUM  ACETOSLJM  FORTE.
                           Edin.
                    Strong Acetous Acid.
Take of
  Sulphate of iron dried, one pound ;
  Acetite of lead, ten ounces.
Having rubbed them together, put  them into  a retort, and diftil
  in a fand bath  with a moderate heat, as  long a? any acid  comes
  over.
                  (5~a  4
*>

■ t  "'  .   <P 
370         Frcparittions and Compositions.     ['Part ill.

                 ACIDUM  ACETOSUM.
                           Lond.        t
                        Acetous Acid.
Take of
  Verdegris, in coarfe powder, two pounds.
Dry it perfeftly by means of a water bath faturated with fea fait ;
  then diftil in a fand bath, and rediflil the liquor obtained.
Its fpecific gravity is to that of diftilled water as 1050 to 1000.
  By thefe proceffes, the acid we have  before noticed under  the •
title of acetic acid (284.) is prepared.   It was formerly  fuppof-
ed that it did not differ from diftilled vinegar, except in  contain-'
ing lefs water ; and  with this opinion the names given to it by the
London  and  Edinburgh Colleges coincide.   We are,  however,
inclined to believe, from the facts known with regard to  its  for-
mation, its. properties and its compounds, that it differs  from ace-
tous acid in other particulars than in ftrength, and that it contains
lefs carbon and more oxygen.  If this be the cafe, it is incorreaiy
named Acetous or Strong acetous acid ;  and muft be confidered as
a peculiar acid, to which  no proper name has been given, for it doe6
not bear that relation to acetous acid which Acetic Acid would im-
ply ;  and under the other opinion, that  it differs from acetous acid
only  in  ftrength, according to the principles of nomenclature, .
which gives fimple names to fimple fubftances, the ftrong  acid
fhould be  acetous acid, and our prefent acetous acid  fhould b*
weak or dilute acetous acid.   But until this branch ot nomencla-
ture fhall be more cultivated, we fhall  continue acetic acid as be-
ing moft generally received and moft convenient.
  Many  different proceffes have  been propofed for preparing ace-
tic acid, but they may  be arranged  in three  clafles.   It  may be

  1.  ±Jy decompofing metalline acetites by heat.
  2---------------Acetites by fulphuric acid,
  3.  ---------__—  Acetites by fulphates.
  The procefs of the London College is an example ot the firft
kind.  But the heat  neceffary is  fo great, that it decompofes part
of the acetous acid itfelf, arid gives the produa an empyreumatic
and unpleafant fmell.
  By the fuperior affinity of fulphuric  acid, the  acid may be ea-
fily expelled  from every acetite, whether alkaline or metallic but
part ol the fulphuric acid feems to be deprived of its oxygen, and  *
to be converted into fulphurous  acid, which renders the  product
impure.
  The proceffes of  the  laft  kind are preferable to the  others in
many refpeas.   They are both more economical, and they furnifh
a purer acid.   Mr. Lowitz direas one  part o1 carefully dried ace-
tite of foda to be triturated with  three par'.s or fuper fulphate of
*
prepared 
 Chap 11.]                 Acids.                       371

 potafs, and the diftillation to be conduaed in a glafs retort with a
 gentle heat..  The procefs of the Edinburg College alfo belongs
 to this clafs, and was firft propofed by C. BadoUier, apothecary at
 Chartrcs.
   It is almoft folely  ufed as an analeptic remedy in fyncope, a-
. fpyxia, hyfteric affeaions, and head achs.  Applied to the fkin, it
 aas as a ftimulant and rubefacient, but it is moft frequently fnuff-
 ed up the noftrils in the ftate of vapor.

                  ACIDUM BENZOICUM.               (  ;
                            Edin.                          •  .
                        Benzoic Acid.

 Take any quantity of the balfam of the ftyrax benzoin  reduced to
   powder.
 Put  it into  an  earthern veffel, to whieh, after  having fitted its
   mouth with  a  paper cone, apply a gentle heat that the acid
   may fublime.   If  this be difcolored with oil,  let it  be purified
   by folution in warm water and cryftallization.
                      Sal Benzoini.                ' '.■ fVi
                            Dub.                       -i   iff*
                       Salt of Benzoin.                   " * „v
 Take of
   Benzoin in coarfe  powder, one pound.
  Place it in an earihern pot furroundedwith fand, and let the mat-
   ter which fublimes, arifing with a gentle heat, be received in 4
   conical paper capital.                         *
 It may be purified by folution in water, and cryftallization.

                     Flores Benzoes.
                            Lond.
                      Flowers  of Benzoin,
 Take of
   Benzoin, in powder, one pound.
 Put it into an earthern pot placed  in fand ; and,  with  a flow fire,
    fublime the flowers into a paper cone fitted to the pot.
 If the flowers  be ofa yellow color, mix them with white clay,
    and fublime them  a fecond time.
    The diftinguifhing charaaer of balfams is their containing ben-
  zoic acid.   It may be feparated from the refin, which is their
 other principal conftituent, either by fublimation, or by combin-
 ing it with a  falifiable bafe.  The manner of effeaing it  in the
 firft way, is that  prefcribed by the pharmacopceias.   But even
 with the greateft care it is  almoft impoffible  to manage the heat
 fo as not to d'ecompofe part of the refin, and  thus give rife to the
 formation of an  empyreumatic oil,  which deftroys the produa.
 Nor  can it  be  freed completely from  the empyreumatic  oil by
 tbe folution and cryftallization prefcribed by the Edinburgh and 
  372         Preparations and Compositions.     [Pail HI.

  Dublin Colleges, and  ftill lefs  by  the  fecond fublimation with-
 ^-clay, directed by that of London.          „
    The other method  of fepara-nhg. benzoic  acid from refin, by
  combining it. with a falifiable  bafcj^baih gives a larger proriuft
  and of greater purity.   It was firft prattifedbyi5.cheele, who em-
  ployed lime water ; Gotling afterwards ufed carbonate.of potafs;
  and, laftly, Gren ufed carbonate of foda.             w->.^
    Take of
      Benzoin, in powder, one pound ;
      Carbonate of foda, four ounces ;
      Water, four pounds.
    Diffolve the carbonate in the water, and digeft  the benzoin in
  the folution for twenty four hours with a gentle heat ; then boil it
  for a quarter of an hour, and filter the folution while hot.  After
  it cocls drop into it fulphuric acid as long as any precipitate is
 produce.  Separate  the precipitate by filtration, and  wafh it with
 cold  water.  If itbe deferable to have the acid cryftallized, the'
 precipitate may  be diffolved by  boiling it gently  in twentyfour
 times its weight  of water, filtering it as  hot and quickly as poffi-
 ble, and fetting it afide  to  cryftallize.   But  as  the cryftallized,
 acid,  on account of its lightnefsand elafticity, is not eafily reduc*
 ed to powder, for moft  purpofes it  will  be more convenient to
 keep it in the ftate of  a precipitate.
    It may be alfo extraaed from ftorax, and all the other balfams,
 particularly thefe of Tolu or Peru ;  and from the urine of  chil-
 dren,  and of herbivorous animals.
   The benzoic acid has an agreeable tafte, and a fragrant fmell,
 efpecially when heated.   It  is foluble in  alcohol  and in  boiling
 water; but.rvery  fparingly in cold  water, although it may be
 fufpended in it by means of  fugar, {o as to iorm an elegant bal-
 famic fyrup.

       OLEUM SUCCINI et ACIDUM  SUCCINI.
 ;j.                         Edin.
*w               Oil of Amber and Succinic Acid,
 Take of
   Amber reduced to powder, and. of pure  fand, equal parts.
 Mix them, and put them into a glafs  retort, of which the mixture
   mayfill one half ;  t^ien adapt  a large  receiver,  and diftil in a
   fand bath, with a fire  gradually increafed.  At  firft, a  watery
   liquor will come over, with fomeyeliow  oil  ; then a yellow oil
   with an acid fait, and laftly, a reddifh and black colored oil.
 Pour the liquor out of the receiver, and feparate the oil from the
 water.  Prefs the fait colleaed  from th.e neck of  the retort and
 fides of the receiver between  folds  of blotting paper, to free  it
 from the oil  adhering to it ;  then purify it by folution in warm
 water and crvftallization. 
 Chap.  II.]                Acids.                        P,Z

                       Sal  Succini.
                             Dub.
                        Salt  of Amber.
 Take of
   Amber,
   Pure fand, each one pound.
^Dtftil; with a heat gradually increafed, an acid liquor, an oil, and
   a fait difcoloured with oil.  Let the fait be diflolved in boiling
   water,  and cryftals formed by flow  cooling.
                 Sal et Oleum Succini.
                             Lond.
                     Salt and oil of Amber.
 Take of
   Amber, two pounds.
 Diftil in a fand heat gradually  augmented ; an acid liquor^.oil,
   and fait loaded with oil, will afcend.

               Sal  Succini  Purificatus.
                             Lond.
                    Purified Salt of Amber.
 Take of
   Salt of amber, half a pound ;
   Diftilled water, one pint.
 Boil the fait in diftilled  water, and fet afide the folution to fery-;y
    ftallize.
   We are not acquainted with any experiments which determine/.
 whether  the fuccinic acid exifts as fuch in the amber, or whether
 it be a produa of the decompofition of the amber by the aaion of
 heat, for  in the procefs employed for obtaining fuccinc acul, the
 amber is  completely decompofed.                  : }
   According to Gottling.this diftillation fhould be performed ina-Vdr
 tubulated iron or earthen ware retort, expofed to  the immediate ^
 aaion of the fire ; for he fays, that, in a fand bath, we carmut reg- .
 ulate the heat fufficiently,  and that a glafs retort  is iacapable ©f
 fupporting the'neceffary temperature.
   Befides the fuccinic  acid colleaed f^om  the rieck of the re-
 tort, and  fides of the receiver,  the oil wafhes down a portion of
 it into the receiver,  and  the  watery liquor  which comes over is
 faturated  with it.  But the w'hole of it may be  obtained by  agi-
 tating the oil  with fome boiling water, which  will  diffolve  the
 acid.  This folution is then to be added to the acid  liquor, and the
 acid they contain is eafily obtained by evaporation and  cryftalli-
 zation.   The whole  acid may then be purified by folution in boil-
 ing jvater and chryftallization, according to* the direaions of the
 Colleges.
*
ft 
  374        Preparations  and Compositions.     [Part III.

   <„But even after repeated folutions. aud cryftallization*, a portion
  of empyreumatic oil ftill adheres to the acid, and renders it im-
  pure.   Other methods of purifying  it have  been therefore at-
  tempted.   Demachy faturated it with  lime, feparated the lime by
  fulphuric acid, and fublimed the fuccinic acid :  Richter  faturated
Succinic acid with potafs, decompofed the fait formed with acetite
  of lead, and. difengaged the  fuccinic acid from the lead by means
t of diluted fulphuric acid : Laftly,  Morveau afferts that he obtain-
  ed it in a ftate ot perfea purity, by treating it with nitrous acid.
    Succinic acid, although retained in our pharmacopceias, is nev-
  er ufed in  medicine.

                    AQUA AERIS  FIXI.
                             Dub.
                   Acidum Carbonicum.
               Water impregnated with Fixed Air.
                         Carbonic Acid.
  Take of
    White marble in powder, three ounces ;
    Diluted fulphuric acid, mixed with an equal quantity of water,
    a pound and a half.
  Mix them gradually in a Nooth's apparatus, and  let the air evol-
    ved pafs through fix pounds of pure fpring water, placed in the
    upper part  of the aoparatus ;  and let agitation be occafionally
    employed until the water have acquired a fubacid tafte.
    In  this  procefs the carbonic acid is feparated from the  carbo-
  nate of lime  by the fuperior affinity of  fulphuric acid.  As it is
  difengaged, it  affumes a gafeous form, and would be diffipated in
  the atmofphere, if it were not made to pafs through water, which,
  at a medium temperature, is capable of abforbing about  an equal
  bulk of this gas, and, by the affiftance  of preffure, a much great-
  er  proportion.
    Various contrivances  have been made for this purpofe.  Of
  thefe the moft eafily managed and moft  convenient for general
  ufe, is the apparatus of Nooth, already  defcribed (p. 114.) and
  for larger  quantities that of Woulfe, defcribed p. 113,  or fome
  modification  of it.   By the proper application of  preffure, M,
  Paul of Geneva, now of London, is able to impregnate water with
  no lefs than fix times its  bulk of carbonic acid gas.
  .  Water impregnated  with  carbonic  acid, fparkles in the glafs,
  has'a pleafant acidulous tafte, and forms an excellent beverage. It
  diminifhes thirft, leffens the morbid heat of the body,  and aas
  as a powerful diuretic.  It is alfo an excellent remedy in increaf-
  ed irritability  of  the ftomach, as in advanced pregnancy ;  and it
  is one of the beft antiemetics which we poffefs. 
Chap. III.]               Alkalies.                    375
                      CHAP.  III.

                   ALKALIES.


  AQUA POTASS^L;  vulgo, Lixivium Causticum.
                           Edin.
         Water of Potafs* commonly called Caufiic Ley.
Take of
  Frefh lime, eight ounces ;
  Carbonate of potafs, fix ounces.
  Throw the lime into an iron or earthen veffel, with twentyeight,.
ounces of warm water.  After the ebullition is finifhed, inftantly
add the fait;  and having thoroughly mixed them, cover the vef-
fel till  they cool.  When  the mixture has cooled, agitate it well,
and pour it into a glafs funnel, whofe throat muft be ftopt up with
a piece of clean rag.  Let the upper mouth of the funnel be cov-
ered, while the tube of it is inferted into another glafs veffel, fo
that the folution of potafs may gradually  drop through the rag in-
to the lower veffel.  When it firft gives over dropping, pour in-
to the funnel  fome ounces of water ; but cautioufly, fo that the
water may fwim above  the matter.   The ley will again begin to
drop, and the affufion of water is to be repeated  in the fame man-
ner, until three pounds have  dropped, which will happen in the
fpace of two or three days ; then agitating the fuperior and  infe-
rior parts of the ley together, mix them, and put  them up in a well
ftopt phial.

                   Aqua  Kali  Puri.
                           Lond.
                    Water of pure Kali.
  Take of
  Prepared kali, four pounds ;
  Lime, fix pounds;
  Diftilled water, four gallons.
  Put four pints of water  to the lime, and let them ftand together
for  an hour ;  after which, add the kali and the reft of the  #ater ;
then boil for a quarter of  an hour ;  fuffer the liquor to cool, and
ftrain it.  A pint of this liquor ought to weigh fixteen ounces.
  If the liquor effervefce  with any acid, add more lime, and boil
the  liquor and lime in a covered veffel for five minutes.   Laftly,
let it cool again, and ftrain it. 
 376         Preparations and'Compos itions^      [Part III.

       4           Lixivi.um Causticum.
     ' J"       .              Dub.
                          Cauftic Ley.                   x
 Tdke of      -iK
  t FYefh burnt lime, eight ounces ;
   Mild vegetable alkali, fix ounces.
   Put the lime into an earthen veffel, and throw upon it thirty
 ounces of hot water.   With the flaked lime immediately mix the
 fait, and cover the veffel.  Pour the mixture as foon as it  has
 cooled into a glafs funnel, whofe throat is  obftruaed with bits
 of ftone covered  with  fand.  Having covered the funnel, let  the
 ley drop into a veffel placed to receive it ; water being from time
 to time poured into the funnel", until three pounds have paffed
 through    Let the liquor be agitated, and kept in a glafs veffel
 well  clofed.           ^
   If the ley be rightly' prepared, it  will have neither color nor
 fmell, and will not effervefce when mixed with acids.
   The fpecific gravity of this liquor is to that of diftilled water as
 1090 to  1000.
   These proceffes do not differ Ihatjerially.   They are founded
 upon the ftronger affinity of lime than that of potafs for  carbonic
 acid.  Of courfe, when,lime comes in contaa with carbonate  of
 potafs* the carbonic acid quits the potafs to unite with the lime,
 and the refults of the  mixture are potafs and carbonate of lime.
 Now, as the carbonate  of lime is infoluble in water,  and  the pot*
 afs is very foluble, they may be feparated by filtration.   In do-
 ing this, however, we muft take care  to employ inftruments  on'
 which the folution of potafs does not aa, and to prevent the  free
•accefs ot air, from which it would attraa carbonic acid,  and thus
 fruftrate the whole operation.  The latter objeft is attained by
 covering the  upper or broad end of the funnel with a plate ot
 glafs, and inferting the  lower end  in  the neck of a phial, which it
 fiis pretty clofely.  The  former objea is attended with greater
 difficulties, and indeed  fcarcely to be effeaed, fo powerful and gen-
 eral is the agency of potafs.  All animal fubftances  are  immedi-
 ately attacked  and deftroyed by it ;  therefore, our  filters cannot
 be made of filk, woollen, or paper which contains glue ; and al-
 though neither vegetable  matters nor filica entirely efcape its ac-
 tion, linen and fand are, on  the whole, the leaft objeaionable.  A
 filter of fand was  ufed  by  Dr. Black.  He firft dropt a rugged
 pebble into the tube of the funnel, in fome part of which it form-
 ed itfelt a firm bed, while the inequalities on  its furface afforded
 interftices of fufficient  fize  for the paffage  of the filtering liquor.
 On the upper  furface of this ftone he put a thin layer of lint or
 clean tow ; immediately above this, but not in contaa with it, he
 dropped a ftone fimilar to the former, and ofa fize  proportioned 
   Chap. III.]                Alkalies.*.                   377

V to the fwell in the upper part of the tube of the funnel.  The in-
   terftices between the fecond ftone and  the funnel'were filled up
   with ftones of a lefs dimenfion,  and the gradation uniformly con-
   tinued till pretty fmall fand  was  employed.   Finally, this was
   covered with a layer of coarfer fand  and fmall ftones to fuftaiu
   the weight of the matter, and to  prevent- its being invifcated in
   the minute interftices of the fine fand.
      A filter of fand being thus conftruaed in  the  funnel, it. was
   walhed perfeaiy clean by making  clean water pafs through it, till
   it dropt from the lower  extremity of the funnel perfectly clear
   and tranfparent; and before ufing  it, it fhould be allowed to ftand
   for fome days, that no water may remain among the intcrltiqes  of
   the fand.
      From the fpongy nature of the refiduum  which remains upon
   the filter, and  efpecially it we ufe  that of fand, a confiderable'(
   quantity of the folution of potafs will be retained.  It is.-'howev.."
   er, eafily obtained, by pouring gently over it, fo as to difturb it as
   little as  potable,  a quantity of water ;  the  ley immediately be-
A'  gins again to drop from the funnel, and as, Irom the difference of
   their fpecific  gravity, the water does  not mix^with it, but fwims
   above* it, the  whole  ley paffes  through  before anv of the water.
    By means of the tafte we  eafily  learn  when  the whole ley has
    paffed.
      As it is natural to fuppofe  that  the ftrongeft fojution will pafs
    firft, and the  weakeft laft, we are  direaed to agitate the whole to-
    gether,  to render their ftrength uniform.
   '*■ If the folution of  potafs be  pure,  it wjjl be colorlefs, and it
    will  neither effervefce with acids, nor form a preeepitate with car-
   bonate of potafs.  If it effervefces,  carbonic acid is prefent, arid
   muft be feparated by  again  boiling the folution with a little lime,
   or by dropping into it lime water, as long as it produces any pre-
   cipitate.  If, on the contrary, it contain lime, from ioo much of
   it having been employed in the preparation, it may be feparated  by
    dropping into the ley a folution of the carbonate of potafs.  When
   we have thus purified our folution of potafs, it muft be again fil-
    tered.                                         «
      The folution of cauftic potafs, under various names, has at dif-
    ferent times been  celebrated as a lithontriptic, and as often fallen
   again into difufc.   The very contradictory accounts ot.'its efL-ds
   as a folvent are now in fomedegreeexplicable, fince it has been dif-
    covered that urinary  calculi are very different in their natures, fo
    that fome of them are  only foluble  in acids,  and others only in
   alkalies.  Ofthe  laft  defcription are the  calculi  of uric acid,
   which are very frequent, and thofe of urate of ammonia. On thefe
   therefore, alkalies may. be  fuppofed to  make fome impreffion ;
   and that alkalies,  or alkaline carbonates, taken  by  the mouth,
    luveoccafionally relieved calculous complaints, is certaiu.  It is
\ 
378        Compositions  and Prepartions.       £ Part III.

however faid,  that their continued  ufe debilitates the ftomach ;
and M. Fourcroy has propofed applying the remedy immediately to
the difeafe, by injeaing into the bladder a  tepid  folution of potafs
or foda, fo dilute that it can be held in the mouth.  Before the
alkaline folution be injeaed, the bladder is to be completely eva*-
cuated of urine, and wafhed out with an injeaion of tepid water*
After the alkaline  injeaion has remained in the bladder half an
hour or more, it is to be evacuated,  and allowed to fettle.   If, on
the addition of a little muriatic acid,  a  precipitate be formed, we «»
fhall have reafon to conclude that the calculus contains uric acid,
and that the'alkali has aaed on it.
   Very dilute alkaline folutions may  alfo  be.4aken into the ftom-
ach as antacids, but we poffefs others, which are preferable.
   Externally, alkaline folutions have been more frequently ufed,
either very dilute,  fimply as a ftimulus,  in rickets, gouty fwelf-
ings, gonorrhoea, and fpafmodic difeafes, or concentrated as a cauf-
tic to deftroy the poifon ot the viper, and  of rabid animals.

POTASSA ;  olim,  Causticum  Commune Acerrimum.
                            Edin.
         Potafs; formerly, Strongefi Common Cauflic.
Take of
   The folution of potafs, any quantity.
Evaporate it in a covered very clean  iron veffel, till, on the ebul-,
   lition ceafing, the faline matter flows gently like oil, which  hap*
   pens before the veffel becomes red.   Then  pour it out on a ,
   fmooth iron plate ;  let it be divided into fmall pieces before it
   hardens, and immediately placed in a well ftopt phial.

                       Kali Purum.
                           Lond.
                         Pure kali.
Take of
   Water of pure kali one gallon.
Evaporate it to drynefs ; after which let  the fait melt on the fire
   and pour it out.

           Alkali  Vegetabile Causticum.
                           Dub.
                  Cauflic Vegetable Alkali.
Take of .
   Cauftic ley, any quantity.
Evaporate it over the fire  in a very clean iron veffel, until the
   ebullition having ceafed, the faline matters,  on increafing the
   heat, remain almoft at reft.   Let the liquified  fait be poured out
  upon an iron plate, and while it is congealing be cut into proper 
  Chap. lit]            Alkaline Salts'.                  37$

    proper, pieces, which  are  immediately to be fhut up in very ,'-
    clofe veffels.                                             7   '
    The principal thing to be attended to  in this operation, is to
  condua the evaporation  fo rapidly that the ley fhall not abforb
  ««ny carbonic acid from the atmofphere.  As long as any  water of
  folution remains, the ebullition is evident, and the evaporation is
  to be continued until it ceafe.   The heat then to be increafed a
  little, which renders the potafs perfeaiy fluid, and gives it the ap-
  pearance of an oil, when  it is ready to be poured out, either on a
  flab, as directed by  the colleges, or into iron moulds, fuch as are
  ufed for the melted nitrate of filver.
  P The potafs prepared according to thefe direaions  is fufficiently
  pure for medical  ufe/but  is not fit for chemical experiments. We
  can however, obtain it perfectly white and cryftallized, according
  to Betrhollet, by adding to  the ley,  when evaporated fo far that
  it would affume  the confiftence of honey if permitted'to cool, a
  quantity of alcohol equal  to one third of  the carbonate of potafs
  operated on, mixing them together, and letting them boil a min-
  ute or two.  ., The mixture is then to be poured into  a glafs veffel
  and corked  up, when the  impurities  will gradually fubfide, part-
  ly in a folid form, and partly diffolved  in water.  The fuperna-
  tant alcoholic folution is  then  \o  be evaporated rapidly, till, its
  furface become covered with a black cruft, which is,tobe remov-
  ed, and the  liquid below is  to be poured into  a porcelain veffel,
  when it will concrete into a white fubftance, which is to be brok-
  en in pieces, and immediately excluded from the aaion of the
  air.
  ,  A lefs expenfive way of obtaining potafs perfeaiy pure is that
 ofLowitz'.   Evaporate a  folution of potafs till a thick pellicle
 form  on its furface;  allow it to  cool; feparate all the cryftals
 formed, as they confift of foreign falts;  renew the evaporation in
^an iron or filver bafon ; and remove  the pellicles which form oh'
 the furface with an iron fkimmer, as long as any appear.   When
 the ebullition ceafes,'remove the veffel from the fire, and agitate
 the fufed fait with an iron  fpatula  while it cools.   Diffolve the
 faline mafs in twice its weight ot water,  and evaporate in  a,filver
 bafon till it begins to cryftallize.   The cryftals are pure potafs.     *
 The fluid which fwims over  them has  a dark  brown  color, andt
 muft be poured off; but if kept in  a clofe ftopt phial, it will de-
 pofite its coloring  matter,  and by evaporation will furnifli more
 cryftals of potafs.
   Potafs is only ufed  as a catfftic, or to form folutions of a  known
 ftrength ; and even its ufe  as a cauftic is inconvenient, from its
 being fo quickly affeacd by the air, and  from its rapid deli juef-
cence, which renders it apt  to'fpread.
                  A A! 
380       Preparations and Compositions.       [Part lit

POTASSA CUM  CALCEjolim  Causticum Commune
  Mil ius                 Edin.
      Potafs with Lime, formerly Milder Common Cauflic.
Take of
  Solution of potafs.
Evaporate in a covered iron  veffel till one third remains ; then
  mix with it as  much new  flaked lime as will bring it to the
  confiftence of a pretty folid pap, which is to be kept in a veffel
  clofely ftopt.

                 Calx cum Kali Puro.
                          Lond.
                   Lime with Pure Kali.
Take of
  Quicklime, five pounds and four ounces ;
  Water of pure kali, fixteen pounds.
Boil away the water of pure kali to a fourth part; then fprinkle
in the lime reduced  to powder by the affufion of  water.  Keep
it in a veffel clofely  flopped.

                   Causticum Minus.
                          Dub.
                      Milder Cauflic.
Evaporate cauftic ley to one third, then add  powdered lime till it
  it become thick, and form into proper maffes.  .
  The addition of the lime  in  thefe  preparations renders them
lefs apt to liquefce, more eafily managed, and milder in their op-
eration.

                CARBONAS POTASSES.
                          Edin.
                    Carbonate of Potafs.
Let impure carbonate of potafs,  called in Englifh Pearl afhes, be
  put into a crucible, brought  to  alow red heat,  that the oily
  impurities, if  there be any, maybe confumed; then triturate
  it with an equal weight of  water, and mix them thoroughly by
  agitation.  After  the feces have fubfided, pour the liquor into
  a very clean  iron pot, and boil to drynefs, ftirring the fait to-
  wards the end of the procefs, to prevent its flicking to the veffeli

                 Kali Pr^eparatum.
                          Lond.
                     Prepared Kali.
Take of
  Potafhes, two pounds ;
  Boiling diftilled water, three pints. 
                                                         y


Chap. III.]           Alkaline Salts.                  3&1

Diffolve  and filter through paper; evaporate the liquor till a pel-
  licle appears on the furtace ;  then fet it afide for twelve hours,
  that the neutral  falts may cryftallize ; after which, pour  out
  the liquor, and boil away,  with a flow fire, the whole of  the
  Water,  conftantly ftirring,  left the fait fhould  adhere  to  th-;
  pot.
In like manner  is purified impure kali from the afhes of any kind
  of vegetable.
The fame fait may be prepared from tartar, which fhould be burnt
  till it becomes of an afh colour.

              Alkali Vegetabile Mite:
                            Dub.
                    Mild Vegetable Alkali.
Take of  •
  Potafhes,
  Boiling water, each fix pounds.
  Mix them by agitation in a glafs veffel, and digeft them for three
days.  Then pour off the pure liquor, and evaporate it to drynefs
in a very clean iron veffel.  Towards the end of the operation,
ftir the faline mafs conftantly with an iron fpatula.   Then fepa-
rate, by means of a fieve, the  finer particles, Which are to be kept
ih a glafs veffel well flopped.

 Carbon as PotassjE PurissiMus ; olim, Sal Tartari.
                            Edin.
       Pure Carbonate of Potafs, formerly Salt of Tartar.
Take of
  Impure fUper  tartrite of potafs, any quantity.
  Burn it to a black mafs,  by placing it among live coaJ^. either
Wrapped  up in moift bibulous paper, or  contained in a  crucible.
Having reduced this mafs to powder, expofe it in  an open cruci-
ble  to the aaion of  a moderate fire,  till it  become  white, or at
leaft of an afh  grey color, taking care that it do not melt. Then
diffolve it in warm water ; ftrain the liquor through a linen cloth,
and evaporate it in a clean iron veffel, diligently ftirring it towards
the  end of  the  procefs  with an iron fpatula, to prevent it from
Ricking to   the bottom ot the veffel.   A very white  fait will re-
main, which is to be  left a little longer on the fire, till the bottom
of the veffel becomes almoft red.  Laftly, when the  fait is grown
Cold, keep it in glafs veffels well ftopt.
  The potafhes of commerce we have already fhewn (p. 177. to
contain a confiderable proportion of  foreign  falts,  By the pro-
cefs  direaed by the Colleges, it is purified from thofe which are
cjryftallizable ; and although it ftill contains muriate of potafs and
filica, it is fufficiently pure for the purpofes of medicine. 
   ^S*2        Preparations and Compositions.     [£art lit.

     The pureft carbonate of potafs in common ufe is that obtained
   by incinerating the impure fuper tartrite of potafs, as all the fub-
   ftances it contains, except the potafs, are decompofed by the heat.
   The tartarous acid and coloring matter are deftroyed, and part of
   the carbonic acid, which  is formed, unites with  the potafs.
     The white  and red forts of tartar are equally fit for the  puf-
   pofe;  the only difference is, that the white affords a fomewhat
   larger quantity than the other ;  from fixteen  ounces of this fort,
   upwards  of four ounces of carbonate  of  potafs may be obtained.
   The ufe of the paper is to prevent the fmaller pieces of the tartar
   from dropping down into the afh hole, through the interftices of
   the coals, upon firft injeaing it into the furnace.
     The calcination of the fait (if the tartar was  fufficiently  burnt
   at firft) does not increafe  its ftrength fo much as is fuppofed; nor
   is the greenifh or blue  color  any certain  mark,  either  of its
   ftrength, or of its having been,'as was formerly fuppofed, long ex-
   pofed to a vehement fire ; for if the  crucible be perfeaiy clean,
   clofe covered, and has flood the fire without cracking, the fait will
   turn  out white,  though  kept  melted,  and reverberating ever fo
   long ; while, on the other hand, a flight  crack happening in the
   crucible, or a fpark of a coal falling in, will in a few minutes give
   the fait the color admired.  The color, in faa, is a mark rather of
   its containing fome inflammable matter, than of its ftrength.
     But this falts, in whatever way obtained, is not ftriaiy entitled
\  to the appellation  of carbonates;  for it is not faturated with the
   acid, or rather it is a mixture of carbonate of potafs and potafs, in
   variable proportions.  It is owing to the uncombined potafs that
   it is ftill deliquefcent, and in fome degree cauftic.  It may be ea-
   fily faturated, however, with carbonic acid, by  expofing  it in fo-
   lution to the contaa  of the air for a confiderable time, or by mak-
   ing a ftream of carbonic acid gas pafs through a folution of it, or by
   diftilling it with carbonate of ammonia.   In this ftate it is cryf-
   tallizable, and its cryftals are permanent.  It confifts of about 4.3
   acid, 40 potafs, and 17  water:   The faturation with carbonic acid
   •is one of the  beft means ot purifying it; for it always feparates
   filica from the uncombined alkali.
     Carbonate  of potafs is frequently employed  in medicine, in
   conjun&ion with other articles, particularly for the formation of
   faline neutral  draughts and mixtures: But it is ufed alfo by it-
   felf in dofes from three or  four grains to fifteen or twenty;  and
   it frequently  operates  as a powerful diuretic,  particularly when1
   aided by proper dilution. 
Chap. III.]            Alkaline Salts.                 3S&

              AQUA  KALI  PRJEPARATI.
                          Lond.
                  Water of Prepared Kali.
Take of
  Prepared kali, one pound.
Set it in a moift place till it deliquefce, and then ftrain it,

                    Lixivium Mite.
                           Dub.
                         Mild Ley.
Take of
  Mild vegetable alkali, one pound.
Diffolve it in one pound of water.
  The laft of thefe preparations is a folution of the mixed or fub-
carbonate of potafs, in a fixed proportion of water ; and the form-
er in a folution of carbonate of potafs.in a variable quantity of wa-
ter. The Dublin folution contains the filica, and all the other im-
purities of the carbonate employed, while according to the  Lon-
don procefs, the uncombined portion  of the potafs, at the fame
time that it deliquefces, becomes faturated with carbonic acid, and
depofits the filica.   It would, therefore, be a very inconfiderable
improvement of this preparation, to diffolve cryftallized carbon-
ate of potafs in a determinate proportion of water.

       AQUA SUPER  CARBONATIS POTASS^.
                           Edin.
             Solution of Super Carbonate of Potafs.
Take of
   Water, ten pounds ;
   Pure carbonate ot potafs, one ounce.
Diffolve and expofe the  folution  to  a ftream of carbonic acid,
   arifing from
     Carbonate of lime in powder,
     Sulphuric acid, each three ounces ;
     Water, three pounds, gradually and cautioufly mixed.
 The chemical apparatus  invented by Dr. Nooth, is well adapted
   to this preparation.  But if a larger quantity of the liquor be
   required, the apparatus of Dr. Woulfe is preferable.

       Liquor Alkali Vegetabilis Mitissimi.
                           Dub.
              Solution of Mildefl Vegetable Alkali.
Take of
   Mild vegetable alkali, an ounce and a half;
   Water, fix pounds.
Mix them, and tranfmit fixed air through the liquor, according to
   the formula for preparing fixed air (p. g74.)except that a double
                    fcT 3 
384         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part. III.

   quantity of marble and acid muft be  employed to faturate the
   folution.
The colder thr air is, and the  greater preffure,  the better is th<j
   liq.or, which fhould be kept in well clofed veffels.
   As fuon as the preparation is  finifhed,  the liquor fhould be
drav.-i. off into pint bottles, which  are to be well corked, and kept
in a coo' fiiuation, with the  head  down, or  laid  on one fide.  It
fhould be perfectly tranfparent, and have an  acidulous, not at all
alkal.ui: taile; and when poi^red out of the bottles, it  fhould have
a fj. arkli. g aopea:~nce.
   In this folution, caibonate of potafs is combined with excefs of
carbonic acid, by  which means  it  is better adapted for internal
ufe,ask is rendered n->: rnly  more pleafant to  the tafte, but is
f'fs  apt to off nd  the ftom».. i.  Indeed,  it  is the only form in
wh ch ve can exhibit potafs in fufficient dofes, and for a fuffirient
■engihot time, to  derive much benefit  from its  ufe in calculous
complaints.-  It  has   certainly  been frequently of advantage in
ihefe af'-'tions,  but  probably only in  thofe  inftances in which
 u~ Aone confi As of uric acid, or urate of ammonia ; for although
 .... .faturated with carbonic acid,  yet the affinity of that acid for
potafs is fo weak,  that it really operates  as an alkali.
   Six or  eight ounces  may  be taken  two or three times a day.
It in general proves  powerfully diuretic, and fometimes produces*
inebriation.  This laft effea is afcribed to the carbonic acid.

                    ACETIS  POTASS^.
                            Edin.
                       Acetite  of  Potafs.
Take of
   Pure carbonate  of potafs, one pound.
Boil it with a very gentle heat, in  four or five times its weight of
   diftilled acetous acid ; add  more acid at  different times, fill,
  on the watery part of the  preceding quantity being nearly dif-
   fipated by evaporation, the new addition of acid ceafes toraife
   any effervefcence, which  will  happen,  when  about  twenty
   pounds of the diftilled acetous acid have bei n confumed.  It is
   then to be flowly  dried.    The  impure  fait lemaining, is to be
   melted with a gentle  heat, for a ffiort time  ; and afterwards dif-
   folved in water, and  f;':ered through  paper. If the liquefaftion
   has been properly performed,  the- filtered  liquor will be lim-
   pid ; but it otherwife ; of  a brown color.  Afterwards evap-
   orate this liquor with a very gentle heat in a very fhallow glafs
   veffel, occafionally ftirring  the fait as it  becomes dry, that its
   moifture may be fooner diffipated.   Laftly, the Acetite of pot-
   afs ought to be kept in a  veffel very clofely ftopt, to prevent it
torn deliquefcing,                                   -        * 
Chap. III.]            Alkaline Salts.                  385

                     Kali Acetatum.
                            Lond.
                        Acetated Kali.
Take of
   Prepared kali, one pound.
Boil it, with a flow fire, in four or five times its quantity of dif-
  tilled vinegar ; and when the effervefcence ceafes, add, at dif-
   ferent times, more diftilled vinegar, until one portion of vinegar
   being nearly evaporated, the addition of another will excite no
   effervefcence, which will happen when about twenty pounds
   of  diftilled vinegar  are confumed ;  afterwards let it be dried
   flowly.  Aa impure fait will be left, which is to be melted for
   a little while with a flow fire ; then diffolved in water, and fil-
   tered through paper.
If the fufion has been rightly performed, the ftrained liquor will
   be colorlefs ;  if otherwife, ofa brown color.
Laftiv,  evaporate this liquor with a flow fire, in a very fhallow
   glafs veffel ;  frequently  ftirring the mafs, that the fait may be
   more completely  dried, which fhould be kept in a veffel clofe-
   ly ftopt.
The fait ought to be very white, and diffolve wholly, both in wa-
   ter and fpirit of  wine, without leaving any feces.  If the fait,
   although white, fhould depofit any  feces in fpirit of  wine, the
   folution  fhould be filtered through paper, and the fait again dried.
Alkali Vegetabili Acetatum; olim,Sal Diuretic us.
                            Dub.
       Acetated Vegetable Alkali, formerly Diuretic Salt.
Take of
   Mild vegetable alkali,  any quantity.
Add to it,  at different times, about five times its weight of diftill-
   ed vinegar, at a moderate temperature.   When the evaporation
   ceafes, and the  liquor is fomewhat evaporated, add, at inter-
   vals, diftilled vinegar, until  the mixture fhall entirely ceafe to
   effervefce.  Then evaporate to drynefs ; and having increafed
   the fire a little, bring  the  faline  mafs  Into a ftate of  fufion.
   Diffolve the fait,  after it has cooled, in water ; filter the  folu-
k  tion,  and evaporate, until, on cooling.'it fhall concrete into a
   chryftalline mafs, which fhould be very white.  Put this, while
   ftill warm, into veffels  accurately clofed.
   This is both a troublefome and expenfive preparation, for when
attempted to be made by  fimply  evaporating to drynefs, the fait
has always  a dark, unpleafant  color,  which cannot be removed
by repeated folution and cryftallization, or even by folution in
alcohol.  It is doubtful to what the color is owing.   It has  been
afcribed by fome  to part  of the  acetous  acid being decompofed
by heat during the exficcation of the fait : They accordingly re-
           £T 4 
380        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III,

commend the evaporation to  be conduaed very gently,  and the
pellicles to be fkimmed  from the  furface of the liquor as faft as
they are formed ;  and in this way, they fay, they have procured at
once a very white fait.   Others afcribe it to fome foreign matter
which  rifes in diftillation with tbe laft portions  of the acetous acid,
and therefore direa, that only the firft portions which come over
fhould be ufed,  or that the acetous acid fhould be diftilled with
charcoal  ; while others again  afcribe it to accidentalimpurities
contraaed during the operation, and  recommend the uttnoft at-
tention to cleanlinefs, and the ufe  of earthen veffels.   To what-
ever caufe it may be owing, and the fecond appears to us the moft
orobable, the color is moft effeaually deftroyed by bringing the
fait into fufion.   The heat neceffary to  do this decompofes the
coloring matter ; and on diffolving the fufed mafs  in water, and
filtering the folution, we find  a fine light charcoal on the filter.
But this fufion is  attended with confiderable lofs, for  part of the
acetous acid itfelf is decompofed.
   The operator muft be particularly careful, in melting it, not to
ufe a greater heat, nor to keep it longer liquefied, than what is ab-
folutely neceffary ;  a little fhould be occafionally taken out,  and
put into water ;  and as foon  as it begips to  part freely with its
black color, the whole is to be removed from  the fire.
   The exficcation of the folution of the fait, after it has been fufed,
muft be conduaed very  carefully,  as it is exceedingly apt to be
decompofed, which would render a new folution and exficcation
neceffary.   The teft of its purity,  by diffolving it in alcohol, as
direaed  by the London College, is to difcover if any  of the ace-
tous acid itfelf has  been  decompofed in  the  operation ;  for the
carbonate of potafs, which is in that cafe formed, is infoluble in
aldohol.
   To  fpare  trouble and expence, attempts have been made to pre-
pare acetite of potafs with undiftilled, vinegar,  and even with the
refiduum of the diftillation ot acetous acid ; and they have been
to a certain degree fuccefsful  ; but  as repeated tufion and  cryftal-
lization are neceffary to bring the fait to a fufficient degree  of pu-
rity, it does not appear that they were more economical.   But if to
acetite ot potafs prepared with impure vinegar, we add a fufficient
quantity of fulphuric acid,  by diftillation we obtain an acetous
acid of great ftrength, which  forms a beautiful acetite  of  potafs
without fufion.   Laftly, this fait maybe prepared  by the decorn.
pofition  of acetites ; for example, of the acetite of lead by  carbo-
nate of potafs, or ftill better by fulphate of potafs.
   Acetite of potafs has  a fharp,  fomewhat pungent tafte.  It is
foluble at 6o°, in about its own weight of water.   It is alfo folu-
ble in alcohol.   It is deliquefcent.   It is decompofed   by  the
ftronger acids ; by a decoaion of  tamarinds ; by the fulphate of
foda and magnefia ; by muriate of  ammonia j by the  tartrite of 
(Chap. III.]           Alkaline Salts                   38?

 foda and potafs ;  and by fome metalline falts. Its acid is deftroyed
by a high temperature.
  Acetite of potafs,  which way Soever prepared, provided it be
properly  made, is a medicine  of great efficacy,  and may be fo
dofed and managed as to prove either mildly cathartic, or power-
fully diuretic ;  few  of  the faline deobftruents equal it in virtue.
The dofe is from half a fcruple to a drachm Or two.   A bare
mixture, however, of  alkaline  fait and vinegar, without exficca-
tion, is perhaps  not inferior  as  a medicine to  the more elaborate
 fait.  Two drachms  of the alkali,  faturated with vinegar, have
 been known to  occafion, in hydropic cafes, ten or twelve ftools,
 and a plentiful  difcharge of urine, without any inconvenience.

               N1TRUM PURIFICATUM.
                          Lond.
                     NlTRAs  POTASSjE.
             Nitrate of Potafs.  Putrified Nitre.
Take of
  Nitre, two pounds ;
  Diftilled water, four pints.
 Boil the nitre in  the water, till it be diffolved ;  ftrain the folu-
  tion, and fet it  afide to cryftallize.
  Common nitre contains ufually a confiderable portion of mu-
riate of foda, which in this procefs  is . feparated, tor it remains
 diffolved after the greateft  part of  the nitrate of potafs has cryf-
tallized.  The  cryftals which fhoot after the firft evaporation, are
large, regular and pure ; but when the remaining liquor is further
evaporated, and this repeated a fecond or  third time, the cryftals
 prove at length  fmall, imperfea, and tipt with  little  cubical cryf-
 tals of muriate of foda.

 SULPHAS POTASSiE ; olim Tart arum Vitriolatum.
                          Edin.
        Sulphate  of  Potafs, formerly Vitriolaled Tartar.
 Take of
  Sulphuric acid, diluted with  fix times its weight of water, any
     quantity.
Put it into a capacious glafs veffel,  and gradually drop into it, of
  pure carbonate  ot potafs, diffolved  in  fix times  its weight of
  water, as much as is fufficient thoroughly to neutralize the acid.
  The effervefcence  being  finifhed, ftrain the  liquor through pa-
  per ;  and after  evaporation fet it afide to cryftallize.
 Sulphate of potafs may be alfo conveniently  prepared  from the
  refiduum ot  the diftillation of nitrous acid, by diffolving it in
  warm water, and faturating it with carbonate of potafs., 
588       Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part III.

                   Kali Vitriolatum.
                          Lond.
                       Vitriolated Kali.
Take of
  The fait which remains afrer the diftillation of thenitrous acid.
    two pounds.
  Diftilled water, two gallons*.
Burn out the fuperfluousacid with a ftrong fire, in an open veffel;
  then boil it a little while in the water ; ftrain and fet the liquor
  afide to cryftallize.

         /Vlkali  Vegetabile  Vitriolatum.
                            Dub.
                 Vitriolated Vegetable Alkali.
Let the fait which remains after the  diftillation  of nitrous acid
  reduced to powder, be diffolved in a fufficient quantity of boil-
  ing water.   Let the filtered  liquor be evaporated with a very
  gentle  heat,  that it may cryftallize.
  This  fait is  very  feldom  prepared  on purpofe, as it may be
obtained  from  the refiduum of many other preparations, by fimple
folution and cryftallization.  For fo ftrong is the affinity  between
fulphuric acid and potafs, that  they  fcarcely ever meet without
combining to form this fait.   All the fulphates except that of ba-
ryta are decompofed by potafs and moft ot its combinations \ and
reciprocally, all the  compounds  of potafs are decompofed by ful-
phuric acid and moft of its combinations ; and in all thefe decom-
pofitions, fulphate of potafs is one of the produas.
'  The greateft part of the fulphate of potafs of commerce  is ob-
tained from the refiduum of  the diftillation of fulphate of iron
with nitrate of potafs, by lixiviating it,  fuperfaturating the folu-
tjon with carbonate of potafs, filtering it boiling hot, and allowing
it to cryftallize.  It is alfo got in confiderable quantities from the
refiduum remaining in the retort, after the  diftillation of nitrous
acid ; and all the colleges have  given  direaions for obtaining it
in this way.  This refiduum generally contains an excefs of acid,
which converts part of the fulphate into fuper  fulphate of potafs.
The Dublin College allow  this part  to be loft.   The  London
drive off the excefs  of acid   by intenfe heat,  and thus get the
whole of the fulphate ; but at the fame time  convert it into a ve-
ry difficultly foluble mafs.  While the Edinburgh College, more
fcientifically economical than either,  derive advantage trom the
excefs of acid, by fimply  faturating it  with carbonate of potafs.
  As the refiduum of the diftillation of nitrous acid  may not  al-
ways be at hand, the Edinburgh  College  alfo give a receipt for
making this  fait, by directly  combining  its   conftituents.   It
would have been more economical to have ufed a folution of ful-
i 
Chap. III.]         Alkaline Salts.                    3S9

 fihate of iron, in place of fulphuric acid, by which means not on-
 y art equally pure fuiphate of  potafs would have been prbeurea
at I fs i xpeuce, but alfo a very pure carbonate of iron.
  Sulphate of potafs forms fmall tranfparent very hard cryftals,
generally aggregated in  crufts, and permanent  in the  air.   It h^
a bitter tafte, is flovvly foluble in water, requiring 16 parts at 60-
and 4 at 2i20.  It is not foluble in alcohol.  It decrepitates when
thrown on live coals, and melts in a red heat.   It confifts of 45.2
acid, and ,54 8 potafs.   It is decompofed by the barytic falts ; by
the nitrates  and muriates of lime and of ftrontia; by  the tartrites
partially ; arid by the falts of mercury, filver and lead.
  Sulphate  of potafs, in fmall dofes, as a fcruple or half a drachm
is an ufeful  aperient; in larger  ones, as four or five drachms, a
mild cathartic, which does not pafs off fo haftily as the fulphate ut
foda, and feems to extend its aaion further.

SULPHAS POTASS^E  CUM SULPHURE;  qlim,  Sal
                      Polychrestus.
                            Edin.
    Sulphate of potafs with Sulphur, formerly  Sal Polychreft-.
 Take
  Nitrate of potafs in powder,
   Sublimed fulphur, of each equal parts.
Mingle them well together,  and  inje6t the mixture,  by little and
 ' little at a time, into a red hot crucible ;  the deflagration bein^
  over, let  the fait cool, after which it is to be put up in  a glafs
  veffel well flopped.
  In this procefs the nitric acid of the nitrate  of potafs is decom-
pofed by the fulphur, which is in part acidified.  But the quanti-
ty of oxygen contained in the nitric acid, is not fufficient to acid-
ify  the whole  fulphur employed ; therefore part of it remains :n
the ftate ot  fulphureous acid, which is probably chemically com-
bined with part ot the potafs in the ftate of fulphate, for the who!^
faline mafs formed, is more foluble in water than fulphate of pot-
afs, is cryTftallizdble, and by expofure to the air, gradually attracls
oxygen, and is convened into fulphate of potafs.  In its medical
effctts and exhibition, it agrees  with  fulphate of potafs.

SULPHURETUM POTASSiE;  olim Hepar Sulphuric
                           Edin.
        Sulphuret of potafs,  formerly Liver of Sulphur.
Take of
  Carbonate of potafs.
  Sublimed Sulphur, each eight ounces.
Having ground them well together, put them into a  large coated
  crucible ; and  having fitted a  coyer to it, and applied live co..^
  cautioufly around it,  bring them at length to a ftate of fufion. 
39©       Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

Having broken the crucible as foon as it has grown cold, take out
  the fuiphuret, and keep it in a well clofed phial.

                  Kali  Sulphuratum.
                           Lond.
                     Sulphurated Kali.
Take of
  Flowers of fulphur, one ounce ;
  Prepared kali, five ounces.
With the fulphur melted with a gentle fire, mix the fait  by cot}.
  flant agitation until they unite.

         Alkali Vegetabile Sulphuratum.
                           Dub.
                 Sulphurated Vegetable Alkali.
Take of
  Cauftic vegetable alkali in powder,
  Sublimed fulphur,  each two ounces.
To  the fulphur, melted by a gentle heat, add the  alkali  ; cove*>
  ing the veffel, if the mixture fhall take fire.
  There exifts a very ftrong affinity between fulphur and potafs,
but they muft be united in a ftate of perfea drynefs ;  becaufe, if
any moifture be prefent, it is decompofed, and alters the nature of
the  produa.   If potafs be employed as direaed  by the Dublin
College, it  will unite with the fulphur by fimple  trituration, and
will render one third of its weight of fulphur foluble in  water.
If carbonate of potafs be ufed as direaed by the other colleges, it
is neceffary to bring the fulphur into a ftate of fufion ;  it then aas
upon the carbonate, aad expels the carbonic acid.   It is evident,
that to combine with  the  fame quantity of fulphur, a  larger pro-
portion of carbonate of potafs than of potafs is neceffary ; but the
quantity ordered by the London College  is certainly much too
large, while that of the Edinburgh College is perhaps too fmall.
The Colleges alfo differ in the mode of conduaing the procefs.
The London  and Dublin Colleges direa the alkaline fait to be
projeaed upon the melted  fulphur.  The fault of this procefs is,
that there is a confiderable lofs of  fulphur  by fublimation, which
is avoided, if the fubftances be previoufly  intimately  mixed, and
brought into fufion by a very gradual and cautious application of
heat, according to the procefs of the Edinburgh College ;  but, if
the fufion be  not very cautioufly  performed, the fudden extrica-
tion of fo large a quantity ot carbonic  acid gas, is  apt to  throw
the melted matter out of the crucible, and may  be attended with
unpleafant  confequences.  If the heat be too great, and  the cru-
cible uncovered, the  fulphureous vapor is apt to inflame, but it is
eafily extinguifhed by covering  it  up. 
Chap. III.]          Alkaline  Salts.                  394

  Sulphuret of potafs, properly prepared, is of a liver brown co-
lor,  hard, brittle,  and has a vitreous fraaure.  It has an acrid
bitter tafte, and the fmell of fulphur.  It is  exceedingly prone to
decompofition.  It is deliquefcent in the air, and is decompofed.
It is very fufible, but a ftrong heat feparates the fulphur by fubli-
mation.  The moment it comes in contaa with water, there is a
mutual decompofition.  Part  of the fulphur  becomes acidified,
deriving oxygen from  the water,  and forms  fulphate of potafs.
Part  of  the hydrogen  of  the  water decompofed, combines with
another portion of the fulphur, and efcapes in the form of fulphu-
retted hydrogen gas ; another poition of the hydrogen combines
with a third portion ot the fulphur, and remains in folution, unit-
ed with the alkali, in the ftate  of hydroguretted fuiphuret ot pot-
afs.   By acids, fuiphuret of potafs  is  immediately decompofed ;
the acid  forms a neutral fait with the potafs, and the fulphur  is
feparated (p. 360.)

  TARTRIS POTASS^E; olim, Tartarum Solubile.
                            Edin.
          Tartrite of Potafs,  formerly Soluble Tartar.
Take of
   Carbonate of potafs, one pound ;
   Supertartrite of potafs, three pounds, or as much as may be
fufficient;
   Boiling  water, fifteen pounds.
To the carbonate of potafs diffolved in the water,  gradually add
   the fuper tartrite of potafs in fine powder, as long as it raifes
   any effervefcence,  which generally ceafes before three times
   the weight of the carbonate of potafs has been added; then ftrain
   the cooled  liquor through paper,  and after due evaporation fet
   it afide to cryftallize.

                  Kali  Tartarisatum.
                            Lond.
                       Tar tar if ed Kali.
 Take of
   Prepared kali, one pound ;
   Cryftals of tartar, three pounds;
   Diftilled water, boiling, one gallon.
 To the fait, diffolved in the water, throw in gradually the cryftals
   ©f tartar powdered ; filter the liquor, when cold, through pa-
   per ;  and, after due evaporation by a gentle heat, fet it apart to
   cryftallize.
          Ai.ka.li Vegetabile  Tartarisatum.
                            Dub.
                  Tartarifed  Vegetable Alkali.
 Take of
   Mild vegetable  alkali, one pound ; 
$92         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III,

  Cryftals of tartar ground into very fine powder, two pounds and
i halt ;
  Boiling water, fifteen pounds.
  Gradually add the tartar to the vegetable alkali diffolved in the
water ;  after the liquor has cooled, ftrain it through paper, evap-
orate it, and let it cryftallize by cooling flowly.
  Th e  tartarous acid is capable of uniting with potafs in two pro-
portions, forming in the one inftance a neutral, and ip the other
an acidulous fait.   The  latter is an abundant p'roduaion  of na-
ture,  but it is eafily converted  into the former,  by faturating it
with potafs, or by depriving it of its excefs of acid.  It is by the
former method that the colleges direa  tartrite of  potafs to be
prepared, and  the procefs is fo fimple, that it requires little com-
ment.   For the fake  of  economy, we  fhould  come as near the
point of faturation  as  poffible ;  but any flight deviation from it
'■'ill not be attended with rriuch inconvenience.  Indeed, it is perhaps
advifable to  leave  a  fight excefs of acid,  which, forming a
fmall quantity of very infolable fait, leaves the remainder  per-
feaiy neutral.  The evaporation muft be conduaed in an earthen
veffel, for  iron difcolors the  fait.  It is  eafily cryftallized, and
the cryftals become moift in the air.   It has an unpleafant bitter
tafte.  It is foluble in four parts of cold water, and ftill more fo-
luble in boiling water, and it  is alfo foluble in alcohol.   It is to-
tally or partially decompofed by all acids.  On this account it ij
i rnproper to join it with tamarinds, or fuch like acid fruits ; which
is too often done in the extemporaneous praaice of  thofe phyfi-
cians who are fond of mixing different cathartics together, and
know little of chemiftry.   It is alfo* totally decompofed by lime,
baryta,  ftrontia  and magnefia, and partially by the fulphates of
potafs, foda and magnefia ; and by the muriate of ammonia.
  In dofes ofa fcruple, half a drachm, or a drachm, this fait is a
mild  cooling aperient; too or three drachms commonly loofen
the belly • and  an ounce proves pretty  ftrongly purgative.  It
has been particularly  recommended as  a purgative for maniacal
and melancholic patients.  It is  an ufeful addition to the purga-
tives of the refinous kind, as  it  promotes their operation, and at
the fame time tends  to correa their griping quality.

CARBONAS SOD.E; olim,  Sal Alkalinus Fixus Fos-
                    silis Purificatus.
                            Edin.
Corbonate of Soda,  formerly Purified Fixed Fofifil Alkaline Salt*

Take of
  Impure carbonate of foda, any quantity. 
Chap. IIL]          Alkaline  Salts.                   393

Bruife it ;  then boil in water till all the fait be diffolved.  Strain
  the folution through paper,  and evaporate it in an iron  veffel,
  fo that after it has cooled, the fait may cryftallize.

                 Natron  PrjEparatum.
                            Lond.
                     Prepared Natron.
Take ot
  Barilla, powdered, two pounds  ;
  Diftilled water, one gallon.
Boil the barilla in four pints of water for half an hour, and ftrain.
  Boil the refiduum with the reft  of the water, and ftrain.  Evap-
  orate the mixed liquors to two pints,  and fet them by for eight'
  days ; ftrain this liquor  again ; and, after due boiling, fet it
  afide to cryftallize.  Diffolve  the  cryftals in diftilled water ;
  ftrain the folution, boil, and fet it afide to cryftallize.

                  Alkali Fossile  Mite.
                            Dub.
                      Mild Foffil Alkali.
Take of
  Barilla, in powder, ten pounds ;
  Water, forty pounds.
Boil the barilla in the water, in a covered veffel,  for two hours^
  agitating it from  time to  time.   Evaporate the filtered folution
  in a  wide iron veffel  to drynefs, take care that the faline mafs
  remaining, be not liquefied by too great  a  degree  of heat  and
  agitate  it  with an iron  fpatula, until its color  become white.
  Laftly, diffolve it in boiling water ;  evaporate, and let it cryf-
  tallize by  flow refrigeration.
 If the fait be not pure, repeat the folution and^cryftallization.

  Thefe direaions are principally intended for the purification of
the Spanifh barilla, which  is a fufed mafs,  confifting indeed prin-
cipally of carbonate of foda, but  alfo containing charcoal, earths,
and other falts.   From the two firft caufes  of impurity it is eafily
feparated by folution and filtration, and the falts may be feparat-
ed by taking advantage of  their different folubility in cold and in
hot water.   Frequently the foda does not cryftallize freely, from
not  being faturated with carbonic acid,  which is the reafon why
the  London College order the folution to be expofed to the at-
mofphere  for  eight days,  that it may  abforb carbonic  acid,  be-
fore they attempt the'cryftallization of the falts.  But the prepara-
tion of carbonate ot foda, by the decompofition of fulphate of foda,
has now become  a manufafcture, and is  carried to fuch perfeaion,
that its farther  purification is almoft unneceffary tor the purpofes
 ef tbe apothecary. 
  S94          Preparations  and Compositions.   [Part* III.

          AQUA SUPER CARBONATIS SOD^.
                            Edin.
               Water of Super Carbonate of Soda.
  This is prepared from ten pounds ot  water,  and two ounces of
   carbonate of foda, in  the fame manner as the  water  ot  fuper-
   carbonate of potafs (p. 383.)
   By fuperfaturating foda with carbonic acid, it is rendered more
 agreeable to the palate, and  may be taken in  larger quantities,
  without affeaing the ftomach.

                    PHOSPHAS SOD^.
                            Edin.
                      Phofphate of Soda.
 Take of
   Bones burnt to whitenefs, and powdered, ten pounds ;
   Sulphuric acid, fix pounds ;
   Water, nine pounds.                                     ,,
 Mix the powder with the fulphuric acid in an earthen veffel; then
   add the water, and mix again.   Then place the veffel in a va.
   por bath, and digeft for three days ; atter which dilute the mat's
   with nine pounds more of boiling water, and ftrain the liquor
   through a ftrong linen cloth, pouring over it boiling water, in
   fmall quantities at a time, until the whole acid be wafhed out.
   Set by the ftrained liquor, that  the impurities may fubfide, de-
   cant  the clear folution, and evaporate it to nine pounds.  To
   this liquor, poured from the impurities, add carbonate of foda,,
   diffolved in warm water, until the effervefcence ceafe.   Filter
   the neutralized liquor, and fet it afide to cryftallize.   To the
   liquor that remains after the cryftals are taken out, add a little
   carbonate of  foda, if neceffary, fo as to faturateexaaiy the phof-
   phoric acid, and difpofe the liquor by evaporation to form cry ft
   tals.  Laftly, the cryftals are to be kept in a well clofed veflel.
   The firft part of this procefs cohlifts in deftroying the gelatine
of the bones by the aaion of heat.  When burnt to perfea white-
nefs, they retain their form,  but become  friable, and confift of
phofphate of lime, mixed with a very little carbonate of lime and
carbonate of foda.  In performing this  part of the procefs, we
muft take care  not to  heat the bones to a bright red, as by it they
undergo a kind of femi fufion, and give out a phofphoric light.'
The complete combuftion of the charcoal is facilitated by the free
contaa  of the air ;  we  muft therefore  bring  every part in fuc-
ceffion to the furface,  and break the larger pieces.
   In the fecond part of the procefs, the phofphate of lime is de-,
compofed by the fulphuric acid.  This decompofition is however
only partial.  The fulphuric acid combines with part of the lime,
and forms infoluble fulphate of lime.  The phofphoric acid fepa- 
Chap, III.]            Alkaline Salts.                  m

rated from that portion of  lime,  immediately combines with the
reft of  the phofphate of lime,  and forms fuper phofphate of lime,
which  is not farther dccompofeable by fulphuric acid.
  The fuper phofphate ot lime, thus formed, is foluble in water;
but as  the fulphate of lime, with which it is  mixed, concretes into
a very folid mafs, it is in fome meafure defended from the aaioa
of water.  On this account the whole mafs  is  direaed to  be  di-
gefted  for three days in vapor, by which means it is thoroughly pe-
netrated and prepared for folution in the  boiling water, which ifc
afterwards poured on it.  It is probably to  render the fubfequen^
folution eaficr,  that  Thenard direas the bone allies to be made
into a  thin pafte  fbouillie) with water, before the fulphuric acid
is added to them.
  Having thus got a folution of fuper phofphate of lime, it is next
decompofed by carbonate of foda, diffolved in water.  , This de-
compofition, likewife,  is only  partial, as it deprives the fuper
phofphate of lime of its excefs of acid only, and reduces it to the
ftate of  phofphate.  The phofphate  of  lime,  being  infoluble,
is eafily  feparated by  filtration,  and the  phofphate of  foda
remains in folution. According toThenard, the niceft point in the
whole  procefs, is the determination of the proper quantity of car-
bonate of foda to be added.  As the phofphate ot foda does not
cryftallize freely  unlefs there be  a flight excefs of bafe, he'direas
that a little more carbonate of foda be added than what is merely fuf-
ficient to faturate the excefs of acid in the fuper phofphate of lime,
but not to continue the addition,until it ceafe to produce any pre-
cipitate.   We muft alfo take care not to carry the evaporation of
a folution of profphate of foda fo far as to form a pellicle, for it
then concretes into an irregular mafs, and does not form beautiful
crvftals.  After each cryftallization, we muft examine the liquor
which  remains, and if it be acid,  or merely neutral, add to it a lit-
tle of the folution of carbonate of foda.  In this way Thenard got
from 2io» parts of bone afhes, 700 of fulphuric acid, and 667  ot
carbonate of foda, 885 of phofphate of foda.   According to Four-
croy, phofphate of lime confifts of 0.41 acid and 0.59  lime, and fu-
per phofphate of lime of 0.54 acid and 0.46 lime; phofphate of lime,
treated with fulphuric acid,  is only deprived of 0.24 lime, and
changed into 0.76 ot fuper phofphate, confiftingof o.,59 phofphate
of lime, and 0.17  phofphoric acid, and it is only with this portion
of acid that we a,re able to combine foda.  Fourcroy is alfo of opi-
nion, that profphate of lime requires only 0.4 of its weight of ful-
phuric acid  to decompofe it, whereas 0.6 arc employed by the
Edinburgh College, and others ufe  even 0.7  This  is not only
therefore, a wafte of  acid, but renders the  produa  impure,  by
being mixed with fulphate of foda, which  is fometimes  aaually
the cafe in the phofphate of foda ot commerce.  Befides, as bone-
afhes are of very  little yalue,  it is better that a portion of  them
                  B  B 
$96          Preparations and Compositions.   [Part III.

(hould efcape undecompofed, than that an excefs of acid fhould be
added to them.
  Phofphate  of foda cryftallizes in rhomboidal prifms, terminated
by three fided pyramids.  Its tafte refembles that of common fait.
At 6o° it is foluble in four parts of water, and at  212* in two.   It
efflorefces  in the air.   By heat it undergoes the watery fufion,
and at laft melts into^i white mafs.  It confifts, according toThe-
nard, of 15 phofphoric acid, 19 foda, and 66 water ot cryftalliza-
tion.  It is decompofed by moft of the falts having an earthy bafe.
  Phofphate  ot foda was introduced into the practice of phyficby
the ingenious Dr. Pearfon of Leicefter Square, London.   It pof-
feffes the fame medical qualities as fulphate of foda, and  the tar-
trite of potafs and foda, being  an excellent purge in the  quantity
of an ounce or ten drachms ; and has the peculiar advantage over
thefe two falts  in being much lefs naufeous  than  they are.  Its
tafte is extremely fimilar  to that ot common fait; and when given
in a bafon of water gruel, or veal  broth made  without fait, it is
fcarcely perceptible by the palate, and confequently is well adapt-
ed for patients whofe ftomachs are delicate, and who have an an-
tipathy againft the other falts.  The  only objeaion to  its general
ufe is the very great difference  between its price and that of ful-
phate of foda, a difference which might certainly be diminilhed.

             MURIAS  SOD.E EXSICCATUS.
                            Edin.
               Sal Communis Exsiccatus.
                            Dub.
                      Dried Common Salt.
Take of
   Common  fait,  any quantity.                  {
Roaft it over the fire in a wide iron veffel, until it ceafe to decrep-
   itate, agitating it from time to time.

   By this procefs the muriate of foda is reduced into the ftate in
which it is employed for the diftillation of muriatic acid.  It not
only deprives it  entirely of its  water of  cryftallization, which,
 from being variable in quantity, would otherwife render the acid
 obtained unequal in ftrength, but alfo deftroys fome coloring mat-
 ter it contains ;  for if we prepare muriatic acid from cryftallized
 muriate of foda,  we obtain a colored muriatic acid, while the dri-
 ed muriate furnifhes a perfeaiy colorlefs one.

         SULPHAS  SOD^E ; olim, Sal Glauberi.
                            Edin.
           Sulphate of Soda ;  formerly, Glauber's Salt.
 Diffolve the acidulous fait which remains after the diftillation ol
   muriatic acid, in water ; and having mixed chalk with it to re- 
 Chap. III.]          Alkaline Salts.                   397

   move the fuperfluous acid, fet it afide  until the fediment fub-
   fides, then evaporate the liquor decanted from them, and ftrain
   through paper, fo that it may cryftallize.

                  Natron  VitriolatuM;
                            Lond.
                     Vitriolated Natron.
 Take of
   The fait which remains after  the diftillation of the muriatic
      acid, two  pounds ;
  « Diftilled water, two pints an.d an half.
 Burn out  the fuperfluous acid with a ftrong fire, in an open vef-
   fel ; then boil it for a little time in the water ; ftrain tbe folu-
   tion, and fet it by to cryftallize.

             Alkali  Fossile  Vitriolatum;
                             Dub.
                    Vitriolated Foffil Alkali.
 Diffolve the fait, which remains atter the diftillation of  muriatic
   acid, reduced to powder, in a fufficient quantity of boiling wa-
   ter.  Evaporate the filtered folution, and cryftallize the fait by
   flow refrigeration.
   The obfervations we made refpeaing the different methods fol-
 lowed by the Colleges, for extracting fulphate of potafs from the
 refiduum of the diftillation of nitrous acid, apply in the prefent
 inftance, except  that the Edinburgh College  do not preferve the
 fuperabundant acid when prefent, by faturating it with carbonate
 of foda, but get rid of it by faturating it with carbonate of lime,
 with  which it forms an infoluble  fulphate of lime.  In faa, the
 price of fulphate of foda is fo very fmall, that it would be no econ-
 omy  to ufe carbonate of foda  to faturate the  fuperabundant acid.
   By far the greateft part of the fulphate of foda is obtained from
 manufaaurers,  as a refult of procefles performed for the fake of
 other fubftances, as  in the preparation of muriate of  ammoniaj
 oxygenized muriatic acid, &c.
   Sulphate of foda cryftallizes in fix  fided prifms, terminated by
 dihedral fummits.  The cryftals  are  often  irregular, and their
 fides  are ufually channelled.   Their tafte is at firft fait, and after-
 wards difagreeably bitter.   They are foluble in 2.67 parts of wa-
 ter at 6o*, and in  0.8 at 2120.  In the air they efflorefce.  They
 undergo the watery fufion, and in a red heat melt.  They confift
 of 23.52 fulphuric acid, 18.48 foda, and 58 water; when dried at
 7000, of 56  acid and 44  foda.  It is decompofed by  baryta and
potafs, and falts containing thefe bafes, and by tbe falts ot  filver,
 mercury and lead.
  Taken from half an ounce to  an ounce, or more, it proves a
mild and ufeful  purgative; and in  fmaller dofes, largely diluted,
               £3T * 
398       Preparations and Compositions.       [Part III.

a ferviceable aperient and diuretic.   It is commonly given in fo-
lution, but it may alfo be given in powder, after it has eftlorefced.
In this form the dofe muft be reduced to one half.

TARTRIS  POTASStEet SODjE; olim Sal Rupellensis.
                           Edin.
      Tartrite of Potafs and Soda, formerly Rochelle Salt.
It is prepared from the carbonate of foda and fupertartrite of pot-
  afs, in the fame manner as the tartrite of potafs.     r

Natron Tartarisatum.  Lond. Sal Rupellensis. Dub,
       Tartarifed Natron.                Rochelle Salt.
Take of
   Natron, twenty ounces ;
   Cryftals of tartar, powdered, two pounds ;
   Diftilled water, boiling, ten pints.
Diffolve the natron in the water, and gradually add the cryftals of
   tartar ; filter the  liquor through  paper ; evaporate, and fet it
   afide to cryftallize.

   The. tartarous acid in feveral inftances is capable of entering
into combination at the fame time with two bafes.  In the prefent
example, the fuperabundant  acid of the fupertartrite of potafs is
neutralized with foda, and in place of a mixture of tartrite of pot-
afs and tartrite of foda, each  poffefling their own properties, there
refults a triple fait, having peculiar properties.
   The  tartrite of potafs  and  foda forms large  and very regular
cryftals, in the form of prifms with eight fides nearly equal, which
are often divided  longitudinally, almoft through their axis.   It
has a bitter tafte.  It is foluble in about five parts of water, and
ifflorefces in the air.   It is decompofed by the ftrong acids, which
combine with  the foda, and  feparate fupertartrite of potafs, and
by baryta and lime.   By  heat its acid is deftroyed.  It confifts of
54 tartrite of potafs, and 46  tartrite  of foda.
   It was introduced  into  medical  praaice by  M. Seignette, an
apothecary at Rochelle, whofe name it long bore.  It is ftill fre-
quently employed ;  and though lefs agreeable than the phofphate
of foda,  it is much more fo than the fulphate of foda.   It is lefs
purgative than thefe, and muft be given in larger dofes.

AQUA  AMMONITE; olim,  Aqua Ammonia Caustics.
                            Edin.
    Water of Ammonia, formerly Water of Cauflic Ammonia.
 Take of
   Muriate of ammonia, fixteen ounces ;
   Quicklime, frefh burnt, two pounds  ;
   Water, fix pounds. 
s
Chap. III.]           Alkaline  Salts,                  399

Having put one pound of the water into an iron or ftone ware vef-
  fel, add the quicklime, previoufly beat, and cover the veffel for
  twenty four hours, until  the lime fall into a powder, which is
  to be put into a retort.   Add  to  it  the muriate of ammonia,
  diffolved in  five pounds of  water; and fhutting the mouth of
  the retort, mix them together  by agitation.  Laflly, diftil into
  a refrigerated receiver with  a very gentle  heat (fo that the op-
  erator's hand can eafily bear the heat of the retort,) till twenty
  ounces of liquor are drawn off.  In this diftillation the veffels
  are to be fo luted as to confine effectually the vapors which are
  very penetrating.

                 Aqua Ammonia Pur£,
                          Lond.
                  Water of Pure Ammonia,
Take of
  Sal ammoniac one pound ;
  Quicklime,  two pounds ;
  Water, one gallon.
Add to the lime two pints of the water. Let them ftand together
  an hour ; then add the fal ammoniac and the other fix pints of
  water boiling, and immediately cover the veffel.  Pour out the
  liquor  when cold, and diftil  off with a flow fire one pound.

         Liquor Alkali Volatilis Caustici.
                           Dub.
               Liquor of Cauftic Volatile Alkali.
Fake of
  Sal ammoniac, fixteen ounces ;
  Lime, frefh  burnt, two pounds  ;
  Water, fix pouuds.
Sprinkle one pound ot  boiling water upon the lime, placed in  a
  itoneware veffel, and cover  up the veffel.   Twenty four hours
  afterwards,  mix the fait with the lime, which will have crum-
  bled to powder, taking care  to avoid  the vapors.  Then put
  the mixture  into a retort, and pour upon it five pounds ot  wa-
  ter.  Having previoufly agitated them, draw off with a moder-
  ate heat twenty ounces of liquor into a  refrigerated receiver,
  having luted carefully the joining of the veffels.
The fpecific gravity of this liquor is to that of diftilled water, as
  936  to 1000.
  In this procefs the muriate of ammonia is decompofed by the
lime, in confequence  of its having a ftronger affinity for muriatic
acid than ammonia has.  It is abfolutely neceffary that the lime
employed be very recently burnt, as  the prefence ot carbonic acid
would  render the ammonia partially  carbonated.  This  accider.:
                            03*3 
400         Preparations and Compositions.      [Part. III.

is alfo prevented by  the great excefs of lime ufed, which having
a greater affinity for  carbonic acid than ammonia has, retains any
fmall quantity of it which may be accidentally prefent.  The lime
is alfo to be flaked before it be added to the muriate of ammonia,
becaufe the heat produced during its flaking would caufe a violent
difengagement of ammonia gas, and be attended with great lofs.
The addition ot the water is effential to the exiftence of the ammo-
nia in a liquid form,  for in  itfelf it is a permanently elaftic fluid.
A much greater quantity of water, however,  is  ufed than what is
fufficient to abforb all the ammonia ; the reft is intendedto render
the decompofition flower and more  manageable, and  to  keep the
muriate of lime which remains in the retort in folution ; for oth-
erwife it would concrete into a folid mafs, adhering ftrongly to the
bottom of the retort, very difficult to be wafhed  out, and often en-
dangering its breaking.  As foon  as the flaked  lime  and muriate
of ammonia are mixed, they fhould be put into the retort, the water
poured upon them, and the diftillation begun ;  for, by  the London
procefs, of adding the water boiling hot to the  mixture, and  letting
it ftand to cool before it is  introduced into the  retort, there is a
very great lofs of ammonia, and for no reafon  whatever.  A very
fmall degree of heat is fufficient for the diftillation, and the whole
ammonia rifes with the firft portion of  water,  or even before it.
It is therefore neceffary that the veffels  be very clofely  luted to
each other, to prevent it from efcaping.   But this renders the ut-
moft care neceffary in the diftillation ; for too fudden, or too great
a heat, from the rapid difengagement of gas, or even the expanfion
of the air contained in the veffels, would endanger their burfting.
  Many variations of greater or lefs importance have been made
in conduaing this procefs, but the moft confiderable is that o(
Gottling.   The peculiarity of his method confifh in  difengaging
the ammonia in the form of gas, and combining it afterwards with
water with the affiftance of preffure.  He ufes  an earthen ware
cucurbit, with a tubulated capital.   To the fpout of  the capital,
one end of a bent glafs tube is accurately luted, while the other
end is introduced to  the  bottom of a tall narrow mouthed glafs
phial, containing the requifite quantity of water.   Into the cucur-
bit he puts two parts of finely powdered lime, and one of muriate
of ammonia, and then applies  the heat.   He does not  fhut the UN
bulature until the fmell of ammonia becomes manifeft, and opens
it again as foon as  the procefs is finifhed, and  before the veffels
begin to cool, as other-wife  the folution ot ammonia would flow
back into the cucurbit, and fpoil the whole operation.  But this
management of the tubulature requires very great attention, and,
therefore, we think that  this apparatus would be very much im-
prove^, by fubftituting for the tubulature one of Welter's tube* 
Chap. III.]          Alkaline Salts.                  401

of fafety, by which even the poffibility of fuch an accident is pre-
cluded.
  We have already (131.) mentioned the  properties  of ammo-
nia in its gafeous form,  and its  relation  to  the  alkalies (105.)
When combined with water, it imparts to it many  of thefe prop*
erties, and leffens its fpecific gravity.  Liquid  ammonia, or wa-
ter faturated with ammonia, contains 74.63 water,  and 25.37 am-
monia ; and its fpecific gravity is 0.9054.  When it has the fpe-
cific gravity mentioned by the Dublin College  0.936, it contains
about 83 of water, and 17 of  ammonia.   It affumes its elaftic
form, and feparates from the water,  when  heated  to about 1300,
and quickly attraas carbonic acid from the atmofphere.  It de-
compofes many of the  earthy  and  all  the metalline falts, and is
capable of  diffolving or  combining  with many of the metalline
oxides, and even of oxidizing fome of  the metals.  When pure,
water of ammonia does not effervefce with any of the acids,  or
form a precipitate with alcohol.
   Water of ammonia is  very rarely given internally, although it
maybe ufed in dofes of ten to twenty drops, largely diluted, as a
powerful ftimulant in afphyxia,  and fimilar difeafes.  External-
ly it is applied to the fkin as a rubefacient, and in the form of gas
to the noftrils and to the eyes ss  a ftimulant ; in cafes of torpor,
paralyfis, rheumatifm, fyncope, hyfteria, and chronic  ophthalmia.

   ALCOHOL AMMONIATUM, sive  SPIRITUS AM.
     MONl^E.                Edin.
          Ammoniated Alcohol, or Spirit of Ammonia.
Take of
   Diluted alcohol, four pounds ;
   Muriate of ammonia four ounces ;
   Carbonate of potafs, fix ounces.
Mix them, and draw off by diftillation, with  a gentle heat, two
   pounds.
                   Spiritus Ammonite.
                           Lond.
                     Spirit of Ammonia.
              Spiritus Alkali  Volatilis.
                           Dub.
                   Spirit of Volatile Alkali.
Take of
   Proof fpirit, three pints ;
   Sal ammoniac, four ounces ;
   Potafhes, fix ounces.
 Mix, and diftil with a flow fire, one pint and an half.
   When  muriate of ammonia  is decompofed by carbonate  of
potafs, the produft is a mixture  of carbonate of ammonia with a 
402          Preparations and Compositions.   [\\wi. III.

variable quantity of ammonia; for the carbonate of potafs is never
faturated with carbonic acid.  Again, as diluted alcohol is em-
ployed in this procefs, and one half only is drawn off, it is evident
that there is either a want of economy, or the whole alcohol comes
over before any of  the water.  But  if  the  latter fuppofition be
true, there is alfo a want of economy, for the alcohol will diffolve
only  the ammonia, and leave the whole  carbonate undiffolved.
The faa is, that when we perform the procefs as directed by the
Colleges, a very  large proportion of carbonate of ammonia fub-
limes, which remains  undiffolved in the diftilled liquor ; but as
this liquor  (after  the particles of carbonate  ot  ammonia, which
were diffufed  through  it have feparated in  the form of very regu-
lar cryftals, adhering to the fides of  the veffel) effervefces  with
acids, the diftilled liquor cannot be pure alcohol, but muft contain
a proportion of water capable of diffolving fome carbonate of am-
monia.   From both confederations, it appears to us, that the pro-
cefs direaed, it not unchemical, is at leaft uneconomical.
   It is remarkable that the  Edinburgh College, for what reafon
we know not, fhould have adopted,  in  the  two laft editions of
their Pharmacopoeia, this procefs from the London College, and
rehnquifhed one which to us appears unexceptionable,  as it is not
attended with the fmalleft  lofs, either of alcohol  or ammonia, and
gives both a more aaive and a  more uniform  preparation.  A
flrong proof of its fuperiority is,  that the apothecaries ftill conti-
nue to follow it,  although it has been  rejeaed by the College,
We fhall therefore infert it here without any alteration, except of
the nomenclature.

Take of
   Quicklime, fixteen ounces ;
   Muriate of ammonia, eight ounces ;
   Alcohol, thirtytwo ounces.
Having bruifed and mixed the  quicklime  and muriate of ammo-
   nia, put them into a glafs retort; then add the alcohol, and dif-
   til to drynefs, in the manner direaed for the  water of ammo-
   nia.

CARBONAS AMMONITE ; olim, Ammonia Pr^parat/v,
                            Edin.
      Carbonate of Ammonia, formerly Prepared Ammonia.
Take of
   Muriate of ammonia, one  pound ;
   Pure carbonate  of lime (commonly called chalk)  dried, n.a
     pounds.
Having triturated them feparately, mix them thoroughly*  and -4-
   blime from a retort into a refrigerated receiver.
i 
Chap. III.]
Alkaline Salts.
4f3
                 Ammonia Pr'.hparata.
                           Lond.
                     Prepared Ammonia.
Take of
  Sal ammoniac, powdered,  one pound ;
  Prepared chalk, two pounds.
Mix and fublime.

               Alkali  Volatile Mite
                           Dub.
                    Mild Volatile Alkali.
Take of
  Sal ammoniac, in powder,  one pound ;
  Prepared chalk, two pounds.
Dry them with the greateft caie ; and having mixed them, intro-
  duce them into a retort. By means of heat  fublime the alka-
  Jine fait, which is to be received in a proper veffel.
  In this procefs the two fubftances  employed undergo a  mutual
decompofition, the muriatic acid combining with the lime, and the
carbonic acid with the ammonia.  The proportion of carbonate of
lime direaed, is perhaps more than  fufficient to decompofe the
muriate of ammonia ; but it  is the  fafe  fide to err on ; for it is
only fometimes inconvenient, from  obliging us  to make ufe of
larger veffels, whereas, if any portion of the  muriate ot ammonia
were to remain undecompofed, it would fublime along with the
 carbonate, and  render the produa impure.   Gottling ufes three
parts of chalk to two of muriate of ammonia,  but  he dries his
chalk  before he weighs it.   The chalk is always to be very tho-
roughly dried before it is ufed in this preparation, as the prefence
ot moifture injures the produa.  The ingredients are to be tho-
roughly mj^ed by trituratioo, before they are introduced into the
retort, that no part of the  muriate of ammonia  may efcape de-
compofition ; and we are even fometimes direaed 10 cover the
furface of the mixture, after  they are in the  retort, with powder-
ed chalk.   This however,  is uniieceflary.   Carbqnate of lime
does not aa on muriate ot ammonia till a confiderable heat be ap-
plied.   Gottling fays, that the fublimation muft be conduaed in
the open fire, and therefore ufes an earthern ware  cucurbit,  with a
tubulated  capital.   When  a glafs reiore is  employed, it fhould
have a very wide  neck ; and the beft form for  the  receiver is
cylindrical, as it enables us to get out the carbonate of ammonij
condenfed in it  without breaking it.  The  refiduum which re-
mains  in the retort,  furnifhes muriate  of lime by lixiviation and
evaporation.
   Sometimes carbonate of potafs  is employed for the  preparation
of carbonate of ammonia.  The theory of the procefs is the fame
and the decompofition is effeaed  at a  lower temperature.  But as 
404        Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part III.

potafs is very rarely faturated with carbonic acid, part of the am-
monia is evolved in the  form of  gas, which, if not permitted to
efcape, will  burft  the veffels.  To prevent  this lofs, therefore,
Mr. Gentling ufes a cucurbit and  capital, furnifhed  with a bent
tube, which is to be immerfed in a phial of water; by  which con-
trivance, while the  carbonate of  ammonia  is  condenfed in the
capital, the gafeous  ammonia is abforbed by  the water.   When
potafs is ufed, the refiduum contains muriate  of potafs.
  Carbonate of ammonia is obtained in the form of a white cryf-
tallized  mafs, of a  fibrous texture, having the fmell  and tafle of
ammonia,  but weaker.   It is  foluble  in twice its weight ot  cold
water, and is  more foluble as the temperature of  the water in-
creafes ; but when it approaches to a boiling heat, the carbonate
is volatilized.   It is infoluble in alcohol.  It is permanent in the
air, and is  not decompofed, but is  eafily vaporized by heat.   It is
faid to vary  very much in its compofition,  and to contain more
ammonia,  and lefs acid and water, in proportion to the high tem-
perature employed in preparing it, the quantity of  alkali varying
from 50 to 20 per cent.  It is  decompofed by moft of the acids,
and all the alkaline and fome of the earthy bafes ; by the earthy
fulphates  except thofe of baryta and  ftrontia ; by the earthy ful-
phates, muriates and fluates ; by the nitrates of baryta, and fuper-
phofphate of lime.
  Carbonate of ammonia exaaiy refembles  ammonia in its ac
tion on the living body ; but is weaker, and is principally ufed as
fmelling falts in fyncope and hyfteria.

AQUA  CARBONATIS  AMMONITE ; olim,  Aqua Am-
  MONI.E.                  Edin.
  Water of Carbonate of Ammonia, formerly Water of Ammonia,
Take of
  Muriate of ammonia,
  Carbonate of potafs, each fixteen ounces;
  Water,  two pounds.
Having mixed the faks and put them into a glafs retort, pour the
  water upon them, and diftil to drynefs in a fand bath, gradual-  N
  ly increafing the heat.

                    Aqua  Ammonite.
                           Lond.
                    Water of Ammonia.
Take of
  Sal ammoniac, one pound  :
  Potafhes, one pound and a half ;
  Water four pints.
Draw off two pints by diftillation, with a flow fire. 
Chap. III.]          Alkaline Salts.
405
           Liquor Alkali Volatilis Mitis.
                           Dub.
                Liquor of Mild volatile Alkali.
Take of
  Mild vegetable alkali,
  Muriate of ammonia, each fixteen ounces ;
  Water, two pounds.
Draw off the liquor by  diftillation until the refiduum become dry.
The fpecific gravity of  this liquor is to that of  diftilled water as
  1110 to iodo.
  The produa  of this procefs is a folution of carbonate of am-
monia, while the refiduum in the  retort is muriate ot potafs.  In
this inftance, the decompofition of the muriate of ammonia can-
not be effeaed by carbonate of lime, becaufe the addition of the
water prevents the application of the neceffary  heat, whereas car-
bonate of potafs aas at  a moderate temperature.  The  direaions
ot the London College  differ from thofe of the  other Colleges in
two particulars ; in the quantity of water, added,  and in the pro-
portion of carbonate of potafs employed.   The addition of more
water than what is to be drawn off by diftillation, muft increafe
the fize of the  apparatus employed, an inconvenience alwa)s to be
avoided,  if poffible.  With regard to the quantity of carbonate of
potafs employed, from  calculation, and the authority of the beft
writers, for we do not fpeak from experience,  we are difpofed to
think the London College in the right :   For the 42.75 parts of
muriatic  acid in  100 parts of muriate of  ammonia, require 84.12
of potafs to faturate them ;  but in 100 parts of  carbonate of pot-
afs there  are not above 50 parts of potafs, fo that carbonate of pot-
afs is not capable of decompofing an equal weight of  muriate ot
ammonia.

LIQUOR VOLATILIS,  SAL  et OLEUM CORNU  CER-
  VI.                     Lond.
        The volatile Liquor, Salt, and oil of Hartfhorn.
Take of
  Hartfhorn, ten pounds.
Diftil with a fire gradually increafed.  A volatile liquor, fait, and
  oil will afcend.
The oil and fait being feparated, diftil the liquor three times.
To the fait add an equal weight  of prepared chalk, and fublime
  thrice, or till it become white.
The fame volatile liquor, fait, and oil, may be obtained from any
  animal fubftance except fat. 
406       Preparations and Compositions.      [Pc.rt  III.

         Liouor Volatilis Cornu Cervini.
                            Dub.
                 Volatile Liquor of Hartfhorn.
Take of
  Hartshorn, any  quantitv.
Put it into a retort, and diftil with a gradually increafed heat, the
  volatile liquor, fait,  and oil.  Then  repeat the diftillation of
  the volatile liquor until it become as limpid as  water, feparat-
  ing by filtration tha oil and fait after each diftillation.
The fpecific gravity of this liquor is  to that of diftilled water as
  1 no to 1000.
If hartshorn cannot be had, the bones of  any other animal  may
  be fubftituted for them.
  The wholefaledealers  have very large pots for this diftillation,
with earthen  heads, almoft like thofe of the common ftill ;  for re-
ceivers, they ufe a couple of oil  jars, the mouths of which are lu-
ted  together ; the pipe that comes from the head, is conneaed by
means  of  an adopter with the lower jar, which is alfo furnifhed
With a cock for drawing off the fluids condenfed in it.   The up-
per jar  is entire, and in it is condenfedthe folid carbonate of am-
monia.  When a large quantity of  the fubjea is to be diftilled,it
is cuftomary to continue  the operation for feveral days fucceffive-
ly ; only unluting the head occafionally, to put in frefh materials.
When the upper jar becomes  entirely filled with carbonate of
ammonia, it cracks.   It  is then to be removed, the fait to be ta-
ken out of it, and a frefh one fubftituted in its place.
  When only a  fmall quantity of fpirit or  fait is wanted, a com-
mon iron pot, fuch as  is  ufually fixed in  fand  furnaces, may be
employed ; an iron head  being fitted to it.   The  receiver ought
to be large, and a glafs, or rather tin,  adopter inferted between it
and the pipeot the head.
  The diftilling veffel being charged with pieces of horn, a  mo-
derate  fire is  applied,  which is flowly increafed, and  raifed at
length almoft to the utmoft degree.   At firft water arifes,  which
gradually acquires  color  and fmell,  from the admixture of em-
pyreumatic oil and ammoniacal falls ;  carbonate  of ammonia next
arifes, which at firft diffolves, as it comes over,  in the water, and
thus forms  what is called  {he fpirit. When the water is faturat-
ed,  the remainder of the fait concretes in a folid form to the fides
of the recipient.   If it be required to have  the whole of the fait
folid, and undiffolved, the water fhould be removed as  foon as the
fait begins to arife, which may be known by the appearance of white
fumes ; and that this may be done  the more commodioufly, the
receiver fhould be left unluted, till this firft part  of the procefs be
finifhed. The white vapors which now  arife, fometimes come over
with fuch vehemence as  to  throw off orburft  the receiver  ; to
prevent this accident, it is convenient  to have a  fmall hole  in the 
Chap. III.]            Alkaline Salts.                  407

luang, which may be  occafionally  flopped  with a wooden peg,
or opened, as the operator fnall find  proper. Laftly, the oil arifes,
which acquires greater color and confiftency as the operation ad-
vances,   Carbonate of ammonia ftill comes over, but it is partly
diffolved in  the hot oily vapor.   At the fame time, there is a
confiderable difengagement of gas, confi fling ofa mixture of car-
buretted hydrogen, often containing fulphur aiad phofphorus, and
of carbonic acid.
   All the liquid matters being poured out of  the receiver, the
fait which remains, adhering to its fides, is to be wafhed out with
a little water, and added to the  reft.   It is convenient to  let the
whole ftand for a few hours, that the oil may the better difengage
itfelf from the liquor,  fo as to be firft feparated by a funnel, and
afterwards more perfeaiy by  filtration through wet paper.
   None of thefe produas, except perhaps a fmall quantity of the
water, exift ready formed in  the  matter fubjeaed to the diftilla-
tion, but are produced by a  new arrangement ot its conftituents.
For the produfclion of ammonia, it  is abfolutely neceffary that it
contain nitrogen, or  be what we have called  a quaternary  oxide.
Although fome  vegetable, and moft animal fubflances, are of this
kind, yet  only the moft folid parts  of animals, fuch  as bone and
horn, are employed for the produaion of ammonia ; becaufe they
furnifh it  lefs  mixed with other fubftances,  are eafily obtained,
and at little  expenfe, and are very manageable in the diftillation.
On  the application  of heal, as foon as all the  water which they
contained is expelled, their  elements  begin to aa on each other,
and to form binary,  or at moft ternary compounds.  Water is
formed of part of the oxygen and hydrogen, ammonia of nitrogen
and hydrogen, carbonic acid of carbon  and  oxygen, then oil  of
hydrogen and charcoal, while the fuperfluous carbon remains in
the retort in the ftateof charcoal.   As the formation of thefe fub-
ftances is  fimultaneous,  or in immediate fucceffion,  they are not
obtained feparately, but are mixed with each other.   The water is
faturated with carbonate  of ammonia,  and impregnated with em-
pyreumatic  oil, while the  carbonate  of ammonia is difcolored
with oil ;  and the oil contains carbonate of ammonia diffolved in
it.  They may, however, be feparated from each other in a great
Kieafure, in  the manner already defcribed,  But a fmall portion
of oil obftinately adheres both to the falts  and its folution, which
conftitutes the onlv difference between fait  and fpirit of  harts-
horn, as they are called,  and the purer carbonate of ammonia,  as
obtained by the decompofition of muriate of ammonia. 
 408        Preparations  and Compositions.     [Part III.

 AQUA ACET1TIS  AMMONITE;  vulgo, Spiritus  Min-
   dereri.                 Edin.
 Water of Acetite of Ammonia, commonly called Spirit of Minde-
   rerus.
 Take of
   Carbonate of ammonia in powder, any quantity.
 Pour upon it as much diftilled acetous acid as may be  fufficient
   to faturate the ammonia exaaiy.

           Aqua Ammonia,  Acetate.
                            Lond.
                  Water of Acetated Ammonia.
 Take of
   Ammonia, two  ounces ;
   Diftilled vinegar  four pints, or what  may be fufficient to fatu-
 rate the ammonia.
 Mix them.

          Liquor Alkali Volatilis Acetati.
                            Dub.
               Liquor of Acetated Volatile Alkali.
 Take of
   Mild volatile alkali, two ounces ;
   Diftilled vinegar, three pounds and a  half, or as much as may
 be fufficient to  faturate the volatile alkali.
  Mix them gradually by agitating them well together.
   By this procefs  we obtain acetite of ammonia diffolved in  the
 water of the acetous acid ; but as this is apt to vary in quantity,
 the folution alfo varies in ftrength, and the  cryftallization ot  the'
 fait is attended  with too  much  difficulty  to be praaifed for phar-
 maceutical purpofes.   Its cryftals are long, flender and flatted, of
 a pearly white color,  and of a  cool fweetifh tafte, are very deli-
 quefcent, melt at 1700, and fublime at 2500.   It is decompofed by
 the acids, alkalies,  and feveral of the earths, and metalline  falts ;
 and when in folution, its acid is  decompofed  fpontaneoufly, and
 by heat.
  Different propofals have been made to  get a folution of greater
 ftrength and  uniformity, than  that ftill  retained by the Britifh
 Colleges.   Mr. Lowe faturates four ounces of carbonate of potafs
 with diftilled  vinegar, and  evaporates the folution to 36  ounces.
 He then mixes  it with  two ounces  of muriate of ammonia, and
 diftils the mixture in a glafs retort. Acetite of ammonia comes o-
ver.   The laft edition of the Pruflian Pharmacopoeia prepares it
by faturating three  ounces ot carbonate of ammonia with a ftrong
acetous  acid (obtained by diftillation from acetite of  foda, dif-
folved in two parts of water, and decompofed by fulphuric acid)
and diluting the folution  with water, fo  that it fhall weigh  twen- 
Chap. III.]            Alkaline Salts.                 469

ty four ounces.  One ounce,  therefore,  contains the alkali of a
drachm of carbonate of ammonia.
   Acetite of ammonia, when  affifted by a warm regimen, proves
an excellent and powertul fudorific ; and  as  it operates without
quickening the circulation or increafing the heat of the body, it
is admiffible in febrile  and  inflammatory difeafes, in which the
ufe of ftimulating fudorifics are attended with danger.   Its aaion
may likewife be determined to the  kidneys, by  walking about in
a cool air.  The common dofe is  half an ounce, either by itfelf,
or along with other medicines adapted to the fame intention.
        HYDRO SULPHURETUM  AMMONITE.
                            Edin.
                 Hydro Sulphur et of Ammonia.
 Take of *
   Water of ammonia, four ounces ;
   Subjea  it in a chemical apparatus to a ftream of the gas, which
 arifes from
   Sulphuret of iron, four ounces.
   Muriatic acid, eight ounces, previoufly diluted with two pounds
 and a half of water.
   Sulphuret of Iron is conveniently prepared for this pur-
 pofe, from
   Purified filings of iron, three parts ;
   Sublimed fulphur, one part.
 Mixed and expofed to a moderate degree of heat in a covered cru-
   cible, until they unite into a  mafs.
   Sulphuretted hydrogen is capable of  combining with  dif-
 ferent bafes in the manner of an acid.  In the prefent preparation,
 it is combined with ammonia.  It is obtained by decompofing fu'-
 phuret of iron with muriatic acid.   As foon as the acid, by its
 fuperior affinity, feparates the  iron from the  fulphur, the latter
 immediately reaas on the water, the oxygen  of which forms with
 one portion of it fulphuric acid, while the hydrogen diffolves an-
 other portion, and  forms fulphuretted hydrogen gas.   The com-
 bination of this with  ammonia  is facilitated  by reduaion of tem-
 perature, and  by making it pafs through a column of the water of
 ammonia by means of an apparatus, fuch as Woulfe's  or Nooth's.
 Trommfdorff has propofed, that the fulphuretted hydrogen gas
 fhould be  obtained by the decompofition of  fuiphuret of potafs ;
 but in this wgy its formation is too rapid to be eafily managed.
  Gottling fays,  that the acid fhould be added gradually, and that
 the whole muft be conftantly agitated.  But  thefe precautions are
 rendered unneceffary, by diluting the acid in the degree.direaed
 by the pharmacopoeia.  Mr. Cruickfhank, who firft fuggefted tie
 ufe of hydro fuiphuret of ammonia in medicine, direas the ful_
 phuret of  iron to be prepared by heating a bar of iron to a whitc 
 410        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

 heat in a fmith's forge, and rubbing againft the end  of it a roll of
 fulphur.  The iron at this temperature immediately combines
 with the fulphur, and forms globules of fulphuretted iron, which
 fhould be received  in a veffel  filled with water.  It is, however,
 more conveniently  obtained in the manner direaed by the Col-
 lege.   Iron is capable of combining with two  proportions of ful-
 phur.   At a high temperature  it combines with 60  per cent, and
 has a dull blackifh  color.  In this ftate it is  fit for the produc-
 tion of  fulphuretted hydrogen  gas.  At a lower temperature it
 takes up  90 per cent, of fulphur,  acquires a greenifh  yellow  co-
 lor, and  in every refpecf refembles native pyrites.   This  cannot
 be decompofed by acids, and is therefore unfit  for the  produaion
 of gas ; but it may be reduced  to the ftate ot iron fulphuretted to
 the minimum, by expofing it to a  fufficiently  high temperature,
 or by melting  it with half its weight of iron filings.  It was pro.
 bably from not attending to the different ftates of fulphuretted
 iron, that fome of the German chemifts failed in their attempts to
 procure from  it fulphuretted hydrogen gas,  and had recourfe to
 fuiphuret of potafs.
  Hydro fuiphuret of ammonia, or more correaiy  Sulphuretted
 hydroguret of ammonia,  aas powerfully on  the living fyftem.   It
induces  vertigo,  drowfinefs, naufea  and vomiting, «$nd leffens
 the aaion of the heart and arteries.  It therefore feems to be a
 direa fedative.  According to the doarine of the chemical phy-
 fiologifts, it is a powerful  difoxygenizing remedy.  It has only
 been ufed in diabetes by  Dr.  Rollo and others, under the name
 of Hepatized Ammonia, in dofes  of five  or ten drops twice or
 thrice a day.
SJ=«s=-
                      CHAP.  IV. m


         EARTHS, AND  EARTHT SALTS. ■


                   MURIAS  BARYTA.
                           Edin.
               <-    Muriate of Baryta.
Take of
  Sulphate of baryta, two pounds ;
  Charcoal of wood in powder, four ounces.
Roafl the fulphate with fire,  that it may be more eafily reduced
  to a  very fine powder, with which the charcoal  is  to be inti- 
Chap. IV.]      Earths, and Earthy Salts.        •    411

  mately mixed.   Put the mixture into a crucible, and  having
  fitted it with  a cover, heat it with a ftrong fire for fix hours.
  Then triturate the matter well, and throw it into fix pounds of
  water in  an earthen or glafs veffel, and mix them by agitation,
  preventing as much as poffible the aaion of the air.
Let the veffel  ftand in  a vapor bath until the part  not diffolved
  fhall fubfide, then pour off the liqour.   On the undiffolved part
  pour four pounds more of boiling water,  which, after agitation
  and depofition, are to be added to the former liquor.  Into the
  liquor while ftill warm, or, if it fhall have cooled, again heated,
  drop muriatic acid as long as  it excites  any effervefcence.
  Then ftrain it and evaporate it fo as to cryftallize.
  In the materia medica of the Edinburgh College, the carbonate
of baryta is  introduced', for the purpofe of  forming the muriate ;
but as that mineral is not very common,  and fometimes not to be
procured, it became neceffary to defcribe the manner of preparing
the muriate  from the fulphate.  This  is, however, attended with
very confiderable difficulties,  on account of the very ftrong attrac-
tion  which fubfifts between the fulphuric acid and baryta.
  The fulphate of baryta may be decompofed,
     1. By compound affinity ; by  means of carbonate of  potafs.
     2. By decompofing its acid ;  by means of charcoal.
  Carbonate of potafs is capable of effeaing this decompofition,
either in  the dry or humid way.   Klaproth boils 16 ounces  of
finely powdered fulphate of baryta with 32 ounces of purified car-
bonate of potafs, and five  pounds  of water, for an hour in a tin
kettle, conftantly  agitating the mixture,  and renewing the water
as it  evaporates.   He then allows it to fettle, pours off the  fluid,
which is  a folution of fulphate of potafs, and edulcorates the pre-
cipitate with plenty of water.  He next diffolves the carbonate
of baryta, which it  contains, in muriatic  acid.  The portion  of
fulphate  which is not decompofed, may  be  treated  again  in  the
fame manner.
  On the other hand, Van Mons  mixes equal parts of fulphate of
baryta and carbonate of potafs with one fourth of their weight of
charcoal all in powder, and heats  the mixture to rednefs in a cru-
cible.  When it cools he wafhes out the fulphate and fuiphuret of
potafs with water, then boils the refiduum with a little potafs, and
wafhes it again.   The carbonate of baryta thus obtained, he dif-
folves in muriatic acid.
  But by thefe methods of decompofing the  fulphate of baryta,
we do not get rid of the metallic fubftances which it often  con-
tains, and which often render  the muriate thus  prepared unfit for
medical ufe.   But the  metalline muriates  roay  be expelled  ac-
cording to Weftrumb, by heating the fait to  rednefs as long as any
fumes arife.   The pure muriate of baryta is  then to be  diffolved 
412        Preparations and Compositions.       [Part 1IL

in water and cryftallized.  Gottling, with the  fame intention of
getting rid of metalline  fubftances, choofes  fulphate of baryty,
perfeaiy colorlefs,  and  treats it  with muriatic or nitromuriatic
acid before he proceeds to decompofe it.
   The acid  of the fulphate of baryta is decompofed at a very high
temperature by charcoal;   At fuch a temperature  charcoal has a
greater affinity for oxygen than fulphur has ;  it therefore decom-
pofes fulphuric acid, by depriving it of its  oxygen, and flies off
in the ftate of carbortic oxide or acid gas, while the fulphur com-
bines with the baryta.  On  adding  Water to the fuiphuret thus
formed, new combinations take place.   A portion of fulphate of
baryta is regenerated, while hydroguretted fuiphuret and fulphu-
retted hydroguret of baryta remain in folution.  This folution is
exceedingly prone to decompofition, and muft therefore be pre-
ferved from the aaion  of the air as much as  poffible.  It alfo
Cryftallizes by cooling, and therefore fhould be  kept at a boiling
heat.  On the addition of muriatic acid, there  is  a  violent effer-
vefcence and difengagement of  fulphuretted hydrogen gas, while
very pure muriate ot baryta remains in folution.   When prepared
in this way, it cannot be  contaminated  with any of the noxioui
metals, as their compounds with fulphur and hydrogen are not fo-
luble.   On this account,  therefore,  it is the procefs adopted by
the Edinburgh College.
   Muriate of baryta commonly cryftallizes in tables.  It has a dif-
agreeable bitter tafte; is foluble in five parts of water at 6o°, and
in iefs  boiling water.  It is fcarcely foluble in alcohol; and its fo-
lution burns with a yellow flame.  It cryftallizes by evaporation ;
its cryftals are permaient; and by the aaion of heat decrepitate,
dry and melt.   When cryftallized it contains 20 acid, 64 baryta^
and  16 water ;  when dried, 23.8 acid,  and  76. 2 baryta.  It is
rlecoMpofe'.. by the fulphates, nitrates, and fulphites ; and by the
a! valine phofphates, borates and  carbonates.  When pure it has
no ( Aor ; does not deliquefce ; does not burn with a red or pur-
ple fl *me "Then diffolved ir. alcohol ; and is not precipitated by
gaiuc ac;c, prufliate of  potafs and  iron, or hydro  fuiphuret  of
amm >nia.
   It is commonly given in folution.

            SOLUTIO MUPIATIS  BARYTiE.
                            Edin.
                Solution of Muriate of Baryta.
Take of
   Muriate of baryta, one part j
   Diftilled  water, three parts.  Diffolve.  _
   The proportion  of water direaed here for the  folution of mil*
tiate of baryta, is confiderably lefs than what is ftated  to be ne- 
Chap. IV.]     Earths, and Earthy  Salts.             412

ceffary by the writers on  chemiftry.   It is  however fufficient,
even at the  loweft ordinary temperatures, a circumftance which
fhould be attended to in making faturated folutions of faline bod*
ies.
   Muriate of baryta is generally faid by writers on  the materia
rnedica to be a fiimulant deobftruent;  and yet Hufeland, one of
its greateft fupporters, fays, that it fucceeds better in cafes attend-
ed with inflammation and  increafed irritability than  with atony
and torpor.   When  given in large  dofes, it  certainly produces
naufea, yorrtitingj diarrhoea, Vertigo  and death.
   Its effeas on a morbid ftate of the  body are alfo difputed. Some
affert that it is of advantage in no difeafe ;  while others beftOw
upon it the  moft unqualified praifes.  By the latter,  it is princi-
pally celebrated,                              i« -.
     1.  In all cafes of fcrofula.
     2.  In obftruaions  and tumors.
     3.  In cafes of worms;,            r>
     4.  In cutaneous difeafes.   ,
,'r The dofe of the folution at firft,  is five or teriidrops twice or
thrice aday, to be gradually and cautioufly increafed to as much
as the patient can bear.
   The folution is alfo ufed externally as a ftimulating and gently
efcharotic  application in cutaneous difeafes,  fungous ulcers* and
fpecks upon the cornea.

                     AQUA  CALCIS.
                            Edin.
                         Lime water.
Take of
   Frefh burnt Ume, half a  pound ;
   Put it into an earthen veffel,  and  gradually fbrinkle on it four
ounces of water, keeping the veffel  fhut, while  the  lime grows
hot, and falls  into powder.   Then  pour on it twelve pounds of
water, and'mix the lime thoroughly with the water, by agitation.
After the lime has fubfided, repeat  the agitation ; and let this be
done, about  ten  times, always keeping the  veffel fhut, that the
free accefs  of  the air may be prevented. , Laftly, let the water
be filtered through paper,  placed in  a funnel,  with  glafs  rods in-
terpofed between them, that the water  may pafs as quickly as
poffible.  It muft be kept in very clofe bottles.
                            Lond.
Take of
   Quicklime, half a pound ;                ,
k  Boiling diftilled water,  twelve pints.
Mix and fet them afide in a covered veffel for an hour; then pour
  off tbe liquor, which is to be  kept in a elofe ftopt veffel.
                  fST 2 
414        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

           g                Dub.
Take of
  Lime recently burnt;
  Boiling water, each one pound.
Put the Inne into an earthen veffel, and fprinkle the water upon
  it, keeping the veffel fhut while the lime grows warm andfalb
  into powder ; then pour upon it twelve pounds of water, and
  fhut the veffel,  agitating it  frequently  for twentyfour hours ;
  laftly, filter the water through paper,  placed in a covered fun-
  nel, and keep it in well clofed bottles.
  We have already  had occafion to fpeak of the properties of
lime (§ too. and p. 171.) and fhall therefore now  confine our re-
marks to the folution of it in water, commonly called Lime water.
In making this, we fhould firft  add only fo much water as is fuffi-
cient to flake  the  lime, which reduces it to a fine powder, eafily
diffufed through water ; for if we add more water at firft, it forms
a pafte with the external part of the lime,  and defends the inter-
nal from the aaion of the water.   During the whole procefs, the
air muft be excluded  as  much as poffible ; as  lime has a very
ftrong affinity for carbonic acid, and attraas it from the atmof-
phere.  The proportion of water ufed is fcarcely  able to diffolve
one tenth of the lime ; but lime is of little value ; and our objeft
is to form a faturated folution  quickly  and eafily.   Lime.is not
more foluble in hot water than in cold; therefore it is unneceffary
to ufe boiling water.  The London College decant their folution
from the undiffolved lime ;  but in this way we are not fo fure of
a perfeaiy tranfparent folution  as by filtration,  and if we ufe the
precautions direaed by the other Colleges, it may be performed
without the lime  abforbing a perceptible quantity of carbonic
acid.   The bottles in which lime water is kept, fhould be perfea-
iy full, and well corked.
  Lime water is tranfparent and colorlefs.  It has an auftere, ac-
rid  tafte, and affeas vegetable colors as the alkalies do.l  It enters
Very readily into combination with all the acids, fulphur and phof-
phorus ; and decompofes the alkaline carbonates, phofphates, fili-
ates, borates, oxalates, tartrites and citrates.
  When applied to the  living  fibre, lime water corrugates and
fhortens it; it therefore  poffeffes aftringent powers.   It is alfo a
powerful antacid, or at leaft it combines with and neutralizes acids
when it comes  in  contaa with them.  It alfo diffolves mucus,
and kills internal worms.  From poffeffing thefe  properties, it is
ufed  in medicine, in difeafes  fuppofed to arife  from laxity and
debility of the folids, as diarrhoea, diabetes, leucorrhcea, fcrofula,
and fcurvy ; in affections of the  ftotnach accompanied with acidity
and flatulence ; when the inteftin'es are loaded with mucus ; and
in worms.   Lime water is fcarcely capable of diffolving, even out
of the body, any of the  fublhiuccs of  which urinary calculi con- 
Chap. IV.      Earths, and Earthy Sails.
415
fift ; it has therefore no  pretentions  to the charaaer of a lithon-
triptic.   It has  been alfo recommended in crufta laaea, in can-
cer, and  in chronic cutaneous difeafes.  Externally-^ is applied
to ill conditioned ulcers, gangrenous fores;  as a wafh in tinea cap-
itis and pfora ; and as an injeaion in gonnorhoea, fiftulas and ul-
cers of the bladder.
  When taken internally, its tafte is  faid  to  be beft covered by
lukewarm milk.   Its dofe is commonly from two to four ounces,
frequently repeated ; but when long continued it weakens the or-
gans of digeftion.

CARBONAS  CALC1S  PRvEPARATUS  ;  olim,  Creta
   PRjEPARATA, et Cancrorum Lapilli j vulgo, Oculi
   Cancrorum PRjEPARATI.
                           Edin.
Prepared Carbonate of Lime ; formerly Prepared Chalk, and Crabs
  Stones, commonly called Crabs Eyes.
  Carbonate of lime,  whether the fofter variety commonly
called Chalk, or the harder variety  called  Crabs Eyes and Crabs
Stones, after having been triturated to powder in  an iron mortar,
and levigated on a porphyry ftone with a little water, is to be put
into a large veffel, and  water to be  poured upon it, which after
agitating the veffel repeatedly is to  be again  poured off, while
loaded with minute powder.  On allowing the water  to fettle, a
fubtile powder will fubfide, which is to be dried.
  The coarfe powder which the water could not fufpend, may be
levigated again, and treated in the fame manner.
QUORUNDAM, AQUA NON SOLUBILIUM, PR.EPA-
   RATIO.                Lond.
    The Preparation of fome Subflances not foluble in Water.
Reduce thefe fubftances firft in a mortar to powder; and pouring
  on a little water, levigate it on a hard and polifhed, but not cal-
  careous ftone, that it may be made as fine as poffible.  Dry this
  powder on blotting paper laid on chalk, and fet in a warm, or
  at leaft a dry place, far fome days.
  In this manner are to  be prepared,
    Amber,
    Antimony,
    Calamine,
    Chalk,
    Coral,
    Crabs claws, firft broken into fmall pieces, and wafhed wi.;..
      boiling water,
    Oyfter (hells, firft cleaned from impurities,
   - Tutty,
    Verdigris. 
 416         Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.


        CANCRORUM  CHELAE  PRiE-PARATA.
                            Dub.
                    Prepared Crabs Claws.
 Wafh the powdered claws in water mixed with about a fixth part
   of cauftic ley, until the adhering faline and animal particles be
   entirely feparated from the earthy particles, which are to be wafh-
   ed by frequently pouring upon them boiling water.   With the
   additioli of a little water, they are  then to be ground in a ftone-
   ware mortar to powder, which  is to be mixed by agitation with
   a fufficiently large quantity of water.  Atter a fhprt delay, that
   is,  until the coarfer particles fubfide, the liquor  is to be poured
   off. The  fame  procefs, by repeating the trituration,  may be
   performed feveral  times.   Laftly,   the  very  minute powder
   fwimming in the water poured  off, is to be colleaed after it has
   fubfided, and dried upon paper placed on a bibulous ftone.    J
   Creta Pr,eparat \.                Prepared Chalk.
   Ostrearum Testae Prjep arat./£.  Prepared Oyfter/hells.
   Ovorum Testae Pr^parat^e.     Prepared  Eggfnells.  >
Thefe are all to be prepared in the fame way as crabs claws.  *
   The preparation of thefe fubftances merely confifts in reducing
them  to an impalpable powder ;  which is effeaed by trituration'
(§ 2.38.) and levigation (§2.49.) and the  finer particles are fepa-
rated rrom the coarfer by-elutriation (§2.43.) and afterwards from
the water which fufpended.  them, by fubfidence and decantation'
(§ 2.41.)   The  foiuion of potafs  is  ufed by the Dublin College
to diffolve  the  animal  matter contained in the different  (hells ;
which is apt to keep the carbonate of lime too long  fufpended, and
to give it a bad  fmell if  not quickly dried.  But thefe  inconven-
iences are totally avoided by ufing chalk, which, as a  medicine, is
not inferior 10 the coftly coral.  .                             '
   Carbon ite of lime is commonly called an Abforbent Earth.  It
certainly  is au antacid ;  that is, it combines with and neutralizes
moft acids, whrie its carbonic acid is expelled in the  form  of gas.
It is therefore exhibited in affctlions of the ftomach, accompanied
with acidity, efpecially when at the fame time there is a tendency
to diarrhoea.  The fear of  its forming concretions in the bowels,
is probably imaginary ; for it is not warranted  either  by  theory or
experience.
   Applied externally, carbonate of lime may be confidered as an
abforbent in another point of  view; for its beneficial  aaion on
bums and ulcers, probably arifes entirely  from its imbibing the
moifture or ichorous matter, as a fponge would do, and thus pre-
venting it from acting on the abraded furfaces, and  excoriating the
neighboring parts. 
Chap.  IV.]     Earths, and Earthy Salts.            417


            SOLUTIO  MURIATIS CALCIS.
                           Edin.
                 Solution of Muriate of Lime.
Take of
  Pure carbonate of lime, that is, white marble, broken into piec-
     es, nine ounces ;
  Muriatic acid, fixteen ounces j
  Water, eight ounces.
Mix the acid with the water, and gradually add the pieces of car-
  bonate of lime.  When the effervefcence has ceafed, digeft them
  for an hour ; pour off the liquor and evaporate it to drynefs.
  Diffolve the refiduum in its weight and a half of water ; and,
  laftly, filter the folution.

  From the difficulty of cryftallizing this fait, it is direaed to
be evaporated to drynefs, to the total  expulfion of  its  water  of
cryftallization, as being the fureft way ot obtaining  a folution of
it of uniform ftrength.
  Its cryftals are prifms of fix fmooth and equal fides, but they
are often fo aggregated that they can only be termed acicular.  Its
tafte is pungent, bitter and difagreeable.  When heated,  it melts,
fwells, and  lofes its water of  cryftallization, and at a very1 high
temperature a fmall part of its acid.   It is one of  the moft deli-
quefcent falts  that we know, and is fo foluble in  water, that fluid
feems capable ot diffolving twice its weight, or at leaft forms with
it a vifcid liquid ; but as it is  ftill capable of attraaing  moifture
from the air,  and of emitting caloric when farther diluted, it can
fcarcely be confidered as a true folution.  It is foluble in alcohol,
and its folution burns with acrimfon flame.   It is decompofed by
the fulphuric, nitric, phofphoric, fluoric and boracic acids ;  by
baryta, potafs, foda and ftrontia ; by  rnoft of the  fulphates, ful-
phites,  nitrates, phofphates, fluates, borates, and the alkaline car-
bonates.  Cryftallized, it contains 31  acid,  44 lime, and 25 wa-
ter ; dried at a red heat 42 acid, 50 lime, and 8 water.
   It was firft propofed as  a medicine by Fourcroy, in fcrofulous
and glandular difeafes, and has been lately extolled with extrava-
gant praifes  by Dr. Beddoes  in the fame affeaions.  A  drachm
diluted with an ounce  of water he  confiders as a medium dofe.
In an overdofe it has produced qualms and  ficknefs ;  and three
drachms and a half killed a dog, the ftomach of which, upon dif-
feaion, had its villous coat bloodfhot, and in many parts almoft
thick and converted into a gelatinous (lime.   The property of this
fait, of producing intenfe cold during its folution, might alfo be
applied to medical  ufe.  For  this purpofe,  it might be econom-
ically  prepared, by faturating  with muriatic acid the refiduum of
the diftillation of ammonia or  of carbonate of ammonia. 
4151         Preparations and Compositions.   [Part. Ill

                 PHOSPHAS CALCIS.
                  Cornu Cervi Ustio.
                          Lond.
               Cornu Cerv^numUstum
                           Dub.
            Phofphate of Lime.   Burnt Hartfhorn.
Burn pieces of hartfhorn till they become perfeaiy white , then
  reduce them to a very fine powder.
  The pieces of horn generally  employed  in this operation, are
thofe left after diftillation.
  In the burning of hartfhorn, a ftrong fire and the free admiffion
of air are neceffary.   The potter's furnace was formerly direaed
for the fake of convenience ; but any common  furnace or (love
will do.  If the pieces of horn be laid on fome lighted charcoal,
fpread on the bottom of the grate, they will be  burnt to white-
nefs, ftill retaining their original form.
  According to  the  analyfis  of Merat Guillot, hartfhorn was
found to confift of 27. gelatine, 57.5 phofphate of lime, 1 carbo-
nate ol lime, and there was a lofs of 14.5, probably water.  Now
as the gelatine is deftroyed by  burning, and  the  water expelled,
the fubftance which remains is phofphate of  lime, mixed with lefs
than two per cent, of carbonate of lime.
   From its white  earthy  appearance, it was formerly  confid-
ered as an abforbent earth.  But fince it has been accurately an.
alyzed, that idea has  been laid  afide, and  its ufe has been fug-
gefted as a remedy in rickets, a difeafe in which the deficiency of
the natural depofition of phofphate of lime in the bones feems to
be the effential or at leaft moft ftriking fymptom.  M. Bonhom-
rne, therefore, gave it to the extent ot half a fcruple, mixed with
phofphate of foda, in feveral cafes with apparent  fuccefs. What-
ever objeaions may be made to  his theory, the praaice certainly
deferves a trial.

          MAGNESIA ;  olim, Magnesia Usta.
                          Edin.
,             Magnefia, formerly Calcined Magnefia.
Let carbonate of Magnefia, put  into a crucible  be kept in a red
   heat for two hours, then put it up in clofe ftopt glafs veffels.

                    Magnesia Usta.
                       Lond.   Dub.
                    Calcined Magnefia.
Take of
   White magnefia, four ounces.
IHxpofe it to a ftrong heat for two hours ;  and,  when cold, fet it
   by.  Keep it in a glafs veffel clofely ftopt.
   By this procefs the carbonate of magnefia is  freed of its acid 
Chap.  IV.]       Earths, and Earthy Salts.           419

and water ;  and,  according  to  the late  Dr. Black's experiment,
lofes about -^ of its weight.  A kind of opaque  foggy vapor is
obferved to efcape during the calcination, which is nothing elfe
than a quantity  of fine particles of magnefia, buoyed  off  along
with a ftream of the difengaged gas.   About the end of the  ope-
ration, the magnefia exhibits a kind of luminous or phofphorefcent
property, which may be confidered as a pretty exatl criterion of
its being deprived of its acid.
   It is  to be kept in clofe veffels, becaufe it attraas, though (low-
ly, the carbonic acid of the atmofphere.
   We  have already (90) noticed its general chemical properties.
In medicine it is  ufed for the fame general purpofes as the carbo-
nate.   In certain affeaions of the ftomach, accompanied with much
flatulence, magnefia is preferable, both becaufe it  contains more
magnefia  in a  given  quantity,  and, being deprived of  its acid, it
neutralizes the acid of the  ftomach, without any  extrication  of
gas, which is often a  troublefome confequence when carbonate of
magnefia  is employed  in thefe complaints.

   CARBONAS MAGNESIA; olim, Magnesia Alba.
                            Edin.
        Carbonate of Magnefia, formerly Magnefia  Alba.
'Take of
   Sulphate of magnefia,
   Carbonate of potafs, equal weights.
Diffolve them feparately in double their quantity  of warm water,
   and let tbe liquors be ftrained or otherwife freed from the feces :
   then mix them, and inftantly add eight times their quantity of
   warm water.   Let  the liquor boil for a little on the fire, ftirring
   it at  the fame  time ;  then let it reft till the heat be fomewhat
   diminifhed ; after which  ftrain it through linen ; the carbonate
   of magnefia will remain upon the cloth, and  it is to  be wafhed
   with pure water till it become altogether  void of faline tafte.

                     Magnesia Alba.
                         Lond. Dub.
                       White Magnefia.
 Take of
   Vitriolated  magnefia,
   Prepared kali, each two pounds ;
   Diftilled water, boiling,  twenty pints.
 Diffolve  the  vitriolated magnefia and prepared  kali  feparately,
   each in ten pints of water, and filter through paper ; then mix
   them.  Boil the liquor a little while, and ftrain it  whilft  hot
   through  linen, upon  which  will  remain  the white  magnefia ;
   then wafh away, by repeated affufions of diftilled water, the  vi-
   triolated kali. 
 420         Preparations and Compositions.      [Part. III.

   The formula of the Dublin College does not differ from that of
 London, except in direa'.ng 'hat the linen ftrainerbe ftretchedout
 fo as to fit it for collecting »h« magiit fia.
   In this procefs there is a mutual decompofition of the two falts
 employed.  The potafs  unites  itidf to the fulphuric acid, while
 the carbonic acid combines with the magnefia.   The  large quan-
 tity of water ufed is neceffary for the foluion of  the  fulphate of
 potafs formed ;  and the boiling is ind:lpenfably requifite for the
 Expulfion of a portion of the carbonic acid, which retains a part
 of the  magnefia in folution.  Sulphate of potafs may be obtained
 from  the liquor which paffes Jnough the  filter, by evaporation.
 This is not pure, however, but mixed with  undecompofed carbo-
 nate of potafs ;  for  ioo parts oi cryftallized carbonate of potafs
 are fufficient for the decompofition of ta^ parts of  fulphate  oi
 magnefia ;  and as the carbonate ot potafs of commerce contains a
 larger  proportion of alkali than the cryftallized carbonate, a ftill
 lefs proportion  fhould be ufed.  From thefe quantities  about 45
 parts of carbonate of magnefia are obtained.
  The ablutions fhould be made with pure  water ; for nicer pur-
 pofes  diftilled water may  be ufed, and foft water is in  every  cafe
 neceffary.   Hard water for this procefs is peculiarly inadmiffible,
 as the principle of  waters, giving the property called hardnefs,
 is generally owing to a fait of lime,  which decompofes the car-
 bonate of magnefia, by compound  affinity, giving rife  to car-
 bonate of lime, while the magnefia unites itfelf to the  acid of the
 calcareous fait, by which the quantity of the carbonate is not on-
 ly leffened, but is rendered impure  by the admixture of carbonate
 of lime.   Another fource of impurity is the filica which the fub-
 carbonate of potafs generally contains.  It is moft eafily got rid
 off by expofing the alkaline folution to the air for feveral days be-
 fore it is ufed.  In proportion as it becomes faturated with car-
bonic acid,  the filica is precipitated, and may be feparated by fil-
 tration.
  The carbonate of magnefia  thus prepared is a very light, white,
 opaque fubftance, without fmell or tafte, effervefcing  with acids.
 It is not, however, faturated with carbonic acid.   By decompo-
 fing fulphate ot magnefia by an alkaline carbonate,  without the
 application of heat, carbonate of magnefia is gradually depofited
 in tranfparent, brilliant hexagonal cryftals,  terminated by an ob-
 lique hexagonical plane, and foluble in about 480 times its weight
 ofwater.  The cryftallized carbonate ot magnefia confifts of 50
 acid, 25 magnefia,  and 2,5 water ;  the fu bear bonate .confifts of 48
 acid, 40 magnefia, and  12  water ; and the carbonate of commerce
 of 34 acid, 45 magnefia, and 21 water.  It  is decompofed by all
 the acids, potafs, foda, baryta,  lime and flrontia, the  fulphate,
 phofphate, nitrate, and  muriate of alumina, and the fuperph^fphaje
 of lime. 
Chap. IV.]      Earths, and Earthy Salts.            421

  Carbonate of magnefia is principally given to correa acidity of
the  ftomach, and in thefe cafes toacf as a  purgative;  for folutions
of magnefia in all acids are bitter  and purgative ; while thofe of
the  other earths are more or lefs auftere  and aftringent.  A large
dofe of magnefia, it the  ftomach contain  no acid to diffolve it,
neither purges nor produces any fenfible effea ; a moderate one,
if an acid be lodged there, or  it acid liquors be taken after it, pro-
cures feveral (tools; whereas  the common abforbents, in the fame
circumftances, inftead of  loofening, bind the belly.   When the
carbonate of magnefia meets with an acid in the ftomach, there is
extricated a confiderable  quantity  of carbonic  acid  gas, which
fometimes caufes uneafy diftention of the ftomach, and the fymp-
toms ot  flatulence.  In fuch cafes  therefore, magnefia is prefer-
able to its carbonate ; but on other occafions good  effeas arife
from the aaion of the gas evolved, as in  naufea and vomiting.
U
               ALUMINIS PURIFICATIO,
                           Lond.
                   Purification of Alum,
Take of
  Alum one pound ;
  Chalk one drachm ;
  Diftilled water one pint.
Boil them a little, ftrain, and fet the liquor afide to cryftallize.
  This procefs is fcarcely neceffary ; for the alum of commerce
is fufficiently pure for every purpofe ; and we apprehend that the
addition of  the chalk is  unchemical, as  its only effefcl will be to
decompose part of the alum, without contributing to the purity of
tie  reft.      •■••■.

SULPHAS ALUMINA EXSICCATUS ;  olim, Alumen
  Ustum.                    Edin.
        Dried Sulphate of Alumine, formerly  Burnt alum.
Melt alum in an earthen or iron veffel,  and  keep it over the fire
' .until it ceafe to boil.

                    Alumen Ustum.
                           Lond.  .
                       Burnt Alum.
Take of
 - Alum, half a pound.
  Burn it in an earthen veffel as long as i^ boils.

                           Dub.
Take of
  Alum any quantity.
Expofe it in an earthen veffel to a ftrong  fire until it ceafe to bo!: 
422       Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part III.

  Mr. Chaptal found that by exficcation in red heat, alum of
his own manufaaure loft 0.67 ; Roman alum 0.50; Englilh alum
0.47, and Levant alum only 0.40.  Thefe differences arife princi-
pally from different proportions of  water of cryftallization, but
alfo form an excefs of alumina, which the laft contains.
  According to Kirwarf, cryftallized  alum confifts of 17 66  acid,
12. alumina, and 70.24 water, and alum deficcated at yoo°of 36.
25 acid, and 63.75 batis, by  which it would appear that at that
heat it lofes not only all its water, but alfo more than half its  acid.
  Dried alum is only applied externally as a gentle efcharotic to
fungous ulcers.
                     CHAP. V.


   METALLINE  PREPARATIONS,

                  ANTIMONY.

SULPHURETUM ANTIMONII PR^EPARATUM;  olim,
  Antimonium Pr^eparatum.
                         Edin.
             Antimonium Prseparatum.
                         Lond.
Prepared Sulphuret of Antimony,  formerly Prepared Antimony^
Sulphuret of antimony is prepared in the fame way as carbonate
  of lime (p. 415.)

                Stibium PrjEparatum.
                         Dub.
                   Prepared Antimony.
\\. is reduced to powder, and the impalpable particles, which are to
  be kept for ufe,  are procured in the manner direaed  for the
  preparation of crabs claws.
  By reducing the fuiphuret of antimony to the ftate of  an im-
palpable powder, it is both rendered much more aaive than it
would otherwife be, and it is  prevented from irritating the ftom-
ach mechanically, of which there would be fome danger from the
(harpnefs of its fpiculae.   Even in this  ftate,  however, it is not
a very certain remedy.  In general it operates as a very mild fu-
dorific or cathartic ; but fometimes, if it meet with much acid in,
the ftomach, it becomes more  aaive,  producing vomiting or hy-
percatharfis.  Therefore, it feems prudent to evacuate the  prims 
Chap. V.]             Of Antimony.      #            423

vise before it be exhibited, and to combine it with an  abforbent
earth.
  It is principally given in fcrofula, glandular obftruaions, cuta-
neous difeafes and rheumatifm.  Its dofe is from  10 to 30 grains
and upwards, and it  is beft exhibited in the form of a powder or
bolus.

 OXIDUM ANTIMONII  CUM  SULPHURE, PER NI-
    TRATEM POTASS^E;  olim, Crocus Antimonii.
                          Edin.
Oxide of Antimony,  with Sulphur, by Nitrate of Potafs, formerly
  Crocus of Antimony.  -
Take ot
  Sulphuret of antimony,
  Nitrate of potafs,  equal weights.
After they are feparately powdered and well mixed, let them be
  injeaed into a red hot crucible ; when the deflagration is over,
  feparate  the reddifh'metallic matter from the whitifh cruft;
  powder it and edulcorate it by repeated wafhings with hot wa-
  ter, till the water come off  infipid.

                   Crocus Antimonii.
                            Lond.
              Stibium Nitro Calcinatum.
                            Dub.
       Crocus of Antimony.   Antimony Calcined by Nitre.
 Take of
   Antimony, powdered,
   Nitre powdered ; of each one pound ;
   Sea fait, one ounce.
 Mix,  and injeathem by degrees into a red hot crucible, and melt
   them, having augmented the heat.  Pour  out the melted mat-
   ter ; and, when cold, feparate it from the fcorice.
   In  this procefs, the nitric acid  of the nitre is decompofed ; the
 antimony is oxidized to that  degree in which it  forms the orange
 oxide of Thenard, containing o. 18 oxygen ;  part of the fulphur is
 acidified, and combines with the potafs of the nitre, while the re-
 maining fulphur combines with the oxide of the antimony, and
 forms a dark brown, opaque,  vitrified mafs ; fo that after the fco-
 riae and other faline matters have been removed by warning, the
 fubftance which remains is a  fulphuretted oxide  of antimony.*
    With regard to the mode  of preparation, Bergmann  obferves,
 that by  the common procefs of throwing  the mixture  into an ig-
 nited uncovered crucible, there is fometimes a lofs of nearly one

   * According to Prouft, it confifts of three n*.:ts of oxide of antimony, and one
 »f  fuiphuret of antimony. 
424          Preparations and Compositions.   £Part IH*>
                 •
half, and therefore advifes the mixture to beput into a cold'cruci-
ble, which is to be covered  and heated till the matter melts,  by
which rqeans there is very little lofs.
  What is kept in the fhops, is almoft univerfaliy prepared with,
lefs nitre than is here ordered. The confequence is, that too much.
fulphur remains not acidified, the antimony is fcarcely  oxidized,
and the preparation is unfit for the ufes to which it ought to be
applied.  When nitre has been thus  culpably econpmized, the
crocus  has a fteel gray, inftead of  a liver brown color.  The ad-
dition of common fait, directed by the Dublin and London Col-
leges, is improper, as  it is decompofed, artd a portion of muriate
ot antimony is formed.
  The fulphuretted oxide of antimony is a very tincertain prepa-
ration, often operating with very great violence.   Its internal ufe
is therefore almoft profcribed,  or  at  leaft  confined  to  maniacal
cafes, and veterinary praaice.  It is however ufeful in pharmacy,
as the bafis of other preparations.

OXIDUM ANTIMONII,  CUM  SULPHURE, VITRIFI-
           CATUM ; olim, Vitrum Antimonii.
                            Edin.
Vitrified Oxide of Antimony with fulphur,  formerly Glafs of An-
                           timony,
   Strew Sulphuret of antimony  beat into a coarfe powder like
fand, upon a (hallow unglazed earthen veffel, and apply a gentle
heat underneath, that the antimony may be heated flowly ; keep-
ing it at the fame time continually ftirring,  to prevent it from run-
ning into lumps.  White vaporS  of  fulphureous fmell  will arife
from it.   When they ceafe with the degree of heat firft applied,
increafe the fire a little, fo that vapours may again arife ; go on
in  this  fame manner, till the powder, when brought to a red heat,
 exhales no more vapors.   Melt this powder in a crucible with ail
 intenfe heat, till it  affumes the appearance of melted glafs ;  then
pour it  out on a heated brafs plate.

              Antimonium Vitrificatum.
                            Lond.
                      Vitrified Antimony.
 Take of
    Powdered antimony, four ounces.
 Calcine it in a broad earthen veffel with fire gradually raifed, ftir-
    ring it with an iron  rod until it no longer emit fmoke.   Put
    this  powder into a crucible,  fo as to fill two thirds of it.  A
    cover being fitted on, make a fire under  it, at firft moderate, af-
    terwards ftronger,  until the  matter be  melted.  Pour  out tbe
    melted glafs. 
Chap. V.]          Of Antimony                    42B

  By this procefs, the  fuiphuret of antimony is deprived of the
greateft part ot  its fulphur,  while  the antimony  is at the fame
time oxidized, fo as to form the dark brown  oxide of Thenard,
containing 0.16 of oxygen.  But as this preparation is not eafily
made in the manner here direaed, unlefs in a furnace  conftruaed
on purpofe, apothecaries  may advantageoufly adopt the  fynthe-
tical method of Bergmann, which confifts in melting in a crucible^
with one twelfth or eighth of its weight of fulphur, antimony ox-
idized to a  maximum, by  deflagrating it with more than twice
its weight of nitre.  At  the temperature neceffary  for melting it,
the oxide of antimony lofes great part of its oxygen, and combines
with the fulphur.*
  In whichever way prepared, the  glafs of  antimony is tranfpa-
rent', and has a  fine hyacinthine color.  On diffolving it in mu-
riatic acid, it  gives out fulphuretted hydrogen gas, which (hows
that it is  a hydroguretted fuiphuret of antimony.  Its operation
is fo uncertain, that it is only ufed in making other preparations.

OXIDUM ANTIMONII V1TRIFICATUM, CUM CERA;
  olim, Vitrum Antimonii Ceratum.
                           Edin.
Vitrified oxide of Antimony with Wax ;  formerly Cerated Glafs of
   Antimony.
Take of
   Yellow wax one part,
   Glafs of antimony eight parts ;
Melt the wax in an iron  veffel, and throw into it  the powdered
  glafs ; roaft the mixture over a gentle fire  for a quarter of an
   hour, continually ftirring it ; then pour it out, and when cold
  grind it into powder.
   The glafs melts in the wax with a  very gentle heat;  after it
has been about twenty minutes on  the fire, it begins to change its
eolor, and  in ten more comes near  to  that of Scottifh fnuff;
which is a mark of its being fufficiently prepared ;  the mixture
lofes about one ninth of its weight  in the procefs.
   This medicine was for  fome time much efteemed in dyfente-
ries.  The dofe is from two or three grains to twenty, according
to the age and ftrength of the patient.   In its  operation it makes
fome perfons fick, and vomit, it  purges almoft every one ;—
though it has fometimes effeaed a  cure without occafioning any
evacuation or ficknefs.   It is now,  however, much lefs ufed than
formerly.  ,

  * Since the above was written, it appears from Mr. Prouft's experiments, that glaf;
of antimony confifts of about 8 parts of oxide of antimony at the minimum, end ons
Of lulphuret of antimony. 
426       Preparations and Compositions.       [Part III*

SULPHUR STIBIATUM FUSCUM, olim, Kermes Mine-
  ralis.                t  Dub.
    Brdwn Antimoniated Sulphur ,* formerly Kermes Mineral.
Take of
  Prepared antimony,
  Mild vegetable alkali, each one ounce.
Melt them together in a crucible, and when cold reduce  the fub-
  ftance to powder.   Put this into a matrafs with five pounds of
  pure water, and boil for an hour.   Then remove  the veffel
  from the fire ; let it ftand  at reft for a little  time, and as  foon
  as the  liquor  becomes clear, pour it cautioufly from the fedi-
  ment.   When the  liquor grows cool, the brown antimoniated
  fulphur will feparate, which is to be dried on paper.
  According  to  Thenard, the brown precipitate confifts of
             72.760  brown oxide of antimony.
             20.298  fulphuretted hydrogen.
              4.156  fulphur.
              2.786  water and lofs.
            100
  He confiders kermes mineral, therefore, as a fulphuretted hy.
droguret of  antimony, efpecially as it differs from that which is
prepared by  the direa combination of its conftituents,  only in
containing a  fmall quantity of fuperabundant fulphur.
  When the fuiphuret of antimony and carbonate of potafs are
melted together, the carbonic acid  is expelled with effervefcence,
and a fuiphuret of antimony and potafs is formed.   On boiling
this in water, water is decompofed, the antimony is oxidized, and
the hydrogen combines with the fulphur.  The fulphuretted hy-
drogen  thus formed, combines  partly with the potafs, and partly
with the oxide of  antimony.  Now, the fulphuretted hydroguret
of brown oxide of antimony, (kermes mineral) is foluble in a fo-
lution of fulphuretted hydroguret of potafs, at 212°, but not at
ordinary temperatures.  Therefore, on cooling, it feparates  and
falls to the bottom.
  Such  is the prefent theory of the formation of kermes mine-
ral.  With regard to  the praaice, the direaions of the Dublin
College differ confiderably, efpecially in  the  proportions ot the
fubftances employed, from the bed pharmaceutical  writers on the
Continent.   Lemery melted fixteen parts of fuiphuret of antimo-
ny, and  one  of fulphur, with eight parts of carbonate of potafs.
The  laft edition ot the Pruflian Pharmacopoeia direas two parts of
fuiphuret of antimony, and one of exficcated carbonate of foda, to
be melted, and afterwards boiled fifteen  minutes in fix or eight
parts of water,  which on cooling depofites a confiderable quantity
of kermes.   Tbe fluid from which the kermes has,been depofi- 
  Chap. V.]             Of Antimony.                  427

 ted may be again  boiled in the refiduum of the firft decoaidn,
  and it will diffolve a frefh portion of kermes,  and  this procefs
  may be repeated as long as there remains any to diffolve.  Alter
 this, the refiduum  when  melted confifts almoft folely  of anti-
 mony.   It therefore appears, that the alkali renders almoft all the
 fulphur foluble,and only difpofes the oxidizement of  as much.an-
 timony as is  capable of combining with the fulphuretted hydro-
 gen.  We fee no reafon  Why the  whole of the antimony fhould
 not be converted into  kermes by employing a proper addition of
 fulphur and  alkali.
    Kermes is alfo made  in  the humid Way.  Fourcroy boils ifi
 twenty parts of water,  fix parts ot pure potafs  of commerce,  and
 into  the boiling folution throw i about the twentieth part of the
 weight of the alkali, or o.^ of a part of powdered fuphuiet of an-
 timony, and  continues the boiling for feven or  eight minutes, then
 filters and allows the keimes to precipitate by cooling.   Hermb-
 ftadt ufes very different  proportions ; for  he boils twelve pans
 of fuiphuret  of antrnony, and three of  fait of tartar, in ninety-
 fix parts of water, down to fixtyfour, and then  filters,  &c.  Gr'eri
 employs four parts of fuiphuret ot antimony, fixteen of carbonate
 ef potafs, and fixtyfour of water, and boils  for feveral hours.
    This preparation of antimony is lefs ufed in  Britain ti.an on the
 Continent.   It is an aaive  fubftance, and apt to  excite vomit-
 ing.  To adults, the dofe is a grain, or a grain and a half.

    SULPHURETUM ANTIMONII PR/EClPITATt/M.
                            Edin.
              Precipitated Sulphuret of Antimony.
 Take of '
   Water of potafs, four pounds ;
   Water, three pounds ;
   Prepared fuiphuret of antimony,  two pounds j
 Boil them in a covered iron pot. over a-(low fire for three hours
   adding more water,  if  neceffary,  and frequently ftirring the
   mixture with an iron fpatula ; ftrain the liquor while warm
   through a double cloth, and add to it when filtered as much di-
   luted fulphuric acid as is neceffary to precipitate the fuiphuret,
   which muft be well wafhed with warm water.

         Sulphur. Antimonii PrAcipitatum.
                           Lond.
              Precipitated Sulphur of Antimony.
             Sulphur  StibiaiUm  Rufum'.
                           Dub.
               Orange Antimoniated Sulphur.
  The directions of thefe Colleges only differ from thofe of the*
Edinburgh College in the nomenclature.
                   D j> 
 428         Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

   This is alfo, according to the analyfis of Thenard, a fulphuret-
 ted hydroguret of antimony, which confifts of
              68 3    orange oxide of antimony.
              17.877  fulphuretted hydrogen.
              12.     fulphur.

              98.177
   Thenard confiders the  fulphur  as only mechanically and acci-
 dentally mixed ; and  that the  effential  difference between  this
 preparation and kermes mineral confifts in the degree of oxidize-
 ment of the antimony.
   The precipitated fuiphuret of antimony, like the kermes, may
 be prepared either in the  dry or in the moift way.  The latter is
 the mode  adopted by the  Britifh Colleges, and alfo feems to bethe
 moft univerfaliy employed on the  Continent.  Gottling boils two
 parts of fuiphuret of antimony, and three of fulphur, in a fufficient
 quantity of a recent folution of potafs, filters the folution, and pre-
 cipitates with  fulphuric acid, diluted with twelve times its weight
of water.  Wiegleb treats in the fame  manner two part's of fui-
phuret of  antimony with one of fulphur.   But to his proportions
 it has been objeaed, that the produa refembles kermes more than
 fulphur auratum.  If this objeaion be juft, it muft apply in a ftill
 ftronger degree to the  formula of the Britifh Colleges, in which
 no fulphur is added.
   In the dry  way, two parts of  fuiphuret of antimony and three
 of fulphur may  be melted with five of pure carbonate of potafs
 in a covered crucible, as  quickly  as poffible, poured into an iron
 mortar, reduced to  powder, and diffolved by boiling the  powder
 in water.   The folution is to be filtered warm, diluted with a fuf-
 ficient quantity of  water, and precipitated with dilute  fulphuric
 acid.    By fome, the  folution  is  allowed to remain at  reft  for
 twentyfour hours before  it  be filtered, and fome precipitate with
 nitrous acid.
   The proceffes for making the golden fuiphuret of antimony, de-
 pend on the property which the hydroguretted fuiphuret of potafs
 poffeffes,  of diffolving, and retaining diffolved, even at  ordinary
 temperatures, a portion of orange  oxide of antimony ; and as  the
 attraaion by  which potafs exifts in this compound is weaker than
 its affinity for acids, on the addition of  any acid, the potafs unites
 with the acid  ; a portion of fulphuretted hydrogen gas efcapes; and
 the oxide  of antimony,combined with the reft ot the fulphur and hy-
 drogen,are precipitated in the form ot a light orange powder. When
 the acid is added gradually, the proportion of oxide of antimony al-
 ways decreafes, while that of the fulphur increafes in each fuccef-
 live portion of precipitate.  Hence in the old manner ot prepar-
 ing this fubftance from the fcoriae, formed in reducing antimony
 from its  fuiphuret, and  which contained but  little  fulphur, the
 two firft portions of precipitate, being dark colored, were rejeaed. 
 Chap. V»]              Of Antimony,                     42$

 and only  the produa of  the third precipitation retained for  ufe.
 The want of economy  in this procefs is fufficiently  obvious, as
 well as the very great improvement in modern times, of adding a
 fufficient  quantity of  fulphur,  and  precipitating  the whole at
 once.
   Notwithftanding  the great  celebrity of  Thenard as a chemift,
 and his having paid particular attention to the combinations  of
 antimony, we may be allowed to doubt the accuracy of his opin-
 ion  refpeaing  the effential  difference between kermes mineral
 and the golden  fuiphuret of antimony, until he publifhes the ex-
 periments on which it is founded.   It appears to  us, that it will
 be extremely difficult, if not impoflible,to prove in fuch fubftances
 a  difference ef only 2 per cent, of oxidizement.  If  he fhould fail
 in his  attempt to prove it, the only  apparent  difference  between
 thefe bodies  will be  in   the proportion  of  fulphur they contain.
 For it  is  agreeable to analogy to fuppofe, that the fulphuretted
 hydroguret of antimony  is more  foluble in  a folution of hydro-
 guretted  fuiphuret of potafs at 2120, than at 6o°.    Therefore, as
 a  boiling  folution cools, that  portion of the fulphuretted hydro-
 guret of antimony, which it is unable to retain in folution at a re-
 duced  temperature, feparates and  forms the red precipitate, known
 by the name of Kermes  Mineral;  but the portion which remains in
 folution, can  only  be obtained by decompofing the hydroguretted
 fuiphuret of potafs itfelf, by means  of an acid j and  therefore the
 precipitate forming the  fulphur auratum antimonii,  is a  mixture
 or compound of hydroguretted fuiphuret of antimony and fulphur,
 which  gives it a brighter and paler color.*

   * Since the above obfervations were written,  we have feen a paper upon antimony by
 Prouftjpublifhed injthe Journal de Phyfique, vol. 55. and in  which we were agreeably
 flattered to find, that many of our conje&ures  refpefting the nature of the antimonial
 preparations  were confirmed by the experiments of that excellent  chemift.  We can
 only infert fome of his general conclufions at prefent.
   We have two oxides of antimony • the one containing 23, and the  other 30 per cent.
 of oxygen.  The firft is very fufible, opaque, and cryftalline.  It is the bafis of the
 common faline preparations of this metal, fuch as the muriates and tartrites.
  The fecond does not readily enter into the fame combinations, and  follows the fame
 law with feveral other metals, at the maximum of oxidizement.
  Antimony, at its minimum of oxidizement,  cannot go beyond that degree, without
attaining its maximum, nor be reduced below it, without being reduced to its metallic
ftate.
  The oxides, both at the minimum and maximum, are incapable of forming any u-
nitan with fulphur.  The former is capable of diffolving the  iulphuret of antimony ;
and acquires by that union, thole vitreous and hepatic properties, whichbelong to thofe
compounds hitherto confidered as fulphuretted  oxides of antimony.  The latter feems
aito capable of forming the fame combinations, but only by lofing its excefs of oxygen
above the minimum.
  The oxide  at the minimum can unite with fulphuretted hydrogen, and forms twa
compounds, kermes, and fulphur auratum.   The former is well known, the latter very
little, for we  do not rightly underftand in what it differs from the former.
 The oxide at the maximum, is incapable of entering into this combination) 
430        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

  In its aaion on the body, the orange fuiphuret of antimony co-
incides with the kermes  mineral;  but  on account of the larger
proportion of fulphur, it muft be given in fomewhat larger doles.

                 MURIAS ANTIMONII.
                           Edin.
                    Muriate of Antimony
Take of
   Oxide ot antimony with fulphur, by nitrate of potafs,
   Sulphuric acid, each one pound ;
   Dried muriate of foda, two pounds.
Pour the fulphuric acid into a retort, gradually adding the muri-
   ate of foda and oxide of antimony previoufly mixed.  Then per-
   form the diftillation in a fand  bath.   Expofe  the diftilled mat-
  ' ter for feveral days to the air, that  it may deliquefce, and then
   pour tbe liquid part from the feces.

                A ntimonium Muriatum.
                           Lond.
                    Muriated  Antimony.
           Stibium  Muriatum  Causticum.
                           Dub.
                 Cauftic Muriated Antimony.
The proceffes of thefe Colleges are effentially the fame with that
   of the Edinburgh College.
   The antimony in this preparation,  according to Thenard, is in
the fifth degree of oxidizement, and contains 0.20 of oxygen.  It
is the fame with the oxide obtained from antimony by fublima-
tion.   The muriate of antimony may be formed by diffolving the
fublimed oxide direaiy in muriatic acid, or  by leaving antimony
long immerfed in it.  In the latter cafe it becomes flowly oxidiz-
ed by decompofing the  water, and  is then diffolved.   Some dif-
ferences have been faid to exift between the muriates different-
ly  prepared, but they are not afcertained.   Muriate of antimony
was formerly prepared  by diftilling  fuiphuret of antimony with
muriate of quickfilver.  Muriate of  antimony paffes  over  into
the receiver,  and black fuiphuret  of quickfilver remains in the
retort.  But this mode of preparation is both expenfive and dan-
gerous. In the procefs directed by the Colleges, the fulphuric acid
decompofes the muriate of foda, and the muriatic acid, difengaged
diffolves and carries over  with it the oxide of antimony.  It is at
 firft obtained in the ftate of  a thick fubftance, which from its ap-
 pearance got the name of Butter of Antimony ; but by expofing it
 for fome days to the aaion of the air, it attraas humidity until it
 become faturated with it.  We have already obferved, that the
 oxide of antimony made ufe of in this preparation, is feldom fuffi- 
  Chap. V.]            Of Antimony.                   431

 ciently oxidized or deprived of its fulphur ;  and when this is the
 cafe, there is confiderable danger of the veffel burfting, from the
 great quantity ot fulphureous vapours difengaged, and the produa
 is rendered, lejfs  pure from  the  admixture of fulphur.   But thefe
 inconveniences are prevented, according to Gottling. by ufingthe
 glafs of antimony. He introduces into a retort a mixture of four
 ounces of glafs of antimony in  powder with fixteen of muriate of
 foda, and then pours into it twelve ounces of fulphuric acid, dilut-
 ed with eight of water. He lutes on a receiver with gypfum, and
 diftils to drynefs in a fand  bath, with a heat gradually  increafed.
 By this procefs, he fays, about twenty ounces of very ftrong fum-
 ing muriate  of  antimony are  obtained.    The  refiduum in the
 retort is fulphate of foda, but unfit for internal ufe, on account of
 its being mixed  with fome antimony.
   Muriate of antimony  may be ufed  as  an efcharotic, but it is
 principally employed in the formation of the-next article.

              CALX  ST1B1I  PR^CIPITATA.
                            Dub.
                Precipitated Calx of Antimony.
 Take of
 Mild vegetable alkali,
   Cauftic muriated antimony, each eight ounces;
   Water, forty  pounds.
 Diffolve  the vegetable alkali in  the water, and to the filtered li-
   quor add the cauftic muriated antimony.  Dry the calx  which
   fubfides, after wafhing away the faline matters.
   This procefs  is intended to feparate the oxide  contained in the
 muriate of antimony, by means  of the fuperior affinity which po-
 tafs poffeffes  for muriatic acid.  It is abfolutely neceffary that the
 muriate of antimony  be  poured into the alkaline folution, and
 not the folution  into the muriate ;  for the muriate is partially de-
 compofed by water alone, which combines with part of the acid;
 and the fait, brought  to the ftate of an infoluble fubmuriate, is
 precipitated.   Therefore, if we pour the alkaline folution into the
 muriate of antimony, the muriateaas firft upon the alkali,and im-
 mediately afterwards upon the water of each portion of the folu-
 tion ; and therefore we obtain a mixed precipitate of oxide ot an-
 timony  and fubmuriate of  antimony.   But it we pour the mu-
 riate into the alkaline folution, the whole acid of each portion of
 the muriate immediately finds a  fufficient quantity of alkali to fa-
 turate it, and the whole, or at  leaft  a much larger proportion of
 the antimony, is  precipitated in the ftate of oxide.
  The oxide thus obtained, according to Thenard, contains 80 of
antimony, and 20 of oxygen,  and is  the fifth oxide of antimony.
It is only  ufed in making other preparations. 
432       Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

OXIDUM ANTIMONII  cum PHOSPHATE  CALCIS ;
  olim, Pulvis Antimonialis.
                           Edin.
Oxide of Antimony with Phofphate of Lime, formerly Antimonial
  Powder.
Take of
  Sulphuret of antimony, in coarfe powder,
  Shavings of hartfhorn, equal weights.
Mix, and put them into a wide red hot iron pot, and ftir the mix-
  ture conftantly, until it be burnt  into a matter of a gray color,
  which is then to be removed from the fire, ground into powder,
  and put into a coated crucible.  Lute to this crucible another
  inverted over it,  and perforated in the  bottom with a fmall
  hole, and apply the  fire, which is to  be raifed gradually, to a
  white heat, and kept in  that increafed ftate for two hours.__
  Laftly, grind the matter, when cold, into a very fine powder.

Pulvis Antimonialis.  Lond. Pulvis Stibiatus.  Dub.
                    Antimonial Powder.
The direaions of thefe Colleges are exaaiy the fame with  thofe
  already given.
  This is fuppofed  to  be  nearly  the  fame with the  celebrated
noftrum of Dr. James, the compofition of which was afcertained
by  Dr. Pearfon of  London, and to  him we are alfo indebted for
the above formula.
  By burning fuiphuret of antimony and (havings of hartfhorn in
a white heat, the fulphur  is  entirely expelled, and the  antimony
is oxidized, while the gelatine of the hartfhorn is deftroyed, and
nothing is left but phofphate of lime, combined with a little Yime.
Therefore, the mafs  which refults is a mixture of oxide of anti-'
mony and phofphate of lime, which correfponds, at leaft as to the
nature of the ingredients, with James's powder.which by Dr.Pear-
fon's analyfis, was found to confift of 43 phofphate of lime, and
57 oxide of antimony.  Another excellent chemift, Mr. Chenevix,
has lately propofed a method of forming the fame combination in
the humid way, with the view of obtaining  a  preparation always
fimilar in its compofition and properties.   He was led to this pro-
pofel by confidering  the uncertainty of the application, and the
precarious nature of  the agency of fire, by which means  a variable
portion of the ©xide of antimony may be  volatilized, and that
which remains may be oxidized in various degrees.
  Mr. Chenevix therefore  propofes to  prepare a fubftitute for
James's powder, by  diffolving together equal weights of fubmu-
riate of antimony, and of phofphate of lime, in the fmalleft  poffi-
ble quantity of muriatic acid, and then pouring this folution grad-
ually into water fufficiently alkalized with ammonia.  For the rea- 
Chap. V.]           Of Antimony.                   433
 fon mentioned in  the preceding article, it is abfolutely neceffary
 that the muriatic folution be poured into the alkaline liquor.  By
 an oppofite mode of procedure, the precipitate would contain more
 antimony at firft, and towards the end the phofphate of lime would
 be predominant, and the antimony would be partly in the ftate of
 a fubmuriate.   The phofphate  of lime is moft conveniently ob-
 tained pure by diffolving calcined bone in muriatic acid, and by
 precipitating it by ammonia.  If the ammonia be quite free from
 carbonic acid, nomwriate of lime is decompofed.  Mr. Chenevix
 alfo found, that his precipitate is entirely foluble in every  acid
 which can diffolve either phofphate of lime or oxide of antimony
 feparately, and that about 0.28 of James's powder, and at an aver-
 age 0.44 of the pulvis antimonialis of the London Pharmacopoeia,
 refift the aaion of every acid.
  The oxide of antimony with  phofphate of lime, howfoever pie-
 pared, is one of the beft antimonials we poffefs.  It is given as a
 diaphoretic in  febrile difeafes,  in  dofes  of from three to eight
 grains, repeated every third or fourth hour.  In larger quantities,
 it operates as a purgative or emetic.  From its being infoluble in
 water, it muft be given either in the form of a powder, or made
 into a pill or bolus.

 TARTRIS  ANTIMONII;  olim, Tartarus Emeticus.
                           Edin.
         Tartrite of Antimony,  formerly Tartar Emetic.
             Antimonium  Tartarisatum.
                           Lond.
                    Tartarized Antimony.
 Take of
  Oxide of antimony with  fulphur, by nitrate of potafs, three
     parts ;
  Supertartrite of potafs, four parts ;
  Diftilled water, thirty two parts.
 Boil in a glafs veffel for a quarter of an hour,  ftrain through pa-
  per, and fet  afide the drained  liquor  to cryftallize.

                 Tartarum Stibiatum.
                           Dub.
                   Antimoniated  Tartar.
 Take of
  The precipitated calx of antimony, two ounces;
  Cryftals of tartar in very minute powder, four ounces;
  Diftilled water,  five pounds.
Boil until the powders be diffolved, and ftrain the liquor when cold
  through paper ; then having  thrown away  the fait which re-
  mains upon the  paper, cryftallize by evaporation and flow re-
  frigeration.   The cryftals fhould have a regular figure.
                 03=4 
434       Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

  The tartarous acid is capable of combining, in many examples,
yith two  bafes at the fame time, foitinng  with them  triple cryf-
tallizable falts.  In the prefent inftance, u is coii'bined vvuh oxide
bf antimony and potafs;  and as thepoijfs is ellential  to its con- •
iftitution,  and the real tartrite of antimony is  a different fait,  its,
name (hould certainly  have been  Tartnte  of Antimony and Pot-
afs.
  In the preparation  of  this fait,  the different combinations of
oxide of antimony  have been employed.   Any of them will  af-
ford a very  pure fait, provided the antimony is in that ftate of
oxidizement  in which it contains  about 0.20 of oxygen.  The
crocus, precipitated oxide, fubmuriate, and gials, are all  occafion-
ally employed.  The  London  and  Edinbuigh Colleges ufe the
crocus.  To  this the  principal  objeaion is, that it is never found
in the fh >ps in  a  date fit for this purpofe.  The Dublin College
 ufe the precipitated oxide,  which anfwers extremely well, but is
 too expenfive  to be  generally  adopted.  The  fubmuriate, which
 is more eafily prepared!,  is juft as good ;  for the muriatic acid is
completely feparated  by   part of the potafs, and remains in  the
mother water.  The  glafs is perhaps "the  leaft objeaionable  of
any, and is recommended by Gottling.   It always, however, con-
 tains about 0.1 of filica.  The quantity of water employed muft
be fufficient to diffolve  the tartar emetic formed.  The time dur-
 ing which the ebullition  is to be continued, is  ftated differently by
 different  pharmaceutifts.  No harm  can arife from continuing it
 longer than is abfolutely neceffdry ; but it is certainly a wafle of
 time and fuel  to protraa it  for hours.   But the circumftance
 which renders the tartar  emetic moft  variable in its effeas, is the
 mode ot cryftallization.   Some evaporate it to drynefs ;  others to
 a pellicle", and fet  it afide to cryftallize ;  and others again cryftal-
 lize by flow evaporation.   Qn account  of the  filica which is
 combined with the oxide of antimony, and which being  held in
 folution by  the potafs, impedes the cryftallization,  and  varies the
 nature of the produa, Vduquelin recommends the folution  to be
 firft evaporated' to  drynefs,* and  that the fjline mafs obtained
 fhould be rediffolved in  boiling water, and then cryftallized :  For,
 towards the end of  the firft evaporation, the filica feparates, and/
 becomes totally  infoluble.'  In this way,  he  fays, that  we obtain
 both a purer fait, and in larger quantity.   Thenard has alfo fhe*vn,
 that tartar emetic  often contains tartrite  6f lime,  which cryftal-
 lizes in  'fjlky needles,  arranged  around  a cornrnon, centre;  he
  therefore advifes  us not to evaporate farther the  mother water,
  efpecially ot the firft cryftallization; and to cryftallize the tar-
  trite of potafs and antimony at leafttwice.  We have alfo obferved it.
  A faturated boiling folution of tartar emetic was fuffered to cryf-
  tallize in  a moderate  temperature; the mother water  was theft
  poured off, and accidentally expofed to a confiderably  lower tco»- 
Chap. V.]             Of Antimony.                   433

perature ;  a new cryftallization of ftars of fine filky needles im-
mediately took place.   It  we  employ  an excefs of fupertai :nte
of potafs, part of it wili remain undecompofed, and wi.l cryftal-
lize before or along with the tartar emetic.  This  fouice of im-
purity is eafily avoided by ufing an excefs of the antimonial ox-
ide, which remaining  undiffolved, occafions no  error, and pre-
vents the  neceflity of throwing away, as the Dublin College d,i-
rea, the cry dais which  form on the  filtering paper, if the folu-
tion be faturated,
   Tartrite of antimony and  potafs, or tartar emetic, cry flallizes
in triangular pyramids, or  in  oaohedrons,  more elongated than
thofe of alum.  It has a ftyptic metallic  tafte.   It is loluble in
three times its weight of water at  212°,  and in fifteen at 6o°.—
As this fLtement of  its folubility is  very  different from that of
moft writers,  from Bergmann  to Fourcroy,  who  fay that it re-
quires 80 parts of water at 6o°, asd fomewhat lefs than  40 of boil-
ing watre, it is neceffdry to  mention, that  it was alcertained by
careful experiment with the moft beiutiful cryftals of tartar emet-
 ic we ever faw, more than  holt  an inch in  length, and perfeaiy
free from the admixture of  any foreign fait.  The cryftals tfflo-
refce flowly and (lightly in the air.   The property of  deliquefc-
ing afcribed to them by Gottling, muft have arifen from the pre-
 fence of  other falts, which is more probable, as he does not pre-
 pare his tartar emetic by cryftallizatrtJh,  but by  evaporating the
folution to drynefs.  The folution of tartar emetic flightly rendens
tinaure of turnfol.   It is decompofed by acids, alkalies, alkaline
 carbonates, fulphuretted hydrogen and its compounds vegetable
juices, deco£tions and  infufions,  and many of tbe metals.   Ac-
cording toThenard, it confifts of  tartrite of antimory  ,54, tartrite
.of potafs 34, water 8, and lofs 4;  or  oxide of  antimony 38, tar-
 tarous acid 34, potafs  16, water and lofs 12 ;  and by eftimation
 from theanalyfis of tartrite of potafs, and fupertartrite of potafs,
 by  the fame chemift it  appears, that to faturate 38  parts ot oxide
of  antimony, 70.4  of fupertartrite of potafs are neceffdry ; the
 whole of the fuperfluous acid being 16, combines with the oxide,
 while 34 of the tartrite of  potafs combine with the tartrite of an-
 timony thus formed, and 20.4 of tartrite of potafs remain in folu-
 tion in the mother water.
   We have been thus  particular  in  our  account ot the prepara-
 tion and chemical properties  of tartar  emetic, becaufe it  is not
 onlv of all the preparations of  antimony  the moft  certain in its
 operation, but is almoft indifpenfable lor  the fuccefsful praaice
 of medicine.
   In dofes of from one to three  grains  it operates as an emetic,
 and fomeiirres as a cathartic.   In fmaller dofes, it excites naufea,
and proves a powerful diaphoretic and expectorant.  As an emet-
 ic it is chiefly given in the beginning  of fevers and  febrile dif- 
436        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

eafes, in chincough, and, in general, whenever we wifh  to evacu-
ate the ftomach quickly.  When great debility is prefent, and in
the advanced flagesof typhoid fever, its ufe is improper, and even
fometimes fatal.  As a diaphoretic it  is given in fmall dofes of
from an eighth to a quarter of a grain ; and as an expeaorant in
dofes ftill fmaller.
  The only proper form for  exhibiting it is in folution ; and as
the intenfity of its aaion on  the body is liable to variation, from
differences in its own ftrength,  and in the conftitution of the pa-
tient, it fhould almoft always be given in  divided dofes, at  fhort
intervals, if we wifh to excite vomiting ;  and at longer intervals,
if we only wifh it to aa on the  fkin or lungs.

VINUM  TARTRITIS  ANTIMONII  ;  olim,  Vinum An-
  TIMONIALE.            Edin.
   Wine of Tartrite of Antimony, formerly Antimonial Wine.
Take of
  Tartrite of antimony, twentyfour grains ;
  Spanifh white wine, one pound.
Mix  them fo that the tartrite ot  antimony may be diffolved.

              Vinum Tartari Stibiati.
                           Dub.
                Wine of Antimoniated Tartar.
Take of                 *
  Antimoniated tartar, ten grains ;
  Diftilled water, boiling hot, half an ounce ;
  Spanifh white wine, two ounces.
Diffolve the antimoniated tartar in the water, and then add the wine.

           Vinum Antimonii Tartarisati.
                           Lond.
                Wine of Tartarized Antimony.
Take of
  Tartarized antimony, two fcruples ;
  Boiling diftilled water, two ounces ;
  Spanifh white wine, eight ounces.
Diffolve  the  tartarized antimony  in  the boiling diftilled water,
  and add the  wine.
                   Vinum Antimonii.
                           Lond.
                     Wine of Antimony.
Take of
  Vitrified antimony, in powder, one ounce ;
  Spanifh white wine, a pint and a half.
Digeft them for twelve days, agitating them irequently, and drain
  through paper. 
Chap. V.]
Of Antimony.
437
  All thefe are folutions of tartrite of antimony and potafs  in
wine ;  for, in the laft inftance, a portion of the glafs of antimony
is diffolved by the fupertartrite of potafs contained in the wine ;
and as  the  quantity of  this is variable, fo alfo the quantity  of
oxide of  antimony diffolved, varies ; and therefore the  prepara-
tion ought to be entirely rejeaed, fince its  ftrength can never  be
known.  It is  alfo to be regretted, that the ftrength of  the folu-
tions of tartar emetic in wine, as prefcribed by the different Col-
leges, is not uniform.  According to the Edinburgh College,  one
ounce of the folution  contains two grains  of tartar emetic, while
the fame  quantity, according to the other Colleges, contains four
grains.
   In its  employment and effeas, the vinous folution ot  tartar e-
metic does not differ from one made  with water,

            ANTIMONIUM CALC1NATUM.
                            Lond.
                     Calcined Antimony.
Take of
   Antimony, powdered, eight ounces ;
   Nitre, powdered, two pounds.
Mix them, and projea the mixture by degrees into a red  hot cru-
   cible.   Burn the white matter about half an hour ; and, when
   cold, powder it ; after which wafh  it with diftilled water.
   On  touching the ignited crucible, this mixture deflagrates with
a lively white  flame ;  the antimony is oxidized  to the maximum,
the fulphur is  acidified,  and the nitre is decompofed and reduced
to its bafe.  The produa of this deflagration is a  lemon colored,
fcorified mafs, which, after  being wafhed  with  water, leaves  the
greater  part of the  oxide of antimony united to  about a  fifth
of its weight of potafs ; while the remainder of the oxide, com-
bined with a much larger proportion of potafs,  is diffolved in the
water, along with the fulphate of potafs formed, and a fmall quan-
tity of nitre which has efcaped decompofition.   The oxide of an-
timony obtained  by  this procefs contains about 0.32 oxygen, is
fcarcely  aaed upon  by acids, and  is capable of  forming with
the alkalies,  cryftallizable compounds, enjoying  a determinate
degree of folubility.   It  may therefore be confidered as nearly
approaching to the ftate of an acid  ;  and therefore the  infoluble
refiduum ot this procefs might be named Super antimonite of pot-
afs, and  the diffolved  portion from its different  proportions Anti-
monite of potafs.
   This is a preparation of no very great  aaivity.   It  formerly
bore the name of Diaphoretic antimony, from its fuppofed effea ;
but even that  was doubted ; and fince the introduaion of James's
powder  into general ufe, it has not been much employed.  It may
be given in dofes from  five grains to half a drachm. 
 438        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.




                        CHAP.  VI.


                    S   1  L  V  E  R.


 N1TRAS ARGENTI; olim, Causticum Lunare.  Edin.
   Argentum Nitratum.  Dub.
  Nitrate of Silver.   Nitrated Silver, formerly  Lunar Cauflic.
 Take of
   Pureft filver, flatted into plates, and cut in pieces, four ounces;
   Diluted nitrous acid,  eight ounces ;
   Diftilled water, tour ounces.
 Piffolve the filver in a phial with a gentle heat,  and evaporate the
   folution to drynefs.  Then put the mafs into a large crucible,
   and place it on the fire, which fhould at firft  be gentle, and af-
   terward  increafed  by degrees till the mafs flows like oil;  then
   pour it  into iron pipes, previoufly heated and anointed with
   tallow.   Laftly, keep in a glafs veffel well fhut,

                  Argentum Nitrati/m.
                            Lond.
                       Nitrated Silver.
 Take of
   Silver, one ounce ;
  Diluted nitrous acrd, four ounces,
 Diffolve the filver in the diluted  nitrous  acid,  in a glafs veffel,
  over warm fand ; then dry it by gently increafing  the  heat ;
  afterwards melt it in a crucible,  taking care that the heat be
  not too great, and pour it into proper forms.
  The only difference between thefe formulas  is in the  propor-
tion of acid employed,  The Edinburgh and Dublin Colleges ufe
equal weights of  filver and  acid.  The  London College ufes
double the  quantity of acid.   The  faa is, that nitrous  acid is ca-
pably of diffolving more than half its weight of filver,  Therefore
 in the one cafe, a portion of filver will be left undiffolved ; and, in
the other, there will  be an excefs of acid,  which, however, will
be expelled by the heat neceffary to bring the fait to,a ftate of dry-
nefs.   During the folution the metal is oxidized  by the decom-
pofition of  part  of the  acid,  while the nitrous gas difengaged
at firft diffolves in the acid, and gives it  a green color,  which,
however, difappears when the heat is increafed  fo as to expel the
gas.  The acid employed muft be very pure.   If it contain, as
the  acid of  commerce always  does, fulphuric  or muriatic acid, 
Chap. VI.]
Of Silver.
439
thefe reaa upon the nitrate as foon  as  it  is formed, and a white
precipitate, confifting of fulphate and muriate of filver, falls to the
bottom.                                                    *
  The method  which the refiners employ  for examining the pu-
rity of their aquafortis  (the name they give to dilute nitrous acid)
and purifying it if neceffary, is to let fall  into it a few drops of a
folution of nitrate of filver already  made : If  the  liquor remain
clear, and grow not in the leaft turbid or whitifh,  it is fit for ufe ;
otherwife, they add a fmall quantity more of the folution, which
immediately turns the whole of a milky white color ; the  mix-
ture being then fuffered to  reft tor fome time, depofites  a  white
fediment;  from which it is cautioufly decanted, examined  again,
and, if neceffary, farther purified by a frefh addition of the  folu-
tion.
  It is neceffary to employ very pure water in this procefs, for the
muriates and earthy falts which common water generally contain,
precipitate part of the filver in the ftate of a muriate or oxide. If
diftilled water  be not ufed, the water fhould be added to the acid
before it be tried and purified by the nitrate of filver.
   The filver flatted into thin plates, as directed in the fecond of
 the above proceffes, needs  not be cut in  pieces;  the folution will
 go on the  more fpeedily,  if they are only  turned round into fpiral
 circumvolutions, fo as to be conveniently got  into the glafs, with
 care that the feveral furfaces do not touch each other.  By this
 management, a greater extent of the furface is expofed  to the ac-
 tion of the menftruum, than when  the plates are cut in  pieces and
 laid above each other.  If the filver be alloyed with copper, the
 folution will have a permanent greenifh blue color, and  acquire a
 bright blue on the addition of ammonia.   If it contain  gold,  the
 gold is not diffolved, but is found at the bottom of the folution, in
 the form of a black or deep purple  powder.
    The crucible ought to be of filver or  porcelain ;  as  with the
 common crucibles, the lofs arifing from the nitrate of filver fink-
 ing into their  fubftance is too great.  It  ought alfo to be large
 enough to  hold five or fix times the quantity  of the dry matter ;
 for it bubbles and  fwells up greatly, fo as otherwife to   be apt to
 run over.  During this time,  alfo, little  drops are now and then
 fpirted up, whofe  caufticity is increafed by -their  heat, againft
 which the operator ought therefore t,o be on his guard.  The fire
 muft be kept moderate till this ebulition  ceafes,  and till the mat-
 ter becomes confiftent in the heat  that made it boil before  : Then
 quickly increafe the fire till the matter flows thin  at the  bottom
 like oil, on which it is to be immediately poured into the mould ;
 for if the heat  be continued after this, the nitrate of filver  begins
 to be decompofed, and the filver is reduced.
    In want of a proper iron mould, one may be formed of temper-
  ed tobacco pipeclay, not too moift, by  making in a lump of it 
 440       Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part III.

 with a fmooth (lick firft greafed, as many holes as there is occa-
 fion for ; pour the liquid matter into thefe cavities, and when con-
 gealed take it  out by breaking the mould.   Each piece is  to be
 wiped clean from thegreafe, aud wrapt up in foft dry  paper,  not
 only to keep the air from aaing upon them,  but likewife to pre-.
 vent their  corroding or difcoloring the fingers in handling.
   Nitrate  ot  filver is  cryftallizable.    Its cryftals are brilliant
 plates, having a variable number of fides.  Their tafte is auftere,
 and intenfely bitter.  They are very foluble in water, but per-
 manent in  the air, and not deliquefcent.   They are decompofed
 by  heat,  light, phofphorus, charcoal,  many metals, all  the al-
 kalies and   earths,  fulphuric,  muriatic,  phofphoric and  fluoric
 acids, and by the  falts they form.  When deprived of water, and
 melted according to the direaions of the  colleges, it forms a black
 or dark gray colored mafs, which, when broken, appears to confift
 of radii, diverging  from the centre.  It is not deliquefcent when
 free from copper,  which  is feldom  the cafe.   It may, however,
 be prepared perfeaiy pure, even from a folution containing cop-
 per, by evaporating andcryftallizing it as long as it furnifhes firm
 tabular cryftals.  Thefe  are then to be  wafhed with a little dif-
 tilled water, and melted with a gentle heat.  The nitrate of cop-
 per remains in the mother  water, and the filver  which it contains
 may be precipitated with muriatic acid.
   A ftrong folution of nitrate of filver corrodes and decompofes
 animal fubftances ;  in a more diluted ftate it (tains them of an in-
 delible black ;  and  for this purpofe it is fometimes applied to the
 hair.  The fufed nitrate of  filver is the ftrongeft and moft man-
 ageable cauftic we  poffefs, and  is employed to  remove fungous
 excrefcences, callous edges, warts,  ftriaures in urethra, and the
 like.  It is alfo ufed to deftroy the  venereal poifon in chancres,
 before it has aaed on the fyftem.  A weak folution of it may be
 applied as a ftimulus to  indolent ulcers,  or  injeaed into fiftulus
 fores.
   Notwithftanding its  caufticity, it has  been given  internally.
 Boerhaave, Boyle, and others commend it highly in hydropic ca-
 fes.   The former affures us,  that made into pills with crumb of
 bread and a little  fugar, and taken on an  empty ftomach (fome
 warm water fweetened with honey, being drank immediately af-
 ter) it purges gently without griping,  and  brings away a large
 quantity of water, almoft without the patient's perceiving it ; that
 it  kills worms, and  cures many inveterate ulcerous diforders. He
 neverthelefs cautions againft ufing it  too  freely, or in too large a
 dofe ; and  obferves  that it always proves  corrofive and weaken-
 ing to the ftomach.
   It has been more  recently employed, and  with fuccefs in epi-
 lepfy and angina peaoris.  On account of its very great aaivity,
each pill fhould not contain above  one eighth or one fourth of a
grain. 
Chap. VII.]             Of Copper.                   441




                      CHAP.  VII.


                  COPPER.
                 /ERUGO  PR^LPARATA.
                            Dub.
                     Prepared  Verdigrife.

 Let the verdigrife be ground  to  powder, and the minute particles
   be feparated in the manner  direaed for the preparation of craba
   claws.
                            Lond.
 Verdigrife is to be prepared as other fubftances not foluble in wa-
   ter (page 41,5.)

   The intention of this procefs is merely to obtain the fub ace-
 tite of copper in the ftate of the moft minute mechanical divifion.

   SOLUTIO SULPHATIS CUPRI COMPOSITA;  olim.
                     Aqua Styptica.
                            Edin.
 Compound Solution of Sulphate of Copper, formerly Styptic Water.
 Take of
   Sulphate of copper,
   Sulphate of alumina, each three ounces;
   Water, two pounds ;
   Diluted fulphuric acid, an ounce  and a half.
 Boil the fulphates in the water to diffolve them,  and then add the
   acid to the liquor filtered through paper.
   In this preparation, the fubftances diffolved in the water exeat
 no chemical aaion on each other, and the compofition wasprab-
 ably contrived  from the falfe idea, that the fum of the powers iof
 fubftances having fimilar virtues, was increafed by  mixing libera
 with each  other.
   As might naturally be fuppofed, this Is a powerful iftyptlc, ami
 is fomewhat fimilar to the old aqua aluminofa Bateana of the for-
 mer pharmacopceias, fo much celebrated for flopping prof ufe ihae-
 morrhagies.  Its chief ufe is  tor flopping bleedings at the  irwalfe ;
and for this purpofe, cloths or doffils, fteeped in the liquor,, are to
be applied to the part. 
 442        Preparations and Compositions.       [Part III.

 AMMONIARETUM CUPRI ;  olim, Cuprum  Ammoni-
   acum.                     Edm.
      Ammoniaret of Copper, formerly Ammoniacal Copper,
 Take of
   Pureft fulphate of copper, two parts ;
   Carbonate ot ammonia, three parts.
   Rub them carefully together in a glafs mortar, Until after the1
   effervefcence has entirely ceafed, they  unite into a violet color-
   ed mafs, which muft be wrapped up in blotting paper, and firft
   dried on a chalk  ftone,  and afterwards by a gentle  heat.  The
   produd muft be kept in a glafs phial well clofed.

                 Cuprum Ammonutum.
                            Dub.
                     Ammoniated Copper,
 Take of
   Vitriolated copper, half an ounce ;
   Mild volatile alkali, an ounce and a halfj
 Triturate them in  a glafs mortar, until after the effervefcence ha*
   entirely ceafed, they unite into a mafs, which  is to be wrapped
   up in bibuous paper,  and dried upon a layer of gypfum, plac-
   ed in warm fand.   It is afterwards to be kept in a phial, clofed
   with a glafs (topper.
   The difference between  the  proportions of the ingredients of
 this preparation,  direaed by the two Colleges,  is very ftriking.
 We know of no  experiments to afcertain which of them is moft
 eorrefcl.  It may feem ftrange that direaions are given  fo particu-
 larly concerning the mann r of drying a mixture which is prepar-
 ed by rubbiriT two dry fubftances together. But fuch  a phenom-
enon  is by no means uncommon, and arifes from the  quantity of
 water of cryftallization contained in the  ingredients being greater
 than what is  required by the new compound  formed  : As foon,
 therefore, as the ingredients begin to aa upon each other, a quan-
tity of water is fet at liberty, which renders the mafs moift.
  The nature ot this compound, and confequently the name which
 fhould be given it, are not yet fufficiently afcertained.   Prepared
according to the direaions of the Colleges, it evidently  contains
oxide of copper, ammonia, and fulphuric acid.  It thefe fubftances
 be chemically combined, it fhould be denominated the Sulphate or
 Subfulphate of Copper and Ammonia.
  There is another way of preparing this fubftance, lefs economi-
cal indeed, but more inftruaive to  the ftudent of chemiftry,  and
jefs liable to variety in the produa.  Into a faturated  folution of
fulphate of copper, drop a folution of carbonate of ammonia,  or,
what is better, water of ammonia, until the bluifh green precipi-
tate, which is formed at firft, be rediffolved, and the liquor regain
its tranfparency,  and become of  a beautiful deep  blue color. 
 Chap. VII.]           Of Copperl                    443

 Concentrate this  folution by evaporation, and mix it With about
 an equal quantity of  alcohol, upon which the fait immediately
 precipitates in filky blue cryftals, which are to be colleaed by fil-
 tration, dried and kept in a phial, with a ground glafs ftopper.
   Ammonia, having  a ftronger affinity  for fulphuric acid  than:
 oxide of copper has,  feparates the oxide, which, being infoluble,
 is precipitated in the form of a bluifh green powder;  But as this
 oxide itfelf is foluble in  ammonia,  it is rediffolved when more
 ammonia is added than is fufficient to  faturate  the acid.  Inftead
 of obtaining  the compound  thus formed in a dry ftate by evapo-
 ration, which would partly decompofe it, advantage is  taken of its
 infolubility in alcohol, which, from its more  powerful  affinity*
 feparates the  water of the  folution, and precipitates the cupreous
 fait in filky blue cryftals.   When a fufficient quantity of alcohol
 has been employed, it merely abftraas the water of the folution,
 and precipitates the whole  of  the  faline matter contained in it»
 which we are theretore difpofed to confider as a ternary compound
 of fulphuric  acid, oxide ot  copper, and ammonia.   By drying;
 this precipitate undergoes  fome alteration, for it is  no longer to-
 tally foluble in water.   As, however, the folution is eafily effea-
 ed by the addition of ammonia, it would appear that the alteration
 confifts in  the decompofition of part of the ammonia.
   This preparation has fometimes been ferviceable in epilepfies ;
 but, from its  frequent want of  fuccefs, and  the difagreeable  con-
 fequences with which  its ufe is fometimes attended^ it has not  late-
 ly been much prefcribed.   It is employed by beginning with dofeS
 of half a grain, twice a day ;  and increafing  them gradually to as
 much as the ftomach will bear.  Dr. Culfen fometimes increafed
 the dofe to five grains.

 LIQUOR CUPRI AMMONIATI ; olim,  Aqua Sappha-
   RINA.                  Dub.
    Liquor of Ammoniated Copper, formerly Sapphire Water.
 Take of
   Lime water,  frefh made, eight ounces ;
   Sal ammoniac, two  fcruples ;
   Verdigrife  prepared, four grains.
 Mix and digeft them for twentyfour hours, then pour off the pure
   liquor.
               Aqua Cupri Ammoniati.
                           Lond.
                Water of Ammoniated Copper;
 Take  of
   Lime water, one pint;
   Sal ammoniac, one drachm.
Let them ftand together,  in a copper veffel, till the ammonia' feW
  faturated.
             E■ js 
  444        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part  III.

    In this preparation  the lime water decompofes the muriate of
  ammonia and forms muriate of  lime ; while the ammonia difen-
  gaged immediately reaas upon the oxide of copper contained in
  the verdigrife, and renders it foluble. But as the quantity ot  lime
  employed is not fufficient to decompofe all the muriate of ammo-
  nia,  the folution  contains muriate of ammonia, muriate of lime,
  and ammoniaret of  copper, forming probably a  triple fait,  with
  the acetous acid.  The mode of preparing this folution, adopted
  by the London College, is. the remains of a fortuitous pharmacy,
  now juftly exploded by the other Colleges.
   This compound folution is applied externally  for cleaning  foul
 ulcers, and difpofing them to heal.  It has been recommended al-
 fo for taking off fpecks and films from the eyes ; but when ufed
 with this intention, it ought  to be diluted with fome  pure water,
 as in the  ftate of ftrength in which it is  here ordered, it irritates
 and inflames the eyes confiderably.





                       CHAP.  Vill.

                       IRON.

            FERRI LIMITURA PURIFICATA.
                            Edin.
                   Purified Filings  of Iren.
 Place a fieve over the filings,  and apply a magnet, fo that the fil-
   ings may be attraaed  upwards through the fieve.

   This procefs does not fulfil the purpofe for which it is intend-
ed.  For the adhefion of a very fmall particle of iron renders
brafs and other metals attraaable by the magnet.   The filings of
iron got from the fhops  of different artificers,  which  are always
mixed with  folder and other metals, cannot be  purified in this
way, fo as to render them fit for internal ufe ; and indeed the on-
ly way they can be obtained fufficiently pure is  by filing a piece
of pure iron with a clean file.

FERRI OXIDUM NIGRUM PURIFICATUM; olim, Fer-
   ri  SQUAMiE PURIFICATA.
                            Edin.
Purified Black Oxide of  Iron, formerly Purified Scales of Iron.
Let the fcales of the oxide  ot iron, which  are to be found at the
  foot of the blackfmith's anvil, be purified by the application of
  a magnet.   For the magnet will  attraa  only the fmaller and 
 Chap. VIII.]            Of Ifdn.                     445

   purer fcales, and  will leave thofe  which are larger and lefs
   pure.
   Here the application  of the magnet is ufeful, becaufe thefe
 fcales contain no  foreign metal,  but are  mixed with earthy and ■
 other impurities, whjch could be feparated in no other way.'

        CARBONAS FERRI ; olim, Ferri  Rubigo.
                            Edin.
            Carbonate of Iron, formerly Ruft of Iron.
 Moiften purified filings of iron frequently  with water, that they
   may be converted into ruft, which is to  be ground  into an im-
   palpable powder.
                      Ferri Rubigo.
                            Lond.
                        Ruft of Iron,
 Take of
   Iron filings, one pound.
 Expofe thefe to the air, often moiftening them with  water until
   they be corroded into ruft ; then powder them in an iron mor-
   tar, and wafh over  with  diftilled water the very fine powder.
   Moiften the refiduum, which is not reduced by moderate triture
   to a powder, which may be eafily wafhed over,  and expofe it
   again to the air ;  and, laftly, after having ground it in a mortar,
   wafh it over.   Dry the powder which is  wafhed over.
                           Dub.
 Take of
   Iron wire, any quantity.
 Cut it into pieces, which are to be moiftened frequently with wa-
   ter, and expofed to the air until they  be corroded into ruft.
   Then powder them in an iron mortar,  and by  pouring water
   upon them, wafh over the fineft part of the powder, which is to
   be dried.   The fame procefs may be frequently repeated.
   Iron is one of the moft  eafily oxidized of the  metals,  It is
 capable  of attraaing oxygen from the air, and of decompofing
 water even in the cold.  By expofure at the fame time to air and
 moifture, it is very quickly oxidized*  while at the fame  time it
 abforbs carbonic acid, and is converted into a reddifh brown pul-
 verulent fubftance, well known by the name of ruft of  iron.   For
 medical ufe it  is prepared as the other fubftances infoluble.in
 water.
  Apothecaries feldom make it themfelves, but obtain it from
perfons  who manufacture it in large quantities.   It may be alfo
prepared by precipitating the fulphate of iron with an alkaline
carbonate; and as the procefs, though more/expenfive, is infinitely
lefs tedious, and furnifhes a  carbonate  of iron of very great pu-
               C3" * 
446       Preparations and Compositions]     [Part III.

rity, and in the ftate of the utmoft minutenefs, it has been admit-
ted by the Edinburgh College.

         CARBONAS FERRI PR^-CIPITATUS.
                           Edin.
                Precipitated Carbonate of Iron.
Take of
   Sulphate of iron four ounces,
   Carbonate of foda five ounces,
   Water, ten pounds.
Diffolve the fulphate in the water, and add the carbonate of foda,
   previoufly diffolved, in a fufficient quantity of water, and mix
   them thoroughly.
Wafh the carbonate of  iron, which  is  precipitated, with warm
   water, and afterwards dry it.
   On mixing  the folutions of thefe falts together, there is an im-
mediate mutual  decompofition.  Sulphate  of foda  is  formed,
which remains in folution, and carbonate of iron, which is precip-
itated of a green color.   The  precipitate when  firft formed, is
the carbonate of black oxide of iron,  or contains the iron in the
ftate of black oxide, the ftate in  which it  exifts in the green ful-
phate of iron ; but in the procefs of drying, it abforbs more ox-
ygen, becomes of a red color, and is converted in«to the carbonate
of red oxide of iron.  As  the precipitate is extremely light and
bulky, it is not eafily  feparated by allowing it tofubfide, and pour-
ing off the clear liquor ; filtration fhould therefore be employed.
The carbonate of  foda is  ufed in preference to the carbonate of
potafs, on account  ot  the greater folubility of fulphate of foda
than of fulphate of potafs, which renders the fubfequent ablution
 of the fait more eafy.
   The carbonate of iron is an  axcellent and fafe chalybeate.   It
may be given in dofes from five grains to fixty ; but all chaly-
beates anfwer better in  fmall  dofes, frequently repeated, than in
 large dofes.

                  AQUA FERRI AERATI.
                            Dub.
                     Water of Ae'rated Iron.
    It is prepared  in the  fame  manner  as  the water of fixed  air
 (p. 374) by  fufpending in the  water half an ounce of iron wire.
   This  is a very elegant chalybeate.  The iron is in the ftate of
 black oxide, and is diffolved by means of carbonic acid.  It was
 firft prepared by  Bergmann,  in imitation  of the natural chaly-
 beate waters, and it forms an excellent fubftitute for them. 
Chap. VIII.]             Of Iron.                    447

                    SULPHAS FERRI.
                           Edin.
                     Sulphate of Iron.
Take of
  Purified filings of iron, fix ounces ;
  Sulphuric acid, eight ounces;
  Water two pounds and a half.
Mix them, and after the  effervefcence ceafes,  digeft the mixture
  for fome time upon warm fand ; then ftrain the liquor through
  paper, and after due evaporation fet it at reft to cryftallize.

                Ferrum  Vitriolatum.
(                           Lond.
                     Vitriolated Iron<
Take of
  Filings of iron,
  Vitriolic acid, each eight ounces j
  Diftilled water, three pints.
Mix them in a glafs veffel; and, when the effervefcence hasceaf-
  ed, place the mixture for fome time upon hot fand ; then pour
  off the liquor, ftraining it through paper ; and after due evap-
  oration, fet it afide to cryftallize,
      Ferrum Vitriolatum ;  olim, Sal Martis,
                           Dub.
            Vitriolated Iron, formerly Salt of Steel,
Take of
  Iron wire, two ounces.
  Vitriolic acid,  three ounces and a half j
  Water, two  pounds.
Mix the acid by degrees with the water in a  glafs veffel, and grad-
  ually add the  iron wire cut  into pieces;  digeft the mixture
  for fome time,  and ftrain it through paper.   Laftly, fet afide
  the liquor, after due evaporation, to cryftallize, by flow refrige-
  ration.
  Although the fulphate of iron  may be purified by folution,
filtration and cryftallization, fufficiently for many purpofes, yet
it cannot be procured perfeaiy pure except by the direa union of
fulphuric acid and iron ;  and as it is of confequence that it fhould
be pure when  adminiftered internally, direaions for its prepara-
tion have been given by all the Colleges.  The differences  which
may be obferved in  the proportions of the materials  employed, is
of little  confequence, as fulphuric  and iron unite only in one
proportion.
  Iron fcarcely aas upon fulphuric acid unlefs  affifted by heat.
It then becomes oxidized, by abftraaing oxygen from a portion
of the acid, and converting it into fulphurous acid gas or fulphur,
and combines with  the remainder of the acid.   But it aas with
                   PT3. 
443       Preparations  and  Compositions.      [Part III.

great rapidity  on diluted fulphuric acid ;  in which cafe it is not
oxidiz  d at the expenfe of the acid itfelt, but by decompofing the
water,  and therefore the hydrogen of the water is feparaied in the
form of gas.   The aaion of the acid and iron upon each other of-
ten ceafes before the acid is nearly faturated, and may be renew-
ed by the addition of a  little waur.   The reafon is, that all the
water which was not decompofed is employed to diffolve the ful-
phate of iron formed.
   The properties and ufes  of  fulphate of iron  have been already
mentioned.

            SULPHAS  FERRI EXSICCATUS.
                           Edin.
                    Dried Sulphate of Iron.
Take of
   Sulphate of iron any quantity.
Expofe it to the aaion ot a moderate heat in an unglazed earthen,
   veffel, until it become white and perfeaiy dry.
   The heat applied here muft not be fo great as to decompofe the
fulphate of iron, but  only to  deprive it of its  water of cryftal;li-
_zation.

               OXIDUM  FERRI  RUBRUM.
                           Edin.
                      Red Oxide of Iron.
 Expofed dried fulphate of iron to an  intenfe heat, until it is con-
   verted into a very red  matter.
   By the violent heat applied in this preparation, the fulphate of
 iron is completely decompofed, and  copious white tumes are ex-
 pelled.  The iron is converted into  the red oxide ; part of the
 fulphuric acid is therefore reduced to the ftate of fulphurous acid,
 arid the  reft of the  acid is  expelled in a very  concentrated ftate.
 This procefs  was formerly employed in this country, and ftill  is
 employed in  Germany,  for the preparation of  fulphuric acid ;
 which, however, from the prefence of  the fulphurous acid, was
 poffeffed of fome peculiar  properties, fuch  as emitting fumes and
 cryftallizing.   The refiduum is compofed of red oxide of iron,
 combined with a little red fulphate of iron, which renders it de-
 liquefcent.   To  obtain the oxide perfeaiy pure, the refiduum
 muft therefore be wafhed with water, and  dried quickly, to pre-
 vent the abforption of carbonic acid.

               T1NCTURA  MURIATIS  FERRI.
                           Edin.
                  Tinclure of Muriate of Iron.
 Take  of
    The purified fcales of oxide of iron in powder, three ounces ; 
Chap. VIIL]           Of Iron.                      449

  Muriatic acid about ten ounces, or as muchas may be fufficient
    to diffolve the powder.
Digeft by a gentle heat, and after the powder is diffolved, add as
  much
  Alcohol as will make the whole  quantity of liquor amount to
    two pounds and a half.

               Tinctura Ferri Muriati.
                           Lond.
                  Tinclure of Muriated Iron.
Take  of
  The ruft of iron, half a pound ;
  Muriatic acid, three pounds ;
  Reaified fpirit ot wine, three pints.
Pour  the muriatic acid on the ruft of iron in a glafs veffel ; and
  fhake the mixture now and then  during three days.  Set it by,
  that the feces may fubfide ; then pour off the liquor ;  evapo-
  rate this to one pint, and, when cold, add to it the vinous fpirit.

                            Dub,
Take  of
  Iron wire, half a pound ;
  Muriatic acid, three pounds ;
  Reaified fpirit of wine, three pounds.
The direaions for combining thefe are exaaiy the fame with thofe
  of the London College.
  In  making this preparation, each of the Colleges ufes iron in a
different ftate ; the Dublin College, metallic iron ; the Edinburgh,
the black oxide ; and the  London  College, the carbonate of the
red oxide.  There is no difference  between  the folutions of iron
and of its black oxide ;  becaufe the iron is  converted  into the
ftate of black oxide by the decompofition of the water, before it
is diffolved ; and accordingly, when iron is diffolved in muriatic
acid, there is a difengagement of hydrogen gas ; whereas the black
oxide is diffolved without any effervefcence.   But muriatic acid
is capable of combining either with the black or red oxides of iron,
and forms with each, falts, having diftinaive properties.
  The red  muriate of iron is not cryftallizable ; has a dark orange
color ; is deliquefcent ;  forms a brown  red  folution,  having a
very aftringent tafte ; and is foluble in  alcohol.  The green mu-
riate is cryftallizable ; has little color ;  is very foluble  in water,
forming a pale green folution ;  and is infoluble in alcohol.  But
the aqueous folution of green muriate  attraas oxygen fo rapidly
from  the atmofphere, that  unlefs  the accefs of the air be totally
excluded, it is always partially converted into red muriate.  The
folutions of iron and of its black oxide, are accordingly found al-
ways  to contain a  greater or lefs proportion of red muriate, and 
450        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

are therefore not uniform or conftant in their properties.   Be-
fides, as it is only the red muriate which is f luble in alcohol, it
appears  to us that  it is  better, according to the direaions of the
London College, to ufe the red carbonate of iron, by which means
we obtain an unmixed and permanent folution of the red muriate.
Muriate of iron is alfo formed, when we diffolve the fuiphuret of
iron in muriatic acid for the  purpofe  of procuring fulphuretted
hydrogen gas.   It is alfo the refiduum which remains in the retort
after the fublimation of muriate of ammonia and iron.
   When well prepared, the alcoholic folution of muriate of iron
has a yellowifh  color,and very aftringent tafte.  It is an excellent
chalybeate, and  may be given in dofes often or twenty drops twice
or thrice a day,  in any proper vehicle.

MURIAS AMMONITE ET  FERRI  ;  olim, Flores Mar-
   tiales.                Edin.
   Muriate of Ammonia and Iron ;  formerly Martial Flowers.
Take of
   Red oxide of iron, wafhed and again dried ;
   Muriate of ammonia, equal weights ;
Mix them thoroughly and fublime.

                 Ferrum  AmmoniacalS.
                           Lond.
                     Ammoniacal Iron.
Take of
   Iron filings, one pound ;
   Sal ammoniac, two pounds.
Mix and fublime.   What remains at the bottom of the  veffel mix
   by rubbing together with the fublimed matter, and  again fub-
   lime.
   Although at a low temperature ammonia decompofes the mu-
riate of iron, at  a high temperature iron and its oxides  decompofe
muriate of ammonia.  But as muriate ot  ammonia is itfelf a vol-
atile fait, great part of it efcapes undecompofed ;  fo that  the pro-
dua is a mixture of muriate of ammonia  with red  muriate of iron.
According to the  formula of the Edinburgh College, the decom-
pofition is effeaed by fimple affinity.   As foon as the oxide of
iron aas on the muriate of ammonia, the ammonia which is fepa-
rated comes over; then as the heat increafes, undecompofed mu-
riate of ammonia is fublimed ;  which, as the procefs advances, is
 mixed with an  increafing proportion of  muriate  of iron.  In  the
procefs of the London College,  the decompofition is  more com-
 plex ;  for the iron  filings muft not only  decompofe the muriate
 ot ammonia,  but  muft alfo  decompofe ammonia  itfelf,  be-
 fore it  can become fufficiently oxidized.   In confequence of  the
 latter decompofition, a confiderable quantity of hydrogen gas is 
Chap. VlII.]            Of Iron.                     451

produced.  Both Colleges employ a much larger quantity of iron
than is neceffary.   According to the German pharmaceutifts, if
the iron be equal to one fixttt nth of the muriate ot ammonia, it
is fufficient.  The new Pruflidn Difpenfatory direas one out ce
of iron to be diffolved in two ounces ot muriatic acid, and one of
nitrous acid ; this  folution of red  muriate of iron to be mixed
with a watery folution of twelve  ounces of muriate of ammonia,
and the whole evaporated to drynefs ; and the dry mafs to be fub-
limed in a wide necked retoit, with a heat increafed to rednefs.
   Whatever procefs be employed, the heat  muft be applied as
quickly as poffibb ; and the fublimed produa thoroughly mixed
by trituration, and kept in well ftopt glafs veffels.  It fhould have
a deep orange color, and  a  finell  refembling faffron, and fhould
deliquefce in the air.
   This preparation is fuppofed to be highly aperient and attenu-
ating ; though no  otherwife fo than the reft of the  chalybtates,
or at moft only by virtue of  the faline matter joined to the iron.
It has been found  of fervice in  hyfterical and hypochondriacal
cafes, and in diftempers proceeding from a laxity and  weaknefs of
the folids, as the rickets.  From two or three grains  to ten may
be conveniently taken in the form of a bolus.

         TINCTURA FERRI AMMONIACALIS.
                            Lond.
                 Tintlure of Ammoniac al Iron.
Take of
   Ammoniacal iron, four ounces  ;
   Proof fpirit, one pint.
Digeft and ftrain.
   This is merely a fpirituous folution of the preceding article,
and is a much lefs  elegant medicine than the fimple tincture of
muriate of iron.
              FERRUM TARTARISATUM.
                            Lond.
                       Tartarized Iron.
Take of
   Filings of iron, one pound ;
   Cryftals of tartar in powder, two pounds.
Mix them with diftilled water into a thick mafs, which is to be
   expofed to the aaion of the air for  eight days in  a wide glafs
   veffel; then grind the matter, after being  dried in a fand bath
   to a very minute powder.
   This is in faa a triple tartrite of iron and potafs, the excefs of
acid in the fupertartrite of potafs being faturated by oxide of iron.
The iron is oxidized during the firft part of the procefs, in which
it is moiftened and expofed to the aaion of the air. 
452        Preparations and Compositions.       [Part III.

   Tartrite of  potafs and iron may alfo be formed, by  boiling  a
folution ot fupertartrite of potafs with iron, or, what is ftill bet-
ter, with fome of the oxides of iron,  until the excefs of acid be
faturaied.  The compound, according to Thenard, is very foluble,
varies in color according to the ftate of the oxide ; cryftallizes in
fmall needles, and has a chalybeate tafte.   It  is not  precipitated
by alkalies  or  alkaline carbonates.  It is decompofed by ful-
phuretted hydrogen and its compounds, and by gallic acid.   The
editors of Gren's Pharmacy fay, that a folution of iron in fuper-
tartrite  of potafs, furnifhes by evaporation greenifh fpathofe per-
manent cryftals, difficultly foluble; which  is furely a miftake ; at
leaft it neither correfponds with Thenard's account, nor with the
old name of this preparation, Mars Solubilis.
   The  tartrite of iron  and  potafs may be given  in the form of
powder or bolus, in  dofes of from ten to thirty grains.

                     VINUM  FERRI.
                           Lond.
                       Wine of Iron.
Take of
   Iron filings, four  ounces ;
   Spanifh white wine, four pints.
Digeft for a month,  often fhaking the veffel, and then ftrain.

   Vinum  Ferratum ; olim, Vinum  Chalybeatum.
                            Dub.
          Ironated  Wine,  formerly Chalybeate Wine.
Take of
   Iron wire cut in pieces, four ounces j
   White Rhenifh wine, four  pints.
Digeft tor a month, often fhaking the veffel, and then ftrain.
   This is merely a  folution of the preceding  article in wine ;
for the iron is only diffolved in the wines by means of the fuper-
tartrite of potafs it contains.   The Rhenifh wine, direaed by the
Dublin  College, will therefore diffolve a larger quantity of  iron
than the Spanifh white wine of the London College.  But a fo-
lution of a known proportion of the preceding article in wine,
will give a medicine of more equal powers, and may be made ex-
tcmporaneoufly.
   1 he'dofe is from  a drachm to half  an ounce, repeated twice Oj-
thrice a day in chlorotic cafes.

             TINCTURA FERRI  ACETATI.
                           Dub.
                   Tinclure of Acetated Iron.
Take of
   Acetated vegetable alkali;
   Vitriolated iron, each one ounce. 
(Jhap. IX.]              Of Iron.                     453

Rub the acetated alkali  and vitriolated iron together in a glafs,
  mortar,  until the mafs deliquefces ; then add, during the tritu-
  rati j , the alcohol, and ftrain the folution.
  The acetite ot potafs,  and fulphate  of iron decompofe each
other, and form  acetite  of  iron, and fulphate ot potafs.  But as
the fulphate of potafs is not foluble in alcohol, the folution, after
filtration,  is an alcoholic folution of acetite of iron.  The acetous
acid is alfo capable of combining with both oxides of iron ; and
as the iron in the fulphate,  is in the ftate of black oxide,  which
has a ftrong attra6t;on for oxygen,  it  is probable  that the acetite
prepared in the way direcfed is a mixed acetite.
  It has an extremely ftyptic tafte, and is given in dofes of thirty
or forty drops.




                       CHAP.  IX.

                M   E  R  C   U  R   T.

           HYDRARGYRUM PURIFICATUM.
                            Dub.
                     Purified Quickfilver.
Take of
  Quickfilver, fix pounds.
Draw off four pounds  by flow diftillation.

              Hydrargyrus Purificatus.
                            Lond.
                     Purified Quickfilver.
Take of
  Quickfilver,
  Iron filings, each four pounds.
Rub them together, and  diftil from an iron veffel.

                            Edin.
Take of
  Quickfilver, four parts,
  Filings of iron, one part.
Rub them together, and  diftil from an iron veffel.
  The quickfilver of commerce is  often adulterated with lead,
tin, or other metals, which renders it unfit for internal ufe, and for
many preparations.   It  therefore becomes neceffary to purify it,
and  fortunately  its comparatively great  volatility  fupplies  us
with an eafy mode.   The Dublin College diftil it fimply without 
 454          Preparations  and  Compositions.   [Part III.

 any addition ;  but, left towards the end of the procefs the mercu-
 ry  (hould elevate any impurities along with it, they draw off but
 t vo thirds.  The principal objeaion  to this procefs is the want
 of economy ; for although the remaining third  may be ufed for
 fome purpofes,  its value is very much depreciated.  As iron has
 a much ftronger affinity for almoft all the fubftances with which
 q iickfilver may be adulterated, than quickfilver  has,  by adding
iron filings we may draw off the whole quickfilver by diftillation,
without any fear of the impurities rifing along with it.  The Lon-
 don College add an equal weight  of iron filings,  but fo large a
 quantity caufes the fize of the diftilling apparatus to be unnecef-
 farily increafed.  The Edinburgh College ufe one fourth, which
 is certainly enough.
  Glafs retorts are inadmiffible in this diftillation ; becaufe, when
the mercury begins to boil, the concuffion  is fo great, that they
would certainly be broken.  Iron retorts are the beft,  although
ftrong earthen ones may be alfo ufed.   The receiver may be of
the fame materials, or of glafs,  if we wifh to infpea the progrefs
of the operation ;  but in this  cafe we muft interpofe an adopter
between the retort and receiver, and fill  the receiver nearly full
of water, that the mercury may not crack it  by falling hot intojt.
The retort employed fhould be fo large, that the quickfilver fhould
not fill above one third of it.

                ACETIS HYDRARGYRI.
                           Edin.
                   Acetite of Quickfilver.
 Take of
  Purified quickfilver, three ounces ;
  Diluted nitrous acid, four ounces and a half, or a little more
    than may be required for diffolvi»g the mercury ;
  Acetite of potafs, three ounces;
  Boiling water, eight pounds.
 Mix the quickfilver with the diluted nitrous acid ;  and after the
  effervefcence has ceafed, digeft  if neceffary with a gentle heat,
  until the quickfilver be entirely diffolved.  Then diffolve the
  acetite of potafs in  the boiling water, and immediately to this
  folution, ftill hot, add the former, and mix  them by agitation.
  Then fet the mixture afide to cryftallize.  Place the cryftals in
   a funnel, and wafh them with cold diftilled  water; and, laftly^
   dry them with as gentle a heat as poffible. 
Chap. IX.]            Of Mercury.                  45$

               Hydrargyrus Acetatus.
                           Lond.
                    Acetated Quickfilver.
Take ot
  Purified quickfilver,
  Diluted nitrous acid, each half a pound ;
  Acetated kali, three ounces ;
  Tepid diftilled water, two pounds.
Mix the quickfilver with the diluted nitrous acid in a glafs veffel,
  and digeft them for twentyfour hours with a gentle heat, that the
  quickfilver may be diffolved.  Pour the nitrated quickfilver thus
  prepared into the acetated kali, previoufly diffolved in the tepid
   (900) water, that acetated quickfilver may be formed, which is
   to be firft wafhed with cold diftilled water, and  afterwards dif-
   folved in a fufficient quantity of boiling diftilled water.   Filter
   this folution through paper, and fet it afide to cryftallize;

               Hydrargyrum Acetatum.
                            Dub.
                     Acetated  Quickfilver.
 Take of
   Purified quickfilver,
   Diluted nitrous acid, each half a  pound ;
   Acetated vegetable alkali, three ounces ;
   Diftilled water, heated to about the ninetieth degree, two pounds
      and a half.
 Diffolve the mercury in the acid with a gentle heat.   Mix the
   liquor, before cryftals foim in it by cooling, with the water in
   which the acetated vegetable alkali  has been previoufly diffolv-
   ed.  Wafh the precipitate with cold diftilled water, then pour
   upon it twentyfour pounds of  diftilled water, and boil a little*
   Having removed the veffel from the fire, let it  ftand at reft for
   about ten minutes; and, laftly, pour off from the fediment the
   clear liquor, and let the acetated  quickfilver cryftallize in it by
   flow refrigeration.
   These proceffes are  all fundamentally the fame.  Nitrate of
 mercury is decompofed by acetite of potafs; and  the produas are
 acetite of mercury  and nitrate of  potafs.   The  nitrate of potafs
 being much more foluble than the acetite of mercury, remains in
 folution after  the latter is  feparated by cryftallization.   Mercury
 is capable of  forming different  combinations with nitrous acid,
 which poffefs each their charaaeriftic properties.   When we em-
 ploy a fufficient quantity of acid to diffolve the mercury without
 the afliftance of heat, and to retain it in folution, there is always an
 excefs of acid; and therefore it is a  folution of fupernitrate of mer-
 cury.  If we evaporate this folution very gently, or if we employ 
 455        Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part lifi

 a larger proportion of mercury at firft. and affift the aaion of the
 acid by a  gentle heat, we obtain nitrate of  mercury cryftallized
 in various forms.   But if we affift the aaion of the acid by boil-
 ing, a larger quantity of mercury is diffolved,  and  a  fubnitrate
 is formed ; for,  if we attempt to  dilute the folution with water, a
 copious precipitate of fubnitrate of mercury immediately  takes
 place, and  the  folution  contains fupernitrate ot  mercury.   It is
 ftill unafcertained, whether thefe folutions differ only in the pro-
 portions of  the nietal and acid,  or in the degree of the oxidize-
 ment of the mercury.   Fourcroy fays, that it is more oxidized in
 the fubnitrate, becaufe, during the  converfion of  the nitrate into
 the  fubnitrate  by the aaion  of heat, nitrous  gas is  extricated.
 He alfo fays, that it  forms  a foluble fait when decompofed with
 muriatic acid.   Chevenix,  on the  contrary,  afferts that it  is lefs
 oxidized,  becaufe fupernitrate of mercury,  prepared without
 heat, is. capable,  when heated to ebuhtion,  of diffolving an ad-
 ditional quantity  of mercury without the  formation of  any ni-
 trous gas.   Experiments alone can decide which of thefe chemifts
 has ftated  the faa accurately ;  but  we are rather inclined to agree
 with the latter, as he was acquainted with Fourcroy's opinion, and
 criticifes it.   We have  mentioned  thefe particulars with  regard
 to the nitrates of mercury in this place, becaufe we have no op-
 portunity of doing it  in a feparate article, and we fhall have oc-
 cafion to mention  them frequently.*
  For making the acetite ot mercury, the nitrate is prepared with
 a very  gentle heat, and with excefs of acid, that it may  be retain-
 ed in perfea folution, and that there may be  no poffibility of any
 admixture ot fubnitrate with the acetite  formed.   A larger pro-
 portion of acid is ufed by the Edinburgh  College than  by the
 other Colleges, but we believe it to be neceffary.   In mixing the
 folutions; we muft be careful to pour the mercurial folution into
the acetite of potafs, becaufe, by adopting the contrary procedure,
 fubnitrate  of mercury will be precipitated undecompofed,  if any
 of it be contained in the mercurial folution.   For diffolving the

  *  In our accounts of the quantity  of cxigen, vfe have always followed the eft! ma-
 lion of thofe chemifts who have moft particularly delcribed any of thefe fa>ts.  Thus,
 we have fometimes followed  M- Fourcroy, fometimes  Mr  Chevenix ; but, to prevent
 the appearance of incoufiftency, it is neceffary to obferve, that thefe excellent chemifts
 differ , :emarkably in the quantities of oxygen they fuppofe to be in the  fame oxide.
 M  Fourcroy  fuppofes that there are but three oxides ;  the black, oxide, which he fays
 contains 004 of oxygen ; the red oxide, which contains 0.08 ; and another ftill more
 oxidized, but which cannot be obtained feparate. The grey, yellow and white oxides,
 he fuppofes to be lublalts, containing fome of  thefe oxides.
  Mr. Chevenix has eftimated the oxide in the fubmuriate to contain 0.107 of oxygen ;
and that in the muriate to contain ©. 1 5 of oxygen ; but we are hot to be milled by thefe
 numbers, to  fuppofe that the oxide in the iubmuriate  contains more oxygen than the
 red oxide does.   On the contrary, it is extremely probable that it is the fame, or nearly
 the fame with Fourcroy's black oxide, and that the  oxide in the muriate is the red
 oxide. Tbe numerical proportion of oxygen in thefe oxides muft therefore be ftill con-
 fidered as unafcertained. 
Chap. IX.]  ~          Of Mercurf                   45?
acetite of potafs, the  London and  Dublin  Colleges only ufe as
much water as is capable of retaining the nitrate of potafs in fo-
lution ;  the acetite of mercury  is  therefore precipitated, and is
purified by again diffolving it in boiling water,  and cryftallizing
it.  This part of the procefs is fimplified|by the Edinburgh Col-
lege, who ufe as much water for diffolving the acetite of potafs
as is capable ot retaining, as long as it is hot, the acetite of'mer-
cury in lolution, and  of  allowing it to cryftallize as it cools.  In
this way, therefore, it is procured at once fufficiently pure.  The
exficcation of the acetite ot mercury is an operation of great del-
icacy ; for it is fo fpongy,  that it retains the moifture with great
obftinacy ; and it is decompofed fo eafily  that heat can fcarcely
be employed.   It is beft dried by comprefling it between feveral
folds ot bibulous paper.
  Acetite of mercury is fcarcely foluble in cold water, but dif-
folves readily in boiling  water.   It generally cryftallizes in mi-
caceous plates, and is extremely eafy of decompofition.
  It is fuppofed to be a mild preparation  of mercury, and was
the  aaive ingredient  of the celebrated Keyfer's pills.   In folution
it has alfo been recommended externally, to remove freckels and
cutaneous eruptions.

MURIAS HYDRARGYRI ;  olim, Mercurius  Sublima-
  tus Corrosivus.      Edin.
     Muriate of Quickfilver, formerly Corrofive Sublimate.
               Hydrargyrus Muriatus.
                           Lond.
                    Muriated Quickfilver.
       Hydrargyrum  Muriatum Corrosivum.
                           Dub.
               Corrofive Muriated Quickfilver.
Take of
  Purified quickfilver, two pounds ;
  Sulphuric acid, two pounds and a half ;
  Dried muriate of foda, four pounds.
Boil the quickfilver with the fulphuric  acid in a glafs veffel pla-
  ced in a fand bath, until  the matter be dried.  Mix the matter
  when cold in a glafs veffel, with the muriate of foda ; then fub-
  lime in a  glafs cucurbit, with a  heat  gradually increafed.—
  Laftly, feparate the fublimed matter from the fcoriae.
  By boiling the quickfilver to  drynefs with fulphuric acid, the
metai is oxidized by  the decompofition of  part of the acid, and
combines  with the reft to  form fubfulphate of quickfilver.  In
the  fecond part of the procefs, this fubfulphate is decompofed by
dried muriate of foda, muriate of  quickfilver fublimes, and ful-
phate of foda remains behind.  In Holland it is rnanufaaured by      % 
458          Preparations  and Compositions.   [Tart. III.

ftibj^aing to fublimation a mixture of dried fulphate of iron, ni-
trate of potafs, muriate of foda,  and quickfilver.   In the former edi-
tions of the hdinburgh Pharmacopoeia, the mercury was oxidized
by boiling  it to drynefs in  nitrous acid, and then fublimed with
muriate of  foda  and fulphate  ol iron.  Bergmann recommends
the fublimation of  fubnitrate ot mercury and muriate of foda.
  Muriafe  of quickfilver cryftallizes by fublimation in prifmatic
nredles, torming a  white femitranfparent mafs.   It is ponderous.
Its tafle is acrid, ftyptic and durable.  It is foluble in 20 parts of
cold water, and in  2 at 2120.   It is alfo foluble in 3.8 parts  of al-
cohol at 700, and  in almoft an equal weight of  boiling alcohol.
It gives a green  color to fyrup of  violets.  It is not altered by
expofure to the air, and is  fublimed unchanged  by heat.  It is
not decompofed  by any  of  the acids ; but is foluble, without al-
teration, in the fulphuric, nitric, and muriatic  acids.  It is pre-
cipitated by all the alkalies and earths, of an orange yellow color,
which gradually changes to a brick red ; and by their carbonates,
ot a permanent yellow color.   Ammonia forms with it an infolu-
ble,  white,  triple fait.   It is alfo decompofed by  feveral of the
metals.   It confifts, according to Mr. Chevenix, of

       Quickfilver   60.7 1     ^ .,    r             _
       Oxygen       12.3}    Oxiie of mercury    82
                               Muriatic acid         18
And the oxide therefore confifts of
                          Quickfilver    8,5
                          Oxygen        15
100
100
  Muriate of mercury  is one of the moft violent poifons with
which we are acquainted.   Externally it aas as an elcharotic or a
cauftic ; and in folution it is ufed for deftroying fungous flefh. and
for removing herpetic eruptions;  but even  externally it muft be
ufed with very great caution.   It has however been recommend-
ed to be given internally, by the refpeaable authorities of Boer-
haave and Van Swieten ;  and it is the aaive ingredent of all the
empyrical antivenereal  fyrups.  Were it really capable of curing
the venereal difeafe, or equal in efficacy to the common modes of
adminiftering mercury, it would poffefs many advantages over
them in other refpeas :  But  that it cannot be depended  upon, is
almoft demonftrated by  its ufe as an antivenereal, being very much
confined to the quacks, and  by  the teftimony of the moft expe-
rienced praaitioners.   Mr. Pearfon fays, that it will fometimes 
Chap. IX.]
Of Mercury.
459
cure the primary fymptoms of fyphilis,  efpecially if it  produce
confiderable forenefs of the gums, and the common effeas of mer-
cury ;  but that it will often tail in removing a chancre ; and where
it has removed it, that the moft  fteady perfeverance will not fe-
cure the patient from a conftitutional affeaion.   It is on fome oc-
cafions, however,  a ufeful auxiliary  to  a  mercurial  courfe, in
quickly bringing the fyftem under the influence of mercury, and
in fupporting its aaion after the ufe of fnaions,  and is peculiar-
ly efficacious  in relieving  venereal pains, in healing ulcers ot  the1
throat, and in  promoting the defquamation of eruptions.

  SUB MURIAS HYDRARGYRI;  olim,  CalomelaS;
                           Edin.
        Submuriate  of Quickfilver,   formerly Calomel.
Take of
  Muriate of quickfilver, ground to  powder in a glafs  mortar,
     four ounces ;
  Purified quickfilver, three ounces.
Rub them  together  in a glafs mortar, with a little water, to pre-
  vent the  acrid powder from rifing,  until the mercury  be extin-
  guifhed ; and having put the powder,  after being dried, into art
  oblong phial,  of  which  it fills only one third, fublime from
  warm fand.  After the fublimation is finifhed, having broken
  the phial, throw away both the red matter found near the bot-
  tom of the phial, and the white matter  near its neck, and fub-
  lime the  reft  of the mafs.   Grind this  into a very minute
  powder,  which is laftly to be wafhed with  boiling diftilled  wa-
  ter.

    Hydrargyrum Muriatum  Mite Sublimatum.
                            Dub.
             Mild  Sublimated Muriated  Mercury.
Take of
  Corrofive muriated mercury, one pound ;
  Purified  quickfilver, nine ounces.
Rub  them together until the globules difappear, and fublime.
  Rub the fublimed matter with the refiduum,: and repeat the fub«
   limation.  Laftly, wafh the fublimed matter with frequent af*
  fufions of boiling diftilled water.

                       Calomelas.
                            Lond.
                           Calomel.
Take of
  Muriated quickfilver, one pound ;
  Purified  quickfilver, nine ounces.
                   F E 
 460        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

 Rub them together, until the globules difappear and fublime; then
   rub the whole matter again together and fublime.  Repeat the
   fublimation in the lame  manner four times.   Afterwards tri-
   turate the matter into a very fubtile powder, and wafh it by  the
   affufion of boiling diflilled water.
   When  quickfilver is triturated with muriate of quickfilver, it
 ruftraas from the oxidized quickfilver of the muriate a part of its
 oxygen, and  the whole mafs affumes a  blackiffi  grey color.
 When this is expofed to a degree of heat fufficient to convert it
 into vapor, the aaion of the different portions of quickfilver  up-
 on each other, and  upon the  muriatic  acid, is much more com-
 plete ; and the whole is converted into a folid white'mafs, confift-
 ing of mercury in  a ftate of lefs oxidizement, and combined with
 lefs acid than in the muriate.
   The trituration of  the  muriate  of mercury is  a very noxious
operation, as  it is almoft impoffible to prevent the finer particles
from rifing and affeaing  the operator's eyes and noftrils.  To  lef-
fen this evil, the Edinburgh College diredt the addition  ofa little
water.   In the fecond  part of  the procefs, when the heat is  ap-
plied, a fmall portion of  quickfilver and undecompofed  muriate
firft arife, and  condenfe  themfelves in the higheft part or neck of
the phial ;  then the fubmuriate rifes, and, being lefs  volatile, con-
denfes in the upper half of the body, while a fmall quantity of
 quickfilver, in a ftate of confiderable oxidizement, remains fixed,
or near the bottom.   The Edinburgh College feparate the  fubmu-
riate from the other matters, and  fublime  it again.  The other
Colleges triturate the whole together again, andrefublime it, the
Dublin College once, the London  four times. As in the firft fub-
limation, a portion of the quickfilver and of the muriate of quick-
filver always  arife undecompofed,  a fecond  fublimation is necef-
fary, efpecially if we triturate the whole produas of tbe firft fub-
limation together ; but any further  repetition of the procefs is per-
feaiy ufelefs.   Left any portion of  muriate fhould have  efcaped
decompofition, the fubmuriate  muft be edulcorated with boiling
diftilled water, until the water which comes off forms no  precip-
itate with alkalies.
   Subrnuriate of mercury is  generally  obtained in the form ofa
white folid mafs ; but is capable  of cryftallizing in tetrahedral
prifms terminated by pyramids.  It  has no tafte, and is fcarcely
foluble in water or in alcohol.  It is lefs volatile than muriate of
mercury. It is.bjackened by light, and becomes brown  when  tri-
 turated with lime water or the alkalies.  It is converted  by oxv-
 muriatic acid  into  muriate of quickfilver.  According to Mr.
 Chenevix, It confifts of 
Chap. IX.)             Of Mercury.                 461

       Quickfilver, 79   \0xide of quickfilver,  88.5
       Oxygen,      9.5  /         ^              °
                          Muriatic acid,         11.5

                                                100
       And its oxide contains, Quickfilver,   89.3
                             Oxygen,      10.7
                                            100
  By comparing this analyfis with that of the muriate of mercury;
54 parts of quickfilver feem in faa fufficient to convert 100 of the
muriate into fubmuriate; but with  Mr. Chenevix we  think the
excefs employed by the Colleges a ufeful precaution.
  The.fubmuriate of quickfilver is  one of the beft mercurials we
poffefs.   By proper management it may be made to increafe, in a
remarkable  manner, almolt any of the fecretions or excretions.
One grain mixed with fugar, andfnuffed up thenoftrils, is recom-
mended as a powerful errhine in amaurofis.   The fame mixture
is blown into the eye, to remove fpecks from the cornea.  Given
in dofes of one grain morning and evening, or in larger dofes com-
bined with opium, to prevent it from  aaing as a purgative, it ex-
cites ptyalifm. In larger dofes of five  grains  and upwards, it is ah
excellent purgative.  Combined with diuretics, it proves diuretic,
and with fudorifics, fudorific.
  It is one of the preparations of mercury which is capable of cur-
ing  fyphilis in every form.  It alfo produces very powerful and
falutary effeas in obftruaions and  chronic inflammations  of the
vifcera, efpecially of the liver ;  and, in general, it is applicable to
every cafe in which mercurials are indicated.

   SUB  MURIAS  HYDRARGYRI PR^ECIPITATUS,
                           Edin.
            Precipitated Submuriate  of Quickfilver.
Take of
  Diluted nitrous acid,
  Purified quickfilver, each eight ounces;
  Muriate of foda,  four ounces and a  half ;
  Boiling water, eight pounds.
Mix the quickfilver with the diluted nitrous acid, and towards the
  end of the effervefcence digeft with a gentle heat, frequently
  fhaking the veffel in the mean time.  But it is neceffary  to add
  more quickfilver to the acid than it is capable of diffolving, that
  a perfeaiy faturated folution  may be obtained.
Diffolve at the fame time the muriate of foda in the boiling wa-
  ter, and into this folution pour  the other while ftill hot,  and
  mix them quickly by agitation.  Pour off the faline liquor after
  the precipitate has fubtided, and wafh the  fubmuriate of quick-
            er * 
 462         Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

   filver  by  repeated affufions  of boiling  water, which is  to be
   poured off each time after the depofition  of the fubmuriate, un-
   til the water come off taftelefs.

            Hydrargyrus Muriatus  Mitis.
                            Lond.
                 Mild Muriated  Quickfilver.
 Take of
   Purified quickfilver,
   Dilute nitrous acid, of each half a pound.
 Mix in  a glafs veffel, and fet it afide until  the quickfilver be dif-
   folved.   Let them boil,  that the  nitrated quickfilver may  be
   diffolved.  Pour out the boiling liquor into a glafs veffel, con-
   taining another boiling liquor, confifting of
     Muriatic fait,  four ounces ;
     Diftilled water, eight pints.
 After the  powder has fubfided  to the bottom of the veffel,  pour
   off the clear fupernatant liquor, and wafh the powder which re-
   mains behind, till it becomes infipid, with  frequent affufions of
   hot water ; then dry it on blotting paper with a gentle heat.

    Hydrargyrum Muriatum Mite Pr^ecipitatum.
                            Dub.
            Precipitated Mild Muriated Quickfilver.
 Tajce of
   Purified quickfilver,  fix ounces and a half;
   Diluted nitrous acid, fix ounces.
 Digeft in a glafs veffel with a moderate heat for fix hours, occa-
   fional ly agitating it.  Towards the end ot  the folution, increafe
   the heat fo as to  make the liquor boil' for a little, which is then
   to  be poured off from the quickfilver  remaining undiffolved,
».  and  mixed  with ten pounds of boiling water, in which four
   ounces of common fait have  been previoufly  diffolved.  Wafh
   the powder which fubfides to the bottom with warm diftilled
   water, as long as the liquor decanted from it is rendered turbid
   from  the addition of a few drops of mild ley.
   In  the firft part of this procefs, a faturated folution of nitrate
 of quickfilver, with excefs of oxide, is formed. In the fecond, there
 is a mutual decompofition ot  this nitrate, and of the muriate of
 foda ; nitrate of foda is formed, and muriate of quickfilver, with
 excefs of oxide. Mr. Chenevix thinks, that as water is capable of
 decompofing fubnitrate of quickfilver, a part of it is aaually de-
 compofed by the water holding the muriate of foda in folution,
 and  that the  precipitate  prepared according  the  direaions of
 the colleges, is a mixture of fubmuriate and fubnitrate of quick-
 filver.  To remedy  this defea, he  propofes either to employ a
 folution of  quickfilver in nitrous acid made without heat, that is 
Chap. IX.]             Of Mercury.                    463

a folution of fupernitrate  of mercury, or to add to the folwtion of
muriate of  foda a quantity of  muriatic acid.  To the latter pro-
pofal there  appears no objection ;  but as he himfelt is  of opinion
that the fupernitrate of quickfilver contains the metal in a ftate of
greater oxidizement, it furely cannot be ufed with propriety, for
the preparation of a muriate, which fhould contain the quickfilver
in a ftate of lefs oxidizemeut, and, in faa,  the folution has been
found to contain muiiateof  quickfilver.  Befides, we apprehend,
that if a fufficient quantity ot muriate of foda be  ufed (and no in-
convenience can arife  from ufing it  in excefs) and if we be care-
ful to pour the  folution of  the nitrate of mercury into that of the
muriate of  foda, that no  fubnitrate will be contained  in the pre-
cipitate. Indeed, if we follow  the direaions of M. Delkefkamp,
and drop the folution of muriate of foda into thatof nitrate of mer-
cury, a large proportion of the precipitate will confift of  fubnitrate.
   When properly prepared, the  fubmuriate obtained by precipi-
tation fcarcely differs  from  that obtained by fublimation.   Got-
tling found.no other difference than that the precipitated  fubmu-
riate became grey, when  triturated with lime water, whereas the
fublimed fubmuriate  becomes black.   But he  expofed to heat
half an ounce of the precipitated fubmuiiate in a  fubliming appa-
ratus ; fcarcely a grain of a reddifh matter  remained fixed ; and
the fublimed matter now became black when triturated with lime-
water, and differed  in norefpea from fubmuriate prepared in the
ordinary way by fublimation.   It  therefore would feem to be an
improvement in the procefs, to fublime the fubmuriate after it is
precipitated ; efpecially, as by that operation, it would be moft
effeaually  feparated from any fubnitrate which might be mixed
with it.
   There is ftill another way of preparing the fubmuriate of mer-
cury, without ufing corrofive fublimate, which  muft  be noticed.
It   was contrived by Hermbftaedt, and  is  recommended  by
Moench, with  the  confidence  derived  from  experience, as the
very beft procefs for preparing the fubmuriate of quickfilver.
Take
   Pure quickfilver, feven ounces and a half ;
   Sulphuric acid four ounces ;
   Dried muriate of foda, five ounces and a  half.
Diftil in a  glafs retort the fulphuric acid, with four ounces of the
   quickfilver,  until they be converted  into a  dry white mafs,
   Triturate the fulphate  of mercury thus formed, with the re-
   maining  three ounces and a half  of quickfilver, until  the glo-
   bules difappear ;  then add the muriate of foda ;  mix them and
   fublime.   As the produa of the firft fublimation ftill contains
   unoxidized quickfilver, it is to be again triturated and  fublim-
   ed.   The fublimate being wafhed, is now pure fubmuriate of
   quickfilver, and weighs about fix ounces.
                    S3-3 
464       Preparations  and  Compositions.     [Part III. .

  The theory of this procefs is the fame with that of the forma-
tion of the muriate of quickfilver.  The difference between the
two produas arifes from the proportion of quickfilver being great-
er, and that of the muriate of foda employed being lefs.  We are
not prepared to ftate the comparative economy ot thefe three pro-
ceffes defcribed, for preparing fubmuriate of  quickfilver ;  but ot
the laft procefs, we may  obferve, that according to Mr. Chene-
vix's analyfis, feven ounces and a half of quickfilver fhould furnifh
nine ounces and  a  half  of fubmuriate of quickfilver ;  fo  that
there is evidently a confiderable lofs, which muft be owing either
to the formation of muriate of quickfilver, or of oxide of quick-
filver.   To diminifh this lofs,  we might diffolve the refiduum of
the firft fublimation, which  is principally fulphate of foda, in the
water with which the  fublimate  was wafhed, and precipitate the
folution with carbonate of  foda.   We fhould thus regain the re-
maining portion of the quickfilver in the ftate of brown carbonate,
which might be applied to many purpofes.  The fame thing might
be praaifed with advantage on the wafhingsand refiduums ot fev-
eral of the other preparations.

              CALX  HYDRARGYRI ALBA.
                            Lond.
                 White Calx of Quickfilver.
        Sub Murias Hydrargyri  et  Ammonia,
            Sub muriate of Quickfilver and Ammonia.
Take of
   Muriated quickfilver,
   Sal ammoniac,
   Water of prepared kali, each half a pound.
Diffolve firft the fal ammoniac,  afterwards the muriated quick-
   filver in diftilled  water, and add to thefe the water of prepared
   kali.  Wafh the powder until it become infipid.
   When  to  a folution of muriate  of ammonia, there is added
muriate of quickfilver, about thirty times more of the latter is dif-
folved than  the fame quantity of pure water is capable of diffolv-
ing ;  and there takes- place  a confiderable increafe of tempera-
 ture.   Now, as thefe  faas fufficiently  prove a reciprocal aaion
 of the  two falts, and as there is  no decompofition, it is evident
 that they muft have combined to form a triple fait \  efpecially as
 they cannot be again feparated either by fublimation or cryftalli-
 zation.  This compound may therefore, with propriety, be term-
 ed Muriate of  Mercury and Ammonia.  It is the Sal Alembroth
 of the alchemifts.  It is very foluble in water, and is fublimed
 by heat without decompofition. When  to a folution  of this
 fait we add a folution of an alkaline carbonate, there occurs a par-
 tial decompofition.   The alkali combines with a portion of the
 muriatic acid ;  and reduces the muriate of mercury and ammonia* 
Chap. IX.]            Of Mercury.                   4g5

to the ftate of a fubmuriate,  which  being  infoluble, falls to the
bottom of the folution.
  The fubmuriate of mercury  and  ammonia thus precipitated,
has at firft  an earthy and afterwards  a metallic tafte. It is not-fo-
luble in water. It is decompofed by  heat ;  furnifhing water, am-
monia, and nitrogen gas, while 0.86 of fubmuriate of  mercury
remains behind.   Sulphuric  and  nitric acid partially decompofe
it, and convert it into muriate of mercury, and triple falts of nier-
cury and ammonia.  Muriatic acid diffolves it, and converts it in-
to muriate  ot  quickfilver and ammonia.   According to Four-
croy's analyfis, it confifts of  81 oxide of mercury,
                           16 muriatic acid,
                            3 ammonia.

                           100
   Therefore, if the analyfis of the different muriates be correa,
there is an unneceffary want of economy in ufing equal parts of
muriate of ammonia and muriate of mercury ; for by calculation
at leaft, we fhould employ only one  part of the former to eight of
the latter.
   It is only ufed  for ointments ; and its principal recommenda-
tion is its fine white color.

         OXIDUM HYDRARGYRI CINEREUM.
                            Edin.
               Afh colored Oxide of Quickfilver.
Take of
   Purified quickfilver, four parts;
   Diluted  nitrous acid, five parts  ;
   Diftilled water, fifteen parts ;
   Water of carbonate of ammonia, a fufficient quantity.
Diffolve the mercury in the nitrous  acid ;  then gradually add the
   diftilled water, and pour into the mixture as much water of
   the carbonate  of ammonia as fhall be fufficient to precipitate
   the whole of the oxide of mercury, which is then to be wafhed
   with pure water and dried.

            Pulvis Hydrargyri  Cinereus.
                            Dub.
              Afh colored Powder of Quickfilver.
 Take of
   Quickfilver, two dunces;
   Diluted nitrous acid, two ounces and a half.
 Diffolve the quickfilver with a moderate  heat, and dilute the li-
   quor with eight ounces of cold diftilled  water ;  then drop into
   it an  ounce and a half ot  the  liquor of mild volatile alkali,
   pr as much as may be fufficient  to precipitate the metal, which
             83" 4 
46(5          Preparations and Compositions.   [Part. Ill,

  is to be wafhed  with frequent  affufions of warm water, and
  afterwards dried.
  Thc.se proceffes, which are effcntially the fame, are intended
to furnifh a fubftitute tor the black oxide of quickfilver, on which
the  efficacy of the mercurials moft frequently employed, and moft
certainly ufeful, depends.   In thefe, the mercury is oxidized bv
trituration, in  contaa with the atmofphere ;  but this operation is
both fo tedious and troublefome, that it is often imperieaiy per-
formed or affifted by improper means.
  In the proceffes  we are now explaining, it was fuppofed that as
$mmonia  has  a ftronger affinity  for nitric acid  than oxide  of
mercury has, it would feparate oxide of mercury from its folution
in nitric acid ;  and therefore, that the precipitate  obtained was
oxide of mercury fimilar to that formed by  tituration. But fince
the nature of the triple metalline falts has been better underftood,
this has been difcovered to be an error, although the exaa mode
of their action is not yet explained.   The grey precipitate which
is formed, may, fpeaking generally, be called a fubnitrate of mer-
cury and ammonia ;  for it confifts of oxide of mercury and am-
monia, not faturated with nitric acid ; but even to occular  infpec-
tion it does not feem to be homogeneous ; and when it is digefted
in acetous acid, it is partially diffolved, and the refiduum acquires
a very pale or almoft white color.   The portion diffolved feems
to be black oxide,  and  the white  refiduum to be pure fubnitrate
of mercury and  ammonia, which according to Fourcroy, cryftal-
lizes in  brilliant  polyhedral cryftals,  without fmell, of an ex-
tremely ftyptic tafte, fcarcely foluble in water, is decompofed by
heat, by the fulphuric and muriatic acids, and by lime, potafs, and
foda, and confifts of 68.20 oxide ot mercury, 16 of ammonia, and,
i*5.8oof nitric acid.  According to  thefe  obfervations, this pre-
paration ought not to be called the grey oxide of mercury, and  is
not identical with the black oxide of mercury, prepared by tri-
turation.  If, however, it  anfwered the fame purpofes, the iden-
tity would be of little confequence  ; but from its never having
been introduced into  general ufe, although fo much more eafily
prepared, we may prefume that  it is  not equal in point  of effi-
cacy.
  Black oxide of  mercury may however be obtained, according
to the direaion ot  Saunders,  by triturating with lime water,  and
fubfequent  edulcoration,  the fublimed fubmnriate of mercury,
or rather the precipitated fubmuriate,  as propofed by Gottling ;
and that the decompofition may be  more  eafy and complete, we
fhall venture to fuggeft, that  for this preparation the latter fub-
muriate fhould not be dried,  but fhould be  triturated with the
lime water as foon  as it is edulcorated.   This fimple  black oxide
fertainly merits a fair trial. 
Chap. IX.]            Of Mercury.                    467

            HYDRARGYRUS CUM CRETA.
                          Lond.
                   Ouickfilver  with chalk.
Take of
  Purified quickfilver, three ounces ;
  Prepared chalk, five ounces.
Triturate them together until the globules difappear.
  Quicksilver has a ftrong affinity for oxygen, and abforbs
it flowly from the atmofphere.   But the combination may be con-
fiderably accelerated  bv agitation,  and  ftill more  by  triturating
quickfilver with any fubftance which promotes its mechanical di-
vifion, and thus increafes its furface.   With this view, quickfil-
ver is triturated with  vifcid fubftances, as fats, honey, fvrup, &c.
or with pulverulent  fubftances,  as the chalk in the prefent exam-
ple.
  In this ftate of oxidizement, quickfilver contains about 0.040!
oxygen according to  Fourcroy, is  foluble in acids without, the
extrication of nitrous gas, and is eafily reduced by heat, and even
by light.
  The black oxide  is the  mildeft, but at the fame time the moft
 efficacious of the preparations of mercury. Combined with chalk
it is not in general ufe ;  but in the form  of the common mercurial
pill and ointment, it is more  employed than  any  other prepara-
tions of the fame metal except calomel.

           HYDRARGYRUM CALCINATUM.
                           Dub.
                     Calcined  Quickfilver.
 Take of
   Purified quickfilver, any quantity.
 Put it into an open  glafs  veffel, with  a narrow mouth and wide
   bottom.  Expofe this to about the fix hundreth degree ot heat,
   until the metal be converted into red  fcales.

               Hydrargyrus Calcinatus.
                            Lond.
                     Calcined Quickfilver.
 Take of
   Purified quickfilver, one pound.
  Expofe the  quickfilver in a flat bottomed glafs cucurbit,  to an
   heat of about 600 degrees in  a fand bath,  till it concretes into
    the form of a red  powder.
   This is an extremely tedious,  and therefore expenfive opera-
  tion, becaufe mercury is incapable of  abforbing from the atmof-
  phere the quantity oi oxygen neceffary to convert it into  the red
  exide, except when  in the  ftate of  vapor.  But as the form ofa 
468       Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part III.

veffel, which will prevent the diflipation and lofs of the mercurial
vapor, will at the fame  time hinder the free accefs and frequent
renewal of the air, the operation can only proceed flowly.   The
veffel moft advantageoufly employed, is a wide flatbottomed mat-
rafs, with a very  narrow, and almoft capillary neck.   Only  fo
much mercury is introduced into it as will cover the bottom of the
matrafs ; and the veffel is not inferted in the fand deeper than the
mercury ftands within it.  A degree of heat is then applied fuffi-
cient to caufe a gentle ebullition in the mercury, which is thus
alternately converted into vapor, and condenfed again in the up-
per part of the veffel.  While in the ftate of  vapor,  it abforbs
the oxygen of the air contained in the veffel;  by which means it
is gradually changed into a black, and then into a red  powder ; but
a complete converfion into the latter ftate is not  effeaed  in lefs
than feveral months.
  Red oxide of quickfilver thus prepared, oonfifts of fmall cryf-
talline grains, of a deep red color, and very brilliant fparkling ap-
pearance.  By heat it may be fublimed in the form of a beautiful
rubycolored vitrified fubftance.  At a red heat it is decompofed,
giving out oxygen gas, while the metal  is revived, and is immedi-
ately volatilized.  It is foluble in feveral of the acids ; and during
its folution it does not decompofe them or water.  It is eafily ox-
idized.   It contains about o.i oxygen.
  It is not only an acrid fubftance,  violently purgative and emetr
ic,  but even cauftic and poifonous.  Its internal ufe is profcribed;
but it is applied externally as an efcharotic, being  previoufly tri-
turated to a very fine powder ;  or it is formed into a  ftimulating
ointment with unauous  fubftances.

OXIDUM  HYDRARGYRI  RUBRUM  per  ACIDUM
  NITRICUM ; olim, Mercurius PrjECipitatus  Ruber.
                           Edin.
Red Oxide of Quickfilver by  Nitric Acid, formerly Red Precipi.
  tated Mercury.
Take of
  Purified, quickfilver, one pound ;
  Diluted nitrous acid, fixteen ounces.
Diffolve the quickfilver, and evaporate  the folution, with a gentle
  heat, to a dry white mafs ; which, after being ground into pow-
  der, is to be put into a glafs cucurbit, and to have a thick glaff-
  plate laid upon its  furface.    Then,  having adapted a capital,
  and placed  the veffel in a fandbath, apply a gradually  increafed
  heat, until the matter be converted into very red fcales. 
(Chap. IX.]
Of Mercury.
469
           Hydrargyrus Nitratus Rublr.
                           Lond.
                 Red Nitrated Ouickfilver.
Take of
  Purified quickfilver,
  Nitrous acid, of each one pound ;
  Muriatic acid,  one drachm.
Mix in a glafs veffel, and diffolve the quickfilver in a fandbath ;
  then raife  the  fire until the matter be converted into red cryf-
  tals.
            Hydrargyrum  Sub Nitratum.
                           Dub.
                   Subnitrated  Quickfilver.
Take of
  Purified quickfilver, twenty ounces ;
  Diluted nitrous acid, twentyfive ounces.
Mix them in  a  glafs  veffel, and  diffolve the quickfilver with a
  moderate heat  ; then increafe the  fire until  the matter be con-
  verted into red fcales.
  In  the  firft part of  thefe proceffes a fully faturated nitrate  of
mercury is formed.  In the fecond part, the metal is oxidized to
the maximum by the  decompofition of the" acid.   When a fuffi-
cient heat is applied,  the nitrate of mercury  firft melts, then  ex-
hales nitric  oxide gas, and changes  its  color fucceffively to yel-
low, orange, and brilliant purple red.  If  well prepared,  it fhould
have a cryftalline  fcaly appearance; and it is entirely volatile at
a red heat, and foluble without any refiduum in nitrous acid. Ac-
cording to Fourcroy it contains no nitrous  acid,  unlefs a  fufficient
heat has not been applied.  It therefore differs in no refpe£t from
the red oxide prepared by the aaion of heat alone, except in the
facility of its preparation.
   In an economical point of view, it is  evident that no more acid
fhould be employed than what is abfolutely neceffary.  If, there-
tore, the proportion of the  Dublin College be fufficient, that of
the London  muft be much too  large.  Theaddition of the fmall
quantity of muriatic acid direaed by the London College, is faid
to increafe the beauty  of its appearance. How it fhould do fo, we
are at a lofs  to conceive ;  for the muriatic acid having a ftronger
affinity for mercury than nitrous acid has, will form with  it a por-
tion of muriate of mercury, which, being  comparatively  volatile,
will be diffipated long before the nitrate of mercury is decompof-
ed.  The ufe of the muriatic acid is  therefore to be rejeaed as
being ufelefs and extravagant, and not from the fear expreffed by
Mr. Accum, that a fubftance poifonous in itfelf fhould be render-
ed more peifonous. 
470        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

SUB SULPHAS HYDRARGYRI FLAVUS ; olim,  Tur-
   pethumMinerme.   Edin.
  Yellow  Sub fulphate of  Quickfilver, formerly  Turpeth Mineral.
Take of
   Purified quickfilver, four ounces ;
   Sulphuric acid, fix ounces.
Put them into a  glafs  cucurbit, and boil them  in a fand bath to
   drynefs.   Throw into boiling water the white matter, which is
   left in the bottom, after having  reduced it to powder.   A yel-
   low powder will immediately be produced, which muft be Ire-
   quently wafhed with warm water.

              Hydrargyrus Vitriolatus.
                           Lond.
                   Vitriolated Quickfilver.
Take of
   Purified quickfilver, one pound;
   Vitriolic acid, fifteen  ounces.
Having mixed in  a glafs veffel, h«at them by degrees until they
   unite,  and dry the matter completely with a ftrong fire.   This
   matter, on the affufion of a large quantity of hot diftilled water,
   will immediately become yellow, and fall  to powder.  Rub the
   powder with this -water in  a glafs mortar.   After the powder
   has fubfided, pour off the water, and wafh the matter with dif-
   tilled water till  it becomes infipid.
  The aaion of  fulphuric acid  on mercury has been examin"
ed with confiderable attention by Fourcroy.  In the cold they have
no aaion on each  other, but  on the application of heat, the ful-
phuric acid begins to  be decompofed, fulphurous acid  gas is ex-
tricated,  and the metal is oxidized, and combines with the unde-
compofed acid, forming with it a white faline mafs, covered with
a colorlefs fluid.   In this ftate it reddens vegetable blues, is acrid
and corrofive, does not  become yellow by the contaa of the air,
and is not decompofed by water either warm or cold.  It is there-
fore fuperfulphate  of quickfilver, and the proportion of the acid
in excefs is variable.
   By wafhing the  faline mafs  repeatedly with  fmall quantities of
water, it  is at laft  rendered perfeaiy  neutral.   It no longer  red-
dens vegetable blues. It is white;  it cryftallizes  in plates,  or fine
prifmatic needles ; it is not very acrid, it is not decompofed ei-
ther by cold or boiling water, but is  foluble in  ^oo  parts  of the
former, and in about 250 of the latter.  It is much more   foluble
in water  acidulated with fulphuric acid.   The fulphate of  quick-
filver confifts of 75 quickfilver, 8 oxygen, 12 fulphuric acid and 5
water.
   But if, inftead of removing the  excefs  of  acid from the fuper-
fulphate  of quickfilver, by waffling it with water, we  continue the 
Chap. IX.]
Of Mercury.
471
aaion of the heat,  according to the direaions of  the Colleges,
there is a copious evolution of the fulphurous acid gas, and the
faline refiduum is converted  into a white mafs, which therefore
evidently contains both a larger  proportion of mercury, and in a
ftate of greater oxidizement, than the fait from which it was form-
ed.  But this white faline mafs is farther analyzed by theaffufion
of hot water ;  for one portion of it is diffolved, while the remain-
der affumes the form of  a beautiful yellow powder.   The por-
tion diffolved is faid to  contain excefs ot acid.  The yellow pow-
der is, on the contrary a fubfulphate.
   The  fubfulphate of  quickfilver  has  a bright yellow color,  a
confiderably acrid tafte, is foluble in 2000 parts of cold water, is
alfo foluble in fulphuric acid flightly diluted, and  is decompofed
by the nitric acid, and forms muriate of quickfilver with the mu-
riatic acid, while the neutral fulphate forms fubmuriate.   It oxi-
dizes quickfilver, and is  converted  by trituration with it  into a
black powder.   At a red heat it  gives out oxygen gas, and the
metal is  revived.  It confifts of 76 mercury,  n oxygen, 10 ful-
phuric acid, and 3 water.
   It is a ftrong emetic, and with this intention operates the moft
 powerfully of all the mercurials  that can be fafely given inter-
 nally.  Its aaion, however, is not confined to the  primas viae ;  it
 will fometimes excite  a  falivation,  if a purgative be not taken
 foon after it.   This medicine is ufed  chiefly in virulent  gonor-
 rhoeas, and other venereal cafes, where there is a great flux  of hu-
 mors to the parts.  Its  chief ufe  at prefent is in fwellings of the
 tefticle from a genereal affeaion ; and it feems not only to aa as
 a mercurial, but alfo, by the fevere vomiting it occafions, to per-
 form the office of a difcutient, by accelerating the motion of the
 blood in the parts affeaed.  It is  faid likewife to have been em-
 ployed with fuccefs, in robuft  conftitutions, againft  leprous dif-
 orders, and obftinate glandular obftruaions ;  the dofe is from two
 grains to fix or eight. It may be given in dofes of a grain or two
 as an alternative and diaphoretic. Dr. Hope,fenior has found, that
 in dofes of one grain, with a little powder of  liquorice root,  it
 the moft convenient errhine he has had occafion to employ.
    This medicine was lately recommended as the moft effeaual
 prefervative againft the hydrophobia,
    On the whole, however, we confider it as a fuperfluous prepar-
 ation, whofe place may be more  fafely  fupplied by other mercu-
 rials of emetics. 
 472  •    Preparations and Compositions.       [Part IIL

 SULPHURETUM HYDRARGYRI NIGRUM ;  olim, /£-
   thiops Mineralis.
                            Edin.
   Black Sulphuret of Quickfilver, formerly AZthiops Mineral.
 Take ot
   Purified quickfilver,
   Sublimed fulphur, each equal weights.
 Grind them together in a glafs mortar with a glafs peftle, till the
   mercurial globules totally difappear.
 It is alfo prepared with twice the quantity of quickfilver.

             Hydrargyrus cum  SulphuRe.
                            Lond.
                  Quickfilver with Sulphur.
        Hydrargyrum Sulphuratum Nigrum.
                            Dub.
                Black Sulphurated Quickfilver.
 Take of
   Purified quickfilver,
   Flowers of fulphur. each one pound.
 Rub them together until the globules difappear.
   This procefs,  fimple as it appears,  is not, even in the prefent
 advanced ftate of   chemiftry,  perfeaiy underftood.   It  was for-
 merly imagined, that the quickfilver was merely mechanically di-
 vided, and intimately mixed with the fulphur.   But that they are
 really chemically  united, is indifputably proved by the infolubili-
 ty of the compound in nitrous acid.  Fourcroy is of opinion, that
 during the trituration,  the mercury abforbs  oxygen, and is con-
 verted into the black oxide, and that in  this ftate it is flightly
combined with the fulphur.   The editors of Gren alfo fuppofe  it
 to be in the ftate of black oxide, but that it is combined with hy-
droguretted fulphur ; and they direa a little water to be added du-
ring the trituration, that by  its decompofition it may furnifh the
neceffary hydrogen.
  The black fuiphuret of quickfilver  thus prepared by tritura-
tion, has a pulverulent form,  is infoluble in nitric acid, is totally
foluble in a folution of potafs, and is precipitated unchanged from
this folution, by acids.  It is  not altered by expofure to the air;
and when  heated in an open veffel, it emits fulphurous acid gas,
 acquires a dark violet  color, and, laftly, fublimes in a brilliant
red mafs, compofed of cryftalline needles.
  The combination of quickfilver  with  fulphur, may be  much
more fpeedily  effeaed by the affiftance of  heat, by pouring the
mercury, previoufly heated, upon the fulphur in a ftate of fufion,
and ftirring them until they cool, and form a confiftent mafs, which
 may  be afterwards powdered.  The fuiphuret prepared by fufion, 
Chap. IX.]            Of Mermry.                  473

differs however, from that prepared by trituration ; for it is not
foluble in a folution of potafs, but is converted by long ebullition
in it into the red fuiphuret,  and it alfo reddens fpontaneoufly in
courfe of time from the aaion of the air.
  Black fuiphuret of mercury may  be alfo prepared in the humid
way, as it is called by  precipitation, or even  by direa folution.
According to Berthollet, mercury agitated with  fulphuretted hy-
droguret of ammonia, forms a black fuiphuret exaaiy refembling
that prepared by trituration ; but if hydroguretted fuiphuret of
ammonia be ufed, the blackprecipitate formed, gradually  affumes
a redcolor, and the folution contains fulphuretted hydroguret of
ammonia.  The fame phenomena take place with all the mercuri-
al falts.
  As a medicine,  black fuiphuret of quickfilver poffeffes  no very
confpicuous effeas.  It  is principallv  ufed as  an  alternative in
glandular affeaions, and in cutaneous difeafes.  It has been com-
monly given in dofes of from £ to 10 grains ; but even in dofesof
feveral drachms, and continued for  a confiderable length  of time,
it has fcarcely produced any fenfible effea.

HYDRARGYRUM SULPHURATUM RUBRUM  ; .olim,
  Cinnabaris Fact it i a.
                         Lond. Dub.
  Red Sulphuretted Quickfilver, formerly Factitious  Cinnabar.
Take ot
  Quickfilver purified, forty ounces ;
  Sulphur, eight  ounces.
Mix the quickfilver with the  melted fulphur, and if the mixture
  takes fire, extinguifh it by covering the* veffel ; afterwards re-
  duce the mafs to powder and fublime it.
  As foon as the  mercury and fulphur begin to unite, a confider-
able explofion frequently happens, and the mixture  is very apt to
take fire, efpecially if the procefs be fomewhat haftily conduaed.
This accident the  operator will have previous notice of, from the
matter fwelling up, and growing  fuddenly confiftent ;  as foon as
this happens, the veffel muft be immediately clofe covered.
  During the fublimation, care  muft  be had that the matter do»
not rife into the neck of the veffel, fo as to block up and bur ft the
glafs. To prevent this, a wide necked bolt head, or rather an oval
earthen jar, coated, fhould be chofen for the fubliming veffel.  If
the former be  employed, it  will be convenient to introduce at
times an iron wire, fomewhat heated, in order to be the better af-
fured that the paffage is not blocking up  ;  the  danger of which
may be prevented by cautioufly raifing the veffel higher from the
fire.
  If the ingredients were pure, no  feces  will remain.   In fuch
cafes the fublimation may be known to be over, by introducing a 
474         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

wire as before, and  feeling therewith the bottom  of the veffel,
which will then be perfedtly  fmooth ;  If any  roughnefs  or in-
equalities are perceived,  either the mixture  was impure, or the
fublimation is not completed  ; if the latter be the cafe,  the wire
will foon be covered over with the rifing cinnabar.
   The preparers  of  cinnabar  in large quantity, employ earthen
jars, which  in fhape pretty much refemble an egg.  Thefe are of
different fizes,  according to  the quantity  intended  to be made
at one fublimation, which  fometimes  amounts to two hundred
weight.   The jar  is ufually coated  from the fmall end almoft to
the middle, to prevent its breaking from  the vehemence or  irregu-
larity of the fire.   The greater part, which is placed  uppermoft,
not being received within the furnace, has no occafion for this de-
fence.  The whole fecret, with regard to this procefs, is the ma-
nagement of the fire, which fhould be fo  flrong as to keep the mat-
ter continually fubliming. to the upper  part  of  the jar, without
coming out at its mouth,  which is covered  with  an  iron plate.
Care mould alfo be taken to put into the fubliming  veffel only
fmall quantities of the mixture at a time.
   When taken out of the fubliming veffels,  the red fuiphuret of
quickfilver is a brilliant cry ftalline mafs, and firft acquires its very
rich colour when  reduced to  the  form of  a   fine  powder by
trituration.  It has  neither fmell nor  tafte, and is infoluble in water
and in alcohol. In clofe veffels it fublimes entirely unchanged, but
requires for this purpofe a pretty great  degree of heat.  It is not
foluble in any acid, and is only decompofed by the nitro muriatic
which defolves the quickfilver, and feparates the fulphur.   It is
not decompofed by boiling it with folutions  of  the alkalies,  but
is  decompofed by  melting it with potafs, foda,  lime,  iron, lead,
copper, antimony,  and feveral other metals.   Prouft has proved it
to confift of 85 quickfilver, and 14 or 14I fulphur, and that the
quickfilver is not oxidized to a maximum, as had been falfely fup-
pofed, but in its metallic  ftate.  His analyfis  is  confirmed  by the
other methods  by  which cinnabar mav be prepared.   Thus, the
black fuiphuret of quickfilver  by fufion is converted into the red
fuiphuret,  by boiling it in a folution of potafs, which can only
aa by diffolving the  fulphuretted hydrogen and  fuperfluous ful-
phur.  Submuriate, or fubfulphate of mercury, fublimed with ful-
phur, furnifh red fuiphuret of mercury,  and muriate, or fulphate,
of mercury.
   Red fuiphuret ot quickfilver is fometimes  ufed in fumigations
againft venereal ulcers  in the nofe,  mouth, and throat.   Haifa
drachm of it burnt, the fume being imbibed with the  breath, has
occafioned a violent falivation.  This effea is by no means owing
to the medicine as  a fuiphuret; for  when fet on  fire, it is no long-
er fuch, but mercury refolved into  vapor, and blended with  the 
Chap. X.]              Of Mercury.                   475

fulphurous acid gas ;  in which circumftances, this  mineral has
very powerful effeas.
  Mr. Pearfon, from his  experiments  on mercurial fumigation,
concludes, that where checking the progrefs of the difeafe fuddenly
is an object ot great moment, and where the body is covered with
ulcers or large and numerous eruptions, and, in general, to ulcers,
fungi, and excrefcences, the vapor of  mercury is an application
of great efficacy and utility ; but that it is apt to induce a ptyal-
ifm rapidly, and great confequent debility, and that for the purpofe
of fecuring theconftitutionagainfta relapfe, as a  great quantity of
mercury muft be introduced into the fyftem, by inunaion, as if
no fumigation had been employed.




                        CHAP.  X.

                        LEAD.

     ACETIS PLUMBI; olim, Saccharum Saturnu
                           Edin.
          Acetite  of Lead ; formerly Sugar of Lead.
 Take of
   White oxide of lead, any quantity ;
 Put it into a  cucurbit, and pour upon it of
   Diftilled acetous acid ten times its weight*
 Let the mixture ftand upon warm fand till the acid becomes fweet*
   when it is  to be poured off, and frefh acid  added until it ceafe
   to become fweet.   Then  evaporate all the liquor, freed from
   impurities, in a glafs veffel, to the confiftence of thin honey,
   and fet it afide in a  cold place,  that cryftals may  be formed,
   which are  to be dried in the fhade.  The remaining  liquor is a-
   gain to be  evaporated,  that new cryftals may  be formed ; and
   the evaporation is to be repeated until no more cryftals concrete.

                   Cerussa Acetata.
                           Lond.
                      Acetated Cerufe.
 Take of
   Cerufe one pound ;
   Diftilled vinegar, one gallon and a half.
 Boil the cerufe with the vinegar until the vinegar is  faturated j
   then filter  through paper ; and after proper evaporation, fet i*
   afide to cryftallize.
                           G G 
 476         Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.


                            Dub.
 Take of                          *
   Cerufe, any quantity ;
   Diftilled vinegar, tentimes as much.
 Digeft in a glafs veffel, until  the vinegar become fweel.   Having
   poured this off, add more vinegar, until it ceafe to become fweet.
   Filter the liquor, and evaporate it  flowly, fo that it may form
   cryftals, which are to be dried in the fhade.
   The acetite of lead is feldom prepared by the apothecary, as
he can procure it at an infinitely cheaper rate from thofe who man-
ufacture it in large quantities.  The preparation of it, as direaed
by the Colleges, is a cafe of  fimple folution.   The  procefs fre-
quently fails, from the oxide  of lead employed being adulterated,
with carbonate of lime, or fome other earthy fubftance.  The ace.
tous acid employed, fhould be as ftrong as can be  procured ;  for
with a weak acid the produa of pure fait is fmall, and the quan-
tity of mother water is increafed.   The addition of a  fmall quan-
tity of alcohol to the folution, after it has been duly  evaporated,
is faid to improve  the beauty of the cryftals.   The mother water
may alfo be made to furnifh pure cryftals, by adding  to it a frefh
portion of acetous  acid ; for without that precaution, it furniflies
only a  very  heavy,  yellow,  pulverulent  mafs, in which  there
feems to be an excefs of oxide of lead.
  The manufaaure of acetite of lead is conduaed more economi-
cally, when the oxide is diffolved in the acid at the fame time that
it is prepared ; which is done  by alternately expofing plates of lead
to the vapour of acetous acid, and immerfing the plates thus cov-
ered with oxide into the acid itfelf.
   Acetite of  lead has  a fweet ftyptic tafte.   It has a  white color,
and cryftallizes in  flat parallelopipeds, terminated by  a wedge, or
more commonly in fhining needles.   It  is foluble in water, and
in alcohol ;  efflorefces flightly in the  air, and is decompofed by
heat and light.   It is  alfo decompofed by the alkalies, and moft of
the earths and acids.   The proportions of its conftituents have
not been afcertained.
   The internal ufe of acetite of lead, notwithftanding the enco-
miums fome  have been rafh enough to beftow upon it, is entirely
to be rejeaed.  It  forms, however, a very valuable external  ap-
plication in  external and phlegmonic inflammations,  bruifes, and
difeafes of the fkin.  It is always applied in folution, either fim-
ply, as to the eyes, or by means of cloths foaked in  it, or mixed
with bread crumb.  A drachm, with five ounces of any  diftilled
water, forms a ftrong folution,  and with ten ounces of  water a
weak folution.   If common  water be ufed, the addition of about
a drachm of acetous acid will be neceffary to keep the lead in fo-
lution. 
Chap.  XL]             Of Lead.                   477

           AQUA L1THARGYRI ACETATI.
                          Lond.
Liquor Lithargyri AcetatI ; olim,Extractum  Sa-
  turni.                  Dub.
    Water of Acetated Litharge^ formerly Extrdcl of Lead.
Take of
  Litharge, two pounds and four ounces ;
  Diftilled vinegar, one gallon.
Mix, and boil to fix pints, conftantly ftirring ; then fet it afide.
  After the feces have fubfided, ftrain.

     Liquor Lithargyri Acetati  Compositus.
                          Dub.

       Aqua Lithargyri Acetati ComposTTa,
                          Lond.
           Compound Liquor of Acetated Litharge.
Take of
  Liquor of acetated litharge, a drachm ;
  Diftilled water, fourteen ounces (one pint, Lond.)
  Weaker fpirit of wine, a drachm.
Mix the fpirit and liquor of acetated litharge, thert add the diftil-
  led water;
  These preparations  do  not differ from folutions erf the fame
ftrength of acetite of lead, and are  lefs proper, as their ftrength is
apt  to vary.  The vitrified oxide of  lead made ufe of in this in-
ftance,  is lefs eafily foluble, on account of its greater force of ag-
gregation, than the white oxide,  but, on the other hand, it is lefs
liable to be adulterated.   The addition of  the diluted alcohol to
the  weak folution, is intended to prevent its decompofition, but it
alfo renders it flightly ftimulant.



                     CHAP.  XL

                       T  I   N.

                   STANNI PULVIS.
                          Lond.
                      Powder of Tim
Take of
  Tin,  four ounces.
Melt it, and  take off the fcoriae.   Then pour it into a clean iron
  veffel.  Reduce it to powder, either by agitation or trituration ;
  and pafs the fine part of the powder through a hair fieve,
            (hfr 2 
478         Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.


                            Dub.
Take of
   Tin,  any quantity.
Having melted it over the fire, agitate  it while it is cooling, with
   an iron fpatula, until it be reduced to powder ;  which is to be
   paffed when cold through a fieve.
   The College of Edinburgh do not give this preparation, infert-
ing Limatura et Pulvis Stanni in their  lift of the materia medica.
It is often employed as a remedy againft worms, particularly the
flat kinds, which too often elude  the force  of other medicines.
The general dofe is from a fcruple  to a drachm ;  fome confine it
to a few grains.  But Dr. Alfton affures us in  the  Edinburgh
effays, that its fuccefs chiefly depends on its being given in much
larger quantities.  He directs an ounce of the powder on an emp-
ty ftomach mixed with four ounces of molaffes;  next day, half an
ounce; and the day following, half an ounce more ; after which,
a cathartic is adminiftered.   He fays the worms are ufually void-
ed during the operation of the purge, but that pains of the ftomach
occafioned by them are removed almoft immediately upon taking
the firft dofe oi the tin.
   This praaice is fometimes fuccefsful in the expulfion of taeniae,
but  by too means fo frequently  as  Dr. Alfton's obfervations
would lead us to Lope.
   Blane's powder, which certainly fucceeds fometimes in  curing
the diftempor in dogs, feems to be a fulphuretted oxide of tin.
CHAP.  XII.
                        Z INC.


                    OXIDUM ZINCI.
                          Edi*.
                      Oxide of Zinc.

Let a large crucible be placed in a furnace filled with live coals,
  fo as to be fomewhat inclined towards its mouth ; and when the
  bottom of the crucible is moderately red, throw into it a fmall
  piece of zinc, about the weight of a drachm.   The zinc foon
  inflames, and is at the fame time converted into white flakes,
  which  are to be from time to time removed from the furtace of 
Chap. XII.]             Of Zinc.                    479

  the metal with an  iron  fpatula, that the combuftion may be
  more complete ; and at laft, when the zinc ceafes to flame, the
  oxide of zinc is to be taken out of the crucible.   Having put
  in another piece of zinc, the operation  is to be repeated, and
  may be repeated as often  as is  neceffary.  Laftly the oxide of
  zinc is to be prepared in the fame way as the carbonate ot lime.

                 Zincum Calcinatum.
                           Lond.
                       Calcined Zinc.
Take of
  Zinc, broken into  pieces, eight ounces.
Throw the zinc at feveral times  into an ignited, large, deep, and
  inclined crucible ; placing over it another crucible,  in fuch a
  manner that the air may  have free accefs to the burning zinc.
Take out the calx as  foon  as it  appears,  and  pafs its white and
  lighter part through a fieve.

           Calx Zinci ; olim, Flores Zinci.
                            Dub.
           Calx of Zinc, formerly Flowers of Zinc.
Take of
  Zinc, broken into pieces, any  quantity.
Throw it at different times into a fufficiently deep crucible, heat-
  ed red hot,  and placed  with  ks mouth inclined towards the
  mouth of the furnace.  After each time any zinc is thrown in,
  cover the c/ucible with  another  inverted  over  it, but fo that
  the air may have accefs  to  the zinc.   Preferve the white and
  very light calx for ufe.
  This is an inftance  of fimple oxidizement.  At a red heat,
zinc attraas the oxygen of  the atmofphere fo ftrongly, that it  is
quickly covered with a cruft of  white oxide, which prevents the
air from aaing on the metal below ;  and therefore we are defired
to operate only on fmall pieces at a  time,  and to place the cruci-
ble fo that we may eafily takeout the oxide formed, and intro-
duce frefh pieces of zinc.   As foon as the cruft of oxide is brok-
en  or removed, the zinc  inflames, and  burns with a brilliant
white orgreenifh blue flame, being at  the fame time cuuverted
into very light white flocculi.  To fave thefe as much as pofiible,
we are direcled to ufe a very deep and large crucible, and to cov-
er it with an inverted crucible.  But  as we muft not cover it  fo
as to prevent the accefs of the air, it is doubtful whether the lat-
ter precaution be of  much fervice.  The greater part of the zinc
is, however, oxidized in the crucible,  without being previoufly
converted into vapor ;  and  as this portion  ot  the oxide is always
mixed with particles of zinc, it is neceffary to feparate them by
trituratipn and elutriation.
                 £T 3 
480        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part II It

  The oxide thus obtained is of a pure white color, without fmell
or tafte, infufible and fixed in the fire, infoluble in water or alco-
hol, and entirely foluble in acids.   The prefence of lead in it is
deteaed by fulphuric acid, which forms in that cafe an infoluble
fulphate of lead.  The white ozide of zinc contains 82.15 zinc,
and 17^85 oxygen.
  White oxide of zinc is  applied externally as a detergent and
exficcant remedy.  With twice its weight of axunge, it forms ah
excellent application  to deep chops, or excoriated nipples.   But
befides being applied externally, it has alfo of late been ufed in-
ternally.   In dofes from one to feyen or eight grains, it has been
much celebrated in the cure of epilepfy and feveral fpafmodic af-
feaions; and there are fufficient teftimonies ot  their good effeas,
where tonic remedies  in thofe affeaions are proper.

CARBONAS  ZINCI IMPURUS  PR^fLPARATUS ; olim,
  Lapis Calaminaris PrjEparatus.
                           Edin.
Prepared Impure Carbonate of Zinc, formerly Prepared Calamine.
The impure carbonate of  zinc, after being roafted by thofe who
  make brafs, is prepared  in the fame way as carbonate ot lime,
  (P-4»$0
           Lapis Calaminaris Pr^eparatus.
                        n  Dub.
                    Prepared Calamine.
Reduce  calcined calamine to powder, and feparate the impalpable
  parts in the  fame manner that  is direaed in the preparation of
  crabs claws  (p.  41,5.)
                           Lond.
  See the preparation of fubftances infoluble in water (p. 41,5.)
  As this oxide of zinc is intended for external application, and
often to parts very eafily irritated, too  much pains cannot be  be-
■ftowed in reducing it to a fine powder.

OXIDUM ZINCI  IMPURUM  PR^EPARATUM; olim,
   TUTIA PRvEPARATA.
                           Edin.
   Prepared Impure Oxide of Zinc, formerly Prepared Tutty.
   It is prepared as carbonate of lime (p. 415.)

                   Tutia Pr/eparata.
                            Lond.
                      Prepared Tutty.
   §ee the preparation of fubftances infoluble in water (p. 415.)
   This oxide is alfo prepared for external ufe only. 
Chap. XII.]              Of Zinc.                     481
                    SULPHAS ZINCI.
                           Edin.
                      Sulphate of Zinc.
Take of
  Zinc, cut into fmall pieces, three ounces ;
  Sulphuric acid, five ounces,
  Water, twenty ounces.
Mix them, and when the effervefcence is finifhed, digeft the mix-
  ture for a little  on hot fand ; then ftrain the decanted liquor
  through paper,  and after proper evaporation fet it apart, that it
  may cryftallize,

                 Zincum Vitriolatum.
                        Lond.  Dub.
                      Vitriolated Zinc.
Take of
  White vitriol, one pound ;
  Vitriolic acid, one drachm ;                                      *
  Boiling diftilled water, three pints.
Mix and filter through  paper.   After proper  evaporation, fet it
  afide in a cold place to cryftallize.
  The fulphate of zinc of commerce is never pure, but  always
contains iron, copper,  and a little lead.  From  the mode of  its
preparation, there is alfo a deficiency of acid and water of cryftal-
lization.  The means direaed  for purifying it by the London and
Dublin Colleges will fupply thefe, but do not feparate the foreign
metals, except perhaps the lead.  If, therefore, a  pure fulphate of
zinc be wanted, we may, according to the direaions of the Edin-
burgh College, diffolve pure zinc in pure fulphuric acid ; but we
believe this procefs is very  rarely praaifed, efpecially as the com-
mon fulphate of zinc may  be  fufficiently purifi«d  by expofing
it in folution to the air, by  which means red oxide of iron is pre-
cipitated, and by digefting  it upon pure zinc, which precipitates
the other metals.
  Sulphate of  zinc cryftallizes in  tetrahedral prifms  terminated
by pyramids.  It has a metallic, ftyptic'tafte ; efflorefces  flowly
when expofed to the air.   It is foluble in 2.5 parts of water at
6o°, and in much lefs boiling water.  It is nos  foluble in alcohol.
It is decompofed by the alkalies and earths,  hydroguretted  ful-
phurets, and fulphuretted hydrogurets.  It confifts of 20 oxide of
zinc, 40 acid, and  40 water of cryftallization.
  Sulphate of zinc, in  dofes from ten  grains  to  half a  drachm,
operates almoft inftantly as an emetic, and is at the fame time
perfeaiy fafe.  It  is therefore given, when immediate vomiting
is  required, as in  cafes where poifon has been fwallowed.  By
employing it internally,  in  fmaller dofes, it aas as  a tonic ;  and,
fome think it in every cafe preferable to the oxides zinci.
               £T 4 
482       Preparations and Compositions.     [Part  III.

  Externally it is ufed as a ftyptic  application to flop haemorrha-
gies ;  diminifh increafed difcharges,  as gonorrhoea ; and to  cure
external inflammations  arifing from debility and relaxation of the
blood veffels, as in fome cafes of ophthalmia.

             SOLUTIO  SULPHATIS  ZINCI.
                           Edin.
                 Solution of Sulphate of Zinc.
Take  of
  Sulphate of zinc, fixteen grains;
  Water, eight ounces ;
  Diluted fulpjuiric acid, fixteen drops.
piffolve the fulphate  of zinc in the  wate»; then, having added
the acid, filter through  paper.
  The acid is here added to diffolve the excefs of oxide of  zinc,
which the  common fulphate often contains.  This folution is of
a ftrength proper for injeaing into the urethra in gonorrhoea, or
applying to the eyes in chronic ophthalmia.

    AQUA ZINCI V1TRIOLATI cum CAMPHORA.
                            Lond.
          Water of Vitriolated £inc with Camphor.
Take of
   Vitriolated zinc, half an ounce;
   Camphorated fpirit, half an ounce, by meafure ;
   Boiling water, two pints.
Mix, and filter through paper.
   It is ufed externally as a lotion for fome ulcers, particularly
thofe in which  it is neceffary to reftrain a  great difcharge.  It is
alfo not unfrequently employed as  a collyrium in fome cafes of
ophthalmia, where a  large difcharge of watery  fluid takes  place
 from the eyes with but little inflammation ; but when it is  to be
 applied  to this tender  organ, it ought firft, at leaft,  to be diluted,
 by the addition of more water.

            AQUA  ALUMINIS COMPOSITA.
                            Lond.
                    Compound Alum Water.
 Take of
   Alum,
   Vitriolated zinc, of each half an ounce;
   Boiling diftilled water, two pints.
 four the water on the falts  in a glafs veffel, and ftrain.

   This water was  long  known  in our fhops, under the title  of
 Aqua aluminofa Bateana. 
Chap.  XIII.]           Of Zinc.                   483

  It is ufed for cleanfing and healing ulcers and wounds ; and for
removing cutaneous  eruptions, the  part being bathed with it hot
three or four  times a day.  It is fometimes likewife employed
as a collyrium ; and as an injeaion in gonorrhoea and fluoralbus,
when not accompanied with virulence.

              SOLUTIO ACETIT1S ZINCI.
                          Edin.
                Solution of Acetite of Zinc.
Take ot
  Sulphate of zinc, a drachm ;
  Diftilled water, ten ounces.
Diffolve.
Take of
  Acetite of lead, four fcruples ;
  Diftilled water, ten ounces.
Diffolve.
Mix the fqlutions ;  let them  ftand  at reft a little, and then filter
  the liquor.
  This is a cafe of double eleaive attraaion, the lead combining
and forming an infoluble compound with the fulphuric acid, while
the zinc unites with  the acetous acid, and remains in folution.
  The acetite of zinc may be  obtained by evaporation in talcy
cryftals.   It is foluble in water, and is decompofed by heat. It is
not poifonous.
  When cryftallized acetite of lead and  fulphate of zinc are tritu-
rated together, the  mixture  prefently  becomes moift, which is
owing to the new compounds combining with lefs water of cryf-
ftallization than the  original  falts, by which means a portion of
the water is difengaged in its fluid form.
  The folution ©f acetite of zinc is with many praaitioners de-
servedly much efteemed as an aftringent collyrium, and injeaion,




                     CHAP.  XIII.

ALCOHOL, ETHER, and ETHERIAL SPIRITS,

                       ALCOHOL.
                          Lond.
                       Ardent Spirit,
Take ot
  Reaified fpirit of wine, one gallon, 
 484         Preparations and Compositions.      [Part  III.

   Prepared kali, made hot, one pound and a half ;
   Pure kali, one ounce.
 Mix the vinous fpirit with the  pure kali, and afterwards add one
   pound of the hot  prepared  kali ; fhake them, and digeft for
   twentyfour hours.   Pour off the fpirit, to which add the reft
   of  the prepared  kali, and  diftil in a water bath.  It is to be
   kept in a veffel  well flopped.   The  kali fhould be heated to
   3000 Fahrenheit.
 The fpecific gravity of the alcohol is to that of diftilled water as
   815 to loco.
                            Dub.
 Take of
   Reaified fpirit of wine, five pounds ;
   Pearlafhes, dried over the fire, and ftill warm, one pound ;
   Cauftic  vegetable alkali, in powder, one ounce.
 Mix the fpirit and  the cauftic alkali ; add  the pearlafhes, previ-
   oufly reduced to powder, and digeft the mixture for three days,
   frequently agitating it ;  then pour off the fpirit, and diftil over
   three pounds with a moderate heat.
The fpecific gravity of this fpirit is to  that of diftilled water as
   820 to 1000.

   The theory  of  thefe proceffes  has  been already  explained,
fp. 129) and alfo the fuperiority of  muriate of lime over carbo-
nate ot potafs for feparating the laft portions of  water from alco-
hol.  The  potafs is ufed by the London and Dublin Colleges in
fuch fmall  quantity that it can have little effea  ;  when added in
confiderable quantity, it aas upon  the alcohol itfelf, and decom-
pofes it. The Edinburgh College give no direaions for the prep-
aration of a-perfeaiy pure alcohol,  as it is never ufed in pharma-
cy ; but it  is perhaps to be regretted, that they have given the tu
tie of alcohol to a liquid which is not the alcohol of chemifts.

                ./ETHER SULPHURICUS.
                           Edin.
                      Sulphuric Ether.
Take of                       *•
   Sulphuric acid,
  Alcohol, each thirtytwo ounces.
Pour the fpirit into a glafs retort fit for fuftaining  a  fudden heat,
  and add to it the acid in an uninterrupted  ftream.  Mix them
  by degrees, fhaking them moderately and frequently ; this done,
  inftantly  diftil from fand previoufly heated for the purpofe, in-
  to a receiver kept cool with water or  fnow.   But the heat is
  to be  fo managed, that the liquor fhall boil as foon as poffible,
  and continue to boil till  fixteen ounces are drawn  off; then let
  »he retort be removed from the fand. 
Chap. XIII.]         Of Alcoholic                4.85

To the diftilled liquer add two drachms of potafs ; then diftil from
   a very high retort, with a very gentle heat, into a cool receiver,
   until  ten ounces have been  drawn off.
If fixteen ounces of alcohol be poured upon the acid remaining in
   the retort after the firft  diftillation, and the  diftillation be  re-
   peated, more ether will be obtained ;  and this may be repeated
   feverd times.

                  £ther  Vitriolicus.
                            Lond.
                       Vitriolic Ether.
Take of
   The fpirit of vitriolic ether, two pounds by weight ;
   Water of pure kali, one ounce by meafure.
Shake them together, and diftil, with a gentle heat, fourtean oun-
   ces by meafure.

                  iETHER Vitriolicus.
                            Dub.
                        Vitriolic Ether.
 Take of
   Vitriolic etherial liquor, fixteen  ounces ;
   Cauftic  vegetable alkali, in powder, two drachms.
 Mix them, and diftil with a gentle  heat ten ounces from a very
   high retort into a cooled receiver.

      ^THER  SULPHURICUS cum  ALCOHOLE.
                            Edin.
                 Sulphuric Ether with Alcohol.
 Take of
   Sulphuric ether, one part ;
   Alcohol, two parts.
 Mix them.

             Spiritus ^Etheris Vitriolici,
                             Lond.
                    Spirit of Vitriolic Ether.
 Take of
    Reaified fpirit of wine,
    Vitriolic acid, each one pound.
 Pour the acid gradually upon the fpirit, and mix the*n by fhaking ;
    then diftil with a gentle heat, from a retort into a tubulated re-
    ceiver,  to which another recipient is fitted,  the fpirit ot  vitrio-
    lic ether till fulphureous vapours begin to rife.
 If you  apply  another receiver, and continue the diftillatien, a
  '  little oil of wine will  be obtained, which is  to be preferved for
    ufe. 
486          Preparations  and Compositions.   [Part III.

           Liquor ^Ethereus Vitriolicus.
                           Dub.
                  Vitriolic Etherial Liquor.
Take of
  Reaified fpirit of wine,
  Sulphuric acid, each thirtytwo ounces.
Put  the fpirit into a glafs retort,  capable of fupporting a fudden
  heat,  and pour  upon it the acid in a continued ftream. Mix
  them gradually, and having placed the retort in fand previoufly
  heated,  diftil the liquor into a cool  receiver.  But the heat is
  to be fo regulated, that the mixture  may boil  as foon as poffi-
  ble ; and the retort is to be removed from the fand when  fix-
  teen ounces have come over.

                     OLEUM VINE
                           Lond.
                        Oil of Wine.
Take of
  A'-okol,
  Vitriolic acid, of each one pint.
Mix them by degrees, and diftil;  taking care that no black froth
  pafs into the  receiver.  Separate the oily part of  the diftilled
  liquor from the volatile vitriolic acid.   To the oily part add as
  much waterof pure kali as is fufficient to correft the fulphureous
  fmell; then diftil off the  tittle ether with a  gentle heat.  The
  oil of wine will remain in the retort, fwimming on the watery
  liquor ; from which it is  to be feparated.

  3PIRITUS iETHERIS  VITRIOLICI COMPOSITUS.
1                          Lond.
             Compound Spirit of Vitriolic Ether,
Take of
  Spirit of vitriolic ether, two pounds;
  Oil of wine, three drachms.
Mix them.

UQUOR ^STHEREUS OLEOSUS ; olim, Liquor Hoff-
  manni  Anodynus.    Dub.
 Oily Etherial Liquor, formerly Anodyne Liquor of Hoffmann.

Take what remains in the retort after the diftillation of the vitri-
  olic ether.
Diftil to one half with a moderate heat.
  The produas arifing from the decompofition of alcohol by the
aaion of the acids  are extremely curious and  interefting.  The
theory of their formation was not underftood until lately, when it
was admirably explained by  Fourcroy and Vauqueti», who fhew- 
Chap. XIII.]            Of'Alcohol, be.              487

ed that the acid  remains unchanged, and that the alcohol is con-
verted into ether, water and charcoal.
  The moft convenient way of mixing the ingredients, is to put
the alcohol into the retort  firft,  and, with a long tubed funnel,
reaching down to the bottom of the retort, to pour in the acid.
By cautious agitation, the  two fluids unite, and heat is produced,
which may be taken advantage of, in the diftillation, if we have a
fandbath previoufly heated to the  fame degree, to fet the retort
into immediately after the  mixture is completed ; nor is there ahy
occafion for a tubulated receiver, it we immerfe the ordinary re-
ceiver, which ought to be  large in water, or bury it in broken ice.
   The dUlillation fhould  be performed  with an equal and very
gentle heat.  The  junaure of the retort and  recipient is to be
luted with a pafte made of linfeed meal, and further fecured by a
piece of wet bladder.
   Immediately on mixing the acid with the alcohol, there is a con-
fiderable increafe of temperature,  and a  flight difengagement of
alcohol, fomewhat altered, and having  ah aromatic odor.   On
placing the retort in the fand bath, a portion of pure alcohol firft
cornea over; and  when the mixture in the retort boils,  the ether
rifes, and is condenfed in  thin, broad, ftraight ftreaks, having the
appearanceofo.il.   Until the liquor which paffes over  into the
receiver amounts to about half,  or fomewhat more than half, of
the alcohol operated on, it confifts almoft entirely of alcohol and
ether, and there has been  no produaion of any permanently elaf-
 tic fluid ; but now the produaion of ether ceafes ; the fulphuria
acid is decompofed ; and fulphureous  vapors begin to arife, which
 condenfe in irregular ftreaks, or in drops; we muft therefore ei-
ther put a flop to the procefs, or change the receiver.  In. the lat-
 ter cafe the produas, are fulphurous acid, acetous acid, water, and
 oil of wine, as it was called,  accompanied towards the  end by a
peculiar fpecies of carburetted hydrogen gas, called by the Dutch
chemifts Olefiant gas ;  becaufe,  when mixed with oxygenized
 muriatic acid, it forms oilT' At laft the matter in the retort,  which
has now become thick and black, fwells up, and prevents us from
carrying the procefs further.
   If we flop the procefs bffore the fulphureous vapors  arife, the
whole acid  diluted with  a proportion of wafer,  and mixed with
 charcoal, remains in the retort; but if we aliow the procefs to go
 on, there is a continual decompofition of the acid, which is there-
 fore diminiffied in  quantity.   In either cafe, according to Prouft,
 the fulphuric acid  may be obtained from the black refiduum in
 the retort,  by diluting it with twice its weight of water, filtering
 it through linen, and evaporating it till it acquire the fpecific grav-
 ity 1.84, then  adding about one fiv'e hundredth part of nitrate of
 potafs, and continuing ths evaporation until the acid become  per- 
 4S£          Preparations and Compositions.   [Part. Hf

 feaiy colorlefs, and acquire the fpecific gravity of 1.86.  The re-
 fiduum,  however, may be more advantageoufly preferved, as the
 Edinburgh College direa, for preparing more ether, by repeating
 the procefs repeatedly  with  frefh  quantities of alcohol.   Prouft
 indeed denies that this refiduum is capable of converting more al-
 cohol into ether ; but that  excellent chemift has fomehow fallen
 into error, for it is a faa, that was known in the time of that no
lefs excellent chemift Dr. Lewis, and inferted  in his firft edition
 of this Difpenfatory, publifhed in I753, and not a recent difcov-
 ery of Citizen Cadet, as Fourcroy would lead  us to believe.  If
 farther confirmation be wanted,  we fhall  inftance Gottling, wbd
 fays, that from three or four pounds ot this refiduum,  he  has pre-
pared 60 or 70 pounds ot the fpirit of vitriolic ether,  and  more
 than twelve pounds of vitriolic ether,  without  reaifying the re-
 fiduum, or allowing the fulphureous  vapor to evaporate.   The
 ether may be feparated  from the  alcohol  and fulphureous acid,
 with which it is  always mixed, by rediftilling it with a very gen-
 tle heat, after mixing it with potafs, or rather lime,  which com-
bine with the acid, or with black oxide of manganefe, which con-
verts the fulphureous into fulphuric acid, and thus deprives it of
 its volatility.
  The chemical properties of ether have  been  already noticed:
 (§ 231.J   Asa medicine taken internally, it is an  excellent antif-
pafmodic, cordial and ftimulant.   In catarrhal and afthmatic com-
plaints, its vapor  is  inhaled  with advantage,  by holding in the
mouth a  piece of fugar, on which ether has been dropped.   It is
given as a cordial in naufea, and in febrile difeafes of the typhoid
type ; as an antifpafmodic in hyfteria, and  in other fpafmodic and
painful difeafes ;  and as a ftimulus in  foporofe and apoplectic af-
feaions.   Regular praaitioners feldom give fo much as half an
ounce, much more frequently only a  few drops tor a dofe ; but
empirics  have fometimes ventured upon much  larger quantities,
and with incredible benefit.   When applied externally, it  is capa-
ble of producing two very oppofite effeas according to its man-
agement ; tor, if it be prevented from evaporating, by covering the
place to which it is applied clofely  with the hand  ; it proves a pow-
erful ftimulant and rubefacient, and excites a fenfation  of burning
heat.  In this way it is frequently ufed for removing pains in the
head or teeth.  On the contrary, if it be dropt on any part ot the
body, expofed freely to the contaa of the air, its  rapid evaporation
produces an intenfe degree of cold; and as this is attended with a
proportional diminution of bulk in the part applied in this way it
has frequently facilitated the reduaion of ftrangulated hernia.
  The mixture of ether with alcohol, whether prepared direaiy
by mixing them  as the Edinburgh College direa, or  in the im-
pure ftate in which it comes over in the firft part of the procefs
for diftilling ether, the  fpirit of vitriolic ether of the London, arid 
Chap. XIII.]         Of Alcohol,  &rV.
489
the vitriolic etherial liquor of the Dublin Colleges, poffeffes firn*
ilar virtues with ether, but in an inferior degree.

            SPIRITUS .ETHERIS NITROSI,
                            Edin.
                   Spirit ef Nitrous Ether.
             Liquor  ^Ethereus Nitrosus.
                            Dub.
                   Nitrous Etherial Liquor,
Take of
   Alcohol, three pounds ;  '
   Nitrous acid, one pound.
Pour the alcohol into a  capacious phial, placed in a veffel full of
   cold water, and, add the acid by degrees,  conftantly  agitating
   them.  Let the phial  be flightly covered, and placed for (even
   days in a cooj place ; then  diftil the liquor with the heat of boil-
   ing water into a  receiver kept cool with water or  fnow, till no
   more fpirit comes over.

              Spiritus .E,theris Nitrosi.
                            Lond.
                   Spirit of Nitrous Ether,
Take of
   Reaified  fpirit of wine, two  pints  ;
   Nitrous acid, half a pound.
Mix them, by pouring  in the acid to the fpirit, and diftil with a
   gentle heat one pound ten ounces,.
   This procefs is attended with much greater difficulty and dan-
ger than the direaions  of the Pharmacopceias would lead us to
fuppofe.  For the aaion of the acid  upon the alchol  is fo very
violent, that either a large proportion of the etherial  produa is
diffipated and  loft ;  or  if we attempt to operate in clofe veffels,
we run the hazard of breaking ttfem.   The aaion  of alcohol and
nitrous acid upon  each other is much influenced by  their propor-
tions.   If we ufe a fmall proportion of alcohol, or pour alcohol
into nitrous acid,  there  immediately, takes  place a great  increafe
of temperature, and a violent effervefcence and  difengagement of
red fumes.  On the contrary, if the acid be added to the alcohol,
no apparent aaion takes  place until the quantity  of acid added
amount to about one fourth  ot  the alcohol ;  bubbles of gas then
begin to be  difengaged,  and  the aaion is increafed in proportion
as more acid is added.   By placing the phials containing the alco-
hol  and acid, in cold, or rather iced  water, they may be mixed
without danger in the proportions direaed by the Colleges. Dur-
 ing  the period that the mixture is fet at reft in a cool place, the
aaion goes on flowly, and at laft ceafes.  We may now proceed 
 490       Preparatidns and Compositions.      [Part III.

 to the diftillation, which muft be performed with a very flow and
 well regulated fire ;  for the vapor is very apt to expand with fo
 much violence as to burft  the veffels ; and the heat muft at  no
 time exceed 212°, otherwife a portion of undecompofed acid will
 pafs over and fpoil the produa.
   The fpirit of nitrous ether thus obtained, is a colorlefs fluid, of a
 fragrant odor,  lighter than water, extremely volatile and inflam-
 mable, poffefling properties in general analogous to the fpirit of
 fulphuric  ether.  It fhould  not give a blue color to tincture of
 guaiac, or exhibit any other  figns of acidity.  By age and expof-
 ure to the air, it is gradually decompofed, and  gives rife  to the
 reproduaion of nitrous acid.  When this change has taken place,
 it may be reaified by faturating the acid with lime water, and re-
 diftilling the etherial fluid.   In all probability it is a mixture of
 nitrous ether and alcohol ; for by  diminifhing the quantity of al-
 cohol employed, we obtain a fluid  having a fimilar relation to the
 fpirit of nitrous ether, that fulphuric ether has to the fpirit of ful-
 phuric ether.
   When alcohol and nitrous acid are mixed in the proportion ne-
 ceffary for the formation of nitrous ether,  the utmoft precautions
 muft be taken to diminifh  their aaion on each other.  This may
 be done by adding the acid to the  alcohol, in very fmall portions
 at a time, and at confiderable intervals.  In this way Mr.  Dehne
 procured, from two pounds of alcohol, and one pound eight ounc-
 es and three drachms of nitrous acid, one pound nine ounces and
 three drachms of ether ;  the refiduum weighed one pound twelve
 ounces; there was therefore a lofs of three ounces.  Dr. Black
 contrived a very ingenious method  of retarding the aaion of ni-
 trous acid upon alcohol, by  rendering their mixture extremely
 flow.   On two ounces of the ftrong acid put into a phial, pour
 flowly and gradually about an equal quantity  of water, which,
 by being made to trickle down the  fides of the phial, will float on
 the furface of the acid without mixing with it ; then add, in the
 fame cautious  m^.^cr, three ounces of alcohol, which in its turn
 will float  01 the furface of the  water.  By this means the three
 fluids arc kept feparate on account of their different fpecific gravi-
 ties, and a ftratum of water is interpofed between the acid and fpirit.
.The phial  containing the  fpirit muft be flopped with a conical
 ftopper, and this ftopper confined to its  place  by a weak fpring.
 The phial  is now to  be fet  in a cool place, and the acid will grad-
 ually afcend, and  the  fpirit  defcend  through the  water, this laft
 aaing as a boundary to reftrain their aaion on each other.  When
 this commences, bubbles of  gas rife through the fluids, and the
 acid gets a blue color,  which it again lofes  in the courfe of a few
 days, at which time a yellow nitrous ether begins to fwim  on the
 furface.  As foon as the formation of air bubbles  ceafes, it is time
 to remove the ether formed ; for if allowed to temain, its quantity 
 Chap. XIV. j      Drying of Herbs, &c.             491

 decreafes.  By this method a quantity of nitrous ether is formed,
 without the danger of producing elaftic vapors or explofion. The
 refiduum of this procefs is ftill capable of forming a fpirit of ni-
 trous ether, with an additional quantity of alcohol,.
   There is ftill another method ot forming nitrous" ether, which is
 indeed faid to be preferable to that mentioned.  It was firft prac-
 ticed by M. Voigt.   Four pounds of dried nitrate of potafs are to
 be introduced into a  tubulated retort, conneaed with a Woulfe's
 apparatus ; and a  mixture of  four pounds of  fulphuric  acid, and
 three pounds four ounces of  alcohol,  is to  be poured upon  it;
 Without the  application of any external heat,  nitrous  ether paffes
 over into the receiver, and the refiduum furnifhes, on more alco-
 hol being added to it, fpirit of nitrous ether.
   When alcohol is converted into  ether by the aaion of nitrous
 acid, the change produced on it is nearly  the fame with  that pro-
 duced by fulphuric acid.   In the latter cafe, it is effeaed by the
 affinities which form water, and charcoal  is  precipitated.  In the
former, it is effeaed  by the affinities which form carbonic acid,
 and no water  is  formed.
   Spirit of nitrous ether has been long defervedly held  in great
 efteem.   It quenches thirft, promotes the natural fecretions, expels
 flatulences, and moderately ftrengthens the ftomach.  It may be
 given in  dofes  of  from 20  drops to a drachm, in  any conve-
 nient vehicle.  Mixed with a fmall quantity of fpiritus ammonia;
 aromaticus, it proves a mild, yet efficacious, diaphoretic, and often
 remarkably diuretic; efpecially in fome febrile cafes, where fuch
afalutary evacuation  is wanted.   A fmall proportion of this fpir-
 it  added to malt fpirits, gives them a  flavor approaching to that
of Freneh brandy.
                      CHAP.  XIV.

 .   HERB ARUM et  FLO RUM EXSICCATIO.

                           Lond.

         the  drying oe herbs  and flowers.

Let thefe, fpread out lightly, be dried by a gentle heat.

                           Edin.
Herbs and flowers are to be dried by the gentle heat of a ftove or
  common fire, in fuch quantities at a time, that the procefs may
  be finifhed as quickly as poffible; for by  this means their
-                 H  H 
 492        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part 11/,

    powers are beft preferved ;  the teft of'which is the perfea pref-
    ervation of their natural color.
 The leaves  of hemlock (conium maculatum) and of other plants
    containing a fubtile volatile matter, muft be immediately pound-
    ed, after  being dried, and afterwards kept in glafs phials well
    corked.
    For  further obfervations on the drying and prefervation of fim-
 ple fubftances, the nth, 16th and  19th paragraphs of the fecond
 feaion of the firft part of this work may be confulted.

                  SCILLA EXSICCATIO.
                            Lond.
                     The  Drying of. Squill.
V Cut the fquill,  after having removed its dry coats, tranfverfely
   into thin flices, and dry it by a gentle heat.

              Scilla Maritima Exsiccata.
                             Edin.
                       Dried  Sea  Squill.
 Cut the root of the fea fquill, after having removed its external
    coat,  tranfverfely into  thin flices, and dry  it by a gentle heat.
    The fign  of its being properly dried is,, that although rendered
    friable, it retains its bitternefs and acrimony.

                    Scilla  Pr/eparata.
                             Dub.
                       Prepared Squills.
 Cut the fquills, after having removed their membranaceous integu-
    ments, as thin as poffible, and fufpend the cut flices in the ffiade
    to dry.  When dry, reduce them to powder,  which  is to be
    kept in a corked phial.                                    1
    By this method the fquill dries much fooner than when its fev-
 eral coats are only  feparated ;  the internal part being here laid
 bare, which, in  each of the entire coats,  is covered with a thin
 fkin, which impedes the exhalation  of the moifture.   The root
 lofes in this procefs four fifths of its original  weight ; the parts
 which exhale with a moderate heat appear  to be merely watery ;
 hence fix grains of the dry root are equivalent to half a  drachm
 of it when frefh ;  a  circumftance  to be particularly regarded  in
 the exhibition of this medicine.  But it too great  heat has been
 employed to dry it, it  becomes almoft  inert, and it alfo lofes by
 long keeping in the ftafe of powder.
    Dried fquills furnifh us with a medicine, fometimes advantage-
 oufly employed  as  an emetic,  often as an expeaorant,  but ftill
 more frequently as a powerful diuretic. 
 Chap.  XV.]      Of Expressed Juices.              493

              MILLIPEDE PR/EPARATIO.
                             Lond.
                 The Preparation of Millipeds.
                 Millipede Pr,eparat^e.
                            Dub.
                     Prepared Millipeds.
 The millipeds are to be inclofed in a thin canvas cloth, and fuf-
   pended over hot proof fpirit in a clofe veffel, till they be killed
   by the fteam, and rendered friable.
   This is the laft remains of a juftly  exploded praaice, which
 afcribed extraordinary virtues to whatever was barbarous and dif-
 gufting.

                    SPONGIA USTIO.
                           Lond.
                    The  burning of Sponge.
                       Spongia Usta.
                             Dub.
                        Burnt Sponge.
 Cut the fponge in pieces, and bruife it, fo as to free it from frr^U
   ftones; burn it in a clofe iron veffel, until it becomes black and
   friable ; afterwards reduce it to a Very fine powder.
   This medicine has been in ufe for a confiderable time, and
 employed againft  fcrofulous diforders and cutaneous foulneffes, in
 dofes of a fcruple and upwards.  Its virtues probably depend on
 the prefence of a  little alkali.   It alfo contains charcoal;  and its
 ufe may be entirely fuperfeded by thefe fubftances, which may
 be obtained in other manners, at a much cheaper rate^



                      CHAP.  XV.

               EXPRESSED  JUICES.

   The juices of fucculent plants are obtained by expreffion (§ 50.
 S. 2.) They are of a very compound nature, confiftingof thefap,
 the fecreted fluids and fecula mixed together.  When  firft pro-
 cured, they are very high colored, turbid, and loaded with paren-
 chymatous matter. They may be feparated by reft, filtration (§45.
 S. 2.) heat and clarification, (§53. S. 2.)  The firft procefs may
 be employed when the juice is very fluid, is not fufceptible of al-
teration, and does  not contain volatile matter.  The  fecond is per-
haps the moft perfea, but it is  tedious and applicable only to very
fluid juices. In many inftances it may be facilitated by the addition of
             £8-  * 
/
494        Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part III.

water.  The third procefs  is more expeditious, and is employed
"for juices which are very alterable, or which contain volatile mat-
ters.  It is performed by  fntroducing the juice into  a matrafs, and
immeifing it in  boiling water for fome minutes.  The fecuh-e  are
coagulated, and eafily feparated by filtration.   Clarification can
only  be ufed for very  vifcid mucilaginous juices, which contain
nothing volatile.  It renders them fufficiently fine ;  but  the heat
employed deepens their color, and manifeftly alters them, fo that
it is not merely  a defecating, but a decompofing procefs.  When
depurated, juices are yellow or red, but never green.
   The fluids thus extraaed from fucculent fruits, both of the acid
and fweet kind,  from moft of the acrid herbs, as fcurvy grafs and
water creffes, from the  acid herbs,  as  forrel and wood forrel,
from the apperient la61efcent plants, as dandelion and hawkweed,
and from fundry other vegetables, contain great part of the peculiar
tafte  and virtues of the refpeaive fubje£ts.  The juices, on the
other hand, extraaed  from moft of  the  aromatic herbs, have
fcarcely any thing of the  flavor of the plants, and feem to differ
 little from decoaions of them made  in water boiled till the vola-
tile odorous parts have been diffipated.   Many of the odoriferous
flowers, as the lily,  violet, hyacinth,  not only  irripart nothing  of
their fragrance  to their juice, but have it totally deftroyed by the
previous  bruifing.  From  want of  fufficient attention  to thefe
particulars, praaitioners have beert frequently deceived in the ef-
feas of preparations of  this clafs; juice  of mint has been often
prefcribed as a  ftomachic, though it wants thofe qualities by which
mint itfelf and its other  preparations  operate.
   There are equal differences in regard to their preferving thofe
virtues, and this independently of the volatility of the aaive mat-
ter, or its difpofition to exhale.   Even the volatile virtue ot fcur-
vy grafs may, by the above method, be preferved almoft entire in
its juice for a  confiderable time;  while  the aaive parts of the
juice of the wild cucumber quickly feparate and fettle to the bot-
tom  leaving the fluid part inert.  Juices of arum root,  iris root,
 bryony root, and other vegetables, in like manner allow their me-
 dicinal parts to  fettle at the bottom.
    If juices are  intended to be kept for any length  of time,  about
 one  fortieth part of their weight of good fpirit of wine  may  be
 added, and the whole fuffered to ftand as before ;  a frefh fediment
 will  now be depofited, from which the liquor is to  be poured off,
 ftrained again, and put into fmall bottles which have been wafhed
 with  fpirit and dried.   A  little oil is to be poured  on the fur-
 face, fo as very nearly  to fill the bottles, and the mouths clofed
 with leather, paper, or flopped with ftraw, as the flafks are in which
 Florence oil is  brought  to  us ;  this  ferves to keep out duft,  and
 fuffers the air to efcape, which  in procefs of time  arifes  from all
 vegetable liquors, and which would otherwife endanger the burft- 
Chap. XV.]      Of Expressed Juices.             495

ing of the glaffes; or, being imbibed afrefli, render their contents
vapid and foul.   The bottles are to be  kept on the bottom of a
good cellar ©r vault, placed up to the necks in fand.  By this me-
thod fome juices may be preferved for a year or two ;  and others
for a much longer time, though, whatever care be taken, they are
found to anfwer better when frefli ; and from the difficulty of pre-
ferving them, they have of late been very much laid afide, efpe-
cially fince we have been provided with more convenient and ufe-
ful remedies.   The following is the only  compofition" of the kind
retained in our Pharmacopceias.

       SUCCUS COCHLEARIA  COMPOSITUS.
                           Lond.
              Compound Juice of  Scurvy Grafs.
Take of
   Juice of Garden fcurvy grafs, two pints ;
   Brooklime,
   Water creffes,  of each one pint;
   Seville oranges, twenty ounces by meafure.
Mix them, and, after the feces have fubfided, pour off the liquor,
   or ftrain it.

Succus Cochlearia Officinalis Compositus; vulgo,
   Succiad  Scorbuticos.  Edin.
              Compound Juice of Scurvy Grafs.
Take of
   Juice of Scurvy grafs,
           Water creffes, expreffed from frefh gathered herbs,
           Seville oranges, ot each two pounds;
  Spirit of nutmegs, halfa pound.
Mix them, and let them ftand till the feces  have fubfided, then
   pour off the clear liquor.
   Both thefe compofitions are of confiderable ufe for the pur-
pofes expreffed in the title ; the orange juice is an excellent affift-
ant to the fcurvy grafs  and other acrid antifcorbutics ; which,
when thus mixed, have been  found  from  experience to produce
much  better effeas than when employed  by themfelves.  They
may be taken in dofes from an ounce or two to a quarter of a pmt
two or three times a day ; they generally increafe the urinary fe»
cretion, and fometimes induce a laxative habit.
63*3 
496          Preparations  and Compositions.   [Part III.




                     CHAP.   XVI.

          INSPISSATED JUICES.

  This is a very convenient form for the exhibition of thofe fub-
ftances which are  fufficiently  fucculent  to afford a  juice by ex-
breffion, and whofe virtues do not refide in any very volatile mat-
ter.  By infpiffation, the bulk ot the requifite dofe is very much
diminiffied;  they are reduced to a form convenient for making up
into pills ; and they a*e much  lefs  apt  to fpoil than the fimple
expreffed juices.

      SUCCUS  SPISSATUS ACONITI NAPELLI,  •
                          Edin.
               Infpiffated Juice of Wolfsban e.
Bruife the frefh leaves of wolfsbane ; and including them in a
   hempen bag, cotnprefs them ftrongly till they yield their juice,
   which is to be evaporated in flat veffels heated with boiling wa-
   ter, faturated with muriate of foda,  and immediately  reduced
   to the confiftence of thick honey.
After the mafs has become cold, let it be  put up in glazed earthen
   veffels, and moiftened with alcohol.
   In the fame manner are prepared from their leaves,

   SUCCI SPISSATI           The Infpiffated Juices of
     Atropa Belladonna,      Deadly Nightfhade.
     Conii Maculati,           Hemlock.
     Hyosciami nigri,           Henbane.
     Lactuca virosa,           Poifonous Lettuce.

       SUCCUS BACOE  SAMBUCI SPISSATUS.
                          Lond.
              Infpiffated Juice of the Elder, berry.
 Take of
   Expreffed and depurated juices of Elder berries, two pints.
 Infpiffate in a water bath faturated with fea fait.

   In the fame manner infpiffate
     SUCCUS                     The Juice of the
        Ribis nigri,                 BlackCurrant.
        Limonis,                     Lemon-
        Cicuta; floribus pri-           Hemlock when about
          mum apparentibus.              to flower. 
Chap. XVI.]       Of Inspissated Juices.            497

            SUCCUS SPISSATUS C1CUT/E.
                          Dub.
                Infpiffated Juice  of Hemlock.
Exprefs hemlock gathered  when the flowers  are juft appearing,
  and allow the juice to ftand fix  hours until the feces fubfide ;
  then reduce the decanted juice to drynefs in a water bath.
  In the fame way is prepared
  Succus Spissatus Sambuci,  The Infpiffated Juice  of El-
der berries, from frefh gathered berries.

SUCCUS  SPISSATUS  SAMBUCI NIGRI ; vulgo,  Rob
  Sambuci.                Edin.
Infpiffated Juice of Elder berries,  commonly called Elder Rob.
Take of
  Juice of ripe Elder berries, five pounds ;
   Pureft fugar, one pound.
Evaporate with a gentle heat to the confiftence of pretty thick
   honey.
  These infpiffated juices contain the virtues of therefpeaive
vegetables in a very  concentrated  ftate.  Thofe of the  elder,
black current, and lemon, are acidulous, cooling and laxative, and
may be ufed in confiderable quantities, while thofe of  the wolfs-
bane, hemlock,  deadly nightfhade,  henbane  and poifonous let-
tuce, are highly narcotic and deleterious, and muft be given only
in very fmall dofes.

SUCCUS SPISSATUS  MOMORDIOE  ELATF.RII  ; vul-
   go, Elaterium.
                          Edin.
            Infpiffated Juice of the Wild Cucumber.
                      Elaterium.
                           Lond.
                        Elaterium.
Cut into flices ripe wild cucumbers, and pafs the juice, very light-
   ly expreffed, through a very fine hair fieve, (into a glafs veffel
   Lond.)  then boil it a little and fet it by for fome hours until the
   thicker part has  fubfided.  Pour  off the thinner part  fwim-
   ming at the top, and feparate the reft by filtering.  Cover the
   thicker part which remains after the filtration, with a linen cloth
   and dry it with a gentle heat.
   This is not properly an infpiffated juice, butadepofition from
the expreffed juice.   Such  depofitions have  long been called Fe-
rula, and the denomination has been confirmed in modern  times. 
498       Preparations and Compositions.       [Part III.

Its application, however,  appears to us to be too extended ;  for
feculum is applied both to mild and nutritious fubftances, fuch as
ftarcn, and to draftic fubftances, fuch as that of which we are now
treating.   Befides, it  it poffeffed exaaiy the fame chemical pro-
perties as ftarch, it would be converted into a gelatinous mafs by
the boiling direaed by the Edinburgh College, and  would not fe-
perate ; whereas, the boiling is intended  to promote the  fepara.
tion.
  The filtration above direaed,' for draining off fuch part of the
watery fluid as  cannot be  feparated  by  decantation,  is  not the
common filtration through paper, for  this does not fucceed  here.
The groffer parts of the juice, falling to the bottom, form  a vifcid
cake upon the paper, which the liquid cannot pafs through.   The
feparation is  to be attempted  in  another manner, by draining
the fluid from  the  top.   This is  effetfed by placing one end ot
fome moiftened ftrips of woollen  cloth,  fkeins of  cotton, or the
like, in the juice, and laying the other end over the edge of the
veffel fo as  to hang down  lower than the furface of the liquor ;
by this management the feparation  fucceeds in perfeaion.
   Elaterium is a very violent  hydragogue cathartic,  In general,
previous to  its  operation, it excites confiderable ficknefs, at ftom-
ach, and not unfrequently it  produces fevere vomiting.  Hence
it is feldom  employed till other remedies  have been tried in vain.
But in fome inftances of afcites it will produce a complete evacu-
ation of water, where other cathartics have had no effea.  Two or
three grains are in general a  fufficient  dofe.  And perhaps the
beft mode of exhibiting it,  is  by giving  it only to the extent of
half a^rain  at a time, and  repeating that dofe every hour till it
begins to operate.

                PULPARUM EXTRACTIO.
                         Edin. Dub.
                   The Extraclion of Pulps.
Boil unripe pulpy  fruits, and  ripe  ones if they be dry,  in a fmall
   quantity of water until they  become  foft; then prefs out the
   pulp through a hair fieve,   and  afterwards boil  it down to the
   confiftence of honey in  an earthen veffel, over a gentle fire ;
   taking care to keep ftirring the matter  continually.
 (The pulp of caffia fiftularis is in like  manner to be  boiled out
   from the  bruifed pod, and  reduced afterwards to a proper con-
   fiftence, by evaporating the water.'
The pulps of fruits that are both ripe and frefh, are to be preffed
   out through  the  fieve, without any previous boiling.   Edin.) 
Chap. XVII.]        Of Fixed Gil:.                ---'

                PULPARUM  PRAPARATIO.
                           Lond.
                 The Preparation of Pulps.
Set pulpy fruits if they  be unripe,  or  ripe and  dry, in a moift
  place,that they may become foft, then prefs the pulps through
  a hair fieve ;  afterwards boil them firft with a gentle heat, and
  ftir them frequently,  then evaporate the  water in a water bath,
  faturated with fea  fait, until the  pulps acquire the proper con-
  fiftency.
Pour boiling water on the bruifed pods of the caffia fiftularis, fo as
  to  wafh  out  the  pulp ;  then prefs  the matter firft through a
  coarfe fieve and then  through a hair fieve ; laftly, evaporate the
  moifture in a water bath, faturated  with fea fait,  fo as to re-
  duce the pulp to a proper confiftency.
Exprefs the pulps of ripe  recent  fruits  through  a fieve, without
  boiling them.
  When thefe fruits are  not  fufficiently juicy  to afford a pulp
by fimple expreffion, the decoaion ordered by  the  Edinburgh and
Dublin Colleges is  much more certain, and in every refped pre-
ferable to expofing them to a moift air,  which is not only often
inefficacious but is apt to render them fpoiltand mouldy. On the
other hand the  precaution  ufed by the  London college, of finifh-
ing the evaporation in  a water bath, is  highly proper, as other-
wife they are extremely apt to become empyreumatic.
                    CHAP.  XVII.

               FIXED   OILS.

  These oils are  commonly  denominated  Expreffed Oils, an
appellation which is manifeftly  improper, as in fome inftances
they are obtained without  expreffion, and  in other inftances ex-
preffion is employed to  obtain  Volatile Oils.  The Edinburgh
College have therefore diftinguifhed thefe different clafles of oils
by the terms Fixed and Volatile, which  accurately charaaeri.-e
them.
  Fixed oil is formed in no other  part of vegetables than in their
feeds.   Sometimes,  although very rarely,  it  is contained in  the
parenchyma of the fruit.   Of this the beft known example is tht
olive.   But it is moft commonly found in  the feeds ot dicotyle-
donous vegetables, fometimes alfo in the fruit of monocbtyledo-
nous plants, as the cocos  butyracea.   It has various degrees of
confiftency, from the tallow of the croton febiferum of  China, and 
500       Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

the butter of the butter tree of Africa, to the fluidity of olive oil.
  Fixed oil is feparated from fruits and  feeds which contain it,
either by expreffion  or  decoaion.  Heat, by  rendering the oil
more limpid, increafes very  much the quantity obtained by ex-
preffion ; but as it renders it lefs bland, and more apt to become
rancid, heat is not ufed in the preparation of oils which are to be
employed in medicine.  When obtained by expreffion, oils often
contain a mixture  of  mucilage,  ftarch and coloring matter ;  but
part ot thefe feparate in  courfe  of  time, and fall to the bottom.
When oils become rancid, they are no longer fit for internal  ufe,
but are then faid to effea the killing of quickfilver, as it is call-
ed more quickly.  Decoaion is principally ufed for the extrac-
tion of the pifcid and  confiftent oils, which are melted out by the
heat of the boiling water,  and rife to its furface.

         OLEUM AMYGDALAE COMMUNIS.
                           Edin.
                        Almond Oil,
Take of
  Frefh almonds, any quantity.
After having bruifed  them in a  ftone mortar, put  them into a
  hempen bag, and exprefs the oil without heat.
  I n the fame manner is to  be expreffed from its feeds,
        Oleum Lini  Usitatissimi, Oil of Linfeed,

                  Oleum Amygdala.
                           Lond.
                        Almond Oil.
Pound  freffi almonds, either  fweet or  bitter, in a mortar, then
  prefs out the oil in a cold prefs.
  In the fame manner are to be expreffed.
  Oleum  Lini,    Linfeed Oil, from the bruifed feeds.
  Oleum Ricini,  Caftor Oil, from the feeds previoufly de-
                                      corticated.
  Oleum  Sinapeos,   Oil of Muftard, from the bruifed feeds.

                Oleum Amygdalarum.
                           Dub.
                      Oil of Almonds.
Bruife frefli almonds in a  mortar, and  exprefs the oil in  a prefs
  without heat.
  In the fame way are to be expreffed from the feeds,
         Oleum Lini,     Linfeed Oil.
         Oleum Sinapis,  Oil of Muftard. 
Chap.  XVIII.]      Of Oily Preparations.          501

  The  chemical  properties of thefe oils  have  been  already
(§234)  mcntioned, and  an account  of the  medical virtues  ot
each will be found in their refpeaive places in the  Materia Med-
ica.
      CHAP.  XVIII.

OILT   PREPARATIONS,
OLEUM AMMONIATUM, vulgo Linimentum Vola? x
  tile.                    Edin.
     Ammoniated Oil, commonly called Volatile Liniment.
Take of
  Olive oil, two ounces ;
  Water of ammonia, two drachms.
Mix them together.                   #

           Linimentum Ammonia  Fortius.
                          Lond.
              Stronger Liniment of Ammonia.
Take of
  Water of pure ammonia, one ounce ;
  Olive oil, two ounces.
Shake them together in a phial.

                Linimentum Ammonite.
                           Lond.
                   Liniment of Ammonia.
Take of
  Water of ammonia, half an ounce ;
  Olive oil, one ounce and a half.
Shake them together in a  phial till they are mixed.

  The moft commonly adopted generic name for the  combina-
tion of oil  with alkalies is Soap, and the fpecies are diftinguifhed
by the addition of that of the alkali they contain.  On thefe prin-
ciples, volatile liniment fhould be called Soap of Ammonia, as hard
foap is foap of foda, and foft foap, foap of potafs.
  The ammonia ufed in the two firft of thefe preparations com-
bines much more eafily and intimately with the oil than the car-
bonate of ammonia uled in the laft.   If the carbonate be employ- 
£02        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

ed with the view of rendering the preparation lefs ftimulating,
the fame end will be more fcientifically obtained,  bv increafing
the proportion  of oil mixed with pure ammonia.   The two firft
of thefe liniments differ greatly in point of ftrength, the propor-
tion of water of ammonia in the firft, being as 1 to 8, and in the
fecond as i to 2.
   They are very frequently ufed externally as ftimulants and rube-
facients. In inflammatory  fore throats, a piece of flannel moiften-
ed  with thefe foaps,  applied  to the throat, and renewed  every
four  or  five hours, is one  of  the  moft efficacious  remedies.
By means  of  this warm ftimulating  application, the neck, and
fometimes the whole bodv, is put into a fweat, which after bleed-
ing either c<:: ies off,  or lcffens the inflammation.  When too
ftronrr, or too liberally applied, they  fometimes occafion inflam-
mations, and even :?ii tiers.  Where the fkin cannot bear their acri-
mony, a lager proportion of oil may be ufed.
   But the firft of thefe preparations is even fometimes ufed inter-
nally,  made into a  mixture with fyrup and fome aromatic water.
A drachm or two taken in this manner three or four times a day,
is a powerful remedy in fome kinds of catarrh and fore throat. '

             OLEUM  LINI CUM CALCE.
                           Edin.
                    Linfeed Oil with Lime.
Take  of
   Linfeed oil,
   Lime water,  of each equal parts.
Mix them.
   This liniment is  extremely ufeful  in cafes of fcalds or burns,
being fingularly efficacious in  preventing, if applied in  time, the
inflammation fubfequent to burns or fcalds ;  or even in removing
it, after it has come on.
   It is alfo a fpecies of foap, and might be called Soap of Lime,
although it probably contains a great excefs of oil.

               OLEUM  CAMPHORATUM.
                            Edin.
                      Camphorated Oil.
Take  of
   Olive oil, two ounces ;
   Camphor, half an ounce.
Mix them fo that the camphor may be diffolved.
   This is a fimple folution of camphor in fixed oil, and is an ex-
cellent  application  to  local pains from  whatever caufe, and to
glandular fwellings. 
fchap. XIX.]       Of Distilled Waters.             503

              OLEUM SULPHURATUM.
                          Edin.
                      Sulphurated oil.
Take of
  Olive oil, eight ounces;
  Sublimed Sulphur, one ounce,
Boil, them together in a large iron pot, ftirring them continually,
  till they unite.
                          Lond.
Take of
  Flowers of fulphur,
  Olive oil, fixteen ounces, by weight,
Boil the flowers of fulphur, with the oiJ, in a pot flightly cover-
  ed, until they be united.
  In the fame way is made,

              Petroleum  Sulphuratum.
                          Lond.
                   Sulphurated Petroleum.
  Sulphurated oil was  formerly ftrongly recommended in
coughs,  confumptions, and  other diforders of thebreaft and lungs.
But the  reputation which it had in thefe cafes, does not appear to
have been derived from any fair trial or experience.  It  is mani-
feftly hot, acrimonious, and  irritating ; and fhould therefore be uf-
ed with  the utmoft caution.  It has frequently been found  to irf-
jure the appetite, offend the  ftomach and vifcera, parch the body,
and occafion thirft and febrile heats.   The dofe of it is from ten
to forty drops.   It is employed externally  for cleanfing and heal-
ing foul running ulcers; and  Boerhaave  conjeaures that its ufe
in thefe  cafes gave occafion to the virtues  afcribed to it when ta-
ken internally.



                     CHAP.  XIX.

      DISTILLED   WATERS.

  Substances which differ in volatility, may be feparated from
each other by applying a degree of beat capable of converting the
moft volatile into vapor, and by again condenfing  this vapor in a
proper apparatus.  Water is converted  into  vapor at 212°, and
may be feparated by diftillation from  the  earthy and faline mat-
ters which it always contains in a natural  ftate.   But, it is evi-
dent that if any fubftances which  are as volatile as water,  be  ex- 
 504        Preparations  and Compositions.     [Part III.

 pofed to the fame degree of  heat,  either by immerfing them in
 boiling water, or expofing them to the  aaion of its fleam, they
 will rife with it in diftillation.   In this way the camphor and vo-
 latile oils of vegetable fubftances are feparaied from the more fix-
 ed  principles ;  and as water is capable of diffolving a certain quan-
 tity of thefe  volatile fubftances, it may  be impregnated with a
 great variety of flavors by  diftilling  it  from different aromatic
 fubftances. If the fubjea of our diftillation  contain more volatile
 oil than the water employed is capable of diffolving, it will  ren-
 der the water milky, and afterwards feparate from it.  It is in this
 way that effential oils are obtained.
   Effential oils are obtained  only  from  odoriferous fubftances ;
 but not equally from all of this  clafs, nor  in quantity proportional
 to their degree of odor.  Some, which, if we were to reafon trom
 analogy, fhould feem very well fitted  for this procefs, yield ex-
 tremely little oil, and others  none  at  all.  Roles and chamomile
 flowers, whofe ftrong and lafting  fmell promifes abundance, are
 found to contain but a fmall quantity of oil ;  the violet and jeffa-
 mine flower, which perfume the air  with  their odor, lofe their
 fmell upon the gentleft coaion, and do not afford any oil, on being
 diftilled, unlefs immenfe quantities are fubmitted to the operation
 at once ;  while favin,  whofe difagreeable fcent extends to a great
 diftance, gives out the largeft  proportion of oil of almoft any veg-
 etable known.
  Nor are the fame plants equally fit for this operation, when pro-
 duced indifferent foils or feafons, or at  different times of their
 growth.   Some yield  more oil, if  gathered when the flowers be-
 gin to fall off than at  any other time.   Of this, we have exam-
 ples in lavender and rue ; others, as fage,  afford the largeft quan-
 tity when young, befoie they have  fent  forth any flowers ;  and
 others, as thyme, when the flowers have juft appeared.   All  fra-
grant herbs yield a larger proportion of oil, when produced in dry
foils and in warm fummers, than in oppofite circumftances.  On
the  other hand, fome of the  difagreeable  ftrong  fcented ones, as
wormwood, are faid to contain moft oil in  rainy feafons, and when
growing in moift rich grounds.
  Several chemifts have been of opinion, that herbs and flowers,
 moderately dried, yield a greater quantity  of  effential oil, than if
 they were diftilled  when frefh. It is, however, highly improb-
 able, that the quantity of effential oil will  be increafed by drying,
on the contrary part of it muft be diffipated and loft.  But drying
 may fometimes be ufeful in other ways ;  either  by diminifhing
 the bulk of the fubjea  to be diftilled, or by caufing it to part with
 its oil more eafily.
  The choice of proper inftruments is of great confequence for
the performance of this procefs to advantage.  There  are fome
 oils which pafs freely over the fwan neck  of the head of the com. 
Chap. XIX.]     Of Distilled Waters.                505

mon ftill ; others lefs  volatile,  cannot eafily be made to rife fo
high.  For obtaining thefe laft, we would recommend a large low
head, having a rim or  hollow  canal round it ; in this canal, the
oil is detained on its firft afcent, and thence conveyed at once into
the receiver, the advantages of  which are fufficiently obvious.
  With regard  to the  proportion  of  water  to be employed ; it
whole plants, moderately dried, are ufed, or the ffiavings of woods
as much of either may be  put into the veffel as, lightly preffed,
will occupy half its cavity ;  and  as much  water may be added,
as will fill two thirds of it.  When frefh and juicy herbs are to
be diftilled, thrice their weight of water will be fully fufficient;
but dry ones require a much larger quantity.  In general, there
fhould be fo much water, and after all  intended to be diftilled has
come over, there may be liquor enough left to prevent the matter
from burning to the ftill.  The water and ingredients, altogether,
fhould never take  up more  than three fourths of the ftill ; there
fhould be liquor enough to prevent any danger of an empyreuma,
but not fo much as to be apt to boil over into the receiver.
  The fubjea ot diftillation fhould be macerated in the water un-
til it be perfeaiy penetrated  by it.  To promote this effea, woods
fhould be thinly ffiaved acrofs the grain, or fawn, roots cut tranf-
verfely into thin flices, barks  reduced into  coarfe  powder, and
feeds flightly bruifed.   Very compaa and tenacious fubftances re-
quire the maceration to be continued a week or two, or  longer ;
for thofe ofa fofter and loofer texture, two or three days  are fuffi-
cient ; while fome tender  herbs and flowers  not only ftand in no
need of maceration, but are even injured  by  it.   The fermenta-
tion which was formerly prefcribed in fome inftances, is always
hurtful.
  With regard  to the fire, the operator ought to  be  expeditious
in raifing it at firft, and to  keep it  up during  the whole procefs to
fuch a degree only, that the  oil may freely diftil ;  otherwife the
oil  will be expofed to  an unneceffary heat \ a circumftance which
ought as much as poffible to  be avoided.   Fire communicates to
all  thefe  oils a  difagreeable  impregnation,  as  is  evident  from
their being much lefs   grateful  when  newly diftilled, than after
they have flood for fome time in a cool place ; and the longer the
heat is continued, the greater alteration it produces in them.
  The greater number of oils require for their diftillation the heat
of water ftrongly boiling; but there  are many  alfo which riffc
with a heat  confiderably lefs; fuch as thofe  of lemon and citron
peel, of the flowers of lavender and rofemary, and of almoft all
the more odoriferous  kinds of flowers. We have already  obferv-
ed, that thefe flowers have their fragrance much injured, or even
deftroyed, by beating or bruifing them ; it is impaired alfo by tfhe 
 506        Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part III.

 immerfion in water in the prefent procefs, and the more fo in pro-
 portion to the continuance of the immerfion and the heat ; hence
 oils, diftilled in  the common  manner, prove much lefs agreeable
 in fmell than the fubjeefs themfelves.  For the diftillation of fub-
 ftances of this clafs, another method has been contrived ; inftead
 of being immerfed in water,  they are  expofed only to its vapor.
 A proper quantity of water being put into the bottom of the ftill,
 the odoriferous herbs or flowers are laid lightly in a bafket of fuch
 a fize that it may enter into the  ftill, and reft againft its fides, juft
 above the water.   The head being  then fitted on, and the water
 made to boil, the fleam percolating  through  the fubjea, imbibes
 the oil, without  impairing its  fragrance, and carries  it over into
 the receiver.  Oils thus  obtained, poffefs the odor of the fubjea
 in an exquifite degree, and have  nothing of the difagreeable fcent
 perceivable in thofe diftilled by boiling them in water in the com-
 mon manner.
  Plants differ fo much according to the foil and feafon of which
 they are the produce, and' likewife  according to their own ages,
 that it is impoffible to fix the quantity of water to be drawn from
 a certain weight of them to any invariable ftandard.   The diftil-
 lation may always be continued  as  long as  the liquor runs well
 flavored off the fubjea, and no longer.
   In the diftillation of  effential oils, the water,  as was obferved
 in a foregoing feaion, imbibes always a part of the oil.  The dif-
 tilled liquors here treated of, are  no other than water thus impreg-
 nated with the effential oil of  the fubjea ;  whatever  fmell, tafte,
 or virtue, is communicated to the water,  or obtained in the form
 ofa watery liquor, being found in a concentrated ftate in  the oil.
  All thofe vegetables  therefore which  contain an effential oil,
 will give over fome virtue  to water by diftillation ;  but the de-
 gree of the impregnation of  the water, or  the quantity of water
 which a plant is capable  of faturating with its virtue, are by no
 means in proportion to the quantity of  its oil. The oil  faturates
 only the water that comes over at the fame time with it;  if there
 be more oil than is fufficient for this faturation, the furplus fepar-
 ates and concretes in its proper form, not mifcible with the wa-
 ter that arifes afterwards.   Some odoriferous flowers, whofe oil is
info fmall quantity that fcarcely any vifible mark of  it appears,
 unlefs fifty or an hundred pounds or  more  are diftilled at  once,
 give neverthelefs  as  ftrong  an  impregnation to  water as thofe
 plants which abound moft with oil.
  Many have been of opinion, that diftilled waters may be  more
 and more impregnated with the virtues of  the fubjea, and  their
 ftrength increafed to  any affigned degree, by cohobation, that is,
 by rediftilling them repeatedly from  frefh parcels of the plant.—
Experience,  however, fhows the contrary.   A* water  fkill-
fully drawn in the firft diftillation, proves on every repeated one
 not ftronger but  more difagreeable.   Aqueous liquors are not ca* 
Chap.  XIX.]       Of Distilled  Waters.             507

pable of imbibing above a certain quantity ot the volatile oil of
vegetables; and this they may be made to take up by one, as well
as by any number of diftillations ; the oftener the procefs is re-
peated,  the ungrateful impreffion which they generally receive
from the fire, even at the firft time, becomes greater and greater.
  Thofe plants,  which do  not yield at firft waters fufficiently
ftrong, are not proper fubjeas for this procefs.
  The mixture of water and oil which comes  over,  is to be put
into large narrow necked bottles, and  placed in a cool place, that
the portion of oil which is not diffolved in the water may rife to
the top, or fink to the bottom, according to its fpecific gravity.  It
is then to be  feparated, either by a feparatory (Plate I. fig.  10.)
or by means  of  a fmall glafs fyringe ; or by means of  a filter of
paper ; or, laftly, by means of a woollen thread, one end of which
is immerfed in the oil, and the other lower end in a phial ; the
oil  will thus  pafs over into the phial  by capillary attraaion, and
the thread is  to be fqueezed dry.
  Moft diftilled waters, when firft prepared, have a fomewhat un-
pleafant fmell, which however they  gradually lofe ; it is therefore
advifable  to  keap them  for  fome days after  their preparation in
 veffels but  flightly covered;  and not to cork them  up until they
lofe that fmeli.
   That the waters may keep the better, about one twentieth part
their weight  of proof fpirit may be added to each after they  are
diftilled.
   Diftilled waters are employed chiefly  as  grateful diluents, as
 fuitable vehicles for medicines of greater efficacy, or for render-
 ing difguftful ones  more  acceptable to  the palate and ftomach ;
 few are depended on, with any intention of confequence, by them-
 felves.
    To the chapter on Simple Diftilled Waters,  the  London Col-
 lege have annexed the following remarks.
    We have ordered moft  of the waters to be diftilled from the
 dried herbs, becaufe frefh are not ready at all times of the year.
 Whenever the  frefh are ufed, the  weights  are  to  be increafed.
 But, whether the frefh or dried herbs be employed,  the operator
 may vary the weight according to the feafon in which they have
 been produced and colleaed.
    Herbs and leeds kept beyond the fpace of a year, become lefs
 proper tor the diftillation of waters.
    To  every gallon  of thefe waters add five ounces, by meafure,
 of proof  fpirit.
    The Edinburgh College order half an ounce of proof fpirit to
 every pound of water, which is nearly the fame.
    But the Dublin College  order five ounces of proof fpirit to be
 added to each pound.  The word  pound is probably printed by
 miftake for gallon.
                   I i 
 508       Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

                   AQUA  DISTILLATA.
                            Lond.
                       Diftilled Water.
 Take of
   Spring water, ten gallons.
 Draw off by diftillation, firft, four pints ; which being thrown
   away, draw off four  gallons.   This water is to be kept in a
   glafs or earthen bottle with a glafs ftopper.

                            Dub.
 Take of
   Spring water, twenty pounds.
 Put  it into a retort, and  having thrown away the firft pound, draw
   off ten pounds by diftillation with a gentle heat.
                            Edin.

 Let  water be diftilled in  very clean veffels, until about two thirds
   have Come over.
   WateR  is never found pure in a ftate of nature ;  and as it is
 abfolutely neceffary, particularly for  many chemical operations,
 that  it fhould be  perfeaiy fo, we muft feparate it from all hetero-
 geneous matters by diftillation. The firft portion that comes over
 fhould be thrown away,  not fo much  from the poffibility of its
 being impregnated with  volatile matters contained  in the water,
 as from the  probability  that it will be  contaminated with impu-
 rities it may have  contraaed in  its  paffage through the  worm
 in the refrigeratory. The diftillation is not. to be  pufhed too far,
 left the water fhould acquire an empyreumatic flavor.
   Although diftilled water be neceffary  for many purpofes, we
 apprehend that the London College, from a defire of extreme el-
 egance^ have fallen into a very confiderable error in ordering it to
 be employed for  many purpofes, fuch as infufions and decoctions,
 for which good fpring water would anfwer juft as well, and  for
 which, we will venture to fay, that it never is employed by the a-
 pothecary.   The confequence is,  that  the apothecary has no rule
to direa him, when it is abfolutely  neceffary, and when it may be
 difpenfed with, and he will therefore  probably difpenfe with it
 oftner than is proper.

              AQUA CITRI AURANTII.
                           Edin.
                    Orange Peel Water.
 Take of
   Frefh orange peel, two pounds.
Pour upon  it as  much water as fhall be fufficient to prevent any
  empyreuma, after ten pounds  have been drawn off by diftilla-
  tion.  After due maceration, diftil ten pounds. 
Chap.  XIX.]       Of Distilled Waters.             509

               Aqua Foeniculi Dulcis.
                      Dub.  Lond.
                      Fennel Water.
Take of
  The bruifed feeds of fweet fennel, one pound ;
  Water, as much as may be fufficient to prevent empyreuma;
Diftil one gallon (ten pounds) Dub.

  The fame quantity of water is to be diftilled in the fame man-
ner from

Six pounds of the recent petals of the Damask
  Rose,               Aqua Rofa Centifolia.  Edin.
                       Aqua Rofiz.  Lond.  Dub.           *

Three pounds, Edin. ; one pound and a half, Lond. Dub,
  of Peppermint,   Aqua Mentha Piperita.  Edin.
                     Aqua Mentha Piperitidis. Lond.  Dub.

Three pounds, Edin. ; one pound and a half, Lond. Dub.
  of Pennyroyal, in flower,
                     Aqua Mentha Pulegii.  Edin.
                     Aqua Pulegii.  Lond. Dub.

Two pounds of  frefh Lemon Peel,
                     Aqua Citri Medica.  Edin.

One pound and a half of Spearmint,
                     Aqua Mentha Sativa.   Dub. Lond.

One pound of Cinnamon, (macerated for a day, Lond. Dub.)
                     Aqua Lauri Cinnamoni.   Edin.
                     Aqua Cinnamoni.  Lond. Dub.

One pound of Cassia,  Aqua Lauri Caffia.  Edin.

One pound of bruifed Dill Seeds,
                     Aqua Anethi.   Lond.

Half a pound of Pimento (macerated  for a day, Lond.)
                     Aqua Myrti Pimenta.  Edin.
                     Aqua Pimento.   Lond.

  The virtues of all thefe waters are nearly alike ; and the pecu-
liarities  of each will be eafily underftood by confulting the ac-
count given in the Materia  Medica of the fubftance from which
they are prepared.  We  will only mention, that as rofe water is
exceedingly  apt to fpoil, the apothecaries generally prepare it in
fmall quantities at  a time from the leaves, preferved  by packing
them clofely in cans with common fait.
               IQ-2 
510         Preparations  and  Compositions.  f/Part. Ill-
                     CHAP.  XX.


               VOLATILE   OILS.


                   OLEA VOLAT1LIA.
                           Edin.
                       Volatile Oils.

Volatile Oils are prepared nearly in the fame manner as the
  diftilled waters,  except that lefs water is to be added.   Seeds
  and woody  fubftances are to  be previoufly bruifed or  rafped.
  The oil comes over with the water, and is afterwards to  be fep-
  arated from  it, according as it  may be lighter than the water,
  and fwim upon its furface, or heavier, and fink to the bottom.
Befides, in preparing thefe diftilled waters and oils, it is to be ob-
  ferved, that the goodnefs of the  fubjea, its texture, the feafon
  of the year, and fimilar caufes, muft give rife to fo many differ-
  ences that no certain or general rule can be given to fuit accu-
  rately each example.  Therefore  many things are omitted, to
  be varied by  the operator according to his judgment, and only
  the moft general precepts are given.

                  OLEA  DISTILLATA.
                           Lond.
                       Diftilled Oils.
Let thefe oils be drawn off by diftillation, from an alembic with
  a large refrigeratory ; but, to prevent empyreuma,  water  muft
  be  added to the ingredients; in which they  muft be macerated
  before diftillation.
The water which comes over with the oil in diftillation  is to be
  kept for ufe.
                           Dub.
Let the oil be extraaed by diftillation from the fubjea previoufly
  macerated in water,  with the addition of as much water as may
  be  fufficient to prevent empyreuma.
In diftilling fennel, peppermint, fpearmint, and  pennyroyal, the
  water  which comes over along with the oil, is to be preferved
  for ufe in the manner direaed in the chapter on  Diftilled Wa-
  ters.
The herbs from which oils are to be extraaed by diftillation, are
  to be dried as foon as they are colleaed. 
Chap. XX.]
Of Volatile Oils.
511
According to thefe direaions are prepared the
Volatile diftilled, or
 Effential Oils of

    Anife,

    Caraway,
    Fennel feeds,
Juniper berries,



Pimento,


Fennel flowers,

Rofemary,

Lavender,

Peppermint,

Spearmint,
Pennyroyal,
Origanum,
Rue,
      Olea Volatilia, Edin. Difiillata.
        Dub. vel. Efifentialia. Lond.

        Pimpinella anifi.  Edin.
        Anifi.  Lond. Dub.
        Carui.  Lond. Dub.
        Seminumfaniculi dulcis.  Dub.
from the Seeds.
{
      Juniperi communis.  Edin.
      Baccarum Juniperi.  Dub.
      Juniperi bacca.   Lond.
from the Berries.
      Myrti pimenta.
from the Fruit.
Edin.
Dub.
Edin.
  Florumfaniculi dulcis.
C Rorifmarini officinalis.
5 Rorifmarini.  Lond. Dub.
C Lavendulafpica.  Edin.
y Lavendulx.   Lond.
C Mentha piperita.   Edin.
5 ------piperitidis.  Lond.  Dub.
  -------fativa.  Lond. Dub.
  Pulegii.  Lond. Dub.
  Origani.  Lond. Dub.
Ruta.  Dub.
Juniperifabina.
Sabince.  Dub.
Savine,

    From the Flower, or Herb in flower.


Saffafras,
   \  Lauri faffafras
   V  Saffafras.   Lond.

from the Root.
 Edin.


And of

Edin.
              OLEUM TEREBINTHINA.
                        Lond. Du'±.
                     Oil of Turpentine.
Take of
  Common turpentine, five pounds.
  Water, four pints, (four pounds, Dub.)
                 iQ°3 
512          Preparations  and  Compositions.  [Part III.

Diftil (two pounds, Dub.) (the turpentine with the water in a cop-
  per alembic, Lond.)   After the diftillation of the oil, what re-
  mains (in ihe retort, Dub.)  is  yellow refin.

OLEUM TEREB1NTH1NA VOLATILE PURISS1MUM.
                            Edin.

        Oleum Terebinthina Rectificatum.
                         Lond. Dub.
                  Re&ified oil of Turpentine.
Take of
  Oil of turpentine, one pound (two pounds, Dub.)
  Water, four pints (four pounds, Dub.
Diftil (a pound and  a half, Dub.) as long as any oil comes over,
  Edin.
  The procefs here propofed for reaifying this oil, is not only
tedious, but accompanied  with  danger.  For unlefs the luting be
very clofe, fome of the vapour will be apt to get through ; and if
this catch fire, it will infallibly  burft the veffels.  This reaified
oil, which in many pharmacopceias is ftyled Ethereal, does not
confiderably differ in fpecific gravity, fmell, tafte, or medical quali-
ties, from the former.
  The Spirit of Turpentine, as this effential oil has been ftyled, is
frequently taken internally as  a diuretic and fudorific ;  and it has
fometimes a confiderable effea when taken to the extent of a few
drops  only.   It has, however, been given in much larger dofes,
efpecially  when mixed with  honey.  Recourfe has principally
been had to fuch dofes in cafes of chronic rheumatifm, particular-
ly in thofe modifications of it  which are termed fciatica and lum-
bago, but fometimes they induce bloody urine.

  The water employed in the diftillation  of volatile oils always
imbibes fome portion of the oi};  as is evident from the fmell, tafte,
and color, which it acquires.   It cannot, however, retain above a
certain quantity ; and theretore, fuch as has been already ufed and
almoft faturated itfelf, may be advantageoufly employed,  inftead
of common water, in a fecond,  third,  or  any future diftillation
of the fame fubjea.
  After the diftillation of one oil, particular care fhould  be had du-
ly to cleanfe the worm belore it be employed in the diftillation of a
different  fubftance.   Some oils, thofe of wormwood and  anifeeds
for inftance, adhere to it fc^tenacioufly, as not to be melted out by
heat, or wafhed off by water ;  the beft way ot cleanfing the worm
from thefe, is to run a little fpirit of wine through it.
   Volatile oils, after they are  diftilled, fhould be fuffered to ftand
for fome  days, in veffels  loofely covered with paper, till  they
have loft their difagreeable fiery odor, and become limpid j  then 
 Chap.  XX.]         Of Volatile  Oils.                  513

 put them up in fmall bottles,  which are  to be kept quite full,
 clofely flopped,  in  a cool place.  With  thefe caution s,  they
 will retain their virtues in perteaion  for many years.
   Moft of the oils mentioned above, are prepared by our chemifts
 in Britain, and are eafily procurable in a tolerable degree of per-
 feaion : But the oils from the  more expenfive fpiceries, though
 ftill introduced  among the preparations in the foreign  Pharrna-
 copoeas, are, when  employed among us, ufually imported from
 abroad.
   Thefe are, frequently fo much  adulterated, that it is not an eafy
 matter to meet with fuch as are at all fit for ufe.  Nor are thefe
 adulterations eafily difcoverable.   Thegroffer abufes, indeed, may
 be readily deteaed. Thus, if the oil be mixed with  fpirit of wine,
 it will turn  milky on the-addition  of  water;  if with  expreffed
 oils, reaified fpirit will diffolve the volatile and leave the other
 behind; if with oil of turpentine, on dipping a piece of paper in
 the mixture, and drying it with a gentle  heat, the turpentine will
 be betrayed by its fmell.   But the  more fubtle artffls have  con-
 trived other  methods of fophiftication, which elude all trials  of
 this kind.
   Some have looked  upon the fpecific gravity  of o>ls as  a certain
 criterion of  their genuinenefs.   This, however, is not  to be ab-
 folutely depended on ; for the genuine  oils, obtained from the
 fame  fubje6ts, often differ in gravity as much as thofe drawn from
 different ones.  Cinnamon and cloves, whofe oils ufually fink in
 water,  yield, if flowly  and warily diftilled,  oils of  great fragran-
 cy, which are neverthelefs fpecifically lighter  than the aqueous
 fluid employed  in their diftillation ; whilit,  on  the other hand,
 the iaft runnings of  fome  of the lighter oils prove fometimes fo
 ponderous as to fink in water.
   As all volatile oils agree in the general properties ot  folubility
in fpirit of wine, indiffolubility in water, mifcibility with water
by the intervention of certain intermedia, volatility  in the heat of
 boiling water, &c.  it is plain that they may be varioufly mixed
with each  other, or  the dearer  fophifticated with the cheaper,
without  any poffibility of difcovering the  abufe by any trials of
this kind. And, indeed, it would not be of much, advantage to the
purchafer,  if he had infallible criteria of the genuinenefs of every
individual oil.   It  is of  as much importance that  they  be good,
as that they be genuine ; for genuine  oils, from inattentive diftil-
lation, and  long and carelefs keeping, are  often weaker both in
fmell  and tafte than the common  fophifticated ones.
  The fmell and tafte feem to be the only certain tefts  of which
the nature of the thing will admit.  If a bark fhould have in
every refpea the appearance of good cinnamon,  and fhould be
proved indifputably to be the genuine bark of the cinnamon tree;
yet if it want the cinnamon flavor, or has it but in  a  low degree,
               (FT 4 
 514         Preparations and Compositions.      [Part ITT.

 we rejea it ; and the  cafe is the fame with the oil.  It is only
 from ufe and habit, or companions with fpecimcns of known qual-
 ity that we  can judge of  the goodnefs, either of the drugs them-
 felves or of their oils.
   Moft of the volatile oils indeed, are too hot and pungent to b~
 tafted with fafety ; and the fmell of the fubjea  is fo much con-
 centrated in them, that a fmall  variation in this refpea is not ea-
 fily diftinguifhed ; but we can  readily dilute them to  any aflign.
 able  degree.  A drop of the  oil may be diffolved in  fpirit of
 wine, or received  on a bit  of fugar, and diffolved by that  inter-
 medium in  water.  The quantity of liquor which it  thus  im-
 pregnates with  its flavor, or the degree of flavor which it com-
 municates to a  certain determinate quantity, will be the meafure
 of the degree of goodnefs of the oil.
   Volatile oils,  medicinally confidered, agree in  the general qual-
 ities of pungency and heat; in  particular  virtues,  they  differ as
 much as the fubjeas from which  they are  obtained, the oil  being
 the direa principle in  which the virtues, or at leaft a confiderable
 part of the virtues, of the feveral  fubjeas refide.  Thus the car-
 minative virtue ot the  warm feeds, the diuretic of juniper berries,
 the emmenagogue of  favin, the  nervine  of rofemary,  the  fto-
 machic of mint, the antifcorbutic of fcurvy grafs, the cordial of
 aromatics, &c. are fuppofed to  be concentrated in their oils.
   There is another remarkable difference in volatile oils, the foun-
 dation of which is lefs obvious, that  of the degree of their pun-
 gency and heat.   Thefe are by  no means in proportion, as might
 be expeaed, to thofe ot the fubjea they were drawn from.   The
 oil ot cinnamon, for inftance, is exceffively pungent and  fiery  ; in
 its undiluted ftate  it is almoft  cauftic ; whereas  cloves, a fpice
 which in fubftance is far more  pungent than the  other, yields  an
 oil which is far lefs fo.  This difference feems to depend partly
 upon the quantity of oil afforded, cinnamon yielding much  lefs
 than  cloves, and confequently  having its aaive matter concen-
 trated into a fmaller volume ; partly, upon a difference in the na-
 ture of the aaive parts themfelves ;  for though  volatile oils con-
 tain always the  fpecific odor and flavor  of their fubje£ls, wheth-
 er grateful or ungrateful, they  do not always contain the whole
 pungency ; this refides frequently in a more fixed refinous mat-
 ter, and  does not  rife with the oil.  After the  diftillation  of
 cloves, pepper,  and fome other  fpices, a part ot their pungency is
 found to remain behind ; a fimple tinaure ot  them  in  reaified
 fpirit of wine is  even more pungent than theirpure effential oils.
   The more grateful oils, are frequently made ufe of  for  recon-
 ciling to the ftomach medicines ot themfelves  difguftful.  It has
 been cuftomary to employ them as coneaors tor the refinous pur-
gatives ;  an ufe which they do not feem to be Veil  adapted  to.
All the fervice they can here be of, is, to  make the refin fit mor 
Chap.  XXL]   Empyreumatic Volatile Oils.          51?

eafily at firft on the ftomach ; far from abating the irritating qual-
ity upon which the violence ot its operation depends, thefe pun-
gent oils fuperadd a frefh ftimulus.
  Volatile oils are never given alone, on account of their extreme
heat and pungency ;  which in fome is fo great, that a fingle drop
let fall upon the tongue,  produces a gangrenous efchar.  They
are  readily imbibed  by pure dry fugar, and in  this form may be
conveniently  exhibited.  Ground with eight or ten times their
weight of fugar, they become foluble in aqueous liquors, and thus
may be diluted to any  affigned degree.  Mucilages  alfo  render
them mifcible with  water into an uniform milky liquor.   They
diffolve likewife in fpirit of wine  ; the more fragrant in an equal
weight, and almoft all of them in  lefs than lour times their own
quantity.  Thefe folutions  may be either taken  or.  r?gar, or mix-
ed with fyrups, or the like.   On mixing them with water, the li-
quor grows milky, and  the  oil feparates.
  The more pungent oils are  employed  externally againft para-
lytic complaints, numbnefs, pain*, and *ches, cold tumors, and in
other cafes where particular parts  require to be heated or ffimu-
lated.  The  toothach is fometimes relieved bv a drop of thefe al-
moft cauftic oils,  received on cotton, and cautioufly introduced
into the hollow tooih.
CHAP.  XXL
       EMPYREUMATIC VOLATILE  OILS.

   Empyreumatic Oils agree in many particulars with the vol-
atile oils already treated of, but they alfo differ from them in fev-
eral important circumftances.   The  latter  exift ready formed in
the aromatic fubftances, from which they are obtained, and are on-
ly feparated from the fix^d principles by the aaion of a heat not
exceeding that of boiling water.   The former, on  the  contrarv,
are always formed by the aaion  of a degree of heat confiderably
higher than  that of boiling water, and are the produa of decom-
pofition, and a new arrangement ot the  elementary principles of
fubftances, containingat leaft oxygen, hydrogenand carbon.  Their
produaion is therefore always attended with the formation of oth-
er new produas.  In their chemical properties they do not differ
very remarkably from the volatile  oils,  and  are principally dif-
tinguifhed from  them by their unpleafant pungent empyreumat-
ic fmell, and rough bitterifli tafte.  They are alfo more  apt ta 
516         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

fpoil by the contaa of the air, and the oftener they are rediftilled
they become more limpid, lefs colored, and more foluble in alco-
hol ; whereas the effential oils, by repeated  diftillations, become
thicker, and lefs foluble in alcohol.
  Their aaion on the body is exceedingly ftimulant and heating.

                   OLEUM  PETROLEI.
                           Lond.
                      Oil of Petroleum.
Diftil petroleum in a fand bath.

  The oil obtained from this bitumen will  be more or lefs thin
according to the continuance of the diftillation ; and by its con-
tinuance, the tar will at laft be reduced to a black coal; and then
the oil will be pretty  deep in color, but perfeaiy fluid, though
very acrid and ftimulating.
  It is lefs difagreeable than fome of the other empyreumatic oils
which had formerly a place in our pharmacopceias,  fuch as  the o-
leum lateritium.

           OLEUM SUCCINI PURISSIMUM.
                           Edin.
                    Purified Oil of Amber.
Diftil oil  ot amber in a glafs retort with fix times  its quantity of
  water till two thirds of the water have paffed into the receiver ;
  then feparate this very pure volatile oil  from  the water, and
  keep it for ufe in clofe fhut veffels.

            Oleum Succini Rectificatum.
                           Lond.
                   Reclified Oil of Amber.
Take of
  Oil of amber,  one pound.
Diftil three times.
                           Dub.
Take of
  The oil  which rifes  in the preparation of fait of amber, three
     pounds.
Diftil a pound and a half.

  The feaifiedoil has a ftrong bituminous fmell,  and a pungent
acrid tafte.  Given in a  dofe of ten or twelve  drops,  it heats,
ftimulates, and  promotes the fluid fecretions : It is chiefly cele-
brated in hyfterical diforders,  and in deficiences of the uterine
purgations.  Sometimes it is  ufed externally,  in liniments for
weak or paralytic limbs and rheumatic pains.
/ 
Qhap, XXL]     Of Empyreumatic Oils.             517


                  OLEUM  ANIMALE.
                           Lond.
                        Animal Oil.
Take of
  Oil of hartfhorn, one pound.
Diftil three times.


     OLEUM CORNU CERVINI  RECTIFICATUM.
                           Dub.
                  Ritlified Oil of Hartffiorn.
Take of
  The oil of which afcends in the diftillation of the volatile liquor
     of hartfhorn three pounds.
  Water, fix pounds.
Diftil a pound and a  half.
  Animal Oil, thus reaified,  is  thin and limpid, of a fubtle,
penetrating, not  difagreeable fmell  and tafte.  It is ftrongly re-
commended as an anodyne and antifpafmodic in dofes of from 15
to 30 drops.  Hoffman reports, that it procures a calm and fweet
fleep, which continues often from 20 hours,  without being fol-
lowed by any languor or debility, but rather leaving the  patient
more alert and cheerful than before ;  that it procures likewife  a
gentle fweat,  without increafing the heat of the blood ; that giv-
en to 20 drops or more, on an empty  ftomach  fix hours before
the acceffion of an intermittent fever, it frequently removes the
diforder ; and that it is likewife a very general remedy in invete-
rate and chronical epilepfies, and in convulfive motions, efpecial-
ly if given  before the ufual  time of the attack, and preceded by
proper evacuations.
   How far empyreumatic oils poffefs the  virtues that have been
afcribed to them, has not yet been fufficiently determined by ex-
perience ;  the tedioufnefs and trouble  of the reaification having
prevented their coming into general  ufe, or being often made.
They are liable alfo to more material  inconvenience in regard to
their medicinal ufe, namely, precarioufnefs in their quality ;  for
how perfeaiy foever they may be reaified, they gradually lofe,
in keeping, the qualities  they had received from that procefs, and
return more and more towards  their original fetid ftate. 
518         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.




                      CHAP.  XXII.

                DISTILLED  SPIRITS.

   The flavor and virtues of diftilled waters are owing, as obferv-
ed in the preceding chapter, to their being impregnated with a por-
tion of the effential oil of the fubjea from which they are drawn.
Alcohol, confidered as a vehicle for thefe oils, has this advantage
above  water,  that it  keeps all the oil that rifes with it perfeaiy
diffolved into an uniform limpid liquor.
   Neverthelefs, many fubftances, which, on being diftilled  With
water, impart to it their virtues in great perfeaion ;  if treated in
the fame manner with fpirit ot wine, fcarcely give over to it any
fmell or tafte.  The caufe  of  this difference is, that fpirit is not
fufceptible of fo  great a degree of heat as water.   It is obvious,
therefore, that fubftances may  be volatile enough to rife with the
heat of boiling water, but not with that of boiling fpirit.
   Thus, if cinnamon,  for inftance, be committed to diftillation
with a mixture of fpirit of wine and water, or with a pure proof
fpirit,  which is no other than  a mixture  of about equal parts of
the two; the fpirit will arife firft  clear, colorlefs and tranfparent,
and almoft without any tafte of the fpice ; but as foon as the more
ponderous  watery fluid begins to arife, the oil comes freely  over
with it, fo  as to render the liquor highly odorous, fapid, and of a
milky  hue.
  The proof fpirits ufually met with in the fhops are accompan-
ied with a degree of ill flavor ;  which, though concealed  by means
of certain additions, plainly difcovers itfelf in diftillation.   This
naufeous flavor does not begin  to arife till  after the purer fpirit-
uous part has come over ; which is the very time that the virtues
of the  ingredients begin alfo moft  plentifully to diftil; and hence
the liquor  receives an ungrateful taint.  To this caufe principally
is owing the general complaint, that the cordials of the apotheca-
ry are lefs agreeable than thofe of  the fame kind prepared by the
diftiller ; the latter being extremely curious in reaifying or pu-
rifying the  fpirits (when defigned  for what he calls fine goods)'
from all unpleafant flavor.

                SPIRITUS CARI CARVI.
                           Edin.
                     Spirit of Caraway.
Take of
   Caraway feeds, half a pound ; 
Chap.  XXII.]     Of Distilled Spirits.             519

  Diluted alcohol, nine pounds.
Macerate two days in a  clofe veffel ; then pour on as much water
  as will prevent empyreuma, and draw off by diftillation nine
  pounds.

                   Spiritus Carvi,
                      Lond.   Dub.
                    Spirit of Caraway.
Take of
  Caraway feeds, bruifed, half a pound ;
  Proof fpirit ot wine,  one gallon ; (nine pounds, Dub.)
  Water,  fufficient to prevent empyreuma.
Draw off one gallon (nine pounds, Dub.)

  In the  fame manner is  prepared the fame quantity of Spirit
 from                              Spiritus
 ^                    ,        / LaUri Cinnamomi.  Edin.
 Cinnamon,  one pound,        \Cinnamomi.  Lond.   Dub.
 Peppermint, one pound and.   j Mentha Piperita.   Edin.
   a half,                       \------ Piperitidis.  Lond.
 Spearmint, one  pound and a half,   Mentha fativa.  Lond.
 Pennyroyal dried, a pound and a half,  Pulegii.   Lond.
 Nutmeg, well bruifed, two   f Myrifiicx mofchata.  Edin.
   ounces,                    L Nucis mofchata. Dub. Lond.
           ,  ,r      ,       f Myrti Pimenta.  Edin.
 Pimento, half a pound,       \pimento.  Dub.  Lond.

           SPIRITUS LAVANDULA SPIC^E.
                           Edin.
                     Spirit of Lavender.
 Take of
   Flowering fpikes of lavender, frefh gathered, two pounds ;
   Alcohol, eight pounds.
 Draw off by the heat of boiling water, feven pounds.

                  Spiritus Lavenpula.
                        Lond.  Dub.
                     Spirit of Lavender.
  Take of
    Frefh flowers of lavender, one pound and a half ;
    Proof  fpirit of wine, one gallon (nine pounds, Dub.)
  Draw off by  diftillation in a water bath, five pints (five pounds,
    Dub.) 
520       Preparations  and Compositions.     [Fart III.

  By thefe direaions, and in the  fame quantities are prepared,
      SPIRITUS RORISMARINI OFFICINALIS.
                          Edin,
               Spiritus  Rorismarini.
                          Lond.
                  Spirit of Rofemary,
from two pounds of the flowering tops of rofemary, according to
the Edinburgh College, and from a pound and a half according to
the London.
  We think it unneceffary to make particular obfervations on
each of thefe fimple fpirits,  as  their virtues are  the fame with
thofe of the fubftances from  which they are extraaed, united to
the ftimulus of the alcohol.  The alcohol in the fpirits of laven-
der and rofemary, is almoft pure ; in the others it is diluted with
about an equal weight of water.

           SPIRITUS  ANISI COMPOSITUS.
                          Lond.
                Compound Spirit of Anifeed.  •
Take of
  Anifeed,
  Angelica feed, of each, bruifed, half a pound ;
  Proof fpirit, one gallon ;
  Water, fufficient to prevent empyreuma.
  Draw off one gallon by diftillation.
  This compound fpirit, like the fimple  ones, is an  agreeable
cordial ;  indeed too agreeable,  for by fome they are fo often re-
forted to, on the flighteft  fenfation of  flatulence in the ftomach,
that their ufe  is attended with all the pernicious confequences of
dram drinking.

  SPIRITUS JUNIPERI  COMMUNIS COMPOSITUS.
                          Edin.
           Spiritus Juniperi Compositus.
                       Lond. Dub.
               Compound Spirit of Juniper.
Take of
  Juniper berries,  well bruifed, one pound ;
  Caraway feeds,
  Sweet fennel  feeds, each one ounce and a half;
  Diluted alcohol, nine pounds, (one gallon  Lond.)
  Water fufficient to prevent empyreuma.
(Macerate two days, Edin.) Draw off nine pounds,  (one gallon,
  Lond.)
  The good and bad  effeas  of this  fpirit exaaiy coincide with
thofe of gin. 
Chap.  XXII.]     Of Distilled Spirits.              521

         SPIRITUS  RAPHANI COMPOSITUS.
                       Lond.  Dub.
              Compound Spirit of Horfe Radifli.
Take of
  Frefh horfe radifli root,
  Dried outer rind of Seville oranges, each two peunds;
  Frefh herb of garden fcurvy grafs, four pounds;
  Bruifed nutmegs, one ounce ;
  Proof fpirit, two gallons, (eighteen pounds, Dub.)
  Water fufficient to prevent empyreuma. v
Draw off two gallons,  (eighteen pounds, Dub.)
  Although this procefs  may furnifh an agreeable compound
fpirit, yet it is much to be doubted, whether it poffeffes thofe an-
tifcorbutic powers for which it was once celebrated.

           SPIRITUS AMMONLE FCETIDUS.
                           Lond.
                  Fetid Spirit of Ammonia.
Take of
  Proof fpirit, fix pints ;
  Sal ammoniac one pound ;
   Afafcetida, four ounces.
  Potafh, one pound and a half.
Mix them, and draw off by diftillation five pints with a flow fire.
                           Edin.
           Alcohol Ammoniatum Fcetidum.
                           Dub.
                Fetid Spirit of Volatile Alkali.
Take of
  Spirit of ammonia, eight ounces, (ten ounces, Dub.)
  Afafcetida, half an ounce.
Digeft in a clofe  veffel  twelve  hours;  then diftil off, with the
  heat of boiling water, eight ounces.
  This  fpirit, the laft formula of which is the beft, as being moft
eafily prepared, is defigned as an antihyfteric, and is  undoubtedly
a very  elegant one.  Volatile  fpirits  impregnated for thefe pur-
pofes with different fetids, have been ufually kept in the fhops ;
the ingredient here chofen, is the beft calculated of  any for gen-
eral ufe, and equivalent in virtue to them all.  The  fpirit is pale
when newly diftilled, but acquires a confiderable tinge by  keep-
ing. 
522         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.
                     CHAP. XXIIL


            INFUSIONS.


   We have already (178, S. 2.) explained the fenfe in which we
employ the term infufion.   We confine it to the aaion of a men-
ftruum not affifted by  ebullition, on any fubftance confifting of
heterogeneous principles, fome of which are foluble, and others
infoluble, in  that menftruum.  The term is  generally ufed in a
more exrenfive, but we are inclined to think, a lefs correa fenfe.
Thus, lime water and the mucilages, which are commonly claffed
with the infufions, are inftances of fimple folution, and the chalk
mixture is the mechanical  fufpenfion of an infoluble fubftance.
When the menftruum ufed is water, the folution is termed fimply
an Infufion ; but when the menftruum is alcohol,  it is  called a
Tinaure ;  when wine or vinegar, a  Medicated Wine or Vinegar.
Infufions in water are  extremely apt to fpoil, and are generally
extemporaneous preparations.

         INFUSUM CINCHONA OFFICINALIS.
                           Edin.
                  Infufion of Cinchona Bark.
Take of
  Peruvian bark in powder, one ounce ;
  Water, one pound.
Macerate for twentyfour hours, and  filter.

            Infusum Corticis Peruviani.
                           Dub.
                 Infufion of Peruvian Bark.
Take of
  Peruvian bark in coarfe powder, one ounce ;
  Mucilage of gum arabic, two ounces ;
  Water, twelve ounces.
Triturate the bark with the mucilage, and add the water during
  the trituration.  Macerate for twentyfour hours, and decant the
  pure liquor.

  This is a very elegant form of exhibiting the aaive principles
of Cinchona bark, and that in which it  will fit lighteft on weak
and delicate ftomachs.   The  trituration direaed by the  Dublin
College will promote the folution, and the addition of the mucil- 
♦
 Chap.  XXIII.]          Of Infusions.              525

 lage, will fufpend the fineft particle's of the fubftance of the bark
 itfelf.  The refiduum of the cold infufion may be afterwards em-
 ployed  in making other preparations, efpecially the extraa, for
 its virtues are by no means exhaufted.  But it muft never be dri*
 ed and fold, or exhibited in fubftance, for that would be a culpa-
 ble fraud.

           INFUSUM DIGITALIS PURPUREA.
                            Edin.
                    Infufion of Foxglove.
1 Take of
    Dried  leaves of foxglove, one drachm J
    Boiling water, eight ounces ;
    Spirit  of cinnamon, one ounce.
 Macerate for four hours, and filter.
    This  is  the infufion fo highly recommended by Withering.
 Half an  ounce, or  an  ounce of it, may be taken  twice a day in
 dropfical complaints.  The fpirit of cinnamon is added to improve
 its flavor, and to counteraa its fedative effeas.

 INFUSUM  GENTIANS LUTEAL  COMPOSITUM 5 vulgo,
    Infusum Amarum.     Edin.
 Compound Infufion of Gentiani or Bitter Infufion.
 Take of
    Gentian root, half an ounce ;
    Dried  peel of Seville oranges, one drachm j
    Coriander feeds, half a drachm  ;
    Diluted alcohol, four ounces;
    Water, one pound.
 Firft pour on the alcohol,  and three hours thereafter add the wa-
    ter ; then  macerate without heat for twelve hours, and ftraim

           Infusum Gentiana Compositum."
                            Lend.
                Compound Infufion of Gentian.
 Take of
    The root of gentian cut into pieces, one drachm ;
    Dried  orange peel, a drachm and a half ;
    Frefh outer rind of lemons, half an ounce ;
    Boiling water, twelve ounces by meafure.
 Macerate for an hour, and  ftrain.


 Take of
    Bruifed gentian root, two drachms;
    Frefh outer rind ot lemons, half an ounce ;
    Dried  peel of Seville oranges, a drachm and a half j 
524        Preparations and Compositions.      [Parti"-

  Diluted alcohol, four ounce^ ;
  Boiling water, twelve ounces.
Firft pour on the fpirit, and after three hours, the water.  Laftly,
  after macerating two hours, filter.

  These formulae do not differ materially.  The Edinburgh Col-
lege employ the largeft proportion of gentian ; but they infufe it
in cold water, which does not extraa the bitter principle fo quick-
ly or fo fully as boiling water, although it diffipates lefs  of the
flavor of the aromatics.  The alcohol is a ufeful addition, both in
promoting the extraaion of the virtues of all the ingtedients, and
in preferving the infufion longer from fpoiling.   This infufion is
an extremely good bitter; and is of great fervice in all cafes  where
bitters in general are neceffary.  It ftrengthens  the ftomach, and
increafes the appetite ; befides aaing as a tonic on the other parts
of the body, and on the vafcular fyftem.

INFUSUM MIMOSjE CATECHU; vulgo,  Infusum Ja-
  ponicum.               Edin.
    Infufion of Catechu,  commonly called Japonic Infufion.
Take  of
  Extrafcl of catechu, two drachms and a half ;
  Cinnamon,'half a drachm ;
  Boiling water, feven ounces ;
  Simple fyrup, one ounce.
Macerate the extraa and cinnamon in the hot water, in a covered
  veffel, for two hours ;  then ftrain it, and add the fyrup.

  Extract of catechu is almoft pure tanin.   This infufion is
therefore a powerfully aftringent folution.   The cinnamon and
fyrup render it a very agreeable  medicine,  which will be  found
ferviceable in fluxes proceeding from  a laxity of the inteftines.
Its dofe is a fpoonful or  two every other hour.

              INFUSUM RHEI PALMATE
                           Edin.
                     Infufion of Rhubarb.
Take  of
  Rhubarb,  half an ounce ;
  Boiling water, eight ounces ;
  Spirit of cinnamon, one ounce.
Macerate the rhubarb in  a clofe veffel  with the water, for twelve
  hours ; then having added the fpirit, ftrain the liquor.

  This appears to be one of the  beft preparations of rhubarb,
when defigned as a purgative ;  water  extraaing its  virtue more
effeaually than either vinous or fpirituous rnenftrua. 
Chap. XXIII.]        Of Infusions^                  525

              INFUSUM  ROS.E. GALLIC/E.
                           Edin.
                      Infufion of Rofes.       n
Take of
  The petals of red rofes, dried, one ounce ;
  Boiling water, five pounds ;
  Sulphuric acid, one drachm ;
  White fugar, two ounces.
Macerate the petals with  the boiling water in  an earthen veffel,
  which is not glazed with  lead,  for four hours ;  then having
  poured on the acid, ftrain the  liquor, and add the fugar.

                      Infusum Rosa.
                           Lond.          ——-~
                      Infufion of Rofes,
Take of
  Dried red rofes, half an ounce ;
  Diluted vitriolic acid, three drachms ;
  Boiling diftilled water, two pints and a half;
  Double refined fugar, one ounce and  a half.
Firft pour the  water on the  petals  in a glafs  veffe'l, then add the
  diluted vitriolic acid,  and macerate  for half an hour.   Strain
  the liquor, when cold,  and add the fugar.

    Infusum Rosarum ; olim, Tinctura Rosarum.
                           Dub.
         Infufion of Rofes,  formerly Tinclure of Rofes.
Take of
  The petals of red rofe buds, half an ounce ;
  Diluted vitriolic acid, three drachms ;
  Boiling water, three pounds;
  Double refined fugar, an  ounce and a half.
Firft mix the acid with the water in a glafs or glazed earthen vef-
  fel.  Macerate the petals  in the mixture, then add the fugar to
  the liquor when cold and ftrained.

  The difference in the direaions for preparing this infufion are
immaterial.  In fail, the  rofe leaves have very little  effea, ex-
cept in giving  the mixture an elegant red color.  Its fubacid and
aftringent virtues depend entirely on the fulphuric acid.  Alto-
gether, however, it is an elegant  medicine, and forms a very grate-
ful  addition to juleps in haemorrhagies, and in all cafes which re-
quire mild coolers and fubaftringents ; it  is fometimes taken with
bolufes or eleauaries of  the  bark,  and likewife  makes a good
gargle.
               ICT2 
 S26*        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part IlL

             INFUSUM SENN^fL SIMPLEX.
                           Lond.
                  Simple Infufion of Senna.
 Take of
   Senna, an OHmie and a half ;
   Ginger, powdered, one drachm ;
   Boiling diftilled water, one pint.
 Macerate them for one hour, in a covered veffel ; and ftrain  the1
   liquor when cold.

                     Infusum Senn^e.
                           Dub.
                     Infufion of Senna.
 Take of
   Senna, fix drachms ;
   Ginger, powdejed, half a drachm ;
   Boiling  water, ten ounces.
 Macerate them for an hour in a covered veffel, then filter.

   This is a very elegant infufion  of fenna, the ginger aaing as an
 ufeful corrigent.   But if the fenna were employed to the quantity
ofa drachm and a half, or two drachms only, in place, of the quan-
 tity here ordered, it would be more convenient, as it is of advan-
 tage that it fhould be ufed frefh as here prepared.  Of the prefent
 infufion, an ounce or two is a fufficient dofe.

        INFUSUM SENN.E TARTARISATUM.
                          Lond.
                 Tartarifed Infufion of Senna,
Take of
   Senna, one ounce and a half;
   Coriander feeds, bruifed, half an ounce \
   Cryftals of tartar, two drachms ;
   Diftilled water, one pint.
Diffolve the cryftals of tartar by boiling in the water; then pour
   the liquor, as yet boiling, on the fenna  and feeds.   Macerate for
  an hour in a covered veffel, and ftrain  when cold.

  The addition of fupertartrite of potafs renders the tafte of the
fenna lefs unpleafant, and alfo promotes  its aaion.

INFUSUM TAMARINDI INDICI cum CASSIA SENNA,
                          Edin.
              Infufion of Tamarinds and Senna,
Take of
  Preferved tamarinds, one ounce ;
   Senna, one drachm ;
   Coriander feeds, halt a drachm ; 
Chap. XXIV,]        Of Decoctions,                 *?27
  Brown fugar half an ounce ;
  Boiling water, eight ounces.
Macerate them for four  hours,  occafionally agitating them, in a
  clofe earthen veffel, not glazed with lead, and ftrain the liquor.
It may alfo be made  with double, triple,  &c. the  quantity of
  fe-ina.
  This forms a mild and ufeful purge, excellently fuited for del"
icate ftomachs, and inflammatory difeafes. The tafte of the fenna
is well covered by the aromatic fugar and by the acidity pf the
tamarinds.
                     CHAP.  XXIV.


                 DECOCTIONS.

   Decoctions differ from infufions only in  theaaipnof the
menftruum being affifted by  a  boiling heat.  At the fame time,
however, that the increafe of temperature facilitates and expedites
the folution of fome fixed principles, it gives others a tendency to
decompofition,  and diffipates all  volatile  matters.  Decoaion,
therefore, can only be ufed with advantage for the extraction of
principles which are  neither volatilized nor altered by boiling
beat,

        DECOCTUM ALTHjE^E OFFICINALIS.
                           Edin.
                  Decocliou of Marfhmallows.
Take of
  Dried marfhmallow roots, four ounces;
  Raifins of the fun, ftoned, two ounces ;
  Water, feven  pounds.
Boil to five pounds ;  place apart the fti lined liquor till the feces
  have fubfided, then pour off the clear liquor.
  Marshmallow roots contain nothing foluble in wafer,.ex-
cept mucilage, which is very abundant in them.   This decoaion
is therefore to be confidered merely as an emollient, rendered more
pleafant by the acidulous fweetnefs of the wrtTins.
                C3-.3 
528          Preparations' and Compositions.   [Pait. III.

DECOCTUM ANTHEMIDIS NOBILIS;  vulgo,  Dfcoc-
  tum Chamameli five Commune.
                         Edin.
         Common DecoBion, or DecoBion of Camomile.
Take of
  Camomile flowers, dried, one ounce ;
  Caraway feeds, half an ounce ;
  Water, five pounds.
Boil a quarter of an hour, and ftrain.

Decoctum  Cham/emeli ; five,  Decoctum  pro  Ene-
  MATE.                  Dub.
        Decoclion of Camomile, or Decoclion for Clyfters.
Take of
  Camomile flowers, dried, half an ounce ;
  Sweet fennel feeds, two drachms ;
  Water, a pound.
Boil a little, and ft*ain.

               Decoctum  pro Enemate.
                         Lond.
                   DecoBion for Clyfters.
Take of
  The leaves of mallow, dried, one ounce ;
  Camomile flowers, dried, half an ounce ;
  Water, one pint.
Boil and ftrain.

               Decoctum pro Fomento,
                          Lond.
                DecoBion for Fomentations.
Take of
  The leaves of fouthernwood, dried,
  The tops of fea wormwood, dried,
  Camomile flowers, dried, each one ounce ;
  Bay leaves, dried, half an ounce ;
  Diftilled water, fix pints.
Boil them a little, and ftrain.
  These decoaions are merely folutions  of bitter extraaive,
combined, in the third, with mucilage, and in the others with ef-
fential oils.  \n making  them, the  aromatic fubftances  fhould
not be added  until  the decoaion is nearly completed ; for other-
wife their flavor would be entirely diffipated.
  It muft however be acknowledged, that thefe impregnations are
for the moft part unneceffdry for the purpofe of clyfters ;  and in
prdinary cafes, the bulk and warmth produce a difcharge  before
$hefe medicines can have any effea. 
Chap. XXIV.]       Of Decoctjons,
529
  As fomentations,  their virtues are alfo  in a -great meafure to
be afcribed to the influence of the warm water ; and when the
herbs themfelves are applied, they aa only as retaining heat and
moifture for a longer time.

DECOCTUM  C1NCHON.-E OFFICINALIS; vulgo,  De-
  coctum Corticis Peruviani.
                           Edin.
                D:coBion  of Cinchona Bark.
Take of
  Cinchona bark, in powder, one ounce ;
  Water,  a pound and a halt.
Boil for  ten  minutes in a covered veffel, and ftrain the liquor
  while hot.                                         ,
           Decoctum Corticis Peru'viani.
                           Lond.
                DecoBion  of Peruvian Bark.
Take of
  Peruvian bark, powdered, one ounce ;
   Diftilled water, one pint and three ounces.
Boil for  ten  minutes  in a covered veffel, and ftrain the liquor
   while hot.
                            Dub.
Take of
   Peruvian bark, in coarfe powder, fix drachms;
  Water, eighteen ounces.
Boil for ten minutes in a veffel almoft covered, and ftrain the li-
   quor, while hot, through  linen.

   Cinchona bark readily yields its aaive principles to the ac-
tion of boiling water,  and  in greater quantity than cold water is
capable of retaining diffolved ; therefore, when a  faturated decoc-
tion cools, it becomes  turbid,  and there is always a depofition of
a yellowiffi or reddifh powder, while the fupernatant liquor  is re-
duced to the ftrength of a  faturated cold infufion.  Decoclion
therefore, prefents us with an eafy means of obtaining immediately
an  aaive  preparation of cinchona bark, and with.one ot greater
ftrength than a cold or even  a warm infufion, provided  it be drunk
while tepid, and before it forms any depofition, or if the precipi-
tate be diffufed by agitation, after it is formed.  As the precipi-
tate contains no  wooden fibre, or other inert matter, it  is extrema-
)y  probable that in very fmall dofes it would j^rove,  if dried, a
very powerful preparation of cinchona bark.
   Formerly  it  was  fuppofed that the  ftrength of a decoaion of
cinchona bark, and fimilar fubftances, was increafed by continuing
the boiling for a great length of time ; but this is now known to
                JC7" 4 
530        Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part III.

be a rniftake ; and indeed, after a  certain time, the decoaion be-
comes weaker inftead of ftronger,  becaufe water at different tem-
peratures is capable of diffolving only a determinate proportion of
their aaive principles ;  and therefore, as foon as it is  faturated,
any further decoaion is unneceffary.   But moreover, thefe  prin-
ciples, when diffolved in water, are liable  to be decompofed and
become inert,  by the abforption  of  atmofpheric oxygen, and
this decompofition is increafed by increafe of temperature ; and as
boiling conftantly prefents new furfaces to tbe aaion of the  air, it
is evidently hurtful when  protraacd longer than what is juft ne-
ceffary to faturate  the water.  Ten minutes  is fuppofed by  the
Colleges to be  fufficient for that purpofe.

           DECOCTUM DAPHNES MEZFREI.
                          Edin.
                    DecoBion of Mezereon.
Take of
   The bark of Mezereon root, two drachms;
   Liquorice root, bruifed, half an ounce ;
   Water, three pounds.
Boil it with a  gentle heat,  down to two pounds,  and ftrain it.
   From four to eight ounces of this decoaion may be given four
times a day, in fome obftinate venereal and rheumatic affeaions.
It operates chiefly by perfpiration.

          DECOCTUM  GEOFFRiE^E INERMIS.
                            Edin.
                DecoBion of Cabbage tree bark.
 Take of
   Bark of the cabbage tree, powdered, one ounce ;
   Water, two pounds.
 Boil it with a gentle fire down to  one pound, and ftrain.
   This  is a powerful anthelmintic.  It  may  be given in dofes
 of one table fpoonful to children, and tour to adults.  If difagree-
 able fymptoms  fhould arife from an  over dofe, or from drinking
 cold water during its aaion, we muft immediately purge with caf-
 tor oil, and dilute with acidulated drinks.

 DECOCTUM GUAIACI OFFICINALIS COMPOSITUM;
    vulgo, Decoctum Lignorum.
                            Edin.
 Compound Decision of Guaiac um, commonly called DecoBion of
    the Woods.
 Take of
    Guaiacurn  rafpings, three ounces;
    Raifins, ftoned, two ounces ;
    Saffafras root, 
Chap. XXIV.]         Of Decoctions.   ,             531

  Liquorice, each one ounce ;
  Water, ten pounds.
Boil the guaiacum and raifins with  the water, over a gentle fire,
  to tbe confumption of one half ;  adding, towards  the end, >*•>
  faffafras and liquorice.  Strain the liquorice, without expreffion.
  This decoaion is of ufe in fome rheumatic and cutaneous af-
feaions.   It may be taken  by itfelf, to th« quantity of a quarter
of a pint twice or thrice a day, or ufed  as an afliftant in a courfe
of mercurial or antimonial alteratives ; the patient, in either cafe,
keeping warm, in order to promote the cperation of the medicine.

            DECOCTUM HELLEBORI ALBI.
                           Lond.
                 DecoBion of White Hellebore.
 Take of
   The root of white hellebore, powdered, one ounce ;
   Diftilled water, two pints ;
   Reaified fp'nit of wine, two ounces.
 Boil the  water  with the root to one pint, and, the liquor being
   cold,  and ftrained, add to it tfie fpirit.
   This decoaion  is only ufed externally as a wafh, in tinea capi-
 tis, lepra,  pfora, &c.  When the fkin is very tender and irritable;
 it fhould be diluted with an equal quantity of water.

            DECOCTUM HORDEI  DISTICHI.
                            Edin.
                    Decoctum Hordei.
                            Lond.
               DecoBion of Barley. Barley Water.
 Take of
    Pearl barley, two ounces ;
    Water, five pounds.
  Firft wafh the barley  from the mealy matter that adhere« to it,
    with fome cold  water ;  then  boil it a  little with ahout half a
    pound of water,  to  extraa the coloring matter.  Throw this
    away; and put the barley thus purified into five pounds of boil-
    ing water, which is to be boiled down to one half, and  ftrained.

          DECOCTUM  HORDEI COMPOSITUM.
                            Lond.
                 Compound DecoBion of Barley.
  Take of
    The decoaion of barley, two pints ;
    Figs, fliced,  two ounces;
    Liquorice root,  fliced and bruifed, half an ounce ;
    Raifins, ftoned, two ounces ;
    Diftilled water, oue pint.
  Boil to two pints, and ftrain. 
 532         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part. III.

   These liquors are to be ufed freely, as diluting drinks, in fe-
 vers and other acute diforders; hence it is of confequence that they
 fhould  be prepared fo as to be as elegant and agreeable as poffible;
 fof this reafon they are inferted in the Pharmacopoeia, and the fev-
 eral circumftances which contribute to  their elegance fet down ;
 if any one of them be omitted,  the beverage will be lefs grateful.
 However trivial medicines of this clafs may appear to be, they are
 of greater importance in  the cure  of  acute difeafes than many
 more elaborate  preparations.
   Barley water, however, is much more  frequently prepared by
 nurfes than apothecaries, particularly in its fimple ftate.

          DECOCTUM POLYGAL^E SENEGA.
                           Edin.
                    DecoBion  of Seneka.
 Take of
   Seneka root, one ounce ;
   Water, two  pounds.
 Boil to fixteen  ounces, and ftrain.

   The virtues of this  decoaion  will be eafily underftood from
 thofe of the root from which it is prepared.   The dofe in hydro-
 pic cafes,  and rheumatic or arthritic complaints, is two  ounces,
 three  or four times a day, according to its  effea.

       DECOCTUM SMILACIS  SARSAPARILL^E,
                           Edin.
               Decoctum Sarsaparilla.
                         Lond.  Dub.
                  DecoBion of Sarfaparilla,
 Take of
  The root of farfaparilla, fliced, fix ounces ;
  Diftilled water, eight pints.
Macerate for two hours,  with a heat of about 1950 ;  then take out
  the  root, and bruife it ; return the bruifed root to the liquor,
  and again macerate it for two  hours.  Then,  the  liquor being
  boiled to the  meafure of four pints, prefs it out and ftrain.

  The  above formula is that of the London College ; and as that
of the Edinburgh  College differs from it only in omitting the fe-
cond maceration, and that of the Dublin in not expreffing the tem-
perature in which it  is to be performed, we thought  it unne-
ceffary  to  introduce them.  It  is indeed  a very doubtful  reme-
dy, and  its diaphoretic  effeas   are probably owing to its being
drunk warm.  It  is totally incapable of curing  fyphilis; but by
fome it is thought ufeful  in the fequelae  of that difeafe. 
Chap. XXIV.]        Of Decoctions.                 533

   DECOCTUM SARSAPARILLjE COMPOSITUM.
                        Lond.  Dub.
             Compound DecoBion of Sarfaparilla.
7"ake of
  The root of farfaparilla, fliced and bruifed, fix ounces ;
  Bark of the root of faffafras,
  Shavings of guaiacum wood,
  Liquorice root, bruifed, of each one ounce ;
  M-zereen, three drachms ;
  Diftilled water, ten pints.
Micerate,  with a gentle heat, for  fix hours ;  then boil it down to
  five pints, adding, towards the end of the boiling, the mezereon,
  and ftrain the  liquor.

  The  direaions  of the Dublin  College  only differ in adding
the liquorice root along with the mezereon, and in reducing the
quantity of the ingredients ufed to  one fourth part.
  This compound  decoaion is an  elegant  mode of preparing an
article once highly  celebrated under the title of the Lifbon diet
drink, which for a long time after its firft introduaion into Bri-
tain, was kept a  fecret ;  but  an account of the method of prepar-
ing it was  at length publifhed in the Phyfical and Literary Effays
of Edinburgh, by Dr. Donald Monro.
   It operates as a diaphoretic, and may be given with  advantage
in rheumatic cafes, and in fome of the fequelae of fyphylis.  Three
or four ounces may be taken four times a day.

                   DECOCTUM ULMI.
                            Lond.
                      DecoBion of Elm.
Take of
   The frefh inner bark of elm, bruifed, four ounces;
   Diftilled  water,  four pints,
Boil to  two pints, and ftrain.

   It has been chiefly, if not entirely, under this form of decoaion,
that the elm bark has been employed for combating thofe cutane-
ous eruptions, againft which it has of late been fo highly celebrat-
ed.  Any experience which  we have had ot it, however, in  aaual
praaice, by no means confirms the  very favorable account which
fome have given of its ufe. 
234        Preparations and  Compositions.     [Part  IIT.
          CHAP.  XXV,


MUCILAGES.
                   MUGILAGO AMYLL
                        Edin. Lond.
                     Mucilage of Starch.
 Take of
   Starch, half an ounce ;
   Water, one pound.
 Triturate the ftarch, gradually adding the water ; then boil them,
   a little.

   The London  College ufe only three drachms of  ftarch to one
 pound of water.  The  mucilage thus formed is very ufeful in
 thofe cafes where a glutinous fubftance  is required ; it  is often
 fuccefsfully employed as a glyfter, in diarrhoeas depending on ac-
 rimony in the inteftines.

     MUCILAGO ASTRAGALI TRAGACANTH^.
                           Edin.
                Mucilage of Gum Tragacanth.
 Take of
   Gum tragacanth, in powder, one ounce ;
   Boiling water, eight ounces.
 Macer-ate twentyfour hours ;  then triturate them carefully, that
   the gum may be diffolved ; and prefs the mucilage through
   linen cloth.

              Mucilago Traga: antha.
                          Lond.
                  Mucilage of Tragac i ntk.
Xake of
  Tragacanth, half an ounce ;
  Diftilled water, ten ounces, by meafure.
Macerate them, with a gervtle heat, till the tragacanth  be diffolvei. 
Chap. XXV.]        Of Mucilages.                  *$$
          Mucilago Cuwmi Tragacanth^:.
                          Dub.
                 Mucilage of Tragacanth.
Take of
  Gum tragacanth, in powder, one drachm ;
  Boiling water, eight ounces.
Diffolve the gum by digeftion ;* then ftrain the mucilage through
  linen.
  Gum Tragacanth is difficultly  foluble in water.  When
macerated in it, it fwells, but does  not diffolve.   To effea the
folution it muft be beaten into a pafte with fome  of  the water «
and the reft of  the water muft be added gradually, and incorpo-
rated with  the pafte by beating them together.  Gum tragacanth
1S a very tenaceous fubftance, and requires  a very large propor-
tion of water to form a fluid mucilage.  That of the Edinburgh
College, which is made with eight parts of water,  is a pdik rath-
•r than a mucilage.  The London mucilage is made with twenty
parts of water,  and the Dublin with fixty four.

         MUCILAGO MIMOSA NILOTIC^.
                           Edin.
                 Mucilage of Gum Arabic
Take of
  Gum Arabic in powder, one part ;
  Boiling water, two parts.
Digeft with frequent agitation, until the gum  be diffolved ; then
  prefs the mucilage through linerii

              Mucilago Arabici Gummi.
                          Lond.
                Mucilage of Gum Arabic.
Take of
  Gum Arabic, in powder, four ounces ;
  Boiling diftilled water, eight ounces.
Triturate the gum with the water until it be diffolved.

                          Dub.
fake of
Gum Arabic, in powder, four ounces ;
  Boiling water nine ounces.
Triturate the gum with the water, then prefs the mucilage through
  linen.
  It is very neceffary to pafs the mucilage through linen, in or-
der to free it from pieces of wood and other impurities, which al-
ways adhere to the gum ; the linen may be placed in a funnel. 
536        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part IIId

   Mucilage of gum arabic is  very ufeful in  many operations in
pharmacy ;  it is alfo much ufed for properties peculiar to  thofe
fubftances of its own clafs, and of all the gums it feems to be the
pureft.

      MUCILAGO SEMINUM CYDONTI MALI.
                           Lond.
                   Mucilage of Quince Seed.
Take of
   Quince feeds, one drachm  ;
  Diftilled water, eight ounces, by meafure.
Boil with a flow fire for ten minutes; then pafs it through linen.
  This mucilage, though  fufficiently  agreeable, is perteaiy fu-
perfluous, efpecially as it is apt to become mouldy, from being
mixed with the  other principles of the  feeds foluble in water.
                    CHAP.   XXVI.


                     s r r u p. s.


                        SYRUPI.

                          Lond.  Dub.
                            Syrups.
   In making fyrups, where we have not direaed either the weight
     of the fugar, or  the manner in which it fhould be diffolved,
     this is to be the rule :
Take of
   Double refined fugar, twenty nine ounces ;
   Any kind of liquor, one pint.
Diffolve the fugar in  the liquor, in a water bath ;  then fet it afide
   for twenty four hours; take off the fcum, and pour off the fyr-
   up from the feces it there he any.

   Th e above rule is prefixed to the chapter on fyrups in the Lon-
don Pharmacopoeia, and alfo in that of Dublin, except that the
latter defire a pound and a half of  the prefcribed liquor to be ta-
ken, and the folution to  be  boiled  down to one pound before it
be fet afide. 
Chap.  XXVI.]        Of'Syrups.                   537

       SYRUPUS  SIMPLEX, sive COMMUNIS.
                           Edin.
                 Simple or Common Syrup.
Take of
  Double refined fugar, fifteen parts ;
  Water, eight parts.
Let the fugar be diffolved by a gentle heat, and boiled a little, To
  as to form a fyrup.
  This preparation is a plain liquid fweet, void of flavor or co-
lor ; and is more convenient in extemporaneous prefcription than
fugar undiffolved.

              SYRUPUS  AC1DI  ACETOSI.
                           Edin.
                   Syrup of Acetous Acid.
Take of
  Acetous acid, two pounds and a half;
  Double refined fugar, three pounds and a half.
Boil them fo as to form fyrup.
  This  is to be confidered as fimple fyrup merely acidulated, and
is by no  means unpleafant.   It is often employed in mucilaginous
mixtures, and  the like ; and, on account of its  cheapnefs it  is of-
ten preterred to fyrup of lemons.

                    SYRUPUS ALLIL
                            Dub.
                       Syrup of Garlic.
Take of
   Garlic, fliced, one pound ;
   Double refined fugar, four pounds ;
  Boiling water, two pounds.
Macerate them in  a  clofe veffel for twelve hours ;  add to the
   ftrained liquor the fugar.
   This  is a very difagreeable fyrup ;  but when we wifh to ex-
traa the virtues of  garlic by  a watery menftruum it is the beft
means we can employ.

         SYRUPUS ALTHjE^E- OFFICINALIS.
                           Edin.
                    Syrup of Marjhmallow.
Take of
   Freffi  marfhmallow roots, one pound ;
   Water, ten pounds ;
  • Double refined fugar, four pounds ;
 Boil the water with the roots to the confumption of one half, and
  ftrain   the liquor, ftrongly expreffing it.  Suffer the ftrained  li- 
  538         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part IIL

  quor to reft till the  feces  have fubfided ; and  to thedepureted
  liquor add the fugar ;  then boil fo as to make a fyrup.

                    Syrupus  Althaa.
                           Lond.
                    Syrup of Marffimallow.
  Take of
    Frefh root of marffimallow, bruifed,one pound ;
    Double refined fugar, four pounds ;
    Diftilled water one gallon.
  Boil the water with the marffimallow root to one half, and prefs
    out the liquor when cold.  Set it  by twelve hours ; and after
    the feces have fubfided,pour  off the liquor.  Add the fugar,
    and boil  it to the weight of fix pounds.
    This is  merely a  mucilaginous fyrup, and is chiefly ufed in
 nephritic cafes, for fweetening emollient decoaions, and the like.

            SYRUPUS AMOMI ZINGIBERIS.
                            Edin.
                      Syrup of Ginger.
 Take of
   Beat ginger, three ounces ;
   Boiling water, four pounds ;           »
   Double refined fugar, feven pounds and a half.
 Macerate the ginger in the  water in  a clofe veffel, for twenty-
   four hours ;  then to the liquor flrained add the beat fugar, fo
   as to make a fyrup.

                  Syrupus £ingiberis.
                          Lond.
                      Syrup of Ginger.
 Take of
   Ginger, bruifed, four ounces ;
   Boiling diftilled water, three pints.
 Macerate for four hours, and ftrain ; then add double  refined fu-
   gar, and make into a fyrup, according to the general prefcrip-i
   tion.
   These are agreeable and moderately aromatic fyrups, impreg-
 nated with the flavor  and the virtues of the ginger.


             SYRUPUS CITRI AURANTIL
                          Edin.
                  Syrup of Orange Peel,
Take of
  The freffi  outer rind of Seville oranges, fix ounces j 
Chap.  XXVI.]         Of Syrups.
539
  Boiling water, three pounds ;
  Double refined fugar, four pounds.
Macerate the rind in the water for twelve hours;  then add to the
  filtered liquor the fugar, in powder, and apply a gentle heat, fo
  as to form a fyrup.

            Syrupus  Corticis Aurantii.
                       Lond.   Dub.
                   Syrup of Orange Peel.
Take of
  Frefh outer rind, of Seville oranges, eight ounces ;
  Boiling diftilled water, five pints.
Macerate for twelve hours, in a clofe veffel ; and, in the ftmined
  liquor, diffolve double refined fugar  to make a fyrup.

  In making this fyrup, it is particularly neceffary that the fugar
be previoufly powdered, and diffolved in the infufion with as gen-
tle a heat as  poffible, to prevent the exhalation of the volatile parts
of the  peel.  With thefe cautions, the fyrup proves a very ele-
gant and agreeable one, poffeffing a  great fhare of the fine  flavor
of the orange peel.

SYRUPUS CITRI MEDICI; olim, Syrupus  Limonum.
                           Edin.
                     Syrup of Lemons.
 Take of
   Juice of lemons, fuffered to ftand till the feces have fubfided,
     and afterwards ftrained, three parts ;
   Double refined fugar, five parts.
 Diffolve the fugar in the juice, fo as to make a fyrup.

                Syrupus Limonis Succi.
                       Lond. Dub.
                   Syrup of Lemon Juice.
 Take of
   Lemon juice, ftrained, after the feces have fubfided, two  pints;
   Double refined fugar,  fifty ounces (four pounds, Dub.)
 Diffolve the fugar fo as to form a fyrup.

   In the fame way are prepared,

           SYRUPUS SUCCI  FRUCTUS MORI.
                           Lond.
                  Syrup of Mulberry Juice.
          Syrupus Succi Fructus Rubi Idai.
                           Lond.
                  Syrup qfRqfpberry Juice.
             L  i 
540       Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part III.

         Syrupus Succi Fructus Ribis Nigri.
                          Lond.
                Syrup of Black Currant Juice;
  All thefe are very pleafant cooling fyrups ; and with this in-
tention they are occafionally ufed  in  draughts  and juleps, for
quenching thirft, abating heat, &c.  in bilious or  inflammatory
diftempers.  They are  fometimes likewife employed in garga-
rifms for inflammations of the mouth and tonfils.

         SYRUPUS COLCHICI  AUTUMNALIS.
                          Edin.
                    Syrup of Colchicum.
Take of
  Colchicum root, frefh and fucculent,  cut  into  fmall  pieces,
  one ounce ;
  Vinegar, fixteen ounces;
  Double refined fugar twentyfix ounces.
Macerate the root in the vinegar two days, now and then ffiaking
  the veffel;  then ftrain it with a gentle preffure ; to the ftrained
  liquor add the fugar, and boil a little, fo as to form a fyrup.

  This fyrup feems to be the beft preparation of the  colchicum.
We muft take care to gather this root in the proper feafon ; and
from errors in this particular we are to afcribe  the  uncertainty in
the effeas of  this  medicine as found in the fhops.
  The fyrup  of colchicum  is often fuccefsfully employed as a di-
uretic, and may be taken from a drachm or two to the extent of
an ounce or more.

         SYRUPUS DIANTHI CARYOPHYLM.
                          Edin.
                 Syrup of Clove July Flower.
Take of
  Clove July flowers, frefh gathered and freed  from  the heels,
     one pound ;
  Double refined fugar, feven pounds ;
  Boiling water, four pounds.
Macerate the petals in the water for twelve hours ; then to the
  ftrained liquor add the fugar previoufly beat, and diffolve it by
  a gentle heat, fo as to form a fyrup.

             Syrupus Caryophylli Rubri.
                           Lond.
                 Syrup of Clove July Flower.
Take of
  Frefh clove July flowers, two pounds  ;
  Boiling diftilled water, fix pints. 
Chap. XXVI.]         Of Syrups.
541
Macerate for twelve hours in a glafs veffel;  and in the  ftrained
  liquor, diffolve double refined fugar, fo as to form a fyrwp.
  As the beauty of  the color is a principal quality in this fyrup,
no force in the way of expreffion  fhould be ufed in feparating
the liquor from the flowers.
  Some have fubftituted to it one eafily prepared at feafons when
the flowers are not to be procured ;  an ounce of clove fpice is in-
fufed for fome days  in  twelve ounces of white  wine, the  liquor
ftrained, and, with the addition of twenty ounces of fugar,  boiled
to a  proper confiftence ; a little cochineal  renders the  color of
this fyrup exaaiy fimilar to that prepared  from the  above July
flower ;  and its flavor is of the fame  kind, though not fo  pleaf-
ant.   The  abufe may be   readily  deteaed by  adding to a little
of the fyrup fome alkaline fait or ley ; which will change the gen*
uine fyrup to  a green color ; but in the counterfeit, it will make
no fuch alteration, only varying the ffiade  of the red.

                   SYRUPUS CROCI.
                           Lond.
                     Syrup of Saffron.
  Take of
  Saffron, one ouncei
  Boiling diftilled water* one pint.
Macerate the faffron,  in the water, for twelve hours, in a clofe
  veffel ; and  diffolve double refined fugar in  the ftrained liquor,
  that it may be made a fyrup.
  Saffron is very well  fitted  for  making a  fyrup, as in this
form a fufficient dofe of, it is contained in a reafonable compafs,
This fyrup is a pleafant cordial,  and gives a fine color to juleps.

                   SYRUPUS MANN.E.
                            Dub.
                      Syrup of Manna,
Take of
  Manna,
  Double refined fugar, each one pound ;
  Senna half an ounce ;
  Boiling water,  a pound.
Macerate the fenna  in the  water, in a covered veffel, for twelve
  hours ; then, with the ftrained liquor, mix  the manna and the
  fugar, fo that they may be diffolved.
  This fyrup is a  mild  purgative,  and  well  adapted to chil*
dren and perfonsofa delicate conftitution.
               ICP 2 
543       Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

         SYRUPUS PAPAVERIS SOMNIFERI.
                           Edin.
                  Syrup of White Poppies.
Take of
  White  poppy  heads, dried,  and  freed from the  feeds,  twe
     pounds ;
  Boiling water, thirty pounds ;
  Double refined fugar, four pounds.
Macerate the  fliced heads in the water for twelve hours ; next
  boil till only one third part of the liquor remain ;  then ftrain
  it, by expreffing it  ftrongly.   Boil the  ftrained liquor to the
  confumption of one half, and ftrain again ; laftly, add the fugar,
  and boil a little fo as to form a fyrup.

                Syrupus Papaveris Albi.
                           Lond.
                    Syrup of White Poppy.
Take of
  The heads of white poppies, dried, three pounds and a half ;
  Double refined fugar, fix pounds ;
  Diftilled water, eight gallons.
Slice and bruife the  heads, then boil them in the water, to three
  gallons, in a water  bath, faturated with fea  fait, and  prefs out
  the  decoaion.  Reduce this, by boiling to about four pints, and
   ftrain it while hot,  through a fieve, then through a thin woollen
   cloth, and fet it afide for twelve hours, that the  feces may fub-
   fide.  Boil  the liquor, poured off from ihe feces, to  three pints,
  and diffolve the fugar in it, that it may be made a fyrup.
  This fyrup, impregnated with the opiate matter of  the poppy
heads, is given to children in dofes of two or three drachms ;  to
adults, from half an ounce to an  ounce and upwards, for eafing
pain, procuring reft, and anfwering the other intentions of  mild
opiates.   Particular care is requifite in its preparation, that it may
be  always made, as nearly as poffible, of the fame  ftrength ; and
accordingly the Colleges have been very minute in their defcrip-
tion of the procefs.
                     SYRUPUS OPII.
                            Dub.
                       Syrup of Opium.
Take  of
   Extraa of opium, fortyeight grains ;
   Boiling water, three pounds.
Macerate until the opium be diffolved, then add  double  refined
   fugar, fo as to make a fyrup according to the general formula.
  This fyrup is an elegant fubftitute for the former.   It is made
with infinitely lefs trouble, and is always of an uniform ftrength.
It contains about two grains and a half of opium in the ounce. 
Chap. XXVI.]          Of Syrups.
543
           SYRUPUS PAPAVERIS  ERRATICl.
                           Lond.
                    Syrup of Red Poppey.
 Take of
   The freffi flowers of the red poppey, four pounds ;
   Boiling diftilled water, four pints and a half.
 Put the flowers,  by degrees, into the boiling water, in a water
   bath, conftantly ftirring them.  After this, the veffel being ta-
   ken out of the bath, macerate  for twelve hours;  then prefs out
   the liquor, and fet it apart, that the feces may fubfide.   Laftly,
   make it into a fyrup, with double refined fugar.
   The defign of putting the flowers into boiling water in a water
 bath is, that they may be a little fcalded,  fo as to fhrink enough to
 be all immerged in the water ; without this artifice they can fcarce
 be all got in ; but they are to be continued no longer over the fire
 than till this  effea is produced,  left the  liquor become too thick,
 and the fyrup be rendered ropy.
  As a medicine it is perfeaiy infignificant.

          SYRUPUS RHAMNI CATHARTICI.
                           Edin.
                    Syrup  of Buckthorn.
 Take of
   The juice of ripe buckthorn berries, depurated, two parts ;
   Double refined fugar, one part.
 Boil them fo as to form a fyrup.

                Syrupus Spina Cervina.
                           Lond.
                    Syrup of Buckthorn.
 Take of
   The freffi juice of ripe buckthorn berries, one gallon ;
   Ginger, bruifed, one ounce ;
   Pimento, powdered, one ounce and a half;
   Deuble refined fugar, feven pounds.
 Set by the  juice  for three days, that the feces may fubfide, and
  ftrain. Macerate the ginger and pimento in a pint of the ftrain-
  ed juice for four hours, and ftrain.   Boil away the reft of the
  juice to three pints ; then add  that part of the juice in which
  the ginger and pimento have been macerated ;  and, laftly, the
   fugar, that it may be made a fyrup.
  Both thefe preparations, in dofes of three or four fpoonfuls,
operate as brifk cathartics.  The principal inconveniences attend.
ing them are, their being very unpleafant, and their occafioning a
thirft and drynefs of the mouth and fauces, and fometimes violent
gripes ;  thefe effeas may be prevented  by  drinking  liberally of
water gruel, or other warm liquids, during the operation,
           <&T 3 
 544         Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

              SYRUPUS ROSyE GALLIC^.
                            Edin.
                     Syrup of Red Rofes.
 Take of
   The dried petals of red rofes, feven ounces ;
   Double refined fugar, fix pounds ;
   Boiling water, five pounds.
 Macerate the rofes in the water for twelve hours, then boil them a
   little and ftrain the liquor, add to it the fugar, boil  them  again
   for a little fo as to form a fyrup.

   This fyrup is fuppofed to be mildly aftringent;  but is  prin-
 cipally valued on account of its red color.

              Syrupus  Rosa Centifolia.
                           Edin.
                   Syrup of Damaft. Rofes.
 Take of
   The frefh petals of the damafk rofe, one pound ;
   Boiling water, four pounds;
   Double refined fugar, three pounds.
 Macerate the rofes in the water for a night ; then  to  the liquor
   ftrained, and freed from the dregs, add the fugar ; boil them in-
   to a fyrup.

                    Syrupus Rosa.
                           Lond.
                      Syrup of Rofes.
 1 ake ot
   The dried petals of the damafk rofe, feven ounces;
   Double refined  fugar, fix pounds ;
   Boiling diftilled water, four  pints.
 Macerate the rofes in the water for twelve hours, and ftrain.   E-
   vaporate the ftrained liquor  to two pints and an half, and add
   the fugar, that it may be made a fyrup.

   This fyrup is an agreeable and mild purgative for children, in
 the dofe of half  a fpoonful, or a fpoonful.  It likewife proves
 gently laxative to adults ;  and with this intention may be of fer-
 vice in coftive habits.

            SYRUPUS SCILLA MARITIME.
                          Edin.
                      Syrup of Squills.
 Take of
   Vinegar of fquills, two  pounds ;
   Double refined  fugar in powder, three pounds and a half.
Diffolve the fugar with a gentle heat, fo as to form a fyrup. 
Chap. XXVI.]         Of Syrups.                   545

  This fyrup was formerly prepared with fome fpices, intended
to diminifh the offenfivenefs of the  fquills ; but while they had
not this effea, they often counteraaed the intention in view, and
arc  therefore omitted.  It is ufed chiefly in dofes of a fpoonful 01
two, for promoting expeaoration, which it does very powerfully.

SYRUPUS TOLUIFER.E  BALSAMI; vulgo,  Syrupus
  Balsamicus.           Edin.
       Syrup of Balfam ofTolu, formerly  Balfamic Syrup.
Take of
  Common Syrup, two pounds ;
  Tinaure ot balfam of Tolu,.one ounce.
With the fyrup recently prepared, and when it has almoft grown
  cold, after it has been removed from the fire, gradually mix the
  tinaure with conftant agitation.

                 Syrupus Tolutanus,
                          Lond.
                      Syrup ofTolu,
Take of
  The balfam of Tolu, eight ounces  ;
  Diftilled water,  three pints.
Boil for two hours.  Mix  the double refined fugar with the liquor,
  ftrained after it is cold, that it may be made a fyrup.
  The intention of the contrivers of the two foregoing proceffes
feems to have been fomewhat different. In the  latter, which  is
certainly the moft  elegant, the benzoic acid of  the balfam  alone
is contained ;  the other fyrup contains the whole fubftance of the
balfam in larger quantity.  They are both  moderately impregnat-
ed with the agreeable flavor of the balfam,

            SYRUPUS VIOL^E ODORAT.E.
                          Edin.
                      Syrup of Violets.
Take of
  Freffi violets, one pound ;
  Boiling water, four pounds ;
  Double refined fugar, feven pounds and  a half.
Macerate  the violets in the water for twenty four hours in a glafs
  or a glazed earthen veffel,  clofe covered  ; then ftraia  without
  expreffion, and  to the ftrained liquor add the fugar, powdered,
  and make into a fyrup.

                    Syrupus  Viola.
                       Lond. Dub.
                     Syrup of Violets.
Take of
  The frefli petals of the violet, two pounds ;
  Boiling diftilled water, five pints, (fix pounds, Dub.)
              63-4 
546          Preparations  and  Compositions.   [Part III.
Macerate for twentyfour  hours ; afterwards ftrain the liquor,
  without expreffion, through thin linen.  Add double refined
  fugar, that it may be made a fyrup.
  This fyrup has  a very agreeable flavor ;  and in the quantity
of a fpoonful or two proves to children gently laxative.   It is apt
to lofe, in keeping, the elegant blue color, for which it is chiefly
valued ; and hence fome have been induced to counterfeit it with
materials whofe color is  more permanent, and  which  are  more
eafily obtained.  This abufe may  be readily difcovered, by add-
ing to a little of the fufpeaed fyrup any acid or alkaline liquor.
If the fyrup  be genuine,  the acid will change it red, and the alka-
li green ; but it counterfeit, thefe changes will not happen.  From
this mutability of the color of the violet, it forms an excellent teft
of the prefence of acids and alkalies ; and, it is alfo obvious, that
a prefcriber would be  deceived if he ffiould expea to give any
blue tinge to acidulated or alkalized juleps or mixtures, by  the
addition of the blue fyrup.
            CHAP.  XXVII.

MEDICATED  H.ONEYS.
                 MEL  DESPUMATUM.
                        Edin.   Dub.
                      Clarified Honey,
                 Mellis Despumatio.
                          Lond.
                 The Clarification of Honey.
  Melt the honey in a water bath, and remove the fcum as it rifes.
  In this fimple procefs,  the honey is rendered fo liquid by the
heat of the boiling water,  that the wax and other  lighter  impuri-
ties which it commonly contains, rife to the furface in the form of
a fcum, which is eafily removed.  At the fame time, fand or any
heavier mixture of that kind finks to the bottom.

                    Mel Acetatum.
                           Lond.
                      Acetated Honey.
                   Oxymel Simplex.
                           Dub.
                      Simple Oxymel.
Take of
  Clarified honey, two pounds ;
  Diftilled vinegar, one pound by weight, 
Chap. XXVII.]      Of Medicated Honeys.          547
Boil them in a glafs veffel with a gentle fire to the confiftency of
  a fyrup, (Lond.)
Having mixed them, bring them  thrice to boil in a  glafs veffel,
  and remove the fcum each time, (Dub.)

  This was once ia great repute as a cooling and attenuating me-
dicine ; it is fcarcely ufed in modern praaice, except in colds at-
tended with coughs, and in fore throats, for which, when diluted
with  fome aromatic or  aftringent  infufion, as fage tea,  rofe
flower tea, &c. it makes ufeful gargles.

                 OXYMEL COLCHICL
                           Lend.
                 Oxymel of Meadow Saffron.
Take of
  The frefh root of meadow faffron, cut into thin flices, one ounce ;
  Diftilled vinegar, one pint ;
  Clarified honey, two pounds.
Macerate the root of meadow faffron, with the vinegar, in a glafs
  veffel, with a gentle heat, for forty eight hours. Strain the li-
  quor, preffed  out ftrongly from the root,  and  add the honey.
  Laftly, boil the mixture, frequently  ftirring it with  a  wooden
  fpoon, to the thicknefs of a fyrup.
  This  is an aaive preparation, but  its ufe may  be  entirely
fuperfeded by the fyrup of the fame  root.

                       MEL ROS.E.
                         Lond. Dub.
                       Honey of Rofes,
Take ot
  Dried  red rofe buds (with the heels cut off, Dub.) four  ounces;
  Boiling diftilled water, three pints ;
  Clarified honey (Honey, Dub.) five pounds.
Macerate the rofe leaves in the water for fix hours ;  then mix the
  honey with the ftrained liquor,  and  boil  the mixture to the
  thicknefs of a fyrup  (removing the fcum, Dub.)
  This  preparation is not unfrequently  ufed as a mild cooling
detergent, particularly  in gargarifms for ulcerations and  inflam-
mation of the mouth and tonfils.  Therofebuds here ufed ffiould
be haftily dried, that  they may the better preferve their aftrin-
gency.
  The Dublin College, in making this and other fimilar prepa-
rations, ufe unclarified honey, with the idea, probably, that it may
be equally well  clarified in the courfe of the preparation  itfelf.
This is no doubt true, but as we do not know what effea  the clar-
ification  may have on  the aaive fubftances added to the honey,
we  think that the ufe of clarified honey, as directed by the  London
College, is preferable. 
548       Preparations  and  Compositions.      [Part III.

                     MEL  SCILLvE.
                          Lond.
                    Mel  Scilliticum.
                             Dub.
                      Honey of Squills.
Take of
  Clarified honey (Honey, Dub.) three pounds;
  Tinaure of fquills, two pints.
Boil them in a glafs veffel to the  thicknefs of a fyrup (removing
  the fcum, Dub.)
  The honey will here be impregnated with all  the aaive parts
of the fquills which the tinaure before contained, and may be em-
ployed as an ufeful expeaorant or diuretic.

                   OXYMEL  SCILLA.
                          Lond.
                     Oxymel of Squills,.
Take of
  Clarified honey, three pounds;
  Vinegar of fquills, two pints.
Boil them in a glafs veffel,  with a flow fire, to the thicknefs of a
fyrup.
  Oxymel of fquills is a ufeful aperient,  detergent, and expec-
torant, and of great fervice in humoral afthmas, coughs and other
diforders  where thick phlegm  abounds.  It is given in  dofes of
two or three drachms, along  with fome aromatic water, as that ot
cinnamon, to prevent the great naufea  which  it would otherwife
be apt to  excite.   In large dofes,  it proves emetic.

                 OXYMEL ^RUGINIS.
                          Lond.
                    Oxymel of Verdegris.
Take of
  Prepared verdegris, one;Ounce ;
  Vinegar, feven ounces.
  Clarified honey, fourteen ounces,
Diffolve the verdegris in the vinegar, and ftrain it through linen ;
  then add the honey, and boil the whole to  a proper thicknefs.
  It  is ufed only externally for cleanfing foul ulcers, and keep-
ing down  fungous  fleffi.   It is alfo often ferviceable in venereal ul-
cerations  of the mouth and tonfils: But there is fome danger from
its application to places from the fituation of which it is apt to be
fwallowed ; for even a fmall quantity of verdegris paffing into the
ftomach may beproduaiveof diftrefling, if not deleterious effeas. 
Chap.  XXVIII.] Of Emulsions and Mixtures.      549
CHAP.  XXVIII.
EMULSIONS and  MIXTURES.
  In this chapter we comprehend thofe mixtures in which oils
and other fubftances infoluble in water, are mixed with and fuf-
pended in watery fluids, by means of mechanical divifion and vif-
cid fubftances, fuch as mucilages and fyrups.

        EMULSIO AMYGDALAE COMMUNIS,
                         Edin.
                    Almond Emulfion.
Take of
  Sweet Almonds, one ounce;
  Water, two pounds and a half.
Beat the blanched almonds in a ftone mortar, gradually pouring on
  them the water;  then ftrain off the liquor.

                   Lac Amygdala.
                         Lond.
                  J,ac Amygdalarum.
                         Dub,
                      Almond Milk.
Take of J
  Sweet almonds, an ounce and a half.
  Double refined fugar, halt an ounce.
  Diftilled water,  two pints.
Beat the almonds with the fugar ; then rubbing them together,
  add by degrees the water, and ftrain the liquor.

                 EMULSIO ARABICA.
                        Edin.
                    Arabic  Emulfion.
  This is made in the fame manner as the almond emulfion;
  only adding, while beating the almonds,
  Mucilage of gum Arabic, two ounces. 
550       Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

                   Emulsio Arabica.
                           Dub.
                      Arabic Emulfion.
Take of
  Gum Arabic in powder, two drachms ;
  Almonds blanched, half an ounce ;
  Double refined fugar, three drachms ;
  Decoaion of barley, one pound.
Diffolve the gum in the warm decoaion,  and when it is almoft
  cold, pour it upon the almonds,  previoufly well beaten with
  the fugar, and at the fame time triturate them together, fo as to
  form a kind of milk, and then filter.
  All thefe may be confidered as poffeffing nearly the fame qual-
ities.  They are merely mechanical fufpenfions of oil of almonds
in watery fluids, by  means either of the mucilage with which it
is naturally, combined in the almonds by itfelf, or affifted by the
addition of gum Arabic  and fugar.   Therefore, on ftanding for
fome days, the oily matter feparates  and rifes to the top, not in a
pure form, but like thick cream.  By  heat the fame decompofi-
tion is immediately effeaed.
  Great care  fhould be  taken that the almonds have not become
rancid by keeping ;  which will not only render the  emulfion ex-
tremely unpleafant, a circumftance of great confequence in a med-
icine that requires to be taken in large quantities, but likewife
give it injurious qualities.
  The almonds are blanched by  infufing them in boiling water,
and peeling them.   The fuccefs of the preparation depends upon
the  attention paid  to beating the almonds to a fmooth pulp, and
to triturate them with each  portion of the watery fluid, fo as to
form an uniform mixture before another portion be added.
  Thefe liquors are principally ufed for diluting and obtunding
acrimonious humors ; particularly in heat of urine  and ftrangu-
ries, arifing either from a natural fharpnefs  of the juices, or from
the  operation  of cantharides,  and other irritating medicines ; in
thefe cafes  they are to  be  drunk frequently, to the quantity of
half a pint or  more at a time.

              EMULSIO  CAMPHORATA.
                           Edin.
                   Camphorated Emulfion.
Take of
  Camphor, one fcruple;
  Sweet almonds, blanched, two drachms ;
  Double refined fugar, one drachm ;
  Water, fix  ounces.
This is to be made in the fame manner  as the common emulfion^ 
Chap. XXVIII.]   Of Emulsions and Mixtures.       551

                 MlSTURA CAMPHORATA.
                           Lond.
                    Camphorated Mixture.
Take of
   Camphor, one drachm;
   Reaified fpirit ot wine, a little ;
   Double refined fugar, half an ounce ;
   Boiling diftilled water, one pint.
Rub the camphor firft with the fpirit of  wine, then with the fu-
   gar ;  laftly, add the water by degrees, and ftrain the mixture.
   While camphor  is often exhibited in a folid  ftate, it is fre-
quently alfo advantageous to employ it as diffufed in watery flu-
ids ;  and with this intention the latter formula is perhaps one of
the moft fimple, the union being effeaed merely by the aid of  a
fmall quantity of fpirit of wine and a little fugar.   The form of
emulfion in  which the union is effeaed,  by triturating the cam-
phor with a few almonds, is however much fuperior ; for the unc-
tuous  quality of the almonds  ferves in  a confiderable degree to
cover the pungency of the camphor, without diminifhing its ac-
tivity.  Camphor, under both forms,  is very ufeful in fevers, ta-
ken to the extent of a table fpoonful every three  or  four hours.
It is a curious quantity of fpirit  which the London College has
ordered ; more efpecially fince in a former edition the  quantity
of fpirit was fpecified, viz. ten drops.

                    LAC AMMONIAC!
                         Lond.  Dub.
                 Emulfion of Gum Ammoniac.
Take of
   Gum ammoniac, two  drachms ;
   Diftilled water, half a pint  (eight ounces, Dub.)
Rub the gum refin with the water,  gradually  poured on, until it
   becomes an emulfion.

                    Lac Asa Foetida.
                           Lond.
                    Emulfion of Afafcetida.
In the fame manner may be made an emulfion of afa fcetida, and
   of the reft of the gum refins.
   The lac ammoniaci is employed for attenuating tough phlegm,
and promoting expeaoration, in  humoral  afthmas, coughs, and
obftruaions of the vifcera.  It may be given  to the quantity of
two fpoonfuls twice a day.
   The lac afa fcetida is employed in fpafmodical, hyfterical, and
other nervous affeaions.  And it is alfo not unfrequently ufed
under the form of injeaion.   It anfwers the fame purpofes as afa
fcetida'in fubftance.

                                                                    I 
552        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

                MISTURA MOSCHATA.
                          Lond.
                      Mufk Mixture.
Take of
  Mufk, two fcruples ;
  Gum Arabic, powdered,
  Double  refined fugar, of each one drachm ;
  Rofe water, fix ounces by meafure.
Rub the mufk firft with the fugar, then with the gum, and add the
  rofe water by degrees.

  This had formerly the name of Julepum e  mofcho, and was in-
tended as an improvement upon the Hyfieric  julep with mufk of
Bates.   The julep appears turbid at firft :  On ftanding a little
time, it depofites a brown powder, and becomes clear,  but at the
fame time  lofes great part of its virtue.  This  inconvenience may
be prevented by thoroughly grinding the mufk with gum Arabic
before the addition of the water : By means of the gum, the whole
fubftance of the mufk is kept fufpended in the water.

POTIO CARBONATIS CALCIS; olim.PoTio Cretacea.
                          Edin.
                       Chalk Potion.
Take of                               ,
  Prepared carbonate of lime, one ounce ;
  Double  refined fugar, half an ounce ;
  Mucilage of gum Arabic, two ounces.
Triturate together, and then gradually add of
  Water, two pounds and a half ;
  Spirit of cinnamon, two ounces.
Mix them.

                 Mistura Cretacea.
                       Lond.   Dub.
                      Chalk Mixture.
Take of
  Prepared chalk, one ounce ;  (half an ounce, Dub.)
  Double  refined fugar, fix drachms ; (three drachms,  Dub.)
  Gum Arabic, powdered, one ounce ;
  Diftilled water, two pints ; (fifteen ounces, Dub.)
Mix them.

  This is a verv elegant form of exhibiting chalk, and is an ufe-
ful remedy in difeafes arifing from, or accompanied with acidity
in the pri.'<ae viae.  It is frequently  employed in  diarrhcea pro-
ceeding from that caufe.  The mucilage not only  ferves to keep
the chalk uniformly diffufed, but alfo improves its virtues.   The 
Chap. XXIX.]     Medicated  Vinegars.            553

dofe of this medicine requires no nicety.  It may be taken to  the
extent of a pound or two in the courfe of a dayl
  Thefe two preparations agree pretty much, both in their name
and in their nature ;  but  that of the Edinburgh  College is mo it
agreeable to the palate, from containing a proportion of cinnamon
water, by which the difagreeable tafte ot the chalk is taken off.

             DECOCTUM CORNU CERVI.
                           Lond.
                   DecoBion of tiartfihorn.
Take of
  Burnt and prepared hartfhorn, two ounces ;
  Gum Arabic, fix drachms ;
  Diftilled water, three pints.
Boil,  conftantly ftirring, to two pints ;  and ftrain.
  Prepared hartfhorn is phofphate of lime in a minute ftate of
mechanical  divifion.  By boiling in the mucilaginous liquid, it
will be diffufed and imperfeaiy fufpended, but not a particle of it
will be diffolved. This is therefore an extremely injudicious pre-
paration ; for phofphate of lime would  be  much more eafily  and
effeaually fufpended by triturating  it with  a larger proportion of
gum Arabic, and adding  the water gradually.  But we believe
that this  preparation has no other aaion than that of a weak mu-
cilage.
CHAP.  XXIX.
            MEDICATED  VINEGARS.


  Infusions  of  vegetable fubftances  in acetous acid are com-
monly called Medicated Vinegars.  The aaion ot the acid in this
cafe may be confidered as two told.
  1.  It aas fimply as water, in confequence of the great quantity
of water which enters into its compofition, and generally  extraas
every thing which water is capable of extraaing.
  2.  It exerts its own peculiar aaion as an acid.  In confequence
of this, it fometimes  increafes the folvent power of its watery
portion, or diffolves fubftances which water alone is  incapable of
diffolving, and  in a few inftances it impedes  the folution of fub-
ftances which water alone would diffolve. 
554         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.
  As acetous acid, in itfelf fufficiently perifhable, has its tenden-
cy to decompofition commonly encreafed, by the folution  of any
vegetable matter in it,  it fhould never be ufed  as a menftruum,
unlefs where it promotes the folution of the folvend, as in extraa-
ing the acrid principle of fquills, colchicum, &c. and in diffolv-
ing the volatile, and efpecially the empyreumatic oils, or where
it coincides with the virtues of the folvend.

               ACETUM  AROMAT1CUM.
                           Edin.
                       Aromatic Vinegar.
 Take of
  Tops of rofemary, dried,
  Leaves of fage dried, each four ounces ;
  Flowers of lavender dried, two ounces ;
  Cloves, two drachms ;
  Diftilled acetous acid, eight pounds.
Macerate for four days, exprefs the liquor, and ftrain it.
  This is given as an improved preparation of the Vinaigre des
quatre voleurs, which was  fuppofed  to be a certain prophylaaic
againft the contagion of plague, and fimilar difeafes.  It is  in faa
a pleafant folution  ot  effential oils  in vinegar, which will have
more effea in correaing bad fmells than in preventing fever.

                  ACETUM  COLCHICI.
                         .  Dub.
                 Vinegar of Meadow Saffron.
 Take of
   The recent root of colchicum cut in flices, one ounce ;
   Vinegar, one pound ;
   Diluted fpirit of wine, one ounce and a half.
 Macerate the root in the vinegar for  four days, in a glafs  veffel,
   frequently agitating  them  ; then exprefs the acid, to which de-
   canted from the fecejs, after they have fubfided, add the fpirit.
   The acrid principle in which the virtue of the colchicum re-
 fides, is more foluble in vinegar than in water ; this is therefore a
 preparation of confiderable aaivity.  The diluted alcohol is add-
 ed merely to prevent it from fpoiling.

            ACETUM SCILLA  MARITIME.
                            Edin
                      Vinegar of Squills,
 Take of
   Dried root of fquills, two ounces;
   Diftilled acetous acid, two pounds and a half;
   Alcohol, three ounces. 
Chap. XXIX.]   Of Medicated Vinegars.           555
 Macerate the fquills with the acetous acid for feven days ;  then
   prefs out theacid, to which add the alcohol; and when the feces
   have fubfided, pour off the clear liquor.

                     Acetum Scilla.
                           Lond.
                      Vinegar of Squills,
 Take of
   Squills, recently dried, one pound;
   Vinegar, fix pints ;
   Proof fpirit, half a pint.
 Macerate the fquills with the  vinegar in a glafs veffel, with a
   gentle heat for twentyfour hours ; then exprefs the liquor, and
   fet it afide until the feces fubfide.   To the decanted liquor add
   the fpirit.

                  AcetUm Scilliticum.
                           Dub.
                       Squill Vinegar.
 Take of
   Squills, recently dried, half a pound ;
   Vinegar, three pounds;
   Proof fpirit, four ounces.
 Macerate the fquills in the vinegar for four days in a glafs veffel,
   frequently agitating it; then  exprefs the acid, to which, poured
   from the feces after they have fubfided, add the fpirit.

   Vinegar  of fquills is a  medicine of great antiquity.   It is
 a very powerful ftimulant; and hence it is frequently ufed, with
 great fuccefs, as a diuretic and expeaorant.  The dofe of this me-
 dicine is from a drachm to half an ounce ;  where crudities abound
 in the  firft paffages, it may be given at firft in a larger dofe, to
 evacuate them by vomiting.  It is moil  conveniently exhibited
 along with cinnamon,  or other agreeable aromatic waters, which
 prevent the naufea it would otherwife, even in fmall dofes, be apt
to  occafion.

       ACIDUM ACETOSUM CAMPHORATUM.
                           Edin.
                 Camphorated Acetous  Acid.
Take of
  The  ftronger acetous acid, fix ounces ;
   Camphor, half an ounce;
  Alcohol, a fufficient quantity.
Reduce the  camphor to powder, by triturating it with the alco-
  hol ; then add it to the acid,  and diffolve.
                    M M 
556
Preparations and Compositions.
[Part 111.
  The alcohol in this preparation is ufed merely to facilitate the
reduaion of the camphor to powder ; for the ftrong acetous, or as
we would rather call it, the acetic acid, is capable ot  diffolving
even a larger proportion of camphor than is direaed in the above
formula.
  This folution is a powerful analeptic remedy.   Its vapor fnuff-
ed up the noftrils, which is the only  method ot ufing it, is one of
the moft pungent ftjmuli we poffefs.   It is fo extremely volatile,
that it cannot be preferved without excluding it from the contaa
of the air ; and it is  fo powertul a menftruum, that  it corrodes
cork, and almoft all common metals except gold.   It fhould there-
fore be  kept in  glafs phials, with  ground  glafs ftoppers, or  in
fmall  gold  boxes, fuch as are ufed for Henry's Aromatic Spirit
of Vinegar, for which it is in faa a Ampler fubftitute.
CHAP,  XXX.
TINCTURES.
  The term Tinaure has often been employed in  a  very vague
fenfe.   It is now commonly applied to folutions made by digeft-
ion, in alcohol, or diluted alcohol.  But it is  alfo, though  per-
haps incorreaiy, extended to folutions in ether, etherial  fpirits,
and fpirit of ammonia.
  Alcohol is capable of diffolving  refins, gum refins, extraaive,
tanin,  fugar, volatile oils, foaps, camphor,  adipocere, coloring
matters, acids, alkalies, and fome compound falts.  Many of thefe,
as the  gum refins, foaps,  extraaive, tanin, fugar, and faline  fub-
ffances, are alfo foluble in  water, while water  is capable of  dif-
folving fubftances, fuch  as gum, gelatin, and moft of the com-
pound falts, which are infoluble in alcohol.  But the infolubility
of thefe fubftances in the different rnenftrua is not  abfolute, but
merely relative ; for a certain proportion of  alcohol may  be add-
ed to  a folution of gum in water, without decompofing it ; and
a folution of refin in alcohol will bear a certain admixture of wa-
ter, without becoming turbid.  Therefore, diluted alcohol, which
is a mixture of thefe two rnenftrua, fometimes extraas the virtues
of heterogeneous compounds more completely than either of them
feparately. 
fcliap. XXX.]         Of Tinctured                 35?  T

  Alcohol is ufed as a menftruum,
  i. When the folvend is  not  foluble,  or  fparingly foluble in
     water.
  2. When a watery folution of the folvend is extremely perifh-
     able.                                            y
  3. When the ufe of aicohol is indicated as well as that of  the
     folvend.
  In making alcoholic  tinaures,  we muft obferve that the vir-
tues of recent vegetable  matters are  very imperfeaiy extraaed
by fpirituous rnenftrua.  They muft therefore be previoufly care-
fully dried, and as we cannot affift the folution by means of beat
we muft facilitate it by reducing the folvend to a ftate of as mi-
nute mechanical divifion as poffible.  To prevent lofs, the folu-
tion is commonly made  in  a clofe veffel,  and the heat applied
muft be very gentle, left it be broken by  the expanfion of vapor.
  The aaion of tinaures  on   the living fyftem is always com-
pounded of  the aaion of the menftruum, and of the matters dif-
folved in it.  Now thefe aaions may either coincide with, or op-
pofe each other ; and as alcohol is at all  times a powerful agent,
it is evideht that no fubftance fhould be  exhibited in the form of
a tinaure, whofe aaion is  different  from that of alcohol, unlefs
it be capable of operating in fo fmall  a dofe,  that the quantity of
alcohol taken along with it  is inconfiderable.
  Tinaures are not liable to fpoil, as it  is called, but they muft
neverthelefs be kept in  well clofed  phials, efpecially ^vhen they
contain aaive ingredients, to prevent the evaporation of the men-
ftruum.
  They generally operate in dofes fo fmall, that they are rarely
exhibited by themfelves, but commonly combined with fome ve-
hicle.  In choofing the latter,  we muft felea fome fubftance
which does not decompofe the tinaure, or at leaft feparates noth-
ing from it in a palpable form.
   The London College direa all tinaures, except that of muri-
ate  of iron to be prepared in clofe phials.
  The Dublin College explain,  that,  when they order fubftances
to be digefted, they mean it to be done with a low degree of heat ;
and when they are to be macerated, it is to be done with af degree^
of heat between 6o°, and 90°.

          TINCTURA ALOES  SOCOTORIN^E.
                           Edin.
                    Tinctura Aloes.
                           Dub.
                TinBure of Socotorine Aloes.
Take of
  Socotorine aloes in powder, half an ounce ;
  Extraa ot iiquorice, an ounce and a half ;
                |C7"2 
558        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

  Alcohol, four ounces ;
  Water, one pound.
Digeft for feven days in a clofed veffel, with a  gentle  heat, and
  frequent  agitation.  (Thefe  direaions are to be obferved in
  preparing all tinaures, Edin.)

                    Tinctura Aloes.
                           Lond,
                      TinBure of Aloes.
Take of
  Socotorine aloes, powdered, half an ounce ;
  Extraa of liquorice, an ounce and a half j
  Diftilled water,
  Proof fpirit, of each eight ounces by meafure.
Digeft in a  fand bath, now and then fhaking the veffel, until the
  extraa be diffolved, and then ftrain.
  The Dublin College ufe the fame proportion with the Edin-
burgh College, but in  double quantity ; and they direa the  ex-
tract of liquorice to be foftened in the water made boiling hot,
which  facilitates its  folution.   The  London College  order the
fluids by  meafure ;  and fixteen by meafure are only equal to four-
teen ounces and a half by weight.
  In this fimple tinaure, all the aaive parts of the aloes are fuf-
pended in the menftruum.   The extraa of liquorice ferves both
to promote the fufpenfion and to cover the tafte of the aloes ;  and
in thofe cafes where we wifh for the operation of the aloes  alone,
this is  perhaps  one of the beft formulae under which it  can be ex-
hibited in a fluid  ftate.   About an ounce may be taken for a
dofe.

         TINCTURA ALOES cum  MYRRH A.
                            Edin.
                TinBure of Aloes with Myrrh.
Take of
  Myrrh, in powder, two ouncesj
  Alcohol, one pound and a half ;
  Water, half a pound.
Mix the alcohol with the water, then add the myrrh ;  digeft for
  four days ; and, laftly, add
  Socotorine aloes,  one ounce and a half;
  Saffron, an ounce.
Digeft again for three days, and pour off the tinaure from the fed-
  iment. 
Chap.  XXX.]        Of Tinctures. .
559
             Tinctura Aloes Composita.
                          Lond.
                Compound TinBure of Aloes.
Take of
  Socotorine aloes,
  Saffron, of each three ounces ;
  Tinaure ot myrrh, two pints.
Digeft for eight days, and ftrain.
  This is fuppofed to bean  improvement on the Elixir Propri-
etatis of Paracelfus. Thefe tinaures differ confiderably in ftrength ;
the latter contains one part of aloes to eight of the menftruum ;
the former one to fixteen, while the fimple tinaure already men-
tioned contains but one to thirtytwo.   In prefcription thefe pro-
portions muft be attended to.  The myrrh and faffron may add to
its ftimulating properties.

           TINCTURA AMOMI REPENTIS.
                          Edin,
                   TinBure of Cardamom.
Take ot
   Leffer cardamom feeds, four ounces;
   Proof fpirit, two pounds and a half.
Macerate for feven days, and ftrain through paper.

                Tinctura  Cardamomi.
                       Lond.  Dub.
                   TinBure of Cardamom,
 Take of
   Leffer cardamom feeds, hufked and bruifed, three ounces ;
   Proof fpirit, two pints (two  pounds, Dub.)
 Digeft for eight days (feven, DuB.) and ftrain.

   Tincture of cardamoms has been in  ufe for a confiderable
 time.  It is a pleafant, warm  cordial; and  may be taken, along
 with any proper vehicle, in dofes of from a drachm to a fpoonful
 or two.

       TINCTURA CARDAMOMI COMPOSITA*
                       Lond.  Dub.
               Compound TinBure of Cardamom.
 Take of
   Leffer cardamom feeds, hufked,
   Caraway feeds,
   (Cochineal, Lond.) each, powdered, two drachms;
   Cinnamon, bruifed, half an ounce ;
   Raifins, ftoned, four ounces ;
   Proof fpirit, two pints (two  pounds, Dub.)
 Digeft for fourteen days, and ftrain.
           fcf*3 
£60        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

  This tinaure contains fo fmall a proportion of cardamoms as
to be hardly entitled to derive its name from that article.   Alto-
gether, although it may  be  fufficiently pleafant, the compofition
is injudicious ; for the large proportion of raifins ufed, forms only
a very uneconomical and inelegant method of fweetening an aro-
matic tinaure.

   TINCTURA ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIvE,
                           Edin.
                     TinBure of Snakeroot.
Take of
Virginian fnakeroot, two ounces ;
  Cochineal, one drachm ;
  Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half.
Pigeft for feven days and ftrain through paper.

                TlNCTURA SERPENTARIA.
                       Lond. Dub.
                   TinBure of Snakeroot.
Take of
  Virginian fnakeroot, three ounces ;
  Proof fpirit, two pints, (two pounds, Dub.)
  Digeft for eight days,  (feven, Dub.) and ftrain.
  This tinaure which  contains the  whole virtues of tbe root,
may be taken to the  quantity of a fpoonful or more every five ot
fix hours ;  and to this extent it often operates as an ufeful dia-
phoretic.

             TINCTURA ASSA FCETID^,
                           Edin.
                   TinBure of Affafcetida.
Take of                              •
  Affafcetida, four ounces ;
  Alcohol, two pounds and  an halfi
  Digeft for feven days, and ftrain through paper.
                           Lond.
Take of
  Affafcetida, four ounces ;
  Reaified fpirit of wine, two  pints.
Digeft with a gentle heat for fix days; and ftrain.
                            Dub.
Take of
  Affafcetida, four ounces ;
  Reaified  fpirit of wine, two  pounds  ;
  Water, eight ounces. 
     Chap, XXX.]         Of Tinctures.                 561

       Add  the fpirit to the affafcetida, triturated with the water, and
       digeft for feven days ;  then ftrain.
       This tinaure poffeffes the virtues ©f the affafcetida itfelf ; and
     may be given in dofes of from ten drops to fit;y or fixty.

             TINCTURA AURANTll  CORTICIS.
                            Lond. Dub.
                      TinBure of Orange Peel.
     Take of
       Frefh orange peel, three ounces  ;
       Proof fpirit two pints,  (two guilds, Dub)
     Digeft for three days ; and ftrain.
       This tinaure is an agreeable bitter, flavored at the fame time
     with the effential oil of the  orange peel.

              TINCTURA BALSAMI PERUVIAN!.
                               Lond
                    TinBure of Balfam of Peru.
     Take of
       Balfam of Peru, four ounces ;
       Reaified fpirit of wine, one pint.
     Digeft until the balfam be diffolved.
      The whole of the Peruvian balfam  is diffolved by fpirit  of
     wine, this therefore  may be confidered as a good  method of free-
     ing it from  its impurities ;  while  at the fame  it  is thus reduced
     to a ftate under which it maybe  readily exhibited; but at pre-
     fent it  is very little  employed, unlefs in compofition, either un-
     der this or any other form.

    TINCTURA  BENZOLS COMPOS1TA  ; vulgo,  Balsa,
       mum Traumaticum.      Lond. Edin.
                   Compound  TinBure of Benzoin.
     Take of
       Benzoin,  three ounces ;
       (Storax, ftrained, two ounces ;  Lond.)
       Balfam ofTolu,  one ounce ;
       Socotorine aloes, half an  ounce ;
       Reaified fpirit of wine, two pints.
     Digeft with a gentle heat for three days, (feven Edin.) and ftrain.
       The  Edinburgh College  omit the ftorax, and ufe hepatic aloes
<%   in place of the focotorine.   Thefe  differences  are hot very mate-
    rial ; and both preparations  may be confidered. as elegant Amplifi-
    cations of fome very complicated compofitions, which were cel-
     ebrated under different names ; fuch as Baume de Commandeur,
     Wade's balfam, Friar's balfam, Jefuits drops, &o. Thefe, ingen-
     eral, confiftcd of a confufed farfjgO of difcordant fubftances.—.
                  m-4 
562 .       Preparations and Compositions.    [Part III.

They, however, derived confiderable aaivity  from  the benzoin
and aloes ; and every thing to be expeaed from them may  readi-
ly he obtained from the prefent formulae.

TINCTURA  CAMPHORS; vulgo,  Spiritus Vinosus
  Camphoratus.         Edin.
                   TinBure of Camphor.
Take of
   Camphor, one ounce;
   Alcohol, one pound.
Mix them together, that the camphor may be diffolved.
It may alfo  be made  with a  double, triple, &c. proportion of
   camphor.

               Spiritus Camphoratus.
                          Lond.
                    Camphorated Spirit.
Take of
   Camphor, four ounces;
   Reaified fpirit of wine, two pints.
Mix them, fo that the camphor may be diffolved.

                          Dub.
Take of
   Camphor, half an ounce ;
   Reaified fpirit ot wine, eight ounces.
Mix them, that the camphor may be diffolved.

  These folutions of  camphor are only employed for externa}
ufes, againft rheumatic pains, paralytic numbneffes, inflammations
for difcuffing tumors, preventing gangrenes, or  reftraining their
progrefs.   They are too pungent to be exhibited internally, and
cannot be diluted with water, without being totally decompofed.

              TINCTURA  CASCARILLiE.
                       Lond.  Dub.
                   TinBure of Cafcarilla,
Take of
  The bark of cafcarilla, powdered, four ounces ;
   Proof fpirit, two pints (two pounds, Dub.)
Digeft with a gentle heat for eight days (feven,  Dub.) and ftrain.

  Proof spirit readily extraas the aaive powers of the  cafca-
rilla ;  and the tinaure may*be employed to anfwer moft of thofe
purpofes for which  the bark itfelf is recommended : But  in the
cure of intermittents, it i n general requires to be exhibited in fub-
ftance. 
Chap. XXX.]        Of Tinctures.                  563
TINCTURA  CASSIA  SENNiE  COMPOSITA ; vulgo,
  Elixir Salutis.      Edin.
Compound TinBure of Senna, commonly called Elixir of Health.
Take of
  Senna leaves, two ounces;
  Jalap root, one ounce ;
  Coriander feeds, half an ounce ;
  Diluted alcohol, three pounds and a half.
Digeft for feven days, and to the ftrained  liquor add four ounces
  of double refined fugar.

                   Tinctura Senna.
                        Lond. Dub.
                     TinBure of Senna.
Take of
  Senna, one pound;
  Caraway feeds, bruifed, one  ounce and a half ;
  Leffer cardamom feeds, bruifed, (and  hufked,  Dub.) half an
    ounce ;
  Raifins, ftoned, fixteen ounces;
  Proof fpirit, one gallon (nine pounds,  Dub.)
Digeft for fourteen days and ftrain.

  Both  thefe tinaures  are ufeful carminatives  and cathartics,
efpecially to thofe who have accuftomed themfelves to the ufe of
fpirituous liquors ;  they oftentimes relieve  flatulent complaints
and cholics, where  the common cordials have little effect,; the
dofe is from to two ounces.

                TINCTURA CASTOREI.
                        Lond. Dub.
                     TinBure of Caftor.
Take of
  Ruffian Caftor, powdered, two ounces  ;
  Proof fpirit, two pints (two  pounds, Dub.)
  Digeft for ten days (feven, Dub.) and ftrain.

                          Edin.
Take of
  Ruffian caftor^ an ounce and a half  ;
  Alcohol, one pound.
 Digeft them for feven days, and ftrain through paper.

  It has been difputed whether a weak or reaified fpirit, and
whether  cold  or warm digeftion, are preferable for  making this
tinaure.
  From feveral experiments made to  determine this queftion, it
appears that caftor,  maeerated without heat, gives  out its finer 
564         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part 111,
 and moft grateful parts to either fpirit, but moft perfeaiy  to the
 reaified ; that heat enables both menftrua  to extraa the greateft
 part of its groffer and more naufeous matter ;  and that proof fpir-
 it extraas this laft more readily than reaified.
   The  tin£lure of caftor is recommended in moft kinds of ner-
 vous complaints and hitteric diforders: In the latter, it fometimes
 does fervice, though many have complained of its proving ineffec-
 tual.  Th^ dofe  is from twenty drops to forty, fifty, or more.

        TINCTURA CINCHONA OFFICINALIS.
                           Edin.
            Tinctura Corticis Peruviani.
                          ' Du_b.
            TinBure of Cinchona, or Peruvian Bark.
 Take of
   Cinchona bark, four ounces ;
   Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half (two pounds Dub.)
 Digeft for feven days, and ftrain (through paper, Edin.)

                          Lond,
 Take of
   Cinchona bark, powdered, fix ounces ;
   Proof fpirit of wine, two pints.
 Digeft with  a gentle heat for eight days, and ftrain.

   This tinaure is certainly impregnated with the virtues of Ch>
 chona, but not to fuch a degree that it can be given in fufficient
 dofes to aa  as cinchona, without  exhibiting  more ardent  fpirit
 than  what is proper to  be  given as a medicine.  Indeed we are
 afraid that this and  other bitter and  tonic tinaures, as  they are
 called, are with fome only an apology for dram drinking, and that
 the moft apparent effeas they produce are thofe  of a flight degree
 of intoxication.

 TINCTURA CINCHONA, sive  CORTICIS  PERUVIA-
   NI, COMPOSITA.
                        Lond.  Dub.
             Compound TinBure of Peruvian Bark.
 Take of                              <g%
   Peruvian bark, powdered, two ounces;  f
   Exterior peel of Seville oranges, dried, ofre'rrunce and a half,
     (half an ounce, Dub.)
  Virginian fnakeroot, bruifed, three'drachms ;
   Saffron, one drachm ;
   (Cochineal, powder, two fcruples, Lond.)
  Proof fpirits, twenty ounces (two pounds, Dub.)
Digeft for fourteen days and ftrain. 
Chap.  XXX.]         Of Tinctures.                 565
  This has been for a confiderable time celebrated under the title
of Huxkam's TinBure of Bark.
  As a corroborant and ftomachic,  it is given in dofes of two or
three drachms ;  but when employed for the cure of intermittents,
it muft fie taken to a greater extent.

               TINCTURA COLOMBO.
                    Lond.  Edin. Dub.
                   TinBure of Colomba.
Take ot
  Colomba root, powdered, two ounces and a half, (two ounce*,
     Edin. Dub.)
  Proof fpirit of wine, two pints.
Digeft for eight days '(fevea, Edin. Dub.) and ftrain.

  The colomba readily yields  its aaive qualities  to the menf-
truum here employed ;  and accordingly, under this form, it may
be advantageoufly  employed againft bilious vomitings, and ihofe
different ftomach ailments,  in which the colomba has  been found
ufeful ; but where there does not occur fome objeaion to its ufe
Jn fubftance, that form is in general preferable to the tindfure.

        TINCTURA  CONVOLVULI  JALAPS.
                           Edin.
                    TinBure of Jalap,
Take of
  Jalap, in courfe powder, three ounces •
  Diluted alcohol, fifteen ounces.
Digeft them for eight days, and ftrain the tinaure through paper.

                   TlNCTURA  JALAPH.
                          Lond.

                   TlNCTURA JALAPA.
                           Dub.
                     TinBure of Jalap.
Take of
  Powdered Jalap, eight ounces ;
  Proof fpirit two pints.
Digeft, with a gentle heat for eight days, and ftrain.

  Alcohol was formerly ordered for the preparation of this
tinaure ;  but reaified  fpirit diffolving little more than the pure
refinous parts of the jalap, rendered the ufe of the medicine fome-
what lefs  commodious than that of  the tinaure prepared with
proof fpirit. 
560         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III

                  TINCTURA  CROCI.
                           Edin.
                     TinBure of Saffron.
Take of
  Englifh faffron, one ounce ;
  Proof fpirit, fifteen ounces.
After digetting them  for feven days,  let the tinaure be ftrained
  through paper.
  The proof fpirit is a very proper menftruum for extraaing the
medical virtues of the faffron, and affords a convenient mode of
exhibiting that drug, the qualities of which were mentioned in the
Materia Medica.

         TINCTURA DIGITALIS PURPUREA.
                           Edin.
                     TinBure of Foxglove.
Take of
  The dried leaves of foxglove, one ounce ;
  Diluted alcohol, eight ounces.'
Digeft for feven days, and ftrain through  paper.
  This,  tinaure is  a very powerful  medicine, and contains the
virtues of the foxglove in a very manageable form.   It has been
chiefly ufed to diminifh the force of  the circulation of the blood
in  haemoptyfis, and often with remarkable fuccefs.   In has been
alfo faid to cure phthifis pulmonalis, but fubfequent experience has
not  confirmed the firft trials.  Like every other form in which
foxglove is  given, it fhould be given in very fmall  dofes at firft,
fuch as from ten to twenty drops, and cautioufly increafed.

                 TINCTURA GALBANI.
                           Lond.
                    TinBure of Galbanum.
Take of
   Galbanum, cut into fmall pieces, two ounces ;
   Proof fpirit of wine, two pints.
Digeft with a gentle  heat for eight days,  and ftrain.

   Galbanum is one of the ftrongeft of the fetid gums; and al-
though lefs aaive, it is much lefs difagreeable than afa fcetida ;
 and under the form of tinaure it may be fuccefstully employed
in cafes of flatulence and hyfteri?Hwhere its effeas are immediate-
 ly required, particularly with thofe who cannot bear afa fcetida. 
Chap.  XXX.]        Of Tinctures.          .        567

TINCTURA GENTIANS COMPOSITA; vulgo, Elixir
  Stomachicum.           Edin.
CompoundTinBure of Gentian, commonly called Stomachic Elixir.
Take of
  Gentian root, two ounces ;
  Seville orange peel, dried,  once ounce ;
  Canella alba, half an ounce ;                             v
  Cochineal halt a drachm ;
  Diluted alcohol,  two pounds and a half.
Macerate for feven days, and ftrain through paper. .

                             Lond.
Take of
  Gentian root, fliced and bruifed, two ounces ;
  Exterior dried peel of Seville oranges, one ounce ;
  Leffer cardamom feeds, hufked and bruifed, half an ounce ;
  Proof fpirit  of wine, two pints.
Digeft  for eigh days, and ftrain.
  These are  very elegant  fpirituous bitters.   As the prepara-
tions are defigned for  keeping, lemon peel, an excellent ingredi-
ent in  the watery bitter infufions, has on account of the penfha-
blenefs of its flavor, no  place in thefe.  f he aromatics are here
very commodious  ingredients, as in this fpirituous menftruum
they are free from the inconvenience with which they are attend-
ed in other liquors, of diminifhing their tranfparency.

                  TINCTURA GUAIACI.
                           Edin.
                    TinBure of Guaiac.
  Take of
  Gum guaiac, one pound ;
  Alcohol, two pounds and a half.
Digeft for ten  days, and ftrain.
  What is called gum guaiac is in faa a refin, and perfeaiy fo-
luble in alcohol.   This folution is a powerful ftimulating fo'dori-
fic, and may be given  in dofes of about half an ounce in rheuma-
tic  and arthretic cafes.  It was once fuppofed to  be a fpecific
againft the gout.

            TINCTURA HELLEBORI  NIGRI.
                          Lond. Dub.
                TinBure of Black Hellebore.
Take of
  Black hellebore, in  courfe powder, four ounces :
  (Cochineal,  powdered, two fcruples, Lond.) 
568          Preparations and Compositions.   [Part, III.

   Proof fpirit of wine, two pints (two pounds, Dub.)
JDigeft with gentle heat for eight days (feven, Dub.) and ftrain.

                  £        Edin.
Take of
  Black hellebore  root, four ounces ;
  Cochineal, half a drachm ;
  Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half.
Digeft them together feven days, and afterwards filter the tinaure
   through paper;

  This is perhaps  the beft preparation of hellebore, when defign-
ed for an alterative, the menftruum hefe  employed extraaing the
whole of its virtuRS.   It has been found  from experience, partic-
ularly ferviceable  in uterine obftruaions.  In fanguine confti-
tutions, where chalybeates are hurtful, it has been faid that  it fel-
dom fails of exciting the raenftrual evacuations, and removing the
ill confequences of their fuppreffion.  A tea fpoonful of the tinc-
ture may be taken twice a day in warm water or any other conve-
nient vehicle:

           TINCTURA HYOSC1AMI  NIGRL
                           Edin.
                    TinBure of Henbane.
Take of
  The leaves of henbane, dried,  one ounce ;
  Diluted alcohol, eight ounces.
Digeft tor feven days, and ftrain through  paper.
  This  tinaure, although not yet come  into general ufe, is a va-
luable anodyne,  and  in many cafes may be fubftituted with ad-
vantage for the tinaure of opium,  efpecially where the latter pro-
duces obftinate conftipation, or. inftead  of its ufual foporific and
fedative effeas, it caufes uneafinefs, reftlefsnefs,, and univerfal ir-
ritation.

                    TINCTURA KING?.
                        Edin- Dub-
                     TinBure of Gum Kino.
Take of       ^
  Kino,  (in powder,  Dub.) two ounces;
  Diluted alcohol, a  pound and  a half.
Digeft feven days and ftrain through paper.

  We have already ftated our reafons for  believing kino to be a
fpecies of tanin,  prepared  by decoaion  and evaporation.  This
is certainly a very aftringent tinaure, and will be found an excel-
lent medicine in obftinate diarrhoeas and in  lienteria. 
Chap.  XXX.]        Of Tinctures.                 B%9

         TINCTURA LAURI CINNAMOMI,
                          Edin.
                  TinBure of Cinnamon.
Take of
  Cinnamon, three ounces ;
  Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half.
Macerate for feven days, and ftrain through paper.

                TlNCTURA ClNNAMOMI.
                         Lond.
                   TinBure of Cinnamon.
Take of                t
  Cinnamon, bruifed, one ounce and a half ;
  Proof fpirit of wine, one pint.
Digeft for ten days and ftrain.

                           Dub.
Take of
  Cinnamon, bruifed, three ounces and a half;
  Proof fpirit, two pounds.
Mix and digeft for ten days, then ftrain.
  The tinaure of cinnamon poffefs the aftringent virtues ot the
 cinnamon, as well as its aromatic cordial ones ; and in this refpeft
 it differs  from the diftilled waters of that fpice.

 TINCTURA LAURI CINNAMOMI COMPOSITA ;  olim,
   Tinctura Aromatica.     Edin.
   Compound TinBure of Cinnamon^ formerly Aromatic TinBure.
 Take of
   Cinnamon,
   Leffer cardamom  feeds, each one ounce ;
   Long pepper,  two drachms ;
   Proof fpirit, two pounds and a half.
 Macerate for feven days, and filter the  tinaure through paper.

          TlNCTURA ClNNAMOMI COMPOSITA.
                          Lond.
                 TincturA Aromatica.
                           Dub.
                    Aromatic TinBure.
 Take of
   Cinnamon bruifed, fix drachms ;
   Leffer cardamom  feeds, without  the capfules, one drachm,
     (three drachms, Lond.)
   Long pepper in powder.' 
 570        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part. III.

   Ginger in powder, two drachms ;
   Proof fpirit, two pounds, (two pints, Lond.)
 Mix and digeft for feven days, then ftrain.
   I n their formula,  the Dublin and  London Colleges diminifh
 the quantity of cardamom feeds, and fubftitute for it a proportion
 of ginger. This makes no alteration on the virtues of the prepara-
 tion, which is a very warm aromatic, too hot to be given without
 dilution.  A teafpoonful or two may be taken in wine, or any
 other convenient vehicle, in  languors, weaknefs ot the ftomach,
 flatulencies, and oibef fimilar complaints ; and in thefe cafes it is
 often employed with advantage.

       TINCTURA LAVENDULyE COMPOSITA.
                           Dub.
      Spiritus  Lavandula SpicjE Compositus.
                          Edin.
          Compound TinBure or Spirit of Lavender.
 Take of
   Spirit of Lavender, three pounds ;
   Spirit of rofemary, one pound;
   Cinnamon, one ounce, (half an ounce, Dub.)
   Cloves, two drachms,
   Nutmeg half an ounce ;
   Red faunderswood, three drachms.
 Macerate for feven days and filter.

          Spiritus Lavendula Composita.
                          Lond.
               Compound Spirit of Lavender.
 Take of
   Spirit of Lavender three  pints ;
   Spirit of rofemary, one pint;
  Cinnamon, bruifed.
   Nutmegs bruifed of each half an  ounce ;
  Red faunders one ounce.
 Digeft for ten days and  ftrain.
  These preparations do not differ materially.  They are grate-
ful cordials, of which from  ten to an hundred drops may be con-
veniently taken dropt upon  fugar. It does not appear very clear-
ly whether they fhould be confidered as  fpirits or tinaures ; for
although the fpirit of lavender be the predominant ingredient, yet
the mode of preparation is that of  a  tinaure, and the fpirit as a
menftruum diffolves aftringent  coloring,  and other fubftances,
which would not rife with it in diftillation. 
Chap. XXX.]        Of Tinctures.                  571
         TINCTURA MELOES VESICATORII.
                           Edin.
                TlNCTURA CANTHARIDUM.
                           Dub.            i
                   TinBure of Cantharides.
 Take of
   Cantharides, bruifed, one drachm, (two drachms, Dub.)
   Proof fpirit, one pound, (two pounds, Dub.)
 Mix and digeft for feven days ; then ftrain through paper.

                TlNCTURA CANTHARIDIS.
                             Lend.
                  TinBure of Spanifh Flies.
 Take of
   Bruifed cantharides, two drachms ;
   Cochineal, powdered, half a drachm ;
   Proof fpirit, one pint and a half.            '
 Digeft for eight days, and ftrain.               '<
   This tinaure contains the aaive principle of the cantharides,
 whatever it may be.   It is applied externally as a ftimulant and
 rubefacient, and is fometimes given internally, in dofes of from
 ten to twenty drops as a diuretic.

 TINCTURA MIMOS^E CATECHU; olina, TincturA J A-
   ponica.                 Edin.
                    TinBure of Catechu.
 Take of
   Extraa of catechu, three ounces ;
   Cinnamon, two ounces ;
   Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half.
 Digeft for eight days, and ftrain through paper.

                 Tinctura Catechu-
                          Lond.
                    TinBure of Catechu.
 Take of
   Catechu, three ounces ;
   Cinnamon, bruifed, two ounces j
   Proof fpirit of wine, two pints.
 Digeft for ten days, and ftrain.
   The  cinnamon is  a very ufeful addition to the catechu, not only
 as it warms the ftomach, &c. but  likewife as  it improves the
 roughnefs and aftringency of the other.
   This tinaure is of fervice  in all kinds  of defluxions, catarrhs,
 Ioofeneffes, uterine fluors, and other diforders, where mild aftrin-
eent medicines are indicated.  Two or  three tea fpoonfuls may be
*                N N 
572      Preparations  and Compositions.      [Part III.
 be taken every now and then in red wine, or any other proper
 vehicle.

               r  TINCTURA MOSCHI.
                            Dub:
                       TinBure of Mufk.
 Take of
   Mufk, two drachmft ;
   Reaified fpirit of wine, one pound.
 Mix and macerate for feven days, and ftrain.

   Rectified fpirit is the moft complete menftruum for mufk;
 but in this form it is often impoffible to give fuch a quantity of
 the mufk as is neceffary for our purpofe ;  and hence this article
 is more frequently employed under the form of julep or bolus,

               " TINCTURA  MYRRHS.
                           Edin.
                     TinBure of Myrrh.
 Take of
   Myrrh, in powder, three ounces ;
   Alcohol, twenty ounces ;
   Water, ten ounces.
 Digeft for feven days, and ftrain through paper.

                           Lond.

 Take of
   Myrrh, bruifed, three  ounces ;
   Proof fpirit of wine, a pint and a half;
   Reaified fpirit of wine, half a pint.
 Digeft with a gentle heat for eight days, and ftrain.

                           Dub.
 Take of
   Myrrh, bruifed, three  ounces ;
   Reaified fpirit  of wine, two pounds.
 Mi* and digeft tor feven days ; then  ftrain. ,

   Tincture of myrrh is recommended internally for warming
the habit, attenuating vifcid juices, ftrengthening the folids, open-
ing obftruaions, particularly thofe ot the uterine veffels, and re-
 fifting putretaaion.  The  dofe is from fifteen drops to forty or
more.   The medicine may perhaps be given in thefe cafes to ad-
vantage ; though with us, it is  more commonly ufed externally,
 for cleanfing foul ulcers, and promoting the exfoliation of carious
 hones. 
Chap. XXX.]        Of Tinctures.                   573

TINCTURA OPII.sive THEBAICA; vulgo, Laudanum
  Liquidum.           Edin. Dub.
TinBure of Opium, or Thebaic TinBure, commonly called Liquid
  Laudanum.
Take of
Opium, two ounces ;
  Diluted alcohol, two pounds./
Digeft feven days, and filter through paper.

                          Lond.
Take of
  Hard purified opium, powdered, ten drachms ;
  Proof fpirit of wine, one pint.
Digeft for ten days, and ftrain.               *
  These are very elegant liquid opiates ; and as they are now di-
reaed, they are of the fame ftrength, or contain the fame propor-
tion, of opium ; a drachm of each tinaure containing, as is found
by evaporating the tinaure, three grains and a half of pure opium.
  It is to be regretted that thefe tinaures are not  fo well adapted
for  keeping as could be wiffied ; in   long ftanding, a part of the
opium is gradually  depofited  from both, and confequently the
tinaures become weaker ; the  part which thus feparates amounts
fometimes, as it is faid, to near one fourth of the quantity of opi-
um at firft diffolved.

           TINCTURA  OPII CAMPHORATA.
                          Lond.
           Olim, Elixir  Paregoricum.  Dub.
      Camphorated TinBure of Opium.  Paregoric Elixir.
Take of
  Hard purified opium,
  Flowers of benzoin, of each, one drachm ;
  Camphor two fcruples ;
  Effential oil of anifeed, one  drachm ;
  Proof fpirit of wine, two pints.
Digeft for ten days, (Mix and macerate for feven days, Dub.)  and
  ftrain.
  In this formula the virtues of the opium and camphor are com-
bined. Itgets an agreeable  flavor from the acid of benzoin  and
effential oil.  The latter will alfo render it more ftimulating ; but
whether it derives any falutary  virtues from the former, we do
not  know.  It was originally prefcribed under the title of Elixir
Afthmaticum, which it  does  not ill deferve.  It  contributes to
allay  the tickling which provokes frequent coughing ; and at the
fame time it is fuppofed to open the breaft, and give greater liberty
              C3- * 
574       Preparations and  Compositions.     [Part III.
of breathing.  It is given to children againft the chincough, &c.
from five drops to twenty ; to adults, from twenty to an hundred.
Half an ounce by meafure, contains about a grain of opium.

             TINCTURA  RHEI PALMATE
                          Edin.
                   TinBure of Rhubarb.
Take of
' Rhubarb, three ounces ;
  Leffer cardamom feeds, half an ounce ;
  Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half.
Digeft for feven days, and ftrain through paper.

               TlNCTURA RHABARBARI.
                         Lond.
                   TinBure of Rhubarb.
Take of
  Rhubarb, cut into pieces, two ounces :
  Leffer cardamom feeds, bruifed, (and hufked, Dub.)
  Saffron, two drachms ;
  Proof fpirit of wine, two pints,  (two pounds, Dub.)
Digeft  for eight days, (feven days, Dub.) and ftrain.

         TlNCTURA Rhabarbari Composita.
                         Lond.
               Compound TinBure of Rhubarb.
Take of
  Rhubarb, fliced, two ounces ;
  Liquorice root, bruifed, half an ounce ;
  Ginger, powdered,
  Saffron, each two drachms ;
  Diftilled water, one pint ;
  Proof fpirit of wine, twelve ounces,  by meafure.
Digeft for fourteen days, and ftrain.

  Tinctura Rhei cum Aloe ; olim, Elixir Sacrum.
                         Edin.
 TinBure of Rhubarb with Aloes, commonly called Sacred Elixir.
 Take of
  Rhubarb, ten drachms ;
  Socotorine aloes, fix drachms ;
  Leffer cardamom feeds, half an ounce ;
  Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half.
 Digeft for feven days, and ftrain through paper. 
Chap. XXX.]         Of Tinctures.                 575

Tinctura Rhei cum Gentiana; olim,Tinctura Rhei
  Amara.                 Edin.
TinBure of Rhubarb with Gentian,  formerly Bitter  TinBure of
  Rhubarb,
Take of
  Rhubarb, two ounces ;
  Gentian root, half an ounce ;
  Diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half.
Digeft for feven days, and then ftrain the tinaure through paper.

  All the foregoing tinaures of rhubarb are defigned as ftoma-
chics and  corroborants, as well as purgatives ; fpirituous liquors
excellently extraa thofe  parts of  the rhubarb in which the two
firft  qualities refide, and the additional ingredients confiderably
promote their efficacy.  In weaknefs ot the ftomach, indigeftion,
laxity of the inteftines, diarrhoeas, colic, and  other fimilar com-
plaints, thefe medicines are frequently of great fervice.

          TINCTURA SABINE COMPOSITA.
                           Lond,
                Compound TinBure of Savin.
Take of
  Extraa of favin,  one ounce ;
  Tinaure of caftor, one pint;
  -----------myrrh, half a pint,
Digeft till the extra® of favin be diffolved, and then ftrain.

  This preparation is improved  from one defcribed in fome for-
mer Difpenfatories under the name of Elixir Uterinum.  It is faid
to be a medicine of great importance in uterine obftruaions, and
in hypocondriacal cafes ; though, poffibly, means might  be con-
trived of fuperadding more  effeaually the virtues of favin to a
tinaure of myrrh and caftor.  It may be given from five drops to
twenty or thirty, or more, in any fuitable vehicle.

TINCTURA  SAPONIS;  vulgo,  Linimentum  Sapona-
  ceum.                   Edin.
       TinBure of Soap, formerly Saponaceous Liniment.
Take of
  Soap, four ounces  ;
  Camphor, two ounces;
  Volatile oil of rofemary, half an ounce ;
  Alcohol, two pounds.
Digeft the foap in the alcohol for three days;  then  add to the fil-
  tered liquor the camphor and the oil, agitating them diligently,
               gcrS 
576        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

          Linimentum Saponis Compositum,
                          Lond.
                 Compound Soap Liniment.
Take of
   Soap, three ounces ;
   Camphor, one ounce ;
   Spirit of rofemary, one pint.
Digeft the foap in the fpirit of rofemary until it be diffolved, and
   add to it the camphor.

              Linimentum  Saponaceum.
                          Dub.
                  Saponaceous Liniment.
Take of
   Caftile foap, two ounces,
   Camphor, one ounce j
   Alcohol,
   Water, each eight ounces ;
   Effentiaj oil of rofemary, two fcruples.
Diffolve the foap in the  water over a gentle fire ; ftrain the li-
   quor through linen, and when it is almoft cold, add the cam-
   phor and oil diffolved in  the alcohol.

TINCTURA SAPONIS  cumOPIO; olim,  Linimentum
   Anodynum.              Edin.
   TinBure of Soap with Opium, formerly Anodyne Liniment.
This is prepared in the fame way, and  from  the fame fubftances,
   as the other tinaure of  foap, (p. 575) but with the addition
   from the beginning of one ounce ot opium.
  These tinaures are only ufed externally,  and poffefs great ef-
ficacy in removing local pains when rubbed on the affeaedpart.

                TINCTURA SCILLA.
                      Lond.  Dub.
                    TinBure of Squill.
  ake of    %
   Squills,  frefh dried four ounces ;
   Proof fpirit of wine, two pints, (two pounds, Dub.)
Digeft for eignt days and pour off the liquor.
(Mix and digeft for feven days ;  then remove from the fire, and
  when the feces have fubfided, pour off the pure liquor, Dub.)
  The aaive principle of fquills is foluble in alcohol,and there
are cafes in which a tincture may be ufeful. 
  Chap.  XXX.]          Of Tinctures.                577

  TINCTURA TOLUIFER.E BAL6AMI; olim, Tinctura
    To lu tan a.            Edin.
             Tinctura Balsami Tolutani.
                         Lond.  Dub.
  _              TinBure of the Balfam ofTolu.
  Take of
    Balfam of Tolu, an ounce and a half (one ounce, Dub.)
    Alcohol, one pint, (one pound, Dub. Edin.)
  Digeft until the balfam be diffolved ; and then ftrain the tinaure
    through paper.
    This folution of balfam of Tolu poffeffes all the virtues of the
  balfam itfelf.   It may be taken internally, with the feveral inten-
  tions for which that valuable balfam is proper, to the quantity of
  a tea fpoonful or two,  in any convenient vehicle.  Mixed with
 the plain fyrup of fugar, it forms an elegant balfamic fyrup.

                TINCTURA  VALERIANAE.
                           Lond.
                     TinBure of Valerian,
  Take of
    The root of wild valerian, in coarfe powder, four ounces ;
    Proof fpirit of wine, two pints.
 Digeft with a gentle heat for eight days, and ftrain.
   The  valerian root ought to be reduced to a pretty fine powder,
 otherwife the fpirit will not fufficiently extract its virtues.   The
 tinaure proves of a deep color, and confiderably ftrong of the va-
 lerian ;  though it has not been  found to anfwer  fo well  in the
 cure of epileptic diforders as the root  in fubftance, exhibited in
 the form of powder or bolus.  The dofe  of the  tinaure is,- from
 half a fpoonful to a fpoonful or more, two or three times a day.

            ^TINCTURA VERATRI ALBI.
                           Edin.
                 TinBure of White Hellebore.
 Take of
   White hellebore root, eight ounces ;           I
   Proof fpirit, two pounds  and a half.
 Digeft them together for feven days, and filter the tinaure through
   paper.
   This  tinaure is fometimes  ufed  for  affifting cathartics, &c.
 and as an emetic  in apopleaic and maniacal diforders.  It may
 likewife be fo managed, as to prove a powerful alterative and de-
 obftruent, in cafes where milder remedies  have little effea.  But
a great deal of caution is  requifite in its ufe ; the dofe, at firft,
ought to be only a few drops ; if confiderable, it  proves violent-
ly emetic or cathartic.
              <&r 4 
578        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part  III.

               TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS.
                          Lond.
                    TinBure of Ginger,
Take of
  Ginger, powdered, two ounces ;
  Pro<if fpirit, two pounds.
Digeft in a gentle heat for eight days, and ftrain.

  This fimple tinaure of ginger is a warm cordial, and is rather
intended as a ufeful addition, in the quantity of a drachm or two
t» purging mixtures, than for being ufed alone.
                  CHAP.  XXXI.


TLCTURES made with ETHERIAL SPIRITS.
   We have claffed thefe tinaures by themfelves, becaufe they are
 more ftrongly charaaerized by the nature of the menftruum than
 of the fubftances diffolved in it.  Indeed, the etherial  fpirits are
 ufed in thefe inftances, not to diffolve bodies which would refift
 the aaion of alcohol and water, but for the fake of their own di-
 rea aaion on the body.

            TINCTURA ALOES  ^ETHEREA.
                          Edin,
                  Etherial TinBure of Aloes.
 Take of                           J
   Myrrh,
   Socotorine aloes, of each an ounce and a half;
   Englifh faffron, one ounce ;
   Sulphuric ether with alcohol, one pound.
Digeft the myrrh with the liquor for four days, in a clofe veffel ;
   then add the faffron and aloes.
Digeft again  for four days, and,  when the  feces have fubfided,
   pour off the tinaure.

   This tinaure agrees generally in its effeas with the other tinc-
tures of aloes, the only difference arifing from the more penetrat-
ing and ftimujating nature of the menftruum itfelf. 
 Chap.  XXXI.]       Of Tinctures, &c.             579

 .ETHER SULPHURICUS cum ALCOHOLE AROMAT-
   ICUS.                      Edin.
            Aromatic Sulphuric Ether with Alcohol.
 This is made ot the fame  aromatics, and in the fame manner as
   the compound  tinaure of  cinnamon ; except that in place of
   the alcohol, fulphuric ether with alcohol is employed.
   This is defigned for perfons whofe ftomachs are too weak to
 bear the following acid tinaure ; to the tafte, it is gratefully aro-
 matic, without any perceptible acidity.

      ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM.
                          Edin.
                  Aromatic Sulphuric Acid.
 Take of
   Alcohol, two pounds ;
   Sulphuric acid, fix  ounces.
 Drop  the acid gradually into the alcohol.
 Digeft the mixture with  a very gentle  heat in a clofe veffel for
   three days, and then add of
   Cinnamon, an ounce and a half ;
   Ginger, one ounce,
 Digeft again in a clofe veffel  for fix days, and then filter the tinc-
   ture through paper  placed in a glafs funnel.
   Although the name given to this  preparation by the Col-
 lege does not fanaion  its arrangement with the etherial tinaures,
 yet we have ventured  to place it here, from the belief that the al-
 cohol is completely or partially  changed, by the digeftion with
 the acid into an etherial fpirit, and that the principal difference
 between this and the preceding tinaure confifts in the prefence of
 the acid, which is not  to be confidered as the menftruum by which
 the tinaure  is formed, but as  an acid mixed  with the etherial
 tinaure.
   This is a valuable medicine in weaknefs and relaxations of the
 ftomach, and decays of conftitution, particularly in thofe which
proceed from irregularities, which are acGempanied with  flow fe-
brile fymptoms, or which follbw the fuppreffion of intermittents.
It frequently fucceeds, after bitters and aromatics by  themfelves
had availed nothing ;  and,  indeed, great part of its virtues de-
pend on the fuiphuric  acid ; which barely diluted with water, has
in thofe cafes where the ftomach could bear the acidity, produced
happy effeas.
   It is very  ufefully  conjoined with  cinchona, and other tonic
barks, both as covering their difagreeable tafte, and as coinciding
with them in virtue.   It may be given  in dofes of ten to thirty
drops, or more, feveral times a day. 
5*80         Preparations and Compositions.    [Part III.
CHAP.  XXXII.
AMMONIATED or VOLATILE TINCTURES.
  Ammonia, like ether, is  fo powerful an agent on the living
fyftem, that we think it^ives a peculiar character to the compo-
fitions into which it enters.   They are all highly ftimulating and
pungent, and apt to excite diaphorefis.  As ammonia exerts con-
fiderable  and peculiar powers as  a folvent,  thefe tinaures muft
never be  combined in prefcription with  any  thing  acid, which
would not only neutralize the ammonia, and deftroy its peculiar
aaion on the living fyftem,  but would precipitate  whatever was
diffolved  by its agency.

    LINIMENTUxM  CAMPHORS COMPOSITUM.
                          Lond.
                Compound Camphor Liniment.
Take of
  Camphor, two ounces ;
  Water of pure ammonia, fix ounces ;
  Spirit of lavender, fixteen ounces
Mix the water of ammonia with the fpirit; and diftil from a glafs
  retort, with a flow fire, fixteen ounces.  Then diffolve the cam-
  phor in the diftilled liquor.
             Linimentum Camphoratum.
                          Dub.
                  Camphorated Liniment.
Take of
  Camphor, three ounces ;
  Ley ot aerated volatile alkali, ten ounces ;
  Spirit ot lavender, two pounds.
Mix the ley and the fpirit; and diftil from a glafs retort, with a
  gentle heat, two pounds.   Then diffolve the camphor in the
  diftilled liquor.

  These compofitions are more  pungent and penetrating than
the  folutions of camphor in alcohol.  In  the quarto impreffion
of their Pharmacopoeia, the London College employed the folutfon
of carbonated  ammonia, but changed it in the  oaavo edition for
the water of pure ammonia, which is certainly an improvement. 
Chap.  XXXII.]   Of Volatile Tinctures.            581

              LINIMENTUM VOLATILE.
                          Dub,
                     Volatile Liniment.
Take of
  The aromatic fpirit of volatile alkali, one ounce ;
  Liniment of foap, two ounces.
Mix them.
  This is an entirely different compofition from the volatile lin-
iment of the Edinburgh and London Pharmacopceias.  The latter^
is a foap formed of ammonia and fixed oil, whereas the prefent is
an ammoniated tinaure of camphor, foap of foda, and volatile oils.
In its effeas it differs from the foap  liniment of  the  Dublin Col-
lege only in being more ftimulating.

ALCOHOL  AMMONIATUM  AROMATICUM,  sive
  SPIRITUS  AMMONLE AROMATICUS.
                          Edin.
Aromatic Ammoniated Alcohol, or Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia.
Take ot
  Spirit of ammonia, eight ounces ;
  Volatile oil of rofemary, one drachm and a half;
  Volatile oil of lemon peel, one drachm.
Mix them, that the oils may be diffolved.
           Spiritus Ammonite Compositus.
                          Lond.
                Compound Spirit of Ammonia.
Take of
   Spirit of ammonia, two pints ;
   Effential oil  of lemon,
   --------r^-—— cloves, of each two drachms.
 Mix them.

      Spiritus Alk.ali Volatilis Aromaticus.
                           Dub.
               Aromatic Spirit of Volatile Alkali.
 Take of
   Spirit of volatile alkali, two pounds ;
   Effential oil of lemon,
   -----1  ■  ,,..,.  nutmeg, of each two drachms.
 Mix them.

   Volatile oils are diffolved readily and,completely by fpirit
 of ammonia ; and medicines of this kind might be prepared  ex-
 temporaneoufly, by dropping any proper effential  oil into fpirit
 of ammonia, which will readily diffolve the oil  without the affift-
 ance of diftillation.  But it is perhaps preferable that itoey fhould
 be kept in the fhops ready mixed. 
582        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

  All the foregoing compofitions turn out excellent ones, provid-
ed the oils are good.  The dofe is from five or fix drops to fixty
or more.
  Volatile falts, thus united with aromatics, are not only more a-
greeable in  flavor, but likewife more acceptable to the ftomach,
and lefs acrimonious than in their pure ftate.

        SPIRITUS AMMONIA  SUCCINATUS.
                          Lond.
                Succinated Spirit of Ammonia.
Take of
  Alcohol, one ounce, by weight;
  Water of pure ammonia, four ounces, by meafure ;
  Reaified oil of amber, one fcruple, by weight ;
  Soap, ten grains.
Digeft the foap and  oil of amber in the alcohol till they be dif-
  folved ; then add the water of pure ammonia, and mix them by
  fhaking.
  This preparation is intended as a  fubftitute for Eau de Luce,-
which was formerly imported entirely from Paris. Itisnow,we be-
lieve, prepared alfo by the chemifts and druggifts in London ; but
without fome peculiar manipulation, which is kept  fecret,  the a-
bove formula does not fucceed in giving the liquor that perma-
nent milky  opacity, which is deemed effential to  good Eau de
Luce, for it becomes more or lefs  tranfparent by keeping.   This
fancied perteaion is, however, in a medical point of view, imma-
terial ; and whether it be opaque or tranfparent, it is an excellent
analeptic remedy, and may be ufed in the fame circumftances, and
in the fame dofes as the fpirit of ammonia itfelf.

        TINCTURA CASTOREI COMPOSITA.
                           Edin.
                Compound TinBure of Caftor.
Take of
  Ruffia caftor, one ounce ;
  Afa fcetida, half an ounce ;
  Ammoniated alcohol, one pound.
Digeft for feven days in a clofe flopped phial, and filter through
  paper.
  This compofition is a medicine of real efficacy, particularly in
hyfterical diforders,  and  the feveral fymptoms which accompany
them.  The fpirit here ufed is an excellent menftruum, both for
the caftor and the afa fcetida, and greatly adds to their virtues. 
Chap. XXXII.]   Of Volatile Tinctures.             583

       TINCTURA CINCHONA AMMONIATA.
                          Lond.
               Ammoniated TinBure of Cinchona.
Take of
  Cinchona, powdered, four ounces ;
  Compound fpirit of ammonia; two pints.
Digeft in a clofe veffel for ten days, and  ftrain.

  We are not acquainted with this tinaure ; but from our knowl-
edge of the aaive principles of cinchona bark, we are not difpof-
ed to think it a  very judicious preparation ; for the nature of the
menftruum is fo ftimulating,  that little effea  can be expeaed
from any portion of the bark it is capable of diffolving.

         TINCTURA  GUAIACI AMMONIATA.
                           Edin.
               Ammoniated TinBure of Guaiac.
Take of
   Gum guaiac, four ounces ;
   Ammoniated alcohol, one pound and a half.
Digeft for feven days, and filter through paper.

                   TlNCTURA  GUAIAd.
                           Lond.
                    TinBure of Guaiacum.
 Take of
   Gum guaiacum, four ounces;
   Compound fpirit of ammonia,  a pint  and a half.
 Digeft tor three days, and ftrain.

             TlNCTURA GUAIACI VoLATILIS.
                            Dub.
                  Volatile  TinBure of Guaiac.
 Take of
   Guaiac, four ounces ;
   Aromatic fpirit of volatile alkali, one pound and a half.
 Mix and macerate for feven days, in a veffel clofely covered, then
   filter.

   These are  very elegant and efficacious tinaures ; the ammo-
 niated fpirit readily diffolving the refin, and at the fame time pro-
 moting its medicinal  virtue.   In rheumatic cafes, a tea or even
 table fpoonful, taken  every morning  and evening in any con-
 venient vehicle, particularly in milk, has  proved of Angular fer-
 vice. 
 $84        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part. Hi.

 TINCTURA OPII AMMONIATA;  olim,  Elixir Pare-
   goricum.              Edin.
   Ammoniated TinBure of Opium, formerly Paregoric Elixir.
 Take of
   Benzoic acid,
   Englifh faffron, of each three drachms;
   Opium, two drachms ;
   Effential oil of anifeed, half a drachm ;
   Ammoniated alcohol, fixteen ounces.
 Digeft for feven days in a clofe veffel, and ftrain.

   This is a preparation of confiderable efficacy in many fpafmo-
 dic difeafes, as chincough,  &c. the ammonia removing the fpafm
 immediately,  while the  opium tends to prevent its  return.   Each
 drachm contains about  a grain of opium.

      TINCTURA VALERIANA  AMMONIATA.
                        Lond.  Dub.
             Ammoniated TinBure of Valerian.
 Take of
   Wild valerian, in coarfe powder, four ounces ;
   Compound fpirit of ammonia, two pints.
Digeft tor eight days (feven days, in a veffel clofely covered,
   Dub.) and ftrain.

   The compound fpirit of ammonia is here an excellent men-
ftruum, and at the fame time confiderably promotes  the virtues of
the valerian, which in fome cafes wants affiftance of this kind.
The dofe may be a tea fpoonful or two.
CHAP.  XXXIII.
       MEDICATED   WINES.


   Parmentier has occupied thirtytwo pages of the Annalesde
"Chimie, to prove, that wine is  an  extremely bad menftruum for
extraaing the virtues of medicinal fubftances.   His argument,
(for there is but one) is, that by  the infufion of vegetable fubftan-
ces in wine, its natural tendency to decompofition is fo much ac-
celerated, that at the end of the procefs, inftead of wine, we have
only a liquor containing the elements of bad vinegar.   As a fol- 
Chap... XXXIIL]     Of Medicated Wines.          585

vent diluted alcohol perfeaiy  fuperfedes the ufe of wine ; and if
we wifh to ufe wine to  cover the tafte, or to affift the operation
of any medicine, M. Parmentier  propofes, that a tinaure of the
fubftance fhould be  extemporaneoufly mixed with wine as a ve-
hicle.
   Notwithftanding  this argument appears to us  to have great
weight, we fhall give to the medicated wines, retained in the phar-
macopceias, the charaaers they ftill generally poffefs.

VINUM ALOES  SOCOTORINA;  vulgo, Tintura Sa-
     cra.                    Edin
   Wine of Socotorine Aloes, commonly called Sacred TinBure.
Take of
   Socotorine aloes, one ounce ;
   Leffer cardamom feeds,
   dinger,  each one drachm ;
   Spanifh  white wine, two pounds.
Digeft for feven days, ftirring now and then, and afterwards ftrain.

                   Vinum Aloeticum.
                            Dub.
                        Aloetic Wine.
Take ot
Socotorine aloes, four ounces ;
   Canella alba, two ounces ;
   Spanifh  white wine, four pounds.
Powder the aloes and canella alba feparately, then mix and pour
   on the wine, afterwards digeft  for fourteen days, frequently
   fhaking  the veffel ; and laftly, filter the liquor.

                      Vinum  Aloes.
                            Lond.
                       Wine of Aloes.
Take of
   Socotorine aloes, eight ounces  ;
   Canella  alba, two ounces ;
   Spanifh  white wine, fix pints ;
   Proof fpirit, two pints.
Powder the aloes and  canella feparately  ; mix them and pour on
   the wine and fpirit ; digeft for fourteen  days, now and then,
   fhaking  them ; and ftrain.
    It will not be amifs to mix white fand, cleanfen  from impurities
with the  powder, in order to prevent the moiftened aloes trora
flicking together.                                  .
   This medicine has long been in great efteem, not only as a ca-
thartic, but likewife as a ftimulus. 
 586        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

   It appears from  long experience to be a medicine of excellent
 fervice.   The dofe as a  purgative,  is from one to two ounces.
 It may be introduced into the habit, fo as to be produaive of ex-
 cellent effeas as an alterant, by giving it in fmall dofes, at proper
 intervals ; thus managed,  it does not for  a confiderable time op-
 erate remarkably by ftool ; but at length proves purgative, and
 occafions a lax habit  of much longer continuance than that pro-
 duced by the other common cathartics.

 VINUM GENTIANS  COMPOSITUM; vulgo,  Vinum
   Amaru m.               Edin.
    Compound Wine of Gentian, commonly called Bitter Wine.
 Take of
   Gentian root, half an ounce ;
   Peruvian bark, one ounce ;
   Seville orange peel, dried, two drachms;
   Canella alba, one drachm ;
   Proof fpirit, tour ounces ;
   Spanifh white wine, two pounds and a half.
 Firft pour on the fpirit, and atter twentyfour hours add the wine;
   then macerate for three days, and ftrain.

  This wine is intended to fupply the place of the TinBura ad
ftomachicos, as it was formerly called.  Wine is a menftruum ful-
 ly capable ot extraaing the aaive powers of the different ingredi-
 ents ; and it fupplies us with a very ufeful and elegant ftomachic
 medicine, anfwering the purpofes intended much better than the
 celebrated elixir of Van Helmont, and other unchemical and un-
 certain preparations, which had  formerly a place in our pharma-
 copoeias.
              '  VINUM  IPECACUANHA.
                        Lond.  Dub.
                     Wine of Ipecacuanha.
 Take of
   The root of ipecacuanha, bruifed, two ounces ;
   Spanifh white wine, two pints (two pounds,  Dub.)
 Digeft for ten days (feven days, Dub.) and ftrain.

                           Edin.
 Take of
   Ipecacuanha, in  powder, one ounce ;
   Spanifh white wine, fifteen ounces.
   Macerate for feven  days, and filter through paper.

   Both thefe wines are very mild and  fafe emetics, and equally
 ferviceable in dyfenteries alfo, with the ipecacuanha in fubftance;
 this root yielding nearly all its virtues to the Spanifh white wine. 
Chap. XXXIIL]      Of Medicated Wines.          587

here ordered, as  it does a good fhare of them even to aqueous li-
quors.  The common dofe  is  an ounce, more or lefs, according
to the age and  ftrength of the patient.
            VINUM N1COTIANA TABACI.
                           Edin.
                        Tobacco Wine-.
Take of
   The dried leaves of tobacco, one ounce ;
   Spanifh white wine, one pound.
Macerate for feven days, and then ftrain the liquor.
   We have already  under the article Nlcotiana in the Ma-
teria Medica,  offered fome obfervations on its introduaion into
praaice by Dr.  Fowler, as  a very  ufeful remedy in the cure of
dropfies and dyfuries.  From his treatifeon that fubjea the pre-
fent formula is taken ; and we may obferve, that while in praaice
we have frequently experienced  from the tobacco thofe good ef-
feas for which Dr. Fowler recommends it, we are inclined to give
the prefent formula the preference  to every  other which he has
propofed.   It  feems to extraa more fully the aaive principles of
the tobacco than either water or fpirit taken feparately.

                VINUM RHEI PALMATE
                           Edin.
                      Rhubarb Wine.
Take of
   Rhubarb fliced, two ounces ;
   Canella alba, one drachm ;
   Diluted alcohol, two ounces ;
   Spanifh white wine, fifteen ounces.
Macerate for feven days,  and ftrain through paper,;

                  Vinum Rhabarbari.
                          Lond.
                     Wine of Rhubarb.
Take of
   Sliced rhubarbj two ounces and a half ;
   Leffer cardamom feeds, bruifed and hufked, half an ounce ;  ■
   Saffron  two drachms ;
   Spanifh white wine, two pints ;
   Proof fpirit, half a pint.
Digeft for ten  days and ftrain.
   By affifting the folvent power of the wine, the proof fpirit in
the above formulae is a Very ufeful addition.    This is a warm,
cordial, laxative  medicine.  It  is'ufed chiefly in  weaknefs of the
ftomach and bowels, and fome kinds of loofeneffes, for evacuating
                  O o
X 
588       Preparations and Compositions*      [Part III.

the offending matter, and ftrengthening the tone of  the vifcera.
It may be given in dofes of from half a fpoonful to three or four
fpoonfuls or more, according to the circumftances of the diforder,
and the ftrength of the patient.
                    CHAP.  XXXIV.


              EXTRACTS and  RESINS.


  Extract in pharmacy has long been ufed, in the common and
true acceptation ot the term, to exprefs a thing extra&ed, and there-
fore it was applied to fubftances of all kinds which were extraa-
ed  from heterogeneous bodies, by the aaion of any menftruum,
and again reduced to a confiftent form, by the evaporation of that
menftruum.   Lately, however, Extraa has been ufed  in a differ-
ent and much more limited fenfe, as the name for a peculiar prin-
ciple, which is often indeed  contained in extraas, and which be-
fore had no proper appellation.  Although  we have ufed it in this
fenfe (^262) on farther confideration  we regret having done fo;
for  it is  certainly improper to  employ a word, which in common
language has a fixed and appropriate meaning, to exprefs any new
fubftance or relation of fubftances.  Such arbitrary  changes in
the application of words are fources of infinite cOnfufion, and re-
tard fcience.  Accordingly, in reading the  works of  the French
authors, it is extremely difficult, and fometimes impoffible to af-
certain whether the word F -'raa be employed in the common or
in the more  limited acceptation.   It is in the former fenfe that
we  employ  it here, and in which we  wiffi it to be only  ufed, while
a new word fhould be invented as  the name of the new fubftance.
Till a better be propofed, we fhall call it Extraaive.
  Extraas  are of various kinds,  according to  the nature of the
fubftances from which they  are obtained, and the menftruum em-
ployed -r but  they commonly confift of gum, fugar,  extraaive,
tannin, gallic acid, or refin, or feveral of them mixed in various
proportions.  The menftrua moft commonly employed are water
and alcohol.  The former is capable of extracting all the fubftanc-
es enumerated, except the refin, and the latter all except the gum.
Wine is alfo fometimes employed, but very improperly ; for as a
folvent it can only aa as a mixture of alcohol and water, and the
principles which it leaves behind  on evaporation are rather inju-
rious than of advantage to the extraa.
  Water is the menftruum moft economically employed in mak-
ing extraas, as it is capable  of  diffolving  all the aaive princi- 
Chap. XXXIV.]   Of Extracts and Resins.           589

pies except refin, and  can have its folvent powers affifted by a
Confiderable degree of heat.
  Watery extraas are prepared by boiling the fubjea in water,
and  evaporating the  ftrained decoclion to a thick confiftence.
  It is indifferent, with regard to the medicine, whether the fub-
jea be ufed frefh or  dry ; fince nothing that can be preferved in
this procefs will be loft by drying.   With regard to the facility
of extraaion, there is a very confiderable difference;  vegetables
in general giving out their virtues more readily when moderately
dried than when frefh.
  Very compaa dry fubftances fhould be reduced into exceeding-
ly fmall parts, previous  to the  affufion of the menftruum.
  The quantity of water ought to be no greater than is neceffary
for extraaing the virtues of the fubjea.   This point, however, is
not very eafily afcertained;  for although fome of the common
principles of extraas be  foluble in a very  fmall proportion of wa-
ter, there are others,  fuch as the tartnin, of which  water can dif-
folve  only a certain  proportion, and cannot be made to take up
more by  any  length of boiling ;  and we have  no very  good me-
thod of knowing when we have ufed a fufficient  quantity of water;
for vegetable fubftances will continue to color deeply  fucceffive
portions of water boiled with  them, long after they are yielding
nothing to it but  coloring matter.  Perhaps one of the beft  me-
thods is to boil the  fubjea in  fucceffive quantities of water, as
long as the decoaions form a confiderable precipitate  with the
teft which is proper for deteaing the fubftance we are extraaing,
fuch as a folution of gelatin for tannirt, of alum  for extraaive, &c.
  " The decoaions are  to be depurated by colature;  and  after-
" wards fuffered to ftand for a day or two,  when  a confiderable
" quantity of fediment is ufually tound  at the bottom.   If the li-
" quor poured off clear be boiled down a  little, and  afterwards
" fuffered to  cool again,  it will depofite a frefh fediment, from
" which  it may  be  decanted  before you  proceed to finifh the
"evaporation.  The  decoaions of very refinous fubftances do not
** require this treatment, and are rather injured by it ; the refin
" fubfiding along  with the inaaive dregs."
  Such were the direaions given in the former editions of  this
work for the  depuration of the decoaions, and we  have inferted
them  at  full length, becaufe, although  We doubt very much of
their propriety, our reafons for  fo doing  are fcarcely  more than
hypothetical.   We would advife the decoaions to be evaporated
after they  have been  filtered boiling hot,  without any further de-
puration ;  becaufe fome  of the  moft aaive principles of vegetable
fubftances, fuch as tannin, are much more foluble in boiling than
in cold water,  and becaufe almoft all of them are very quickly
affeaed by expofure  to the atmofphere.   Therefore, if a boiling
decoaion, faturated with tannin, be allowed to cool,the greateft 
5gO        Preparations and Compositions.       [Part III.

part of the very principle on  which the aaivity of the fubftance
depends will feparate to the bottom, and according to the above
direaions, will be  thrown  away as fediment.   The fame objec-
tion applies  more ftrongly to allowing the decoaion to cool, and
depofite a frefh fediment, after it  has been partially evaporated.
Befides, by allowing the decoaions to ftand feveral days before we
proceed to the evaporation,  we are in faa allowing the aclive
principles contained in the decoaion to be altered by the aaion
of the air, and to be converted into fubftances, perhaps  inaaive,
which alfo are thrown away as  fediment.
   The evaporation is moft conveniently performed in broad ffial-
low veffels ;  the'larger the furface of the liquor, the fooner will
the aqueous parts exhale.   This effea may likewife be promoted
by agitation.
   When the matter begins to grow thick, great care is neceffary
to preveut its burning.   This accident, almoft unavoidable if the
quantity be large, and the  fire applied  as ufual under the evapo-
rating pan, may be effeaually prevented, by carrying on the  in-
fpiffdtion after the  common manner, no farther than to the confif-
tence of a fyrup. when the matter is to  be poured into fhallow tin
or earthen pans, and placed in an oven, with its door open, mod-
eratly heated ;  which acling uniformly  on every part of the li-
quid, will foon reduce  it to  any  degree of  confiftence required.
This  may likewife  be  done,  and mors fecurely, by fetting  the
evaporating  veffel in boiling water ; but the evaporation is in thil
way very tedious.
   Alcohol is much too expenfive to be  employed as  a menftruum
for obtaining extraas, except in thofe cafes where water is  totally
inadequate to  the purpofe.   Thefe cafes are,
   if. When  the nature ot the extraa  is very perifhable when
diffolved in  water, fo that it is liable  to be decompofed before the
evaporation  can be  completed, efpecially if we cannot'proceed
immediately to the evaporation.
   zdly When water is totally incapable of diffolving the fubftance
to be  extraaed ; and,
   $dly.  When the fubftance extraaed can bear the heat  of boil-
ing alcohol without being evaporated, but would be  diffipated by
that of boiling water ; that is, when it requires a heat  greater than
1760, and lefs  than 2120, for its evaporization.
   In  the laft cafe,  the alcohol muft be perfeaiy free from water,
becaufe the heat neceffary to evaporate it at the end of the procefs
would fruftrate the whole operation.  Hence, alfo, the fubjea it-
felt ought always to be  dry ; thofe fubftances  which lofe their
virtue by drying, lofe it equally on being fubmitted  to this treat-
ment  with the pureft alcohol.
   In  this way the alcoholic  extraa of fome aromatic fubftances as
cinnamon,  lavender, rofemary,  retain a confiderable degree of
their  fine flavor. 
Chap.  XXXIV.]   Of Extracts and Resins.        591

  In the fecond cafe, the alcohol need not be fo very ftrong, be-
caufe it is ftill capable of diffolving refinous fubftances, although
diluted with a confiderable proportion of water.
  In the firft cafe, the alcohol may be ftill much weaker ; or rath-
er the addition of a fmall proportion .ot alcohol to water will be
fufficient to retard or prevent the decompofition of the decoction.
  The alcohol employed in all thefe cafes fhould be perfeaiy free
from any unpleafant flavor, left it be communicated to the extraa.
  The infpiffation fhould be performed from the beginning, in the
gentle heat of a water bath.  We need not fuffer the alcohol to
evaporate in the air ;  the greateft part  of it may be recovered by
colleaing the vapor in common diftilling veffels.  If the diftilled
fpirit be found  to have brought over any  flavor from the fubjea,
it may be advantageoufly referved for the fame purpofes again.
  When diluted alcohol  is employed, the diftillation fhould only
be continued  as long as alcohol  comes over ; and the evaporation
fhould be finifhed in wide open  veffels.
  In this chapter we have alfo included the proceffes intended for
purifying infpiffated juices and refinous fubftances.
  Pure refins are prepared, by  adding  to fpirituous tinaures of
refinous vegetables, a large quantity of water.  The refin, inca-
pable of remaining diffolved in the watery liquor, feparates and
falls to the bottom ;  leaving in  the menftruum fuch other princi-
ples of the plant, as the fpirit might  have extraaed at firft along
with it.  But this is only praaiied for the purpofe of analyfis.

        EXTRACTS  made with WATER only.
                            Edin.
          EXTRACTUM GENTIANS  LUTEAL.
                      ExtraB of Gentian.
Take of
  Gentian root, any quantity.
Having cut and bruifed it, pour upon it eight times its quantity
  of water.  Boil to the confumption of one half of the liquor,
  and ftrain  it by  ftrong expreffion.  Evaporate the  decoaion
  immediately to the confiftence of thick  honey, in a bath of wa-
  ter faturated  with muriate ot  foda.

           In the fame manner are prepared E,xtraas
Of the roots of
  Liquorice,             ExlraBum radicis Glycyrrhizaglabra.
  Black Hellebore,---------------Hellebori nigri.
Ot  the leaves of
  Rue,                  --------foliorum Rutce graveolenlis.
  Senna,---------------Caffia: Scnns. 
592       Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.
 Of the flowers of
   Camomile,            ExtraBum florum Anthemidis nobi(is.
 Ot the heads of
   White Poppy,         ---------capitum Papaveris albi.
 And of
   Logwood,             ---------ligni  Hamatoxyli  Campe-
                                     chenfis.

                       EXTRACTA.
                            Lond.
 Extraa of Broom Tops,         ExtraBum cacuminis Geniftsc.
 —i------Camomile,            --------Chamameli.
 -------. Gentian,              --------Gentiana.
 -------- Liquorice,            --------Glycyrrhiza.
 ■-------. Black Hellebore,      --------Hellebori nigri.
 --------White Poppy,         --------Papaveris albi.
 •------- Rue,                 —---;---Rut a.
 --------■ Savin,                 •------— Sabi'na.

 Boil  the article in diftilled  water, prefs out the decoaion, ftrain
   it,  and fet it apart that the feces may fubfide ;  then boil it again
   in  a  water bath faturated with fea fait  to a confiftence proper
   for making pills.
 The fame kind of bath is to be ufed in the preparation of all the
   extraas, that the evaporation may be properly performed.

              EXTRACTA  SIMPLICIORA.
                           Dub.
                      Simple ExtraBs.
   All fimple extraas, unlefs otherwife ordered, are  to be pre-
 pared according to the following rule :

 The parts of the plants ordered are to be boiled in water ; the li-
   quor is then to be expreffed, and after the feces have fubfided,
   it is to be filtered ; and laftly, it is to be evaporated with a gen-
   tle  heat and frequently ftirred,  until  it acquire a confiftence
   proper for forming pills.
   The fimple extraas enumerated in this pharmacopoeia are,
 ExtraBum Aloes,                  Extraa of Aloes.
 ■■         Chamameli,             ■----—— Camomile.
--------Gentiana,               -------■ Gentian.
--------Glycyrrhiza:,            --------Liquorice.
 ■■         Hamatoxyli,            -------» Logwood.
----.---Hellebori nigrit          --------Black Hellebore.
-------r- Jalapa,                --------Jalap.
--------Ouercus,                --------Oak Bark.
p—^-----Rut a,                   --------Rue.
 ' ■■  '     Sabina,                  ■        Savin. 
Chap. XXXIV.]   Of Extracts and Resins.          593

EXTRACTUM CINCHONA, sive CORTICIS PERUVI-
  AN!.                 Lond.
            ExtraB of Cinchona, or Peruvian Bark.
Take of
  Peruvian bark, in coarfe powder, one pound;
  Diftilled water, twelve pints.
Boil for an hour or two, and pour off the liquor, which, while hot,
  will be red and pellucid,  but,  as  it grows cold, will become
  yellow  and  turbid.   The  fame quantity ot  water being again
  poured on, boil the bark as  before, and repeat this boiling until
  the liquor, on becoming cold, remains clear.   Then reduce all
  thefe liquors,  mixed together and ftrained,  to a proper thick-
  nefs, by evaporation.
This extraa muft be prepared under two forms ; one Jqft,  and fit
  for making pills ; the other hard and pulverizable.

      Extractum  Corticis Peruvian! Durum.
                           Dub.
              Hard ExtraB of Peruvian Bark.
Take of
  Peruvian bark, in coarfe powder, one pound  ;
  Water,  twelve pounds.
Mix and boil to the half; then ftrain the liquor ftill boiling. What
  remains upon the filter is to be again boiled with frefh affufions
  of water, as often as may be neceffary.  Laftly,  evaporate all
  the decoaions, mixed and filtered, after they  have cooled, until
  the extra£t become fo hard as to be reducible to powder.

       Extractum  Corticis Peruviani Molle.
                           Dub.
               Soft ExtraB of Peruvian Bark.
This is prepared in the fame  manner, except  that  the extraa is
  made no drier than to render it fit for the formation oi pills.

EXTRACTUM HAMATOXYLI, sive LIGNI CAMPE-
  CHENSIS.             Lond.
                     ExtraB of Logwood,
Take of
  Shavings of logwood, one pound.
Boil it four times or oftener, in a gallon of diftilled  water,  to one
  half ; then boil all the liquors, mixed and ftrained, down to a
  proper confiftence. 
594         Preparations and  Compositions.    [Part. III.
                  EXTRACTUM OPII.
                           Dub.
                     ExtraB of Opium.
Take of
  Purified opium, two ounces ;
  Boiling water, one pound.
Melt the opium in the water, and to the liquor ftrained, while it is
  warm, add oue pound of cold diftilled water.  Expofe this li-
  quor  for two days to the air, filter it again, and, laftly, evapo-
  rate it to the confiftence of an extraa  over a very gentle fire.

                EXTRACTUM  SENNA.
                           Lond.
                     ExtraB of Senna.
Take of                                        v
  Senna, one pound ;
  Diftilled water, one gallon.
Boil the fenna  in the diftilled  water, adding after its decoaion a
  little  reaified fpirit of wine. , Evaporate the ftrained liquor to
  a proper thicknefs.


Take of
  Senna, one pound ;
  Water, eight pounds ;
  Reaified fpirit of wine, eight ounces.
Boil the  fenna in the water to one half;  add the fpirit to the de-
  coclion after it is cold, and digeft in a covered veffel for twenty-
  four hours, then exprefs the  liquor, and evaporate it to a proper
  thicknefs over a very gentle fire.


 EXTRACTS made with  ALCOHOL  and WATER.

      EXTRACTUM CINCHONA  OFFICINALIS.
                          Edin.
_  .   „            ExtraB of Cinchona.
Tc.keof                    J
  Cinchona bark, in powder, one pound ;
  Alcohol, four  ounds. .
Digeft for four dv} s, and pour off the tinaure.
Boil the refiduum n five pounds of diftilled water for fifteen min-
utes, *nd filter  ie decoaion boiling hot through linen.  Re-
?<.:■■  ibis deav iiuri  and filtration with an equal quantity of
aiitiJea v'i.ter, -mu reduce the liquor by evaporation tothecon-
£:U:ncs oi f •  • . honey.   Draw  off the alcohol from the tinaure 
Chap. XXXIV,]    Of Extracts and Resins.         595 •

by diftillation, until "it alfo become thick;  then mix the liquor,
thus infpiffated, and evaporate in a bath of boiling water, fatur-
ated with muriate of foda, to a proper confiftency.

   EXTRACTUM  RADICIS CONVOLVULI JALAP A.
                           Edin.
                      Extract of Jalap.

   This is prepared  in the fame way.

EXTRACTUM  CORTICIS PERUVIANI cum RESINA,
                          Lond.
          Extract of Peruvian Bark  with  the Refin.
Take of
   Peruvian bark, reduced to coarfe powder one pound  ;
   Reaified fpirit of wine, four pints.
Digeft it for  four days, and pour off the tinaure ;  boil the refi-
   duum in ten pints  of diftilled water to two ; then fliain the tinc-
   ture and  decoaion feparately,  evaporating the  w^er hv,r  he
   decoaion,  and diftilling off the  fpirit from the nnclm.  , lmiuI
   each begins to bethickened.  Laftly, mix the refi-.'i1-    :'  he
   aqueous extraa, and make the  mafs fit for fonr ng i^o puis,

             EXTRACTUM CAS"CARILL/E.
                          Lond.
                   ExtraB ofCifcarilla.
                EXTRACTUM JALAP1I.
                          Lond.
                     ExtraB of Jalap.
   These are both  prepared in the fame way.

     EXTRACTUM  CASCARILLA  RESINOSUM.
                           Dul.
              Refinous ExtraB  of Cafcarilla.
Take of
   Cafcarilla, in courfe powder, one pound ;
  Reaified fpirit ot  wine, four pounds.
Digeft for four days, then pour off the tinaure and flrain ; boil the
  refiduum in twelve pounds ot water to two, and purify this liquor,
  in  the fame way  as  the  former.   Evaporate  the decoaion,
  and diftil the tinaure, till both begin to grow thick ;  and, laft-
  ly, mix them well  together.

EXTRACTUM  CORTICIS PERUVIANI RUBRI REST
  N'OSUM.               Dub.
          Refinous  ExtraB of Red Peruvian  Bark, 
596        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part  III.

EXTRACTUM  VALERIANA SYLVESTRIS RESINO-
  SUM.                   Dub.
              Refinous ExtraB of Wild Valerian.

  These are both prepared in the fame way.

  EXTRACTUM  COLOCYNTH1DIS COMPOSITUM,
                           Lond.
              Compound ExtraB ofColoquintida.
Take of
  Pith of coloquintida, cut fmall, fix drachms ;
  Socotorine aloes, powdered, an  ounce and a half;
  Scammony, powdered, half an  ounce ;
  Smaller cardamom feeds, hufked and powdered, one drachm;
  Proof fpirit, one pint.
 Digeft  the coloquintida in the fpirit,  with a gentle heat, during
  tour days.   1 o the expreffed  tinaure add the aloes and fcam-
  mony ; when thefe are diffolved, draw  off the fpirit by diftilla-
  tion, and evaporate the  water, adding the feeds towards the end
  ot  the procefs, fo as to form an  extraa fit for making into pills.

                OPIUM PURIFICATUM.
                        Lond.  Dub.
                      Purified  Oj,ium>
Take of
  Opium, cut into fmall pieces, one pound ;
  Proof fpirit of wine, twelve pints.
 Digeft the opium with  a gentle heat, ftirring now and then till it
  be diffolved, and  filter through paper.  Diftil the tinaure, fo
   prepared, to a proper thicknefs (tor making into pills, Dub.)
 (Purified opium muft be kept in two forms ; one foft, proper tor
  forming into pills; the other hard, which may be reduced into
  powder, Lond.)
  The chapter on extraas and refins in the London  Pharmaco-
poeia is concluded with the two following general direaions :
  1. All the extrafcis,  during the time  of infpiffation,  muft be
 greatly agitated.
  2.  On all the fofter watery extraas, a fmall quantity of fpirit
 of wine muft be fprinkled.

  All thefe extraas are fuppofed  to contain the virtues of the fub-
 ftances from which they are prepared, in a very pure and concen-
 trated form : But this fuppofition is, we believe, in feveral in-
 ftances erroneous; and  the direaions for preparing them  are fre-
 quently injudicious and uneconomical.
  As the changes which opium and aloes undergo by folution, and
 fubfequent evaporation, have never been afcertained  by careful
and fa.isfaaory  experiments,  we prefer well  felefcled pieces of 
 Chap. XXXIV.]   Of Extracts and Resins,          597

 thefe fubftances to the preparations in which they are fuppofed tp
 be purified.
    Cinchona bark is a medicine ol  very great importance ;  but
 unfortunately the proportion of  woody fibres, or inert matter,
 which enter into its compofition is fo great, that weak ftomachs
 cannot bear it, when given in  any  quantity fufficient to produce
 any very powerful effeas.  Qn this account,  the preparation ot
 an extraa, which may contain its  aaive principles in a concen-
 trated form, becomes alfo an objea of importance. On this fubjea
 there is ftill much room for experiment. The London and Dub-
 lin Colleges, in their  direaions,  certainly  err in two important
 particulars ; in the firft place, in defiring the decoaion to be con-
 tinued until the greateft part of the  menftruum is evaporated ;
 and, in the fecond place,  in  feparating  by  filtration the powder
 which feparates from the decoaion after it has  cooled.   1 he firft
 error probably originated in the idea, that by continuing  the boil-
 ing for a great length of time more of the bark would be diffolved ;
 but we now know that water is incapable ot diffolving more than a
 certain quantity  of  the aaive principles of bark ;  and that after
 the water has become  faturated, by continuing the decoaion we
 diminifh the quantity of the menftruum, and theietore alfo dimin-
 ifh the quantity of bark diffolved.   It is not fo eafy to account
 for the fecond error; for, according to the old idea, that the pow-
 der which feparated  on cooling from a faturated decoaion of cin-
 chona,  was a refinous fubftance, it  furely ought not to have been
 rejeaed from what were fuppofed to be refinous extraas.  This
 precipitate is now known to be caufed by the much greater folu-
 bility of tannin in boiling than in cold water, fo that the precipi-
 tate is not different  from what remains in folution.  According-
 ly we have found by experiment, that cinchona gave at leaft que
 half more extract when the  decoaion were conduaed according
 to the direaions of the Edinburgh College.
  The real advantage of fo expenfive an agent as alcohol, in pre-
 paring any of thefe extraas, has not  been demonftrated ; and, if
 we are not mifinformed, it is feldom employed by the apotheca-
 ries in preparing, even what are called the Refinous Extraas.
  The fame obfervations apply to the preparation ot other aftrin-
 gent extraas, fuch as thofe of logwood and oak bark.

                     RESINA FLAVA.
                        Lond.  Dub.
                        Yellow Refin.
 This remains in the retort after the diftillation of oil of turpentine.
  Turpentines are  combinations of  volatile oils and refins,
which are eafily feparated by diftillation.   The  procefs, however, 
598       Preparations  and  Compositions.     [Part III.

cannot be carried fo far as to feparate the whole of the oil, with-
out charring and burning the refin.   In this ftate it has a brown
color and a certain degree of tranfparency, and is well known un-
der the name of Fiddler's Rofin.   But, if  water be  added to the
refiduum of  the diftillation, and be thoroughly mixed  with it by
agitation,  it  becomes opaque, and is called Yellow Rofin.
   Yellow rofin is a ufeful ingredient in the compofition of plaf-
ters and hard ointments.

              AMMONIACI PURIFICATIO.
                         .  Lond.
           The Purification of  Gum Ammoniacum.
If gum ammoniac'do not feem to be  pure, boil it  in water till it
   become foft ; then fqueeze it through a canvafs bag, by means
   of a prefs.   Let it remain at reft till the refinous part fubfide ;
   then evaporate the water ; and towards the end ol  the evapora-
   tion, mix the refinous part  with the gummy.
In the fame manner are purified afafatida and fimilar gum refins.
You may  alfo purify any gum which  melts eafily, fuch as Galba-
   num,  by putting it in an ox bladder, and holding it  in boiling
   water till it become fo fott  that it can be feparated from its im-
   purities by  preffing through a coarfe linen cloth.
   As one, and perhaps the moft aaive conftituent of gummy re-
fins as they are called, is of a volatile nature, it is  evident that it
muft be in a great meafure diffipated in the procefs juft defcribed
and that we cannot expefct the fame virtues in thefe fubftances af-
ter they are purified, which they  poffefs in their crude ftate.This
procefs is therefore contrary to the principles of good pharmacy ;
and fuch fpecimens  ot thefe  gummy refins as ftand in need of it
to give them  an apparent  degree  of purity, fhould not  be admit-
ted into the fhop ot the apothecary.  Befides, many of  the impu-
rities which they ufualiy contain, are eafily feparated in compound-
ing the preparations or extemporaneous prefcriptions into which
they enter.

                STYRAX  PURIFICATA.
                         Lond.  Dub.
                      Purified  Storax.
                 STYRACIS PURIFICATIO.
                 The Purification of Storax.
Diffolve the ftorax in refctified fpirit of wine, and ftrain the folu-
   tion ; afterwards  reduce it to a proper thicknefs with a gentle
   heat.
   Storax is a balfam or combination of refin and benzoic acid,
both of which are foluble in alcohol, and neither of them volatile
in the heat neceffary for evaporating  alcohol.  The procels far
purifying  it is therefore not liable to any chemical objefctions. 
Chap.   XXXV.]       Of Powders.                  599
CHAP.  XXXV.
Of   POWDERS.
  This form is proper for fuch materials  only as are capable of
being fufficiently dried to become  pulverifable,  without the iofs
of their virtue.  There are many fubftances, however, of this kind
which  cannot be conveniently taken in powder ;  bitter, acrid, fe-
tid drugs are too difagreeable; emollient and mucilaginous herbs
and r®ots are too bulky ; pure gums cohere, and become tenacious
in the mouth ;  fixt alkaline falts deliquefce when expofed to the
air;  and volatile alkalies exhale.   Many  of the aromatics, too,
fuffer a great lofs of their odorous principle when  kept in powder ;
as in that form they expofe a much larger furface to the air.
  The dofe of powders, in extemporaneous prefcription, is gener-
ally about half  a drachm ; it rarely exceeds a whole  drachm ; and
is not often  lefs than  a fcruple. Subflances which produce power-
ful effeas in fmaller dofes-are not trufted to this form, unlefs their
bulk be increafed by additions of  lefs efficacy ;  thofe which re-
quire to be given in larger ones are better fitted for other forms.
  The ufual vehicle for taking the lighter powders,  is any agree-
able.thin liquid.  The ponderous powders, particularly thofe pre-
pared from  metallic  fubftances, require a more confiftent vehicle,
as fyrups ;  for  from  thin ones they foon fubfide. Refinous fub-
ftances likewife are moft  commodioufly taken in thick liquors ;
in thin ones, they are apt to run into  lumps, which  are not eafily
again foluble.

            PULVIS ALOES cum CANELLA.
                             Lond.
                Powder  of Aloes-with  Canella.
Take of
  Socotorine aloes, one pound ;
  White canella, three ounces.
Powder them fepatately, and then mix them.
  This compofition has long been known in the fhops under the
title of Hiera Picra.  It  furnifhes us with an  ufeful alcetic pur-
gative, the  canella operating as a good  corrigent for the aloes.—
But it is more  frequently employed  as  the bafis of  eJeauaries or
pills. 
600        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part lit.

         PULVIS ALOETICUS cum GUAIACO.
                          Lond.
               Aloetic Powder with Guaiacum.
Take of
  Socotorine aloes, one ounce and an half ;
  Gum guaiacum, one ounce;
  Aromatic powder, half an ounce.
Rub the aloes and gum guaiacum feparately to powder ; then mix
  them with the aromatic powder.
  This alfo furnifhes us with  a ufeful purgative ; but when ta.
ken only in fmall dofes, its chief effeas is  that of promoting per-
fpiration.

          PULVIS ALOETiCUS  cum FERRO.
                          Lond.
                 Aloetic Powder with Iron.
Take of
  Socotorine aloes, an ounce and an half;
  Myrrh, two ounces ;
  Dry extraa of gentian,
  Vitriolated iron, of each one ounce.
Reduce them feparately to powder, and mik them.
  In this powder we have an  aloefic and chalybeate conjoined.
It is an ufeful medicine, and is particularly employed  with ad-
vantage in cafes of obftruaed menftruation.

               PULVIS  AROMATICUS.
                       Lond.  Dub.
                    Aromatic Powder.
Take of
  Cinnamon, two ounces;
  Smaller cardamom feeds, hufked,
  Ginger,
  Long pepper, of each one ounce.
Rub them together  to  a powder, (which is to  be kept in a well
  corked phial, Dub.)

                          Edin.
Take of
  Cinnamon,
  Smaller cardamom feeds,
  Ginger, each equal parts.
Reduce them to a very fine powder,  which is to be kept in a glafs
  veffel well clofed.
  Both  thefe compofitions are agreeable,  hot fpicy, medicines ;
and as fuch may be ufefully taken in cold phlegmatic habits and 
Chap.  XXXV.]     Of Powders.                  601

decayed conftitutions,  for  warming the ftomach, promoting di-
geftion, and ftrengthening the tone  of the vifcera.   The dofe is
from ten grains to a fcruple and upwards.  The firft is confidera-
bly the warmeft, from the quantity of long pepper which it con-
tains.

            PULVIS  ASARI  COMPOSITUS.
                       Lond.  Dub
               Compound Powder of Afarabacca,
 Take of
   Afarabacca,
   Sweet marjoram,
   Syrian herb maftich,
   Lavender, of each, dried, one ounce.
 Reduce them together  to powder, which is to be  kept in a  clofed
   phial.

       PULVIS  ASARI  EUROPAI COMPOSITUS.
                            Edin.
              Compound Powder of Afarabacca.
 Take of
   The leaves of afarabacca, three parts ;
    —----------  marjoram.
    Flowers of lavender, of each one  part.
 Rub them together to powder.
   They are both agreeable and  efficacious errhines, and fuperior
 to moft of thofe ufually fold under the name of herb fnuff  They
 are ofteri employed  With  great advantage  in cafes ot obftinate
 headach, and of ophthalmias refifting other modes ot cure.  Taken
 under the form of fnuff to the extent of five  or fix grains at bed-
 time, they will operate the fucceeding day as a powerful errhine,
 inducing frequent fneezing, and likewife a copious difcharge from
 the  nofe.  It is, however,  neceffary, during their operation, to
 avoid expofure to cold.

 PULVIS CARBONATIS  CALCIS COMPOSITUS  ; olim,
    Pulvis Cretaceus.      Edin.
 Compound Powder of Carbonate  of Lime, formerly Chalk Powder.
  Take of
    Prepared carbonate of lime, four  ounces ;
    Nutmeg, half a drachm ;
    Cinnamon, one drachm and a half.
  Reduce them together to powder. 
260       Preparations and Compositions.       [Part III.

              Pulvis Cret.e Compositus.
                           Lond.
                 Compound Powder of Chalk.
Take of
  Pr-p.irel ch-i'k, half a pound;
  Cinn.'moii, four ounces ;
  Torment il,
  Gum Archie, of eacli three ounces ;
  Long pepper, halt an ounce.
P-^rt'dtr them ieparately, and mix them.

  The addition of the aromatics in the above formula, coincides
will) ihe general intention of the remedy,  which is indicated  for
weaknefs and acidity in the ftomach, and in loofenefs from acidity.

     PULVIS CRETA   COMPOSITUS  cum OPIO.
                          Lond-
           Compound Powder of Chalk with Opium.
Take of
  Compound powder of chalk, eight ounces ;
  Hard purified opium, powdered one drachm and an half.
Mix them.
  From the addition of the opium this remedy becomes ftill more
powerful than the above in reftraining diarrhoea.

     PULVIS CHELARUM CANCRI COMPOSITUS.
                          Lond.
              Compound Powder of Crabs Claws.
Take of
  Crabs claws, prepared, one pound ;
  !Chalk,
  Red coral, each prepared, three ounces.
Mix them.
  The invention of this formula muft be afcribed folely to theun-
philofophical idea, that the  fum of the powers  of medicine was
increafed by mixing them  together ;  for the prefent powder is a
mixture of three varieties of carbonate  of lime,  which, notwith-
ftanding the immenfe differences of their prices, do not differ in
their effeas.

          PULVIS  CERUSSA  COMPOSITUS.
                           Lond.
                Compound Powder of Cerufe*
Take of
  Cerufe,  five ounces ;
  Sarcocoll, an ounce and a half. 
Chap. XXXV.] ,        Of Powders.     .          £03

  Tragacanth, half an ounce.
Powder them together,
  This is employed tor external purpofes, as in collyria, lotions,
and injeaions for repelling  acrimonious  humors, and in inflam-
mations ; but for all thefe purpofes it is very inferior to folutions
of acetite of lead.

      PULVIS  CONTRAYERVA COMPOSITUS.
                         Lond.
              Compound Powder of Contrayerva.
Take of
  Contrayerva, powdered, five ounces  ;
  Compound powder of crabs claws,  one pound and a half.
 Mix  them.
  This medicine has a very good claim to the title of an alexi-
pharmic and fudorific.   The  contrayerva  by itfelf proves very
 ferviceable in low fevers, where the vis  vitsc is weak, and a dia-
phorefis  to be promoted.  It is poffible, that the crabs claws are of
no farther fervice than as they  divide this aaive ingredient, and
 make it fit more eafily on the ftomach.

           PULVIS  IPECACUANHA ET OPII.
                           Edin.
 Pulvis Ipecacuanha. Compositus ; olim  Pulvis Do-
   ver i.                  Lond, Dub.
 Powder of Ipecacuanha and Opium, or Compound Powder of Ipe-
   cacuan, formerly Dover's Powder.'
 Take of
   Ipecacuanha, in powder,
   Opium, (purified, Dub. hard purified,  Lond.) of each one part;
   Sulphate of potafs, eight parts.
 Triturate them together into a fine powder.
   The fulphate of potafs, from thegrittinefs of its cryftals, is
 perhaps better fitted for tearing and dividing the tenacious opium
 than any other fait; this feems to be its only ufe in the prepara-
 tion.  The operator ought to be careful  that the  opium and ipe-
 cacuanha be equally diffufed through the whole mafs of  powder,
 otherwife different portions of  the powder muft have differences
 in degree of ftrength.
   This powder is one of the moft certain fudorifics, and, as fuch,
 was  recommended by  Dr. Dover as  an  effeaual remedy in rheu-
 matifm.   Modern praaice  confirms its reputation, not only in
 rheumatifm, but alfo in dropfy and feveral other difeafes, where it
 is often difficult by other means to produce a copious fweat. The
 dofe is from five to twenty grains, according as the patient's ftom-
 ach  and ftrength can bear it.   It is proper to avoid  much drink-
. ing immediately after  taking it, otherwife it is very  apt to be re-
 jeaed by vomiting before any other effeas are produced, 
604        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.
         PULVIS  JALAPA COMPOSITUS.
                         Edin.
                Compound Powder of Jalap.
Take of
  Jalap root, one part ;
  Supertartrite of potafs, two parts.
Grind them together to a very fine powder.
  The ufe of  the cryftals in  this preparation, is to break down
and divide the Jalap ; and therefore they are direaed to be tritu-
rated together, and not feparately.

          PULVIS MYRRHA COMPOSITUS.
                         Lond.
                Compound Powder of Myrrh.
Take of
  Myrrh,
  Dried favin,
  ------rue,
  Ruffian caftor, of each one ounce.
Rub them together into a powder.
  This is a reformation of the Trochifci e Myrrha, a.compofi-
tion contrived by Rhazes againft uterine obftruaions.   From a
fcruple to a drachm or more, two  or  three times a day, may be
taken in any convenient vehicle, or made into bolufes.

                 PULVIS OPIATUS.
                         Lond.
                     Opiate Powder.
Take of
  Hard purified opium, powdered, one  drachm ;
  Burntnd prepared  hartffiorn, nine drachms.
Mix them.
                          Edin.
Take of                 •
  Opium, one part;
  Prepared carbonate of lime, nine parts.
Rub them together to a fine powder.
  In thefe powders the opium is the only aaive ingredient ; and
it is immaterial whether the phofphate or  carbonate of lime be
ufed to promote its mechanical divifion.

        PULVIS SCAMMONH COMPOSITUS.
                         \Lond.
              Compound Powder of Scammonv.
Take of                        J         J
  Scammony,
  Hard extraa of Jalap, of each two ounces; 
Chap. XXXV.]       Of Powders.                  605

  Ginger, half an ounce.
Powder them feparately, and mix them*

                           Edin,
Take of
  Scammonyj
  Supertartrite of potafs, equal parts.
Rub them together to a very fine powder.

                           Dub.
Take of
  Scammony,
  Vitriolated vegetable alkali, each two ounces ;
  Ginger, half an ounce.
Powder them feparately, and then mix them.
  In the firft of thefe compofitions, the fcammony is combined'
with another purgative more aaive than itfelf, and in the others,
with one much lefs fo ; which difference muft be attended to in
prefcription.  The ginger is an ufeful addition, and will render
it lefs apt to gripe.

  PULVIS SCAMMONII  COMPOSITUS cum ALOE.
                           Lond.
          Compound Powder of Scammony  with Aloes.
Take of
  Scammony, fix drachms ;
  Hard extraa of jalap^
  Socotorine aloes, of each an ounce and an half;
  Ginger, half an ounce.
Powder them feparately, and mix them.
  In this formula, the combination of fcammony, jalap, and aloes,
furnifhes a very  aaive purgative, which, with fome intentions at
leaft, may be preferable to either of the preceding.  From five to
ten grains of it operate as a purgative, even in cafes of obftinate
coftivenefs.

      PULVIS SCAMMONII  cum CALOMELANE.
                           Lond.
              Powder of Scammony with Calomel,
Take of
  Scammony, half an ounce ;
  Calomel,
  Double refined fugar, of each two drachms.
Powder them feparately, and then mix them.
  In this formula, we have the fcammony in a more fimple ftate,
united with fuch  a proportion of calomel, as muft very confidera-
bly aid its purgative power ; and accordingly it may be employ-
              er * 
606         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.
ed with advantage,  both  in cafes of obftinate coftivenefs, and in
dropfical  affeaions, where a confiderable difcharge is required
from the fyftem.

           PULVIS SENNA COMPOSITUS.
                           Lond.
                 Compound Powder of Senna.
Take of
   Senna,
   Cryftals of tartar, of each two ounces ;
   Scammony, half an ounce ;
   Ginger, two drachms.
Rub the fcammony by itfelf, rub the reft together into a powder,
   and then mix them all.
   This powder is given as a cathartic, in the dofe of two fcru-
ples, or a drachm.  The  fpice is added, not only to divide, but to
warm the medicine, and make it fit eafier on the ftomach.  The
fcammony is ufed as a ftimulus to the fenna ;  the quantity of the
latter neceffary for a dofe, when not affifted by fome more power-
ful material, being too bulky to be conveniently taken in this form.

PULVIS SULPHATIS ALUMINA COMPOSITUS ; olim,
   Pulvis Styp^Itcus.      Edin.
Compound Powder of Sulphate of Alumina, formerly Styptic Pow-
   der.
Take of
   Sulphate of alumina, four parts ;
   Kino, one part.
Rub them together to a fine powder.
   This powder is  compofed of  two very powerful aftringents,
but which we believe are.not combined  with propriety.  At leaft,
it is certain that a folution of alum is decompofed by a folution of
 kino.

       PULVIS TRAGACANTHA COMPOSITUS.
                           Lond.
              Compound Powder of Tragacanth.
 Take of
   Tragacanth, powdered,
   Gam Arabic,       <■
   Starch, ot each an ounce and an half ;
   Double refined fugar,  three ounces.
 Rub them together into a powder.
   This compofition is a mild emollient; and hence becomes fer-
 viceable in heaic cafes,  tickling coughs, ftrangury, fome kinds
 of alvine fluxes, and other diforders proceeding from a thin acri- 
Chap.  XXXVI.]       Of Conserves.                 607

monious ftate of the humors, or an  abrafion of the mucus of the
inteitines ; they foften, and give a  greater degree of confiftency
to the former, and defend the latter from being irritated or exco-
riated by them.   All the ingredients coincide in thefe general in-
tentions.  The dofe is from half a drachm to two or three drachms,
which may be frequently repeated.
                    CHAP.  XXXVI.


            CONSERVES.


  Conserves are compofitions of recent vegetable matters and
fugar, beaten together into an uniform mafs.
  This management is introduced for preferving certain fimples,
undried, in an agreeable  form,  with as little alteration as poffible
in their native virtues ; and to  fome fubjeas it is  very advantal
geoufly applied.  Vegetables, whofe virtues are loft or deftroyed
in drying, may in this  form  be  kept  uninjured  for a length of
time ; for, by carefully fecuring the mouth of the containing vef-
fel, the alteration, as well as diflipation of their aaive principles,
is generally prevented ; and  the  fugar  prefervcs them from the
corruption which juicy vegetables would otherwife undergo.
  The fugar fhould be pounded by itfelf,  and paffed through a
fieve, before it be mixed with the vegetable mafs, for without this
it cannot be properly incorporated.   Rofe  buds, and fome other
vegetables, are prepared for mixing with fugar  by a fmall wooden
mill, contrived for that purpofe.
  There are, however, vegetables whofe virtues are impaired by
this treatment.   Mucilaginous fubftances, by long lying with fu-
gar, become lefs glutinous ; and aftringents fenfibly become fofter
upon the palate.  Many of the  fragrant  flowers are of fo tender
and delica;e a  texture,  as almoft entirely  to  lofe their peculiar
qualities on being beaten or bruifed.
  In general, it is obvious, that in  this form,   on account of the
large admixture of fugar, only fubftances of confiderable aaivity
can oe taken with advantage as medicines.  And, indeed, conferves
arf* at prefent confidered chiefly as  auxiliaries to  medicines  of
g-rater efficacj, or as intermediums for joining them together.
Tney are  very convenient for  reducing into bolufes or pills the
more ponderous powders, as fubmuriate of  mercury,  the oxides
of iron. *nd other mineral preparations ; which, with liquid or
lefs confiftent matters,  as fyrups, will not cohere* 
 608        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part. Ill,

   The fhops were formerly encumbered with many conferves al-
 together i ifignificant ;  the few now retained have in general eith-
 er an agreeable flavor to recommend them, or are capable of an-
 fwering fome ufeful purpofes  as medicines.  Their conimon dofe
 is the bulk of -a nutmeg, or as much as can be taken up at once  or
 twice upon the point of a knife.   There is,  in general, no great
 danger of exceeding in this particular,

    CONSERVE                        CONSERVES
                            Edin.
 Corticis exterioris recentifruc-   Of the  outer  rind of oranges,
  tus  Citri  Aurantii,  radula     rafped off by a grater.
  abrafi.
 FruBus Rofae Caninae, maturi   Of the pulp of ripe hips, freed*
  a  f minibus eorumque pube      from the feeds and hairs ad-
  feliate purgata.                 hering to them.
 Petalorum Rofae Rubrae nondum  Of red rofe buds.
  explicitorum.
 Beat each of thefe to a pulp, gradually adding, during the beating
  three times their weight of  double refined  fugar.

    CONSERVE                        CONSERVES
                            Lond.
 Ablinthii Maritimi.            Of fea wormwood.
 Corticis exterioris Aurantii Hif-  Of the outer rind of the Seville
  pGl"nfis.                       orange.
 Lujula.                       0\ wood forrel.
 Rofa Rubra.                  Of the red  rof:.
 Pluck the leaves from the  ftalks, the unblown  petals from the
  cups, taking off the heels.
 Take off the outer rind  of  the oranges by a  grater.   When  pre-
  pared in this way,  beat them with a wooden peftle  in a marble
  mortar, fii ft by themfelves,  afterwards with three  times their
  weight of double refined fugar until  they be mixed.

               CONSERVA CYNOSBATI,
                           Lond.
                     Conferve of Hips.
Take of
  Pulp of ripe hips, one pound ;
  Doable refined f,gar, powdered twenty ounces,
Mix them into a conferve.
% 
Chap. XXXVI.]     Of Conserves.
609
              CONSERVA  ACETOSELLA.
                          Dub.
                   Conferve of Wood Sorrell.

Beat the leaves  of wood forrel. gradually adding  twice their
  weight of double refined fugar.

         CONSERVA CORTICIS AURANTII.
                           Dub.
                   Conferve of Orange Peel.
To the outer peel of Seville oranges taken off with  a grater, gra-
  dually add three times its weight of double refined fugar, while
  beating them together.

                   CONSERVA ROSA.
                           Dub.
                     Conferve  of Rofes.
Beat the petals of red rofe buds freed from the  calices and  heels,
  gradually adding three  times their weight  of  double refined fu-
  gar.
  It is fcarcely neceffary to make any particular remarks on thefe
conferves.  Their tafte and virtues  are compounded of thofe of
fugar, and the fubftance combined with it.  The wood forrel and
hips are  acidulous and refrigerant ;  the  orange rind and worm.
wood bitter and ftomachic, and the red rofe buds aftringent.

                    CONSERVA ARI.
                            Lond.
                     Conferve  of Arum.
Take of
  Freffi root of arum, bruifed, half a pound ;
  Double refined fugar, a pound and a half.
Beat them together in a mortar.
  This is one of the beft forms for exhibiting this fimple, as its
virtues are deftroyed by  drying, and are not extradited by any men-
ftruum.  It may be given to adults in dofes of a drachm.

           CONSERVA PRUNI  SYLVESTRIS.
                           Lond.
                     Conferve of Sloes.                    *.
Put  the floes in  water upon the fire that they  may foften  taking
  care that they be not broken ; then the floes being taken out o
  the  water, prefs  out the pulp, and mix it with  three times its
  weight of double refined fugar into a conferve.

  This preparation is a gentle aftringent, and may be given a*
fuch in the dofe of two or three drachms. 
610        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

                  CONSERVA  SCILLA.
                          Lond.
                     Conferve of Squills.
Take of                              \
  Freffi fquills, one ounce ;
  Double refined fugar, five ounces.
Beat them together in a mortar into a conferve.

  This conferve is direaed to be prepared in a fmall quantity, to
guard againft its varying in  ftrength.   It may be given to adults,
in dofes of from half a  drachm to two fcruples, efpecially when
frefh.
  The conferve of fquills is a more uncertain and lefs agreeable
mode of exhibiting this article, than the powder of the dried root
made into pills, or a bolus with any other conferve.
  The London College conclude their chapter on conferves, with
defiring all  the  conferves, efpecially thofe of arum and fquills, to
be kept in clofe veffels.





                    CHAP.  XXXVII.

      ELECTUARIES  and  CONFECTIONS.

   Electuaries are compofed chiefly of powders mixed up
with  fyrups, &c.  into fuch a confiftence, that the powders may  •
not feparate in keeping, that a dofe may be eafily taken up on the
point of a knife, and  not prove too ftiff to fwallow.
   Eleauaries  receive chiefly the milder alterative medicines, and
 fuch as are not ungrateful  to the palate.  The more powerful
 drugs, as cathartics, emetics, opiates, and fhe like (except in offi-
 cinal eleauaries to be difpenfed by weight) are feldom trufted in
 this form,  on account of the uncertainty of the dofe;  difguftful *
 ones, aarids, bitters,  fetids, cannot be conveniently taken into it;
gpor is the form of an eleauary well fitted for the more ponderous
 fubftances, as  mercurials, thefe being apt to fubfide on keeping,
 unlefs the  compofition be made very ftiff.
    The lighter powders  require thrice their weight of  honey,  or
 fyrup,  boiled to the thicknefs of  honey, to make them  into the
 confiftence of an eleauary ;  of fyrups of the common confiftence,
 twice the weight of the powder re fufficient.
    Where  the common fyrups are employed, it is neceffary to add
 likewife  a little conferve, to prevent  the compound from drying 
Chap. XXXVII.]   Of Electuaries and Confections.   611

too foon.   Eleauaries of Peruvian  bark, for inftance made up
with fyrup alone, will often  in a day or two grow  too dry  for
taking.
   Some powders, efpecially thofe of the lefs grateful kind,  are
more conveniently made up with mucilage than with fyrup, honey,
or conferve.   The three latter flick about the mouth and fauces,
and thus occafion the tafte of the medicine to remain for a confid-
erable time ;  whilft mucilages  pafs freely, without leaving  any
tafte in the mouth.  A little foft extract  of  liquorice, joined to
the mucilage, renders the compofition fufficiently grateful,  with-
out the inconveniences of the moreadhefive fweets.
   The quantity of an elecluary, direaed at  a time, in extempo-
raneous prefcription-, varies much according to its conftituent parts,
but it is rarely lefs than the fize ofa nutmeg, or more than two or
 three ounces.

            ELECTUARIUM AROMATICUM.
                           Edin.
                    -Aromatic Elecluary.
 Take Of
   Aromatic  powder, one part ;
   Syrup of orange peel, two parts.
 Mix and beat them  well together, fo as to form an eleauary.

                           Dub.
 Take of
   Conferve  of orange peel, three ounces ;
   Cinnamon,
   Nutmeg, of each, in powder, half an ounce ;
   Saffron, of each two drachms ;
   Double refined fugar, one ounce ;
   Syrup of orange  peel, as much as maybe neceffary to form the
      whole into an  eleauary, by beating them well together.

               CONFECTIO  AROMATICA.
                             Lond.
                     Aromatic ConfeBion.
 Take of
   Zedoary,  in coarfe powder,
   Saffror>, of each half a pound ;
   Diftilled water, three pints.
 Macerate for twenty  four  hours; then prefs and ftrain.  Reduce
   the ftrained liquor,  by evaporation, to a pint and a half; to
   which add,
   Compound powder of crabs claws, fixteen ounces;
    Cinnamon, 
 612         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

   Nutmeg, of each two ounces ;
   Cloves, one ounce ;
   Smaller cardamom feeds, half an ounce ;
   Double refined fugar, two pounds.
 Reduce the aromatics together to a very fine  powder, and form
   them into a confeaion,  by adding the fugar.

   These compofitions are fufficiently grateful,  and moderately
 warm.  They are given in the form of a bolus, in dofes  of from
 five grains to a fcruple, or upwards, as a cordial, or as a  vehicle
 for more aaive fubftances.  The fimple compofition of  the Ed-
 inburgh College ferves all thefe purpofes as well as the  compli-
 cated formula of the London College.

          ELECTUARIUM  CASSIA FISTULA.
                           Edin.
                     EleBuary of Caffia,
 Take of
   Pulp of caffia fiflularis, fix ounces ;
   Pulp of tamarinds,
   Manna, each an ounce and a half ;
   Syrup of pale rofes, fix ounces.
 Having beat the manna in a mortar, diffolve it with a gentle heat,
   in the fyrup ;  then add the pulps,  and evaporate them with a
   regularly continued heat to the confiftence of an eleauary.

                 Electuarium Cassia.
                        Lond.   Dub.
                     EleBuary of Caffia.
 Take of
   The freffi extraaed pulp of caffia, half a pound  ;
   Manna, two ounces ;
   Pulp of tamarinds, one  ounce ;
   Rofe fyrup, half a pound.
Beat the manna, and diffolve it over a flow fire in  the rofe fyrup ;
   then add the pulps ; and, with a continued heat, evaporate the
   whole to the proper thicknefs of an eleauary.

   These compofitions are very convenient officinals, to  ferve as
a bafis for purgative eleauaries and other fimilar purpofes.   The
tamarinds give them a pleafant tafte, and do  not fubjea  them, as
might be expeaed, to turn four.  After ftanding for four months,
the compofition has been  found no fourer than when firft made.
This eleauary, likewife is ufefully taken by itfelf, to the quanti-
ty of two or  three drachms occafionally, for gently loofening the
 belly  in coftive habits. 
Chap. XXXVII.]  Of Electuaries and Confections.    613

ELECTUAR1UM  CAbSIA  SENNA; olim, Electuari-
  um  Lenitivum.       Edin.
                 ElECTUAKIcM Sennj;.
                          Lond.
    EleBuary of Senna, communly called Lenitive EleBuary,
Take of
  Senna, eight ounces ;
  Coriander feeds, tour ounces ;
  Liquorice, three ounces ;
  Figs, one pound ;
  Pulp of tamarinds,
  ------■ caffia,
  ■------prunes, each half a pound j
  Double refined fugar, two pounds and a half.
Powder the fenna with the coriander feeds, and fift out ten ounces
  ot the nhxed powder.   Boil the remainder with the figs and li-
  quorice, in four pints of (diftilled,  Lond.) water, to one half ;
  then prefs out  and  ftrain the liquor.   Evaporate this ftrained
  liquor to the weight of about a pound and a  halt ; then add the
  fugar, and  make a fyrup ; add this fyrup  by degrees to the
  pulps, and, laftly, mix in the  powder.

                           Dub,
Take of
  Senna leaves, in very fine powder, four ounces;
  Pulp of French prunes, one pound ;
  .------tamarinds, two ounces ;
  Molaffes, a pound and a halt  ;
   Effential oil of caraway, two drachms.
 Boil the pulps in the fyrup to  the thicknefs of honey ;  then add
   the  powders, and, when the mixture is cooled,  add the oil; then
  beat them all well together, fo as to  form an eleauary.

  This eleauary is a very convenient laxative, and  has long
 been in common  ufe among praaitioners.  Taken to the  fize of
 a nutmeg or more, as occafion may require, it is an excellent lax-
 ative for loofening the belly in  coftive habits.
   The formula of the Dublin College is  much  more fimple and
 elegant than the other ;  but might be rendered  ftill more fo, by
 fubftituting an equivalent quantity of  fine fugar for the molaffes.

 ELECTUARIUM CATECHU ; olim, Confectio  Japon-
    ic a.                    Edin.
    EleBuary of Catechu, commonly called Japonic ConfeBwn,
 Take  of
   Extraa of mimofa catechu, four ounces; 
614        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part. III.
   Kino, three ounces;
   Cinnamon,
   Nutmeg, each one ounce ;
   Opium diffufed in a fufficient quantity of Spanifh white wine,
     one drachm and a halt ;
   Syrup of dried roles boiled to the  confiftence of honey, two
     pounds and a quarter.
Reduce the folids to powder ; and having mixed them with the
   opium and fyrup, make them into an eleauary.

Electuarium  Catechu Compositum ; olim, Confec-
   tioJaponica.         Dub.
  Compound EleBuary of Catechu, formerly Japonic ConfeBion.
Tdke of
   Catechu, four ounces;
   Cinnamon,
   Nutmeg, each one ounce;
   Kino, three ounces ;
   Purified opium, diffufed in a fufficient quantity of Spanifh white
     wine, a drachm and a half ;
   Syrup of ginger,
   Syrup of orange peel, of each, evaporated to the confiftence of
     honey, fourteen ounces ;
   Tinaure ot Tolu, two drachms.
Mix them, fo as to form an eleauary.

  These eleauaries, which do not differ in any material particu-
lar, are extremely ufeful aftringent medicines, and are often given
in dofes ot  a tea  fpoonful, frequently repeated, in  cafes of diar-
rhoea, &c.   Ten fcruples contain one  grain ot opium.

            ELECTUARIUM SCAMMONII.
                        Lond.   Dub.
                  EleBuary of Scammony,
Take of
   Scammony, in powder,  one ounce and a half ;
   Cloves,
   Ginger, of each fix drachms ;
   Effential  oil ot caraway, half a  drachm ;
   (Syrup of rofes, as much as is fufficient, Lond.)
Mix the fpices. powdered together, with the fyrup (of orange peel,
   Dub.) then add the fcammony,  and  laftly, the oil  of caraway.

  This ejeauary  is a warm, brifk purgative.  A drachm and a
half contains fifteen grains of fcammony. 
Chap.  XXXVIII.]    Of Troches.                   615

ELECTUARIUM OPIATUM ; olim.ELECTUARiUM The.
  baicjm.                 Edin.
     Opiate EleBuary,  commonly called Thebaic EleBuary.
Take of
  Aromatic powder, fix ounces;
  Virginian fnake root, in fine powder, three ounces ;
  Opium diffufed in a fufficient quantity of Spanifh white wine,
    halt an ounce ;
  Syrup of ginger, one pound.
Mix them, and form an eleauary.

                  CONFECTIO OPIATA.
                           Lond.
                    ConfeBion of Opium.
Take of
  Hard purified opium, powdered, fix drachms ;
  Long pepper,
  Ginger,
  Caraway feeds, of each two ounces ;
  Syrup ot white poppy, boiled to the confiftence of honey, three
     times the weight of the whole.
Mix the purified opium with the fyrup heated ; then add the other
  ingredients, rubbed to powder.

  The aaion which thefe  eleauaries will  produce on the living
fyftem,  is abundantly apparent from the nature of their ingredi-
ents.  They are  combinations ot aromatics  with opium  ; one
grain of opium being contained in thirtyfix of  the London con-
feaion, and in tortythree of the Edinburgh eleauary.
  CHAP.  XXXVIII.

TROCHES.
  Troches and lozenges are compofed of powders made up with
glutinous fubftances into little cakes, and afterwards dried.  This
form is principally made ufe ot for the more commodious exhibi-
tion of certain  medicines, by fitting  them  to diffolve flowly in
the mouth, fo as to pafs by degrees into the ftomach ; and hence
thefe preparations have generally a confiderable proportion of fu- 
616       Preparations  and  Compositions.      [Part lit*

gar or other materials grateful  to the palate. Some powders have
likewife been reduced into troches, with a view to their preferva-
tion ;  though poffibly for no very good reafons ;  for the moiften-
ing, and afterwards drying them  in the  air, muft in this light be
of greater injury, than any advantage accruing  from this form can
counterbalance.

         TROCH1SCI CARBONATIS CALCIS.
                           Edin.
                 Troches Carbonate of Lime.
Take of
   Carbonate of lime, four ounces ;
   Gum Arabic, one ounce ;
   Nutmeg, one drachm ;
   Double refined fugar,  fix ounces;
Powder them together, and form them with water into a mafs for
   making troches.

                    Trochisci  Cret^e.
                           Lond.
                     Troches of Chalk.
Take of
   Chalk, prepared, four ounces ;
   Crabs claws prepared, two ounces ;
   Cinnamon, half an ounce ;
   Double refined fugar, three ounces.
Powder them, and add mucilage of gum  arabic, and  make tro-
   ches.
   These are ufed againft acidity of the ftomach, efpecially when
accompanied with diarrhoea.

            TROCHISCI GLYCYRRH1ZA.
                      Lond.  Dub.
                    Troches of Liquorice.
Take of
   Extraa of liquorice,
   Double refined fugar, of each ten (fix,  Dub.) ounces.
   Tragacanth, powdered, three (two Dub.) ounces.
Powder them thoroughly, and make them into troches with rofe-
   water.
^  ,    r                   Edin.
Take of
   Extraa of liquorice,
   Gum Arabic, each one part ;
   White fugar, two parts. 
Chap. XXXVIII.]     Of Troches.
617
Diffolve them in warm water, and ftrain ;  then evaporate the fo-
  lution over a gentle fire till it be of a proper confiftence for be-
  ing formed into troches.
  These are both agreeable peaorals, and may be ufed at pleaf-
ure in trickling coughs. The former of thefe two receipts is the
eafieft and  beft mode of making thefe troches.   Refined extraa
of liquorice fhould be ufed ; and it is eafily powdered in the cold,
alter it has been laid for fome days in a dry and rather warm place.
The folution and fubfequent evaporation  direaed by the Edin-
burgh College is exceedingly troublefome, and apt to give them
an empyreumatic flavor.

      TROCHISCI  GLYCYRRHIZA cum OPIO.
                           Edin.
                Liquorice Troches with Opium.
Take of
   Opium, two drachms ;
   Tinaure of Tolu, half an ounce ;
   Common fyrup, eight ounces ;
   Extraa of liquorice, foftened in warm water,
   Gum Arabic, in powder, of each five ounces.
Grind the  opium well with the tinaure, then add by degrees the
   fyrup  and extraa ; afterwards gradually  fprinkle upon the
   mixture the powdered gum Arabic.   Laftly, dry them fo as to
   form a mafs to be made into troches, each weighing  ten grains.

         TrocHisci Glycyrrhizj: Compositi.
                            Dub.
                Compound Troches of Liquorice.
 Take of
   Purified opium,  two drachms ;
   Balfam of Peru, one drachm ;
   Tinaure of myrrh, three drachms.
 Triturate the opium in the balfam and tinaure mixed, until it be
   perfeaiy diffolved ; then  gradually add ot
     Tinaure of Tolu, two drachms ;
      Extraa of liquorice, foftened in warm water, nine ounces.
 Beat them together thorougly, gradually adding of gum Arabic,
   in powder, five ounces, and form the mafs into troches, weigh-
   ing ten grains each.
   These direaions for preparing the  above  troches are fo full
 and particular,  that no further explanation is neceffary.  Six of
 the Dublin troches, and feven and a half of  the  Edinburgh, con-
 tain about one grain of opium.   Thefe troches  are  medicines of
 approved efficacy in tickling coughs depending on an irritation of
 the fauces.  Befides the mechanical  effea of the invifcating mat- 
618        Preparations  and  Compositions.    [Part III.

ters in involving acrid humors, or lining and defending the ten-
der membranes, the opium  muft no  doubt have a confiderable
fhare, by  more immediately  diminiffiing the irritability  of the
parts themfelves.

                TROCHISCI GUMMOSI.
                          Edin,
                       Gum Troches.
Take of
   Gum Arabic, four parts ;
   Starch,  one part ;
   Double refined fugar, twelve parts.
Powder them,  and make them into a proper mafs with rofewater,
   fo as to form troches.

                   Trochisci Amyli.
                           Lond.
                     Troches of Starch.
Take of
   Starch,  one  ounce and a half ;
   Liquorice, fix drachms ;
   Florentine orris, half an ounce ;
   Double refined fugar, one pound and a half.
Powder them, and by means ot  mucilage of gum tragacanth, make
   troches.
They may be made, if fo chofen, without the orris.

   These compofitions are very agreeable peaorals, and may be
ufed at pleafure.  They  are calculated for allaying the tickling
in the throat which provokes coughing.
   Although the compofition in the London and Edinburgh phar-
macopceias be  fomewhat different, yet their effeas are very much
the fame.

               TROCHISCI MAGNESIA.
                             Lond.
                    Troches  of Magnefia,
Take of
   Burnt magnefia, four ounces;
   Double refined fugar, two ounces ;
   Ginger, powdered, one fcruple.
Triturate them together, and with the addition of the mucilage ©1
   gum Arabic, make troches.
                              v
   These are excellent antacids, and at the fame time tend to keep
the bowels open. 
Chap. XXXIX.]       Of Pills.
619
         TROCH1SCI NITRATIS  POTASSA,
                           Edin.
                Troches of Nitrate of Potafs.
Take of
  Nitrate of potafs, one part ;
  Double refined fugar, three parts*
Rub together  to  powder and  form them wkh mucilage of gum
  tragacanth into a mafs,  to be  divided into troches.

                    Trochisci Nitri4
                          Lond,
                      Troches of Nitre.
Take of
  Purified nitre, powdered, four ounces  ;
  Double refined fugar, powdered, one pound j
  Tragacanth,  powdered,  fix drachms.
With the addition of water, make troches.

  This  is a  very  agreeable form for  the exhibition of  nitre ;
though, when the fait is  thus  taken without any liquid, (if the
quantity be  confiderable) it is apt to occafion uneafinefs about the
ftomach,  which can  only be  prevented by large dilution with
aqueous liquors.

               TROCHISCI SULPHURIS.
                           Lond.
                     Troches  of Sulphur,
Take of
   Wafhed  flowers of fulphur, two ounces ;
   Double refined fugar, four ounces.
Rub them together, with  a fufficient quantity of  the mucilage of
   quince feeds, and make troches.

  This compofition is to be confidered  only as an agreeable form
for the exhibition of fulphur, no alteration or addition being here
made to its virtues.
                   CHAP.  XXXIX.

                    PILLS.

  To this form are peculiarly adapted thofe drugs which operate
in a fmall dofe, and whofe naufeous and offenfive tafte or fmell
require them to be concealed from the palate.
            Q2 
 620         Preparations and Compositions.   [Part. III.

   Pills diffolve the moft difficultly in the ftomach, and produce
 the  moft gradual and lafting effects of all the internal forms.  This
 is, in fome cafes, of great advantage ; in others, it is a quality not
 at all defirable ; and fometimes may even be of dangerous confe-
 quence, particularly with regard to emetics ;  which, if they pafs
 the  ftomach undiffolved, and  afterwards exert themfelves in the
 inteftines,  operate there as violent cathartics.   Hence emetics are
 among  us fcarce ever given in pills ; and hence to  the  refinous
 and difficultly foluble  fubftances, faponaceous ones ought to be
 added,  in order  to promote their folution.
   Gummy refins, and infpiffated juices, are fometimes foft enough
 Co be made into pills,  without addition ; where any moifture is
 requifite, fpirit  of wine is more proper than fyrups or conferves,
 as it unites more readily with them, and does not fenfibly increafe
 their bulk.  Light dry  powders require fyrup  or mucilages ; and
 the  more ponderous, as  the mercurial and other metallic prepara-
 tions, thick honey, conferve, or extraas.
   Light powders require about  half their weight of fyrup ; or of
 honey,  about three fourths their weight ;  to reduce them into a
 due confiftence  for forming pills.  Half  a drachm of the mafs
 will make five or fix pills of a moderate fize.
   Gums and infpiffated juices,  are to be firft foftened with the
 liquid prefcribed :  The powders are then  to be added, and the
 whole beat thoroughly together, tijl they be perfeaiy mixed.
   The  maffes for pills are beft kept in bladders, which fhould be
 moiftened now and then  with tome of the fame kind of liquid that
 the mafs was made up with, or with fome proper aromatic oil.

                  PILULA ALOETICA.
                           Edin.
                       . Aloetic Pills.
 Take of
  Aloes in powder,
  Soap, equal parts.
Beat them with fimple fyrup into a mafs fit for making pills.

                           Dub.

Take of
  Barbadoes aloes, in powder, one ounce;
  Extraa of gentian, halt an ounce ;
  Ginger, in powder, two drachms.
Beat them together, and  form a mafs with jelly of foap, (gelatina
  faponis.) 
 Chap.  XXXIX.]      Of Pills.                     621-

             PILULA ALOES  COMPOSITA-
                          Ldnd.
                    Compound Pills of Aloes.
 Take of
    Socotorine aloes, powdered, one ounce ;
    Extraa of gentian, hall an ounce ;
    Oil of caraway feeds, two fcruples ;
    Syrup ot ginger, as much as is fufficient.
 Beat them together.
    Although foap can fcarcely  be thought to facilitate the fo-
 lution of the aloes in the ftomach, as was fuppofed by Boerhaave
 and others, it is probably the moft convenient fubftance that can
 be added to  give it  the  proper  confiftence for making pills.
 When extraa of gentian is triturated with  aloes, they react upon
 each other, and become too foft to form  pills,  fo that the addition
 of any fyrup to the mafs  is perfeaiy unneceffary, unlefs at the
 fame time fome powder be added to give  it confiftency, as is done
 by the Dublin  College.  Thefe pills have  been much ufed as
 warm and ftomachic laxatives ; they are very well fuited for the
'eoftivenefs fo often attendant on people of fedentary lives.  Like
 other preparations ot aloes, they are alfo ufed  in jaundice, and in
 certain cafes of  obftruaed menfes.  They are feldom ufed for
 producing full purging ;  but if this be required, a fcruple or half
 a drachm of the mafs may be made into  pills  of a moderate fize
 for one dofe.

        PILULA ALOES,  cum ASS A FCETIDA.
                           Edin.
               Pills of Aloes, with Affa  Fcetida.
Take of
   Socotorine aloes,
   Affa fcetida,
   Soap, equal parts.
Form them into a  mafs with mucilage of gum Arabic.
  These pills, in dofes of about ten grains twice a day, produce
the moft falutary effeas in cafes of dyfpepfia, attended with fla-
tulence and coftivenefs.

      PILULA ALOES, cum  COLOCYNTHIDE.
                          Edin.
                Pills of Aloes with Colocynth.
Take of
  Socotorine aloes,
  Scammony, of each eight parts ;
  Colocynth, four parts ;
  Oil of cloves,
  Sulphate of potafs with fulphur, of each one  part.  *>
          frf- ^ 
622       Preparations and Compositions.       [Part III.

.Reduce the aloes and fcammony into a powder with the  fait; then
   let the colocynth, beat into a very fine powder, and the oil, be
   odded ; laftly, make it  into a proper  mafs with mucilage of
   gum  Arabic.
   In thefe pills we have a very ufeful and aaive^purgative ; and
where  the fimple aloetic pill is not fufficient for obviating coftive-
nefs, this will often effeaually anfwer the purpofe.  Little of their
aaivity c;in depend  upon the fait which enters the compofition.
Thefe pills often produce a copious difcharge in cafes of obftin-
z\c coftivenefs, when taken to the extent only of five or ten grains ;
but they may be employed in much larger dofes. They are, how-
ever, feldom ufed  with  the  view of producing proper catharfis.
Halt a drachm of the  mats contains about five grains of the colo-
cynth, ten of the aloes, and ten of  the fcammony.

            PILULA ALOES cum MYRRHA.
                           Lond.
                Pills of Aloes with Myrrh.
Take of
   Socotorine aloes, two ounces ;
   Myrrh,
   Saffron, of each one ounce ;
   Syrup of Saffron, as much as is fufficient.
 Powder the aloes and myrrh  feparately ;  and afterwards beat all
   the ingredients together into a mafs.
                            Edin.
 Take of
   Socotorine aloes, two ounces ;
   Myrrh, one ounce  ;
   Saffron, half an ounce.
 Beat them into a mafs with a proper quantity of fyrup.
    These pills have  long continued in praaice, without any oth-
 er alteration than in the  fyrup with which the mafs is made up,
 and in the proportion of faffron.   The virtues of  this medicine
 may be eafily underftood from its  ingredients.  Thefe  pills given
 to the quantity of half a drachm or two fcruples, prove confidera-
 bly cathartic, but they anfwer  much better purpofes in fmaller
 dofes as laxatives or alteratives.

        PILULA  ASSA FCETIDA COMPOSITA.
                            Edin.
                 Compound Pills of Affafatida.
 Take of
    Affa fcetida,
    Galbanum,
    Myrrh, each eight parts ; 
Chap. XXXIX.]         Of Pills.                   6£3

  Reaified oil of amber, one part.
Beat them into a mafs with fimple fyrup.

          PILULA GALBANI COMPOSITA.
                           Lond.
_,              Compound Pills of Galbanum-
Take of
  Galbanum,
  Opopanax,
  Myrrh,
  Sagapenum, of each one ounce ;
  Affa fcetida, half an ounce ;
  Syrup of faffron, as much as is fufficient.
Beat them together.

  These pills are defigned for antihyfterics and emmenagogue*,
and are very well calculated  for anfwering thofe intentions ; half
a fcruple, a fcruple, or more, may be taken every night, or often-
er.

           PILULA AMMONIARETI CUPRI.
                           Edin.
                Pills of Ammomaret of Copper.
Take of
  Ammoniaret of copper, fixteen grains;
  Bread crumb, four fcruples;
  Water ot carbonate of ammonia, as much as may be fufficient.
Beat them into a mafs, to be divided into thirty two equal piiis.

  Each of thefe pills weighs about three grains, and contains
fomewhat more than  half a grain of the ammoniaret of copper.
They feem to be the beft form of exhibiting this medicine.

               PILULA  HYDRARGYRI.
                           Edin.
                       Mercurial Pdls,
Take of
  Purified quickfilver,
  Conferve of red rofes, of each one ounce ;
  Starch, two ounces.
Triturate the quickfilver with the conferve in a glafs mortar, till
  the globules completely  difappear, adding occafionlly a little
  mucilage of  gum Arabic ; then add the ftarch, and  beat  the
  whole with water into a mafs, which is to be  immediately di-
  vided  into four hundred and eighty equal pills.
                           Lond,
Take of
  Purified quickfilver, two drachms;
               \cr  3 
624        Preparations and Compositions.      [Pait III.

   Conferve of rofes, three drachms ;
   Liquorice, finely powdered, one drachm.
Rub the quickfilver with  the  conferve until  the globules difap-
   pear ; then, adding the liquorice powder, mix iliem together.

                            Dub.
Take of
   Quickfilver,
   Extraa of liquorice, each three drachms ;
   Liquorice root, in fine powder, a drachm and a half.
Triturate the quickfilver  with the extraa of  liquorice, reduced
   with warm water to  the confiftence of honey, until its globules
   difappear entirely ;  then  add the powder of liquorice,  and as
   much water as fhall be fufficient to form it  into a mafs.

   The common mercurial pill is one of the  beft preparations of
mercury, and may, in general,  fupercede moft other forms of  this
medicine.    In  its  preparation the mercury ;s minutely divided,
and probably converted into the black oxide.   To effea its me-
chanical divifion it muft be triturated with fome vifcid fubftance.
Soap, refin of guaiac, honey, extraa  of liquorice, manna, and con-
ferve of rofes, have all been  at  different  times  recommended.
The foap and guaiac have been reje£ted on account of their being
decompofed by thejuicesot the ftomach; and the honey, becaufe it
was apt to gripe fome people. With regard tothe others, the grounds
of feieaion  are not well underftood,  perhaps the acid contained in
the conferveof rofes may contribute to theextindion of the mercu-
ry.  We learn when the mercury is completelyjextinguifhed, moft
eafily, by rubbing  a very little of ihe mafs with the point of the
finger o i a piece ot paper,  it no globules appear.  As foon as this
is the cafe, it is neceffary  to  mix with the mafs  a proportion of
fome dry powder, to give it  a proper degree of confiftency.  For
tlm purpofe powder ot liquorice root has been commonly ufed;
but it is extremely apt to become mouldy, and. to caufe the pills
to fpoil.   The Edinburgh College have, therefore, with great pro-
priety, fubftituted for it ftarch, which is a very inalterable fub-
ftance, and eafily procured at all times in a ftate of purity.   It is
neceffary to form  the raafs into pills immediately,  as it foon be-
comes hard.  One grain of mercury is contained in four grains of
the Edinburgh mafs, in three of the London, and in two and a halt
of the Dublin.  The  dofe  of thefe pills muft  be regulated by
circumftances ; from two to  fix five grain pills  may be givea
daily. 
 Chap.  XXXIX.]       Of Pills.                    625

                      PILULA OPII.
                           Lond.
                        Opium Pills.
 Take of
   Hard purified opium, powdered, two drachms ;
   Extraa of liquorice, one ounce.
 Beat them until they are perfeaiy united.

      PILULA OPIATA ; olim, Pilule Thejjaic.b.
                           Edin.
               Pills of Opium, or Thebaic Pills.
 Take of
   Opium,  one part ;
   Extraa of liquorice, feven parts;
   Jamaica  pepper, two parts.    *v
 Sotten the  opium, and extraa feparately with diluted alcohol, and
   having beat  them into  a pulp, mix them ; then add the pepper
   reduced to powder ;  and laftly, having beat them well together,
   form the whole into a mafs.
   These two compofitions, though differing in feveral particulars,
 are yet fundamentally  very much the fame.   The firft is a fimple
 opiate,  in  which every five grains of  the  rriafs contains  one of
 opium ; and on the opium alone can we fuppofe that the aaivity
 of the medicine depends.
   The fecond contains one grain of opium in ten of the mafs.

             PILULA RHEI COMPOSITA.
                           Edin.
                 Compound Pills of Rhubarb,
 Take of
   Rhubarb, one ounce ;
   Socotorine aloes,  fix drachms ;
   Myrrh, half an ounce ;
   Effential oil of peppermint, half a drachm.
 Make  them  into  a mafs, with a fufficient quantity of fyrup of
   orange peel.

   This pill is intended for moderately warming and ftrengthen-
ing the ftomach, and gently opening the belly.   A fcruple of the
mafs may be taken twice a day.

                   PILULA SCILLA.
                           Lond.
                  PlLUL.E  SCILLITIC/E.
                          Dub.
                        Squill Pills.
Take of
   Freffi dried fquills, powdered, one drachm ;
            <£T4 
626        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

   Ginger, powdered,
   Soap, of each three drachms ;
   Ammoniacum, two drachms ;
   Syrup ot ginger, as much as is fufficient.
Beat them together (and form a mafs with jelly of foap, Dub.)

                   PlLULjE  SCILLIT1C7E.
                           Edin.
                        Squill Pills,
Take of
   Dried root of fquills, in fine powder, one fcruple ;
   Gum ammoniac,
   Leffer cardamom feeds, in powder,
   Extraa of liquorice,  each one drachm.
Mix,  and form them into  a mafs with fimple fyrup.

   These are elegant and commodious forms for the exhibition of
fquills, whether for promoting expeaoration, or with the other in-
tentions to which  that medicine is applied.  As the virtue of the
compound is derived chiefly from the fquills, the other ingredients
are often varied in extemporaneous prefcription.

PILULA STIBII COMPOSITA;  olim, Pilule Plum-
   MERI.                   Dub.
    Compound Antimonial Pills, formerly Plummer's Pills.
Take  of
   Precipitated fulphur of antimony.
   Mild muriate of mercury, each three drachms;
   Extraa of gentian,
   Hard Spanifh foap, each one drachm.
Let the mercury be triturated with the fulphur; then add the ex,
   traa, and form  a mafs with jelly of foap.

   These pills  were recommended to the attention of the public
about forty years  ago by  Dr. Plummer, whofe  name they  long
bore.   He reprefented them in a paper which he publifhed in the
Edinburgh Medical Effays, as a very ufeful alterative; and on
his authority they were at one time much employed ;  but they
are now lefs extenfively ufed than formerly. 
Chap. XL.]           Of Cataplasms.                 627
                      CHAP.  XL.


                CATAPLASMS.


  By cataplafms are in general underflood  thofe external appli-
cations which are brought to a due confiftence or form tor being
properly applied,  not  by  means  ot  oily or fatty matters, but by
water or watery fluids. Ot thefe, not a few are had recourfe to
in aaual praaice ;  but they are  feldom prepared in the fhops of
the apothecaries ;  and in fome of the beft modern pharmacopceias
no formulae of this kind are introduced.  The London and Dub-
lin Colleges, however, although they have abridged  the number
of cataplafms, ftill retain a few ; and it is not without fome advan-
tage that there are fixed forms for the preparation of them.

              CATAPLASMA ALUMINIS,
                           Lond,
                     Cataplafm  of Alum.
               Coagulum Aluminosum.
                           Dub.
                        Alum Curd,
Take
  The white of-two eggs, (any quantity, Dub.)
Shake them with a piece of ajum till they be coagulated.
  This preparation is taken from Riverius.  It is an ufeful af-
tringent epithem for fore  moift  eyes.   Where the complaint is
violent, this preparation,  after  the  inflammation  has  yielded a
little to bleeding, is one ot  the beft  external remedies.  It is to
be fpread  on lint and applied at bed  time.
                CATAPLASMA CUMINI.
                           Lond.
                    Cataplafm of Cummin.
Take of
  Cummin feed, one pound ;
  Bay berries,
  Drv leaves of water germander, or fcordium,
  Virginian fnake root, of each three ounces ;
  Cloves one ounce. 
628       Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

Rub them all together to powder ; and with the addition of three
  times the weight of honey, make a cataplafm.
  This was intended as a reformation of the Theriaca Londinen-
fts,  which  for tome time  paft  has  been fcarcely otherwife ufed
than as a warm  cataplafm.  In place of the numerous articles
which  formerly entered  that  compofition, only fuch ot iis in-
gredients are retained as  contribute  moft to this intention : But
even the article from  which it now  de'rives its  name, as well  as
feveral othi rs which  ftill enter, probably contribute very little to
any medical properties it may poffefs.

               CATAPLASMA SINAPEOS.
                          Lond.
               CATAPLASMA Si N API NUM.
                           Dub.
                    Mufiard Cataplafm.
Take of
  Muftard feed, powdered,
  Crumb  of bread, of each half a pound ;
  Vinegar, as much as is fufficient.
Mix and make a cataplafm.
  Cataplasms of this kind are commonly known by the name
of Sinapifms.  They were formerly frequently prepared in a more
complicated ftate, containing garlic, black foap,  and other fimilar
articles  ; but the above fimple form will anfwer every purpofe
which they are capable of accomplifhing.   They are  employed
on'iy as  ftimulants ; they olten  inflame the part and raife blifters,
but not  fo perfeaiy as cantharides.  They are frequently applied
to the foles of the feet in  the low ftate of acute  difeafes, for raif-
ing  the pul(e and relieving the head.  The  chief advantage they
have depends on the fuddennefs of their aaion.




                    CHAP.  XLI.

  LINIMENTS,  OINTMENTS, CERATES, and
                      PLASTERS.


  These are all combinations of fixed oil,  or animal fat,  with
other fubftances, and differ from each other only in confiftence.
Deyeux has, indeed, lately defined plafters to be  combinations ot
oil with metallic oxides ; but as this would comprehend many of 
 Chap. XLI.]       Of Liniments, &c.                629

 our prefent ointments, and exclude many of our plafters, we fhall
 adhere to the old meaning of the terms.'
   Liniments are the thinneft of thefe compofitions, being only a
 little thicker than oil.
   Ointments have generally a  degree of confiftence  like that of
 butter.
   Cerates are firmer, and contain a larger proportion  of wax.
   Plafters are the moft folid, and when cold fhould be  firm, and
 fhould not adhere to the  fingers ;  but when gently heated, fhould
 become fufficiently foft to fpread  eafily and ffiould then adhere to
 the fkin.  Plafters derive their firmnefs, either from  a large pro-
 portion of wax, or from the prefence of fome metallic oxide, fuch
 as that of lead.
   To prevent repetition, the Edinburgh College give  the follow-
 ing canon for the preparation of thefe fubftances.

 In making thefe  compofitions, the  fatty and refinous fubftances
   are to be melted with a gentle heat, and then conftantly ftirred,
   adding, at  the  fame time, the dry ingredients, if there be any,
   until the mixture, on cooling, become ftiff.  (Edin.)

 ADIPIS SUILLA, SEVIOUEOVILLI,  PRAPARATIO.
                            Lond.
         The Preparation of Hog's lard and Mutton fuet.

 Cut them into pieces, and melt them over a flow fire ; then fepa-
   rate them from the membranes by ftrainitig.

   These articles had formerly a place alfo among the prepara-
 tions of the Edinburgh College. But now they introduce them on-
 ly into their lift of the Materia  Medica; as the apothecary will  in
 general find  it more  for his  intereft to purchale them  thus pre-
 pared, than to prepare them for himfelf; for the procefs requires
 to be very cautioufly conduaed, to prevent the fat from burning
 or turning black.
               LINIMENTUM SIMPLEX,
                            Edin.
                     Simple  Liniment.
 Take of
  Olive oil, four parts;                            *
  White wax, one part.

  This  confifts of the fame articles which form the Unguentum
fimplex of the Edinburgh  Pharmacopoeia, but merely in a differ-
ent proportiora, fo as to render the compofition thinner  ; and where
a thin  confiftence is requifite,  this may be confidered as a very
elegant and ufeful application. 
630        Preparations and Compositions.     [Part  III.

           UNGUENTUM  ADIPIS  SUILLA.
                            Lond.
                   Ointment of Hog's lard.
Take of
  Prepared hog's lard, two pounds ;
  Rofe water, three ounces.
Beat the lard with the rofe water until they be mixed ; then  melt
  the mixture with a flow fire, and fet it apart that the water may
  fubfide ;  atter which, pour of the lard from the water, conftant-
  ly ftirring until it  be cold.
  In the laft edition of the London Pharmacopoeia, this was ftyled
Unguentum fimplex, the name given by the Edinburgh College to
the following.

               UNGUENTUM SIMPLEX.
                           Edin.
                     Simple Ointment.
Take of
  Olive oil, five parts ;
  White wax, two parts.

  Both tjiefe ointments may be  ufed for foftening the fkin and
healing  chaps.  The laft is, however, preferable,  as bei; g mere
fteadily of one uniform confiftence. For the fame reafon it ic alfo
to be preferred as the bafis ot other more compounded ointments.

           UNGUENTUM SPERMATIS CETI.
                        Lond. Dub.
                   Ointment of Spermaceti.
Take of
  Spermaceti, fix drachms ;
  White wax, two drachms;
  Olive oil, three ounces.
Melt them together over a  flew fire, ftirring them conftantly and
  brifkly until they be cold.

  This had formerly the name of Linimentum album, and it  is
 fierhaps only in confiftence that it can be confidered as differing
 rom the  unguentum fimplex, already mentioned, or the ceratum
fimplex, afterwards to be taken notice of.

                 UNGUENTUM CERA.
                        Lond- Dub.
                      Wax Ointment.
Take ot
  White wax, four ounces;
  Spermaceti, three ounces ;
  Olive oil, onv'pint (fourteen ounces, Dub.) 
Chap. XLI.]        Of Liniments, he.              631

Stir  them,  after being melted with  a  flow fire, conftantly and
  brifkly, until cold.

  This ointment had formerly the title of Unguentum album in
the London Pharmacopoeia.   It differs  very little from the Un-
guentum fimplex of the  Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, and in noth-
ing from the Unguentum fpermatis ceti of the  other Pharmaco-
poeias, excepting that in this ointment the proportion of wax is four
times greater.   It is an ufeful cooling ointment for excoriations
and other frettings of the fkin.

                  SERATUM>SIMPLEX.
                            Edin.
                       Simple Cerate.
Take of
  Olive oil, fix parts ;
  White wax, tiiree parts ;
  Spermaceti, one  part.

   This  differs from the fimple ointment in containing a greats-
proportion of wax  to the oil,  and  in  the addition of  the fperma-
ceti.   But by thefe means  it obtains only a more firm  confiftence
without any effential change of properties.

             CERATUM SPERMATIS  CETI.
                          Lond.  Dub.
                     Cerate of Spermaceti.
Take of
   Spermaceti, half an ounce ;
   White wax, two ounces ;
   Olive oil, four ounces.
Melt them together, and ftir until  the cerate  be cold.

   This had  formerly the name of Ceratum album, and it differs
in nothing from the Unguentum fpermatis ceti, or Linimentum al-
bum, as it was formerly called, excepting in  confiftence, both the
wax  and trie fpermaceti bearing a greater proportion to the oil.

           UNGUENTUM RES1NA  FLAVA.
                         Lond.  Dub.
                  Ointment of Yellow  Refin.
Take of
   Yellow refin,
   Yellow wax, of each one pound ;
   Olive oil, one,pint  (feven ounces,  Du.)
Melt the refin and  wax with a flow fire ;  then  add the oil  and
  ftrain the mixture while hot. 
  632        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

              UNGUENTUM  RESINOSUM.
                            Edin.
                     Refinous Ointment,
 Take of
   Hog's lard, eight parts ;
   White refin, five parts ;                           ^
   Yellow wax, two parts.

   These are commonly employed  in draftings,  for digefting,
 cleanfing, and incarnating wounds and ulcers.

             CERATEM  RES1NA  FLAVA.
                         Lond.  Dub
                   Cerate cf Yellow Refin.
 Take of
   Ointment of yellow refin, half a pound ;
   Yellow wax, one ounce.
 Melt them together, and make a cerate.

   This had formerly the name of Unguentum citrinum.  It is no
 otherwife different from the  Yellow bafilicum, or Ungentum re-
 tinae flavas, than being ofa ftiffer confiftence, which renders it for
 fome purpofes more commodious.

                EMPLASTRUM CERA.
                          Dub.
           Emplastrum  Cer,e  Compositum.
                          Lond.
                  Compound Wax Plafter.
 Take of          %
   Yellow wax,
   Prepared mutton  fuet, of each three pounds;
   Yellow refin, one pound.
 Melt them together, and ftrain the mixture while it is fluid.

 EMPLASTRUM SIMPLEX, sive  EMPLASTRUM  CE.
   REUM.                  Edin.
                 Simple or Wax Plafter.
 Take of
   Yellow wax, three parts ;
   Mutton fuet,
   White refin, each two parts.

   This plafter had formerly the title of Emplaftrum attrahens,
and was chiefly employed as  a  dreffing after blifters,  to fupport
fome difcharge, and it is a very well contrived plafter for that pur-
pofe.   Sometimes, however, it irritates too much on account of
the refin ; and hence, when defigned only for dreffing blifters, the 
Chap. XLI.]      Of Liniments, &c,                633

refin ought to be entirely omitted, unlefs where a continuance of
the pain and irritation, excited by the veficatory, is required.  In-
deed, plafters of any kind are not very proper  for dreffing  blif-
ters ; their confidence makes them fit uneafv, and their adhefive-
nefs  renders the taking them off painful.  Ceiates, which are foft-
er and lefs adhefive, appear  much more eligible ; tbe Ceratum
fpermatis ceti will ferve  for general ufe ; and for fome particular
purpofes, the Ceratum refinae flavae may be applied.

                 UNGUENTUM ELEMI.
                           Dub.
          Unguentum Elemi Compositum.
                           Lond.
                 Compound Ointment of Elemi.
Take of
   Elemi, one pound ;
   Turpentine, ten ounces ;
   Mutton fuet, prepared, two pounds;
   Olive oil, two ounces.
Melt the elemi  with the fuet ; and having removed it from  the
   fire, mix  it immediately with  the turpentine  and  oil ;  after
   which ftrain the mixture.
   This ointment, formerly known by the name of Linimentum
Arcai, has long been ufed for digefting, cleanfing, and incarnat-
ing ; and  for thefe purpofes  is  preferred by fome furgeons to  all
the other compofitions of this kind.

                  UNGUENTUM PICIS.
                        Lond.   Dub.
                        Tar Ointment.
Take of
   Tar,
   Mutton fuet, prepared, of  each half a pound.
Melt them together, and ftrain.

                           Edin.
Take of
   Tar, five parts ;
   Yellow wax, two parts.
   These compofitions cannot be confidered as differing effential-
ly from each other. As  far as they  have any  peculiar aaivity,
this  entirely depends on the tar.  From the empvreumatic  oil
and  faline matters which it contains, it is undoubtedly of fome ac-
tivity.  Accordingly, it  has  been fuccefsfully  employed  againft
fome cutaneous affeaions, particularly tinea capitis. 
634         Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

         EMPLASTRUM PICIS BURGUNDICA.
                           Dub.
           EMPLASTRUM PlCls COMPOSITUM.
                          Lond.
             Compound Burgundy Pitch Plafter.
Take of
  Burgundy pitch, two pounds ;
  Ladanum, (Galbanum, Dub.) one pound ;
  Yellow refin,
  Yellow wax, of each four ounces ;
  Expreffed oil of mace, one ounce.
To the pitch, refin, and wax, melted together, add firft the lada-
  num, (galbanum, Dub.) and then the oil of mace.

                EMPLASTRUM CUMINI.
                           Lond.
                     Cummin Plafter.
Take of
  Cummin feeds,
  Caraway feeds,
  Bay berries, of each three ounces ;
  Burgundy pitch, three pounds ;
  Yellow wax, three ounces.
Melt the  pitch and  wax together, and mix  with them the reft of
  the ingredients, powdered, and make a plafter.
  This plafter ftands recommended as a moderately warm difcu-
tient ;  and is direfled by fome to be applied to the hypogaftric re-
gion, tor  ftrengthening the vifcera, and expelling flatulencies ;
but it is a matter of great doubt, whether it derives any virtue, ei-
ther from the article from which it is named, or from the caraway
feeds or bay berries which enter its compofition.

       EMPLASTRUM  LADANI COMPOSITUM.
                         Lond.
                Compound Ladanum  Plafter.
Take ot
  Ladanum, three ounces ;
  Frankincenfe, one ounce ;
  Cinnamon, powdered,
  Expreffed oil of mace, of each half an ounce ;
  Effential oil of mint, one  drachm.
To  the melted frankincenfe, add firft  the ladanum, foftened by
  heat; then the oil of mace.   Mix thefe afterwards with  the
  cinnamon and oil of mint, and beat  them together, in  a warm
  mortar, into a plafter.  Let it be kept in a clofe veffel.
  This has been confidered as a very elegant ftomach plafter.  It
is contrived fo as  to be eafily made occafionally, (for thefe  kinds 
Chap.  XLI.]      Of Liniments, fcc                635

of compofitions, on account of their volatile ingredients, are not
fit for  keeping) and to be but moderately adhefive, fo as not to
offend  the fkin, and that it may, without difficulty, be frequently
renewed ;  which thefe forts of applications, in order to their pro-
ducing any confiderable effea, require to be.

               UNGUENTUM SAMBUCI.
                          Lond.
               Unguentum Sambucinum.
                          Dub.
                      Elder Ointment.
Take of
   Elder flowers, four pounds ;
   Mutton fuet, prepared, three pounds ;
   Olive oil, one pint.
Boil the flowers in the fuet and oil, till they be almoft crifp ; thea
   ftrain with expreffion. '
   Compositions of this  kind were formerly very frequent;
but vegetables, by boiling in oils, impart to them nothing but a
little mucilage, which  changes the greafy oils to drying oils, and
any refin they may contain ;  but  that alfo is never in  fuch quan-
tity as to affea the nature of the oil.  We, therefore, do not fup-
pofe that  this ointment poffeffes any properties different  from a
fimple ointment ot the fame confiftency.

             UNGUENTUM CANTHARIDIS.
                           Lond.
              Unguentum Cantharidum.
                           Dub.
                  Ointment of Spanifh Flies.
 Take of
   Spanifh flies, powdered, two ounces;
   Diftilled water, eight ounces,  (water, nine ounces, Dub.)
   Ointment of yellow refin, eight ounces.
Boil the water with the Spanifh flies to one half, and ftrain.  To
   the ftrained liquor add the ointment of yellow refin.   Evapo-
   rate this mixture in  a water bath, faturated with fea fait, to the
   thicknefs of an ointment.

 UNGUENTUM INFUSI MELOES VESICATORII; vul-
   go, Unguentum  Epispasticum Mitius.
                          . Edin.
 Ointment  of Infufion of Cantharides, commonly called Mild Epu
   fpaflic Ointment.
 Take of
   Cantharides,
   White  refin,
   Yellow wax, each one part;
             R r 
636        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.
  Hogs lard,
  Venice turpentine, each two parts;
  Boiling water, four parts.
Infufe the  cantharides  in the water for a night ;  then ftrongly
  prefs out and ftrain the liquor, and boil it with the lard till the
  water be confumed ; then add the refin and wax ;  and when
  thefe are melted, take the ointment off the fire and add the tur-
  pentine.
  These ointments, containing the foluble parts of the canthari-
des, uniformly blended with the  other ingredients, are more com-
modious, and in general occafion lefs pain, though little  lefs effea-
ual  in their aaion, than the compofitions with the fly in fubftance.
This, however, does not uniformly  hold ;  and accordingly the
Edinburgh College, with propriety, introduce the following.

UNGUENTUM PULVERIS  MELOES VESICATORII ;
  olim, Unguentum Epispasticum Fortius.
                           Edm.
Ointment of the Powder of Spanifh Flies, formerly Stronger Epif-
                     paftic Ointment.
Take of
  Refinous ointment, feven parts ;
  Powdered cantharides, one part.
  This ointment is employed in the dreffings for blifters, intend-
ed to be made perpetual, as they are called, or to be  kept running
for  a confiderable time, which in many chronic, and fome acute
cafes, is of great fervice.  Particular care fhould be taken, that
the  cantharides employed in  thefe  compofitions be  reduced into
very fubtile powder, and that the mixtures be made as equal and
uniform as poffible.   But with  thefe precautions, there are fome
particular habits in which this  ointment operates with even lefs
pain than the former, while at the fame time it is generally more
effeaual.

              CERATUM CANTHARIDIS.
                         Lond. Dub.'
                    Cerate of Cantharides.
Take of
  Cerate of fpermaceti, foftened with heat,  fix drachms, (one
    ounce, Dub.)
  Spanifh flies,  finely powdered,  one drachm, (four  fcruples,
     Dub.)
Mix them.
  Under this form  cantharides may be made to aa  to any extent
that is requifite.  It may fupply the place either ot  the bliftering
plafter or ointment;  and there are cafes in which it  is  preferable
to either.  It is particularly more convenient than the ernplaftrum 
Chap. XLI.]         Of Liniments, &c.             637
cantharidum, where the fkin to which the blifter is to be applied
is previoufly much affeaed, as in cafes ot fmall pox ;  and in fup-
porting a drain under the form of iffuc, it is lefs apt to fpread than
the fofter ointment.

            EMPLASTRUM CANTHARIDIS.
                         Lond. Dub.
                   Plafter of Spanifh Flies.
Take of
  »Spanifh flies, finely powdered, one pound ;
  Wax plafter, two pounds ;
  Prepared hogs lard, half a pound.
Having melted the plafter  and lard, fprinkle and mix in the flies,
  a little before they become firm.

Emplastrum  Meloes  Vesicatorii ;  olim,  Emplas*
  trum Vesicatorium.  Edin.
      Plafter of Spanifh Flies, formerly  Bliftering Plafter.
Take of                                 «.
  Mutton fuet,
  Yellow wax,
  White rofin,
  Cantharides, each equal  weights.
Beat the cantharides into a  fine powder, and add them to the other
  ingredients, previoufly melted, and removed from the fire.
  Both thefe formulas are very well fuited to anfwer the inten-
tion in view, that of exciting blifters ; for both are of a proper
confiftence and fufficient degree of tenacity, which are here the
only requifites.   Cantharides of good quality, duly applied to the
fkin, never fail of producing blifters.  When,  therefore, the de-
fired effea does not take place, it is to be afcribed to the flies ei-
ther being faulty at firft, or having their aaivity afterwards de-
ftroyed by fome accidental  circumftance ; fuch as too great heat
in forming, or in fpreading the plafter, or the like.

EMPLASTRUM  MELOES VESICATORII COMPOSI-
  TUM.                  Edin.
              Compound Plafter of Spanifh Flies.
Take of
  Burgundy pitch,
  Cantharides, each twelve parts;
  Yellow wax, four parts;
  Subacetite of copper, two parts ;
  Muftard feed,
  Black pepper, each one part.
Having firft melted the pitch and wax, add the turpentine, and to
  thefe, in fufion, and ftill hot, add the other ingredients, reduced 
638        Preparations and Compositions,      [Part III.

to a fine powder and mixed, and ftir the whole carefully together,
fo as to form a plafter.

  This is fuppofed to be the moft infallible bliftering  plafter.
It certainly contains a fufficient variety of ftimulating ingredients..

          UNGUENTUM  HELLEBORI ALBI.
                       Lond.   Dub.
                 Ointment of White Hellebore.
Take of
   White hellebore, one ounce ;
   Ointment of (hogs lard,  Dub ) four ounces j
   Effence of lemon, half a fcruple.
Mix, and make an ointment.

   White hellebore externally applied has long been  celebrated
in the cure of cutaneous difeafes.

              UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS.
                      Lond.  Dub.
                    Sulphur Ointment.
Take of
   Ointment of hogs lard, half a pound (five ounces, Dub.)
   Flowers of fulphur, four (three, Dub.) ounces.
Mix them, and make an ointment.

                           Edin.
Take of
   Hogs lard, four parts;
   Sublimed fulphur, one part.
To each pound of this ointment add,
   Volatile oil  of lemons, or
   -----------of lavander,  half a  drachm.
   Sulphur is a certain remedy for the itch, more fafe than mer-
cury.  A pound of ointment ferves for four unaions.  The pa-
tient is to be rubbed every  night, a fourth part of the body at each
time.  Though the difeafe may be thus cured by a fingle  appli-
cation, it is in general advifable  to touch the parts moft affecled
lor a few nights longer, and to conjoin with the friaions the  inter*
rial  ufe of fulphur.

            UNGUENTUM ACIDI NITROSI.
                           Edin.
                   Ointment of Nitrous Acid.
Take of
   Hogs  lard, one pound ;
   Nitrous acid, fix drachms.
 Mix the acid  gradually with the melted axunge, and diligently
   beat the mixture as it cools. 
 Chap.  XLI.]      Of Liniments, Sec.                 639

   The axunge in this ointment feems to be oxidized ;  for during
 the aftion of the acid upon it, there is a great deal of nitric oxide
 gas difengaged.   It acquires a yellowith color, and a firmer con-
 fiftency ;  and forms an excellent and cheap fubftitute, in flight
 herpetic and other cutaneous affeaions, for the ointment of nitrate
 of mercury,

 EMPLASTRUM  OXIDI PLUMBI SEMIV1TREI ; olim,
   EMPLASTRUM COMMUNE.  Edin.
 Plafter of the Semi vitrified Oxide of Lead, formerly Common Plaf-
                            ter.
 Take of
   Semi vitrified oxide of lead, one part ;
   Olive oil, two parts.
 Boil them, adding water, and conftantly ftirring the mixture  till
   the oil and litharge be formed into a plafter.

             EMPLASTRUM LITHARGYRI.
                        Lond.  Dub,
                      Litharge Plafter.
 Take of
   Litharge, in very fine powder, five pounds ;
   Olive oil, a gallon, (nine pounds, Dub.)
   Water, two pints,  (two pounds, Dub.)
 Boil them with a flow fire, conftantly ftirring until the oil and li-
   tharge unite, fo as to form a plafter.  (But it will be proper to
   add more boiling water,  if th» water that was firft  added  be,
   nearly confumed before the end of the procefs.  Lond.)
•  Oxides of lead, boiled with oils, unite with them into  a plaf-
 ter of an excellent confiftence, and which makes a proper bafis for
 feveral other plafters.
   In  the boiling of thefe compofitions, a quantity of water muft
 be added, to prevent the plafter  from burning and growing black.
 Such  water as  it may be neceffary  to add during the boiling, muft
 be previoufly made hot ; for cold liquor would not only prolong
 the procefs, but likewife occafion the matter to explode, and  be
 thrown about with violence,  to the great danger of the operator :
 This accident will equally happen upon the addition of hot water,
 if the  plafter be extremely  hot.  It is therefore better to remove
 it from the fire a little before each  addition of water.
  Thefe plafters, which have been long known under the name of
 Diachylon, are common applications in excoriations  of the fkin,
 flight  fleffi wounds,  and the  like.   They keep the part foft and
 fomewhat  warm, and defend  it from the air, which is  all that can
 be expeaed in thefe cafes from any plafter. 
(840        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.
EMPLASTRUM RESINOSUM ; vulgo, Emplastrum Ad-
  HjESIVUM.                 Edin.
      Refinous Plafter, commonly called Adhefive Plafter.
Take of
  Plafter of femivitrified oxide of lead, five parts;
  White refin, one part.
Melt them together, and make a plafter.

       Emplastrum Lithargyri cum Resina.
                          Lond.
                Litharge Plafler with Refin.
Take of
  Litharge plafter, three pounds ;
  Yellow refin, half a pound.
To the litharge plafter, melted with a very flow fire, add the pow-
  dered refin ;  mix them well, and make a plafter.
  These plafters are chiefly  ufed as adhefives for  keeping  on
other dreffiiigs, for retaining the edges of recent wounds together,
when we are endeayering to cure them by the firft intention, and
for giving mechanical fupport to new  fleffi, and contraaing the
fize of ulcers, in the manner recommended by Mr. Bayston, for
the cure of ulcers of \be legs.

EMPLASTRUM ASSA FOETIDA; vulgo, Emplastrum
  Antihystericum.     Edin.
  Plafler of Affa fcetida, commonly called Antihyfieric Plafler.
Take of
  Plafter of femivitrified oxide of lead.
  Affa fcetida, each two parts ;
  Galbanum,
  Yellow wax, each one part.
  This plafter is applied to the  umbilical region,  or over the
whole abdomen, in hyfieric cafes ;  and fometimes with good ef-
fect ;  but probably jnore  from its effea as giving an additional
degree of heat to the part, than from  any influence  derived from
the fetid gums.

             EMPLASTRUM  GUMMOSUM.
                          Edin.
                       Gum Plafter.
Take of
  Plafter of femivitrified oxide of lead, eight parts •
   Gum ammoniacum,
   Galbanum,
   Yellow wax, each one part. 
Chap. XLI.        Of Liniments,  he.               641
   EMPLASTRUM LYTHARGYRI COMPOSITUM.
                          Lond.
               Compound Plafler of Litharge.
Take of
  Litharge plafter, three pounds ;
  Strained galbanum, eight ounces ;
  Turpentine, ten drachms ;
  Frankincenfe, three ounces.
The  galbanum and turpentine being melted, mix with thera the
  powdered  frankincenfe,  and  afterwards  the  litharge  plafter,
  melted alfo with very flow fire,  and make a plafter.

  Both  thefe plafters are ufed  as digeftives and fuppuratives ;
particularly in abfceffes,  after a part of the matter has been ma-
turated and difcharged,  for fuppurating or difcuffing the remain-
ing hard  part ; but it is very doubtful  whether they derive any
advantage  from the gums entering  their compofition.

                CERATUM SAPONIS,
                        Lond. Dub.
                       Soap Serate,
Take of
  Soap (hard Spanifh foap, Dub.) eight ounces j
  Yellow wax, ten ounces ;
  Litharge, powdered, one pound  ;
  Olive oil, one pint (fourteen ounces, Dub.)
  Vinegar, one gallon (eight pounds, Dub.)
Boil the vinegar  with the litharge, over a flow fire, conftantly ftir-
  ring, until  the mixture unites  and thickens ; then  mix Li the
  other articles, and make a cerate.

  Notwithstanding the name,  this  cerate  may rather be
confidered as another faturnine application ; its aaion depending
very little on the foap.

               EMPLASTRUM SAPONIS.
                          Lond.
               Emplastrum Saponaceum,
                           Dub.
                      Soap  Plafter.
Take of
   Soap, one part ;
   Litharge plafter, fix parts.
Mix the foap with the melted litharge plafter,  and boil  them fo
   the thicknefs ofa plafter.
               83T4 
642       Preparations  and Compositions.     [Part III.

             Emplastrum Saponaceum.
                           Edin.
                    Saponaceous Plafler,
Take of
   Plafter of femi vitrified oxide of lead, four parts ;
   Gum plafter, two parts ;
   Soap, fliced, one part.
To the plafters, melted together, add the foap ; then boil for a
   little, fo as to form a plafter.
   These plafters have been fuppofed to derive a refolvent power
from the foap ; and in the  laft, the addition of the gums is  fup-
pofed to promote the refolvent virtue of the foap ; but it is a mat-
ter of great  doubt, whether they  derive any  material advantage
from either addition.

        EMPLASTRUM  THUR1S  COMPOSITUM.
                           Lond.
               Compound Frankincenfe Plafler.
Take of
   Frankincenfe, half a pound ;
   Dragons blood, three ounces ;
   Litharge plafter, two pounds.
To the melted litharge plafter add the reft, powdered.
   It has been fuppofed that plafters compofed of  ftyptic medicines
conftringe and ftrengthen the part to which they are applied,, but
on no very juft foundation ;  for plafters in general relax rather
than  aftringe, the unauous ingredients neceflary in their compofi-
tion counteraaing and deftroying the effea of the others.
   If conftantly worn with  a proper bandage, it will, in  children,
frequently do  fervice, though, perhaps, not fo much from  any
 ftrengthening quality of the ingredients, as from  its being a foft,
 clofe, and adhefive covering.

UNGUENTUM OXIDI PLUMBI ALBI; vulgo, Unguen-
   tum Album.            Edin.
   Ointment of White Oxide of Lead, formerly White Ointment.
 Take of
    Simple ointment, five parts ;
    White oxide of lead, one  part.
   This is a cooling deficcative ointment, of great ufe when ap-
 plied to excoriated  furfaces. 
Chap. XLI.]          Of Liniments, kc.            643
UNGUENTUM ACETICIS PLUMBI; vulgo.U'NGUENTUM
  Saturn in um.          Edin.
    Ointment of Acetite Lead, formerly Saturnine Ointment.

Take of
  Simple ointment, twenty parts.
  Acetite of lead, one part.

         UNGUENTUM  CERUSSA ACETATA.
                         Lond.  Dub.
                Ointment of Acetated Cerufe.
Take of
  Acetated cerufe, two drachms ;
  White wax, two ounces ;
  Olive oil, half a pint (halt a pound, Dub.)
Rub the acetated cerufe, previoufly powdered, with fome part of
  the olive oil ; then add it to the wax, melted with the remain-
  ing oil.  Stir the mixture until it be cold.
  These are alfo excellent cooling ointments, of the greateft ufe
in many cafes.

CERATUM LITHARGYRI  ACETATI COxMPOSlTUM.
                           Lend.
            Ceratum Lithargyri Acetati.
                            Dub,
             Compound Cerate of Acetated Litharge,
Take of
  Water of acetated litharge, two ounces and a half ;
   Yellow wax, four ounces ;
   Olive oil, nine ounces ;
   Camphor, half a drachm.
Rub the camphor with a little of the oil.   Melt the wax with the
   remaining oil, and as foon as the  mixture begins to  thicken,
   pour in by degrees the  water of acetated litharge, and ftir con-
   ftantly until it be cold ; then mix  in the champhor previoufly
   rubbed with oil.
  This application has been rendered famous by the recommen-
dations of Mr. Goulard.  It is unqueftionably in many cafes very
ufeful ; it  cannot, however, be confidered as varying effentially
 from the faturnine ointments, already mentioned.  It is  employ-
ed  with nearly the fame intentions, and differs  from them chiefly
 in confiftence.

 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI  ;  vulgo, Unguentum
   Coeruleum.           Edin.
     Ointment of Quickfilver, commonly called Blue Ointment.
 Take of
   Quickfilver, 
 644        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part III.

    Mutton fuit, each one part ;
    Hogs  lard, three parts.
  Rub  them carefully in a mortar till the globules entirely difap-
    pear.
  This  ointment may alfo be made with double or treble the quan-
    tity of quickfilver.

        UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI FORTIUS.
                          Lond. Dub.
                 Stronger Mercurial Ointment.
  Take of
    Purified quickfilver, two pounds ;
    Prepared hogs lard, twenty three ounces ;
    Prepared mutton fuet, one ounce.
'  Firft  triturate the quickfilver with the fuit and a little of the hogs
    lard, until  the globules be extinguifhed ; then add the reft of
    the lard, and form it into an ointment.

            Unguentum  Hydrargyri Mitius.
                          Lond. Dub.
                 Milder Mercurial Ointment.
 Take of
    The ftronger ointment of quickfilver, one part ;
    Hogs lard, prepared two parts.
  Mix them.

    UNGUENTUM OXIDI  HYDRARGYRI CINEREI.
                            Edin.
             Ointment of Grey  Oxide of Quickfilver.
  Take of
    Grey oxide of quickfilver, one part;
    Hogs lard, three parts.

    These ointments are principally employed, not with a view to
 their topical aaions, but with the intention of introducing mercury
 in an aclive ftate into the  circulating fyftem;  which may be ef-
 feaed by gentle friaion on the found fkin of any part, particu-
 larly  on the infide of the thighs or legs.   For this purpofe, thefe
 fimple ointments are much  better fuited than the more compound-
 ed ones with turpentine  and the like, formerly employed.  For,
 by any acrid fubftance, topical  inflammation is apt to be excited,
 preventing further  friaion, and  giving  much  uneafinefs.  To
 avoid this, it is neceffary, even  with the mildeft and  weakeft oint-
 ment, to change occafionally the place at which the friaion is per-
 formed.
    It is requifite that the ointments, in which the mercury is ex-
 tinguifhed  by trituration,  fliould  be prepared with  very  great
 care ;  for upon the degree of triture which has been employed, the 
Chap. XLL]         Of Liniments, he.              645
aftivity of the mercucy  very much  depends.   The  addition of
the mutton fuet, now adopted by both Colleges, ts an  advantage
to the ointment, as it prevents it from  running into the ftate of
oil, which the hogs lard alone, in warm weather,  or in a warm
chamber, is fometimes apt to do, and which is followed by a fepa-
ration of parts.  We are even inclined to think, that the propor-
tion of fuet direaed by the London  College is too  fmall for  this
purpofe, and indeed feems to be principally intended for the more
effeaual triture of the mercury : But it is much more to be regret-
ted, that in a medicine of fuch aaivity, the Colleges fhould not
have direaed the fame proportion of mercury to the fatty matter.
   If the efficacy of the  ointment prepared with the grey oxide
were fufficiently eftablifhed,  the facility and certainty of its  pre-
paration would be attended with great advantages.

            EMPLASTRUM HYDRARGYRI.
                            Edin.
                    Plafter of Quickfilver,
Take of
   Olive oil,
   White refin, each one part;
   Quickfilver, three parts ;
   Plafter of femivitrified oxide of lead, fix parts.
Melt the oil and refin together, and when this mixture is cold, let
   the quickfilver be rubbed  with it till the globulus  difappear ;
   then add by  degrees the litharge  plafter, melted, and let the
   whole be accurately mixed.

 EMPLASTRUM AMMONIACI cum HYDRARGYRO.
                         Lond.
          Plafler of Gum Ammoniac with Quickfilver.
Take of
   Gum ammoniac, ftrained, one pound ;
   Purified quickfilver, three ounces ;
   Sulphurated oil, a drachm, or as much as may be neceffary.
Triturate the quickfilver  with  the  fulphurated oil, until its glo-
   bules difappear ;  then gradually add the gum ammoniac  melt-
   ed, and mix them.

EMPLASTRUM  LITHARGYRI cum HYDRARGYRO.
                           Lond.
               Litharge Plafler with Quickfilver.
Take of
   Litharge plafter,  one pound ;
   Purified quickfilver, three ounces ;
   Sulphurated oil, one drachm, or what is fufficient, 
646      Preparations and Compositions.     [Part III.

Make the plafter in the fame manner as  the ammoniacum plafter
  with quickfilver.
  These  mercurial plafters are confidered as powerful refolvents
and difcutients, acling with much  greater certainty tor  thefe in-
tentions than any compofition of vegetable fubftances alone ; the
mercury exerting itfelf in a confiderable degree, and being fome-
times introduced into the habit in  fuch quantity as to affe&  the
mouth.  Pains in the joints and  limbs from a  venereal  caufe,
nodes, tophi, and beginning indurations are faid to yield to them
fometimes.

    UNGUENTUM CALCIS HYDRARGYRI ALBI,
                          Lond.
          Ointment of the White Calx of Quickfilver.
Take of
  The white calx of quickfilver, one drachm ;
  Ointment of hogs lard, one ounce and a half ;
Mix, and make an ointment.
  This is a very elegant mercurial ointment, and frequently made
ufe of in the cure of obftinate cutaneous, affeaions.

    UNGUENTUM OXIDI HYDRARGYRI  RUBRI.
                          Edin.
       #    Ointment of Red Oxide of Qjiickfilver.
Take of
  Red oxide of quickfilver by nitrous acid, one part ;
  Hogs lard, eight parts.
  This is an excellent ftimulating ointment, often of very great
fervice in indolent ill conditioned fores, when we wiffi  to  excite
them to greater aaion.  If it prove too ftimulating, it may be di-
luted with axunge ;  and in this ftate it is often applied to the eye-
lids in chronic ophthalmia.

UNGUENTUM NITRATIS HYDRARGYRI ; vulgo, Un-
  guentum Citrinum.
                          Edin.
Ointment of Nitrate of Quickfilver, commonly called Yellow Oint-
  ments

        Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitrati.
                        Lond.  Dub.
              Ointment of Nitrated Quickfilver.
Take of                            :
  Quickfilver, one part ; 
Chap. XLI.]        Of Liniments, &e.              647

  Nitrous acid, two parts ;
  Hogs lard, twelve parts.
Diffolve the quickfilver in the nitrous acid, by digeftion in a fand-
  heat ;  and, while the folution is very hot, mix with it the lard,
  previoufly melted by itfelf, and  juft beginning to grow ftiff.
  Stir them brifkly together in a marble  mortar, fo as to form
  the whole into an ointment.

 UNGUENTUM N1TRAT1S 'HYDRARGYRI M1TIUS.
                            Edin.
           Milder Ointment of Nitrate of Quickfilver.
This is prepared in the  fame way, with three times the quantity
  of hogs lard.
  Although the  aaivity of the nitrated quickfilver be very
confiderably moderated by  the animal fat with which it is after-
wards united, yet it ftill affords us a very  aaive ointment ; and,
as fuch, it is frequently employed with fuccefs in  cutaneous and
other topical affeaions.  In this condition, however, the mercury
does not  fo  readily enter the fyftem, as in  the preceding form.
Hence it may even  be employed in fome cafes with more free-
dom ; but in other inftances it is apt to excoriate and inflame the
the  parts.  On this  account a reduaion of its ftrength is fome-
times  requifite ; and it is often alfo neceffary, from the hard con-
fiftence which it gradually acquires, in confequence of the aaioil
of the acid on the lard.
                     »
         UNGUENTUM  SUBACETITIS  CUPRI.
                            Edin,
                Ointment ofSubacetite of Copper.
 Take of
   Refinous ointment, fifteen parts;
   Subacetite of copper, one part.
   This  ointment is ufed for cleanfing fores, and keeping down
 fungous fleffi.  Where ulcers continue to run from a weaknefs in
 the veffels of the parts, the  tonic powers of copper promife con-
 fiderable advantage.
   It is alfo frequently ufed with advantage in cafes of ophthalmia,
 depending on fcrofula,  where the palpebrae are principally affea-
 ed ; but when it  is  to be thus applied, it is  in general requifite
 that it ffiould be fomewhat weakened by the addition ofa propor-
 tion of fimple ointment or hogs lard.  An ointment fimilar to the
 above, and celebrated  for the cure of fuch inftances  of ophthal-
 mia, has long been fold under the name of Smellom's eyefalve. 
 648        Preparations and Compositions.      [Part. III.

 UNGUENTUM OXID1 ZINCI IMPURI;  olim, Unguen-
   tum TuTiiE.           Edin.
 Ointment of Impure Oxide of Zinc, formerly Ointment of Tutty.
 Take of
   Simple liniment, five parts ;
   Prepared impure oxide of zinc, one part.

                 UNGUENTUM  TUTIA.
                         Lond.  Dub.
                     Ointment of Tutty.
 Take of
   Prepared tutty,
   Ointment of fpermaceti, (hogs lard, Dub.) as  much as may be
     fufficient.
   Mix them fo as to make a foft ointment.

             UNGUENTUM OXIDI ZINCI.
                           Edin.
                 Ointment of Oxide of Zinc.
 Take of
   Simple liniment, fix parts ;
   Oxide of zinc, one part.
   These ointments are chiefly  ufed in affeaions of the eye, par-
 ticularly  in thofe cafes where rednefs  arifes  rather trom relaxa-
 tion than from aaive  inflammation.

      CERATUM  CARBONATIS ZINCI  IMPURE
                          Edin.
             Cerate of Impure  Carbonate of Zinc.
 Take of
   Simple cerate,  five parts ;
   Prepared impure carbonate of zinc, one part.

 CERATUM  LAPIDIS CALAMINARIS ;  olim, Ceratum
   Epuloticum.        Lond.  Dub.
         Calamine Cerate, formerly Epulotic Cerate.
 Take of
   Calamine, prepared,
   Yellow wax, of each (onepart, Dub.) half a pound;
   Olive oil, (two parts, Dub.) one  pint.
 Melt the wax  with the oil ; and  as foon as the mixture, expofed
   to the air, begins to thicken, mix with it the calamine, and ftir
   the cerate until it be cold.
   These compofitions are formed upon the cerate which Turner
 ftrongly recommends, in cutaneous ulcerations and excoriations,
and which has been ufually diftinguifhed by his name.  They ap- 
Chap. XLI.]         Of Liniments, he.              649

pear from experience to be excellent epulotics, and as  fuch  are
frequently made ufe of in praaice.

EMPLASTRUM OXIDI FERRI RUBRI ; olim, Emplas-
  trum Roborans.      Edin.
Plafter of Red Oxide of Iron, commonly called  Strengthening
                         Plafter.
Take of
  Plafter of femivitrified oxide of lead, twentyfour parts ;
  White refin, fix parts;
  Yellow wax,
  Olive oil, each three parts ;
  Red oxide of iron, eights parts.
Grind the red oxide of iron with the oil, and  then add it to the
  other ingredients previoufly melted.
  This plafter is ufed in weakneffes of the large mufcles, as of
the loins ;  and its effeas feem to proceed from the  artificial  me-
chanical fupport given to   the part, which may alfo be done by
any other plafter that adheres with equal firmnefs. 
2E
TABLES,
Shewing  the Proportion  of  Antimony,  Opium and
  Quicksilver, contained in some Compound Medicines.

               Tartrite  of  Antimony.

   Wine of Tartrite of Antimony contains two grains of tartrite of
antimony, or tartar emetic, in the ounce.   Edin.

                         Opium.

   Opiate ConfeBion  contains  one  grain of opium  in thirty fix
grains.  Lond.
   Opiate or  Thebaic EleBuary, contains in each drachm about  a
grain and a half of opium.  Edin,
   EleBuary of Catechu, or Japonic ConfeBion, contains  in each
ounce about two grains and a half of opium ; for one grain of o-
pium is contained in one hundred and ninety three grains.   Edin.
   Compound Powder of Chalk with Opium contains one grain of
opium in about fortythree grains.   Lond.
   Compound Powder of Ipecacuan contains one grain of opium in
ten grains.   Lond.
   Powder of Ipecacuan and Opium contains fix grains of opium
in each drachm, or one grain in ten.  Edin.
   Opiate Powder contains one grain of Opium in ten.   Lond.
   Pills of Opium contain one grain of opium in five.   Lond.
   Opiate or  Thebaic Pills contain fix grains of  opium in each
drachm, or five grains contain half a grain of opium.  Edin.
   TinBure of Opium or Liquid Laudanum is made with two fcru-
ples of opium in each ounce of the liquid, or with five grains in
each drachm.  But a drachm of the tinaure appears, by evapora-
tion, to contain about three grains and a half of opium.  Edin.
   Ammoniated TinBure of Opium, or Paragoric Elixir, is made
with about eight grains in each ounce ot the liquid, or with about
one grain in the drachm.  Edin.
   TinBure of Soap with Opium, formerly called Opiate Liniment,
Anodyne Balfam, is made with one fcruple of opium in each ounce
of the liquid.  Edin.
   Troches of Liquorice with Opium, contain about one  grain of
opium in each drachm.  Edin. 
                         Table, &'<?.                     651

                      Quicksilver.
  Quickfilver  Pills  contain five  grains of quickfilver  in  each
drachm.   Each pill contains one grain of quickfilver.  Edin.
  Quickfilver Pills  contain four grains of quickfilver in twelve
grains.   Lond.
  Quickfilver Ointment contains twelve grains of quickfilver in
each drachm ; made with double  quickfilver, each drachm  con-
tains twentyfour grains.  Edin.
  Stronger Quickfilver Ointment contains one drachm of quick-
filver in two drachms.   Lond.
  Weaker Quickfilver Ointment contains one drachm of quickfilver
in fix drachms.
  Quickfilver Plafter contains about fixteen grains of quickfilver
in each drachm.   Edin.
  Plafler of Litharge with Quickfilver contains about one ounce
of quickfilver in five ounces.   Lond.
  Plafter of Ammoniac with Quickfilver contains about one ounce
of quickfilver in five ounces.   Lond.
  Powder of Scammony with Calomel contains  one grain of calo-
mel in four grains..   Lond.
  Ointment of Nitrated Quickfilver contains  twelve grains of ni-
trated quickfilver in one drachm.   Lond.
  Stronger  Ointment of Nitrate of Quickfilver contains in each
drachm four grains ot quickfilver and eight of nitrous acid. Edin.
  Milder Ointment of Nitrate of Quickfilver contains in each fcru-
ple half a grain of quickfilver, and one grain of nitrous acid. Edin.
  Ointment of White Calx of Quickfilver contains in  each drachm
about four grains and a halt of the calx.  Lond.
                            or,
       One grain of Tartrite of Antimony is contained in
Wine of tartrite of antimony.   Edin.                 grs. 240
Wine of antimoniated tartar.  Dub.                      120
Wine of tartarized antimony.   Lond.                     120
Wine ot antimony.  Lond.                          uncertain.

  One grain of precipitated Sulphuret of Antimony is contained in
Compound pills of antimony.   Dub.                 grs. 2.7

              One grain of Opium is contained in
Opiate confeaion.  Lond.                            grs. 36
Opiate eleauary.   Edin.                               .  43
Eleauary of catechu.  Edin*                          v 193
               T t 
652     Tables of the Proportion of Antimony, &V.
             One grain of Opium is contained in
Compound eleauary of catechu.  Dub.              grs. igg
Troches of liquorice with opium.   Edin.                  yg
Compound troches of liquorice.   Dub.                   60
Pills of opium.  Lond.                                   g
Opiate pills.   Edin.   '    '                             10
Opiate powder.  Lond.                                 10
Compound powder of chalk with  opium.   Lond,          43
Compound powder of ipecacuan.  Lond. Dub.            10
Powder of ipecacuan and opium.   Edin.                  10
Tinaure of opium.  Edin. Lond. Dub.                    12
Camphorated tinaure of opium.   Lond.                 244
Ditto         ditto              Dub.                  196
Ammoniated tinaure of opium.  Edin.                   68
Tinaure of foap with opium.                            31.5

            One grain of Quickfilver is contained in
Quickfilver pills.  Lond.                            grs. 3
Ditto             Dub.                                2.5
Ditto             Edin.             ,                   4
Stronger quickfilver ointment.  Lond. Dub.               2
Weaker quickfilver ointment.  Lond, Dub.               6
Quickfilver ointment.  Edin.                            5
Quickfilver  plafter.   Edin.                              5.5
Litharge plafter with quickfilver.   Lond.                  5
Ammoniac plafter with quickfilver.  Lond.                5

             One grain of Calomel is contained in
Powder of fcammony with calomel.   Lond.                4
Compound antimonial pills.  Dub.                       2.7

    One grain of the grey oxide of quickfilver is contained in
Ointment of the grey oxide of quickfilver.   Edin.      grs. 4

     One grain of the red oxide of quickfilver is contained in
Ointment of red oxide of quickfilver.  Edin.          grs. 9

      One grain of white calx of quickfilver is contained in
Ointment of white calx of quickfilver.   Lond.         grs. 13

         One grain oi nitrate of mercury is contained in
Stronger ointment of nitrate of mercury.   Edin.        grs. 5
Ointment,of nitrated quickfilver.   Lond. Dub.             5
Milder ointment of nitrate of quickfilver.   Edin.          13

   In many inftances thefe proportions are only to be confidered
as approximations to the truth, as they are calculated from  the 
          contained in some Compound Medicines.      653

quantities of  the ingredients taken to form the preparation, not
from the quantities which exift in it after it is formed.  The ni-
trate  of  mercury, for  example, in the different ointments into
which it enters, is eftimated as  equal to the whole quantity of
mercury  and nitrous acid employed to form it, although, from the
very nature of the preparation, it cannot  be fo much.  In the fo-
lutions of opium, the  opium is  eftimated as equal to  the  whole
quantity  employed, although not above two thirds of it be diffolv-
ed.   Laftly, no allowance is made  for the  lofs  by evaporation  ;
and hence, notwithftanding the difference by calculation, the Ed-
inburgh  troches of  liquorice  with  opium contain probably as
much  opium  as thofe of Dublin ; for  the former being  made
with fyrup, they will lofe more in drying than  the latter, which
are made with extraa of liquorice.
fcT s 
                            TABLE
Of Names changed in  the  last Edition  of the  London
                      Pharmacopoeia.
         Names changed.
               A.

 A CETUM fcilliticum.
 iEthiops mineralis.
 Aqua aluminofa bateana.
      calcis fimplex.
      cinnamomi fimplex.
                fpirituofa.
      fortis.
      hordeata.
      juniperi compofita.
      menthae piperitidis  fimplex.
                        fpirituofa.
                vulgaris fimplex.
                        fpirituofa.
      nucis mofchatae.

      piperis Jamaicenfis.
      pulegii fimplex.
             fpirituofa.
      raphani compofita.       '
      rofarum damafcenarum.
      fapphirina.
      feminum anethi.
              anifi compofita.
              carui.
      vitriolica camphorata.

 Argenti vivi  purificatio.
 Axungiae porcinae  curatio.

               B.  •
 Balfamum  fulphuris barbadenfe.
                   fimplex.
           traumaticum.

               C.
 Calx antimonii.
 Cataplafma e cymino.
v Caufticum  antimoniale.
           commune fortius.
           lunare.
Nsnv Ka'nes.
Acetum fcillx.
Hydrargyrus cum fulphure.
Aqua aluminis compofita.
      calcis.
      cinnamomi.
Spiritus cinnamomi.
Acidum nitrofum dilutum.
Deco£tum hordei.
Spiritus juniperi compofitus:
Aqua menthae piperitidis.
Spiritus menthae piperitidis.
Aqua menthae fativae.
Spiritus menthae fativae.
       nuclei fruclus myrifticae.
         five nueis mofchata:.
Aqua pimento.
      pulegii.
Spiritus pulegii.
       raphani  Compofitus.
Aqua rofae.
      cupri ammoniati.
      anethi.
Spiritus anifi compofitus.
       carui.
Aqua  zinci vitriolati  cum cam-
  phora.
Hydrargyri purificatio.
Adipis fuillac praeparatio.
Petroleum fulphuratum.
Oleum fulphuratum.
Tindtura benzoes compofita.
Antimonium calcinatuni.
Cataplafma cumini.
Antimonium muriatum.
Calx cum kali puro.
Ar<rer.tum nimatum.
t 
Table of  Names changed,                655
         Names changed.
Ceratum album.
        citrinum.
        epuloticum.
Chalybis lubigo praeparata.
Cinnabaris factitia.
Coagulum aluminofum.
Confectio  cardiaca.
Cornu cervi calcihatio.

               D.
Decoctum album.
          commune pro elyftere.
          corticis peruviani.

         peclorale.

               E.
P'leclarium lenitivum.
Elixir aloes.
      myrrhas compofitum.
      paregoricum.
Emplaftrura  ex ammoniaco  cum
  mercuric
Emplafh um attrahens.
           cephalicum.

           commune.
                  adhaefivum.
           commune cum gummi.
           commune cum mercu-
               rio.
           e cymino.
           robot ans.
           e fapone.
           ftomach i cum.
           veficatorium.
Emulfio communis.
Extractum catharticum.

           ligni campechenfis.

           corticis peruviani.

           thebLLicum  five opium
             colatum.

               F.
Flores benzoini.
      martiales.
Fotus communis.

               H.
Hicra picra.

               I.
Infufum amarum fimplex.
                  03" 3
          New Names.

Ceratum fpermatis ceti.
        retinae flavae.
        lapidis calaminaris.
Ferri rubigo.
Hydrargyrus fulphuratus ruber.
Cataplafma aluminis.
Confedtio aromatica.
Cornu cervi uftio.
Decoctum cornu rervi.
         pro enemate.
         cinchonas five corticis pe-
            ruviani.
         hordei compofitum.


ElecTuarium fenna?.
Tinctura aloe's compofita.
         fabinse compofita.
         opii camphorata.
Emplaftrum ammoniaci cum hydrar-
  gyro.
Emplaftrum ceras compofitum.
           picis burgundicae com-
             pofitum.
            lithargyri.
                    cum refina.
           lithargyri compofitum.
           lithargyri cum hydrar-
             gyro.
           cumini.
           thuris compofitum.
            faponis.
            ladani compofitum.
           cantharidis.
Lac  amygdalae.
Extradtum  colocynthidis  compofi-
             tum.
           haematoxyli  five ligni
             campechiani.
           cinchonas  fire corticis
             • peruviani.
Opium purificatum.
Flores benzoes.
Ferrum ammoniacale.
Decodtum pro foment©.


Pulvis aloes cum canella.
Infufum gentiana? compofitum.
i 
656
Table of Names changed,
         Names changed.
Infufum fenae communis.
Julepum e camphora.
        e crera.
        e mofcho.

               L.
Linimentum album.
            faponaceum.
            volatile.
Lixivium faponarium.
         tartari,

               M.
Mel aegyptiacum.
    rofaceum.
MercUrius calcinatus.
          corrofivus fublimatus.
                    ruber.
          dulcis fublimatus.
          fcmeticus flavus.
          praecipitatus albus.

               N.
Vitrum vitriolatum.

               O.
Oleum petrolei barbadenfis.
       terebinthina; aethereum.
Opium colatum.
Oxymel fcilliticum.
        fimplex.

               P.
Philonium londinenfe,
Pilulae aromaticae.
      ecphradticae.
      gummofae.
      rufi.
Pulvis e bolo compofitus.
                       cum opio.
      e cerufTa compofitus.
      e chelis  cancrorum compofi-
        tus.
      (ternutatorius.

               R,
Rob bacacrum fambuci.

               S.
Saccharum faturni.
Sal abfinthii.
    catharticus amarus.
              glauberi.
   diureticus.
   martis.
   tartari.
          Ne iv Names.
Infufum fennae tartarifatum.
Miftura camphorata.
       cretacea.
       mofchata.
Unguentum fpermatis ceti.
Linimentum faponis.
            ammonia:.
Aqua: kali puri.
     kali praeparati.
Oxymel asruginis.
Mel rofae.
Hydrargyrus calcinatus.
            rauriatus.
            nitratus ruber.
Calomelas.
Hydrargyrus vitriolatus.
Calx hydrargyri alba.
Kali vitriolatum.
Oleum petrolei.
       terebinthina; redtificatum.
Opium purificatum.
Oxymel fcillae.
Mel acetatum.
Confectio ©piata.
Pulvis aloeticus cum guaiaco.
      aloes cum ferro.
Pilulae Galbani compofitae.
      aloes cum myrrha.
Pulvis cretae compofitus.
                       cum  opio.
      ceruflae.
      cancri  chelarum  compofi-
         tus.
      afari compofitus.
Succus baccae fambuci fpiflktus,
CerufTa acetata.
Kali praeparatum.
Magnefia vitriolata.
Natron vitriolatum.
Kali acetatum.
Ferrum vitriolatum.
Kali praeparatum. 
in the London Pharmacopoeia.
         Names changed.
Sal vitrioli.
    volatilis falis ammoniaci.
Species aromaticae.
Spiritus cornu cervi.
      lavendulae fimplex.
      nitri dulcis.
           glauberi.
      falis ammoniaci.
      falis ammoniaci dulcis.
      falis marini glauberi.
      vinofus camphoratus.
      vitrioli dulcis.
      volatilis aromaticus.
           foetidus.
Succi fcorbutici.
Syrupus ex althaea.
      6 corticibus aurantiorum.
      balfamicus.
      e menconio.
      rofarum fotutivus.

                T.
Tabellas cardialgicae.
 Tartarum emeticum.
      folubile.
Tartarum vitriolatum.
Tindtura amara.
      aromatica.
      corticis    peruviani   fim-
         plex.
      corticis   peruviani   volatv
         lis.
       fcetida.
       florum martialium.
       guaiacina volatilis.
      japonica.
      martis in fpiritu falis.
       melampodii.
       rhabarbari fpirituofa.
                 vinofa.
       rofarum.
      facra.
       ftomachica.
       thebaica.
      Valeriana? volatilis.
 Trochifci bechici albi.
                nigri.

                V.
 Vinum  antimoniale.
       chylabeatum.
 Unguentum album.
             bafilicum flavum.
       caeruleum fortius.
           New Names.
Zincum vitriolatum.
Ammonia prarparata.
Pulvis aromaticus.
Liquor volatilis cornu cervi.
Spiritus lavendulae.
             astheris nitrofi.
Acidum nitrofum.
Aqua ammonias.
Spiritus ammonias.
Acidum muriaticum.
Spiritus camphoratus.
             aetherisvitriolici.
             ammonias compofitus.
               fcetidus.
Succus cochlearia: compofitus.
Syrupus althasas.
             corticis aurantii.
             tolutanus.
             papaveris albi.
             rofae.
Trochifci cretae.
Antimonium tartarifatum.
Kali tartarifatum.
Kali vitriolatum.
Tindtura gentiana: compofita.
        cinnamomi compofita.
        cinchonas five  corticis pe
             ruviani.
         cinchonas, five corticis pe
           ruviani, ammoniata.
         afTae fcetidae.
         ferri ammoniacalis.
         guaiaci.
         catechu.
         ferri muriati.
         hellebori nigri.
         rhabarbari.
Vinum rhabarbari.
Infufum rofae.
Vinum aloe's.
Tindtura cardamomi compofita.
         opii.
         Valerianae ammoniata.
Trochifci amyli.
         glycyrrhizas.
Vinum antimonii.
        ferri.
Unguentum ceras.
        refinae flavas.
        hydrargyri fortius.
fcT  4 
658              lable of Names changed,
        Names changed
UngeRtum caeruleummitius.
         e gummi elemi.
          e mercurio praecipi-
            tato.
          faturninum.
          fimplex.
          ad veficatoria.
            Neto Names
Ungentum hydrargyri mitius.
          elemi compofitu'ii.
          crlcis hydrargyri al-
              bas.
          ceruffas acetatas.
          adipis fuillar.
          cantharidis.
Table of Names changed, and of some Synonimes, in the
       last Edition of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia.
        Names changed.
            A.
    ABSINTHIUM.
     Acetofa.
Acetum vini.
Acidum vitriolicum.
        vitrioli aromaticum.
.ffirugo.
./Ether vitriolicus.
.Sithiops mineralis.
Agaricus.
Alkali caufticum.
      fixum fofiile.
            vegetabile.
      volatile.
Alumen.
         uftum.
Ammonia munata.
         piasparata.
Amygdala dulcis.
Angelica fativa.
Anifum.
Antimonium.
             calcareo phofphera-
               tuin.
             muriatum.
              tartarifatum.
Aqua ammonias.
               acetatas.
               caufticas.
        cupri vitriolati compofita,
           met aqua ftyptica.
            Neix> Names.

Artemisia abfinthium.
Rumex acetofa.
Acidum acerofum.
        fulphuricum.
                    aromaticum.
Sub Acetis cupri.
./Ether fulphuricus.
Sulphuretum hydrargyri nigrum.
Boletus igniarius.
Potafla.
Carbonas fodas.
         potafTae impurus.
         ammoniae.
Sulphas aluminas.
                    exficcatus.
Murias ammoniae.
Carbonas ammoniae.
Amygdalus communis.
Angelica Archangelica.
Pimpinella anilum.
Sulphuretum antimonii.
Oxidum antimonii  cum  phofphate
  calcis.
Murias antimonii.
Tartris antimonii.
Aqua carbonatis ammonias.
     acetitis ammonae.
      ammoniae.
Solutio fulphatis cupri compofita. 
in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia.
659
          Names changed,
Aqua lixivia cauftica.
      zinci vitriolati.
Arabicum gummi.
Argentum nitratum.
Arfenicum.
Afa fcetida.
Aurantium Hifpalenfc.

               B.
Balfamum Canadenfe.
          Copaibas.
          Gileadenfe.
          Peruvianum.
          Tolutanum.
          traumaticum.
Bardana.
Barilla.
Barytes.
Belladonna.
Benzoinum.
Biftorta.
Borax.
Butyrum antimonii.

                C.
Cajepufa.
Caiamus aromaticus,
Calomelas.
Calx viva.
Cancrorum lapilli.
Cantharis.
Cardamomum minus,.
Carduus benedidtus.
Carica.
Carvi.
Caryophylla aromatica.
              rubra.
Cafcarilla-
Caffia fiftularis.
       lignea.
 Catechu.
 Caufticum commune acerrimum.
                    mitius.
           lunare.
 Centaurium minus.
 CerufTa.
        acetata.
 Chamasmelum.
 Cicuta.
 Cinnabaris fadtitia.
 Cinara hortenfis.
 Cineres clavellati.
 Cinnamomum.
 Coccinella.
 Colocynthis.
            Netv Names.
Aqua pofafHe.
Solutio fulphatis zinci.
Gummi mimofas nilotica:.
Nitras argenti.
Oxidum arfenici.
Gummi refina ferula: affa: fuetidas.
Citrus aurantium.


Refina pini balfameae.
      copaifferas ofticinalis.
      amyridis Gifeadenfis.
Balfamum myroxyli peruiferi.
           toltiiferas balfami.
Tindtura benzoes compofita.
Arctium lappa.
Carbonas fodas impurus.
         barytas.
Atropa belladonna.
Balfamum ftyracis benzoes.
Polygonum biftorta.
Boras fodas.
Murias antimonii.
Melaleuca leucadendron.
Acorus calamus.
Sub Murias hydrargyri;
Calx.
Carbonas calcis prasparatus.
Meloe veficatorius.
Amomum repens.
Centaurea benedidta.
Frudtus ficiis caricae.
Carum carvi.
Caryophyllus aromaticus.
Dianthus caryophyllus*
Croton eleutheria*
Caffia fiftula.
Laurus caffia.
Extractum mimofas  catechu.
Potaffe.
       cum calce.
Nitras argenti.
Gentiana centaurium.
Oxidum plumbi album.
Acetis plumbi.
Anthemis nobilis.
Conium maculatum.
Sulphuretum hydrargyri rubrum.
Cinara fcolynnis.
Carbonas potalfas  impurus.
Laurus cinnamomum.
Coccus cacti.
Cucumis colocynthis, 
  oGO                   Table oJ

          Names changed.
  Confectio japonica.
  Contrayerva.
  Cortex peruvianus.
  Creta alba.
  Crocus antimonii.   *)
        metallorum. J
  Cryftalli tartari.
  Cucumis agreftis.
  Cupium ammoniacum.
         vitriolatum.
  Cynofbatos.

                D.
 Daucus filvcftris.
 Decoctum chamasmeli vel commune.
          hgnorum.

 Dens leonis.

                E.
 Elaterium.

 Electuarium  lenitivum.
 Elixir paregoricum.
       facrum.
       falutis.
       ftomachicum.
 Emplaftrum adhaefivum.
            cereum.
            lithargyri  <vel  com-
              mune.
            lithargyri  compofitum
              vet roborans.
           veficatorium.
 Emulfio communis.

            -  F.
 Ferri rubigo.    .
      fquamas purificatas.
             praeparatas.
Ferrum ammoniatum.
       vitriolatum.
                  uftum.
Filix mas.
Flores martiales.
       fulphuris.
       zinci.
Fceniculum dulce.

               G.
Galbanum.
Genifta.
Granata malus.

               H.
Helleborus albus.
Ncitnes changed.

          New Names.
 Electuarium catechu.
 Dorftema contrayerva.
 Cortex cinchonas officinalis.
 Carbonas calcis.
 Oxidum antimonii cum fulphure per
  nitratem potaffae.
 Super Tartris potaffae.
 Fruclus recens  moniordica: eiaterii.
 Ammoniaretum cupri.
 Sulphas cupri.
 Frudtus recens rofae caninae.


 Daucus carota.
 Decoctum anthemidis nobilis.
          guaici officinalis compo-
           "fitus.
 Leontodon taraxacum.
 Succus fpiflatus  momordicae eiate-
   rii.
 Eledtuarium caffia: fenna:.
 Tinctura opii ammoniata.
         rhei cum aloe.
         cafiiae fennas compofita.
         gentiana? compofita,
 Emplaftrum refinoium.
            fimplex.
            oxidi, plumbi  femivi^
              trei.
            oxidi ferri rubri.

            meloes veficatorii.
 Emulfio amygdalae communis.


 Carbonas ferri.
 Ferri oxidum nigrum purificatum.
                     praeparatum.
Murias ammoniae et ferri.
Sulphas ferri.
Oxidum ferri rubrum.
Polypodium filix mas.
Murias ammoniae et ferri,
Sulphur fublimatum.
Oxidum zinci.
Anethum fceniculum.
Gummi refina bubonis galbani.
Spartium fcoparium.
Punica granatum.
Veratrum album. 
in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia.
m
         Names changed.
Hepar fulphuris.
Hippocaftanum.
Hydrargyrus acetatus.
            muriatus  corrofivus.
                      mitis.
                      prascipita-
                        tus.
            fiitratus ruber.

            prascipitatus cinereus.
            fulphuratus niger.
            vitriolatus flavus.

                 I
Infufum amarum.

         rofarum.
Jalapa.

               L.
Lapis calaminaris.
Lavendula.
Laudanum liquidum.
Lignum Campechenfe,
Limon.
Linimentum ansdynum w/opiatum,
            aquas calcis.
            fapanaceum.
            volatile.
Lithargyrus.
Lixivaacetata.
       e tartar*.
       purificara.
       tartarifata.
       vitriolata.
                fulphurea.
Lixivium caufticum.

               M.
Magnefia alba.
         uita.
         vitriolata.
Majorana.
Manna.
Maftiche.
Melampodium.
Mercurius.
           prascipitatus ruber.
           fublimatus corrofivus.
Mezereum.
Minium.
Muria.
              Neiu Names.
    Sulphuretum potaffae.
    ./Efculus hippocaftanum.
    Acetis hydrargyri.
    Murias hydrargyri.
    Sub Murias hydrargyri.
                            prascipi-
                               tatus.
    Oxidum hydrargyri rubrum per aci-
      dum nitricum.
%.   Oxidum hydrargyri cinereum.
    Sulphuretum  hydrargyri nigrum.
    Sub Sulphas'hydrargyri flavus.
Infufum  gentianas  luteas compofi-
           tum.
         rofas Gallicae.
Convolvulus jalapa.
   Carbonas zinci impurus.
   Lavandula fpica.
   Tindtura opii.
   Lignum Haematoxyli Campechiani.
   Frudtus citri medicas.
if  Tinctura faponis cum opio.
   Oleum lini cum calce.
   Tinctura faponis.
   Oleum ammoniatum.
   Oxidum  plumbi femivitreum.
   Acetis potaffae.
   Carbonas potaffas puriffimus.
   Carbonas potaffae.
   Tartris potaffae.
   Sulphas potaffae.    *
                    cum fulphure.
   Aqua potaffae.
Carbonas magnefiae.
Magnefia.
Sulphas magnefiae.
Origanum majorana.
Succus concreJus fraxini orni.
Refina piftachiae lentifci.
Helleborus niger.
Hydrargyrus.
Oxidum hydrargyri rubrum.
Murias hydrargyri.
Daphne mezereum.
Oxidum plumbi rubrum,
Murias fodas. 
662     .            Table of Names changed.
         ?\\:>nes changed.

               N.
Nafiurtium aquaticurn.
Nitrum.
Nux mofcha'.a.

               O.
OLri fiillatitia.
Oleum fuccini redtificatum.
      terebinthmas. reetificatuni.

Olibanum.
Oliva.

               P.
Pal ma.
Petroleum Barbadenfe.
Petrofelinum.
Pilulas cupri.
      theba'Cae.
Pimento <vel piper Jamaicenfis.
Piper Indicum.
Pix Burgundica,
Plumbum uflum.
Potio  cretacea.
Prunus  Gallica.
Pulegium.
Pulvis antimonialis.

      rretaceus.

      Doveri.
Pyrethrum.

               R.
Raphanus ruflicanus.
Refina alba.
Rhabarbarum*
Rofa pallida.
      rubra.
Rubigo ferri prasparata.

               S.
Pabina.
Saccharum faturni.
Sal alkalinus fixus foflilis.
                 vegetabilis.
    ammoniacus.
    catharticus amarus.
    cornu cervi.-
    Glauberi.
    marinus Hifpanus.
    polychreftus.
    Rupellenfis.
    fuccini.
    tartari.
             Neiu Names.

Sifymbrium nafiurtium.
Nitras potaffas.
Nucleusfrudtus myrifticas mofchatx.
Olea volatilia.
Oleum fuccini purifTimum.
       terebinthina: volatile purif-
         fimum.
Gummi refina juniperi lycias.
Olea Europasa.


Cocos butyracea.
Bitumen petroleum.
Apium petrofelinum.
Pilulas ammoniareti cupri.
      opiatae.
Myrtus pimenta.
Capficum annuum
Retina pini abietis.
Oxidum plumbi femivitreum.
Potio carbonatis calcis.
Prunus domeftica.
Mentha pulegium.
Oxidum  antimonii .4:11m  phofphate
  calcis.
Pulvis carbonatis  calcis  compofi-
  tus.            V
       ipecacuanha etopii.
Anthemis pyrethrum.
 Cochlearia armoracia.
 Refina pini.
 Rheum palmatum.
 Rofa centifolia.
     Gallica.
 Carbonas ferri praeparafus.


 Juniperus fabina.
 Acetis plumbi.
 Carbonas fodae..
         potaffae.
 Murias ammonias.
 Sulphas magnefiae.
 Carbonas ammoniae.
 Sulphas fodas.
 Murias fodas.
Sulphas potaflae cum fulphure.
Tartris potaffae et foda:.
 Acidum fuccinicum.
 Carbonas potaff* puriffimus. 
               in the Edinburgh

          Names changed.
                     o
SangHis draconis.
Santalun. rubrum.
Santonicum.
Sarfaparilla.
Saffafras.
Scammonium.

Seneka.
Senna.
Serpentaria Virginiana.
Simaiouba.
Sinapi album.
Soda.
     nuiriata.
     phofphorata.
     tartarifata.
     vitriolata.
Spiritus astheris'vitriolici.
        ammonias.
                  aromaticus.
                  fostidus.
        cornu cervi.
        Mindereri.
        vinofus rectificatus.
                tenuior.
                camphoratus.
 Staphifagria.
 Stramonium.
 Sulphur antimonii prascipitatum. )
         auratum antimonii.     )
 Syrupus balfamicus <vel Tolutanus.
         papaveris albi.

                 T.
 Taraxacum.
 Tartarus  crudus.
 Tartari cryftalli.
 Tartarum folubile.
            vitriolatum.
 Tartarus  emeticus.
 Terebinthina Veneta.
 Terra Japonica.
 Tindtura  aloes vitriolata.
           aromatica.

           ferri.
           cantharidum.
           Japonica.
           rhei amara.
           facra.
           Tolutana.
  Toxicodendron.
  Tragacantha.
  Trifolium.
  Trochifci Arabici.
Pharmacopoeia,          663

           AV^v Names.

Refina pterocarpi draconis.
Pterocarpus fantalinus.
Artemifia fantonicum.
Smilax farfaparilla.
Laurus (affafras.  .
Gummi refina convolvuli fcammo-
  nias.
Poly gala fenega.
Caffia fenna.
Ariftolochia ferpentaria.
Quaffia fimaruba.
Sinapis alba.
Carbonas fodas.
Murias fodas.
Phofphas fodas.
Tartris potaflas et foda:.
Sulphas fodz.
.Either fulphuricus cum alcohole.
Alcohol ammoniatum.
                      aromaticum.
                      fcetidum.
Aqua carbonatis aramonis.
       acetitis ammoniac.
Alcohol.
         dilutum.
Tinctura camphorx.
 Delphinium ftaphifagria.
 Datura ftrair..>niuni.
 Sulphuretum antimonii pr*cipita-
   tum.
 Svrupus toluiferas balfami.
        papaveris fomniferi.
Lcontodon taraxacum.
Super Tartris potatl* impurus.
              pota^sr.
Tartris potaffas.
Sulphas potaffas.     *
Tartris antimonii.,
Refinn pini laricis.
Extradtum mimofas catticlm.
Tindtura aloe's astherea.
         lauri cinnamomi compcS
           ta.
         muriatis ferri.
         meloes veficatorii.
         mimofas catechu.
         rhei cum gentiana.
Vinum aloe's focotorina:.
Tindtura toluiferas balfami.
Rhus toxicodendron.
Gummi afhagali tragacanthx-
Menyanthes trifoliata.
Trochifci gumr.iofi. 
664
Table of Names changed, &e.
        Names changed.
Turpeihufh minerale.
Tutia.

              U.
         New Names.

Sub Sulphas hydrargyri flavus.
Oxidum zinci impurum.
Unguentum album *vel ceruffae.		Unguentum oxidi plumbi albi.
aeruglnis.		fub Acetitis cupri.
coeruleum.		hydrargyri. '
citrinum.		nitratis hydrargyri.
epifpafticum	fortius.	pulveris meloes vefica< toni.
	mitius.	irifufi meloes veficatorii
faturninum.		acetitis plumbi.
tutiae.		<*xidi zinci impuri.
Uva paffa. <		Frudtus ficcatus vitis viniferi.
urfi.		Arbutus uva urfi.
V. Valeriana fylveftris.		Valeriana officinalis.
Vinum amarum.		Vinum gentiana: compofitum.
Vinum antimoniale.		Vinum tartritis antimonii.
Vitriolum album.		Sulphas zinci.
coeruleum.		cupri.
viride.		ferri.
Vitrum antimonii.		Oxidum antimonii cum fulphure vi trificatum.
ceratum.		antimonii vitrificatum cuir
		cera.
w.		
Winteranus cortex.		Cortex Winterx a romatic.
Z. Zincum uftum.		Oxidum zinci.
vitriolatum.		Sulphas zinci.
Zingiber.		Amomum zingiber.
  Norn.—(Edin.) In thefe Indexes  of changed names, fearing left they
might become  too long, and fatisfied  if every poffible error might  be a'-
voided, we have only introduced thofe  fimples of which we  have changed
the principal and common names, called in natural hiftory Generic Names ;
fuch as Anethum fceniculum for Fceniculum, Aatbemis nobilis for Cham-
aemelum, Gentiana Centaureum for Centaurium minus ; but we have  o-
mitted all thofe fimples whofe former  generic names remain, and to which
we have only added their fpecific or trivial names, or fuch as Digitalis pur-
purea, Rheum  palmatum, Papaver* fomniferum.                       *
  For the fame reafon, we have thought it fufficient to introduce into thefe
Indexes the changed nama of every fimple, having generally omitted the
titles of  the preparations and  compofitions which are formed of  them.
Thus, we have mentioned, that Laurus Cinnamomum is  to be ufed in place
of Cinnamomum ; but we have omitted the Aqua, Spiritus, and Tinctura
Lauri Cinnamomi, trufting that their new names cannot be a fource of
doubt or error  to any perfon. 
ENGLISH INDEX.
\
	Pag.		Page
Absorption	74	Alum curd	627 421
Abftraction	70	purified	
Acetated cerufe	475	water, compound	482
kali	3«5	Alumina	10
vegetable alkali	ib.	Amalgams	24
quickfilver	455	Amber	311
Acetates	43	prepared	4i5
Acetic acid	ib.	Ammonia j.	5, iS
Acetite of lead	475	prepared	402
of potafs	3 34	Ammoniacal copper	442
of quickfilver	454	iron	450
Acetites	43	Ammoniac, gum	136
Acetous acid	43i 37°	Ammoniaret of copper	442
Acetous acid, diftilled	368	Ammoniated alcohol	401
impure	123	oil	Sot
ftrong	3^9	Amnates	46
Acetous fermentation	«3	Amnic acid	ib.
Acidification	79	Angelica	144
Acids	15	Anguftura	"4.5
Aconite	126	Animal oil	517 .
Adhefive plafter	640	Anife	276
Adipocere	37	Anodyne liquor of Hoffman	486
./Ethiops mineral .	472	liniment	5?6
Affinity, laws of	2	Antimonial pills, compound	6x6
Agaric, female	169	powder	43 2
Aggregation, forms of	2	wine	43<S
Albumen	4i	Antimoniated fulphur, brown	426
Alcohol 34,	128, 483	fulphur, orange	427
diluted	130	tartar	433
Alkali, fixed mineral	177	Antimony 37	> *47
foffil, purified	392	calcined by nitre	423
mild	393	Antimony, prepared 415	, 422
vegetable cauftic	378	Apparatus	55
mild	381	Arabic emulfion	5 SO
volatile mild	403	Ardent fpirit	483
Alkalies	1°, 375	Aromatic ammoniated alcohol	581
Alkanet	143	electuary,	6ir
Alloys	24	confection	ib.
Almond ,	139	powder	600
emulfion, or milk	549	fulphuric ether witl	
oil	500	alcohol	579
Aloes	133	fulphuric acid	ib.
Aloetic pills	620	tincture	5^9
wine	5»5	vinegar	554
Alum	312	ArfeW =S	> li^
burnt	421		
 
666                    English Index.
Arfenic acid
Arfenious acid             31
Arfeniate of potafs •
Arfeniates
Arfenite of potafs
Arfenites
Artichoke
Afarabacca
Afhcolored powder of quick-
  filver
Affa fcetida
Atmofpheric air
Attradtion, fpecies of
Azotic gas                    16
 Page
  3i
1 156
 160
  3'
 J59
  3i
 2I5
 163

 4^5
 225
  n
Buckthorn, purging
Burdock
Burgunday pitch
Burgunday pitch plafter, com-
  pound
Page
291
'S3
276

6i4
                B.

 Balauftine
 Balm
 Balfam of Canada
       of Copaivi
       of Gilead
       of Peru
       of Tolu
 Balfamic fyrup
 Barberry
 Barbadoes aloes
          tar
 Barilla
 Barley
      water
 Barras
 Baryta
 Baytree
 Bears foot
 Beaver
 Beluga
 Benzoates
Benzoic acid
Benzoin
Birch
Bifmuth
 Biftort
Bitter apple
Bitter infufion
Bitter fweet
Bitter wine
Bliftering plafter
Blue ointment
Bole, French
Boracic acid
Borates
Borax
Brooklime
Broom
Bryony
    289'
    252
    276
    207
    142
    262
    318
    545
    167
    134
    168
    177
    233
    53i
    277
     12
    247
    232
    182
    120
    *5
4J">  37i
    310
    167
     27
    *8.S
    211
    523
    306
    586
    637
    643
    169
    33
    ib.
    310
    322-
    307
    170
4X5
 Caballine aloes
 Cabbage tree bark ~
 Cajeput
 Calamine
         cerate
  •  ■•     prepared'
 Calcined antimony
         magnefia'
         quickfilver
         zinc
 Calomel
 Caloric
 Calx of antimony, precipitated
     of quickfilver, white
 Camphor
         liniment, comp.
 Camphorated acetous acid
             emulfion or mix-
               ture
             liniment
             oil
             fpirit
 Camphorates
 Camphoric acid
 Canella
 Caoutchouc
 Caraway
 Carbon
 Carbonate of ammonia
           of baryta
           of iron
               precipitated
           of lime
                 prepared
           of magnefia
           of potafs
                  pure
                  impure
          of foda
                impure
          of zinc, impure
                  prepared
 Carbonates                29
 Carbonic acid
            gas
         oxide gas
Carbonous oxide
    *34
    228
    25i
    3*S
    648
    480
    427
    40S
    467,
    479
    459
     4-
    43i
    464.
38,  245
    58d
    555

    5 50
    5S0
    503
    562
    45
    ib.
    r73
    40
    179'
   • 18
   400
    175
   445
   446
    176
   4i5
   419
   3»o.
   381
   176
   39a
   177
   325
   480
    174
   374
    29
    20
    it. 
English Index.                    667
Carbonous oxide
Carburetted hydrogen
Cardamom, leffer
Carr»t, wild
Cafcarilla
Caffia bark
      tree
      water
Caftor
 20
 34
139
317
210
244
180
509
182
     oil                 295, 500
Cataplafms                   627
          ©f allum           ib.
          of cumin •          ib.
          of muftard          628
Catechu                      255
Cauftic, common, ftrongeft     378
                milder       380
        lunar                438
Caviare                      125
Cayenne pepper               173
Centaury,  fmaller              188
Cerated glafs of antimony      425
Cerate of  acetated litharge
         compound           643
        of cantharides        636
        of impure  carbonate
           of zinc             648
          of foap             641
        of fpermaceti .        631
        of yellow refin        632
        fimple                631
Cerufe                       383
Chamomile                   145
Chalk                        i7<S
      potion or mixture       552
      powder                601
      prepared               4*5
Chalybeate wine               45 2
Charcoal                      20
Charring                      64
Chemiftry, epitome of           1
Chefnur, horfe                l28
Chian turpentine              282
Chromates                    3*
Chromic acid                 ib.
Chorum                       28
Cinchona  bark                l89
         Carribaean,           195
Cinnabar,  factitious           473
Cinnamon                    244
          water              5°9
Cinquefoilj common           287
Circulation                ^7> 74
Citrates                       44
Citric acid                    '*"
                Uu
                           Page.
Clarification                  SS
Claffification of fimple fubftances  3
Clove gillyflower             218
Clove tree                   221
Coagulation                  71
Cobalt                       27
Cochineal                    200
Cohobation                   70
Collection of fimples           47
Colomba                    203
Colophony                   378
Coloquintida                 311
Coloring fermentation          83
Colts foot                   320
Columbates                   32
Columbic acid                31
Columbium                  28
Combination                  jl
Combuftion               15, 7*
Compounds, primary and fecon-
  dary                        4
Concentration                65
Condenfation                 ib.
Confections                 610
Congelation                  71
Conferve of arum             609
        of orange peel        60&
        of hips               ib.
        of rofe buds           ib.
        of fea wormwood      ib.
        of floes              609
        of fquills            610
        of w ood forrel        608
Contrayerva                 220
Copper                  35, 313
Copperas                    224
Coral, red                   239
      prepared               415
Coriander                   20S
Cork                        40
Cowitch                     220
Crab                        *7a
Crab's claws                  ib.
           prepared          415
       eyes                   17 2
           prepared          415
       ftones             *72> 4'5
Craw fifh                    * 7*
Cream of tartar               3 '4
Creffes, water                3°J
Crocus of antimony          423
Crucibles                     6a
Cryftallization                76
Cryftals of tartar              3'4
Cubebs                     2S t 
668
English Index.
 53
 74
53i
Cucumber, wild
Cumin
      plafter
Currant, black
        red
Damfon, bitter
Dandelion
Decantation
Decodtion
        of barley
                 compound   ib.
        of cabbage tree bark  530
        of chamomile        528
        of elm              533
        of guaiacum, com-
          pound            ^30
        of hartfhorn         553
        of hellebore, white    531
        of marftimallows      527
        of mezereon         530
        of Peruvian bark     529
        of farfaparilla        532
                     com-
                      pound 533
        of feneka           532
Decoction for fomentation     528
          for glyflers         ib.
Decompofition                 74
Decrepitation                  65
Deflagration                   79
Deliquefcence                  73
Dephlcgmation                70
Defpumation  '                53
Digeftion                      74
Dill                         143
    water                    509
Difoxygenizement              81
Diffalution                    75
Diftillation                    66
Diuretic fait                  38^
Dover's powder               603
Dragon's blood               288
Drying of herbs and flowers   491
rage. 256	Egg
212	mells, prepared
634	Elaterium
295	Elder, common
ib.	rob
	ointment
	Elecampane
	Electricity
289 2AS	Electuary of caffia of catechu
Earthern ware
Earths
Edulcoration
Effervefcence
Efflorefcence
13
10
73
75
73
                            Page.
                             27$
                             416
                             497
                             301
                             497
                             635
                             238
                               8
                             612*
                             613
                  compound  614
         of opium            615
         of fcammony         614
         of fenna             613
Elemi                        141
Eleutheria                    21 o
Elixer of healrh               563
Elm                         3*°
Elutriation                    45
Emulfions                    549
Emulfion, almond             ib.
         Arabic              ib.
         camphorated         550
         of afla fcetida         551
         of gum ammoniac    ib.
Epifpaftie ointment, mild      635
                    ftronger  636
Epfom fait                   Jij
Epulotic cerate               648
Erygno                      221
Ether                    35, 484
Evaporation                   64
Expreffion                     54
Exficcation                    65
           of fimples           47
Extract of aloes               592
        of black hellebore      59 r
        of broom tops         592
        of cafcarilla, refinous    595
        of chamomile          592
        of cinchona            593
        of coloquintida, com-
          pound              596
        of gentian             591
        ofjalap               593
        of lead                477
        of liquorice       229, 591
        of logwood            592
        of oak bark             ib.
        of opium              594
        of Peruvian bark      593
        of Peruvian bark, hard  ib.
        of Peruvian bark, foft   ib.
        of Peruvian bark with
          the refin            59$ 
English Index.                     669
Page.
Extract of red Peruvian bark,	
refinous	595
of rue	59i
of favin	592
of fenna	591
of white poppy	592
of wild valerian, refin-	
ous	596
Extraction	73
Extradtive	40
F.	
Fat 36	> 3»5
Fennel, fweet	144
water	5°9
Fenugreek	319
Fermentation	82
Fern, male	**S
Fibrine	4*
Fig	226
Filtration	53
Fir hemlock	276
Scotch	277
fpruce	276
Fixed oils 35	.499
Flax, common	249
purging	ib.
Flowers	319
of benzoin	371
of fulphur, wafhed	359
of zinc	479
Fluates	32
Fluoric acid gas	ib.
Fowl	275
Foxglove	218
Frankincenfe, common	276
Fuel	59
Fumitory, common	227
Furnaces	60
Fufion	61
              G.
Gadolina                      11
Galbanum                    J7°
Galipot                      277
Gallates                       44
Gallic acid                     lb-
Galls                        39*
Galvanifm                      9
Gamboge                     308
Garlic                       x3«
Gafeous oxide of carbon         20
Gelatine                      40
                     fcfr *
Gentian
German leopard's bane
Germander, water
Ginger
Ginfeng
Glafs
     of antimony
Glauber's fait
Glucina
Gold
Golden root
Goofe fat
Granulation
Grapes
Groats
Guaiac
Gum
    ammoniac, purified
    Arabic
    plafter
    refins, properties of
    tragacanth
    troches
               H.

Hartfhorn
        burnt
Heat
Hellebore, black
          white
Hemlock
Hepatic aloes
Hepatized ammonia
Henbane black
Hips
Hog
Hogs lardj prepared
Honey
      acetated
Honey, clarified
      of rofes
      of fquills
Horehound, white
Horfe chefnut
      radifh
Hydro carbonates
Hydrogen
Hydroguret of nitrogen
Hydroguretted phofphorous
             fulphur
Hydrofulphuret of ammonia
Hyp«roxygenized muriates
               muriatic acid
Hyffbp
      hedge
Page.
 227
 154
 3i*
 238
 269

 424
 396
  11
  24
 307
 i43
  5a
 322
 166
 230
  39
 59*
 25*
 640
 242s
 164
 618
iSS
418:
 59
232
32E
204
134
410
236
297

629
25*
546
 ib.
547
548
250
128
202
 34
 *7
 18
 23
 2r
409
 32
 ib.
238
229 
670'
English Indexi

     Page.
Kino
tsgi.
 24*
Incombuftible coal              20
Inflammation               i\5, 78
infufion                       74
Infufions                     522
        ofcatechu            524
        of cinchona          522
        of foxglove           523
        of gentian, com-
          pound              ib.
        of Peruvian bark     522
        of rhubarb           524
        of rofes              525
        of fenna fimple       526
                 tartarized     ib.
        of tamarinds with fen-
          na                 ib.
Infpiffation                     65
Ipecacuan                     184
Iron                      2j, 222
    filings                    223
          purified              444
    fcales of                  224
           purified            444
Ironatedwine'                 452
Ifinglas                       125
               J.

jalap
Japonic confection
      infufion
Jelly
Juice of blackcurrant infpif-
     fated
     of deadly nightfhade, in-
      fpiffated
     of elder, infpiffated
     of hemlock, infpiffated
     of henbane infpiffated
     of lemon, infpiffated
     of poifonous lettuce, infpif-
       fated
     of fcurvygrafs, compound
     of wild cucumber, com-
       pound
     of wolfsbane
 Juniper
K.
Kali, pure
    prepared
Kermes mineral
2p6
614
524
 39

496

 ib.
 ib.
 ib.
 ib.
 ib.

 ib.
495

497
4V6
340
378
380
426
26,  28
              L.
Laccate*s
Laccic acid
Lactates
Ladtic acid
Ladanum
         plafler, compound
Ladies fmock
Larch
Lard
Laudanum
Laurel
Lavender
Lead
Lemon
Lemon peel water
Lenitive electuary
Leopards bane, German
Lettuce, wild
Levigation
Ley, cauftic
     mild
Light
Lignin
Lily, white
Lime                     11
      water
      with pure kali
Liniment of ammonia
                    ftronger
         fimple
 Linfeed'
       oil
         with lime
 Liquefaction
 Liquid Laudanum
 Liquor of acetated volatile alkali 40
         of ammoniated cop-
           per
         of cauftic volatile
         alkali
         of mildeft vegetable
           alkali
          of mild volalile alkali
           liquor, volatile, df
              hartfhorn
 Liquorice
 Litharge
          plafter
              with refin
 Litharge plafter with quick-
   filver
 Liver of fulphur
 Lixiviation
 Logwood
 45
 ib.
 44
 ib.
197
634
179
276
3»5
573
247
248
   2
199
509
613
154
243
 5 *
375
383
   6
 46
248
 171
4>3
 380
 5°r
 ib.
 629
 249
500
502,
 6a
57
443

399

 383
 405

  ib.
 228
 284
 639
 640

 645'
 3«9
  73
 231 
English Index.
Lobelia
Lunar cauftic
Lutes
Page.
 249
 438
  57
M.
Mace                         261
Maceration                    74
Mackaw tree                  202
Madder                       297
Manganefe                     27
Magnefia                 ?i, 418
         alba                  419
         calcined               ib.
Magnet ifm                      9
Mahogany                    316
Malic acid                     44
Malates                        ib.
Manna                       226
Marjoram, fweet              *68
          wild                  ib.
Marfh mallow                 136
Marfh trefoil                  354
Martial flowers               45°
Maftich                       282
       Syrian  herb           3'7
Meafures                      5°
Mechanical operations of phar-
  macy                        49
Mercurial ointment, milder     644
                   ftroBger     ib.
          pills               ^  623
Mercury                  26, 233
Metals                         22
Mezereon                    216
Millipeds, prepared            493
Molaffes                      299
Molybdates                    31
Molybdenum                   28
Molybdic acid                  31
Monks hood                  126
Mucilage of gum Arabic       533
                  tragacanth  531
               of quince feeds 536
               of ftarch        534
Mucites                        45
Mucous acid                    44
Mulberry                     257
Muriate                       258
Muriates                       32
Muriate of ammonia           359
                   and iron   450
          of antimony       430
          ofbaryta           410
          of quickfilver       457
          Of foda            260
                 fcr 3
671

Page.
 39*

 457
 462
Muriate, dried
Muriated quickfilver, corro-
  five
                       mild
        quickfilver mild, pre-
          cipitated            *b.
        quickfilver, mild, fub-
          li mated            459
Muriatic acid                 366
            gas               32
Mufk                        257
     mixture                 55a
Muftard cataplafm             «2 8
               common      3°4
        white                3°3
Mutton fuet                  269
          prepared           ^29
Myrrh                       263
               N.

Natron prepared
Nettle
Nickel
Nightfhade, deadly
.Nitrates
Nitrate
         of potafs
         of filver
Nitrated, quickfilver, red
         filver
Nitre
    purified
Nitric acid
      oxide gas
Nitrous acid
           diluted
         oxide gas
Nitrites
Nitrogen
Nutmeg
Oak
Oats          ,
Oil of almond
    of amber
            rectified
    of anife
    of cajeput
    of caraway
    of caftor
    of fennel feeds
            flowers
    393
    3.20
      27
    164
      29
    265
266, 387
    438
    469
    43*
    366
    387
 29> 36S
      17
29>
362
3^3
 17
 29
 16
261
290
166
500
372
5i6
jn.
251
5"
500
5'i
ib. 
672                     English  Index.
                            Page.
Oil of hartfhorn               405
              rectified       517
    of juniper berries         511
    of lavender                ib.
    of linfeed           349, 50b
    of muftard                ib.
    of mace                  262
    of olives                 267
    of origanum              511
    of pennyroyal             ib,
    of peppermint             ib.
    of petroleum             516
    of pimento               511
    of rofemary                ib.
    of rue                    ib*
    of faffafras                ib.
    of favin                   ib.
    of fpearmint              ib.
    of turpentine             ib.
                 rectified     512
    of turpentine             276
    of vitriol                 124
    of wine                  486
Oils fixed                     35
    volatile                   37
Oily ethereal liquor           486
Ointment of acetated cerufe     643
         of acetite of lead       ib.
         of elemi, compound   633
         of grey oxide of quick-
          filver               644
         of hogs  lard          630
        of impure oxide of zinc 648
         of infufion of cantha-
          rides               635
         of nitrate of quickfil-
          ver                646
         of nitrate of quickfilver
           milder            647
         of nitrous acid        638
        of oxide of zinc       648
        of powder of Spanifh
          flies   ,            636
         ofq ickfilver         643
        of red oxide of quick-
          filver               646
        of Spanifh flies        635
         of fpermaceti         630
         of fub acetite of cop-
          per                647
         of tar                633
         of tutty              648
         of wax               630
         of white  calx of quick-
          filver              646
         of white hellebore    638
         of white oxide of lead 642
 Ointment of yellow refin        631
         fimple  1             630
 Ointment,  white              642
 Olibanum                     24t
 Olive                         267
 Onion                        135
 Opiate electuary               615
       powder                 604
 Opium                       270
       pills                   625
       purified                 596
 Opoponax                     274
 Orange                       197
       peel water              5*8
 Orris Florentine               239
 Oxalic acid                   43
 Oxalates                      ib.
 Oxides                       15
 Oxide of antimony, with phof-  .
   phate of lime                433
       of antimony, with ful-
         phur, by nitrate of
         potafs                423
       of arfenic               156
       of iron, black,  purifi-
         ed                   444
             red              448
       of lead, white           283
             r«d              ib.
             femivitrified      284
       of quickfilver, afh color-
         ed                   465
      of quickfilver, red by ni-
         tric acid              468
       of fulphur              ii
      of zinc                  478
             impure           325
                   prepared   480
 Oxidizement                   79
 Oxygen                       X4
 Oxygenized muriates           32
           muriatic acid        367
           muriatic acid gas     32
0#ygenizement  '           14, 78
Oxymel fimple                 346
Oyfter                        268
Oyfter fhells p repared          415
Palm oil	202
Panary fermentation	83
Paregoric elixer	573,584
Pareira brava	196
Parfley	152
Pearl afhes	176
 
English Index.
673
Pearl Barley
Pellitory
        of the wall
Peppermint
          water
Pennyroyal
          water
Pepper, black
       Cayenne
      Jamaica
      long
Peruvian bark
Pharmaceutical operations
Pharmacy, elemenu of
Phofphates
Phofphate of lime
          of foda
Phofphites
Phofphoric acid
Phofphorous acid
Phofphorous
Phofphurets
Phofphuretted nitrogen gas
Pills of aloes
          compound
          with affa fcetida
          with colocynth
          with myrrh
    of ammoniaret of cop-
       per
    of affa fcetida compound
    of galbanum, compound
Pills of opium
    of rhubarb, compound
Pimento
         water
Pink, Carolina
Plafters                   37
Plafter of affa fcetida
      of burgundy pitch, com-
         pound
      of frankincenfe, com-
   .,_   pound
   '""  of gum ammoniac, with
        quickfilver
      of litharge, compound
      of quickfilver
      of red oxide of iron
      of femivitrified oxide  of
         lead
      of foap
      of Spanifh flies
                  compound
      common
      funple or wax
Plates, explanation of
Page.
 233
 146
 274
 254
 5C9
 254
 509
 281
 173
 264
 281
 189
  47
   1
  3*
 418
 394
  30
  /*.
  ib.
  ■21
  22
  ib.
 620
 621
  ib.
  ib.
 622

 623
 622
 623
 625
  ib.
 264
 509
 3°7
, 628
 640

 634

 642

 645
 641
 645
 649

 639
 641
 637
  ib.
 639
 632
 no
                           Page.
Platinum                     24
Plumb                      287
Plumbago                 20, 26
Plummer's pills              626
Pneumatic apparatus           69
Poifon, oak                  294
Polypody                    285
Pomegranate                 289
Poppy,red                  270
      white                  ib.
Porcelain                     13
Potafs                      378
      with lime              380
Potafhes                     176
Powder of aloes with ca-
                nella
                with guaiac
                with iron
      of afarabacca, compound 601
Powder of carbonate of lime
  compound
       of chalk, compound
              with opium,
              compound
       of crabs claws, com-
         pound
      of ceruffe, compound
      of contrayerva, com-
         pound
       of ipecacuan, with
         opium
              compound
      of jalap, compound
      of myrrh, compound
      of fcammony, compound
          with aloes
          with calomel
      of fenna, compound
      of fulphate of alumina,
        compound
      of tin
      of tragacanth, compound 606
Precipitation                 75
Prefervation of. fimples         47
Prooffpirit                  13°
Prunes                      3S7
Pruffiates                     46
Pruffic                       ib.
Pulps, extraction of          498
Pulverization                 51
5°7
600
 ib.
601
602
 ib.
 ib.

 603

 ib.
 ib.
 604
 ib.
 ib.
 605
 ib.
606

 ib.
 477
0_
Quaffia
Quickiime
290
171 
674
English Index.
Quickfilver
Qmnce
purified
with chalk
with fulpher
R
Page.
 233
 453
 467
 472
 389
Raifins	343
Rafpberry	298
Ratilefnake root	284
Receiver	68
Redtification	70
Redudlion	Si
Repulfion, fpecies of	2
Refin	280
Refins	Zl, 588
Refinous ointment	632
• ...; plafter	640
Retorts	67
Rhododendron	294
Rhubarb	292
wine	587
Rock oil	1'6 8
Rofe, damafk	296
dog ..	297
red	396
water	5°9
Rofemary	297
Rofin, white	277
yellow	27s, 597
Rue	298
Ruft of iron	445
S Saccharine fermentation	12
Sacred tindture	5*5
elixer	574
Saffron common or Engl	fh 209
meadow	' 203
Sagapenum	300
Sage	301
St. John's wort, common	238
Sal ammoniac	259
polychreft	3»9
Salifiable bafes	, 9
Salt of amber	3.73
purified	ib.
of benzoin	37i
of hanfhorn	405
of fteel	447
of tartar	38i
Saponaceous liniment	575
plafter	642
Sapphire water
Sarcocolla
Sarfaparilla
Saffafras
Saturnine ointment
Saunders wood, red
Savin             <
Scammony
Scurvygrafs, garden
Sea fait
      dried
Sebaccic acid
Sebates
Seneka
Senna
Septfoil
Serruga
Sheep
Sifting
Silica
Silver                    24,
Simple  fubftances, claflifica-
  tion of
Simarouba
Sinapifm
Skerrit  creeping
Slaters
Sloe
Snakeroot Virginian
Snakeweed
Soap
Soaps
Soap liniment, compound
Socotorine aloes
Soda
     carbonate of
Soluble tartar
Solution
        of acetite of zinc
         of muriate of ba-
           ryta
         of muriate of lime
         of fulphate of zinc
         of fulphate of cop-
           per, compound
Sorrel
        wood
Soot of wood
Southern wood
Spanifh fly
Spar, ponderous
Spearmint
           water
Specific gravity
Spermaceti               36,
 Spirit of ammonia
rage
'443
 3°3
 306
 247
 643
 288
 241
 205
 201
 260
 396
  46
 '**.
 284
 181
 3i8
 "5
 369
  52
  jo
 153

    3

 62s
 335
 367
 287
 153
 285
 302
  37
 576

  .12
 177
 39*
  72
 483

 412
 4'7
 482

 441
 298
 269
 227
 160
 252
 3»3
 254
 5°9
   5°
, 275
 4OJ 
Englih Index.
675
	Page.		Pagr.	
Spirit aromatic	58i	Sub nitrate of quickfilver		469
fetid	521	Sub fulphate of quickfilver,		
fuccinated	582	yellow		470
of anifeed, compound	52P	Suber		40
of caraway	5*8\	Suberates		4S
of cinnamon	5'9	Suberic	acid	ib.
of horfcradifh, compoun	d52i	Sublimation		71
of Juniper,, compound	520	Succinates		45
of lavender	5i9	Succinic	acid 45	,372
compound	57°	Suet		269
of mindererus	408	Sugar	38	,299
of nitrous ether	489	cane		299
of nutmeg	5»9	double refined		ib.
of pennyroyal	ib.	raw		ib.
of peppermint	ib.	of lead		475
of pimento	ib.	Sulphate	3C	>3rI
of rofemary	520		of alumina, dried	421
of fpearmint	5'9		of baryta	313
of vitriolic ether	485		of copper	315
compound	486		of iron 224	447
of Volatile alkali	401		dried	448
i. i aromatic	581		of magnefia	3'3
fetid	521		of potafs	387
of wine	130		with ful-	
rectified	128		phur	3«9
Spirits, diftilled '■■■'■	5i8		of foda	396
Sponge	307		of zinc 325, 481	
burnt	493	Sulphites		3«>
Spontaneous evaporation	73	Sulphur		30
Spurge laurel ,	216		of antimony, preci-	
Squill	303		pitated	427
i ; dried	49 2		ointment	638
prepared	ib.		precipitated	360
pills	625		fublimed	3U
vinegar	555		fublimed, wafhed	359
Starch	58,319	Sulphurated kali		39°
Starch, wheat	i4r		oil	5°3
Stavefacre	217		petroleum	ib.
Steel	25		vegetable al-	
Sterlet	125		kali	39°
Still	67		quickfilver,	
Stomachic elixer	567		black	47 2
Storax	3»o		red	473
purified	598	Sulphurets		21
Sturgeon	*25	Sulphuret of antimony		147
Strengthening plafter	646		precipi-	
Strontia	12		tated	427
Styptic powder	606		prepar-	
water	441		ed	4:2
Sub acetite of copper	2'3		of iron	4c 9
Sub borate of Soda	310		of potafs	3§9
Sub muriate of quickfilver	459		of quickfilver,	
precipi	-		black	47 ^
tated	461	Sulphuretted nitrogen gas		21
of quickfilver			hydrogen gas	ib.
 
676
English Index.
                           Page.
Sulphuretted phofphorus       22
Sulphuric acid            30,124
            diluted          361
        ether               484
         -   with alcohol     485
Sulphurous acid gas           29
Super fulphate of alumina and
  potafs                     312
Super tartrite of potafs        314
Sweet flag                   127
Swietenia, febrifuge          316
Syrup of acetous acid         539
      of balfam of Tolu      545
      of black currants       540
      of buckthorn          543
      of clove July flowers    546
      of colchicum            ib.
      of garlic              537
      of ginger              538
      of lemon juice         530
      ofmannt              541
      of marfhmallows        537
      of mulberries          539
      of opium              542
      of orange peel         538
      of poppies,  red         543
                 white       542
      of rafpberries          339
      of rofes, pale          544
              red            ib.
      of faffron              541
      of fquills              544
      of Tolu               545
      of vinegar              ib.
      of violets               ib.
      fimple                 537
               T.

Table of the  preparations of an-
            timony          149
         the preparations of
            mercury         234
         the  fpecific gravity of
             mixtures of alco-
             hol and water    1-1
Tallow                       36
Tamarind                   316
Tannin                       29
Tanfy                       317
Tar                    2S0, 476
Tar ointment                633
Tartar                      3*5
      emetic                 433
Tartarized iron              451
          kali              391
          vegetable alkali     ib.
Tartarous acid                43
	Bag«.
Tartrites	44
Tartrite of antimony	433
of potafs	39i
Tellurium	26
Temperature	4
Thebaic eledtuary	6i5
pills	625
tincture	573
Thiftle, blefled	183
Thorn apple	217
Tin	26, 309
Tincture of acetated iron	45 2
of aloes	558
ethereal	57»
       compound    559
       with myrrh   558
of ammoniacal iron   451
of affa fcetida        560
of balfam of Peru     561
of balfam of Tolu    577
of benzoin, compound 56 \
of black hellebore    567
of camphor          362
of cantharides        571
of cardamom         559
        compound    ib.
of cafcarilla         562
of caftor             563
       compound     582
of catechu           571
ofcinchona          564
       compound    ib.
        ammoni-
           ated     583
of cirfnamon         569
       compound   569
of colomba          565
of foxglove          566
of galbanum          ib.
of ginger            578
of gentian, compound 567
of guaiac            567
of guaiac, ammoniat-
  ed, or volatile      583
guaiac               ib.
of henbane          568
ofjalap             565
of kino         «   568
of lavender, com-
  pound            570
of muriate of iron    449
of mufk             572
of myrrh             ib.
of opium            573
      camphorated    ib.
      ammoniated    584. 
English Index.
m
                            Page.
Tincture of orange peel       561
         of Peruvian bark     564
                   compound ib.
         of rhubarb           574
                  bitter     575
                  compound 574
         of rhubarb with aloes 574
                     gentian  575
         of rofes             574
         of faffron            566
         of favin, compound   575
         of fenna             563
         offnake root        560
         offoap              575
                with opium   576
         of focotrine aloes    557
         of Spanifh flies      571
         of fquills            576
         ofTolu             577
         of valerian            ib.
         of valerian, ammon-
           iated             5§4
         of white hellebere    577
Titanium  '     i              27
Tobacco                      264
Tobacco wine                 $%T
Toxicodendron                294
Trituration                    52
Troches of carbonate of lime   616
         of chalk              ib.
         of liquorice           ib.
                  compound   617
       *         with opium   ib.
         of ftarch            618
         of magnefia           ib.
         of nitrate of potafs   619
         of nitre              ib-
         of fulphur           ib.
         Tungftates             3r
         Tungftein             28
Tungfticacid                  31
Turmeric                     2I5
Turpentines              277, 279
Turpeth mineral              47°
Tutty, prepared          4'5> 480
U.
Uranium
Urates
Urea
Uric acid
Uftulatipn
Valerian, wild
27
46
4a
46
63
321
Vaporization
Verdigris
Verdegris, prepared
Veffels
Vine
Vine, wild
Vinegar
         diflilled
         medicated
                            Page.
                             63
                            213
                        4i5>44i
                             55
                            322
                            170
                            x23
                            368
                            553
        aromatic            554
        of meadow faffron     ib.
        of fquills            ' ib.
Vinous fermentation           82
Violet, March               322
Vitrification                   62
Vitrified antimony            424
Vitrified oxide of antimony
  with fulphur              424
                   with wax 425
Vitriol, blue                  335.
       green                 ib.
       white                 ib.
Vitriolated foflil alkali         397
          iron              447
          kali               388
          natron             397
          quickfilver         470
          tartar              387
          vegetable alkali     388
          zinc               481
Vitriolic acid                 124
             diluted          36*
        ether                485
        ethereal liquor       486
Volatile liniment         501,581
        oils               37, 510
           empyreumatic      515
               W.

Wake robin
Walnut
Water
Water, diftilled
      flag
      of acetated ammonia
                       162
                       240
                        18
                       563
                       239
                       408
          litharge      477
          compound     ib.
of acetite of ammonia    408
of aerated iron          446
ofammonia             39S
of ammonia            404
of ammoniated copper    443
of carbonate ofammonia 404
of cauftic ammonia      398
of fixed air             374
✓ 
678                English Index.
	Page.		Page
Water, of potafs	375	Wine of rhubarb	5«7
of prepared kali	383	of focotorine aloes	5»5
of pure ammonia	399	of tartarized antimony	43 6
of pure kali	375	of tartrite of antimony	ib.
of fuper carbonate of		of tobacco	5»7
potafs	383	Winter's bark	324
of fuper carbonate, of		Wolfsbane	126
foda	394	Wood	40
of vitriolated zinc with		Wood forrel	269
camphor	842	Worm feed	161
Watery fufion	65	Wormwood, common	i6z
Wax	36	fea	i6t
ointment	630	Woulfe's apparatus	«9
plafter	632		
yellow	187	Y.	
white	ib.		
Weights	49	Yttria	*i
Wheat	3,19		
Whortleberry	152	Zi	
Willow, crack	300		
Wine	322	Zedoary, long	138
of aloes	5*5	round	241
of antimoniated tartar	43<5	Zinc	3=4
of antimony	ib.	Zirconia	10
of gentian, compound of ipecacuan	586	Zoonates ^	46
	ib.	Zoenic acid	ib.
of iron	452		
 
LATIN  INDEX.
A.
	Page.		Page
A BROTANUM	160	Adiantum cajiillus veneris	32$
Abfinthium maritimum	161	■/Erugo	213
ponticum	329	praeparata	44r
vulgare	162	/Efculus hippocaftanum	12S
Acetofa pratenfis	298	./Ether fulphuricus	4S4
Acetofella	269	vitriolicus	485
Acetis hydrargyri	454	fulphuricus cum alco-	
plumbi	475	hole	48S
potaffae	384	aromaticus	579
Acetum	*23	^Ethiops mineralis	47*
aromaticum	554	Agaricus albus	329
deftillatum	368	chirurgorum 169	> 329
colchici	554	mufcarius	32S
fcillae maritimat	ib.	Aggregatae	355
fcilliticum	555	Agrimonia eupatoria	32S
Achillea millefolium	328	Alcea rofea	ib.
nobilis	ib.	Alcohol 128	»483
ptarmica	ib.	ammoniatum	40 L
Acidum acetofum	370	aromaticum	5«r
camphoratum	553	fcetidum	52*
diftillatum	368	dilutum	130
forte	369	Algae	357
impurum	123	Alkali foflile mite	393
benzoicum	37i	foflile vitriolatum	397
caibonicum	374	vegetabile acetatum	3&S
muriaticum	366	caufticum	37«
nitricum	363	mite	38r
nitrofum	362	fulphuratum	39°
dilutum	3*53	tartarifatum	39*
fuccini	372	vitriolatum	388
fulphuricum	124	volatile mite	403
aromaticum	579	Allium cepa	»33
dilutum	361	fativum	»3i
Acidum vitriolicum	124	Alnus	329
dilutum	361	Aloe perfoliata	133
Acipenfer fturio, &c.	125	Althaea officinalis	130
Aconitum napellus	126	Alumen	3'2
neomontanum	ib.	purificatum	421
Acorus calamus	137	uftum	ib.
Adeps anferinus	143	Ambra giyfea	32S
ovis arietis	369	Amentaceae	354
fuis ferofae	315	Ammonia praeparata	402
fuillus	ib.	Ammoniaretum cupri	442
prajparatus	629	Amomum cardamomum	*39
 
680                 Latin Index.
	Page.		Page,
Amomum grana paradifi	328	Aqua compofita	477
repens	U9	menthae piperita;	509
zedoaria	138	pulegii	509
z.ngiber	ib.	. fativae	ib.
Ammoniacum	136	myrti pimentae	" 5°9
purificatum	598	pimento '	ib.
Amygdalae	'39	potaffae	375
Amygdalus communis	ib.	pulegii	5°9
nana	328	rolae centifoliae	ib.
Amylum	141	fappharina	443
Amyris elemifera	ib.	flyptica	441
Zeylanica	142	fuper carbonatis potaffae	383
Gileadenfis	ib.	fuper carbonatis fodae	394
Anagallis arvenfis	320	zinci vitriolati cumcam-	
Anas anfer	*43	phora	482
Anemone nemorofa	329	Aquifolium	342
pratenfis	ib.	Arbutus uva urfi	*52
Anethum graveolens	143	Arctium lappa	r53
fceniculum	ih.	Argentum	ib.
Angelica archangelica	144	nitratum	438
Anguftura	145	Ariftolochia clemaritis'	329
Anifum	276	r«tunda	if.
ftellaturh	342	ferpentaria	r53
Anthemis nobilis	145	trilobata	329
pyrethrum	146	vulgaris	ib.
Antimonium	147"	Arnica montahsi	*54
calcinatum	437	Arfenicum	*5«
muriatum	430	Artemifia abrotanum	160
praeparatum	422	abfinthium	162
tartarifatum	433	maritima	161
vitrificatum	424	pontica	329
Antirrhinum linaria	329	fantonica	161
Apis mellifica	187	Arum maculatum	162
Apium petrofelinum	152	Affa fcetida	225
Aquaaeris fixi	374	Afarum Europaeum	163
acetitis ammoniae	408	Afcyroideae	35*
aluminis compofita	482	Afperifoliac	355
Ammoniae 398	» 404	Afphaltum	168
acetarae	408	Aflragajus exfeapus	329
caufticae	398	tragacantha	164
purae	399	Atropa belladonna	ib.
anethi	509	Aurantium Hilpalenfe	197
calcis	4i3	Avena fativa	166
carbonatis ammoniae	404	Aves ^	349
cinnamomi	5°9		
citri aurantii	508	B.	
medicae	5P9		
cupri ammoniati	443	Balauftia	289
■ deftillata	508	Balfamum Canadenfe	276
ferri aerati	44«	Copaiva	307
fceniculi dulcis	5°9	Gileadenfe	142
kali pracparati	383	Peruvianum	262
puri	375	myroxyli Peruiferi	262
lauri caffiae	5°9	ftyracis benzoini	310
cinnamomi	ib.	officinalis	ib.
lithargyri acetati	477	Toluifcrse balfami	318
 
Latin Index.
681
          Tolutanum
          traumaticum
Bardana
Barilla
Beccabunga
Belladonna
Bellis perennia
Benzoinum
Berberis vulgaris
Betula alba
       alnus
Bicornes
Biftorta
Bitumen petroleum
Boletus igniarius
       laricis
Bolus armena
      alba
      Gallicus
Boras fodae
Borax
Bos taurus
Botrys vulgaris
Braffica eruca
Bryonia albat
Bubon galbanum

                C.

 Cacao
 Cajeputa
 Calamariae
 Calamus aromaticus
 Calculi cancrorum
 Calendula officinalis
 Calomelas
 Calx cum kali puro
      hydrargyri alba
      ftibii praecipitata
     viva
     zinci
 Calycanthemae
 Campanaceas
 Camphora
 Cancer aftacus
       pagurus
 Canella alba
 Cannabis fativa
 Cantharides
 Capillus veneris
 Capficum annuum
 Carbonas
         ammoniae
         barytae
         calcis
               praeparatus
Page.
 3»8
 56i
 lS3
 in
 322
 164
 329
 310
 167
  ib.
 329
 355
 285
 167
 169
 329
  ib.
  ib.
 169
 310
  ib.
 340
  ib.
  ib.
 170
  ib.
348
25»
357
127
172
340
459
380
464
43i
171
479
35*
355
247
172
 ib.
173
340
252
328
173
174
402
175
176
415
Carbonas ferri
             praecipitatus
         magnetise
        potaffae
              impurus
              puriffifnus
           fodae
               impuruS
         zinci impurus
              praeparatus
Cardamine pratenfis
Cardamomum minus
Carduus benedidtus
        Marianus
        tomentofus
Carex arenaria
Carica
Carpobalfamum
Carum carui
Carui
CaryophyJla aromatica1
Caryophyllas
Caryophyllata
Caryophyllum rubrum
Cafcarilla
Caffia
      fiftula
      fenna
Caftor fiber
Caftoreum
Cataplafma aluminis
           cumini
           finapeos
Catechu
Caufticum commune acerrimum 378
Page.
 445
 446
 419.
 380
 176
 38r
 392
 177
 325
 48Q
 '79
 *39
 183
 340
 344
 34<>
 226
 142
 I79
  ;*.
 22 1
 35*
 342
 2lg
 2IO
 244
 180
 I8£
  ib.
  ib.
 627
  ib.
 628
 255
                  minus
          lunare
          mitius
Centaurea benedidta
Centaureum minus
Cepa
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
Cera flava
     alba
Cerafus
Ceratonia filiqua
Ceratum cantharidis
380
438
380
*«3
18S
133
184
187
 ib.
346
340
636
carbonatis zinci impuri 648
epuloticum           tb.
lapidis calaminaris     ib.
lithargyri acetati com-
  pofitum           643
refinae flavas         632
faponis              641
fimplex              631
fpermatis ceti         ib. 
682
Latin Index?.
	Page.		Pag?.
Cerefolium	347	Conferva rofae	609
CerufTa	283	caninae	608
acetata	475	rubrae	ib.
Cervus elaphus	188	fcillx	610
Chamaedrys	348	Contort re	355
Chamaemelum	145	Contrayerva	220
Chamaepitys	348	Convolvulus Americanus	341
Chamomilla vulgaris	344	jalapa	206
Chela? cancrorum	172	fcammonia	205
praeparatae	416	Copaifera officinalis	207
Chelidonium majus	340	Corallium rubrum	239
Chenopodium ambrefioides	ib.	Coriandrum fativum	208
botrys	ib.	Cornu cervi .	188
Chinai	347	cervinum uflum	418
Chironia centaurium	188	Cortex angufturae	145
Cichoreum intybus	34°	Peruviauus	189
Cicuta	204	Cremor tartari	3'4
Cinara hofenfis	V-S	Crocus antimonii	423
Cinchona Caribaea	*95	fativus,	209
officinalis	189	Croton eleutheria	21O
Cineres clavellati	176	Creta	176
Cinnabaris factitia	473	praeparata	4*5
Cinnamomum	344	Cruftacea	350
Cilfampelos pareira	196	Cryptogamia	354
Ciftus Creticus	lb.	Cryftal'.i tartari	3H
Citrus aurantium	197	Cubeba	281
medica	199	Cucumis agreftis	256
Clematis erecta	341	colocynthis	211
Coadunat;e	35S	melo	34i
Coagulum aluminofum	627	Cucurbita pepo	ib.
Coccinella	200	Cucurbitaceae	355
Coccus cacti	ib.	Cuminum cyminum	212
Cochlearia armoracia	202	Cuprum	ib.
officinalis	201	ammoniacum	442
Cocos butyracea	202	ammoniatum	ib.
Colchicum autumnale	203	vitriolatum	214
Colocynthis	2ir	Curcuma longa	2*5
Colomba	203	Cycas circinalis	341
Columniferas	356	Cydonia malus	289
Compofita:	3 54	Cymofae	355
Confedtio aromatica	611	Cynara fcolymus	2I5
Japonica	613	Cyniphis nidus	291
opiata	6i5	Cynomorium csccineum	34i
Conferva dichotoma	34i	Cynofbatus	297
Conglomerates	355	Cytinus hypociftis	34*
Coniferae	354		
Conium maculatum	204	D.	
Conferva abtinthii maritimi	608		
acetofellae	609	Daphne mezereum	216
ari	ib.	Datura ftramonium	217
citri aurantii	608	Daucus carota	ib.
corticis exterioris au-		fylveftris	217
rantii Hifpalenfis	ib.	Decandria	352
cynofbati	ib.	Decoctum althaex officinalis	527
lujulas	ib.	anthemidis nobilis	528
pruni fylveftris	609	chamsemeli	ib.
 
Latin Index.                           (3cV3
Becodtum cinchonae officinalis  359
          commune           258
          cornu cervi         553
          corticis Peruviani    259
         daphnes mezerei     510
          Geoffraeae ineruais    ib.
         guaiaci officinalis, com-
            pofitum            i&m
          hellebori albi        531
          hordei diftichi       • ib.
              compofitum     ib..
          lignorum           530
          polygalae fenegae     533
          pro enetnate,        528
          pro fomento         ib.
         farfaparillae         532
                     compofi-
                       tum   533
         fmilacis farfaparillae  53 a
'       .  ulmi                533
Delphinium ftaphifagria        217
Diadelphia                   353
piandria                     350
  gianthus caryophyllus         218
  ictamnus albus              341
          Creticus            345
Didynamia                   352
Piervilla  .                   343
Digitalis purpurea            318
Dicecia                      354
podecandria                 352
Dolichos pruriens             220
Dorftenia contrayerva          ib.
Dulcamara                   306
Dumofae                      356

               £.

Ebulus                      347
Elaterium               256, 497
Electuarium aromaticum      611
          cafliae fiftulae        612
               fijnnae        613
          catechu             ib.
                 compofitum 614
          lenitivuiri          613
          opiatum            615
          fcammonii         614
          Thebaicum        615
Elixir paregoricum        573>584
      facrum                 574
       falutis                 563
       ftomachicum           567
fcmplaftrumadhaefivum        640
            ammoniaci cum hy-
             drargyro        4<\s
            W \r
                            Pag?-
Emplaftrura antihyftericum    646
           affae foetidas        ib.
           caniharidis       637
           cerae             632
                compofitum   ib.
           cereum           632,
           commune         639
           cumini           634
           gummofum       640
           hydrargyri       645:
           ladani compofitum 634
           lithargyri        639
           lithargyri compofi -
             turn           641
           lithargyri cum hy-
             drargyro        64S
           lithargyri cum re-
             fina            640
           meloes veficatorii  637
           meloes veficatorii
             compofitum      ib.
           oxidi ferri rubri   649
           oxidi plumbi femi-
             vitrei          639
           picis Burgundicae  634
           picis compofitum  634
           refinofum        640
           roborans          649
           faponis            641;
           fimplex           632
           thuris compofitum 64ai
           veficatorium      637
Emulfio amygdalis communis  549.
       Arabica               ib.
       camphorata            550
Enneandria                  35a
Enfatae                      35*
Enula campaoa               238
Epidendrum vanilla           34^
Eruca                       340
Eryngium maritimum        22c
Eryfimum officinale           34*
Eugenia caryophyllata        22t
Euphorbia officinalis          34t
Exficcatio herbarum et florum  49^
Extractum^ aloes             59*
          ar.themidis nobilis   ib.
          cafcarillae         595
          cafllae fennae       59c
          chamaemeli        592
          cinchonae          593
          cinchoua:  officinalis 594
          colocynthidis com-
            pofitum'        596
          cdnvolvuli jalapae  595
          eorticis Peruviani  593 
684
Latin Index'*
	Page.	G.	
Extractum corticis Peruviani	,		
durum	593	Gadus lota	34:
corticis Peruviani		Galanga	344
molle	lb.	Galbanum	170
corticis Peruviani		Gallae	291
cum refina	595	Gambogia	301
corticis Peruviani		Genifta	3©7
rubri refinofum	ib.	Gentiana	227
geniftae	592	centaureum	188
gentianae luteae	59i	pannonica	342
glycyrrhizoe glabrae	229	Geoffraca inermis	228
haematoxyli Campe		Geum paluftre	342
chenfis	592	rivale	ib.
hellebori nigri	59i	urbanun%	ib.
jalapae	592	Ginfeng	269
jalapii	595	Glecoma hederacea	342
ligni Campechcnfis	593	Glycyrrhiza glabra	228
mimofae catechu		Gramen	348
opii	594	Gramina	357
papaveris albi	592	Grana paradifi	328
querciis	ib.	Granafum	289
rufae graveolentis	59i	Gratiola officinalis	229
iabinas	592	Gruinales	35<5
faturni	477	Guaiacum officinale	230
fennae	594	Gummi Arabicum 256	> 344
Valerianae fylveftris		aftragali tragacanthae	164
refinofum	596	mimofae Niloticae	256
		tragacanthae	164
F.		refina aloeS perfoliatae	*33
		ammoniaci	136
Faba	349 342	bubonis galbani	170
Fagara odtandrai		convolvuli fcammanii	205
Ferrum	222	ferulae afTae fcetidae	225
ammoniacale	450	gambogia	308
tartarffafum	45i	guaiaci officinalis	230
vitriolatum 324,447		juniperi lyciae	241
Ferula affa fcetida	225	kino	242
Ficus Indica religiofa	342	myrrha	263
carica	226	fagapenum	300
Filices	357	Gynandria	3 S3
Filix fcemina	34^		
mas	285	H.	
Flammulajovis	34i		
Flores benzoes	37i	Haematoxylon Campechianum	2%t
martiales	45°	Hedera terreftris	"42
ftilphurisloti	359	Hederaceae	355
zinci	479	Helleborafter	232
Fceniculum aquaticani	345	Helleborus albus	321
Fcenuin Grsecum	319	fcetidus	232
Formica rufa	342	niger	ib.
Fraxinusornus	226	Hepar fulphuris	389
Fuligo ligni combufti	227	Heptandria	35 2
Fumaria officinalis	ib.	Hefperideae	35<S
Fungi	357	Hexandria	35r
Fwngus Melitenfis	34i	Hirudo mej'.icinalis	341
 
Latin Index,
6S5
                             Page
Herdeum diftichon            233   Iris pfeudacorus
Hydrargyrum                 ib.        nobilis
             acetatum        455
             calcinatum      467
             cum creta        ib.
             cum fulphure    472
             muriatum       457
             muriatum corro-
               fivum          ib.
             muriatum mite   462
             muriatum mite
               prsecipitatum   ib.
             muriatum mite
               fublimatum    459
             nitratum rubrum 469
             purificatum      453
             tub nitratum     469
             fulphuratum ni-
               grum         472
             fulphuratum rub-
               rum           473
             vitriolatum       470
 Hydro fulphuretum ammonia? 409
 Hyofciamus niger             236
 Hypericum perforatum        238
           quadrangulare       342
 Hypociftis                    341
 Hyflbpus  officinalis  '           23s
Page.
  ib.
  ib.
J-
Jacea Jalapa Jafminum officinale	349 »o6 343
Juglans regia	240
Juniperus communis lycia fabina	ib. 241 ib.
                I.

Ichthyocolla                  125
Icofandria                    352
Ilex aquifolium               342
Illiciumanifatum              ib.
Imperatoria oftruthium        343
Infufum amarum             523
        cinchonae officinalis   522
        corticis Peruviani      ib.
        digitalis purpureas    523
        gentianae luteae com-
          pofitum           1 ib.
        Japoniqum           524
        mimofae catechu       ib.
        rhei palmati           ibt
        rofae Gallicae         525
        fennae fimplex        52^
              tartarifatum      ib.
Infufum tamarindi Indici cum
  caffia ferrna                 52(5
Inferta                       35°
Inula helenium               238
Ipecacuanha                  l84
Iris Florentine               259
               K.

Kaempferia rotunda           -\"t
Kali acetatum                 385
    praeparatum              38b
    purum                   37*
    fulphuratum              39°
    tartarifatum              391
    vitriolatum              388
Kermes mineralis             426
Kino                         242


               L.

Lac ammoniaci               $51
    amygdalae                549
    affae fcetida;              551
    vaccinum                340
Lacca                        342
Ladtuca virofa                243
Ladanum                    196
Lapathum aquaticum          34$
         acutum              ib.
Lapilli cancrorum        172,445
Lapis calaminaris             325
                praeparatus   480
Laudanum liquidum           573
Lauro cerafus                 346
Laurus camphora             247
      caffia                  244
      cinnamomum            ib.
      nobilis                 247
      faffafras                 ib.
Lavandula                    248
         fpica                  ib.
Ledum paiuftre               343
Leontodon taraxacum          24S
Levifticum                    343
Lichen iflandicus               ib.
Ligufticum lcvilticum           ib.
Liliace.-e                      357 
686                          Latin Index.
                             Page.
Lilium candidum              248
      album                  ib.
Limatura ferri                223
               purificata       444
Limon                        199
Linaria                       329
 Linimentum ammoniae         501
                     fortius   ib.
             anodynum        576
             carnphorae com-
               pofitum        580
             camphoratum    ib.
             fap«naceum      575
             faponis compofi<-
               fum           576
             fimplex           629
             volatile       501,581
Linum catharticum            249
 !     ufitatiffimum            ib.
Liquid amber ftyraccifluum     343
 Liquor aethereus nitrofus       489
            V  oleofus         486
               vitriolicus      ib.
         alkali vegerabilis pu-
           riffimi              383
__*       alkali volatilis acetati  408
         -frkali velatijis cauftici 399
         alkali volatilis rrntrs  —4G5
         cupri ammoniati       443
         Hoffmanni anodynus   486
         lithargyri acetati      477
         lithargyri acetati com-
           pofitus             ibr
         vol. as cornu cervi   405
 Lithargyrus          . .       384
 Lixivium caufticum            375
 Lixivium mite                383
 Lobelia fyphilitica            249
 Lomentaceae                  356
 Lonicera Diervilla            343
 Loranthus Europaeus          ib.
 Lujula                        369
 Lycoperdon bovifta            343
 Lycopodium clavatum         ib.
 Lyfimachia purpurea a         ib.
 Ly thrum falicaria             ib.
 Lytta veficatoria              352

                M.
Magnefia ufta
         vitriolata
Mahagoni
Majorana
Malva arborea
      fylveftris.
Mammalia    s
Manganefium
Manna
Marantagalanga
Marrubium vulgare
Marum Syriacum
Maftiche '
Matricaria chamomilla
        .  Partheniunv
Mechoacanna
Mel         1
    acetatum
    defpumatum
    rofae
    fcillae
Melaleuca leucadendron
Melampodium       ■  i
Melilotus
Meliffa officinalis
Melo
Meloe prolcarabaeos
       veficatorius
Melolontha vli'is
Mentha aquatica
         crifpa
         piperita
         piperitis
         pulegium
         rubra  . .
         fativa
         viridis
Menyanthes trifoliata
■i':*<"
 4*8
 3i3
 316
 268
 328
 250
 349
 343
 226
 344
 250
 317
 282
 344
  ib.
 34i
 25*
 546
  ib.
 647
 548
 251
 23i
 348
 25*
 34i
 344
 252
  ib.
 344
  ib.
 254
  ib.
 254
 344
 254
  ib.
  ib.
Macis	261
Magnefia alba nigra, five vitrario-	418 419
rura
343
Mercurius praecipitatus ruber  468
          fubhmatus corrofivus 457
Mezereon         .    :      216
Millefolium                  328
           nobilis             ib.
Millepedae                   267
          praeparatae          493
Mimofa catechu               255
        Nilotica             356
        Senegal              344
Minium                      283
Miftura camphorata           551
      cretacea               552
      mofchata               ib.
Mollufca                     350
Momordica elaterium          256
Monadelphia                 353' 
Latin Index.
687
	Page.
Monandria	350
Monoecia	353
Morus nigra	256
Mofchus	257
Mofchus mofchiferus	ib.
Mucilago amyli	534
Arabici gummi	535
aftragali tragacanthae	534
gummi tragacanthae	535
mimofae Nilotica?	ib.
femfnum cydonii mali	536
tragacanthae.	534
Multifiliquae	53 6
M u rias	258
-• ammoniae	259
et ferri	45°
antimonii	430
barytae	410
hydrargyri	457'
fodae	260
foda: exficcatus	396
Mufci	357
Muflela fluviatilis	34*
Myridica mofchata	3b I
Myrobalanus citrina	344
Myroxylon Peruiterum	262
Myrrha	263
Myrtillus	348
jVlyrtus pimenta	B64
N.
Jfcphtha                      J68
Nafturtium aquaticu/n          3°5
Natron praeparatum            393
      tartarifatum            398
      vitriolatum             397
Nicotiana tabacum             264
Nigella fativa                  344
Nitras                        265
      argenti                  43 s
      potaffae              266, 387
Nitrum                       266
      purificatum             3^7
Nux mofchata                 2$j
  •■  ' vomica                   348
O.
Page.
'500
357
5i7
501
500
25i
502
202
405
517
 247
502
 ib.
 261
 267
  ib.
 202
 5^
 500
  ib.
 37a
Odtandria                     352
Oculi cancrorum              172,
     cancrorum praeparati     415
Olea Europaea                 267
    dettillata, effentialia five
       volatilia                5IQ
Olea fixa five expreffa
Oleraceae
Oleum animate
      ammoniatum
      amygdalae communis
      cajeputae
      camphoratum
      cocois butyraceae
      cornu cervi
                 redtificatum
       lauri nobilis
       lini cum calce
          ufitatiflimi
       macis
       olere Europeae
       olivarum
       palmae
       petrolei
       ricini              295
       fiiiapeos
       fuccini
       fucciry puriffimum  feu
         rectificatiim           5'^
       fulphuratum            503
       vini                    48G
       terebinthinas            5tr
       terebinthinae redtifica-
          tum                  512
       volatile anifi            511
              baccarum juni-
                peri            ib.
              carui             ib.
              caryophyllae aro-
                maticae        222
              citri aurantii     197
              citri medicae     199
              florum  fceniculi
                dulcis         511
              juniperi commu-
                nis             ib.
              juniperi fabinae    ib.
              lauri faffafras      ib.
              lavandulae fpicae   ib.
              melaleucae leuca-
                dendri         251
              menthae piper-
                ita            5"
              menthae fativcc-    ib.
              myrifticce mof-   -
                chatae          261
              myrti pimentae   51 r
              origani           i!>.
              pimpinellse anifi  ib.
              pini  laricis  pul-
                 egii            ib. 
688                          Latin Index.
Page.
Oleum volatile rorifmarini oific	
inalis	ib.
rutae	ib.
fabinae	ib.
faffafras	ib.
feminum fcenicul	1
dulcis	ib.
terebinthina; pu-	
riffimum	5i2
Olibanum	241
Oliva	267
Onifcus afellus	ib.
Ononis fpinofa	344
Onopordium acanthium	ib.
Opium	270
purificatum	596
Opobalfamum	142
Opoponax	274
Orchideae	357
Orchis latifolia, &c.	345
Origanum dictamnus	ib.
Origanum majorana	268
vulgare	**.
Oryza fativa	345
Oftrea edulis	268
Oftrearum teftae praeparatae	416
Ovis aries	269
Gvorum teftaf praeparatae	416
Ovum	275
Oxalis acetofella	269
Oxidum antimonii cum phof-	
phate calcis	432
antimonii cum fulphure	
per nitratem potaffae 423	
antimonii cum fulphure	
vitrificatum	424
antimonii vitrificatum	
cum cera	4?5
arfenici	156
ferri nigrum	224
ferri nigrum purifica-	
tum	444
ferri rubrum	44S
hydrargyri cinereum	4^5
hydrargyri rubrum	
per acidum nicum	46 S
plumbi album	283
plumbi rubrum	ib.
plumbi femivitreum	284
zinci r	478
zinci impurnm	328
zinci imptirum prae-	
paratum	480
Oxycoccos	348
Oxymel aeruginis	.548
colchici	547
Oxymel fcillae
        fimplex
Page.
 54«
 54$
P.
Paeonia officinalis
Palmae                  354,
Panax quinquefolium
Papaver album
         erraticum
         rhceas
         fomniferum
Papilionaceae
Pareira brava
Parietaria officinalis
PafTulae minores
Paftinaca opoponax
Pechurim faba
Pentandria
Pentaphyllura
Pepo
Perfonatae
Peruvian us cortex
Petroleum
          Barbadenfe
          fulphuratum
Petrofelinum
Phafianus gallus
Phellandrium aquaticum
Phofphas calcis
         fodae
Phyfeter  macrocephalus
Phytolacca decandra
Pilulae aloes compofitae
          cum affa fcetida
          cum colocinthide
          cum myrrha
      aloeticae
      ammoniareti cupri
      affae fcetidae compofitae
      galbani compofitae ■
      hydrargyri
      opii
      opiatae
Plummeri
      rhei compofitae
      fcillae
      fciliticae
      ftibii compofitae
      Thebaicae
Pimento
Pimpinella alba
          anifum
          faxifraga,
Pinus abies
     balfamea
345
357
269
270
 ib.
 ib.
 ib.
35<5
196
274
349
274
345
35i
287
341
355
189
168
167
503
i52
275
345
41S
394
275
345
631
 ib.
 ib.
622
620
623
622
623
 ib.
625
 ib.
626
625
 ib.
626
 ib.
625
264
345
276
345
276 
Latin Index.
689
Pinus larix
     fylveftris
     pinea
     fativa
Piper cubeba
     Indicum
     longum
     nigrum
Piperita?
Pi fees
Piftacia lentifcus
       terebinthus
Pix Burgundica
    liquida
Plantago media
         pfylliurn
Plumbum
Polyadelphia
Polyandria
Polygala  amara
         vulgaris
         fenega
Polygamia
Polygonum biftorta
Polypodium filix mas
            vulgare
Pomaceae
Populus balfamifera
Potaffa
       cum calce
Potentilla reptans
Potio carbonatis calcis
     cretacea
Praeparatio quofundam, aqua
  non  folubilium              415
Prunus cerafus                346
       domeftica              287
       Gallica                ib.
       lauro cerafus           346
       fpinofa                287
Prunus fylveftris               ib.
Pfyllium                      345
Ptarmica                     328
Pteris  aquilina                 34<>
Pterocarpus fantalinus          288
            draco              ib.
Pulegium                     254
Pulparum extradtio            498
          praeparatio           499
Pulfatilla nigricans            329
Pulvis  aloes cum canella        599
       aloeticus cum guaiaco    600
               cum ferro      ib.
       antimonialis            432
    Page.
     276
     277
     345
     ib.
     28 r
     175
     28r
     ib.
     357
     35°
     282
     ib.
280, 276
280, 277
     345
     ib.
     282
     353
     352
     345
     346
     384
     354
     285
     ib.
     34<5
     35<5
     346
     378
     380
     287
     552
     ib.
                            Page.
Pulvis carbonatis calcis compof-
         itus                 ib.
      cretaceus               ib.
      cretae compofitus        603
              cum opio.      ib.
      chelorum cancri compof-
         itus                 ib.
      cerufTa? compofitus     ib,
      contrayervae compofitus  603
      Doveri  .               ib.
      hydrargyri cincreus     465
      ipecacuanha? et opii     603
              compofitus      ib.
      jalapae compofitus       604
      myrrhae compofitus      ib.
      opiatus                  ib.
      fcammonii compofitus    ib.
             ■ cum aloe       ib.
              cum calomela>ne ib.
      fennae compofitus       606
      ftanni                  477
      ftibiatus                433
      ftypticus               606
      fulphatis alumina?  com-
         pofitus               ib.
      tragacanthae compofitus  ib.
Punica granatum             289
Putaminea?                   356
Pyrethrum                   146
Pyrus cydonia                289
Qc
Quaffia
      excelfa
      fimaruba
Quercus robur
        cerris

               R.

Ranunculus albus
Raphanus n*fticamis
Refina
      alba
      amyridis Gileadenfis
290
ib.
= S9
*9°
291
329
202
280
 ib.
142
aromaticus
600
fari Europaei compofitus ib,
copaifera? officinalis      207
flava                   597
guaiaci                 230
piniabietls          276,280
    balfamea?          276
    laricis               ib.
    fylveftris       277, 280
piflaciae lentifci         282
p.teiocarpi draconis      288 
6S0
Latin Index'.
 ^.habarbarum .
             Sibiricum
 RhamnUs catrjarticus
 Rheum palmatum
        undulatum
 Rhododendron cryfanthum
 Rhceadeae
 Rhus toxicodendron
 Ribes nigrtim
      rubrum
 Rfcinus communis
 Rob fambuci
 Rofa canina
     centifolia
     Damafcena
     Gallica
     rubra
Rofmarinus officinalis
           fylveftris
Rotaceae   . « .. .
Rubia tiirctoruni
Rubigo ferri
Rubus ardticus
       caefiu?
       chamaemorus
       frutrcofus
       idaeiis             2<
Rumex acetofa
       aquaticus
       acutus
Ruta graveolens
  Page.
   292
   346
   291
   292
   346
   294
   356
   294
   295
   ib.
   ib.
   497
   297
   296
   ib.
   ib.
   ib.
  292
  343
  355
  297
  445
  346
   ib.
   ib.
   ib.
h 346
  298
  34^
   ib..
Sabadilla
$abina           .  ,
Saccharum non purificatum
          officinarum
          purificatum
          puriffimum
          rubrum
          faturni
Sagapenum
Sago
Sal alkalinus fixus foffilis puri-
      ficatus
   ammoniacus
   benzoini
   communis
            exficcatus
   cornu cervi
   diureticus
   Glauberi
   mar ris
   muriaticus
349
241
398
 ib.
 ib.
 ib.
 ib.
475
300
34i

392
259
37i
26b
396
4°5
385
396
447
i6o
 Sal polychreftus
    Rupellenfis
    fuccini
           purificatus
    tartari
 Salep
 Salix alba
      fragilis             30O(
      pentandra
      vitellina
 Salvia officinalis
 Sambucus ebulus
          nigra      5
 Sanguis draconis
 Santalum rubrum
 Santonicum
 Sapo
 Saponaria officinalis
 Sarcocolla
 Sarfaparilla
 Sarmentacea?
 Saffafras
 Satyrium
 Scabiofa arvenfis-
 Scabrida?
 Scamnionium
 Scandix cerefolium
 Scilla maritima
             exficcata
 Scilla? praeparatae
 Scitamineae
 Scordium
 Scorzonera Hifpanica
 Scrophularia nodofai
 Secale cereale
 Sedum majus
 Sempervivtim  tedtoram
 Seneka
 Senna
 Senticofa?
 Sepia odtopoda
Sepiariae
Serpentaria Virginiana
Serpyllum
Sevum bovinum
       ovillum
                praeparatum
         phyfetens  macrocc-
          phali
 Siliqua dulcis
 Siliquofa?
 Simarouba
 Sinapis alba
Sinapis nigra
Sifymbriuni nafturtiura
Sium nodiflorum
r..gc.
 3*3
 398
 373
 ib.
 381
 345
 347
 347
 ib.
 ib.
 301
 347
 3©t
 288
■ib.
 161
 302
347
3°3
3°d
355
247
3451
347
357
205
3471
303
492
 ib.
357
3i*
347
 i6.
 ib.
 ib.
 ib.
284
181
356
34?
35.<
'.'3
348
340
269
629

2 75
340
35*
289
304
3°5
 ib.
 ib. 
jirglih  Iridcx-.
o^
?>i
	Page.
Smiiax china farfaparilla	347 306
Solanacea? Solanum dulcamara	355 306
Solidago virga aurea	3°7
Solutio acetitis zinci	4«3
muriatis baryta:	412
calcis.	417
fulphatis cupri com-	
pofita	441
zinci	482"
fepartiuin fcoparium	3°7
Spermaceti	275
Spigelia anthelmia	347
Marilandica	3°7
Spina cervina	291
Spiritus setheris nitrofi	489
vitriolici	485
compofitus	486
alkali volatilis	401
aromaticus	581
fcetidus	521
ammoniae	401
aromaticus	58i
compofitus	ib.
fcetidus	52t
fiiccinatus	582
linifi compofitus	520
camphoratus	562
cari carvi	5i9
carvi	ib.
cinnamomi	ib.
juniperi communis	
compofitus	526
lauri cinnamomi"	5r9
Iavandula? fpicae	ib.
compofita	570
menthae piperitae	5i9
fativae	ib.
Mindereri	408
myrifticae mofchata?	Si9
myrti pimenta?	ib.
fiucis mofchata?	ib.
pimento	ibi.
pulegii	ib.
raphani compofitus	S-i
rorifmarini officinalis	520
vinofus camphoratus	562
Spongia officinalis	307
ufta	493
Squama? ferri purificatae	444
Stalagmitis cambogioides	308
Stannum	3°9
Sia^hifagria	217
Stellatae	355
Stibium	147
nitro calcinatum	4-3
muriatum caufticum	43°
X*	
Page.
 422
 217
 348
 310
  ib,
 343
 3*9
 598
 213
 310
 459
4*4
470
495
£
3

495"
Stibium praeparatum
Stramonium officinale
Strychnos nux vomica;
Styrax beuzoin
        calamita
        liquids
        officinale
        purificata
Sub acetis cupri
Sub boras foda:
Sub murias hydrargyri
                 praecipitatus
                 et ammonia?
                 flavus
Succt ad fcorbuticos
Succinum  '
Succulents         .....
Succus cochleariae officinalis  *
                 compofitus
        concretus fraxini orni  226
        rhanihicathartici      291
        fpjffatus aconiti napelli  495
                 atropa? bel-
                   ladonnas    ib.
                cicuta?        497-
                conii maculati  496
                byofciamitiigri ib.
                ladtuca? virofae ib.
                limonis        ib.
                inomordicae
                   eiaterii      ib,
                papaveris fom-
                   niferi     370"
                 ribis nigri    495
                 fambuci nigri 496
                              3ir
        aluminae
               eAficcatus
        barytas
        cupri
        ferri
                 exficcatus    448
        magnefia?             313
        potaffae               3S7
                 cum fulphure 389
        focirc                  396
        zinci            325,  481
Stilphur antimonii prxcipitatum 427
                              360
                              4-6-
                              427
                              3H
                              359
                              J47
                              427
Salphas
     312
     42 x
     313
     214
—4, 447'
         praecipitatum
         ftibiatum fufcum
                 rufum
         fublimatum
                * lotum
.Sulphuretum antimonii
             praecipitatuiri
             hydrargy ri nigrum 47 7.
             potafla?          389 
692
Latin Index.'
                             Page.
Super fulphas aluminae et pot-
  affae                        31a
Super tartris potaffae           314
                    impurus    ib.
Sus fcrofa                     315
Swietenia febrifuga            316
         mahagoni             ib.
Syrupi                        536
Syrupus acid! acetofi           537
         allii                   ib.
         althea; officinalis       ib.
         amorni zing.beris     538
         balfamicus           545
         caryoj,hylh rubri     540
         citri auranrii         53S
               med :ci         539
         colchici  autumnalis   5+0
      1   communis            537
         corticis aurantii       539
         croci                 541
         dianthi caryophylli    540
         mannas               541
         opii                  54a
         papaveris fomniferi    ib.
                   albi         tb.
                   erratici     543
         ihamni cathanici      ib.
         rofae                 544
             Gall cae           it.
             centifolis?         ib.
         facchari rubri         298
         fcillae maritimae        544
         fimplex                537
         fpiiue cervin«         543
         fucci frudlus m»ri     539
                 ■ ribis nigri   540
                          ida?i  539
         limonis  fucci          ib.
         Toluifera? balfami     545
         Tolutanus   .        ib.
         viola? oderata?         ib.
         zingiberis            538
 Symphitum officinale           348
 Syngenefia                     3S3
                T.
Tucamahaca	34:, 346
Tamarindus Indies;	316
Taraxacum	248
Tanacetum vulgare	3^7
I artari cryfialli	3H
Tartarus emeticus	<433
Tartarum	314
folubile	391
ftibiatum	433
vitnolatum	387
	faga.
Tartris antimonii	433
potaffae	39i
et fedgs	398
Terebinthiria	■)
Chia	2\T,
Veneta	276
vulgaris	277
Tetradynamia	35?
Tetraadria	351
Teuciium chainaedrys	348
d'am.^pitys	ib.
nid ..a	3i7
fcordium	3i8
Theobroma cacao	348
Thus	276, 280
Thymus ferpyllum	348
vulgaris	ib.
Tindtura aloe's a.therea	378
foCvyCoiina?	557
    cum myrilu     558
    compofira        559
amomi rer>entis        ib.
ar:ltolocliiaeferpentariae56Q
an matica            569
affje fcetiJa?          560
an; antii cortic'»      561
ball arm Peruviani      ib.
        Tolutani     577
benz»es coli.pofita   561
camphorae           563
canthar.dum         571
cardaniomi          559
             compofita ib.
cafcarilla?            562
caflia? fennae compofita 563
caftorei               ib,
            compofita 582
catechu              571
cinchonae ammoniata  583
            compofita 564
            officinalis ib.
 cinnamomi          569
            compofita ib.
Colomba?             565
convolvuli jalapa?      ib.
corticis Peruviani      564
 ■^          compofita  ib.
croci                 566^
digitalis pnrpurea?     ib.
 ferri acetati           452;
         ammoniacalis 451
         muriati      449
 galbani               566
gentiana? compofita    567
guaiaci           567. 583
            ammoniata /'-'■. 
•fLatin Index.
693
Tinctura volatilis
        hellebori nigri
        hy >fci;nni nigri
        ja'apa?
        Japonica
        kino
        lauri cinnamomi
                    compofita
        lavandulae compofita
        meloes veficatorii
        mimofa? catechu
        mofchi
        niyrrhae
        muriatis ferri
        opii
             camphorata
             ammoniata
         rhabarbari
Pagfr"
 583
 567
 568
 £«5
 57i
 563
 569
  ib.
 570
 57i
  ib.
 572
  ib.
 448
 573
  ib.
 5?4
 574
compofita ib.
         575
        rhei amara
             cum u!oe         $74.
                 gentiana      575
             paln-ati           574
        rofarum              525
        fabina; compofita       575
        faca                 585
        faponis               575
               cum opio       576
        fcilla?                  ib.
        fennae                563
        ferpentariae           560
        theha'ca              573
        Toluitera? balfami     577
        Tolu tana              ib.
        va'erianaa              ib.
        vera'ri albi            ib.
        zingiberis             578
Toluifera balfamum           318
Tormentilia ereda              ib.
Toxicodendron                294
Tragacantha gummi           164
Triandria                     351
Tricocca?                     357
Trifolium melilotus officinalis  348
         paludof'um           254
Trihilata?                     357
Trigonella foenum graecum     319
Tripetaloidea?                 357
Triticum aeftivum             319
        hybernum             ib.
        repens               348-
Trochifci carbonatis calcis      616
        cretacea               ib,
        glycyrrhiza?            ib.
                   cum opio  617
                   compofiti   ib.
	Page.
Trochifci gummofi	618
amyli	ib.
ma;'iiefine	ib.
nitratis potaffae	619
nitri	ib.
fulphuris	ib.
Turpethum minerale	470
Tuffilago farfara	320
Tutia	325
pra?parata	480
               u.

Ulmus campeftris
Umbellatae
Unguentum acetitis plumbi
            acidi nitrofi
            adipis fuilla?
            album
            calcis hydrargyri
              albi
            cantharidis
            cerae
            cerulfae acetatae
            coeruleum
            elemi
                compofitum
            epifpafticum forti-
              us
                      mitius
            hellebori albi
            hydrargyri
                     fortius
                     mit<us
                     nitrati
            infufl meloes vefi-
              ca orii
            nitratis hydrargyri
                     mitius
            OXidi hydrargyri
                  cinerei
                 hyd. rubri
                 plumbi albi
                 Zinci
                 impuri
                 picis
                 pulveris me-
                   loes vefica-
                   tor:i
                 refina? flavae
                 refinofum
                 fambuci
                 faturninum
                 fimplex
                 Jpermatis ceti
320
355
643
638
630
643

646
^35
630
643
 ib.
63 3
 ib.

636
635
638
643
644
 ib.
647

635
646
647

644
646
643
648
 ib.
633
636
631
632
^35
643
630
 it. 
694
Latin Index.
Unguentum <
Urtica dioica
Uva urfi
Uva? pafiae
di 'lib acetitis
    cupri
  fulphuris
  tutia?
V.
Vaccinium myrtillus
    )      oxycoccos
  ■S      vitis idaea
Valeriana officinalis
          fylveftris
Vanilla
Vepreculae
Veratrum aibum
          fabadilla
Verbafcum thapfus'
Vermes
Vermis majalis
Veronica beccabunga
Verticillata?
Vicia faba
Vinum
       aloe's focotorina?
       aloeticum
      amarum
      antimoniale
      antimonii
               tartarifali
      chalybeatum
      ferratum
      few
      gentiana? compofitum
      ipecacuanha?
Page.

 647
 638
 648
 320
 i52
 32!
348
 ib.
349
321
 ib.
34i
357
321
349
 ib.
350
344
322
355
349
323
585
 ib.
586
436
 ib.
 ib.
45 2
 ib.
 ib.
586
 ib.
Vinum nicotian-ae tabaci
      rhei palmati
      rhabarbari
      tartari ftibiati
      tartritis antimonii
Viola odorata
      tricolor
Virga aurea
Vifcnm quercinum
Vitis idaea
     vinifera
            apyrena
Vitriolum album
          coeruleum
          viride
Vitrum antimonii
                ceratum


               W.

Wintera aromatica
Winterania canella
Winteranus cortex
Xylobalfamum
X.
z.
Zedoaria
Zincum  ,
       calcinatum
       vitriolatum
Zingiber
Zoophyt?.
Page.
 5*T
  ib.
  ib.
 43<»
  ib.
  ,23
 349
 307
 343
 349
 322
 349
 32S
 214
 224
 424
 425
3^
173
324
142
241
324
479
481
138
3501
 
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