NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
             Washington
Founded 1836
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health SerTice 
•f
A
t 
• 
                SYLLABUS


                     OF THE


        COURSE OF LECTURES,


                       O N


           BOTANY,


      DELIVERED IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE,


         BT DAVID HOSJCK, M. D.

   PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE,
MEMBER OF THE LINN.EAN SOCIETY OF  LONDON,  ANIJ
      OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL
            SOCIETIES  OF EDINBURGH.
!<"F.V,"-yORR I—'PRINTED BY JOHN CHUJbf,

          M,DCC)XCV, 
 

-<z
At a meeting of the TRUSTEES of Columbia College y held at
 the College Hall% on Monday the ninth day of July, 1792 ;

  Ordered, That every Profeffor  of this College who teaches by Leo-
ture, do publifh within one year, a Syllabus of his Courfe of Lectures.

           Extract from the Minutes,

                                 ROBERT HARPUR, Clk.
<^
A  5  7
•■*--«'.-*"¥"-/~nr 
 
PART    I.
STRUCTURE AND PHILOSOPHY OF VEGETABLES.

  A.—GENERAL DIVISION OF NATURAL  IIISTORT.
X "ft METEOROLOGY ")           Atmosphere,
                                    Waters,
                           History  E.vr.TH,
a J-'-i  Hydrography
3 Geology
4 Zoology
5 Botany
6 Mineralogy
                                 of the   AmMAL     "j  ~
                                         Vegetable   i  §*
                                                        3
                                         MlMiiRAL    J  w
►—Divifion of bodies into animal—vegetable and mineral confidered—ob-
  jections to— ,
Opinions of Tournefert, Linnteus, &c. examined.—■
Minerals—characters which diftirguiff. them from animals and vegeta-
  bles—
Vegetables—their near approach to the animal kingdom—
Pistin<5tians propofed by
                jungius,
                boorhaave
                tournefort,
                I.UDWIG,
                linnjeus,
                ALSTON,
                HEDWIG—■
Corah and Zoophytes, TL^-rrAby fome  authors to the vegetable and fof-
  iile iki:,«](.iv.s-tkir ,- .■:..--./ nature illustrated by the cufeovenes oi
  ?cyj[»nc!}  Tfcmbfey, JufieaUtQwti, Mil, &c.—< 
[   6   ]
  B.—COMPARISON  OF PLANTS AND  ANIMALS*

  I Their origin.
  a ------Growth and manner of receiving nourifhmcnt.
  3 Food.
  4 Climate.
  5 Secretion and excretion.
  6 Senfation—volition—motion—fleep—watching.
  7 Sexes.
  8 Propagation.
  9 Difeafes.
 io Death.
 II Natural decompofition.
 1% Chemical Analyfis.
CONCLUSION—Animals  and Vegetables links of the fame chain of
  being—objections to by fome Metaphyficians, confidered,

  C.—GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF  VEGETABLES.

  I Palms.
  % Trees.
  3 Shrubs.
  4 Herbs.
  5-Graffes.
  6 Ferns.
  7 Fungi.
  8 Moffes.
  9 Algce.
                —Characters of each illustrated.—

       D.—COMPONENT PARTS  OF A  PLANT.

  I Root,
  a Trunk,
  3 Branches.
  4 Leaves. 
C   7   1
 5 Supports.
 6 Flower.
 7 Fruit.
                      •—Exceptions to—-

             E.—ANATOMY OF  PLANTS.

                       A.—SOLIDS.
  I Epidermis.
 a Rete Mucofum.
 3 Cortex—its inner layer liber—«
 4 Alburnum.
  5 Lignum.
  6 Medulla.
  7 Vafa Propria.
  8 Tracheae.
 —Structure and functions  illustrated by diffection and experiment.—

                        B.—FLUIDS.

                    (a).—nutritious fluids.

  I  Lymph.
  a Sap.
—Circulation  of the  fap—doctrine of  the  Ancients—experiments  of
  Hales, Hope, Walker, &c.

                     (b).—secreted  fluids,
  T Gums.
  a Reims.
  3 Gum Refin9.
  4 Balfams.
  5 Oils—fixed and volatile.
  6 Aroma—grateful  and poifonou*.
  7 Water.
  8 Vital air. 
                          C   3   ]

             C.—ANOMALOUS SUBSTANCES*
 I Saline Substances.
    i Sugar,
   ii Manna,
   iii Nectar,
 a Fun-a,
 3 l-acu'-j,
 4 Colouring M'.ii.r.
      —Obfervations on colours and the principles of dyeing.—

   F.—CHEMICAL ANALYSIS  OF  VEGETABLES.

 I O^cn,
 a Pyi'rogen,
 3 Carbon,
 4 Nitrogen,
 5 Phofphorus,
 6 Sulphur,
 7 Acids,
 8 Alh^lis,
 9 Earth;,
lo Metals,
  I Air,
  2 Water,
  3 E.-.rth,
  4 Heat,
  5 1^.
—All necelTary  to the perfect growth of plants—illustrated by  expei i-
  mer.ts and obiVrvu Lions.—
1
     Common to all vegetables.
J
 ►   Contained in particular vegetables.


J

G.—FCCD  OF PLANTS* 
I    9    1
 —Experiments of van helmont,
                  BOYLE,
                  HALES,
                  DU HAMEL,
                  TILLET,
                  HASSENFRATZ,
                  SENEBIER—
—Chemical Analyfis of the food of plants compared'vith theChemical
  Aualyiii of plants—

                       H.—SOILS.
I Variety.
a Compofition.
3 Manner of Operation.

                       I.—MANURES.
I Animal.
a Vegetable,
3 Mineral.
4 Electricity.
      —Operation of Manures—how far ufeful or injurious.—

                   K.—OF THE SEED.

                 A.--DIFFERENT  KINDS.

 I Seed properly fo called.
 a Nux.
3 Prop ago.

       B.—COMPONENT  PARTS  OF  THE  SEEP.

 I Arillus,
a Hilum,
3 Foramen,
4 Cotyledon, -
 5  Corcuium,
   i  Plumula,
  ii  Radicula, 
I    10   ]
 6 Corona,
 7 Ala.
-Structure and  Functions of each illuftrated by diffection and experi--
  ments.

             c.—VEGETATION OF THE SEED.
I Impregnation.
a Air.
3 Moisture.
4 Heat.
5 Light,     1 Not effential to the first
6 Earth,     J   growth of the Seed.     J
    —Experiments of Curtis—procefs of Vegetation defcribed.
> Neceflary to Vegetation.
D.—PROPAGATION.
(a.)—'NATURAL PROPAGATK
X Seed'.
a Roots.
3 Suckers.
4 Stems.
j Bulbs.
6 Leaves.
I Cutting,
a Layers.
3 Engrafting.
4 Inoculation.
(b.)—ARTIFICIAL PROPACATIOX.
        i—Structure of Buds—
—Equivocal generation, objections tc— 
C   ii   ]
                           L.—OF THE ROOT.

             A.—DIFFERENCE OF STRUCTURE AND SHAPE.

         J Bulbous.
         a Tuberous.
         3 Fibrous.

                       B.—MANNER OF GROWTH.
         I Creeping.
         a Horizontal.
         3 Perpendicular.
                             C.—DURATION.
         I Annual.
         a Biennial.
         3 Perennial.
y                   —Exceptions from Culture, Climate, &c,

                         M.—OF THE TRUNK.

                         1.--DIFFERENT  KINDS.
         I Caulis.
         a Culmus.
         3 Scapus.
         4 Frons.
         5 Stipes.

               B.---DIFFERENT SPECIES ARISING FROM---
         I Structure.
         a Height.
         3 Direction.
         4 Shape.
         5 Surface.
         6 Compofition,
         7 Branches.
         2 Colour.
                              ^-Illustration.—. 
[   12  3
                N.—OF  THE LEAVES.


         A.—COMPONENT  PARTS OF A LEAF.

                       (a).—FOLIUM.

I Its hair,
a Apex.
3 Surfaces.
4 Parenchyma.

                      (b.)—rETIOLUS.

I Its Shape.
a Length.
3 Infertion.
4 Direction.
5 Surface.

                  B.—SIMPLE  LEAVES*

I Place of infertion.
a Manner of infertion.
3 Re'lative fituation.
4 Direction.
5 Shape.
6 Surface.
7 Length and expanfioH.
8 Subftance.
9 Duration.—■

                C.—COMPOUND  LEAVES,'

 —Degree of Compofition.
                      —Illuftration.—
) 
[   13   3
              D.—FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES.

  I Ufe in the vegetable osconomy as organs of refpiration.
  2 Influence upon the Atmofphere.—
      Experiments of miller,
                    HALES,
                   MARIOTTE,
                   BONNET,
                   DU HAMEt,
                   PRIESTLEY,
                   INGENHOUSZ,
                   SENEBIER.

O—FULCRA) MORE PROPERLY CALLED APPENDICULJE.

  I Stipulce.
  a Bracteoe.
  3 Cirrhus.
  4 Spini.
  5 Aculei.
  * Pili.
  7 Glandula.-—
                       —IHuftration.—«

          P.—ORGANS OF FRUCTIFICATION.

                    A.—PEDUNCULUS.
  I Its compofition,
  a Plac«H|^rtion.
  3 Relate fituation.
  4 Directum.
 ' $ Structure.

                   B.—RECEPTACULUM.

  I Its compofitioni
  a Surface. 
C   M   1
                                C.--CALYX.
        r Perianthium.
        5 Luvclucrum.
|        3; Gluma.
        t Spatha.
        5 Calyptra.
        £ Volva.
ji                              Characters of each.
        I Shape.
        ■1 Number.
        5 Divifions.
        4 Number of pieces.
        5 Situation.
{        * Colour.
        * Duration.


;                              D.—COROLLA*
j.        I Its fhape.
        2 Regularity.
I        3 Divifions.
|        4 Number of pieces.
ift        5 Place of infertion.
'l        A Colour.
        12 Duration.—

                              E.—STAMINA.

,                             (a).—7ILAMENTUM.
\:        I Its length.
        2 Proportion.
        ,? Figure.
,!        4 Number.
        5 Connection,
        6 Infertion.
1
        _ c.                    (b).—AN'XHIRA, 
                        t   is   3

 2 Number.
 3 Difpofition.
 4 Structure.
 5 Pollen.

                      F.—PISTILLUM.

                        (a).—GERMEX.
  j Its fituation.
 a  Structure.
                         (b).—STYLUS,
 I Shape.
 a Number.
 3 Diviiion.
 4 Length.
 5 Direction.
                         (c).—STIGMA.
 I  Shape.
 a  Number.—
Sexes  of plants—imperfectly known to the ancients—eltablinied
 Linnsus—
 Experiments of linnjeus,
                smith, &c.
  Objections of—alston—
             ■—?M-.LL1E—
             '—si alan z am—confidered-

                     G.—PERICARPIUM,

 I  Capfula,
 a  Conceptaculum,
 3  Siliqua.
 4 Legumen.
 5 Drupa.
 6  Pomum.
  7 Bacca.
  2 Strobilus.—* 
                        I   «6   ]

                         H.--SEED.          '   " '
                                        —(see tage  9.)

                 Q^-INFL ORESCENCE.
 1 Spadix.
 a Verticillus.
 3 Capitulum.
 4 Spica.
 J Panicula.
 6 Amentum.
 7 Racemus,
 8 Fasciculus.
 9 Umbella.
lo Cyma.
II Corymbus.
12 Thyrfus.
                       —Illuftration—
               —Calendarium Flora?, &c. &c—•
\ 
PART   II.
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF  VEGETABLES.


              A*-^-HI STORY OF  BOTANY.


                      FIRST  PERIOD.

          I. state of  botany among the GREECIANS.

H.IPPOCRATES,                            400 years. A. C
Thbophrastus—"Historia Plantarum"—500 plants       320 A. C.

           II. state of botany Among the Romans.
Dioscorid£s-=-6oo ptents—                        70 P. C.
Pliny—Compilation—'looo plants—                74

              —Destruction of the Roman  Empire—
          —Decline of  Learning  until the 8th Century—
              —Learning revived by the Arabians.—

          III. state op botany among the arasians.
 rranCations arid Compilations from the Greci-.n and Roman writing*—
         —Decline of learning until the fifteenth Century—
                             C 
[   i8   ]
                       SECOND  PERIOD.

 —Age of Commentators and Tranflators                        I:--.
 Bruneim.sius—first accurate printsof plants,                    153Z
 lirst public  Botanic Garden at PadiJa,                         IJ33
 C.ONR/il) GESNER—first mufeuni in Natural  History—first
   laggestcd  a  fystematic  arrangement of plants into  clafs—
   order—g:nit's,and fpceies,                                   1560
 <ASSALI'INUS—improved thepropofed claflification ofGefner,   1583
 1 '.-Colu-vinai—first copperplates—improved the genera of plant*,
   and Botanic language,                                       159-4
 J.B.wmx, " Historic Plantarum Univerfalis,"                  1613
 Caspar Ba.-huj,'"- 1 •,it:;;-xThcatri Botanici," 6000 plants—with
   (ynonymes  of the ancients,                                   l6:J
 P.viiKixsox—" Theativm Botanicum,"                         16.50
 JUNG1US—" l)oxofeopi;e Phyficx Minores"'—containing the first
   principle.- of the Linnacan clafTifieation,                         1657
 Societies  for Promoting, Knowledge.
          Royal Society of London,                            1665
          Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris,                  1666
 (I-r.'v—" Anat >my  of Plants,"                                I671
 Malpjchius—" Anatomia Plantarum,"          '               1675
 Rheede—" Hortus Ma'a'oa'icus,"                               1676
 MORISON—"liiitoria'UniverfalisPlantarum"—a new  fystem of •
   arrangement,.                                               1678
RAY—" Methodus Plantarum Nova Synoptica,"                 168a
      " Histoiia Plantarum Generalis"                          1636
      " Synopfis Method :tin.iiim Britannicarum,"              1690
HERMAN, Mew System—" Flora Lugduno Batava,"   '         1690
RIV1NUS, New System,                                      1693
Pi.umimi—" Defcription des p'.antesd*, L'Amerique."             I003
SirHan's Sloani:—'• Natural Hiftory of Jamaica."              1696
TOURNF.FORT—New fyftem—improved-the Geti.ra—         169.'
Ku-..MiTKRi—': AmanitaU's Exoticce."                          i;ii 
[   19-   1
Sciir.uc.izEP—Agroftagraphia.,                                Ift-r
BoORHAAVE—New Syftem.                                17x0
MAGNOL—New Syftem.                                    1720
Hales—'' Vegetable Statics."                                  I 727
Micheli—Cuyptoc;amia.v,                               -     l7?-9>.
Catesby^" Natural hiftory of Carolina, &c."                  17.II,
                       THIRD  PERIOD.

 filNNvSUS—Sexual Syftem.—
             "  Fundanik iita Botanica."                         T7.?l
             " Species  Plantarum."  1764.
             " Genera Plantarum" new edition by Schreber, 1789.
             "  Syftema Vegetabilium," ijfti edition by Murray,! 784.
                 Do.      do      —by Gmelin,in his "Syftema
                   Natura Linnrci," 1791.
             "  Philofophia Botanica."
             "  Amoenitates Academics," new edition by Schreber,
               I/87.
             "  Flora Lapponnica," new edition by Smith, 1792.
             "  Proelectiones in Ordines Naturales," by Gifeke,  1792,
                   &c. &c. &c.
 Oillenius—"  Hiftoria Mufcorum."                           T741
 Rumpiiius—" Herbarium Amboinenfe.'"                        :«7-1 ^.
 Hai.ler—"  Stirpes Helvetiece."                               1742
 Ltjdwic—" Inltitutiones Regni Vcgetabilis."                    i;<41
 Clayton—" Flora Vir;rinica."                               174.'!
 Gmeliy—>'  Flora f-'ibirica,"                                   1747
 Alston—■" Tyrocinium Botanicum."                          1753-'
B.innet—" Recherchesfurl'irfage des feuilles."                  I7i'^
Du Ham el—"  Phyfique des Arbres."
BERNAR.D  DE JUS3IEAU—" Genera  Plantarum fecundum
    ordines  naturales difpofiiia."                               11^2„
                       Do. ne-w edition by Paulus Usteri 1791 
[   20   J
Hit-on—ft Flora Anglica."
Adanson—" Families des Plantes."
Sir Joseph Banks,  -j
Dr. Solander.      J
Jacquin—" liistoria Stirpium Americanarum.'*
         "  Hortus Vindebonensis," 1770.
         "  Flora Austriaca'"i773
Flora Danica.
Schreber.—" Hiftory of Grafies."
SIR JOHN HILL—" Vegetable fyftem," new fyftem.
Auslet—"  Guiana."
Curtis—" FloraLondinenfis."
       ■—" Obfervations on GrafTes,  1790.
       —"  Botanical Magazine," 1793.
       —" Obfervations on vegetation." Sec. &c. &c.
Lightfoot—" Flora Scotica."
LA MARCK—" Flore Francoife"—new fyftem—
H t. d v/fc—Cryptogamia.
Pallas—" Flora Roffica."
L'IIlkltier—" Geraniologia"—" Sertum Anglicum."
Thunt^rg—" FloraJapponnica."
Marshall—"  Arbuftrum Americanum."
Dickon—" Cryptogamia." &c. &c. &c.
Walther—" Flora Caroliniana." v
GiERTNER—" De Fructibus and Seminibus plantarum."
                             —New Syftem,
 T m it n—"  Reliqua? P.udbeclriance."
       —" lr:r>nes Plontarum  hactenus ineditnr," 1789.
       —"  lT>nespictce plantarum Rariorum," 1790.
         " Spicileidum Bptanicum." 1791.
         '« Botany of New Holland."  170;,.
                  &c. &c. &c.
fvr'.isn B"ta>:"-.
\Voodvtiif.—" Medical Botany."                  k
TranfaClions of the I.innoean  Society of I ondon.
Mart yn—'* Flora Ruitica." " Language of Botany," &c. &c
17°*
1763

1763
1766
1 ;6y
1773
177.5
»777
177S
17 78
1784
1784
1784
I7"4
1785
I7«5
i7C3
    1790
    1790
    1791
&c. 1793 
[   21   ]
          B.—LINNAtAN   ARRANGEMENT. .

         A.--ARTIFICIAL,  Or SEXUAL SYSTEM.

                       —Divided into—
 I  Clafses.
 2  Orders.
3  Genera.
4  Species.
S Varieties*
                    —Characters of each—

                 (a.)—CLASSES FORMLH FROM
I The number
2  Place of infertion
3 Proportion             J>  Of the Stamina.
4 Connection
5 Difpofition,  &c.         J
                        —Illustration-—
(b.)—ORDERS FORMED FROM
>  Of the PistiUa.
I The number
2 Fertility
3 Situation               j
4 Structure of the Pericarpium.
5 Number               ~)
6 Connection             >  Of the Statnin.'.
                          1
7 Difpofition, &c.         J

                         —Illustration—

  (C.)—r.FNT.RA FOR.MFC FROM THE CRGAKSOT r RUCT IF U ATIO M. 
L   *2   3
                  (d.)—SPECIES  FORMED FROM
  I The Root.
  a Trunk.
  3 Bran'che*,
  4 LCE'VCS,
  J Fulcra, &c.

    (t.)—VARl'-rnns—THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE, CULTURE, &C;
                         ■—Blustraticn—■

—Alterationsof fcheLinnxan System propofedbyThunbcrg—Ge.irfir. -
                     Sir William Jones,  &c.


           B.--NATURAL ORDERS OF LINN.EUS.

                         —Illustration—i


              C.—SYS7EM OF  JUSSIEAU.

         —Compared with the natural Orders of Linnxus—
                    —Advantages of each.—

                              D

-Plants ufeful in Diet—Medicine—Agriculture,  &c. illustrated with
                    practical obfervations—
-Herbarium—advantages  of—manner of prcferving.-and arranging
                           plants—
—CONCLUSION- 
J
/