— / IS IT TRUE 1 The^W&tertown Tim*s of Friday asserts that a ladvln the northern part of Herkimer County WW bo nuhteued at the appearance of a snake in her >pathmat her hair, previously,» glowy back, turned iWhite^-? - wh> ■ /v i-------------- »* \ ■*K..- ^ Kariv Rising, There is another cla8a of superstitions borne down to us from-the crabbed times of our Puritan ancestry which I fancy we shall also somewhat shamefacedly own. They ■were the daily maxims which.* formed a part of the teaching in every genuine New Eng- land home, and their permanence as a part -of our mental constitution is an encouraging circumstance to educators who sometimes are inclined to think that even line upon line and precept upon precept fail to make their impression upon the wayward mind of youth. To remove this fear, we stand as living mon- uments, boldly avowing, first, that we And it constantly difficult to convince ourselves— though our reason tells us that we are absurd —tliat it is not a moral duty to rise before, or at least, with the sun. Day by day, as we, descend to our eight-o'clock or nine-o'clock i breakfast, we are conscious of a certain sense: ©f moral torpitude which we know to be un- reasonable. »rlt is in tbe effort to shake off this sense, which is only tb%; remnant pf an old superstition, that I writer "*" general axioms on the subject off _ wh' 'h helped to make the New L^ ,'il jd Primer auu the Fanner's Almanac a never-failing source of supposed improvement, and which were afterward re-enunciated by Franklin, do not not apply to the present day nor to city lift. What is gained even for useful work by rig-*: ing at six, and then being obliged to take a, cap in the middle of the day! Why not do up all our sleeping at once, and have a clear.' Bweep for work? If,again, one could care- fully rcke up and cover the embers of his fire at nine P. M., and sleep the sleep of the righteous till six, he might possibly rise at six, or even five, though why, even in that case, auy sane person should insist on doing two hours' work, before eating, and call such action virtue, I could never understand. Cir- cumstances alter rules as well ascass, which is what we of Puritan stock find it bard to ] understaud. I myself know two youngi women of New England birth and training who, though they go into muck erening so- ciety, and are frequently awake at midnight or after, each week during tbe New York winter, yet persist in being punctual every morning at tbe half-past-seven breakfast of tbe family. True, they have no appetites; J true, they take long naps in the afternoon; | true, they break down every year by March; vet tliey gallantly return to the assault every autumn, and would feel ashamed and guilty if tbey did otherwise. So strong * the force of supers'ition ! .. In ihe future more perfect days'it will be considered a sin to awake anyone from sltep except io cages of life and death, and our 'prardchildrcn mav perhaps be free from the itthtr- flowers and the chickens and the birds wake, when tbe puu does, tbat therefore a human;! b^it'tr should do so. By what logic do w select tbe one action of wakmir as suitable f urip»itatio»4—- Anna C. Bratfttt^ in Ha erls Magazine.. '. »*•"-' «p*E. ^ ( / "/b.^f. •■ * HEIGHT AND WEIGHT. The Philosophy of Hnman Length, Breadth and Thlcfcnesa. ■* " How much shculd a person of given height weigh ? Is there a standard between height and weight 1" A healthy child, male or female, grows in length by more than one-half its size during the first two years; it increases from 19.673 inches to about 31.10 inches. It trebles or quadruples its weight; that is to say, it weighs 1x/2 to 10 pounds at birth; 25 pounds ia the first year, 30 pounds in the second. On the average a child from six months to eight years grows in length about 2.4622 inches each year; the weight of of the body goes on increasing to the eighth year, rising in boys to 50 pounds and in girls 47K pounds. From this age until puberty boys increase in height 2.105 feet each year, reaching at the age of 12 years a height of over 4.52 feet, and girls 4.421 feet on the average. Boys gain about 5 pounds in weight per year, girls a little more, so that in the twelfth year children of both sexes weigh on the average about 75 pounds. From 13 to 20 years youth grow some 11.8 inches; girls 7.8 inches. The increase of weight is even more rapid than before, reaching 145 pounds in boys 18 years old, and in girls of tbe same age 127^2 pounds. In the 25th year the man is over v>% feet in height and weighs 157}£ pounds, while the woman is 5.15 in height and weighs 127%. Man in the fortieth year attains his maximum weight, 159 pound3, and then begins to lose flesh. Women con- tinue to grow heavier, reaching about 140 pounds, until the fiftieth year, Between 45 and 60 men become more corpulent, and women rapidly grow older; in both the size of the body diminishes. It is desirable for all persons, whether suf- fering in health or otherwise, to know as near as possible what the normal weight should be. We are indebted to the late Dr. Hutchinson for weighing about 2,600 men at various ages. There is, indeed, an obvious relation between height and weight so per- tinaciously weighed and measured; starting with the lowest men in the tables, it will be found that the increased weight was as near as possible five pounds for every inch in height beyond sixty-one inches. The following figures show the relative height and weight of individuals measuring five feet and upward: STATURE, Feot. Inches. Weight, lbs. 5 1 shouldbe.................... 120 6 2 shouldhe.................... 120 5 3 shouldbe................... 183 5 4 shouldbe........ ........... 138 5 6 shouldbe...... ............ 112 5 6 shouldbe.................... 145 5 7 shouldbe.................... 149 5 8 shouldbe.................... 155 5 9 should be.................... 162 5 10 shouldbe.................... 10'J 5 11 shouldbe.................... 1*1 6 o shouldbe.................... 17a ■ m Tbe Children's Paradise. If you should start from Boston and goj West more than half way round the world,J you would come to Japan. Travellers call it a "paradise for children." There is a saying1 that Japanese children never cry. Perhaps you can guess why they are so happy if l| tell you some things I noticed very soo; Tomato is b*ntt! jU^ - *. 1* M yVga lbe furniture in.to£ safe, and they have no -it». , v be harmed or broken, no hara e, _*or sharp corners to inflict bumps and broies. The doors and windows are made of uper. Soft mats of rice straw serve for carpeti 14ft cottou mattresses for beds, which c* be rolled up and put away. At meals s«w tablecloths are laid on mats, and all the m- ily sit on the floor around them. How li, picnic I The dress of the children is like that their elders—a plain, loose garment, gir about tbe waist with a sash. There are hooksto pull out, no buttons to drop off, apt no pins to scratch: a strong silk cord does alt the fastening. Then the garments, instead of being sewt together like ours, are basted together with strong silk thread, so that they can easily I taken to pieces for washing. Stockings ai made with a place for the big toe, like th thumbs in our mittens. A kind ofjclogi worn in the streets. Pockets are put in th large eleeves. Handkerchiefs and napkii are made of thin, white paper, soft as silk. The sliding doors and partitions in th houses are almost always pushed back, si that you can see and bear all that is going on" Many a house has an aquarium, with goli' and silver fish, or bamboo cages in whicl beds of flowers make a home for numeroui butterflies and grasshoppers. Mothers play with their children much ol the time. Fat little dogs and pretty oats are their companions too. Babies are carried upon the back, and are never afraid of fall- ing. Everywhere their shaven heads and black eyes peep out of folds of garments, or sleepily bob up and down, as their nurses rushes to and fro in the excitement of kite- flying or other play. Japan is tbe land of toys and dolls and kites and fans and para- sols. A little girl will sometimes have over one hundred dolls. The children have much rice to eat, but hardly any milk, for the queer little cows do not give much. Fruit is eaten green, for it is thought unfit to eat when soft and mellow. The flowers of Japan have no odor, and the birds do not sing. The stork is one of the favorite birds. The golden globe (instead of s'ars and stripes) is tbe flag that floats over Japan, and the chrysanthemum is the national emblem. It is wrought in tiles for roofs, on opium- pipes, on earthen ware and on many other things.—Nursery. FIRST LINES OF '/Ho. PHYSIOLOGY. BY ALBERT VON HALLER. TRANSLATED FROM THE THIRD LATIN EDITION* TO WHICH IS ADDED, A TRANSLATION OF THE INDEX, Composed for the Edinburgh edition, printed under the inspection of dr. william cullen. FIRST AMERICAN EDITION. TROY: PRINTED BY OBADIAH PENNIMAN & CO. SOLD BY THEM AT THEIR STORE, RIVER-STREET ; BY C. R. & G. WEBSTER, AND D. & S. WHITING, ALBANY; THO- MAS & ANDREWS, WEST & GREENLEAF, J. WEST, W. P. & L. BLAKE, C. BINGHAM, AND MANNING & LORING, EOS- TON i AND P. BYRNE, PHILADELPHIA. LIBRARY leuB jet by»tne oj never goV raaK*beT. dog been on inquiry p thia would h was only praetl beahotlike > string which »£un-*-#would a the btit down -.puneiy practical pulled the string firs to discharge the g would have been Brutes and boys ar occurs to them bey< before them may ;su _ purely practical reai the other abstract, whic" but which the boy will always practical, butwever ab- s do wonderful th'.n^slruggested ye fact before them, Au I think d it. Thus, a dog lefitH » room fetch a servant. Had. not the t to ring the bell, (which ed to have been the case,j een abstract reasoning, but it The Arctic fox, too wary to t who took a bait tied to a jttachedv to the trigger of a er the snow, and so pull the line of Are. This is ning: but had the fox ;of the line of fire in order d then get the bait, that reasoning. * * * t alike, in that nothing i the immediate fact The one Rind I call , whig)* both have ; utes neve*-acquire, is intelligence do- ADVERTISEMENT , TO THE EDINBURGH ED1TIO . ft'-. JL HE correcVion of this volume for the prefs was un- dertaken at the defire of the Publifhers. Having already under- gone three editions, the prefent Editor believed, that a careful perufal of the proof-fheets, and attention to the typographical accuracy of the work, would chiefly conftitute his fliare in the publication. On collating, however, the laft edition with the original of Haller, it appeared, that few fentences, and fcarcef- ly one paragraph, Conveyed the true meaning of the Author, In many places, the fenfe was totally miflaken, fometimes per- verted, and the omiffions and interpolations were both fo nvn merous, and fo prejudicial to the work, that thofe who have formed their opinion of the value of Haller's Firft Lines, from any tranflation in the Englifh language, muft have form- ed an opinion of them, highly detrimental to tne well deferved reputation of the Author. In the prefent edition, with much labour, the Editor has endeavoured to correct thefe miftakes, to fupgly what was omitted, and to expunge the interpolations ; in ihort, to give Haller's Firft Lines in Englifh, The very great deviations made by the original Tranflator from the meaning of the Author, have betrayed the prefent Editor into an oppofite fault, that of making his edition more literal than perhaps is confiftent with the true idiom of the Englifh language. For this imperfection he has no other apol- ogy to offer: but for the omhTion of Dr. Wrisberg's Notes, one is neceffary. Of thefe notes, many are excellent; but as moft of them are literary, fome controverfial, and others but add anew conjecture upon points not yet underftood, and, final- ly, as they do not now fulfil their original intention of fupply- ing every difcovery made in Phyfiology fmce Haller's time, it was thought proper not to increafe the fize and price of the volume by their infertion. CONTENTS. CONTENTS. Chap. Pagi. I. Of fibre and cellular fubftance, ...... I II. Of the vefTels,........... 11 III. Of the motion of the blood through the veins and arteries, or circulation,........26 IV. Of the heart,...........3* V. Of the nature of the blood and humours of the human body,...........6o VT. Of the common offices of arteries,.....69 VII. Of fecretion,...........85 VIII. Of refpiration,..........104 IX. Of voice and fpeeeh,.........132 X. Of the brain and nerves,........142 XI. Of mufcular motion,.........186 XII. Of the fenfe of touch,.......,.201 XIII. Oftafte,............ 215 XIV. Offmell, .... *.......221 XV. Of hearing,............227 XVI. Of fight,............242 XVII. Of the internal fenfes,........ 209 XVIII. Of maftication, faliva, and deglutition, . . 288 XIX. Of the action of the ftomach on the food, . . 305 XX. Of the omentum,..........321 XXI. Ofthefpleen,........... 329 XXII. Of the pancreas,..........334 XXIII. Of the liver, gall bladder, and bile, . . - 336 XXIV. Of the fmall inteftines,.......354 XXV. Of the large inteftines, . ....... 365 XXV.* Of the chyliferous vefTels,......374 XXVI. Of the kidneys, bladder, and urine, . . . 380 XXVII. Of the male organs of generation, . . . 395 XXVIII. Of the virgin uterus,.......412 XXIX. Of conception,...........424 XXX. Of nutrition, growth, life and'death, . . .' 462 FIRST FIRST LINES OF PHYSIOLOGY. CHAP. I. FIBRE.--CELLULAR SUBSTANCE. i. r I 'HE raoft fimple parts of the human body, JL are either fluid or folid. As the fluids are of different kinds, we fhall confider each of them in its proper place; and premife the hiftory of the foiids, which are moft fimple, and the true bafis of the body, to the confideration of the other parts. n. The folid parts of animals and vegetables have this fabric in common ; that their elements, as feen by the moft powerful microfcopes, are ei- ther fibres, or laminae, or unorganized gluten. m. Fibres for the moft part, refemble lines of very minute breadth, or rather flcnder cylinders. Their moft permanent particles are demonllrated to B be FIBRE. Chap. I, be earthy, by combuftion, or long continued pu- tveficlion. iv. Thefe earthy particles derive connection and the power of cohefion, not from themfelves, but from interpofed gluten. We know this from the preceding obfervations, (in.) and the eafy experi- ment, in which a burnt hair, whofe parts hang Hill together, recovers a certain degree of iirmnels by being dipped in water or oil. Ivory and bones alfo become friable, by the extraction of their gelly. Lorg cxpofure to weather effects a fimilar change, rendering bones a true earth, abforbent and bibu- lous. But even bone, become friable from having its gelly extracted, reacquires its offecus hardnefs, v. hen that gelly is reftored. The more fimple an- imals confilt entirely of this gluten. v. Lr.iily, the chemical analyfis of bone, and hair, the gelly of bone, ivoryT, and horn, the nature of our aliments, Sec. prove, that this gluten is com- pofed or water, incorporated with oil by animal life. Nor does any other kind of gluten unite the parts of animals more ftrongly, as we fee in fize and con:iron glue. vi. The primary fimple fibre, fuch as we rather comprehend from reafon than fenfe, is compofed of earthy particles, adhering longitudinally, and con- nected by intervening and cohefive gluten. vii. But the fibres which appear primary to the fight, are of two kinds. The firft is linear, whofe length is confiderable in proportion to its breadth, and whofe elementary particles lie in a ftraight line, ?nd thus generally parsllel to thofe contiguous. We fee examples of this kind of fibre in bone, moft eafily in thofe of the foetus, and alfo in ten- dons, ligaments and mufcles, always recollectino* that the eye fees not the moft minute fibres, but only the larger ones compofed of thefe, and fimi- lar to them in ftraightneis and flendernefs. That the Chap. I. CELLULAR SUBSTANCE. 3 the ultimate fibres are perfectly fimilar, we are convinced by the microfcopes of Muys and Lecu- wenhoeck, in which the mufcular fibres, even the moft minute, appear exactly like the larger ones, and perfectly linear. viii. The fecond kind confifts of laminae, in which, a breadth often greater, is conjoined with a fliorter length. A loofe web of thefe has got the name of Cellular Tunic, though the term Tunic is on many accounts improper. ix. This cellular fubftance is compofed of an in- finite number of fmall laminae, which, by their various directions, inclofe fmall fpaces and cavities, and join all the parts of the human body, afford- ing an exteniive and firm union, with fufiicient mobility. But in this web there is the greateft di- verfity in the proportion of the folids to the cavi- ties; in the breadth and firmnefs of the laminae; in the nature of the contained liquor, which is either more watery or more oily; and in the admixture of fibres and filaments, of which there is a great quantity in fome places, as in the coats of the ar- teries, in others almoft none, as under the Ikin/ x. Of this cellular fubftance when compacted, from the lamina? concreting, and being compreffed by the action, of the incumbent mufcles, diftend- ing liquid, or other caufe, broad plates are formed, which are either rectilineal in general, and more properly called Membranes; or convoluted into cylinders and cones, with liquids flowing through their cavities, and denominated Veffels ; or extend- ing round fome place in a plane parallel to it, get the name of Tunics. That tunics are formed of cellular fubftance, is proved in the aorta, fkin, pe- ricardium, and dura mater, by ocular inflection, and efpecially by maceration. The coats of the mufcles, are alfo evidently cellular, and fimilar to ether tunics. The fame thing is alfcprovcd from the eafy change of the dartos, and the nervous b 2 membrane 4 FIBRE. Chap. L membrane of the inteftines, into cellular fubftance, by inflation ; and from the hard and thick mem- branes formed in encyfted tumors, which are mere productions of cellular texture. In the integu- ments, being very clofely compacted in continued gradation, it forms the true fkin lying under the epidermis; and being thence continued, it is at laft partly refolved into the fubcutaneous cellular texture filled with fat. xi. The vefTels which colour the tunics are an addition to the cellular fubftance, and in no wife efleitial to the nature of membrane, but fuper- added to the membrane formed of the cellular fubftance. Between the mefhes of the intefunal network of veifcls, when moft perfectly filled by the Ruyfchian art, white cellular fubftance re- mains, even then greatly exceeding the bulk of the veiTels, although being preternaturally diftend- ed, they occupy a greater fpace. But I do not know any membranes compofed of fibres interwo- ven with, and decuflating each other ; uniefs you confider as fuch the ligamentary or tendinous fibres which are fpread over true membranes. xn. Cellular fubftance is found in the human body, wherever there is a veffel or mufcular fibre, without exception, as far as I know. xiii. The other elementary fubftance of the human body, (n.) which cannot be truly called either a fibre or cellular laminae, is a mere extra- vafated gluten, concreted, not into fibres, but in the fpaces betwixt them. This is manifeft in the bones, whofe fibres are feen very diftinctly in the fcetus, with veffels running in the intervals be- tween them; fo that the fkull in every part, re- fembles a comb. This fabric is fo altered in the adult, that the intervals being filled up by fluid, extrav^iiitdd in the fpaces betwixt the fibres, as happens with the juice of madder, and the edges being Chap. I. CELLULAR SUBSTANCE. 5 brinr agglutinated, laminae are formed. The car- tinges feem to be fcarccly any thing elfe than con- creted gluten. xiv. But here the order of nature feems to be, that the fibres above mentioned (in.) are all ori- ginally formed of this gluten. That the cellu- lar fubftance (vii.) is thus formed, appears from thofe cellular fibres, produced in the thorax from concreted vapour, which joins the furface of the lungs to the pleura, and perfectly refembling the true and natural cellular fubftance, even though compacted of infpiffated pus. The fame appears alfo from a comparifon of the foetus with the adult; for, inftead of the abundant fubcutaneous cellular fubftance, the foetus has a mere jelly inter- pofed betwixt the fkin and mufcles, which have already acquired greater firmnefs ; from the mor- bid diifolution of the membranes of the mufcles into a mere gluten ; and from a fimilar change into glue of the fkin, tendons, and ligaments of animals, by means of boiling water. Clots of coagulated blood ; the fanguineous membranes of Ruyfch ; Albinus's membranes formed of mucus, polypus, filk and glue, alfo illuftrate this theory, Laftly,that the bony fibres themfelves are formed of compacted gluten, is ftiown from difeafes in which the hardeft bones, by a liquefaction of their gluten, return into cartilage, flefh, and jelly. {Similar changes are made on the bones of fifhes and other fubfLnces by Papin's digefter. xv. It feems, then, that an albuminous fluid, with a fmall portion of earth, firft concretes in- to filaments, from fome prefiure, whofe caufes we now pafs over. Thefe by the mutual attraction of cohefion, leaving, however, ipaces between them, compofe the cellular texture, after hav- ing acquired fome firmnefs from the clofcneis of the earthy particles, which follows the exrul- 6 FIBRE. Chap. I. fion of the too aqueous gluten. This fubftance, wherever its laminae are lubjected to greater pref- iure, turns into fibres and tunics ; and, laftly, with unorganized gluten (xiv.) concretes into bone. (xv.) Hence^ in general, all parts of the body, from the fofteft to the hardeft, feem to differ on- ly in the latter having more of the earthy par- ticles, and thefe more clofely compacted, with left aqueous gluten ; while in the foft parts there is lefs earth and more gluten. xvi. The cellular texture is made up of fibres and laminae (vm.) which are neither hollow nor vafcular, although it is coloured by acceffory vef- fels, but folid. The following are its chief va- rieties. In fome parts it is loofe, and formed of long and diftant liminae ; in Others thin, and compofed of fhort fibres. I find it fhorteft be- twixt the fclerotica and choroides of the eye, efpecially of animals, and betwixt the arachnoides and pia mater of the brain. I alfo find it tender, but more confpicuous, betwixt every two coats of the inteftines, ftomach, bladder, and ureters ; in the vehicles of the lungs, under the pulp of the glans penis ; and between the fmall kernels of the vifcera and glands. It is compofed of ftill longer fibres, where it accompanies the veffels, under the name of Vagina, through the vifcera, and particu- larly the liver and lungs ; and is vaftly firmer in the vciicls which go to the head and limbs. Its principal ufe is to bind together the contiguous membranes, veffels, ard fibres, in fuch a manner as to allow them a due degree of motion. But the cellular fubftance, as hitherto defcribed, hardly ever contains any fat ; but is moiftened by a wa- tery, gelatinous and fomewhat oily vapour, exhaled from the arteries, and received again into the veins. The truth of this is eafily demonftrable from injections of water, ifinglafs or oil, made in all parts of the body. When this vapour is want- 's t, <"*■ Chap. I. CELLULAR SUBSTANCE. 7 inor? the filaments cohere, and the contiguous membranes are united, with lofs of motion. xvii. The cellular texture is more lax, and form- ed of laminae rather than fibres, where it divides the mufcular fibres, even the moft minute ; where it loofely accompanies and fuftains the veffels ; and within the cavities of the bones, where it is com- pofed of bony as well as membranous laminae. That is likewife very lax, which, under the fur- face of the body, is every where interpofed be- twixt the mufcles and the fkin ; but thelaxeft of all is that which furrounds with very wide ceils the genital parts of the male. xviii. Into the empty mefhes of this cellular texture (xvn.) there is poured almoft every where, in the foetus, firft a gelly, then a grumous, and laft- ly, under the whole fkin, and in its pits, a clotted fit. This fubftance is lighter than water, infipid, inflammable, becomes folid in the cold, is found in greater quantity about the kidneys and in gra- minivorous animals ; in fifties, while alive, and probably alfo in man, nearly fluid, though apt to coagulate. In it an acid fait, almoft in the pro- portion of one-fixth, is united with oil. xix. Through this cellular texture the blood- veffels run and are divided ; from the arterial ex- tremities of which, the fat i; depofitcd and ab- sorbed by the venous. The paffage, from the ar- teries into the adipofe cells, is fo immediate and free, that they mull open by very large mouths, fince they admit injected mercury, air, water, fize, and oil, which is always very fluggifh, even in liv- ing animals. It is not fecrete.d by any long duels of particular fabric, but tranfudes on all fides through the whole extent of the artery ; infomuch that, when an artery is filled with water, there is no part of the furrounding cellular fubftance which is not moiftened. The warm fat, during the puifation of the arteries, eafilv fincis out the larnc pafiages. iLw 8 FIBRE. Chap. I. How quickly it is collected, appears from the fpeedy renovation of fatnefs after acute difeafcs. xx. But that this fat is abforbed by the veins, we are tausrht from the fudden effects which muf- o cular exercife has in confuming the fat, more ef- pecially of animals in which it abounds ; alfo from its confumption in fevers ; from the cure of dropfies, where the water effufed into the cellu- lar fubftance is in a manner abforbed and thrown out by the inteftinal tube ; and, laftly, from the venous tranfudation of water and oil, when inject- ed by the fyringe, obferved in every part of the body. Are nerves diftributed upon the adipofe cells ? It is certain they run through this fub- ftance, and every where divide in it, into the mi- nuteft filaments, fo that they can no longer be traced by the knife. That they terminate in it, is not probable ; for the fat is both infenfible and unirritable. xxi. The mefhes betwixt the laminae of the cellular membrane, are every where open, and unite in forming one continuous cavity through- out the whole body. This appears from the infla-. tion olf the fkin over all the body, which butchers, and nkcwife the furgeons of Ethiopia, effect by a fingle wound ; from emphyfema, in which the air received by a wound of the fkin, being retained, caufes a fw el ling throughout the whole body ; from the pailage of bodies, put under the fkin, to a place remote from that at which they entered ; from the paflage of pus, from an inflamed place to remote ulcers ; and, finally, from difeafes, in which water depofited in all the cellular fub- ftance of the body, is completely evacuated by a fingle incifion. That none of the cellular tex^ ture is excepted, appears from a cafe of emphy- fema in which the vitreous body of the eye itfelf was inflated ; and from a difeafe, in which the gelatinous Chap. I. CELLULAR SUBSTANCE. 9 gelatinous ferum of a dropfy was transfufed even into the cavernous bodies of the penis. xxii. The great importance of this cellular fubftance will be evident to all who confider, that from it alone proceeds the due firmnefs and lia- bility of all the arteries, nerves, and muicular fibres, and confequently of all the flefh and vifcera formed of thefe : but even the figures of the parts, their juft length, cavities, curvatures, flexures, depend entirely on the cellular membrane, being in fome places of a laxer, and in others of a denfer fabric : for when divided, every part is lengthened and collapfes. Of this fubftance, with veffels, nerves, mufcular. and tendinous fibres, (a great part of which are however formed of it,) all the vifcera, all the mufcles, glands, ligaments and cap- fules, are compofed; on it alone, and its different length, tenfion, quantity or proportion, the diver- fity of our glands and vifcera depends ; and, laft- ly, it certainly conftitutes by far the greateft part of the body itfelf, if indeed the whole be not formed of cellular filaments of this kind. xxm. It poffeffes a contractile power, different from irritability, which, though not demonftrable by experiments, difpofes the cellular fibre to fhort- en itfelf, though for the moft part flowly, after having been ftretched. This power, excited by cold, renders the fkin rigid ; raifes the hairs ; draws up the fcrotum ; and, after geftation, re- ftcres the fkin of the abdomen, and the uterus, to their former fize. The fame force, by a gentle but continual contraction, promotes the fecretion of fat of the liquors of the fubcutaneous and oth- er glands, and of pus : in the veins and recepta- cles, it refills dilatation ; and, when that is taken off, it regains its former fhoitnefs. In the fetus, this gentle force is among the principal caufes of the changes that happen to the body. xxiv. ro FIBRE. Chap. I. xxiv. The ufes of the fat are various : it every where facilitates the motions of the mufcles, lef- fens their attrition, and prevents rigidity: it fills up the fpaces between the mufcles, and the cavi- ties about many of the vifcera, in fuch a manner, that it readily yields to their motions, and yet fupports them when at reft : it principally confti- tutes the weight of the body ; conducts and de- fends the veffels : it uniformly diftends the fkin ; ferves as a cufliion to the body, and renders the whole comely : it probably, by mixing with fome humours^bates their acrimony : it has a princi- pal fhare in forming the bile ; and, by tranfuding through the cartilaginous incruftations of the bones, it mixes with the articular liquid, and by abforption, it lubricates their fibres : by exhaling through the pores of the fkin, it refills the drying fharpnefs of the air; alfo, by exhaling in a living perfon from the mefentery, mefocolon, omentum, and round the kidneys, it lubricates the furfaces of the vifcera with a bland vapour ; and, by being interpofed, prevents their concretion. xxv. The fat is depofited into the cells during fleep, reft of body and mind, and diminifhed force of circulation. When collected in too great a quan- tity, it proves injurious ; by compreiTmg the veins ; and, impeding the action of the heart, it produces afthma, apoplexy and dropfy. The fame humour is taken up by the veins ; and, being more rapidly moved along the arteries, by violent exercife, ve- nery, watchings, cares of the mind, falivation, diarrhoea, fever, fading, it is carried beyond the excretory pores : it is confumed by fuppuration. When reftored to the blood, it increafes acute difeafes, tinges the urine, and forms a part of its fediment. After being fuddenly confumed, it is foon renewed again from healthy humours : but, in a languid habit, a gelly, inftead of fat, is depo- fited into the cells, caufing anafarca, and external hydrocele. 'CHAP. Chap. II. VESSELS. a CHAP. II. VESSELS. xxvi. T^HE membranes will be better defcribed |_. fingly. There are many things common to the arteries. They are long extended cones, de- creafing according to the number of their branches. But where arteries run for fome length, without fending off large branches, their convergency is not very evident, if any ; and at length, where they are called capillaries, and wherever they give paffage to a fingle globule, they are either cylin- drical, or diminifh very imperceptibly ; their tranf- verfe fections are every where and without excep- tion circular, when the artery is full. Where they fend off large branches, the caliber is fuddenly diminifhed, infomuch that they may be reckoned a chain of cylinders, of which every one is narrower than the preceding. If you reckon them cones, then the bafis of the cone,common to all the arteries is in one or other of the ventricles of the heart; and the apex of the cone, either in the beginning of a vein, or in the beginning of the cylindrical part of the artery, or unlefs it is cylindrical, in an exhaling veffel. In fome places they feem to di- late ; a? leaft they certainly become wider, after they have been filled and dillended with wax ; poflibly from fome obftruction which caufes the in- jected wax to diftend that part of the artery more than the reft. Examples of this kind we have in the vertebral artery, at the bafis of the fkull; in the fplenic ; in the flexure of the carotid, according to Mr. Cowpcr's injections ; and, laftly, unlefs I be much deceived, in the fpsrm:\:ic arteries. ^ In all places, likewife, where the ramifications begin, the diameter of the artery is a little increafed. XXVII. 13 VESSELS. Chap. II. xxvn. There is no external coat proper and common to all arteries. They derive an exter- nal and merely incumbent integument, in the thorax from the pleura, and in the abdomen from the pe- ritonaeum. In the neck, arm, and thigh, a fort of thicker cellular fubftance furrounds the arteries. The membrane of the pericardium, which on all fides encircles the aorta, returns back with the veffels to the heart. The dura mater imparts a capfule to the carotid, as it paffes out of the fkull. But the firft true membrane of the arterial tube, is every where cellular, and fometimes adipofe as in the thorax. xxvin. The external furface of this cellular coat is of a loofer texture, coloured by a great many fmall veins and arteries, and permeated by nerves not very minute. It is fometimes fo abundant, that its external layers feem hardly to belong to the arte- ry, but appear like an extraneous texture added to it. It is of this appearance in the neck, and round the inguinal, fubclavian, mefenteric, cceliac, and hepatic arteries, being chiefly compofed of long filaments. Thefe are the Vaginae of the Arteries, of fome eminent men. xxix. As this cellular coat advances more inward- ly, and nearer to the cavity of the artery, it becomes more denfe, folid, and fibrous, and may be called a proper coat of the artery. That there is no tendi- nous coat of the arteries diftinct from this cellular fubftance, is evident from maceration, by which the inmoft ftratum of this arterial tunic becomes cel- lular. xxx. Within the former, and nearer the cavity of the artery, we find fibres, in general orbicular; re- coiie.ting, however, that no fibre anywhere makes a complete circle; but that many of them conjoin- ed, with their extremities turned off fideways, feem to form one ring. Thefe fibres, in the larger trunk:-:,form many ftrat a.fufncientiy apparent from their Chap. IL VESSELS. 13 their reddifh colour and folidity ; but in the fmall- cr arteries they are by degrees more difficult to dcmonftrate, and feem to be wanting in the arteries of fmall animals. I have never obferved them longitudinal. Under this membrane, but more difficult to demonftrate, is an exceedingly fhort cellular texture, into which the tophaceous matter is poured when an artery oflifies. xxxi. The inner moft coat of the artery is thin, and finely polifhed by the current of blood; it covers with an uninterrupted lining the flefhy fibres, which are not fufliciently continuous, and prevents the blood from infinuating itfelf into the intervals. It is every where fmooth and with- out valves ; although, from a fort of mechanical neceffity, fometimes certain folds, raifed into a fe- micircle at the origin of branches, project, as we fee, at the branches fent off from the arch of the aorta. Yet, in arteries of the vifcera, the inner- moft coat is fofter, lax, wrinkled, and almoft fri- able, efpecially in the ductus arteriofus. xxxn. The arteries themfelves have arteries, particularly in their external cellular coat, fpring- ing on all fides from the adjacent fmall arteries, numerous, branchy, reticular, all very minute, even in the foetus, without injection, very numerous. Nerves every where defcend, for a great way along the furface of the arteries, and vanifh in the cellu- lar fubftance ; of which we have examples in the external and internal carotids, and arch of the aorta. From thefe, do not the arteries derive a contractile fpaftic force, different from fimple elaf- ticity ? Do not fevers, faintings, palfy with atro- phy, and the paflions of the mind, prove fomething like this ? But arteries are infenfible and unirrita- ble; and if they are conftricted by poifons, they have that property in common with the dead fkin. xxxin. The fedions of arteries are circular, be- caufe they are elafuc ; this is the reafon why, even from i4 VESSELS. Chap. II. from the fmall arteries of the teeth, haemorrhages are fometimes fatal. The aorta, indeed, in the thorax and abdomen, the carotids in the neck, and fome other arteries of the dead body, when not diftended, appear flat; but their round figure, and circular fection, are always reftored by injec- tion. By their elafticity, arteries ftrongly com- prefs the finger that dilates them, and more tight- ly in the dead than in the living body. In the living body, indeed, it yields to the action of the heart; but when the heart is relaxed, inftantly contra&s, and regains its former diameter; this conftitutes the pulfe, whofe full explication will properly follow the hiftory of the heart; at pre- fent, it is fufticient to fay, that all arteries pulfate, although the fyftole and diaftole can be perceived by the finger, only in the larger, not in the fmaller ones ; and though in the ultimate inflections of the arteries, it almoft vanifhes ; for, by an increafed motion of the blood, even the fmaller arteries beat violently, as we fee in inflammations. They con- tract lengthwife ftrongly, and are rendered fhorter when cut entirely acrofs. xxxiv. The ftrength of the arteries is confider- able enough: but the denfe, hard texture of the outer cellular coat, as it refufes to yield to a cllf- tending force, breaks without much difficulty, al- moft more eafily than the coats of the veins ; hence arife aneurifms. The trunks are almoft every where weaker, and the branches ftronger, fo that the impulfe of the blood mayr have confiderable ef- fect upon the former, while in the limbs it has ve- ry little. Hence, aneurifms, are moft frequent near the heart. In the lower extremities, the ftrength of the arteries, and of the veins, is increaf- ed, as well as in the fecreting organs. xxxv. Nature has diilributed arteries over the \vl10i2 animal body, excepting a few membranes, v. here the-/ havc not vet been demonllrated. But flie Chap. II. VESSELS. *5 Hie has difpofed of the trunks every where in pla- ces of fafety, becaufe wounds cannot happen to the fmall ones without danger, or to the large ones without lofs of life. The fkin has numerous fhort and fmall twigs ; but the larger trunks, defended by the fkin and mufcles, creep near the bones. In general, the arteries are in proportion to the parts of the body to which they are fent, yet lar- ger branches go to the fecretory organs, fpieen and brain ; and fmaller ones to the mufcular parts. xxxvi. The proportion of the folid part of an artery to its cavity, is not every where the fame, nor is it conftant even in the fame artery. This proportion, in the firft place, is leaft of all at the heart, and increafes as the arteries remove farther from it. Secondly, in a full fed plethoric animal, whofe blood paffes freely, and with great force, through its arteries, the proportion of the folid part is lefs than in a famifhed extenuated creature, whofe blood moves feebly. xxxvn. From each arterial trunk, branches are fent forth, and from thefe again proceed fmaller ramifications by repeated divifions, of which you will fcarcely find the end, though you may, per- haps, trace a feries of twenty. The calibers of any two branches taken together, always exceed that of the trunk from whence they come, in nearly a fefquilateral proportion, or fomewhat lefs. In the capillaries this law does not obtain, and the fum of the calibers of the branches, does not exceed that of the trunk. The fmalleft ar- teries which tranfmit a fingle globule, have near- ly the fame diameter with a globule, that is, the three thoufandth part of an inch. Every trunk, above its divifion, expands a little. The angles, at which the branches go out, are generally a- cute, either half right angles or nearly fo; which angle, even in mechanics, carries projectiles far- theft, lnflances of their going off at right angles, or iG VESSELS. Chap. IL or nearly fo, we have in the lumbar and intercof- tal arteries; of a retrogade courfe, we have one inftance in the coronaries of the heart, and another in the fpinal arteries, which are produced by the vertebrals, and feveral in thofe of the limbs, as in the tibial and brachial. But moft of thofe w hich are efteemed retrograde, are fent off, at their ori- gin, at acute angles ; fuch as the afcending artery of the pharynx, the defcending one of the palate, the umbilical and mammary arteries, and the nu- tritious ones of the large bones. Befides, it is com- mon for larger branches to arife under lefs angles, and fmaller ones under greater angles. It is rare that two arteries of a large diameter run together into one trunk. An example of this, however, exifts in the artery formed of the vertebrals. In the fmaller ones it is frequent, as in both the fpi- nal arteries, and that of the fincipital foramen* In many parts, they have repeated flexures, fo that the artery undulates around a ftraight line, in al- ternate obtufe angles. This happens moft fre- quently wherever the diameter of the part to which the artery goes, is occafionally much increafed, as in the large inteftines, womb, face, fpleen, lips, and iris. Even the ftraight arteries in other pla- ces, if too much diftended, fall into ferpentine flexure*. Sometimes they are fuddenly twilled into a kind of circle, as the carotids under the mam miliary procefs. xxxvin. They are frequently conjoined by in- termediate branches, in fuch a manner, that the twig of one artery fhall run to meet one of the fame kind, from a neighbouring artery, and unite with it into one trunk. We find inftances of this„ in large trunks in the inteftines, among the middling on.es in the kidneys, womb, kc. and among the fmaller ones in all parts of the body; fo that there is no part of the human 1-oJy, in which the neighbouring arterial branches, whether Chap. IL VESSELS. '7 whether of the fame or of different denominations, are not joined by intermediate branches. Of cir- cles formed by arteries diverging laterally, and uniting again with each other, we have inilances in the eye and brain. The extremeties of the arte- ries which are either cylindrical or nearly fo, fend off fmaller branches, which, in the fame extent, are more numerous, and are generally reticular ; fo that each branch, by its fmaller twigs, forms ana- flomofes with thofe of its neighbouring branches : and thus we find it in all membranes. By this means it happens, that, though the paffage from the heart to any part of an artery be obftructed, the blood may neverthelefs flow through the neighbour- ing arteries into all the branches of the obftructed one. Thus, gangrene and langour are very power- fully prevented, and obftructions are more eafily refolved by the repulfion of the obflacics into the larger part of the trunk. xxxix. Laftly, the minute arteries terminate in veins, either by a continuation of their canals, fo that the ultimate little artery, which is general- ly reflected, having paffed the angle of its re- flection, has now become a fmall vein ; or elfe a branch, fent out at right angles from the artery, is inferted under alike angle into the branch of a fmall vein. Both thefe kinds of mechanifm are demon- ftrated to us by the microfcope, and by the eafy re- turn through the veins, of injections thrown into the arteries. Thefe veffels are fometimes large enough to receive feveral globules, and fometimes admit on- ly one. A large artery never terminates in a vein. xl. In the vifcera we do not find their diftribu- tion fo truly reticular but varied, the fmall branches defcending, crowded together, brufhy, arbufcular, parallel to the trunk, ferpentine or villous, accord- ing to the various natures of the parts. xli. Sometimes the arteries end in another man- ner, namely, by beingconvei ted into vefiels of i'mall- C er 1$ VESSELS. Chap. IL er orders. Thefe are fometimes continuous with the arteries and are real trunks, as in the oph- thalmic artery, if you examine the arteries of the tunica choroides, then the circle of the uvea, and laftly, the colourlefs ones of the iris. That a network of pellucid arteries is continuous with the red branches in the tunica conjunctiva, is evident from inflammation, and the rednefs of the part when relaxed by vapour, or by cupping, from in- jection, and the microfcopical observations of Lie- berkuhn upon frogs, in which colourlefs globules were feen to pafs from red arteries into lateral veffels. In a fabric of this kind, the red blood is cafily forced into the fmaller veffels. xlii. In other places the fmaller veffels feem to proceed laterally from the trunks of the leaft fan- guiferous arteries, as branches fmaller than the trunks. Thefe are called Excretory Ducts. It is with difficulty that thefe are filled through the red veffels ; of this we have, however, examples in the kidneys, the liver, and breafts- And the blood, when vitiated, penetrates the excretory ducts of the whole body without hurting the veffels, fince that aberration has no bad confequence. xliii. Another termination of arteries is in ex- haling veffels ; and this is frequent in all parts of the body. The whole fkin, all the membranes of the human body which inclofe any cavity, all the ventricles of the brain, both chambers of the eye, all the adipofe cells and pulmonary veficles, the whole cavity of the ftomach and inteftinal tube and air paflages, are all of them replenifhed with exhaling arteries of this kind. Thefe emit a thin,. watery, gelatinous humour, which, by flagna- tion, congeftion, and accumulation, from difeafe or death, is converted into a watery, but coagulable lymph. The truth of this is eafily demonflrable from the exudation that enfues from injecting the arteries with warm water. In fome places, in* deed, Chap. lit VESSELS; *9 deed, they pour out, not a thin vapour, but blood itfelf, as we fee in the heart, the cells of the penis, urethra, clitoris, and nipple of the female breaft ; in all which the blood itfelf is poured out in its natural ftate. Is not every fecretion in true glands or crypto, analogous to this exhaling fabric ? xliv. In every part of the human bodyr, do vef- fels arifing from the fanguiferous ones, but carry- ing a humour thinner than blood, again fend out other fmaller veffels, to be fubdivided into ftill lefs orders ? We feem, indeed, not to want ex- amples of this, as pointed out by men of eminence. That the aqueous humour is fecreted by minute veffels, generated from the colourlefs arteries of the iris, is very probable* That the red coloured veffels in the cortical fubftance of the brain, by the intervention of another order of veffels, fepa- rate a juice pervading the medullary fubftance, is almoft certain. Eryfipelas, and the yellow inflam- mation, arifing from the yellow or ferous globules impacted into fmaller veflels, fuggeft the fame opinion. xlv* Are there then yellow arterial veffels of a fecond order, which fend off lymphatic ones of a thirdj from whence, by degrees, ftill lefs kinds of veffels branch out ? Such a fabric does not feem agreeable to the eafy tranfition of blood, mercury, or wax, into the exhaling, perfpirative, uriniferous and adipofe veffels and pulmonary cells ; nor is it very difficult for the blood to ftray into the lactif- erous, lymphatiCj and lachrymal veffels, whither it fliould feem not able to penetrate, if it went through any other intermediate vafcular fyflem, fmaller than the blood-globules. Nor is this opi- nion admiffible, from the great retardation which muft arife to the humours in a third, and much more in inferior orders of veffels- xlvi. The Veins, in many particulars, refera- ble the arteries. There are fix, of which two an- fwer to the aorta, and the remaining; four to the e 2 pulmonary 20 VESSELS. Chap. IL pulmonary artery. Their bafis is in the ventricles of the heart, and their apices in the extremity of each branch, through all parts of the body, ex- cepting one inftance, in the liver. In mofl parts, they run parallel with the arteries, contiguous to them ; but they differ in various refpects. xlvii. The fabric of the veins is thin, every where fmooth, difficultly feparable into membranes; of which the inmoft is like that of the arteries, and round it is a condenfed, but very eafily dif- i ended, cellular membrane, furrounded in a fingle inftance, above and below the heart, with tranf- verfe mufcular fibres. The cellular fubftance, which connects them to the reft of the body, is, however, like that of the arteries,every where very lax. Notwithftanding this flender fabric, the veins are every where fufficiently firm, and do not eafily bur ft when inflated with air ; being, in moft in- ilances, ftronger than the arteries themfelves. But they burft more eafily in man while alive, as ap- pears from morbid inftances in the leg, arm, face, &c. Nor do they fupport themfelves after being divided, but collapfe fo as to make their apertures appear like flits ; unlefs they be prevented by fome ftrong cellular fubftance placed round them, as we fee in the liver and womb. They are mod- erately irritable, and not by ftimuli alone, unlefs they be chemical; but, in that cafe, they contract more than the arteries. They have no puifation, unlefs, if we may truft all accounts, when the ve- nous channel is fomewhere obftructed; or when, in dying people, the blood is thrown back again from the right auricle into the defcending and afcend- ing cava, or falls back from the brain. xl vm. The veins are much larger than their cor- refponding arteries, having the fquare of their dia- meter often double or triple that of the latter ; and fometimes almoft quadruple,as near the root of, and in the veffels of the kidneys. In general, however, the Chap. II. VESSELS. 21 the diameter of the veins is to that of the arteries as nine to four ; yet the capacity of the capillary veins but little exceeds that of the arteries which accompany them. They differ likewife from the arteries in their divifion, having more numerous trunks and branches ; for to one artery in the limbs we ufually meet with two veins. The lar- ger veins are alfo more reticulated, and unite by more frequent anaftomofes, not only of the fmall branches, but even of the large trunks, occurring every where amongfl the neighbouring veins, up- per with lower, and right with left. They prefer the furface of the body ; and through the limbs, neck, and head, they run a long way, perfectly cu- taneous, which is very rarely the cafe with arte- ries ; from which, on that account, they feparate. Then the veins follow the furface, without a cor- refponding artery, which, in the mean time, runs at a confiderable depth, attended by fome fmaller venous branch. In the fmaller branches, and membranous reticulations, and in the internal fa- bric of the vifcera, the veins and arteries common- ly run contiguous. The veins are generally lefs tortuous. xnx. In the larger fanguiferous veins, valves are found in great numbers. The innermoft mem- brane rifes double into the cavity of the vein, in the manner of a curtain, and being on either fide extended deeper along the courfe of the vein, forms> what may be called its cornicles : but the bain, where it arifes from the vein in the fhape of a fegment of a circle, is ftronger, and conftitutes i-s agger. With the fides of the vein as it pro- ceeds, they inclofe a curtained fpace, of which the exterior fide is the vein itfelf, and the interior the valve, which by its convexity projects into the cav- ity of the vein. The bafis of this almoft parabo- lic fpacc, or the mouth of the valvular cavity of the veins, always looks towards the heart. Miity a:e 22 VESSELS, Chap. II, are found in all the fubcutaneous veins of the limbs, in thofe of the neck, face, tongue, and in the veins of the penis : at the origin of the larger branches, there arc two, three, four, and fometimes five of \hem together, which, however, is rare : in the fmaller branches they arc fingle. There are none in the veins of the deep feated vifcera; and, therefore, none in the brain, lungs, heart, or liver, or in the whole fyftem of the vena portarum, or in the kidneys or womb, (except one or two valves in the fpermatic vein ;) or, laftly, in thofe fmaller Veins, which are lefs than a line in diame- ter. Sometimes, though rarely, they have been feen in the vena azygos. In the cava, at the mouths of the hepatic and renal veins, I have obferved a fort of wrinkles in their place. In the fmaller branches, the folitary valves are long and very acutely parabolical, almoft proportionately longer as the vein is fmaller. Thefe feem to op-! pofe the reflux of the blood more powerfully than the larger ones. l. The origin of the veins we noticed in fpeak- ing of the arteries. They arife continuous from minute arteries, by inferted branches, or the re- flection of a trunk. Others, again, are either continue:! from veins of inferior orders, or receive aclch'ticns and roots from them; as, for inftance, in the lymphatic veffels and thoracic duct. Others of a bibulous kind take their origin from the ab- fcrbing veins difperfed over the whole body, in the cavides of the eyes, inteftines, breaft, perito- neum, pericardium, and ventricles of the brain. Kence the venous exudation, eafiiyimit able over the whole human body, by injecting the venous trunks with an aqueous liquor ; hence water, jelly, or oil, pafsirom the vena portarum into the cavity of the inteftines ; hence water, injected into the abdomen pf a li ving animal, quickly difappears. But of thefe things Chap II. VESSELS. ^3 things we fhall fpeak again more fully in their proper places. li. Little different are thofe veins which arife from every part of the cellular membrane, and car- ry back to the mafs of blood, dropfical waters, moift vapours, diffolvedfat, extravafated and corrupting blood, and the poifon of opium introduced into the cellular texture ; or bring back the blood itfelf from the cellular fabric of the penis, clitoris, or nipples of the breafls, after the venereal orgafm. That, into all the glands, veins of this kind open, is highly probable, which, by abforbing the thin- ner humour, leave the remaining mafs of a thicker confiftence, as, for example, the bile, fperm, mu- cus, &c. lh. That there are fmaller orders of veins, as of arteries, refembling thofe which convey blood, appears from experiments. Thus, in the eye there are the fmall veins of the iris, and not a few trunks in the adnata ; and, without doubt, veins return from the vitreous humour, which, in health, are pellucid. liii. But, in moft parts of the human body, other veins are found, full of a reddifh, yellowifh, or al- moft pellucid liquor, coagulable by heat ; formed of a very tender coat, and excitable by chemical fti- muli. They are intercepted by double valves, for the moft part fo very frequently, that they almoft feem jointed when they are turgid. By degrees uniting, either the whole or greateQ: part of them meet in the thoracic duct. They arife from the cellular texture throughout the whole body, as I had long ago learned of the lactiferous veffels of the breafts, the vafa efferentia of the tefticles, and, laftly, of the lymphatics originating from the mefenteric glands ; and is now fhewn of the lymphatic veflels of the tef- ticles, fpleen, and other parts. From analogy, and from the analogy of difeafes, efpecialiy of drop- fy, vvc are induced to believe, that they arife like- 24 VESSELS. Chap. II. wife from the large cavities of the body ; nor is it contrac'ictory to mnpofe, that this kind of veffels receive a thin humour from very minute veins. But ail the lymphatics, in their courfe, meet with a peculiar kind of glands, called Conglobate, into which they enter, having become arterial by the conveigence of the venous cones, and dividing into branches ; and again iflue from them, to unite into new trunks. liv. thefe glands themfelves confift of lympha- tic veffels, connected by cellular texture, into which a fluid brought by the arteries, exfudes, and from which it is "taken up by the veffels which carry away the lymph. Thcy~ are covered with a contin- uous membrane, generally of an oval fhape, wheth- er they are fimple or compound; and they follow the courfe of the larger blood-vcflels; efpecially of the veins, through the whole trunk of the body, to the inicrtions of the limbs ; running along the jugular an el fubclavian veins, the vena cava fiipe- rior, the afpera arteria, gullet, lumbal vena cava, vena porta, the iliac, hypogaftric, crural and popli- teal veins, and likewife the veffels of the ftomach, fpleen, n efentery, and mefocolon. lv. They are found on the furface of the vifce- ra, in the thorax and abdomen ; and more eafily in brutes : in the lower part of the face, mufcles of the tongva and parts adjacent, in the neck, and thofe parts of the upper limbs which are neareft tire trunk, 25 far as the bending of the elbow ; throughout the whole length of the anterior and poftcvior mcdiaftir.um,and wherever we find con- globate glandules, either in the neck or thorax ; in the whole lumbal region that is contiguous to the aorta ; in the m<.'.ocoh->n,relvis.. velfels and furface of the tchicle : and in the- lower limbs, wherever they are flipphedwith conglo' vde glandules, as far as the knees. Whether they extend further, and exift in ever) part of the body, in the brain? c\ e, hand, Chap. II. VESSELS. *$ foot, back, fore part of the peritonaeum, &c. is not confirmed by fufficiently accurate or numerous ob- fervations on the human body. They are every where found on the furfaces of the vifcera. They are almoft every where collected into bundles, which lie not far from the large blood-veffels. Thofe from the inferior limbs, pelvis, and loins, run into one duct, which is joined by another bundle coming from the liver,fpleen,and ftomach; and that trunk, at length, becomes the thoracic duct. The fuperior veffels, from the whole extent of the breaft, the head, and fuperior limbs,empty themfelves into the fame duct towards its upper extremity. They feem, however, likewife to terminate in the red veins. lvi. Of what fervice thefe glands are to the lym- phatic veffels is not yet well known. In the foetus, as well as the thymus and glanduke renales, they are turgid with a milky liquor ; but it is not certain that this fluid is poured out into the cellular fpaces. It is however rendered probable by late experiments, that in thefe glands fome kind of fluid is prepared which is mixed with the lymph ; fince thin fluids, injected into the arteris, enter the lym- phatic veffels. In the progrefs of life, this fluid van- ifhes ; and the glands themfelves, being dried up, almoft difappear. The very frequent fchirrofities in thefe glands feem to indicate, that the motion of the fluid palling through them is retarded. lvii. Their valves (liii.) are compofed of two femicircular membranes, which give way to the fluid that goes toward the larger trunks ; and by applying themfelves to the fides of the veffel, leave a free paffagc. But the fame valves, if the liquor return from a larger trunk towards the fmaller branches, being filled, fwell, expand, and fhut up the tube, CHAP, ts CIRCULATION. Chap. III. CHAP. III. er the circulation or motion of the bloo» THROUGH THE ARTERIES AND VEINS. lviii. 'THHE arteries and veins hitherto defcri- X bed, contain either blood or lymph. The red blood, whofe nature we fhall explain when we treat of fecretion, fills the arteries and veins commonly known, which we call red, or thofe of the firft order, and which have their origin in the heart. Thefe it fills, in a living perfon, in fuch a manner that at one time they are very loofely and imperfectly diftended by it, and at another, they are rendered very full and turgid. After death, the veins are found very full of blood ; but occa- fionally, the fmall veins, chiefly fome time after death, have been found diftended with air. .The arteries in the dead body, commonly contain only a fmall quantity of blood. lix. This blood is rapidly moved through all the veffels of the living body. The truth of which is demonftrated by wounds, from which, even a mor- tal lofs of as much blood as is neceffary for the main* tenance of life quickly enfues, almoft inftantly from the larger arteries, and fometimes very mddenly from the fmaller ones, but more difficultly from the veins, unlefs very large; yet are there not want- ing inftances of fatal hemorrhages from wounds of the vein in the inner corner of the eye, or of that under the tongue, Laftly, experiments made upon living animals, fufficiently prove the power- ful impulfe with which the blood is moved, partic^ ularly through the arteries. In the large arteries it runs moft fwiftly; in the fmall ones, fomewhat flower. In the large veins, the blood moves more fiowiv than in the arteries, in the fame proportion &$ the calibers of the arteries are lei's than thofe of the Chap. Ill, CIRCULATION. c7 the veins, almoft twice or thrice. Another argu- ment is derived from the compreflion and relaxa- tion of a vein, by which the motion of the blood is promoted from valve to valve. This motion in the veins, is equable enough ; but, in the arteries, it is alternately greater, fo that the veffel at one inftant rebounds ftrongly, and at the next is relaxed. This is confirmed in living animals by ocular inflection. lx. The direction of the motion of the blood through the red veffels, is fhewn by experiments^ of this* kind. Firft, it is certain, that all the arte- ries and veins communicate ; becaufe, from one, and often a fmall artery, and fometimes alfo from a vein, all the blood fhall be difcharged, even cauf, ing death and extreme pallidity of the whole flefli, not only of the limb wounded, but of the whole body, Fatal examples have occurred from arteries of the noftrils, gums, fingers, teeth, from a cuta- neous pore, lachrymal point, cupping, and the bite of a leech, There muft therefore be paffages by which the blood fpeedily flows from the venous Into the arterial fyftem, lxi. That the blood, again, in the arteries, flows from the heart toward the extreme parts of the body, is proved by the microfcope, and by tying up the artery of a living animal. For if an artery be flopped by a ligature, a fwelling enfues in that part betwixt the heart and the ligature, whilft the other part beyond the ligature, and more re-, mote from the heart, becomes empty, has no puL fation, nor, if wounded, bleeds. The effect of a ligature is alfo produced by difeafe ; as when fome tumor, by compreflion, or an aneurifm, intercepts the motion of the heart. Experiments have been made on moft of the arteries even by myfelfi, Sometimes anaftomofes, or the efcape of the blood by fome channel into a neighbouring branch, and the retroceflion of the blood in a dying animal, feem exceptions, lxh, qS CIRCULxVTION. Chap. III. lxii. There have been doubts with regard to the motion of the venous blood, and all the an- cients were perfuaded, that the blood flowed alfo in the veins from the heart, or certainly from the liver, to all parts of the body. Few have difcovcred the error : feveral, indeed, in the pulmonary vein : in the vena cava, fewer ; perhaps only Andreas Cae- falpinus, and as an uncommon appearance, Vefalius. lxiii. Harvey firft eflablifhed, by experiments, the courfe of the venous blood which returns from every part to the heart, fo as to remove every