KiV :*'*»" i m .r'.Am $$M W- £r m ISr-F. \M >m «! : 1 lii UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WASHINGTON, DC. GPO 16—67244-1 V S.UMM A R V, HISTORICAL and POLITICAL, Of the firft Planting, progreffive Improve- ments, and prefent State of the Britijk Settlements in North-America. By William Douglass, M. D. GY3GY*) Vol. II. Part^JL H ? stori\n s, like fwrn Evidences in Courts of Law, ought to deelart &e whole Truth (fo far as comes'to their Knowledge)and nothing •If the Truth. B O S T O . N i:. • .. • > PrintedanJStld h Daniel Fowlb in Queeh-Street ; where may be bad the firft Volume bound or ftitcVd. MJo fomc odd Hum- it rs to compttat imperftft Setts. 1751. .**« 4- CONTENTS Of Vol. II. PART I. JTtroduttion i Treaty with Abnaquie Indians 3 Voia-Scotia Affairs continued 7 , 11-Breton Affairs continued 9 '• j"'-.**aper Currencies, continued 13 [ ; t&ajTacbufetts-Bay hurt by } VjSb----Admiyiftration J *7 .)'< Plan of this Summary Vovinceof New-Hampshire 22 'taimsin Property and Jurisdiction jHpkV Digreffion concerning < « Colony Legiflatures k Difpute between the Gover»»<»«- und Repre- icntatives dr't.fb and #•*«<■£ Claims in America Legiflature & Courts of Judicature Produce, Trade, and Na- vigation Miscellanies A Digreffion of America Timber and NavalStores \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 22 33 35 73 43 48 5° 51 52 A Colony of Rhode-Island. 76 The,(undry original Set- ) der^ents J Government or Jurisdiction Paper Cnrrencies, continued The Numbers of People \ and Valuations j jjhundaries of the Colony 77 87 89 90 Courts of Judicature 94 Produce, Trade, & Navigation 98 Pretenfions tp a further ) extent of Jurifdiclion J A Cafe of Minifterial Lands Valuations, continued Paper Currencies, continued Metalick Ores Digreffion concerning 1 Religious Sectaries J Societies for propagating 1 Religion 5 Mifcellanies 102 104 107 107 108 112 119 '57 Colony of Connecticut. 158 The original voluntary AfTociations Boundaries Trade and Navigation The Charter Legislature and Courts of Judicature Rates and Taxes Militia & Number of People 178 Produce, Manufactures 1 and Trade } Conneclicut Cellege Mountains and Rivers Paper Currencies, continued Abftraft of fomeof theirLaws 193 A Digreffion of Grain, Grazing, &c. Concerning the natural Hiftory of N. England Mifcellanies J .58 160 162 164 166 177 180 183 190 192 203 209 219 Province CONTENTS Province of New-York. 220 The Englifh Conqueft of New-Netherlands and confirmed by theDutch to England Boundaries Britijh and .Frar^CIaims in North-America con- tinued The five great inland Lakes, the Neiv-Tork fix Nations of Indians Its Iflands, and Corpora- tion Towns Their French zxAlndian Wars Succeffive Governors of \ the Province J Legiflature and fome pe- 1 culiar Laws ) Paper Currencies, continued Courts of Judicature Produce, Manufactures, \ Trade and Navigation 3 } 221 224 226 235 236 240 246 250 zsi 250 257 Mountains and Rivers it Mifcellanies 2°2 Province of New-Jersey. 267 Several Transfers of Pro perty and of Jurifdiclion A Digreffion concerning Indian Grants, and Pro- prietor Quit-R^ents in the Colonies DiSputes in this Province concerning Property which have occasioned much Confufion Mountains and Rivers Inhabitants and Valuations Succeffive Governors Legislature and Some Municipal Laws Courts of Judicature Produce, Manufactures, Trade and Navigation Mifcellanies 1 } } } 267 275 277 282 286 286 290 293 293 294 A Summary, Hiftorical and Political, of the firft Planting, progreflive Improve- ments, and prefent State of the Britijk Settlements in North-America. VOL. II. Part I. A Supplement to the firft Volume ; And Introduction to the fecond Volume. TH E Writer of this Hiftorical Summary, does not affect a ftudied Elegancy. This is a plain Narrative of inconteftible Facts delivered with Freedom, a Collection or Common-Piace of many Years Obfervations, defigned at firft only for the Writer's private Amufement or Remembrancer ; but at the Defire of fome Friends it is publifiied for the Benefit of the Publick, and for the Ufe of future Hiftorians, Deui Nobis bac otia fecit. As the Writer is independent, being in no publick Office, no Ringleader of any Party or Faction ; what he writes, may be deemed impartial: If Facts related in Truth offend any Governor, Commo- dore, or other great Officer, he will not renounce Im- partiality and become Sycophant. Vol. II. B As 2 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. As this Summary has been difcontinued many Months, From an * Incident which may in Courfe be mentioned by Way of a Digreffional Amufement ; I find myfelf inclined to continue the Hiftory of fundry Affairs down to this Time April 1750. I. The Naval Affairs upon the Continent Coaft of Britijh North America;. Here f ends (a Peace being concluded at Aixla Chapelle) our Naval Wars with France and Spain upon the Coaft of North-America -, the Peace of Aix la Chapelle was figned Oblober 7th. 1748, and proclaimed in Boslon, May 10. 1749. In Autumn 1747. Commodore ##—les arrived in the Harbour of Bofton with a Squadron of Men of War from Louifiourg of Cape-Breton^ ordered all our 4. Men of War Stationed for the Protection of the North-American Trade, to join him at Bofton to profecute fome fecret Expedition againft the French and Spaniards in theGulphof Mexico-9 the Reduftion of St. Jago de Cuba was the principal De- fign, and was not effectuated ; but en paffant, he happened to furprize the French Fort of Port Louis of the Ifland of Hifpaniola, and had the better in a Sea Engagement with a Spanifh Squadron off the Havannah of the Ifland of Cuba; thefe Occurrencies are not within the Limits ©four Hiftory,. which is confined to the Britifh Conti- nent Settlements in North-America ; and the Admiral Ktt----'s Conduct in thefe Expeditions, as it is faid is now upon the Carpet at Home. Our Coaft being thus left naked m May 1748, about fourteen French and Spa- * The great Man of the Province for the Time bein? finrlmc that the Writer, though^of hisperfonal Acquaintance^ wa!f»5 S phant, but wrote Tranfaftions with a true and impartial Freedom endeavoured that his own Management might remain obfcure, and not ftare himfelf and the Pubhck in the Face , this he attempted in inany Forms 10 Averting, impeding or rather defeating thii pub- lick-fpinted laborious Undertaking. 6 * + Th%S*a Bickerin2s ofG«V«Md St. Augufline are left to the Section or heorgta. * Jig Colonies Further South : I conclude with the Words of Bacon Lord Verulam, Settling Plantations is like planting tf Timber, we muft wait patiently fome Years, before we reap any Benefit, 4- IV. A fhort Recapitulation and Conclufion of the Louif- bourg Affair •, the Cape-Breton IJlands, for Keafons of State, ere now refiored to the French Dominions', and after fome political Remarks, we fhall take our final Leave of them. See Vol. I. p. 335, &ft\ and p. 347, fcrV. The French of Canada and Cape-Breton had more early Intelligence of the French War than we of New-England, it was pro- claimed in Bofton June 2, 1744. Louifbourg of Cape- Breton furrendered to us, June 17, 1745. Autumn fol- lowing to garrifon Louifbourg, were lhip'd off from Gib- raltar, Fuller's and Warburton's Regiments of Foot, and three Companies of Frampton's Regiment, with a large Detachment from the Train ; it was too late in the Year before they arrived upon our Winter Coaft, and were obliged to winter in Virginia, a few of them put into New-Tork, they arrived at Louifbourg May 24, 1746, and relieved the New-England Militia confifting of about 1500 4 In the late Treaty of Aitc la Chapelle, OSober 7, 1748, there were many Things in Relation to Trade, and to the Claims and Boun- deries in the refpe&ive Plantations to be fettled with France and Spain, which required a confiderable Time to be adjufted, and therefore could not be inferted in the Body of the Treaty, but referred to a Convention of Commiflioners : As the French. Court in their various Negociations are noted for appointing Men of Merit and real Know- ledge in the various Affairs with which they are intruded, doubtlefs our Miniftry, will ufe Gentlemen of practical Knowledge in Trade, and habituated to Plantation Affairs, Men of a quick clear Thought,. and of a diftinft clear Elocution. In the prefent State of Thing* the Well being of the European Mother Countries, depends much upon their Plantations; Plantations make a Country rifh ; Holland is rich, not from its Produce or Ma- nufactures, but from its Eaft and Weft India Plantations, its Trade ani Navigation. France never flourifhed fo much as in the Administration of Cardinal Fluery, his principal Attention was to their Plantations and Trade ; the Empire of Germany, Siveden, &c. though they abound in labouring Men, for want of Plantations and Trade, are very poor. Vol If. C Men, ^n> ^Summary, Historical and Political, cVc.' Men, who had kept Garrifon from the Surrender of the Place ; Commodore IVarren was at that Time Governor; after him Commodore Knowles was pro tempore Gover- nor •, Admiral Townfhend from the Weft India Iflandswith a fmall Squadron is ordered for the Protection of Louif- Jtourg, and fails for England in November 1746." Mr. Knowles. in his Time at a very great Charge, repaired the Town and Fort, as if they were to remain to Great Bri- tain for ever. Commodore Knowles in the Autumn 1747, with a fmall Squadron came to Bofton, and proceeded upon a fecret Expedition to the Sugar Idands, and Mr. Hobfon Lieut. Col. of Fuller's Regiment is appointed Governor of Louifbourg. Peace drawing near,Shirley3s and Pepperell's Regiments from a Compliment of 100 private Men per Company were reduced to 70 Men ; the private Men of the three Companies of Framptonrs Regiment, were incorporated by way of Recruits with Fuller's and Frampton's Regiment, and their Comrniffion Officers, Sergeants, Corporals, and Drums fent home ; Pepperellys and Shirley's Regiments in Louifbourg were entirely |J difmiffed June 24, 1749, their Arms and other Accoutrements were detain'd by the Government. The Britijb Troops evacuated Louifbourg, July 12, 1749, and were carried by the French Tranfports to ChebucJa, and the French Troops being about 600 Men took Polfeffion of the Place. It is a fpreading pufilanimous Opinion amongft the lefs thinking People, that the great Advantage of Louifbourg** falling into our Hands was its ferving as a propitiotary free Offering to France, and without reftoring it we fhould have had no Peace : but we ought toobferve, 1. That both Parties in the War were low in Cafh andCredir. 2. The French Navy Trade and Navigation were fo re- duced, that they could not avoid defiri^g a Peace ; we had taken as many of their Men of War as mio-ht have been fufficient to reduce the remainder ; we had taken great Numbers of their South-Sea, Eaft and Weft-India |[ They were put ia Pay Sept. 1, 1745, Turkey, Introduction to Vol. IT; M< Turkey, and other Ships, and what remain'd were obliged to continue in Port, (in fear of our numerous Privateers)- having no Convoys or Men of War to protect them. 3. The Corruption which prevailed in Holland was like to be extirpated, and the Dutch became active. 4. The Army of our Auxiliary Ruffians were upon the march to join us, for fome Reafonsof State they feem to have been retarded in their March. If Louifbourg had not fallen into our Hands, the reduced Towns and Forts in Flan- ders, muft have been returned, that is, evacuated ; it feems that in all modern Negociations for a Peace the Ba- fis is Reftitution of all Land Conquefts on both Sides, ex- cepting where Equivalents or antiquited Claims fall in the Way. The Court of Great-Britain cannot cordially approve of this infinitely rafh New England Corporation Adven- ture, though beyond all Military or Human Probability fuccefsful -, it involved the Nation,already deeply in Debt, In an additional Sum of about £. 800,000 Sterl. in the feveral Articles of Reimburfement-Money, extraordinary, fuperfluous Repairs, Tranfport Service, Stores, Garrifon Officers, a large Detachment from the Train, and a nu- merous Garrifon of regular Troops -, this Place was una- voidably to be evacuated and reftored to the French upon a Peace, and as it happened, in a better Condition, and without any Reimburfement or Equivalent, cui bono 1 i Cannot perceive any real Advantage acquired by the Re- duction of Louifbourg. The fmall Britifh Squadron {ra- tioned at Bofton, without any additional national Charge, would have been an effectual Check upon the Louifbourg Privateers ; Commodore Warren from the Weft India Iflands was fent for the Protection of the Coaft of New- England and Nova Scotia in the Spring 1745, and our Trade in the Northern Parts of America, could not have fuffer'd above 2 or 3 perCt difference oflnfurance, which is as nothingcompared with the great Charge of,£. 800,000 Sterl. tt A Summary, Historical and Political, 6fr." Sterl. before the Charge was fully known, I eftimated ic ac £,- 500,000 Sterl. or lefs. * 1 fum up the Louifbourg Affair. 1. It was infinitely rafh, a private Corporation-Ad venture, without any Or- ders or aifured Afiiftance of Men of War from Home ; thirty fix hundred raw Militia (fome without proper Arms) without any Difcipline, but at Random, as if in< aFrolick, met together, no Provifion of Cloathing'or Ships : by this and fmall Care of the Sick, and want of Difcipline, weloftabout one half of our Men by Scurveys and putried flow Fevers •, in a Military Way we loft only about 60 Men killed and drowned, and about 116 Pri* ibners to the French in the rafh foolifh Attempt upon- the Ifland-Battery : During the Siege, by good Fortune^ * If the Canada Expedition which was recommended Home by Governor----.— Had proceeded and fucceeded, after another great Addition to the National Debt j for Reafons of State, without any Equivalent or Reimburfement, it muft have been evacuated and reftored to the French ; Ncvj England was at confiderable Charge towards this intended Expedition in Levey-Money, Victualling, Tranfport Service • Bedding, &c. for want of proper Application, Maffacbufctts have re- ceived no Reimburfement of this : Rhode- IJJand, by Application have received their Reimbursement. Another extra provincial Perquifite Expedition was the fending off 1500 Men towards the Reduction of Crown Point, a French Fort, neap Lake Champlain in the Province of Neiv^Tori, this involved our Pro- vince in fome Charge (never to be recovered) by fending Provifions Amunition and other Stores by Water to Albany \ an Epidemical Dif- temper in the County of Albany+ luckily prevented us ; if it had been reduced, it muft either have been kept by.us at a very great Charge equal to the Oppofition.of all the Force of Canada ; or we muft have demolifhed it, to be re. built by.the French at one Tenth of our Charge is reducing of it. Another Projefiion towards ruining our Province was the Charge of building a Fort at the Carrying-Place in the Government of New-York between the- Falls of Hudfon"$ River and WoodCrerft : this was at- tended with the fame Inconveniences as the former. Sending off Troops to affift the Six Indian Nations of Neiv-Vcrk-— all thefe idle Propofals, were not refented by the Government of New-Tort, as, if that rich Government had been incapable or neglecV* ful of Self-protection, but filently admitted of Sh-----Quixotifrna-• our Houfe of Reprefentatives in-their Journal fay, the People of New- York were much abler to protect therafelves. WC Introduction to Vol. If. n We had conffant dry favourable Weather : but June 18, next Day after we had Poffeffion of the Town, the Rains fet in, which certainly from our Men being ill cloathed and ill lodged, muft infallibly have broken up the Siege. We had a wretched Train of Artillery, or rather no Ar- tillery (they were voted by the Affcmbly not worth the Charge of bringing back to Bofton) in a Quixote Manner to demolifh a French American Dunkirk, in which were 1900 armed Men, whereof 600 were regular Troops, 125 good large Cannon, 19 Mortars, with Stores and Provifions fufficient for fix Months. 2. The Military Succefs was miraculous, but the cunning Part of the Pro- ject was natural, and could not mifs of Succefs. 1. A necefiary enormous multiplied Emiffion of a depreciating Paper Currency, enabled the fraudulent Debtors to pay their Debts at about 10/ in the Pound Difcount. 2. Yaft Perquifites to the Manager, f Currencies. || The Parliament of Great Britain, be- fore the Commencement of the late French War, had under f As Writers and Preachers forbear publifhing ****** which are lingular, rare or new, left they fhould prove of bad Example ; I fhall only fum up thefe Perquifites in this Manner ; In the Space of four Years, viz. 1741 the introduftory Gratuities from the Province, and from ***** of many thoufands of Pounds* and the unprecedented Per- quifites in the three Expedition Years of 1745, J74^ and 1747, from a negative Fortune, was amaffed a large pofitive Eftate, and the loofe Corns built a Country-Houfe at the Charge of about fix thoufand Pound Sterling. The Predeceflbr, an honeft Gentleman of a good paternal Eftate, after eleven Years AdminHtration, in a Meflage to the General Aflembly, July 21, 1741, reprefents, that he had been obli- ged to break in upon his own Eftate fome Thoufands of Pounds, to fup- port the Charafter of a King's Governor; in Faithfulnefs to his Truft he refufed a certain retaining Fee. || This accurfed Affair o# Plantation Paper-Currencies, when in Courfeit falls in my Way, it proves a Stumbling block, and occafi- ons a fort of Deviation'. In the Appendix, I fhall give a fhort Hiftory of all the Plantation Paper currencies; it may be a Piece of Curiofity for Times to come. Mafiacbufetts- Bay was the Leader, and exceeded all the Colonies in this Fraud ; from their firft Emiflion 1702 (I take tXxJNoticc of Sir William Pbiffs Canada Bills, they were foon out of the i4 A Summary, Historical and Political, fc?V. under their Confederation fome Regulations concerning the Plantation Currencies •, and now that War being ended, this third Seffions of the tenth Parliament of Great- Britain have refumed the Confideration thereof. MaffachufetU the Queftion) to 1749, ^e Ia^ ^ear °f ^r- Sh----- Adminiftration, our fylls of Publick Credit or State-Nous fuffer'd a Difcount of 88 per Cent ; in France in the Worft of Times when Mr. Law had the Diredtion of the Finances, the Difcount upon their State Notes was or.iy 65 per Cent : Majfacbufetts publick Bills of Credit 1749, were fejorated to eleven for one Sterling. In the few Years of Mr. Sh-------Adminiftration, this fraudulent Currency from £. 127,000 Old Tenor, was multiplied to about two and a half Millions, and by this dpreciating Contrivance the fraudu- lent Debtors paid only 10/in the Pound, and every honeft Man not i.i Debt loft about one half of his perfonal Eftate. The Money mak- ing Afiemblies cculd not keep Pace with him in his Paper Emiffions ; 1747, the Governor infiftihg upon further Emiffions, the Aflembly reprefents " if we emit more Bills, we apprehend it muft be followed by a great Impair, if not utter lofs of the publick Credit, which has already been greatly wounded ;'' and in their Journal 1746, P. 240 '•we have been the Means of actually bringing Diftrefs.if not utter Ru- in upon ourfelves-----when any Complaints were offered to the Aflem- bly concerning Depreciation, by-----Contrivance, they were referred to Committees confifting of the- moft notorious Depreciators. See Journal Augufl 17, 1744. By Way of Amufement, I fhall adduce fome different Managements of Adminiflrations with Refpecl to a fraudulent Paper Medium—1703 by Contrivance of Mr. W----.from New-England, Bcnbadoes emitted £. 80,000 at 4 per Cent (common Intereft was 10 per Cent) upon Land Security, payable after fome Years ; thofe Land bank-bills im- mediately fell 40 per Cent below Silver ; upon Complaint Home the Court of Englandfent an Inftruttion to Governor Crow, to re- move from the Council and all Places of Truft, any who had been concerned in the late Paper Credit ; this Currency was fupprefled, and their Currency became and continues Silver as before.—Cjovernor Belcher of New England, 1741, from Integrity and Faithfulnels to the Publick, when a wicked Combination called Land bank, became Head-ftrong ; he refufed their Bribe or retaining Fee, negatived their Speaker ar.d 13 of their Counceliors, and fuperfeded many of their Officers, Civil and Military.— Soon after this Scheme was dam'd by Aft of Parliament, Governor Sh-----1 fhall not fay in Contempt, but perhaps in Negledt of this A&. promoted their Directors and other chief Managers to the higheft Cfr.ce?, of Councellors, Provincial A- gents, Judges, Juftices, Sheriff;, and MilitiaQfficers ^referable to othens. WJmbi. Introduction to Vol. II. ig Maffachufetts-Bay, as they have at prefent no Province frills out upon Loan for Terms of If ears, have previ- oufly fettled their Currency by Act of Aflembly, ap- proved of by the King in Council •, it is intitled, An Act for drawing in the Bills of Credit of the federal Denomi- nations, which have at any Time been iffued by this Govern- ment, and are ft ill outftanding ; and for ascertaining the Rate of coined Silver in this Province f$r the future. By this Act it is provided that the Treafurer mall be im- powered to receive the * Heimburfement Money to be exchanged after the 31 ft of March 1750, at the Rate of 45/ Old Tenor for a Piece of Eight •, and one Year more is allowed for exchanging faid Bills—Afcer 3 ift of March 1750, all Debts and Contracts fhall be payable in coined Silver only, a Piece of Eight at 6f, one Ounce of Silver at 6/8, f as alfoall Executions with fuch Addition accord- When there was an immediate publick Emergency for raifing of Money, borrowing of publick Bills, already emitted, from the PolTef- fors, would not have increafed a Paper Currency, but prevented Depre- ciations i fome Merchants and others offer'd to lend thefe Bills at a fmall Intereft, fome Gentlemen faid, that they had better let them without Intereft than that their perfonal Eftates from multiplied Emiffions, fhould depreciate at a much greater Rate than after the Va- lue of an accruing Intereft : but this would have effectually defeated the Scheme of the Depredators the fraudulent Debtors, therefore the Propofal or Expedient was rejected by the Advice of-------— For Paper Currencies, fee Vol. I. P. 310, 314, 308,493. * This Reimburfement Money arrived at Bofton Sept. 18. 1749, in a Man of WaT Frigate, confifting of 21 5 Chefts, (3000 Pieces of Eight at a Medium per Cheft) of Milled Pieces of E:^ht, ar.d ico Cafk of coined Copper. Ccnnedicut, a Government of lagacious Kuf- bandmen, feem to have acled more prudently than ZlaJJacbuftttsBay, by their Aflembly Adl, OSi. 1749,they allow three Years (to prevent a fudden Confufion) to cancel their Bills gradually ; and in their Reim- burfement Money to fave the Charges of Commiflions, Freight, Iniu- rance, and other petty Charges, they are to draw upon their Receiv- ing Agent, and thefe Bills will readily purchafe Silver for a Currency. f This is not in Proportion, a Mill'd Piece of Eight is 7 rights of an Ounce, and at 6/ per Piece is 6/10. one 3d of a Penny better ^er Ounce. ing *6" /*Summary, Historical and Political, cjjV. ing to the Time of contracting, as the Laws of the Pro- vince do or fhall require ; the feveral Acts of Affembly whereby fome Funds of Taxes, for cancelling Province Bills of Credit, have been poitponed gradually to 1760 are repealed, and the Tax of 1749, toward cancelling thefe Bills fhall be Three Hundred Thoufand Found Old Tenor. Penalty to thofe who receive or pay Silver at any higher Rate, fifty Pound for every Offence 4 and after 31ft of March 1750, the Penalty for paffing any Bills of Conneclicut, Neiv-Hampfhire or Rhode-IJland, fhall be fifty Pound for every Offence *, and from thence to March $1$. 1754, all Perfons entring into any Town Affairs, Conftables, Reprefentatives, Councellors, all Offi- cers Civil and Military, 4- Plaintiffs in recovering of Ex- ecutions, Tavern keepers, and Retailers of ftrong Drink, fhall make Oath that they have not been concerned in relieving or paying away any fuch Bills. As the Exportation of Sterling Coin' from Great-Bri- tain is prohibited by Act of Parliament, Spanifh Pieces of Eight are reckoned the Plantation Currency, and arc efteemed as fuch in the Proclamation Act fo called, for Plantation Currencies •, but although the Britifh or Sterl- ing Species .could not be a Plantation Currency, the Spa- nifh Coin might have been reduced to their Denominations at 4/ 6 Sterl. per Piece of Eight, and all the Colonies re- duced to the fame Sterling Denominations of Great- Britain, which would much facilitate the Trade and JSufinefs of the Plantations amongft themfelves, and with their Mother-Country; thus we fee in Portugal a Mill ree though no Specie or Coin, but only a Denomi- nation, is the Bafts of their Currencies; and in the fame Manner with the Plantations a Pound or Crown Sterling* although no Specie or Coin in the Colonies, might have been the general Bafts of our Denomination or Currencies. X That is all Delinquents are out law'd ; a very feverc Peoaltr tkh may introduce a Habit of forcfwearing or Perjury. .1 Introduction fo Vol. II. 17 I may be allowed to drop a Tear, I mean fome Expref- fion of Grief, over the languifhing State of my Altera Pa- tria, the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay, formerly the Glory of our Plantations ; but now reduced to extreme Mifery and Diftrefs, precipitately brought upon us by the Adminiftration of ***** and a Party of fraudulent Debtors: at his Acceffion he was lucky to find a ftanding irrefiftable Party formed to his Mind, and not empty-handed ; they effectually depopulated the Province by the lofs of many of our moft vigorous labouring young Men, the only De- pendance or Life of a young Plantation ; they pecculated the Country by ruinous unneceffary Expence of Money— Our prefent Commander in Chief in his firft Speech to the Affembly, Nov 23. 1749, modeftly expreffesthe late Pecculation and Depopulation of the Province ; "deliver this Province from the Evils and Mifchiefs (particularly the Injuftice and Oppreffions) arifing from the uncertain and finking Value of the Paper-Medium — the Cultiva- tion of our Lands and Manufactures are greatly impeded by the Scarcity of Labourers." Mr. Sh-----'s own Affem- blies fometimes complain. June o,. 1748. The Council and Reprefentatives in a joint Meffage to the Governor, enumerate the " great Lofs of Inhabitants for Hufband- ry and other Labour, and for the Defence of our Inland Frontiers ; the vaftLoad of Debt already contracted, and the unparalelled growing Charges, infupportable Difficul- ties !" The Houfe of Reprefentatives upon a certain Occafion complain, " with publick Taxes we are bur- thened almoft to Ruin ;" in their Journals 1747," Should the whole Sum expended in the late Expedition be reim- burft us, we have ftill a greater Debt remaining, than ever lay upon any of his Majefty's Governments in the Plantations. Mr. ----- had no Sympathy with the fuf- fering Province, becaufe * Depreciations of Currency, and our unfufferable Taxes did not affect him. Vol. II. D Bv * Depreciations, by his fucccflive Aflemblies were made more than good in advancing his Allowances and oWier Perquifites : he is ex- empted iS A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. By the Province being depopulated, Labour is dear, and all Countries can afford to underfell us in Produce and Manufactures, in confequence our Trade is loft : I fhall adduce a few Inftances : i. When Mr. Belcher was fu- perfeded 1741, in Bofton at one and the fame Time were upon the Stocks 40 Top fail Veffels of about 7,000 Tun, all upon Contract : at Mr. Sh----going Home 1749, only about 2,000 Tun on the Stocks,whereof only four.or 5 Ships upon Contract, the others upon the Builders Account to wait for a Market, and to keep their Appren- tices to work, and to work up their old Stores of Tim- ber. 2. 1741. In Marblehead, our chief fifhing Town, were about 160 Fifhing Scooners of circiter 50 Tun eadh : 1749 there were only about 60 Fifhing Scooners. 3. For many Months lately there were not to be found in Bofton Goods (nay not the coarfeft of Goods, Pitch, Tar, and Turpentine) fufficient to load a middling Ship to Great-Britain, but under the prefent Adminiftration and Management of Affairs our Tr-ade and Navigation feem to revive. etnpted from Taxes by Aft of Affembly. Whereas all Perfons of the Province not in Debt, have loft about one half of their perfonal Eftates by Depreciations in this fhort Adminiflration ; and the Provincial Poll Tax of 2/3^ O. T ; this Tax is equal to Rich and Poor, and be- fides Poll Tax, there are Provincial Rates upon Eftates and Faculties, Excrfe, Impoft, Tunnage ; and befides Provincial Taxes, there are Coanty,.and Town Poll Rates,&c. Mr. Belcher, by his wife and honeft Management, had bronght all our publick Debts or Paper Credit and Currency to be cancelled in one Year 1741, being £. 127000 O. T. but Mr.-----and his Party being afraid of lofing hold of this accurfed 'fraudulent Currency, they refolved (the Province was at that Time in its greateft Profperity) that/". 127,000 O. T. was an inconvenient Sum to be-cancelled in one Year, and therefore divided it among three fubfequent Years ; by this Neft Egg in a few Years they increafed the Brood to two and a half Millions ; and the G-------upon his Call home T74Q, for certain Reafons which may be mentioned, (by the Ad- Tice of his trofty Friends) contrived two Years exceffive Taxes of 360,000 and 300,000 O. T. to be collected in not much exceeding one Year, when the Country was depopulated, peculated, and much reduced in Trade and Bufinefs : This fudden-and qune reverfe Change of Sentiment in this Party is unaccountable ; but quic quid idefitlmto, per- haps they expeftConfufion j they have praftifed fifhing in troubled Water In Introduction to Vol. II. Xa In the feveral Sections or Histories of the feveral Colonies, may generally be found, but not in the fame ftrict Order, the following Particulars. i. When the Colony was firft difcovered and traded to by any European Nation ; when firft colonized by the Englifh: and what Revolutions have happened there from Time to Time, in Property and Jurifdidion. 2. Its Boundaries, if well afcertained, or if controverted in Property or Jurifdiction. 3. Wars with the French, Spaniards and Indians. 4. The Numbers of Whites or Freemen, and Slaves. 5. The laft Valuation, that is the Number of Polls and Value of Eftates, taken to adjuft the Quotas of Taxes for the feveral Counties, Diflritls, Towns and Parifhes. 6. The Militia upon the Alarum-Lift, and how incor- porated or regulated. 7. Houfe of Reprefentatives, their Nature and Number: the Qualifications of the Electors, and of the Elected. * 8. Courts of Judicature. 1. The Nature of their Juries, and how returned. 2. The Jurifdiction of a Juftice,and of a Bench of Jufti- ces, and of their general Quarter Seffions. 3. Inferior or County Courts of Common Pleas. 4. Superior, Supreme, or Provincial Courts for Appeals; 5. Chancery or Courts of Equity, if in Ufe. 6. Jufticiary Courts of Oyer and Terminer. 7. Ordinary for Probate of Wills and granting Admi- niflration, 8. Court of Vice-Admiralty. 9. Jufticiary Court of Admiralty for Crimes committed at Sea. 9. The prefent Taxes, viz. Polls, Rates, ImpoftJ and Excife. 10. Produce, Manufactures, Trade and Navigation. 11. The Number of Entries and Clearances of Extra- Provincial Veffels, diftinguifhed into Ships, Snows, Brigan- tines, Sloops, and Scooners. 12. The various Sectaries in Religious Worfhip. In 20 A Summary, Historical and Political, 6V- In moft of the Sections there is a Digreffional Article, to prevent Repetitions, concerning fome Things which' are in common to feveral Colonies, but mferted in that Section or Colony the moft noted for thofe Things -, thus i. in the Setlion for Maffachufetts fhould have been in- ferted the Affair of Paper Currencies, as they did originate and were carried to the greateft Difcount or Fraud there : but as by a late Act of Affembly confirmed by the King in Council, Paper Currencies are terminated in that Pro- vince, we drop it. 2. As Pifcataqua, alias New-Hamp- fhire, has for many Years been noted for Royal mafting Contracts, wechofe to infert in that Section, fomeThings concerning Mafting, Lumber, and other Timber for Con- ftruction or Building, for Joiners and for Turners Work; and if that Article does not fwell too much, we may infert fome other Forreft Trees and flowering Shrubs fit for Boc- cages, Parks and Gardens. 3. As Rhode-Ifland has been noted for Setlaries, from no Religion to the moft Enthufi- aftick, there is defigned fome account of our Plantations or Colony Sectaries •, though at prefent Penfylvania ex- ceed them in that Refpect, where befides the Rhode- Ifiland Sectaries, are to be found a Sect of Free-thinkers- who attend no publick Worfhip, and are called Keep at- home Pr.oteftants ; publick Popifh Mafs-boufes ; and fome Sectaries imported lately from Germanyr fuch as Moravi- ans called Unitas fratrum or united Brethren, who have had fome Indulgences by Act of Parliament 1749. 4. Connecticut, a Colony of fagacious laborious Hufband* men, firft in courfe naturally claims the Digreffion con- cerning Grain and Grazing-, it is true New-York, Jerjies, and Penfylvania at prefent much exceed them in Grain; and Manufacturing their Wheat into Flower. 5. Mary- land and Virginia for Tobacco, and Maft for railing Swine or Pork. 6. The Carolinas for Rice, Skins, and Hides. 7. Georgia as an Inftance of an Utopian unprofitable Colony. To render this Hiftory as compleat as may at prefeni: be expected, I have annexed fome Maps of the feveral Colonies, not bcrrowed from borrowing erroneous hackney Map Introduction to Vol. II. r2i Map Publifhers,but Originals compofed and lately printed in the feveral Countries : For inftance, with the Section of the Colony of Connecticut, the laft of the four New- England Colonies, I annex a * correct Map of the Domi- nions of New England, extended from 40 d. 30 m. to 44 d. 30 m. N. Lat : and from 68 d. 50 m. to 74 d. go m. W. Longitude from London. To the Colony of Penfylvania is annexed a -f Map of New York, the Jerfies and Penfylvania, publifhed 1749, by Mr. Evans in Pen- fylvania, much more accurate than any hitherto publifhed. To the Colony of North Cafolina, is annexed a Map of North-Carolina. || and fome Part of South Carolina prin- cipally with regard to the Sea Coaft and Lands adjoining; this large inland Country is wafte or vacant, and confe- quently delineated at Random by Col. Edward Mofely of North-Carolina. * This Map is founded upon a chorogrophical Plan, compofed from aftual Surveys of the Lines or Boundaries with the neighbouring Co* lonies, and from the Plans of the feveral Townfhips and Diitri^ts co* pied from the Records lodged in the Secretaries Office and Townfhips Records, with the Writers Perambulations : when this Plan is printed, the Author as a Benefaction gives gratis to every Townfiiip and DiC* trid, a Copper Plate Copy ; as the Writer of the Summary had im- partially narrated the Management of a late G----- which couldr not bear the Light ; to check the Credit of the Author, the G-----en- deavoured (as fhall be accounted for) to divert, impede, or defeat this publick generous fpirited Amufement, but in vain. The Writer in his Journeys upon account of this Chorography and other Occafions (formerly ufed to fuch Amufements in the Gardens of Paris and LeydenJ has en pajjant, but with fome Fatigue, made a Collection of above eleven hundred indigenous Plants, claflically defcribed and re- fer'd to Icons in Batanick Writers which have the neareft Semblance, as the Specifiick Icons could not conveniently be cut here ; this is an Amufement proper for Gentlemen of Eftates and Leifure, it is not quite fo ridiculous as our modern Virtuofo Amufements of Shells, Butterflies, &c. The Mtdical or Midicinal part of Botany is fmall and foon becomes familiar to People of the Profeffion ; the fame may be faid of the other Branches of the Materia Medica from Animals, Minerals, and chymi- cal Preparations of thofe ; but to proceed further as a Naturalift, is only proper for Gentlemen of Fortune, Leifure, and Leifibabbers as the Dutch exprefs it ; or Otio/orum Hominum negotia. \ From 43 d. 30 m. to 38 d. 30 m. N. Lat. and- from 73 d. 30 ra. to 78 d. W. Long, from London. I From 33 d. to 36 d. 30 m. N. Lat. SECT. 22 A Summary, Historical and Political, £j>V. SECTION IX. Concerning the Province of New-Hampfhire. AS the four Colonies of New-England, were origi- nally fettled by the fame Sort of People called * Puritans -, their municipal Laws, Cuftoms, and (Economy are nearly the fame, but more efpecially in New Hampfhire, which was under the affumed Jurifdiction of Maffachufetts-Bay for many Years •, therefore to fave Repetitions, we refer feveral Things to the Section of Maffachufetts Bay. The prefent Poffeffors have no other Claim to their Lands but Poffeffion and fome uncertain Indian Deeds ; upon Mr. Allen's Petition to Queen Anne, defiring to be put in Poffeffion of the wafte Lands, the Affembly of New-Hampfhire paffed Acts for Confirmation of their Townfhip Grants and of their Boundaries, without any Saving of the Right of the general Proprietor •, upon Mr. Allen the Proprietor's Application, the Queen in Council difallowed and repealed thofe Acts. The Crown affuming the vacant Lands, until the Pro- prietor's claiming in Right of Mr. Mafon, fhall make for- mal Proof, that Mr. Mafon ever was in Poffeffion of thefe Lands; this appears by an Action of Ejectment brought by the claiming Proprietor Mr. Allen againft fValdron and Vaughan ; Allen, being eaft in Cofts, appealed Home but his Appeal was difmiifed becaufe he had not brought * See Vol. 1. p. 367. over Of New-Hampshire. 23 over Proof of Mr. Mafon's having ever been in Poffeffi- on, and was-ordered to begin de Novo. The Collective Body of the People by their Reprefentatives in Affembly, have no f Pretenfion to the vacant or wafte Lands, and therefore have no Concern in granting of unoccupied Lands ; all Grants or Charters of thefe Lands, according to the Governor's Commiffion and Inftrudlions, are vefted in the Governor and Council, with this Claufeor Referve, So far as in us lies; — this Refervation feems to favour the Claimers under Mr. Mafon ; as is alfo a Claufe in the Royal new Charter of Maffachufetts-Bay 1691, " No- thing therein contain'd fhall prejudice any right of Samuel Allen Efq; claiming under John Mafon Efq; deceafed, of any Part of the Premifes." The Jurifdiction of this Province is indifputably in the Crown. In Property there are many and various Claimers, * 1. As it is faid that Mr. Mafon and his Heirs and their Affigns never complied with the Conditions of the Grant, in Confequence it reverts to the Crown ; and the Crown at prefent is in Poffeffion not only of the Jurifdiction but property of Lands hitherto not granted. 2. Capt. John Tufton Mafon, Heir in Succeffion, as ht fays, to the origi- nal Grantee Capt. John Mafon, lately made a Convey- ance of his Right for a fmall Confederation to 14 or 15 Perfons of New Hampfhire \ by their Advertifements in the Bofton News Papers they feem to make a Bubble of it. Bofton Port Boy Nov 9, 1749 " the prefent Claimers under the late Samuel Allen of London, will find upon Trial, they have no Right to any of thefe Lands ; that the faid Claimers under John Tufton Majon, will be able to make out the Right to be in tlvm, and are willing to T The other three Colonies of tne l^omimons of Nti\ -EhgLo.d, by their refpeclive Royal Charters, have the Property or D.fpo^al of their vacant Lands lodged in the Reprefentatives of the collective Body of the People. * Upon any Judgment in the Provincial Courts of Ntiv Hamp/hire, by an Appeal Home, all thefe Claims may be finally fettled by tl e King in Council, and prevent allJBubblings of Property in Nt <> t ■ and 6q Mijes jnJand b th Determi- nation of the Kim- v_ rv™„r;i ,*„« +u c f • . c °. <-puncil 1739, the Sea-Line con- tinues the fame, and Weftwaiu \LZZ:„& cne Province of Maffachufetts-Bay, it extends from Newichawanack River about 115 Miles to New-York Bounds ; Northward to- wards Canada it is indefinite or rather not determined. The Of New-Hampshire." 27 The fucceffive Changes in Property and Jurifdiction, are as follows. Mafon's firft Grant, See Vol. I. p. 418. Towards the End of 1635 dies Capt. Mafon, and by Will leaves New Hampfhire to John Tufton (to be called Mafon) and his Heirs : John dying before he was of Age, it came to his Brother Robert Tufton Mafon an Infant, who was not of Age till 1650 : during his Minority the Servants in New Hampfhire embezzel every Thing, and the Civil Wars preventing any legal Relief, the Maffa- chufetts People at the Defire of the Inhabitants of New- Hampfhire, took all thofe Lands into their own Difpofal and Jurifdiction. 1661. Robert Tufton Majon petitioned King Charles II. to be relieved as to his Property of thefe Lands ; Sir Geofrey Palmer, Attorney General, made Report, that thefe Lands were the undoubted Right of faid Robert Mafon Grand Son and Heir of faid John Mafon. The Inhabitants of New-Hampfhire, and Province of Main inca- pable of protecting themfelves againft the Incurfions of the Canada French and their Indians, defired the Protection of the Colony of Maffachufetts-Bay ; the Affembly of Maffachufetts affumed the Property of the vacant Lands and Jurifdiction of that Country. The Colony of Maffa- chufetts-Bay by their Agent, that is Attorney at Home, purchafed the Property of the Province of Main, July 20, 1677, from the Heirs or Afligns of Gorge -, the Pro- perty and Jurifdiction was confirmed to the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay by their New Charter. 1675, Mr. Mafon ftill continuing his Petition, the King refers them to the Attorney and Solicitor General •, they report his Title good, and the King fen Jb i mandatory Letter [J dated March 10, 1675,6 to the Mafja bufetts- Bay Colony : William Stoughton and Ptttr 3flkely are fent over Agents to anfwer Mafon's Coa^.x^is ; they |] This Letter is directed : To our trufty and wei! beloved the Governor and Magiftrates of our Town of Bofton in New England. N. B. in thofe Times the Colony of Maffachufetts-Bay (a hard Word) was called the Bofton Colony. as 28 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. as Attorneys legally conftituted in the Name of the Maf- fachufetts Colony difclaim thofe Lands before the Court of King's Bench. i6yg, The Proprietors and Inhabitants of New-Hamp- fhire not capable of protecting themfelves againft the Canada French and their Indians, defired of the Crown to take them under their immediate Protection ; accordingly the King commiffioned * a Prefident with Ten Coun- cellors for the Government thereof, Sept. 18, 1679, and the Lands granted there by the Maffachufetts Colony, were directed to pay Mr. Mafon's Heirs Six-pence in the Pound Quit-rent as Incomes at that Time were valued by way of Compofition ; at the fame Time a Court of Record is conftituted, to try and determine all Caufes, referving an Appeal Home when the Value is £. 50 Sterl. and upwards ; Robert Mafon may make out Titles to the prefent Poifelfors at Six-pence in the Pound Va- lue of all Rents of real Eftates, as Quit Rents, the un- occupied Lands to remain to faid Mafon. 1682. May. 9. King Charles II, appoints Edward Cranfield Efq; Lieutenant Governor. When the Crown was endeavouring to reaffume all Charters and Patents, the Patentees made another formal furrender of Jurifdiction to the Crown, and Cranfield 1684 was commiffioned Gover- nor, but foon went to Barbadoes, and Lieutenant Gover- nor UJher had the Adminiftration. Robert Mafon the Patentee's Cafe was recommended by the Crown, he came over to New-Hampfhire, fome few of the PofTeffors took Leafes, but they generally refufed this Propofal, Mr. Mafon brought Writs of Ejectment againft Mr. Waldron and about 30 others, he recovered * For the Honour of thofe Families who in thefe Tiirles were reckoned the principal original Settlers, we fhall tranfmit them by Name, viz. John Cuts Prefident, the ten Councellors were Richard Martyn, William Vaughan, and Thomas Daniel of Portfmouth ; John Gilman of Exeter, Chrijiopher Huffy of Hampton, and Richard Waldron of Dover, with Power to chufe three others to conftitute the firft Council; the Prefident and five other Councellors to be a Board. Judgment, Of New-Hampshire. 29 Judgment, but was oppofed in the Execution,and his Life threatned. 1684 Mr. Mafon brought a Writ of Ejectment againft William Vaughan Efq; and recovered Judgment ; Mr. Vaughan appealed to his Majefty in Council, this Appeal was difmiffed and the former Judgmennt confir- med, and Cofts given againft the Appellant. Mr. Mafon defparing of any Accommodation with the People, and his Life threatned, returned to England, and foon after dies, leaving two Sons John, and Robert Tufton Mafon. 1691. April i']. John and Robert Tufton Mafon by their Deed lawfully executed for the Confideration of £. 2,750 Sterl. did grant to Samuel Allen of London Efq; all their f Right to Lands in New England. 1692. f An Abftraft of Mafon's Deed to Allen. 1691, April 27. John lufton Mafon and Robert Tufton Mafon, Sons of Robert Tufton Majon, fome Time of the Parifh of St. Martins in the Fields in the County of Middle/ex, Efq; deceafed, fell to Samuel Allen of London Merchant, in Confideration of £. 2,750 Sterl. a Portion of main Land in Ne Of New-Hampshire^ 4i dne, and at Times exclufively, the Houfe of Reprefenta- tives excufe fome Towns from fending, and mulct other Townfhips for not fending. In Great Britain there are many Burough Towns or Corporations not privileged to fend Members or Reprefentatives to Parliament •, but, as there are County Reprefentatives, as Freeholders they are reprefented in their County : whereas in New-England there being no County Reprefentatives, thefe unprivi- leged Diftricts are not reprefented, which is an * Infringe- ment upon the Britifh Conftitution. 5. All new Townfhips and Diftricts, who by a Gover- nor's Precept are required to fend Reprefentatives, their Qualification ought to be confirmed by an Act of Affem- bly, before they are allowed to fit, Otfierways the Gover- nor to ferve a Turn may multiply the Houfe of Repre- fentatives to any inconvenient Number and unneceffary pub- lick Charge where the Reprefentatives are upon Wages ; together with the general Damage of calling off from La- bour and Bufinefs, many Perfons invincibly ignorant of publick Affairs. 6. The laft Charter of the City of New-Tprk in the King's Province of New Tork, was confirmed by Act of their Provincial Affembly, 1730 ; and by its laft Claufe it is provided that " this prefent Act fhould be reputed, " as if it were a publick Act of Affembly relating to the " whole Colony:" This is an Inftance of Corporations in the Plantations being confirmed by Act of Affembly. * To obviate or reftify this, the Counties by Aft of Affembly may be allowed County Reprefentatives, or the hew Townfhips and Sub- divifions of old Townfhips may btclajjed and jointly fend one or more Reprefentatives. As in the Nature of Things, nothing, no Conftitu- tion is perfeft ; where any Inconveniency from Time to Time appear* it ought to be reftified. This introducing of County-Reprefentatives, or of Claflical Reprefentation of Towns, is not inconfiftent with a late Inftruftion from the Court of Great-Britain, that in granting of new Townfhips, a Provifion be made that the number of Reprefentatives be not thereby increafed, or with *fuj£tndivg Claufe, i. e. It Jball not take Place till confirmed from Heme. Vol. II. G I 42 A Summary, Historical and rom-icAL, fe>t. I fhall here infert fome Obfervations concerning Ge~ neral Ajfemblies or Houfes of Reprefentatives which were omitted in the Section of Maffachufetts Bay. i. Conflicting Townfhips with allCorporalion Privileges, but exprefly excluding them from the Privilege of fending Reprefentatives, feems Anti-Constitutional ; efpeci- ally confidering, that, there are no County Reprefentati- ons of Freeholders in New-England. See Vol. I. p. 459. 2. By Act of the Affembly of Maffachufetts-Bay 40 Members are required to make a Quorum in the Houfe of Reprejentatives -, as this is not by Charter, it may be recti- fied by Act of Affembly. In the Houfe of Commons of Great-Britain confifting of 558 Members or Returns, 40 make a Quorum ; why fhould the Houfe of Reprefentatives of Maffachufetts Bay which this Year 1750 confifts of only about 90 Returns,have the fame number 40 for a Quorum? As many Towns are delinquent in fending Reprefenta- tives, and fome Members of the other Towns negligent in their Attendance, it may fometimes be difficult to make a Quorum of 40, and confequently publick Bufinefs im- peded. 3. The old Act ; That a Reprefentative muft be a Re- fident in the Townfhip for which he is eleSted, may be falu- tary for fome Time in a new Country not much concerned in Commerce and Policy ; but a trading Politick Coun- try, fuch as is Maffachufetts-Bay, for a Country-Man not ufed to Trade or Money to prefcribe in fuch Affairs, is not natural. See Vol. I. P. 506. 4. As in England, Sheriffs of Counties are excluded from being Members of the Houfe of Commons, fo in the Colonies the fame Regulation may take Place, becaufe a Sheriff may be fuppofed to be under the Influence of the Court or Governor, hisConftituents, and his perfonal Pre- fcncc feems required in his Bayliwick. 5. That the Councellors and Reprefentatives may ferve their Country gratis: thus we fhall have generous Mem- bers, not Hirelings eafily to be corrupted. This Year 1750, the Town of Bofion and fome Country Townfhips by Of New-Hampshire.' 43 by way of leading Examples have made an Introduction. Antiently in the Parliament of England a Knight of the Shire was allowed 4/and a Citizen or Burgefs 2/a Day, by the respective Places for which they were chofen ; at prefent they have no Wages ; the Houfe of Lords the Kings hereditary Council or fecond Branch in the Legifla- ture, never had any Pay. It is full Time that our Co- lonies fhould conform to this Example ; feveral Provin- ces have conformed, particularly in New England our neighbouring Colony of Rhode-lfland ever fince 1746. See Vol. I. P. 507. This will be a confiderable Article of Saving in the ordinary Charges of Government. A Digression concerning the national Claims of Great- Britain and France relating to difputed Countries on the Continent of North-America and fome of the Caribee Weft- India Iflands. The Crown Lands lately taken from the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay, and the Lands North of Mafon's Grant, have lately pro tempora, been annexed to the Jurifdiction of this fmall Province of New Hampfhire; they extend from Weft to Eaft from New-Tork Eaft Line (which is 20 Miles £aft of Hudforis River) to the Weft Line of the Province of Main about 115 Miles ; North they ex- tend indefinitely to a Line dividing the American Britifh Dominions from the Dominions of France called New France or Canada ; this Line is now upon the Carpet in Paris, to be adjuftcd by Britifh and French CommifTa- ries. * Mr. Bollon, Agent for Maffachufetts-Bay, has an | Inftrudtion * This Line does not immediately affeft the Province of Majfa- ebufetts- Bay, it affefts No fupply it with Negro Slaves : in the beginning of the Reign of lv'r;r Charles II. they were dilpofTefTed by the Dutch ; this occ.ifio^ed Jim?! 46 A Summary, Historical and Political, 6f?. Vincents, St. Lucia, and St. Dominico. Thefe and fome other Caribee Ifiands called Neutrals are exprefiy menti- oned to keep up the Claim, in both f Commiffions of the Governor of Barbadoes, and the French General of Marti- tiko. Beginning of December 1748, the French Governor of Martinico iffued a Proclamation, prohibiting the Englifh, Dutch or Danes from trading there without Licence from the General of Martinico^ on Pain of forfeting Veffel and Cargo. Upon Information of thefe Proceedings the Go- vernor of Barbadoes fentCapt. Tyrrel with fome Frigats to James Duke of Courland by Treaty November 17. 1664, t0 ma^e ovcr to Charles II, the Sovereignty of faid Ifland and of Fort St. Andrews, referving Liberty of Trade to the Courlanders and Dantziiers. Upon this the Dutch feem to have quitted the Ifland, and the Courlanders never repofleffed it; thus it remains at leaft a Fie/ of the Crown of Great Britain. Jt was firft difcovered by the Spaniards, and had its Name from Indian Tobacco Smoakers. When the Englijb firft fettled Barbadoes, there being no Spanilb Settlers in Tobago, the Englifh from Barbadoes fre- quented it, and Charles I, made a Grant of it to the Earl of Pembroke, the fubfequent Civil Wars prevented his fettling of it. Soon after about 200 Dutch People fettled there, but were expelled by the Spa- niards and Caribee Indians. Next James Kettler Duke of Courland, God-fon to James I. of England, made a Settlement there ; but was difpoflefled by the two Lampions, Dutch Merchants from France, they had the Titles of Counts and Barons of Tobago ; and from the Duttb fVeJi-IndiaCompany had a Grant of the Ifland.and with Confentof the States they fent over M. Bavean Governor. It was in Difpute be- tween the Englifh and Dutch in Charles II. Dutch War. The Houfe of Kettler being extin£l it reverted to England. f The prefent Governor of Barbadoes, his Commiflion runs thus j Henry Granvillee, Efq; Captain General and Chief Governor of the Ifiands of Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Vincents, Dominico, and the reft of hi s Majefty's Ifland Colonies and Plantations in America, known by the Name of the Caribee Ifiands, laying and being to Windward of Guarda- loupe. The prefent Governor of Martinico his Commiflion runs thus; Marquis de Caylus Governor and Lieut. General of the Ifiands of Mar- tinico, Guardaloupe, Grande and Petite Terre, Dejiada, Marygallant, tht Saints, Dominico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Bequia, Cannaovan, Caricaco- coan, Grenada, and of all the Ifiands and Iflets commonly called the Granadillos, Tobago, St. Bartholomew:, St.Martin, Cayan, and the Con- tinent comprehended between the River of the Amazons and Oranoke. Tobago^ Of New-Hampshire, 47 Tobago^ Capt. Tyrrel fent aboard the French Commodore to enquire what Bufinefs he had there, who roundly told him, he was come to fettle that Ifland, and if obftructed therein, was to make the beft Defence he could. Capt. Tyrrel returned to Barbadoes for further Orders. When Complaint was made to the French Court, by the Court of Great-Britain concerning the French aiTum- ing the Ifland of Tobago ; the Court of France by way of Recrimination anfwered in April i749, that the Englifh were the AggrefTors by prefuming h& November in a clan- deftine Manner to ftick up a Proclamation in that Ifland, commanding the French Subjects there, to quit the Place within the Space of thirty Days, upon Pain of military Execution: this (as they pretend) induced the General of Martinico, without previous Orders from his Court, to prevent the fame, by fettling Inhabitants and Batteries there. Martinico, November 27, 1749, a provifional (not de- finitive ) Treaty, was fign'd between CommodoreHolburn, authorized by Governor Grenvilee of Barbadoes, and the Marquis de Caylus Governor of Martinico, for the reci- procal Evacuation of the Ifland of Tobago, as well as for the immediate Demolition of all the Works and Fortraf- fes which the French have raifed on RockleyBay, or any other Part of the faid Ifland ; that neither Nation fhall make Settlements there, but may wood and water there, catch fifh, and build temporary Huts to fcreen them from the Weather during their fifhing or wooding, but fhall not cut down any Trees other than for Fire-wood, nor gather any Simples or valuable Plants. Accordingly a Britifh Man of War Sloop from Barbadoes, and a Bri- gantine from Martinico, failed to Tobago, having each of them an Officer on Board chargrd to fee that Ifland eva- cuated by the Subjects of both Crowns. The Wars of New-Hampfhire with the Canada French and Indians their Allies, is generally comprehended in what 48 A Summary, Historical ^Political, csV." what is wrote in the Section of Maffachufetts-Bay. * More- over, i, towards theReductionof Louifbourg,on Cape-Bre- ton Ifland, they contributed a Regiment of 350 Men un- der Col. More. 2. Towards the fecond Reinforcement of 1000 Men fent from New-England for the Protection of Nova Scotia, they contributed 200 Men, whereof only 40 that were fent to Minas did any Duty, the reft in fome trifling Difguft foon returned to Portfmoulh in New- Hampfhire. 3. In the late French and Indian Wars, they were neither capable nor willing to protect their own Frontiers •, the G —- of Maffachufetts-Bay gladly em- braced this Opportunity of further Perquifites, and pro- cured the Affembly to take them under Protection at a confiderable Provincial Charge, but hitherto without any Reimburfement. This Province makes only one County or Shire : Anno 1742,it contained about 6000 reatable Whites, and about 500 Negroes or Slaves. Their Compliment of Counfellors is ten •, when much deficient, the Governor may appoint pro tempore. The new Grants of Lands or Townfhips are not from the Re- ■ ' ' < — ' -- —_--------------- ". * As we hinted in the firft Volume, during the late French and In- dian War, at the Requeft of the Prefident and Council of Neva-Scotia, re- prefenting the weak State of Annapolis as to their Garrifon and the illCon- dition of their Fortifications ; there were three Reinforcements of Men fent from New Englandto Nova-Scotia. I. From Ma/fachufetts-Bay 200 Men, they were of good Ufe in the beginning of the Erench War in Summer r744 ; the other two Reinforcements were of no Ufe. 2. In the Winter 1746,7, A Reinforcement of 500 Men of MaJJachuJetts- Bay, 300 of Rhode-I/land, and 200 of New-Hampfhire, in all 1000 Men to be canton'd amongft the French at Minas to keep them in due Subjection, and at the fame Time to eat up their fpare Provifion which' ufed to vicinal the French and India* Parties: from ill Contrivance and worfe Management, being indifcreetly canton'd, no Snow Shoes, and ill provided with Ammunition, they fuffered a difmal MafTacre'bya French and Indian Party from ChiconiBo ; our Forces happened to be only 470 Men, the 360 Rhode- If and Men never arrived, having fuf- fered Ship-wreck ; of the 200 New-Hampfhire Men, only 40 marched to Minas, the reft foon returned Home. 3. Was a Reinforcement of 270 Men from MaJfachu/etts-Bay fent in the Winter 1747,8, when the Peace with France was as good as concluded. prefentatives Of NEW-HAMPSHfRE? 4* prefentatives of the Collective-Body of the People, but by the Governor and Council conform to the Gover- nor's Commiflion and Instruction, at a certain nominal Quit- Rent, v. g. Londonderry to pay yearly one Bufhel of Peratocs when required. The Conftitution of their Houfe of Reprefentatives, See Vol. II. P. 37. The Juries are returned by . the Sheriff. Their Courts of Judicature, befides the Jurifdiction of a Juflice of the Peace, and of a Bench of Juftices, are 1. The General Seffions of the Peace held Quarterly. 2. Inferior Court of common Pleas held four Times a Year, confift of four Judges, whereof three make a Quorum, 3. A Superior Court of Judicature or Common' Pleas held twice a Year, confifts of a chief Judge and three other Judges, whereof three make a Quorum; from thence are allowed, Appeals to the Governor and Council, or to a Court of Appeals in Cafes where the Value in difpute exceeds £. 100 St. and to the King in Council where the true Value of the Thing in Difference exceeds £. 300 St. 4. Courts of Oyer and Terminer, Affizes, or General Goal Delivery, are fpecially appointed by the Governor and Council. 5. At prefent the fame Judge of Vice Admiralty and other Officers, ferve for Maffachufetts-Bay, Rhode-Ifland and New Hampfhire. 6. The Officers of the Court of Probates, are appointed by the Governor and Council, with Appeal to the Go- vernor and Council. 7. Court of Equity. The Commander in Chief with the Council, fuftain by way of Appeal from the Court (having Jurfdiction) next below •, directly without any new Procefs, is tried on the fame original Writ or Pro- cefs brought to the firft Court, and comes in Stato quo exadlly, faving that either Party may bring new Evidence if they pleafe : after a Hearing, perhaps fome Weeks or Months may elapfe before Sentence is pronounced ; and from thefe may Appeal to the King in Council. Vol. II. H U 50 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. In this Province there is only one Collection or Cuf- tom-Houfe, kept at Portfmouth. By the Quarterly Ac- counts from December 25, 1747,10 December 25, 174^ foreign Voyages Cleared out, Entred in, Ships i3 Ships n Snows 3 Snows 1 Brigs 20 Brigs 7 Sloops 57 Sloops 35 Scooners 28 Scooners 19- 121 73 befides about 200 Coafting Slbops and Scooners, which carry -f" Lumber to Bofton, Salem, Rhode Ifland,Sic. where- of about one half enter in with Freight from thefe Parts. Their Produce is Provifions, but fcarce fufficient for their own Confumption •, Mafts, Timber, Deal Boards,; Joifts, Staves, Hoops, Clap-Boards, Shingles, and fome dry Cod-fifh. Their Manufactures are Ship-building, lately a good Fifth Rate Man of War called the America was built there. Bar Iron, The noted Iron-works on Lamper eel River were only Bloomeries of Swamp or Bog Ore; thefe Works were foondifcontinued, they never made any con- fiderable Quantity of Bar-Iron, they wanted Water in the Drought of Summer and in hard Frofts of W7inter, and their Ore become Scarce. -f- By Lumber, is meant all Sorts of Wooden Traffick that is bulky and of fmall Value. In North-America, Ranging Timber, Spars, Oak and Pine Plank, Oak & Pine Boards, Staves, Heading and Hoops, Clap- Boards, Shingles & Laths are called Lumber. In the Adl of Parliament 1722,giving furtherEncourageraent for the Importation of Naval Stores, Lumber is fpecified, 'viz. Deals of feveral Sorts, Timber Balks of feveral Sizes, Barrel-Boards, Clap-Boards, Pipe-Boards or Pipe-Holt, White Boards for Shoemakers, Boom and Cant Spurs, Bow-Staves, Caprevans, Clap- Holt, Ebony-Wood, Headings for Pipes Hogfheads and Barrels, Hoops for Coopers, Oars, Pipe and Hogfhead Staves, Barrel Staves, Firkin Staves, Trunnels, Speckled-Wood, Sweet-Wood, fmall Spars, Oak Plank, and Wainfcot. Their Of New-Hampshire. 5* Their Excife upon ftrong Liquors may amount to about £. iooo O. T. per Annum ; this with £. iooo O. T. from the-Intereft of Loan-Money per Annum is the*pre- fent Sallary of their Governor. In New-Hampfhire as in Maffachufetts-Bay, there are two Sorts of Licences for felling of ftrong Drink, j. A Licence to keep an open Tavern. 2. A Licence to .retail Liquors out of Doors only. This Liberty or Licence is firft to be obtained of the Select Men of the Townfhip, afterwards to be con- firmed by the Juftices of the County in their Quarter Seifions. Mr. Brown, Miffionary at Portfmouth of New-Hampfhire, Anno 174.1, writes to the Society for the Propagation of the Gofpel in Foreign Parts, that there were in New- Hampfhire about 50 to 60 Families of the Church of England, the reft were Independents ; that they had no Quakers, Baptifts, Seperatifts, Heathens, or Infidels amongft them. Miscellanies. About 1623, Mr. David Thompfon attempted a Settlement at Pifcataqua now called New- Hampfhire, it foon vanifhed, and the very Memory of it is loft. New Ifampfhire printed Law Book begins July 8, 1696. Ufher, Partridge, Vaughan and John Wentworth, Efq; were fucceflively Lieutenant Governors; the fucceflive Governors of Maffachufetts-Bay being Governors in chief, until July 1741, when Bennin Wentworth, Efq-, was appointed Governor in Chief of New-Hampfljire. John Wentworth, Efq-, was appointed Lieutenant Go- vernor 1717, he died Dec. 12. 1730. 1731, in July, arrives Col. Dunbar as Lieut. Governor, he was alfo Surveyor General of the Woods in North- America, with four Deputy Surveyors, principally to pre- vent wafte of the Mailing Trees. Anno IJ43, He relin- quished thofe Pofts, and was by the Directors of the Eaft. India Company appointed Governor of St. Helena •, there has been no Lieut. Governor appointed fince, and Gover- nor Wentworth fucceeded him zz Surveyor of the Woods. A *5* A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. A Digression. Concerning Timber, Wood, Lumber, and Naval Stores 5 the Growth, and Manufallure of North-America. This is a Subject fo copious as to require a peculiar Volume, but the f Character of Summary does not per- mit to expatiate upon this ufeful Subject. The Timber Trees of North-America for R Conftruc- tion of fhipping and framing of Houfes may be reduced to two general Kinds, Pine and Oak. The Pines may be fubdivided into the Mafting, or white Pine, the Pitch Pine or Picea, and others of the Pine Kind ufed as Lumber. I fhall not ufe any ftirT* fcho- laftick f For this Reafon I feldom mention their Quadrupeds commonly called Beafls, their Birds, their Fifhes, their Serpentine Kind, and their Jiifecls; I avoid the ufelefs Vertuofo Part of Natural Hiflory concern- ing Figured Stones, curious Marcafites, extraordiaary Petrcfaftions and Chryflalifations, Shells of all Sorts, &c. Men of that fort of Curiofny may confult peculiar Authors, 1- 38. P- 315 i Vo1 39- p- 112, 251 j Vol. 40. P. 343 ; Vol. 44. P. 435, Catrjbfs Effays are in eleven Setts. Father Plumier in his Description of the American Plants publifhed at Paris near 60 Years fince, gives an Account of more Weft-India or American Plants than all the Botanifts of that Age ; he made four Voyages to North-America, on Purpofe, and obferves, that it remarka- bly abounds with Capillary Plants. The two Brothers Lignons in the French Ifiands, and Saracen in Ca- nada in Quality of Royal Botanifts with Sallaries, have deferved well. Dierville a French Surgeon in Nova-Scotia fent fome curious Plants from Nova-Scotia or V Accadie to Turnefort. In Ne-w-England hitherto we have had no Botanick Writer. Frequently I find fome Difficulty to reflrain my felf againft Excur- fions, I fhall conclude this Excurfion by obferving that in the fixteenth Century, the Moderns began to apply themfelves to the Knowledge of Plants in fome Method ; before that Time, Plants were ranged ac- cording to their general Appearances, or Virtues, and in a very loofe Manner ; in that Century many good Botanifts appeared ; Gefner the Father of all Natural Hiftory, born in Switzerland 1516, died of the Plague 1565, his Botanick Writings were moft of them loft and never publifhed ; Turnefort followed his Method of claffing the Plants by their Flower and Seed. •j- Thefe Botanick Excurfions muft prove tedious to moft Readers ; I fhall therefore Sightly defcribe only a few of the Oaks that are moft common in Neuercus parva five Phagus Gracorum, et Efculus Plinij, C. B. P. or the Efculus of the Ancients, is a Shrub Oak with a deeply Jacineated Leaf, its Name is from the peculiar Sweetnefs of its Acorn ; for this Reafon in Maryland, Virginia and Carolina ail Acorns, Beech Nuts, Walnuts, and other Nuts of the Foreft are called Mast from Mafticare, and when plenty, it is faid to be a good Mail Year for feed- ing of Swine or making of Pork. 3. Black Oak, perhaps fo called from its dark coloured Bark : may be called S^uarcus Americana magna, patula, Coriice obfeuriore rimofo folijs Majoribus Efculi divilura ; may be ufed as Plank in the under Water Parts of a Ship ; it makes the bed: Charcoal. 4. Svjamp Oak is from ftrong moift Land, fuch as White Pine re- quires ; it is of amidling Size, its Leaf like that of Ilex. (T. I. R. H. Tab. 350) but not (o rigid and fpinolous ; the Acorns are Oval, of a pleafant Tafle, in dufky Scally Cups. 5. Chcftnut Oak, fo called from the Inequalities or nW of its Bark, refembling the Bark of Cheftnut Trees : it is of a fine Grain, and by fome ufed in Conduction. 6. Common Black Shrub Oik, grows from 5 to 10 Feet high, patu- lous, fmooth Bark, deeply finuated fomewhat riged Leaf, Acorns fma'l from the Body of the Trunk on fhort Pedicles, bitter Tafle, ai,«l Scally Cup. 7. A 6"o A Summary, Historical and Political, 65V. eating or boring of the teredines or Worms of the hot Countries 5 fome think that Black-Oak may be ufed as Timber but not as Plank. In Virginia and the Carolinas there is an Oak called live or ever green Oak, Quercus lati- folia perpetuo virens, caudice contorto etvalde ramofo ; it is very hard (tubbed Shrub Trunk, but of a crofs Grain fit forCompas Timber, that is tor crooked rifing Timbers, Standards, and Knees ; but not for Plank. Excepting this Live oak, all Oaks South of New-England are foft and fpiingy, they rive well for Staves, but in Ship build- ing they foon rot. In Great Britain and Ireland there is no other Diftinction of Oaks but Upland and Marfh- oak •, their Oak is Quercus vulgaris brevioribus et longis pediculis, I. B. 1. 70, the Leaves refemble thofe of our Shrub white Oak, the Leaf has a fhort or no pedicule, une- qually laciniated or rather deeply dented with 4 or 5 Dentations each Side of the Leaf, the Acorn fome have fhorter fome longer Pedicles. Great-Britain does not af- ford Oak fufficient for their own Ufe, they import much from the Baltick or Eaft Country. Pomerania ifups off the beft Oak Timber and Plank; Koningfberg ir\. Ducal Pruffia fhips off confiderably ; the beft Halt Country Oak • 7. A lefTer Black Shrub Oak refembling tht former, but of a diflmcl Sort. 8. White Shrub Oak, 3 or 4 Feet high, Vimineous, Leaf dented like that of the Swamp Oak, Acorns fmall as a Pea, SijJJle in the Sinus of the Leaves, and Scally Cup. 9. A lefler White Shrub Oak, refembling the former, but of adlftinft Kind. N. B. Such wafte barren Lands as in Great Britain art called Heaths ; in Neiv England are called Shrub Oak and Huckleberry Plains, from thefe Shrubs which are their only Produce. In Great Britain there are feveral Species of Heaths, the moll common, is the Euca vulgaris lumilis Jatnpir vii ins f.ore puipurae et albo. I. B. COm- 11 on Heath ; in AVov England are feveral bpeciesof Shrub Oaks, the moft common v- the large Blatk Shrub Oek, and feveral Sorts of the Vitis Idceu, or liuckle berries, the moft common may go by the narre of Vitis kza communis folijs fubrotunuis km cn/u.tis} fiuJlu nigro minus J1. c c „.'; nto in fajcu - lis. Timber Of New Hampshire. Si Timber and Plank, comes down the Oder to Statin, and down the Viflula or Wefer to Dantzick ; this River of Wejer is navigable a long way up into Germany and Po- land, and is the chief Mart in Europe for importing of Herrings and exporting of Grain. The next Oak in Goodnefs if to be ufed in Ship- building or Conftrudion, is Swamp Oak Cocclkd •, fee the Annotations. The Black-Oak^ fome find that it may do for Timbers ; not long fince a Gentleman bv way of Experiment built a Ship, Timber and Plank of Black Oak called the Black Oak Galley. Live Oak in the South Parts of North-America is ufed for Conftruclion, it is a fhort ftubbed Tree, hard Wood. Mahogony Wood of the IVeft Indies between the Tro- picus is ufed in Ship-building there ; it is durable, and in it-ceiving Shot does not Splinter; for Cabinet and Joiners Work, it is excellent, much furpaffing the red Cedar of Carolina and Bermudas, which has a difagreeable Perfume. Cedar of Bermudas, lee Vol. I. P. 148. it is excellent for Sloops, the Worm does not Seize it, it is light and of quick growth, may be cut every twenty Years, Plank thin and narrow ; crooked Tirrtber, Beams, and Mafts, are brought from the Continent, for their Sloops. In Newfoundland they build Fifhing and Coafting Vef- fels of many forts of Wood. From the Cupruffus of Carolina, they make Canoes and Periaugues that may carry fifty Barrels ; it is of a good Grain but foft. It is of the Cedar or Berry bearing Kind of Pine, grows tall, affords good Boards and Shingles. The American Pitch Pine. This is the Mother of the Naval Stores of Turpentine, Tar, Pitch, Rozin, and Oil of Turpentine, and may be exprefTed by a fhort "f Defcription. Pinus Americana communis, five Picea, \ The name of a Plant expiring a fhort Defcription thereof, is of great ufe in Ho.any, being the moil natuial. patulat 62 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. patula, cortice Scabro rimofo, folijs ternis ex eadem theca, co- rns mediocribus turbinatis duris quaft Sejfilibus vix deciduis. It grows on a dry Sandy Soil. The Leaves about three Inches Jong with a Prominent Longitudinal Rib inftead of a Sulcus -, T. I. R. H. Tab. 355. Fig A. well reprefents its Amentaceons Flowers, and Fig. G. reprefents its frefh Cones. In New England there is another diftincl: Pitch Pine, called yellow Pine, it is taller, Bark not fo rough and dark, Wood with a yellow Caft, and not fo knotty, does not yield Turpentine fo plentifully. In the Carolinas, much Pitch Pine, harder than that of New-England, fo as to fink in Water; it is faw'd into Boards for the Weft India Ifiands; it is ufed for mafting, being ftreighter than that of New England. 1. Turpentine of North-America, is a liquid Rofin, gathered by Boxing the Pitch Pine Trees in the lower Part of their Trunk. 2. White Pine boxed affords a Turpentine brighter than that of the Pitch Pine, but not in plenty, and therefore neglected or not followed. 3. The Abies or Spruce gives a very liquid Turpentine by Incifion of Bladders or Tubercules in the Bark, it is not gathered in Quantities, therefore of no general Naval Ufe. 4. From the White Cedar is gatherd from the Bark in Lumps or Grains a folid dry Rofin, being con- creted Exudations, and by fome is called Olibanum or Frankincenfe. 5. Pitch Pine Knots boil'd in Water, gives a Top by way of Scum, a Semiliquid Rofin refem- bling Burgundy Pitch. New- England Tnrpenline, is of a Honey Confidence, that of the Carolinas is lefs liquid, refemblino- Tallow or Slufh •, New England Turpentine, yeild about three Gal- Jons Oil per Ct. wt. that of the Carolinas not exceeding t ,vo Gallons, Turpentine refiduum in Diftillation is about 7 12th?, called Rofin. The Still not exceeding one half full of Turpentine, left it fhould boil over. Our chymi- caland Pharmocopcea Writers feem not to be practical Diftillers ; guincey much confultcd by young Praftitioners, advifes Of New-Hampshire. 6*3 advifes to add Water to the Turpentine, whereas the, more Phlegm in the Turpentine the more tedious and dangerous is the Difiillation. In diftilling, if the Turpen- tine boils up, a Sprinkling of Water makes it fparkle and fly, but a large Quantity of Water foon quels it — The Stills in Bofton, are fmall, three Barrels of Turpentine of 300 Wt. each may be wrought off in three Hours, the principal Care in Diftilling, is in the beginning left the Phlegm boiling over fhould blow up the Still •, as the Phlegm goes off the Still fubfides, arid the Danger is over. At firft comes over more Phlegm than Oil, the Proportion of Phlegm gradually diminifhes to theceafing of the watery Ebulition, and for a fhort Time Oil only paiTes, and more abundantly, but foon comes turbid, and if the Fire is not removed the refiduumor Rofin is fpoilt; after the Oil is drawn off and the Fire removed or ex- tinguifhed for an Hour, the Rofin is to run off from the- Still. Varnifhis from one half Rofin and one half Oil of Turpentine boiled up together, and is fold at the fame Price with Oil of Turpentine. Tar is from light Wood fo called, the Knots of fal- len Pitch Pine-, every 14 Years they reckon that the Pine Lands afford a fufficient Crop for the Tar Kilns. In Carolinas the People are not fo much indulged as for- merly in gathering of Touchwood at Random in the proprietory Lands, and the Exports of Tar and Pitch from the Carolinas is not fo much as formerly. The largeft Kiln for Tar in Carolina in my Knowledge was of 960 Barrels -, this is too great a Rifle, becaufe in blow- ing up, all is loft : Four Hundred Barrels is a good Kiln, and the running of the firft 100 Barrels is not much in- ferior to that of Stockholm. Anno 1746, The Difference in Price between Swedes and American Tar was 21 / Swedes, and 16 f. New England pet* Barrel ; Swedes Tar is cooler and better for Cordage •, by Act of Parliament only the firft half of the running of a Kiln is to be ufed as 64 A Summary, Historical and Political, &rV. as Tar, the other half to be boiled into Pitch, Penalty Forfeiture of the Kilns •, this Act is not put in Execution. Green Tar which has an additional Premium, is made from green Pitch Pine Trees ftript of the Bark eight Feet or rhereabouts up from the Root of each Tree ; a Slip of the Bark of about four Inches in Breadth, hav- ing been left on one Side of each Tree, and fuch Trees fhall ftand one Year at the leaft before cut down for making of Tar. No Certificate Bill, fhall be made out by any Officer of the Cuftoms for any Tar, &c. imported from the Plantations, nor any Bill made out by the Com- miflioners of the Navy, to entitle the Importer of Tar to any Premium; unlefs the Certificate of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Collector of the Cuftoms, and Naval Officer, or any two of them, do exprefs that it has appeared to them by the Oath of the Owner that fuch Tar &c.—Tar that leaves a yellowifh Stain is good, a black Stain is of a bad burning Quality. Pitch is made by boiling 3 Barrels of Tar into two Barrels, in South Carolina this is done in Coppers ; in North-Carolina it is done in clay'd Qfterns by fetting Fire to the Tar. At prefent fcarce any Tar is made in New-England, and very little Turpentine is gathered— A Barrel of Tar fhould gage 31 and half Gallons, a Bar- rel of Pitch fhould be 2 and half Ct. wt. Neat. Tar mould be free from Water and Drofs, Pitch free from all Dirt and Drofs, Turpentine free from Water and Chips, and Stones. The Hornbeam Trees : or Carpinus Dod, and the Button-tree (fo called from its Seeds growing in Clufters refembling Buttons,) or Platanus occidentalis, becaufe of their crofs or confufed Grain not liable to rive or fplir are ufed for Windlaces, Blocks, and Turners-work. This Section fwells too much, I fhall refer Lumber and other Woods to trie Article of Natural Hiftory in the Appendix, and at prefent only mention the following Obfervations. Shingles Of New-Hampshire.' 6*5 Shingles are made by cutting, fplitting and fhaving of certain Woods into the Form of a Slate or flat Tile for covering the Roofs of Houfes; in New-England they are made of white Cedar, or Cedrus excelfior ligno exalbida Hon olente in udis proveniens ; this Wood is eafily fplit and managed, but may be furrowed by the Rain, there- fore Shingles from white Pine are preferable ; thefe may continue good 20 to 30 Years. In Carolina Shingles are made of Pitch Pine and Cyprus. In Jamaica they ufe Bullet Wood, which may laft 100 Years. Clapboards for facing of Houfes, and Laths for Flatter- ing are made of the fame Woods. Red Cedar -, or Cedrus folio Cupreffi atro, medio ligno tubro duro ; this is of excellent Ufe for Pofts fixed in the Earth, it will hold good for a Century. The common Cheftnut of North-America, or Caflanea ampliffitno folio, frutlu moliter echinato. T. I. R. H. the Fruit is fmaller, and capfula not fo much ecbihated as in Europe. It rives well, and is moft durable in Rails in fencing of Lands. In North America are many f Varieties of Walnuts. The Hunters of the Woods fay that there are almoft as great a Variety of Walnuts as of Apples j their general Diftinction is into Black and White, from the Colour of the Wood. *■•..... ■■■ ..... ■ 1 . ---■ 1 ... > + Hickery or white Walnut. This is the moft common Walnut of Ne,inus of the Leaves as the Padus. I. B. The Che-ry is larger than the following, black fucculent and fweet; its Wood is ufed in Joiners and Cabinet Work. 3. Qrafus Americana Sylv/ftis ractmofa, fruSlu minore nigra dulci. The common Bird Cherry of Nevu-England, a midling Tree, Flowers and Fruit in racimi, like the Ribefia, and fomewhat larger ; in Ne.J are Extticks ; as I formerly hinted, La Hontan perhaps is miftaken in faying, that he did i ;e feveral European Fruit Treee Natives upon the Rwe; l.m.i'■•, probably they are the Relicks of a former Fr-ncb Settlement there. •thuya Thtopbrafti. C. B. P Atbor Vi: jus, fome with Ray call it Conifer : the Ambiguity may proceed from i« bearing feldoii* and not till vsry old. cerning 68 A Summary, Historical and Political, £ffo cerning the proper Seafons of killing thefe Beafls that af- ford Fur, Skins, and Hides; but little attended to, and perhaps never put in Execution. Clearing a new Country of Wood, does not render the "Winters more moderate but conduces to its being more healthful : the Damp of Wood Lands produces intermit- tin?, Pleuritick, Peripneumonick, Dyfenterick, and Putria) Fevers. Where Trees and other Growth are large it is a fign of good Land. Cheftnut, Walnut, and Beach Trees are fymptoms of good L^and. Alder is good Meadow Ground. We have in the Woods Variety of beautiful flowering Shrubs; but few of them flower in Winter, the moft'va- luable Qualification for a flowering Shrub. For peculiar Things of this kind, if we confult the moft celebrated Dictionaries, we are led aftray, for inftance, Bailey defcribes Tar, " A Sort of grofs fatty Liquor iffu- ing from the Trunks of old Pine Trees" In midling Climates Timber or Wood is generally fpungy or light by alternate Relaxtions and Bracings from heats and colds, confequently of no good Ufe or Duration ; thus it is from New-England to Carolina : further North the Timber is folid and heavy, fit for permanent Con- struction, v. g. in New-England, Nova Scotia and Canada; ftill further North the Timber is too fmall Shrubby and rarrly ; in the hot Countries are many Species of hard Wood of flow growth, good for Wainfcotting and other Joiners Work ; Summary does not allow me to enume- rate them. Summer built VefTels are of better Ufe than thofe* of any other Seafon The Fire Wood near Bofton is much exhaufted, we are under a neceflity of fetching it from the Province of Main, and Territory of Sagadahock. A Wood Sloop with three Hands makes about 15 Voyages per Ann. from the Eaft ward to Bofton, may carry about 30 Cord Fire. Wood each Voyage.----A Cord of Wood is 8 Feet length wife, per 4 Feet height, of 4 Feet Sticks or Logs.. A Kiln for Of New-Hampshire^ 69 for Charcoal to Furnaces, Bloomeries and Refineries of Iron, is generally of 20 Cord Wood, and generally may yeild 10 Cart-Load of Charcoal at 100 Bufhels per Load. At fmelting Furnaces they obferve that young black Oak makes the beft Coal. One Acre of Wood Land at a medium yeilds about 40 Cord Wood ; one Cord of Wood yeilds 40 to 50 Bufhels Charcoal. Our Seafons are uncertain ; in open Winters the Sap rifes too foon, and a fubfequent hard Froft makes the Bark fplit and peal off ; thus at Times our Fruit Trees particularly fuffer. Timber under 12 Inches is called Ranging Timber, above 12 Inches it is called Tun Timber, Standards and Knees are called Compas Timber, the Compas Timber to the Northward is beft. Our Trees, efpeciaily the Oaks, while growing, are much fubject to the f Teredo or Worm, therefore in all new built Ships thefe Wormholes in the Plank muft be carefully fpiked. The Ships built in Bofton exceed all of other building Yards, the many Merchants and Shjp-Mafters, good Connoifeurs, tranfiently infpectthem, and every bad Piece of Timber or length of Plank is cenfured. In Newbury where they are not much infpected, the Builders act at Pleafure, and as the Contracts are generally to be paid in Goods, they build accordingly ; thus a noted Builder T. W. jocofely faid, that he had built for-------a Col- licoe Ship. The other Country building Places are (till ■f- There are Varieties of Teredines or Wood eating Infedls ; I fhall upon this occafion only mention two. 1. An Afcarides or Magget like leredo, which preys upon the Wooden Wharfs in Bofton and elfewhere. 2. The Xylophagus marinus major navibus infeftus, it is pernicious to Ships in hot Countries, efpeciaily in their firft Voyages ; lately it did damage in the Harbourof Netvport of the Colony of Rbode-lfland ; this is not the fame with the Infect which makes the Worm Holes in our Timber Trees while a growing : neither is that which a few Years fince, 173°, and increafed for 8 or 9 Years, feized the Piles or Paalen of the Dykis in Holland, threatning an Inundation, but were deftroyed by a hard frofty Winter. \vorfe9 70 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. worfe, particularly North River, where inftead of what is reckoned Ship-Timber, they ufe Foreftwood of any Sort •, thefe Veffels with repairs laft only two or three Voyages, and are defigned as a Bite upon Ship Buyers at Home. Timber ufed Green or with the Sap up, is like feenum madide repofitum, it foon tends to Putrefaction : this Sap may be extracted by macerating or foakingin Salt Water, In Ship Building, they ought to ufe only White Oak for Timber, Plank and Trunnels ; and thefe as much as may be without Sap, 4. Rot, or Worm Holes. || Oak if long feafoned or dry'd, becomes vapid or dry rotted, and does not laft ; We have lately had a no- torious Inftance of this : Cord-Fire Wood to the N. E. of Bofton cut before our late War with the French and their Indians, during the War of a few Years, could not be carried off •, upon a Peace it was fhipt to Bofton, it 4 The Annuli or annuoltx Increments of Trees begin from the Center of their tranfverfe Sections or Heart of the Tree ; and in the decline (Trees like Animals, for many Years according to the nature and Con- duction of Individuals of their feveral Species increafe, then for fome Years are at a State or Stand, and afterwards are upon the decline ; thus our Firft or ancient Growth of Timber is not good, our Second Growth perhaps may equal that of Great-Britain) the Dottednefs, Ce- riofity, or tabes begins naturally, progreffive from the Center ; this is moft remarkable in the fpungy Timber of Red Oak. One may blow Spittle through a Stave of 4 Feet length; Itiannuli, ox circular La.- mimc, in the tranfverfe Sections are noted, and after furveying, if Red Oak, and fome other Trees, are ufed for Monument Trees, by the Number of the furcrefant Laminee we compute the Number of Years from the Survey ; therefore it is better to mark Monument Trees upon the Bark, which does not alter, than upon the Wood fub- ftance where the Marks are yearly inveloped. || A Wood Fire is more pleafant to the Sight and Smell than that of Pit coal, but its warming Influences is not fo diffufive ; it fearchcs more, but is not fo fteady and lading, its Smoke and Vapour is more offenfive to the Eyes, it difcolours and dry rots Paper Prints more than Pit coal. We have lately in Charleftoiun adjoining to Bofton made an EfTay, for difcovering of Pit coal ? if it fucceeds, by Aft of Affem- bly Wood ought to be prohibited for Ufe in firing in and near Bofton ; otherways than in Charcoal for the Ufe of Furnace of Bloomeries and Refineries. burnt Of New-Hampshiri. 71 burnt like Stubble, of no Duration, leaving no Coal, and the Afhes not profitable to the Soap-boiler. * Oak Timber from thick Wood Lands is not good. Next to the Oare ; in all Iron Works, Wood or Char- coal is the moft effential : here we may obferve, that Iron Works require only 3 Men who may be called Artificers, viz. a Forgeman, a Carpenter, and Collier ; the others are only common Labourers. When the Sun does not mine, Les hommes des bois, Swampeers or Wildernefs Men, diftinguifh the Courfes or Corners of Winds by. 1. Moffes growing moft plenti- fully on the North Side of old dotted Trees; 2. Pines branching moft Southward. 3. Trees reclining generally Eaftward, theirs from the prevailing of the Wefterly Winds, Sir John Nerborough obferved the fame in South America. This Obfervation holds good all over America. 4. The Rings in the tranfverfe Section of Trees, which are moft compact Northward. There is no Author who has wrote tolerably well con- cerning the Natural Hiftory of New-England, -f When Sweden began to impofe upon Great-Britain in the Exportation of their Naval Stores, an Act of Parlia- * Oak Timber called Day Oak, from Places well cleared, is better than that from Wood Lands where there is not the Benefit of the Sun and fre Air ; our fecond Growth of Timber or paflure Oak is almoll equal in Quality to that of Great Britain, In all Oak Timber there is an acid Juice which corrodes Iron (therefore the French Spiking does not anfvver fo well as our Trunnel- ing of Ship Plank) and the Timber itfelf; therefore it ought to be feafoned either by drying, or by (this is better) foaking in Salt-Water to extract this acid Juice. Red Oak, the moft fpungy, abounds moft with this corrofive Acid. T 7°.ffehn frequently quoted, arrived in Bofton 166 3, and refidcd in New England many Years, publifhed a fmall Book called eight Years Obfervations, printed in London, 1672, as a Natural Hiftory of the Country ; it abounds with grofs Miftakes, v. g. " fomeFrogs vvhembey " fit upon their breech are a Foot high, and fome as long as a Child " one Year old. Barley frequently degenerates into Oats," here he was impofed upon, by fome Oat and Barley Seed intermixed as fre- quency happens : "in New England, no Wocdcocks, noQuaili" N.B. they arc very plenty. ment yi A Summary, Historical and Political, &JV. ment was made allowing certain Premiums upon the im- portation of certain Naval Stores from Englifh America. 4, In Rope-making by the Addition of Tar, the Cordage acquires one fifth more in Weight, the Rope-makers great Gains — A Rope-walk for Merchants Ufe need not ex- ceed 200 Fathom : becaufe 200 Fathom yarn when twifted makes 120 Fathom Cable. r In the Mifcellany Article of a Section, I fometimes infert things which fhould have been inferted in their proper Places but were forgot. Here fhould have been inferted fome fhort Account of Dr. Barkley's Tar-Water ufed as a Medicine ; but as moft Readers are not in the Tafte of Natural Hiftory, I have already exceeded too much in that refpedt; and here fhall Only obferve, that his Directions for making of it are. A Gallon of cold Water to a Quart of Tar workt thoroughly together with a flat ftick for five or fix Minutes, after three Days the Tar being thoroughly fubfided, decant the above, and Bottle it for Ufe ; at a Medium one Pint drank per diem at Intervals upon an empty Stomach : It may be made weaker by a lefs Proportion of Tar or lefs ftirring according to the Conftitution and Stomach of the Patient. As Dr. Barkley favoured Bofton with fome Ser- mons agreeable to the People in New-England, his Medicine ex verbo facerdotis is much ufed there, and I have had the Opportunity of obferving the effects thereof.' 1. In Ladies of a foft fine fair Complexion a *^———»»^^— 1 —■ I ■■■■■II M^—■—*.!■ ■■ ■■ I ■■— ■■ ----._ _t u -,-m 4. The Premiums at prefent are,for Mafts, Yards, and Bowfprits, pe* Ton of 40 Feet girt Meafure --------------. £. 1 Merchantable Tar. 8 Barrels.------- ' 2 4 Green Tar -------■ dit.------- 4 Pitch ------- dit.-------. 1 Turpentine - dit. —-----. i i0 There muft be a Plantation Certificate that they are of the Growth or Produce of our Colonies : upon landing the Preemption to be offered to the Commiflioners of the Navy : if 20 Days after landing the Commiflioners do not contract for the fame, the Owners may difpofe •f them at Pleafure, and receive the Premium. long Of New-Hampshire: n long Ufe of it gives their Countenance, a fallow, that is a yellow greenifh Caft. 2. As Tar is a Creature of the Fire, and therefore Cauftick, I obferve, it has a bad Effect in all Heckticks and Haemorrhages, and inflammatory Cafes. 3. In vapid Diforders of the nervous Syftem it is of good Ufe, if not ufed too long ; if ufed too long, its Effects are more violent or deftructive to the Conftitution, than the habitual drinking of Rum or Brandy. N. B. of all thefe I can produce fpecial Vouchers. 4. This is no quack Medicine, becaufe it is no Nof- trum, and publifhed by a benevolent Clergyman without any Defign of lucrative Profit •, his Friend in publim- ing a confiderably large Book of many Hundreds of Cafes exactly in the Form and Univerfality of quack Recom- mendations is a Difparagement. The Prerogatives of Provincial Governors multiplying Members or Reprefentatives from new Places to the Ge- neral Affembly ad libitum, is a Matter of great Confe- fequence to our Colonies: as this has been lately affumed in the fmall Government of New-Hampfhire, I cannot clofe this Section, without taking fome further Notice of the fame. There is a Law of this Province called the Triennial Atl, by which the Qualification of Members, and of thofe who may elect them isftated^ the Method of calling and governing the Meetings Of the Electors is regulated, and the longeft Term an Affembly may fubfift limited. June 4, 1748, the Affembly became diffolved in Courfe by Virtue of this Law *, from which Time to the 3d of Ja- nuary following there was no Affembly in Being ; in this Interval the Governor received the Inftruction, Vol. II. p. 35. And befides the Places mentioned in laid Inftruction, the Freeholders of Pelham and Methuen afe ordered to unite and chufe one Reprefentative for both Places at a joint Meeting held at PelharH: this was a novel Thing, to affemble the Electors of two or five" Towns in one Body : in Scotland, where by the Act of the Union You IL L Parliament 74 -A Summary, Historical and Political, &C. Parliament ( not by Prerogative, ) 4 or 5 Towns were -claffed to fend one Member or Reprefentative, each Town Voted feparately for a Reprefentative, and thofe Reprefen- tatives by Vote fent one of their own Number as a Mem- ber of Parliament; but in a different Manner the Free- holders of the Towns of Dunftable, Merrimack, Holies, Monfon, and Nottingham Weft, are ordered to unite in one Meeting to be held at Dunftable and chufe one Mem- ber for the whole as a confolidated Body ; this was done, but no Return made, as I am informed. After the late running of the Line with Maffachufetts- Bay Government, feveral Parts of Townfhips and other Settlements formerly in Maffachufetts-Bay fell within this Province •, as the Affembly were defirous that the Polls and Eftates of thefe Annexations fhould contribute to the Charge of Government; by a temporary Act, they in- corporated them by the Name of Diftricls with the fame Appellations, as before, and the Fragments from the Maffachufetts Townfhips, viz. of Almfbury and Salifbury were made one Diftrict : from Methuen and Dracut one Diftrict, Haverhill one Diftrict, &c : this Act was fre- quently renewed for fhort Periods, only that they might contribute towards the Charge of Government •, but after repeated Application of the Inhabitants, they had the Privilege of Townfhips added, but ftill temporary ; fome of thefe Diftricts were made Townfhips by Charter, thus Dracut was made a Town by the Name of Pelham : about feven Months after calling the Affembly the laft Diftrict Act expired ; notwithftanding their legal Exift- ence expiring, Methuen, v. g. had aReprefentaxive in the Affembly. By the Triennial Act, the Select-men of each Place fending Reprefentatives, are to call the qualified Voters within their Precincts to meet and proceed to a Choice ; but there was no legal Authority for the Select-men of one Town or Diftrict to call a joint Meeting of the Electors of two or five Places^ and therefore was in Propriety a tumultuous Of New-Hampshire. 75 tumultuous Affembly : thus were two of the excluded Members chofen. The Governor was from Home required to commu- nicate the Lords Juftices additional Inftruction of June 30. 1748, to the Members of the General Affembly con- cerning this Affair; which he never did in Form, they only obtain'd a Tranfcript of it by the Courtefy of a pri- vate Hand as a Favour ; and the Governor's Friends infifted that they fhould firft admit thefe difputed Mem- bers, and afterwards enter upon the Merits of the Cafe. I have no Concern in the Affair, and endeavour only im- partially to reprefent Facts. N. B. By the Royal Charter to the Colony of Rhode* Ifland, their Affembly is to determine what Towns have Power to fend Reprefentatives to the Affembly. As this is a petty inconfiderable Province or Govern- ment, very irregular and factious in their CEconomy, and affording no Precedents that may be of exemplary Ufe to the other Colonies ; I omit fto eafe the Summary) many Articles, which in the other Colonies are deduced at length, as of good Ufe and Information. Perhaps if this Go- vernment were annihilated, and annexed to the neigh- bouring Province-, it might be of Benefit, for their Pro- tection in Cafes of War with the neighbouring French and Indians or Infurrections, and for good Order, and to eafc their Charges of Government. mam mm m s S c x J6 A Summary^ Historical and Political, &ei SECTION X. Concerning the Colony of Rliode-Illand. I Shall not repeat what I have already mentioned \t\ general, concerning the earlieft European Difcoveries and Settlements in America. * This Colony was not originally or immediately from England, it proceded from the neighbouring Colony of Maffachufetts-Bay -, and was at firft made up of the Emi- grants and t Banifhed from thence, becaufe of diffenting from their generally received Way of religious Worfhip 3 thefe Emigrants were Puritans of Puritans, and by De- grees refined fo much that all their Religion was almoft vanifhed, afterwards it became a Receptacle of any People without Regard to Religion or fociai Worfhip: and their Modes of Civil Government were very variable and defective. * See Vol. I. P. 63, &c. For the firft Britijb Difcoveries and Settlements there. 6ee P. 109, &c. and P. 203, Sec. the firft fettling Of AW- England. P. 364, &C •j- Thefe Banifhments were under Pretence of preferving the pub- lick Peace, and preventing of Seflary Infedlion ; and as is natural tor all Zealots and Bigots, they fell into the fame Error of Rigidity, which they complained of upon their Emigration from the Church of England. iftt a general Synod in Newtown near Bofton, which was called Auguft |0, 1637, eighty erroneous Opinions were prefented, debated, and Condemned j and by the General Affembly or Legiflature of the Co- |fr»y, Oilehr 2 follewing, feme Perfons were Banifhid. T^ere Of Rhode-Island." jj There were fome Incidents, which Favoured the firft finglifh Settlements, i. A few Years before the Englifh came to New-Plymouth, there prevailed fome malignant contagious very mortal Diftempers amongft the Indians from Penobfcot to Narraganfet, which made Room for a fafe Settlement. 2. Several of the neighbouring Indian Nations were inftigated to deftroy one another ; thus the Narraganfets aflifted the Englifh to deftroy the Peauods 1637 •, Myantomy the great Sachem of the Narraganfets was made Prifoner by Uncas the Sachem of the Mohegins^ and was put to Death 1643. In the Britifh Acts of Parliament, this Colony is named Rhode-Ifland, Providence Plantations, and the Narraganfet Country or King's Province : originally thefe were diftinct Affociations or Plantations, but fince have been united, and by Charter incorporated into one Colony or Jurif- diction. I fhall briefly mention the Origin of thefe fe- veral diftinct Settlements. Mr. Roger Williams came over from England to Salem 1630, he fucceeded Mr. Shelton Minifter of Salem 1634, and becaufe of his Antinomian, Familiftical, Brownift, and other fanatical Doctrines, though in other refpects a good Man, 1635 he was excommunicated and banifhed from Maffachufetts Colony by their Affembly or Legiflature as a Difturber of the Peace of the Church and Common-wealthy and removed to Seaconck, now called Rehoboth, and pro- cured a Grant of Lands from Maffafoit Sachem of the Pakanokat Indians ; the Magiftrates of the Colony of Plymouth, Seaconck being within their Jurifdiction, obli- ged him to remove ; in the Spring following, with fome of his Friends and Adherents he fettled on the other Side of Patuket the Boundary River at Moofachick, by Mr. Williams called Providence, and the Narraganfet Sachem, made them feveral Grants of Lands •, one of the Grants is dated Nantiganfick the 24th of the firft Month commonly called March, the fecond Year of our Planta- tion or planting at Moofachick or Providence •, Mr. Wil- liams lived in Providence 40 Years •, 1640 the 27th Day of 78 A Summary, Historical and Political, £&. of the 5th Month about 40 Perfons -J- voluntarily formed a fort of Civil Government. When for the Eafe of the Inhabitants, the Colony formerly all in one County as is at prefent the fmall Province of New-Hampfhire, was di- vided into 3 County's, the Townfhip or Plantation of Providence was divided in 4 Townfhips, Providence^ Smithfteld, Scituate, and Glocefter; Providence fends 4 Re- prefentatives to the General Affembly, the others fend 2 each. Duke of Hamilton's Grant from the Council or Com- pany of Plymouth in April 1635, was from Providence 01 Narraganfet-Bay Eaft, to Connetlicut River Weft, South- erly upon the Sea, and Northerly up inland 60 Miles, or fo far North as to reach the Maffachufetts South Line ; this takes in all the Colony of Rhode Ifland, and the Eaftern Parts of the Colony of Connetlicut -, the Duke of Hamilton had a further Grant of 10,000 Acres Eaft of Sagadahoc adjoining to Lord Wares Grant ; that Family have at fundry Times effay'd to revive their Claim, but as they never fulfilled the Conditions of the Grant or Set- tling, they never profecuted the Affair to Effect. There were feveral other vague Grants, but as they are now ob- folete, and Claims not likely to be revived, we fhall not mention them. In the Year 163 7, The Synod at Newtown in Maf- fachufetts-Bay having condemned the Opinions of many Sectaries, and by the fubfequent General Court or Affem- bly Perfons being ill ufed, thefe Perfons with their Friends 4- To perpetuate the Memory of the firft confiderable Settlers and of their Families, I fhall in the Hiftory of our feveral Colonies mention fome Names. The firft 12 Perfons who with Mr. Williams were concerned as Proprietors of the Providence Lands ; William Arnold, John Greene, John Throgviorton, Thomas James, William Harris, Tho- mas Olnay, Richard Waterman, Francis Wefton, Ezekiel Hot'ii man, Robert Cole, Stukely Weft-coat, and William Carpenter ; afterwards were aflb- ciated Chad. Browne, William Fairfield, J. Warner, E. Angel, J. Windfor, R. Scot, Wm. Reinolds, Wm. Wickenden, Gregory Dexter, &C. at length they amounted to the Number of 100 Proprietors of Provi- dtnce, being.the value of 20 Miles Square. Of Rhode-Island. n and Adherents went to Aquatneck, now the Ifland of Rhode- Ifland, and by Deed March 24, 1637,8, purchafed the Ifland from the Indians ; 18 Perfons |jv without a Patent did voluntarily incorporate or affociate themfelves; the Eafterly end of the Ifland with Seaconet was called Pocaj- fet ; this Settlement increafed faft and was called Ifle of Rhodes or Rhode-Ifland, 1644 ll wa3 divided into two Townfhips, Newport its Eafterly Part, and Portfmouth its Wefterly Part •, lately Newport isfubdivided into New- port and Middletown. In the beginning the CEconomy or Government was variable, 1640 they agreed that the Government fhould be in a Governor, Deputy Governor and four Afliftants, * they held their Offices until the Patent of Incorporation. 1642,3, Jan. 12. Showamet was purchafed of the In- dians by eleven Affociates -f" and called Warwick in ho- nour to the Family of the Earl of Warwick, who had a Grant (but never profecuted) of a large Tract of Land in thefe Parts ; they were by Directions from this Mi- nifter incorporated in the Province of Providence Planta- U Thefe 18 Perfons were William Coddivgton, Jchn Clarh, William Hutchinfon, John Coggejhal, William Apinnual, Samuel Welborn, Jobs Porter, John Seaford, Ediuard Hutchinfon, jun. Thomas Savage, Wil- liam Dyree, William Fret horn, Philip Sherman, John Walker, Richard Carder, William Raulifton, Edward Hutchinfon, Sen. Henry Bui:. N. B. Some Families returned to the Maffachufetts Bay Colony, the Hutchinfons, Dummers, Savages, &c. * William Coddington Governor, W. Bremen Deputy Governor* N. Eafton, J. Ccggi/bal, W. Hutchinfon and S. Pirtcr. ■f- Rindal Holdtn, John Wickcs, Samuel Gortcn, John Green?, Frenrs Wefton, Richard Waterman, John Warner, Richard Cordcr, Samion Shelton, Rob.ert Patten, and William* Woodeal. N. B. Gorton was a Preacher orExorter, of many wild peculiar Opinions in Religion,different from thofe of the other Nc-iv-England Sectaries, and ufed a myllerious Dialed ; his Followers were called Gortonians ; he came to Rbo~- Ifland 1638, was Banifhed from thence 1640 ; he was of a good Fa- mily in England, he difowned the Puritans and oppofed the l^uuk.-'! ; he fettled at Patuxet, and kept a peculiar religious Society for upwards of fixty Years, and liv'd to a great Age ; but as this Seel is utterly extinct, we fhall not revive the Memory of it in the Digreffion con- cerning the Britijb Plantation Seclarieff. tiens. So A Summary, Historical And Political, &cl tions. About this Time fome People began a Settlement at Patuxet River, 4- whereof at prefent Part is in the Townfhip of Providence, and Part in the Townfhip of Warwick. Warwick is lately fubdivided into the Town- fhips of Warwick, four Reprefentatives, and Coventry two Reprefentatives. 1643, Mr. R. Williams went to England as Agent, and by the Afliftance of Sir Henry Vane, obtained from the Earl of Warwick Governor and Admiral of all the Englifh Plantations for the Parliament, a fort of Charter of Incorporation of the feveral Settlements by the Name of " the Incorporation of the Providence Plantations in " the Narraganfet-Bay in New-England -, may fettle them- " felves into any Form of Government the Majority of " the Freeman fhould agree upon, fuitable to their Eftate " and Condition, and make fuitable Lawsj agreeable to " the Laws of England, fo far as the Nature and Confti- " tution of the Place will admit, &c." dated 1643,4. March 17. Their firft General Affembly was not called until May 19. 1647 ; this Affembly eftablifhed a Body of very good and wholfom Laws, and erected a Form of Government for the Adminiftration of thefe Laws, and for making further Laws that rttay be found requifite. Their Legiflature, called a Court of Commiflioners, con- fifted of fix Members from each of the four Towns of Providence, Newport, Portfmouth and Warwick -, but the fupreme Power to be in a regular Vote of all the || Free- holders of the Colony or Incorporation, the Freemen's Vote fuperfeded or repealed the Acts of the Court of Com- miflioners and made them void— A Prefident and four Afliftants yearly chofen were Judges of the Court of Tryals, aflifted by the two Wardens or Juftices of the 4. Meadows upon a River, has in our northern Plantations, always and every where been an inducement to begin a Settlement ; as being immediately furnifhed with Food for their Cattle in Winter. I] At prefent there remains in our Plantations, Only twb Populace or Popular Colonies where the fupreme Power or dernier Refort is lodged in .he Commmunity, viz, Conntfthttt an'd Rhode-Ifiand. ftfrriculaf Of Rhode-Island. %i particular Town, in which this Court fat from Time to Time. Every Town chofe a Council of fix Perfons to manage the prudential Town Affairs, and had the Tryal of fmall Cafes, with the Wardens or Juftices of theTown, but with an Appeal to the Court of Prefident and Affo- ciates. There was a fhort Interruption of this Form of Government, Otlober 2, 1652, by Order of the Council of State from England •, but foon refumed, and continued until the prefent Charter took Place. The prefent Charter is dated July 8, 1662, 15 Regn. Carol. II. in which it is enumerated, that they were People who left their Settlements in the other Colonies, becaufe obliged thereto by their different Sentiments in Religion j and did by good Providence tranfplant themfelves into the midft of Indian Natives, and made Land Purchafes of thofe Natives, fit for building of Veffels, making of Pipe Staves and other Lumber : that their Defign was to live quietly with Liberty of Confcience together, and to con- vert the Indians. They are by Charter made a Body Politick or Corporate by the Name of the Governor and Company of Freemen of the Englifh Colony of Rhode- Ifland and Providence Plantations in Narraganfet Bay in New-England. Grants Liberty of Confcience in Religion *, a Power to make a common Seal, to call an Affembly annually, firft Wednefday of May, and laft Wednefday of Otlober, or oftener : compofed of the Governor f, Deputy Governor, ioAfliftants; and Reprefentatives of Towns, whereof Newport not exceeding 6, Providence 4, Portsmouth 4, Warwick 4, and 2 for each other Place or Town to be elected by the Majority of Freemen in each Town. The Majority of the Affembly, whereof the Governor or De- puty Governor and Six of the Afliftants at leaft to be * Without excepting Roman Catholicks or any others. f In the Charter, for the firft Year, the King nominated Benedict Amold,E(q; for Governor, William Brenton Deputy Governor. Vol. II. M feven j X2 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. feven •, 4- to have Power to appoint the Time and Place of their Meetings, to make any Man free of the Company, to nominate proper Officers, to make Laws, &c. not re- pugnant to thofe of England, to appoint Courts of Judi- cature with their proper Officers, to determine what Towns have Power to fend Reprefentatives to the Af- fembly, to pardon Criminals, to make Purchafes of the native Indians; when the Affembly does not fit, the Governor with the major Part of the Afliftants to have the Direction of the Militia. The Governor, Six of the Afliftants, and major Part of the Reprefentatives of the Freemen in Affembly, have Power of making War againft the Indians or any of the King's Enemies, but not to in- vade the Indians of any neighbouring Colony without the Confent of the Government of that Colony : al- lowed the Liberty of fifhing and of curing Fifh on any of the Coafts of New-England : Perfons born there, to be Denizons of England ; all Perfons and manner of Goods may be tranfported thither from England : any difference arifing with the neighbouring Colonies, to appeal to the King in Council : to have a free Trade with all the other' Englifh Colonies. The Bounds of the Colony to be "Wefterly, the middle Channel of the middle great Stream of Pokatuke, alias Narraganfet great River, fo far as it lies up the Country, and thence by a Line due North to the Southerly Line of the Maffachufetts Colony ; Northern Bounds, the Southerly Line of the Maffachufetts Colony fo far Eaft as three Miles to the E. N. E. of the moft Eaft- ern and Northern Parts of the Narraganfet-Bay ; the Eaft- ern Bounds, as the Bay lieth or extendeth it felf from the Ocean into the Mouth of the River which runneth into Providence : and from thence higher along the Eafterly Bank of faid River called Seaconck River, up to the Falls 4 As in the Majority of Voters there muft at leaft be the Governor or Deputy Governor and Six of the Affiflants, it was the fame Cafe as if the Governor and Affiflants were a feperatc Board or Houfe, there- fore after fome Years by Aft of Affembly they were conftituted a fe- parate Houfe, and the Governor in Cafe of an Equivote in the Board of Afliftants, to have the cafting Vote, but no Negative. called Of Rhode-Island. g* called Patucket Falls, being the moft Wefterly Line of Plymouth Colony : and from faid Falls in a ftreight Line due North, till it meets with the South Line of Maffa- chufetts -, Southern Bounds, the Ocean comprehending all the Ifiands and Banks in Narraganfet-Bay, Fifher\ Ifland excepted. To hold of the King as the Mannor of Eaft Greenwich, in free and common Soccage, paying the fifth of all Gold and Silver Oar found there—Any Claufe in a late Grant to the Governor and Company of Connetlicut Colony notwithstanding. Signed Howard. Their firft Affembly met at Newport, March i. 1663, and enacted, That on the firft Wednefday of May annu- ally by a Majority of the Votes of the Freemen of the Colony, fhall be elected a Recorder or Secretary, a Sheriff *,an Attorney General, and one Treafurer General. —All Purchafes of the Indians without Confent of the Affembly, to be void, and the Purchasers finable. AH Inhabitants of competent Eftates Chriftians (Roman Ca- tholicks excepted) to be accounted Freemen, and have Power of choofing and of being chofen Deputies and other Officers. This Competency of Eftate has been varied from Time to Time ; Anno 1746, the Affembly enacted, that the Qualification for a Freeman fhould be Freeholds of £. 400 Currency in Value, or that fhall Rent for £. 20 per Ann. or the eldeft Son of fuch a Freeholder ; and to be pro- pofed to their refpective Town Meetings three Months at leaft before their Admiffion. As Briberies in the Elections of Affembly Men and general Officers were become fre- quent and notorious, by the fame Aft, no Man is admit- ted to vote until he has taken Oath or Affirmation •, That he will ufe his Freedom for the good of the Government without any other Motive, and fhall not receive nor ex- pect any Reward or Promife of Reward in Elections. The fame Affembly enacted, that no Afliftant (Member * At prefent the Sheriffs of the feveral Counties are appointed by the General Aflembly. «f 84 A Summary, Historical and Political," &c." of the Council) or Member of the Houfe of Reprefenta- tives fhould be allowed any Wages or pay for their Ser- vice. Several other fuch wholfome and exemplary f Laws have at Times been enacted, when the Govern- ment was in good Hands. From Time to Time there were fome Englifh trading Houfes, with fmall Purchafes of Lands from the Indians, in the Narraganfet Country. 1657,tne Ifland of Gwww- cut was purchafed of the Indians, and 1678 incorpo- rated by Act of Affembly, and named James Town. Some Gentlemen of Rho'de-Iflandand other Parts of New- England made a confiderable Purchafe of Petaquamfecut (from the Indians) which with the adjacent Lands were incorporated a Townfhip by the Name of Kingfton 1674: but fince divided into three Townfhips, South Kingfton, North Kingfton, and Exeter. Mifquamicut purchafed of the Indians, 1665, was con- ftituted a Townfhip 1669, by the Name of Wefterly ; this is lately divided into threeTownfcipsJFeft erly, Charles- townand Richmond; in Charleftown is the Narraganfet Indian Referve (Ninigret is Sachem,) of two Miles from E. to W. and of about 6 Miles from North to South •, which is generally farmed by the Friends of the Indian Guardians appointed by the Affembly, upon long Leafes and fmall Rents. Maniffes or Block Ifland 1672 was conftituted the Townfhip of New Shoreham. 1677, The Townfhip of Greenwich was incorporated, and lately divided into the two Townfhips of Greenwich, and Weft Greenwich. By this Time all the Colony or general Lands were reduced to private Property ; fee a fubfequent Table, P. 89. When the Court of England, in a bad Adminiftration, were refolved to vacate Charters of any Nature, becaufe Reftraints or Obftacles to a defpotick Power ; a Writ of Quo Warranto was iffued out againft the Colony Otlober -|- -Exemplary t© the other Colonies. 6, Of Rhode-Island; 85 6, 1685, ana" delivered June 2, 1686, by Edward Ran- dolph, Efq-, The Freemen of the Colony by their Bal- lots or written Votes called Proxies, by a Majority gave in their Opinion to the General Affembly ; in Confor- mity to which, the General Affembly, after the Example of many Corporations or Charters in England, determined not to ftand Suit with his Majefty, but by a humble Ad- drefs to the King, pray for the Continuance of their Pri- vileges and Liberties according to Charter : the King promifed them Protection and Favour •, they were put under the Government of Prefident Dudley, who was foon fuperfeded by Governor Andros. \686,y,Jan. 12. Sir Edmond Andros'*s Commiflion as Governor of New- England, was publifiied in Rhode-Iftand, and all the Co- lony formed into one County. Upon the Orange Revolution, by a general Vote of the Freemen in May 1689, 'c was concluded, that Sir Edmond Andros's Authority,by his Confinement in Bofton, was terminated or filenced, and therefore they reaffume their former Government or Charter -, and as their Charter never was vacated in a due Courfe of Law or Judgment, the Court of England allows them to continue in the Pof- feffion and Ufe of it to this Day. Each Townfhip is managed by a Town Council con- fifting of the Afliftants who refide in the Town, the Juftices of the Town, and fix Men Freeholders chofen annually by the Freemen of the Town ; the Major Part of them is a Quorum, with full Power to manage the Affairs and Intereft of the Town to which they refpec- tively belong, to grant Licences to publick Houfes •, and are a Probate Office for proving Wills and granting Adminiftration, with Appeal to Governor and Council as fupreme Ordinary. On any urgent Occafion the Governor, or in his Ab- fence, the Deputy Governor, may by Warrant call a General Affembly.—The Direction of the Militia is in the General Affembly of the Colony ; but when the Af- fembly does not fit, the Governor and Afliftants have the Power of the Militia, At #6 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. At the Townfhip Meetings in March annually, the Freemen of the Town bring in their written Votes cal- led Proxies, for a Governor, a Deputy Governor, 10 Afliftants, Recorder, Treafurer, and Attorney General ; thefe Votes are fealed up and fent to Newport for next May General Election ; the Governor has no Negative in Elections, has no Negative in paffing of Bills or Rcfol ves, only in the Houfe or Board of Afliftants in Cafe of an Equivote, he has the cafting Vote. All other Officers Civil and Military are appointed by a joint Vote of the Board of Afliftants and Houfe of Reprefentatives. The Legiflature of Rhode-IJland Colony ftile themfelves, The Governor and Company of the Englifh Colony of Rhode- Ifland and Providence Plantations in New England in Ame- rica ; the enacting ftile is, Be it enatled by the General Affembly of this Colony and by the Authority of the fame it is enatled. The Affembly adjourn themfelves for any Time. The Governor for the Time being, has the Cuftody of the Colony's Charter, Seal &c. and appoints the Naval Officer; the Governor's Sallery is £. 300 per Ann. Currency, and all his Perquifites do not exceed £. 1000.4. There are yearly two Affemblies or Elections of Reprefentatives; they fit firft Wednefday in May at Newport -, the fecond Affembly meets laft Wednefday of Otlober at Providence, and South Kingfton alternately. In all grand Committees, and Elections, of Officers, the Board of Afliftants and Houfe of Reprefentatives, fit and vote together. In the laft U Election of General Officers firft Wednefday of 4- At this writing* 1750, The Deputy Governor has a Sallary of £. 30 Currency or O. T. per Ann. the Treafurer £. 200 ; Afliftants and Reprefentatives have no Wages. || Formerly the Parties in Election and Publick Tranfa&ions were upon Seclary Footings; but for fome Years paft the oppofite Parties, are they who are againft multiplying a fallacious fraudulent Paper Currency, and they who encourage it for private iniquitous Ends j Majority of the prefent Houfe of Reprefentatives are of the Paper Money Side, notwith- standing of a growing Depreciation : from April 1, 1750, to Sep. 1, l7S°s Of Rhode-Island.1 87 of May 1750, were chofen William Greene Governor, Ro- bert Hazzard Dep. Governor •, Afliftants, George Wanton, Jonathan Nichols, John Potter, John Bowen, Benjamin Tucker, Robert Lawton, James Arnold, William Richmond, Daniel Coggefhal, Jeffry Walfon -, Thomas Ward Secretary, Daniel Updike Attorney General, and Thomas Richardfon General Treafurer. * When the Charter firft took Place 1663, there were only 18 Reprefentatives, 6 from New- port, 4 from Providence, 4 from Portfmouth, and 4 from Warwick : at prefent 1750, befides thefe, there are 2 from each conftituted Townfhip incorporated from that Time, and at prefent are 58 Members. 1750, their Paper Currency from Par, fuffers a Difcount with the Majfachujetts Paper Currency above 20 per Ct, that is, a Piece of 8 in Bofton fells for 45/ O. T, in Rhode-ljland it fells for 56/ O. T ; by felling, I mean, it is Merchandize and will continue fuch, until the Paper Money is generally annihilated, or by its fmall Quantity arrive at a juft Par with Silver : I fhall mention a palpable Inftance of the good Effecls of Paper Currency being gradually annihilated (if the Tranfition is too fudden, it may occafion a Stagnation of Bufinefs, Confufion and Uproars, which ought carefully be avoided, as tending to Sedition) by finking of ©ur Paper Medium; within thefe laft Six Months (this is wrote September 1750) Exchange with London is fallen from Eleven and a half, for one Sterling, to Nine and a half, for one Sterling good Bills or well endorfed. * The fallacious Plantation Paper Money Currencies are a moft difagreeable Topick, and fall too often in my Way : here I cannot avoid obferving, that the habitual Practice of this Paper Money Cheat, has had a bad Influence not only upon profligate private Per- fons ; but upon the Adminiftration of fome of our New-England Go- vernments : for Inftance, one of the Legiflature, a Signer of the. Rhode-Iftand Colony Bills, was not long fince convicted of Signing Counterfeit Bills. Men are chofen into the Legiflative and Executive Parts of their Government, not for their Knowledge, Honour, and Honefly, but as Sticklers for depreciating (for private Ends) the Cur- rency, by multiplied Emiflions : this Year 1750, the Parties amongft the Electors of Aflembly Men were diftinguifhed by the Names of Paper Money Makers, and the contrary : the Paper Money Makers have got a Majority in the lower Houfe, and propofe a New Emiflion of 200,000 O. T ; it is probable the Houfe or Board of Afliftants will not concur ; it is not for want of Paper-Currency, at prefent they have more :han ever ; Maffachufetts Bay, where the Bulk of their Bills were lodged, have fent them back accompanied with the Bills of New- Hampfhire j thei$ Defign is. by Quantity to depreciate the Value of their 88 A Summary, Historical and Political, 6rV. As a Table is the moft concife and diftinct Form of reprefenting feveral numeral Articles relating to a Colony; I fhall here reprefent each Townfhip, their late Numbers of Proxies or Freemen Voters, their Reprefentatives in General AlTembly, their Juftices, their Companies of Militia, perluftration of (1748; of Whites, Negroes, and Indians. their Bills ; and Lands mortgaged for Publick Bills will be redeemed in thofe minorated Bills, at a very inconfiderable real Value. In the neigh- bouring Province oi Maffachufetts- Bay the principal Directors and Signers of bubling or notorious cheat Bills (in the Aft of Parliament, 1741, it is termed a mifchievous Undertaking and publick Nufance) were by Votes concurred by Gov. Sh----y, made Councellors, Signers of publick Bills of Credit, Judges, Juftices, &c. this to an impartial Reader muft appear the greateft Difregard of a Minifter (all Governors are in a minifterial Capacity) to Afts of Parliament. To prevent this Nufance, in all Afls of Aflemblies concerning Paper Money Currencies, there may be a Claufe, that any Perfon convifted of making, figning, or utter- ing any falfe, fraudulent, or counterfeit Bills ; be rendred incapable of any Place of Profit or Truft in faid Province or Colony. In Maffachufetts-Bay Province December 1748, the Aft for drawing in their Bills of Credit, exprefly declares, that the Bills of the neigb~ bouring Provinces, have pajfed promifcuoufly vjitb the Bills of our Pro- vince ; and the Inhabitants of Maffachufetts-Bay Province vji 11 thereby he liable to greater Evils than they have as yet fuffered, if the Bills of the neighbouring Governments continue current within the Province ; therefore, cjV. particularly every Perfon fo accounting (extra provincial Bills reckoned up to a Perfon or otherways evading in Negociation) re- ceiving, taking, or paying the fame, fhall forfeit the Sum of Fifty Pounds New Tenor for every fuch Offence. There has lately hap- pened a publick Controverfy in the Boflon Weekly News Papers for Sept. 1750, concerning the Word accounting: this ought to be ex- plained by fome fubfequent Aft of Aflembly ; as there is a Dif- covery of a principal Manager, negociating in Bofton (in a manner as he thought evadable in the Law) fome Bills of Neiv-Hampfhire : as he was a principal Agent in reftraining the Currency of Bills of the neigh- bouring Provinces, if Intereft had not prevailed againft common Pru- dence, he would have evaded the negociating of thefe Bills in any Manner though evadable in Law. N. B. To annihilate Plantation Paper Currencies in a general Senfe, is very laudable ; but to do it fuddenly or in the Space of one Year, when there is no other Medium or Currency ; puts a Stop to all Trade and Bufinefs ; this Obftruftion may divert our Commerce into fome other Channel ; We have a notable Inftance of this in the Pro- vince of Maffachufetts-Bay, 1750. Townfhips.- Of Rhode-Islan^ •-♦r j^ 11 11 * i 1748. 1749. Companies. Townfhips. Proxies.Repref. Juftices. Whites. Negroes.Indians.Militia. Newport 9° 6 9 5335 1105 68 4 Vrovidenct 32 4 »3 3«77 225 5° 5 Portfmouth 25 4 5 807 »34 51 1 Warwick 21 4 8 '5J3 176 93 3 Wefterley 23 2 6 1701 59 49 4 *Neiv Shoreham 23 2 0 260 20 20 1 North Kingfton 30 2 7 1665 184 86. 3 South Kingfton 21 2 5 1405 380 '93 3 Greenwich 17 2 6 956 61 27 2 James Town 4 2 0 284 no 26 1 * Smithjield 45 2 5 400 3° 20 3 Scituate 58 2 4 1210 16 6 3 Gloucefter 11 2 4 8 3 Charles-Town 9 2 3 1 641 58 3°3 1 Weft Greenwich 25 2 4 757 8 1 2 Coventry 12 2 6 769 16 7 2 Exeter ^ Middletown 24 2 4 1103 63 8 2 20 2 4 586 76 18 1 Briftol 13 2 5 928 128 *3 1 Tiverton 102 2 4 842 99 99 2 Little Compton 107 2 5 1004 6z. 86 1 * Warren 82 2 4 600 5°' 3«> 1 Cumberland 73 2 3 802 4 1 * Richmond 11 2 5 500 5 3 1 888 58 119 28439 3°77 1257 51 N. B. The Numbers of Whites, Blacks, and Indians For the Townfhips of New Shoreham or Block-IJland9 Smithjield, Warren, and Richmond are only Eftimates, and notanaclual Cenfus. When the Qualification of a Freeman, as formerly, was low, the Proxies or Voters never exceeded 1300 : at prefent the Qualification is better or higher, and Anno 1749, the Proxies were only 888. The Valuation or Cenfus Anno 1730 was Whites 15,302, Blacks 1648, Indians 985, in all 17,935 ; the Valuation Anno 1748, was Whites 28,439, Blacks 3077, Indians, 1257, in all 32,773 •, from thefe deduct Briftol, Vol. II. N Tiverton^ 90 A Summary, Historical and Political, fcte Tiverton, Little Compton, Warren, and Cumberland a late Addition taken from the JurifdicYion of Maffachufetts- Bay, and added to Rhode Ifland Colony, of 4196 Whites, 343 Blacks, and 228 Indians, remains 24,243 Whites, which is an Increafe of near 9,000 Whites, upon 15,500 Circiter,\n 18Years •, this is more than one third increafed in the Space of 18 Years. The Cenfus of their Blacks and Indi- ans perhaps is not exaft:; that fmall Colony does not pofTefs more Negroes, than the much larger Province of Mafia- chufetts-Bay -, it is true, their late Guinea Trade exchanging of Negroes for Horfes, Stock, and Provifions fhipt off for the Wed India Ifiands, has added confiderably to the Number of their Negroes. Here is an Increafe of 44 Indians, whereas they are obferved every where to be upon the Decreafe from the intemperate Ufe of Britifh Spirits, and from their being fent to Sea, and upon Expeditions. The 51 Militia Foot Companies are formed into 4 Regiments, being one Regiment Foot in each of their four Counties of Newport, Providence, King*s County, and Briftol-, there are alfo one Troop of Horfein the County of Newport, and a Troop in the County of Providence. Concerning the Boundaries of theColony of Rhode Ifland. King Charles, Anno 1630, made a Grant to the Earl of Warwick from Narraganfet-Bay, Weftward along Shore 40 Leagues, and in length from Sea to Sea : he afligned this Grant to William Vifcount Say and Seal, * Lord Brooks, Lord Rich, and eight more Affociates : the Conditions of the Grant were never complied with by Settling &c, and the Grant is become void. A fubfe- quent Grant to Duke Hamilton, 1635, for the fame Reafon is Null. *- Seabrook at the Mouth of Connetlicut River is fo called from the Names of Vifcount Say and Lord Brook. This Humour of joint Names for Townfhips is ftill piaclifed in the Colony of Connecticut, thus a Townfhip granted lately to Hartford and Windfor jointly, 1*3 called Harwinton, from the initial Syllables of thefe two Townfhips. In Of Rhode-Island^ 9i In the beginning of our Settlements, the Country not being well inveftigated, fundry fucceeding Royal Grants interfered with former Grants f. King Charles II. having received Complaints concerning the wrong Defcription of Places and Grants, not to be determined at a Diftance, but by Commiflioners to be fent exprefly upon the Spot •, accordingly 1664, four Commiflioners, Col. Nichols (af- terwards Governor of New-Tork) Sir Robert Ker, &c. were fent over to fettle all the controverted Boundaries of the Provinces, and to be determined by the Concur- rence of any three of thefe Commiflioners, or of two of them, whereof Nichols to be one. -j- Three of thofe Com- miflioners f For Inflance, Plymouth old North Line, from Conahaffet due Weft to Patuket River ; and Maffachufetts South Line, from 3 Miles South of the Southermoft Part or Head of Charles River extended E. and W. overlap one another feveral Miles ; Attleborough Gore is plainly included in Plymouth Grant, and alfo in the Grant to Rhode- Ifland. Some of the Lands of Tiverton and Little Compton, feems to be in both thefe Grants. In Equity perhaps the Prior Grant fhould take Place ; but this was not obferved in the late Determination of Rhode-Ifland Eafterly 'Bounds; the Validity of the Plymouth Grant as to Jurifdiftion being queftioned. Rhode-Ifland Colony pretended to the Settlements of Tiverton, Little Compton, Dartmouth, Rochefter, Sandwich, and Cape Cod Townfhips, becaufe Plymouth Grant is not faid to be bounded upon the Ocean : but as this Claim was not brought before a late Court of CommifTioners appointed by Patent from Great- Britain to fettle the Eaftern Boundaries of Rhode Ifland Co)ony, it may be fuppofed dropt and filenced. Lately in Rhode Ifland, they have imagined a Claim of Jurifdidtion further North than their prefent Line ; taking in Part of Wrentbam, Bellingham, Mendon, Uxbridge, and Douglafs ; thty were encouraged to this by their late Succefs in the Eaftern Claim ; but when they complained Home concerning the Encroachments of Maffachufetts- Bay, upon their Eaftern Borders, they made no Complaint of Northern Encroachments ; which if any, might have been adjufted by the fame Commiflion without further Charge : and when CommifTioners were appointed, December 18, 1749, by the General Affembly of Maffachufetts Bay, to join with Commiflioners from the Jurifdiclion of Rhode Ifland, to run and renew the Line agreed on and fettled by both Governments, Jan. 19, 1710,11 ; the Rhode- Ifland Commiflioners did not appear. 4 The Rhode Iflanders conftrued it that nothing could be concluded without the Concurrence of Nichols, and becaufe Nichols happened not f $2 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. miflioners gave the Attleborougb Gore to Plymouth Colony, that is Patucket alias Blackftone |] River to be the dividing Line between thefe two Colonies •, the King's Pleafure concerning this Determination was never fignified •, as it was not confirmed at Home, it continued many Years in Difpute, and at length, determined by Commiflioners 1741, and confirmed by the King in Council 1746, in favour of Rhode-IJland; it is now called Cumberland Town- fhip, in Honour to his Royal Highnefs the Duke of Cum- berland, and is annexed to the County of Providence. Rhode Ifland Eafterly Line dividing it from the prefent Province of Maffachufetts-Bay was fettled by Commifli- oners * 1741, Maffachufetts Government appealed Home againft every Part of the Judgment as grievous and inju- rious •, but the Judgment in whole was confirmed 1746, by the King in Council. In Autumn 1746, the Govern- ment of Rhode-IJland fent to the Government of Maffa- chufetts-Bay, a Copy of his Majefty's Order in Council, affirming the Judgment of the Court of Commiflioners, for fettling the Boundary Line between the two Govern- ments, and by Act of Aflembly appointed Commiflioners, to run (Dec. 2. 1746) this late adjudged Line with Com- miflioners from Maffachufetts-Bay ; the Aflembly of Maf- fachufetts-Bay could not be informed of this appointed Time until their next Sitting, December 24, thus Rhode- Ifland contrived to run this Line ex parte. For a minute Defcription of this Line, fee Vol. I. P. 399. For Rhode-Ifland Northerly Line dividing this Colony From the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay, fee .Vol. I. P. 415. to be one of the three that concurred in the Determination of the At- tleborougb Gore, they alledged the Determination was not perfect whereas Nichols was plainly intended to have only a calling Vote when two were againft two. || This River was fo called by the Name of Mr. Blackftone who removed from Maffachufetts-Bay and lived in this Gore, upon that River, many Years. * The fettling of this Line coft each Government about 4,000 O. T. The Commiflioners had from each Government 6/ Sterl.' per dim, with all Charges in coming, at, and returning from the Congrefs. Southerly Of Rhode-Island. •3 Southerly the Colony of Rhode-IJland is bounded upon the Sea or Atlantick Ocean. Its Wefterly Line dividing it from the Colony of Connecticut was fettled by Commiflioners from both Co- lonies September 27, 1728; was afcertained by a drredr. Line extending Weft from the Rock at the utrermoft Point of Warwick Neck,- 20 MiIes,to a confiderable Heap of Stones in a Cedar Swamp, theS. W. Corner of War- wick Purchafe. From this Monument the Line with Connetlicut is determined by running firft N. yd. E. by Compafs, 23 Miles 10 Rod to a large Heap of Stones in a Valley being between two marked Pine Trees in the South Line of the Province of Maffachufetts- Bay, and for the firft 7 and a half Miles were made Monuments every half Mile, and from thence Northward to the Maffa- chufetts South Line, were made Monuments at the End of each Mile : from the faid Monument the S. W. Corner of Warwick was made a Southerly running of 15 Miles and 9 Rod S. 11 d. 20 m. W. to the Mouth of Aftra- wage River where it falls into Pakatuke River •, and from thence Pakatuke River is the Boundary to the Sea. Roger Woolcot ~\ Signed James Wadfworth }- For Connecticut. Daniel Palmer. J William Wanton ~\ Benjamin Ellery ? For Rhode-Ifland. William Jenkes. j The Colony of Rhode-Ifland have been very little concerned in the Britifh North America Wars with the adjacent Indians, and their Encouragers to Rapine the French of Canada -, from the Quaker Principles of many of the Inhabitants, and as not being immediately expofed to the Ravages of the French and their Indians, In the Expedition againft Port-Royal in Nova- Scotia, An. 1710, and in the abortive Expedition againft Canada, lyit, 94 ^Summary, Historical and Political, &c. they had fome Forces : towards the Feint or intended Expedition againft Canada, in the Summer 1746, they fitted out 300 Land Men with a Warlike Sloop of 100 Seamen ; they were ordered for Nova-Scotia, but in their Voyage fuffered Difafters, never proceeded, and after fome Time this Expedition was countermanded. They have been noted for Privateering againft the French and Spaniards in Times of War. They have built a good Fort upon Goat Ifland, an Ifland in the Harbour of Newport. The Numbers of their Whites, Slaves and other Lifts, may be kti\ in a foregoing Table. Concerning their Courts of Judicature. Formerly the Colony of Rhode-Ifland made only one County : not long fince it was divided into 3 Counties, Newport, Providence, and King's County •, lately they have conftituted a fourth County called Briftol, compre- hending the late Addition from the Province of Maffa- chufetts ; Cumberland is in the County of Providence. Newport County contains Rhode-IJland (the Townfhips of Newport, Portfmouth, and Middletown,) Block-Ifland (the Townfhip of New-Shoreham) Canonicut Ifland (the Townfhip of James Town) Prudence Ifland, and Patience Ifland, with the lately adjudged Parts of Tiverton,and Little- Compton. Providence County comprehends the Townfhips of Providence, Smithfield, Scituate, Glocefter, Warwick, Coventry, Greenwich, Weft Greenwich, and Cumberland. King's County includes South Kingfton, North Kingfton, ^Exeter, Wefterly, Charles Town, and Richmond. The Legiflature, called the General Court or General Aflembly, fits the firft Wednefday in May annually at Newport, and at Providence and South Kingfton alternately the laft Wednefday of Otlober. The Form of their judicial Oath or Affirmation does not invoke the Judgments of the Omnifcient GOD, who fees Of Rhode-Island! 95 fees in Secret, but only upon the Peril of the Penalty of Perjury, -f- Juries. The Town Council of each Townfhip, take a Lift of all Perfons liable by Law, and whom they fhall judge able and well qualified to ferve on Juries, and lay the fame before a Town Meeting called for that Purpofei and the Names of all fuch Perfons written on feparate Pieces of Paper, fhall be put in a Box to be delivered to the Town Clerk, to be by him kept under Lock and Key. When the Precept or Notification for returning of Ju- rors is iffued, at a Town Meeting the Box fhall be un- locked, and the Town Clerk fhall draw out fo many Tickets, as there are Jurors required to be returned as Jurors i fuch as in the Judgment of the Town Meeting are unable to ferve at that Time, their Names fhall be re- turned into the Box and others drawn in their ftead ; the Names of the Perfons returned to ferve, fhall be put in another Box from Time to Time, until all the Tickets be drawn as aforefaid ; then they fhall be returned into the firft, to be drawn from Time to Time as aforefaid. The Town Council fhall once a Year lay before a Town- Meeting fuch other Perfons as may from Time to Time become qualified, to be put in the Box. If by Reafon of Challenge or otherways there are not a fufficient Num- ber of good and lawful Men to make up the Jury, the_ Jury fhall be filled up by the Sheriff or his Deputy de talibus Circumftantibus. Justices of the Peace. The General Affembly in their May Seflions, chufe for each Town, fo many Juf- tices of the Peace as they may find requifite, to be com- miffioned by the Governor of the Colony under the Seal of the Colony ; their Power extends all over the County. A Juftice may join Perfons in Marriages, take the Ac- » ■ —--' ...» ■f This doe6 not feem to be a facred or folemn Oath, and may be illuflrated by the Story of two profligate Thieves; one of them had ftolen fomething and told his Friend of it : well, fays his Friend, but did any body fee you ? No : then fays his Friend, it is yours as much as if you had bought it with your Money. knowledgment 9^ -^Summary, Historical and Political, cjfr. knowledgment of a Deed or other Inftrument, take De- pofitions out of Court, the adverfe Party being notified. Two or more Juftices may Hear, Try, and Adjudge all manner of Debts, Trefpaffes, and other Actions not exceeding five Pounds Currency ; Titles of Lands are excepted, and fuch other Actions as are excepted by any particular Law of the Colony. Three or more Juftices of the Peace may try all Perfons fufpected of Thieving to the Value of Ten Pounds Currency. Appeals in Civil Cafes are allowed to the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, and in Criminal Cafes to the Court of the General Seffions of the Peace : the Judgment of which Court, on all Ap- peals from the Juftices Court is final. Sessions of the Peace. In each County are held twice a Year, a Court of General Seffions of the Peace, five Juftices of the County making a Quorum, impowered to hear and determine all manner of Matters and Things relating to the Confervation of the Peace, the Punifhment of Offenders, and all Pleas of the Crown (Capital Crimes excepted) are therein cognizable. Any Perfon aggrieved at the Sentence of this Court, may appeal to the next Superior Court of Judicature, Court of Aflizeand General Goal Delivery. Inferior Courts of Common Pleas, are held twice a Year in each County ; three Juftices of the faid Court are a Quorum : they have Cognizance of all Civil Actions arifing or happening within the County, and Tryable at Common Law, of what Nature, Kind, or Quality foever: but no Action not exceeding five Pounds Currency, is brought into any of thefe Courts, unlefs where any Men's Freehold is concerned, or by Way of Appeal from any Juftices Court. Liberty of Appeal from thefe Inferior Courts of Common Pleas, is allowed to the next Superior Court of Judicature, &c. Superior Court of Judicature, Courts of Aflize and General Goal Delivery, are holden twice a Year in each County •, three Judges are a Quorum : they have Cognizance of all Pleas, real, perfonal, or mixt, as alfo Pleas Of Rhode-Island; $7 Pleas o! the Crown, and Caufes Criminal, and Matters relating to the Confervation of the Peace, Punifhment of Offenders, and generally of all other Matters as fully and amply to all Intents and Purposes whatfoever, as the Court of Common Pleas, King's Bench, or Exchequer in his Majefty's Kingdom of England have, or ought to have, and are impowered to give Judgment therein, and to award Execution thereon, and make fuch necef- fary Rules of Practice, as the Judges fhall from Time to Time fee needful ; but no Caufe, Matter, or Thing (Writs of Error, Capital Crimes, &c. excepted) are brought into this Court by an Original Writ or Procefs, burby Appeals from the Inferior Courts of Common Pleas. Appeals to his Majesty in Council, are allowed, where the Matter or Thing in Controverfy is the Value of three hundred Pounds New Tenor, unlefs from Judg- ment obtain'd upon a Bond, which has no other Condi- tion but for the Payment of a Sum or Sums of Money. They^ppeal to the King in Council not only on perfonal, but alfo in real Actions. A Court of Chancery or Dalegates not long fince was erected, but on their iniquituous Proceedings in difpenfing with all Laws, no Man's Property was fafe, it was therefore difcontinued. The Ordinary for Probate of Wills, and granting Adminifttation is in the refpective Town Coun- cils, with Appeals to the Court of Governor and Afliftants, The Court of Vice Admiralty confifts of the fame individual Officers or Perfons, that officiate in Maf- fachufetts Bay, or by Deputations from them. TttE Justiciary Court of Admiralty is much of the fame Nature with that of Maffachufetts Bay, with an Addition of the Governor and fome of the Council of the neighbouring Province of Maffachufetts-Bay. Their prefent Taxes of all Kinds are very inconfideraWe, the Intereft of their publick Loans generally defrays all Vol. II. O Charges 98 ^Summary, Historical and Political, CsrV. Charges of Government and other Needfuls both of the Colony and particular Towns. Navigation. Newport of Rhode-Ifland is their prin- cipal trading Town at prefent •, lies in 41 d. 35 m. N. Lat. it is of eafy and fhort Accefs, being near the Ocean* but for that Reafon not fo well fcituated for inland Con- fumption ; Providence is about 30 Miles farther up Nar- raganfet-Bay inland, therefore in a few Years it muft be their principal Place of Trade. For the Safety and Con- veniency of failing into the Harbour of Newport in Sum- . mer 1749 was erected a Light-Houfe in Beaver Tail at a " publick Colony Charge. LIGHT-HOUSE. The Diameter at the Bafe is 24 Feet, and at the Top 13 Feet. The Height from the Ground to the top of the Cornice is 58 Feet, round which is a Gallery, and within that ftands the Lanthorn, which is about 11 Feet high, and 8 Feet diameter. The Ground the Light-Houfe ftands on is about 12 Feet above the Surface of the Sea at High Water. 'The following are the Bearings (by the Compafs^ of feveral remarkable Places from the Light-Houfe, viz. Point Judith S; W.!c . 3 Deg. S. Block.Ifland. N. W. Point S. W. 8 ----S. Ditto S. E. Point. S. W.b.S.5 -----S. Whale Rock W. 9 -----S. Brenton's Reaf E. S. E. 4 ____. E. Seal Rock, E. S. E. 10 ----E. S. Point of Rhode-Ifland E. 7 -___S Watch Houfe on Caftle-Hill E. N, E. 4 — E. Brenton's Point E. N. E. 4 -,__n! port on Goat-Ifland E. N. E. 5 .*_ n! S. EaftermoftoftheDumplins N. E. b E. ,jh ' . Kettjle,Bottom Rock N. E. 4 _* £.- Anchoring Place between ^| the Town of Newport and ^ N. E, b E, Coaler's Harbour. J N..B, There Of Rhode-Island.' 99 N. B. There is a fmall funken Rock lies off due S. and at the Diftance of about 200 Yards from the Light-Houfe. The Entries and Clearances of Veffels in the Collection of Newport for the laft Year of the late French and Spa- ni(h War; and for the firft Year of the prefent Peace. From 25 March 1747, to 25 March 1748. Ships Snows Brigs Sloops Scooners Entred in 2 3 20 27 4 Total 5$ Cleared out 4 5 33 71 5 118 From 25 March 1748, to 25 March 1749. Entred in 2 2 30 ^7 4 Total j$ Cleared out 8 11 49 9 83 160 The Veffels ufed here are generally Brigantines and Sloops. Their Trade in Time of War confifts much in Privateering ; this laft War they had bad Succefs •, not much Trade with Europe •, much ufed to fmuggling of Conterband and uncuftomed Goods ; they export for the Weft India Ifiands, Horfes, Live Stock of feveral Kinds, Butter, Cheefe, Lumber, and Rum of their own diftilling: their Trade feems to be upon the Decline ; they import or rather carry to Bofton, Sugar, Molaffes, and other Weft- India Ifland Produce, a few Negroes from Guinea, and Logwood from the Bay of Honduras. Ever fince 1710, their moft beneficial Bufinefs has been Banking or negociating a bafe fraudulent Paper Mo- ney Currency, which is fo contrived, that amongft them- felves it comes out at about 2 & hAf per Ct. per Ann. Intereft, and lend it to the neighbouring Colonies at 10 perCt. f a moft barefaced Cheat. The Intereft of thefe Publick iniquitous Frauds,one Quarter goes to the feveral Townfhips to defray their Charges, the other three — ■ 1 ------------------• f I fhall only mention their Emiflion 1744, of a publick Paper Money Credit of£. 160,000 O. T. upon Pretext (as the Preamble exprefs it) of the prefent Spanifb War, and of an impending French War ; but was fhared amongft themfelves by Way of Loan at 4 per €t. per Ann. Intereft, for the firft ten Years, and after the Expiratioa of thofe ten Years, the Principal to be fiid off gradually in ten Yean more without any Intereft. Quarters ioo A Summary, Historical and Political, fcfo Quarters are lodged in the Treafury to defray the Go- vernment Charges of the Colony. Produce. Rhode-Ifland Colony in general is a Coun- try for Pafture, not for Grain •, by extending along the Shore of the Ocean and a great Bay, the Air is foftned by a Sea Vapour which fertilizeth the Soil, their Winters are fofter and fhorter than up inland ; it is noted for Dairy's, hence the beft of Cheefe made in any Part of New-England^ is called (abroad) Rhode Ifland Cheefe. Anno 1687, when by Act of Affembly Taxes were re- ceivable in Produce of certain Species, Indian Corn was valued at 1 $d. per Bufhel, Butter 4J per Pound, Sheeps Wool at &/. per Pound ; Currency at that Time Pieces of Eight at a Denomination of 33 3 quarters worfe than Sterling. The moft confiderable Farms are in the Narraganfet Country. Their higheft Dairy of one Farm, communibus annis milks about 1 ioCows, cuts about 200 Load of Hay, makes about 13,000 Wt. of Cheefe, befides Butter •, and fells off confiderably in Calves and fatted Bullocks. A Farmer from 73 milch Cows in five Months made.about 10,000 Wt. of Cheefe ; befides Cheefe in a Seafon, one Cow yeilds one Firken of Butter, 70 to 80 Wt. In good Land they reckon after, the rate of 2 Acres for a milch Cow. In this Colony there is no College or Schola Illuftris ; lately fome Gentlemen, Lovers and Encouragers of the Liberal Arts and Sciences, to promote Literature in the Colony, have in Newport, the Metropolis of the Colony of Rhode-Ifland,. lately founded a Library. That this may be of exemplary Ufe to our other Provinces and Colo- nies, I fhall give fome Account of it. 1747* Abraham Redwood, Efq; beftowed £. 500 Sterl. in Books, being Volumes, 206 Folio's, 128 Quarto's, 712 Octavo's, and 251 Duodecimo's ; feveral other Perfons have beftowed fome valuable Books ; A Gentleman of noted Liberality has promifed an Experimental Philofophy Apparatus, and to erect: a/piral Monument with an Obferuatory. Some Gentlemen Of Rhode-Island. lot Gentlemen incorporated by an ample Colony Charter have contributed, and upon Ground, given by Mr. Henry Collins, Merchant, erected a regular Building for a Library,at the Charge of about £. 8,000 Currency O. T. The Building for the Library confifts of one large Room where the Books are kept, 36 Foot long, 26 Foot Broad, and 19 Foot high, with two fmall Offices adjoin- ing. The principal or Weft Front is a Pediment and Portico of 4 Columns after the Dorick Order ;. the whole Entablature of which, runs quite round the Building. The two Offices are placed as Wings, one on each Side the Portico, and connected with the Body of the Building, fa as to form two Half-Pediments proceeding from the lower Part of the Entablature. Thefe two Wings, be- fides the Conveniencies they afford, have a very good Ef- fect in extending as well as adding Variety to this Front. The Eaft Front confifts of a plain Dorick Pediment fup- ported by a Ruftick Arcade of three Arches,in the Receffes of which, are plac'd three Vinetian Windows, after the lonick Order. The Outfide of the whole Building is of Ruftickr Work, and ftands on a Bafe about 5 Feet high from the Ground, and the Entrance is by a Flight of Steps the whole Wedth of the Portico. Their Charter con- ftitutes them a Body Politick by the Name of the Com- pany of the- Redwood Library, with Power to chufe annu- ally 8 Directors, a Treafurer, Secretary, and Librarian -9 to admit new Members, make Laws,&c.< It is to be wifh'd that.aTafte for Learning and Books with the better fort of People may prevail in all our Colo* nies. In Philadelphia, fome Years ftnce,a Company of Gen- tlemen, Well-withers to Letters, have conftituted a confide- rable Library •, of this we fhall give fome Account in the Section of Penfylvania. In Char left own of South-Carolina, is lately formed a Library Company, April 21, 1750, they confifted of 128 Members; their firft general Meet- ing was 2d Wednefday of July 1750 ; they are to have four general Quarterly Meetings yearly, whereof one is the gene- ral annual Meeting for Election of Officers, viz, Prefident, Vice- 102 A Summary, Historical and Political, fcrV. Vice-Prefident, Treafurer, Secretary, Librarian, Corre- fpondent, and Steward. The Contributions of the Mem- bers to be || 5 / Currency per Week: The Books to be lent to any of the Society, giving a Receipt for the fame to be returned within a limited Time, a Pamphlet in—— Days, an Octavo or Duodecimo in — Weeks, a Quarto in-----Weeks, a Folio in-----Months ; of this we fhall give a further Account in the Section of South-Carolina, Rhode-Ifland Government * pretend to an Extent of Jurildiction further North, than is at prefent fettled, (this we hinted at p. 91. of Vol. 2. ) and takes off from the Jurifdiction of Maffachufetts Bay, confiderable Parcels of the Townfhips of Wrentham, Bellingham, Mendon, Ux- bridge and Douglafs. Commiflioners were appointed by the General Affemblies of the Province and Colony, as is ufual, to run their divifional Line laft Autumn 1749; refpectively they did not meet, and the Rhode-Iflani Commiflioners run the Line ex parte, Jonathan Randal^ || Sd Sterl, which is about 34/ Sterl. per Annum. * The Provincial Taxes and Townfhip Rates have lately in the Province of Maffachufetts- Bay, from the wrong headed Management of ■ been fo oppreffively great, that, 1. Upon a Difpute be- tween the Province 0/ Maffachufetts-Bay and Colony of Connetlicut, lately broached concerning fome Townfhips of the Province indented With the Colony ; the Maffachufetts Townfhips of Wood/lock, Stmers, Enfeld, and Nuffield, did in a voluntary Manner withdraw from the Jurifdiflion of Maffachufetts, and put themfelves under the Jurifdi&ion of Connetlicut; and by Force or Menace prevent the Civil Officers of Maffachufetts from exercifing any Authority and gathering of Taxes. 2. The Mafjacbufetts Townfhips adjoining to the Northerly Line of Rhode Ifland Colony, allowed the Rhode IflandMtxx (in an attual Tref- pafs) to run a Line, without any Oppofition ; chuiing rather to be under the Jarifdiclion of Rhode-I/land, where the Publick or Colony Taxes are very fmall, and fometimes nothing, and no Parifh or Mini- fterial Rates, a very ftunting or difcouraging Article in the poor new Settlement: thefe Difputes can not be compofed, but by applying to the Court of-Great Britain at a great Charge. Here we mayobferve, that ill devifed exorbitant Taxes occafion Difcontent amongft the Peo- ple, with a Charge, and Confafioa to the Governments. Thomas Of Rhode-Island. i©3 Thomas Laphamvand Richard Steern Efq; + were appointed in Auguft 1749 Commiflioners to run the Line according to Charter : The Commiflioners with Henry Harris, Efq; Surveyor, and two Chairmen, by themfelves run a Line to their own Mind, and made Report laft Tuefday of February 1749,50 ; that, 30th of Otlober 1749, no Com- miflioners from Maffachufetts-Bay appearing, we proceed- ed : " We || could find no Stake or Monument of Wood- ward and Safferey, but from the Place defcribed in our Commiflion, viz. We found a Place where Charles River formecl a largeCrefcent Southerly, which Place is known by theName of Poppolatick Pond, which we took to be the Southermoft Part of faid River ; from thence we mea- fured three Miles on a Plain in Wrentham, one quarter of a Mile N. Eafterly from the Dwelling houfe of Thomas Man, and about a quarter of a Mile S. Eafterly from the Houfe of Robert Blake, where we marked a Pine-Tree and erected a Monument of Stones, and found the fame to be in Lat. 42 d. 8 m. North, which we deemed the N. E. Bounds of the Colony. From faid Pine-Tree we pro- ceeded to run the northern Boundary Line in aWeftCourfe of 8 & half d. Variation, and in this Courfe mark'd many Trees, faid Line pafling t)ver the Southermoft Part of Manchoag Pond, * and did terminate about 30 Rods Eaftwards of a fmall Pond called Graffy-Pond at a black Oak Tree which we marked with a Monument of Stones about it, as the North Weftern Bounds of the Colony, being about 22 Miles from forefaid Pine-Tree to faid black Oak." ■j- In Rhode-Ifland Government are Squires many, becaufe annually Elective, and once a Squire always a Squire ; not long fince, a faceti- ous Gentleman met upon the Road a Rhode-Ifland Juftice of his Ac- quaintance, bare Legs and Feet, driving a Team in very foul Weather, he faluted him in this Manner : your Servant Squire ----- I am fur- prized to fee a Gentleman of your noted Frugality, to wear his beft Stockings and Shoes in fuch dirty Weather. || Perhaps, according to Inftruclions they defignedly did not find this proper Monument. * In the Northern Parts of Douglaf:. -."> Some 104 ^ Summary, Historical and Political, Sec. Some Time afterwards a new Commiflion iffued from each of the Governments to perambulate the northern Boundary of Rhode-Ifland Colony, by the Stake fet up by Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saferey, purfuant to the Agreement of the Province and Colony, Jan. 19,1710,11. There is a Cafe concerning fome Ministerial Lands in this Colony of confiderable Value, claimed by the Church of England, and by the Prefbyterians or Congrega- tionalifts ; this Cafe has been depending almoft 30 Years in the Colony Courts of common Law, called the Courts below, and before the King in Council, and hitherto not iffued : A particular Account of the Cafe may be agree- able to the Devotees of both Sides. Anno 1657. The chief Sachems of the Narraganfet Country fold to John Parker, Samuel Wilbore, Thomas Mumford, Samuel Wilfon of Rhode Ifland, and John Hull Goldfraith of Bofton, Petaquamfcut Hill for fixteen Pound ; next Year the Sachem of Nienticut, fold for fifteen Pound fome Lands North of faid Purchafe, to the fame Purcha- sers. The whole Purchafe was about 15 Miles long, and 6 to 7 Miles wide ; afterwards they affociated Brenton and Arnold, jointly they were called the feven Purchafers. Another Company, called Athertons Company, 1659,60 purchafed Lands of the Indians North of faid Petaquam- fcut Purchafe -, thefe two Companies had feveral Contro- verfies concerning their Boundaries, Anno 1679, they came to a final Accommodation. Anno 1668. The Petaquamfcut Purchafers by Deed gave 300 Acres of their beft Land, for an Orthodox Perfon to preach God's Word to the Inhabitants : From this proceeds the Difpute, who is the Orthodox Minifter ? By the Rhode-Ifland Charter all Profeflions of Chriftians feem to be deemed Orthodox ; by one of the firft Acts of their Legiflature 1663, all Men profef fingChriftianity, and of competent Eftates, and of Civil Con- -verfation, and obedient to the Civil Magiftrate, though of different Judgment in religious Affairs, Roman Catholicks only Of Rhode-Island. 105 cnly excepted, fhall be admitted Freemen, and fhall have* Liberty to chufe and be chofen Officers in the Colony, both Civil and Military.- The Boundaries with the Atberton Company being finally accommodated, the Petaquamfcut Purchafers, 1693 made a final Divifion amongft themfelves, and amongft other Company Grants (120 Acres to a Mill, &c.) con- firmed the Grant of 1679, of 3°° Acres to an Orthodox Minlftry, which were Surveyed and Lotted. Thefe Minifterial Lands not being claimed by any Orthodox Minifter, Anno 1702, Mr. Henry Gardiner enters upon 20 Acres of it, and James Bundy upon the remaining 280 Acres. Moft of the Grantees feem to have been of the Church of England, but many of them fell off to an Enthufiaftick Sect in Warwick, called f Gortonians, now extinct ; per- haps at that Time there were no Prefbyterian or Congre- gational People in Rhode-IJland, and at this Time it is faid there are in South Kingfton more People of the Church of England than of the Prefbyterians and Con- gregationalifts. 1702. Mr. Niles, notordain'd in any Manner, preached in faid Diftrict for fome Time, but never had Poffeffion from Bundy of the 280 Acres; in 1710 he left Kingfton, and fettled at Braintree of Maffachufetts-Bay. 1719, George Mumford bought of Bundy the Poffeffion of faid 280 Acres. Several Inhabitants of the Narraganfet Country having * They were not originally of fo Catholick and Chriftian Spirit in Maffachufetts- Bay Colony ; the Maffachufetts firft Settlers left England, becaufe of an Oppreflive Teft Aft, notwithstanding (fuch is the Nature of zealous, furious Bigotry and Enthufiafm) upon their firft Setliqg 1631 in Maffachufetti was made a Teft Aft, that no Perfon could be free of the Colony, who was not in full Communion with fome of their Churches in the Independent or Congregational Model Here we fee that Priefts and Bigots of all Religions are naturally the fame ; the Peo- ple of New- England are become good Chriftan Catholicks. f From Mr. Gorton their Leader, this Seftary is now loft or ex- tinft ; it did not furvive Mr. Gorton the Father of the Seft. Vot,. II. P petitioned io6 A Summary, Historical and Political, &V. petitioned the Bifhop of London, and the Society for pro- pagating the Gofpel in foreign Parts, for a Miflionary ; Mr. McSparran was appointed 1721, and Mr. Gardiner delivered his 20 Acres which he had in Poffeffion, to the Church of England Incumbent, Mr. Guy before Me Spar- ran's Time, had been appointed Miflionary, but foon left it; Mr. McSparren upon a Writ of Ejectment 1723 againft Mumford for the 280 Acres, grounded upon the Confirmation 1679, and the laying out 1693, the Ori- ginal Grant of 1668 being fecreted, was eaft in two Tryals; he appealed to the King in Council, but the Society for propagating the Gofpel refufing to meddle in the Affair, the Matter refted, and Mumford kept Poffeffion. The Prefbyterian Incumbent Minifter, Mr. Torrey, the firft Incumbent of Ordination, brought an Action verfus Gardiner for the 20 Acres, but was eaft, and Mr. Mc Sparren the Church of England Incumbent, brought and recovered.Ejectment againft Robert Hazard Tenant to Mr. Torrey. 1732, Mr. Torrey brought an Action of Ejectment againft Mumford ; both Inferior and Superior Court gave it for Mumford; but upon Torrey's Appeal to King in Council, thefe Verdicts were difallowed, and Pofleflion ordered to.the Incumbent Mr. Torrey, 1734—The Mem- bers of St. Paul's Church of England in Narraganfet, April 7, 1735, addreffpd the Society for propagating the Gofpel, &c. for their Afliftance in Advice andExpence*. but to no, Purpofe. 1735, By Advice from England, Mr. Torrey conveyed the faid 2 80 Acres which he recovered of Mumford, to Peter Co^gfhal and five others in Fee in Truft for himfelf and his Succeffors in the Prefbyterian Miniftry : The faid Truftees leafed the fame to Hazard for a few Years. 1739, The Original Deed of the Minifterial Lands in Petaquamfcut Purchafe, which had been fecreted, coming to Light, Dr. Mc Sparren: in behalf of himfelf and Suc- ceffors in St. Paul's Church of South Kingfton, by the Advice of his Lawyers, Capt. Bull, Col. Updike, and Judge Of Rhode-Island. 107 Judge Auchmuty, brings a new Writ of Ejectment againft Hazard the Occupant or Tenant of the faid 280 Acres, was eaft in the Courts of Rhode- Ifland, but allowed an Appeal to the King in Council, which, for fome Reafons has not been entred, nor petitioned for a Hearing. For the Information of the Curious, of after Times, I ihall here infert, the Valuation or Quota of each Townfhip towards a publick Colony Rate of £. 5,000 New Tenor, Anno 1747. Newport Providence Portfmouth Warwick Wefterly N. Shoreham North King/Ion South King/Ion EaftGreenwich James Town Smithjield Scituate £. 825 550 276 239 270 83 325 450 I25 100 274 132 Glocefter Charleftown W. Greenwich Coventry Exeter Midletown Briftol Tiverton Liitle Compton Warren Cumberland Richmond & 118 75 79 60 125 149 140 167 "5 84 64 The Affair of Currencies in general is left to the Ap- pendix ; at prefent we fhall only hint, that in the Colony of Rhode Ifland from the Votes of their General Affem- bly, it appears, that in February1749,50,' their publick Bills of Credit current were £. 525,3350. T. (whereof upon Funds of Taxes £ 135,335; the reft upon Loan not to be finifjied until 1764,) which is fufficient to carry on the Trade and Bufinefs of the Colony even at their prefent depreciated Value; and the prefent Defign of emitting £. 200,000 O. T. more upon Loan, is not as a further Medium of Trade, but a knavifh Device of fraudulent Debtors of the Loan Monty, to pay off their Loans a* a very when a Gofpel Minifter is wanted, the devout elderly Men of the Pre- cinct, invite fundry Preachers to officiate, thefe are called Candidates ; in the next Step, the Church Members or Communicants (all Males even the pooreft, upon the Pub- lick Charity, and Negroes) at an appointed Meeting, by a Majority, vote for one of thefe Candidates, and give him a formal Call ; the following Step, is a general Meeting of the Men of the Congregation, who pay Minifterial Rates, and are qualified as Town Voters, to approve or difapprove of the above Choice ; if any Diffi- culty happens, a Council of Delegates from the neigh- bouring Churches is called for Advice, but their Opinion is only of Advice, but not abfolutely obligatory ; this Council when they attend the Ordination, are called the •f- The Name Independent is qaite extinft in our American Colonies. 4 In the fecond Seflion of a Synod appointed by the Civil Legi- slature at Bofton in May 1680, a Platform and Confeffion of Faith was agreed upon, much the fame with that of the Independents in England, Ocloher 1658, called the Savoy Confeffion of Faith. See Vol. I. p. 438 &c. and other loofe occafional hints. Ordination Of Rhode-Island. 149 Ordination Council. Upon any occafional Difference "m a Church, a like Council of Advice is called, but not ob- ligatory, and iffues in a Vote of the Church Communi- cants or general Congregation. The Congregationalifts of Connetlicut axe regulated by a Platform or Confeffion of their own (fcarce differing from that of Maffachufetts Bay) prefented to their General Affembly by the Minifters and other Delegates Sept. 9. 1707; the General Affembly or Legiflature ordained, that all Churches \\ conforming thereto fhall be deemed eftabliftied by Law, but no Society or Church, who fo- berly diffent from faid united Churches, fhall be hindred from their Worfhip according to their Confciences. There are feveral Congregational Churches who vary in fome Trifles ; inftance the Rev. Mr. Colman, after- wards D. D. from one of the Univerfities of Scotland, though frequently in mixed Converfation he declared his Diffent from the Prefbyterian Church Government ; Anno 1699 perhaps in Humour and Singularity, fet up as a Separatift from the generally received Congrega- tional Mode, and perhaps with a Defign to allure fome inclined to the Manner of the Church of England, to contribute towards his Church •, his Separation was only in Trifles, viz. ufing the Lord's Prayer, reading of Leffons in the Bible, the Hatband and Rofe of the Church of England Clergy, a freer Admiflion to the Sacraments of Baptifm and the Lord's Supper; his Succeffor the Rev. Samuel Cooper is a good Man. 1722. There was a confiderable falling off or Seceffus from the Congregational Mode by Mr. Cutler Prefident of Tale College in Connetlicut, and fome of his former Pu- pils •, in Conftquence of their Scheme, they went to Ev- il In many Refpefts I admire the Prudence and Oeconomy of this Government, but here I can not avoid obferving a feeming Inadver- tency, and afterwards not rectified, becaufe by Aft of Union May i. 1707, the Church of England exclufively was the only Church efta- bliftied by Law in all our Plantations ; this Aft perhaps was the oc- tafion of Mr. HtfarPs calling the Church of England Separatifts. gland 150 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c.' gland, obtained Epifcopal Ordination, and the Benefit of Miffionaries ; their Godlinefs was great Gain. Anabaptists. See Vol. I. p. 445. Their effential and diftinguifhing Doctrine is with relation to Baptifm ; they baptize Adults only, and that by Immerfion or Dipping. This formerly was a very wild Sectary, and therefore run into many Subdivifions fcarce to be enu- merated : I am well informed that at prefent in Penfyl- vania there are 16 or 17 different Sorts of Anabaptifts Englifh and German. I fhall Inftance fome of their Sub- divifions. 1. Englifh * a fober and' generally good Peo- ple, German Anabaptifts a turbulent People : The German Anabaptifts have no Meetings or publick Places of Wor- fhip in Philadelphia, but many in the Country, and ge- nerally ref ufe the Qualification Oath ; one of their Branch- ings are called Menifts, they have no Meeting in Phila- delphia, but are a numerous and wealthy People in the Country, and follow Farming ; their Diftinction is wear- ing long Beafds, and refufing Government Oaths. The Dumplers are a fmall Body of Germans about 50 Mile: from Philadelphia, Men and Women profeffing Conti- nency, live in feparate Apartments. The Men wear a monkifh Habit, without Breeches like Capuchins, but lighter Cloth •, as to Oaths they are the fame with the Quakers and Moraveans, though an illiterate People, they have a very decent Chappel, and as Crafts Men, they are very ingenious •, upon a fine Stream they have a Grift Mill, a Saw Mill, a Paper Mill, an OylMilI, and a Mill for Pearle Barley, all under one Roof, which brings them in confiderable Profit. There is one Englifh Anabaptift Meeting in Philadelphia, and fome in the Country. 2. Firft Day Baptifts, their weekly holy Day is the Sunday as in ufe with all other Chriftians ; feventh Day Bap- tifts, on the feventh Day or Jewifh Sabbath they meet for * Not long fince the vagrant Mr. W-----d'occafioned a Separation in the Bofion Anabaptift Church ; the Separatifts are under the Cure or Care of a Leather-Breeches Maker, they are Antimoralifts, and therefore pernicious in Society. publick Of Rhode-Island. 151 publick Worfhip, and abftain from common Labour, but Labour &c. on the Sunday or firft Day of the Week, of thofe there is a Congregation in Newport and in Wefterly of Rhode-IJland Colony, and feverals in the Country of Penfylvania. 3. The firft Day Baptifts are fuWivided into thofe who ufe Singing f in their publick Worfhip as the generality of Chriftians do ; and Baptifts who do not aflmit of Singing in publick Worfhip, they alledge that there muft be a great deal of Hypocrily in promifcu- ous Singing, as it can hot be imagined that every one of the Congregation is in the humour of Singing at the fame Time. Quakers, fee Vol. I. p. 447. As they are not under the Confinement of Creeds, Confeffions of Faith, Plat- forms, Cannons, Articles, Formulas, and the like, they can not poffibly break loofe into Sectary * Subdivisions ; Their principal Doctrines are to be inveftigated from their Practice, (it is to be wifhed that it were fo in all Profeffions of Religion) their Induftry, Frugality, mutual Benevolence or Friendfhip. 4- The external Part of a Quaker's f The Quakers, and not finging Baptifts, are defervtdly faulted, becaufe finging of Pfalms incites and higbtens Devotion. * Anno 1642 or 1644, in Time of the Civil Wars in England, George Fox of Lticefter Shire. JSt. 25, fet up for a religionary Exhor- ter or Teacher ; he exclaimed againft the euablifhed Clergy, fome of Cromiveirs Soldiers became hisProfelytes and would not fight, in courfe the Prifons were crouded. In K. Charles II. Adminiftration they were frequently prefented for refufing to pay Tythes, and for not taking Government Oaths. Robert Barclay of Scotland wrote an Apology for the Quakers 1675 an<* dedicated it to the King which abated that Per- fecution. William Penn, Son of Vice Admiral Penn became a Quaker Mt. 22, and with Fox went upon a Miffion into foreign Countries, but from Holland they foon returned Home ; this Penn was Proprie- tary and Governor of Penfylvania ; he wrote two folio Volumes in favour of the Quakers. Benjamin Holmes lately wrote in favour of Quakerism j his Book was firft Publifhed in Amfterdam 1723. 4 I know of no Differences among them, only fome are more de- mure, fome lefs demure or precife in the antiquated Habit and Mode of Speech, that is, more Jovial and Dehonnaire. Not 15a A Summary, Historical and Political, fcfr. Quaker's Religion confifts only in trivial Matters, tfrti antiquated Modes of Speech Thee, Thou, Thy, &c 5 and an antiquated Drefs of a plain Coat without Plaits, or Buttons on the Pockets and Sleeves, Beaver like Hats with horizontal Brims as is generally wore by the Church of England Clergy : The pufilanimous Doctrine of not defending themfelves by Force againft an invading Enemy is very abifurd : Pro Patria is not only aLaw of Nations, but of Nature. They fay that a regular Clergy with Be- nefices are Hirelings, and like Mercenary Troops, do Duty only for fake of their Pay, and not to be fo much depended upon as the Militia or voluntary confcientious Exhorters. Quakers hold all Swearing and paying Tythes unlawful; they do not find fault with the various Forms of Civil Government, but give Obedience to any eftabliftied Government ; all who have the Gift of the Light within them, Men or Women, are fufficiently ordained to Preach the Gofpel without any Commiflion from a Church, or Affiftance from human Learning j all Praying and Preach- ing premeditated or extempore without the Spirit, are Superftitious Will-Worfhip and idolatry ; they ufe neither Baptifm nor the Lord's Supper, Unjuftly they are faid not to regard the Scriptures^ whereas in their Exhortations, Writings, and Defences of their Orthodoxy, no Sect ufe Scripture Phrafes and Quo- tations f more than they do. Their Affirmation inftead of Not only in the Neighbourhood, but by annual or periodical Itine- rancies of their Speaker* or Exhorters, but alfo of their moft noted Men. + I fhall here give a few Inftances of their eftabliming fome of their Tenants by Scripture. 1. They feem to be generally Arminian, James 2. 20. But wilt thou know O vain Man / that Faith nuithout Wotks is dead. Aa$ 10. 34. God is no Refpeder of Perfons, be that fears God andworks Right eoufnejsis acceptedof him. 1 John 2. 2. And he is the propitiation for our Sins, and not for us only, but for the Sins of the whole World. They can not believe that God has fore ordained a certain Part of Mankind to Pcrifh, and a certain Part to be faved ; becaufe Of Rhode-Island.' 153 of an Oath, is not to be faulted, becaufe it is equally bind' ing, and falfifying is fubjected to the fame Penalty as Perjury •, Government Oaths are become fo common, they have almoft loft their Solemnity. They ufe the fame Subterfuge with our more illiterate Teachers and Exhorters, 1 Corinth. 1. 26. &c. Not many Wife after the Flefh, not many Mighty, not many Noble are called-, but God hath chofen the foolifh Things of the World, to confound the Wife, &c. Their filent waiting upon the Lord in their publick Places of Devotion, is faulted by many, but they fay, at that Time, they have a divine Teacher in their own Heart. They believe a Refurrection of the Juft and Unjuft, and that God will give a Reward to every Man according to his Works, whether they be good or evil ; but as to the Nature and Manner of the Refur- rection they are filent, they only fay, that it is not fafe becaufe in fuch a Belief there is no need to take Care of Salvation or good Morals ; this is execrably pernicious, and voids all Doftrines, Religious or Moral. 2. All Mankind have an innate divine Light, which if attended to, diredts them into a Good and Holy Life, and averts them from Sin and Paflions ; this is the Light, (John 1. 9.) which lighteth every Man that cometh into the World. 3. Water Bap- tifm is not effential to Chriftianity, it muft be of the Spirit, Afls 11. 16. John indeed baptized with Water, but ye fball be baptized with the Holy Ghoft ; as Chrift was born under the Law, he fulfilled the Law, and was circumcifed : In Chrift Jefus, neither Circumcifion nor Uncircum- fion availeth any Thing, but a New Creature : As they have Charity for thofe who ufe Water Baptifm confciencioufly, and who ufe Bread and Wine, fo they ought to have Charity for us if we difufe them, becaufe we believe they are ceafed in point of Obligation. 4. In Anfwer to 1 Tim. 2. 12. But Juffer not a Woman to teach, nor to ufurp Authority over the Man, but to be in Silence} they adduce the Apoftle Paul, Rom. 16. who advifes to help thefe Women which la- boured with him in the Gofpel : in our Bible we are told of many Women that did Prophecy, Ails 2. 18. And on my Servants, and on my Handmaidens, 1 will pour out in thefe Days of my Spirit, and they /ball Prophejy. 5. As to their not bearing of Arms, Matth. 5. 44. Love your Enemies, blefs them that curfeyou, do good to them that hate you. 6. Their refufing of Government Oath«. James 5. 12. But above all Things, my Brethren, Swear not, neither by Heaven, neither by the Earth, neither by any other Oath, but let your Tea be Tea, aud your Nay Nay, left you fall into Condemnation. Vol. II. W to 154 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. to be too inquifitive, how the Dead fhall be raifed, and with what Bodies, i Corinth. 15. 44. There is a natural Body, and there is a fpiritual Body -, the Apoftle Paul faith, Flefh and Blood cannot inherit the Kingdom of God, neither doth Corruption inherit Incorruption. Moravians. Some have tranfported themfelves to Penfylvania. In a late Act of the Britifh Parliament, 1749, in Favour of their Affirmation inftead of an Oath, they are called an Ancient Proteftant Epifcopal Church; they call themfelves Unitas Fratrumox United Brethren, as the Quakers with very good Propriety call them- felves Friends. The Moravians publifh no Creed or ConfeF^n of Faith, and can be characterifed only from their Manners and Preaching in a whining canting enthuflaftical Strain ; in Church Government they are Epifcopal, but refufe taking of Oaths as do the Menenifts in Holland, and the Englifh Quakers •, they refufe carrying of Arms, but wil- lingly contribute towards the pecuniary Charge of a War, which Quakers refufe •, they ufe Inftrumental Mu- fick in their Worfhip; In Philadelphia they have a Chap- pel with a fmall Organ, and in the Country at Bethlehem their grand Settlement about 50 or 60 Miles from Phila- delphia, at their folemn Feftivals, befides the Organ they ufe Violins, Hautbois, and French Horns ; they poffefs 7000 or 8000 Acres of Land, and make confiderable Set- tlements ; they are very zealous towards converting the Indians, fome Indians have joined their Society and Jive with them, they fend Miffionaries abroad almoft every where, even to Greenland or Davies Straits ; beginning, of June 1749, there arrived in Philadelphia three Na- tives of Greenland, two young Men and a young Woman converted in their own Country by Moravian Miffiona- ries •, they came in a Ship belonging to the Society which had carried thither 2 Years fince a ready fram'd Church-}" f Thefe high. Latitudes produce no Timber or other Wood. to Of Rhode-Island.' 155 to be erected there -, thefe Greenlanders + in this Ship had vifited the Brethren in feveral Parts of Europe in England, Holland, and Germany, and returned from Philadel- phia in the fame Ship to Greenland : The Moravians have a Miffion at Barbice in Surinam, and two Indian Con- verts from thence, with the Greenland Converts, and fome Converts of the De la ware Indians met at Bethlehem. 1. The Moravians * have among them in Penfylvania fome Men of Letters, Mr. Spenenbergh was a Profeffor of fome Science in Germany at Hall; but they chiefly confift of Handicrafts, by which they carry on their Improve- ments cheap. They encourage Marriage amongft their young People ; but to marry by cafting of Lots to pre- serve an Equality among themfelves, which they affect very much, is not natural. By late Act of Parliament they are indulged with an Affirmation inftead of an Oath in thefe Words, " J. A. B. do declare in the Prefcnce of Almighty God, the Witnefs of the Truth I fay" but if convicted of wilful, and falfe affirming, fhall incur the fame Pains and Penalties as are enacted by Law againft wilful and corrupt Perjury ; but fhall not by their Affir- mation be qualified to give Evidence in criminal Cafes (Quakers Affirmation is good both in Criminal and Civil Cafes) and not to ferve in Juries. After the general Defcription of our Plantation Secta- ries, thefe in each Colony fhould have been enumetated ; but by Anticipation they are generally to be found, 1. Thofe of the four Colonies of New-England are at full + Here we may tranfiently obferve that at this cafual Congrefs of Indians from Lat. 5. Lat. 40. and Lat. 65, their Hair, Eyes and Complexions were the fame ; only the further North the Complexi- ons were a fmall Matter Paler ; but their Languages were entirely diftinft. The Greenland or Davis's Strait's Converts were clad in Seal Skins.Hair on, but in general were a nafty fort of Chriftians. * So called from Moravia, a Country adjacent to Bohemia ; they feem to be a Sprout from the old Stock of the Hufjites; the HuJJites, Difciples of Hu/s and Jerome of Bohemia followed the Tenants of the Walden/es who appeared about 1310, and of Wickliffe an Englifh Lol- lard middle of 14th Century. length. 156 ^Summary, Historical and Political, t$c» length. 2, In the Province of New-Tork, befides the Church of England, there are the Mode of the Kirk of Scotland, Dutch Calvinifts, and fome Lutherans of the Con- feffion of Aufburgh in Suabia of Germany. 3. In the Jerfies there are the Church of England Miffions, the Scots Prefbyterians and Quakers rule the Roaft. 4. Befides the Church of England Miffionaries in the Country of Penfylvania, there is one Englifh Church in Philadelphia a very large Congregation. In Philadelphia (and many in the Country j there are two Prefbyterian Meetings, one called New Light of Whitefield\ Inftitution, the other according to the Scots Prefbyterian Mode ; and befides at a great diftance in the Country there is a Congrega- tion of Cameronians or Covenanters, who renew the folemn League often, and deny all Submiflion to Magiftrates from the Sovereign to the Conftable, becaufe at the Revolu- tion the King by Law affumed to be Head of the Church, and contrary to their Covenant, in England eftabliftied Prelacy inftead of Prejbytery. The Quakers have two large Meetings in Philadelphia, and a Meeting almoft in every Townfhip of the three firft fettled Counties ; in the other three Counties they do not prevail; but every where preferve Power by their two irrefiftahle Maxims of Riches and Unity ; they have the Secret of keeping their young People up to thefe, and let them think and talk otherways as they pleafe. 5. In Maryland there are feveral Parifhes according to the Way of the Church of England, and the moft beneficial of any in our Plantations, becaufe as the Number of Taxables or Con- gregation increafes, being taxed at fo much Tobacco per Head, the Value of their Livings grows : whereas in Vir- ginia the Parfons are fixed to a certain Sallary of 16,000 wt. of Tobacco per Ann. without any regard to the In- creafe of the Congregation : In Maryland are ten or a dozen publick Roman Catholick Chappels, many Pref- byterians, and fome Quakers. 6. In Virginia there are no Diffenters from the Church of England, a few Qua- kers excepted, their Clergy are not noted for their Piety and Of Rhode-Island. 157 and Morality or exemplary Life, and require Miffionary Reformers more than the Congregationalifts of New-En- gland -, it is faid that many of them are a Scandal to the Profeffion of the Church of England. 7. In North-Ca- rolina fcarce any Religion ; there are two Miffionaries and a few Quakers. 8. In South Carolina there are Church of England Miffionaries, and the Progeny of fome Scots Prefbyterians. 9. In Georgia de Nihilo Nihil. A few Mifcellany Obfervations. All Charities, excepting to poor Orphans, other impo- tent Poor, and Children of indigent Parents, are Chari- ties ill applied ; Charities towards converting People from one Mode of Religion to another, where both are confift- ent with Society, are not laudable. By a general Naturalization, Foreigners may be im- ported to all our Colonies •, but to be intermixed with the Britifh Settlers, their publick Worfhip of any Deno- mination, and Schooling to be in Englifh-,* thus in a few Years, they will not differ from the Britifh only in Family Names. In New England'the Congregationalifts at firft acted with too much Severity, which occafioned fome Inha- bitants of Bofton to Petition K. Charles II. Anno 1679, for a Church of England, modeftly called the King's Chappel, (thus it is with Ambaffadors Chappels,) fignifying not an eftabliftied, but tolerated or priviledged Place of Wor- fhip. The Clamours concerning the Perfecution of Diffenters from the Congregational Way were very ill founded ; for Inftance 1725, The Affeffors of Tiverton and Dart- mouth were by a proper Warrant from the Province Treafurer committed to Jail for not Affeffing the Town- fhip towards common Rates. * A late Propofal in Pen/ylvania of erecting German Schools was moft abfurd. SECT. 158 ^/Summary, Historical ^Political, &c. SECTION XI. Concerning the Colony of Connecticut. HP HIS is the laft of the four Colonies formerly called, x the Dominions of New England. It is a Plantation of induftrious fagacious Hulbandmen, notwithstanding that fome of the meaner Sort are Villains, corruptio Op- timi pejfima, efpeciaily in not paying their juft Debts to the Inhabitants or Dealers of the neighbouring Colonies; in all their Elections of Governor, Councellors, Repre- fentatives, Judges, and other publick Officers, byCuftom, they generally prefer the moft worthy. Their Eaftern Townfhips have been tainted by the adjacent Paper-Mo- ney-making Colonies of Maffachufetts-Bay and Rhode- IJland, and followed that Fraud inftead of going into the better Currency of their Weftern adjoining Province of New-York ; The Connetlicut Adminiftration are at pre- fent fenfible of this Error, and have reduced all their publick Fees and Fines to Proclamation Money.—-I could not avoid this Preamble, by way of Euology upon the prefent Adminiftration in their exemplary Jurifdidion. They have fubfifted as a Government about ninety Years' and from Oeconomical Experience, have formed a Body of Laws lately revifed and publifhed Anno i75o in a fmall Folio of 258 Pages, of the moft natural, equitable, plain and concife Laws for Plantations, hitherto extant This Colony at prefent is by Royal Chanter, a Coali- tion of two diftinct voluntary Societies, formed from Articles Of Connecticut. 159 Articles by Subfcription of many Planters, then called Hartford and New-Haven Colonies. That of Hartford was from an Emigration of fome difcontented Rigids of fome Townfhips adjoining to Bofton (See Vol. I. p. 444J they went Weft Southwardly, and planted the Lands now called Springfield, Suffield, Enfield, Windfor, Hartford, Wethersfield, &c ; fome of thefe were within the Maffa- chufetts Jurifdiction : thofe who were without the Jurif- diction, by Subfcription of Articles formed themfelves after the Model of Maffachufetts-Bay into a voluntary but not legal Jurifdiction, their firft Election of Magiftrates was 16364; i637Peop!e from England under the direction of Mr. Eaton, Mr. Davenport &c. purchafed of the In- dians and began another diftinct voluntary Jurifdiction upon Long-Ifland Sound called the Colony of New Haven, and continued one of the * united Colonies of New-En- gland until the Reftoration of K. Charles II. and was then with the faid Colony of Hartford by Royal Charter in- corporated into the prefent Colony of Connetlicut. John Winthrop, Son of John Winthrop, Governor Qf Maffachufetts-Bay, as Agent from the Lords Say and Brook,, arrived at Fort Say-Brook 1635, and was afterwards cho- fen Governor of Hartford Colony. Upon the Reftora- tion of K. Charles II. he went home and obtained a Royal Charter incorporating Hartford and New Haven Colonies into one united Colony ; he was 14 Years Go- vernor of this united Colony, j- * The united Colonies of New England from 1643 t0 '663 were Maffachufetts Bay, Plymouth, Hartford, and New-Haven. During the Confufions or Civil War in England, the Colonies in America were negledted, and atted at Pleafure. f John Winthrop, formerly Governor of Conneclicut, died in Bofion April 5, i6j6,JEt. 73, eldeft Son of Mr. Winthrop Governor of Maf- fachufetts, who died March 26, 1649. He was much given to experimental Philofophy and Medicine j fe- veral of his Recipe's are ftill ufed by that Family in Charity to the Poor; fome of his Pieces are to be found amongft the firft Philojophical TranfacJions of the London Royal Society ; he was a great Admirer of Fan Helmont, and dealt much in Antimonial*.. The 1 160 A Summary, Historical and Political, &eJ The firft volontaire Governor of Hartford Colony was Edward Hopkins,''born in England 1600, a. Turky Mer- chant of London ; he returned to England, was in feveral Offices there, and died in London 1657, Alternately with him Mr. Hains was chofen Governor. After them George Willis, Thomas Wells, and John Webfter were chofen Governors. Mr. Eaton, an Eaft Country Merchant of London, one of the Patentees of Maffachufetts Colony, with a parcel of Planters 1637 fettled at New-Haven •, after being for many fucceffive Years Governor, he died 1657 ; to him fucceeded Francis Newman, he continued three or four Years Governor and died. Mr. Leet, a Lawyer, fuc- ceeded and continued Governor until Hartford and New' Haven were by Royal Charter united into one Colony, and was their Deputy Governor under Mr. Winthrop while he lived, and after Mr. Winthrop's Death conti- nued ten Years Governor till his own Death. We fhould have mentioned that Robert, Earl of War* wick, having obtained a Grant 1630 from the Council of Plymouth, procured a Patent from K. Charles I. of Lands in New England from Narraganfet River, as the Sea Coaft runs towards Virginia 40 Leagues, and Eaft and Weft from Sea to Sea or to Maffachufetts South Line •, this was made over to William Vifcount Say and Seal, Robert Lord Brooks and Company ; they built a Fort at the Mouth of Connetlicut River and called it Say-Brook; but finding no Profit to accrue, they fold it to the Settlers 1644. The prefent Boundaries of Connetlicut Colony are its North f Line upon Majfachujetts-Bay Province of about 72 Miles, fettled 1713 5 its * Eafterly Line upon the Co- lony of Rhode-IJland of about 45 Miles, fettled 1728 ; its Southerly Line is upon Longlfland Sound, being a Sea f See Vol. I. p. 416, by miftake it was faid to have been confir- med by the King in Council. * See Vol. II. p. 93. Line Of Connecticut.' 161 Line of about go Miles in a direct W* Southerly Courfe from the Mouth of Pakatuke River to the Mouth of Byram River ; its Wefterly Line as finally fettled with New-Tork, and by a Deed of Surrender from the Colony of Connetlicut to the King May 14, 1731, is as follows. This Weft Line was regulated thus, beginning at 20 Miles Eaft from Courtland's Point H of Hudfon\ Ri- ver ; N. 12 d. 30 m. E. 52 and half Miles to a Conti- nuation of the Maffachufet and Connetlicut divifional Line in N. Lat. 42 d. 2 m. * From the abovefaid Projection from Courtland's Point run S. 24 d. 30 m. Eaft, 7 and 1 Quarter'Miles, then W. S. W. 13 Miles 64 Rod, then S. S. E. Eight Miles to the Mouth of Byram River. A Line parallel with the firft two Lines at the Diftance of one Mile three Quarters of a Mile and twenty Rod Eaftward is the prefent Boundary between Connetlicut and New-Tork, and the Land comprehended by thefe parallel Lines is called the Oblong granted by Connetlicut to New- Tork as an Equivalent for fome Lands upon the Sound, fettled by, xbut not originally belonging to Connetli- cut -, this was confirmed by the King in Council. The Oblong contains about 69,000 Acres, whereof 50,000 Acres is in Difpute, the Property being claimed by Eyles and Company, alfo by Hanly and Company, f it remains a Place of Refuge for the Mifcreants from New England and New Tork. The partition Line between New-Tork and Connetlicut as eftablifhed December 1, 1664, run from the Mouth of Memoroncok River (a little W. from Byram River) N. N. W. and was the ancient Eafterly Bounds of New-Tork uWNov. 23. 1683, the Line was run nearly the fame as it is now fettled. || Courtland's Point is computed to be 40 Miles as the River runs from the City of Neiv York. * This N. W. Corner of Connetlicut Colony is 20 and 3 Qr. Mi!c< from Hudfon's River about 9 Miles above Kingfton, 1 Miie below the Mouth of Efopus River, and about 50 Miles below Albany. \ See Neiv Tork Section. Vol. II. X Duke i6z A Summary, Historical and Political, &c.' Duke of Hamilton's Grant took in Part of the prefent Colony of Connetlicut, this Grant was from Narraganfet- Bay to Connetlicut River, and back into the Country un- till it met with Maffachufetts South Line -, but as this was never purchafed of the Native Indians, and never fettled, it may be deemed as obfolete •, there have been fome Attempts to revive this Claim, but never profecuted. The Indians almoft extinct; they have a fmall Referve upon the Eaft Side of Connetlicut River at Piftol Point in Weathersfield -, a very fmall Parcel of Nianticks about 5 or 6 Miles Weft from New-London •, there is an Indian Re- ferve of —Acres upon New-London River in the Northern Parts of that Townfhip called Mohegins. In Connetlicut are eight convenient Shipping Ports for fmall Craft, but all Mafters enter and clear at the Port of New-Lohdon, a good Harbour 5 Miles within Land, and deep Water, here they build large Ships, but their Tim- ber is fpungy, and not durable, it fplits or rives well into Staves •, fmall Veffels are built at Sea-Brook, Killing/worthy New-Haven or Wallingsford River, &c: In the Sound the Tide flows 6 to 8 Feet, the deep Water is upon the Long-Ifland Side. Foreign Veffels Entred and Cleared in the Port of New-London from the 25th March 1748 to the 25th March 1749, fcarce any Regiftred more than 80 Tuns, and generally are Weft-India Traders. Entred Inwards. Cleared Outwards. Brigantines 3 Brigantines fo Sloops 30 Sloops 37 Scooners 4 Scooners 5 Here, as in all the other Britifh Colonies, the Collector and other Cuftom Houfe Officers, are by Warrant from the Commiflioners of the Cuftoms in Confequence of an Order from the Treafury •, the Commiflioners of the Treafury direct all Officers of the Revenue. Of Connecticut. 163 In Connetlicut the Government is in the Hands of the Reprefentative of the Freemen or People, * as was alfo the Property •, but at prefent no Colony or general Lands remain (fo it is in Rhode-Ifland) excepting fome Indian Refcrves. In the Reigns of Charles II. and James II. the Colony of Connecticut (as alfo of Rhode-IJland) in the Cafe of their Charter, did not ftand a Law Suit at Home, as did Maf- fachufetts-Bay, but tacitly dropt their Charter or Jurif- diction, and upon the happy Revolution tacitly reafutri- ed their Jurifdiction, which was deemed good, and fub- fifts to this Day. This Colony (before a Charter granted them, by the two diftinct Appellations of Hartford and New-Haven) was two of the four affociated Colonies of New-England; Old Maffachufetts and Old Plymouth were the other two; the Quota of Charges of the two Connetlicut Colonies of Hartford and New-Haven was equal to that of the Old Colony of Maffachufetts Bay. As to their Wars or rather Bickerings with the Canada French and their Indians, as alfo with our intermixed In- dians in their Insurrections, they were in common with MaJJachufefts-Bay Colony and Province •, we refer to the Section concerning Maffachufetts-Bay. What happen'd Prior to the Connetlicut Royal Charter, See Vol. I. p. / 189 ; their Share in the reducing of Port Royal now * Our Colonies are of various Natures. 1. In fome the Govern- ment and Property are in the Crown ; South-Carolina, North-Carolina except in the Property of the Earl of Greenvile's one eighth Share.; Virginia, excepting the Property of the Norfh Neck which belongs to Lord Fairfax ; New-York, Nevo Hampfhire, Nova-Scotia j and Newfoundland. 2. In fome, both Government and Property are in the Proprietaries, Maryland, and Penfylvania. 3. In forae, the Go- vernment and Property is in the Reprefentatives of the People, Connetlicut and Rhode Ifland. 4. In others, the Government is in the King, but the Property is in the Reprefentatives of the People, as in Mafjachujetts-Bay. 5. Government in the King, and Property, in a certain Body of Proprietors, as in Nevo-Jerfics. 6. Georgia may be faid not digefted. Annapolis 164 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c\ Annapolis 1710, See Vol. I. p. 308 ; their Share in the fham Expedition 1711 (the Nation was at that Time, and by Management frequently the Dupe of the Mi- niftry) againft Canada, fee Vol. I. p. 312. their Quota in that unaccountably rafh but by divine Providence ex- traordinary fiiccefsful Expedition againft Louifbourg of Cape-Breton, fee Vol. I. p. 350: the Affair of the pro- jected but abortive Expedition 1746 againft Canada, fee Vol. I. p. 315. Abftradt of the Connetlicut Charter; Connecticut Colony was incorporated, April 23. 1662, hy Charter of K. Charles II, from the humble Petition of'19 . Gentlemen principal Proprietors in faid'Colony, partly by Purchafe for valuable Confiderations, and'partly gained by a Conquejl; and living remote from other Englifh Plan- tations *, thefe Gentlemen's Names are —John Winthrop, Henry Clarke, Nathan Gold, Henry Wolcott, John Ogden, John Clarke, John Mafon* Matthew Allyn, Rich- ard Treat, John Talcotf, Thomas WeHes, Anthony Hawkins, Samuel Willis, John Tapping, Richard Lord, Daniel Clarke, Obadiah Brown, John Deming, Matthew Chamfield, with all others who fhall be made free of the Company, are incorporated by the Name of the Governor and Company of the English Colony of Connec- ticut in New-England in America, with perpetual Succeffton^ to purchafe Land and Chattels, and them to Leafe or alien as Corporations in England may do, with a common Seal; and there pall be eletled out of the Freemen one Governor, one Deputy Governor, and twelve Afftfiants, viz. the firft Governor John Winthrop, firft Deputy Governor John Mafon, the firfr twelve Affiflants Samuel Wyllis, Matthew Allyn, Nathan Gold,. Henry Clarke, Richard Treat, John Ogden, John Tapping, John Talcotf Thomas Welles, Henry Wolcott, Richard Lord, and' Daniel Clarke ; the Governor may at any time call an Af. fembly 5 to have two annual Affemblies, viz. fecond Thurfdoy iff Of Connecticut. i6^ in October, and fecond Thurfdoy of May~ to confift of the Affiflants and Deputies, not exceeding two from one Place, chofen by the Freemen of each Place to be a General Affem- bly, whereof the Governor and Deputy Governor, and fix of the affiflants at leaft to be feven ; this General Affembly may change the Times of their Meeting and EletHons, to ad- mit Freemen, and conftitute fuch Officers as they fhould think fit ; and once every Tear on the fecond Thurfday of May, the Governor, Deputy-Governor, Affiflants, and other Officers fhall be in faid General Court newly chofen for the Tear enfuing, and to take their refpeilive Corporal Oaths for the due Performance of their Offices before two Affiflants -, the firft nominated Governor to take his Oath before a Mafter in Chancery. The Inhabitants to have a Power to import Inhabitants and Goods into the Colony, paying the ufual Du- ties. All our Subjetls Inhabitants born there, or at Sea, coming to or going from thence, to be deemed natural-born Subjetls. The General Affembly to erell Judicatories, and to make reafonable Laws, not contrary to the Laws of England, and to fettle Forms of Magftracy and Magiftrates, and to impofe lawful Fines and other Penalties -, and in general, that our faid People may be fo religioufly, peaceably, and civilly governed -, as their good Life and orderly Con- verfation, may win and invite the Natives of the Country to the Knowledge and Obedience of the only true God and Saviour of Mankind ; This with " the Adventurers free Profeffion," is the only and principal End of this Plantation. A Power Martial to raife Forces for their own Defence to kill or otherways deftroy by all fitting Ways any who attempts the Detriment of the Colony, and upon Occa- fion to ufe Law Martial -, and upon juft Caufes to invade and deftroy the Natives or other Enemies of faid Colony. Li- berty is referved to all his Majefiy*s Subjetls to Fifh, to build Wharfs and Stages upon wafte Lands — This Colony is hounded Eaft by the Narraganfet River, commonly called Narraganfet Bay, where the faid River falleth into the Sea ', and on the North by the Line of the Maffachufetts Plantation, and on the South by the Sea; and-from the faid Narra- riG6 yf Summary, Historical WPoliticalj &ci Karraganfet-Bay on the Eaft to the South-Sea on the Weft Part. To be holden in free and common Soccage as of our Mannor of Eaft Greenwich, paying only the fifth Part of all the Oar of Gold and Silver that may be difcovered there. By Writ of Privy Seal, Howard. Their prefent enacting Style is, Be it enatled by the Gth vernor, Council and Reprefentatives, in General Court affem- bled, and by the Authority of the fame. The prefent Counties and Towns are, Hartford County. * Canaan Hartford * Kent "WTinHfnr Yl 1HU1UI Weathersfield New-Haven County Middletown Milford Farmington Guilford Symfbury Branford Haddam Wallingford Eaft Haddam Darby Colchefter Waterbury Hebron New Milford Glaffenbury Durham Bolton * Sharon Willington * Salifbury *- Stafford ---T Toland New-London County* Litchfield New London * Harwinton Norwich * Hartland Say brook * Winchefter Stonington * New Hartford Killingworth * Torrington Lyme * Bark-Ham pfted Groton * Colebrook Prefton * ("infhpn ■ * Norfolk Fairfield County. * Cornwall Fairfield Stratford Nor- Of Connecticut. 167 Norwalk Stanford Greenwich Woodbury Danbury New Town Ridgefield * New Fairfield Windham County. Windham Plainfield Canterbury Mansfield Coventry Pomphret * Morthlake Killingley Afhford Voluntown * Union Being in all about a hun- Lebanon dred Reprefentatives. Every Townfhip fends two Reprefentatives excepting thofe mark't * which are new or poor Townfhips, pay no Colony Rates, and confequently fend no Reprefentatives to the General Affembly or Legiflature : Haddam and Eaft Haddam fend only one Reprefentative each. The Freemen of each Town fhall in September meet to chufe Reprefentatives for the General. Affembly, and twenty Perfons in Nomination for the next May general Election. In April the twelve Affiftants to be chofen by the Freemen of each Town out of the twenty nominated Perfons, to be fent Seal'd up to the General Affembly, with the Votes for the Governor, Deputy Governor, Se- cretary and Treafurer ; as alfo Votes for the Reprefenta- tives for the May Affembly called Proxies, returned by the Conftable of each Town. The Afliftants and the Reprefentatives are paid out of the Colony Treafury. Annually two general Courts, the firft at Hartford, called the Court of Election fecond Thurfday in May, where the Freemen fhall Elect a Governor, Deputy Go- vernor, twelve Affiftants, Treafurer and Secretary, the fecond at New Haven fecond Thurfday in Otlober: In the General Court fhall confift the Power of making Laws, granting Levies, difpofing of Colony Lands, erect- ing of Judicatories and Officers, granting Releafe in Cri- minal ig| A Summary, Historical and Political, SccJ cninal or Capital Cafes, diffolving and proroguing of themfelves. The Governor, Deputy Governor, or Se- cretary may call a General Court upon Emergencies. No Member of the General Court during its Seffions, to be arretted, except for Treafon or Felony. Every Town may fend one or two Deputies. Previous to all other Bufinefs, the Houfe of Reprefentatives or Deputies are to chufe a Speaker and Clerk. They are the only Judges concerning their own Election. Every Day's Abfence, Fine 10/ to be paid to the Colony Treafurer. In an Equivote the Governor in the upper Houfe, and Speaker in the lower Houfe, fhall have a cafting Vote. Courts of Judicature. All Cafes exceeding the Value of 40/ fhall be deter- mined by a Jury of twelve Men in common Law. Annually in January at a Town-Meeting there fhall be chofen Jury Men to ferve in the feveral Courts, Qua- lification 50/ at leaft Free-hold rated in the general Lift ; the Names of the Jury-Men fo chofen fhall be put in a Box with a Lock, and when any Number of Jury-Men are Summoned to ferve at any Court, the Town Confta- ble fhall at Random draw fo many out of the Box, as is required from that Town ; any Juror fo drawn, but not appearing at the Court, Penalty 10/; and Deficiencies in Juries to be filled de Talibus Circumftantibus. The Jury-Men to be annually chofen in each Number of Town. In Hartford County. Hartford 20 Wethersfield 20 Wind for 20 Farmington 20 Midletown 20 Symfbury 12 Glaffenbury 10 Hebron 10 132 New-Haven County. New-Haven Milford Waliingford Branford Guilford Durham Darby Waterbury 20 12 15 10 12 6 6 6 »7 New- Of Connecticut. 16$ New-London County. New-Town 12 New-London '5 Ridgefield 6 Norwich *5 Greenwich 10 Prefton *5 —- Stonington i5 112 Groton Lyme 15 >5 Windham County. Say-Brook 15 Windham 12 Killingworth i5 Lebanon 12 i — Coventry 12 | 120 Plainfield 12 Canterbury T <> 1 Z. Fairfield County. Pomfret 12 Fairfield 20 Volentown 12 Stratford 20 Afhford 12 Norwalk 20 Mansfield 12 Stanford 12 Danbury 12 108 N. B. I can not account, why Hadham and Eaft-Had- dam, Colchefter, Bolton, Willington, Toland, and Litchfield in the County of Hartford ; New-Milford, and Durham in the County of New-Haven -, Woodbury in the County of Fairfield ; and Killingley in the County of Windham, who fend Reprefentatives to the General Court or Affem- bly, do not fend Jurors to the Courts below. All Judges and Juftices are appointed by the General Affembly, and commiffioned by theGovernor with the Province Seal; the Governor, Deputy Governor, and Afliftants are Juftices ex Officio. As to the Courts, where though the Cafe may be of confiderable Value, no Jury is required ; there is i. The Court of Probates. 2. Court of Vice-Admiralty are the fame Officers as for New Tork. 3. Jufticiary Court of Admiralty, fome of the Judges are from New-Tork. Vol. II. Y There ijo A Summary, Historical and Political, &c.' There fhall be a Superior Court of Judicature, ambu- latory from County to County •, this Court to confift of one chitf Judge and four other Judges f whereof three a Quorum) and fhall have Cognizance of all Pleas of the Crown that relates to Life, Limb, or Banifhment ; of Divorce •, of all Pleas, Real, Perfonal, or Mixt •, the fame to try by a Jury or otherways proceed to Judg- ment, and award Execution. This Court to be held in each County twice annually. The chief Judge, or in his Abfence, any three of the Judges may call a fpecial Court upon extraordinary Occafions. Any one Judge may open and adjourn the Court, and where no Judge prefents, the Sheriff may adjourn the Court to next Day- The Judges to appoint and Swear their own Clerk. An Inferior Court of Judicature to be held in each County twice a Year, by a Judge with two or more Juftices of the Quorum commiffioned for that Purpofe ; to determine by a Jury or otherways all Civil Caufes Real, Perfonal, or Mixt, as alfo all criminal Matters, not extending to Life, Limb, Banifhment, or Divorce. Have Power to levy a County Tax. A fpecial County Court may be called upon any ex- traordinary Occafion, and may adjourn themfelves to any diftant Time, to appoint and fwear their own Clerks and County Treafurer. Every chief Judge or Prefident, or Moderator in any Civil Court fhall have a cafting Vote. A Court of Probate confifting of one Judge and a Clerk by him to be appointed, to be held in each of the following Diftricts, called the Diftrict of Hartford, New- haven, New-London, Fairfield, Windham, Plainfield, Guilford, Woodbury, Stanford, Eaft Haddam, Litchfield, Danbury, and Norwich. In difficult Cafes may call in two or three Juftices of the Quorum. Any Perfon agrieved may Appeal and Review to the next Superior Court of the County. The Judges of Probates to enquire after all Efcheats^ and give Notice to the Colony Treafurer, who is to make Sale by publick Vendue of all Efcheats for the Benefit of Of Connecticut. 171 of the Colony % but if afterward any juft Title of an Heir appear, it fhall upon reafonable Terms be reftored. Executors after two Months Probate, neglecting to Re- gifter an Inventory of the Deceafed's Eftate, fhall forfeit £. 5 per Month. Executors refufing to accept, Admini- ftration fhall be granted to the next of Kin, or principal Creditors. Executors neglecting to prove a Will after 30 Days, fhall forfeit £. 5 per Month. Adminiftration upon Inteftate Eftates, to the Widow or next of Kin at the Difcretion of the Judge of Probates. The Diftribution of Inteftate Eftates to be, one third of the perfonal Eftate to the Widow for ever, and her Dower of one third of the real Eftate for Life, the Remainder to be equally di- vided among the Children, but the eldeft Son to have a double Share •, and if all Daughters they fhall inherit as Copartners ; the Divifion of the Eftate to be by three fufficient Freeholders upon Oath appointed by the Judge of Probates. The Portion of any Child dying before of Age or Married, fhall be divided among the Survivors, No Reprefentatives to be admitted among Collaterals after Brothers and Sifters Children. Where no legal Re- prefentatives, the Widow fhall be allowed one Moiety of the perfonal Eftate for ever, and one third of real Eftate for Life. All Sales of Lands made by Adminiftrators fhall be void. Marriages ; No Perfon to be Married unlefs pub- lifhed in fome Congregation, or publickly pofted up eight Days before fuc4i Marriage. No Perfon to join People in Marriage, befides a Juftice in the County or an ordained Minifter of the Parifh where the Parties dwell. Any Juftice or Minifter marrying Perfons without Publication, and Certificate of the Confent of the Parents or Guardians, Penalty £. 20 Any Man endeavouring to obtain the Affections of a Maid, without Liberty of Courtfhip from the Parents or Guar- dians, for the firft Offence £. 5 &c. — Degrees of Kin- dred forbidden Marriage, are according to the Levitical Law, and fuch Marriages are declared to be nul and 172 A Summary, Historical and Political, lie, void, and to fit upon the Gallows with a Rope about their Neck, and Stripes not exceeding forty, and to wear the Letter I on their Arm or Back. If any Perfons within faid Degrees do Marry or Cohabit, or Perfons cohabiting after Divorce; Penalty as Adultery; excepting Cafes of Abfence, as the Law directs, where the Superior ^ourt may grant Liberty to marry again. A Man found a Bed with another Man's Wife, both to be Whiptnot exceeding 30 Stripes. Men or Women wearing contrary Apparels, Fine not exceeding five Pound. The Age of Confent for Marriage is to the Man 14 ./Et. to the Woman 12 Mi. No Perfon unmarried fhall keep Houfe of himfelf, without Confent of the Town, Penalty 20/ per Week. Contracts of Perfons under Parents, Guardians, or Mafters are not valid. The Select Men, and Overfeers of the Poor, with the affent of the next Juftices, may bind out poor idle Children, Boys to 21 Mi. Girls to 18 i£t. The Dower for Widows where no Jointure was made before Marriage, is one third of the perfonal. Eftate witl> out Limitation,, and one third of the Income of the real Eftate for Life, but to keep it in good Repair. All Perfons of right Underftanding Mt. 21. or up- wards though excommunicated ; by Deed or Will if 17 Mt. and up rds, may difpofe of perfonal Eftate. The Age for ch ; of Guardians fhall be 14/Et. for Males, and 12 M.. for Females. Where Parents or Mafters neglect Children under their Care, the Select Men may bind them out Boys to 21 /Et. Girls to 18 iEt. Ideots, Impotent and Diftracted, fhall be under the Di- rection of the County Courts, to be provided for by the following Degrees of Kindred. Father or Mother, Grand Father or Grand-Mother, Children or Grand-Chil- dren, if able. The Eftates of fuch (if any) by a proper Order may be fold for their Maintenance. Where no fufficient Relations or Eftate does appear, they fhall be fup- ported Of Connecticut," i-V ported at the Charge of the Town where they live. The Select-Men are to appoint them Guardians. Idle Perfons and Drunkards, by Warrant to be brought before a Juftice ; the Goods of fuch Perfons fhall be un- der the Management of the Select Men, who may fell all or part (not real, without an Order of the General Affembly,) of their Eftates, and on Deficiency, difpofe of their Perfon to Service for a certain Time, to pay their juft Debts. May appeal from the Select-Men to the County Court. AH fuch Perfons aredifabled from mak- ing of Contracts. In this Colony is no particular Court of Chancery ; in fome Cafes the General Court act as a Court of Chan- cery or Equity. Jufticiary Courts of Oyer and Terminer, called Affizes and General Goal Delivery, is the fame with the Su- perior Court. The Court of Vice-Admiralty, the fame Judge and other Officers of that Court, which ferve for the Pro- vince of New-Tork, ferve alfo for the Colony of Con- netlicut. The Jufticiary Court of Admiralty for Trial of Crimes committed at Sea confifts of Judges, fome from the Co- lony of Connetlicut, and fome from the Province of New- Tork, purfuant to the Inftructions from Home. A Juftice may determine in' any Cafe not exceeding 40/if Land is not concerned ; if the Judges find that the jury have not attended to the Evidence, they may caufe them to return to a fecond and third Confideration, but no more. The Judges to determine in Cafes of Law, where the Jury brings in a Non Liquet or fpecial Verdict, viz. If the Law be Jo in fuch a Point, then we find for the Plaintiff, but if the Law be otherways, then we find for the Defendant. May appeal from a Jufiice to the County Court, and from thence may review to the next County Court, or appeal to the next Superior Court ; from the Review to the fecond County Court, may ap- peal to the next Superior Court, but without any Review in 174 ^ Summary, Hiftorical and Political, tec. in the Superior Court ; but if from the firft County Court he appeal to the Superior Court, he is admitted to review in the next Superior Court. In a Debt upon Bond, Bill, or Note for a Value not exceeding 40/ no Appeal to be allowed, and if not exceeding £. 10 no Appeal is allowed from a County Court. No Appeals are allowed to the King in Council, Some have gone home by way of Complaint at a con- fiderable Charge, but no Relief, excepting in the Cafe of John Winthrop, Efq; who procured a Declaration of the King in Council, " That their Law concerning di- viding Land Inheritance of an Inteftate was contrary to the Law of England, and void" : but in fubfequent Cafes this Colony have no Regard to the Declaration. The general Affembly hear Writs of Error againft Proceedings of the Superior Court; and in fome Inftances act as a Court of Chancery. Where any other Court exceeds their Jurifdiction, the Judges of the Superior Court may grant a Prohibition with the fame Power, as the King's Bench in England. Sheriffs to be appointed by the Governor and Council called affiftants, giving Security ; in Cafe of Riots or great Oppofition in his Office, may raife the Militia of the County, and to be under his Command. Each County appoints one King's Attorney. In Cafes of Account, the Court may appoint three Auditors. In Cafes of Abatement of a Writ, the Plaintiff upon his paying to the Defendant his Cofts to that Time, may amend the Defect and proceed. No Writ fhall abate for a circumftantial Miftake. In all Actions before a Juftice, fix Days Warning is required ; before a County or Superior Court twelve Days. Any Defendant upon Default, paying down to thead- verfe Party Cofts, may be admitted to the Tryal. All Titles of Lands to be tried in the County where the Land lies. No Perfon to be kept in Pnfon, where fufficient Eftate does Of Connecticut. 175^ does appear; where no Eftate appears, the Debtor fhall fatisfy the Debt by Service. Fees. For attending the General Court, per diem, to an Affiftant 6/ to a Reprefentative 4/and \d per Mile, travelling out; Chief Juftice of Superior Court 12/ ; Affiftant Judges 9/; County Courts Chief Judge 7/ ; Juftices of the Quorum 5/; Licence to a Tavern Keeper 3/; acknowledging any Inftrument 6d ; to the Secretary ror the Colony Seal if; to the General Affembly for every Petition £. 1 : Attorney's Fees, Superior Court 8 / ; Inferior or County Court 4/; Goalers Fees, Commitment and Difcharge 2/; for dieting each Prifoner per Week if; to a County Surveyor of Lands and for his Horfe, befides Expenccs 4 / per diem-. N. B. Thefe Fees feem to be in Bills of the Emiffion equal to three and half Old Ten. of New England common Currency. Publick Houfes of Entertainment for each Town to be nominated in January annually by the Ma- giftrates, Select-Men, Conftables and Grand Jury-Men, be approved of by the next County Court, and licen- fed by them : the Houfe-Keeper not to fuffer Sons not of Age, or Servants to fit Tipling, Fine 6f; Strangers and Foreigners excepted, none to keep Com- pany in Publick Houfes Evening next following the Lord's Day, or Days of Faft ; any Perfon found in a Tavern (fome Exceptions) the Night before and the Night after the Lord's Day, or after Nine o'clock in any other Night, Fine 3/; By afpecial Warrant, Houfes may be broke open in fearching after Perfons in Taverns; Inha- bitants not to fit in a Tavern drinking above one Hour at a time, excepting upon extraordinary Occafions, Fine 6/; Tavern Hunters to be pofted up at the Tavern Doors with a Prohibition of entertaining them upon Penalty of £ 3 ; no Tavern-Keeper to bring an Action for Drink, fold after two Days ; none but licenfed Houfes to fell ftrong Liquor in Quantities exceeding one Quart if Wine or Spirits, or one Gallon, of any other Liquor, Fine £ 3 firft Offence, ,£ 6 fecond Offence, and fo doubled every Offence, a;6 ^Summary, Historical and Political, &V." Offence ; if not able to pay, to be Whipt not lefs than io,' and not exceeding 15 Stripes every Offence. In Connetlicut (and all over New-England every con- ftituted Townfhip is a Corporation •,) the Qualifica- tion for a Voter or Freeman is 21 jEt. and upwards, with a Freehold rated in the common Lift at 50/, or perfonal Eftate rated at £. 40 befides his Poll or Perfon. Townfhip Meetings or Affemblies may make prudential Laws or Orders, penalty of Tranfgreffion not to exceed 20/ Townfhip Officers to be chofen annually in De- cember, viz. Select Men not exceeding feven. Lifters (Affeffors) not exceeding nine, &c. all Eleftions to be by a major Part of the qualified Voters. Town Clerks to Regifter Marriages, Births, and Burials. No Perfon to be admitted an Inhabitant of a Town, but by Confent of the Select-Men ; no Stranger to refide exceeding — Days without Liberty from the Select-Men, and the Entertainer finable. A Stranger continuing after being warned out, Fine 10/ per Week, or Whipt not exceeding ten Stripes. One Year's Refidence qualifies a Perfon for an Inhabitant. A Stranger entertained above four Days, the Entertainer fhall beat the Charge if taken fick. Vagrants to be ordered from Conftable to Con- ftable back to the Place they came from ; if they return, ihall be toties quoties Whipt not exceeding ten Stripes. Annually firft Monday of March the Proprietorfhips not conftituted into Townfhips, are to meet and chufe a Moderator, Clerk, Treafurer, and a Committee to ma- nage Affairs in the Intervals of their General Meetings. By a major Vote computed by Intereft they are to oe chofen, and may levy Taxes as may be needed. Suffi- cient Partition Fences to be five Foot if Rails or Wooden Fences, Stone Fence four Feet high ; or Hedges, Brooks, Ditches, Creeks, Rivers in the Judgment of the Fence- Viewers, equivalent thereto. No Perfon to feed his Cat- tle in his Neighbour's Land, as if common Field, without leave from 10th April to 10th Otlober. Taxes Of Connecticut." 177 Taxes confift in the Articles of Rates, Impoft, and Ex- cife. Rates comprehends the Pol-Tax. Every Perfon an- nually, at or before September 10, to give in a Lift of his Polls and ratable Eftate : thofe Lifts to be returned to the General Court in Otlober : Perfons to be four-folded who leave out Part of their Eftate, or who give in no Eftate ; the Lifters may relieve People overcharged, may appeal to a Juftice and of the Select-Men of the Town.—■ Every Male Perfon from 16 to 70 Mt. to be fet in the Lift &t£. 18(Governor, Deputy Governor, Affiftants, Mi- nifters of the Gofpel, Prefident and Tutors of the Colle- giate School, Students there, School-Mafters and infirm Perfons are excufedj every Ox at £. 4 ; each Steer, Cow or Heifer of 3 Years and upwards at £. 3; Steer or Heifer of 2 Years at 40/; each Steer or Heifer of one Year 20/ Each Horfe or Mare of 3 Years old and upwards at £. 3; of two Years old 40/ of one Year old 20/ Every Swine one Year old and upwards 20/. Each dwelling Houfe with adjoining Land 20/ per Acre ; plow and mowing Land in fome Counties 15/ 'mothers 10/ in others yf6d. per Acre ; boggy mowing Meadow Land 5/ per Acre ; all upland Pafture or Mowing 8/ per Acre. Peculiars to be affeffed by the neareft Town. Veffels at 15/ per Tun. The Prefident of Tale College, and all Minifters of the Gof- pel, their Eftates in the Towns where they live are exemp- ted. All allowed Attornies atthe Law,j£. 50 their Faculty; and others higher in Proportion to their Bufinefs. All Traders &c. to be rated for their Faculties at the Difcre- tion of the Lifters. Rates. In our American Colonies, in affefling of Rates, real Eftate is generally valued at feven Years Income, which is favourable. In Great-Britain Lands are fold at 20 to 30 Years Purchafe. In Connetlicut id. Rate, produces £. 4000 to £. 5000 Currency. Impost. There is a high Duty upon the Exportation of all Timber and Lumbtr to the neighbouring Govern- Vol. II. " Z ments 178 A Summary, Historical and Political, lie. ments of Maffachufetts, New-Tork, Rhode-IJland, and New- Hampfhire ; this is defigned in Lieu of a Prohibition, that after fome Years the Colony may not be defti- tute of thofe Materials. The Impoft upon Rum is per Gallon id. if imported directly from the Weft-Indies or Sugar Iflands, and 2 d. from all other Parts; a Draw-back is allowed upon its Exportation. All foreign trading Veffels not owned in the Colony at Clearing, to pay-----Powder Money to the Naval Officer. The Governor with Advice of the Council, upon Oc- cafion, by Proclamation may for a Time prohibit the Exportation of Grain and other Provifions ; Delinquents forfeit thefe Goods by an Order obtained from a fpecial County Court. Excise 3 dper Gallon on all Wines and diftilled Li- quors ; this is applied to defray County Charges. The County Courts to appoint Receivers of the Excife, Fees 2/in the Pound. Receivers may agree with the Pub- lick Houfes by the Year. The Act regulating Maratime Affairs extends from P. 147 to P. 152, in 27 Sections in their Law Book 5 does not contain any Thing peculiar. By the Act for forming and regulating the Militia. The Governor to be Capt. General, the Deputy Governor Lieut. General : the Military Companies of the feveral Townfhips to be formed into 13 Regiments of Foot, and to each Regiment of Foot, one Troop of Horfe of 64 Men, Officers included. The Field Officers of each Regiment, Colonel,Lieut. Col. and Major to be appointed by the General Affembly and commiffioned by the Go- vernor. Once in four Years to be called together for Regimental Exercife. All Male Perfons from 16 to 50 Mt. to attend Military Mufters, excepting Indians and Negroes, Secretary, Juftices, Church Officers, Members of the Collegiate School, allowed Phyficians and Surgeons, Reprefentatives, School-Mafters, Attornies at Law, a Mil- ler Of Connecticut." 17^ ler to each Grift Mill, Ferry Men, conftant Herdfmen, conftant Mariners, Sheriffs, Conftables, and impotent Perfons. All Militia lifted Soldiers to be provided, be- fides his Accoutrements, with one Pound of good Powder, four Pound of Bullets, and twelve Flints. In each Com- pany of 64 Soldiers befides Officers, there fhall be a Capt. a Lieut. Enfign, and four Sergeants; where 32 Soldiers, there fhall be a Lieut. Enfign, and two Sergeants ; where but 24 Soldiers there fhall be two Sergeants. The Com- panies to be Trained four Times a Year, every Soldier for not Appearance to pay 3 / The Arms and Ammunition of all Perfons in the Go- vernment to be viewed on the ffrft Monday of May An- nually. Each trooping Horfe freed from Rates and Im- preffes. Diforders on Training Days, may be punifhed by laying Neck and Heel, riding the Wooden Horfe, or 15/ The Fines to be applied for Colours, Drum- mers, Halberts, Banners, Trumpets, Trumpeters, and other Charges of the Company. The Colony to pro- vide a Magazine of Powder and Shot, and the Select- Men of each Town to provide Military Stores for their Towns. The Select Men may appoint Watches and Wards in their refpective Towns. Any Perfons may form themfelves into Artillery Com- panies fo called, for promoting of Military Exercifes. Deferters from the King's Service Sea or Land, Fine £. 20 and half a Year's Imprifonment. The Training Militia of this Colony may confift of about 15,000 Men. 1740 at a great Struggle in the Election of a Governor, there were about 4,000 Freemen Voters. 4. No 4 fn the Houfe of Reprefentatives of Maffachufetts-B'ay, in their Journal June 3, 1748, they declare that Connetlicut is two Thirds as big (meaning in Perfons and Eftates, but not in Extent of Territory, Plymouth and Province of Main included) as the Province of Mcjja- chufrtts Bay. With Submiflion, I find ConneSicut not half fo big in Numbers and Eftates as Maffachufetts-Bay. At Times by the prudent Adminiftration 180 A Summary, Historical ^Political, lie. No Impreffes of Perfons or Cattle, but .by Warrant, with a reafonable Allowance for Service, and for Damages if any happen. Their Produce, Manufactures, Trade and Navigation. Connetlicut ufes fcarce any foreign Trade ; lately they fend fome fmall Craft to the Weft-India Iflands ; they vent their Produce in the neighbouring Continent Colo- nies, viz. Wheat, Indian Corn, Beaver, Pork, Butter, Horfes, and Flax. For fome Years they have been en- deavouring to raife Hemp and Flax ; Flax may fucceed, but Hemp feems to require a ftronger Soil and warmer Climate, it thrives better further South, as in Penfylva' nia *, that from the northern Parts, does not drefs fo Adminiftration of the Jurifdiftion of Connetlicut Colony, their Taxes were only £. 4000, to £. 5000 Currency per Ann. whereas the Polls and Rates of Maffachufetts, were at the fame Time per Ann. about £. 400,000 Currency. 1742, by the Valuation on Maffachufetts-Bay were 41,000 White Males taxable for Polls; allowing for Concealments they may be efti- mated at 50,000 Fencibles ; which multipied by 4 according to Dr. HulUfs Rules, makes 200,000, Men, Womon, and Children ; and in Connecticut about 10^,000 People. In general the neareft Eftimate that can be made of the People in Nenv-England, is Maffachufetts-Bay 200,000 Connetlicut 100,000 Rhode-Ifland 30,000 Neiv-Hampfhire 24,000 354,000 One fourth Part of thefe are 90,000 fencible Men, one fifth is 70,000 fencible marching Men, fufficient to fwallow up the French of Canada, and Cape Breton Iflands at a few Meals or Encounters. In political fiallances, the Number of Inhabitants is a grand Article. In Great-Britain and Ireland are about 10 Millions of People, in France about double that Number, in Spain about 5 Millions, according to the Duke de Riperda's Eftimate, in the feven United Provinces called Hol- land, about 3 Millions; but the Produce of Trade called Money, fometimes fupplies the Inferiority of fencible Men, thus the general Ballance of Trade being in Favour of Holland, it is become the Center of Exchange for all Europe. kindly, Of Connecticut. 181 kindly, nor whiten fo well. The Ruffia Hemp exported from the northern Parts of Archangel, Narva, Revel, and Riga is brought down from the fouthern Parts of Ruffia. Wool, Hemp, Flax and Iron are the general Materials > of all our Manufactures. The raifing and manufacturing of Hemp, Flax, or any other Herba into Cordage, Cauras, and other Linnen is a general and great Advantage with- out any Detriment to our Mother Country ; it may be fomeDifad vantage to our Traders to Ruffiia, Germany,and Holland ; but private Lucration ought to give way to a publick Good. The Linnen Bufinefs employs variety of People, pulling the Flax, watering of it, breaking, fwing- ling, hackling, fpinningj, weaving, &c. Some Years fince, the Government of Connetlicut, efta- blifhed a Corporation for Commerce, called the New- London Society, but in the fraudulent Humour of thefe Times, contrary to the Defign of their Inftitution, they foon began to Manufacture printed Society Notes to be impofed as a Currency : The Government in their wonted Prudence declared it a Nufance ; thefe Bills were forbid a Currency, and called in at the Charge of the Society. In all Countries the Inhabitants may be reduced to three Gaffes, i. Villinage or Coatters. 2. Teomanry or Farmers who improve their own Freeholds; and 3. Gentry who live by the Rents of their Eftates farmed to others ; the fecond fort is generally our Cafe. Irifh Potatoes or Solanum Efculentum tuberafum^ C. B. P. is much planted in New England, thrives well, and is of good Ufe ; Varieties here, are the rough Coat,red Coat, flat [White, and long White : my Tafte prtfers the rough Coat. * There is Copper Ore in Simjbury Hills, about a dozen Miles * I learnt from Mr. Baden, as was hinted before, an ingenious Mi- ner and Effager fent from London, a few Years fince by a Company of Gentlemen, to explore Neiv England lor Metalick Ores and Minerals; he found, 1. Bog and Rock Iron Ore in plenty, but not profitable. 2. Some Lead Ore, but fo intermixed with Rock and Spar, as not to turn 182 A Summary, Historical and Political, &cJ Miles Weft of Connetlicut River ; it has been wrought,1 but did not turn to Accouut; at prefent it lies dormant. For their Wheat and Indian Corn ; fee elfe where, as alfo for their Merchantable fait Pork. Ship building and Staves are their chief Lumber Export. -f- Wool not fufficient for the Home Confumption of the Colony. A very confiderable Produce in the Colony of ConnecH- cut is a Seminary of Learning, or Schola Illuftris, called a Collegiate College, and when Profeffors in feveral Sciences turn to any Account. I. In Simfbury near Connetlicut River, there were three different Companies wrought for Copper Ore ; Mr. Belcher and Cafiwell, they alfo ere&ed a fmelting Houfe in Bofton, thofe turned to no Account, and the Affair dropt ; 2. Some afTociated Mer- chants of Bofton, got a Leafe of fome adjacent Copper Mine Lands, they carried it on with Vigour, and fent Quantities of their Ore to England, the Company found the Scheme turn to no Advantage, and delated. 3. A Company of Bites, rented fome adjoining Lands ; they pretended to find fome Shoades, a good Symptom forVeins ; they put fome of thefe pretended rich Shoades aboard of a fmall Sloop ; this Sloop perhaps by Contrivance funk in Connetlicut River ; the Owners did not find it advifable to weigh the Ore.left the Fallacy of the Shoades might be difcovered. Schaylers rich Copper Mines in the Jerfies are not much wrought, the Owners keep them depofited as old Gold. There are fome Symptoms of Copper Ore in Attleborough, but not explored. In Attleborough there is a Magnatick Iron Ore, it yields a red fhot Iron, not good. See Vol. I. p. 540^In Attleborough Gore is fome Copper Ore, but fo intermixed with the Iron Rock Ore, as to render both unprofitable. Mr. Baden found fome Allom Slate or Stone ; but no vitriol Stone or Pyrites, fuch as ii found both Sides of River Thames in England, along the Kentijh and Eftx Shores; no fait Springs ; we have Rudle, which ferves to mark Sheep and may ferve as a Ground Colour for Priming, as Spanijh Broun, and Black Lead in Brimfeld, thefe are not Metaiick Ores, but Boles or Terras ; of Okers there are none of any Value, fome yellow Oker. In AVw-England, they do not forge Bar Iron fufficient for their Home Confumption, by Bloomeries and Refineries ; they import from England, Neiv-York, ferfees, Penfylvania and Maryland. \ England is always jealous of our exporting Sheeps Wool to foreign Market, but it may be uepended upon, that our New England Wool is not fufficient for Home Confumption ; and we Import many Woolens from Great Britain. Some Years fince, but not at prefent, fome was fhipt from Nantucket to Frame, very fmall Quantities. are Of Connecticut. 183 are endowed, it will be called an Univerfity ; this Plant is vigorous and thriving, under the Cultivation of the pre- fent Prefidfnt, the worthy Reverend Mr. Clap. Some Account of Connecticut College, called Tale College in New-Haven. Anno 1636 The General Affembly of Maffachufetts- Bay (fee Vol. I. p. 543.) granted fome Money towards erecting a College or Collegiate School in Cambridge near Bofton ; the People of Connetlicut contributed fome fmall Matter; and after fome Years, becaufe of the Diftance and Charge, their Minifters and fome in Civil Authority prefented 1701,8 Memorial to the General Affembly, defiring that a Collegiate School might be erected and en- dowed, and propofed 10 Minifters of 40 F£x. and up- wards, as Truftees for ordering the fame ; Survivors to fupply Vacancies, feven to be a Quorum: accordingly a Charter * for this Purpofe was granted Otlober 1701, to appoint Officers, make Laws, but not repugnant to the Laws of the Civil Government, to give Degrees, poffefs Lands not exceeding the yearly Value of £. 500, and other Eftate, and to receive yearly out of the pub- lick Treafury, £. 100 Currency +; Saybrook was refolved upon as a proper Place, and the Truftees chofe Mr. Pierfon Minifter of Killtngworth for Rector, 4- and untill a Place could be fitted up in Seabrook, the Scholars were to meet at the Rector's Houfe in Killingworth, where they continued till the Rector's Death, 1707. Mr. Hemming- way, fince Minifter of Eafthaven, was the firft Schollar and Solus about half a Year. Several of the Truftees gave Books out of their own Libraries to begin a Library for the College ; Mr. Lynde of Saybrook gave a Houfe and Land ; Major James Fitch of Norwich gave Land in * This Charter was drawn up by Mr. Secretary Addingtonoi Maf- fachufetts Bay. f Equal at the Time to about £. 70 Sterl. J. The Rector and 10 Truftees conftituted the Corporation. Kil- 184 A Summary, Historical and Political, Seel Killingley, which were afterwards 1730 converted into 628 Acres in Sahfbury. Tfiere was a general Contribu- tion throughout the Colony. » Upon Rector Pierfon*s Death, Mr. Andrews of Milford was chofen/w tempore untill they could procure a refident Rector, and the Senior Clafs was removed to Milford, the others to Saybrook under the care of two Tutors ; they boarded at private Houfes, and went to School at their Tutors Chambers under the Infpectionof Mr. Buck- ingham of Seabrook, one of the Truftees, and continued in this State about 7 Years, in this fpace of Time fundry Do- nations of valuable Books were made to the Library, particu- larly by Sir John Davie of Groton upon his Recovery of the family Honours and Eftate in England. The greateft Do- nation of Books was from the Generofity and Procurement of Jeremiah Bummer, Efq; Agent in London, Ann. 1714, he fent over above 800 Volumes of valuable Books, whereof about 120 Volumes at his own Coft, and the reft by Procurements from Sir Ifaac Newton, Sir Richard Blackmore, Sir Richard Steel, Dr. Burnet, Dr. Woodward, Dr. Halley, Dr. Bentley, Dr. Rennet, Dr. Calamy, Dr. Edwards, Mr. Henry, MrxWhtfloni &c. Governor Tale of the Eaft-India Company, fe*ht 300 Volumes: But a great Part of this valuable Library was loft in a tumult upon the Removal of the Library from Seabrook. There were Divifions concerning a fixed Situation for the College, and in the mean while 1718, it was agreed that the Students might go where they faw caufe to be inftructed : the greater part went to Wethersfield under the Inftruction of Mr. Elifha Williams, afterwards Rector, fome remained at Saybrook under the Tuition of Mr. Hart and Mr. Ruffel. 1716. The Majority of the Truftees voted a conveni- ent College and Rector'sHoufe to be erected in Newhuven, which was effected accordingly, but with much Opr-nfi- tion and Confufion from the Northern and Eaftern Parts of Of Connecticut. 185 of the Colony ; * the Truftees notwithstanding held their firft Commencement at New-Hdven in September 1717- The forefaid Elihu Tale Efq; an Eaft India Merchant, from his Correfpondence with Mr. Saltonftal Governor of Connetlicut, beftowed in the whole, £. 100 Sterl. in three hundred Volumes of Books, and about £. 400 Sterl. in Effects, and by Will defigned £. 500 Sterl. more, but this was never accomplifhed ; 1718 Mr. Dummer fent more Books Value £. 30 ; and Jahaleal Brenton, Efq; of Newport, Rhode-Ifland, gave^. 50 Sterl. The College Building was raifed Otlober 3. 1717, 170 Feet long, 21 Feet wide, and 3 Stories high ; coft about £. 1030 Sterl. contained above 50 Studies, befides the Hall, Library, and Kitchen; September 12, 1718, there was a fplendid Commencement, and the Truftees gave it the Name of Tale College, and fent a Letter of Thanks to Mr. Tale for his Generofity to the Colony, and Letters of Thanks to Mr. Dummer, and General Nicbolfon for their Dona- tions of Books. In December following, upon removing of the Books from Saybrook, there happened a Tumult, about 250 of the moft valuable Books, and fundry Pa- pers of Importance were conveyed away by unknown Hands and never could be recovered. 1719. The Truftees chofe Mr. Cutler, Minifter of Stratford to be a Refident Rector, and for his Accommo- dation a Rector's Houfe was built 1722, coft by Subfcrip- tion, £. 35, by Impoft upon Rum^. 115, and fome Part out of Mr.Tale's Donations by Sale of Lands £. 120 and by. a general Contribution £. 55. 1722. At the Commencement he declared himfelf to be of the Church of England, and defigned for Epifcopal Orders,v/h\ch by going to England,heobta.\ned with a D.D. at prefent he is a Miffionary in Bofton. The College con- * The Affair'was referred to the.General Afleiibly 1717, the upper and lower Houfe differed, and the reference dropt. N B. laft Year there were Schollars refiding at i\\-vj il«*,.it 13 j a; IVethcrsfidd 14, at Sa\hrook only 4. Vol. II. A a tinued 186 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. tinued without a Refident Rector four Years; the forefaid Mr. Andrew performed thisOfficeat theirCommencements. 1723. The general Affembly gave to the College an additional Explanatory Charter, 7 viz. that a Truftee might refign at Pleafure, that feven Truftees fhould be a Quorum and to act by a Majority, that a Minifter of 30 j£t. might be chofen a Truftee, and that the Rector fhould be a Truftee ex Officio. Mr. Daniel Turner of London fent them a Collection of valuable Books, 28 Volumes in Pbyfick and Surgery ; the College conferred upon him a Diploma of M. D. 1725. September 29, The Truftees chofe Mr. Elifho> Williams Minifter of Newington Parifh in Wethersfield as Rector, and upon giving his Confent to the Confeffion of Faith and Rules of Church Difcipline agreed upon by the Churches of the Colony of Connetlicut, he was instal- led Rector by the Truftees ; he reformed the College very much, and advanced ufeful and polite Literature. In Otlober, ly32. The General Affembly granted to the College 1500 Acres of Land, being 300 Acres in each of the new Towns of Norfolk, Canaan, Gofhan, Cornwall and Kent: which after fome Years may be valuable. 1732. The Rev. Dr. George Barkley Dean of Derry,. now Bifhop of Cloyne in Ireland, came over to found an Epifcopal College in the Continent of North-America, or the Britifh Weft-India Ifiands ; he refided fome Time at Newport of Rhode-Ifland, and purchafed a Country Seat with about 96 Acres of Land. For certain Reafons, he gave over his Defign of erecting an Epifcopal College', and returned to England-, although there was fomething peculiar in his Manner, he was a Gentleman of general Learning, and of a generous Difpofition to propagate the fame among Mankind ; he was a good Judge of the World, and of all our Colonies and Seminaries of Learn- + It is faid to have been drawn up by Governor Saltcnftal. At the firft founding of this College, ic was ordered, that where no fpecial Provifion u as made by the Truftees, the Laws of Harvard College in the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay fhould be their Rule. Of Connecticut. 1S7 ing ; (the Epifcopal College of William/burg in Virginia not excepted,; he gave the Preference to the College of Con- netlicut, a laudable Colony ; he gave his Farm in Rhode- Ifland to this College, the Income to be Premiums from Time to Time for the beft Greek and Latin Scholars in the Judgment of the Prefident and Senior Epifcopal Miffionary of the Colony ; this has been fome Incite- ment to excel in the Clafficks. He gave them a fine Collection of Books of near iooo Volumes, whereof 260 were Folio's, £.400 Sterl. Value. Thefe Donations were made partly out of the Dean's own Eftate, but principally out of the Monies put into his Hands for founding the Epifcopal CellegL Rector Williams, by reafon of Indifpofitions Ottober 3 r, *739> refigned, returned to his own Eftate in Wethersfield* and was employed in a Civil and Military Capacity. The Reverend, Learned, Worthy, and Mathematically.Ingeni- ous Mr. Thomas Clap, Minifter of Windham fucceeded } and in April 1740, gave his Aflent to the Seabrook Ar- ticles 1708, of Faith and Difcipline; he had been "14 Years Minifter of Windham, he was inftalled Rector: His firft Effay was to form a new Body of Laws, and to place the Books of the Libraryj in a proper diftinct Order, to be with Facility come at; this Catalogue is printed. ^ 1742. The General Affembly augmented the annual Grant to the College, whereby they were enabled to fupport three Tutors and a Rector (formerly one Tutor carried on two Gaffes; the Prefident requires confiderable Encouragement, as he is obliged to perform the Office of Prefident, Profeffor of Divinity, Profeffor of Mathema- ticks, and of a Tutor in ©rdinary. 1744. Anthony Nougier of Fairfield, by Will left to the College £. 27 Sterl. to be puc to Intereft. The Affembly was petitioned by the Truftees, for a new and more perfect Charter, whereby che College was to be incorporated by the Name of the Prefident and Fellows (not Truftees; of Yah College in New-Haven. This was approved of by the Name of an A:t fcr the more 188 /^Summary, Historical and Political, &rV. mote full and compleat Eftablifliment of Tale Co!lege,Scc, Dated May 9, 1745, it is ordained, 1. That T Thomas Clap, Samuel Whitman, fared Eliot, Ebenezer William*, Jonathan Afarfh, Samuel Cooke, Samuel Whiltlefey, Jofeph Noyes, Anthony Stoddard, Benjamin Lord and Daniel Wadf- worlh, are a Body corporate and politick by the Name of the President and Fellows of Yale College' in New Haven, with Succeffion. 2. All former Donations to this Collegiate School, though in various Exprefiions, are. con firmed and veiled in the faid Prefident and Fel- lows, with Succeffion, 3, That the forefaid Prefident and Fellows fhall continue during Life, or until they refign, or are difplaced. 4. There fhall be a general Meeting of the Prefident and Fellows annually fecond Wednefday of September, the Major Vote of the Members prefent fhall be definitive; in Cafe of an Equivote, the Prefident fhall have a cafling Vote : 5. The Prefident and Fel- lows, fix at leaft, concurring, may remove and appoint in their room a Prefident and Fellows, a Clerk, a Treafurer, Tutors, Profeffors, Steward, and other neceffary Servants, 6. That the Prefident, Fellows, Tutors, Profeffors, and all other Officers, before they enter upon the Execution of their Office, fhalL.publickly take the Oaths, and fub- fcribe the Declaration appointed, 1 Georgis I. 7. The Corporation may appoint from Time to Time Regulations not repugnant to the Laws of England or of the Colony, but may be difallowed by the General Affembly. 8. The Corporation may confer Degrees as in other Col- leges. 9. All Eftates belonging to the College (if real, not exceeding the Value of£. 500* Sterl. per Ann.) all Members and re fid en t Officers of the College, Tutors and Students, are exempted from Rates, Military Service, T This is an ingenious Gentleman, Mathematically learned ; at this Time 1750, .contriving fome Compendium? and other Improvements in Aftronomical Calculations. Many of the Students (Students in Col- lege about $0) are expert in Aftronomical Calcluations, from the folid good Tuition and Inflruclion of the worthy Mr. Clap, a Credit to the Colony. working Of Connecticut. f iSrj working upon the High \Vay = ,&c. 10. A Grant of £. 100 Proclamation Money annual.'v during the Pleafure cf the Affembly. 1745. Phillip Living/Ion Efq; of the King's Council of New Tork, as he had four Sons educated in this Col- lege, gave £. 200 Currency, to begin a Foundation for a Profeffor of Divinity, to be called Livingftoman Profeffor of Divinity. 1746. Mr. Samuel Lambert of New London, Merchant or Dealer^ left fome Lands to the College, bu: from fjme Intricafes in his Affairs, they turned to no great Account, excepting about 100 Acres in Wallingford, and 62 Acres in New Haven. There were a great many fmaller Donations from Time to Time, which in a Summary are not to be enu- merated, and for' the fame Reafons I am obliged to omit the Lifts, from the Foundation to this Time, of the luc- ceffive Rectors or Prefidents, Truftees, Trcafurers and Tutors. 1748. Upon a Motion of the Prefident, the General Affembly ordered a new College to be built at publick Colony Charge, 100 Feet long, and 40 Feet wide, 8 Rooms on a Floor, 3 Stories high, befides Garrets and Cellars. / The Regulations as to the Degrees of Batchellors and Mafters are the fame as in Harvard College of the Pro- vince of Maffachufetts-Bay, fee Vol.' II. p. 546. This College at New-Haven thrives much -, in Sept. 1749, there commenced 11 Mafters and 23 Batchelors ; at Cambridge in Maffachufetts-Bay, July 1745, there com- menced only 9 Mafters and 2'?. Batchelors, though a Col- lege of much longer Standing, and in a large Govern- ment : at that Time it was obferved by many, that every thing in the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay was upon the Decline, attributed to the bad late civil Adminiftra- tion. Mountains i ;3 /? Summary, Historical and Political, &JV. Mountains and Rivers. Connetlicut is generally broken Land, that is, Hills and Dales, but well Watered. Simfbury or the Copper Mine Hills are their higheft Lands, but not fertile, as it is faid of all Metalick Ore Hills. The noted Rivers and Runs of Water in Connetlicut are, i. Thofe which fall into Thames River or New-Lon- don long Creek. 2. Connetlicut River with its Branches. 3. Houfatonick River with its Branches, which at Strat- ford falls into Long-Ifland Sound. Paukatuke River which divides Rhode-Ifland Colony from Connetlicut Colony, and Byram River which divides Connetlicut Colony from the Province of New-Tork are of no Confideration. 4. Upon the Long Ifland Sound is a range of Townfhips. 1. Thames River is a long navigable Creek of about 14 Miles deep, the Head of it is in Norwich -, This is the Barcadier for all the Eafterly Parts of Connetlitut, and in Time may be the principal trading Place of the Colony j at prefent the Townfhip of Norwich pays the higheft Tax of any Townfhip in the Colony, and confifts of five or fix Parifnes. From Connetlicut River to the Eaftern Boundary of the Colony, is an extraordinary well watered Country, confifting of two principal Rivers and their 'Branchings, which fall into the bottom of this Creek in Norwich, thefe two Rivers are Satucket and higher Wilem- antick, and Quenebaug. Quenebaug rifes in Brimfield, paf- fes through Sturbridge, and Dudley in the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay, thence in the Colony of Connetlicnt it divides Pomfret from Killingley, Canterbury from Plainfield, and in Norwich falls into Sakatuke River which difcharges into Thames River or Creek: This River from Brimfield of Maffachufetts-Bay, in its Courfe in Thomfon Parifh of Killingley 01 Connetlicut receivesFrenchKivex from Leicefter and Oxford, and further in Killingley receives five Mile River, whereof Honeycomb Brook comes from Douglafs, and Muddy Brook from Woodftock, next Nathomy Brook from Of Connecticut. 191 from Pomfret, Moufafhop River from Valington, Rouland's Brook in Canterbury, and many other Runs of Water too minute to be mentioned : Quenebaug River falls into Sa~ tacket River a few Miles before it difcharges into the faid Creek. Satucket River where it originates in Brimfield is called Willemanlick River, and in Stafford of Connecticut receives feveral fmall Runs of Water, it divides Toland from Willington, and Coventry from Mansfield •, in Wind- bam (where it is called Windham River,) it receives in its Weftern Side Stagungamog River and Hope River, on its- Weftern Side it receives Manchcag River which had re- ceived Fenton River, and higher had received in /Iftfford Bigelow River, Still River and Bungea River from Ur.ion and IVoodftoch ; in Norwich it received Quenebaug River, as above. 2. Connetlicut River with it? Branches and Townfhips upon the River, its Branches are enumerated Vol. I. p. 459, &c in the Section of Maffachufetts-Bay. n 2. Houfatonick, Weftenhock, oi^Stratford River, fee Vol. I. p. 456. 4. Upon the Long-Ifland Sound is a delightful and profitable Range of good Townfhips, the Glory of 3!! our American Plantations, Stonington, Groton, New-London, Lyme, Saybrook, Killingfworth, Guilford, Br ant ford, I\ew- Haven, Milford, Stratford, Fairfield, Norwalk, Stamford, and Greenwich. AstheGovERNORS are annually Elective, that is, very variable, I fhall not mention fuch temporary Matters ; only obferve, that the Winthrop Family Ins for many Years been the moft noted in New-England : Mr. Win- throp was the firft refident Governor of Maffachufsits-Bay his Son John Winthrop Efq-, procured the prefent Char- ter of Connetlicut Colony, and was their Charter or firft Governor, and afterwards their elective Governor for many .192 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. many Years ; this Man's Son John was fucceffively Go- vernor for many Years he died Hit. 69. November 27. 1707, was born in Ipfwich of New-England 1638 ; Gurdon Saltonftal, a worthy Man, a Congregatipnalift Preacher was elected in his room, and was with good content fucceffive Governor, elected for many Years till Death, Otlober \yi\, was fucceeded by Jofeph Talcot, Efq-, &c. Currencies, I refer to the Appendix •, at prefent only obferve, that the £. 28,000 Sterl. Reimburfement, and Rates of feven Pence per Annum will cancel all their Paper Currency, in two or three Years. * * In NtrJu England, we are fiill in confufion as to our Paper Curren- cies ; Governor Sh—y's precipitate Scheme of 1749, nas nac^ a b*^ effect, nothing cou'd be rather excepting the Cape Breton Expedition, where the Chance agamic us was vaftly great, but beyond all humane* Probability fuccelrful ; the unexpecled Intervention of fome Britifh Men of War under the direction of Mr. Warren alleviates the Mira- culoufnefs of the Affair ; it peculated and depopulated New-England, occafioned near one Million Sterling additional national Debt to the Kingdom of Great-Britain, and final y was reftored to the French in a better State than Statu quo. Perhaps the Ch—do Settlement in No- fa-Scotia as a Barrier againft the Canada and Cape Beton Fiench with their Indians, at prefent carried on with much vigour, may turn to ■^he fame bad Account as G—gia (which God forbid) faid to be a Barrier againft our Southern Enemies the Spaniards, and their Indians. Myfteries of State I do noc pretend to explore or explain, qu^e fupra ves ncn ad ncs ; the Soil adjacent to Ch—tlo is fo irrecoverably bad, it can never be a Plantation ; it may anfwer as a good fifhing Vil- lage, or may as a place of Arms, be fupported at a great Charge : I do not fay this was a political Amufement, to divert People (by giving them fomething to play with in their Imaginations) from convafling the Surrender of Cape Brtton without any Equivalent to the Britifh Nation, not fo much as an explicit Confirmation of the Ceflion of Nova-Scotia, or VAccaiie. That Neiv-England ii> ftiil in confufion, appears, it By the AfTem- Jbly of Maffachufetts-Bay being perhaps obliged to difpenfe with an Aft of their own, confirmed by the King in Council, and to prolong tr.s Time for canceling their Province Bills r The generality of the re- fponfible Mercbantsof Rhode-Ifland, though they have always decla- red againft multiplying of a depreciating Currency, in a Memorial to the General Aflembly of Rhode-Ifland, fay, though the Ad Dtcembtr Of Connecticut. 193 / fhall here infert Abftratls of fome of their Laws, ex- tmplary, natural, plain, and concife, adapted to Plantations. In the late authoratative Revifal C1750) of their mu- nicipal Laws ; The introductory Law or Aft, is, in the Manner of a Magna Charta, fecuring the general Privi- leges of his Majefty's Subjects in the Colony, in thefe Words, " Be it enatled, &c. That no Man's Life fhall be taken away, no Man's Honour or good Name fhall be ftained,no Man's Perfon fhall be arretted, reftrained,ba- ni(hed,difmembred,orother wayspunifhed ; no Man fhall be deprived of his Wife and Children •, no Man's Goods or Eftate fhall be taken away from him, nor any ways in- damaged under colour of Law, or countenance of Au- thority ; unlefs it be by Virtue or Equity of fome ex- prefs Law of the Colony warranting the fame, eftablifhed by the General Court, and fufficiently publifhed. In Cafe of defect: of fuch Laws in any particularCafe, by fome clear and plain Rule warranted by the Word of God. All his Majefty's Subjects within this Colony, whether they be Inhabitants or not, fhall enjoy the fame Juftice and Law, that is general for the Colony, in all Cafes proper for civil Authority, and Courts of Judicature in the fame ; and that without partiality or delay. That no Man's Perfon fhall be reftrained or impriibned 1748 of Maffachufetts-Bay for drawing in their publick Bills of Credit, was in a too violent and hafty Manner. 2. The Colony of Rhodc- Jfland this Spring 1751, have emitted £. 100,000 Currency with a greater Intereft and to be cancelled after ten Years ; this is a Step towards Reformation. Connecticut continues honeft. Neiv Hampfhire''s always inclinable to a depreciating fraudulent Paper Currency, from a difference be- tween their Governor and Houfe of Reprefentatives, formerly men- tioned Vol. II. p. 34, have had no legiflative Capacity for foirue Time, and confequently incapable of augmenting their Paper Currency, much to the detriment of-their Governor, who by confenting to fucb. EjnifTions, might have obtained an addition to hisSallary. Vol. II. B b by 194 ^Summary, Historical and Political, &c. by any Authority whatfoever, before the Law hath fen- tenced him thereunto •, if he can and will give or put in fufficient Security, Bail, or Mainptize for his Appearance and good Behaviour in the mean Time, unlefs it be for capital Crimes, contempt in open Court, or in fuch Cafes where fome exprefs Law doth allow or Crder the fame. No Perfon, except in his own Cafe, other than a qua- lified Attorney, is allowed to plead at the Bar : in Cafes not exceeding £. 5, one Attorney only is allowed : in larger Cafes, two Attornies and no more. Each Town fhall have a peculiar Brand for their Horfes on the near or left Shoulder. AH Cafk fhall be of the London Aflize,viz. But?, 126 Gallons, Puncheons, 84 Gallons, Hogfheads, 63 Gallons, Tierces, 42 Gallons, Barrels 31 and half Gallons. Miller's Allowance for grinding perBufhel, three Quart* Indian Corn, two Quarts other Grain, one Quart Malt. Every Town to have a Sealer of Weights and Meafures. In Connetlicut, as generally among the Congregation- alifts of New England, according to the Jewifh Manner* they begin and end the Lord's Day at the fetting of the Sun. Here are about 150 eftablifhed Minifters called Prefby- terians, Congregationalifts, and Confociated ; befides con- fcientious Diffenters, faid not to be eftablifhed but tole- rated. In fome Townfhips are many Parifhes or Precincts. In all our Colonies voluntary Aflbciations (moft of which may afterwards be confirmed or incorporated by Provincial or Colony Charters) towards Accademies and Libraries, ought to be encouraged. The civilizing and chriftianizing of the Indians was one great and profeffed Condition in all our Royal Grants. I do not endeavour a ftrict pedantick Narration ; but though in a common Place Manner, I fhall obferve fome Method. Common Intereft is 6 per Cent per Ann. letting of Cattle and Maritime Affairs excepted. In Of Connecticut^ 195 In all our Plantations, Colonies, and Provinces; they abound with Civil and Military Titles of Judges, Squires, Colonels, Majors, and Captains ; Gratifications for being of a Governor's Party, or by a pecuniary Intereft. By an Act of the Affembly of Connetlicut, in building -of Veffels, no Timbers or Plank to be allowed other than white Oak and rock Oak, except for the Deck and Ceiling. In New-England, particularly in Maffachufetts-Bay, it is not only the depreciating of the Currencies by enor- mous Paper Credit Emiffions called Money, but the fcarcety of Labourers from vaft Expeditions unprofitable and ruinous to the Colonies. In Manufactures, ourLabour is fo dear, that we can not afford our Goods any where at Market, fo cheap as other Plantations or Countries may. It is not fcarcity of Provifion or Depreciations only, but chiefly fcarcity of Labourers and confequently advance of Labour : that in Bricks, where the Difference is only in Labour, about 40 Years fince they were fold at one Piece of 8 per Thoufand, at prefent they are fold at three Pieces of 8. Concerning the Tenure of Land?. All Grants of Colony Lands by the General Affembly fhall be accord- ing to the moft free Tenure of Eaft Greenwich in the County of Kent in England, conform to our Charter Grant. All Townfhips, and Farms to particular Per- fons, fhall be from theGeneral Affembly by Patent figned by the Governor and Secretary with the Colony Seal, Title of Lands to be tried in the County where the Lands lay. All Eftates for Miniftry, Schools, and charitable Ufes are free from payment of Rates. Three Freeholders appointed by the Court of Probates to divide real Eftate amongLegatees or Heirs of Inteftates. No Indian Title without the approbation of the General Affembly to be pleadable. Proprietors having loft their Bounds, three Freeholders appointed and fworn by a Juftice of the Peace, may fet up and fix the Bounds, but with 196 A Summary, Historical and Political, Sec. with Appeal. In devife of real Eftate, Wills to be wit- neffed by three Perfons in the prefence of the Teftators. Guardians to Minors with fome Perfons appointed by the Court of Probate may divide Lands with the furviving Partners. Lands held in Partnerfhip to be divided by a Writ of Partition. Perfons prefuming to fell Indian Rights of Lands not confirmed by the General Court, Fine £. 50 and the Perfons wronged by fuch Sales to recover treble Damages. All Grants and Divifions of Lands heretofore made by ancient Cuftom of Town-Meetings fhall be good and valid though without confent of the Proprietors Act, May g, 1723. Hereafterundivided common Lands- fhall belong to the Proprietors exclufive of other Inhabi- tants, which Proprietors may have their own Meetings to manage fuch undivided Lands. Sales of Lands devifed to be fold by Executors, fhall be good and valid, though fome of the Executors do not join in the Sale. Five Proprietors of undivided Lands may obtain a Meeting to be called by a Juftice's Warrant. AH Eftates though accruing by Wife,, formerly fold by tfaeHufband alone, (Act, bears date Otl. 10, 1723,) the Deeds fhall be valioV but for the future no fuch Deed fhall be valid without the Wive's confent by Hand and Seak Proprietors of land in common, may make Rates to defray neceffary ■• Charges. By an Act of Parliament 1732. In any Actions 5n the Plantations,, when one of the Parties Plantiff or Defendant refides in Great-Britain, Evidences to prove any Matter or Thing, may be taken in Great-Britain ■ before any chief Magiftrates where the Party refides, -which Certified and tranfmitt;ed, fhall be good as if done viva voce in open Court in the Plantations ;. and all Houfes, Lands, Negroes, and other Hereditaments, as by the Laws of England, ihall in the Plantations be liable to fatisfy Debts : Where an Adminiftrator makes it appear, that the deceafed's perfonal Eftate is not fufficient to fa- tisfy the Debts, the Aflembly may direct his real Eftate to be fold towards paying of his Debts. Partition of Lands not to be valid till furveyed and recorded. No Deed of real Of Connecticut.' 197 real Eftate is compleat until it be figned, fealed, witneffed, acknowledged, and recorded. No Lands to be bought of Indians without confent of the General Affembly. f No Indian to be fued for Debt. No Indenture for Service made by an Indian, fhall be va- lid, unlefs acknowledged before Authority. Debtors. Any Book Debt not accounted for with thl original Debtor in feven Years, fhall not be pleadable after the Debtor's Death. Upon Execution iffued, the Sheriff fhall at the ufual Place of the Debtor's Abode demand the Debt ; upon Non-payment he fhall levy the Execution upon the Moveables (neceffary Apparrel, Houfhold Stuff, Tools, and Arms; excepted) and fet up a Lift of faid Goods upon the Town Poft, to-be fold by Out-cry after 20 Days. In want of Goods and upon the Creditor's refufing Lands,; the Debtor's Body may be feized. May levy Execution upon real Eftate valued by Apprifers. All Executions are returnable in 60 Days, or to the next Court. Debtors committed to Jail, fwearing that they have not Eftate to the value of five Pounds, fhall be fubfifted by the Creditors at a certain Rate. Debtors and Felons to be kept feparate. The County Sheriffs to have the Cuftody of the Jails. As to abfent or abfconding Debtors,-if no Eftate is to be found, the Debtor's Agent or ufual Place of Abode may be ferved with a- Writ ; if no Debtor nor Agent appear, the Writ may be continued to next Court, and if need be to one Court further, and then Judgment to- be rendred for the Plaintiff, and Execution granted upon the Debtor's Effects wherever found: Perfons conceal- ■f- The Aflembly 1722, confirmed a Purchafe made 6 or 7 Years fince from the Mohagan Indians upon the Mohagan Hills part of their rtferved Lands, to Governor Saltonllal, Major Liuingflon, Dinnic, Ro- gers, and Bradfhaiv -, thu was conftituted the North Parifh-of AVu- London. ing 198 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. ing the Goods of abfconding or abfent Debtors, are liable to fatisfy the Debt fued for. No Writ of Error fhall be brought for the reverfa! of any Judgment after the fpace of three Years, and no Review upon a Writ of Error. The Eftates of deceafed infolvent Debtors to be diftri- buted in equal Proportions to the Creditors -, Debts to the Government, Sicknefs, and general Charges being Irft paid.; faving to the Widow (if any) her Houfhold Goods and Dower during her Life, and upon her Death to be diftributed among the Creditors. A certain Time allowed for receiving Claims, the CommifTioners to be ap- pointed by the Judge of Probates : Creditors not bringing in their Claims during that certain Time allowed, are for ever excluded. No Action to be brought for Bill, Bond, or Note, but within the fpace of feventeen Years. No Action of Tref- pafs or Defamation (Fine for Defamation not to exceed ten Pounds) but within three Years. Any Debtor in a Debt not exceeding^. 20 may con- fefs Judgment before a fingle Juftice. Criminal Affairs. The Governor, Deputy Governor, or three Affiftants may reprieve a condemned Malefactor to next General Court or Affembly. The Capital Crimes are Confpiracy againft the Colony, Rape, Baftiality, Sodomy, Falfe-witnefs in Cafes of Life and Death, wilful firing of Houfes, disfiguring, or dif- membering the private Parts, and wilful Murder, Blafphe- my. Deifm firft Offence,incapacity of any Employment, fecond Offence outlawed. All Complaints and Preferments, to be made within one Year after the Offence is commitred, excepting in ca- pital Crimes •, difmembering is Banifhment, and Theft exceeding ten Shillings. A!' Fines impofcd by the General Court or Affembly, anr! hy the Superior Court, belong to the Colony Trea- fury •, impofed by the County Court, belong to the County Of Connecticut." 199 County Treafury; impofed by an Affiftant or Juftice, belong to the Townfhip Treasuries. Tavern Offences, fee the Paragraph of Excife. A Bill of Divorce and Liberty to marry again, may be granted by the Superior Courts, in Cafes of Adultery, fraudulent Contract, wilful Defertion for three Years, or feven Year's Abfence not heard of. Single Perfons committing Fornication, to be fined 33/, or whipt not exceeding 10 Stripes •, anti-nuptial Forma- tion only half Penalty. Every Perfon playing at Dice, Cards, or Tables, Fine 20/ Forgery. Three Days publick Pillory, double Dama- ges to the injured Party, and incapable of being an Evidence in Law. The Form of their Oath is, Toufwear by the Name of the Ever-living God. All kind of Delinquents to pay the Charge of Prefenta- lion, Guilty or not Guilty. Perjury £. 20 Fine, and fix Months Imprifonment, if unable to pay his Fine, fhall fit in the Pillory with both Ears nailed, and incapable of giving Evidence. Lord's Day, Penalties ; neglecting of the Publick Worfhip, working or playing on the Lord's Day 10^ rude Behaviour, difturbing the publick Worfhip, 40 f7 travelling, 20/, going abroad excepting to publick Wor- fhip, 5f> no Veffels to fail excepting upon extraordinary Occafions, 30 f, and feveral other Particulars, refufing to pay fhall be publickly Whipt. Theft, to forfeit threefold, and a difcretionary Fine, not exceeding 40 fy and if the value amount to iof, and up- wards, fhall alfo be whipt not exceeding ten Stripes ; if the Offender can not pay, the Perfon may be fold for a certain- Term of Years Service : Penalty for receiving or concealing ftollen Goods, is the fame ; buying Goods of Slaves, Penalty is treble Value, Service or Whipping, Riots : 2a>o A Summary, "Historical and Political, 6jV. Riots : * Three or more Perfons affembled together, to do an unlawful Act •, if they' obftruct the Proclama- tion in reading, or do not difperfe after Proclamation made by a proper Officer, fhall be punifhed by Fine not exceeding £. 10 for each Perfon, and Imprifonment not exceeding fix Months, or by whipping not exceeding 40 Stripes: If any Rioter is killed or hurt by any Perfon of the Poffe, fuch Perfon is indemnified. The Profe- fprion muft be within 12 Months. The Sheriff if need e, may raife the Militia in his Aid. Man/laughter (without premeditated Malice) but Wil- ful •, Penalty, Forfeiture of Goods, burnt in the Hand with Letter M, Whipt, and difabled from being Evidence in Law. Lafcivious Carriage may be puniihed at Difcretion by * About 30 Years fince, there was a Riot A 61 made in Ne the Snows diffolve, the Sun fooner enters the Ground, . shan in a frozen Soil, Forrefts Of Connecticut. -219 "Forrefts cover and^ retain the Snow long in the Spring, and occafion late Springs by their chill; when cleared, we fhall have better Seafons. In a Mifcellany or loofe Article, I may be allowed to infert any Thing for Information or Amufement, if not too foreign to the propofed Subject. 1. Our Indians formerly accounted by fingle Wampum,by Strings of Wampum,znd by Belts of Wampum; in the fame Manner as the Englifh account by the Denominations of Pence, Shillings, and Pounds. 2. An Indian Preacher, navement or naturally in the Introduction to his Sermon, faid, Bre- thren, little I know, and little I fhall fay ; though gene- rally the lefs a Preacher, knows, the more tedious are his Sermons. And in the old Manner of Jingle, faid, God does not require of us to part with our Sons, as he did of Abraham of old, but to part with our Sins. 3. Clergy, though by fome, faid to be of human Inftitution, are de- figned as of good Ufe to perfuade People into Civility and good Manners, and feem to be effential to Society ; but their bad Examples of Immorality and paffionate con- demning of all who do not follow their not effential Mode or Whims, renders them more hurtful than beneficial to Society. SECT. SECTION XIL Concerning tht Province of New-York. TO deduce this Colony and any other of the Erittfh Colonies in America, ab origine, as it were, with their progreffive Improvements and Viciflitudes, fee Vol. I. Sett. 2. Articles, giving fome Account of the Difco- veries and firft Settlements in America from Europe : —. and Sett. 4. General Remarks concerning the Britifh Colonies in America, — and particularly P: 204. concern- ing New-Netherlands-, comprehending the prefent Britifh Provinces of New-Tork, New-Jerftes, and fome Part of Penfylvania, in a Summary, References are more proper and confonant, than Recapitulations. As Newjerfies, and part of Penfylvania were formerly. with New-York, called the Dutch Colony of New-Nether* lands, or Nova-Belgia j I cannot here avoid by Anticipa- tion mentioning fome Things concerning them. In thofe Times all the Country from Maryland to New- England was called Nova-Belgia or .New-Netherlands. King James I. by Letters Patent April 10, 1606,'in- one Patent incorporated two diftinct Companies or Colo- nies. 1. The firft Colony to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Summers, Richard Hackluit Prebend at Weftminfler and Edward Maria Wingfield, Efq; Adventurers of the City of London with their Aflbciates y from 34 d. to 41 d. of Northern -;. c [ Of New-York.' i*& Northern' Latitude, including allthe Lands within at hundred Miles directly over againft the Sea Coaft, anc back- into the main Land one hundred Miles from th* Sea Coaft, and each Plantation or Settlement to extend ioo Miles along the SeaXoaft. 2. The fecond Colon j to Thomas Hanham, Raleigh Gilbert, William Parker, ane. George Popham, Efqrs-, of the Town of Plymouth, with their Aflbciates; liberty to begin their firft Plantation and . Seat, at any Place upon the Coaft of Virginia, where they Ihould think fit, between the Degrees of 3 8 and 45 of . Northern Latitude •, with the like Liberties and Bounds as the firft Colony ;- provided they did Seat within an hun- dred Miles of them. -' What relates to Virginia is referred to the Section of Virginia. Anno 1610, My Lord Delaware was fent Go- vernor to Virginia by the South Virginia Company •, falling in with the Land about two Degrees to the Northward of the Capes of Virginia, difcovered a fine large Bay, in Complimenr to his Lordfhipycalled Delaware-Bay. The Swedes and Finns feem to have been the firft Oc- cupiers of fome Parts of that large Country, afterwards called by theD«/^,.NEw-NETHERL ANDs,they made Set- tlements both Sides of Delaware River, and began feve- ral Towns and Forts, Elfenburgh,- Cafimier, now called New-Caftle, &c. The Dutch traded thither and foon be- came more powerful and rich than the Swedesy the Swedes and Finns followed Hufbandry only, and being in con- ftant Fears from their neighbouring numerous Indians, put themfelves under Protection of the Dutch 1655, and John Kizeing the Swedifh Governor, made a formal Sur- render of that Country to Peter Stuivefant Governor for the States of Holland. Where-upon all that Tract of Land in North-America from the Latitude of about 38 d. to the Latitude of about 41 d. in Connetlicut, was called New Netherland by all People, except the Englifh', who ftill claimed it as Part of New-England -, in fact, Governor Argol of Virginia had feveral Bickerings with the Dutch, particularly 1618 in the Bay of Delaware, and with others elfewhere,. 7aaa A Summary^ Historical and Political, jkcl elfewhere, in the Affair of the Englifb exdufWe Trade and Property in thofe Parts •, but in the^cene of the dole- ful civil Wars in England under various Forms of Ad- ministrations, finding intricate Labour enough at home, neglected the American Plantations ; and.their neigh- bouring European Settlements at full" Eafe were much in- creafed xo our Prejudice. The Progeny *of the Banditti Swedes, who firft fettled Delaware RiveryftiJMive in a feparate Manner, they have at Times Preachers and Books of Devotion from Swedes,*but do not hold their Lands of the Perns ; becaufe the Royal Grant to Penn exempts Lands*hen fettled by any Chriftians ; but they are as to Jurifdiction under the1 Government of Penfyl- vania. New York, and New-Jerftes at firft were traded to, land fome Settlement made there, by the Englifh and Dutch: The Dutch placed a Governor there, of which the Court of England complained to the States of Holland, the States difowned it, and faid, that it was only a private un- dertaking of an Amfterdam Weft-India Company, and K. James I. commiffioned Edward Langdon as Governor,, and called the Country New-Albion, $he Dutch fubmitted to the Englifh Government: During the Civil Troubles in England in the Adminiftrations of K. Charles I, and of the Republican Party, the Dutch again eftablifhed a Go- vernment there, till it was reduced by England 1664. When this Reduction was upon the Anvil, K. Charles II. made a previous Grant of that Country, called by the Vuteh, New-Netherlands, March 12,1663,40! Pro- perty and Government to his Brother the Duke of York. Duke ofYork, June 24,1664 made a Grant of that Portion now called New-Jerfey, (fo called, in Compliment to Sir George Carteret a Jerfey-Man) jointly to Lord Berkley of Straton, and to Sir George Carteret Vice Chamberlain, and of the Privy Council •, a further Account of this belongs to the Section of New-Jerftes. K. Charles II. Anno 1664, fitted out an Expedition for the Reduction or Recovery of New-Netherlands, fo called by CJP New-York." 2«jr by the Dutch, confifting of a Squadron of Ships cbm- rnanded by Sir Robert Carr, and fome Land Forces aboard under the Command of Col. Richard Nicols. Upon their Arrival at New-Amficrdam, fince called New-York, the Dutch after fome Shew of Refiftance, but much terrified, upon the offers of Protection for their Perfons and Pro- perties, and liberty to remove with all their Effects, if they faw fit-,fubmitted to the Englifh -, Articles were drawn up, figned and exchanged in September 1664, xhe Englifh poffeffed of New-Amfterdam? called it New-York: In a Ihort Time there after, the Englifh Squadron entred De la Ware Bay and River, and all the Settlements there, followed the Example of the Dutch Capital New-Amfter- dam; and Poffeffion of all New Netherlands was taken • for and in the name of the Duke of York; to whom K.. Charles his Brother had previoufly given it by a Royal Patent; and all manner of Jurifdiction, as well Civil as Military, was exercifed through out the whole Country, excepting in the Jerfies, which the Duke of York had difpofed of to Barkley and Carteret, by the fole Ap- pointment of the Duke and his Deputies. By the third Article of the Peace of Breda figned July 21,166y, between England and the United Provin- ces, the Englifh were to remain in Poffeffion of that whole Country, in Exchange for the Country of Surinam, which the Dutch had taken from the Englifh: K. Charles in the beginning of 1672, having declared War againft the United Provinces, the Dutch fent a Squadron of Ships to New-York,^ which they foon reduced with the reft of the Country ; but by a Peace concluded at Weftminfter, February 9, 1673,4 in the fixth Article it was again re- ftored to England in general Terms," that whatfoever Countries, Iflands, Towns, Ports, Caftles or Forts have or fhall be taken on both Sides, fince the Time that the late unhappy War broke out, either in Europe' or elfe- where, fhall be- reftored to the former Lord and Propri- etor, in the fame Condition- they fhall be in1 when the Peace itfelf mall be proclaimed j after whieh Time there ihall •> *2<4 ^Summary, Hi&torical and Political, tec. fhall be no'Spoil nor Plunder of the Inhabitants, tio De- molition ©f Fortifications, nor carrying away of Guns, Powder, or other military Stores which belonged to any Cattle or Fort at the Time when it was taken." This Tract of Land, as it had been taken and poffeft by a foreign Power, though afterward delivered or fur- rendred back by Treaty, to obviate or remove all Difputes concerning the Validity of former Grants, K. Charles was advifedto make a new Grant of that Country to his Brother the Duke of -York by Letters Patents, bearing date, June 29, 1674. Let us now proceed more particularly to the Province ©f New-York, the Subject of this Section. Anno 1664, K. Charles 11, appointed CommifTioners to fettle the Boundaries of the feveral Colonies: * From. Mifinformation they fettled the Line between New-York and Connetlicut by a N. N. W. Line, as is mentioned in our Vol. II. P. 161 •, they were made to believe that this N. N. W. Line would leave 20 Miles to New-York on the Eaft Side of Hudfon's River •, whereas it foon crof- fed Hudfon's River, and left many of the Dutch Settle- ments upon Hudfon's River, to the Colonies of Maf- fachufetts-Bay, and Connetlicut, but thefe Colonies never took Poffeffion thereof. This Line is upon Record in New-York and Connetlicut. The Partition Line of New-York with Connecticut was run February 24, 1684, by CommifTioners of .both Colo- nies, and figned at the Town of Milford in Connetlicut by Col. Thomas Dongan Governor of New-York, and by Robert Treat Efq; Governor of Connetlicut, and confirmed by King William in Council, March 28, 1700 •, but as this Line was not well mark't, diftinguifhed, or afcer- tained, efpeciaily as to the Equivalent Lands; not long fince, by both Parties, it was finally run, well mark't out * We formerly mentioned, their fettling of the Boundaries between the Colonies of MoffachufetU-Eay and Rhode-J(land. and Of New-York; 225 and afcertained, and confirmed by the King in Council, as is related in'our Vol. II. P. 161, in the Section of Connetlicut. 'As to the Eaftern Boundary of the Province of New- York ; New York hint at claiming fo far Eaft as Connetlicut River, becaufe 1. by ancient Dutch Maps publifhed be- fore the Englifh Royal Grants of the Colonies of Maf- fachufetts-Bay and Connetlicut, the Dutch had actually a Fort at the Mouth of Connetlicut River, as appears by Records, f 2. That Part of New-Netherlands in the Duke of York's Grant, is defcribed, " and alfo all that Ifland or Iflands, commonly called by the feveral Name or Names of Mattowacks or Long-Ifland, fcituate, laying and being towards the Weft of Cape-Cod and the narrow Highganfets, abutting upon the Main Land between the two Rivers, there called and known by the feveral Names of Connetlicut and Hudfonh Rivers * and all the Lands from the Weft Side of Connetlicut River to the Eaft Side of Delaware Bayr 3. This Ifland, now called Long- Ifland, remains with the Province of New-York by a mutual Tacit confent of both Colonies. In anfwer to thefe Allegations, it is obvious, 1. That the Line lately fettled between New-York and Connetlicut, and confir- med or ratified by the King in Council is at 20 Miles Eaft of Hudfon's River, and cuts off all their Claims of this Nature uponConnetficut. 2. By the like parity of Rea- fon, and precedent, the New-York Claim to that Part of Maffachufetts-Bay, which lies Weft of Connetlicut Ri- ver is cut off; Moreover, the Dutch never traded or fettled fo high upon Connetlicut River. 3. Therefore in equity, New York is bounded North of Connetlicut N W. Corner, by a Line parallel to and at 20 Miles diftance Eaft of f The Children of William Broivn Efq; of Sa/em in Nno England, are great Grand Children of a Grand Daughter of Mynheer'Pr*zo/f, at that Time Governor of this Fort. Vol. H. F f Hudfon's 27.6 A Summary, Historical and Political,^.' Hudfon's River, to overagainft the great Crook, * Elbow,' or Great Falls of Hudfon*s River, and thence in a due North Line to the S. Boundary Line of the French Canada Country ; || this Line with other difputable Claims * Great Crooks of Boundary Rivers not well difcovered and de- fcribed at the Times of granting and bounding Colonies, are now con- ftrued as a Termination of fuch Lines ; thus it was lately by Deter- mination of the King in Council with refpecl: to the Line between the Provinces of Maffachufetts- Bay and Nfw- Hampfhire at Pantucket Falls of Merrimack River, fee Vol. I. P. 423. jj The various Difputes between the Courts of Great Britain and Trance (I muft once and again beg Pardon for meddling in State Af- fairs or arcana Impfrij, by chance they fall in my way, and in fome Manner I fcramble over them) concerning the national Properties and jurifdiclions of fome difputable Countries in America, which perhaps might have been fettled in the late definiti>, 230 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. real, a very fmall Matter. Thus the French explain the loofe Treaty of Utretcht, to our very great difadvantage, as if they gave the Law and were fupreme Judges thereof ; O Tempora ! The North Boundary of the "Province of New-York, may be ; the South Line of Canada when fettled •, pro- bably it will begin at a Point in a Meridian 20 Miles Eaft of the Crook or great Falls of Hudfon's River, and running Weft will crofs Lake Champlain and terminate in Caiaraqui River. Its W. Line runs up Cataraqui River and Lake called generally Lake Ontario, and terminates on Lake Erie in North Lat. 42 d. compleat. From Ofwego upon Lake Ontario may be reckoned the Width of the Government of New-York, 220 Miles, viz. due W. from the Lake 200 Miles to Albany on Hudfon's River, and from Albany 20 Miles due W. to the Weft Line of Maffachufetts-Bay Province. The Southern Line of the Province of New-York is in feveral Directions or Flexures. 1. From Lake Erie along the North or Head Line of Penfylvania in Lat. 42 to Delaware River. 2. Thence 20 Miles down faid River to the North divifional Point of New York and New- Jerfles on faid River in Lat. 41 d. 40 m. 3. Thence in a ftreight Line E. 42 d. S. to 41 d. Lat. on Hudfon's River. 4. Thence 12 Miles down Hudfon's River to North End of the Ifland of New-York, then down faid Hudfon's River on the W. Side of New York Ifland to Sandy Point, the Entrance of New-York Road and Har- bour about 30 Miles. 5. Thence along the Southern Shore of Long-Ifland, round the E. End of Long Ifland, including Fifher's Ifland and Gardner's Ifland, which lie near the Entrance of New-London Harbour in Thames River of Connetlicut Colony •, then along the Northern Shore cf Long-Ifland Sound to overagainft the Mouth of Byram River, where the Weftern divifional Line be- tween New York and Connetlicut begins. Tht Eaftern Line is from the Mouth of Byram River, along Of New-York.* 131 along iheOblohg as defcribed in the Section of Connetlicut, Vol. II. P. 161, to the N. W. Corner of Connetlicut Co- lony or S. W. Corner of the Province of Maffachufetts- Bay, about 80 Miles : thence in a parallel with Hudfon's River at 20 Miles diftance E. from Hudfon's River, along the Weftern Line of Maffachufetts-Bay, about 47 Miles to the N. W. Corner of Maffachufetts-Bay, which is the S. W. Corner of Lands lately annexed, or Crown Lands put under the JurifdicTion of the Province of New-Hampfhire pro tempore ; thence in a like parallel from Hudfon's River, about 40 Miles upon the Weftern Line of New Hampfhire, to the Latitude of the great Falls or Crook of Hudfon's River •, thence in a due Meridian Line on the Weft Line of the Crown Lands, f at prefent in the Jurifdi&ion of New-Hampfhire, to the South Boundary Line of Canada^ when by much protracted and finally perhaps disadvantageous Negotiations it fhall be deter- mined : The Reader may obferve, that I have neither Inclination nor Intereft to be of any fide, other than fo- licitous for a national Concern. We may obferve,that as the dividing-Line between New- York and New Jerfles in Duke oiYork s Grant of 1664 to Lord Barkley, and Sir George Carteret is from the N. Lati- tude of 41 d. on Hudfon's River, to the Lat. of 41 d. 40 m. on the Northermoft Branch of Delaware River •, fo that the fixing of the two Latitudes, and running of the Line between them, was all that was required for the fettling f In a late final Settlement of the North Boundary of the Province of Mafincbufetts-Bay ; if the Adminiftration at home, for the Intereft of our Mother Country and its Plantations, had been advifed by Gen- tlemen intelligent in the Affair ; the Lands North of that Line, bc;ng Crown Lwr.c', rright have been annexed to the Province of Maffa- cuu ts-Bay, though net in Property, yet in Jurifdiftion, as are the Lands of Sagadahock ; the infignificant impotent fmall Province of New-Hamp/hire can never be capable of cultivating and defending it againft the Canada French and their Indians ; fo large a Tradl of Wil- demefs Lands a? this, is, leaving a vaft Country uncultivated, or to the Ufe and Improvement of the French. 232 A Summary, Historical and Political^ &c.^ of that Line * Accordingly 1719, by Acts of the General Affemblies of both Provinces, Commiflioners and Sur- veyors were appointed ; after many Obfervations, the Latitude of 41 d. 40 m. on the Northermoft Branch of Delaware River was fettled, and executed by Indentures under Hands and Seals ; and to commemorate the fame, thefe Indentures were recorded at Perth Amboy in New- Jerfey, Lib. D. No. 2. P. 280. &c. and in New-York in a Book of Entries beginning Auguft 1739, p. 168, &c. then a ftreight Line was run by the faid Commiflioners and Surveyors to Hudfon's River, and the Surveyors made many Obfervations there, of the Meridian Altitudes of the Sun and proper Stars, to difcover the proper Lati- tude on Hudfon's River •, but the Commiflioners never met afterwards to fix that Point; therefore it remains undetermined to this Day, though frequently demanded by the Eaft-Jerfey. The Deed of the Equivalent Lands, (fee Vol. II. P. 161) called the Oblong from Connecticut to New-York in the King's Name, was not fealed or delivered until May 14, the Grant of the greateft Part of thefe Lands to Sir jofeph Eyles and Company was next Day after, be- ing trie 15th of May, and not put upon Record till fome Time thereafter. The Controverfy between Eyles and Company, and Hauly and Company concerning the Pro- perty of thefe Lands is ftill fubfifting ; the contracted 'Nature of a Summary does not allow us to infert it at large; only we obferve, '* that Sir Jofeph Eyles and Com- pany March 10, 1730,1, prefented a Petition to the King in Council for this Land, by the Name of " a certain Tract of Land in your Majefty's Province of New-York in America, &c." computed at 62,000 Acres ; on the fame Day it was referred to a Committee of the Privy Council, and 24th of that Month, they refer it to the Lords Commiflioners for Trade and Plantations •, the * This I infert in fo minute a Manner, by way of Information, how Plantation Affairs are managed at the feveral Boards in Great-Britain. Lords Of New-York. 233 Lords of Trade made their Report to the Lords of the Commitee " We think it for his Majefty's Service to grant to them, their Heirs and Affigns, the Lands they Petition for," &c. and on the 30th March 1731, the Lords of the Committee make their Reports, to the King in Council, " apprehending that all reafonable Encou- ragement ought to be given for the fettling of Lands in your Majefty's Plantations, do agree with the Opinion of the faid Lords Commiflioners for Trade, &c. and that it may be advifable for your Majefty to grant to the Petitioners the faidLands in the manner above propofed." Aprils, 1731. The King in Council approves of the Report of the Lords of the Committee, and orders a Grant accordingly, by .ordering the Lords Commifli- oners of his Majefty's Treafury, to prepare a Warrant for pafling it, and on the 4th of May 1731, The Lord's Commiflioners of the Treafury directed the Warrant for the Grant to the Attorney and Solicitor General •, The Grant itfelf, under the great Seal of Great Britain, is dated May 15, 1731 ; after reciting the Words of the Petition " are gracioufly pleafecl to gratify the Petition- ers of their requeft: Know ye" &c. f—About the fame Time the Governor and Council of New-York granted, by virtue of their Royal Inftruction for granting of Pro- vince Lands, to Hauly and Company the fame Lands ; which of thefe Grants fhall take Place, is not as yet de- cided •, it is certain, that the Deed of thefe Equivalent Lands, from Connetlicut to his Majefty was not fealed and delivered until May 14, 1731, yet at the diftance of iooo Leagues was granted next Day to Eyles, &c. The Extent of the Province Government or Jurifdiction of New York is as follows •, from N. to S. that is from Sandy Hook in Lat. 40 d. 30 m. to the fuppofed Canada Line in the Parallel of 45 d. Lat. are 313 Englifh Miles* + There feenri to be fome Imrofition in the Petition of Sr Jofepb Eyles and Company, repenting thefe Lard?, as r:odu&;ve of Pifch, Tar. other Naval Stores, Mines, and Furrs. Vol. II. G g the .34 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. the Extent from Weft to E. is various. i..From the E. Southerly Termination of the Boundary Line between the Jerfles and New York in'Lat. 41 d. upon Hudfon'i River to Byram River, where the Colony of Connetlicut begins, are 10 Miles. 2. From theW. Northerly Ter- mination of faid Boundary Line between Jerfey and New- York on the North Branch of Delaware. River in Lat., 41 ct -40 m. to Connetlicut W. Line/including the Oblong, areiite Miles', whereof about 60 Miles fro^Delaware River to'Hudfon's River, and 22 Miles from Hudfon's River to theprefent Connetlicut W. Line, Oblong included. 3. From 41 d. 40 m. on Delaware River, New-York ruris 20 Miles higher on Delaware River to the parallel of 42 d. Lat. which by Penfylvania Royal Grant divides New York from the Province of Penfylvania ; upon this parallel New-York is fuppofed to extend Weft to Lake Erie °, and from thence along Lake Erie, and along the communicating great Run of Water f from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario or Cataraqui, and along Lake Cataraqui and its difcharge Calaraqui River to the aforefaid Canada fuppofed Line with the Britifh Colonies ; we fhall inftance the Breadth of New York Province from Ofwego ; || as being a Me- ________________________ dium f In this Run of Water or communicating River, are the noted great Niagran Falls frequently mentioned, and a French Pafs to keep up the Communication between Canada and MijftfPppi, called Fort || Ofvjego formerly mentioned, is a Fort and Indian trading Place in Times of Peace, with a Garrifon of 25 Soldiers from the four In- dependant regular Companies, to prevent any diforders in Trade • this being m the Seafon a kind of Indian Fair: Laft French War the Garrifon confifted of 200 Men of regular Troops and Militia, and the French did net find inconvenient to moleft them. Our Traders with the Indians fct out frorjufibany and pay a certain Duty upon what they vend and buy at Ofwfgfi ; their Rout is; From Many to Schenefiady Town or Corporation upon Mohawks River 16 Miles Land Carriage ; thence up Mohawks River, in this River is only one fhort carrying Place ataFal in that R.ver ; from Mtbawks River a carrying Place of, to 5 Miles according to the Seafons, here are convenient Dutch Land Carriages to be hired, to a River which falls into the Oneides Lake ; •hen from this Lake down Qntmdagutt River to Ofwego trading Place Of New-York." 23^ dium in this Line. Ofwego Fort and trading Place with many Nations of Indians upon the Lake Ontario, Cataraqui or Ofwego in Lat. 43 d. 33 m. lies W. North- erly from Albanyabout 200 Miles, and 20 Miles from Albany to the Weft Line of the Province of Maffachu- fetts-Bay, in all about 220 Miles. Montreal \ie$ N. by E. of Albany above 200 Miles. Befides, the main Land Country of New 2^r-£,there are fome Iflands belonging to it. 1. Long Ifland, called by the Indians Matowacks, and by the Dutch, Naffau, it lies in length from E. to W. about 120 Miles, and at a Me- Place upon Lake Ontario, there is a fhort fall in Onondagues River. Almoft the whole of the Eaft Side of Ontario Lake lies in the Onon- dagues Country. From Ofwego Fort to Niagara Falls or French Fort Denonvelle are about 160 Miles, and from Ofwego Fort 60 Miles to Fort Frontanac, alfo called Cataraqui Fort, where the Lake vents by Cataraqui River, which with the Outawae River makes St. Laurence River called the great River of Canada ; this Fort Frontanac is about zoo Miles down that Rocky River to Montreal. By conjeflure of the French Coureurs des Bois in round Numbers," the Circumferences of the ,5 great Lakes or inland Seas of North' America, are, Ontario 2do Leagues, Erie 200 Leagues, tturons 300 Leagues, Mihagan 300 Leaguer, and the upper Lake 500 Leagues. As I do not write this, as a rigidly connefted Piece, I mention feveral Things as they occur, but without any confiderable Deviation. 1. The Mohawk Nation of our allied New-York Indians .live on the South Side of a Branch of Hudfon's River called Mohawks River, but not on the North Side thereof, as is reprefented in the French Maps. 2. The Omides Nation lie about 100 Miles W. from Albany, near-the bead of the Mohawks River. 5. The Onondagues lie about 130 Miles Weft from Albavy. 4. The Tujcaroras an adventitious or Sixth Nation fin former Times they were called the five Nations) live partly with the Oneides, and partly with the Onondagues. 5. The Cayugas about 160 Miles Weft from Albany. 6. The Seneccs who live upon the Frontiers of Penjylvqnia are about 240 Miles Weft from Albany. A French noted Writer M. de Lifie calls thefe five Nations by the Name of Iroquois\ Formerly the French had Popifh MifTionaries with the Oneides, Or.on- dagucs, and Cayugas, and endeavoured to keep them in their Intereft. There is fcarce any Beaver in the Country of the five Nations : therefore their hunting at a great diftance from home, occafions fre. quent Jarrings with other Indian Nacions; this Trains them up by Rraftice, to be better Warriors than the other Indian Nations. dium 236 //Summary, Historical and Political, cifc. dium is about 10 Miles broad •, its Eaft Shore is a fandy Flat, as is all theE. Shore of North-America from Cape* Cod of New England in N. Lat. 42 d. 10 m. to Cape Flo- rida in about 23 d. N. Lat. upon this Shore of Long Ifland , are very few Inlets, and thefe very fhallow : its North Side is good Water, being a Sound between it and the main Land of Connetlicut -, the wideft part of this near New Haven of Connecticut does not exceed 8 Leagues. Two thirds of this Ifland is a barren fandy Soil. The Eaftern Parts were fettled from New-England, and re- tain their Cuftoms; The Weftern Parts were fettled by the Dutch, where many Families to this Day underftand no other Language but the Dutch. It is divided into 3 Counties, Queen's County, King's County, and Suffolk County, and pays confiderably above one fourth of the Taxes or Charges of the Government of the Province. Hell Gate, where is the Confluence or Meeting of the E„ v and W. Tide in Long Ifland Sound, is about 12 Miles from the City of New-York. 2. Staten Ifland at its E. end* has a Ferry of three Miles to the W. end of Long-Ifland\ •at its W. end is a Ferry of one Mile to Perth-Amboy of Eaft- jerjies, it is divided from Eaft^Jerfies by a Creek •, is in. length about 12 Miles and about 6 Miles Broad, makes me County, called Richmond, which pays fcarce one in one and twenty of the Provincial Tax j it is all in one Parifh, but feveral Congregations, viz, an Englifh, Dutch* and French Congregation •, the Inhabitants are moftly Englifh -, only one confiderable Village, called Cuckolds Town. 3. Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard and Elizabeth. Iflands were formerly under the JurifdicYion of New-York \ but upon the Revolution they were annexed by the new Charter of Maffachufetts-Bay, to the Jurifdiction of Maffa- chufetts-Bay, not many Years fince, fome of the Free- holders of thefe Iflands when occafionally in New-York, were arretted for the Arrears of the general Quit-Rents of thefe Iflands. 4. Manhatans, the Indian Name, New- Amfterdam the Dutch Name, or New-York the Englifh Name, may be called an Ifland, though it has a Com- munication Of New-York; tffi inunication with the main Land, by King's Bridge, the whole Ifland being about 14 Miles long, but very narrow, is all in the Jurifdiction of the City of New-York, it lies on the Mouth of Hudfon's River. In the Province of New-York- are four incorporated Towns, who hold Courts within themfelves, fend Repre- fentatives to the General Affembly, or Legiflature, with fundry exclufive Privileges. 1. The City of New York and its Territory, formerly eftablrfhed by Col. Dongan, fends 4 Reprefentatives. 2. The City of Albany proba- bly had their Charter alfo from Col. Dongan, and is nearly the fame with that of New-York, fends two Repre- fentatives. 3. The Borough of Weft Chefier ; and 4. The Townfhip of Scheneflady -, it feems thefe two Corporati- ons had their Charters before the Revolution, and each of them fend one Reprefentative to the General Affembly. As a Specimen of Town Corporation Charters, in the Plantations, I fhall infert an Extract of the Charter of the City of New-York ; it is the fulleft and the moft ex- clufive of any of them. It begins by mentioning or re- citing feveral Grants of Privileges which they have enjoyed by Patents and Charters. " Whereas the £ity of New York.is an ancient City, and the Citizens anciently a Body Politick with fundry Rights, Privileges, &c. as well by Prefcription as byCharters, Letters Patents, tyrants and Confirmations,, not only of' divers Governors and Com- manders in chief in the faid Province, but alfo of feveral Governors, Directors, Generals, and Commanders in Chief of the-Nelher Dulch Nation, whilft the fame was or has been under .their Power and Subjection. That *tho* mas Dongan, Efq-» Lieut. Governor of New York, under K» James II. Auguft iy, 1686, by a Charter confirmed all their former Grants not repugnant to the Laws of En- gland and Province of New-York, with fome Additions, granting to them all the unappropriated Lands to low- Water Mark in Manhatans Ifland, under the yearly Quit Rent of one Beaver Skin or the value thereof ? their Jurifdiction to extend all over the Ifland, &V." Thar z.$& A Summary, Historical 4»/PoLiTicAL,6irV. this Charter was confirmed by a fubfequent Charter from Lord Cornbury Governor, April 19. 1708, with fome Additions granting to them the Ferries, cjJV. That as fome queftioned the validity of their former Charters, becaufe they were in the Governors "Name only, and not in the Name of their Kings and Queens, they Petition Governor Montgomery for a new Charter, confirming all their former Privileges, with fome Additions ; granting to them 400 Feet below low Water Mark in Hudfon's River, &c. Governor Montgomery's Charter by which they now hold, is dated January 15, 1730, and afterwards confirmed or corroborated by an Act of the Provincial Affembly or Legiflature of New York,&nd declared to be a publick Act, relating to the whole Colony. The Subftance of thii Charter is as follows. They are incorporated by the Name of the Mayor, Al- derman and Commonality of the City of New-York.—The City to be divided into feven Wards, viz. Weft Ward, South- ward, Duck Ward, Eaft Ward,North-Ward, Montgomery Ward, and the Out-Ward divided into the Bowry Divifion and Harlem Divifion.—The Corporation to confifiof one Mayor, cm Recorder, and feven AldeYmen, feven Affiftants, one'Shej riff, one Coroner,one Common Clerk, one Chamber laneor Trea- furer, one high 'Conftahle, Jbtteen Affeffors, feven ColleUors, fix teen Conftables,and one Marfhal. The Mayor with Confent of the Governor, may appoint one of the Aldermen his De- puty. The Governor yearly to appoint the Mayor, Sheriff, and Coroner, and'the Freeholders and Freemen in their re- fpeclive Wards to chufe the other Officers, excepting the Chamberlane, who is to be appointed in Council by the Mayor, four or more Aldermen, and four or more Affif- tants. The Mayor to appoint the high Conftable -, all Offi- cers to take the proper Oaths, and to continue in Office till others have been chofen in their Rooms •, when any Officer dies, the Ward is to chufe another ; Upon refufal to ferve in Office, the common Council may impofe a Fine not exceed- ing Of New-York;" 239 inf£. i£ for the Ufe of the Corporation. The Major or Recorder, and four or more Aldermen with four or more Affiftants to be a common Council to make Bylaws, to regu- late the Freemen, to leafe Lands and Tenements &c, but to do nothing inconfiftent with the Laws of Great-Britain or of this Province ; Such Laws and Orders not to continue in Force exceeding 12 Months, unlefs confirmed by the' Go- vernor and Council. May punifh by disfranchifing, or Fines for the Ufe of the Corporation.* The common Council Jhal! decide in all controverted Elections of Officers. The common Council may be called by the Mayor, or in his Abfence by the Recorder •, Fine of a Member for' non attendance not ex- ceeding 20 /. for the Ufe of the Corporation. The Corpo- ration may eftablijh as many Ferries as they may fee fit, and let the fame. To hold a Market at five or more different Places every Day of the Week, excepting Sunday-, to fix the Affize of Bread, Wine, &c. The Mayor with four or more' Aldermen may make Freemen, Fees not to exceed £. 5 ; none but Freemen fhall retail Goods or exercife any Trade,. Penalty £. 5 •, no Aliens to be made Free. To commit com- mon Vagabonds, eretl Work-Houfes, Goals, and Jims- Houfes. The Mayor to appoint the Clerk of the Market, and Water Bailiff'-, to licence Carmen, Porters, Cry ers, Scavangers and the like -, to give Licence to Taverns and Retailers of ftrong Drink for one Year, not exceeding 30/ per Licence ; felling without Licence f. 5" current Money toties quoties. The Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen for the Time being, to be Juftices of the Peace. The Mayor, Deputy-Mayor, and Recorder or any one of them, with three or more of the Aldermen fhall hold Quarter Seffions, not to fit exceeding four Days. Mayor, Recorderv and Aldermen to be named in all Commiffions of Oyer and Terminer, and Goal-Delivery. The Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Recorder or any one of them with three or more of the Al- dermen fhall and may hold every Tuefday a Court of Record,. to try all civil Caufes reak perfonal, or mixt, within the City and County. May adjourn the Mayor's Court to any Time not weeding 28 Days. The Corporation to have a "* common1 -240 'A Summary, Historical-W Politic al,&c common Clerk, who fhall be alfo Clerk of the Court of Re- cord, and Seffions of the Peace, to be appointed during his good Behaviour, by the Governor -, eight Attorneys in the be- ginning, but as they drop, only fix to be.allowed, during their .good Behaviour for the Mayor's Court ; the Mayor's Court to have the Direction and Cognizance of the Attornies, who upon a vacancy fhall recommend one to the Governor for bis Approbation. The Mayor, Recorder, or any Alderman, may with or without a Jury determine in Cafes not exceed- 40 f Value. No Freeman Inhabitant fhall be obliged to ferve in any Office out of the City. A Grant and Confir- mation to all the Inhabitants of their Hereditaments, &c. paying the Quit-Rent referved by their Grants. The Corpo- ration may purchafe and hold any Hereditament, &£. fo as the clear yearly Value exceed not £. 3,000 Sterl. and the fame to difpofe of at Pleafure. To pay a Quit-Rent of %of Proclamation Money per Ann. befides the Beaver Skin, and 5 f Current Money in former Charters required. No ^Action to be allowed againft the Corporation for any Matters cr Caufe whatfoever Prior to this Charter. A Pardon of all Profecutions, Forfeitures, fjfc. Prior to this Charter. This Grant or the Inrolement thereof (Record) fhall be valid in Law, notwithftanding of Imperfections, the Imper- fections may in Time coming be rectified at the Charge of the Corporation. As I am now to relate the French and Indian Wars which concern the Britifh Province of New-York, with their other Indian Affairs ; as alfo fome Account of the Succeffions of Governors and Governments in the Colony of New York •, inftead of Summary References, as was propofed, for the Eafe of the Reader, I fhall ufe a connected and fluent fhort Recapitulation, which will point out fundry of our Claims in North-America. French and Indian Wars with other Indian Affairs. Sabaftion Cabot, a Subject of England, employed by K. Henry VII. to difcover a N. WT. Paffage to China, Ann. 1495, Of New-York? 241 T490", touched at all the confiderable Inlets on theEi^ern Coaft of North-America from Cape-Florida in N. Lat. 25 d. to N. Lat. 6y and half d. and took a Nominal Poffeffion of the whole for the Crown of England (f-* Vol. I. P. 273) but making no Settlements, he made no Title by Occupancy, or Purchafe from the Indians. Sir Walter Raleigh, a Native of England, Anno 1584, with People Settlers, landed at Roanoak in the prefent North Carolina, fettled and took PoffefTion for Queen Elizabeth, and called all the North America Coaft by the Name of Virginia, * in honour to the Virgin Queen Elizabeth. After fundry fmall Adventures to Virginia in general, April 10,1606 two Companies were incorpo- rated in one Letter Patent by K. Janies I. called the South and North Virginia Companies. The South Virginia Company began a Settlement in ChefapeakBay1607; the North Virginia Company carried on (/but in feparate Ad- ventures,) fome fmall Trade in Fifh and Fur, but made no Settlement with Continuance till 1620 y they began to fettle Plymouth in New England -, being late in the Seafon, the Weather obliged the defigned Settlers to put up with the firft Land or Harbours, accordingly they landed in Plymouth Bay of Maffachufetts, and have con- tinued there ever fince. Capt. Henry Hudfon 4- in fome Dutch Company's Ser- - * ■ 1 * Some pedantick Criticks, in imitation of fome Annot'tors upon the G■■•■<-.'. and Roman Claflicks, imagine that he meant a young Vir- gin Country, never before occupied by the Europeans. •\ The defigned Setters had made a fort of CoatraS with the Council of Plymouth or North Virginia Company, for a Territory upon Hudfon's River : This Evinces that in thefe Times, the Dutch or any other European Nation by prior Difcovery, Occupancy, Prefcrip- tion, or any other Claim, had no equitable Right to that Country. \ This Hudfon was a great Enthufiaftick projector of N. E. and N. W. Paflagej, and gave Name to Hudfon's Bay, and to IluclfuaiUx- ver of New Tork ; he perifhed in one of his Pa.Tsge Adventures, being never heard of more. It is faid by the French, that Canada was firft- fettlec by the French under Champlain their firft Governor 1603. being five Year* before Hudfon took Poffeffion of A'.tv K.therlandi hi the Dutch. Vol. II. H h vice, 242 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. vice, but an Englifh Man, Anno i708, came to the Mouth of Hudfon's River (as it is fince called) though in the li- mits of both faid Corporations or Companies,and without Licence from the King of England purchafed (as it is faid) of the Indians that certain Territory, and difpofed of his Rights to the Dutch Weft India Company, or rather to fome Merchants of Amfterdam ; and the Dutch made fome imperfect irregular Settlements there. Sir Samuel Argol Governor for the South-Virginia Company 1618 drove the Dutch from their ufurped Settlement : How- ever, the Dutch obtained 1620 of that Pacifick eafy Prince K. James I. leave to make a fmall Settlement there, for wooding and watering of their Brazil Fleets, and 1623 the Dutch made a regular Colony of it, and'their Commander in Chief was called Director General of New- Netherlands. Carr, Sea Commander, and Nichols Land Comman- der arrived before New Amfterdam fince called New Yorkr with an armed Force Auguft 20, 1664, and fummoned the Dutch Governor to furrender, accordingly 27th fol- lowing, Articles were agreed upon, New-Netherlands was furrendred to England, and Col. Richard Nichols was ap- pointed Lieut. Governor by the Duke of York, who had obtain'd a previous Grant thereof from his Brother K. Charles II. New-Netherlands was confirmed to England by the Treaty of Breda 1667 : But as England, March 17, 1671,2 proclaimed War againft'the Dutch, the Dutch eafily reconquered it from the Englifh 1673, Co'« Lovelace Governor; but afterwards by the Treaty of Lon. don 1673,4 the Dutch made an abfolute Ceffion thereof to England; and inconfequence thereof as New Nether- lands had been conquered fince the firft Grant, to prevent difficulties in Titles, K. Charles If made a fecond Grant June 29, 1674 to his Brother the Duke of York with the Right of'Government to him, his Heirs and Affigns. I fhall not anticipate what Matters of this Grant belong to the Sections of the Jerfies and Penfylvania. Governor Andros by Letters of Otlober 31, 1674 acquaints the neigh- Of New-York. H$ neighbouring Governors, that he had received PofTeflion of New York &c. No Act of Government appears upon Record from July 19, 1673 to November 6, 1674 ; then were publifhed the fecond Royal Letters Patents to theDuke of York of New-York and the Jerfies, dated June 29,1674. The Dutch Interlopers at their firft Arrival in this Country 1608, entred into Alliance with the Five Na- tions called by the French Iroquois, it continued without Interruption, and remains to this Day a firm Alliance with the Englifh \\ who fucceeded the Dutch in the Euro- pean Jurifdiction of thefe Countries. Thefe five Tribes of Indians are called Nations, though properly all of one Nation, they are diftinguifhed by the Names of Mohawks, Oneides, Onondagues, Coyugas and Se- necas. In the North-Carolina War with the Tufcaroras Indians 1711, many of thefe Tufcaroras were obliged to fly their Country, and fettled with the Onondagues and Coyugas, and are now called the Sixth Nation. The fe- veral fmall Villages of Sefquahanna and Delaware River Indians, are under the Protection of the Senecas •, the 6>- necas arc by far the largeft of the Six Nations, and lie upon the Frontiers of Penfylvania. Several of the Ranagadoes of the five Nations have fettled above Montreal, and are called Cohunagos or praying Indians. Why do we not fend Military Officers amongft the Indians to inftrudt them in the European Arts of War. The French with good Succefs follow this Practice. Some fay that the Officers of the four independent Companies of Fuftliers * in New-York live like Military Monks in Idle- - nefs and Luxury. The French ufe an Argument with the Indians to be of their Side, v/z. that they do not covet their Lands, as the Englifh do. || The Reader may excufe my frequent inadvertent Impropriety of Writing in Times fince the Union Englifh inftead of Britfh, it is ihc common Speech Expreffion, but very improper. * Fuftliers are fo caJed, becaufe they are fuppofed to be armed with light Mufquets called Fufeei. During 644 ^Summary, Historical and Political, cjrV. Daring K<. William's War, the Inhabitants of Canadd, liv'd in continual Fears of thefe five Indian Nations, their Seed Time and Harveft were much neglected. Canada is a Tyrannical Government and barren Soil. Their Lands feat e produce fufficient for the fuftenance of the Inha- bitants. We may obferve, that amongft the abovefaid Six In- dian^.Nalipns or .Tribes, the Onondagues refemble that Canton, where the Deputies of the feveral Swifs Cantons meet upon Affairs of great Concern. The Onondagues, Oneides, and Coyugas have frequently been in the French Intereft, by the Management of the French Miflionary Priefts. Our Miffionary Priefts, inftead of this laborious^ but vaftly ufeful publick Duty ; are indulged in a fort of fine Cures, in our moft opulent and well provided Set- tlements ; they labour only in confounding the fober and induftrious well meaning Prefbyterians, Congregati- onalifts, &c. to the great detriment of the publick Good •, a new Regulation amongft our Miffionaries is much wanted, 1665, Sept. Ccurfal arrived Governor of Canada ; next Spring with 23 Companies of regular Troops, and all the marching Poffe of Canada that could be fpared, marched perhaps 250 Leagues into the Country of the Five Natians, they did little or no Execution ; and 16^7 a Peace was concluded between the French and their Indians, and the PrbVince of New York with their five Nations of Indians : This Peace continued till 1683. ' 1684, De la Bane Governor of Canada, with all the Poffe of Canada, marched and rendezvoufed at Cataraqui Fort, f while at the fame Time he. was only amufing the fit is now called FortFrontenac, being built by Count de Frontenac Governor of Canada, on Cataraqui Lake, near the Mouth of Cataraqui River, which runs to Montreal, and with the Ouataiuaes River forms the great River of Canada called the River of St. Laurence. M. de la Salle upon Cataraqui Lake built-a Bark of 60 Tuns, but She neighbouring Indians in Jealoufy-foon burnt her. For Of New-York; H5 the Government of New-York, with fome trifling Com- plaints againft the Five Indian Nations, to lull them aileep. 1684, mjuly, Lord Howard of Effingham, Governor Of Virginia, and Col. Dongan Lieut. Governor of New Xpi", had an interview with the five Indian Nations at New- York. 1685, Marquis de Nonville, who fucceded the Gover- nor General de-la Barre, with 1500 Men, regular Troop?, Canada Militia, and Indians, rendezvoufed at Fort Fron- tenac or Cataraqui, defigned againft the five Indian Nati- ons ;' they did no Execution. 1687, Governor General Nonville with 1500 French and Indians infulted the Seneca Nation. In return for this the five Iroquois Nations to the Number of 1200 Men July 26 1688, invaded the Ifland of Montreal-, the Governor General with his Court, were there at that Time-, they ravaged the Country, killed many People, and carried Off Captives, the Mohawks, loft only three Men ; the French abandoned their Fort upon Cataraqui Lake, and left 26 Barrels of Gun-Powder. In February 1689,90, The French, confifting of 500 Coureurs des Bois (in New-England they are called Swam- piers,) with as many Indians or Savages, made incurfi- ons upon the Province of New-York, they burnt Corlaer's Village called Scheneclady, and murdered 6^ Perfons. In the Memory of Man the Mohawks never received fuch a Blow as in the Winter 1692,3 ; Col. Fletcher with 300 Voluntiers marched to 'Albany, and the French with their Indians returned home. 1696, The French with a large Force made an in- curfion upon the New-York Indians, with a defign to deftroy the Settlements of Albany and Scheneclady, but were repulfed by Governor Fletcher. During Queen Anne's War, the five Indian Nations For the Indian Nation where the Englijhznd French have particular Concerns, fee Vol. I. P. 179. For the Iroquois or fix Nations of Mohawk Indians, fee Vol. I. P. 185, they may confift of about 1500 marching Men. had- 246 /£ Summary, Historical and Political, &c. had a Neutrality with the Canada French and their Indians, and by this Means the Province of New-York carried on a continued advantageous Trade with Canada. Neu< York had 410 Concern in the New-England Indian Y'af 1722 to 1725. The French had lately erected a Fort at Crown-Point near the Lake Champlain upon the Frontiers of New-York Government-, during the late French War from 1744 to 1747 inclufive, Crown Point was the rendezvoufe of the Canada French and theirIndians, confequently their Onfcts were moftly upon the Province of New-York and the N. W. Corner of the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay. 1745 from Crown Point they deftroyed Saratoga Settle- ment, about 30 Miles above Albany. The New-York Frontier Places where Militia were pofted, are Scheneclady, Albany, and Kinderhoek. Anno 1745, 1746, and 1747, the French and their Indians, above Albany, killed and cap- tivated above 320 of our People. Toward that chargeable Amufement, called the in- tended Expedition againft Canada of 1746, New-York Province contributed 15 Companies of 100 Men per Com- pany ; the £ 6 New-York Currency in levy Money, and victualling for 16 or 17 Months was a confiderable Load. The four independant regular Companies of 100 Men each, ftationed at New York many Years, are an Advan- tage to the Country ; they draw from Great Britain, about £. 7,500 Sterl. per Ann. Succeffion of Governors in the Province of New-York. I fhall not enumerate the Commanders in Chief, dur- ing the Poffeffion and Jurifdiction of the Dutch, they were ftiled varioufly, viz. Directors, Generals, Gover- nors, &c. The prefent Stile of the Britifh Governor, is, Captain General, and Governor in chief in and over the Province or Colony of New-York, and Territories thereon depending, and Vice Admiral of the fame. Before the Revolution the Commanders in Chief, had only the Title of Lieutenant Governor under the Duke of York as he 0/ New-York. 247 he was principal Governor by Patent. Upon K. James II, Abdication, the Property and Government of the Colony of New-York and the Territory of Sagadahock in New England, reverted to the Crown. The firft Englifh Governor was Col. Richard Nichols, his Commiflion bore date April 2, 166^, he was Com- mander of the Land Forces in the Reduction of New* Netherlands, and one of the Commiflioners for fettling the Boundaries of our Colonies in North-America. He continued Governor to 1683, ana< wasfucceeded by Sir Edmond Andros, * he wasGovernor only for a fhort Time •, and was removed to the Government of New- England, the feveral Charter Colonies of New-England having from the iniquity of the Times, either by a Courfe in -Law had their Charters taken from them, or tacitly dropt ; he arrived in Bofton in December 1686 with Lieut. Governor Nicholfon and two Independent Com- panies of Soldiers. See Vol. I. P. 413. In April 1689, by a Revolution in New-England, in Confequence of the General Revolution at home, he was difqualified and went home ; excepting his Bigotry f to Popery and the arbitrary Power of his Prince, he was a good moral Man. He was appointed Governor of Virginia 1692 ; he died in London 1714, of a good old Age. Andros was fucceeded by CoJ. Dongan 1684 » He was a Roman Catholick, but much of a Gentleman and Patriot, * Sir Edmond Andros 1672 had fome Command in New Tori, and ifter him Col Lovelace. f The Reman Catholick Religion or Popery feems to be requifite where an arbitrary Power in the King and his Miniftry are endea- voured after. An Enthujiaflick implicit Faith as to Religion in the Pope and his Clergy, as in a political Way, a natural Introduclion of a pafiive Obedience in Civil Affairs, to the King and his Miniftry ; and perhapj in all Politias, an Enthufiaflick (Man is an Enthufiaftick A- nimal) fuperftitious deference for the Clergy is a fine qua non in Civil Government ; therefore the Clergy ought to be facred, and not redi- culed by the inconfiderate VVits of the Age ; the famous Dr. Swift is here much to be faulted, his Fort was in this fort of Ridicule. The Devotion we pay to the Qergy introduces a proper fubmiflion to Civil Authority ; and it is the Clergy's Bufinefs to labour this Point. he 248 A Summary, Historical ^Political, 0VV he was irreconcilable to a French Intereft ; upon the Re- volution, being Papift, he was in Confequence difmiffed from his Government; but as a Reward for his Merits, he was created Earl of Limerick. He made feveral Grants of Lands in Sagadahock, the Duke of York's Pro- perty, at prefent under the Jurifdiction of the Province of Maffachufetts Bay -, thefe Grants in Time, when Claims are.to be fettled, may occafion much Confufion. Upon the Revolution, Col. Benjamin Fletcher was ap- pointed, he came over 1692 with fome regular Troops, and was very induftrious in repulfing the Canada French and their Indians. In his Time 1696, the Church of England in New-York (called Trinity Church) was built; it is the only Church of England upon the Ifland. After this ~CoI. Leflie ufurped the Government (as his Partifans faid, for a publick Good) for which he and his Friend Milburn fuffered as Traitors, having held out for fome Time the Fort againft Col. Slaughter, who was appointed Governor by the King, and upon this kind of Interregnum, fucceeded Slaughter, he died foon in New- York. Col. Dudley, as Prefident, fucceeded in the chief Com- mand of the Province •, he was afterwards Governor of the Province of Mafjachufetts-Bay for many Years, fee ¥ol. I. P. 478. He was a cunning Man, and fome fay, ^notorious Timeferver. Lord Bellomont was appointed Governor 1697 » m n,s very late Paffage to his Government of New York, the Ship by Strefs of Weather was obliged to bear away to Barbadoes, and did not arrive in New York till May 1698. He was at the fame Time Governor of New York, Maf fachufetts-Bqy and New-Hampfhire : He did not proceed to Bofton till June 1699, and after obtaining a generous Allowance of £. 1000 and a Gratuity of £. 500 from the Affembly, he returned to New-York. In New-York he was allowed £. 1500 Currency yearly Sallary, and the Lieut. Gcvernor Capt. Nanfon was allowed £. £00 ; Lord Bellomont died in New York, February 1700,1. Lord ,,i Of New-York.' 249 Lord Cornbury,Son to the Earl of Clarendon, fucceeded, he arrived in New-York 1701 : Upon the Proprietors of the JerJies refigning the Government into the Hands of Queen Anne, he was likewife 1702 appointed Governor of the Jerfies. Earl of Clarendon, formerly Lord Cornbury went home by way of Virginia, and was fucceeded by Lord Lovelace ; he arrived November 13, 1708, and died in May 1709. 1710, April. Col. Ingolfby, Capt. of one of the Inde- pendent Companies, by a Letter from the Queen to the Council of New-York, was difmiffed from being Lieut. Governor of New-York and Jerfies. 1710, June 14, Arrives Col. Robert Hunter with 2700 Palatines to fettle in the Province of New York ; thefe Palatines were allowed only 10 Acres of Land to one Family, therefore they generally removed to Penfylvania, where they had better Encouragement. 1707, Col. Hunter had been appointed Lieut. Governor of Virginia^ but was taken by the French in his Voyage thither. From New-York he went for England 1719. + Upon K. George II. Acceflion, he was continued Governor of New-York and the Jerfies. Upon Account of his health, heobtained the Government of Jamaica, he arrived in Jamaica, Fe- bruary 1727,8 -, by this Advice of his Phyficians he cer- tainly obtain'd a Reprieve of his Life for fome Years. Col. Hunter was fucceeded in the Government of New- York by William Burnet Efq; a worthy Son of the celebra- ted Bifhop Burnet; || he arrived in Autumn 1721. Upon the Acceflion of K. George II. Col. Montgomery, a Favourite, was appointed Governor of New-York, and Mr. Burnet was removed to the Government of Maffa- chufetts-Bay commonly called New-England, where he died Sept. 7,1729. Governor Montgomery arrived in New- York, April 28, 1728, and died there July 1, 1731. f His Wife, Lady Hay died Auguft 1716. -J| See Vol: I. P. 480. Vol. II. I i la 250 A Summary, msToaicAL and Political,&c.' In January 1731,2, Col. Cofby was appointed. Go ver- nor of New York and the Jerfies : after a few Years he died in New York. Auguft 1736, George Clarke, Efq; Lieut. Governor of New York fucceeded in the Adminiftration, and conti- nued fome Years. George Clinton Efq; * Uncle to the Earl of Lincoln, was appointed Governor of New York in May 1741, he did not arrive in his Government until September 21, 1743 ; he continues Governor at this prefent Writing, July 1751. Concerning the Legiflature and Laws of New-York. It is a Fundamental in the Britifh Conftitution both at home and abroad, in all the Plantations, to make no Laws, nor to raife any Money without the Confent of the People. The Legiflature of the Colony of New. York confifti of three Negatives. 1. The Governor or Commander in Chief for the Time being. 2. The Council; their Compliment is twelve in Num- ber, appointed by the King •, when by Death or other Circumftances they fall fhort of a certain Number, the Governor may pro tempore fill them up to that Number. 3. The 27 Reprefentatives of the People elected by themfelves ; they are all County Reprefentatives, ex- cepting the Reprefentatives of four Towns, and of three great Manners, viz. For the County of Richmond 2 New-York County and City 4 Kings' y 2 Albany City 2 gueenf 2 Weft-Chefter Borough 1 Suffolk 2 Scheneclady Town 1 W-Chefter 2 Mannor of Ranflaer 1 Orange 2 Livingfton 1 Vlfter 2 Courtland 1 Albany 2 **TheHoa, George Cliaten Ef<|; is at prefent Admiral of the White. In Of New-York: *5t In each of our Colonies there are fome fundamental Conftitutions which may be reckoned as invariable, i. In the Charter Governments, their Charters are their Di- rection. 2. In the Proprietary Governments of Maryland, Jerfies, f and Penfylvania, there are the Proprietors ori-' ginal Conceflions to the People, not to be varied, but under certain Reftrictions ; for Inftance, in Penfylvania% no Article in the Law of Mr. Penn's Conceflions can be altered without the Confent of fix in feven of the Af- fembly Men or Reprefentatives. 3. In the Royal or Crown Governments, the Governor's Commiflion with' the Inftructions, are the Magna Charta of the Colony dur- ing that Commiflion ; moreover, fome of the AfTemblies in King's Government at their firft Congrefs or Forma- tion, make fundamental Laws for themfelves ; I fhall for Inftance, adduce that of New-York. Amongft our Colo- nies we have very confiderable Variations in their Con- ftitutions. In Penfylvania there are only two Negatives in the Legiflature, the Council having no Negative. In Vrginta no Bill can originate with the Council. In fome Colonies the Governor and Council are the fupreme Court of Judicature ; in others they are no Court of Ju- dicature. The New York printed Law-Book begins April 1691 with a Magna Charta or fundemental Conftitution, viz. That the Kings of England only, are invefted with the Right to rule this Colony ; and that none can exercife any Authority over this Province, but by his immediate Au- thority under his broad Seal of the Realm of England. That the fupreme Legiflative Power and Authority (under the King) fhall be in the Governor, Council, and Repre- fentatives of the People in General Aflembly ; theExercife and Adminiftration of the Government fhall be in the Governor and Council* with the Confent of at leaft five of the Council; to govern according to the Laws of the t Jerfies ever fince 1702 is become a King's Government, but they ftill pbferve the Conceflions of the Proprietors called their Law of Conceflions. Province, 252xA Summary, Historical and Political, &cl Province, or in defect of them, by the Laws, of England. Upon the Death or Abfence of a Governor, the firft in Nominations of the Council to prefide. That every Year there be held an Affembly, and every Freeholder of 4ofper Ann, and Freeman of a Corporation fhall have a Vote in chufing Reprefentatives ; here the Reprefenta- tives are enumerated, and as many more as his Majefty fhall think fit to eftablifh. That the Reprefentatives durii-g their Seffions, may adjourn themfelves and purge their own Houfe ; no Member going, coming, and dur- ing the Seffions, to be arrefted or fued, except for Felony and Treafon. Their Laws to continue in Force till dif- allowed by his Majefty, or till they expire. That every Man fhall be judged by his Peers, and all Tryals fhall be by the Verdict of 12 Men of the Neighbourhood ; that in all Capital and other Criminal Cafes there be a Grand Inqueft to prefent the Offender, and afterwards 12 Men to try the Offender : That in all Cafes Bail by fuffi- cient Sureties be allowed, unlefs in Cafe of Treafon, and of fuch Felonies as are reftrained from Bail by the Laws of England. That no Tax or Impofition be laid but by the General Affembly. That no Freeman, Tavern- keepers excepted, be compelled to entertain any Soldier or Mariner, unlefs in Times of actual War with the Province.—That all Lands in this Province be accounted as Freehold and Inheritance in free and common Soccage, according to the Tenure of Eaft Greenwich in England. That all Wills attefted by three or more Witneffes, and regiftred with the Office of the County in a fet Time, be a fufficient Conveyance for Lands, &c. That any Chri- ftian Religion not difturbing the Peace of the Province, he freely allowed of, the Roman Catholick excepted, f The enacting Stile is, By the Governor, Council, and General Affembly of /he Province of New-York. A Summary cannot enumerate many of their municipal f In Penfyhania and Maryland, by the Royal Patents, by the Pro- prietors Conceflions, and by the fubfequent Provincial Laws, Roman Catholicks are. not excepted.. Laws. \ Of New-York. 253 Laws. The Juftices of eachCounty fhall yearly fummon all the Freeholders hi January to chufe two Church Wardens and 1 o Veftry Men to aifcfs, and the Minifter to be called, chofen and appointed by the Wardens and Veftry. Elec- tions for Reprefentatives to be in the Sheriff's Court of the County or City, Qualification for a Voter 40 / at leaft Freehold per Annum improved Land, no Perfon to be chofen but who refides in the Places. An. 1700 there was an Act to prevent all vexatious Suits or Actions againft thofe who at the happy Revolution in England, did here begin fuch another Revolution ; they appointed Capt. Jacob Leyfler their Commander in chief till his Majefty K. William's Pleafure fhould be known ; and did feize the Perfons and Goods of feveral difaffected People. In each County or Town, at the Seflions of the Peace, the Juftices of the Peace, or at leaft five of them, whereof two of the Quorum, fhall appoint the Rate for their County, as alfo a Treafurer and Collector. All Men from 16 to 60 JEt. to be lifted in fome Com- pany of Militia •, each Foot Man to have a Cartouch Box and fix Charges, the Horfe 12 Charges ; at their Ha- bitation to keep one Pound Powder, three Pound Bullets each Foot -, and two Pound Powder, and fix Pound Bullets each Horfe. In the Province of New-York, to obtain a good Title to vacant Lands, firft there muft be produced an Indian Deed, which muft be approved of by the Governor and Council ; by Warrant it is furveyed by the Provincial Surveyor, and patented by the Governor and Council : The Fees are very high. The Quit-Rents for Lands lately taken up are 2 / Proclamation Money per 100 Acres. Two thirds of the Government pay fmall or no Quit-Rents, efpeciaily. for old Grants, the larger Grants on Hudfori* River called Mannors 5 their Quit-Rents are only a Pepper Corn,Buck- Ikin or the like, when demanded. The Valuations of the feveral Counties maybe taken; k - "-' from t54 ^Summary* Historical and Political, &c. From the Quotas allowed each of them, in Proportion to their refpective Taxes, when Paper Money was emitted upon Loan ; for Inftance 1738, they emitted £. 40,000 Currency upon Loan, whereof New-York City and County c 10,000 Albany City and County 5,000 Queens County 6,000 Kings County 2,400 Suffolk County 3,000 Richmond County r,6oo Ulfter County 4,000 Orange County 2,000 Dutchefs County 2,000 Weft-Chefter £■ 4,000 40,000 As to their Paper Currencies they are referred with other Things of that Nature to the Appendix. At pre- fent I fhall only obferve, that towards the Charge of an intended Expedition againft Canada 1709, they emitted £4 13,000 publick Bills of Credit at 8/Currency per oz. Silver, bearing Intereft •, in the after Emiffions, no Intereft was allowed, the Contrivers of this fraudulent Paper Money Currency, perceived that a reafonable In- tereft would prevent its Depreciation and obftruct the Advantages which they propofed from its Depreciation. || They plaufibly and fallacioufly alledged, that the allow- ing of Intereft, occafioned their being hoarded up as common Bonds bearing Intereft, and did not ferve as a ^—.»—^— 1 n 111 ii ■-.- || This was the Cafe in the enormous multiplied Emiffions of Paper Credit or Money, as it was called, in a neighbouring Province ; as the Governor happened himfelf to be of the Debtor fide of the Queftion, and for valuable Confiderations, as it is faid, inftead of borrowing the Money already emitted, from the Merchants at a reafonable Intereft which they generoufly offered, and which, would have prevented fur- ther depreciating Emiffions ; he chore rather, though witR the Confe- quence of involving the Country in Confufion and Ruin, in Favour of rhe Land Bank (an afTumed Name) and other fraudulent Debtors-, to depreciate the Debts b/ vaft multiplied Emiffions bearing no Interft. common 0/ New-York. *55 common Currency. In anfwer to this, the Anti-depre- ciators may obferve, i. thatany confiderate good Man will allow, that Money not payable or cancellable till after fome Years, if only upon Note bearing no Intereft, is not fo valuable as the fame Sum of Money upon Bond bearing Intereft, payable after the fame Number of Years; that is, thefe Bills upon Note only, in the Nature of Things muft admit a Depreciation or Difcount, and ftill a greater Difcount if thefe Notes ftretch too much their Credit : This is the genuine mercantile Nature of our depreciating Plantation Paper Currency. 2. In the begin- ning they were not emitted as a Tender in Law, or com- mon Currency ; but as Government Bonds or Debentures bearing Intereft as are the transferable Stocks of publick Debts in Great-Britain, which by Reafon of the Intereft allowed, do increafe to a valuable Premium upon a transfer, and can not depreciate as the Plantation publick Notes of Credit have done. As the Plantations are at a vaft diftance from Parlia- mentary Enquiry, fome of our Colonies have from Time to Time been loaded with amufing feint Expeditions, the original and continuing Caufes of the Plantation frau- dulent Paper Credit called Paper Currency; the frau- dulent Debtors finding their Advantage in Depreciations, contrived fundry Methods of further Paper Credit Emif- fions : thus in Maffachufetts-Bay in the Courfe of fome Years in the Adminiftration of Governor Sh-----, one Shilling was depreciated to the value of one Penny Sterl- ing. New-York did reftrain itfelf from running much into a multiplied depreciating Paper Currency, fo that their Exchange with London never did exceed £. 190 New-York Currency for £. 100 Sterl. N. B. When I any where mention Exchange, I mean private punctual Bills of Exchange ; Government Bills admit of a dilatory Payment, and are bought cheaper •, for Inftance, upon the Cuba or Spanifh Weft-India Expedition, Government Bills were fold in New-York and Eaft-Jerfey at 140 to 150 5 in Weft-Jerfey and Penfylvania at 130 to 135 ; when 256 A Summary, Historical ^Political, &c. when at the fame Time private punctual Bills were fold at 190 in the firft, and at 180 in the other Places. The Militia of the Province of New-York, are nearly upon the fame Regulation with the Militia of New- England \ befides there are four regular independent Companies of FuJiliers, 100 private Men to a Company ; their Pay, Cioathing, and Accoutrements from Great- Britain amount yearly to upwards of £. 7,800 Sterl. they are under the immediate Direction of the Comman- der in Chief for the Time, and are a confiderable Perqui- fite : they are principally ftationed at the City of New- York, Albany, and Ofwego ; New-York was fo called from the Duke of York's Englifh Title, and Albany (formerly Orange Fort, by the Dutch) by his Scot's Title ; the Bat- tery at New York is called Fort George. Befides the 5 or 6 Nations of Iroquois or Mohawk In- dians, there are feveral fmall Parcels of Indians, upon the upper Parts of Hudfon's River, called River Indians or Mohegins, this was the Indian Name of the great River, now called Hudfon*s River. At fundry Times in the City of New York there have been Negro Confpiracies, more than in the other Colo- nies ; this I can not account for •, April 1712, a Negro Confpiracy kills many white Men, and fets the Town on Fire. Courts of Judicature are much the fame as in New- England, f The Judges of the Superior or Supreme Court are appointed by the King in Council, and fome- times pro tempore by the Governor ; they are called firft, fecond, &c. Judges : the firft Judge is called chief Juf- tice, and feems to have a confiderable Authority or In- fluence above the other Judges: The prefent chief Juf- tice is James Delancy Efq-, of a regular liberal Education, f This Summary if not checkt, is like to become too balky, there- fore I fhall avoid Repetition of Things which bear a Semblance to Things already faid. and Of NewYc.il >57 and good Eftate ; he was appointed by Governor Cofby 1733m Place of Lewis Morris Efq; who fucceeded an eminent Lawyer Roger Mompeffon Efqi chief Juffice of New-York and the Jerfies, who furrendred that of, the Jerfies iyog. ~* Here is a Court of Chancery, a Court not known in New-England, the Governor is Chancellor. In many of our Colonies it renders the Courts below of lefs Autho- rity ; as it is very chargeable and may be arbitrary, the Chancellor ought to be a diftinct Perfon from the Gover- nor (as are the Ihtendants of the French Colonies; and upon Mifde/neanor, liable to the Governor's Infpeaion by Sufpenfion, or the like. The General Affembly is no Court of Judicature, but they examine into the erroneous Proceedings of the Courts of Judicature, and grant Rehearings. Concerning New-York Produce, MamfaBures,, Trade, ' and Navigation. Wheat and Flower are the moft confiderable Articles of their Produce and Manufactures -, fee their exports of Provifions, in the Claufes of Cuftom-Houfe Entries and Clearances. Skins and Furs are a good Article, but not fo large as formerly. The Article of Iron in Pigs and Bars is a growing Affair. Schuyler's Copper Ore is from a Mine in Jerfies, but exported from New-York, therefore it is mentioned in this Section. In the beginning of its Difcovery it feemedto be very rich: it appears that it was formerly wrought by the Dutch, becaufe in new working of it, were found Hammers, Wedges &c. it fold in Briftol the Ore at £. 40 Sterl. per Tun. The Cartage to Hudfon's River is fhort, and their firft Agreement with the Miner, was to allow him one third of the Ore for raifing and laying it above Ground ; it was done up in quarter Barrels, whereof fix made a Tun. The richnefs of this Copper Vol. II. K k Mine 258 A Summary, Historical and Political, &rV. Mine made fo much Noife in the World, that a few Years 'fince, to engrofs this Ore for the benefit of Great-Britain, it was by Act of Parliament enumerated -, but lately it has not been Wrought and Exported, as appears by the quarterly Accounts of 'the Cuftom-Houfe of New-York ; I can not account for this. By a late Act of Parliament, Salt may be imported di- rectly from any Parts of Europe to New-York. In Queen Anne's Reign ther« were three Government Packet Boats, which alternately failed Monthly between England and New-York, to tarry 14 Days at New-York, for the Plantations or Colonies Benefit of Trade, and for Government Difpatches •, thefe have been laid afide many Years. Governor Burnet (his Head was well turned) obtain'd an Act of Affembly 1727, afterwards confirmed by the King in Council, prohibiting all Trade with Canada, that the French might not be fupplied with Goods (in one Year 900 Pieces of Strouds have been carried from Albany to Montreal) fuitable for promoting a French Civil as well as trading Intereft with the Indians,2. go, 40 People came in one Birch Canoe, 45 Feet in Length, 7 Feet Breaccb, Jrfcm Ofwego toSc'-./tt'lciily 185 Miles, carrying PJaces included. York 3 Of New-York. t& York ; the 12 Months Accounts from September 19,1749 to September 29, 1750, ftand thus, Entred Inwards Cleared Outwards Ships 23 Ships 36 Snows 22 Snows 28 Brigantines 45 Brigantines 58 Sjloops 13 r Sloops 150 Scooners • 1 r Scooners 14 232 286 Here are included all Veffels both on foreign Voyages, and on coafting Voyages of the neighbouring Colonies ; whereas in the Collections of New-England the foreign Voyages are only to be underftood ; for Inftance, Bofton Cuftom-Houfe from Chriftmas 1747 to Chriftmas 1748, foreign Veffels Cleared out 540, Entred in 430 *, the Fifhing and Coafting Veffels of the adjoining Colonies of Maffachufetts-Bay, New-Hampfhire, Connetlicut, and Rhode-Ifland, amounted to about as many, and are not included. N. B. No Copper Ore was exported in thefe 12 Months. Entred in from Great-Britain and Ireland 16 Veffels 5 Cleared out for Great-Britain and Ireland 11 Vc&els. Cleared out for Holland 5 Veffels. Cleared out 6,731 Tun Provifions, chiefly Flower ^ befides Grain eftimated or fhipt by Number of Bufhels, and not by Tuns. Imported about 800 Pipes Madera Wines, whereof re exported 226 Pipes. The Madera Wines fhipt to New-York are reckoned better than what are fhipt to any other of our Colonies, therefore fome are re-fhipt to thfi other Colonies. Cleared out, Tar 2008 Barrels, Pitch 156, Turpentine 20, whicn were Imported to New-York from theCarolinas. The Colbny of New-York does not produce Naval Stores fufficient for their own Ufe. Mountain^ 260 ^Summary, Historical and Political, &c. Mountains, Rivers, and fome Mifcellanies. The moft confiderable high Lands are the Catkill Mountains Weft from Hudfon's River, and about 90 Miles N. from New York. What I mentioned Vol. I. P. 454, 455, by way. of Annotation, concerning the Runs of Water from the Catkill Mountains, en paffent ; now in its proper Place requires to be corrected, and ought to be underftood as follows. On the Eaft and South Eaft Sides of Catkill Mountains, feveral Streams run, and fall into Hudfon's River below Albany •, on their N. W. Side proceeds Schorie River^ and falls into Mohawks Ri- ver, a Branch of Hudfon's River, at Fort Hunter about 30 Miles above Albany, and this Schorie River in its Courfe comes within three or four Miles of the main Branch of Delaware River •, from the S. W. Side flows a confiderable .Branch of Delaware River. Conajoharie River falls into the Mohawks River about ioMiles above FortHunter, and comes very near to a Branch of Safquahanna River,this Branch of Safquahanna is fo large that at 18 Miles from the Mohawks River, the Indians go down in Canoes to all the Indian Settlements upon Safquahanna River. From this Situation of thefe Rivers, no Runs of Water from the Catkill Mountains can fall into Lake Ontario, into River Ohio, or into the Safquahanna River. Excepting Long-Ifland and Staten Ifland,the main Land Sea Line, from Byram River to New York Ifland, is very Ihort. The only confiderable River in this Province is Hudfon's River, from the Elbow where is the great carrying Place to Wood Creek towards Canada, to Sandyhook at its Mouth, are near 200 Miles •, the Tide Way reaches upwards of 150 Miles to Cohoes at the Mouth of Mohawks River, about 6 or 7 Miles above Albany Church, its Courfe is about S. 12 d. W •, the Tides, that is the Floods and Ebbs are about 12 Hours later at Albany than at New- York -, a little above the high Lands at about 50 Miles above the City of New-York the Water of the River be- comes , Of New-York. 261 comes frefh ; at about 100 Miles comes on the W. Side Efopus or Soapers River •, the S. Line of the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay continued 20 Miles, ftrikes Hudfon's River, a little below the Mouth of Efopus River, this Efopus River is noted for the Manufactures of Iron Pigs and Bars, Flower, Malt Liquor, &c. a little further on the E. Side of the great River, is the Camp or Palatine Town in the Mannor of Living/Ion about 40 Miles be- low Albany -, at 125 Miles on the E. Side falls in Kinder- hock River after receiving Claverhock River; the great Ranflaers Mannor or Ranflaer Wyk reaches along the great River and 20 Miles each Side of theRiver from Kinderhock Mannor to Mohawks River ; in this Mannor is . the City of Albany and many peculiar Tracts of Land ; at 150 Miles as the River runs is the City of Albany ; at 157 Miles on the W. Side is Cohoes or the Mouth of Mohawks River ; at 162 Miles is Houfuck Rivers Mouth, where lives a fmall Tribe of Indians called Scatacooks, this Houfuck River is on the E. Side of the great River, and comes from the North Weft Parts of Maffachufetts, and the S. W. Parts of New Hampfhire •, the North Line of Maffa- thufetts-Bay Province continued 20 Miles falls in with Hudfon's River a little below Cohoes -, at 200 Miles from New-York is the Elbow or Flexure of this great River at the great Falls. From thefe great Falls the Route to Montreal in Canada is 12 to 15 Miles Land Carriage to Wood Creek, then along the Verdronken drowned or over- flowed Lands to Crown Point a French Fort and Pafs near Lake Champlain, then along this Lake to Chamblais River and a little above Chamblais, || another French Fort and Pafs upon Chamblais River, crofs la Prairie to Montreal: [| As we formerly hinted from Fort Chamblais down the River of that Name are 17 Leagues to Fort Sorel upon the great River of Ca- nada ; this Fort Sorel is 15 Leagues below Montreal and 35 Leagues above Quebec the Capital of Canada, the ordinary Refidence of the French Governor General of Canada. Quebec.from the accurate Obfer- vations of its Hayes, is 70 d. W. from London. Bolion, the ;>le:ropolis of Britifh America, by the good Obfervations of Mr. Robie, is 71 d. 30 m. W. from Lomdon. There :.u2 ^Sumi^ary, Historical and Political, &c. There is another Rout up Hudfon's River above the Elbow Falls, to a carrying Place to Lake Sacrament, and thence to the South End of Lake Champlain. The City of New-York from Governor Burnet's Ob- fervations, lies in 40d. 40 m. N. Lat. 4 h. 58 m. W. Long, from London, here the Variation 1723 was 7 d. 20 m. W. decreafing. Upon the Acceflion of a new Governor, the General Aflembly of New-York generally fettle the Salaries and other ordinary Articles for fupport of the Government, for five or more Years. For their Sectaries in Religion, fee the Rhode-Ifland Section Vol. II. P. 156. As I find that the defigned Appendix or Supplement, may prove out of Proportion too large, with refpect to the principal Hiftory, I fhall in each fubfequent Section annex by way of Mifcellanies fome Matters which might have been referred to the Appendix. Thefe Mifcella- nies are of the Nature of Digreflions, and like change of Diet, may relieve a palled Stomach or Appetite in Reading. Good Iron is diftinguifhed by its Ringing amongft other Bars. The beft Iron Bars break fibrous and bearded, if they break glaffy and fhining, the Iron is brittle, and not good. The Inconveniencies of fmall Governments or Provin- ces, fuch as is that of New-Hampfhire in New-England, is that perhaps they are below the Notice of the Miniftry and Boards in Great-Britain •, their Governors and other Officers are of little Confideratior:, have little or nothing to loofe, and therefore a'df, iinpune. The Plantation Legiflatures are fo far circumfcribed, that they can make no Laws inconfiftent with the Laws of Great-Britain. If the French be allowed to become Mafters of the Ri- ver of St. Laurence, of the great inhnd Lakes, and of the great River Miffiffippi \ they are in Confequence Maf- ters of all the inland Trade of North-America -, an incre- dible Prejudge to the BritifhNuion. The Of New-York* 263^ The back of Long-Ifland was the firft Pkce of the Englifh Whale Fifhery, fmall Whales affed Flats •, and at this Time Whalers make Voyages upon the Fiats of Virginia and Carolinas. It is faid that the common Laws of England extend to the Plantations; that the Statute Laws made fince the Plantations had a being, do not include them unlefs they are particularly mentioned in the Acts of Parliament. In all our Colony Affemblies of Reprefentatives, there ought to be a limited fmall Quorum of Members to meet, adjourn, and to fend for abfent Members, and a much larger Quorum to proceed upon Bufinefs: This Regula- tion may alfo take Place withRelation to the Judges of the feveral Executive Courts in Law. To obviate any Prejudices which a Reader may enter- tain againft this Hiftorical Summary, compofed, with much Labour, meerly for a publick good ; the Writer thinks it convenient at Times to explain himf:!f in ge- neral. 1. He has endeavoured a Laconick Stile, which by many is reckoned harfh, and not fluent or fonorous ; the good Judges, the Mathematicians and Merchants j!.: it as the ftrongeft, the moft Concife and Exp -.flive. 2. The Writer is of no Party, and fubjccted to no De- pendance ; he is neither Whig nor Tory, a temporary Courtier nor Anti courtier : A Tory is for rendring that. Branch of the prefent Legi.hturr called King or Monarch, Sole and Independent, with a Pcffive Obedience and Non- rejiftance ; a Republican is for lowe.irg or annihilating the Prerogatives of a King, apd for an .unlimited Extenfion of the Privileges of the People in their Reprefentatives ; but a genuine Whig is for maintaining a Ballance of Power an--."git the feveral Orders or Negatives of the Legifla- .re ; I profefs myfelfof this Politia, as it is no Faction, all the others are Factious. 3. Religion, as it was in all Times, and in all Countries defigned for the Benefit of Society •, it naturally is fubordinate to the Civil Go- vernment ; and a Refidenr, whether Native or Adventi- tious, oughc occafionally to conform to the eiV.bli fned . Manner.- fc64 '^ Summary, Historical and Political,&c. ner of the Sectaries tolerated by the Laws of the Country, though not rafhly to renounce that Form of Worfhip which was parental or educational, which generally tends to Libertinifm and -Licentioufnefs in Religion ; 4. As in my Courfe of the Colonies I continue to increafe my diftances, it is not to be expected that I can be fo par- ticular and copious, but fhall endeavour ftrictly to invefti- gate the Truth, though the further from my Place of Refidence my View becomes more contracted and lefs diftinct. In the Britifh Plantations or Colonies all Grants of Lands made by the Governor and Council, are declared to be good in Law, againft his Majefty and Succeflbrs; As the King and his Miniftry in Great-Britain, though they do not chufe the Parliament, yet have a very great Influence in the Choice ; fo it is with refpect to the Go- vernors and Aflembly Men in our Colonies. The Reprefentatives from the feveral Counties and Townfhips are not their peculiar or feparate Agents, but their Quota in the Provincial Reprefentation, hence it is that they are not under the Cognizance of their County or Town, but under that of the General Af- fembly. The North-America Trade confifts in Fifh, naval Stores, other Timber and Lumber, Skins, Furs, Tobacco, and Rice ; I do not mention Copper Ore though enumerated, becaufe at prefent it is not Wrought or Exported. The publick Taxes in our Provinces, are the Province and County Rates ; and the Townfhip or Parochial Rates for the Minifters of the Gofpel,called Paftors,Priefts, Rectors, and other Denominations, as alfo for the School, Poor, High Ways, and fundry other fmall Articles. By Act of Parliament 1731, there may be imported from the Britifh Plantations into Ireland in Britifh Ship- ping, all forte of Plantation Goods excepting thefe Goods commonly called enumerated Commodities, viz. Sugar, Tobacco, Cotton Wool, Indigo, Ginger, fpeck|e Wood or Jamaica Wood, Fuftick or other dyjng Woods, Of New-York: 265 Rice, Moloffes, Bever-fkins and other Furs, Copper Ore, Pitch, Tar, Turpentine, Mafts, Yards, and Sovvfprits. The Sugar Act (as it is called; of Parliament 1 y^ 3,and fince continued, is concerning foreign Plantation Pro- duce or Manufacture, imported into the Britifh Planta- tions, viz. Rum, Duty yd. Sterl. per/Gallon, Moloffes or Syrups 6d. Sugars and Paneeles 5 / per Ct. Wt. In North-America, Hunting, Fifhing and Fowling,with fundry Berries and Earth Nuts are the principal Food or Subfiftance of the Indians •, the more civilized, cultivate Indian Corn and Kidney Beans called Indian Beans. The Bread Grain in Europe, is generally Wheat, Rye, Oats, and Barley for Baking and Malting. The * Wool in our Northern Plantations is of as good a Staple, but coarfer than the Englifh Wool -, the further South in our Colonies, the Wool becomes coarfer, even to a lana Caprina as in our Sugar Iflands ; therefore the Plantations are not capable of riveling England in fine Woolens. In our NorthernColonies after the middle of Sept. fcarce any Species of Spontaneous Plants make a feafonable Ap- pearance •, confequently Botanick Simpling is then over. In our new Wildernefs Colonies, the Timber and other Forreft Wood of the firft clearing is generally doted, be- caufe ancient or old, the following Growths are good and found. In the Price of Grain and other Provifions there is a fort * There are certain Ports only, allowed in Great Butain and Ireland for the Exportation and Importation of Wool and Woolens. No Cloths, excepting of the Manufacture of Great Britain can be imported into any of his Majefty's Dominions. The Woolens from Great Britain exported annually are computed at about three Millions Sterling ;' but being free of Duty, they for fome felfifh Ends are not entred exaclly, therefore the value can not be accurately afcertained. The Woolens of Great-Britain are above one third of the univer- fal Export. At a Medium, Wool Manufactured, is double the Value of the Wool it felf, and deducting all Charges, one third of the neat Profit goes to the Landlord. Vol, II. L 1 of ~a66 ^fStTMMARY,HiSTORiCAL ^Political, &c. of natural Standard, whereby the Hufband Man may have a living Profit, and the Labourers in Manufacture, &c. may not have Provifions fo cheap, that the Earnipgs of a few Days Work will afford fome Days of Idlenefs ; in this refpect our Produce and Manufactures have fome kind of a natural depehdance. sect: Of New-Jersey? z6j .bWeataflyL.. SECTION XIII. Concerning the Province of New-Jerfey or Nova-Caefarea. WE have in the Section of New-York * given fome general Account of the firft Settlement of New- Netherlands or Nova-Belgia which comprehended the prefent New-York, New-Jerfey, and the three lower Counties of Penfylvania upon Delaware River. Upon a Defign formed by the Court of England 10 re- duce New-Netherlands f, K. Charles II. made a previous Grant of the Property and Government of the fame to his Brother the Duke of York, March 12,1663,4 ; it was not reduced by fettled Articles until September 1664, and confirmed to England by the Treaty of Breda, 1667. The Duke of York by Commiflion April 2, 1664, ap- pointed Richard Nichols Efq; Deputy Governor of all New-Netherlands, but did not enter upon his Government until Auguft 27, 1664, which was Pofterior to the Duke of York's Afiignment June 24,1664, of the Property and Government of New-Jerfey to Lord Berkley and Sir George Cartaret. TheDuke of York, June 24, 1664, made a joint Grant of that part of New-Netherlands (now called New-Jerfey) (j *" P. 220, &c. f Stuyvefand was at that Time Dutch Governor of New-Netherlands, his Commiflion from the States General was dated July 26, 1646. || This Grant was called Ntvj-Jerfey, from the Name of the Ifland of Jerfey in the Channel of England, the Country of Sir George Cartaret one of the two firft Affignces, it is fometimes called NovaCafarta. to 2?68 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. to Lord Berkley of Straiten, and Sir George Cartaret ; they appointed Philip Cartaret Efq-, their Lt. Governor, he en- tred upon hisGovemment m Aug. i665,where he remain- ed only fix Months, and returned to England, and back again to his Government of the Jerfies. This Grant of the Duke of York's, was from the Noorde Rivier, now cal- led Hudfon's River, to the Zuyde Rivier, now called De- laware River ; and up Hudfon's River to 41. d. N. Lat. and up Delaware River to 41 d. 40 m •, and from thefe two Stations headed by a ftrait Line acrofs. By the Intrigues of France, England was perfuaded to proclaim War againft the Dutch, March 17, 1671,2, and a Dutch Expedition reconquered New-Netherlands from the Englifh July 30, 1673, Col. Lovelace was at that Time Governor ; by the Treaty of London, February 19 1*673,4, New Netherlands was reftored by the Dutch to the Crown of England, and Sir Edmond Andros appointed Governor. As New Netherlands had been conquered, that is alien- ated from England, fince the Crown of England's former Grant to the Duke of York -, to obviate any difficulties in the validity of that Grant, K. Charles II, made a newGrant of Property and Government to his Brother the Duke of York, June 29, 1674, which was publifhed November 6 following. No Act of Government in the Jerfies is to be found upon Record from July 19, 1673 to November 1674. Duke of York by Leafe and Releafe, July 28 and 29, 1674, conveyed to Sir George Cartaret the Eaftern Di- vifion of New Jerfies, divided from the Weftern Divifion of the Jerfies by a ftrait Line from the S. E. Point of Little Egg Harbour on Barnegate Creek, being about middle between Sandy Hook and Cape May to a Kill or Creek a little below Rencokus Kill on Delaware River and thence (about o>S Miles) ftrait Courfe along Delaware River up to 41 d. 40 m. N. Lat. the North divifional Point or Station of the divifional Line between New-York and the Jerfies. N. B. The firft Effort of the Rioters for Of New-Jersey. 269 for fetting up Indian Purchafes againft the Title of the Crown was 1672, to evade paying Quit Rents which commenced March 25, 1670 •, they threw off the Govern- ment of the Proprietors, and the People chofe a Governor for themfelves ; Governor Cartaret and hisSecretary went for England to complain, but the Dutch Conqueft hap- pening foon after, Governor Cartaret did not return till November 1674 with new Conceffions, being the third Parcel of Conceflions, and from that Time all remained quiet, and the Rules of Property were well obferved until Sir Edmond Andros, broke through all thefe Rules ; he ufurped the Government of all New Jerfey 1680, and carried Governor Cartaret Prifoner from Elizabeth Town to New York ; upon Complaints to the Duke of York, he with Refentment recalled Sir Edmond Andros, and the Property and Government of the Jerfey Proprietors was re-cftablifhed 1683, and continued till fome Months be- fore the Revolution 1688, when K. James broke through the Rules of Property and alfo feized the Government of New Jerfey and of the neighbouring Provinces, and put them under the Command of Sir Edmond Andros : Upon the Revolution the Proprietors re-affumed the Right of Government. + Upon the Revolution the Proprietors appointed John Totham Efq; their Lieutenant Governor, and afterwards Col. Dudley, * but the People fcrupled to obey them, and the Proprietors appointed Col. Andrew Hamilton, who continued Governor fome Years ; but by fome de- figning Men the People received a Notion that Col. Hamilton, as a Scots Man, could not be Governor of an Englifh Colony ; they difmiffed him, and coffftituted Je- remiah Bafje Governor 1697, but as Baffe had never been approved of by the King, the Proprietors in a fhort —-------- f For fake of Connexion I co:uinue this Thread, and ieave iome intervening Matters to be afterwards related. * Col. Dudley was afterwards Deputy Governor of the Ifieof Wight, a Member,of Parliament of England, and Governor of the Provinces of Maffachufetts-Bay and Neiv-Hamp/bire'va, Neiv England. Time 270 A Summary, Historical ^Political, &c. Time difmiffed him, and reinftated Col. Hamilton, buC he never was confirmed by the Crown, and Col. Hamil- ton was fuperfeded by Mr. Baffe a fecond Time, and Baffe was finally fuperfeded by Andrew Bowne Efq; the laft Governor for the Proprietors. The People of the Jerfies continued for fome Years fo mutinus, that the Proprietors for their own Eafe, by their Agents, Sir Thomas Lane, for Weft-Jerfey, and Mr. William Dockwra for Eaft-Jerfey in the Name of the Pro- prietors, found it expedient by a proper Inftrument April 17, 1702, in concert, to furrender the Government to the Crown, referving to themfelves all their other Rights, and they jointly with the Crown formed fome fundamen- tal Articles by way of a Magna Charta. Lord Cornbury, Governor of New-York, was by Queen Anne conftituted the firft Crown Governor of the united Jerfies. Lord Berkley, fome Years after his Grant from Duke of York 1664, afligned his Right to William Penn, Efq; Gawen Laurie of London, Merchant, Nicholas Lucas, and Edward Byllyng ; fhortly after this, thefe Aflignees agreed upon a Partition with Sir George Cartaret; and Sir George obtained of Duke of York, July 1674 a Confirmation of this Partition Grant,, as is above related__July 1, 1676, Sir George Cartaret gave to the Aflignees of Lord Berkley* Quit-Claim of the Weft-Jerfies, as thefe Afi>n- ees gave to Sir George a like Quit-Claim of the Eaft-Jer- fies ; this Partition was confirmed by an Act of the General Affembly of the Jerfies 1719. Sir George^ Cartaret made over the Eaft-Jerfies to certain Truftees December c, 1678, to be fold by them after his Death. After Sir George's Death, the Truftees afligned the Eaft Jerfies to 12 Proprietors, February 2, 1681 2. William Penn Thomas Wilcox Robert Weft Ambrofe Riggs Thomas Rudyard John Hayward Samuel Groom Hugh Hart/horn * Thomas Hart Clemens Plumfted Richard Mew Thomas Cooper. By 0/ New-Jersey. ijr By an Inftrument amongft themfelves, they declared that the Purchafe was equal, and no Advantage fhould be taken of Survivorfhip. Thefe firft Proprietors by 12 fe- parate Deeds, feparately conveyed one half of their Intereft to 12 other Perfons feparately, Robert Berkley Gawen Laurie Edward Byllyng Thomas Barker Robert Turner Thomas Warner James Brien James Earl of Perth Arent Soumans Robert Gordon William Gibfon John Drummond in Fee Simple. The Duke of York, March 14, 1682, by Patent or Grant confirmed the Ea/t Jerfies to thefe 24 Proprietors in Property andGovernment; and July iy fol- lowing the famous Robert Berkley f the Quaker, was agreed upon, and under him pro tempore Mr. Laurie with a Council. Mr. Berkley continued Governor until 1685. He was fucceeded by Lord Neal Campbell of the Argyl Family ; about this Time came over, the Quaker fo called, George Keith. * From the Duke of York's firft Grant of all the Jerfies to Lord Berkley of Straiten, and to Sir George Cartaret Knight and Baronet, Vice Chamberlain of his Majefty's Houfhold, and one of his Majefty's moft honourable Privy Council, jointly ; Philip Cartaret, Efq; was Gover, nor of their joint Concern, that is for all the Jerfies until 1672, when the People, efpeciaily of Elizabeth Town, began to mutiny upon Account of the demand of Quit- Rents, which according to the Conceflions took Place March 25, 1670. Thefe Mutineers affumed the Go- T In K. Charles II. Reign there was a kind of Perfecution of the Nonconformifls in Religion, and Robert Berkley Head of all the Quakers in Great-Britain, with his Family removed to the Jerfies j from this Perfecution the Jerfies is fettled chiefly with Quakers, Jnnabaptijls, and Prefbyterians. * George Keith was a noted Quaker, he came over to the Jerfies, taught School, and was Land Surveyor General ; he returned to Engl ana, and for his Conveniency, accepted of a Church of England Benefice, and wrote againft the Quaker/. vernment, 272 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c" vernment, and conftituted James Cartaret a diffolute Son of Sir George Cartaret, their Governor ; and Governor Philip Cartaret was obliged to go to the Court of En- gland with Complaints againft the Mutineers ; Col. Love- lace at this Time was Governor of New York ; the Dutch Conqueft intervening, he did not return until 1674, when upon a Peace the Dutch refigned to the Crown of En- gland the Country of New-Netherlands, and the Duke of York had made a divifional or feparate Grant of Eaft- Jerfies to Sir George Cartaret; Governor Cartaret brought over fome additional Conceflions, which were called the third Conceflions, as he had bought fome Shares in the I Elizabeth Town Indian Purchafe, the Elizabeth Town Men gave him no uneafinefs, he rcfided in Elizabeth Town till Death ; he made it the Seat of Government. Robert Berkley the noted Quaker Writer, was the firft Governor for the 24 Proprietors. 'Upon the Dutch Peace 1674, Sir Edmund Andros was appointed Governor of the Jerfies, but by Virtue of the Duke of York's fecond or divifional Grant, Sir George Cartaret, appointed Philip Cartaret Efq; his Lieut. Go- vernor for the Eaft-Jerfey, in which Station he continued to the Time of his Death, November 1682 ; he received fomelnfults from Sir Edmund Andros. From 1674, Sir 1 Edmund Andros was Governor of the Weft Jerfies tor the Duke of York, who had twifted the Government out of the Hands of Lord Berkley's Aflignees, and upon proper Representations the Duke of Tork, quirted the Govern- ment of Weft-Jerfies to the Aflignees of Lord Berkley, and they appointed Edward Billing one of the Aflignees or Proprietors Governor 1680, having obtained a new Grant of the Wejljerfey, at the fame Time the Duke made a new Grantor Confirmation of Eaft-Jerfey to the Grand Son of Sir George Cartaret In the Weft Jerfies to Mr. Billings 1690, fucceeded || Doctor Daniel Cox of the || The Affairs of this Colony have always been in a. confufgd State, which occafians an unavoidable Confufion in the Hiftory thereof. College Of New-Jersey. 273 College of Phyficians in London, he having purchafed the greateft Part of the Property ofWeft-Jerfey, was Gover- nor thereof, but as his profeflional Bufinefs did not al- low him to leave London, he appointed a Deputy Gover- nor, and at length fold his Intereft to Sir Thomas Lane and others for £. 9,000 Sterl. a great Price at that Time. The original 24 Shares of Eaft-Jerfey by Sales of fmall Parts of thefe Shares and Succeflion of Children, became very much fubdivided; for Inftance, fome Proprietors had only one fortieth Part, of a forty eighth Part, of a twenty fourth Share ; the Weft-Jerfey was in the fame Condition ; this occafioned much Confufion in Management amongft thefe general Proprietors, particularly in appointing of Governors ; therefore the Proprietors in good Prudence refigned the Government to the' Crown, referving all their other Rights as we formerly mentioned; the Pro- prietary Government continued until Auguft 14,1703, when Lord Cornbury publifhed his Commiflion from the Crown as Governor of all the Jerfies, thus the Eaft and Weft-Jerfies which had been feparate Governments from 1674 to 1703, became united in one Government or Jurifdiction, and continued under the fame Governor with the Province of New-York, until 1736, when the Govern- ment of New-York devolved upon Lieut. GovemorClarke; as he had no Command in the Jerfies, the Government of the Jerfies devolved upoa the Prefident of the Council, and ever fince the Command in Chief, has been in a diftinct Perfon from that of New-York. Upon the Proprietors furrendring of the Govern- ment to the Crown, they obtained of the Crown, a fet of perpetual Inftructions to all fubfequent Governors by way of Conceflions or Magna Charta for the Proprietors and People, particularly in favour of the Proprietors. 1. Not to confent to any Tax upon unprofitable or vacant Lands. 2. None but the General Proprietors to purchafe any Lands of the Indians. 3. To take Care that all Lands purchafed, be improved by the Poffeffors. Vol. 11. M m After 274 A Summary, Historical and Political,&c. After the Dutch Peace, there was (upon ceafing of Head Land Bounties,) 1685 a Council of Proprietors ap- pointed for the Eaft-Jerfies, they ordered a dividend of 10,000 Acres to be taken up at Pleafure, to each of the 24 Proprietorfhips of the Eaft Jerfies ; there was a fecond Divifion of 5000 Acres to each of the 24 Proprietorfhips, February 21, i6j8 ; and a Divifion of 2500 Acres Dec. 2, 1702. To enforce the Affair of a Council of Propri- etors, there paffed an Act of General Affembly March 2-5, 172 5* tnat a certain Number of the General Pro- prietors or their Proxies, having the value of eight whole Shares in themfelves, fhall be a Council of the Propri- etors of the Eaftern Divifion, to divide Lands, examine Claims, &c. and to have two ftated yearly Meetings at Perth-Amboy about the Times of the Sittings of the fu- preme Court of Judicatures. 1737, The Council of Pro- prietors advertized, that after 1739, there fhould be a further Dividend of 2,000 Acres per Ann. to each of the 24 Proprietorfhips, until all vacant Lands fhall be di- vided. In the firft Conceflions, February 10, 1664,5, tne Pro- prietors Berkley and Cartaret promife to all Adventurers and Settlers who fhould plant there,fundry Privileges, par- ticularly of Head-Lands for each Head of Settlers; this Promife was only defigned to be of four Years Continu- ance, but from Time to Time was extended to January 13, 1685,6, and then ceafed ; the general Proprietors then began to make Dividends amongft themfelves as above. The Head Lands were to Settlers in any Place exceeding 10 Miles from the Sea, 80 Acres per Head, and to thofe who fettle nearer, 60 Acres. In the beginning, the general Lots were laid out, none lefs than 2100 Acres, and none more than 21,000 Acres; whereof one feventh to be referved to the general Propri- etors, the Remainder to Perfons who fhould come and plant the fame. In taking up of Lands either by Purchafe, and Agree- ment with the general Proprietaries as at prefent, or as formerly Of New-Jersie5. 275 formerly by way of Head-Lands, the Governor and Ma- jority of the Council gave a Warrant to the Surveyor General or his Deputies, to furvey and lay out the fame • next the Surveyor is to certify the Survey, upon which the Governor and Council make a Grant in the Form fol- lowing, " The Lords Proprietors of Nova Cafarea or New-Jerfey, do hereby grant to A. B. of-----in the Pro- vince aforefaid, a Plantation containing----Acres En- glifh Meafures, to him or her, to his or her Heirs or Affigns for ever; yeilding and paying yearly unto the faid Lord Proprietors their Heirs or Afligns every 25th Day of March according to the Englifh Account, one half Penny lawful Money, of England for every one of faid Acres ; to be hqlden as of the Mannor of Eaft-Green- wich in free and common Soccage, the firft Payment of Quit-Rents to begin'the 25th-----Given under the Seal of the Province the — Day of -4—in the Year of our Lord-----Signed by the Governor and a Majority of the Council. N. B. One half Part of the Mines of Gold and Silver are referved ; and if in three Years, the Condi- tions ftipulated are not fulfilled, the Grant to be void. We may obferve, that there are three forts of Propri- etors in the Jerfies. 1. The General Proprietors. 2. Purchafers under the General Proprietors. 3. Claimers under Patents for Head-Lands from the General Propri- etors on Quit-Rent. A Digression, Concerning Indian Deeds, and Proprietors guit-Rents in the Plantations. In our Plantations the Cafe of Perfons holding Lands by Indian Deeds only, without the Approbation of the Crown,or of the refpedtive Legiflatures who may be deemed to have the exclufive Prerogative of granting the Right of Pre-emption to Subjects 5 as alfo the Affair of paying Quit-Rents to the Crown or to general Pro- prietors. 276 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. prietors Grantees of the Crown, as a Matter of confide- rable Concern, feems to require a Digreffion Article : As the Colony of New-Jerfies is the moft noted for thefe Difputes, * we fhall here give the incidents of Claims by Indian Deeds only, in Elizabeth Townfhip. In both Jerfies feveral Poffeflions and Claims of Land, are founded upon Indian Deeds only ; the Indian Eliza- beth Town Grant is the moft noted, and has been the moft vexatious, formerly containing upwards of 400,000 Acres of the moft valuable Lands in New-Jerfey bounded by Raritan River, Amboy Sound, Arthur Ca/-Bay, and Paffaick River -, . Daniel Pierce and Affociates purchafed one half of thefe Lands for £. 80 Sterl. and laid out the Townfhips of Woodbridge and Pifcataway, for which they foon after obtain'd fufficient Patents' from the rightful Proprietors under the Crown, at one half Penny per Ann. Quit Rent, and peaceably enjoy the fame to this Day. The firft Indian Grant of thefe Lands was to Auguftin Herman a Dutchman 1651 ; upon the Dutch Surrender to the Crown of England, he relinquifhed )thefe Lands, and therefore they Efcheated to that Crown as Derelicts, and confequently could not be conveyed again by the Indians to any Perfon or Community. Notwithftanding of this, fix Perfons with their Affoci- ates, September 26, 1664, petitioned Governor Nichols for Liberty to purchafe of the Indians, and fettle certain * Where the Pesce and Tranquility of a Country or Colony, can not be maintained by the Civil Power, which it feems to have hap- pened at fundry Times in the Jerfies, a Military Force is absolutely requifite. Some young Regiment, inftead ef being in Courfe difbanded in Great-Britain or Ireland, may be fent to the feditious Colony, they will foon quell the Rioters, aud when the Spirit of Mutiny is drove out, the Regiment may be difbanded in the Colony ; they will contri- bute towards Peopling the Colony ; and Moreover, as being ufed to a regular and proper Submiflion to Authority, by their Example, they will teach the fame to the People of the Colony. Thus the Regiment of Carignon fome Years fince was fent over from France to Canada, and difbanded there ; Thus in the Time of the Government of Lord Colpepper, a Regiment was fent from England to Virginia, to queH the Riots under Bacon, and afterwards diffolved there.' Tracts Of New-Jersey. 277 Tracts of Land upon Arthur Cul-Bay, which he granted September 30, 1664; accordingly thefe Affociates made a Purchafe from the Indians Otlober 28th following in the Names of John Bailey, Daniel Denton, Luke Watfon of Long-Ifland Hufbandmen, and their Affociates, of a Tract of Land bounded as above : The Confideration was, pay- ing to the Indians 20 Fathoms of trading Cloth, 2 made Coats, 2 Guns, 2 Hatchets, 10 Bars of Lead, 2ohandfuUs of Gun Powder ; and after one Year's Expiration, the Remainder of the Purchafe was 400 Fathoms of white Wampum (Value £.- 20 Sterl.) or 200 Fathom of black Wampum ; In Confequence of this, Governor Nichols granted to thefe Affociates a Patent for faid Lands, with a Liberty to purchafe further of the Indians fo far as Snake Hill, dated December 2, 1664. That the Reader may have fome Conception of the Difpute concerning the Property and Quit-Rents of thefe Lands, between the Proprietors who hold of the Crown, and of the People who hold by fuppofed Indian Purchafes, which has occafioned much difturbance in this Govern* ment; we fhall make the following Obfervations. 1. Nichols, Lieut. Governor of New Jerfey for the Duke of York, being informed of the Duke's Aflignment to Lord Berkley and Sir George Cartaret, fufpecting that ^ he would foon be fuperfeded by a Lieut. Governor of their own Appointment, and perhaps for other Confede- rations, September 30, 1664, gave Licence to certain Per- fons (as is above related) to purchafe Lands of the Indi- ans, which they did Otlober 25 ; and 3d of December fol- lowing, Nichols gave them a Patent for the fame, fub- je&ed to certainQuit-Rents. ThisPatent, though Pofterior to the forefaid Aflignment, was conform to his Inftruc- tions, and before any proper Notice received of that Aflignment, f and therefore in equity alledged to be good, efpeciaily f The Difpute concerning the equivalent Lands called the Oblong, made over by the Colony of Connecticut to the Province of New- Tork, between Affociates who had a Grant of them from the King in Coun- cil, 278 -^Summary, Historical and ^out cal, &c. efpeciaily confidering, 2. that Philip Cartaret Efq; Lieut. Governor for the Aflignees, did foon after his entering upon the Government of the Jerfies, (he entred Auguft 1665,) as it is faid, under Hand and Seal gave Licence to a Company of fundry Perfons to purchafe of the Indians within his Government what quantity of Lands they fhould think convenient, and accordingly, as the Elizabeth Men fay, their Anceftors with Advice and Confent of faid Governor made fundry Purchafes of the Indians. 3. Governor Cartaret for his ownUfe purchafed fome of thefe Indian Grant Rights, particularly that of Bailey, May 21, 1666 ; only four Families were fettled at Elizabeth Town (afterwards fo called) before Governor Cartaret's Arrival ; Cartaret died Governor of the Eaft-Jerfey, Nov. 1682 ; during his Government the Provincial General Affemblies, the Council, the fuperior or fupreme Courts of Judicature, and general Offices of the Government were kept at Elizabeth Town, which was fo called by the Name of Elizabeth, Wife of Sir George Cartaret, it was the firft Englifh Settlement, and the moft ancient Town of the Province. Moreover, the Proprietors who hold by Indian Grants, fay, as a Precedent, although the Courts at Law in the Jerfies, May 14, 1695, gave Judgment of Ejectment in favour of James Fullerton, who held under the General Proprietors, againft Jeffrey Jones, who held by the Indian Grants; Jones upon his Appeal to the King in Council, the Judgment was reverfed and fet afide February 25, 1696: The General Proprietors fay, that the Judg- ment was reverfed only becaufe of fome Errors in the Proceedings. A Petition or Complaint of Elizabeth Town Indian Grant Proprietors, was read before the King in Council, July 19, 1744, reprefenting the Hardfhips they fuftained from the General Proprietors. 1. That gene. cil, and Affociates who had, conform to Inftruclions, a Grant of them from the Governor and Council of Neiv-Yor&, is of this Nature, but hitherto not determined, fee Vol. II. P. 232. rally Of New-Jersey. 279 rally the Council and Judges are intereftedin the general Proprietors fide of the queftion, and are therefore become Judges in their own Caufe. 2. By Act of Affembly they have procured Part of the County of Somerfet, who are moftly of the general Proprietors Side, to be an- nexed to the County of Effex, where the Lands of the Indian Grant Proprietors generally lay, for the fake of having Juries in their Intereft. 3. For a fix Penny Damage, we are fometimes brought in for two or three hundred Pounds Proclamation Money Cofts; and we are daily threatned with great pretended Damages and heavy Cofts : Therefore they pray, that the King would take them under his immediate Protection, and either determine the Affair in your Majefty's moft honourable Privy Council, or appoint difinterefted Commiflioners out of fome of the neighbouring Colonies, and by a Jury from thence alfo to be taken, to hear and* finally decide in faid Cafe ; or that your Majefty would be gracioufly pleafed to appoint Commiflioners, to hear, enquire into, and determine faid Controverfy ; or grant fuch Relief as to your Majefty may feem meet. This was referred to the Committee of Council for Plantation Affairs. Auguft a 1, 1744, this Committee refer the Petition to the Lords Commiflioners for Trade and Plantations, to report to the Committee, what they conceive proper for his Ma- jefty to do therein. The Board of Trade and Plantati- ons report to the faid Committee of Privy Council, &c. &c. &c. TheCharacter of a Summary obliges us to flop ; and only further to obferve, that this Affair hitherto is not Iffued. In anfwer, the General Proprietors reprefent to the Board of Trade and Plantations, 1. That they humbly , conceive, the Complaint is not fent from the whole Body, or from any confiderable Number of Inhabitants there, but from a few factious and mutinous People impatient of any Government. 2. The Rioters pretend a fole Right in the Indians, but no Right in the King and his Grantees, with a defign to deprive the Proprietors of their Right 280 ^Summary, Historical and Political, &c. Right to the Soil and Quit-Rent, and with a Defign to ftrip his Majefty of his Royal Right to that and the other Plantations, and to render them independent of the Crown. Complaints dated April 13, 1745, were filed in Chan- cery of the Jerfies, againft the Elizabeth Proprietors cal- led Clinker Right Men, confifting of 124 Folio Pages ; and was followed by a long Bill from the Council of Proprietors of the Eaftern Divifion of the New Jerfey met in Perth Amboy March 25, 1746, in behalf of them- felves, and the reft of the General Proprietors cf the Eaftern Divifion of New Jerfey, whom* they reprefent. In thefe Inftruments they feem to alledge, 1. That as the Indians had granted thefe Lands to Herman 1651, they could not grant them to Bailey, &c. as is above faid. 2, Confidering the long Poffeffion of the Elizabeth Men, and the great Charge and Labour in clearing thefe Pof- feflions, Governor Nichol's Patents upon Indian Deeds are in Equity deemed good ; this does not excufe the Pof- feffors from paying Quit-Rents and other Acknowledg- ment conform to the Grants ; and that in fact March 11,1674,5, the Elizabeth Men offer'd to pay to the Lord Proprietor £. 20 Sterl. per Ann. Quit-Rent for eight Miles Square, this offer was refufed by the Governor and Council infifting upon the half Penny Sterl. per Acre per Ann. 3. The riotous Proceedings of the Eliza- beth Men and others claiming by Indian Deeds, viz. Goals broke open, People forceably turned out of Pof- feflion of their Lands, this they call clubing them out, and the Officers of the Government publickly infulted and beat; fome of the Rioters have come fifty Miles and upwards to join in a Riot. The late Riots in the Jerfies are between the Propri- etors who hold by a Town Right, and thofe who hold by Patents from the General Proprietors. The general Proprietors fay, that the only good Title in the Province is under the Crown ; and all Pretences from Indian Purchafes only are void. The Of New-Jersey. 281 The Boundaries of New- Jerfey, Rivers, and fome Diftan- ces of noted Places. It is bounded Eafterly by the Province of New-York from 41 d. N. Lat. on Hudfon'% River toSandyhook, about 40 Miles; from Sandyhook E. Southerly upon the Ocean 40 Leagues to Cape May at the Entrance of Delaware Bay ; from Cape May it is bounded Wefterly on Penfylva* nia along the various Turnings of Delaware River to 41 . d. 40 m. North Lat. which if in a ftraight Line, would be about 200 Miles ; the N. Eafterly Line of New-Jerfey with New-York was determined by the Duke of York in his Grant of New-Jerfey to' Berkley and Cartaret, to be from a Point in the main Branch of Delaware River in Lat. 41 d. 40 m. to a Point in Hudfon's River in Lat. 41 d. the Point on Delaware River is fully agreed upon and afcertained by both Governments, the other on Hudfon's River is not fo fully agreed upon ; the Line from Point to Point may be about 80 Miles long, E. 41 d. S. Anno 1676, By Agreement between the four Aflignees of Lord Berkley on the one Side, and Sir George Cartaret on the other Side (perhaps this is the Reafon of the Name .9$uinquipartite Line) New-Jerfey was divided into two Provinces, called the Eaft and Weft-Jerfey, and con- firmed by the Duke of York 1680, and 1682 ; and by Act of Affembly 1719 ; this Line as run by Mr. Lau- rence, Novmber 1744, was in length 150 Miles 20 Chains, N. 9 d. 19 m. W. from Little Egg Harbour in the Ocean, to 41 d. 40 m. N. Lat; the S. Point of this Line was fettled 1676, the North Point of the Line was fettled 1719, but the Line itfelf was never run till 1744, and that only by the Proprietors of the Eaft-Jerfey ix parte; in this Line fome Errors have been difcovered and require to be rectified ; as there is a confiderable dif- ference in the Variations of the Compafs, at the North and South Terminations of this diyifional Line, this divi- Vol. II. N n fional 2o*2 ^fStJMMARY, HISTORICAL and POLITICAL, &C. fional Line can not be ftraight ; the firft Falls in Dela- ware River in Trent Town are oppofite to the 47th Mile of this divifional Line. In order to difcover the main Branch mentioned in the Grants, and the largenefs of fome other Branches of Delaware and Sefauahanna Rivers, there was lately a fur- vey Line run nearly due Weft from Minifinck Ifland on Delaware River about 12 Miles above the divifional Line crofling the N. E. Branch of Delaware River, to Sef- quahanna River were 85 Miles, and where it fell in with Sefquahanna, that River was about 30 Chains (4 Rod to a Chain) wide, and near this there was a Branch which fell into the principal River of Sefauahanna about 300 Feet wide, and in the Fork was an Indian Village called Solochka ; the Weft Branch of Delaware River was only 25 Feet wide, theN. E. Branch where the Station Point of the divifion Line between New-York and Jerfey is fixed at 41 d. 40 m. Lat. is above 500- Feet wide, the Fork fo called, of Delaware River is about 70 Miles upon a ftraight Line below this Station Point ; at this Station Point Anno 1744 the variation of the Compafs was W. 6 d. 25 m. Anno 1719 it was obferved to be about 8 d. as is before mentioned ; the Station Point at Egg Harbour 1744 was 5 d. 25 m. Mr. Serjeant Hook fome Time fince made a Purchafe of 3750 Acres upon Delaware Ri- ver in the Weft-Jerfey, and gave one Tenth of it as a Glebe to the Church. The principal Rivers in the Province of New Jerfey are the Noorde Rivier or Hudfon's River, which we have already delineated in the Section of New York, and Zuide Rivier or Delaware River, which we fhall defcribe in the Section of Penfyfvania ; only we fhall obferve, that in the Jerfey Side of this River are feveral fhort Creeks,. thefe of Cohanfy, and of Salem 20 Miles higher,, make one Diftrict of Cuftom-Houfe -,. at Bridlington 20 Miles above Philadelphia is- another Cuftom Diftrict :• Theft two Cuftomt Houfe Diftricts their quarterly Entries and Clearances 0/ New-York? 2&$ Clearances of Veffels are generally Nil, and fcarce deferve the Name of preventive Creeks. The main Branch of Delaware River comes from Gat-kill Mountains, a few Miles Weft of the Fountains of Scoharie River a Branch of Mohawks River. Raritan River falls into Sandyhook Bay at Amboy Point, the Tide flows 12 Miles up to Brunfwick ; at the Mouth of this River is the only con- fiderable Sea Port and Cuftom-Houfe of New-Jerfey ; here is the City of Perth- Amboy, it is the Capital of the Province of New-Jerfey, and here are kept the Provincial Records, here is a good deep Water Harbour and pro- mifing Country; but notwithstanding, it has only the Appearance of a mean Village, the Name is a Compound of Perth the honorary Title of the late Drummond Earl of Perth, and Amboy its Indian Name. The Sea Line of New-Jerfey is Arthur Cut-Bay and Amboy Sound between Staten Ifland and the Main about 20 Miles S. thefe receive the Rivulets of Hackinfack Pdf- faick, Bounds Creek, and Raway, from Amboy Point to Sandyhook {Sandyhook is in the Eaft-Jerfey) 12 Miles E. from Sandyhook to Cape May 120 Miles S. Wefterly, a flat double Sandy Shore, having fome Inlets practicable only by fmall Craft. There are feveral Chains or Ridges of Hills in this Province, but of no Confideration. Perth Amboy is the Provincial Town of Eaft-Jerfey^ Bridlington is the Provincial Town of Weft-Jerfey, diftance 50 Miles, where the General Aflembly of all the Jerfies fits alternately, and where the diftinct Provincial Judi- catories or fupreme Courts fit reflectively. Bridlington, commonly called Burlington is a pleafant Village. Eliza- beth Town is the moft ancient Corporation- and confide- rable Town of the Province. Brunfwick in Eaft-Jerfey is nearly the Center of Eaft and Weft-Jerfies, here is lately eftablifhed a College * for the Inftruction of Youth, by in* !■ 11 1 _ 111 * Formerly by Miftake, I wrote, that this College was by Royal Charter. S8 284 ^Summary, Historical W Politcal, &c. a Charter from Governor Belcher, OQober 22, 1746, with Power to confer all Degrees as in the Univerfities of En* gland: The prefent Truftee are generally Prefbyterians, a Majority of feven or more Truftees to have the Ma- nagement ; each Scholar to pay £. 4 per Ann, at 8/per oz. Silver -, Mr. Jonathan Dickinfon was their firft Pre- fident, Mr. Burr is their prefent Prefident ; in this College Otlober 5, 1749, commenced 7. Batchellors of Arts. The Road as in prefent Ufe, from New-York City to Philadelphia, is, from New-York to Elizabeth Town 17 Miles, thence to Brunfwick 22 Miles, thence to Trent Town Ferry 30 Miles, thence to Briftol oppofite to Bridlington 15 Miles, thence to Philadelphia 20 Miles, being in all from the City of New-York to ^Philadelphia 104 Miles. From Cape-May to Salem are about 60 Miles, thence to Bridlington 50 Miles, thence to Trent Town Falls, 15 Miles. Thefe are the firft Falls of Delaware River, and the Tide flows fo high, below thefe Falls when the Tide is down and no Land Floodings in the River, the River is fordable. In the" Province of the Jerfies are five Corporations with Courts ; whereof .there are in Eaft Jerfey, the City of Perth Amboy, the City of New Brunfwick, and the Borough of Elizabeth Town> and two in the Weft-Jerfey, the City of Bridlington, alias Burlington, and the Borough of Trent Town ; of thefe only two, Perth-Amboy and Burlington, fend Reprefentatives to the General Affembly. There is not much to be faid concerning their Wars with the Indians and Canada French ; the five Nations of Iroquois which we call Mohawks, have always been in our Intereft ; they, efpeciaily jhe large Tribe of Senecas, cover the Provinces of New-Jerfey, Penfylvania, Mary- land, and Virginia. Ever fince the firft fettling of this Province, the Publick has never been put to one Penny Charge for keeping the Mians in Peace. The fbam Canada Of New-Jersey. 28-5 Canada Expedition of 1709, and 1711, led this Province and all the other Britifh Provinces to the Northward of it, into a pernicious Paper Currency, called Publick Bills of Credit; their firft Paper Currency was emitted 1709 of £. 3,000, to be cancelled by Taxes the fame Year, and 1711 they emitted £. 5,000 to be cancelled ^by Taxes 1712 and 1713, and afterwards many Emiffi- ons for Charges of Government f and Loans amongft themfelvess, but never did run fuch depreciating Lengths, as has been done in New-England. See the Article of Plantation Currencies in the Appendix. At prefent the Weft-Jerfey Money or Currency is in ♦ Value equal to that of the adjoining Province of Penfyl- vania ; the Eaft-Jerfey Currency is the fame with the ad- jacent Province of New-York ; their refpective Dealings, being almoft folely with the refpective adjoining Provin- ces. Penfylvania Paper-Currency was at firft emitted at the Value of Proclamation Meney, which is 6/Currency equal in Value to a heavy Spanifh Piece of Eight; but at prefent a Mild Piece or Spanifh Dollar paffes for Jf6d. Currency, a heavy Piftole 27/, a Guinea 34/i and Moi- dores 44/] New York Paper Currency was at firft emit- ted at 8/ per oz. Silver ; at prefent a Dollar or Mild Piece of Eight being 7 8ths of one oz. Silver, is 8/ Cur- rency, Piftoles 2 8/if not under ^d. 6 Grains Wt, Guineas 2Sf, Moidores 45/ Their various SeUaries, not in Religion, but in reli- gious Modes of Worfhip may be found in a general Article in the Section of Rhode-Ifland ; we fhall only obferve that this Colony was firft fettled by Prefbyteri- ans, Anabaptifts, and Quakers, who to this Time ftill prevail; notwithstanding of the great Charge of Miffi- onaries from the Society for propagating the Gofpel, •f The Forces raifed there towards thelateCafo or Spanifh Weft- India Expedition, and afterwards of 5 Companies of 100 Men each, towards a feint Expedition againft Canada 1746, was a confiderable Charge to them in levying and victualling-. who 286 A Summary, Historical and Political,&c. who by Miftake feem to embarrafs the Chriftian Reli- gion in general ; more than to cultivate it. Why fhould Religious, Pious, and fober Chriftians ; induftrious, fru- gal, and orderly Common-wealths Men, be thusdifturbed and perplexed, in their legally tolerated Way, differing, from the Miflionary eftablifhed Church, not in Doctrine, but in fome ance/lorial innocent Modes of Worfhip : while at the fame Time the heathen Indians, the prin- cipal Object of their Miflions, as may well be imagined, neither Civilized nor Chriftianized, are wholly neglected by them ? Inhabitants of the Jerfies, Men, Women, and Children, are reckoned at about 50,000, whereof 10,000 may he reckoned Training Militia. The valuation of the feveral Counties, that is their Proportions in every Thoufand Pound Tax, a few Years fince, flood thus, East-Jersies West-Jersies Somerfet £. 39 Cape-May £. 31 Monmouth 169 10 Salem 144 Middlefex 115 Gloucefter 86 Effex 136 Burlington 123 10 Bergen 82 Hunterdon 74 £. 541 10 £. 458 10 The two new out Counties of Morris, and Trent, feem hitherto not reduced to any Regulations. Succeffion of Governors in the Province of New-Jerfey. The Affair of Governors is above intermixed with the Hiftory of the various Changes of the Property and Ju- risdiction ; we fhall now recapitulate what relates to Go- vernment and Governors in a connected and concife Manner. The Duke of York had a Grant of the Property and Government of New-Netherlands from his Brother Charles II, March 12, 1663,4. Duke of York by Commiflion, April Of New-Jersey. 287 April 2, 1664 appointed RichardNichols, Efq; his Lieut. Governor or Deputy of the whole New-Netherlands, but did not enter upon his Government until Auguft 27, 1664. Upon the Duke of York's Aflignment June 24, 1664, of that Part called the Jerfies to Lord Berkley and Sir George Cortaret, they appointed Philip Cartaret their Governor; after fix Months Refidence he went to En- gland, and foon returned to his Government; but 1672, a turbulent People, to evade paying Quit-Rents, alledge that they did not hold of the Proprietors Berkley and Cartaret but by Indian Grants ; they relinquifhed Gover- nor Cartaret and chofe a Governor of their own ; Gover- nor Cartaret went home with Complaints and did not re- turn till November 1674, a Dutch Jurifdiction upon a Rc- Conqueft intervening from July 1673 to November 1674; Berkley and Cartaret had a divifional feparate Grant from the Duke of York 1674 and Sir George Cartaret fent over Philip Cartaret Governor of Eaft Jerfies ; Duke of York kept the Jurifdiction of Weft-Jerfey in his own Hands by Deputies. Nichols and Andros were Gover- nors of New-York and Weft-Jerfey for the Duke of York. Becaufe of fome differences between Governor Andros of New York and Governor Cartaret of Eaft-Jerfey, Andros ufurped the Government of Eaft-Jerfey 1680, and fent from New-York to Elizabeth Town fome Soldiers, they ufed. Governor Cartaret rudely, they b^oke open his Houfe, carried him from his naked Bed on board of the Sloop to New York, where he was kept Prifoner the greateft Part of the Year : Governor Andros favoured the Indian Grant Proprietors, with a Defign to foment Divifions and Confufion, divide et impera : Upon Com- plaints fent home to the Duke of York, Andros was dif- miiTed from that Government-with a fhow of Refent- ment, and the Duke of York gave new Deeds to the Proprietors of the Eaft and Weft Jerfies, with exprefs Grants of thefe Powers, which Sir Edmond Andros pre- tended were wanting, the better 10 juftify his former Conduct „ 288 ^Summary, Historical and Political, c5f." Conduct ; by virtue of thefe new Grants dated 1680, the Proprietors were next Year, re •eftablifhed in the New-Jerftes ; Philip Cartaret died Governor of Eaft-Jer- fey, November 1682 ; to prevent irregular Purchafes of the Indians, the Affembly of Eaft-Jerfey 1683, paffed an Act " forbidding the taking of any Indian Deeds but in the Name of the Lords Proprietors, upon the Pain of being profecuted as feditious Perfons, and as Breakers of the King's Peace, and of the publick Peace and fafety of the Province" ; the fame Act,but fomething more fevere was paffed in Weft-Jerfies. In the Weft-Jerfey, upon the Duke of .Tory's quitting the Government to the Aflignees of Lord Berkley, 1680 one of the Aflignees or Proprietors was by them ap- pointed Governor, and to him 1690 fucceeded Dr. Daniel Cox, who had purchafed the greateft Part of the Weft-Jerfey. In the Eaft-Jerfey upon the Duke of Yor^s new Deed to the Proprietors, Robert Berkley, a noted Quaker Wri- ter was made Governor, fometimes he officiated by a Deputy, 1684 Gawen Laurie was his Deputy, and con- tinued till 1685 i *oon after this, King James affumed the Government, but upon the Revolution, the Proprietors -were reftored to their former Rights, and appointed John Totham Efq; for their Governor, who was fucceeded by Col. Dudley, but the People fcrupled to obey them, and the Proprietors appointed Col. Hamilton for Go- vernor. After fome Time the People alledged, that as a Scotsman he could not be Governor of an Englifh Colony, and a Party of the Proprietors appointed Mr. Baffe Go- vernor ~, foon after, another Party of the Proprietors did again appoint Col. Hamilton Auguft 14, 1699, and "°t long after, fome of the Proprietors appointed Mr. Baffe again ; thefe Appointments were not confirmed by the King, Mr. Bowne fuperfeded them ; thefe Times in the Eafl- Of New-Jersey. 2S9 Eaft-Jerfies were called the Revolutions, + and was Gover- nor when the Proprietors of both Jerfies, becaufe of Dif- fenfions amongft themfelves in appointing Governors, and from the Confufions occafioned by the Indian Grants Men, found it advifable to refign the Government, but no other of their Rights, to the Crown 1702. Thus both Jerfies were united in one Jurifdiction, and had for their Governor, the fame Perfon who was Go? vernor of the Province of New York ; fee the Section of New-York, Vol. II. P. 249, viz. Lord Cornbury, Col. Hunter *, William Burnet Efq; Col Montgomery, and Col. Cofby. Upon Cofby's Death, Lieut. Governor Clarke 1736 fucceeded in the Command of New-York, but not in that of the Jerfies, which in Courfe fell into the Hands of the Prefident of the Council of' the Jerfies ; ever fince, the Governors of New-York and of the Jerfies have been in diftinct Perfons. Lewis Morris Efq; formerly chief Juftice of the Pro- vince of New-York was the firft diftinct Governor of the Jerfies, he died May 14, 1746 ; to him fucceeded Jonathan Belcher Efq-, formerly Governor of the Pro- vinces of Maffachufetts-Bay and New-Hampfhire, fee Vol. I. P. 481, was nominated by the King for Governor of the Jerfies, and arrived there foon after : He continues Governor at this prefent Writing, Auguft 1751. His ■ ■ . i ■ —— 4 During the Revolutions in the alternate Adminiftrajtipns of Ha- milton and Baffe from 1698 to the Refignation of the Government to the Crown, there were in the Province continued Confufions, mutual breaking of Goals, refcuing of Prifoners, beating and abufing of civil Officers ; fometimes the chief Command was in the Council; the Refignation of thofe Governments to the Crown by Sir Thomas Lane Knight and Alderman of London, Agent for Weft-Jerfey, and of Wit- ham Docknvray, the famous Projector of the uleful, and to the publick Revenue of Great-Britain beneficial Penny Poft Office, Agent for Eaft-Jerfey. * Governor Hunter was allowed by the General Aflembly of the Jerfies, during his Adminiftration, £• S°° ttr Ann. Currency, and £. 100 for Contingencies. •"■'' ■ r .Vol. II. O 0 firft 290 ^Summary, Historical and Political, &c. firft Meeting with the Provincial Affembly was Auguft 22, 1746". The Legiflature, and fome Municipal Laws of New-Jerfey.' Their Legiflature confifts of three Negatives; the en- acting Stile is, " Be it enabled by His Excellency the Gover- nor, Council, and General Affembly. The three Negatives, are 1. The Governor, filled Go- vernor in chief, Vice Admiral, and Chancellor of the Pro-, vince of New-Jerfey. 2. The Council nominated by the King, their Compli- ment is twelve, as it generally is in all our Colonies. The Governor and Council are a Court of Error and Chancery.' 3. The Houfe of Reprefentatives in this Province, they are particularly called the Affembly ; though in Propriety the Governor, Council, and Houfe of Repre- fentatives of the People, met in a legiflative Capacity, are the General Affembly of a Province or Colony. *f This Houfe of Reprefentatives or Affembly confifts of 24 Members, whereof 20 are Reprefentatives of Coun- ties, the other 4 from the4Cities, fo called, of Perth-Am* boy and Burlington, viz. In East-Jersey. In West-J ERSEY. From the County of From the Count) rof Bergen 2 Hunterdon 2 Effex 2 Burlington 2 Middlefex 2 Gloucefter 2 Somerfet 2 Salem 2 Monmouth 2 Cape-May 2 From the City of From the City of Perth-Amb. 2 Burlington 2 12 12 f I can not account for fuch Improprieties in our Colonies; thus in Virginia, the Houfe of Reprefentatives, is very improperly called the Houfe of Burgefies, becaufe Virginia is reprefented by Counties. In the Province of North Carolina adjoining to Virginia, they are guilty of the fame Impropriety. The 0/ New-Jersey." 291 The new Counties of Morris County^ and Trent County, hitherto do not fend Reprefentatives. All the Acts of the Affembly of New-Jerfey muft have the Royal Affent. The Houfe of Reprefentatives is no Court of Judica- ture, but have the Privilege of enquiring into-the male Adminiftration of the Courts of Juftice. The Magna Charta or fundamental Conftitution of the Province of New-Jerfey, confifts of three fubfequent Setts of Conceffions from the Proprietors, and of the per- petual Inftructions for all fucceflive Crown Governors as agreed upon 1702 at the Proprietors Refignation of the Government to the Crown : Thefe are reckoned of a higher Nature, than the Acts of their Affemblies, and are termed by the Affembly, the Laws of Conceffions. The firft Conceffions were 1664 from Lord Berkley and Sir George Cartaret joint Proprietors of New-Jerfey by Aflignment from the Duke of York. The fecond Conceffions 1672 were from the faid Proprietors jointly ; the third Conceflions were only for the Eaft-Jerfey by Sir George Cartaret 1674, upon the Duke of York's granting him a divifional Grant; thefe were only additi- onal and explanatory of the firft Conceflions. The Bounty Lands to the firft Settlers called Head Lands, being fo many Acres per Head of Settlers atone half Penny Sterl. per Ann. per Acre Quit-Rent. The Quit-Rents of the Jerfies began March 25, 1670; the whole Arrears of Quit-Rents from the beginning to 1747, did not exceed £. 15000. The Bounty by the firft Conceffions was only for Heads imported in the firft four Years, but by fubfequent Conceffions, it was continued to January 13, 1685. In other Patents to Pur- chafers the Quit-Rents were various as per Agreement, */. g. In Newark there are fome Patents at fix Pence Sterl. per Ann per 100 Acres. The fundamental Laws of Conceflions is, that all va- cant Lands are to be purchafed only by the Governor and Council in the Name of the Proprietors; and all Claimi 292 A Summary, Historical and Political, cifV. Claims to Lands otherways than by Warrant of Survey, by the Survey of a ftated Surveyor, and Patent from the Governor and Council are deemed void : There have been only two remarkable Times of Purchafe from the Indians 1664 under Governor Nichols, prior to the Acts of Conceffions ; and 1672 under Governor Cartaret, but fubfequent and contrary to the firft Conceffions. Several Tracts of Land have from Time to Time been pur- chafed of the Indians by the General Proprietors. By Act of AfTembly 1683, No Perfon to contract for, or accept of Deeds of Land from the Indians, but in the Name of the Proprietors. In the Revolution Times, as they were called, in New- Jerfey from 1698 to 1703, all Rules of Property were flighted, many Riots and much Diforder enfued, and by Rcmonftrances to King William all eftablifhed Rules of Property were endeavoured to be everted, and Indian Purchafes eftablifhed, but in vain. Upon the Refigna- tion of the Government to the Crown, and by an Act of Affembly 1703, declaring ail Pretences by Indian Purchafes only, to be Panal (Penalty.40/ per Acre) Cri- minal, and void ; and by an Act 17135 a Penalty is im- pofed of 20/ for every Tree cut by any Perfon upon Lands which are not his own Property ; Order was re- ftored to the great Improvement of New-Jerfey, and which was enjoyed till 1745, when Indian Purchafes were fet up again. Several Actions of Ejectment being brought by the Council of General Proprietors againft the Tenants, fo called, in Poifefiion of the Elizabeth Rights, as holding only by a groundlefs Right of Title by Ihdian Deeds ; Anno 1746- the Elizabeth Men Petition the General Affembly, that a Way may be made for their Relief in the Province, or that they may have Liberty of Application to the Head and Fountain of Juftice. Upon this enfued a Suit in their Provincial Chancery^ as before related. Some Articles in the Conceffions were, that the General Affembly fhall raifc and pay the Governor's Sallary and all. ©/ New-Jersey? 293 all Charges of Government ; and that the Quit-Rents fhall be paid to the Proprietors free of all Charges, no Quit-Rents to be applied for that Purpofe. To prevent interfering Claims and fraudulent Sales, there are only two Deputy Surveyors in a County, under a General Surveyor of the Province, and all Surveys are to be recorded as approved of by the Surveyor General. Titles of Land are to be tried only in the fupreme Court of Judicature. Courts of Judicature. The feveral Courts of Judicature are nearly of the fame Conftitution with the Courts in the Colonies already related. There is a fupreme Court (in New-England they are called Superior Courts) for the Eaft-Jerfey Divifion held at the City of Amboy two Terms yearly, the third Tuefday in March, and fecond Tuefday in Auguft, each of thefe with only eight Days Continuance. The fu- preme Court for the Weft-Jerfey Divifion is held at Bur- lington firft Tuefday in November, and fecond Tuefday in May under the fame Regulations- There are in each County once a Year, a Court for Tryal of Caufes brought to Iffue in the fupreme Court ; thofe for Weft- Jerfey are in the Spring, thofe for Eaft- Jerfey are in the end oj^ Autumn. In each County there are Courts of Quarter Seffions, and County Courts for holding Pleas, in New-England they are called Inferior Courts for common Pleas. Produce, Manufallures, Trade, and Navigation of New-Jerfey. New-Jerfey is a good Corn Country : it raifes more Wheat than any one of our Colonies; but their Wheat ana Flower is moftly fhipt off from New- York and Pen- Jjhania* they raife fome Hemp and Flax- They 2^4 ^ Summary, Historical and Political, &c" They have not wrought their Copper Ore Mine for fome Time. They Manufacture fome Iron Ore into Pigs and Bars. In the Province of New-Jerfey there are three Cuftom- Houfe Diftricts, whereof two are in Weft-Jerfey on Dela- ware River ; Salem (this includes Cohanzey) about 9 Miles below New-Caftle, and Burlington about 20 Miles above Philadelphia ; thefe, as we have already obferved, are of no Confideration, fcarce deferving the Name of preven- tive Creeks ; the third is in Eaft-Jerfey at Perth-Amboy : The 12 Months Accounts of Entries and Clearances at the Port of Perth-Amboy from June 24,1750, to June 24, 17515 ftand thus, Entred Inwards Cleared Outwa Ships 2 Snows 2 Ships 2 Snows 3 Brigantines 7 Sloops 18 Scooners 10 Brigantines 8 Sloops 13 Scooners 10 Shallops 2 Shallops 2 41 > 38 both foreign and .coafting Voyages included. I fhall only mention fome of the moft confiderable Articles of their Exports and Imports in that Time. Exported Flower 6424 Bar. Bread 168500 Wt. Beef & Pork 314 Barrels. Grain 17,941 Bufh. Hemp 14,000 Wt. Some Firkins Butter, fome Hams, Beer, Flax Seed, Bar Iron, fome Lumber. Rum Moloffes Sugar Pitch, Tar, & Turpent. Wines Salt Imported 39,670 Gal. 31,600 Gal. 2,089 C/.Wt. £43 7 Bar. 123 Pipes. 12,759 Bufh. Some Mifcellanies on various Subjetls. The Copper Ore of the Jerfies is very good, but *he Mine has not been Wrought for fome Years, the diffi- culty Of New-Jersey. 295 culty in draining requires a Fire Engine. The Copper Mines in Simfbury Hills in New-England', about 90 Miles N. E. from the Copper Mine in New-Jerfey, have been neglected for fome Years, becaufe they not only dip too quick, and therefore are not eafily drained, but alfo the Ore is of a hard Nature not eafily fluxed, it is too much intermixed with Spar, the Veins or Loads very uncertain and unequal, and frequently only Shoads or Fragments. In Britifh North-America, hitherto no Difcovery has been made of Tin Ores, nor of Lapis, Calominaris, very little Lead Ore, and that not good. All over North-America is much Iron Ore, both Rock and Bog Ore. Three Tun of Bog or Swamp Ore gives about one Tun eaft Iron Ware, which can be afforded cheaper than that which is imported from England or Holland. The Bars of-Bog Ore have too much Scoria or Drofs, and are much inferior to the Bars refined from the Pigs of Rock Ore. In the American Rivers there are many Cataracts, Pre- cipices, Pitches, or Falls ; generally from the River paffing over a Ledge or Ridge of Rocks ; that of Niagara, for- merly mentioned, between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, is the moft noted : There are fome Cataracts or great Falls not from a Precipice of Rocks, but from a very narrow Pafs in a Tide River; that near the Mouth of St. John's River on the N. W. Side of the Bay of Fundy in Nova-Scotia is the moft noted ; in this Cafe, from the narrownefs of the Pafs the Water not confined below, falls off fafter than the Water confined above, the Water above is not only what the Tide of Flood brought in, but alfo the River Water darned up. The higher up a Tide River, the Duration of Flood is lefs, and that of Ebb is more •, for Inftance, in the great River of Canada or River of St. Laurence, Anno 1748, a Flag of Truce was fent for Exchange of Pri- (oners from Bofton in New England to Quebeck in Ca- nada, \r\ this great River by Order of the General Go- vernor of Canada they were ftopt at Life des Bafques, (5 Leagues 296 ^Summary, Historical and Political, &e. Leagues below I'adoufack, and 35 Leagues below Quebec) where was good "Anchorage-fin 10 Fathom Water, the Tide flowed 5 Hours and ebbed 7 Hours. Amongft the many Hardfhips which the firft Settlers of new raw Colonies and Plantations fuffer, one of the moft confiderable, is, their fitting down in Wildernefs, Forreft, or Wood Lands ; where by the Exhalations from the Trees, there is a continual damp, which does not con- tinuedly difperfe, but hovers about, and may be faid in fome Refpect to ftagnate and putrify, and confequently produce in thefe human Bodies many Kinds of putrid Dis- orders, fuch as putrid lingring Fevers, putrid Dyfenteries, all forts of Scorbatick Complaints, and the like Diftem- peratures. The Damp or Vapour from Woodlands, is much more confiderable than from the fame Lands when cleared of Trees and Shrubs: It is notorious in thefe Countries, that many Streams of Water which in the beginning came from Wood Lands, and carried Grift Mills and Saw Mills ; when thefe Lands were cleared of Wood, their Streams vanifhed and became dry, the Mills ceafed, and in fome Parts the Cattle could not be con- veniently watered: In the PhilofophicalTranfacJions of the Royal Society in London, we find many Obfervations and Experiments made relating to this Subject ; for Infifcnce, two Veffels containing each a certain equal Quantity of Water, in one of thefe Veffels were fet fome living Plants, after a certain fpace of Time, the Veffel containing Water with Plants did evaporate much more of the Water, than the Veffel of Water only. _ ____________^_^____________i f The Fr/ncb by their Reprefentaitons of the difficult and danger- ous Navigation of this River, endeavour to intimidate all other Na- tions from attempting the River; but now we find that it is fafely pra&icable. SECT. Of Pennsylvania. 29 SECTION XIV. Concerning the Province of Pennfylvania and its Territories. WE have already deduced thefe Settlements from their firft European Difcoveries, and from their Tranfition by the Name of New-Netherlands un- der the Dutch, to the Duke of York's Property by Pa- tents from the Crown of England. This Province and Territories are by three diftinct Grants. 1. The Province of Pennfylvania by Patent from K. Charles II, dated March 4, 1680,1. 2. The Duke of York 1683, Auguft 24, fold to William Penn the Elder, his Heirs and Affigns, the Town of New- Caftle alias Delaware, and a Diftrict of 12 Miles round NewCaftle. 3. Duke of York by another Deed of Sale Auguft 24, 1683, made over to faid William Penn, his Heirs and Affigns, that Tract of Land from 12 Miles South of NewCaftle, to the Whore Kills, otherways called Cape Henlopen, divided into the two Counties of Kent and Suffex; which with NewCaftle Diftrict, arc commonly known by the Name of the three lower Counties upon Delaware River. As the three lower Counties orTerritories are by diftinct Deeds or Grants from that of the Royal Grant of the Pro- vince of Pennfylvania, when it was by the Proprietary left to their Option to be united with the Jurifdiction of the Province of Pennfylvania, or to continue a feparate Jurifdiction ; they chofe to be a feparate Jurifdiction, and Vol. II. P p not 298 ^Summary, Historical ^Political, cirV. not to be as it were annihilated b*r a prevailing Jurifdic- tion : thus they continue at prclcnt two diftinct Legi- flatures, Governments, or Jurifdiction?, under the direc- tion of one and the fame Governor; but their Municipal Laws and Regulations are nearly the fame. K. Charles lid's Patent of the Province of Penn- sylvania is dated March 4, 1680,1, of w^'ch an Abftratl is, To our trufty and well beloved Subject William Penn Efq; Son and Heir of Sir William Penn Deceafed, to reduce the Savage Nations by gentle and juft Manners to the Love of civil Society and the chriftian Religion (with Regard to the Memory and Merits of his late Fa- ther in divers Services, particularly in the Seafight againft the Dutch 1665, under the Duke of York) to tranfport an ample Colony towards enlarging the Englifh Empire and its Trade, is granted all that Tract of Land in America, bounded Eaftward on Delaware River from 12 Miles Northward of NewCaftle to the 43 d. of Northern Lat. and to extend 5 d. in Longitude from faid River ; to be bounded Northerly by the beginning of the 43 d. of N. Lat. and on the South by a Circle drawn at 12 Miles diftance from New-Caftle Northward and H, "Weftward unto the beginning of the 40 d. of Northern Lat. and then by a ftrait Line Weftward to the Limits of Longitude above-mentioned ; faving to us and our Succeffors the Allegiance and Sovereignty, to beholden as of our Caftle of Windfor in the County of Berks, paying Quit-Rent two Buck Skins to be delivered to us yearly in our Caftle of Windfor on the firft of January, and the fifth of all Gold and Silver Oar,, clear of all Charges. Erected into a Province and Seignorie, to be called Penn- fylvania. Said William Penn &c. and his Lieutenants with the Affent of a Majority of the Freemen or their Delegates affembled ; to raife Money for publick Ufes, to eftablifh Judges, Juftices and other Magiftrates, Pro- bate of Wills and granting of Administrations included ; to pardon or remit all Crimes and Offences committed within Of Pennsylvania. *9* within faid Province, Treafon and wilful Murder excepted, which however they may Reprieve until the King's Plea- fure is known ; the Judges by them conftituted to hold Pleas as well Criminal as Civil, perfonal, real and mixt: Their Laws to be confonant to Reafon, and not repug- nant to the Laws of England, referving to us, &c. a Power to hear and determine upon Appeals. In all Mat- ters the Laws of England to take Place, where no pofitive Law of the Province appears. A Duplicate of all Laws made in faid Province fhall in five Years be tranfmitted to the Privy Council ; and if within fix Months, being there received, they be deemed inconfiftent with the Prerogative or Laws 6f England, they fhall be void. A Licence for our Subjects to tranfport themfelves and Fa- milies unto the faid Country. A Liberty to divide the Country into Towns, Hundreds, and Counties, to incor- porate Towns into Boroughs and Cities, to conftitute Fairs and Markets. A Liberty of Trade with all our other Do- minions, paying the Cuftomary Duties. A Power to con- ftitute SeaPorts and Keys, but to admit of fuch Officers as fhall from Time to Time be appointed by the Commifli- oners of our Cuftoms. The Proprietors may receive fuch Impofitions upon Goods as the Affembly fhall enact. The Proprietors to appoint an Agent or Attorney to re- fide near the Court in London to anfwer for the default of the Proprietors, and where Damages are afcertained by any of our Courts, if thefe Damages are not made good within the fpace of one Year, "the Crown may re- fume the Government until fuch Damages and Penalties are fatisfied, but without any Detriment to the particular Owners or Adventurers in the Province. To maintain no Correfpondance with our Enemies. A Power to pur- fue Enemies and Robbers even to Death. May transfer Property. To erect Manors, that may hold Court Ba- rons. That the Crown fhall make no Taxation or Im- pofition in faid Province without Confent of the Propri- etary, or Affembly, or by Act of Parliament in England. Any Inhabitants to the Number of 20 may by Writ- ing 300 ^Summary, Historical and Politcal, &c. ing apply to the Bifhop of London for a Preacher or Preachers. An AbftraH of Mr. Penn's Charter of Liberties and Privileges to the People 25th Day of the fecond Month, vulgarly called April, 1682. The Government fhall be in a Provincial General Affembly compofed of the Go- vernor and Reprefentatives of the Freemen, to make Laws, raife Taxes, conftitute Courts and Officers, &c. The Freemen of the Province fhall meet on the twentieth Day of the twelfth Month 1682, to elect 72 Perfons for a Council, whereof 24 fhall fall off yearly, and another 24 be elected in their Room, that many Perfons may have Experience in Government ; in Matters of Confe- quence two Thirds to be a Quorum, and the confent of two Thirds of fuch Quorum is requifite ; in Affairs of leffer Moment 24 Members fhall be a Quorum, and a Majority of thefe fhall determine: the Governor or his Deputy to prefide and have a treble Vote. This Coun- cil is to prepare and deliberate upon Bills to be paffed into Laws by the General Affembly, to erect Courts of Juftice with their Officers, to judge Criminals,to have the executive -Power ; fhall model Towns, Ports, Markets, publick Buildings, and Highways ; to infpect the Ma- nagement of the Provincial Treafury, to order all publick Schools : This Council to be divided into four diftinct Committees for diftinct Branches of Bufinefs. The Freemen fhall yeatly chufe Reprefentatives not exceeding 200, to meet 22d Day of the fecond Month (1683 for the firft Time) and to continue eight Days, may ap- point Committees to confer with Committees of the Council concerning Amendments of Bills, and the ninth Day fhall give their affirmative or negative to the Bills prefented ; two thirds to be a Quorum in paffing of Laws, and choice of Officers; the enacting Stile to be, " By the Governor, with the Affent and Approbation of the Freemen in Provincial Council and General Affembly.** The firft Year the General Aflembly may confift of all the Freemen Of Pennsylvania^ 301 Freemen of the Province, and afterwards of 200 to be chofen annually, which as the Country encreafes may be enlarged, fo as never to exceed 500, at the Difcretion of the Legiflature. The Provincial Council fhall on the 13th Day of the firft Month yearly, prefent to the-Go- vernor or his Deputy a double Number for Provincial Officers; and the Freemen in the County Courts fhall prefent a double Number to ferve for Sheriffs, Juftices - of the Peace, and Coroners for the Year next enfuing ; out of each Prefen.tment, the third Day following, the Governor or his Deputy fhall commiffionate one ; but Mr. Penn to appoint the. firft Officers to continue ad vitam aut culpam. The General Affembly may be called upon by the Governor and Provincial Council to meet at any Time. When the Governor fhall be under the Age of 21, and no Guardians appointed by the Father, the Provincial Council fhall appoint Guardians not ex- ceeding three, with the Power of a Governor. No Article in this Charter to be altered without the Confent of the Governor and fix Parts of feven of the Freemen in Provincial Council and General Affembly. Befides thefe, there were fome other fundamental Laws agreed upon in England. Every Refident who pays Scot and Lot to the Government, fhall be deemed a Freeman capable of Electing and of being Elected. The Pro- vincial Council and General Affembly to be fole Judges in the Elections of their refpective Members. 24 Men for a grand Jury of Inqueft, and 12 for a petty Jury, to be returned by the Sheriff. All Perfons wrongfully im- prifoned or profecuted at Law, fhall have double Dama- ges againft the Informer or Profecutor. Seven Years Poffeffion fhall give an unqueftionable Right, excepting in Cafes of Lunatick% Infants, married Women, and Perfons beyond the Seas. A publick Regifter eftablifhed. The Charter granted by William Penn,to the Inhabitants is confirmed. All who acknowledge one Almighty GOD, fhall not be molefted in their religious Perfuafions in Mat- ters got /tf Summary, Historical and Political, &c ters of Faith and Worfhip, and fhall not be compelled to maintain or frequent any religious Miniftry. Every firft Day of the Week fhall be a Day of Reft. None of thofd Articles fhall be altered without confent of the Governot or his Deputy, and fixParts in feven of the Freemen met in Provincial Council and General Affembly. This was figned and fealed by the Governor and Freemen or Ad- venturers in London 5th Day of the third Month called May 1682. There were certain Conditions agreed upon by the Proprietor, and the Adventurers and Purchafers, July 1 r, 1681, for Inftance, convenient Roads and Highways be laid out before the dividend of Acres to the Purchafers -, Land fhall be laid out to the Purchafers and Adventurers by Lot. Every thoufand Acres fhall fettle one Family. All Dealings with the Indians fhall be in publick Market. All Differences between the Planters and native In- dians fhall be ended by fix Planters and fix Natives. . Laws relating to Immorality fhall be the fame as in England. In clearing of Land, one Acre of Trees fhall be left for every five Acres, to preferve Oak and Mul- berries for Shipping and Si.lk. None to leave the Province, without publication thereof in the Market Place three Weeks before. By a new Charter from the Proprietary fecond Day of the fecond Month 168 3," there are fome Alterations made in his firft Charter, principally as to the Numbers of the Provincial Council and Affembly ; that is the Pro- vincial Council fhall confift of 18 Perfons, whereof 3 from each of the fix Counties ; the Affembly to confift of ^6, that is 6 from each County ; as the Country in- creafes, the Provincial Council may be increafed to any Number not exceeding 72 ; and the Affembly may be increafed to any Number not exceeding 200 ; the other Articles are much the fame as in the firft Charter : the enacting Stile to be, ^ By the Governor, with the Appro- bation Of Pennlylvania. 503 bation of the Freemen in Provincial Council and Affembly met," and the General Affembly fhall be called, *' The Meeting, Seffions and Proceedings of the General Affembly of the Province of Pennfylvania, and the Territories thereunto belonging. Nothing in this Charter to be altered, but by Confent of the Governor and fix- 7ths of the Provincial Council and Affembly. This Charter of 1683, as inconvenient, was furrendred to Mr. Penn in the thirdMonth of 1700 by fix 7ths of the Freemen of the Province and Territories, and a new Charter granted ; as this is now their ftanding Charter, we fhall be more particular. The Preamble runs thus, Whereas K. Charles lid granted to William Penn the Property and Government of the Province of Pennfylva- nia March 4, 1680 ; and the Duke of York granted to faid Penn the Property and Government of a Tract of Land now called the Territories of Pennfylvania, Auguft 24, 1683 : And whereas the faid WilliamPenn for theEn- couragement of the Settlers, did Anno 1683 grant and confirm to the Freemen by an Inftrument entitled, The Frame of the Government, &x : Which Charter or Frame being found in fome Parts of it, not fo fuitable to the prefent Circumftances of the Inhabitants, was delivered up as above ; and at the Requeft of the Affembly ano- ther was granted by the Proprietary Mr. Penn in purfu- anceof the Rights andPowers granted him by the Crown, confirming to all the Inhabitants their former Liberties and Privileges, fo far as in him lieth. 1. No Perfons who believe in one Almighty GOD, and live peaceably under the Civil Government fhall be molefted in their religious Perfuafions, nor compelled to frequent or main- tain any religious Worfhip contrary to their Mind. That all Perfons who profefs to believe in Jesus Christ, are capable of ferving the Government in any Capacity ; they folemnly promifing, when required, Allegiance to the Crown, and Fidelity to the Proprietor and Governor. 2. That annually upon the firft Day oiOftober for ever, there 304 A Summary, Historical and Political,&c. there fhall an Affembly be chofen, to fit the fourteenth Day of the fame Month, viz. four Perfons out of each County, or a greater Number as the Governor and Aflembly may from Time to Time agree : with all the Powers and Privileges of an Affembly as is ufual in any of the King's Plantations in America ; two thirds of the whole Number that ought to meet fhall be a Quorum ; to fit upon their own Adjournments. 3. The Freemen at their Meeting for electing Reprefentatives to chufe Sheriffs and Coroners; the Juftices in the refpective Coun- ties to nominate Clerks of the Peace. 4. The Laws of the Government fhall be in this Stile, By the Governor with the Confent and Approbation of the Freemen in General Af- fembly met. 5. No Perfon to be licenfed by the Gover- nor to keep an Ordinary or Tavern but fuch as are re- commended by the Juftices of the County. 6. No al- teration to be made in this Charter without the Confent of theGovernor and fix Parts of feven of the Affembly met. Signed William Penn at Philadelphia in Pennfyl- vania, Otlober 28, 1701, and. the twenty firft Year of my Government. Notwithstanding any thing formerly alledging, the Province and Territories to join together in Legislation, Mr. Penn hereby declares, that if any Time hereafter within three Years, their refpective Affemblies fhall not agree to join in Legiflation, and fhall fignify the fame to me ; in fuch Cafe the Inhabitants of each of the three Counties of the Province fhall not have lefs than eight Reprefentatives, and the Town of Philadel- phia when incorporated, fhall have two Reprefentatives. The Inhabitants of each County in the Territories fhall have as many Perfons to reprefent them in a diftinct Affembly for the Territories, as be by them requefted. Province and Territories fhall enjoy the fame Charter Liberties and Privileges. This Charter of Privileges was thankfully received the fame Day by the Affembly, and figned by their Order ; and figned by a Number of the Proprietary and Governor's Council. The Of Pennsylvania. 305 The Report is probable, that Mr. Penn, befides his Royal Grant of the Province of Pennfylvania, had more- over a grant of the fame from the Duke of York, to ob- viate any Pretence, that the Province was comprehended in a former Royal Grant of New Netherlands to the Duke of York. Mr. Penn's firft Charter Conceflions, or Form of Go- vernment to the Settlers, feems Utopian and Whimfical ; conftituting a Legiflature of three Negatives, viz. the Governor, and two diftinct Houfes of Reprefentatives chofen by the Freemen ; one called the Provincial Coun- cil of 72 Members, the other was called the Provincial Affembly of 200 Members ; the Council had an exor- bitant Power of exclufive deliberating upon and prepar- ing of all Bills for the Provincial Affembly ; the execu- tive Part of the Government was entirely with them. The Provincial Affembly, in the Bills to be enacted, had no deliberative Priviledge, only a Yes or No ; Thefe Numbers of Provincial Council and Provincial Affembly feem to be extravagantly large for an infant Colony ; per- haps he was of Opinion with fome good Politicians, that there can be no general Model of CivilGovernment; the Humours or Inclinations, and Numbers of various Soci- eties muft be confulted and varioufly fettled : A fmall Society naturally requires the Deliberation and general Confent of their Freemen for Taxation and Legiflature ; when the Society becomes too numerous for fuch univer- fal Meetings ; a Reprefentation or Deputation from fe- veral Diftricts is a more convenient and eafy Adminiftra- tion. His laft and prefent ftanding Charter to the In- habitants of the Province and Territories of Pennfylvania, Otlober 28, 1701, runs into the other extreme; The Council have no Negative in the Legiflature, and only ferve as the Proprietaries Council of Advice to the Pro- prietaries Governor : 1746 by Act of Parliament, the Negative of the Board of Aldermen in London, for cer- tain Reafons was abrogated. A Council chofen by the People, to negative, Refolves of Reprefentatives alfo ap- Vol. II. Q^q pointed 306 ^Summary, Historical and Political, c^f. pointed by the People feems to be a Wheel within a Wheel, and incongrous: But a Council appointed by the Court of Great-Britain as a Negative, feems to be good Policy, by way of Controul up®n the exceffes of the Go- vernor on the one Hand, and of the People by their Re- prefentatives on the other Hand. The Province of Pennfylvania fome Years fince was mortgaged to Mr. Gee and others for £. 6,600 Sterl. In the Year 1713, Mr. Penn by Agreement made over all his Rights in Pennfylvania to the Crown, in Confide- ration of £. 12,000 Sterl. but before the Inftrument of Surrender'was executed, he died Apoplectick, and Penn- Jylvania ftill remains with the Family of Penns. Upon the firft Settlement of Pennfylvania, Mr. Penn ftipulated with the aboriginal Natives the Indians, that they fhould fell no Lands to any Perfon but to himfelf or his Agents ; this was confirmed by fubfequent Pro- vince Laws: on the other fide, Mr. Penn*s Agents were not to occupy or make Grants of any Lands, but what were fairly purchafed of the Indians ; for Inftance, a few Years ago, the Delegates of the fix Nations of Iroquois for a certain Confideration in Goods, releafed their Claims to all Lands both fides of the River Safquahanna, fo far South as the Province of Pennfylvania reaches, and fo far North as the Blue or Kittatinny Mountains, and received pay in Part ; beginning of July 1J4.2, the fix Nations had a Congrefs with Governor Thomas and eight of his Council at Philadelphia, to receive the other Moiety as per Agreement; we fhall take this Op- portunity of prefenting this as a Specimen of an Affort- ment of Goods in demand with the Indians. 24 Guns 600 lb. Powder 600 lb. Lead 25 pieces Strouds 90 pieces Duffils 30 Blankets 62 Yar. ha. thick 60 Rufl. Shirts 25 Hats iooo Flints 50 Hoes 50 Hatchets 5 lb. Vermillion 10 doz. Knives ( 8 doz. Gimblets 2 doz.Tob.Tongs 25 pair Shoes 25 pair Stockings 25 pair Buckles. The Of Pennsylvania. 307 The Story of William Penn's obtaining the Grant of Pennfylvania, is in this Manner. Admiral Penn and Ge- neral Venable were fent 1655 by Oliver Cromwell with a confiderable Sea and Land Force to reduce Hifpaniola in the Spanifh Weft-Indies, which they did not effect, but reduced the Spanifh Ifland now called Jamaica, which remains in Poffeffion of the Crown of Great-Britain to this Day. Admiral Penn upon the Reftoration became a Royalift,wasknighted,and commanded the EnglifhFleet under theDuke of York againft the Dutch commanded by Admiral Opdam 1665. Admiral Penn's Son, William Penn, perhaps in fome Whim, put himfelf at the head of the Quakers, and upon his Petition to the King, in Confideration of his Father's Services, and Arrears due from the Crown, he obtain'd a Royal Patent for the Province of Pennfylvania and a grant from the Duke of York, of the three lower Counties on the Weft Side of Delaware Bay and River, being part of New-Netherlands by Royal Grant to Duke of York, his Heirs and Affigns.. This William Penn was much in favour with King James II, as being head of a confiderable Body of Sectaries cal- led Quakers •, by Reafon of this particular Countenance, Mr. Penn was fufpected to be a Papift, and a Jefuite in the difguife of a Quaker; at the Revolution, upon this Sufpicion, King William deprived Mr. Penn of the Privilege of appointing a Governor for Pennfylvania, and Col. Fletcher was appointed by the Crown, but upon Mr. Penn's Vindication of himfelf, he was reftored to his Right of Government, and continued to appoint Lieut. Governors or Deputies as formerly. The Boundaries of the Province and Territories of Penn- fylvania, Rivers, and Diftances of fome noted Places. The Northern Boundary of the Province, is the 42 d. parallel of Latitude, from Delaware River (about 20 Miles above the Station Point on Delaware River* where the North Eafterly divifional Line between the Pro* 308 /^Summary, Historical and Political, Sec. Provinces of New York and New-Jerfey begins,) Weft, to the Extent of 5 d. in Longitude, being about 250 Englifh Statute Miles ; Thence in a Line parallel with theRiver of Delaware at 5 d. Longitude W. from the faid River, to a parallel of Latitude 15 Miles South of the moft Southern Part of Philadelphia, being about 155 Miles ftrait Courfe ; along this parallel 15 Miles South of Philadelphia to the River Delaware----Miles ; Thence up along Delaware River to 42 d. N. Lat. which in a ftrait Line may be about 153 Miles. The Territories of Pennfylvania called the three lower Counties upon Delaware River, are bounded, Eaftwardly by Delaware River, from the North Part of New-Caftle territorial Circle, to Cape Henlopen at the entrance of De- laware Bay, about 80 Miles ftrait, but much more as the Shore or Country Road runs : Southwardly and Weft- wardly they are bounded as per Agreement between Lord Baltimore of Maryland, and the Penns of Pennfylvania 1732, and confirmed in the Chancery of England, 1750 in thefe Words, " That a due Eaft and Weft Line be run from Cape Henlopen to the middle of the Peninfula, and the faid ftrait Line to run from the Weftward Point thereof, Northwards up the faid Peninfula (and above the faid Peninfula, if it required) till it touched, or made a Tangent to the Weftern Part of the Periphery of the faid twelve Miles Circle, and the faid due South and North Line to run from fuch Tangent, till it meets with the upper or more Northern Eaft and Weft Line, and the faid upper Eaft and Weft Line to begin from the Northern Point or End of the faid South and North Line, and to run due Weftward, (N. B..f this is a de- lineation of the South Line of the Province of Penn- fylvania) at prefent crofs Safquahanna River, and 25 f In the Survey 1739, oi the E. and W. divifional Line (about 15 Miles South of the Southermoft Part of the City oi Philadelphia) be- tween Pennfyl'vama and Maryland; the Surveyors allowed a Variation of 5 d. 30 m. W. and found there was about one Degree Variation for every twenty late Years. Englifh Of Pennsylvania. 309 Englifh Statute Miles at leaft on the Weftern Side of faid River, and to be 15 Englifh Statute Miles South of the Latitude of the moft Southern Part of the faid City of Philadelphia, were, and fhall, and fhould at all Times for ever hereafter be allowed and efteemed to be the true and exact Limits and Bounds, between the faid Pro- vince of Maryland, and the faid three lower Counties of *New-Caftle, Kent, and Suffex, and between the faid Pro- vinces of Maryland and Pennfylvania." -f As the Controverfy of a long Standing, concerning Boundaries, between Lord Baltimore of Maryland, and the Penns of Pennfylvania, has made much Noife ; we fhall infert a fhort Abftract of the fame, for the Amufe- ment of the Curious. Lord Baltimore's Royal Grant of Maryland was about 50 Years prior to Mr. Penn's Grant of Pennfylvania, but in Baltimore's Grant there was an exception of Lands then belonging to the Dutch, which are at prefent the three lower Counties upon Delaware River ; when Mr. Penn took Poffeffion he found one Dutch and three Swedes Congregations. The grand Difpute was concerning the Conftruction of the Expreffion 40 d. of Latitude ; Maryland Grant 1632, fays, to the 40 d. of Lat. which Maryland Side of the Queftion conftrue to be to 40 d. compleaw ; Pennfyl- f They mutually Quit Claim, viz. Charles Lord Baltimore Quit- Claims to John Penn, Thomas Penn, and Richara Penn, and their Heirs and Affigns, all his Pretenfions to the Province of Pennfylvania, and the three lower- Counties of New Caftle, Kent, and S^ftex, to be fo bounded as aforefaid free of all Incumbrances by Cecilius Baron of Balti&tire, Great Grand Father, Charles Grand Father, Benedicl Fa- ther to faid Charles, and by him the faid Charles, his Heirs and Afligns. And on the other Side,^6« Penn, Thomas Penn, and Richard Penn for themfelves and their Heirs Quit Claim unto Charles Lord Baltimore arid his Heirs, all their Pretenfions to the Province of Ma- ryland, to be fo bounded as aforefaid, free of all Incumbrances, by William Penn the Grand- Father, William Penn the Father, Springet Penn, William Penn the Son, John Penn, Thomas Penn and Richard Penn their Heirs or Affigns. vania 310 A Summary, Historical and Political, tccl vtnia Grant 1682, fays, to begin at the beginning of the 40th d. which the Penfylvania Side conftrue to be juft after 39 d. is compleated ; * thus there was a Difpute of the Extent of one Degree in Latitude or 69 Englifh Miles. Confidering that Maryland Grant was Prior, and that the Maryland People had made confiderable Improve- ments by Poffeffions, within that Degree of Latitude ; the Affair was compromifed feemingly in favour of Maryland by a written Agreement May 10, 1732,35 is above related : and that in two Kalender Months from that date, each Party fhall appoint Commiflioners not more than feven, whereof three or more of each Side may act or mark out the Boundaries aforefaid, to begin at furtheft fome time in Otlober 1732, and to be com- pleated on or before 25th December 1733, and when fo done, a Plan thereof fhall be figned, fealed and delivered by the CommifTioners and their Principals, and fhall be entred in all the publick Offices in the feveral Provinces and Counties ; and to recommend to the refpective Le- giflatures to pafs an Act for perambulating thefe Boun- daries at leaft once in three Years. The Party defaulting, to pay to the other Party on demand fix thoufand Pound Sterling ; accordingly the Commiflioners refpectively appeared, but upon fome Differences in Opinion, the Boundaries were not made in the Time limited ; the failure was in Lord Baltimore's Side, who alledged that he had been deceived in fixing Cape Henlopen 20 Miles South Wefterly of the Weftern Cape of Delaware Bay, whereas Cape Henlopen is the Weftern Cape it felf ; the Penns affirm, that the Weftern Cape is Cape Cornelius, and Cape Henlopen is about four Hours Southwardly of it, according to the Dutch Maps and Defcriptions publifhed about the Time when Lord Baltimore obtained his Grant. * Thus in other Affairs ; for Inftance, in political Computation, after 1700, it is called the eighteenth Century. Becaufe Of Pennsylvania.' 311 Becaufe of Nonperformance, the Penns 1735 exhibi- ted a Bill in the Chancery of Great-Britain againft Lord Baltimore, praying that the faid Articles may be decreed to fubfift and be carried into Execution, and that any Doubts arifen may be cleared by faid Decree. After tedious delays, at length May 15, 1750, Lord Chancellor decreed Cofts of Suit againft Baltimore, and that the Articles of May 10, 1732, be carried into Exe- cution ; and that before the End of three Kalender Months from May 15, they fhould execute^ two feveral proper Inftruments for appointing Commiflioners, not more than 7 of a Side ; any three or more of a Side may run and mark the Boundaries, to begin fome Time in November next, and to be compleated on or before the laft Day of April 1752, to be Signed, cjrV. Recorded, &c and Enacted, &c. as per Agreement of 1732 above related. Lord Chancellor decreed concerning the late Difputes, 1. That the Center of the Circle be fixed in the middle of the Town of New Caftle. 2. That the faid Circle ought to be of a Radius of 12 Englifh Miles. 3. That Cape Henlopen ought to be deemed at the Place laid down in the Maps annexed to the Articles of 1732. The Commiflioners appointed by each Party met at NewCaftle, November 15, 1750, they agreed on a Center in NewCaftle, from whence the 12 Miles Radij are to proceed; but a Difpute arofe concerning the Menfuration of thefe 12 Miles. Lord Baltimore's Commiflioners al- ledged, that thefe Miles ought to be meafured fuperfici- ally ; the Penns Commiflioners alledged, that confidering the various Inequalities of the Ground, fuch Radij could not extend equally, .confequently from them no true Arch of a Circle could be formed, and infilled upon Geometrical and Aftronomical Menfurations : Thus the Proceedings of the Commiflioners ftopt, and they wrote to their refpective Principals for further Inftructions re- lating to that Point, and adjourned to April 25, 1751. The c«nfiderable Rivers in Ptnfyhma fve Delaware (Sfhyl- 312 A Summary, Historical aniPolitical, &c. {SchylKill River falls into Delaware at Philadelphia) and the Safquahanna. Delaware Bay begins at Lewis's near Cape Henlopen ; || from thence with the various Turnings of the Bay and River or publick Road to New-CaftU are about 93 Miles; from New-Caftle to Philadelphia are 35 Miles, from Philadelphia to Trent Town Falls are %$ Miles, thefe are the firft Falls in this River, and the Tide reaches up fo high ; thefe Falls are practicable, and the River navigable withBoats that carry 8 or qTunsIron, 40 Miles higher to Durham Iron Works; this Ijtiver pro- ceeds from the Weft Side of the Cat-kill Mountains of the Province of New-York. From Trent-Town'Falls, this River is practicable upwards of* 150 Miles for Indian Canoe Navigation, feveral fmall Falls or carrying Places intervening. Mr. Wh-----Id a late noted vagrant En- thufiaftick Preacher, purchafed a confiderable quantity of Lands in the Fork of Delaware Oliver, about 50 MHes above Trent Town Falls, for the education and civilizing of Negroes, as he pretended ; but as he could not anfwer the Purchafe Money, he was obliged to relinquifh it. All his Schemes were ill projected and ill founded : His Grand Church or Meeting-Houfe in Philadelphia, by him declared to be free to all Chriftian Itinerants, as he was a Man of no Penetration, he was not capable of finifhing it, and it was transferred to a Society for pro- pagating of Literature, a much more laudible Inftitution,' than that of propagating Enthufiafm, Idlenefs, and fancti- fied Amours. His Orphan Houfe in Georgia of South- Carolina, in a barren infalubrous Country, his firftProject, pretence for Itinerant begging, is almoft come to nothing. The other confiderable River is part of Sefquahanna ; fee Vol. II. P. 282, its main Branch comes from fome Ponds a little South of Mohawks River in the Province of New-York ; from the head of this Branch to the || At Cape Henlopen 1748, the Variation of the Compafs was 4 d. W. decreafing, Falls Of Pennsylvania. 3T3 Falls below Wioming * there is no Obftruction, and good Indian Canoe Navigation ; and thence to Paxton are 5 or 6 Falls which may be fhot pretty fafely with a frefh : This River has many good Branches for IndianSkin Trade, fome of thefe Branches communicate with the Countries beyond the Mountains. Sefquahanna River is wide but fhallow. Delaware, Sefquahanna and Potomack are fordable by the Indian Traders in the Summer Seafon. The Indian Traders fet out beginning of May and continue 3 or 4 Months out ; they buy the Skins not of the Indians,but of Settlers who deal with the Indians, cal- led by the Dutch Name of Handelaars or Traders; they purchafe only with Gold and Silver, and carry their Skins in Wagons to Philadelphia ; the Road is about 20 Miles below the foot of the blue Mountains. They travel from Philadelphia to Lancafter 60 Miles {Lancafter is 10 Miles Eaft of Sefquahanna River) thence 40 Miles to Paxton or Harris's Ferry, thence 40 Miles to Shippens- hurg in the Province of Pennfylvania, thence 45 Miles to Potomack River (the Width of Maryland is here about 20 Miles) which divides Maryland from Virginia. A few Miles Weft of Pttomack River in Virginia for fome Years have been ufed with good Effect by bathing and drinking fome tepid medicinal Waters, they have no mineral Tifte, and do not offufcatvfhe Glafs like Briftol hot Well Water. In Pennfylvania there is no real Sea Line excepting the Weft Side of Delaware Bay. The Navigation of Philadelphia is almoft every Winter ftopt up by Ice for two or three Months. The Coaft of New-York, Jerfies and Pennfylvania is free from Ship Worms or Teredines. Land Winds blow almoft three quarters of the Year. The Blue or Kittatinny Mountains begin in Pennfylva- nia, are about 900 Miles in Length and 70 to 100 Miles * About 50 Miles below Wioming is the Indian Tribe of Shamoiix in the Fork of Sefquahanna, and about 50 Miles below Shamokin is Paxton or Harris's Ferry. Vol. II. R r acrofs, 514 if Summary, Hmtorical and Political, &c. acrofs, not in fcatteredPeaks, but in uniform Ridges ; the further Ridges are much the largeft and higheft. Concerning Indian Affairs. I fhall here mention fome additional Obfervations concetning the Indians in general, and fome of their late Treaties with the Britifh Governments, particularly that of Lancafter in Pennfylvania, Anno 1744, as confift- ing of the greateft variety of Articles negotiated with three diftinct Britifh Provinces or Colonies. When Tribes or Nations of Indians go to War againft one another, they feldom make it up (the Indians are the moft implacable of Mankind) but by the Deftruction of one or the other Side, or by a flavifh Submiflion. The Iroquois or Six Nations of Mohawks, as we call them, have for many Years been at War (thefe Wars are only clandeftine Incurfions with Maffacrees and De- predations ) with the Catawbas and Cbtrakees, the Chera- kees and fix Nations as being too diftant to annoy one another much, have come to fome Accommodation, but the State of War with the Catawbas continues. The Pennfylvanians never loft one Man by any French or Indian War, but in perfonal Broils and Encounters Perfons have loft their lives on both Sides. The Mohawks by the Englifh give Name to all the fix Nations, though the fmalleft of the Tribes. The Tufcaroras are an adventitious Tribe, being Emigrants or Profugi'm the North-Carolina Wars 1712 and 1716, they were allowed to fettle by the ancient five confede- rate Nations amongft them. For fome Time paft, a kind of Party Divifion hath fubfifted among the fix Nations : The Mohawks, Onon- dagues and Senecas formed one Party ; the Onoydes, Tuf- caroras and Coyugas the other Party. The fix Nations fay that the Delaware and Sefquahanna Indians were conquered by them, and therefore have no Right to difpofe of Lands. The Indian Delegates at the Congrefs of Lancaftery well Of Pennsylvania.^ 315 well obferved to the Commiflioners from Virginia, Ma- ryland, and Pennfylvania ; that what the Indians received of them were Goods foon perifhable, but what they received of the Indians, were Lands which endured for ever. The Indians are fupplied by the Englifh with Provi- fions coming and going in all Treaties. * They have their Guns, Hatchets, and Kettles mended Gratis. In all Congrefs's the Indians approve of each Article by a Yo hah, the Englifh ufe a Huzza. The Indians ufe peculiar Appellations for the Gover- nors of the feveral Provinces qt Colonies ; for Inftance, the Governors of Virginia are called Affarogoa, thofe of Pennfylvania, Onas ; thofe of Canada, Onarido ; and lately they have fixed the Name of Tocarry hogan (fignifying excellent) for the Governors of Maryland. We may here obferve, the great variety in the hu- mours of diftant Nations, we fhall here Inftance that of their Speech or Words ; In the Eaft Indies and China, their Words are generally Monofyllables, in the Weft- Indies their Words are generally Pollyfyllables of an un- couth length ; thus the fix Nations at the Lancafter Congrefs, fay, all the World knows, that they had con- quered (confequently their Lands at our difpofalj feveral Nations on the back or Weft Side of the great Mountains of Virginia, viz. the Conoy-uch fuch roona, Coch now was- roonon, Tohoa irougb roonon, and Conutfkin ough roonaw. The fix Nations by natural Inclination are difpofed to Warlike Enter prizes, and are never at Peace with all their Neighbours. In a Speech at a Congrefs with the * In the Appendix to a late Hiftory of the five Indian Nations, we have a pleafant or ludicrous Story of this Nature ; in the Lan- cafter Congrefs with the Indians, 1744, the Commiflioners of Virginia, MaryUnd, and Pennfylvania, having told the Indian Delegates of the fix Nations, that the King of Great Britain, had lately beat the French both by Sea and Land ; the Indian Delegates obferved, that in Confequence, the Engiifh mud have taken a great deal of Rum from the French, therefore you can the better fpare fome of that Li- quor, to make us rejoice with jou in thefe Victories. Eng|ifh, 316 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. Englifh, they faid that if Chriftians go to War againft one another, they in Time make Peace together; but it is not fo with the Indians. The Indians when they pafs by a friendly Fort march in a fingle Line, and falute the Fort by a running Fire. Nanandagues is a fecond Settlement of Deferters from the fix Nations ; they live near Montreal. The Britifh Northern Colonies are the Frontiers and Defence of all other Britifh Colonies, againft the War- like robuft Northern Indians ; thu9 it has in all Times been in Europe and Jfia, the hardy robuft Goths {Getaoi AJia) Vandals &c. from the NorthernClimates over-run the effeminate, indolent, relaxed Southerly People if not checkt ; the Indians of the higher Latitudes in North- America and in Chili of South America, made a much bet- ter Stand againft theEuropean\t\tr\.\i\or\s,than the Indians of Mexico and Peru who live between or near theTropicks. It is conjectured that fix hundred fighting Men may be afforded by the Indian Settlements on Sefquahanna River and its Branches. In all our Northern Colonies, there are or have been referved Lands for feveral Bodies or Villages of inter- mixed Indians. Although the Northern Indian Tribes as to Numbers are contemptible, when compared with the* European Nations, they ought to be kept in a political Awe to prevent their fkulking Incurfions and Depredations upon our Frontiers when pufhed on by a Rival European Power •, this cannot be done by ridiculous Feints; for Inftance, when we tell the Indians in fome Congrefs as it happened 1746, that all the united Force of our Co- lonies with Ships of War and Soldiers from Great Britain, are to mufter to reduce Canada ; but foon after nothing is done or fo much as attempted ; thus we loofe our Credit with the Indians, and in Fact they have impune infulted us ever fince, in Nova-Scotia, and New-England at the Inftigation of the Canada French. The Indians are a falfe but, crafty People. In our late 0/ Pennsylvania. 3*7 late War with the French Nation and their American Colonies, feveral diftant Tribes of Indians in expectation of Prefents, faid they would, though really did not de- fign to relinquish the French Intereft ; fuch were theSbaw- anees Town upon Ohio River, the Maffafegues near Les Etroits between Lake Erie and Lake Huron, confifting of five Caftles or Villages of about 800 Men, and the Twightwees on the Oubeck River in a Treaty at Lancafter, The moft noted Congrefs with the Indian Delegates for many Years, was that in June 1744, held at Lancafter in Pennfylvania, confifting of Commiflioners from the three Provinces of Pennfylvania, Maryland and Virginia, concerning a great variety of Articles, fuch as Quit- claiming of large Tracts of Lands to thefe Governments refpectively, and receiving of Prefents upon their Pro- mife to affift the Britifh Intereft in the War lately com- menced againft the French. 1. They confirmed to the Proprietors of Pennfylva- nia all the Lands each Side of Sefquahanna River fo far North as the Blue Mountains. They fettled the Affair of fome Delaware Indians killing and robbing of Mr. Armftrong a Trader and his two Servants. 2. The Indians complain, that the Maryland and Vir- ginia People had fettled fome Land back of Virginia and Maryland, without Confent of the fix Nations, or of any Purchafe made from them, which Lands belong to the fix Nations by their Conqueft over the ancient In- dian Poffeffors. Hereupon the Indians by an Inftrument in Writing releafed all their Lands in Maryland^ to the Maryland Commiflioners for £. 300 in Goods va- lued in Pennfylvania Currency ; we fhall here give this T About 100 Years fince, the Sefquahanna-or Conaftagoe Indians, by Treaty granted all the Land now poflefied by the People of Ma- ryland to them and their Heirs from Patuxen River on the Weft Side of Chef apeak-Bay, and from Choptank River on the Eaft Side of faid Bay. as 318 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. as an Inftance of the Advance generally put ty the Englifh upon the Englifh Prime Cofts of Goods. Strouds from 5 to £. 7 Vermillion 9/ Shirts 6f Flints per m. 18/" Half thicks £.313 f \d Jews-Harps per doz. 3/1 od Duffle Blankets £. 7 Boxes per doz. 1 / Guns £. 1 6f Bar Lead per Ct. wt. 40/ Barrel Gunpowder £. 26 Shot 40/ 3. The Commiflioners of Virginia, gave the Indians £. 200 Pennfylvania Currency in Goods, and £. 200 in Gold, as a Confideration for their Deed, recognizing the King of Great-Britain's Right to all the Lands that are or fhall be by his Majefty's Appointment in the' Colony of Virginia ; and the Indians defire that they may have a further Confideration when the Settlements increafed much further back, which the Commiflioners agreed to. The fix Indian Nations complain, the Treaty above 20 Years fince made at Albany was not obferved, viz. the middle or ridge of the Hill on the back ©f Vir- ginia was fixed as a Boundary between the Indians who live upon referved Lands in Virginia, and the Indians of the fix Nations. Another Article was to fettle an Indian Road to pafs Southward on the back or Virginia. Another Article was to bury in Oblivion, a Skirmifh which hap- pened in the back Parts of Virginia, between fome of the Virginia Militia there, and a Party of rhe Indian Warriors of the fix Nations ; upon this Account the Commiflioners of Virginia, prefented the Indians with Goods to the value of £. 100 Sterl. 4. As the French about this Time were declaring War againft Great Britain ; to retain the fix Nations in the Britifh Intereft ; after a proper Speech to the Indians, Pennfylvania made them a prefent in Goods value £. 300 Pennsylvania Currency : Virginia gave them Goods to the Value of £. 100 Sterl. and £. 100 in Gold, with a Defire that they would fend fome of their Children to be educated in Virginia, who might ferve as Interpreters in Times to come ; the Indians anfwered, that they were not 0/ Pennlylvania^ 319 not inclined to bring their Children up to Learning : The CommifTioners of Maryland prefented the Indians with £. 100 in Gold. There are frequent Congreffes of the Britifh Provin- ces with their neighbouring Tribes or Nations of Indi- ans, efpeciaily of the Provinces of New-York and Pennfyl- vania with the fix Nations of Iroquois or Mohawks, to retain the Indians in the Britifh Intereft ; thefe have a good Effect, though generally they are only a piece of Formality with this Conclufion, that the Indians were pleafed with their Prefents and promifed Fidelity ; fome- times Affairs of Confequence are ,tranfadted, thus at Albany in Auguft and September 1746, there was a Treaty between Governor Clinton and Council of the Province of Now York, with Commiflioners from the Province of Maffachufetts Bay on the one Part, and the fix united Nations of Indians depending upon the Province of New-York on the other Part ; to engage thefe Indians in the Britifh Intereft, againft our Enemies the French, to be aflifting in the Expedition againft Canada, to be furnifhed with Arms, Ammunition, Cloathing, and Pro- vifions, and in their Abfence their Wives and Children to be taken care of. 1749, middle of Auguft, there ar- rived in Philadelphia the Deputies of many different Na- tions, in order to tranfact fome Affairs with the Govern- ment : The Deputies were of the Mohawks, Oneides9 Onondagues, Cayugas, Tufcaroras, Senecas, Shawanees, Nan* ticokes, Delawares, Mohagins, and' Turks ; the whole Number of Indians arrived in Philadelphia, Women and Children included, were about 260. Concerning the City and Port of Philadelphia, the Num- bers of the Inhabitants in the Province and Territo- ries of Pennfylvania. Mr, Penn's Charter erecting Philadelphia (laying be- tween Delaware and Schuyl-Kill Rivers,) into a Corpo- ration 320 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. ration and City, is figned in Philadelphia, by William Penn, Otlober 25, 1701, the thirteenth Year of the Reign of King William the third, and the one and twen- tieth Year of my Government, to confift of a Mayor, Recorder, Sheriff, and Town-Clerk, 8 Aldermen and 12 common Council Men, by the Name of the Mayor and Commonality of the City of Philadelphia : The firft Sett to be appointed by Mr. Penn ; and yearly thereafter on the firft Day of the third Week in the eighth Month, the Corporation to meet, the Mayor or Recorder prefent with five or more of the Aldermen, and nine or more of the common Council, to chufe one of the Aldermen to be Mayor for that enfuing Year, and to fill up Vacancies of Aldermen and Common Council ; all Officers to take the Declarations and Profeffions directed in the Provincial Charter. The Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen to be Juftices of the Peace and of Oyer and Terminer; any four or more of them (whereof the Mayor and Recorder to be two) to hear all Cafes Capital or otherways Cri- minal, and with the Sheriff and Town Clerk to hold a Court of Record quarterly for determining of Pleas and other Matters. The Mayor and Recorder fhall be of the Quorum of the Juftices of the County Courts, Quarter Seffions, Oyer and Terminer and Goal Delivery in the faid County of Philadelphia ; and fhall have Power to take Cognizance of Debts there, according to the Statute of Merchants, and of Action Burnel. The Mayor to appoint the Clerk of the Market. The Sheriff to be the Water Bailiff of the Province. The Corporation have Power to remove any Officer of their own for Mif- behaviour. No Meeting fhall be deemed a Common Council unlefs the Mayor, Recorder, at leaft three of the Aldermen, and nine of the Common Council be pre- fent ; a Power to admit Freemen into the Corporation, to make By-Laws for the Government of the City, to impofe Fines for the Ufe of the Corporation ; none to be admitted Freemen, but fuch as have been refident in the City for two Years, and fhall have an Eftate oflnheri. tance Of Pennsylvania. 321 eance or Freehold therein worth fifty Pounds in Money. To have two Market Days every Week, the fourth and feventh Day, two yearly Fairs (each to continue three Days; May 16, and November 16. Philadelphia fhall be a Port comprehending all Creeks and Landings of the Province. The Situation of Philadelphia is bad, being at the Confluence of two large frefh Water Rivers, Delaware and Schuylkill, which renders their People obnoxious to Pleuritick, Peripneumonick, Dyfenterick, and Intermitting Fevers ; communibus amis in Proportion, they bury near double tjie Number of People that are buried in Bofton of New-England: It is well Plan'd or laid out, in a Plain, confifting of 8 long Streets of two Miles, and 16 crofs Streets of one Mile each, at right Angles, with pro- per Spaces for publick Buildings. As we obferved be- fore, the long Streets were laid out with much exact- nefs 1682. N. 18 d. E; and Anno 1742, in fome Law Controversies, Mr. Parfons Surveyor General of Pennfyl- vania, found them to be 15 d. E. which is a Difference of 3 d. in fixty Years, decreafing. Philadelphia is nearly in 40 d. North Lat. and about 5 Hours or j$ d. Weft from London. In the Spring 1749, the Dwelling-Houfes in Philadelphia, in Curiofity were numbered by 12 Perfons, who each undertook a Part; Publick Buildings, Ware-Houfes, and Out-Houfes not included ; in the feveral Wards, they were as follows, in all 2076. South Suburbs 150 Duck Ward 245 Walnut Ward 104 South Ward 117 CheftnutWard no Middle Ward 238 High Street Ward 147 North Ward 196 Mulberry Ward 488 Upper Delaware Ward 109 Lower Delaware Ward no North Suburbs 62 There were eleven Places of publick Religious , Worfhip, mix. 1 Church of England, 2 Prefbyterians, 2 Quakers, 1 Baptift, 1 Svyedifh Manner, 1 Dutch Lutheran, 1 Dutch Calvinift, 1 Moravian, 1 Roman Catholick. Tol. II. S s I vz. 322 A Summary, Historical and Political, t£c. I fhall here interfperfe fome Account of a laudable Academy in Philadelphia *, with a publick-fpirited De- fign of encouraging Literature ; that is, political and na- tural Knowledge ; fome good deferving Gentlemen,-by voluntary Subfcriptions, promife to pay annually for five Years, in proportion to each Subfcription ; which Sum in Grofs may amount to £. 5,000 Pennfylvania Currency. The Subfcribers elect out of their Numbers 15 Truftees to manage the Stock, appoint Mafters with their Sala- ries, make Vifitations &c. At prefent they have three Mafters and one Ufher ; the firft Mafter is called ReStor, with an Ufher under him, he teaches Latin in all its Gradations, even from the Rudiments if required, with a Sallary of £. 200 Pennfylvania Currency per Ann. be- fides the Perquifites from his Scholars, which is 20/ En- trance, and £. 4 per Ann. for each Boy's Schooling : His Ufher has,£. 60 -per Ann. with fome Perquifite of School- ing Fees. There is an Englifh School-Mafter at an Allowance o\~ £. 150 per Ann. befides Perquifites from his Scholars at the fame Rate with the Latin School. A Mathematical and Writing Mafter in the fame Perfon allowed^. 100 per Ann. with Perquifites from Scholars as the other Mafters have. The Boys at this Time (May 1751) are 60 to 70, increafing confiderably. The Englifh Mafter teaches in fome Manner Grammatically to conftrue Sentences, to point out the Verb with its proper Antecedents and Relations. They have purcha- fed at a cheap Rate, a fine commodious Building, it is that Meeting Houfe upwards of 100 Feet long a'nd 70 Feet wide, built in the Enthufiaftick Times of Whttefield: The Truftees at the beginning were chiefly Prefbyteri- ans of the New-light kind, but in a few Years one half of them became Moravians, and a Difpute arofe amongft them, which Party fhould eftabltfh a Minifter, but as * As this is a kind of Common-Place, the Reader may excufe my deviating from the ftria formal ftiff Rules of fome pedantick Hif- torians, t the @f Pennsylvania. 323 the Prefbyterians had it originally, they kept it to the laft: This Divifion fubfifting, and the Work-men not above half pay'd, both Sides agreed to difpofe of it for the Ufe above-mentioned, and the Work-men were pay'd off. The Subfcribers and their Truftees hope before the Expiration of the five Years, to fall on Ways and Means to render it perpetual ; they have applied to the chief Proprietor Thomas Penn, Efq; to render it per- petual, begging his Affiftance and Countenance ; but it feems Mr. Thomas Penn had in view the Eftablifliment of fuch a Seminary, entirely on his own Foundation, but not in the City ; therefore it's doubted whether he may ingraft his Scheme with this, or purfue his firft Intentions : There is little or no hopes of receiving any "Encou- ragement from the publick Legiflature, the Majority of the Affembly being Quakers, who have a large publick Stock of their own for fuch a Purpofe, and have finifhed a good commodious Houfe of their own for a School, the Preceptor is a Quaker, with^. 100 Sterl. per Ann. befides Fees for teaching, he is to teach twelve of the poorer fort Gratis, f That the Reader may make fome eftimate of the Pro- portions of the various Sectaries in Philadelphia, I fhall here obferve that in the laft fix Months of 1750, there were buried in Philadelphia, Swedes 15 Dutch Lutherans 28 Prefbyterians 26 Dutch Calvinifts 39 Baptifts 9 Roman Catholicks 15 Quakers 104 Burials for the 12 Months of 1750, Chrift Church » Parifh, Church of England 129. Negroes 84. f As I formerly mentioned, Vol. II. P. 283, in New-Jerfey there is a College lately erected by Governor Belcher, with ample Charter Privileges, but without any fupport from the Publick, they depend entirely on Donations and Berleftiflions, excepting that by Means of jQottery they raifed £, iooo to 1 20c, to make a beginning ; a fixed Place has been much controverted : They have a Divinity Profeffor, a Profeffor of natural PhHoibphy, and a Matter of a Gram mer School, allvpoorly provided f°r« ;■■• Amo 324 ^Summary, Historical and Political, tiff. Anno 1751, In Philadelphia were eftimated about 11,000 Whites, 600 Blacks. In the Province of Penn- fylvania and its Territories, no regular Eftimate can be made of the Inhabitants, becaufe there is no Poll Tax, nor any M'ditia Lift allowed for Alarums, or common Trainings, as in the other Colonies, to form Eftimates by. There is only one Cuftom-Houfe Collection in the pro- per Province of Pennfylvania, called the Port of Phila- delphia ; to form fome Notion of the extent of its Trade and Navigation, I have inferted the following Ta- ble by way of a Specimen of what may be compofed for each Cuftom-Houfe Port in Britifh North-America, from the Cuftom-Houfe quarterly Accounts fent home. Delaware River or the Port of Philadelphia is generally Frozen up, and has no Navigation in the Months of Ja- nuary and February* The following is an Account of Entries and Clearances of Veffels at Philadelphia, from March 1, 1748,9, to December 25, 1749. Entred Inw ards, from Cleared Out, for Antigua 12 Antigua 14 Anguilla 5 Auguftine 3 Auguftine. 4 Amboy 2 Amboy 3 AnguilJa, 3 ^Barbados 29 Barbados 22 Bofton. 2g Bofton 41 Briftol 1. Bermuda 7 Bermuda 11 Cadiz 2 Cadiz; 5 Cape-Breton 1 Cagliaria 2 Corocoa 6 Coracoa 2 Chebucta 3 Cowes 21 Fiall 2 Deal 1 Ireland 19 Glafgow 1 Jamaica, 22 Hifpaniola 5 Lifbon 2 Havanna 4 London 5 Ireland 17 Lewis-Town x Jamaica Madeira Of Pennsylvania^ 325 Entred Inwards, from Jamaica 13 Lifbon 5 Liverpool 3 London 9 Lewis-Town 2 Madeira 7 Maryland 4 New-York 15 North-Carolina 5 Nantucket 4 New-London 1 Portfmouth 1 Plymouth 1 Providence 8 Rhode-Ifland 23 South Carolina 10 St. Chriftophers 5 St. Euftatia 3 Salem 3 Turks-Ifland 8 Tortola 1 Teneriffe 2 Virginia 7 In all 303. In the above Lift, is Ships 62 Brigs 72 6nows 25 Scooners 25 Sloops 119 Cleared Out, for Madeira 15 Maryland 8 Newfoundland 5 New-York 6 North Carolina 6 Nantucket 2 New-London 1 Providence 8 Rotterdam 1 Rhode-Ifland 25 South-Carolina 23 St. Chriftophers S Surranam 1 St. Euftatia 6 Salem 2 Teneriffe 1 Virginia 12 Weft-Indies 6 In all 291 In this Lift, is Ships 6*4 Brigs 65 Snows 26 Scooners 21 Sloops 112 Total 291 There are now remaining in the Harbour, 19 Ships, 9 Snows, 8 Brigs, 2 Scoon- Total 303 ers, and 1 Sloop. In all 39. As in the Province of Pennfylvania, there is no Poll Tax, neither any Militia incorporated and regulated ; we can give no Eftimate of their Numbers of Whites and Slaves, by proportional Calculations, gt6 ^Summary, Historical and Political, &c. There never was any Militia within this Colony on a legal Eftablifliment ; what not long ago appeared and made fuch a Show by their Numbers, were only Volun- tiers commiffioned by the Governor: The Quakers have Always been about three Quarters of the Affembly, though in Number perhaps not exceeding one Quarter of the People ; the Quakers artfully petfuade the Dutch and Germans, that if they chufe others than Quakers for their Reprefentatives, they would immediately have a Militia Law impofed on them, which would fubject them to greater Slavery, than what they fuffered in their own Country. This Colony by Importation of Foreigners and other Strangers in very great Numbers, grows prodigioufly ; by their laborious and penurious Manner of living, in Confequence they grow rich where others ftarve, and by their fuperior Induftry and Frugality may in Time, out the Britifh People from the Colony. The greateft Year of Importation of Germans, Irifh, a few Welch and Scots, was from December 25, 1728, to Decemb. 25, 1729/, being about 6,200 Perfons : In the Year 1750, Germans imported into this Province and Territories, were 4,317 ; Britifh and Irifh Paffengers and Servants above iooo. We omitted to obferve, that fome Palatines who came over to New York by Queen Anne's Bounty, 1707, in the Provinee of New-York, they were not allowed a fufficient Encouragement of quantities of Land • and by Encouragement of Sir William Keith Governor of Penn- fylvania, they removed to Pennfylvania. The Numbers of Foreigners, principally Germans, im- ported into this Province or Colony, in the Courfe of about 25 Years laft paft, has been fo exceffive ; that if it is not limited by a Provincial Act, or by the dernier Refource, an Act of the Britifh Parliament, the Pro- vince and Territories of Pennfylvania, may foon .degene- rate into a foreign Colony, endangering the Quiet of our adjacent Colonies. Wk Of Pennsylvania; 3*7 The Legiflature. In the Colony are only two Negatives in the Ligifla- ture, the Governourand Houfe of Reprefentatives, called the Affembly. The Council fo called, is only the Pro- prietors Council to the Proprietors Governor, but not a King's Council ; they have no Concern in the Legiflature otherways than by advifing the Governor in his Nega- tive. The Acts of Legiflature run thus ; Be it enatled by the Honourable-------.Efq; Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Pennfylvania, and of the.Counties of New- Caftle, Kent and Suffex on Delaware River ; by and with the Confent of the Reprefentatives of the Freemen of faid Province, in General Affembly met. The Governor of Pennfylvania is only the Proprietaries Penns Deputy, and is ftiled Lieutenant Governor and his Honour; his Sallary in late Years has been per Annum £ iooo Currency out of the Excife Duty for the Province of Pennfylvania, and £ 200 per. Ann. from the Territories called the three Lower Counties. By Act of Parliament, all Lieutenant Governors or Deputies nominated by Lords Proprietors or principal hereditary Governors of Britifh Colonies in North-America, muft have the Royal Ap- probation. The proper Province of Pennfylvania was at firft di- vided into the three Counties of Philadelphia, Bucks and Chefier, each fending eight Reprefentatives to the Affem- bly ; about 20 Years fince was added the County of Lancafter fending four Reprefentatives ; and lately an Addition is made of two new Counties back inland, by the Names of York and Cumberland, they are allowed only two Members each ; with two Reprefentatives from the City of Philadelphia make thirty four Reprefentatives, which compofe the Houfe of Affembly. The Qualifi- cation for an Elector or Elected, is, a Freeman Refident in the Country for two Years, and worth in real or per- fonal Eftate, or both jointly, the Value of Fifty Pounds their Currency, which if required, is to be declared upon Oath or Affirmation. The 328 ^Summary, Historical and Po'litical, &c. The three Lower Counties on Delaware River called the Tetritories, are a diftinct Jurifdiction, and their Af- fembly of Reprefentatives confift of fix Members from New-Caftle County, fix from Kent, and fix from Suffex Counties, in all eighteen Members. Their General Affemblies are annually elective on the firft Day of the Month of Otlober. The Reprefentatives are not by Towns or Parifh Elections ( Philadelphia excepteo4) as in New-England Colonies, but by County Elections. Pennfylvania proper, called the Province, for many Years, confifted of only three Counties called the Upper Counties, viz. Buckingham County, chief Town Briftol, nearly over-againft Burlington of the Jerfies-. Philadelphia County, chief Town Philadelphia, in about 40 d. N. LaL And Chefier County, chief Town Chefier, about 15 Miles fon the River) below Philadelphia, and a few Years fince was made the Inland County of Lancafter, chief Town Lancafter, laying both Sides of Sefquahanna River; and very lately two more Inland Counties,2V£ and \ Cumberland. The Territories are called the three Lower Counties on Delaware River, viz. New-Caftle County, chief Town New-Caftle, about 35 Miles below Philadel- phia : Kent County, chief Town Dover : and Lewis County, chief Town Lewis or Horekil, near Cape-Henlopy of Delaware Bay. Courts of Judicature. Juries are all returned by the Sheriff, excepting in particular Cafes, but not often, there may be a ftruck Jury by Confent of Parties, and that muft be in the Pre- fence of one of the Judges, the Sheriff, and the Parties. The Sheriffs and Coroners are annually elected at the fame Time with the Reprefentatives, by a County Elec- tion ; the People elect two for each Office, out of which the Governor chufes one, who in the fame Manner may be re-elected for three Years running, but- after three Years, can not be reelected, but by the intervention of three Years out of Office, and then is capable of "a new- Election. Juftices Of Pennsylvania. 3-9 Justices of the Peace, are all of the Governors appoint- ing, and fit in Quarter Seffions, conformable to the Laws and Inftitutionsof England. The Judges of the Common Pleas are the Juftices of the Peace in each refpective County ; when the Quarter Seffions are finifhed, they continue to fit in Quality of the fudges of Common Pleas by Commiffion from the Governor. 7 r ;ir prefent Times of Sitting are, For the County of Philadelphia, at Philadelphia the Hrft Monday in March, June, September and December. For the City of Philadelphia, the Mayor's Courts are the firft Tuefday in January, April, July, and laft Tuefday in Otlober. For the County of Buckingham, or Bucks at New-Town (4 1 Miles Weft from Briftol) on the eleventh Day fol- lowing the Courts of Philadelphia County. For the County of Chefier, at Chefier the laft Tuefday in May, Auguft, November, and February. For the County of Lancafter, at Lancafter firft Tuef- day in February, May, Auguft, and November. For the County of Suffex, at Lewis, the firft Tuefday in February, May, Auguft, and November. For the County of Kent, at Dover, the fecond Tuefday of tre laft faid Months. For the County of New-Caftle, at New-Caftle the third Tuefday of faid Months. The fupreme Court confifts of a chief Juftice and two Affiftant Judges commiffioned by the Governor: They have all the Authority of the King's Bench, Common-Pleas, and Court of Exchequer in England, in the Words of the Provincial Law ; they not only receive Appeals, but all Caufes once commenced in the Inferior Courts, after the firft Writ, may be moved thither by a Habeas Corpus, Certiorari, Writs of Error, &c. The Judges of this Supreme Court have alfo a Stand- ing and diftinct. Commiffion, to hold as to them fhall feem needful, Courts of Oyer and Terminer, and general Vol. II. T t Goal 330 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. Goal Delivery throughout the Province, and are Juftices of the Peace in every County. The fupreme Courts in Pennfylvania are held at Phi- ladelphia, tenth Day of April, and the twenty-fourth Day of September. There is an Officer called the Regifier General, for the Probate of Wills and granting Letters of Adminiftration, whofe Authority extends all over the Province, but exe- cuted by a Deputy in each refpective County, except at Philadelphia, where he is obliged to refide himfelf. He or his Deputies in Cafe of any Difpute or Caveat entred, may call two of the Juftices of the Peace to aflift him in giving Decifion$. The Authority of this Officer, and of all the others above-mentioned, is founded on Acts of Affembly, impowering the Governor to commiffion and appoint fuch as feem to him qualified for that Purpofe. The Court of Vice-Admiralty, is, as in the other Colo- nies, by Commiffion from the Admiralty in England. The Jufticiary Court of Admiralty, is, as in the other Colonies, by Commiffion under the Broad Seal of En- gland, fome of the neighbouring Provinces being inclu- ded in one and the fame Commiffion ; the Judges are the Governors, Councils, Captains of Men of War, prin- cipal Officers of the Cuftoms, and fome Juftices of the Peace. The prefent Taxes, or Provincial Revenue. This confifts of, i. Excife, which is 30/ per Pipe of Wine, and ^.d. per Gallon of Rum fold in publick Hou- fes ; may amount to about £. .3,000 Currency ; it would be much more if properly collected. 2. The Intereft Money of their Paper Currency let out by the Loan Office on Land Security, which may be about £. 5,000 per Ann. Thefe two Articles have hitherto been fuffi- cient to pay the Governor and other Officers of the Go- vernment, to defray the Charges of Treaties and Prefents to 0/Pennsylvania." 331 to the Indians, and in general for all publick Charges whatfoever. Moreover, there is in each refpectiveCounty, a County Tax towards their Courts of Juftice, High ways, Bridges, &c,and a Poor Tax. Yearly at the fame Time with the Election of Reprefentatives in each County, are elected fix Affeffors and three others called a Court of Delegates; thefe Delegates are to Sit and receive Appeals from Peo- ple who think themfelves aggrieved in their Affeffments. The Affeffors without any further Enquiry, by the Af- fiftance of the former Years Books, make what Judgment they think proper of every Man's Eftate and Faculty, and Rate them from 2d to 3^ in the Pound; they can not go higher by Law. Here, as every where, the af- feffcd are under rated ; thus a Perfon in Truth worth £. 10,000, is returned upon their Lifts worth £. 200 to £. 300, and to pay 2d in the Pound ; thus this Tax falls heavieft upon the lower fort of People. Produce, ManufaHures, Trade, and Navigation. Their Produce is all forts of Britifh Grain of the Bread kind, Indian Corn, Buck Wheat ; Hemp, and Flax 5 Flax-Seed is a confiderable Exportation to Scotland and Ireland ; fome Tobacco, and Bees Wax. This may be called a Grain or Corn Country, and adapted to Flax and Hemp. They Manufacture Wheat into Flower, and Flower into Bifket ; the largeft Branch of their Export is Flower, which bears a better Price abroad, than that of New- York. Five Bufhels Wheat yeilds about one hundred and three Quarters merchantable Flower ; the Garnel or fecond Flower pays for Cafk and all other Charges. They Manufacture their Barley into Malt, and Malt into Beer and Ale for Export. The 332 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. The Irifh manufacture confiderably of * Linnen Cloth for Sale, befides for home Confumption •, perhaps in this Country, the Farmers, that is, the Hufbandmen, make nine Tenths of all their wearing Apparel. At prefent the Flax-Seed from Pennfylvania, Jerfey, New York, Connetlicut, and other Parts of New England, anfwers better at Home, in Cultivation, than what has been imported for many Years from Holland. Befides the above-mentioned Commodities of Expor- tation ; the Pennfylvania Indian Traders, purchafe Deer- Skins and a few Furs from the Indians oi Delaware and Sefquahanna Rivers, and from the Handelaars, back of Maryland and Virginia ; they export confiderably of Iron in Pigs, Bars, and Pots : Ship Building, but their Oak is not durable : Cordage, Lintfeed Oyl, Starch, Soap, Can- dles ; fome Beef, Pork, Butter, Staves, Heading and Hoops, Walnut Logs and Plank. The Commodities imported for Confumption*and Re- exportation, are dry Goods from Great-Britain ; Wines from Madera, and the other Wine Iflands ; Salt from * Concerning the Britifh Confumption of Linnen Cloth, we may obferve, i. That the Linnen Cloth ftamptin Scotland {ox Sale, is very much upon the Increafe, as appears by Eftimates made in the follow- ing Periods. N. B. The Cloth at a Medium rs valued at Sdto w < Sterl. per Yard. Years Y3rds £. 1729, 2,183,978 Value 103,312 Sterl. »739» 4.801,537 196,068 i749- ' 7.360,286 322»°45 z. Irifh Linnen imported into England fox feven Years from Chriftmas 1741, to Chriftmas 174.8, as per Cuitom-Houfe Books, at a Medium, js about fix Millions of Yards per Ann. 3. Befides all theft-, tha Britifh Demand or Imports of Foreign Linnen is about 30 Millions of Yards per Ann. Here is a large Field of Encouragement for our Northern American Colonies, proper for the Production of Flax and Hemp, to fuperfede this large Importation of German Linnen : This can not be effefted, but by a great Encouragement of our Grain and Pafturc Colonies to lower the too great Plantation Price of Labour, and the better manuring of their Lands. Great- Of Pennsylvania.^ 3^3 Great-Britain, France,'fSpain, Lifbon, Mediterranean and Weft-India Iflands ; from the Weft-Indies or Sugar Iflands and other Colonies, Sugar,Rum,Moloffes, Cotton, Indigo, Coffee, Dying Woods, Mohogony Plank, &c. from the SpanifhCoaxX and Carolinas, Hides, Rice, Pitch, Tar, Tur- pentine, &c. they import many Black or Horned Cat- tle far and near, from South-Carolina Southward, and from 300 Miles Weftward, and from the Jerfies. Moft of the Dutch Hufband-men have Stills, and draw a Spirit 'from Rye malted, from Apples and Peaches. There may be from 7000 to 8000 Dutch Waggons with four Horfes each, that from Time to Time bring their Produce and Traffick to Philadelphia, from 10 to 100 Miles Diftance. Their Navigation may be diftinguifhed into fmall Craft, that keep within the Capes, and only bring Pro- duce to Market : As the Province of Pennfylvania reaches only 15 Miles below Philadelphia, moft of this fort of Trade is carried on from the three Lower Counties on the Weft Side of the great River of Delaware, and all the Weft-Jerfies which lies along the Eaft Side of that River : thefe are not comprehended in the Cuftom-Houfe Entries and Clearances of the Port of Philadelphia. To illuftrate the gradual Increafe of the Trade of the Port of Philadelphia, we obferve, that Anno 1736, the Entries-were 212, Clearances 215 Veffels; A little be- fore the late French War, Anno 174,2, Entries were 230, Clearances 281. The Number of Veffels cleared from that Port for twelve Months preceeding. March 12, 1750,1, is 358; thofe that were bound to the North- ward of Delaware Capes, viz. to New-York, Rhode- f By an Aft of Parliament for the Encouragement of the Fifhery 1727, Salt is allowed to be imported in Fennfylmania, from any Part of Europe. There is a like Aft of Parliament for the Encouragement of the curing of Fifh in New-Tori. Though there may be a Miftake in alledging theFifheries of Neiv -Tori and Pennfyhtaiia, becaufe there are no Fifh cured there ; yet in fundry other Things it may be be- neficial. Ifland, 334 -^Summary, Historical and Political, &e. Jftand, Bofton with its out Ports, Hallifax, and Newfound- land make about 90 of that Number ; to Virginia, Ma- ryland, North and South-Carolina, and Georgia about 29 $ the Remainder Sail for ifor^ and the Weft India Sugar Iflands and Colonies ; the Craft that go to theSouthward, Virginia, Maryland, &c. are of no great Value, but thofe who go to the Northward, efpeciaily to Bofton, and Rhode- IJland are generally of more Value than theVeffcls that go to the Weft Indies, fome ofthem carry 500 to 600 Barrels of Bread and Flower. They build about 20, or upwards, Veffels that go to Sea from Philadelphia. The Cuftom-Houfe Officers in this Colony, have the largeft Sallaries of any in North-America : The Collector of the Port of Philadelphia is a Patent Officer ; in the proper Province this is the only Collection ; in the Ter- ritories called the three lower Counties are two Collections, New Caftle and Lewis. I can not account for the many Cuftom-Houfe Col- lections upon the River of Delaware, there are two on the Jerfey Side, and three on the Pennfylvania Side, ex- cepting the Cuftom-Houfe of Philadelphia, the others are nominal and Sine Cures, and might have been called Branches and Creeks of Philadelphia ; befides ufual Offi- cers, there is on the Pennfylvania Side, an extraordinary Officer who may be called a Comptroller General, a riding Officer to examine and fign the Accounts of the refpective Collectors. Before any Bills of publick Credit were emitted, the Currency of Pennfylvania was Proclamation Money, a heavy Piece of Eight was 6/in Denomination ; but by the Emiffions of publick Credit Bills, -j- as in all the Co- lonies, who went into a Paper Currency ; their Deno- f The publick Bills of Credit in the Plantations were called a Paper Currency, beczak they were transferable ; and in fcveral of the Colonies enacted :o be a Tender iu Law. minations Of Pennsylvania^ 335 urination,*, did depreciate, and at prefent a Dollar or weighty Piece of Eight paffes for yf6d Denomination, but by the good Management of their Paper Loan Of- fitei the intrinfick Value of their Denominations, has not depreciated further. The Intereft of this Loan Money produces about £. 5,000 Currency per Ann. which with the £/ 3,000 Excife, defrays the Charges of Government. Their firft Emiflion of a Paper 'Currency was about 27 Years ago! Religion Setlaries. The various Plantation Sectaries have been already mentioned, in a general Digreffion in the Section of Rhode-IJland; but as the Moravians and Dumplers are peculiar to this Colony, what is further to be obferved concerning them, is here inferted. In Vol. II. P. 155, we mentioned that the Mora- vians had lately obtained a Britifh Act of Parliament indulging them in many Things ; particularly, that their Affirmation, Quaker-like, fhall be equivalent to an Oath, but with fome Reftrictions. There are about 800 to 900 Moravians who have already tranfported theirifclves to this Colony, and many more may be expected, be- caufe fince the paffing the Act of Parliament in their Favour, the feveral Tolerations they had in Germany, Holland, and Danmark, are taken from them ; the Rea- fons for fo doing, I have not as yet learn't; but by Edicts, their Books, Hymns, and Publick Worfliip, are ordered to be fuppreffed. In Vol. II. P. 150. we mentioned a Branch of the Ger- man Anabaptifts called Dumplers ; they are generally ig- norant People, but fome of their Heads are not fo ; for Inftance, Peter Miller a German, writes elegantly in La- tin upon Religion and Mortification : They have a Printing Prefs, and are continually Printing ; they are very curious in writing fine, and delight much in Scrouls of Writing on Religious Subjects, duck up in their Halls and Cells, the initial Letters are beautifully illu- minated 336 A Summary, Historical and Political, &rV. minated with Blue, Red, and Gold, fuch as may be feen in old Monkifh Manufcripts. I am again fallen into the difiigreeab'e Subject (where Offence to fome or many is unavoidable) of Sectaries or Parties in Religious Affairs : what here follows was de- figned for the Appendix, but as I now find that a long Appendix containing many loofe, not connected Mat- ters, may be tedious to the Reader ; I fhall in the fe- veral Sections following, occafionally interfperfe many Things defigned for the Appendix. Some Years fince, viz. 1722, there was a confiderable Seceflion in the S. W. Parts of Connetlicut, of Congre- tMuonalift Minifters and Candidates, to better themfelves in Livings by CLurch of England Miffions : from this Incident, there has lately been revived a fophiftical Dif- pute, whether the eftablifhed old Congregationalift Mi- nifters, or the late new Converts, Church of England Mif- fionaries, are to be deemed the Separalifts. The Deci- fion ' feems to be eafy, by relating only Matters of Fact. By a Fundamental, in the Articles of Union, 1707, of England and Scotland, the Church of England in exprefs plain Words, is declared to be eftablifhed in all the En- glifh Plantations ; but this feems to be only as to Church Government, and that only amongft the People of the Church of England ; the other Sectaries can have no Ec- clefiaftical Jurifdiction even amongft themfelves, as ap- pears by the annexed Determination of the Lords Juftices Anno 1725 ; but in their various Modes of Worfhip [Roman Catholicks excepted) all Chriftian Profeffions are ,tolerated in Perpetuity, and in as ample Manner, as if they were Churches eftablifhed by Law. If any Sectary who prevail in the Legiflature of any Colony, impofe upon the other Sectaries ; they are checkt by the King in Council, all the Colonies being under the immediate Inflection of the King in Council ; we here adduce the annexed Cafe of the Act of the Affembly of Connetlicut, againft Quakers, &c. A Of Pennsylvania^ 337 A true Copy of a Letter from their Excellencies the Lords Juftices, to the Hon. W-----— D-------, Efq-, Lieutenant Governor of his Majefty9s Province of the Massachusetts-Bay. Whitehall, Otlober 7th, 1725. SIR, fi r~f~y H E Lords Juftices being informed from fuch j_ " good Hands, as make the Truth of this " Advice not to be doubted, that at a ge- " neral Convention of Minifters, from feveral Parts of " his Majefty's Province of the Maffachufetts-Bay, at " Bofton on the 27th of May laft, a Memorial and Ad- " drefs was framed, directed to you as Lieutenant Go- " vernor and Commander in Chief, and to the Council " and Houfe of Reprefentatives then fetting, defiring " that the General Affembly would call tha feveral " Churches in this Province to meet by their Paftors " and Meffengers, in a Synod, which Memorial and Ad- " drefs, being accordingly prefented by fome of the " faid Minifters, in the Name and at the Defire of the " faid Convention, was confidered in Council, the third " of June following ; and there approved, but the Houfe " of Reprefentatives put off the Confideration of it to " the next Seflion, in which che Council afterwards " concurred. " Their Excellencies were extremely furprized, that no " Account of fo extraordinary and important Tranf- " action fhould have been tranfmitted by you, purfuanc ** to an Article in your Inftructions, by which you are " directed upon all Occafions, to fend unto his Majefty, «' and to the Commiflioners for Trade and Plantations, " a particular Account of all your Proceedings, and tie " Condition of Affairs within your Government. As •• this Matter doth highly concern his Majefty's Royal " Prerogative, their Excellencies referred the Confide- ■« ratioo of it# to Mr. Attorney and Sollicitor General, Vol. II. U u who 3J3 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c.' " who after mature Deliberation, and making all proper •e Enquiries, reported," " That from the Charter and " Laws of your Colony, they cannot collet! that there is any " regular Eftablijhment of a National or Provincial Church " there, fo as to warrant the holding of Convocations or " Synods of the Clergy, but if fuch Synods might be holden, " yet they take it to be clear in Point of Law, that his Ma- " Jefty's Supremacy in EccleJiaftical Aft airs, being a Branch " of his Prerogative, does take Place in the Plantations, " and that Synods cannot be held, nor is it lawful for the "Clergy to affemble as in Synods, without Authority from " his Majefty" : " They conceive the above-mentioned Ap- " plication of the faid Minifters, not to you alone, as " reprefent ing the King's Perfon, but to you and the Coun- " cil and the Houfe of Reprefentatives, to be a Contempt " of his Majefty's Prerogative, as it is a publick Acknow- " lodgment, that the Power of granting what they defire " refides in the Legiflative Body of the Province, which by " Law is vefted only in his Majefty. And the Lieut. Go- " vernor, Council and Affembly intermeddling therein, was *• an Invafion of bis Majefty's Royal Authority, which " it was your Duty as Lieut. Governor, to withftood and " rejetled, and that the Confent of the Lieut. Governor, ** the Council, and Houfe of Reprefentatives, will not be ••■ fufficient Authority for the holding of fuch a Synod." •' Their Excellencies, upon Confideration of this Opi- •* nion of the Attorney and Soliciter General, which they " have been pleafed to approve, have commanded me to " acquaint you with, and to exprefs to you their Surprize, '• that no Account of fo remarkable a Tranfaction, " which fo nearly concerns the King's Prerogative, and " the Welfare of his Majefty's Province under your Go- " vernment, has been received from you, and to fignify " to you their Directions, that you do put an effectual " Stop to any fuch Proceedings, but if the Confent defir- " ed by the Minifters above mentioned, for the holding •' of the Synod, fhould have been obtained, and this pre- ^ tended Synod fhould be actually Sitting, when you re- Of Pennsylvania. 339 t{ ceive thefe their Excellencies Directions, they do in " thatCafe, require and direct you, to caufe fuch their " Meeting to ceafe, acquainting them that their Affem- " bly is againft Law, and a Contempt of his Majefty's " Prerogative, and that they are forbid to meet any " more ; but if notwithftanding fuch Signification, they " fhall continue to hold fuch an Aflembly, you are then " to take Care that the principal Actors therein be " profecuted for a Mifdemeanour. But you are to avoid " doing any formal Act to diffolve them, left it be " conftrued to imply that they had a Right to affem- " ble. This Sir, is what I have in Command from " their Excellencies to fignify to you. " And I muft obferve to you, that the Precedent quo- " ted in the above mentioned Memorial of fuch a Synod, " being held forty five Years ago, falls in with the Year ther North than Potomack River, Lord Baltimore went home and obtained from K. Charles I. a Grant of all the Lands from the Mouth of Potomack River in about 38 d. 10 m. N. to the Swede oilq\ Finland Settlements which were reckoned Of Maryland. tes reckoned to the.bottom of Chefapeak Bay, in about the Latitude of 39 d.45 m. or 15 Englifh Miles South of Philadelphia parallel; the Account, of the Controverfies concerning the Boundaries between the Properties and Ju- rifdictions of Maryland and Pennfylvunia, we refer back to the Section of Pennfylvania, The Banditti Dutch, Swedes, and Fins were prior to the Englifh in their Settlements upon Delaware River and Weftward inland. Upon a new Royal Regulation in Virginia, feveral Families went over from England to fettle there, amongft thofe were Lord Baltimore a rigid Roman Catholick, for the Advantage of the more free Exercife of his Religion^he retired thither; but being ill ufed by the Church of England Sectary, and finding that the Humour of petitioning for large Tracts of Lands was encouraged by the Court at Home, and that the Virginia Settlers had not extended further North •than Potomack River ; Lord Baltimore petitioned for a Grant of vacant Lands from North of Potomack River* to the Swedijh and Finlanders .Settlements between the bottom of Chefapeak Bay and Delaware River, and ob- tained the Promife of a Grant for the fame ; but dying foon, his Son and Heir obtained the Patent dated June 20, 1632 ; that Part of the Patent which regards the Boundaries in the Englifh Tranflation from the Original Latin Inftrument, runs thus. Know ye therefore that we, favouring the pious and noble Purpofes of the faid Baron if Baltimore, of our fpecial Grace, certain Knowledge, and mere Motion, have given, granted, and confirmed, and by this our prefent Charter for us our Heirs and Succeffors do give, grant and confirm unto Cecilius now Baron of Baltimore, his Heirs and Affigns, all that Part of a Pen- infula lying in the Parts of America, between the Ocean on the Eaft, and the Bay or Gulph -of Chefapeak, on the Weft, and divided from the other Part thereof by a right Line drawn from the Promontory or Cage of Land called Watkins Point {fcituate in* the aforefaid Bay or Gulph near the River of Wighco) on the Wtft% unto the main Ocean 35^v* Summary, Historical and Political, &c.' Ocean on the Eaft, and between that bounds on the South, as far as to the AEftuary of Delaware on the North, where it is fcituate to the fortieth degree of Northern Latitude from the Equinoxial where New-England ends, and all that Trail of Land within the Bounds underwritten, viz. paffing from the aforefaid ^Eftuary called Delaware Bay in a right Line, by the Degree aforefaid, unto the true Meridian if the firft Fountain of the River Potomack, and from thence tending or paffing toward the South to the further Bank of the faid River, and following the Weft and South Side thereof, unto a certain Place called Cinquack, fcituate near the Mouth of faid River, where it falls into the afore- faid Bay or Gulph of Chefapea(R and from thence by the fhorteft Line that can be drawn unto the aforefaid Promon- tary or Place called Watkins Point. So that all the Trail of Land divided by the Line aforefaid drawn between the main Ocean and Watkins Point, unto the Promontory called Cape Charles, and all its Appurtenancies, do remain entirely excepted to us our Heirs and Succejfors for ever. We do alfo grant and confirm unto the faid now Lord Balti- more, his Heirs and Affigns, all Lands and Iflets within the Limits aforefaid, and all and Jingular the IJlands and Iflets which are or fhall be in the Ocean within ten Leagues from the Eaftern Shore of the faid> Country towards the Eaft, &c. Lord Baltimore called it Maryland from the Name of the Queen Confort. For the North Bounds of this Province, fee the Penn- fylvania Section, Vol. II. P. 308, being a parallel 15 Enligfh Miles South of the Southermoft Part of the City of Philadelphia in about Lat. 39 d. 45 m. Its Eaft Line is the Weft Line of the three lower Counties of Pennfylvania, already delineated, to Cape Henlopen, and from Cape Henlopen by the Ocean to a parallel or Eaft and Weft Line drawn from Watkins Point near Wighco River on Chefapeak Bay in about the Lat. of 38 d. 10. m: Its Southern Bound is this parallel on the Eaft Side of Chefapeak Bay, and further on the Weft Side of faid Bay up Potomack River as the River runs, here are fome Difputes, 0/ Maryland.' 357 Difputes with Lord Fairfax Proprietor of the North Neck of Virginia : Its Weft Line is a fmall Opening between the Properties of the Penns and of Lord Fairfax as fettled by Treaty with the fix Nations of Indians known by the Name of Mohawks, June 29, 1744, at Lancafter in Pennfylvania, viz. that the Boundaries fhall be at two Miles above the uppermoft Falls of Potomack River, and run from thence in a North Line to the South Bounds of Pennfylvania, and the Indians gave a Quit-Claim to all the Lands in Maryland Eaft of that Line for the Con- fideration of ,£. 300 Currency paid to them by Maryland, Virginia and Maryland are an open Country with many navigable Rivers and Creeks, without any Battery De- fence, and the Inhabitants much difperfed ; therefore much expofed to the Incurfions and Depredations of Enemy armed Veffels ; fcarce any Towns, general Harbours and Barcadiers ; becaufe moft Planters or Traders have navi- gable Barcadiers of their own ; after fome Time there muft be general Barcadiers at the Falls of the feveral' Rivers for the benefit of the inland Country. • Upon the Grant and Patent 1632, Lord Baltimore had a defign to go to Maryland m Perfon, but altered his Mind and appointed his Brother Leonard Calvert Efq; to go Governor in his Stead, and joined Jeremy Hawley Efq; and Thomas Cornwallis, Efq; in 'the Commiflion. The firft Colony confifted of about 200 Perfons, fent by his Lord- fhipin the dutumn 1633 ; they were chiefly Gentlemen of good Families and Roman Catholicks •, the principal were, Leonard Calvert Governor. Jeremy Hawley Efq; V Afliftants. Thomas Cornwallis, blq; f George Calvert Brother to the Governor. Richard GerrardECaj Edward Winter Efq; Frederick Winter Efqi Henry Wifeman Efq-, Mr. John Sanders Mr. John Baxter Mr. Edward Cranfield Mr. Henry Green Mr. Nicholas Fairfax Mr. Thomas Dorr el Mr. John Medcalfe Mr. W Hit am Saire Capt. John Hill They $$$ ^Summary, Historical WPoliticalJ Src.1 They failed from Cowes in the Ifle of White, November 22,1632, after touching at Barbadoes, and St. Chriftophers^ arrived in Virginia February 24th following, and 3d of March arrived in, Potomack River ; after ranging the Country about Potomack River, they at laft fettled with the Confent of the Indians, at the Indian Town called Tamaco at the Mouth of the River, to which they gave the Name of St. Maries. It is faid that in the firft two Years this Settlement of a Colony, coft Lord Baltimore about £. 40,000 Sterl. by bringing over People, Pro- vifions, and other Stores. During the Civil Wars in England, Lord Baltimore was deprived of the Government or Jurifdiction of Ma- ryland, about the Reftoration 1661, Charles Lord Balti- more, Son of Cecilius obtained a Confirmation of the Grant 1632, and made feveral Voyages thither, but the Pro- prietor being a Roman Catholick, the Crown retained the Jurifdiction, and appointed the Governor and all other Civil Officers: The prefent Proprietor is Proteftant* and enjoys both Government or Jurifdiction and Property. In the trading Road by Harris's Ferry on Sefquabanab River the breadth of Maryland from Pennfylvania Boun- dary Line, to Potomack River does nos exceed 8 Miles, but higher it is faid to widen again. N. B. Paxton on Sefquabanab River, is the 'trading Place in this Road. The Lords Baltimore Referve in each County, fome Mannors not granted, as the Penns do in Pennfylvania, and as Proprietors-of large Tracts of Land in New-En- gland, referve fome part to themfelves, when they fell off Parcels ; thefe Parcels when improved, rife the value of the referved Lands. Maryland was fo called from K. Charles I. Queen Henrietta Maria, a Daughter of Frances, it was held of the Crown in common Soccage as of his- Majefty's Honour of Windfor, paying yearly two Indian Arrows to the Caftle of Windfor when demanded. By an Aft of Affembly for Liberty of Confcience to all. Perfoos who profefs Chriftianity -, Proteftant Diffenters, as well as r Roman O/'Maryland.* 359 Roman Catholicks were induced to fettle there. The prior Settlement of Virginia was of great Advantage to* the fettling of the Colony of Maryland^ tn fupplying them with, fundry Neceffaries. In Maryland and Virginia, the publick Rates or Taxes for Province, County, and Parifh are called Levies ; it is a Capitation or Poll Tax, upon all Tythables, that is upon all Males of Whites^-and upon all Negroes, Males and Females of 16 Mt. and upwards to 60 Mt. In Maryland the Tax is generally from 90 lb. to i2q Wt. of Tobacco, according to Exigencies per Ann. foe each Poll, whereof 40 Wt. to the Rector of the Parifh ; the reft is for the Poors Rate, Affemblymen's Wages, &c. The Clergymen of Maryland are upon the moft pro- fitable Lay of all our Plantation Clergy ; they are not confined to a fixed Salary (in Virginia the Parifh Mi- nifters are fixed to 16,000 1. Wt.. of Tobacco "per Ann. Salary) but in this growing Country as they are paid in Proportion to the Number of Taxables, the more that the Colony increafes in People, the larger is their Income, until the Parifhes become fo large as to require to be fubdivided : there is at prefent near 40,000 Taxables in Maryland. In Maryland the Affembly at Times fixes Produce at a certain Price as a legal Tender for the Year ; for In- ftance, Anno 1732, Tobacco was fixed at i^per lb. Wt. Indian Corn at iod. per Bufhel, Wheat at 3/ /\.d. per Bufhel, Pork 2d., per lb. Wt. Quit Rents and King's Duties were excepted, and were payable in Proclamation Money, 6 f. per heavy piece of Eight, now called a Spanifh Dollar. The People of Maryland have been happy, in not being expofed to the Incurfions and Rapines of the outland Indians ; they are covered by the neighbouring Provinces •, their opening between the Provinces of Vir- ginia and Pennfylvania isvrry fmall. Anno 1677, the Indians at War with Virginia, by Miftake committed fome 360 ^Summary, Historical and Political, GjV. fome Outrages in Maryland. A few Years fifice, the Indians upon referved Lands, principally in the County of Dorcbefter, Eaft of Chefapeak-Bay, upon fome Difguft feemed to be mutinous, but being fenfible of their own Inability, that humour foon fubfided. Therefore we can have no Article of their Wars with the French, Spaniards, and Indians. The Hiftory of the Viciffitudes in Grants and confe- quential Governments or Jurifdictions is of permanent Ufe ; but the Provincial or Municipal Acts as to Di- vifions of Diftricts and Counties, are variable and fluctuating according to the Humours of the Affembly Men. During the Civil Wars, the Baltimore Family were deprived of their Jurifdiction in Maryland; after the Reftoration 1661, they obtained a Confirmation of their Royal Patent, but the Proprietor being a Roman Catholick, the Court of England appointed the Governor and other Civil Officers. Upon the Revolution, the Crown or Court of England, retained the Jurifdiction of the Province of Maryland: The prefent Lord Balti- more is of the Proteftant Denomination, and is vefted in the Jurifdiction as well as Property of Maryland. Into Maryland and Virginia are imported about 4,000 Negro Slaves per Ann. fome Planters have 500 Slaves, Col. Carter of Virginia is faid to have had 900, and Mr. Bennet of Maryland 1300 at one Time. A Peck of Indian Corn and fome Salt is their weekly Allowance of Provifion for each Negro ; they are reckoned to raife 1000 lb. Wt. of Tobacco befides fonje Barrels of Corn per Head, 6000 Tobacco Plants are reckoned to yeild 1000 lb. Wt. of Tobacco, the Planters by Act of Affembly in Virginia and Maryland, are inhibited from planting more than 6000 Plants of Tobacco per Negro. It is reckoned, there may be 300 to 400 Felons or Mifcreants imported yearly to Maryland frorri England ; this Importation of a vile Levies is fufficient to corrupt any Of Maryland. 36* any Plantation Settlement or Improvement; it is ex- pected that the Government at Home are contriving a more falutary Method of punifhing fome Criminals than by fowing of them in the Colonies. As the Colonies or Provinces of Virginia and Mary- land, lye in the fame long Bay of Chefapeak, we cannot avoid giving a joint Account of them upon fome Occa- fions, principally with Regard to their Trade and Na- vigation. Rivers and Mountains. The gradual Soundings in the Ocean before Veffels enter Chefapeak-Bay, renders the Navigation of Virginia and Maryland very fafe ; by the many navigable Rivers, Bays and Creeks which communicate with the great Bay, the Water Carriage is very commodious : This fine Bay reaches from Cape Henry at its Entrance in about 37 d. Lat. to the bottom of the Bay where it receives the River Sefquabanab in about 39 d. 45 m. Lat. Vir- ginia lies upon this Bay from Cape Henry in Lat. 37, to the Mouth of Potomock River, which divides Virgi- nia from Maryland in Lat. 38 : Maryland lies upon the other Part of this long Bay. Upon the Eaft Side of this great Bay are many fmall Bays, Creeks, and Rivers, but of fhort Courfe, becaufe the Neck of Land between this Bay and the Ocean is narrow ; in the Virginia Part there are no Rivers; in the Maryland Part there are feveral fhort navigable Ri- vers, which generally and naturally ferve as Boundaries of Counties, viz. Pokomoke, Witomoco, Nanticoke, Chap- tank, Wye, Chefier, Safapbras, Elke, and North Eaft: Rivers. Upon the Weft Side of this long Bay are many long navigable beautiful Rivers -x in the Virginia Part are James River, Tork River, Rapahanok River, and the South Side of Potomock River, by thefe the Weftern Shore of Virginia is divided into four Necks of Land* Vol. IL Y y the 362 A Summary, Historical^ Political,^. the Property of three of thefe Necks is in the Crown, the Property of the Northern Neck is in Lord Fairfax, who married the Heirefs of Lord Colepeper, as fhall be related more at large in the Section of Virginia ; in the Maryland Part are the North Side of Potomock River, Patuxen River, South River, Severn River, Patapfco River, Gunpowder River. The two Capes of Virginia which make the Entrance of the Bay, are about 20 Miles diftant, and were called by Capt. Smith, Henry and James, the Names of K. James I. two Sons ; the direct Courfe of the fiay is N. by W. and S. by E. From Bahama Landings at the bottom of the Bay to New-Caftle on Delaware River, are 30 Miles good Travelling. Sefquabanab River, as we mentioned in the Section of Pennfylvania, comes from fmall Ponds a little South of Mohawks River in the Province of New Tork, croffes the Province of Pennfylvania and falls into the bottom of CbefapeakBxy in the Northern Parts of Maryland. The other great Rivers of Virginia and Maryland, all lye W. Side of the Bay ; only James River, and Po- tomock River reach the great Apolacian Mountains, cal- led the Blue-Hilts. In Virginia and Maryland the Tides are very fmall. Maryland and Virginia are flat Countries, excepting the Apolacian great Mountains to the Weftward, which begin in the Province of Pennfylvania, and run 900 Miles S. W. at about 150 or 200 Miles Diftance from, the Eaftern Shore of the Atlantick Ocean, and terminate in the Bay of Apolaxy near Penfacola, in the Gulph of Mexico. Col. Spotfwood Lieut. Governor of Virginia, was the firft who paffed the Apolacian Mountains, or great Blue-Hills, and the Gentlemen his Attendants were called Knights of the Horfejhoe, having difcovered a Horfe-Pafs. At prefent there are two Paffes crofs thefe Mountains, the North Pafs is in Spotjylvnnia, the South Pafs is near Brunfwick. Some Rivers have been difcovered on the Weft Side of the Apolacian Moun- tains^ Of Maryland \&$ tains, which fall into the River Ohio, which falls intd the River Miffiffippi below the River Ilinois. For fome further Account of the Apolacian Mountain?, fee the Section of Pennfylvania, Vol. IF. P. 313. The Irifh who had made Settlements in the Weftern Parts of Pennfylvania, are exceeded by the Germans of late Years imported into Pennfylvania, thefe "Germans by a Superior Induftry and Frugality (notwithftanding of the North of Ireland, Proteftants being noted for Induftry and frugality) have purchafed moft of the Irifli Settle- ments there, and the Irifli move further into Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, along the Foot of the Apolacian Mountains, where the Land is good and very promifing, being the Wafli of thefe Hills and Mountains: The Indian Traders travel this Road, to head many of the Rivers, here are feveral Congregations of Irifli Prefbyterians, to be defcribed in the Section of Virginia. The Alarum Lift, and the Training Militia are nearly in the fame Manner, and under the fame Regulations as in the Colonies already mentioned. As to the Numbers of White and Black People in the Province, we may make fome Eftimate from the Polls of Taxables as found 1734 upon an exact Scrutiny, when every Taxable was allowed 30/ out of a large Emiffion of Paper Currency, they were at that Time about 36,000 Perfons of white Men 16 Mt. and upwards, and of Blacks Men and Women from 16 Mt. to 60 Mt. perhaps at prefent theTaxables may be about 40,000. The Proprietor's Quit-Rents are 2/ Sterl. per Ann. for every 100 Acres, he in Time patented vacant Lands at 4/ per 100 Acres, lately he has endeavoured to let va- cant Lands at 10/ QuitjRent per 100 Aeres^ but it did not take ; he manages (fhe patd'hting of Lands and col- lecting of the Quit-Rents by Agents. Not many Years fince, the Affembly with Confent'of the pord Proprietor, byway of Experimcnt;^ririg the Term of the three Years,;granted their Proprietor iA Lieu^ftf Quit-Rents, " •:-■■•■' t 364 ^Summary, Historical ^Political, fcrV. a Revenue of 3/ 6d Sterl. Duty per Hogfhead of To* bacco, to be paid by the Merchant or Shipper, thus the Planters or Affembly to eafe themfelves, laid the Burthen upon Trade, this amounted to about £.5,000 Sterl. per Ann. but upon the Expiration of the three Years, this Projection was dropt, and the Proprietor found it more for his Intereft to revert to the Revenue arifing from his Quit-Rents. The Governors Allowance of Salary is as per Agree- ment with the Proprietor ; The Council are paid by the Country 180 lb. Tobacco per Z>/ St. Mary's y dm Arundel J Worcefter j Charles 3d Tuefday of ] Kent Cou. 4thTuefday | Queen Amu's faid Mon. in }Calvert offaidM.in >Pr. Georges J Somerfet J Frederick In the Months of Aprii and September, there is a Cir- cuit Court of Affizes for trying Titles of Land, and' of Criminal Cafes: One diftinct Court each fide of the Bay confifting of a Chief Judge, an Affiftant Judge, and proper Juries, who fit in the refpective County Court Houfes. From the County Courts, there is Appeal to the Pro- vincial Court of Annapolis, which is held 3d Tuefday of « May, and 3d Tuefday of Otlober in perfonal Debts of £. 50 or upwards. * In the City of Annapolis are held quarterly Mayors Courts, viz. laft Tuefday in January, April, July, and Otlober. From the Provincial Courts, held at Annapolis, there is allowed an Appeal, in Cafes of & 300 Sterl. Value " ------ " " ' CT 36S A Summary, Historical and Political, Wc. or upwards, to the King in Council, the Appeal is firft brought under the Deliberation (this is a Regulation for all the Colonies) of a Committee of Council called the Lords of Appeals, and from thence reported to the King in Council for a final Determination. The Commiffary, a place of about £. iooo per Ann. is not a Superintendant of the Clergy, he is a Judge con- cerning the Probate of Wills, granting of Adminiftrations, and the like. The Lieut. Governor is Chancellor, he grants Licences For Marrying, which are given out or fold at 25/by a Minifter or Parfon in each County, whereof 20/ to the Governor, and 5 / to this Parfon ; he has Fees for the great Seal of the Province, and fundry other Perquifites j the Sallary allowed him by the Proprietor is per Agree- ment and feldom known ; the Country generally gives three half Pence per Hogfhead Tobacco exported. The Court of Vice Admiralty, is of the fame Nature as in the Colonies already defcribed ; as is alfo The Jufticiary Court of Admiralty for trying Cafes of Pyracy, Robbery, and other Felonies committed on the High Seas, appointed by a Commiffion from Queen 'Anne, purfuant to an Act of Parliament, 11,12, Gul. called an Act for the more effectual Suppreffion of Pyracy. The Proprietors and Deputy Governors. We have already hinted, Vol. II. P. 358, that Sir George Calvert, afterwards Lord Baltimore, obtained from K. Charles I. a Promife of a Grant of thefe Lands now called Maryland, and afterwards his Son Cecilius Lord Baltimore, had a Royal Patent for the fame, 1632. During the Civil Wars in England, and the Ufur- pation of Oliver Cromwell, the Concerns of the Baltimore Family in Maryland Jay Dormant, the Family, being bigotted Roman Catholicks. Soon after K. Charles IL Reftoration, 1661 Charles Lord Baltimore, Son of Cecilius obtained a Royal Confirmation of the 1632 Grant; he went to Maryland, and continued there fome time. Not- Of Maryland.' 369 Notwithstanding of the Baltimore Family being rigid Roman Catholick Zealots, K. James II. fuperfeded their Ju- rifdiction there; the Scheme of the Englifh Court at that Time was, to reduce all Proprietary and Charter Govern- ments, to the Jurifdiction of the Crown. After the Revolution of K. William III. the Baltimore Family had better Ufage, and at. prefent they are be- come good Proteftant Subjects ; for the Succeffion of the Lords Baltimore, fee Vol. II. P. 309. Charles Lord Baltimore, Member of the Britifh Parliament for the County of Surrey died in April 1751, and was fucceeded by his Son Frederick Lord Baltimore. Upon the Revolution, Sir Edmond Androfs was ap- pointed Governor of Maryland, and was fuperfeded by Gol» Nicbolfon: Androfs died in Lond. 1714, in a great Age. Col. Nat. Blackifton, fucceeded Col. Nicbolfon. * Col. Blackifton was fucceeded by Col. William Saymour 1704 : Seymour put into Barbadoes by Strefs of Weather, and had an eight Months Voyage. Col. Corbet fucceeded as Lieut. Governor in Place of Col. Seymour. Col. Hunt arrives Lieut. Governor 1714, and upon K. George'.s Acceffion he was continued Governor. * Col. Nicbolfon was a Knight Errant Governor ; by his Curfing, Swearing, and Hypocritical devotional Exercifes ; he was at Times made Ufe of by the Court in dirty Affairs j particularly when any new Encroachments upon the Privileges of a People were defigned with harlh Ufage; for Inftance 1686, he was appointed Lieut. Go- vernor of the Dominions of Neiv- England Under Sir Edmond Androft: 1710, upon the much faulted Revolution in the Miniftry of Queen Anne he was fent to the Northern Colonies of Britijb North-Ame- rica with an unprecedented Commiffion as lnfpecltr General of all Affairs, Ecclefiaftick, Civil, and Military ; and in that Capacity did much intimidate fome Governors and their Councils : Governor Hunter of New York, a Gentleman of Spirit told me, that if Col. Nicbolfon had proceeded to Neiv-Tork,znd afted in the fame Manner as he did in the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay ; he would at aM Rifles, have fent him Home, to be tried by the Judicatories there, as a Difturber of the Peace of the Colony under Patext of an Anti- conftitutional unprecedented Commiflion. Vol. II. Zz I 370 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c I fhall only mention the Succeffion of Governors of Note. BenedicJ Leonard Calvert, Efq; homeward bound, died at Sea 1732, and was fucceeded by Samuel Ogle, Efq; 1746,7 in March arrives Samuel Ogle, Efq; appointed Lieut. Governor of Maryland in Place of Thomas Bladen, Efq-, Mr. Ogle continues Lieutenant Governor at this Writing,; 752. Produce and Manufactures. Thefe are nearly the fame in the Provinces of Ma- ryland and Virginia, this Article may ferve for both. Tobacco * is an aboriginal American Plant or Herb,. and is faid to have been firft found among the Florida Indians, * As the Ufe of this Plant or Herb by an unaccountable Whim is become the general Amufement of Europe and of the European Settlements on the Eaftern Side of North-America, by Smoaking, Snuffing, and Chewing ; and as no Authors hitherto have given us an exaft Defcription or Icon ef this Plant, I do here delcribe it from the Life, by my own Obfervations as it grows. There are many curious Virginia Gentlemen Planters, who as. Botanifis cultivate Varieties of Tobacco ; but as this is not a Bo- tanical Effay, I muft drop them, and fhall only defcribe that Spe- cies which is cultivated and manufadtured for Exportation.in Trade. Nicotiana major latifolia. C. B. P. M. H. 2, 492. Nicotiana mojor, five Tabaccut* majus. J. B. 3. 629. Hycfryamus Peruiianus. Dod. P. 450. Tobacco : The Icons of John Bauhine and of Mcrifon'xic not exaft. It is an annual Plant, when it is at its full Growth, it is about the height of an ordinary Man, the Stalk is ftraight, hairy, asd clammy, like that of the Hyofcyamus niger vel vulgaris. C. B. P. Common black Henbane ; the whole Habit is of an obfolete yellowifh Green ; Leaves alternate, fome of the lower Leaves are a Cubit long and nine Inches wide entire, but waved ; the lateral Cofta of the Leaf arch into one another near the Margin, the Leaves have no Pedicles (the major angufiiftlia has leng Pedicles) and by an aoriculated Bale embrace the Stalk ; towards the top, the Stalk branches from the Sinus's of the Leaves, and higher from the Sinus of a flender foli- cuhm proceed fafcilesof Flowers : The Flower is flender and tubulous one and half Inch tong,yeIjQwifh with an obfolete diluted Purple Brim, not 0/ Maryland $7* Indians, who Smoaks to fatisfy their Hunger -, fome write, that it came from the Ifland Tobago one of the Weft-India Iflands of nearly the fame Name -, but moft probably it came from Peru, becaufe in North-America it is not fpontaneous, the aboriginal Indians of North' America do not cultivate it, they purchafe it of the En- glifh Planters and fmoak it with Pleafure. Its Clafftcal or Tribe Names it is Nicotiana fo called from John Nicot, a Frenchman Ambaflador at the Court of Portugal, he fent fome of its Seed, which he had from a Dutch Man, to the Court oi-France. It has been faid by fome Writers, that Sir Francis Drake firft brought it to England from the Ifland Tobago of tl?5 Weft-Indies. The Name is Indian ; we have no certain Account of Tohaeco, till Sir Walter Rawleigb'sf Arrival in England from Virginia, 1585, it was cabled Indian Henbane : It was ufed by the Aboriginal Ame- rican Indians* both in North and South-America before the Europeans arrived there. not divided,; but expanded into 4 or 5 Angles; the Calix is tubu- lous of .4 or $ narrow Segments; the PiftiUum becomes the feed, Veffel Cohoidal, 5 or 6 Lines Diameter at bottom, and near an Inch long, Bicopfular with a middle fpungy double Plactn'ta, and contains many fmall round brownifti Seeds ;• the-Seed is ripe end of September : In New-England \t is planted in Cow Pens, it is hotter and dees net fmoak fo agreeably as that of Virginia,. .. In Trade there are only two Species of Tobacco, viz. Aranokoe , from Maryland, a,nd the Northern Parts of Virginia, and fweet fcented from the South Parts of Virginia, whereof the beft kind is from James and 3 'ark Rivers; the firft is the ftrongeft, and is in demand in the Northern Markets of Europe, the other h milder and more pleafant; the Difference feems to be only from the Soil; fweet-fcented which grows in Tandy Lands is beft for Smoaking when new or only two to three Years old ; that from ftiff Land if kept five or fix Years, much exceeds the former. f Sir Walter Ratuleigh upofl.ftis return from Virginia to London 1 c8e, haying prajfofad Tobacco SnapaUicg, in a gay Humour in his Clolet, ordered his Servant to bring hm. Xbme fmall Beer; in the mean 'Time having lighted his Tobacco Pipe, and collected aMeuth- fol ofSrooak, let Kt, fly in the $erv*a*tV face to furprize him * the Servant imagining that his Mailer's Facewtf a Fire, threw tke fmall Seer in his Face, and innocently returned the Jeff. Imported 372 A Summary, Historical and Political, Cfo Imported com. annis to Great-Britain from Virginia about 35,000 Hoglheads of 800 lb. to 950 lb. Wt. per Hogfhead j from Maryland about 30,000 Hoglheads' of 700 lb. and upwards. It is an enumerated Com- modity and cannot be exported from Britifh America to any Ports than Great-Britain, and its Plantations. The neat Duty upon Tobacco imported into Great- Britain is about £. 200,000 Sterl. per Ann. and £. 14000 Seizures. Anno 1733, when Sir Robert Walpole firft Commiflionerofthe Treafury was projecting a Reduction of fundry Cuftoms or -Imports upon Goods, to an Ex- cife, he propofed in Parliament, that the Duty upon Tobacco which at that Time was 6d 1 third per lb. fhould be only 4^ 2 Farthings per lb. whereof 4^ Excife and three Farthings Duty, this Scheme did not fucceed. * By a Convention or Agreement between the Courts of Great-Britain and France* during the late War with France, the Farmers of Tobacco in France did Contract with Merchants in Great-Britain, (Mr. Fitz Gerald was the general French Agent in Britain, ) for fome Bri- tifh Tobacco Ships with Pafsports, and to return to Great-Britain m Ballaft; the fhipping Ports in Great? Britain were London, Briftol, Liverpole, Whitehaven, and Glafcow : The Delivery Ports in France were Diopei Havre de Grace, Morlaix, Bourdeaux, Bayonne, and Mar- fcilles. Virginia and Maryland fometimes produces more To- bacco than they can vent to Advantage, by glutting the Markets + too much, and occafions a mutinous Difpo- fition among the Planters, as happened in Bacon's Re- bellion in Virginia, and at Times to keep up the Pries * Sir RoBort Walpole was very Intenfe upon bringing moft Duties partly into Excife, and partly intp Cuftoms, the better to multiply Revenue Officers, Creature* of the Miniftry, towards carrying Par- liament Elections, &c. || This is fometimes the Cafe with the Jhttcb Eaft India Spices, and the Weft-India Sugars. r. Of Of Maryland. 373 of Tobacco they burn a certain Qantity for each Tax- able, as was done in Maryland upon their firft Emiffion of Paper Money. The Tobacco is generally cultivated by Negroes in Sets, feven or eight Negroes with an Overfcer is a fet; each working Negro is reckoned one Share, the Over- feer has one and a half or two Shares. The Charge of a Negro is a Coarfe woolen Jacket and Breeches, with one pair of Shoes in Winter; victualling is one peck of Indian Corn and fome Salt per Week. To prevent Tobacco from becoming a Drug, no Taxable is to cultivate above fix Thoufand Plants of Tobacco, be- fides Grain. The Plantation Duty is \d Sterl. per lb. upon Tobacco exported to the other Colonies, and is about £. 200 towards the Revenue of the College of Willi- amfburg in Virginia. Tobacco is not only their chief Produce for Trade, but may alfo be called their Medium or Currency, it is received in Taxes and Debts, the Infpecter's Notes for Tobacco received by him, may be transferred, and upon Sight of thefe Notes the Infpector immediately delivers to the Bearer fo much Tobacco. Formerly the Tobacco Affair was managed by Re- ceivers at culling Houfes near the Shipping Places, where the Planter delivered his Tobacco to the Mer- chant ; at prefent in every River there is a certain Number of Country Stores where the Planters Tobacco is lodged, every Hogfhead is branded with the Marks of the° Planter, Store, and River. The common Culture of Tobacco is in this Manner. The Seed is fowed in Beds of fine Mould, and tranfplanted beginning of May, the Plants are fet at 3 or 4 Feet Intervals or Diftanccs, they are hilled and kept continu- ally weeded 5 when as many Leaves are fhot out as the Soil can nourifh to Advantage, the Plant is topt and it grows no higher, it is worm'd from Time to Time, the Suckers which put forth between the Leaves are -- -- taken $74 /^Summary, Historical and Political, t£c. taken off from Time to Time till the Plant arrives to Perfection, which is in Auguft •, when the Leaves be- gin to turn brownifh and fpot, in a dry Time the Plant is cut down and hanged up to dry, after being fweated in Heaps for one Night j when it may be handled with- out crumbling (Tobacco is not handled but in moift Weather,) the Leaves are ftript off from the Stalk, tied up in little Bundles and packt up in Hogfheads for Tranfportation. No Suckers nor ground Leaves are al- lowed to be merchantable. j, An induftrious Man may manage 6000 Plants of Tobacco, and 4 Acres of Indian Corn. The fmall Quantity of Tobacco which fome people raife in Pennfylvania and North-Carolina is generally fhipt off from Maryland and Virginia. Tobacco is injurious to the Nerves, it is fomewhat * Anodyne and intoxicates Perfons not ufed to it. Pork, vaft Numbers of Swine or Hogs run wild or ramble in the Woods of Maryland, Virginia, and North- Carolina, they are generally fmall ; falted and barrelled they make a confiderable Branch of the Export of thefe Colonies ; ,they feed moftly upon Nuts of all Kinds'* called Maft, they eat oily and rank. Mall f or Forreft Nuts of many Kinds are very plenty every fecond or third Year, and the following Year not fo plenty ; thus it is with Apples and Cyder in New-England •, the Plenty and confequently the Price of Pork from Maryland, Virginia, and North-Carolina depends upon the goodnefs of their Mafting Years \ * The Europeans ufe Wine, and other fermented Liquors, as alfo Spirits diftilled from them; The Turks, Per/tans, and other Oriental Nations ule Opium, Bang, Betel, Sec. all which occafions a fdrt of Indolence or Relaxation of Mind : Thus Mankind by a natural ta- cit Confent allow, that |he, intttfife Applitation oi Mind, ike C^ris and inquietudespf Ltfe, reflajre fpme fpcjj extents, of AJltviatiqt. f This Word or Term feeinji to prj^edrfjom the' Latin Word Mafticare. '-'■ Anna Of Maryland. 375 Anno 1733, a good Maft Year, one Man a Planter and Merchant in Virginia, falted up three Thoufand Barrels of Pork. Next to the Pork fed with Indian Corn as in New-England, Acrons make the firmed Pork -, Beach Nuts make fweet Pork but flabby, foft and oily. In Weftphalia, the Hogs in the Woods feed moftly upon Cheftnuts. Grain. Wheat in Maryland and Virginia is fubject to the Weevel, a fmall Infect of the fcarabeous Kind, which fometimes takes to it in the Ear when a growing. The Maryland and Virginia Wheat Weighs from 56 lb. to 60 lb. Wt. per Bufhel, and cafts white ; that from Pennfylvania does not weigh fo much ; the Wheat for- merly imported from Nova-Scotia was light and eaft dark like Rye, at prefent the Prairies, as they are called, or the dik'd in Wheat Lands are wore out. May the prefent political diverting publick Amufement of im- proving Nova-Scotia, become intentionally real, towards a Fifhery, a Place of Arms for our Navies, a Nurfery of Hufband-men, and a Northern Frontier for the Pro- tection of our Britifh Colonies ! Good Land in Maryland and Virginia may yeild per Acre 15 Bufhels* Wheat, or 30 Bufhels Indian Corn, .which cafts whiter than that of New England. Calavances are exported to feveral of the other Colo- nies. Phafeolus ereflus minor femine fpbarico albido et rubro, hilo nigro. C. B. P. white and red Calavances or Virginia Peafe -,'they yeild better than the common Peafe of Europe, and are good profitable Food for the poorer fort of white People, and for Negro Slaves. M^ys or Indian Corn has been already defcribed. They raife in the Uplands, quantities of Hemp and Flax. Anno 1751, in Otlober, from the back Settlements of Maryland, there came into Baltimore Town near the bottom of Cbefapeak-Bay,Gxty Waggons loaden with Flax Seed. In fome Counties of Maryland are erected Chanty working Schools. Towards 376" A Summary, Historical ^Political, Sec. Towards the Mountains there are fome furnaces for running of Iron Oar into Pigs and hollow call Ware, and Forges to refine Pig Iron into Bars. Timber ^ and other wooden Lumber. Their Oak is of a ftrait Grain and eafily rives into Staves, in building of Veffels it is not durable, they build only fmall Craft ; fome Years fince they built a very large Ship ealled the Britifh Merchant, burthen one thoufand Hogfheads, with many Repairs fhe kept in the Virginia Trade ^6 Years. Their black Walnut is in demand for Cabinets, Tables, and other Joiners work. Maryland and Virginia produce large beautiful Apples, but very mealy, their Peaches are plenty arid good ; from thefe they diftil a Spirit, which they call Cyder Brandy and Peach Brandy. The Maryland Affairs, concerning their Cuftom Houfes, and Naval Officers, the Number of Entries and Clearances of Veffels, the Quality and Quantity of their Exports and Imports, and the Tribe of Officers thereto belonging, are not hitherto fully come to my Knowledge : I do not chufe to infert any thing that is not in fome Re- gard perfect, therefore at prefent, I fhall only copy a few Lines from the lateft prefent State oi Great-Britain. I obferve their Salaries are fmall. North Potomock A Collector and to keep a Boat Patuxent A Collector and to keep a Boat Annapolis A Surveyor Potomock A Collector and to keep a Boat Both Sides of the Bay A Riding Surveyor William/lade A Surveyor Bohama and Safefras A Riding Surveyor Wicomoc and Munia A Surveyor Delaware Bay A Surveyor MiScil- Of Maryland. 377 Miscellanies. As many Things defigned for a general Appendix, muft be loofe, incoherent, and not fluent -, for the Eafe of common Readers, we fhall annex fome Parts of it to each of the fubfequent Sections by the Name of Mif- cellanies, being of Things omitted, or that were not come to my Knowledge at the Times of Writing, or not re- ducable to particular Sections. As I have all along given it the Character of Common-Place, the Summary in Pro- priety rhay admit of this Latitude. In the Rhode-Ifland Section was omitted an authentick Court Paper dated Windfor, Sept. 13. 1686, concerning the Surrender of Rhode-Ifland Charter, " His Majefty " has gracioufly received the Addrefs of the Colony of " Rhode-Ifland and Providence Plantationsin%NewEn- " gland; humbly reprefenting that upon the Signification " of a Writ of Quo Warranto againft their Charter, they " had refolved in a general Aflembly not to ftand Suit " with his Majefty, but wholly to fubmit to his Royal " Pleafure themfelves and their Charter : Wherefore his " Majefty has thought fit to accept the Surrender." N. B. As the Rhode-IJland Charter was not vacated by any Procefs in the Courts of Law, and the voluntary Surrender not properly recorded ; upon the Revolution of K. William they reaffumed their Charter, and their Actings in purfuance of that Charter are deemed good by the Court of Great-Britain, In the Mifcellany Article of the Section of Pennfyl- vania, Vol. II. P. 337, was inferted a Letter from the Lord Juftices of Great-Britain to Mr. D.-----Com- mander in Chief of the Province of Maffachufetts-Bay concerning an illegally projected Synod or Confiftory of the Congregational f Minifters in that Colony -, in this Letter f Befides other Inconveniencies, there feems to be an Impropriety or Inconfiftency in Congregationalift or Independent Religion Socie- Vol. II. An ties 378 /fSuMMARY,HiSTORicALd»i Political, cjrV. Letter Mr. D.-----feems to be faulted as conniving at fuch Anti-conftitutional Proceedings; as this Gentleman was noted for his Fidelity to the Crown, and Probity towards the People under his Direction, when in the Adminiftration of that Colony ; I cannot avoid pub- liming his Vindication of himfelf in a Letter to the Board of Trade and Plantations. My Lords, " By a Ship lately arrived, I received from their Ex- " cellencies, the Lords Juftices, an Inftruction for my ■* future Proceedings with refpect to a Synod propofed " to be held by the Minifters of this his Majefty's Pro- "„ vince, which fhall be punctually obeyed as there "fhall be Occafion; their Lordfhips were alfo pleafed " to Cenfure the Proceedings already had in that "Affair. Wherefore 1 think myfelf obliged to acquaint " your Lordfhips, that I did not pafs a Confent for a " Synod, but only to a Vote of the Council and Affem- " bly, referving the Confideration thereof to the next " Seffions, as you will fee by the Copies of the Votes " of that Seffions tranfmitted to you foon after the rifing " of the Court, and I was then of Opinion it would not " come on the Carpit again, as it never did •, notwith- " Handing the prefent Seffions had been fitting for fome ™ Weeks before their Lordfhips Orders, concerning the " fame was received ; Nevertnelefs I fhould have taken " myfelf obliged to have afked your Lordfhips Directions " therein, if I had apprehended it to be of a new and " extraordinary Nature, but I muft obferve, that a Vote " in the fame Words was paffed on the like Occafion " by his Majefty's Council here in the Year 1715, and " never as I have heard of, cenfured by your Lordfhips, " and here I humbly take leave to fay in behalf of ties petitioning for a Synod, or fuperior collective Authority : It feems to intimate that the fabordinate Claflical Way of Subordination in Church Government with the Prefbyterians, is natural in its Tendency. !! the Of Maryland. ffy " the Minifters of this Province, that I know them to " be a Body of Men moft loyal and inviolably attached " to his Majefty, and to his illuftrious Houfe, and there- " fore I did not apprehend any Inconvenience could " arife from their Affembling, efpeciaily fince they " make no Pretences that I know of to do any Acts of " Anthority, in fuch Meetings, though they call them •' by the Name of Synod. From the Accounts we have from Time to Time re- ceived from Pennfylvania, of the Moravian Sectary there, and of a late Act of the Britifh Parliament in their Favour ; it was imagined that they were inoffenfive in their de- votional Way; but their late Character from Germany, feems to caution againft their Proceedings. A Continuation from the Moravian Affairs. Vol. IT. P« l54- 335' ^he Moravians indifcreet Zealots * have been continually endeavouring to part Members from all the three eftablifhed Profeffions, (Papifts, Lutherans, and Calvinifts) in the holy Roman Empire, efpeciaily of tender Minds. The Bohemia and Moravian Brethren, by fcandalous Songs, Sermons, and Writings obtruded as Gofpel Truths, under the Count of Zinzendorf, a new fort of Religion -, not to be tolerated in the Laws of the Holy Roman Empire ; they ufed Herenbutifh Songs, Method, and Books of Inftitution, Count of Ijfenburgh and Badingen. In Maryland and Virginia there is a general Toleration to legally qualified Minifters, to officiate in Places le- gally licenfed, Hanover ,is 60 Miles from Williamfhurg. A Mini- fter qualified, and a Meeting licenfed, may claim, the • ———:----r—r---?—.,.' ,_: j . \ „i--------—-"---:—i----~ --. * Tht-Pirttiine ih all K^ehgions^ nay« been Enthufiafs, indifcreet Zealots ot.Brgtiijxad political MahagerftoTerve the Court Miniftry in their Proje&ions. * Liberties 38a ^Summary, Historical and Political, &c. Liberties of Toleration, taking the ufual Government Oaths, getting the Meeting Houfes recorded, and fub- fcribing the Articles of the Church of England, except the 34,3.5,36, and this Claufe in the 20th Article, " The Church hath Power to decree Rites and Ceremo- ** nies, and Authority in Controverfiesof Faith.'* Thefe Prefbyterians voluntarily put themfelves under the im- mediate Care of the Prefbytery of New-Caftle, and Synod of New Tork -, which they may eaft off at Pleafure. Mr. Davies a Prefbyterian Minifter came into this Colony 1748, and obtained Licences for feven Meeting Houfes, an extravagant Plurality, among thefe he di- vided his Time, viz. three in Hanover County, one in Henrico County Southward, one in Carolina County North- ward, one in Louifa County Weftward, and one in GoocB Land to the S. W. of Hannover -, thefe Affemblies are generally called New-Lights, and may confift of about 300 Communicants. Mr. Davies wrote Anno 1751, there were not ten Diffenters within a hundred Miles of Hannover when he arrived there. There is an immenfe Quantity of Land unfettled Weft ward between Hannover County, and the Rivers which fall into the Mifftffippi River. The three Frontier Counties in Virginia, of Frederick, Augufta, and Lunen- lurgb, are prodigioufly large, and generally fettled by Irifh Prefbyterians, as is alfo Amelia and Albemarle Counties.- In Virginia to the Weftward, they are conti- nually making new Counties, as they do new Townfhips in New-England. The County Courts grant Meeting-Houfe Licences, but may be negatived by the fuperior or fupreme Court. Sometimes the County Courts deny the granting of L^ cences, and fometimes County Licences when granted are negatived by the Council, alledging that it does not belong to a. County Court to proceed in fuch AffairsJ and that a diffenting Minifter can have no legal tokrZ ted Right to more Meeting Houfes Chan one. m Of Maryland." 381 The * Frontier Counties of Maryland and Virginia are generally inhabited (as I hinted before) by North of Ireland Scots Prefbyterians, who landed in Pennfylva- nia, but fold their Improvements there, to the more induftrious German Settlers : TheirPuIpit Difcourfes are (generally New-lights fo called) againft the Modifh Syftem of Arminianifm, moral Duties, and fpeculative Truths : fome of them are under the Care of the imaginary Synod of Philadelphia, fome belong to the Synod of New-Tork$ but under the immediate Care of the Prefbytery of New Caftle -, in this Prefbytery there are 12 Members and two or three Candidates upon Probation.. Roman -f- Catholicks abound in Maryland. * Mr. D----ies, a diffenting Prefbyterian Minifter of Hanover County in Virginia, in a Piece which he printed 1751, concerning. the State of Religion among the Proteftant Diffenters in Virginia, gives fome Informations concerning thefe Affairs, hut with a Neiv- Ligbt or Enthufiaflick Turn. He writes, that there has been a con- fiderable Revival or rather Settlement of Religion in Baltimore County of Maryland, which lies along Sefquabanab River and borders on Pennfylvania ; as alfo in Kent County, and Queen Anne's County between Chefapeak- Bay and Delaware River. He fays there have been in Maryland and Virginia a great Number of Scots Merchants, (he means Merchants Clerks, Super Cargoes, and Subfuper-Cargoes) who were educated in the Prefbyterian Way ; but generally prove a Scandal to their Religion and Country, by their loofe Principles, and immoral Behaviour, and become indiffertnt in religious Profef- fions, and affeft Politenefs in turning Deifts, or fafhionable Confer* miffs. N. B. Young Perfons of any Nation, after being fettered with peculiar Religion Modes, when turned loofe, they become wanton, and indulge themfelves in Irregularities. f It is not eafily to be accounted for, that the Briti/h Govern- ment are not more fedulous, in purging off by Lenitives, not by Drafticks, the pernicious Leaven of Popery -^their Doclrine of no Faith to be kept with Hereticks or Diffenters from them, deftroys all Society) which prevails in Mont/erat, Maryland, and Ireland. The Lift of Proteftants and Papifts in Ireland, as computed (in all Cafes, J ufe the laft Computations that are in my Knowledge) Anna 173? and 1733. ProteftantFamilies. Popifh Families. In Ulfter 62, 620-----------3*. 459 Leinfter 2$, 238-----------92» 424 J&unfter 13* 337--------1015,407 Ctoovgbt 4, 399 — — ~— 44, 133 I?5» 494 281,423 Aa 3o*4 ^Summary, Historical and Political, &c. f An Indolent Way of reading their publick Prayers and Sermons prevails in our Colonies. The Medical Digreffion continued. The Science or Art of Medicine will ever remain "Weak in Theory, and muft be fupplied by Experience, and fome Specificks (I do not mean Quack Noftrums) whofe falutary Operations or EfTetts in fome Difeafes have been difcovered not by InVeftigation but by Chance, fuch as the Peruvian Bark, Mercury, Opium Experience and fedulous Obfervation are too much neglected by the indolent Practitioners of our Colonies ; they chufe to practice from Authorities, whereas Au- thorities muft always give way to Experience j the Na- ture of Medical Affairs allow of no other Demonftration than that of good Obfervation •, Sydenham on the Small Pox is reckoned his Mafter-piece. * In f The Churches where the Minifter reads the Prayers and Ser- mons may be called Reading Houjes, and the Minifter may be called the Reader, but at prefent only the Affiftant Minifter is called the Reader and Lecturer : In Scotland and in the foreign Churches of all Denominations, reading of Sermons or Difcourfes is not pra&ifed. * From my Practice relating to the Small Pox, which prevailed vaBofion 1721, and 1730, for the benefit of the Publick, efpeciaily of my Neighbours or Towns-Men ; I beg the Readers Indulgence in allowing me to obferve, that in the Management of the fpread- ing Small Pox, it may be advifable for Perfons much advanced in Years, and confequently their Juices rancid, and Perfons infirm and of a bad Habit of Body, to avoid the Infe&ion by retiring into the Country for a few Month.-;, confidering that the Small /V*does not prevail in Boflon, but after long Periods ; fince the firft Settle- ment of Bofion the Small Pox was Epidemical or Popular only 164(5, 1666, 1677 and 1678, 1689 and 1690, 1702, 1721, 1730, the pre- fent Small-Pox i7$2,perhaps may fpread or not fpread. All other Per- fons efpeciaily Children, may continue in Town and run the Rifk in the natural Way or by Inoculation, after a previous proper Regimen : This Regimen according to the beft of my Judgment is a Mercurial Purge or two, a/oft Diet; avoid catching of Cold, ufe no violent Exercife of Body or Perturbation of Mind ; upon Seizure, if the Patient is plethoric^ aVd'the Fever runs, high, Blood-letting is ad- vifable (but not upon cr after Eruption) and. $ives Room for Na- • ,70l tn-'f Of Maryland. 383 In our Colonies, if we deduct Perfons who die of old Age, of mala ftamina vita or original bad Confti- tutions, of Intemperance, and Accidents, there are more die of the Practitioner than of the natural Courfe of the Diftemper under proper Regimen. The Practitioners generally without any confiderate Thought fall into fome routine of Method, and Medicines, fuch as repeated Bloodlettings, Opiats, Emetics, Catharticks, Mercurials, Peruvian Bark. In our various Colonies to prevent a notorious De- population from Male Practice in Medicine or Cure of Difeafes ; there may be Acts of Affembly for the Re- gulation thereof, which at prefent is left quite loofe. A young Man without any liberal Education, by living a Year or two in any Quality with a Practitioner of any fort, Apothecary, Cancer Doctor, Cutter for the Stone, Bone-fetters, Tooth-drawer, &c. with the Effential Fun- damental of Ignorance and Impudence, is efteemed to qualify himfelf. for all the Branches of the Medical Art, as much or more than Gentlemen in Europe well born, liberally educated (and therefore modeft likewife) have travelled much, attended Medical Profeffors of many Denominations, frequented City Hofpitals, and Camp Infirmaries, &c. for many Years. In the Expreffions of Hippocrates, this is literally an Ars longa, it requires long Experience and Obfervation with a peculiar Sagacity •, In Practice a dull Application (we cannot much boaft of Application) does not an- fwer, there muft be a fuitable Genius and fometimes a particular Paroxyfm of Imagination, as is remarkable in Poets and Painters, *and as I have obferved in my felf, ture to adl her Part at more Liberty ; in the beginning a gentle Emetick or Vomit is of good Ufe, it renders the Habit of the Body more meable in Circulation, by its Shocks; during the Courfe of this Diftemper, dilute plentifully, ufe a cool but not cold Regimen ; in the Beclenfion ufe* gentle Catbartickt : By this Management many of my Small-Pox Patients have Mained the Diftemper with, Eafe, and without Decumbiture or Confinement. 384 A Summary, Historical and Political, fcrV. in the Diagnoftick Fart of our Profeffion. Knowledge, that is Obfervation, and Sagacity are the two great Requifites in a Phyfician. In our Colonies, how can a young Man of no previ- ous liberal Education, or Difpofition to a peculiar Knowledge in the Affair, in a few Years Attendance in an Apothecary's Shop, and a few Months Travel, without practical Knowledge, attain to any Degree of Perfection in this Profeffion ? Thefe Things are not Myfteries Or Infpirations of particular Perfons in the Cafe, but an impudent Delufion and Fraud. I fhall not call upon any Man's Name in the Queftion, left it fhould appear a malicious or inviduous Refentment for fecret Injuries done, not in the way of medical Practice, but in -_____- fuch Things we may in a Chriftian Spirit forgive, but naturally we cannot forget. The Practice of Phyfick requires much Circumfpec- tion and Difcretion, only to be attained by a long and attentive Practice. The Conftitutions and other Circum- ftances occafion the fame Species of a Diftemper to ap- pear varioufly ; for Inftance, Inebriation, an Illnefs very obvious and too common in our Colonies ; fome it renders more vigorous, in others the Tongue and Limbs faulter : fome are ferious, that is, praying or crying drunk ; fome are mad or furious^ fome dull and fleepy j fome gay and witty, fome dull and filly. Thus it is in all Diftempers, the Symptoms vary according to the Conftitution, and in the general Indi- cations of Cure, ought to be allowed for. In Aftronomy the Inequality of the Motions of the feveral Planets are many and vafious, but by indefati- gable Obfervations they are reduced to Equations or Rules; but it is to be feared that in our Microcofm or Animal CEconomy, there are fo many Inequalities as not to admit of any fixed Rules, but muft be left to the Saga- city of fome Practitioners, and to theRafhnefs of others SECT. ( 3»5)' SECTION XVI. Concerning the Colony and Dominions of Virginia. f^Olumbus's Difcoveries of America, fet all trading w or navigating Nations into the humour of Difcove- ries Weftward of Europe. The Cabots of Briftol, Italian Mariners,, obtained a Patent from K. Henry VII, (fee Vol. I. P. no.) Anno 1495, for all Lands they fhould difcover Weft of Europe, with certain Royal Refervations : They ranged the Eaftern Shore of North America, and took a formal, but imaginary Poffeffion without Occupancy of fundry Parts thereof. From that Time, for near a Century, that Coaft was not fo much as navigated by the Englifh ; until Sir Walter Raleigh obtained a Patent from Queen Elizabeth, March 25, 1584 for Difcoveries and Settlements in America. See Vol. I. P. in. Raleigh and his Affociates fitted out two Veffels, in a round about Courfe by way of the Canaries and Carabee Weft-India Ifiands to the Coaft of Virginia, they fell in with the Ifland Roanoke upon the North Carolina Shore, at the Roanoke Inlet (about 36 d. N Lat.) of Albemarle Sound or River. Sir Richard Greenville, the chief of Sir Walter Raleigh's Affociates, 1585, at his return to England, left 108 Men upon Roanoke lfiand, under Mr. Ralph Lane ; from im- prudent Management they were in danger of being ftar- ved, but Sir Francis Drake in his Expedition to the Wift Indies, had Inftructions upon his return to England, to touch in there, and carried thefe miferable People home to England, At the fame Time. Sir Walter Raleigh Vol. II. Bbb m 386 A Summary, Historical and Political, &C in a Ship, and about a Fortnight after, Sir Richard Green- ville with three Ships failed thither. Sir Walter fell in with Cape Hatteras a little Southward of Roanoke, hav- ing no intelligence of the People left at Roanoke, he returned to England : Sir Richard found the Ifland, but no People, he left 50 Men upon the Ifland with two Years Provifions, and returned to England ; thefe 50 Men were all kill'd by the Indians. Next Summer 1587, three Ships with Men and Wo- men Settlers and Provifions arrived at Roanoke, and for- med themfelves into a Government confifting of a Go- vernor, Mr. John White, and 12 Councellors, incorpo- rated by the Name of the Governor and Affiftants of the City of Raleigh in Virginia : This Settlement when Mr, White returned to England, confided of 115 Perfons. It was two Years before Mr. White could obtain the neceffary Recruits of Supplies, after a tedious Paffage with three Ships, he arrived at Cape Hatteras, Auguft 1590, but in a violent Storm, they parted from their Cables, drove to Sea, and returned to England, without vifiting the poor Settlers, to whom no Vifit was at- tempted for the 16 following Years, and perhaps cut off by the Indians, being never heard of afterwards. In purfuance of the New Charter of 1706, Capt. Newport, Vice Admiral with Settlers, (fome Poles, and Dutch to make Tar, Pitch, Pot Afhes and Glafs,) arri- ved at Cape Henry beginning of May 1607, ne failed up Powhatan or James River many Miles, founded James Town, and at his return for England, left about 200 Perfons there ; thefe may properly be called the firft Settlers of the Colony, many of them died, and were much molefted by the Indians. 1619 There arrived a large Supply of 1216 People, they made many Settle- ments, and 1620 an Affembly of Reprefentatives cal- led Burgeffes was inftituted, and in the Year following Courts of Judicature were appointed. We may obferve, that Capt. John Smith, called the Traveller, dejigncd for Roanoke where, Mr. Johp White Of Virginia. 38/ had left 115 Perfons, fell in between the Capes of Vir- ginia, the Southernmoft he called Cape Henry, the Northernmoft Cape Charles,\n honour of the King's Sons; the Indian Name of the Bay was Chefapeak, the firft great River they met with, was on the South Side of this Bay by the Indians called Powhatan, and by the Englifh na- med James River the King of England^ Name : About 50 Miles up this River, they made a Settlement upon a Peninfula, being convenient for Navigation, Trade, and eafily fortified, and called it James Town. From that Time we have had an uninterrupted Poffeffion of that Country. Capt. Smith, in his Hiftory relates many Mifadven- tures of the firft Virginia Settlers, viz. A third fupply was fent from England 1609, being 9 Ships and 50O People, under Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, and Capt. Newport -, the Fleet was fcattefed in a Storm, and only 7 Veffels arrived j the Commiffion or Patent was in one of the miffing Ships •, this Virginia Settle- ment from 500, were foon reduced to 60 Perfons, al- moft famifhed by Mifmanagement, but Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Somers, who faved themfelves with 150 more People in Bermudas, built two fmall Cedar Barks, fet out May 10,1610, and arrived in Virginia the 20th, to the Comfort of the remaining Virginia Set- tlers •, foon finding much Mifery they all embark to abandon the Country, but in falling down the River, they were met by Lord Delaware with three Ships and all Neccffaries •, Sir George Somers returned to Bermu- das in his former Cedar Bark of 30 Tuns, to fetcl) Pro- vifions, and foon died there, Mt. 60. Lord Delaware returned to England, and left Capt. George Percy Com- mander. 1611, May 10, arrived Sir Thomas Dale with 3 Ships, Men, Cattle, and Provifions : Auguft 4, arrives Sir Thomas Gates Governor, with 6,tall Ships, 300 Men, jooKine, and other Cattle, Pwyifions and Ammunition. 1612 388 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. i612, arrives Capt. Argol, with Men and Provifions. f 1614, Sir Thomas Gates and Capt. Argol return to En- gland, and Capt. Yearly is left Commander. 1617, Capt. Yearly returns for England, Capt. Argol being fent over Governor by the Council and Com- pany •, * of the Companies People, there remained 54 Men, Women and Children, about this Time the Ten- nants brought into the Store about 400 Bufhels of Corn per Ann. Rent ; Tobacco fold from \.%d to 3/ per lb. 1618, The Council and Company fent over Lord De- laware with 200 People, in a Ship of 250 Tun, he died in the Paffage. 1619, arrives Sir George Yearly as Governor. In a Book printed 1620, by the Treafurer and Coun- cil we find, that there were many Noblemen and Knights concerned, Earl of Southampton was Treafurer. 1621. Sir Francis Wyat is appointed Governor, and arrives with 9 Ships. Every Perfon was to plant iooo Plants of Tobacco with eight Leaves each Plant, which is about 100 lb. of Tobacco ; Corn fold at if 6d per Bufhel. To refume the thread of Occurrencies. Sir Walter Ral. by his Attainder, having forfeited his Patent, An. 1606, |] feveral -j- 1613, Mr. John Rolfe married Pocahantes Daughter of Poivhatan, the King of the Indians, and Peace with the Indians continued many Years ; 1616, Mr. Rolfe with his Indian Wife went for England, wh«re being upon return fhe fccn died at Graves- End; Powhatan her Father died in April 1618. * Sometimes they are called the Treafurer, Council and Company. Capt. Smith called the Traveller fome Time Prefident of Virainia continued the Hiftory of Virginia down to 1624, he was fo volatile that after 19 Year* expence, of Time in America, he had not one Foot of Land there. Capt. Argol 1613,carried off two Trench Veffels from Port Royal in La Nonvelle France, or NortbVirginia^QW Annapolis Royal of Nova- Scotia, || Upon the Reports of fome private Traders to North-Americii, there was a Royal Grant or Patent obtained April 10, 1606,, by two Companies in one Charter, fee VoL I. P. 365. The Northern Com- pany inieji£b!y_ vanifhed, and a new Cwppany by the Name of the Council,, 0/Virginia. 389 feveral Adventurers petitioned the King for Grants with Jurifdi&ions, and the firft collective Settlements were made (the French at the fame Time were making Set- tlements in Canada) and 50 Miles up Powhatan or James River, Capt, Newport laid out James Town, the Govern- ment was in a Prefident and Council fent from England, they had fundry Supplies from England about that Time, but the Settlement did not thrive : At firft they were called the Honourable or Right Worfhipful Company of Virginia. Sir Walter Raleigh upon his Attainder neg- lected Virginia, and by a fort of Connivance of the Court went to Guiana a Mine Hunting for Gold and precious Stones. The Company of 1606, did not thrive; and Anno Council of Plymouth had a Patent or Grant, Nov. iS, 1720. See Vol. I. P. 366, with a Power to convey their granted Lands to any of his Majefty's Subjecls, without any formal Power of Government or Jurifdidlion. Capt. Gofnoll, a former Adventurer in a fmall Veffel with 32 Men from Dartmouth, effaying a more diftintt Courfe to Virginia, than had been formerly praclifed, fell into the Bite of Cape Cod, (he got much Cod fifh there) in New- England fome Bifcayers had been a fifhing there, he traded with the Indians to Advantage, and gave Names to fundry Places, Marthas Vineyard becaufe overgrown with wild Vines, Elizabeth Iilands, &c. which they retain to this Day, he returned the fame Year to Dartmouth. This profitable Voyage encouraged fome Merchants of Briflol to fend two Veffels 1603, in the fame Trail they made a good Voyage. 1605, a fingle Ship from London fell in with the Eaftern Parts of Long Ifland in New- Tork Government, and traded up Connetlicut River. From thefe Succeffes, fome Traders petitioned the Court for the Charter which they obtained 1606 as above. Capt. Smith 1608, with fundry Veffels being the fixth Voyage to thefe Parts, coafted along the Eaftern Shore of North America, he writes, that Virginia lies from Cape-Fiar 34 d. N. Lat. to 45 i. or New France, he failed up Chefapeak Bay, fo far as Safquahana River in quell of Mines but in vain. 1609, many Peo- ple were fent over with Cattle, Artillery, and Stores, were much harraffed by the Indians and Sicknefs. 1619, in the Compals of one Year, eleven Ships with 1216 Men, Women, and Children, arrived trom England, and made many Settlements span James and; TorA Rivers. &?9l 39t) /iSuMiviARY,tiiSTOkicAL and Political* 1609, the Settlers were not exceeding 277 ; they fur- rendred their Charter, being tiFed out with Charges, and no profpect of Profit, and a new Patent was iffued in the Name of the Treafurer and Council. This new Com- pany appointed Lord Delaware General or Governor by Approbation of the Crown ; by miftake of the Mariner^ he fell in with Pennfylvania Bay, inftead of Chefapeak or Virginia Bay, and gave Name to it, this was before the Dutch fettled, which it retains to this Day, he foon retur- ned to England. Lord Delaware in his fecond Voyage to Virginia 1618, died in the Paffage ; in his firft Voyage he arrived in Virginia, June 9, 1610, and continued Governor until March following. 1626. Becaufe of the bad Conduct of the Managers, and Hardfhips fuftained by the Settlers, by a Quo VVar- ranto the Patent was fued out, both Property and Ju- rifdicYion became vefted in the Crown, where it remains to this Day -, the Settlers paying 2/ Sterl. per Annum Quit-Rent per 100 Acres, under the Direction of a King's Governor and Council with an AflTembly or Houfe of Reprefentatives chofen by the People ; thefe three Ne- gatives compofe the Legiflature or General Court. When Capt. Smith, fome time Prefident of Virginia^, wrote his Hiftory 1624, within 60 Miles of James Town, the principal Settlement, there were not above 1500 fen- cible Men, and for want of raifing Provifion fufficienti they could not upon any Exigency bring above 700 Men together. Becaufe of notorious bad Management, the Company was diffolved by K. Charles I. and the Colony was brought under the immediate Direction of the Crown as above, and Settlers flocked over •, particularly fome of good Condition to enjoy the Liberty of Worfhipping God in their own Manner •, Lord Baltimore a Roman Catholick, retired thither, but the People of Virginia, rigid Protefiants did not ufe him well, and was difcouraged from conti- nuing in Virginia, as we have more at large related in the. Section of Maryland* The Of Virginia. 391 The firft Settlers Intent upon taking up large Tracts of Land occafioned the feveral Settlements to be dif- perfed at confiderable Diftances from one another, and not in Towns or Villages. At prefent the Jurifdiction or Government is bounded South by a Line W. by Compafs ( the Variation there being fmall, is neglected) dividing Virginia from North- Carolina, beginning at a certain great Tree in the N. Lat. of about 36 d. 40 m. (in its Progrels it interfects the River Roanoke many Times in its Meanders,) and continues Weft indefinitely •, the Weftern Boundary is the South Sea, or Lands in a prior Occupancy of any Chriftian Prince-, it is bounded Northerly, on the Eaft Side of ChefapeakBiy by a Line running due Eaft from Watkins Point, near VVighco River on Chefapeak in about the Lat of 38 d. 10 m. to the Ocean •, en the Weft Side of Chefapeak Bay it is bounded by Powtomake RiVer to a certain Head thereof, and thence by a Weft Line in- definitely in Lat.— this Maryland Line of Jurifdiction with the Province of Virginia and of Property with Lord Fairfax is not hitherto finally fettled •, Eall and South, Virginia is bounded by the great Ocean. ^ K Charles II. having gratified iome Npblemen with too 'large Grants called the Northern and Southern Grants or Necks •, when thefe Noblemen claimed them, it gave great Uneafinefs to the Settlers and the Colony Agents in England agreed with thefe Grantees of two Necks, for a fmall Confideration. Virginia is divided by the great Rivers of Powtomake, Rapabanock, Tork and James, into 4 Necks the two Counties Eaft of Chefapeak Bay makes the fifth great Di- vifion• the Divifion between Powtomake and Rapaban- £* Riven,- called the Northern Neck, and is at pre- fent the Property of Lord Fairfax of Cameron, an Englifh-. man with a Scots Title. . , Lori Colpeper who came over Governor of Vrrg.m* ^ wafoneof K. Charles U. Patentees oftheNorth- 392 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c.~ tentees 1688. 4th Jacob II. he obtained a Patent forall the Northern Neck ; and by inveigling the Tenants to pay the Quit Rents to his Agents, he became polTelTed of all the Quit-Rents and his Heirs at prefent enjoy them by a kind of Prefcription, but without any Share in the Jurifdiction, becaufe chargeable, he relinquifhed the Government thereof to the Crown. Lord Colpeper of Thorfway in England d\ed 1719, having no Male Heir, the Heirours are extinct, his Daughter and Heirefs mar- ried Lord Fairfax: thus Virginia confifts of two Proper- ties in one Government. Here we muft obferve that the Continuation of this Hif- torical Effay was interrupted for\ fome Months, by the un- lucky Incident of an Epidemical Diftemper, the Small-Pox, after about 22 Tears Abfence, being imported, and prevail- ing in Bofton of New England : The Printer ah J his People in fear of the Small Pox, left their printing Office in Bofton, and retired into the Country. We may alfo obferve, that the Writer from an intire and unavoidabte Avocation of Mind from all other Matters hut thofe of his Profeffion, finds the thread of his Narration^ ajfetled, which with the growing Remotenefs of the Pro- vinces to be treated of, will render the following Accounts lefs Minute, but always avoiding any Deviation from Truth. A Digression Concerning the Small-Pox. The Appendix f according to our firft Scheme would have been out of Proportion too large ; therefore we f This HLlcry or rather thefeMinutes (as we have frequently hinted) were originally defigned as accmmon Place loofely put together, but in an Hiftorical Manner ; if they prove ir.formfng and ufeful fome fubfequent W ritcr may d^eft them ; it is as much as my'leifure ■I,mc does allow, to draw the P". and lay in the Materials a *w\ Arr'fic-r rr -•■ vv.th r,nfe treii the Edifice. fhall Of Virginia." 393 Jhall occafionally interfperfe fome Things defigned for the Appendix, more efpeciaily relating to Diftempers at Times Epidemical or Endemial in the Britifh North- America Colonies : As the Small Pox has lately been Epi- demical or very general in Bofton of New-England from the beginning of April, to near the end of July 1752, I fhall here infert fome particular Obfervations concerning the fame, while recent in my Mind. I. There are many Things infcrutable in the Nature of this Diftemper. 1. Why it did not emerge, or at leaft why it is not mentioned in Hiftory fooner than the beginning of the Saracen Conquefts ? 2. Seeing it is univerfally agreed that a Perfon who has had the Small-Pox once, is not liable to it again, the Seminium thereof being fuppofed exhaufted: How is it that Pa- rents who have procreated after having had the Small' Pox, their Progeny is notwithstanding liable to receive the SmallPox Infection ? 3. How is it that a Woman having the Small-Pox when pregnant, the Foetus does not receive the Small-Pox from the Mother, but may receive it many Years after being born, this was the Cafe of Capt. B-—'doge of Salem and others in my Knowledge ? 4. How is it that the Difpofition of the Air {Sydenham calls them, various Small-Pox Conftitutions) in fundry Years is more or lefs conducive to propagate the Small- Pox Infection, and to render that Diftemper more or lefe deletorious •, thus we find by the Bills of Mortality of London, Edinburgh, and other great Towns where the Small Pox is never abfent, that the number of Small- Pox Burials in various Years differs much, f without re- gard to the varieties of Seafons and Weather, and with- out regard to the more or lefs pernicious Modes and Fafhions of managing the SmallPox ; Modes or Au- + Within the London Bills of Mortality there died Anno 1746, of the Small-Pox 3236, Anno 1751, there died of the Small-Pox 998 : In Edinburgh and tVeft Kirk Parifh, thexe 4i*d Anno 174.3, of the SmallPox 249, Ann* 1747 there died 71. -- ■ ' - C c c 1 thoriti«s 394 ^Summary, Historical d» ■ ' ' i " ....., " •f- Sometimes a Hetlick Fever remains to the 20th, 30th 40th Day or longer, and the Patient dies HeSick or Confumptive ; fome- times a fcropbulous Difpofuion •remain* for Life. Grief* 406 A Summary, Historical and Political, &?<:. Grief, intenfe thinking, or the like, particularly avoid Fear ; they hinder Perfpiration, and all other Tenden- cies to the Surface or ad Extra of the Body. 8. Upon the Maturation, where the Circulation is much crowded, the fwelling of the Face and Arms, a Ptyalifm, a Dia- betica! Proftuvium are of great Relief, Cordial Purges an- fwer the fame Intention and are more at our Command ; Spitting frequently begins with the Eruption and ought not to decline until about eleventh Day of lllnefs, it gradually becomes thick and roapy and requires plenti- ful diluting. 9. Purples and Hemorrhages are more mortal than the Plague itfelf. Concerning Inoculation of the Small-Pox. The Novel Practice of procuring the SmallPox by Inoculation, is a very confiderable and moft beneficial Improvement in that Article of Medical Practice. It is true the firft Promoters of it, were too extravagant, and therefore fufpected in their Recommendations of it, and fome Medical Writers,Inftance fundry Diforders arifing in the Animal CEconomy from fome foreign Liquids being directly admitted into the current of Blood : Thefe Confederations made me 1721, not enter into the Prac- tice, until further Tryals did evince the Succefs of it ; but now after upwards of thirty Years Practice of it in Great-Britain, and the Dominions thereto belonging, we found that the Small-Pox received by cuticular In- cifions has a better Chance for Life and an eafy Decum- biture ; that is, the SmallPox fo received is lefs mortal and generally more favourable, than when received in the accidental or natural Way, by Infpiration, Deglu- tition, Pores of the Skin, and the like ; we muft ftill acknowledge, that it falls fhort of the Recommenda- tions given by its firft Promoters, being no abfolute Security againft Death and other Calamities of the Small-Pox ; it produces all the Varieties as in the natural Way, from the moft favourable dry horny diftinct Of Virginia. 407 Kind, to the moft deleterious attended with Purples and Hemorrhages ; the confequential Boils and Impoftuma- tions are more than in the natural Way, befides their Incifions ulcerating and putrefying ; we hinted before, fhatin Bofton 1730 of the twelve Inoculated Deaths tfiree were .occafioned by their Incifions ; two in three a few Days after Inoculation complain in their Axillary, Inguinal, or Parotid Glands, * before the Apparatus Fe- ver makes its Appearance. We are informed that of the firft Inoculations in England, nine in ten were af- flicted with Sores, fo as to require the immediate Care of a Surgeon or Dreffer for fome Time f. To alleviate the Crifis and deleterious Symptoms of the Small Pox, 1. we find good Succefs in the Circafftan Way of procuring it by variolous Pus applied in any Manner to frefh • cutaneous Incifions. The Manner which I happen to ufe, is a fmall cuticular Scarification by the Point of a crooked Biftoury or Scalpel, in the in- fide of one upper Arm, and in this Incifion I lodge a very fmall variolated Doffil in the form and bignefs of a Barley Corn H contained or fecured by fome flicking * Where the Circulation labours, the glandular Parts are the moil liable to complain. -f- If the SmallPox procured by Inoculation was fo favourable as at firft pretended, it would require only a Barber Surgeon or Cupper, the-Incifion or Scarification is done with lefs Rifle than com- mon Blood- let'.io£, and requires only a foft Diet and fhort Confine- ment under the fmall Care of a Nurfe or Attendant, and a Practi- tioners large Bill would appear ridiculous and impofing. || At prefent in London, they generally ufe a fmall Scratch, or Sca- rification in one Arm, and lodge therein a fmall bit of variolated Thread. There is no Proportion or Dofe of variolous Matter re- quifite for Inoculation ; Pylarini writes, that by pricking the Skin with Needles dipt in variolous Matter or Pus, People have been Inoculated: The variolous Miafmis inconceivably fubtle; 1730 I accidentally inoculated Mr. W. Pbips, by ufing in V. S. inadvertently a Lancet (wiped dry and clean as ufual) by which I had the pre- Ceeding Day taken fome variolous Pus for Inoculation; its true I inoculated him afterwards in the common Manner, but all the Stadia of the Small-Pax took their Date from the V. S. and the Qrifice fettered accordingly. Plaiftcr 408 A SuMRtARY,HiST©nicAL and Political, Plaifter for 4.8 Hours, and afterwards dreffed daily with fome gentle Digdftive. 2. More Incifions than one, is an unneceffary running the Rifk of more ulcer- ating Incifions. 3. Hitherto we have not perceived any Difference in the SmallPox received from a Jaudablf diftinct Kind, and that from a difmal Confluent Kind, which fome of our audacious Inoculaters have ufed in want of a better, that they might not loofe the Benefit of an inoculated Patient. Dr. Wagftaffe writes, that the Criminals in Newgate 1721, were Inoculated by Pus from a Fluxed fort of a Perfon. who died before the Ino- culations were performed. 4. The Caution that Per- fons who are to be Inoculated take, not to receive at the fame Time the Infection in the natural Way, is a vulgar Error .; the receiving of Infection upon Infection does not add to ks Intenfenefs, as we may obferve in Perfons who receive it in the natural Way and are continuedly expofed to repeated Infections, becaufe what- ever Infection firft takes place, renders the fubfequent In- fections EfTeet or Abortive, and as the Inoculated Small- Pox is more expeditious in its Courfe, any other In- fection would prove Abortive. The Hiftory of Inoculation relating to New-England, is briefly as follows. The Circafftans living between the Euxine and Cafpian Sets, Time out of Mind, have car- ried on a confiderable Branch of Trade with Turkey and Perfia, in felling their own Children and young Slaves taken by Incurfions from their Neighbours; but more efpeciaily their young Women, they are beautiful, and in great Requeft in the Saraglios and Harams of tire Turks and PerJians, while young they give them*the SmallPox by Inoculation or otherways, and they who retain their Beauties are carried to Market. This Cir- caffton Trafflck conveyed the Practice into Turky ; the Turks at firft from their principle of Predeftination would not come into it, the old Women of- the Greek Church practifedit for fome Time among the meaner fort of Peo- ple ; Pylarini wrftes; that 1701, it firft began to be ufed among the better fort in Conftantinople. ' 1713 Of Virginia.' 409 1713, Timonius from Conftantinople, fent to the Royal Society in London, incredible Recommendations of this Practice " that for the proceeding eight Years fome Thoufands had been Inoculated and none died, while at the fame Time, half of the affected in the common Way died in Conftantinople ; and what is valued by the Fair, Inoculation never leaves Fits or Scars ; Children have no Convulfions." Pylarini the Venetian Confui at Con- ftantinople, 1714, fent to the Royal Society, a more mo- deft Account of the fame. " I was not an Eye-witnefs to ail that I now relate ; Inoculation fometimes does not take place ; with fome, in the glandulous Parrs and Emmunctories, Abceffes do arife after fome Time. Dr. Le Due a Native of Conftantinople, and who was himfelf Inoculated, affured Dr. Jurin, that out of many Thou- fands, in the fpace of about forty Years paft, had been Inoculated in and about Conftantinople, by one Greek [Woman, not fo much as one Perfon had mifcarried. 1721, I lent thefe Communications to Dr. Cotton Mather, a Clergyman of Bofton, being very credulous, that is of great Faith, when the SmallPox appeared in Bofton, that he might have the imaginary Honour of a new fangled Notion furreptitioufly without my Know- ledge, fet a rafh undaunted Operator f to Work, and by three Practitioners in Town and Country, about 286 were inoculated, whereof about one in forty eight died in Bofton. Thefe Communications, were regarded in England, only as Virtuofo Amufements, until 1721, Mr. Maitland a Surgeon in the Retinue of Sir Robert Sutton the Bri- tifh Ambaffador at Conftantinople, upon his Arrival in London, from fome fcanty Obfervations, but moftly from •f- This undaunted Operator, imagined that by going to London with a Qtack- Bill of his Inoculation Performances in New-England, he might acquire a Fortune in London ; but fo it happened, that void of common Difcretion to couch his Ignorance and filly mean Affu- rance, he returned to Bofton without being called upon to perform any Inoculation. Vol. II, Ecc Hear fay, 410 A Summary, Historical and Political, dec. Hear-fay, with the Merveilleux of a Traveller, broached this Novel Practice, and a few were inoculated with Succefs ; which induced the Royal Family to think well of it, and by way of Experiment fome condemned Cri- minals were Inoculated in Newgate with their own Con- fent : In the Spring following by Direction of the Prin- cefs of Wales, fix Hofpital Children, and foon after five more Hofpital Children from Mt, 14 Weeks to 20 Years of Age were Inoculated ; fome did not receive the Infection as having had it formerly, or from fome other impediment, but none died or fuffered much : Upon this Encouragement, Mr. Amyand, Serj. Surgeon was ordered to ingraft the Small-Pox on Princefs Amelia, Mt. 11, and Princefs Carolina, Mt. 9, they had them favourably ; this encouraged the Practice ; and from the Accounts of Dr. Jurim, R. S. Seer, (a great Promoter of Inoculation) in the firft three Years 1721,1722, and 1723 of the Practice, in all Great-Britaift were Inoculated 477 Perfons, whereof nine are fufpected to have died, and as of thefe Twenty-nine did not receive fhe Infection (this is one in Sixteen) the Deaths were nine in 448, or two per Ct -, in this Period of three Years, the principal Inoculators in England, were Dr. Nettleton in Torkfhire Eighty Patients, Mr. Amyand, Serj. Surgeon Sixty-two, Mr. Maitland Eighty-five, &c. The firft Promoters were fo incredibly marvellous in their Accounts, as would have difcouraged any fober Man to have attempted it, if the fubfequent more mo- derate Accounts of its Succefs had not given a reafonable Encouragement. Timonius wrote, that of many Thou- fands Inoculated in the fpace of eight Years none died. Le Due writes, that in the fpace of about forty Years, out of many Thoufands Inoculated by one Greek Wo- man in and about Conftantinople, not fo much as one Perfon had mifcarried, as is before hinted. Mr. Mait- land in his printed Account fays, " Dying is a Cafe which, never happened in Ingrafting ; that the giving ef the SmallPox- by Inoculation never yet failed nor ever Vf Virginia. 411 ever can ; no Head-akes, Thirft, Inquietude*, anrj other fever Symptoms, not one in a Thoufand, the Puftules never leave any Pits behind them." Dr. Brady of Portf- mouth writes, " not one ever died of Inoculation rightly performed, it always is favourable.'* Dr. Harris fays, that Inoculation is a certain Remedy againft the conflu- ent kind. Mr. Colman a Clergy-man and principal Pro- moter of the Practice in Bofton of New-England, pub- lifhed, that " none die, no Blains or Boils follow the Practice.5* Mr. B-----ton the firft Operator, publifiied, " There is no Truth in the Reports of People dying under Inoculation," his Accounts are fo abfurd they invalidate themfelves, and require no other Animadver- ifion. — Other Inoculators have publifhed, the Inoculated SmallPox is always favourable, — never infecting ; — fo fafe as to require no Phyfician; — the Puftules never exceed ten to a hundred, and do not Fit. -f* Dr. C. Mather, who firft fet up Inoculation in Bofton, in his publifhed Accounts of it, lhows what fmall De- pendance there is upon weak Authorities, " fome Cats 1721 in Bofton had a regular SmallPox and died of it." * -----During the SmallPox, the Pigeons and Dunghill Fowls did not lay nor hatch. — He never knew Blifter- ing mifs of faving Life in the Small-Pox. — The Patient is more healthy after Inoculation, it is ufeful to Women in Child-bed, — it dries up tedious running Ulcers, -— makes the Crazy Confumptive People hearty, — and rids People of their former Maladies. || ■ 1 ' -■■' --------------------• + It would be idle in me, formally to confute thefe unguarded Affertiens, daily Experience evinces the contrary. * He had not Difcretion fufficient to obferve, that the Small- pox is a contagious Diftemper, peculiar to Mankind, as is alfo the Meafles, and Plague ; that other Animals have their peculiar Epide- mical or malignant Diftempers, Murrain among Neat Cattle, Rot among Sheep, and the like : we may alfo obferve, that fome Species of Trees only, are fufceptible of peculiar Blafts ; that male Animals only impregnate Females of their own Species. II Dr. Berkleys Tar. Water is lately recommended in the fame Mao- 412 /? Summary, Historical and Political, &c. In making of medium Eftimates, we ought to take large Numbers in a long Series of Time, but not the Cafes of lingular Families, where fome may fay that notorious Circumfiances were not avoided or attended to, fuch as pregnant Women, Child-bed Women, old Ne- groes, and the like; we had a remarkable Inftance in die Inoculations of Bofton, 1752, of five Perfons in one Family, Mr. Sherburn's inoculated byMr. G----r * three died ;—of 72 or y% Perfons inoculated 1721 in Roxbury and the adjacent Country Towns by Mr. B----«, five died ; which is about one in fourteen. In fhort, the Rifk feems to be only two to three per Ct. and by the purging Method, and fome prudential Cau- tions might be further reduced. I am at a lofs for the Reafons,why Inoculation hitherto is not much ufed in our Mother Country, Great-Britain ; confidering that it has with good Succefs been practifed in our Colonies or Plantations, particularly in Bofton, New-Tork, Philadelphia, and Charles-Town of South- Carolina. The Advantages of Inoculation, are 1. The Choice of fuitable Seafons. 2. A previous proper Regimen. 3. A laudable (this is the moft eligible,) variolous Pus or Leaven. 4. We have no Inftance of any who re- ceived the SmallPox by Inoculation, receiving the Small- Pox again. 5. By many Trials for upwards of 30 Years in the Dominions of Great-Britain, it muft be acknow- ledged a more favourable Manner of receiving the Small- Pox. 6. In a place of Trade, it gives the SmallPox a quick Courfe, and the Interruption of Commerce fhort; in the very general Small-Pox of Bofton 1752, the Ti- ner as a Panacea : The principal Advantage I found in it, is, when a Phyfician is tired out with fome tedious Chronical Cafe to turn the Patient over to the ufe of the Bifhops Tar Water ; valeat quantum valcre potefi. * This is r.ct defigned as a perfonal Reflection upon my Friend Mr. C>----r, but to illuftrate that Inoculation, is very far from being a prefeivauve againft Death, as v/as alledged by fome of its Promoter?, **■ ' mprous OF Virginia. 413 morous fled from the SmallPox beginning of April, and with the Trade generally returned beginning of Sep- tember. The Difadvantages of Inoculation, whereof fome are obviated. 1. Inoculated Deaths being Criminal : Tf^e Royal Family by their Example, have removed this Sufpicion. 2. Procuring-of Abortion to Women with Child, is a Sin in Foro Divino, though connived at by us. 3. A fordid mercenary Manner of perfuading Child- bed Women to receive the Small-Pox by Inoculation, upon Pretext of cleanfing: whereas, the Puerpera Fret in the circulating Juices, is by this Leaven increafed, colliquative Purgings enfue, and finally Death : I can adduce fome notorious Inftances in Bofton. 4. The communicating -f of perfonal or family chronical and con- ftitutional Diftempers to the Inoculated, a Man has or ought to have a proper Regard for his Progeny and fuc- ceeding Generations, has been a confiderable ftumbling Block with me : On the other Hand, from many Tryals in the fpace of upwards of thirty Years Practice of ino- culating the SmallPox in the Britifh Dominions, no fuch Communications have been obferved ; the Itch it felf, a notorious cutaneousDiftemper, is not faid to have been -f Chronical Diftempers have been received by cutaneous or ex- ternal Applications : We have a notorious Inftance of this, fome Year3 fince in Cork.of Ireland; a Nurfe reputed for-drawing of Child-bed Women's Brcafts ; from a veneral Ulcer under her Tongue, infedted the Nipples of her Women, thefe Women in Coition infetted their Hufbands, and the City became generally Poxed. All Conftitution Dif- tempers have fome Idea or Seminium in every drop of our Juices ; the acuteDMlemper according to its Nature foon fhows it felf, the Chroni- cal Ails aft imperceptibly and flowly in the Body ; the Diftempers ex traduce, fometimes intermit a Generation or two, and again ap- pear infucceeding Generations, fuch as the Pfora of North-America, called a Salt Rheum, that is a Scurvy, Negro Taiat, fcropbulous Dif- orders or Kings evil, Venereal Difeafes, Manias and other heredi- rary nervous Diforders, Arthritick or Gouty Ails, Naphritick Cafes and the like* which may occafion inquietude in the Minds of the Jnoculated, aod render them incapable of the greateft Happinefs in Lfte, Mm: fana in corf ore Sana. thus 414 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. thus communicated : and if after a Series of Years or Ge- nerations any fuch Fears fhould become real, fuch diftant Views can not afTed much where the prefent Relief or better Chance are in the Cafe. 5. It fpreads Infection ▼ery quick and endangers the Neighbourhood not pre- pared to receive it: this is one of the Reafons, that it is Felony or Criminal for a Man to fet his own Houfe on F-e, becaufe it endangers the Vicinity : it is a Hardfhip upon the Publick, to oblige People abruptly to leave their Habitations and Bufinefs; fome civil Regulations •eem requifite to obviate fome Difficulties which occur m this Practice. 6. It promotes the Practice of P— fraudes, as Bifhop Tillotfon in another Cafe writes, that fome Men had got a fcurvy Trick of Lying, in favour of what they iirnjofed upon People as Truth, as lately happened in the Bofton Inoculations ; upon an actual Survey it was found that in about 2000 Inoculations, 31 had died (others including fome difputed Cafes, fay 34; the Promoters gave out 3500 Inoculated, but gra- dually reduced the Number to 3000, and afterwards to 2500, (fee the Bofton Gazettes publifhed in June 1752) and at laft acquiefced in the actual Scrutiny of about 2109 : In Policy of Infurance Offices, this falfe Repre- fentation would be reckoned an Impofition, becaufe Peo- ple who would run a Rifk at 1 per Ct. may not run :he fame Rifk at 2 or 3 per Ct. Virginia Settlements. At firft there were only a few general Patentees, but at prefent every Freeholder may be reckoned a Patentee. The Government of Virginia pretend to extend their Settlements fo far back Weftward as the great Lake Erie, and fome Branches of the Mififftppi River, com- prehending an immenfe Quantity of Land unfettled ; and as their Settlements extend gradually towards the Mountains, they create new Counties from Time to Time, for the Conveniency of attending Inferior Courts of Ju- dicature The Of Virginia. 415 The Frontier or furtheft back Counties being of great extent, no Navigation, and not much foreign Trade, hold quarterly County Courts only ; aU the others have monthly Courts; there are Variations from Time to Time j at this Time Anno 1752, they are as follows. Quarterly County Courts. Brunfwick }> Laft Tuefdays in March, June, Fairfax }> September, December. Lunenburgh Firft Tuefdays in Jan. April, July, Otlolter* Frederick )- Second Tuefdays in February, May, Albemarle > Auguft, November. Augufta Fourth Tuefdays in faid Months. Monthly County Courts, Henrico *\ Richmond > Firft Mondays in evciy Month. I ' Wilhamfhurg James City Nortbumberlan. S> Second Mondays. Nanfemond J Tork Third Mondays. Prince William V ^^ Mond Cumberland > ' Middlefex ") Elizabeth City }> Firft Tuefdays. Spotfylvania Prince George 1 King. & Queen > s d Tuefdays# Northampton > J Stafford J £/<* , 1 Coocb Land ^ Princefs Anns > Third Tuefdays, (Stifre? J JLouiftl Fowf^ Tuefdays. Weft- 416 -^Summary, Historical and Political, &*- Weftmorland Accomack Charles City Warwick JJle of Wight Hanover New Kent Southampton Norfolk Culpepper Gloucefter Orange Cheflerfield King George Lancaster Carolina King William Amelia I Laft fuefdays. Firft Wednefdays. }> Firft Thurfdays. Second Thurfdays. Third Thurfdays. f Fourth Thurfdays. Firft Fridays. Second Fridays. f Third Fridays each Month. Thus the Government is divided into Forty-five Coun-| ties, whereof fix hold Quarterly Courts, and thirty-nine, hold Monthly Courts ; fee the proper Article of Legi-* flative and Executive Courts. '% The Country between James River and Tork River is the beft inhabited, cultivated, and produces thebeft- Tobacco. Lunenburgh their remoteft Settlement is about 100 ^„S S'nW* from Hmo™r J Hanover is 6e Miles from Wilkamfburg, the Metropolis. The Lands Weft of the Virginia Settlements ate claimed tytne fix Nations called by the French, Iroquch and by tne Britifh Mohawks ; they are alfo claimed by3 the Southern Indians, See Vol. I. P. rg7 . and b„ Jj French of Canada. The beft Lands are /bSw tne FVj, or the Rivers, the firft Falls of each Itfver muff u the Barcadiers for the Back or Inland Countries 2nd < ? lime become great Towns or Corporations. * - x' no D737* * ★ ARMY * * MEDICAL LIBRARY ].»..,m-|nirnininnmTmit,M