A
    »

              DISSERTATION

                         ON

THE  USE   AND   ABUSE
                         WHEREIN  ,

          f HE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

                       ATTENDING THE


CONSUMPTION  OF  THAT ENTERTAINING WEE©


                          ARE

              PARTICULARLY CONSIDERED.
                HUMBLY ADDRESSED

                                        J
TO ALL TOBACCO CONSUMERS, BUT ESPECIALLY TO THOSE


            AMONG RELIGIOUS PEOPLE.
BY ADAM CLARKE, LL. D.
To such a height with some is fashion grown,
They feed their rerjr nostrils <vith a spoon;
One, and but one, degree is wanting yet,
To make our senseless Luxury complete ;
Some choice Regale, useless as Snuif, and dear,
To feed the mazy windings of the ear.....S. WssLir.
        NEW-YORK:

PRINTED BY C. S. VAN WINKLE,

     101 Greenwich-street.
1819. 
t\j9°f~A,j/s Jma'1-'/^  <&**«/■ *~
/?TrjiZ?%^s^//' Cfa^^a^f/^

^r^JL, ^f~^
 
PREFACE.
  In offering this Dissertation to the American public, the pub-
lisher begs leave to observe, that any work from the pen of so
highly and so justly celebrated a character as Dr. Clarke cannot
fail to be interesting.   One of the most eminent English divines,
in speaking of him, has observed, The name of this man is dear,
not only to every friend and professor of Christianity, but to the
lovers of science and literature.  Dr. Clarke is one of those men
who dignify human nature, by  applying  the vigour and energy
of a gigantic and well-cultivated mind to  objects  of general utili-
ty.   His extraordinary memory,  and his  indefatigable perse-
verance, have enabled him  to  become  acquainted with seven-
teen languages.   He made an offer to the director's of the Bri-
tish and Foreign Bible Society, to translate the Holy Scriptures
into seven  of the oriental languages.             '    •,
  This great and good  man is  now  employed  in translating,
and writing  a commentary on the  Scriptures, in which a depth
and degree of erudition is displayed, that not only delights by its
Drilliancy, but convinces by ils strength and  force of argument;
and is another grand memento of the truth of the Holy Record,
which is sufficient to persuade any and every one, to be " not only
almost, but altogether a Christian."
  The universities of England and Scotland,  in granting their ho«
norary distinctions to Dr. Clarke, have adopted the same course as
they pursued with Dr. Johnson.   Many attempts have been made
to induce Dr. Clarke to enter into the established church of Eng-
land, (he being a  methodist clergyman,)  but neither honour nor
emolument could cause him to swerve from what his conscience,
and, he believed, his duty dictated.   The methodists, therefore,
have the honour of having the first linguist,  and one of the first
scholars, as well as one of the most powerful and argumentative
preachers of the age3 in their connection. 
4
   The work which is now offered to the public, appears to have
been written in consequence of the annoyance which the Doctor
experienced by his brother clergymen using the pipe so immode-
rately.  With many in Great Britain, clergy as well as  laity, this
publication has had a good effect.  The article of tobacco is still
much used there,  but certainly not to the extent that it is in the
United States: nor is this fascinating, but injurious weed, used here
so much as in  Germany, and  other  parts of the  continent of
Europe.   In Great Britain  the duty on tobacco is about ninety
cents a pound ; and the culture of this article is not allowed, for
fear it might injure the revenue.  The odious and pernicious
practice of chewing tobacco is  a custom totally irreconcilable with
cleanliness ;  and it is astonishing that this filthy habit  should be
tolerated in genteel society.   Smoking is not  much more deli-
cate.   Snuffing is undoubtedly the most cleanly way of using the
weed.  However, when neither chewing, smoking, nor snuffing,
can be of the least possible advantage to the health, it must be al-
lowed that it is nothing more than a filthy and pernicious luxury,
destroying the health of the body, and enervating the faculties of
the mind.   Some may say, that this publication might injure the
country, tobacco being an article of great importance, both to the
cultivator and the  merchant.   In answer to this, it may be said,
that if the use of this weed be  pernicious in its effects to the hu-
man constitution, no advantage, either to  the cultivator, the mer-
chant, or the manufacturer, should prevent its deleterious effect?
being exposed.  The same argument might, with the same force
and propriety, be  urged  against Dr. Rush,  for acquainting the
public with the fatal and poisonous effects of ardent spirits ; that
also being an article which is  advantageous  to the farmer,  the
merchant,  the  distiller, the grocer,  and the publican.   No  one
blames Dr. Rush for publishing  his treatise, or inquiry : on the
contrary, it is allowed, that the public  are  greatly  indebted ts
this gentleman for his invaluable work. 
TO
                 THE   READER.

  In writing on a subject which appeared to  me of vast impor-
tance to the persons to whom my pamphlet is directed, 1 thought
it necessary to mix historic instruction with serious admonitions,
and therefore have given a short description of the plant in ques-
tion, together  with  the history of its name, and of its importa-
tion into these and other European countries.  I have drawn my
information from a variety of sources; and have endeavoured to
detail what I have learned on the subject with the strictest fideli-
ty, and with as mnch accuracy as possible.   I hope I have made
no  material mistakes ; if I have, they  were  involuntary ; for I
have ever spoken according to the best of my knowledge.   1
am  not so vain as  to imagine that those v!io have been so long at-
tached to the Pipe or the Snidf-box will pay much regard to what
I have written on the subject.  I know too much of human  na-
ture to expect, that where  the passions are strongly influenced,
and obstinate habits contracted, much attention will be paid to ra-
tional argumentation.  I  write  not  to  convince  these ;  I  have
laboured with  many of them long almost in vain.   Demonstration
to such is mere cob-web—but I write to prevent those from con-
tinuing in the practice, who have just begun ; and those from be-
ginning,  who  have not yet  got under the power of this scanda-
lous, bewitching and destructive  habit.  What I have done,  I
have done in the  fear of God, and  with the simple desire to be
useful to my   brethren.   I have sometimes spoken  ironically,
sometimes satirically, but always with deep seriousness and concern.
In short, I  have done what I could  to render odious and detesta-
ble, a custom,  which I think every thing in heaven and earth dis-
countenances.    Whatever  reception my pamphlet may meet
with, all the reward I expect is secured ; a satisfactory conscious-
ness of the  purest motives,  and the  sincerest  desire to do good.
Those who know me will give me credit for my good intentions ;
and  those who will not profit by my advice, will  have the can-
dour to acknowledge, that I have made a sincere attempt to de-
serve well  of my countrymen.
  I  need make no apology for inserting Doctor Hamilton's Letter,
an imprimatur the more  valuable, because  unsolicited.  Such a
testimony te my  well meant efforts, cannot fail to stamp them in
the eye of the public with an importance which they could not
derive from their author.
                                         ADAM CLARKE.
  LONDON, May 15,1797. 
6
                 TO MR. ADAM CLARKE

My Dear Sir,

  I rejoice to hear that  a second impression of your treatise on
the  abuse of  tobacco  is  called  for by the public.   To my
knowledge, several  of both  sexes, and  some of them high  in
rank, have left off the taking of tobacco in every shape from the
reading of your pamphlet, being  fully convinced that its use by
them was a criminal indulgence, utterly unbecoming the profes-
sors of the wisdom of God. " I still most cordially recommend its
perusal to all the consumers of that herb, more especially to the
professors of religion ; and, above all, to the preachers of the gos-
pel."*
  Wishing that it may be still more useful,  that your word may
be  made more  and more the power of God to the conversion of
sinners,
              I am,  my dear sir,
                     Your very affectionate friend,
                                    JAMES HAMILTON.

  London, Artillery-Place,
    March 13, 1798.
* See the Doctor's recommendatory letter to the first edition- 
DISSERTATION,  &c
                  BOTANIC CLASSIFICATION.

   Tobacco, an herb called in the Linnaean system Nicotiana, is
 a genus of the Monogyma order, belonging to the Pentandria class
 of Plants.
   Botanists reckon  seven Species of this herb ; but  I  shall at
 present  mention only the three principal ones.  1. Nicotiana
 major latifolia, or the large broad-leafed Tobacco.  2. Nicotiana
 major angustifolia, or narrow-leafed large Tobacco.  3. Nicotiana
 minor famina, or little  female Tobacco.  The  second species
 comes chiefly from Virginia ; and the third is  found  principally
 in Mexico  ; but it is the first species that is in common use.  Any
 farther description would be foreign to my design.

   Name.   It is reported that the Spaniards first discovered this
 herb about the year 1560, in a small island called Tabaca, in the
 Bay of Panama, in the South Seas, from which place it got the name
 of Tobacco.  Others,  with more probability, say, that the Span-
 iards found it about the year 1530 in Tabaca, a province  of Yu-
 catan in  New  Spain.   There is little doubt  but it was  known
 long before in the East Indies, and at Brazil and Florida.* The
 Americans of the continent call it Petun, those of  the  islands
 Yoli.  " Mr. Pourchot,  in his philosophy, says, the  Portuguese
 brought Tobacco into  Europe  from Tobago, an island  in North
 America :—but in this he  is mistaken ;  for the island of Tobago
 was  never  under the Portuguese  dominion.  Tobacco seems ra-
 ther to have given  its name to that island.  The inhabitants of
 Hispaniola call Tobacco Cohila, and the  instrument  by which
 they smoke it, Tabaco.   It is  probable that from this alone the
 herb in question derived  its present name.  Tabakides is a village
 in Greece, so called because the pipes used in  smoking Tobacco
 were manufactured  there."  Martiniere, Diet. Art. Tabaco.
   Its botanic name Nicotiana, it received from Mr. John Nicot,
 Ambassador from Francis II. at the  court of  Portugal, who, in
 1560, coming to the knowledge of it by means of a Flemish mer-
 chant, presented some of it to the Grand Prior, on his arrival at

  * Mr. Savary asserts, that tobacco has been known among the Persians for up-
 wards of 400 years; ai>d supposes that they received it from Egypt,  and not from
the East Indies, were it has been cultivated  onlyjsince the commencement of the
 I7th century.  Dictionnaire Universtl d« Commercet b Oenevs, 1742. 
8
Lisbon ; and afterwards on his return  to  France, gave some  to
Queen Catharine de Medicis :.  whence it  was called the  Grand
Prior's Herb, and the Queen's Herb.  But  Andrew Thevet of An-
gouleme, Almoner to Queen Catherine de Medicis, disputes this
honour with Mr. Nicot, and it appears probable that this  gentle-
man brought \tjirst into France, at his return from Brazil in 1556.
  Cardinal Santa Croce,  nuncio of Pope Pius IV. in Portugal, on
his  return, introduced the use  of it into Italy ; from whom it was
denominated Herba stiiiclce crucis, or Holy cross herb.  It is gene-
rally supposed that Sir Walter Raleigh first brought Tobacco to
England, in 1585 ; and taught his countrymen how to use it.  But
this report, which has passed long for fact, will be found, on ex-
amination, incorrect.  Mr. Valmont de Bomare, Director of the
Cabinets of Natural  History,  Medicine,  &c. to the  Prince  of
Conde, positively asserts, that Sir Francis Drake brought it first
to Great Britain from Virginia.
  Camden, whose veracity is  indisputable, and whose authority
in matters of this nature  is decisive,  gives  the honour of its in-
troduction among the British to a Mr. Ralph Lane.   As this part
of its history is but little known, the reader will not be displea-
sed to find the whole here in detail.
  In March, 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh having obtained a patent
from  Queen  Elizabeth, empowering  him to possess  whatever
countries he might discover in North America, fitted out two
ships at his own expense,  and sailed for the continent in the
month of April.   They returned to England in September, after
having taken possession  of a large fertile country  then  named
Windangocoa, but  afterwards,  in honour of the Virgin  Queen
Elizabeth,  called Virginia.   In the  spring  of  1585, Sir  Walter
sent out a fleet of seven ships to the lately-discovered country,
commanded by his relation, Sir Richard Greenville, who arriving
safely, left a celony of  108  men, under the  command  of Mr.
Ralph Lane, aitRoanoek.  In the course of this  year, the Queen
having declared war against Spain, sent Sir  Francis  Drake, with
twenty-one ships, and many land forces  under the  command of
General Carlisle, against the Spanish settlements in America, &c.
After having taken possession  of St. Domingo, Carthagena, and
some towns on the coast of Florida, they sailed for Virginia, where
they  arrived in August, 1586, and found Mr.  Lane and the re-
mains of his colony  in great distress.  Lane had passed the win-
ter here.  Several of his men had been surprised and  cut off by
the Indians, and the whole reduced to the utmost misery through
lack of provisions.   Drake wishing them to prosecute their dis-
coveries on the continent, offered Mr. Lane one  or two  ships,
with provisions, and some men to assist him.  The  offer was ac-
cepted, but whilst they were shifting the provisions, &c. on board
those  vessels, an  extraordinary storm  earned them away, and
dispersed the whole fleet.  Lane and his companions thus finding 
s
 the  hope of subisstence cut off, and not expecting any succour
 speedily from England,  entreated Sir Francis  to  carry  them
 home, to which  he readily agreed.   These all  embarking  on
 board of Drake's  vessel, brought with  them the famous Plant in
 question to Great Britain.*   Thus ended for the present, an ex-
 pedition which had promised much  in  the beginning, and which
 some, perhaps, will think performed a  great deal, when they un*
 derstandthat the introduction of Tobacco to these highly favour*
 ed isles was the fortunate result."
   Camden's account of its introduction  being so much to my pur-
 pose, 1  shall give it in a literal translation of his own words.
   " And these men  (Mr. Lane and his  companions) thus brought
 back, were the first  that I  know of, who  brought into England
 that Indian plant which they call Tabacca and Nicoti'a ; and which,
 as taught by the Indians,  they used against crudities.
   " Certainly from that time it was highly prized, and the use of
 it became  very common, for many  persons every where, some
 through wantonness,  [lascivientes,)  and others  for  the sake of
 health,   with inexpressible   greediness, sucked  in, through  an
 earthen pipe, its excessively stinking smoke, (jgrave-olentem illius
 fumum,) which they afterwards blew out through their nostrils  ;
 insomuch that Tobacco-shops are not less frequent in towns than
 ale-houses and taverns.
   " In consequence of tins use of it, the bodies of  Englishmen  (as
 one wittily said) who are so highly delighted with this plant, seems
 to have degenerated into  the nature of barbarians,  seeing  they
 are delighted with the same thing which the barbarians  use,  and
 think they can be cured by  it."  t
   In the above  extract, the reader will  perceive the opinion
 which Mr. Camden formed  of the Tobacco consumers of his day;
 and will also observe  how  much the  mode of smoking in  the
 eighteenth century differs from that of the sixteenth.
   On this interesting article  I have endeavoured  to throw all the
 light I could, because it may be  considered a matter of some  im-
 portance to have this point fairly determined, that the inhabitants
 of Great Britain may know to whom they are indebted for so va-
 luable a gift; and their ^benefactor receive the  honours due to hia
 name.   But if what I have written do not satisfy, I must confess,
 I  have no farther light into the history of"  other times," to  de-
 termine the point, and therefore willingly refer the farther eluci-
 dation of the subject to the Chronologists and Antiquarians.
   The vegetable kingdom has probably never produced an arti-
 cle, the use of which has been so rapidly and universally extended.
 In 1750, the English, says Mr. De Bomare, imported from Mary-

**■  * See Camden's Annals, under the above years.   Also, the Hi.story of Virginia, I Y
 R. B. Gent, 8vo. p. b, 6. Lond. 1722.  Ency. Brit, article Raleigh ; and Bomare*
 Dictionnaire Raisonne, &c.
   f Vide Camd. Annate? rer. Anglicar. p. 415. Edit. F.lzev. H>2?>.
                               2 
10
land and Virginia upwards of  100,000 hogsheads  of Tobacco;
nearly one half of which was consumed  by themselves, and most
of the remaining part exported  to France ;  from which the Bri-
tish government drew  an annual  revenue  of 9,200,000 French
livres, (about £383,333 6s. 8d. sterling.) *   Hence it appears
that the grave inhabitants of Great Britain have greatly exceeded
the frivolous French  in the use of this elegant and entertaining
weed.   When such  an amazing consumption of this article,  in
only two kingdoms, is  considered,  it will not appear surprizing
that a plant, which was formerly only a  wild production of North
or South America, should  have been so extensively cultivated ;
sefeing not only the inhabitants  of Great Britain and  France, but
of Europe in general,  have acquired the  extravagant habit of
using such prodigious quantities of it, either in the form of pow-
der, as a sternutatory;  by the pipe, in the way of fumigation;  or
in twist,  as a masticatory.   And  this habit, strange to tell, notwith-
standing its  shocking indelicacy and  nastiness,  continues to en-
slave, in the most disgraceful manner, the higher, lower, and
middle ranks of life.   The Church and the State have conjoined to
sanctify  and legalize  the  use of it,  from the  time of the Grand
Prior, on the one  part, and Queen Catharine de Medicis on the
other, to the present day.
  Medical Proterties, real and supposed.—Certainly, some un-
common benefits must result  from  the use  of it, otherwise it
could not, one would  suppose, be continued, in defiance of every
sentiment of cleanliness and  delicacy.   It appears that herbs of
the most fetid smell, and unsavory taste, were considered by the
ancients  as corroborants and restoratives.   The poet  Virgil in-
troduces a country woman named Thestylis pounding garlic and
some other matters, which he properly terms  herbas olentes,  ill-
scented herbs,  for the comfort and support of the reapers,  whose
strength was exhausted by intense labour and heat-t   But this was
probably done by way of charm; (surely not for food,  as Juvencus
and some others  imagine ;) the  name of the good woman suggests
this idea.   Thestylis is the name  of a witch in Theocritus, who,
well acquainted with the divine virtues  of herbs, prepared  Phil-
tres or love potions from them.J  To her Virgil seems to refer ;
for it is well known how constantly his eye  is kept on the Pasto-

 * Since the American war, the culture of this herb has decreased considerably in
^ irgmia: the proprietors of the land finding it more profitable to devote the ground
to the production of corn.  The French Encyclopedists give the following reasons
for it: The culture of Tobacco impoverishes the land—it reduces both men and ani-
mals to a miserable state of subsistence—it is very perplexing and  laborious—in a
word,  it has every kind of inconvenience connected with it.   Encvclop.  Mctho-
dique, Economie Polit. torn. iv. p. 661, 662.
     f Thestylis et rapidofessis messoribus a*stu,
       Allia, Strpy llumque, herbas contuudit olentes.
                           Eel. 2. I.  10.

     I ITu noi rai A4«j3ivai; <p*pt ©isu\i. jra 5» to. (pi'Jupa;
                                Idyll. 2. 1. I. 
11
 rals of the Greek Poet, while writing his own.   Now, it is a fact,
 that divine virtues, and miracidous powers, have been attributed to
 this highly favoured weed by its consumers ;  who, in seed time
 and harvest, winter  and summer,  provide for the gratification ot
 their senses, by an herb which yields nothing,  either  in taste or

 smell, to the most fetid in the witch's collection.
   " But it has many extraordinary  medicinal qualities."  Let us
 hear, then, what report, prejudice, and  superstition, say on the
 one hand ; and what common sense, and matter of fact, say on the

 other.
   The most concise, and, to  some, satisfactory  view of the  medi-
 cinal excellencies of this herb,* is to be  found in some verses of
 Castor Duranti,  inserted by Mr. Bayle  in his  Dictionary,  under
 the article  Santa  Croce ;  which,  for  the ample  satisfaction of
 the consumers of Tobacco,  I  will here set down the  original,
 with the faithful, though not very elegant translation, of Mr. Des

 Maizeaux, f.  r. s.


           Nomine quae sanctae crucis herba vocatur, ocellis
           Subvenit, et sanatplagas, et vulnera jungit,
           Discutit et strumas, cancrum, canerosaque sanat
           Ulcera, et ambustis prodest, scaJJiemque repellat;
           Discutit et inorbum cui cessit ab impe'.e nomen,
           Calefacit, et siccat, stringit, mundatque, resolvit,
           Et dentum et ventris mulcet capitisque dolores;
           Subvenit antiquaa tussi, stomacoque rlgenti
           Renibus et spleni confert, ultroque, venena
           Dira sagittarum domat, ictibus omnibus atris
           Haec eadem prodest: gingivis proficit atque
           Conciliat somnum: nuda ossaque came revcstit:
           Thoracis vitiis prodest, pulmonis itemque,
           Qua? duo sic praestat, non ulla potentior herba.
           Hanc Sanctacrucius Prosper quum nuncius esset,
           Sedis Apostolica- Lusitanas missus in oras
           Hue adportavit Romany ad coinmoda gentis,
           Ut proavi sanctae lignum crucis ante tulere
           Oinnis Christiadum quo nunc respublica gaudet,
           Et sanctae crucis illustris domus ipsa vocatur
           Corporis atque animae nostra studiosa salutis.


             " The herb which borrows Santa Croce's name,
           Sore eyes relieves, and healeth wounds ; the same
           Discusses the King's Evil, and removes
           Cancers and boils; a remedy it proves
           For burns and scalds, repels the nauseous Itch,
           And straight recovers from convulsion fits.
           It cleanses, dries, binds up, and maketh warm;
           The head-ach, tooth-ach, colic, like a charm
           It easeth soon; an ancient cough relieves,
           And to the reins, and milt, and stomach gives
           Quick riddance from the pains which each endures;
           Nest the dire wounds of poison'd arrows cures :
           All bruises heals, and when the gums are sore,
           It makes them sound and healthy as before.
           Sleep it procures, our anxious sorrows lays,
           Ajid with new flesh the naked bone arrays.

  * The Latin poem  on this subject, attributed to a Physician called Raphael The-
rius and the English  translation of it by the Rev. W. Rewick, London, 1725, are yi
•qual merit, and scarcely deserve to be mentioned. 
12
         No herb hath greater power to rectify
         AM the disorders in the breast that lie,
         Orin the lun^s.  Herb of immortal fame !
         Which hither first by Santa Croce came,
         When he (his time of Nunciature expir'd)
         Rack from the Court of Portugal retir'd;
         Even as his predecessors great and good,
         Brought home the cross, whose consecrated wood
         All Christendom now with its presence blesses;
         And still th' illustrious family possesses
         The name of Santa Croce* rightly given,
         Since they, in all respects, resembling- heaven,
         Procure as much as mortal men can do.
         The welfare of  our souls and bodies too."

  To this  high-strained  panegyric nothing  need be  added, as
every thing that was formerly attributed to the wood of the true
Cross, in behalf of  the soul, is  here attributed to  Tobacco, in
behalf of the *body.  The spiritual  and medical virtues of each
will doubtless be thought by some pretty nearly equal.
  On this part of  the subject candour demands that I  should men-
tion  what is said  in behalf of the use of I'obacco, by the most
eminent of the modern Physicians.  The editors of the last edition
of the Edinburgh Dispensatory observe, that " Of late, Tobacco,
under  the form  of a  vinou%  or watry infusion, given in small
quantities, so as to produce little effect by its action on  the  sto-
mach, has been found  a very  useful and powerful diuretic.   Dr.
Fowler has published several cases  of Dropsy and Dysury, in
which its employment has been attended with the best effects :
and this has been confirmed by the practice  of others.   Beaten
into a mash, with vinegar or brandy, it has sometimes proved ser-
viceable for removing hard tumours  of the Hypochondres.   Two
cases of cure by this means are  published  in the Edinburgh Es-
says.    Injections  by the anus of the  smoke or decoction have
beep of advantage in cases  of obstinate Constipation, threatening
Ileus, of incarcerated  Hernia, of spasmodic Asthma, and of per-
sons apparently dead  from drowning  or  other sudden  causes."
If any of the Tobacco-consumers choose to  make use of it [sec.
art.) in any of the above cases, they have my full consent.  But
let them observe, that none of these medical gentlemen recom-
mend the constant use of the pipe, the  snuff-box, or  the quid;
in behalf of which, those who use them plead so warmly.
   Dr.  Strother  observes,!   *' Smoking is become  an universal
practice ; and is used  more as an amusement, or an assistant for
guzzling, than for any good expected  from it; however, I  can-
not deny, how beneficial smoking is  to persons subject  to deflux-
ions  on the  lungs ; it is a strong and  constant  revulsion ; and I
have known phlegmatic coughs  and hoarsenesses taken off by it,

  * I believe  the family of the Santa Vroce (i. e. Holy Cross) were  thus  denomi-
nated from one of their ancestors, who  brought the wood of the true Cross jutu
 Raly.-^-5* vera estfama.
  | Essay on tSicknc«;s and Health, p. 1GB. 
13
where  other remedies failed ;" [and I have known it tried in the
above cases without the smallest good effect;] but " then," continues
the Doctor, " are healthy  persons to be  pinned down to  ruies,
which are only to be followed by some few,  subject to  breed
too much phlegm ? ft or should  these  very persons tamper with
Tooacco in summer, which is a season that dries our humours.
In short, the healthy, and  they who.are  of a warm constitution,
should avoid it, because  the first perform their  functions well,
and ihe latter would be more heated thereby."
   Dr. ALavnwaring, in his treatise on the Scurvy, has written large-
ly against the use ot this herb.   He asserts, in  the most positive
maimer, that it is a grand  procuring cause of scorbutic com-
plaints, and that the scurvy has abounded much more in these na-
tions  since the introduction of Tobacco than it had ever done  be-
fore.   See his Treatise, p. 70.
   On this subject, old Mr. Salmon, a man, in practical medicine,
wise beyond his day, speaks as follows:   "The powder of the
leaf is used as a  sternutatory to cleanse the head and brain, and
may be profitable  being used physically  ; but  the ordinary  and
constant usage of  it for Snush, is of very  evil consequences, and
induces Apoplexies*   For drawing away the thin  matter by it-
self,  through the  continual use thereof,  the thick is left behind,
where, increasing, and being too  thick to pass through  the Os
Ethmoides, or sieve-like bone, the cavity  at length is filled there-
with, where obstructing the animal spirits near their centre, an
Apoplexy is infallibly induced ; and 1 am confident more people have
died of Apoplexies in one year, since the use of this Snush,  than
have died of that disease in an  hundred before the  use  thereof;
and most, if not all who I have observed  to die of Idle of that  dis-
ease,  were such as  were extreme and constant Snush-takers."]
   The great virtues of a Pipe taken in the morning fasting, are
extolled by many  ; " because,"  say they, " it pumps up a quan-
tity of cold phlegm from the  stomach."   Not  to insist, that no-
thing can be taken out of the stomach  but by vomiting,  let it be
observed,  that the  substance  which  is forcibly hawked  up by
many who have acquired this most  disgustful habit, i* the mucus
secreted  by  the  tonsils to lubricate and defend  the oesophagus,
together with the saliva which is  secreted by the sublingual, pa-
rotid and submaxillary glands.|  And this mucus and  saliva are not
less requisite in their respective places, than the blood itself; as
they are not only absolutely necessary  for  the  defence  of the
parts already mentioned, but also for the important purpose of di-
gestion ;  which, if not properly promoted,  and carried on, the
body cannot long continue in a healthy  state.   Every  medical

   * While the reader doubts of Mr. S—'s Tli'ery, he may credit his Fads.
   + Salmon's Druggist's Shoo, p. 1141.  London, 1693.
   | See Jones's Medical Vulvar Errors refuted, p. 01  A Rook of uncommon
worth, necessary to every family, which I am glad  I have  this opportunity of re-
commending to my Readers.  London, Cade)! and Davis,-'W. 
14
  man knows well, that the saliva which is so copiously  drained off
  by the infamous quid, and that  scandalous  pipe, is the first  and
  greatest agent which nature employs in digesting the food.
    But is the elegant snuff-box  as dangerous as the pipe and  the
  quid 1  Let us hear evidence.  " The least  evil," says  Mr. De
  Bomare,  " which you can expect it to produce, is to  dry up  the
  brain, emaciate the body, enfeeble  the memory,  and destroy, if
  not entirely, yet in a large measure, the delicate sense of smell-
  mg."
    " Common snuff," says a very sensible Physician, (whose opi-
  nion on the subject lies now before me,) " in habitual snufl-takers,
  has  been  found to  penetrate into  the sinusjes* communicating
  with the nose, and into the antrum high morianum,] where it has
  formed horrid abscesses ; it is often carried down into the sto-
  mach, and by the use of it, the  skin is tinged of a pale brown co-
  lour."!  This  is  sufficiently evident in all  snuff-takers.   The
  most delicate females have their complexion  entirely  ruined by
  it.   Strange ! that the snuff-box  should  be deemed  too great a sa-
  crifice for that, for which most people are ready to sacrifice every
  thing beside!  Many cases have been observed where the appe-
  tite has been almost destroyed,  and a consumption brought on, by
  the immoderate  use of this powder.
   I heartily wish the Corporation of Surgeons and other Anato-
  mists,  would procure as  many bodies  of  habitual smokers and
 snuff-takers as possible, that being dissected, we might know how
 far  that ever-to-be-dreaded  evil prevails, which /. Borrhi, in a
 letter to  Bartholine, saj'S,  happened lo the brain of an immode-
 rate  smoker.   See  Chambers'  Cyclopaedia, Dr. Kees' edition,
 article  Tobacco.
   In one of the  German  Literary Journals,  several  cases are
 mentioned of vertigo, blindness,  and paralysis, occasioned by the
 immoderate use of this herb.
   However, after all that the most eminent  physicians have said
 on the subject, there are some, who, though they  do  not  even
 pretend to medical skill, yet still  consider it  as a sovereign remedy
 in most disorders.  " Cures," say they,  " and eminent ones too,
 have been  performed by it, see the various cases published by
 Dr.  Fowler."  It is certain  Dr. F. has used it successfully in
 some cases  ; and through the  hands of such an able  physician, all
 the good that is in it may be fully communicated.   In such  hands
 alone could  I trust the  use of it as  a  medicine.   But the persons
 who produce Dr.  Fo.vlers successful experiments, forget, that
 not one of the cures he mentions was wrought by the pipe,  the
 quid, or the sniiff-box.§

  * Sinus, in anatomy, demotes a cavity in certain bones and other places, the en-
 trance whereof is very narrow, and the bottom wider and more spacious.
  ■jr Antrum Highmtrianum, a cavity within the upperjaw bone.
  t Jones's Medical vulgar Errors refuted, p- 90.
  \ For the sake of incorrigible Toijacco-consumers, I here insert  Dr. Fowler's
 preparations, that they may be led to take it in the lrfast dangerous way. The forms
in which the Dr. ordered it, were either in Infusion, Tincture, or Pills.
  To inaLe the infusion, ha took one ounce oi' tobacco leaves dried, boiling water, one 
15
   It is certain that the list of cures wrought by it would not reach
 far.  The  use of it as an emetic, for which some have pleaded,
 is extremely dangerous,  as it  has often occasioned almost intole-
 rable cardialgic anxieties, violent vomitings, and stupidity.
   Mr. Bomare informs us, that it has been employed as a remedy
 in lethargic swoonings ;  and the patient has been restored to sen-
 sibility, only to be racked by  a more dreadful  disorder.  Con-
 vulsions, accompanied with vomitings, cold sweats, and  a feeble
 and intermitting pulse, with other dreadful symptoms, have been
 the consequence  of its use  in the above  cases.   If it be so dan-
 gerous,  when  employed as  a remedy  in  soporific affections,
 what evil may not be expected from it when used constantly, im-
 moderately, and without any corrective ?
   That  it is unfriendly to animal life may be  variously  proved.
 A poultice of it laid to the pit of the stomach, proves dreadfully
 emetic in a short time.   The following case  I think awful,  and
 insert here as a warning  to those whom it may concern.  A phy-
sician of my acquaintance was  sent for to see a girl of about seven
 years of age, grievously tormented  with  spasms in her  stomach,
 and incessant vomitings.   Various means were used to relieve*
 her, but without  success ; nor could the cause of the complaint
 be found out for a considerable time ; (the child, till her sudden
 seizure  with the vomitings, had been in perfect health.)  At last
 the smell arising from the breath and head of the child led to a
 detection of the cause,  The  girl had what  is termed  by some
 a  sore  or broken  out head; to  cure  and cleanse it, her mother
 had that day made an ointment of butter and snuff, and applied it
 to the place.  This was  found to be the sole cause of those vio-
 lent retchings, which had nearly put a period  to the child's life.
   A person of my  acquaintance, who had been an immoderate
 snuff-taker for upwards  of forty years,  was  frequently  afflicted
 with  a sudden suppression of  breathing,  occasioned by a paraly-
 tic state  of the muscles which serve for respiration ; these affec-
 tions grew more and more alarming, and seriously threatened her

 pound  This he kept for an hour close covered in a warm place, then strained off
 four ounces, and added two ounces of rectified spirit of wine. Of this he ventured
 to (five to adults from  6 to 100 drops twice a day : in irritable habits he  seldom ex-
 uded 25 drops ; toa patient of 10 years old he gave 50 drops ; to a chileI of 5 y ears
 old he gave 20 drops : but never ventured to  prescribe it to patients under b yenis
                                 Dried tobacco leaves one ounce, of ret-
  tL caution of this celebrated Physician, in using this formidable  medicine, c
worthy of remark.  How small are 'his dnses, in comparison of the immense quanti-
ties taken everv day by foolish idle people !  Let those who urge medical necessity
for the t.-e of this herb, use  Lt in  the same wuy, and in the same propoiltonsas di-
tct ted above. 
16
 life.   The  only relief she got in such cases, was,  by a cup of
 cold water, poured into her throat.   Thi* became so necessary
 to her, that she could never venture to attend even a  place of
 public worship without having a small vessel of water with her,
 and a friend at hand to administer it.   At last  she left off snuff,
 the muscles re-acquired their proper  tone ; and in a short time
 after she was entirely cured of a disorder occasioned solely by
 her attachment  to the snuff-box, and  to  which she  had nearly
 fallen a martyr.
   The poisonous nature of the  oil of this plant has been observed
 by several, and  particularly by Fontana in the following experi-
 ments, who ranks this herb  with the vegetable poisons.   1.  " I
 made (says he)  a small incision in a pigeon's leg, and applied  to
 it the oil  of Tobacco.  In two  minutes it lost the use of its foot.
 2.  I repeated this experiment on another pigeon, and the event
 was exactly the  same.  3. I made a small wound in  the pectoral
 muscles of a  pigeon, and applied the oil to it; in three minutes
 the animal could no  longer support  itself on  its  left foot.   4.
 This experiment repeated on  another  pigeon  ended the same
 way.   5.  I  introduced into the pectoral muscles of a pigeon, a
 small bit of wood covered with this oil ; the pigeon in a few se-
 conds fell insensible.   6.  Two other pigeons to whose muscles I
 applied this oil,  vomited several times  all that  they  had eaten.
 7. Two others with empty stomachs, treated as above, made all
 possible efforts to vomit."  Fontana observes, that  vomiting was
 the most constant effect  of this oil.*   Various other  experi-
 ments prove, that an application of this herb, in almost any form,
 will produce this effect.   Chemists observe, that Tobacco leaves,
 distilled in a retort without addition, yield an acrid  empyreuma-
 tic  poisonous  oil.
   Nor need we wonder  at the above,  when it is known that a
 single  drop of the chemical oil of Tobacco  being  put on the
 tongue of a Cat  produced violent convulsions, and killed  her  in
 the space of one minute. , A thread dipped in the same  oil, and
 drawn through a wound made by a needle in an animal, killed it
 in the  space of seven minutes.t   Indeed, the  strong caustic*oil
 and acrid salt  which are contained in it, must produce evil effects
 beyond calculation.
  These  facts, which are well authenticated, may suffice ; and
 taken into connection  with that word which says—Thou  shalt do
NO murder, should  deter every person who wishes well to  his
body and  his soul, from the (at least immoderate) use of this
herb.
  That it is sinful to use it as most do, I  have no doubt; if de-
stroying the constitution, and vilely squandering away the Time

            * Fontana  on eoisons, vol. 2. edit. 1795.
            ■f Jones's Medical Errors refuted,  pag. 90. 
17
          and  Money which God has given for other purposes,  may be
          termed sinful.
             Many persons I have known, who were scarcely able to procure
          the necessaries of life, and yet by sacrificing health and decency,
          have made a shift to procure the daily quantjim sufficit of Tobacco.
          I have observed  some whole families,  and  very poor  ones too,
          who have used Tobacco in all possible ways, and  some  of them
          for more than half a century.   Now supposing the whole  family
          consisting of four,  five, or *-ix,  to have  used but Is. 6d.  worth in
          a week, then, in  the mere article of Tobacco, nearly £200 ster-
          ling is totally and irrecoverably lost, in the course of fifty years!*
          Were all the  expenses attending this business enumerated, pro-
          bably five times the sum in several  cases  would not be  too large
          an estimate ; especially if strong drink,  its  general concomitant,
          neglect of  business, and appropriate  utensils, be taken into the
          account.!  Can any who  profess to  call  themselves Christians
          vindicate their conduct in this respect ?
             A pious  Clergyman  lately told me, that he had a  number of
          very poor families in his p;irish immoderately attached to the use
          of Tobacco.  He plainly  saw  that a  large proportion  of their
          daily earnings was destroyed in this way.  He warned  them in
          private, and preached  in public against it, but few  of them had
          resolution enough to lay it aside.
             The expense of one very poor family in Snuff and Tobacco he
          calculated, and found it to amount to nearly one third part of their
          yearly earnings!
             But the loss of time in this shameful work is a serious evil : I
          have known some who, strange  to tell!  have smoked three or
          four hours in the day,  by their own  confession : and others who
          have spent six hours in the same employment!   How can such
          persons answer for this at  the bar of God? " But it is prescribed
          to me by a physician."  No man  who values  his  character as a
          physician will ever prescribe it in this way.  Whatever  good ef-
          fects may be attributed even to a moderate use of it, can be pro-
          duced by medicines  of a more cleanly and less dangerous nature.
          As to Snuff, all its  good effects, says Mr. De Bomare,  may be
          much better procured  by powder  of Betony, Sage, or Marjo-
          ram.  If it be  taken  as a sternutative,  or medicine to  cause

            * To say nothing of the power of money to increase its value almost beyond cre-
          dibility by compound interest, in which case the above weekly consumption would
          amount in 50 years to upwards of 800/. sterling; and in 54 years to upwards of
          1000?. or 4440 dollars.
            f My  estimate here may be deemed by some rather exorbitant, but how little
          is it in comparison of that of our noble King James; "Now how you are by this
          custom disabled in your goods, let the gentry of this land  bear  witness, some of
          them bestowing three some four hundredpounds a year upon this precious stink."
                                                   Counterblast, p. 10.  1672.
            See also, Mr. A. du  Perron, Zend-Avesta, vol. 1. pt.  I. p. 415.-418. for the cost-
•         linessof a Smoking Apparatus, and for other curious jparticulars relative  to thin
          practice among the Asiatics.
                            *          3 
18
   sneezing, it should be taken very seldom, or  it will lose its ef-
   fect ;  and if it should not,  who, for the sake  of  redeeming his
   head from some occasional trifling inconvenience,  would consent
   to have his body thrown into continual convulsions !
      " But it has done me good."  Perhaps it has ;  so has an eme-
   tic ; but will you infer thence, that the constant use of it is  ne-
   cessary ?  If you do, be consistent with yourself, and  the very
   next time you need an emetic, be sure to repeat it every hour as
   long as you live.
      I grant that a person who is brought under the dominion of the
   Pipe or the Snuff-box, may feel great uneasiness in attempting to
   leave it off;  and get some medical man, thro'  a. false pity, or for
   money,  to prescribe  the  continued use of it;  but  this  does  not
   vindicate it; and the person who prescribes thus, is  not to be
   trusted ; he is either without principle or without  skill—
              " A mere Licentiate without knowledge,
              The shame and scandal of the College."

      An eminent plrysician, with whose acquaintance  and  friend-
   ship I  am  honoured, gave  me lately the following  account:
   " When I  was at I.----in the  year  1789, a certain religious
   people at one of their annual meetings, ninde a Rule,  or rather
   revived one which had been  long before made and established
   among them by their venerable Founder, but had been in a great
   measure lost sight of, viz.  That no Minister  in  their  Connexion
   should use Snuff or Tobacco, unless prescribed by a physician.  This
   Rule  showed at once both their prudence and good sense.   To-
   wards the conclusion of the meeting, having offered  my assist-
   ance to as many as stood in need of medical help, several  of them
   consulted me on  the subject  of taking Tobacco in one form or
   other; and with very  little variation their  mode of address  was
^V as follows :  " Doctor, I am troubled frequently with such a com-
   plaint,  (naming it) i take Tobacco, and have found  great benefit
   from  the use of it.   I  am sure were  / to give  it up, I should be
   very  ill indeed ;  and I am certain, that you are too wise and too
   skilful a man to desire me to discontinue a practice which has
   been so beneficial to me."   After such an address, what could I
   say ?    It was spoken with serious concern,  and was properly ar-
   gumentum ad homincm ;  I knew well they were sincere,  but I
   knew also they were deceived ; however,  to the major  part  of
   them I ventured to speak thus : " Gentlemen, you certainly do
   me honour in the confidence  you  repose  in my  skill ; but  you
   have brought me into a dilemma, from which I cannot  easily ex-
   tricate myself; as 1 find, I  must either say as you say on  the sub-
   ject,  or else renounce  all  pretensions to wisdom and medical
   skill.   However, I cannot in conscience and honour prescribe to
   you the continued use of a thing which 1 know does many of yo'
    immense hurt." 
19
    I should be glad to know, whether  these ministers after  the
  rule passad at their meeeting, and the remonstrances of the Phy-
  sician, continue to indulge themselves in this disgraceful employs
  ment ?
    But the religious people mentioned above,  are not the  only
  persons who have published Edicts against this destructive prac-
  tice.   Amurath  the IV. Emperor of the Turks, the Tzar of Mus-
  covy, and the King of Persia, apprehensive  of the  evils which
  were likely to be  occasioned in the  constitutions and properties
  of their  subjects, forbad the use  of Tobacco  in their dominions,
^.on pain ofdeath :—only, the  penalty in case of Snuff-taking was,
' to have the Nose cut off.*    It  is well  known that James the  first,
  King of England, wrote a treatise expressly against smoking, kc.
  called A  counterblast to Tobacco.]
    Simon Paulli, Physician to the King of Denmark, has also writ-
  ten a treatise  on the danger of using this  herb ; and observes,
  (which 1 quote  for the sake of those who  retain any sentiment
  of delicacy on this subject,; That  the merchants frequently lay it in
  Bos:-houses, to the end that becoming impregnated with the volatile
  Salt of the excrements,  it  may be  rendered  brisker, stronger, and
  more fetid.\
    In 1689, the  Corporation of Apothecaries of the City of Cler-
  mont, probably  supposing that great good might be done to them-
  selves or  others, by uniting this plant  to the Materia Medica, ap-
  plied to the Court of Excise for pe. mission to cultivate Tobacco
  in their gardens for medical purposes, under  the name Nicotia.
  But  the  Court, whether  actuated by motives  of humanity or
  commerce, fortunately parsed  an arret bearing date  June  28th,
  1689, "  Forbidding  the  Apothecaries of  Clermont,  or of any
  other place, to  sow  any  Tobacco  in their grounds, under  the
  name Nicotia, rtr any other, on pain of confiscation, and a fine of
  1000 livres."§  What a singular mercy was this  !  Had the use of
  it become common in Medicine, how  many  thousands must  have
  been its victims ere this time !

   * See Dictonnaire Universel, i[C  de Bomare,  under  the Article nicntinne..— The
  Turkish Emperor prohibited the use of it from a supposition that it rendered his sub-
^ jects unfruitful.                                                ,
   f .'■ome time after the British King had condescended to enter the list with the To-
 bacco-consumers of his day, Mr Joseph Sylvester wrote  a Poem, which he dedicated
  to VUliers, Duke of Buckingham, with the followingquaint Title, "Tobacco battered,
 and the Pipes shattered (about thdr ears thai idly idolise no base and barbarom a
  Heed ; or at least-wise over-love so loathsome a vanity .  ) By a volley of Holy Shot
 from Movnt Helicon"  This Piece contains some unanswerable arguments against
 this detestable practice, expressed in a sort of verse equal to most of the Poetry of
 (hat time.  Printed with his translation of Du Bartas, London, IG41.
   t A dealer in this  article once acknowledged tome,  thnt besprinkled his rolls
 and leaf frequently with stale urine, to k< ep them moist, and to preserve their^a-
 vour ! A friend of mineNvhose curiosity led him to see tobacco spinning, observed
 that the boys who opened out the dry plants, had a vessel o( urmeby them, with
 which they  moMened the leaves, to prepare them for the spinnerTTlo the tobacco-
 rJicwers know this, and yet continue in this most abominable and disgraceful prac-
 tice ' Can any per.-on think of the above imjiune,  with aauid in his mouth?
   } See Encyclopedib Methodique, Finances, Tom. iii. Artie. Tabac. 
20
   The impiety manifested by several in the use of this herb merits
the most cutting reproof.  When many of the Tobacco-consumers
get into trouble, or under any cross oi affliction, instead of looking
to  God for support, the Pipe, the Snuff-box or the Twist  is ap-
plied to with quadruple  earnestness ; so, that four times (I may
say in some cases ten times) the usual quantity is  consumed on
such  occasions.   What a comfort is  this weed in  time of sorrow*.
what a support in time of trouble ! in a word, what a god !
   Again ; the interruption occasioned in places of public worship
by the use of the Snuff-box, is a matter of serious concern to all
those who are not guilty.  When the most solemn and important
matters relative to God  and man, eternal glory and eternal ruin,
form the subject of a preacher's  discourse, whose  very soul is in
his work; it is no unusual thing to see the Snuff-box  taken out, and
officiously handed about to half a dozen  of persons on the same
seat.   Would there  not be as much propriety in  bringing forth
and distributing some of the common necessaries of life ?   " But
we do not go to the  house of God to take  our victuals."  Neither
should you to take physic.
   Never did Pope Urban the VIII. act  more  like an Apostolic
man,  than when he made a bull to excommunicate all those who
took Tobacco in the churches.
   To the great scandal of religious  people, the abominable cus-
toms of Snuff-taking and chewing have made their way into  many
congregations ; and are likely to  be  productive of  immense evil.
Churches and chapels are most scandalously abused by the To-
bacco-chewers  who frequent them ; and kneeling before  the
Supreme Being, which is so becoming and necessary when sinners
approach their Maker in prayer, is  rendered in many seats im-
practicable, because of the large  quantity of Tobacco saliva.
which is ejected in all directions.
   The Indians of South America make extensive offerings of this
herb to their gods, and think it the most acceptable present they
can make them, in order to insure their protection.  Was it from
them that these Christians  have  learned to introduce it into places
of public worship ?   Surely they do  not use the Smiff-box and the
quid as a part of a religious ceremony.   Some indeed have been
so candid as to acknowledge that, " though they did not use  it as a
religions ceremony, vet they took it as a help to their devotion !":V
0 earth!  earth !  earth ! " I cannot," says one, " hear to any ad-
vantage without it;  it quickens my attention, and  then 1  profit

 * I know one cai«e only, in which the use ofSnuft'spfmstobe innocent.  A verv pious
Woman  of my acquaintance is obliged to have recourse to it sometimes, for a land of
lethargic affection of  her head, by which she is often afflicted ; but lei it be observ-
ed, she takes \t merely as a medicine, and uses only one half-penny north in a month.
Ail such persons I c/uclidlly exempt from every censure contained in this pamphlet.
  :\ B. Since the first edition of this  pamphlet was published, the above  person
has totally left off' the use ot this powder, and  has not suli< red the slightest inconve-
nience in conse-aucii'.x' of the sacrifice she has made. 
21
           most by the sermon."   I am inclined to think there is some truth
           in this: and such persons exactly resemble those who have ha-
           bituated themselves to frequent doses of opium ;  who, from the
           well-known effect of too free a use of this drug, are in a continual
           torpor, except for a short time after each dose.  Thus they are
           obliged to have  constant recourse to a stimulant, which in pro-
           portion to its use increases the disease.
              I cannot help adding, that 1  have heard just the same sort of
           reason given for taking a dram before divine service { " I am in a
»           belter spirit for hearing, have a more tender heart, and a better
           recollection of what 1 have heard, when I take a.little brandy or
           gin before hand "
              Such persons as these are utterly unfit to appear in the house
           of God ; and  efficiently prove that they are wholly destitute of
           the spirit of piety, and of a sense of their spiritual wants, when
           they  stand in  need  of such  excitements  to help their devotion.
           He can have  no pity for the wretched who does  not  lift up his
           soul in prayer to God in behalf of such people.
              But are not many  led into this practice of smoking  by  their
           Pastors ?  I am sorry to have it to say, that this idle disgraceful
           custom prevails  much  at present among Ministers of most de-
           nominations.  Can  such persons preach against needless self-in-
           dulgence, destruction of time, or waste of money ?
              Should all other arguments fail to produce a reformation in the
            conduct of Tobacco consumers, there is one which is addressed
           to good breeding and benevolence, which, for the sake of politeness
            and humanity, should prevail.   Consider how  disagreeable your
            custom is, to those who do not follow it.   An atmosphere of To-
            bacco effluvia surrounds you whithersoever you go.  Every arti-
            cle about you smells of it; your apartments, your clothes, and
            even your very breath.  Nor is there a smell in nature more dis-
            agreeable than that of stale Tobacco, arising in warm exhalations
            from the human body, rendered still more offensive by passing
            through the pores, and becoming strongly impregnated with that
            noxious matter which was before insensibly perspired.
              Consider what pain your friends may be put to in standing near
            you,  in order to consult )OU on some important business,  or to
            be improved  by  your conversation.   Will you oblige them to pay
            so heavy a tax for the benefit of your advice, when it would  have
            been more honourable to yourself,  and comfortable  to them, to
            have had that gratification in a less expensive way.   I  cannot
            help saying, that I have often suffered a very painful nausea from
            the cause above assigned, and—on which, I will dilate no farther.
              To those who are not yet  incorporated with  the  fashionable
            company  of  Tobacco-consumers, I  would say, never enter.  To
            those who are entered, 1 would say, desist.  First: For the sake
            of your health, which must be materially injured, if not destroyed,
            by it.  Secondly : For the  sake of your property,  which, if you 
£2
 are a poor man, must be considerably impaired by it.   But,  sup-
 posingyou can afford this extra expense ;  coti 1 ler. how accepta-
 ble the pence, to go no  farther, which you spend in this idle un-
 necessary employment, would be to many, who are often destitute
 of bread ; and to whom one penny would sometimes be as an an-
 gel of God.   Thirdly: For the sake of your time,  a large  portion
 of which is irreparably  lost, particularly  in smoking.   Have you
 any time to dispose of—to murder ?   Is there no need of prayer
 —reading—study ?  Fourthly: For the sake of your friends,  who
 cannot fail to  be pained in your  company, for the reasons before
 assigned.  Fifthly : For the sake of  jour memory, that it may be
 vigorous and  retentive ;  and for the sake of your judgment,  that
 it may be clear and correct to the end.  Lastly: For the sake of
 your soul.—Do you not think that God will visit  you  for your loss
 of time, waste of money, and needless self-indulgence ?  Have
 you not seen that the use of Tobacco leads to drunkenness ?  Do
 you not know  that habitual smokers have the drinkiug vessel often
 at hand, an 1 frequently apply to it ?   Nor is it  any  wonder, for
 the great  quantity of necessary  moisture which is  drawn off
 from the mouth, &,c. by these means, must  be supplied some other
 way.  You tremble at the thought;  well you may, for you are
 in great  danger : may God look  upon, and save you before »t be
 too late!   It was this view of the subject that led Mr. Sylvester to
 imagine, that the plant derived its name from Bacchus, the heathen
 god of drunkards,

         " Which of their weapons hath the conquest got
          Oner their Wiln—the Pipe, or else the Pol ?
          For even the der vation of the name
          Seems to allude and to include the same;
          Tobacco, ta Banx1" one would say :
          To cup god Bacchus dedicated ay."*

 It is  with pain of heart that I state, I have known several who
 through  their immoderate attachment to  the pipe, have become
 mere sots.   There are others who are walking unconcernedly in
 the same dangerous road.  I tremble for them.   Should this fall
 into their hands,  may they receive it as a  warning from God !
   You say, " I am so long accustomed to it, I cannot leave it off"
 Alas !  alas!  However, try : see what God will do for you.  I
 knew a woman in the east of this kingdom, who had taken Snuff,
 and immoderately too, for the space of fifty years.  With a per-
 son who  frequently visited at her house, and who was as fully at-
 tached to the Snuff-box as herself, she agreed to leave it off;  and
 that the first who took  any should  forfeit a dozen of wine  to the

 * Raphael Thorius in the poem, mentioned p.  8. very ominously attributes the first
discovery and use. of this herb to Bacchus. Silmus, and the Satyrs! (Drunkenness,
 ftluttony and Lust) and jet, the poem was written in praise of it. 
23
other.   In a short time she got uneasy, by and bye miserable, and
lastly ran quite distracted.   She was then obliged to resume  it.
Not long after, hearing the preaching of the people called Me-
thodists, she was deeply convinced of sin, and converted to God.
From the Band Rules of that Society she learned that she could
not have a Band ticket till  she had left it off.   To give it  up, she
was terribly afraid, remembering what she had suffered before on
that account.   However, she thought, Then, 1  did it on my own
strength ; now I will do it in the strength of GOD.   She did so :
threw away her  Snuff-box, and abstained from it ever after, and
never suffered the  slightest inconvenience in consequence.
   " But I take only a little  now  and  then in complaisance  to
others."  Then you will  soon be as great  a slave to it as others
are.   When it is  offered to you in this way, think of the conduct
of Omiah. a native of Otaheite, who was brought to  London  by
Captain Fumeaux ; when  a  certain Lord presented him his gold-
en Snuff box,  and  invited him to take  some ; the innocent sav-
age, having gained  little acquaintance with European refinement,
bluntly  replied ;  " I thank you, my Lord, my  nose is not hun-
gry."
   To conclude.  I am sorry that in writing on this vile subject,
 I have been  obliged to use some  words, the places of which I
 should have  been glad to have supplied with others of a  more
 agreeable sound  ; but as  these were the only appropriate terms I
 could find, my readers will accept this as a sufficient apology for
 my using them.
    Should there be found  in this dissertation, some words  hard to
 be  understood by a certain  class  of readers,   the connexion in
 which they  stand  will, I hope, throw a sufficiency of light  on
 them to  make their sense manifest.  And those who understand
 the subject, will at once perceive that 1 could not have  easily
 found less difficult  terms.
    Some of the most disagreeable things  relative to the practice
 against which I  have been  writing, are still behind the curtain ;
 and designedly detained there—and it is THERE ALONE where
 I wish every  persevering smoker to  seek for a certain vessel
 named the Sp-t—g dish, which to the abuse of  all good-breeding,
 is  frequently introduced into public  company.  May they and
 their implements, while engaged in this abominable work, be ever
 kept OUT OF SIGHT !

    From the  Title of this Dissertation,  it  may be  supposed
  that I should have spoken of the use of Tobacco as an article of
  commerce,  producing a very extensive annual  revenue to the
  state.  Most heartily I wish the  state and its governors unceas-
  ing prosperity, but am sorry that any thing should become an
  important object of finance, which is prejudicial to the  health of 
24
his*  Majesty's subjects.*   That the  revenue arising from it h
great, 1 can readily believe ; for the imports must be  immense
when the consumption is so extravagant.   But in the end, it  is to
be feared that the use of it will not  greatly promote the true in-
terest of the nation.

  * This work was particularly addressed to the subjects of Great Britain; but the
reasoning of Dr.  Clarke will  apply with equal force to the < itizens of the United
States.  Health and comfort  is paramount to  every consideration of interest or
profit.
FINIS.