THE WORKES o’f that famous C niruroion Amhro fc?Parey fJrcinj fate!out of oLtn n&art(£c&rrVfzanX-* ■ ryto&ck. *rzJ k: vcrlijo n,. <-■ iS'eJadorr vuLe, ruttaua suntftnrxd salutt*, JjXrtat in exttium,titns4icry cunt metC-ntU.^ * 11 - C *i KjVhi art % L *Annej <%4- < T O THE RIGHT HONOURABLE Sl% EDWARD HERBERT, •KNIGHT OF THE BATH, Lord Herbert of Cadlclland, and Baron of Cherbury. .5 I R, * ■IT is not the farrC'fetcht pedegreeof noble Anccdors, ■ Honours your Lordfhip defervedly poflet. • les, that make mec crave your Patronage to this my j Labour • but it is that Hcroick minde,emiched with the choice endowments of Nature and Arc, and that .earned affection wherewith your Honour entcr- * taines all Sciences, Arts, and Arcifts, with chat ex- quifite Judgment which fees into the inner man,which embolden and incite me to fuc for your Honours afsidance,inprocct^an l^at * have laboured for my Countries good,if that deferve carenot Calumniation (though furcto heart ofit) and thcrc- orc* notApologize, but informc dice of feme thingsconccr- ning the Author his work, and the rcafon that inducedme tothetran- j&D C-« flation thereof, with feme few things befides. For the Author, who was principall Surgeon to two or three Kings of France, hcc was a man well verfed in the writingsofthcanticnt and modeme Phyficians, and Surgeons, as you may evidently findc by fundfy places allcdgcd in his workes. For his experience, or prafticc (the chiefe hclpc to attaine the higheftperfeftionin this Art) it was wonderful! great, as you may collcff by his voyages recorded in the laft part of this work; as alio by that which J*mes GuWemea*. Surgeon to the French King, a man'both learned and judicious in his profeffion, averres, fpeakingofhisownc education and progrelTein the Art ofSurgery. Ifo laid (# faith hce) the firft foundation of this Art in the Hofpitall of Parity being, as it were, an ample Theater of wounds-and difeafes of all kindcs, that for two who/eycares, during which time I was there converfant, nothing was confulred of, nothing performed, the Phyfttjajjs, and Surge- ons being prefenr, whereof I was not an Auditor or After. There flourished at theft and yet doth, principall Surgeon to themoft Chriftian King, the Author of this great worke, moft renowned for the gracious favour of Kings, Princes and Nobles towards him, for his Authentic amongft his equals,for his Chirurgical operations fcmongft all men. Therefore I carneftly endeavoured to be received into his family; as untoanothef Machaotty or Podulitius : once admitted, I fo by all dutifnlnelfc and due refpeft acquired his favour, that he, unlcfle I were prefent and aflifting,did nothing (fuch is his naturall gentle* nefle and currefie to all fiich as are ftudious of the Art) ai home or abroad, in the field, in tents, or lafUy in this famous Citie of Parity about the bodies-ofDukes, Noblemen,or Citi- zens, in whole cure, he by the ardent defirc of them all, had 1H1I the prjhic place. Now for this worke, heare what this lamcman in thefamcplace affihneth further: I not content with thefe meanes, which may leemrfufficient,and too much, as defirous tofatisfie my long thirft, determined to try whether I could draw, or borrow any thing from ftran- gers,which our men wanted,to the fuller knowledge ofSurgery. To this purpose I travai- led over Germany,and then for fourc years fpace I followed the Spanilh Armic in the Low- countries ; whereas I did not onely carefully cure the wounded Souldier, but alfo hecdfully and curioufly obferve what way ofeuring the renowned Italian, Germane, and Spanilh Sur- geons obferved, who together with me were imployed in the Hofpitall,for the healing of the wounded and ficke. I obferved all to take no other courfe than that which is here delivered by Party, Such as did not underftand French,got fomc pieces of this worke for large rewards, turned into Latinc, or fuch Languages as they underftood, which they kept charily, and made great ftorc of; and they elleemed, admired, and embraced this worke a- lone, above all other workes of Surgery, &c. Our Author allbhimfclfc, not out of a vain- glorious oftenrarion, buta mindcconfcious of the truth ofhis alfertion, affirmes thus much of this his worke. I have (faith hee)fo certaincly toachtthe markc whereat I aimed, that Antiquity may feeme to have nothing wherein it may exceed us, befides the glory of inven- tion, nor pofterity any thing left, but a ccrtaine finall hope to addc fomc things, as it is cafie to adde to former inventions. Thus much concerning our Auchour, and tjic excellency of his worke. Now come I fo my tranfiation,the which, as defiring more a publike good, than private praile, I have performedplainly and honeftly laboring to fit it to the capacity of the meaneft Artift; for thefe are they to whom I chiefly commend this work,and from whom I expeft acceptation. I being by theearneft perfwafions of fomc of this profeffion, chiefly, ana ai- meft *In his HpiHJe prefixed before the La tine edi- tion of this Au- thor. To the Reader. moft wholly perfwaded and incited to take this paincs, who knowing the dilability of un- detftanding this Author in Latine or French, in many of the weaker members of the large bodyofthdrprofelfton,dilperledoverthisKingdome, and the reft of his Majefties Domi- nions, whole good, and cncreafe in knowledge may be wilht,thatlb they.may be the better enabled to doe good to fiich as lhall implore their aide in their profeftlon. There are fome (I know) willblame me for Englilhing thisworke,as laying open the myftcriesofaworthy Art, to the unworthy view of the vulgar. To fiich 1 could anfwcras * tArifiotU did to : but for the prefent I will give them thefe, which I thmkc may fatisfie any but the purpofely malicious; the firft is drawne from the goodnefleof the thing, as intended for thq|e that want fuch guides to dired them in their Art; for it is com- monly granted, that, Bonnm quo comnmniut eo meliw. Secondly, it hath beene the cuftome of moft Writers in all Ages and Countries thus to doe : Nippocrntes, Gaieni and the other Greeks, writ in their mother tongue the myfteries of their Art; thus did Ce/fus, and others in Latine: Mefue, tAvtcen, Seraph, and others, in Arabicke; as alfo, to goc no further, our Author writ this worke in his native French, and learned men have done the like in this, and all other Arts. And it is a great hinderance to us in thefe daies, that we muft bee forced to Icarne to underftand two or three tongues, before wee can learne any faience, whereas theAnticnts learned and taught theirs in their mother tongue : fo that they fpent a great deale lelfe time about words, and more upon the ftud y of that Art or Science they in- tended to leame and follow. Thirdly,! muft tell you, that. Ex libru nemo evnjlt Art if ex t No man becomes a workeman by booke; fo that unlcfTe they have had fome inlight in the Art, and be in fome fort acquainted both with the termes of Art, as alfb with the knowledge and ufc of the inftruments thereto belonging, if by reading this, orany other booke of the like naturcthcy become Surgeqns, I muft needs liken them (as Galen doth another fort of men} * To Pilots by booke onely: to whole care, I thinke,none of us would commit his fafety at Sea, nor any if wife, will commit themfclves to thefe at land, or fea either, unlclfe wholly deftituce of other. The other things whereof I muft alfo give you notice, arc thefe. The figures in the A- natomyarenot the fame ufed by my Author (whofe were according but according to thole of JB*ulinet which were ufed in the worke of Dr. Groove; and thefe indeed are the better and more complete, Alfo Page 807. I thought it better to give the true figure of the Helmet floured Aconite, mentioned out of Pliny, than to referve the feig- ned pidure of Mmhiolusy which inour Author was encreafed with the further fidion of a Helmet. I have in fome few places in the margent,which you lhaH find marked with a ftar, putfliort annotations, for the better illuftration of that which is oblcurc. See. I have alfo xa the Text to the fame purpofc, here and there put two or three words, contained in thefe li- mits £ J, which I finde here and there turned into a plainc Parenthclis,efpecially toward the latter end of the booke, but the matter is not great. Further, I muft acquaint you that the Apologic and Voyages, being the laft part of this worke, and not in the Latine, but French coitions, were tranllated into Englilh out of French by George Bakery Surgeon of this City, fence that time, as I hcare, dead beyond the Seas. This is all, Courteous Reader,that I have thought ncceflary to acquaint thee withallcon- cerning this, which I would defire thee to take with the fame minde that it is prefented to thee, by him that wliheth thee all happinclfe. VAe Aul. Gd. Uo.c.4, Caidefimp.l.€. KvCtfthr 'bhich arenas it \ ***re of this earthly Common-Vpeale fhould be dili* [ v V gent in the following of that callingiWtch {by Gods appoint- went) we have once taktn upon us: and content with our prefent ejiate, not carted away With r a fonts and enpy,dejire different and dtVers things hereof She have no knowledge, tie Vohich doth otberwife,perVtrts and dr files with hated confujion the order and beauty ym Ibhich this Vnivers conftfls.Whcrfore when Iconfidorcd with myfelfe, that I was a member of this great Mundane body, and Chat not altogether unprofitable,f endeavored earnefllyj that all men fhould he auju aimed tint1' my duty, and that it might be knownc hoV> muchf could profit tuery man. forGodis myjyitnes, and all good men knew ythat I hay e noVr laboured fifty Jfeares with all Cure and paines in the illufration and amplification ofih f have fo certainly touched the marke thereat f aimed, that Mntiquity may feeme to haye nothing wherein it may exceed us5 be fide the glory of invention; nor pofttnty any thing left but a certamef mall hope to adde fame things, as it is eajie to aide to former inventions.Jn performance whereofy j have beene Jo prodigall of my fdfey my patchings, faculties andmeanes y that Ifpared neither timey labour ymr cofty Usher by J might fatisfie and accomplifh my own defires,this my great work,and the iefires of the jludious TSLeither may we doubt but their /Indies would at the length waxe cold,if they only furnified with the Theoriche and Trecepts in Schooles and that H?tthmuch labour e,fhould fee no ynanuall operation, nor manifejl ip ay of Per- forming the Arte.For Vohich caufe J fe eking the praije and profit of the French Nation jrven with the hinderance oj my particular ejlatey have endeavored to *1* Ikfirate and increafe Chyrurgerie hitherto objeure either ly the infelicity of t T he Authors Epiftle Dedicatory, former ages or the envy of the Trofeffors-,and not onely with precepts and rules fut being a loVer ofcarved worke s J beautified it TVith 500. formes, or graven figures and apt delineations jin which whofoeverJh all attentively lookc fi?all finde five hun- dred anatomicall,or organic all figures belonging to the Arte, (if they he reckoned particular fy). To every of thefe J have given their names and [hewed their uje, leaf they jhould feeme to have heene put in 'Vainly for ofientation or delight. [But although there he few men of this profeffion which can bringfq much authority to their Writings either with reafon, or experience as J can - nonvithflandtngf have not heene Jo arrogant9 hut intending to puhlijh my worke51 fir ft communica- ted it with men themofl excellent in the ffrte of Tinficke, w h ogaVe me greater in- couragement toperfeBandpuhlijl.) itjhat it might be in common ufe: profefsing they TViJhed nothing more, than that it might be turned into Latinefo by which meanes it fhould he knowne toforraigne Nations,that there is no kind of Learning which is not delivered frith great dexterity oftvit in this kingdoms over TV Inch you rule.Andthus much J dare boldly aff irme, that there is fcarce any ? beheneVer Jo Jlately or fupercilious Jbut that he may here findfomething Tvhich may delight him> and by which he may better his knowledge. Therefore 1 doubted not to conjecrate this lookc unto your Majeflie both as a Tatterne and treafury of my labours apvell in refpeB of my duty,Trho amyours by nature and education,as that f mightmanu fejl to all, your Highnes exceeding bounty towards me,in placing me f having here* tofore enjoyed the office of principal! Chirurgeon under 5 Kings your MajefUes pre* decejjors fin the fame dignity y and that of your owne moreover J did conjecture that it TbouldfaU out, as noTV it doth,that this my worke caried through the world by thefame of your Majeflie name,fhould neither fear e the face nor VeiTV of any Supported by the favour and Majeflie ofd mofl invincible Monarch and mofl excellent and renowned'Trince. JS[either did fifing Charles the ninth of happy memory, incited by the relation ofthe mofl gracious Queene his Mother,refute to reade it fisting he underfiood it proceededfrom him,Tvho having happtlyj*ajfed all his time in private and puhlik employ ments,and conVerfed With all men of allforts was judged mojl worthy to ohtaine tins favour e, as to have the front ofthis worke adorned and beautified Tenth thefplendor of his prefixed name.j encouraged by this hope, defired that my requeftfhouldpajf e as by a certaine continuation andfuccef fion from a moflpowerful!, to a mofl Jnvincihle fifing . and doc wholy con/ecrate thefe my labours takenfor my Country esgood untoy ourfacred Majeflie. God 'rant thatyour Majeflie may have happy fucceffe of all your enterprifes abundantly added to NcftorS^carts* * £ 1 ? Pan«,8.Fcb. Anno Dona. 1 j 7p. Your moft Chriftian Ma/cftics faithfiill Servant tsfmhrofe Tarey, The Preface. Oft mcn derive the Origin il of Phificke from hea- ||nven ; or thoft who hold the bed opinion of the M Creation of the world,affirme,thc Elements being jfk created and feparated each from other, man being 0 (j|| not as yet made; incontinently by the divine dc- crec,all herbes and plants with infinite variety of floures,ende wed with various ferns, taftes,colours and formes,grew and fprung forth of the bowells of the Earth, enri- ched with fo many and great vertucs, that it may be thought a great offence to attribute to any other than the Deity,the benefit oflo great a bleffinglo nccefiary for fo many ufes. Neither could Mans Capacity ever have attained to the knowledge of thofe things without the guidance of the divine power.For God the rcat Creator & fafhioner of the world,when firftheinfpired Adam by the breath of his mouth into a living and breathing man,he taught him the nature, the proper operations, faculties and vertues ofall things contained in the circuit of this Vniverfc.So that if there be any who would alcribe the glory of rfds invention to man, he is condemned of ingratitude even by the judgtwenr nf Pliny. RnrrhU Uowledgc was not buryed in oblivion yvith Adam: but by the lame guift of God was given to cho/e whom he had choicn and ordained for Phificke, toput their helpino;hands toothers that flood in need thereof. Which opinion was not only re- ceived in the common manner and by the tacitecpnfent of al Nations, but confirmed by Mofes in the Scripture. Which thing le/m the fbnne ofSirach the wiled amongft the lewes ,hath confirmed laying; Honnor theP hyjition 'With the honnor due unto him fir the mojl High hath created him he* extifi ofneceffity : and of the Lordcommeth the gift of healing.The Lord h*th crea- ted Medicines of the Earth and he that is Wife will not ahhorre them. Give place and honnor to the Phifitionfir God bath created him, let him notgoe from thee, for thou haft need of him. T he Grecians who firfl leeme more fully and with greater fame to have profelfed the Arte, of Phificke, doe ina manner content with this opinion,in acknowledging Jpolio to have beene the Inventor thereof,neither did they it without a reafonable caule. For whether by MpoUo they may underftand the Sun who by its gentle and vitall heat doth bring forth and cherifh all things • or els fome who incited by an excellent and almofl divine vriderftanding Genef.l. Eccltpu/l. 3 8, i. The T reface. firft taught and put in pra&ife the Medicinall vertues of Herbs ► in which fcnfe Ovid brings him in fpeaking thus : Herbs are of mine invention through aU me the firjl Thiftian call. The originall of Phificke arifing from thofe beginnings fiiall alwaycs becelcbrated,as ccleftiall,and was incrcafed principally after this man* ner.After Apollo, JEfculapiu* his Tonne inllru&cd by his father reduced this Artebeing asyet rude and vulgar into a litle better and more ex> quifite forme,for which caufe he was reputed worthy to be accounted as one of the Gods. At the fame time flourished Chiron the Centaure who for that he excelled i n knowledge of Plants5and taught ABfculaptusfas many report) their faculties, is thought by (P//wj and fome others to have bin the inventor of Phificke. JBjculapim had two fons Tedalirius and Machaen who following their fathers fteps &profefIing Phificke, did principally beautifie and pra&ile that part thereof which is called Chirurgery, and for that caufc were accounted the Inventcrs thereof. After thofe JJckpiades left this Arte much enlarged as hereditary to his pofterity :by whofe ftudy and diligence, that part of the Arte was in* vented and annexed,which by a more curious skillfearcheth out and cureth thole difeafes which lye hid within the body. Hippocrates the Coan the Ion of borne of the noble race of\Jjdepiadesy Prince of the Phifitians that were before him,per feded Phificke and reduced it into an Arteand wrote divers bookesthereofinGrceke. Galen ccedcd him fix hundred yearcs after, who was a man moft famous not only for his knowledge in Phificke, but alfo in all other Icienccs* who faithfully interpreting everything that was oblcureand difficult in the writings of Hippocrates, enlarged the fcience with many vo- lumes. Thus therfore was dlcbc£mmug,*KvistKeencreafc aud pCf- feding the Arte ofPhificke, as much as can be hoped for from mans induftry. Although indeed we cannot deny but that Experience hath much profited this Ai te, as it bath and doth many ocher. For as men perceived that Tome things were profitable,lome unprofitableforthis or that difeafe, they fecit downe, and fo by diligent obfervationand marking offingulariries, they eftablifhed univcifall andcertainepre- cepts a nd fo brought it into an Arte. For fo we find it recorded in an- cient Hillories,before the invention of Phificke, that the Babilonians Sc rianshaSa cuftome amongft them,to lay their ficke and difeafed perfons in the porches and entries of their Houles, or to carry them in- to the Greets and market places,that fuch as palled by and faw them, might give them counfell to take thofe things'to cure their difeafes, which they had formerly found profitable in them Gives or any other inthelikeaffeds,neither might any pafle by a fickc man in filence. Alfo Strabo writes that it was a cufto me in Greece that thofe which were fickc fliould refort to Aifculapius his Templc in there as they llept by their dreames they might beadmonilhed by the God Vlin.l.7 >c.z The Treface. what meancs they (liould ufe to be cured; and whea they were freed from their difeales, they writ the manner of their infirmities and the means by which they were cured in cables Ac faftned them to thepiL larsoftheTemple,notonly for the glory of the God, but alio for the profit of fuch,as fhould afterwards be affedted with the like maladies. All which tables(as fame reports)Hippocrates tranfcribed.&fofro thofe drew the Arte of Phificke. Beafts alfo have added much to this Arte, For one man was not only inftruded by another,but learned alfo much from brute beafts, for they by the onely inftind of nature have found out divers herbs,& remedies, by whicji they freed Sc preferved them- felvesfrom infirmities,which might prelcntly betransfened to mans ufe. Wherforc cofidcring that fuch Sc fo many have occurred to bring this Arte to perfedion, who hereafter dare call in queftion the excel- lency therof? cheifly if he refped the fubjed therof,iVfans body, a thing more noble than all other Mundane thing,and for which the reft were created. Which thingmovedHeropWw* in timespaft to call Phifitions The hands of the Gods. For as we by putting forth our hand ,do helpe any man out of the water or mud into which he is fallen : even fo we doe fuftaine thofe chat are throwne downc from the top of health to the gates of death by violence of difealcs, with happy medicines, & as it were by fome fpeciall & divine gift deliver them out of thejawes of death .Homer the prince of Greek Poets affirmes that one Phificion is far more worthy than many ocher men. All Antiquity gave Phificionsfuch honor that they worfhipped them with great veneration as Gods, or the Ions of their Gods, For who is it which is not much delighted with tne divine force of hcaltbfull medicines,with which fwefec by dayly experience jPhifitios,as armed with Mercuries bring back thofe languiQiingCoules even encring the gates of death.*-Hence it cometh to pafte that the divincPoetsofancienc times, as Orpheus,and the moft renowned Philolbphers i4riJlotltfTheophraJlus,Chryftppics,Cato Cenforius.Sc Varro efteemed nothing more excellent chan to excell in the knowledge of Medicincs,& to te- ftifie the fame by written monuments to Pofterity. For what can be more noble or worthy of a generous difpofition than to attaine to that by the benefit of Phificke,that adorned with the ornaments of dignity thou maieft have power over other men,& favoured of Princes,Kings Sc Emperours,maycft appoint Sc preferibe to them thofe things which are profitable to preferve health,& cure their difeafes ? But if you look for benefit by teiences • then know that the ProfelTors hereof have be- fides fufficient gain,acquired much honor Sc many friends .Hippocrates cotnming to Abdera to cure Democritus of his madncs,not only the men of theCity5buc alfo the women,children & people of every age,(exe Sc ranck went forth to meet him?giving him with a common content Sc loud voice the title of a Tutelary Deity and father of their Country .But the for freeing their Country from the plague, with trium- Jn what cftecmc Phi- fitions have formerly bctn«. The Preface. phantpompe celebrated playes to his honor, & bountifully let upon his head a? if he had beene a king,aCro wne of gold weighing a i ooo. peices of their golden coine,& ereded hisftatue, for a perpctuall mo- nument of his piety and Learning.the Nephew of Jrijlotk by his daughter,received/reely given him by Ftolomy king ofEgypt,for the cure ot his lon,ioo.Talents of gold. The Emperour Augujius ho- noured Mntonins Muja with a golden ftacue. Quintus Stertimus yearly received onto! the EmperoursTrcafury 12000.500. peices of gold. In the time of our Grandfathers Fttrus Aponenjis called Conciliator was lb famous through all Italy for his.knowlcdge in Philicke, that he could fcarfe be intreated to come to any man offafhia that was fick,unles he gave him go.crownes, for every day he was abfent from home : but when he went to cure Honorius the Bifhop of T\omey he received 400, crownes for every day he was abfent*Our French Chronicles relate in what credit 3c eftimation James Qotterimthe Philition was with Lelris the 11 .King of France; for they report he gave him monethly out of his Treafury 10000 .crownes.Phifick in times paft hath bin in luchcfteem wit ft many famous 3c noble perfonages, that divers Kings & Princes delighted with theftudy therof,& delirous to attaine glory 3c creditc fundry herbs after their own names.For fo Gentian took its name of Gentium king of J Syria;the herb Lyjimachia of LyJitnachus the king ofMacedonyhcMithridatick herb or Scordium,of Mithridates the king of Font us 3c 'Bithmia Achillea of Achilles• Qentorie of Chiron th Arthemtjia of Arthemijia the Qufeen of Qaria. Attains lemon oi judea,E> ax ofArabia ,andJuba the king of Mauritania^were not only inflamed with a defire of the knowledge of cither they have writte booksofit,or for the great cdmodicy ofpoftericy5invented by their skil many choife Antidou compounded of divers ther the delire of learning this noble fcience is yet altogether extinct. As may appear by thaUndid plantTobaco,called bylome the noble herb, Catherines herb& Medices herb,but commonly the Queens herb,becaufe Catherine Medices the mother of our kings,by her lingular ftudy and in* duftry made manifeft the excellent vertue it hath in curing malignc ulcers &wounds;whlch before was unknown to theFmzcEForthefe worthy men underftood that their glory,thus fattened 6c ingrafted into the deepe,& as it were everliving roots of plants, would never decay • but (hold be propagated to al poftericy in many lucceeding ages,grow- ingup with their fprouting 3c budding fliouts,ftalks;,floures 3c fruits* Neither did chefe famous men whifft they adorned this part ofphifick fuffer the other, which treats ofthediffe&io of mans body ,be buried in oblivion, 3c without their knowledge; as ini trucked with the precepts & learning of the wifeft men,how artificial! 6c unimitable by mortall hand this fabrick of our body is: Neither is it probable that Apis, Ojiris and Ftolomy kings of Egypt, Solomon Alexander the great, Mitbxidatesy Attains,(ceing they dedicated themfelvcs wholy to the cotemplation of Karnes given to Plants. The Preface\ natural thingsmcgledted the life of Anatomie,Sc being men moftde- firous to know themfelvcs5to have bcene ignorant of the ftrudlure of there own bodyes being the habitations of their foulesimmortall Sc made to the Image of God: feeing they oblcrved with certaine judg- ment the different lights ofthe and paffed over lo many lands,fo many leas, fo many regions fo far remote one from another,by waics fo terrible by rcafon of cold,uncouthnes,darknes,by rocks,by fire Sc 1 word,with great labour,charge Sc danger oflifc,ortK* that they might fatisfie their minds thirfting after the knowledge ot thing?; and to have left untouched a thing truly noble,admirable, and moft worthy ofknowlcdgc,eafie to be attained by any, and to be ac- quired without arty danger of life,or fortunes. Seeing there be $ parts pfthatPhifickc which at this time we profefle, Chirurgery which by the life ofthe hand/D/e* which with a convenient manner of feeding Sc ordering the body} Sc Tharmney that by medicines attempt to cxpell difcafes,Sc preferve hcalth-The prime Phifitions do nbt without reafon contend which of thefe may be accounted the cheile.Certainly Herophilw had Tharmaey in fuchefteem,thathe thought medicines were fir ft mixed Sc admniftred to the fickcby Jpollo( whom Antiquity thought a great Deity.) And Tiiny had Jo good an opiiiion ofDiec,thathc cxclaimesfThe true remedies Sc Antidotes againft difi cafes arc put into the pot Sc eaten every day by the poore people.Verily al learned men confeflcthat the manner ofeuring which is performed by diet,is much more facile Sc profpcrous,than that which is done by thole things which fought with much labour and coft, arc taken with much loathing,and taken arc fcarfe retained’but retai- ned they off work with much labour Sc paine*. Which things long ago moved /ifcUpiadcs to exclude the ufc of medicines, as hurcfull to the ftomack’ Yet ifwe will belec\c Celfus neither of thefe parts meric the prehcminece,bucboth of them give place to Chirurgery.For feing that fortune is very powcrfull in difeafes, & the fame Meats Sc Medicines are often good Sc often vaine,truly it is hard to fay, whether the health is recovered by the benefit of Diet and or by the ftrength of the body. Moreover in thole cafes, in which we moft prevaile with medicines-although the profit be more manifeft, yet it is evident that health is often fought in vaine even by thefe things,Sc often recovered without them. As it may be perceived by fomc troubled with fore eies, Sc others with Quarcaine leavers,who having bin long troubled by Philicios are (ometimes healed withoutthem.But the effedt of Chirur- gcry as it is very neccflary Jo it is the moft evident amongft all theparts ofphificke.For who without Chirgcry can hope to cure broken, or laxated parts,who wounds Sc ulcers,who the falling ofthe Matrix,the ftonein the bladdery member infefted with a Gangrene,ot Sphacele? Bcfidesjthis pare alfb is the moft ancient 5 for Todaltrius Sc Machaon fol- lowing thsir Generali /irumemnon to the Trojanewars, yeelded no Phifickeis de~ vided int»j parrs. The T re face. Imai comfort to their fellow Soldiers.Whom notwithftanding Homer affirmes not to have given any helpe in the in divers o- ther diieaies, but onely were accuftomed to heale wounds by inftru- mencs and medicines. And if the difficulty of Jearn ing it argue the ex** cellency of the ArtCjwho can doubt but Chirurgery muft be the mod excellent, feeing that none ought to be accounted a Chirurgeon or which can performe his duty, without the knowledge ofDiet Scalar- 0*cy?But both the other can performe their parts without Chirurgery k we may beleeve Galen,But it we conlider the matter more neerly ac- cording to truth- we (hall underhand thofe three parts have acertainc common bond,and are very n eere of kinred,fo that the one implores theayde of the other- neither can the Phifition doe any thing praife worthy without the conlpiracy and joynt confent of theie three- there- fore in ancient times there was but one performer and ufer ot all the three parts.But the multitude of men dayly on the con- trary mans life decreafing/o that it did not feeme abletofuffilefor to learne and exercife allthe three, the workmen devided themielves. Wherforethat which happens to any man either by lot, orcounfell, that let him foliow,maintaine and onely life, as mindful how Abort his life island how long the A rte. Thf excel- lency of Chirurgery. A Catalogue of the VVorkesof Ambrose Parey, the King of France his Ghiefe Chjrurgion, which were fet forth in Latine, by James Guillemet#*. 1, A N. fntroduHion? or compendia "fray to (firwgery. 2. Of Hying creatures and mans ex- cellency. 5. Of the Anatomy ofm ans body. 4 Of the njitall parts contained in the Chefl, 5% Of the Animall parts placed in the head. 6. Of the Mufcles and fonts, and other extreme parts of the body. 7. Of Tumors contrary to nature in gene rail 8. Of Tumors contrary to nature in particular. 9. Of wounds ingenerall. 10. Of thegreene and blpudy wounds efeachfever all part, 11 Of bounds made by and other fiery Engins} and all forts of Weapons. 3 2. Of (fontufiions and Gan- greenesi 15. Of V leers, and tte- morroides. 14. Of Ligatures} or Bandages. 15. Of Fractures. 16. Of Luxationsy and Straims. 17. Of diruerje affeBs ofthe partsy wot agreeable to nature 9 whofe cure commonly is performed by the hand• 18. Of the Gout. 19, Of the Lues Venerea, and thofe Symptomes that happen hy re a [on thereof. 20 .Of the fmall foxes and Meaftls and alfoof [Vormes3 and the Lepro fie. 21. Of Toy fans, and of the biting of mad dogges} and the flinging and biting of yenemous creatures. 1 ► 22. Of the f [ague. 23. Of the Arts to repaire thofe things which are defective, either by na* tare or accident. 24. Of the generation of Man, 25. Of Monfters and Trodigies. 26. Of the Faculties of flmple me- dicines, together with their compofition and ufe. 27. Of Vistiflations, 28. A Treatije of report sy mid the embalming of dead bodies. 29. AnApologiey and Voyages - be- ing not in the Latine,but transla- ted put of the laft French Edition, whom alfo I have followed in the number of the Bookes, leaft any niouldthinkefbme warning* fin- ding but 26. in the Latine, and 29, in the French. Cha p.l 3 AN INTRO DV C T ION or ■ . m C OMPEN DIO VS Way to Chyrurgcric. CMAP. I. Whit Chjrurgerie 1 is an Art, which teachech the way by rca^0Ili by the operation ©f the hand we may cure pre* VCnt m*c*§are difcafesjwhich accidentally happen uuto us. ( Others have thought good to deferibe it otherwife, as that; u it is that part of Phyficke which undertaketh the cure of di- ca^es bytbc fblc induftry of the band 3 as by cutting, bur- dug, Tawing off, uniting fra&ures, reftoring diflocations, and - performing other workes, of which we fhall hereafter treate. Chyrurgery alfo is thus defined by the Author of the medi* cinallDefinitions ;The quickc motion of an intrepide hand joyned with experience; or an artificial! action by the hands ufed in Phyficke/or (brae convenient intent. Yet none muff thinketoattaine to any great perfc&ion in this Art, without the helpc of the other two parts of Phyficke *, I fay of Diet and Pharmacie, and the divers appli- cation of proper mcdicines,rcfpc<5ling the condition of thccaufes.difeafes/ypmtoraes, and the like circumftanccs, which comprehended under the names of things natural!, notnaruralljandbefides nature (as they commonly call them) wee intend todeferibe in their proper place. But if any reply, that there be many which doc the workes of Chirurgery, without any knowledge of fiich like things, who noewithftanding have cured defperate difeafes with happy fuccefle; let them take this for an anfwer, that fuch things happen rather by chance, than by the induftry of the Art, and chat they are not provident that commit themfclves to fuch. Becaufeihat for fome one happy chance, a thoufand dangerous errors happen afterwards, asG<*/«* fin divers pla- ces of his Method) fpeakes againft the Empcrickcs. Wherefore feeing wee have fetdowne Chirurgery to be a diligent operation of the hands, ftrengthened by the affiftaaceof Diet and Pharmade, wee will now (hew, what, and of what nature the operations it arc. •W"* ** Tfc# definiti- on cfOuruH g«rw. Wlut n*c«iTa- ry for « rurgion. 4 <*An IntroduBim, or Compendious Chap.2. Chap, II, Of cbirurgicall cperatitm. The nature of a Chirurgion, things arc proper to the dnric of a Chirurgian; To takeaway that which i$ fuperfluousj to reft ore to their places, fuch thirds asaredifplaccd; to ftparate thofc things which are joyned together; to joync thofe which arc fcparaied 5 and to fupply the defers of nature. Thou (halt fare more eafily and hap- pily attaine to the knowledge of thefe things by long ufc and much cxercife, than by much reading of Bookes, or daily hearing of Teachers. For fpcech how pcrfpicuous and elegant foever it be, cannot fovively exprefte any thing, as that which isfubje- dlcd to the faithfull eyes and hands. Wee have examples of taking away that which abounds, in the amputation, or cutting off a finger, if any have fixe on one hand, or any other monftrous member that may grow out; in the lopping off a purrified part inwardly corrupted *,in the ex- traction of a dead child, the fccondine, mole or fuch like bodies out of a womans wombe 5 in taking downe of all Tumors, as Wens, Warts, Polypus, Cancers, and fiefhy excrcfcenfes of the like nature; in the pulling forth of bullets, of pccces of maile, of darts, arrowes, (hells, fplintcrs,3ndofallkindofweaponsin what part of the body foever they be. And hce takech away that which redounds, which plucks away the haires of the eye-lids which trouble the eye by their turning in towards it; who cuts away the web, pofteffing all the * Adnata, and part of the * Carnet: who let- teth forth fuppurated matter • who taketh out ftoncs in what part foever of the body they grow 5 who puls out a rotten or otherwife hunfull tooth, or cuts a nailc that runs into the flefh ; who cuts away part of the uvula, or haires that grow on the eye- lids • who taketh offa Cataraft, who cuts the navillor forc-skinnc of a child newly borne, or the skinnic caruncles of womens privities. Examples of placing thofe things which arc out of their naturall fite, aremani- feft inreftoring di (located bones; in replacing of the guts and kail fallen into the cods, or out of the navill or belly by a wound, or of the falling downe of the wombe, fundament, or great gut, or the eye banging out of its circle, or proper place. But wee may take examples of difioyning thofe things which are continued from the fingers growing together, either by fome chance, as burning, or by the imbecilitic of the forming facultie; by the difiundion of the membrane called Hymen, or any o- thcr troubling the nccke of the wombe, by the diflfe&ion of the ligament of the tongue, which hinders children from fucking and fpeaking, and of that which hin- ders the Gians from being uncovered of the foreskinne • by the devifion ofa varicous Vcinc,or of a halfc cut nerve or tendon,caufingconvulfion-.by thedivifionof the mem- brane flopping the auditory mouth, or fundament, or the ftubbornc flicking together of the haires of the eye-lids. Referre to this place alltheworkcs done by Caufticks, the Saw, Trepan, Lancet, Cuppmgglaftes, Incifion Knife,' Lea- ches,either for evacuation, derivation or revwlfion fake. Experience more necefla* ry for a Chi- rurgion,thaa Art. Examples of taking away that ')iichi« fi»per)i ous. • Two t«ni- clcsofths eyes. Examples of replacing. Example of £eparating things joyned together. The Chirurgion drawes together things feparated, which healeth wounds by ditching them, by bolftcring5binding, giving reftro, and fit placing the part: which repaircs fra&ures ; reftores luxated parts; who by binding the veflcll, ftaieth the vio- lent effufion ofbloud: who cicatrifcth cloven lips, commonly called hare-lips 5 who reduces to equalitic the cavities of VIccrs, and Fiftula’s. But bee repaircs thofe things which are defe&ivc, either from the infancy, or af- terwards by accident, as much as Art ind Nature will fuffer, who fees on an earc, an eye, anofe, one or more teeth ; who fils the hollowneffe of the palat eaten by the Poxe, with a thinne plate of goldorfilvcr, or fuch like; whofupplics thcdcfc&of the tongue in part cut off, by fome new addition; who fafteps toa hand, anarmeor legge with fit ligaments workcmaolikc: who fits a doublet bumbafted,or madewith iron plates to make the body flraight; who fills a fhooc too big with corkc,or faflcns a docking or focke to a lame mans girdle to helpc his gate. We will create more fully of all thefe in our following Worke. But in performing thofe things with the hands. Examples of uniting things 4ifioyncci. Examples of fuplyingde:; fe&s. Chap.?. JVay to Chimrgery, 5 we cannot bur caufe paine: ffor who can without pain? cut off an arme, or Icggc, de- vide and tcare afunder the necke of the bladder, reftorc bones put out of thcirplaces, open ulcers, bind up wounds, and appply cauceries, and doc fuch like?) notwithftan- ding the matter often comes to that paffe, that unlcfte wee ufea judicious hand wee mull either die, or leade the remnant of our lives in perpctuall mifery. Who therefore can iulily Chirurgion for this, oraccufe biraof cruclric ? or de- fire they may be fcrved,as in andent times the Romanes fcrved Archdgdtus%who at the firft made him free of the Citie,bu.t prcfently afrci,bccaufe he did forowhat too cru- elly burne, cut aadpetforme the other workesof a good Chirurgion, they drew him from his houfe into the Campus Marrius and there ftoned him to death, as wee have read it recorded by Sextu* Cheroneta Plutirche s Neece by his daughter. Truly it was an inhumane kind of ingratitude, fo cruelly to murder a man intent to the workesof fo neceflary an Art. But the Senate could not approve the ad, wherefore ro expiate the crime as well as then they could, they made his Statue in gold, placed it in Upim his Temple and dedicated it to his perpctuall memorie. For my parti very well like that faying of Cti[us\ AChirurgcon rauft have a ftrong, ftablc, and intrepidc hand, and a mindc relblutc and mcrcileftcf, fo that to healc him he takethin hand, he be not moved to make more haftc than the thing requires; or to cut lefle than is need- ful!; but which doth all things as if he were nothing affeded with their cries; not gi- ving heed to the judgement of the vainc common people, who fpcake ill of Chirurgi- ons bccaufe of their ignorance. * drcb.tgAtui • the Chixurs gion. ptaftt. The prop*t* tie* of a good Chirurgion, Chap. III. Of things NAt Hr a (I, Chirurgion may rightly and according to Art, performe the fore- 4g| fej (aid workesjhe muft fet before his eyes cercaine Indications of working; O- ‘SShS# therwife he is like to become an Empcrickc, whom no Arc, no certaine rca- fon, but oncly a blind temerity of fortune moves to boldncfte and adion, Thefe In- dications of anions are drawne from things fas they call them) natural!, not natural!, and be/idcs nature, and their adjunds.as it is Angularly delivered of the Ancients, be- ing men of an excellent undemanding. Wherefore we will profecute according ro that order, all the (peculation of this Art of ours. Fir ft there fore things naturall arc fo termed, bccaufe they confticure and containe the nature of mans body, which wholy depends of the mixture and temperament of the 4. firft bodies, as it is fhewed by Hip- poerxia in his Booke deNdturd humind: wherefore the confederation thereof belongs to that part of Phyficke which is named Phyfiohgu • as the examination of things not naturall to DUtetue, or Diet, becaufe by the ufc of liich things it icdcavours toreraine and keepe health: pare which cures the difeafes, and all the affedsbefides nature, challenges the contemplation of rhofe things which are not a- grceablc to nature. But the things which are called naturall may be reduced to (even heads; beftdes which there comes into their feliowftiip, thofe which wee terme annexed. f rom whooce we muft dra»v i ndi cations. What things j are called na« email. To what part of Phif’cke thing* nor : a- turai per caine. To w hat thin; * bu.-des nature. "Elements. Temperaments- Humors. Parts or members. Faculties. Adions. Spirits. Tothefcarc annexed and foraewhac neerc. Age. Sexe. Colour, Compofurc. Time or feafoo. Region. ..Vocation of life. The (even prin- cipal! heads of • things naturall are, 6 n principal!, but which notwithftaoding attainesnotto the higheft degree of his kinde, as you may underftaod by Galen in his firft Bookeof Elc- menrs- So, for example fake, in the Aire weeobfervetwo qualities, Heat, and Moi- flurc, both principall, and not remitted by the com mixture of any contrary quality, for other wife they were not fimple* Therefore thou rraift fay, what hinders that the principall effefts of heat Ibew not thcmfelves as well in the Aire, as in the Fire? bccaufe as wc faid before, although the Aire have as great a heat according to his nature, extent and degree, no otherwife than Fire hath, yet it is not fo great in its a&ive qualitie. Thereafon is, bccaufc that the calfa&orie force in the Aire ishindc- red, and duilcdby focierie of his companion and adjoyned qualitie, that is,Humidiry which abateth the force of hear, as on the connary, drincftc quickncthit* The Ele- ments therefore arc endevved with thefe qualities. und«eftoodby Tcafonj not by fenfe. why he ex. preiTedtbeEs S ot qualities, Twoprind- pail qualities Element!** why the Aire as the fire* Names of the fubftances y Fire Aire iWatcr Earth ’Hotanddrie. )Moift and hot. ) Cold and moift. Cold anddrie. Names of the qualities. is How the E- lements may beunderftood to be mixed in compound bodies. Thcfe foure Elements in thecompofitionof natural! bodies, retainc the qualities ! l&ty formerly had, but that by their mixture and meeting togctherofcomraries,thcy 1 are fomewhat tempered and abated. But the Elements are fo mutually mixed one with another, and all with all, that no fimplc part may be found ; no more than in a made of the Emplaifter Diacalcitheos you can fhew any oyle, or litharge by it fidfe • all things are fo confuted and united by the power of heate, mixing the (mai- led particulars with the fmallcft3and the whole with the whole,in all parts. You may know and perceive this concretion of the foure Elementary fubdances in one com- pound body, by the power of mixture, in their diffblution by burning a pile or heape ofgrcenewood. For the flame exprefles the Fire, the fmokc the Aire, themoifture that Fveats out at the ends, the Water, and the allies, the Earth: You may cafily perceive by this example fo familiar and obvious to the fenfes what diffblution is, which is fuccceded by the decay of the compound body ;on the contrary, you may know that the coagraemation, or uniting and ioyning into one of the firft mixed bo- dies is fuch, that there is no part fioceere, or without mixturc.For ifthchcat which is predominant in the fire, fliould reraaine in the mixture in its perfect vigor, it would confume the reft by its pernitious neighbourhood • the like may be faid of Coldneffc, Moifture, and Driacffe • although of chefe qualities, two have the title of Adive, th?t is, Heat, and Coldneffc, bccaufc they arc the more powcrfull; the other two Paflive, becaufe they may feeme more dull and flow, being compared to the for- mer. Tue temperaments of all fublunarie bodies arife from the commixture of thefc fubftances & elementary qualitics,which hath bin the principall caufe that mo- ved me to create of the Elements. But I leave the force and effeds of the Elementary Why of the firft qualities, two arc ac- counted ttftive,and two pa (It vc. Chap.j. IfSay to Chirurgery, 7 qualities to fomc- higher contemplation, content to have noted this, that of ebefe firft qualities, fib called, becaufe they are primarily and naturally in the fourc firft bo- dies) others arifeand proceed, which are-therefore called the fccond qualities :as of manythefe, Heauineftc,LightnefTe,varioufly diftributed by the foure Elements, as the Heat, or Coldnefife, M >iftnefte or Drincftc, have more power over them. For of the Elements, two are called light, becaufe they naturally affed to move upwards; the other two heavy, by reafon they are carried dowoeward by their So we chinke the fire the lighted, becaufe it holds the higheft place of this lower world ; the Aire which is next to it in fitc , wee account light ; for the water which lies next to the Aire, we judge heavy ; and the earth the center of the reft we judge to be the heavieft of them all. Hereupon it is,that light bodies, and the light parts in bo- dies, have moll of the lighter Elements ; as on the contrary heavy bodies have more of the heavier. This is a briefe defeription oFthe Elements of this fraile world, which arc onely to be difeerned by the undemanding, to which I chinke good to ad joync another defeription of other Elements, as it werearifing or flowingfrom the com- mixture of the firft ; for befides thefe, there are faid to be Elements of generation and Elements of mans body. Which as they are more corporall,fo alio arc they more ma- niftft to the fcnfe.By which reafon Hippocrates being moved, in his Bookc de Natura humana^after he had deferibed the nature of Hot, Cold, Moift and Drie, he comes to take notice ofthefeby the order ofcompofition.Wherefore the Elements ofourge- neration, asalfoof all creatures which have bloud, are feed and raenftruous bloud. But the Elements of our bodies arc the folid and fimilar parts arifing from thofc Ele- ments ofgencration. Ofthis kind arc bones, membranes, ligame nts, veines, arteries, and many others manifeft to the eyes, which wee will deferibe at large in our Trcatife of Anatomic. Why the firft • qualities arc lo called. Wfaat the Tea cond qualities are. What Ele- ments light, what heavy. What theE- Icments of ge- neration are. What the Elea ments ol'mixt bodies. Chap. V. Of Temperaments, Temperament is defined a proportionable mixture of hot, cold, moift and drie; or, it is a concord of the firft difagreeing faculties. That harmony fprings from the mixture of the foure firft bodies of the world.This Whether Tcmpcramec or concord is given to Plants and brute beads for the beginning of their life, and fo confcqucntly for their * life and forme. But as Plants are inferior in order and dignitie to beads, fo their * life is more bafe and infirmc, for they have ondy a growing facultie by which they may draw an Alimentaric juyee from the Eaxrh, as from their mothers breads, ropreferve them and their life, by which they may grow to a certaine bigneffc; aodlaftly, by which they may bring forth their like for the pcrpctuall continuance of their kind. But the* life of beads have to the three former the gift of fence annexed; by benefit whereof, as by a certaine inward knowledge, they fhun rhofe things that are hurtfull, and follow thofe which profit them, and by the power of their will, they move therafelves whither they plcafe. But the foule of man farre more perfed and noble chan the red, arifeth not from that earthly mixture and temper of the Elements, but acknowledged* and hatha fane more divine of- fpring, as wc (hall teach hereafter. They devide a Temperament at the firft divifion into two kindcs; as one a tempe- rate, another an untemperate. The untemperate is of two forts; the one wholy vi- cious, which hath altogether exceeded the bounds of medioaitie: the other which hath fomewhat ftraied from the mediocritic of temper, but notwichftanding is yet contained within the limits of health: as that which brings no fuch evident harrae to the adions, but chat it fomewhat hinders them ,fo that they cannot fo well and per* fcdly performe their duties. But the vicious Temperament doth three manner of wayes corrupt the functions .either by weakning,depravingorabolifhingthcm, For fbdupor,oraftonifhment,diminifheth and iloweth the quicknefleof motion; con- vulfion depraves it ;thc Palfic it, and takethit away. The temperate Tem- What a Tem- perament is. * AntnU, What the life performs* in Plants, * What in btafts. Mansloule comes from as bove. The manifold divifion of a Temperas mane. A Tarapera- mentt*d Pets* 4»>* 8 9,4n Introduction, or Compendious C H A P. peramenc is alfo devided into two kindsjwhich is either toequallity of weight, or lufticc. It is called a temperature to weight which arifeih from the equal! force of exactly concurring qualities,and as placed in 3 perfed ballance, drawes downc neither to this nor that part. They thinkc the example of this Temperament toappearc in the inner skinne of the fingers ends of a man tempered to lufticc. For feeing the mod ex- quifite touch refidcs there, they ought to be farre from all cxcefle of contrariety .Tor ©therwife being corrupted by too much heat or cold, raoifturc or drineffe, they could give no ccrrainc judgement of the tangible qualities. For which thing nature hath ex- cellently provided in the fabricke and augmentation of the parts of which the skinne confifts. For it is competed of hot and moift flefh, and therefore fofc, and of a ten- don and nerve cold and drie, and therefore hard, which are not onely equally fitted andconjoyned, but wholy confufed and mixed together, by which it comes that re- moved from all extremes of oppofition, it is placed in the midft, as a rule to judge of all the exceftes that happen to the touch. So it was fit the eye, which was to be the inftrument of fight, fhould be tin&ured with no ccrtainc colour, that it might be the lefil* deceived in the judgement of colours. So it was convenient the hearing fhould not be troubled with any diftin& found, whereby it might more certainly judge of equall and unequal! founds, not diftinguiftied by a ratable proportion5 neither was it fit the tongue fhould have any ccrtaine tafte, left the accc ffc of that tafte fbould'deccivc it in knowing and judging of fo many different taftes. The Temperature tempered to juftice is that, which although it is a little abfent from theexadt and fevereparility of mixed qualities, yet hath that cqualitie which doth fully and aboundantly fufficc for to performe all the functions fitly and pcrfedly which nature doth require, wherefore we can judge*no otberwifeef it than by the integritieof the Actions. For hence it tooke its name, for as diftributive lufticc equally gives to every one rewards, or pu- nifhraent according to their deferts *, fo nature baying regard to all the parts of the bo- dic, gives them all that temper which may fuffice to performe thofc duties, for which they arc ordained. Let us for an example confider a Bone 5 no man doubts but that, like as the other fimilar parts of the body proceeds from the mixture of the foure E- Icraents:buc ncvcrthelcfle nature waighing the ufe of it,and ordainingit to fuppoft the reft of the body,would have merd of the terrene and drie Element infufed into it, that it might be the ftronger and firmer to fuftainc weight. But a Ligament,fceing it was made for other ufes, hath IcfTe of that earthly drieneffe than the bone, butmorethaa the flefh, altogether fit ted to its nature. So it hath Teemed good to nature to endue all the parts of the body, not onely with an equall portion, but alfo proportion of Ele- ments and qualities; wee call that a temperament to lufticc :.*and wee fay that it is in Plants, Brute beafts, and all naturall bodies, which enjoy that temper and mcdiocri- tic, which may be agreeable to their nature. Hereupon by comparifon arife eight kindcs of intemperate tempers, as * Adpottdus, \elad jujiltte A temperas ment *d \u3i- turn. The tempera# ment ®f » bone, rHot ■ Cold . DrineiTe and Moifture. Foure fimplc -temperate in< The kindetof (intemperate tempers. /Moift LDric ‘temperate in^ ' Heat i and . Cold. ‘Hot andmoift. )Hot and drie. )Cold andmoifl:. .Cold and drie. Foure compounds But there temperaments are either ©f the whole body4 or of forac part thereof as •theBraine. ) the Heart, )thc Liver, the Stones. and that either _ . _ IC of the reft of the parts compofcd of other which have no principali- ty in the body. r or C H A P.5. IJSay to Chirurgery . 9 Againc* filch temperaments are either hcalthfull, which fuffice pcrfcdly to per- foraae their atfions joronhealthfull, which manifcftly hurt them, the whereof may be readdeferibed by GaUo, Aud you rauft obferve that when we fay the body,or any part of it is hot, wee underftand more hot than is fit for one of that kinde which is tempered to juftice* as when we fay a man hath a hot liver, wee mcane his liver is hotter, than a man juftiy tempered (hocldhave; for all other Tempers, whether of the whole body,or any ofthc parts thereof, arc to be referred to this- and in the cure of difeafes we muft lookc upon ir, as the marke, and labour to prefer ve ic by the ufe of convenient things, as much as lies in our power. Wherefore bccaufc it is very nccellj- ry to know the diftindion of temperaments,! have though: good in this place, briefly to handle the temperaments ofthc parts of the body, ages, fcafoas of the yearc, hu- mors, and medicines. Therefore the temperaments of the parts ofour body art of this nature, not oncly by the judgement of the touch of a mans hand which is jufliy tem- pered { who is often deceived by flowing heate, which fpread from the heart into all the body, imparts acertainc kinde ofheate to all the parts,) but alibby the rule of their reafoa, compofure and fuftance, as A Bone is the mol! dric and cold. A Griftlc lefle than it. , A Ligament Ulfe than a G riffle. A Tendon is fo much drier and colder than the membrane, by how much it in the fame temper cxccedcsa Veinc and Artcrie. Then follow the harder veines, for the fofeer arc in a middle temper of drineffe and moifture, like as the sk innr- although all both Toft and hard, are of a cold temper. Wherefore all thefe pares of their ownc nature arc cold and without bloud ; although the veines and arteries waxe hot, by rca- fonof the hcatc of the bloud they containe, which notwithstanding alfo borrowerh that heat from the heart, as a part raoft hot, and foftcr than the skinne * the liver next followeth the heart, in the order ofthe hotter parts, which is far foftcr than the skinne it felfc: for if, according to Galens opinion, the heart is fomc what IcfTc hard than the skinne, and that is fane harder than the liver, as appcarcs by touching them, it muft fteccfiarily follow that the liver much cxcecdes the skinne in foftncfic* I underftand the skinne Ample, and feparated from the flefh lying under it, to which it firmdly cleaves. The flefh is more moift and hot than the skinne, by reafon of the bloud difc perfed in it. The fpinall marrow is colder and moifter than the skinne 5 but the brainc fb much exceeds ic in moifture, as it is exceeded by the fat. The lungs arc not fo moift as the fat, and the fpleene, and kidnies, are of the like nature, and ncvertfielcfte they are all moifter than the skinne. According to the diverfities of ages, the temperaments both of the whole body, and all its parrs, undergoc great mutations* for the bones arc farre harder in old men than in children, bccaufc our life is, as ic were a certainc progrefie to drineffe, which when it comes to the height confcqucntly caufeth death. Wherefore in this place we mnftfpcakeof the Temperaments of ages, when firft we /hall have defined what an age is. Therefore an age is defined, a fpacc of life in which the conftitution of the bo- die of its felfc and ownc accord, undergoeth manifeft changes - the whole courfc of life hath foure fuch ages. The firft is childhood, which extends from the birch to the eighteenth yearc of age, and hath a hot and moift temper, bccaufe it is next to the hoc aod moift beginnings of life, feed and bloud ; Youth followeth this which is prolon- ged from the eighteenth, to the cwcntic fife yearc, and is temperate, and in the midft of all cxceffcs5 Mans eftatc fuccccdcth youth, which they deny to extend beyond the thirtie fife yearc of age, in its proper temper ic is hot and drie; whereby it commeth to pafle that then the hearc is felt more acrideand biting, which in childhood Tee- med mildc*, bccaufe the progreffe of the life to drioefte hath much wafted the native humiditie. Then fucccdes old age ever devided into two parts* the fit ft whereofextends from the thirtic fift, to the fortie ninth ycare 5 thofc of this age are called old men {9 but we commmly all them middle Aged men«) The latter is as it were devided by Oilen'mo three degrees* the firft whereof are thofe, who having their ftrengch found andfirmc undergoe civill affaijres and bufineftes: wljich things thofe which are in the fccond dc- . Ltb.z.dtTem- pe-r. t»Arz ie mcci.e*' What the teo.peraoients of mansba- dy are. hdfiner* lib i de temper* Thetempcra- tueauofagd, What an «£« is. Old age de- vided into two pares. * 1 force des greei ot the fccond part of oldage, <±An Introduction, or Compendious Chap.j. to grec of old age cannot doc, becaufe of the debilitic of their now decaying ftrength: but thofe which are in the laft degree are afflicted with moft extreme weakeneffe and miferie, and are as much deprived of their fences and undemanding, as of the ftrength of their bodies; whereof arofc this Proverbe, Old men twice children, Thofe old men of the firft ranke areplcafant, and courteous, and thofe we fay arc beginning to grow old, or in their gre'ene old-age; thofe ofthefecond fort delight in nothing but the boord and bed; but old decrcepit men of the laft order, think e of nothing dfe, than their graves and monuments- Their firme and folid parts are of a cold and dric tem- perature, by rcafonof the decay of the radical! moifturc, which the inbred heate caufeth in the continuance of fo many years. Which thing may happen in a ftiort fpace,by the vehement flame of the famenatural heate,turned by fcavours into a fiery heate. But if any to prove old men moift, will objeft, that they cough up, and fpit much, I will anfwcr him, as an old Doftor once faid; That a pitcher filled with water maypowrc forth much moifturc 5 yet no man will deny buttharfucha veflcllofits ownc terrene nature and matter is moft dric; fo old men may plainely be affirmed Co be moift ,by reafon of their defeft of heate,and aboundancc of cxcretnents.But this dcfcripcion of ages, is not to be taken fo ftridly, as alwayes to be meafured by the fpaces and diftances of y cares, for there are many which by their owne mifdemea- nour,fceme elder at fortic,tban others doeat fittie. Laftly, the famous Philofopher devided raamlife into fourc ages, and by a cerraine proportion compared the whole courfe thereof to thefourc feafons of the ycarc; as childhood to the Spring, in which all things grow and fprouc our, by reafon of plenty and aboundance of moifturc. And youth to the Summer, becaufe of the vigour and ftrength which men enjoy at that age. And mans eftate, or conftant age to Autumne, for that then after all the dangers of the forepafted life, the gifts of difcrction and wit acquire a feafonablenefle, or ripenefle, like as the fruits of the earth enjoy at that fcafon. And laftly, he compares old age to the ftcrile and fruitlcflc Winter, which can cafe and confolate its tedioufncftc bynoothermeanes, than the ufe of fruits gathered and ftored up before, which then are ©f a cold and troubleforac condition. But for extreme old age, which extends to cightie, or a hundred ycarcs, it is fo cold and drie, that thofe which arrive at that decrepit age arc troublcforne, fearfti, touchy , froward, crabby, and often complaining, untill at the length deprived of all their fcn(esT tongue, feet, and underftanding, they doting, returne againe to childifhnefte,as from the ftaffe to the ftart. And thus much of the Temperaments of ages. Bur now in like manner we will cxplaine the temperatures of the feafons of the ycarc, which arc fourc, the Spring, Summer, Autumne, Winter. The Spring con- tinues almoft from tbctwelth or thirteenth day of March,to the mid ft of May, flippy crates ftemeth Co make it hot and moift; which opinion feemeth not to have fprung from the thing it felfe, but from an inveterate error of the ancient Pbilofophers, who would fit the temperaments of the fourc feafons of the ycare, as anfwcring in propor- tion to the temperatures of the fourc ages. For if the matter come to a juft triall, all men will fay the Spring is temperate, as that which is in themidft of the cxccfle of heate, cold, moifturc and drineffe; not oncly by companion becaufe it is hotter than Summer, and colder than Winter. but becaufe it hath that qualicie of its owne proper nature, Wherefore it is faid of Htpipe- erates: The Spring is moft holefome and Icaft deadly 5 if fo be that it keepe its native temper, from which if it decline, or fucceeda former untemperate fcafon,as Au- tumne, or Winter, it will give occafion to many difeafes deferibed by Hippocrates* not that it breeds them, but becaufe it brings them to fight, which before lay hid in the body. Summer is comprehended in the fpacc of almoft fourc moncths; it is of a hot and drie temper, a breeder of fuch difeafes as proceed from cholcr, bc- caufc that humor at this time is heaped up in many bodies by aduftion of bloud bred in the Spring; but all fuck difeafes doc fpccdily runne their courfe. The beginning of Autumne, is from the time the Sunnc enters into Libra, and endures the like fpacc of time as the Spring. But when it is dry, it hath great iucqualitic of heate and cold; for themoraingsand evening being very cold,the noondayeson the contrary are cxcee- Old men have their folid parts drie. A eotsparifoa of the foure ages to the foure feafons of the yeare. The tempers of the reafon s of the yearc. Now the Spring is terns fterate. AphH.vpa.i AphH.lO.pa. 3« Aatumtfuiic * Chap. 6. Way to Chirurgery u ding hot. Wherefore many difeafesarein Autumne, and then long and deadly cfpe- cially if they incline to wards winter .-becaufe all Jayly and fodaine changesto heat and cold arc dangerous. The winter poflefles the remnant of the ycare, and is cold augments Phlegmc. It encreafes heat by Antiperiflajis, or contrariety of the cncompaffing airc, which being then cold prohibited the breathing out of hcaic •. whereby it happens that the heat being driven in and hindered from diffipation, is ftrengthened by couniting its forces. But it augments PhIcgcne,for that men are more greedy,the Appetite being cncrtafed by theikengchenedhear.-from whence proceeds much crudity and a large (lore of dileafes5cfpecially Chronicke or Long which fpread and cncrcafe rather in this winter feafonthan in any other part of theyeare. Tothisdifcourfe of the temper, of the fcafonsof the yearcs, is to be revoked the variety of tempers which happensH-ery day, which certainly is not tobeneglcftcd, that there maybe place of cIc«5Hon,efpe- cially if nothing urge. For hither belongs that faying of Hippocrates; When in the fame day it is one while hot, another cold, Autumnal! difeates arc io be cxpc or of able with grccnc, then red, and laftly blacke, which is the very worft kindc of Melancholy, hot, mahgne, eating and exonerating, and which is never feene or voided with fafctic. The third comes from Phlegme putrifying in the veines, which firft degenerates into fake Phlegme, but ftraight by the ftrength of extraneous hcatc degenerates into Me- lancholy. Into what humors the blotid when it corrupts doth degcue- nerate. The Melan- choly humor corrupted, is otthrveJuads. Acide and very which bath bad none or very litle imprclfion of heate,but that which it firft had in the ftomacke. Salt, which is bred bythefweet, putrifying and aduft, or mixture of aduft and fait par- ticles. Tnthc veincs, and is either Phlegme notnaturall] is bred,either Waterifli, as is that thinne raoifturc which di« ftils from the braineby the noftrilk Mucous, as when that watcrilh is thickened into filth by the hclpe of fomc accidental! or fmall heate. GlalHe,or* Albumimm, rcfembling molten glade, or rather the white of anegge, and is rooft cold. tyPfi** or Flaifter-like,whicb is concrete in- to the hardnefle and forme of cbalke, as you may fee in the joints of the fingers in a knotty goutc, or in inveterate diftillations upon the •■Lungs. or without the vcincs, and is of 4. Lforts, either frittUi**, In the veincs, as the * vitelline (like in confiftancc to the yolke of a raw egge) which the acrimony of ftrange hearc breeds of yellow choler, which fame in difcafcs altogether deadly, ncrates into greene, seruginous, and laftly into a blue, or co- lourlike that which is dried by woad. Cholernornaturall is bred, cither The fir ft is called Vorracea or leek-co- loured, rcfcmbling the juyee of a leckc in greenenefte. The 2, or *ruginous,like in colour to verdigreaffe. The 3. blewifh, or woad-coloured, like the colour died by woad. rhe4.rcd,differing in thisfrom bloud, whole colour it imitates, that it never corneth into knots,or clods like bloud. The 5. very red, generated by the ex- ectfeof the former, whidicaufech hur- raing beavers. Or in the capacitie of the upper belly as the ventricle, and this is of five kinds C h a p.6: iVay to Chirurgery. *7 The kinds offuch choler, ate often cad forth by vomit in difeafcs, the (trcn. th of the difeafe being paft; being ttoublefome to the parts through which they ate evacu- ated, by their bittetndle, acrimony and biting. The Signes of a SAnguine Per Jon IThinkc it manifeft, becaufe the matter and generation of flefli is principally from bloud, that a man of a fldhy3denfe, and folid habitc of body, andfullofafwccte and vaporous juice, is of a Sanguine complexion. And the fame party hath a flou- rifliingand roafie colour in his face, tempered as with an cquall mixture of white and red; of white, Byreafon of the skinne lying utmoft; of red, becaufe oftbebloud fpred underneath the skinne; for alwayes fuch as the humor is, fuch is the colour in • the face. In manners hcc is courteous, gentle, eafle to be fpoken to, not altogether eftranged from the love of women, of a lovely countenance and fmoothc forehead, feldome angry, but raking all things in good part; for as the inclination of humors is, fo alfo is the difpoficion ofmanners. But bloud is thought the mildeft of all humorss but the ftrong hcate of the inward parts maketh him to eate and drinkc freely. Their dreames are pleafant, they are troubled with difeafcs ariling from bloud, as frequent Phlegmons, and many Sanguine puftles breaking through the skinne,much bleeding., and menftruous fluxes. Wherefore they can well endure bloud-Ierting, and delight in the moderate ufe of cold anddric things; andlaftly, are offended by hot and moift things. They have a great and ftrong Pulfc,and much urine in quantise, but milde ofqualitie, of an indifferent colour and fubftance. Such a* the humor is, fuch is the colour. The manner* and difeafes of Sanguine perfenj. The Signes of a choleric he Per fin. CHolcricke men are of ’a pale or ydlowifh colour, of a leanc, (lender and rough habit of body, with fairc veines and large Arteries, and a ftrong and quicke Pulfe: their skinne being touched, fccles hot, dry, hard, rough and harfti, with a pricking and acred exhalation which breathes forth of their whole body. They caft forth much choler by ftoolc, vomite and urine. They are of a quickc and nimble wit, flour, hardy and fharpe vindicators of received injuries, liberall even to prodigalitie, and fomewhat too defirous of glory. Their fleepc is lighc,and from which they are quickly waked- their dreames arc fiery, burning, quicke and full offurie ; they are delighted with meatesand drinkes which are fomewhat more cold and moift, and are fubjeft to Tertian and burning feavers, the Phrenfic, laundife, Inflammations, and other cholericke puftules, the Laskc, Bloudy fluxe, and bitterneffc of the mouth. Cfaalericke are not com* rainly fat. The manner* and difeafes. of C hole ridee par font. The Signes of a phlegm At khe P erf on THofe in whom Phlegme hath the dominion, are of a whitifh coloured face, and fomecimes livide and fwollen, with their body fat. Toft and cold to touch. They aremolefted with Phlegmatickc difeafes, as cedtmatem tumors,thc Dropfie, Quotidians feavers, falling away of the haires, andcatarrhes falling downe upon the Lungs, and the Afpera. Arteria, or Weafon 5 they arc of a flow capacitie, dulffloth- full, droufie, they doedreameofraincs, fnowes, floods, fwimming, andfuch like, that they often imagine themfelvcs overwhelmed with waters;they vomite up much waterie, and Phlcgmaticke matter, or orherwife fpit and evacuate it, and have a foft and moift tongue. And they are troubled with a dogge-like hunger, if it at any time fhould happen that their infipidc Phlegme become acide; and they are flow of digeftion, by rea- fonof which they have great ftore of cold and Phlegmatickehumors, which if they be carried downe into the windings ef the cholicke-gut, they caufe murmuring and noife, and fometiraes the Cholickc. for much wind is eafily caufcd of fuch like Phlegraatick excrements wrought upon The manners and difeafes of Phlegma- tic ke per fon $, Frans whose* noi/e,orruas"* blinginth* belly proa c cedes 18 aJn IntroduSion, or Compendious C h a p. by a fmall and weake hcate, fuck as Phlcgraaticke perfons have, which by its natufali lightncfle is diver fly carried through the turnings of the guts, and diftends and fwells them up, and whiles it drives for paflagc out, it caufecb murmurings and noifcs in the belly, like winde breaking through narrow paffages. Signes of a jA.eUncho!ike ferfon tfifeiCa famis liar to Mclans chely perfoni. npHe face of Melancholy perfons is fwart, their countenance cloudy and often •*- cruel!, their afpe$ is fad and froward*, frequent Schirrhous, or hard Iwcllings, tumors of (or fmllen veinss) £luartaine f eavers, whe- ther continuall or intermitting , ext tine and Sefttmane kavours 5 and to conclude, all fuch wandering fcavers or agues fet upon them. But when it happens the Melancholy humor is fharpcncd3 either by aduftion, cr commixture of Cholcr, then Tetters, the blacke Morphew, the Cancer firapie and ulcerated, the Leprous and filthy feabbe, fending forth certainc fcaly and vul- garly called Saint Maui* bis evill) and the Leproile it felfe invades them: They have fmall veincs and arreries,becaufe coldneffc hath dominion over them, whole proper- tic is to flraiten, as the qualitieofheatc is to dilate. But if at any time their vcines feeme bigge, that largcoeflc is not by reafon of the laudable bloud,concained in them, but from much windineffe 5 by occaficn whereof it is fomewhat difficult to let them bloud • not onely becaufc that when the vcine is opened, the bloud flowes flowly forth, by reafon of the cold flownefleof the humors; but much the rather, for that the veinc dothnot receive the impreffion of the Lancet,Aiding this way and that way, by reafon of the windineffe contained in it, and becaufc that the harfh drineffe of the upper skinne, refiftsthc edge of the inftrument. Their bodies feeme cold and bard Co the touch, and they are troubled with terrible drcames,{or they are obferved to feeme to fee in the night Devils, Serpenrs,darkc dens and caves,fcpukhers,dead corpfes, and many other fuch things full of horror, by reafon of a blacke vapour, deverfly moving and difturbing theBraine, which alfo wee fee happens to tkofc, *whofeare the water, by reafon of the bitieg of a mad dogge. You fhall flndc them froward, frau- dulent, parfimonious, and covetous, even to bafeneffc, flow fpeakers, fearefull, fad, complainers, carefull, ingenious, lovers of folitarineffe, man-haters, ob« ftinatc maintainers of opinions once conceived, flow to anger, but angered not be pacified. But when Melancholy hath exceeded natures and its owne bounds, then by reafon ofputrcfa&ion and inflammation all things appeare full of extreme fury and madneffe, fo that they often call; themfeives headlong downs from feme high place, or are otherwife guilty of their owne death, with fears of which noewithftanding they arc terrified. But wc mud note that changes of the native tcmperamcnr,doc often happen in the courfe 'of a mans life, fo that hee which a whileagonc was Sanguine, may now bee Cholcricke, Melancholic*,or Phkgmatickjnot truly by the changing of the bloud into fuch humors, but by the mutation of Diet, and the courfe or vocation of lifc.For none f of a Sanguine complexion but will prove Cholcricke if he eatc hot and drie meacef, (as all like things are cherifhed and pre/erved by the ufc of their like, and contraries arc deftroyed by their contraries) and weary his body by violent exercifes, and con- tinual! labours; and if there beafuppreffion of Cholcricke excrements, which be- fore did freely flow,either by nature, or.arc* But whofoever feeds upon meates ge* Derating grofle bloud, as Bcefe, Venifon, Hare, old Cheefe,and all fait meates,°hc without all doubt Aiding from his nature, will fall into a Melancholy temper; speci- ally if to that manner of diet,he fhail have a vocation full of cares, tunaoiles, miferics, flrongand much ftudy, carefull thoughts and fearcs; and alfo if he fir much,wanting exercife, forfo the inward heateas it were defrauded of its nouriffiment, faints, and growesdull, whereupon groflcaod droffie humors abound in the body. To this al- fo the cold and drie condition of the place, in which we live, doth conduce, and the fuppreffion of the Malancholy humor accuftomed to be evacuated by the Haemor- rboidcs, courfcs, and ifoolcs. But he acquires a Phkgmarickc temper whofoever ufeth cold & moift nouriflimcnt. From or by what their vetoes are fvvollcn. Theirdreatnes Their mans ncn. Prom whence the change of the native temper. How one m»y become chole- fficke. How meUna cholick. How Pl«|- MMticJw. ChAP.7.' iVay to Qhirurgery 19 much feeding, who before the former meate is gone out of the belly, (hallftuffe his paunch with more,who prefcntly after meate runs into violent cxerciles5who inhabite cold and moift places, who leade their life at cafe in all idleneffejand laftjy fufTcx afupprelfijnottbePhlegraaticke humour accuftomcly evacuated by vomkc cough or blowing the nofc ,orany other way cither by nature or arte. Certainely it is very convenient to know thefe things, chat we may difeerne if any at the present be Phle«- maticfcc, Mclancholickcor of any other temper, whether he be fuch by nature, or ne~ ccflry. Having declared chofe things which concerne the nature of Temperaments and deferred the defeription of the parts of the body to our Anatomy, we will be- gin to fpeake of the faculties governing this our life, when firft we fhall have (bowen byapratficalldcmonftratioa of examples, the ufc and certainty of the afordaid rules of Temperaments. CH AP. VII. Oft he PrttHce ofthe afirefiid rules ofTemper Aments, SHat we may draw the Thcoricke of the Temperaments into pra&ifa, it hath Teemed good foravoydingof confufion, which might make this our Intro dudion feeme ©bfeure, if we would profecutc the differences of the Tem- pos of all men of all Nations, to cake rhtffc Limits, which nature hath placed in the world 5 as South, North, Haft and Wcft,andasic were the Center of thofa bounds, that the described variety of Tempers, in colour, habit, manners, ftudyes, actions, and forme of life of men that inhabit chofc Regions fcicuated To farre diftant one from another, may be as a furerule, by which we may ccrtainely judge of every maoi temperature in par ticulcr, as be fhaliappcarcto be nearer, or further off from this, or that region. Thole which inhabke the South as the Africans, Arabians and Egyptians,arc for the moft part deformed, leane, dusky coloured and pale, with b'acke eyes and great lippes, curled baire, and a fmall and fhrill voyce. Thofe which inhabirc the Northren parts as the Scythians, Mufcovitcs,Polonfans and GermaineSjhave their faces of colour white,mixed with a convenient quantity of blood, their skin fofc and delicate, their hairelong, hanging dowhe and fpreading abroad 5and ofaycllowifh,or rcddifli colour* of ttaturc they arc commonly rail,Sc of a well proportioned, fat and compaft habitc of body, their eyes gray-, their voyce ftrongjoud andbigge. But thofe who are fcicuated betweene thefe two former,as the Icaliansand French,have their faces To mew hat fwarr,are well favoured, nimble, {hong, hairy, (lender, well in flcfli, with their eyes rcfcmbling the colour of Goates-eyes.and often hollow eyed, having a cleereihrill and pleafmg voyce.; The Southcrne people arc exceeded fo much by the Northeroe in ftrcngch and abilliry of body, as they f urpaffe them in witc and the faculties of the minde.Hence is it you may reade in Hiftories, that the Scythians, Gothcs and Vandals vexed j Affrickeand Spaine with infinite incurfions, and moft large and famous Empires have beene founded from the North to the South 5 but few or none from the1 South to the North. Therefore the Northren people thinking all right and Jaw to confift in Amies, did by Duell onely determine all cauies and conrroverfies arifmg amongft the inhabitants, as wee may gather by the ancient lawes, and cuftomcs of the Lombards, Eoglifb, Burgonians,Danc-s and Germaines 5 and we may fee in S