A 
BOTANICAL 
DICTIONARY, 
BEING 
A TRANSLATION FROM THE FRENCH 
OF 
LOUIS-CLAUDE RICHARD, 
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AT THE MEDICAL SCHOOL 
IN PARIS ; 
WITH ADDITIONS FROM 
MARTYN, SMITH, MILNE, WILDENOW, 
ACHARIUS, &c. 
NEW-HAVEN; 
PUBLISHED BY HEZEKIAH HOWE 
,7V*. Whiting, Printer. 
1817. District of Connecticut, ss. 
BE IT REMEMBERED; That oo the 
thirteenth day of January, in the forty- 
first year of the independence of the United 
States of America, Hezekiah Howe, of the 
said District, hath deposited in this office 
the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Proprie- 
tor, in the words following, to wit: 
" A Botanical Dictionary, being a translation from the 
" French of Louis-Claude Richard, Professor of Botany at 
"the Medical School in Paris; with additions from Martyn, 
" Smith, Milne, Wildenow, Acharius, &c." 
In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United 
States, entitled, " An Act for the encouragement of learn- 
ing, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to 
the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times 
therein mentioned." 
H. W. EDW ARDS, 
Clerk of the District of Connecticut. 
A true copy of Record, examined and Sealed by me, 
H. AV. EDAVARDS, 
Clerk of the District of Connecticut, 
L. S. TO 
ELI IVES, M. D. 
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND MATERIA MEDICA IN 
YALE COLLEGE. 
Although this Dictionary has not received the ben- 
fil of any corrections immediately from your ham': 
I have been governed by your opinions in all cases of 
doubt. 
Your liberal explanations in answer to my nume - 
rous enquiries, together with free access to your ex- 
tensive library, have left me almost without excuse 
for my errors. 
I beg permission to place the work under your pro- 
tection ; with the hope that ray strenuous exertions 
to execute it in an acceptable manner will be re- 
ceived as an apology for its defects. 
I am, with gratitude and esteem, 
Your obedient humble servant, 
THE AUTHOR. 
New-Haven, Sept. 16,1816. PREFACE. 
In a book like this, where its usefulness depends 
wholly on the faithfulness with which the opinions of 
others are given, it is desirable to know from what 
authorities and by what course of proceeding it was 
compiled. 
1. The terms contained in Richard's Bulliard, and 
not in Martyn's Language of Botany, were inter- 
lined in the open spaces, or inserted in the broad 
margin of Martyn; with their definitions as translated 
from Richard. When there was not sufficient room, 
slips of paper were attached. Then the definitions 
of the terms common to both authors were made, 
principally from Richard, and inserted as before. 
2. All the terms and definitions in Wildenow's Prin- 
ciples of Botany were compared with the above, and 
additions and corrections made. 
3. All the terms and definitions in Smith's Ele- 
ments of Botany were compared, and additions made 
from that also. 
4. Milne's Botanical Dictionary was then com- 
pared with the compilation throughout; and such 
additions were made from it, as were admissible upon 
the plan of this work. 
5. To all this was added the new nomenclature of 
Lichens by Professor Acharius, as translated by Pres- 
ident Smith of London. All the modern terms of 
Wildenow, Persoon and others, relating to Crypto- 
gamous plants, were also inserted in their proper 
places. VI 
PREFACE. 
6. All these materials thus combined, were then 
copied for the press; with occasional remarks, from 
the hints of able botanists. 
Notwithstanding the diminutive size of the book, 
the author almost ventures to hope, that all the terms 
used by botanical writers in Latin or English, who 
follow the Linnean System, will be found here, satis- 
factorily defined and illustrated. SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY". 
The principal elementary terms, together with the 
Classes and Orders, should be fixed in the memory, 
previous to entering upon the exercises of a prac- 
tical botanist. The student must therefore be di- 
rected to look out and commit to memory the defini- 
tions of the following terms, according to this ar- 
rangement. All other terms may be looked out 
dccasionally. See Botanical Exercises. 
CAR'PGGENATION 
Comprises the Flower and Fruit. 
The seven Elementary organs are : 
1. Calyx. The outer or lower part of the flower, 
generally not coloured. 
2. Corol. The coloured blossom of the flower, with- 
in or above the calyx. 
3. Stamens. The mealy or glutinous knobs, generally 
on the ends of filamentous organs. 
4. Pistil. The central organ of a flower, whose base 
becomes the pericarp and seed. 
5. Pericarp. The covering of the seed; whether pod, 
shell, bag, or a pulpy substance. 
6. Seed. The essential part, containing the rudiment 
of a new plant. 
7. Receptacle. The base which sustains the other 
six parts, being at the end of the stem. 
Note. Any accidental appendage is called a 
nectary. The forms and positions of these organs, 
and of no other part, are emploj ed in distinguishing 
tj*e Classes, Orders and Genera. 8 
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY. 
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CA- 
LYX. 
Every calyx is either Mo- 
nophyllous, consisting of 
one leaf; orPolyphyllous, 
consisting of more than 
one leaf. Calyxes are: 
1. Perianth. 
2. Involucre. 
3. Spathe. 
4. Glume. 
5. Ament. 
6. Calyptre. 
7. Volva. 
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CO- 
BOL. 
Monopetal ous, or one-pet ai- 
led corols are: 
1. Bell-form. 
2. Funnel-form. 
3. Salver-form. 
4. Wheel-form. 
5. Labiate. 
Polypetalous, or more than 
one-petalled, corols, are: 
1. Cruciform. 
2. Caryophylleous. 
3. Liliaceous. 
4. Rosaceous. 
5. Papilionaceous. 
If the corol agrees with 
the descriptions of none 
of the above, it is Anoma- 
lous. 
SUBDIVISONS OF THE STA- 
MEN. 
1. Anther. 
2. Pollen. 
3. Filament. 
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PIS- 
TIL. 
1. Stigma. 
2. Germ. 
3. Style. 
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PERI- 
CARP. 
1. Silique. 
2. Legume. 
3. Capsule. 
4. Drupe. 
5. Pome. 
6. Berry. 
7. Strobile. 
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SEED. 
I. Corclc. 
2. Cotyledons. 
3. Tegument. 
4. Hilum. 
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PC;* 
CEPTACLE. 
1. Proper. 
2. Common. 
3. Rachis. 
4. Columella. 
5. Spadix. 
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF 
FLOWERS. 
]. Simple. 
2. Aggregate. 
3. Compound. SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY. 
9 
INFLORESCENCE, 
O' the manner in which 
flowers are situated up- 
on plants. 
1. Whorl. 
2. Raceme. 
3. Panicle. 
4. Thyrse. 
5. Spike. 
6. Umbel. 
7. Cyme. 
8. Corymb. 
9. Fascicle. 
10. Head. 
ROOTS AND HERBAGE. 
The substance of roots and 
herbage consists of 
1. Cuticle. 
2. Cellular integument. 
3. Bark. 
4. Camb. 
5. Wood. 
6. Pith. 
Roots are the descending 
part s of vegetables; and 
are Annual, Biennial, 
or Perennial. They 
are of seven kinds. 
1. Branching. 
2. Fibrous. 
3. Creeping. 
4. Spindle. 
5. Tuberous, whether 
knobbed, oval, or fasci- 
cled. 
6. Bulbous, whether so lid, 
coated, or scaly. 
7. Granulated, whether 
moniliform, or dentate. 
Herbage is all the plant, 
except the root and car- 
pogenation. Itincludes 
the Stem, Leaves, and 
Appendages. 
Stems are: 
1. Tidge. 
2. Culm. 
3. Scape. 
4. Peduncle. 
5. Petiole. 
6. Frond. 
7. Stipe. 
Leaves are Evergreen 
or deciduous. 
Simple leaves are; 
1. Orbicular. 
2. Ovate. 
3. Oval. 
4. Oblong. 
5. Obovate. 
6. Cordate.- 
7. Obcordate. 
8. Kidney-fonn. 
9. Lanceolate. 
10. Linear. 
11. Awl-form. 
12. Awl-pointed. 
13. Arrow-form. 
14. Halbert-fonr. 
15. Guitar-form. 
16. Lobed, 10 
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY. 
17. Palmate. 
18. Pedate. 
19. Sinuate. 
20. Pinnatifid. 
21. Lyrate. 
22. Runcinate. 
23. Serrate. 
24. Toothed. 
25. Crenate. 
26. Emarginate. 
27. Retuse. 
28. Obtuse. 
29. Acute. 
Compound leaves are: 
1. Ternate. 
2. Bi-ternate. 
3. Tri-ternate. 
4. Pinnate. 
5. Bi-pinnate. 
6. Tri-pinnate. 
7. Interruptedly pinnate. 
Surface of leaves are : 
1. Hairy., 
2. Downy. 
3. Silky. 
4. Bristly. 
5. Ciliate. 
6. Nerved. 
7. Veined. 
Positions of leaves are 
1. Decurrent. 
2. Clasping. 
3. Sheathed* 
4. Perfoliate. 
5. Connate. 
6. Peltate. 
7. Opposite. 
8. Whorled. 
9. Imbricate. 
10. Fascicled. 
11. Radical. 
APPENDAGES. 
1. Stipule. 
2. Bract. 
3. Thorn. 
4. Prickle. 
5. Sting. 
6. Gland. 
7. Tendril. SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY. 
11 
PHYSIOLOGICAL terms, general remarks and 
directions, to be read in the following order 
Seed,cotyledon, vitellus, albumen,tegument,hilum, 
corcle, plumula, rostel. Root, bulb, scion. Stem-, 
cuticle, cellular integument, bark, camb, wood, pith, 
sap, vessels, tracheae, shoot, tree, shrub, dextrorsum, 
sinistrorsum. Leaf, bud, gemmation, leafing season. 
Appendages, thorn, prickle, sting, galls. Fructif ca- 
tion, flower, sexus, pollen, perfect, imperfect, fovilla, 
fertilization, chorion, caprification, hybrid, efllores- 
centia, monstrous, florist, full-flowered, ergot or spur- 
red rye. Elementary heads; natural history, par- 
tes primaria}, gentes, plant, phytology, system, ve- 
getable, vegetable kingdom, vegetable substance, 
herbage. Durability ; ephemerus, annual, bien- 
nial, perennial, caducous, deciduous, permanent, 
evergreen. Qualities ; medicinal, qualities of 
plants, natural wders, sapor, poisons, poisonous ve- 
getables. Directions; botanical exercises, botan- 
ical garden, herbarium. Terms ; relative propor- 
tions, synonyms, terminations, compound terms. 
Miscellaneous ; analysis, analogy, habit, ages, irri- 
tability, sleep of plants, temperature, light, varieties, 
indiginous, anomalous, phanerogamous. 12 
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY. 
NUMERALS. 
The Latin and Greek numerals are so frequently 
compounded with other words by botanical writers, 
that an English student ought to commit them to 
memory, as here laid down. Eis, Duo, &c. are not 
used. 
LATIN. 
NOS. 
GREEK. 
Unus 
1 
Monos 
Bis 
2 
Dis 
Tres 
3 
Treis 
Quatuor 
4 
Tet tares 
Quinque 
5 
Pente 
Sex 
6 
Ex (pronounced hex) 
Septeni 
7 
Epta (pronounced hep- 
Octo 
8 
Octo (ta) 
Novem 
9 
Ennea 
Deceni 
10 
Deka 
Undecem 
11 
Endeka 
Duodecem 
12 
Dodeka 
Terdecem 
13 
Dekatreis 
Quartuordecem 
14 
Dekatettares 
Quindecem 
15 
Dekapenta 
Sexdeceni 
16 
Dekaex 
Septen deceni 
17 
Dekaepta 
Octodeccm 
18 
Decaocto 
Novendecem 
19 
Decaennea 
Viginti 
20 
Eikosi 
Multus 
Many 
Polus SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY. 
13 
LINNEAN SYSTEM OF VEGETABLES. 
All Vegetables are divided into twenty-two* clas- 
ses. These classes are divided into orders. Orders 
are divided into genera. Genera are divided into 
species. Species are frequently changed into varie- 
ties. Varieties) however, are more properly within 
the province of the Gardener, than of the Botanist} 
at least the method of procuring varieties. 
When a Botanist finds a plant, which he never 
saw before, and wishes to know its name and uses ; 
he proceeds as follows. 
1. He takes the unknown flower in his hand (no 
unknown plant can be ascertained without the flow- 
er) and compares its parts with the description of 
•each class, until he finds the class to which it belongs. 
2. He then goes to the orders of that class and 
finds its order in the same way. 
3. Next he goes to the genera of that order, and 
reads their descriptions, until he finds the genus to 
which it belongs. 
4. At last looks over the species of that genus, until 
he finds the exact description of his plant. 
5. Thus he finds the Apple to be Class 12, Order 
5, Genus Pyrus, SpecIes Alains. 
* Linneus divided them into 24 classes. Bi t farther dis- 
coveries, since his death, have proved the classes Polyadel- 
pitta anil Pulygaiuia to be too uncertain and variable to be 
any longer retained* Persoon, therefore, and other eminent 
botanists have rejected them. See these classes in the DR' 
fionary. 14 
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY. 
LINNEAN .CLASSES. 
L Monandria, one stamen or one sessile anther in 
the flower. 
2. Diandria, 2 stamens, or 2 sessile anthers. 
3. Triandria, 3 stamens, or 3 sessile anthers. 
4. Tetrandria, 4 stamens, or 4 sessile anthers. 
5. Pentandria, 5 stamens, or 5 sessile anthers. 
6. Hexandria, 6 stamens, or 6 sessile anthers. 
7. IIeptandria, 7 stamens, or 7 sessile anthers. 
8. Octandri a, 8 stamens, or 8 sessile anthers. 
9. Enneandria, 9 stamens, or 9 sessile anthers. 
10. Decanpria, 10 stamens, or 10 sessile anthers. 
11. Dodecanpria, 12to 19 stamens, or sessile anthers. 
12. Icosandbia, about 20, or more, standing on the 
calyx. 
13. Polyandri a, al wbys 20 or more, on the receptacle. 
14. Didynamia, 4 stamens, 2 of them uniformly the 
longest. 
15. Tetradynamia, 6 stamens, 4 of them uniformly 
the longest. 
16. Monadelphia, stamens united by their filaments 
in one set, anthers remaining separate. 
17. Diadelphia, stamens united by their filaments in 
two sets (sometimes in one set) flowers papilio- 
naceous. 
18. Synoenesia, stamens 5, united by their anthers 
in one set, flowers compound. 
10. Gynandria, stamens stand on the germ, style, or 
stigma, separate from the base of the calyx and 
corol. 
20. Moncecia, stamens and pistils in separate flow- 
ers, on the same plant. 
21. Dicecia, stamens and pistils on separate plants. 
22. Cryptogamia, stamens and pistile so obscure 
that the plants can only be classed by natural 
families. A 
BOTANICAL 
DICTIONARY. 
Latin names are printed in Italics. But when the 
Latin and English differ only in a terminal letter or 
two, the Latin is omitted. 
A 
Abbreviated perianth. Shorter in proportion to its 
breadth, than is generally observed in other plant.'.. 
Abbreviations. Although each botanist may em- 
ploy such abbreviations as best suit his purpose, 
by explaining their import; yet the following are 
in such general use, that it is convenient to know 
them: 
Rad. root. 
Fol. leaf. 
Stip. stipule. 
Flo. flower. 
Cal. calyx. 
Cor. corol. 
Pet. Petal. 
Stam, stamen. 
Fil. filament. 
Anth. anther. 
Pist. pistil. 
Stig, stigma. 
Fr. fruit. 
Ph. leafet of calyx. 
Per. pericarp. 
Mas. stamate flower. 
Fem. pistilate flower. 
Neu. neutral flower. 
Her. perfect flower. 
© annual. 
$ biennial. 
% perennial, 
b woody. ACO 
Words which are numerical arc expressed by fi- 
gures: as quadrifid, 4-cleft; quinquafid, 5-cleft; 
quinquangular, 5-anglcd, &c. 
Two Latin words are often contracted into one, 
as incubus for introrsum cunus. 
Abbreviatus. See abbreviated. 
Abortiens. Se abortive. 
Abortive flower. Not arriving to perfection; the 
proof of which is want of perfect seed. 
setd. Not increasing or becoming perfect for 
want of the reception of pollen by way of the 
stigma. 
pistil. Being defective in its external form. 
stamens. Not being furnished with anthers : or 
with those which have no opening cells, or which 
are mere sketches or rudiments of anthers. 
Abrupt leaf. A pinnate leaf, which has notan odd, 
or terminal leafet; or root as if bitten off; as Bird- 
foot violet. 
Abrupte. Abruptly. See abrupt. 
Acalycinus. Without a calyx. 
Acaulis. See stemless. 
Acerose leaf. Needle-form. Generally inserted on 
the sides of branches, as in the pines. 
Acerosus. Sec acerose. 
Acicularis. Form of a small needle. 
Acinaciform leaf. Sabre-form. One edge sharp and 
convex, the other thicker and strait or concave. 
Cutlass-form. 
Acinacijormis. See acinaciform. 
Acine. One of the little globules, constituting a com- 
pound berry; as the rasp-berry. 
Acinus. See acine. 
Acotyledonous plants. Having no cotyledons, or 
seed-lobes: and consequently no seminal leaves. 
See Cotyledon and Seed-leaves. aeq 
Aculeatus. See prickly. 
Aculeus. See prickle. 
Acuminate. When the leaf, calyx, &c. terminate 
suddenly in a point, which is more or less curved 
towards one edge of the leaf. 
Accuminatus. Awl-pointed. See accuminate. 
Acutangularis. Sharp-cornered. 
Acute. Any part of a plant terminating without a 
curved, or rounded termination. An obtuse an- 
gle or any other angle in mathematics, is acute in 
botanical language. 
Acute, Acutely. As acutc-dentatus, sharply toothed. 
Acutiusculus. Acutish. That is ; the apex, corner, 
&c. is hardly rounded so as to be called obtuse, and 
is rather too nearly round to bedenominated acute. 
The termination ish as a diminutive is now suffi- 
ciently authorised by President Smith, and others. 
Adnate. Adhering. Any two or more parts of a 
plant being attached to each other, in cases where 
analagous parts are separate in other plants. As 
the bulbous offsets of Daffodil!. The stipule in 
some cases is detached from the petiole, in others 
it is adnate, &c. 
Adnatus. Growing together. See adnate. 
Adpressus. See oppressed. 
Adscendens. See ascending. 
Adverse leaf. Presenting its upper surface to the 
sun. 
TEqualis Polygamia. The 1st order of the class 
Syngenesia. The florets of the disk and of the 
ray arc al! perfect. Examples; Leontodon, (dan- 
delion) Lactuca (lettuce) llieracium (hawk-weed) 
Arctium (Burdock) Eupatorium (boneset). 
JEquii ahis. Valves of a capsule equal among them- 
selves. Jt is also applied to valves (chaffs) of a 
glume calyx. A G G 
^ruginosus. Light bluish green, verdigris colour. 
AEstivado. Summer residence. See .Estivation. 
Estivation. The manner in which petals lie in the 
flower-bud, before it opens. 1. Convolute, petals 
rolled all one way like a roll of paper or cloth. 
2. Imbricate, petals lying over each other so as to 
break joints, like shingles on a roof. 3. Condupli- 
ca'e, each petal having its edges rolled in, till the 
two opposite rolls meet on the midrib. 4. Valvate, 
when, just before they open, they stand like the 
husks of an ear of corn. 5. Vnequalvalved, when 
the petals differ in size. 
Affinis. Having relation, or affinity, to something 
supposed to be previously known. 
Agamia. (a without gamia matrimony) Necker's 
name for the class cryptogamia. 
Ages of plants. Some plants spring up, flower, ripen 
seed, and die in a few hours or a day, which are 
called ephemeral. Others live a few months, or a 
summer, which are called annual. Others spring 
up in one summer and ripen and die the next, 
which are called biennial. Others live an indefi- 
nite period, either with the whole stem and branch- 
es, or only by the root, which are called perennial. 
The ages of trees maybe known by counting the 
concentric rings, or grains. Our author, Richard, 
supposes that trees have three ages. 1. The age 
of increase, or growth. 2. The age of maturity, 
when there is no increase. 3. The age of decay. 
But is there not sufficient proof, that all trees, 
while in a living state, continue to deposit new 
layers of wood every year ? If so, the age of matu- 
rity must be rejected. 
Aggregate. Many springing from the same point 
or from the same receptacle. Sometimes this term 
is rather loosely applied to heaps or bundles. A L G 
Aggregate fiotcers arc those where several stand 
on the same receptacle without united anthers. 
These flowers have rarely any inclination to yel- 
low colour like compound flowers; but are blue, 
purple or white. See Smith, page 308. 
Aigrette, Egret. The flying, feathery or hairy 
crown of seeds; as the down of thistles and dan- 
delions. It includes whatever remains on the top 
of the seed, after the corol is removed. 
sliped (stipulatus) when it is supported on a foot- 
stem. 
simple (simplex) when it consistsofa bundle of 
simple hairs, without branches. 
plumose (plumosus) when each hair has other 
little hairs arranged along its sides, like the beards 
on a feather. 
membranous, thin transparent leaves. 
Martyn recommends this term under the word 
pappus ; Barton adopts it, and Ives approves. On 
these authorities it is introduced here from the 
French botanists. 
Yigretted. Bearing aigrette. 
Ala. See wing. 
Alatus. Sec winged. 
Albicans. Whitish, grow ing white. 
Albumen. The farinaceous, fleshy, or horny sub- 
stance, which constitutes the chief bulk of monoco- 
tyledonous seeds ; as wheat, rye, &c. Smith says 
they are more properly seeds without any co- 
tyledons. 
Alburnum. SeeAubier. 
Algx. The fourth order of the class crypto gamia; 
containing those sea-weeds and aquatics of fresh 
waters, which are apparently mere pellicles or 
membranes; or branching leaves with blubbers 
along their substance; or mere formless fibres in ANA 
appearance. The definition of this order is: The 
fruit is vesiculous or filamentous, in an aquatic or 
gelatinous frond. 
Linneus comprised the plants of the orders He- 
paticae and Lichenes under this order. 
Alienated. When the first organs, as the stamens, 
leaves, &c. give place to others different from the 
natural habit of the plant. 
Alternate. Branches, leaves, flowers, &c. are al- 
ternate, when arranged upon opposite sides of the 
stem,or whatever supports them ; beginning at dif- 
ferent distances from its base, and continuing in 
nearly equal series. Sometimes they are in 3 
series. 
Alternating. When one organ is arranged alter- 
nately respecting another; as the stamens, in the 
first ten classes, mostly alternate with the petals, or 
divisions of petals. 
Alterne pinnata. Alternately pinnate. 
Alveolate receptacle. Havingcells so as to resem- 
ble a honey-comb, with more or less of each seed 
imbedded in it. 
Alveolatus. See alveolate. 
\ment. An assemblage of small flower-bearing 
scales, which serve as lateral calyxes. These arc 
arranged along a kind of rachis, and each encloses 
cither the stamens or pistils of flowers, if not abor- 
tive. The pine, willow, oak, chcsnut, walnut and 
nettles are good examples. 
4mentaceus. Growing in aments, amentaceous. 
Amentum. Sec ament. 
Implexicaulis. See clasping. 
Ampfius. Enlarged, abundant. 
Ampullus. See utricullus. 
An \logy. In botany it is frequently necessary a. 
reason from analogy. That is; after becoming AN G 
acquainted with those organs which usually accom- 
pany each other: if we discover one of them we 
frequently assume the existence of others in 
making out an object, when the parts arc too mi- 
nute for inspection. This principle becomes in- 
dispensable in most cryptogamous plants. 
Analysis. To analyse a plant botanically, is to search 
out the number, form, position, &c. of its organs, 
as they exist in a natural state. But to analyse 
chemically^ the parts must be decomposed, com- 
bined with tests, &c. 
slnceps. See ancipital. 
Ancipital. Having two opposite edges or angler; 
two-edged. 
Androgynous plants. Bearing staminate and pistil- 
late flowers on the same root without any perfect 
ones : as the Indian corn. 
spile?,, has both staminate and pistillate flowers, 
distinct on different parts of it. 
flower, has stamens or pistils only, and is on the 
same plant with other flowers with different organs 
from itself. 
dndrogynus. See androgynes. 
Anfractuous. Winding inwards by angular turnings. 
ylngiocarpus. Fungi bearing seeds internally. 
Angiospermia. The second order of the class di- 
dynamia. The seeds are inclosed in a capsule 
(aggos capsule, sperma seed.) Antirrhinum (snap- 
dragon.) Scrophularia (fig-wort.) Pedicularis 
(louse-wort) arc examples. 
Angular. By means of intervening grooves, stuns, 
calyxes, capsules, &c. often have ridges running 
lengthwise, which give them this appellation. 
Sometimes the angles project considerably; par- 
ticularly the side-points or projections of leaves, 
which arc also called angles. APO 
Angulatws. Sec angular. 
Angustifolius. Narrow leaved. - 
Annotine. Of one year. 
Annual. Which spring up, perfect fruit, and dies, 
in the same year. The herbage is often annual 
with a perennial root. But the root is always in- 
tended, unless the other parts be particularly men- 
tioned. 
Annulatus. Having a ring around the capsules in 
ferns; or a fungus with a ringed stype. See ring. 
Annulus. See ring. 
Annuus. See annual. 
Anomalous, fa without, nomos law.) Whatever 
forms an exception to the assumed rules or systems. 
In the attemps of old botanists at natural arrange- 
ment, many plants were necessarily thrown into, 
anomalous classes. 
Anther. The essential part of the stamen; being a 
delicate capsule containing a powdery or glutinous 
substance, called pollen. 
The forms of anthers are frequently used in gene- 
ric and specific descriptions. For these see the 
several forms of leaves, &c. under the respective 
terms. 
Anthifera. Flowers bearing sessile anthers: that is, 
anthers without filaments. 
Anthodium. See perianth calyx. 
Apertio. See blooming. 
Apetalous. A flower, without a corol. See sta- 
in inous. 
Apex. The tip or end. 
Aphyllous. Ix?afless. 
Apiculatum. Covered with fleshy, erect, short points. 
Apophysis. A process from the base of the theca of 
mosses. ARI 
Apothecium. The receptacle of lichens, being the 
part whereon the seeds are formed and ripened. 
The saucer-form cups on those greenish leathery 
scabs on fences and stones, are examples. See 
Border* of Lichens. 
Appendiculate. Appendaged, having something 
attached to a leaf, corol, &c. as a wing on a peti- 
ole, a nectary at the end of a petal; as in some 
Polygalies. 
Appendages. See fulcrum. 
Appressed. Closely pressed; as leaves against the 
stem, &c. 
Approximate. Growing near each other, or near to 
a different part. 
Aquatic. Growing most naturally in or near water, 
Arach/noideus. Covered with interwoven hairs, so as 
to resemble a spider's web. 
Araneosus. See arachnoideus. 
Arbor. See tree. 
Arboreous. Tree-like; not bushy or shrubby. 
Arborescent. Becoming woody in approaching ma- 
turity. 
Arbuscula. See suffrutex, 
Arbustivus. Bush-like. 
Arched. Curving above. See vaulted. 
Arcuatim. Archwise. 
Arcuatus. Bent like a bow. See bowed. 
Arenarius. Growing in sand. 
Areolatus. Raised a little so as to resemble a gar- 
den-bed. 
Argenteus. Silver-coloured. 
Argutus. See sharp. 
Argyrocomus. Silky and silvery white. 
Aridus. Dry and rough. 
Aril. The outer coat of a seed, which, not contract- 
ing with it in ripening, falls of. Seopoli calls it A C C 
'theca, but this name is now exclusively appYopH- 
ated to the capsule of mosses. 
Arista and Ar'.status. See awn and awaned. 
Arms. The spines and prickles of plants. 
Aromaticus. Aromatic, sweet scented. 
Arrow-b'orm. Shaped like an arrow-head. It dif- 
fers from heart-form in having the side-lobes acute. 
Articulus. See joint. 
Articulated. Jointed; which sec. 
-Articulate. Jointedly. 
Artificial. Arrangement. The bringing together 
of many plants under one head; by the number, 
figure, situation, connection and proportion of as- 
sumed parts, without any regard to their natural 
affinities. Such is the Linnean artificial system. 
It is absolutely essential in finding out unknown 
plants. Then his Natural orders and those of 
Jussieu, bring us back to the natural affinities. 
See Natural Orders. 
Arundinacetis. Resembling reeds. 
Arvensis. Growing in cultivated fields. 
Ascending. Rising gradually between a horizontal 
and vertical position. 
Ascidium. Bottle-form leaf or appendage; as on the 
Sarracenia. 
Aspcr. Sec rugged. 
Asperifo Hus. Roa gh-lca ved. 
Assurgens. Rising in a curve from a declined base. 
Astiped. Pappus or a fungus without a stem, or 
stipe. 
Atropurpureus. Dark Purple. 
Attenuatus. Tapering gradually till it becomes 
slender. 
Aubier. Sap-wood, the last year's deposit. 
Audits cahjx. Having an outer row of leafets ; as 
the Dandelion. BAD 
Awnium. Veinless. 
Aurantiacus. Orange-coloured. 
Aureus. Gold-coloured. 
Auriculatus, or auritus. See eared. 
Autumnalis. Coming to maturity in autumn. 
Aummna'io. The effect of autumn upon plants. 
Awl-form. Linear at, and adjoining, the base; and 
becoming sharp and more or less curved to one- 
side at the point. 
Awl-pointed. See acuminate. 
Awn. A short slender process, or stiff beard, pro- 
ceeding from the top or back of glumes, or chaff. 
Processes resembling awns are called by this name, 
which proceed from anthers or any other parts of 
vegetables. 
Awned. Having awns. 
Awnless. Without awns; sometimes it means a 
blunt pointless awn. 
Axe-form. Nearly cylindric towards the base, with 
one side projecting towards the end; which pro- 
jection is sharp-edged. 
Axil. The arm-pit. Applied to vegetablesit means 
the angle formed by the meeting of a leaf or peti- 
ole with the stem, or of a branch with the main 
stem. 
Axillary. Any thing growing from the axils. 
Azureus. See Cceruleus. 
B 
Bacca. See berry. 
Bacciferous. Berry-bearing. 
Bacillum. Pedicel of lichens. 
Budins. Liver-brown. B I C 
Banner. The upper petal in a papilionaceous 
flower. 
Barb. A strait process armed with teeth pointing 
backwards. 
Barba. See beard. 
Rat batus. See bearded. 
Bark. Properly the inner strong fibrous part of the 
covering of vegetables. But in a more extended 
sense it includes also the cuticle and cellular integu- 
ment; which see. Also see cortex. 
'Barren. Producing no ripe seed. See staminate, 
neutral and abortive. 
Basis. Base. The part of a stem, leaf, flower, &c. 
nearest to the place through which it derives its 
nutriment. 
Beaked. Terminated by a process, formed like a 
bird's bill. 
Beard. Parallel hairs. It is applied to the filamen- 
tous nectaries on the petals of Iris. The lower 
lips of ringent corols are sometimes called beard. 
Beardless. Destitute of beard. 
Bell-form. Swelling out at the base and without a 
tube. Properly applied to monopetalous corols 
only : but is frequently extended to liliaceous flow- 
ers, and some others. 
Bellying. See ventricose. 
Berry. A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds without 
covering them with capsules, or themselves ever 
splitting into valves. As currant, grape, cucum- 
bers, gourd, orange. Raspberries are compound 
berries; being made up of an assemblage of small- 
er berries or globules, called acines. 
Bibulus. Sucking water. 
Bicapsular. Two capsules to one flower. 
Bicomis. Anthers with'two horns, or two'horn-form 
processes. I? I F 
Biccsptdate. Having two lengthened points, each 
terminated with a small bristle. 
Bidens. Having two teeth. 
Biennial. Springing up one summer, flowering and 
dying the next, as wheat. 
Bifareous. Facing two ways, presenting two oppo- 
site series. 
Bjferois. Bearing twice in a year. Common in 
hot climates. 
Bifid. Two cleft, split into two divisions. 
Bifdus. Bifid. 
Bi/hn ns. See two-flowered. 
Bforus. Having two openings, or holes. 
Bifurcat us w Bifuretts. Forked. 
Bigemtnate. Twin-forked. Having a forked stm 
with two leaves on each part. 
Bijugous. A pinnate leaf with two pairs cf k;: .' 
on each part. 
Bilabiate. Corol with two lips 5 as inmost of tia- 
class didynamia. 
Bilamellate. Composed of two lamellae; it ap- 
plies to a flattened stigma split lengthwise. 
Bilobate. Divided into two lobes. 
Bilocul a r. T wo-cel led. 
Binate. Two standing up together on the top of 
one stalk. If they spread out horizontally, they 
are called conjugate. 
Binervius. T w o-nerved. 
Bipartible, or Bipartile. Naturally divisible into 
two parts. 
Bipartitus. Divided into two parts to the base, but 
still remaining in one piece; as the pWds of 
stellaria. 
Bipinnate. Doubly pinnate. The general petiole 
with a second range, bearing pinnate lealets ar- 
ranged each side of them. B 0 T 
Bipinnatifid. Doubly pinnatifid. When the divi- 
sions of a pinnatifid leaf are cut in, or pinnatifid 
again. 
Biternate. Doubly-ternate. When the petiole is 
ternate, and each division of it has three leafets. 
Bivalve. When a capsule is composed of two 
pieces, or valves; or when the glume calyx of grass, 
&c. consists of two chaffs, or husks. 
Bivascularis. With two horn-form or cup-form cells. 
Blistered. See bullate. 
Blooming. The precise time when all parts of the 
flower are completely developed. 
Blossom. The corol. 
Blunt. Round-obtuse. 
Boat-form. Hollowed one side with a compressed 
longitudinal ridge on the opposite side. 
Bole. The naked trunk of a tree. 
Border in Lichens. The edging of their receptacles 
(apothecium.) It is proper, when of the same sub- 
stance and colour of the receptacle. It is accessory, 
when of a different substance or colour from the 
disk of the receptacle. 
Border of corols, leaves, fungusscs, &c. The spread- 
ing brim. 
tenuis. Thin border of a fungus. 
colorata. Coloured border. 
equalis. When the stem of a fungus is in the 
center. 
crassa. Thick border, &c. 
Bossed. Bunched up in the center; as in some 
agarics. 
Bot-Ujy. (Bofane, an herb.) The science which, 
by"e aid of systematic arrangement, enables 
us; 1st, to find out the name of any plant before 
unknown to us; 2d, to ascertain its gene) al medi- B 0 T 
cal and economical uses. Whether the physioiogj 
of vegetation is strictly a part of the science of 
botany or of Natural Philosophy, we will leave to 
school-men to decide. 
Though Materia Medica comes not under this 
head, no one can study it with satisfaction to him- 
self without a knowledge of botany. 
Botanical Exercises. Learners should be exer- 
cised in the application of botanical terms, after 
having committed to memory the elementary 
names and definitions, or the grammar of botany. 
This should be done by question and answer as 
follows: 
Let each pupil have a specimen of some com- 
mon simple flower. The teacher must point to 
each part of it and ask its name ; to which the pu- 
pil must answer from these definitions. After the 
application of the names of the various parts of 
fructification is understood, all the other parts of 
plants must be attended to in the same manner. 
In a few weeks, the pupils may enter upon that 
practical part- of the science, which leads to the 
discovery of the names of plants. Exercises in 
that part should be repeated in the following man- 
ner, with every plant, which pupils can procure. 
Common apple flower. 
Teacher. To what class does it belong ? 
Pupil. Icosandria. 
T. Why ? 
P. It has 20or more stamens fixed on the calyx.. 
T. To what order does it belong ? 
P. Pentagynia. 
T. Why? 
P. It has 5 styles. 
T. To what genus does it belong ? BOU 
P. Pvrus. 
T. Why? 
P. It has a 5-cleft superior calyx; corol 5-petalied; 
pome 5-celled; each cell about 2-seeded. 
T. What species is it ? 
P. Malus. 
T. Why? 
P. The Howers are in sessile umbels; leaves ovate, 
serrate. 
T. What are its qualities ? 
P. It belongs to the Natural order Pomacea*, 
which contains mostly refrigerants. See Nat. 
Ord. 
It will be perceived, that a suitable system of 
Vegetables, describing the plants of the country 
where pupils arc taught, is essential. 
Though the lecturer's chair is a more dignified 
place than such a schoolmaster-like employment; 
yet the pupils will derive more benefit from a sea- 
son spent in this way, and in collecting and pre- 
serving plants, than from half a dozen courses of 
formal lectures. See herbarium. 
Botanical Garden. A few rods of ground enclosed, 
comprising the border of an old garden or rubbish 
ground, will produce many species of wild native 
plants. If to this be added all the wild roots which 
shew a little herbage in April, as well as the wild 
shrubs in the neighbouring woods; a very amusing 
and instructive wild botanic garden in miniature 
may be had, containing two or three hundred spe- 
cies of plants, at a very cheap rate. 
Botanical names of plants. They should always 
have a Latin termination, in order to be equally 
convenient for all nations. 
Botrus. A cluster, like grapes. 
Bough. See branch. BUD 
Bowed. Curved over downwards. 
Bowl-form. About half of a hollow' sphere. 
Brachiate. Branches nearly horizontal and de- 
cussate. 
Bract, DractM. Floral leaf. A leaf near or among 
flowers, which differs in shape, or colour, or both, 
from the other leaves of the plant; as on the bass- 
wood (tilia.) 
Bracteatus. Bracted, having bracts. 
Bradeiformis. Resembling bracts. 
Branch. A division of the main stem, or main root. 
Branched. Divided into branches. Applied to 
roots of trees. 
Branch-leaves. Leaves growing on branches. 
Branchlet. Subdivision of a branch ; a twig. 
Branch-peduncle. A peduncle proceeding from a 
branch. 
Brevis. Short. 
Brerissimus. Very short. 
Bristles. Very stiff hairs. They are simple or 
hooked. 
Bristle-form. Nearly proportioned to a bristle in 
length and breadth. 
Bristly. Set with bristles. 
Brumalis. See Ilyemalis. 
Bud. The winter residence of leaves and flowers. 
Generally wanting in hot countries. They are de- 
fended by imbricate scales and mostly by a clam- 
my glutinous substance also. They are: 
1. Leaf-bearing. Which are more slender and 
sharp. 
2. Flower-bearing. Which are thicker, not so 
hard nor so sharp. 
3. Leaf and Flower-bearing. Which are gene- 
rally smaller than either of the other kinds. See 
foliation. CAE 
Bulb. Bullus. Bulbous roots. Though we call the 
turnip, the onion, &:c. roots, they are strictly buds; 
or the winter residence of the future plants. Some 
bulbs are borne above ground, as on several spe- 
cies of onion (allium.) 
Btdbiferus. Producing bulbs above ground. 
Bulbosus. Bulbous. Growing from bulbs. 
Bulbous root. Fleshy and spherical. 
Bidbulus. Small latteral bulbs shooting from larger 
ones. 
Bullate. Raised in bunches or blisters : as when 
the pyrenchamous substance of a leaf rises up be- 
tween the veins. 
Bundle. See fascicle. 
Butterfly-form. See papilionaceous. 
Buttons, T/ica?. That kind of receptacle of lichens 
which when magnified resembles a coiled horse- 
hair. They are roundish, sessile, unexpanding, 
compact, black and solid : continued along their 
whole surface. Upper side they are in concentric, 
or coiled, plaited and twisted folds ; covered every 
wherewith the same membrane; containing seeds 
. without cells, or cases. Smith. 
Caducous. Any part of a plant is caducous, which 
falls off earlier, compared with other parts of the 
same plant, than is usual for similar parts in most 
plants. As the calyx of the poppy falls off before 
the corol is hardly expanded. 
Ccsndeo-purpureus. Blue-purple, violet colour. 
Caendius. Blue. 
Cassius. Sky-blue, pale-blue. C A L 
C-ESpitose. Turfy. Several plants growing together, 
or from the same root, forming a turf. 
Calamus. Reed-like. 
Calcar. A conic spur. See spur. 
Calcarate. See spurred. 
Calicul'atus. Having a smaller outer calyx. See 
auctus. 
Calycine. Appertaining to a calyx. 
Calycinus or Caticinus. See Calycine. 
Calycle. The outer calyx-like part of the crown of 
some seeds. Also see auctus. 
Calycled. See auctus. 
Calycidus. See calycle. 
Calyptra. Calyptre, or veil. The cap or hood of 
pistillate mosses; resembling in form and position 
an extinguisher set on a candle. It is ranked 
among calyxes, and so used in descriptions. But 
in reality it is the corot closed; which after being 
detached at the base like other corols, its form still 
keeps it on the capsule a while. See villose, also 
Penchxteum f which is the true calyx of mosses. 
Ca1 yptrat us. Having a calyptre. 
Calyx. (Kalux, that in which something is enclos- 
ed.) That floral organ, which proceeds from the 
receptacle or peduncle below all the other organs. 
It is generally green; or, in botanical language, 
net coloured. When the calyx or corol is want- 
ing, it is often difficult to determine which is pre- 
sent. Our author, Richard, says: when but one is- 
present, it ought always to be called the calyx. 
But as no one can change the language of botan- 
ists, which is already adopted in descriptions of 
plants, we must endeavour to understand it as it is. 
If the stamens alternate with the leaflets or divi- 
sions, Linneus calls it a corol; and if the stamens 
stand opposite to the leaflets or divisions, he calls it C A M 
a calyx, without regarding the colour or texture. 
Where the stamens are numerous, this rule cannot 
apply; neither has Linneus made it necessary in 
his descriptions. 
Wildcnow's rule. The Calyx is hardly as long 
as the stamen ; the corol quite as long or longer; the 
calyx green and firm; the corol coloured and ten- 
der. This rule is to apply where but one of the or- 
gans is present; and he allows a few exceptions 
to this. 
double. When one calyx is outside of another 
as in the holly-hock (althca.) 
common. When one calyx includes many flo- 
rets, as the thistle. 
proper. When florets, included in a general 
calyx, have calyxes of their own. 
There are seven kinds of calyx: 1. Perianth. 
2. Involucre. 3. Spathe. 4. Glume. 5. Ament. 
6. Calyptre. 7. Volva. See each. 
Camb, Cambium. Du Hamel's name for the mu- 
cilaginous or gelatinous substance between the 
wood and bark. 
At the time in the year when the camb is most 
abundant, many farmers in North America have 
peeled off all the bark from the body of bark bound 
apple trees ; it is soon replaced, especially if care- 
fully wound up in swingling-tow, &c. Cut the 
slightest scratch upon the camb will cause a large 
opening in the new bark, and leave a large spot of 
dry dead wood. The same is always observed in 
the operation of inoculating trees. 
Every one, who is accustomed to observe 
American forest trees, has frequently seen trees 
which are killed by the frequent fires in the woods, 
whose whole bole is totally dead, leaving a mere 
thin sheet alive next to the bark, on the side oppo* CAR 
site the course of the fire; and still these trees con- 
tinue to grow, flourish and bear fruit as usual. 
Then if all outside of the camb inay.be taken oft', 
and all inside destroyed, and the tree still survive, 
it is evident that it is by means of the camb that the 
tree is supported. More especially as the least re- 
moval of camb is always succeeded by dead wood; 
all other parts remaining undisturbed. 
Campanulate, Campanulatus. See bell-form. 
Campestris. Growing in uncultivated fields. 
Canaliculatus. See channelled. 
Cancellatus. See latticed. 
Capillaceus. See capillary. 
Capillary, Capillaris, Capillaceus. Hair-form ; lon- 
ger than bristle-form in proportion to its thickness. 
Capillus. Hair. See pilus. 
Capitate, capitatus. Head-form; growing in heads. 
Capitulum. See head. 
Capreolus. See tendril. 
Caprification. The fertilizing of pistillate flowers 
by sprinkling pollen upon them. This is impor- 
tant in raising figs. 
Capsule, capsula, (a little chest.) That kind of peri- 
carp, which opens by valves and becomes dry when 
ripe ; not including siliques nor legumes. When 
it is one-valved, it is called a follicle, folliculus, 
which see. It consists of valves, partitions, colu- 
mella, and cells, which see. One kind of capsule 
never opens and is called samara. 
Carina. See keel. 
Carinated. See keeled. 
Carinatus. See keeled. 
Carneus. Flesh-coloured. 
Camosus. Fleshy. 
Car'pogenation. (Karpos, fruit; genesthai, to bring 
forth.) A substitute for the word fructification. A CEL 
multiplication of terms is very injurious io the sci- 
ence. But in teaching botany to young persons, a 
word, so often to be repeated and so very difficult 
to pronounce, is extremely troublesome. This 
term is both easy and perfectly applicable. In a 
synopsis presented to Professor Mitchill of New- 
York, this substitute was proposed and received 
his approbation. 
Cartilaginous. Hard and somewhat flexible. It 
applies to a leaf, when it is bound around with a 
strong margin, different from the disk of the leaf. 
Caryophylleous. A pink-like corol; having five 
petals with long claws, all regular and set in a tu- 
bular calyx. 
Castrata. Filaments without anthers. 
Catenula. A thread in some mosses, serving to unite 
or chain together the seeds. 
Catkin, Catulus. Sec ament. 
Cauda. See tail. 
Caudex. The main body of a tree or root. 
Caulescent, caulescens. Having a caulis, or" stem, 
besides the peduncle or scape. 
Cauline, caulinus. Growing on the main stem. 
Caulis. The main herbage-bearing stem of all plants, 
except of the grassy kind; as trees, weeds, &c. 
We have no English name for this stem ; neither 
can any English termination assimilate this term 
with our idiom. It has been usual in such cases 
to look into some modern language for a suitable 
term. How would the French word Tige be re- 
ceived? (Pronounced tidge in English.) 
Cell. The hollow part, or cavity of a pericarp or 
anther. It is more generally applied to the cavi- 
ties of pericarps, where seeds are lodged. Accord- 
ing to numbers of these the pericarps are called 
one-celled, two-celled, &c. C H A 
Cellular /ntegument. The pyrenchamous sub- 
stance between the cuticle and bark. This sub- 
stance is generally green. It constitutes the most 
considerable part of leaves; in which the juices 
are operated upon by air and light, and the pe- 
culiar secretions of vegetables principally-elabo- 
rated. 
Cellules, cistula. That kind of receptacle of li- 
chens, which is globose, terminal, and formed of 
the substance of the frond. It is filled with un- 
coated seeds, intermixed with fibres; at length it 
bursts irregularly. Smith. 
Cellulosus. Cellular. Having cavities within, which 
are small and irregular; and in which sometimes 
granules are nested. 
Centralis. In the center. 
Cephalodia. See knobs. 
Cerealis. (Ceres, goddess of corn.) Any grain of 
which bread is made. 
Cernuus. When the apex or top only droops or 
bends down. See nutans, and the difference in the 
two terms. 
Cespitose. See Caespitose. 
Chaff. Thin membranous covering of the seeds of 
grass, grain, &c. See glume. It is also applied 
to whatever resembles chaff; as the substance left 
on the receptacles of some compound flowers, af- 
ter the seeds are removed; to the crown of some 
seeds, &c. 
Chaffy. Bearing chaff. 
Channelled. Hollowed out longitudinally with a 
rounded groove of considerable depth. 
Character. That description of a plant, which dis- 
tinguishes it from all others. In making out the 
character, Situation, Proportion, Connection, CL A 
Number and Figure, are considered. The two 
last are not so constant as the other three. 
Generic characters are limited to the flower and 
fruit. 
Specific characters are restricted no farther, than 
to avoid running into the characters of the genus. 
Chorion. A clear limpid liquor contained in a seed 
in the time of flowering. This liquor, after the 
pollen is received, becomes a perfect embryo of a 
new plant, and takes the consistence usual in per- 
fect seeds. But without the reception of the pollen, 
neither any thing like the embryo or perfect seed, 
is ever formed. Malpighi. 
Chrysocomus. Golden locks; or a yellow bundle of 
threads. 
Cicatrice, Cicatrisatus. The mark or natural scar 
from whence the leaf has fallen. 
Ciliate, ciliatus. Edged with parallel hairs or bris- 
tles, resembling eye-lashes. 
Cinereous. Of the colour of wood-ashes. 
Cingeus. Surrounding, girding around. 
Circinal. Rolled in spirally beginning with the 
tip, which continually occupies the center; as ferns. 
Circinatus. Circinal. Also compassed about. 
Circumcissus. Cut round. Opening transversely, 
not lengthwise ; as the capsules of purslain. 
Circumscriptio. The circumference of a leaf. 
Cirriforus. Bearing tendrils. 
Cirrose, cirrosus. Terminating in a tendril. 
Cirrus. (Curled bushy hair.) See tendril. This 
term is also applied to that kind of clouds which 
resembles flax, as it is pulled from the distaff. 
This kind of clouds ascend 4 or 5 miles high-; 
much higher than any other kind. 
Cistula'. See Cellules. 
Clammy. See viscid. C L E 
Clasper. See tendril. 
Clasping. The base of the leaf being more or less 
heart-form and sessile, so that the two hind lobes 
partly surround the stem. 
Class, classis. The highest division of plants in a 
system. Each class is defined to be the agree- 
ment of several genera in the parts of fructifica- 
tion, according to the principles of nature, distin- 
guished by art. Linneus divided all plants by their 
stamens and pistils, into 24 classes; but Persoon 
and other approved systematic writers have distri- 
buted the plants of the 18th and 23d classes among 
the others, and rejected these two; leaving but 22 
classes. These are rejected on account of the 
liability of their characters to perpetual varia- 
tions. See each class in its proper place, ah) 
system. 
Clavate, clavalus. Club-form. Growing larger to- 
wards the end. 
Clavicula. See tendril. 
Clausus. Closed, shut up. 
Clavus. See spurred rye. 
Claw. The lower narrow part of a petal by which 
it is fixed on the calyx or receptacle. It can exist 
only in Polypetalous corols. 
Cleft. Split down, not exceeding half-way to the 
base; with nearly strait edges on both sides of the 
fissure. The parts into which it is split are num- 
bered in descriptions; as once split making two 
divisions, is called 2-cleft; two splits, 3-cleft, &c. 
Clefts, lirellx. That kind of receptacle of lichens, 
which is open, elongated, sessile, black, very nar- 
row or linear, with a somewhat spongy disk ; the 
border is parallel on each side and proper/ Some- 
times it has an accessory border from the crust be- COL 
sides. The clefts are either simple and solitary ; 
or aggregate, confluent and branched. Smith. 
Climbing. Ascendingby means of tendrils, as grapes ; 
by leaf-stalks, as virgin's bower ; by cauline radi- 
cles, or rootlets, as the creeping American ivy 
(rhus radicans.) It differs from twining, which see. 
Clouds. See Natural History. 
Cloven. See cleft. 
Club-form. See clavate. 
Clustered. See racemed. 
Clypeatus. Form of a buckler. See peltate. 
Coadunate. With united bases. 
Coarctate. Compact. Pressed or squeezed close 
together. 
Coated. Consisting of concentric coats, layers or 
skins, as the bulbous root of onions. 
Cobwebbed. See arachnoideus. 
Coccineus. Scarlet-coloured. 
Coccum. A grain or seed. Tricoccous, 3-seeded; 
pentacoccous, 5-seeded, &c. 
Cochleate, cochleatus. Coiled spirally, like a snail- 
shell. 
Coherent. Cohering, attached. 
Coiled. Twisted like a rope; or rather resembling 
the form of one thread of a rope, after the other 
threads are removed. 
Collinus. Growing on hills. 
Coloured. Of any hue except green; but in the 
language of botanists green parts are not coloured. 
See temperature, also glaucous. 
Coloratus. Coloured. 
Columella. That which connects the seeds to the 
inside of a pericarp. It is generally applied to a 
central pillar in a capsule; which takes its rise 
from the receptacle, and has seeds attached to 
it on all sides. In mosses it is called sporangi- COM 
dium by Wildenow; and he sometimes applies this 
term as a substitute for columella; and says it is 
found only in 2rvalved capsules.. 
Columnar. See terete. 
Columnifera. Stamens and pistils disposed in the 
form of a column. 
Coma. (Kome, a head of hair.) A tuft of bracts on 
the top of a spike of flowers. 
Common. Any part is common, which serves to 
include or sustain several parts, similar among 
themselves. 
perianth. Including several florets; as in the 
thistle. 
involucre. Surrounding the base of the pedun- 
cles in an umbel, which are subdivided above. 
This term is often used for frequent also. 
Communis. See common. 
Comose.. Having a coma. 
Compact. See coarctus. 
Complete, completus. Having both calyx and corol. 
When the corol is wanting, the flower is incomplete. 
When the calyx is wanting, the flower is naked, 
if it has a corol. 
Complicate, complicatus. Folded together. 
Compositus. Compound. 
Compound. One whole, formed of many similar 
parts. 
flowers. Those comprised in the class synge- 
nesia, with several florets on one receptacle, each 
with united anthers. 
Compound flowers are divided into five kinds by 
the relations and kinds of florets ; upon which di- 
visions are founded the five orders of the syngene- 
sia class. 
1. The florets are all perfect, each having 5 
stamens and one pistil. The anthers are all uIil- COM 
ted into one set forming a tube around the pistil. 
See mqualis. 
2. The florets of the disk are all perfect; but 
those of the ray, or the edging-florets, are pistillate. 
See superflua. 
3. The florets of the disk al! perfect; but the flo- 
rets of the ray neutral, having neither stamens nor 
pistils; except in some cases they have abortive 
pistils. See frustranea. 
4. The florets of the disk staminate; but those 
of the ray pistillate. See necessaria. 
5. The florets all perfect as those of the 1st 
kind; but differ- from them in each floret having a 
little perianth of its own, which is wanting in ail 
the four preceding kinds. See segregata. This 
last kind is not so common as the others. 
leaf. When several leafets grow on one petiole. 
raceme. When several racemes grow along the 
side of a peduncle. 
spike. When several spikelets grow along the 
side of a fruit-stalk, or general spike. 
umbel. Having the peduncles subdivided into 
peduncles of lesser umbels, &c. 
petiole. A divided leaf-stalk. 
peduncle. A divided flower-stalk. 
Compound terms. When any part of a plant is to be 
described, which does not agree with the defini- 
tion of any term in use ; two or more terms must 
be compounded, so as to convey to the mind cor- 
rect information. For example the chesnut leaf 
has notches on the margin pointing towards the 
apex, which answers to the description of serrate 
leaves; excepting that the notches are hollowed 
out. But these hollowed notches are not deep 
enough for sinuses; therefore the two terms CON 
are compounded, making sinuate-serrate. Com- 
pound terms are always united by a hyphen. 
Compressed, compressus. Flattened, as if squeezed 
or pressed. 
Concave,^oncavus. Hollowed a little on one side. 
It is sometimes applied to deeper hollows; though 
rarely. 
Conceptaculum. See follicle. 
Concolor. The same colour in all the parts. 
Condensed. See coarctate. 
Conduplicate. That kind of foliation where the • 
leaf, while in the bud, has its two sides shut to- 
gether like two leaves in a book. 
Cone, conus. See strobile. 
Confert, confertus. Thick-set; leaves, flowers, &c. 
standing so closely together, as to seem to crowd . 
each other. 
Confluent. Running together. It is applied more 
particularly to the receptacle of some lichens, 
which run together in disorder and become in- 
distinct. 
Congeneres. Plants of very similar habits, &c. 
Congestus. See heaped. 
Conglomerate. See glomerate. 
Conic. With a broad base and approaching a point 
towards the top. 
Conifera. Bearing cones. 
Conjugate. See binate. 
Connate. Leaves which are opposite, with their 
bases growing together, so as to form the appear- 
ance of a single leaf. Anthers are sometimes con- 
nate also. 
Connicms. See converging. 
Cunsimilis.. Resembling. 
Contiguus. Near, next. COR 
Contorted, contortus. Twisted. It is is also ap- 
plied to corols, which have the edge of one petal 
lying obliquely over the next. 
Contractus. Close, narrow. 
Contrarium. See partition. 
Converging. Approaching, or bending towards each 
other. 
Convex. Swelling out in a roundish form. 
Convexus. Convex.. 
Convolute, convolutus. Rolled into a cylindric 
form, like a roll of paper, lengthwise with the midrib. 
Applied to the situation of leaves in the bud. 
Corcle,coradum. (Cor, the heart.) The embryo 
of the new plant in a seed, situated between the 
cotyledons in dicotyledonous seeds. It consists 
of the plume and rostd, which show themselves soon 
after vegetation commences. See plume and 
rostel. 
Cordate. Heart-form ; so called from its supposed 
resemblance to the heart. It is hollowed behind with 
the side-lobes rounded at the base. See arrow- 
form. 
Cordate-oblong, cordate-lanceolate, &e. pci take of 
the formation of both compounds. 
Coriaceous. Leathery or parchment-like. 
Cornered. Having angles or corners. Three-cor- 
nered, four-cornered, &c. is often expressed trir 
gonus, &c. 
Cornu. A horn or spur. 
Cornutus. Horn form. 
Corol, corolla. (A diminutive of wrona, a crown.) 
The inner delicate covering of the flower, which 
constitutes its principal ornament in most cases. 
In a few cases, as the bartsia coccmea, the corol is 
dull and unsightly, while the calyx is gaily coloured. 
See petal and nectary. COT 
Corollet, carolhda. A little coroL 
Corolliferus. Bearing the Corol. 
Corollinus. Resembling, or appertaining to, a corol. 
Corona. See crown. 
Coronarius. Forming a crown. 
Coronatus. Crowned; as the thistle seed is crowned 
with down. 
Coronula. A little crown. 
Cortex. The bark, which see. It consists of a 
number of layers equal to the number of years the 
tree has been growing; though they are often too 
thin to be numbered. The inmost layer is called 
the liber. 
Cortical. Having its origin from the bark. 
Corydalis. (Koros, a helmet.) Plants with helmet- 
fbrm enrols. 
Corymb, corymbus. Flowers umbel-like in their 
general external appearance, but their peduncles 
or supporting stems stand at different distances 
down the main stem ; as yarrow. 
Corymbifera. Bearing corymbs. 
Costate, costatwn. Ribbed. 
Cottony. See tomentose. 
Cotyledon. The thick fleshy lobes of seeds. Very 
manifest in beans at the first commencement of" 
germination. These lobes soon become thick suc- 
culent leaves, after they rise out of the ground. 
Jussieu's Natural Orders are founded principally 
upon the cotyledon. He makes three great tribes, 
or divisions, of plants. 1. Acotyledones, plants 
without cotyledons; as mushrooms, mosses, fems, 
&c. 2. Monocotyledones, plants with one coty- 
ledon ; as wheat, grass, Indian corn, cat-tails, sweet- 
flag, sedge, Solomon's seal, onion, iris, ladies' slip-- 
per, pond-lily, &c. 3. Dicotyledones, plants 
with two cotyledons; as beans, peas, dock, plan- C RE 
tain, lilac, sage, tobacco, milkweed, dandelion, &c 
See Natural Orders. 
Cowled. When the edges meet below and expand 
above, and generally separate; as the spathe of the 
arum, Indian turnip. 
Crassus. Thick. 
Cheeping. Running along the ground, or along old 
logs, &c. nearly in a horizontal direction, and send- 
ing off rootlets. 
Crenate. Scolloped, on the rim or edge. Notches 
on the margin of a leaf, which do not point or in- 
cline towards either the apex or base. When 
large crenatures have smaller ones on them, they 
are doubly-crenate. 
Crenulate. Very finely crenated. 
Crescent-form. Resembling the form of the moon 
from its change to half-fulled. 
Crested. Having an appendage somewhat resem- 
bling a cock's comb in form. 
Creta. Growing on chalky land. 
Grinitus. Long-haired. 
Crispus. See curled. 
Cristatus. See crested. 
Cross-armed. See brachiate. 
Crowded. See confert. 
Crown. The calycle, hair, or feathers on the top oi 
some seeds ; as the dandelion. 
Crowned. See coronatus. 
Cruciatim. Crosswise. Opposite pairs of branches 
or leaves successively crossing each other. See 
decussate. 
Cruciform. (Crux, a cross.) Corols with four pe- 
tals, whose lamina form a cross. Plants with such 
corols belong to the class tetradynamia. 
Crustaceous. Leafy appearance, but consisting of 
small crusty substances lying one upon another. C U L 
Cryptogamia. f Kruptos, concealed; games, mar- 
riage.) The name of the last class in the Linnean Ar- 
tificial system. It includes those plants, whose sta- 
mens and pistils are too minute or obscure to be 
used as classic characters. This class is therefore 
distinguished by natural affinities; and cannot be 
said to be artificial, though arranged with the other 
classes in the artificial system. It includes the na- 
tural families of 1. F'dices, ferns; as brakes, poly- 
pods, maidenhair, ground-pine, scouring-rush, &c. 
2. Musci, mosses; as water-moss, earth-moss, fork- 
moss, great or hair-cap moss, &c. 3. HepaticoR, 
liverworts-less common, except a few species. 
4. Alga, seaweeds, &c. as the common weed about 
docks wilhblubbery swellings, and the green thread- 
form substance in brooks, which is not much like a 
vegetable substance in appearance. 5. Listens ; as 
the light green patches on fences and stones, the 
whitish spots on stones with black spangles ap- 
pearing like fly-dirt, the long fibrous substance 
common on trees, which is erroneously called tree- 
moss, &c. 6. Fungi; as the common mushroom 
and toadstool, puffball, touchwood, mould, blight 
or rust on grain, smut, &c. All these are organ- 
ized substances bearing seeds, and are highly inte- 
resting subjects for the microscope. 
Cryptogamous. Belonging to the class cryptogamia. 
See phanerogamous. 
Cubit. A measure from the elbow to the end of the 
middle finger. 
Cuculate. See cowled. 
Cucurbitaceous. Resembling gourds or melons. 
Culinary. Suitable for kitchen cookery. 
Culm, Culmus. The stem of grain and grass, when 
dry it is usually called straw. It is applied to all 
grassy plants; as Indian corn, sedge, sugar cane, &c. C Y P 
Culmiferous. Having culms. 
Culmineous. Having an affinity to grasses, or culmi- 
ferous plants. 
Cumulus. Heaped. This term is also applied to 
that kind of clouds, which have a strait base and 
roundish heaped upper side. See Vellus. 
Cuneiforms. See wedge-form. 
Cup-form. Hollow within, resembling a little cup. 
Cupularis. Cup-form. 
Curled. When the periphery of a leaf is too large 
for the disk, it becomes waved or curled. 
Curved. Bent inwards. See incurved. 
Cuspidate. Having a sharpened point and that tip- 
ped with a bristle, a prickle, or lengthened apex, 
not curved. See mucrinate and observe the dis- 
tinction ; also accuminate. 
Cuticle.. The thin outside coat of the bark, which 
has no life and is very durable, often transparent. 
It greatly resembles the scarf-skin of animals. 
Very distinct on elder, currant and birch; on one 
species of birch it resembles paper. 
Cy emeus. Blue. 
Cyathiformis. Wineglass-form. Cylindric, widen- 
ing gradually upwards, margin not revolute. 
Cylindric. A circular shaft, of nearly equal diame- 
ter throughout its whole extent. 
Cymbiformis. See boat-form. 
Cyme, cyma. Flowers umbel-like in their general 
external appearance. It agrees with an umbel in 
having its common stalks spring from one center; 
but differs in having those stalks variously and al- 
ternately subdivided; as the elder (sambucus.) 
Smith. 
Cymosus, cymose. Being in cymes. 
Cyphellw. See pits. DEC 
D 
Deed alius. The end broad, waving and torn. 
Dagger-pointed. See cuspidate. 
Debilis. Weak, feeble, lax. 
Decagynia. (Deka, ten; gune, female.) Ten- 
styled. The name of the tenth order in each of 
the first thirteen classes. Let the class be which- 
ever of these it may, if the pistil consists of ten 
styles or sessile stigmas, it is of the 10th order. In 
North America there is not a native plant in this 
order, excepting poke-weed (phytolacca :) and in 
England there is none. 
Dec andri a. (Deka, ten; andra, male.) Ten-sta- 
mened. The name of the tenth class. It compri- 
ses all plants, whose flowers are perfect, with ten 
stamens in each, which are not united by their 
filaments in one or two sets. 
It is also the name of the tenth order in those 
classes, where the character of the first 13 classes 
are taken for orders; as the geranium in the class 
monaddphia, the pea (pisuni) in the class diadd- 
phia, Ac. 
Decaphyl his. Ten-leaved. 
Decemjidus. Cut into ten parts, or 10-clcft. 
Decemloculare. Ten-celled. 
Deciduous. Falling off in the usual season for simi- 
lar parts to tall; as leaves falling at the decline of 
the year; corols falling off at the time the stamens 
fall, Ac. See caducous and permanent. 
Declined, declinatus. Curved downwards archwise. 
Decompound. decompositus. Doubfy-compound. 
When a compound, or divided, petiole has a com- 
pound leaf on each part, the whole is a decom- 
pound leaf. The same with umbels, Ac. Sec 
supra-decompositus. DEL 
Decor ticabilis. Easily peeled. 
Decumbent, dccumbens. When the base is erect, 
and the remainder is procumbent. It applies to 
stems, stamens, &c. 
Decurrent. When the two edges of a leaf extend 
downwards below the points of insertion and be- 
come projecting wings to the stem. The gills of 
agarics are decurrent, when they run down the 
stipe in a single ridge. 
Decursive. Decurrently. 
Decursively pinnate. When the leafets of a pin- 
nate leaf run along the petiole,with their extended 
bases. 
Decussated, decussatus. When leaves or branches 
are opposite in pairs, and each pair stands at right 
angels with the next pair above or below on the 
same stem. 
Deflected, deflexus. Bending down archwise. 
Defloratus. Having discharged the pollen. 
Defoliation, defoliatio. The shedding of leaves in 
the proper season. 
Defoliatio notha. The shedding of leaves before the 
proper time, on account of injuries received. 
Dehiscent, dehisccntia. The natural opening of 
capsules in the proper season. 
Dcliquum. See debilis. 
Deltoid, deltoideus. A leaf with four corners; that 
is, one at the stem, one at the apex, and one each 
side; but the side ones are nearer to the base than 
to the apex. When the side angles are about as 
near to the apex as to the base, it is called a rhom- 
boid leaf. Both kinds are called diamond-form in 
English. Wildenow considers a deltoid leaf as a 
thick 3-sided leaf, a transverse section of which he 
supposes intended, as giving the deltoid form. See 
page 155. DES 
Demersus. See submersed. 
Dense, densus. Close, compact. A panicle with 
abundance of flowers very close is dense. See 
thyrse. 
Dentate, dentahis. Toothed. 
leaf. (This term is of such almost unlimited 
extent, it is best defined negatively.) Projections 
from the margin of a leaf, which are of its own 
substance ; and not scrratures, nor crenatures. 
root. That kind of granulated root, which re? 
semblcs teeth strung together. 
Denticulate. Having very small teeth. 
Denudate. Plants whose flowers appear before 
the leaves, consequently have a naked appearance, 
Deorsum. Downwards. 
Depauperates. F ew-flowered. 
Dependens. Hanging down. 
Depressed. When the upper surface of a succulent 
leaf is a little concave. It applies to seeds also. 
Descendens. The entering of a root into the ground. 
The direction is vertical, as the beet; horizontal, as 
the mint; oblique, as the branching roots of most 
trees. 
Descriptions of plants. In writing a complete de- 
scription of a plant, begin with the fructification, 
and describe : 1. Calyx. 2. Corel. 3. Stamens. 
4. Pistil. 5. Pericarp. 6. Seed. 7. Receptacle. 
Then go through with the root and herbage, thus: 
1. Root. 2. Stem and branches. 3. Buds inclu- 
ding the foliation. 4. Leaves. 5. The appenda- 
ges; that is, Stipules, Bracts, Thorns, Prickles, 
Stings, Glands, Tendrils. To this add the Inflo- 
rescence. 
Then add the general appearance and size of 
the plant, and what well-known plant it most re- 
sembles. Give an account of the soil and situa- DIA 
tion where it grew; whether high or low, wet or 
dry-the precise time of flowering, colour' of all 
parts, whether annual,biennial or perennial. Then 
close with the name of the town, country, &c. and 
what quantity of the same kind of plant is to be 
found there; and what name the common people 
call it by, if any. Accompany this description 
with several specimens; so selected as to exhibit 
the plant in all its parts. 
There can be no better exercise for students, 
than to write several such descriptions every day. 
Sec Diagnosis. 
Desiccatio. Dn ncss. 
Dextrorsum. Twining from left to right; that is, 
with the apparent motion of the sun ; as the hop- 
vine. 
Diadelphia. (Dis, two; adelphos, a brother.) Two 
brotherhoods. The name of the seventeenth class. 
It comprises all plants, whose flowers are perfect, 
with the stamens united by their filaments in two 
sets. This was the character given the class by 
Linneus. But Lupines and others of this class have 
the stamens united in one set; which is the cha- 
racter of the Monadelphia class. The form of the 
corol has therefore been taken into the description 
by some writers, thus : 
Stamens united by their filaments in one, or two 
sets, corols papilionaceous. 
Diadelphous. Belonging to, or varying into, the 
class diadelphia. 
Diagnosis. A short description containing only 
what is essential. Linneus made it his rule, never 
to let a specific description exceed twelve Latin 
words. Wildenow says, more must he added if 
necessary. It should extend no farther than to DID 
express the difference between that, and the other 
species. 
Diamond-form. See Deltoid. 
Diandria. (Dis, two; andra, male.) Two stamen- 
ed. The name of the second class. It comprises 
all plants, whose flowers are perfect, with two sta- 
mens in each, not growing on the pistil. 
It is also the name of the second order in those 
clases where the characters of the first 13 cuisses 
are taken for orders ; as the ladies' slipper (ci, - 
ripedium) in the class gynandria, the duck mert 
(lemna) in the class monoecia, willow (salix) in the 
class dicecia. 
Dichotomous. Forked. Stem, &c. parted in pairs, 
each branch parted in pairs again, and so on. 
When it is parted but once it is more properly 
called forked, furcatus. 
Drcoccous. Two-grained. Consisting of two cohe- 
ring grains, or cells with one seed in each. 
Dicotyledonous. Plants with two cotyledons. See 
Cotyledon. 
Didymous, didyma. Twinned. 
Didynamia. (Dis, two; dunamis, power.) Two over- 
topping or overpowering others. The name of 
the fourteenth class. It comprises all plants, 
whose flowers are perfect, with 4 stamens, two of 
which arc regularly longer than, or overtopping, 
the other two. Plants of this class have labiate 
corols. But on account of adhering rigidly to the 
character of the class, some ringents are placed 
in the 2d class. The student should be directed to 
look in the second class, under the sections of ir- 
regular corols, when he has a ringent flower, whose 
generic character he does not readily find in tir; 
14th class. D I P 
Didynamous. Belonging to, or varying into the class 
didynamia. 
Difformis. Applied to a monopetalous corol whose 
tube widens above gradually, and is divided into 
irregular or unequal parts-Wildenow. It is also 
applied to any distorted parts of a plant. 
Diffused, diffusus. Spreading. Expanded in an 
open loose manner. 
Digitate. Fingered. When the base of several 
leafets rest on the end of one petiole; as the straw- 
berry and fivefinger. 
Digyma. (Dis, two; gune, female.) Two-styled, 
the name of the second order in each of the first 
thirteen classes. It comprises all plants in each 
class respectively, whose flowers have two styles in 
each: or, if the styles are wanting, two sessile stig- 
mas: as the blite(blitum) in the class monandria ; 
the sweet-scented grass (anthoxanthum) in the class 
diandria; wheat (triticum) in the class triandria ; 
witch-hazel (hamamelis) in the class tetrandria; 
rice (oryza^) in class hexandria; pink (dianthus) 
in the class decandria; agrimony (agrimonia) in 
the class dodecandria. 
Dilatatus. Expanded, widened. 
Dilute. Prefixed to a colour implies, that it is redu- 
ced; as dilute purpureus, pale purple 
Dimidiatus. See halved. 
Dkecia. ( Dis, two; oikos, house.) The name of the 
22d class, or the 21st if the 18th be rejected. It 
includes those plants whose flowers are not per- 
fect ; but the stamens and pistils grow on differ- 
ent plants of the same species. The Hemp, Hop, 
Willow, and Poplar, are good examples. 
Dicecious, dioica. Belonging to, or varying into, the 
class ditecia. 
Dipetalous. Having 2 petals. DOD 
Diphyllous. Having 2 leaves. 
Discoid. Having a disk without rays. Such com- 
pound flowers as are wholly made up of tubular 
florets; that is, though they may have marginal 
florets differing from those in the disk in the essen- 
tial organs, yet the corols will be all tubular, and 
not capitate. 
Disk, discus. The whole surface of a leaf, or of the 
top of a compound flower, as opposed to its edge or 
periphery. This term is also applied to the ag- 
gregate florets of an umbel. 
Dispermus. Containing but two seeds. 
Dissectus. Gashed in deeply. 
Dissipimentum. See partition. 
Dissili&ns. A pericarp is dissilient, when it bursts 
open with a spring; as the touch-me-not, (im- 
patiens.) 
Distans. Standing off remotely. 
Dis tic hits. (Dis two studios row.) Two-ranked. When 
branches, leaves or flowers are arranged along 
opposite sides of the stem or spike, so as to point' 
two opposite ways ; as the leaves of the hemlock 
tree (pinus canadensis.) 
Distinct, distinctus. Separate, opposed to connate 
or confluent. 
Divaricate, divaricatus. Branches spreading out 
from the stem so far, as to form more than a right 
angle with it above. 
Diverging, Divergens. Branches spreading out from 
the stem so far, as to form a right angle with it. 
Diurnus. Enduring but a day. 
Divided, divisus. Severed into parts. 
Dodecandria. (Dodeka, twelve; andra, male.) 
Twelve stamined. The name of the eleventh 
class. It comprises all plants, whose flowers are 
perfect, with from 12 to 19 stamens which are not D R U 
united by their filaments in one or two sets. En» 
decandria would seem to be the proper name for 
the 11th class. But there has not only never been 
a plant found, whose flowers uniformly contained 
11 stamens; but it is so contrary to all analogy of 
parts, it is presumed there is no such plant. 
Dodecandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the 
class dodecandria. 
Dodecaphy this. Having twelve leafets. 
Dodrans. Long span. Distance between the ends 
of the thumb and little finger, both being extended. 
Dolabriforme. See axe-form. 
Dorsal, dorsalis. Fixed to the back. Awns are 
dorsal, when proceeding from the outside of a 
glume and not from the tip. 
Dorsiferous. Bearing the fruit on the back; as 
fems. 
Dotted. Besprinkled with dots. Sec punctate and 
perforated. 
Double. Two in the place where most plants have 
but one; as the double calyx of the holly-hock 
(althea.) 
Double-flowered. See full-flowered. 
Doubly. See duplicate. In English it has its com- 
mon appropriate meaning; as doubly-crenate, 
when the crenatures are crenated, &c. 
Doubly-pinnate. See bipinnate. 
Down or downy. See tomentose. 
Drooping. See cernuus. 
Drupe, drupa. That kind of pericarp which consists 
of a thick, fleshy, succulent or cartilaginous coat, 
enclosing a nut or stone. It is berry-like (baocata) 
as in the cherry, or dry (exsucca) as in the walnut 
(juglans.) 
Drupaceous. Bearing drupes, or fruit resembling 
them. E G L 
Dubicts. Doubtful. 
Dulcis. Sweet. 
Dumosus. Bushy, or resembling bushes. 
Duodeceinfidus. Cleft in 12 divisions. 
Duplex. Double. 
Duplicate. Doubly. This term is often prefixed to 
others, in all which cases it simply means doubly. 
As duplico-ternatum, doubly-ternate or biternate* 
Duplicatus. Doubled, 
Duration. Sec ages. 
Eared. This term applies : 1st, to the round ex- 
tended, or appendaged lobes of a heart-form leaf: 
2nd, to the side lobes near the base of some leaves: 
and 3rd, to twisted parts, in some ferns and some 
liverworts, which are supposed to resemble the 
conchus, or passage into the ear. 
Ehracteatus. Without bracts. 
Ebumeus. Ivory white ; as the whole plant monotropa, 
called beechdrops, or birdsnest. 
Ecakuratus. Without a spur. 
Echinate, echinatus. Hedge-hog-like. Beset with 
erect prickles. 
Efflorescence. The powdery substance on some 
Lichens, composed of minute deciduous globules. 
Efflor escent ia. Flowering season of different sorts of 
plants. More simple flowers come out in June 
than in any other month in North America. Ve- 
ry tew compound flowersappear before August. 
Effoliation. Unnatural falling of leaves by means 
of improper culture, worms, &c. 
Egg-form. - Sec ovate. 
Eglandulosus. Gia nd less. E N S 
Egret. See aigrette. 
Elastic. See dissiliens. 
Elliptic. Longer than wide, rounded at or near 
both ends, and nearly equal in breadth towards 
both base and apex. 
Elongated. Lengthened out, as if extended beyond 
what is usual in similar parts. 
Emarginate. Notched in the end at the termination 
of the midrib. See Retuse. 
Embracing. See clasping. 
Empalement. See calyx. 
End-bitten. See prannorsus. 
Enervate. Nerveless. 
Enneandria. (Ennea, nine; andra, male.) Nine* 
stamened. The name of tbe ninth class. It com- 
prises all plants, whose flowers are perfect, with 
9 stamens in each. The number of stamens are 
very variable in most plants in this class; particu- 
larly in the genus laurus, including the common 
sassafras and spice-bush. 
It may also be the name of the ninth order in 
those classes where the characters of the first 13 
classes are taken for orders ; should any discove- 
ries hereafter require it. Linneus' system is so 
contrived, that it not only provides for all known 
plants; but also assigns a place for all possible dis- 
coveries. 
Enneandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the 
class enneandria. 
Enneapetalus. Nine-petalled. 
Enodis, enode. Knotless. Having no joints; as the 
bulrush. 
Ensate, ensatus. Having sword-form leaves. 
Ensiform. Sword-form. Two-edged,tapering from 
base to apex mostly, and a little arching towards 
one edge; as flag and cat-tail (Iris and Typha.) E X A 
Entire. Continued without interruption. A mar- 
gin of a leaf, calyx, corol, &c. is entire, when it is 
neither serrate, toothed, notched nor in any man- 
ner indented. 
Ephemerus. Of very short duration. 
Epicar pens. On the germ. See superior. 
Epidermis. See cuticle. 
Epiphragma. A thin membrane stretched over the 
mouth of the moss, polytrichum. 
Equal. Similar parts equal among themselves. The 
calyx, corol, &c. are equal, when the leafets, petals 
or subdivisions, are similar in form, size and direc- 
tion. Opposed to unequal. 
Equinoctial flowers. Opening at stated hours 
each day. 
Equitant. Opposite leaves embracing each other, 
so that they alternately enclose each other's edges; 
as the leaves near the roots of the Iris and yellow 
garden lilies (hemerocallis); also the position of 
the leaves in some unopened buds. 
Erect, erectus. Upright. Not so perfectly straight 
and unbending as strictus. When applied to any 
thing latterally attached to the stem, as leaves, &c. 
it implies that it makes a very acute angle with it. 
Erectiusculus. Erectish. 
Ergot. See spurred rye. 
Erinaceus. Hedge-hog-like. See echinatus. 
Erose, erosus. Gnawed. Unequally sinuated, as if 
the sinuses had been eaten by insects. 
Esculent. Eatable. 
Essential character. See diagnosis. 
Essentials. The stamens and pistils. 
Evergreen. Such plants as retain their leaves 
throughout the year; as white pine, laurel, &c. 
Exannulate. Ferns whose capsules are without 
rings. This comprises one section offerns. Those FAC 
which have an apparent vestige of, but not in re- 
ality, a ring, form another section. Those with a 
ring, another. See annulatus. 
Exarates. See sulcate. 
Exasperates. See roughened. 
Excavates. Hollowed out. 
Exotic, exoticus. Plants not growing spontaneously 
in a wild state in that particular country, or sec- 
tion of a country. 
Expanded, expansus. Spread. 
Explanatus. Unfolded. 
Exsert, exsertus. Standing out. Stamens are ex- 
sert when protruded out of the corols. Peduncles 
of spikes in cuhniniferous plants are exsert, when 
protruded out of the sheaths; as carex folliculata 
and pubescens. 
Exstipulate. Without stipules. 
Exsiccus. Juiceless. 
Extimus. At the very top, or extreme end. 
Extrafoliaceous. Outside of the leaf A stipule 
is extrafoliaceous when it comes out a little lower 
than the leaf does. 
Extrorsiim. Outwardly. 
Eye. See hilum. 
F 
Facies. The general external appearance of a plant. 
Factitious character. An essential character, where 
the number of parts or some other circumstance, 
not of essential importance, are taken into it-Wil- 
denow. Artificial marks distinguishing one genus 
from another-Martyn. What is not natural- 
R:chard. It admits of fewer or more character- 
istic marks, than are absolutely necessary-Milne. F A U 
Ii serves to discriminate genera that happen to 
come together in the same artificial order or sec- 
tion. It can never stand alone, but may some- 
times commodiously enough be added to more es- 
sential distinctions.-Smith. 
Falcate. See acinaciform. 
Families. See gentes. 
Faniculis umbiliatis. The small thread or pedicle by 
which seeds are fastened at the hilum, and by 
which they receive their nourishment, till ripe. 
Farctus. Stuffed, full. It is opposed to fistulous, 
hollow. 
Farina. See pollen. 
Farinosns. Mealy, powdery. 
Fasciatus. Having parallel bands, or coloured stripes. 
F ascicle, fasciculus. A bundle. Flowers level-top- 
ped, umbel-like in the general external appear- 
ance, with footstalks irregular in their origin and 
subdivision. The fascicle differs but little from the 
corymb, excepting in having shorter footstalks, 
which do not extend so far down the main stem. 
Sweet-william (dianthus) is a good example. 
A bundle of tuberous roots is called a fascicle; 
as the asparagus roots. Also a bundle of leaves; 
as of the white pine. 
Fasciculate. An unnatural bundle of branchlets. 
Fastigiate, fastigiatus. Level-topped. Applied to 
aggregate flowers, which are elevated to an equal 
height or nearly so; forming a level, convex or 
concave top, differing but little from a plane. It 
is also applied to leaves; as the hog-weed (am- 
brosia artemesiafolia.) 
Favosus. See alveolate. 
Faux. Jaws. The throat or opening into a corol. 
That precise spot, where the tubular part of a riu- gent corol begins to separate or expand into lips 
or mouth, is the faux. 
Feather. See Aigrette. The plumose crown of 
seeds. 
Female, femineus. See pistillate. 
Fence. Involucre of Withering. 
Fenced. Walled around, as the stamens are by the 
scales in brookweed (samolus;) 
Fere. Almost. 
Ferns. See Alices. 
Ferruginous, ferrugineus. The colour of iron-rust. 
Sec glaucous. 
Fertile. See pistillate. 
Fertilization. The application of the pollen, 
which is formed in the cells of anthers, to the stig- 
ma ; which is essential to the production of per- 
fect seed. See chorion. Richard is too lengthy 
upon this subject for the plan of this Dictionary; 
which is intended for definitions and illustrations, 
but not for physiological discussions. 
Fetidus. Smelling disagreeably. 
Fibre, Jibra. Any thread-form part. The small 
flexible thread-form roots of grasses and many 
other plants, are called fibres. 
Fibrous. Composed of fibres. 
Fiddle-form. See panduneformis. 
Figura. See icones. 
Figuration. This term is applied to the mouth of the 
capsule of a moss, when it is set round with mem- 
branaceous teeth. 
Filament, jilamentum. That part of the stamen 
which is between and connects together the an- 
ther and the receptacle, calyx or pistil. When 
the filament is wanting, the anther is sessile. In 
monopetalous corols, the filaments are generally 
inserted into, or are attached to, their bases. 
F I L F L 0 
Filices, ferns. The first order of the class cryptoga- 
mia. It includes all that natural family of plants, 
whose fruit grows on the backs of leaves, on a pe- 
culiar appendage, or on a leaf (frond) wholly met- 
amorphosed into a kind of fruit-bearing spike. See 
cryntogamia, annulatus, and exannulatos. Brake, 
polypod, and maidenhair belong to this order. 
Filiform. Thread-like. Of nearly equal thickness 
throughout, round and cylindric. It is applied to 
spikes which are very long in proportion to their 
diameters. But it is generally confined to smaller 
parts. 
Fimbriatus. Fringed. Differs from ciliate in being 
less regular and of coarser parts. 
Fimetarius. Growing naturally on manure-heaps. 
Fingered. Sec digitate. 
Fissure. A cleft or slitted aperture. 
Fissus. See cleft. 
Fistulous. Hollow like a pipe, flute or reed. 
Flaccid, flaccidus. Too lax or limber to support its 
own weight. See lax. 
Flagellum. See runner. 
Flagelliformis. Resembling a whip-lash. 
Flammeus. Flame-coloured. 
Flat. See planus. 
Flatus. Yellow. 
Fleshy. Thick and filled with pulp within. 
Flexible, Flexilis. Easily bent. 
Flexuose. Bending and frequently changing direc- 
tion. A stem is flexuose, or zigzag, which uni- 
formly bends at regular intervals; as from joint 
to joint, branch to branch, leaf to leaf, &c. 
Flexus. Bent. This relates to but one bending. 
See geniculate. 
Floating. Sec natant. 
Floral. Relating to a flower. FLO 
-- bud. Containg an unopened flower. 
leaf. See bract. 
Florescentia. See cfflorcscentia. 
Floret. Little flower. Whether the flower be 
large or small, it is a floret, if it is one of a number 
all of which constitute an aggregate or compound. 
As the litle flowers which make up the head of a 
thistle, a head of wheat, the umbel of a carrot, &c. 
Floribundus. Abounding in flowers. 
Floriferous. Bearing flowers. A leaf is floriferous 
when a flower grows out of its disk or margin. 
Florist. One whose employment is that of creating 
monsters; that is, double and various coloured 
corols ; as carnations, double roses, &c. These 
meet a more ready sale than the most interesting 
plants in their native state, among persons of a 
coarse unscientific taste. Such persons, to be con- 
sistent should prefer the high coloured daubings 
of a sign painter, to the delicate touches of a Sav- 
age, a Trumbull, or a Vanderlin. 
Flos. See flower. 
FLoscuLkR,fosculosus. See tubulous. 
Flower. The stamens and pistils with their cover- 
ing. These two organs, or rather their anthers 
and stigmas, are essential to all plants. But the 
calyx, corol, and even nectaries when present, are 
parts of the flower. The flower is perfect with a 
single stamen and pistil. But if either of these be 
wanting, it is imperfect, however splendid and gay 
the corol, &c. as it can never bring forth perfect 
seed nor in any manner produce its kind. Raising 
plants from bulbs, roots, &c. is now known to be 
only an extension of the same individual, which 
will cease to grow', when it arrives to its stated 
limits. For this reason grafts from a kind of tree 
long known and often transferred from tree to tree, F 0 0 
sooner die of old age, than those taken from 
a kind later from the seed. It is for this rea- 
son also, that any kind of potatoe, however excel- 
lent, ceases to produce good crops, after being for 
20 or 30 years extended by planting the root. It 
must be renewed from the seed from time to time, 
or become extinct. Smith says, " all other modes 
" of propagation [excepting by the seed] are but 
" the extension of an individual, and sooner' or 
" later terminate in its total extinction." See 
page 240. 
Flowering season. See efflorescentia. 
Flower stalk. See peduncle. 
Fluviatilis. Growing naturally in rivers and brooks. 
Fold. Annexed to numerals denoting so often com- 
bined ; as 5-fold leaves, growing in fives, &c. 
Foliaceous. See leafy. 
Foliaris cirrus. A tendril on a leaf. 
gemma. A bud containing leaves only. 
Foliatiox, foliatio. The manner in which unopened 
leaves are situated within the bud. The modes of 
foliation are: 1. Involute. 2. Revolute. 3. Ob- 
volute. 4. Convolute. 5. Imbricate. 6. Equi- 
tant. 7. Conduplicate. 8. Plaited. 9. Reclinate. 
10. Circinal. See each in its proper place. 
Foliatus. Leafy. 
Foliferus. Particularly adapted to bearing leaves. 
Foliole, foliolum. See leafet. 
Foliosus. See leafy. 
Folium. See leaf. 
Follicle, Folliculu^ A pericarp with one valve, 
which opens lengthwise on one side only; as milk- 
weed (asclepias.) 
Fontinalis. Growing naturally about springs. 
Footstalk. See peduncle and petiole, it is put for 
both. F R U 
Forammulosiis. Pierced with many small holes. 
Forked. See dichotomous. 
Fomicatus. Arched. See vaulted. 
Fovea. A nectariferous cavity for the reception of 
honey. 
Fovilla. The fine substance contained in the parti- 
cles of pollen. When the ripe pollen comes in 
contact with the moist stigma, it explodes and dis- 
charges the fovilla. 
Fragilis. Breaking easily and not bending. 
Frequcns. Very common, or frequent. 
Frigidus. Growing naturally in cold countries. 
Fringed. See fimbriatus. 
Frond. An herbaceous, a leathery, a crustaceous, 
or gelatinous leaf, or somewhat of a leaf-like sub- 
stance, from which or within which the fruit is pro- 
duced. It is applied exclusively to the class cryp- 
togamia-Smith. But formerly it was also applied 
to palms. 
Frondescentia. See leafing. 
Frondose. Frondosus. Leafy, or leaf-like. It i? 
applied to mosses to distinguish them from liver- 
worts by Wildenow; who retains them in the same 
order. 
Frons. See frond. 
Frutesceniia. Applied to palms and such others as 
have a simple stem, and leaves only at top. Wil- 
denow, page 268. 
It is applied by Martyn to the time when veget- 
ables scatter their ripe seeds. 
Fructiferous. Bearing, or becoming, fruit. 
Frectification,yrwc/i/fcafi'o. (l The temporary part 
" of vegetables, which is destined for the repro- 
il duction of the species, terminating the old indi- 
vidual and beginning the new." Linneus. It 
consists of seven parts-1. Calyx. 2. Corol. 3. FUN 
Stamen. 4. Pistil. 5. Pericarp. 6. Seed. 7. 
Receptacle. See each in its proper place. 
Fruit, fructus.. The seed with its enclosing pericarp. 
If the seed grows naked, the seed alone is the 
fruit; as of the sage. 
Fruit-dots. Assemblages of capsules on the backs 
of ferns. Also small assemblages of powdery bo- 
dies on the fronds of lichens, called soredia. . 
Fruit-stalk. See peduncle. 
Frustranea (Frustra, in vain) polygamia. The 
2d order of the class syngenesia The florets of 
the disk are perfect, of the ray neutral. Exam- 
ples. Helianthus (sunflower.) Centaurca (blue- 
bottle.) 
Frutescent, frutescens. Woody; or from herbaceous;, 
becoming woody. 
Frutex. A shrub, which see. 
Fruticosus. See shrubby. 
Fugax. Fugacious. Soon disappearing. Flying, 
off. See ring. 
Fulcratus. Having appendages. 
Fulcrum. These are seven-1. Stipule. 2. Bract., 
3. Thorn. 4. Prickle. 5. Sting. 6. Gland. 7. 
Tendril. See each in its proper place. 
Full-flowered. When the petals of the corol are 
so multiplied as to exclude the stamens; which is 
effected by the stamens becoming petals; as the 
peony, rose, &c. This rarely takes place in mo- 
nopetalous corols. Double flewers are totally un- 
fit subjects for botanical exercises. See florist. 
Fulfils. Yellowish rust-colour. 
Fungi, funguses. The sixth order of the class cryp* 
togamia. It comprises that natural family of 
plants which is totally destitute of all herbage or 
herbaceous substance, and of a spungy, pulpy, GAL 
leathery or woody texture. See Angiocarpus and 
gymnocarpus, also cryptogamia. 
They are now known to be organized bodies, 
propagating their kind by seeds, like other vegeta- 
bles. However unsightly a common toadstool, the 
mould on old scraps of leather in damp places, or 
the blight in grain, may appear to the careless ob- 
server; they are all beautifully organized, and 
highly interesting to the student in Natural His- 
tory. But " their sequestered and obscure habita- 
u tion, their short duration, their mutability of 
" form and substance, render them indeed more 
" difficult of investigation than common plants." 
Smith, page 500. 
Fungus. This term is sometimes pnt for pileus. 
Funnel-form. A corol with a tubular base, and a 
border opening gradually into the form of a re- 
versed cone. 
Furcatus. See dichotomous. 
Furrowed. See sulcate. 
Fuscus. Sooty-yellow, dark-yellow. 
Fusiform,fusiformis. Spindle-form. A root thick 
at the top and tapering downwards to the point is 
fusiform; as the beet and carrot. 
G 
Galea. See labiate. 
Galealus. Resembling a helmet. 
Galls, gallat. Excrescence-produced by the stings 
of insects. The balls found on oaks which are 
used in dyeing, the common large green oak-balls, 
the singular green lumps found on the wild honey- 
suckle, &c. are examples. The irritation upon the 
delicate sap-vessels, produced by the sting and egg GEN 
of the insect, causes a greater flow of sap in that 
direction. This pressure of sap distends and dis- 
torts the capillary tubesand membranes, until those 
excrescences are formed around the egg. In due 
lime the egg becomes a larva, or maggot, which 
after feeding a while upon the gall, changes into 
the pupa^ or crysalis, and at last escapes a perfect 
insect, or fly. Each fly produces a gall of a pe- 
culiar form. Wildenow. 
Gape. The opening between two lips of a labiate^ or 
irregular, coroh 
Gaping. See hians. 
Gashed. See incisus. 
Geminus. See double. It is also used for paired, in 
pairs or twins. 
Gemma. See bud. 
Gemmalis. Budding. The germation of plants com- 
prehends the developement of a new plant from the 
bud, as well as the foliation ; according to Richard. 
See foliation. Buds are of four kinds. 1. Bud, 
properly so called, which see. 2. Turion, the rad- 
ical bud, or tender shoot which rises from the 
root in the spring, before it expands its leaves; as 
the early asparagus shoots. 3. Bulb, which see. 
4. Propago, ajongish round body proceeding from 
the mother plant in mosses, which itself becomes 
a new plant. This is placed among the buds by 
Richard: but Linneus calls it the seed ; and Gart- 
ner applies it to the seed of lichens also. 
Gemmiparous. Producing buds in the axils of leaves. 
General. See partial. 
General fence. Universal involucre. 
Generic character. The definition of a genus. It 
is confined entirely to the flower and fruit. It is 
essemtial, factitious, or natural; which see. 
Generic name. The name of a genus. Milne onu- G E N 
merates 21 rules respecting the naming of genera; 
which with his examples, occupy 40 pages. The 
principal names are founded upon some sup- 
posed virtues of plants, expressed in Latin or 
Greek-the habit, place of growth, &c. expressed 
in the same manner-given in honour of some dis- 
tinguished botanist-or borrowed from the fables 
of poets. 
It seems to be an established modern rule, that 
no genus shall have the name of a politician, or of 
any other character however distinguished, unless 
liberal patronage, or skill in the science of Botany, 
will warrant it. 
Geniculate. Kneed. Forming a very obtuse an- 
gle, like a moderate bending of the knee. 
Gentes. Nations. Linneus divided plants into nine 
great natural tribes or casts. 1. Palms (palnue); 
as the date and cocoa-nut. 2. Grasses (gramina); 
as wheat, Indian-torn, sugar-cane, rice, timothy 
grass, &c. 3. Lilies (lilia); as lily, tulip, daffodil, 
&c. 4. Herbs (herbse); as thistles, nettles, peas, 
mint, potatoes, hemp, plantain, beets, and all other 
herbaceous plants except the above. 5. Trees, 
(arbores); as oak,'chesnut, pine, willow, dogwood, 
currants, lilac, whortleberry ,cranbe;ry,'and all other 
plants with a woody stem. 5. Ferns (Alices) ; as 
brake, polypod, maidenhair, ground pine, and all 
other plants of this order, which see. 7. Mosses, 
(musci). See the order. 8. Alg.e. This tribe 
includes the plants of the orders, hepatica?, al ger, 
and lichenes, which see. 9. Fungi. As mushroom, 
toadstool, puffball, mould, blight, &c. 
Genus, (plural genera.') A number of plants w hich 
agree with one another in the structure of the flow- 
er and fruit. Wildenow. The classes are divided 
into orders, and then the orders are divided into G I L 
genera, the genera into species. This is the ana* 
lytic method. The species are united into their 
respective genera by rejecting the specifiic distinc- 
tions; genera are united into their respective orders, 
by rejecting the generic distinctions; orders are 
united under their respective classes by rejecting 
the taxinal character. This is the synthetic meth- 
od. Thus it will be readily perceived, that scien- 
tific botany is practical logic. 
Plants of the same genus possess similar medical 
powers, though in very different degrees. Milne. 
This rule is certainly liable to some exceptions. 
Germ, germen. That part of the pistil, which, after 
the pollen is received, soon contains the rudiment 
of one young plant, or more. Its whole substance 
becomes the pericarp and seed, as it enlarges itself. 
When the calyx comes out below the germ, the 
germ is superior, and the calyx inferior ; when the 
calyx comes out of the upper part of the germ, the 
germ is inferior, and the calyx superior. 
The mirabilis and sanguisorba, have the germ 
between the calyx and corol. But Smith says, the 
corol can be traced to the base of the germ in the 
sanguisorba ; and Doct. Ives showed the writer of 
this article a sanguisorba media wherein he had 
distinctly separated the corol from the germ en- 
tirely to its base. It is therefore very doubtful, 
whether there is a plant, whose germ is between 
the calyx and corol. 
Germination. The swelling of a seed, and the un- 
folding of its embryo. 
Gibbous. Bunched out. When one or both sides 
.arc swelled out. 
Gills. See lamella. 
Gilvus. Iron-grey. G L O 
Glabrous, glaber. Sleek. Having no pubescence. 
Glaber is often translated smooth, which in most 
cases conveys a correct idea; or at least does not 
lead to error. But a leaf with soft cottony pubes- 
cence is smooth, though it is not glabrous. 
Gladiolus. A sword-form legume is sometimes called 
gladiate. See ensiform. 
Gland, glandula. A round, or roundish appendage 
which serves for transpiration and secretion. They 
are situated on leaves, stems, calyxes, and parti- 
cularly at the base of stamens in some cruciform 
flowers; as mustard. Glandular hairs, or hairs 
with glandular heads, are very abundant on the 
common hazlenut calyx of North America (cory- 
lus americana.) 
Glandular, glandulosus. Having glands. 
Glass-form. See cyathiform. 
Glassy. See hyaline. 
Glaucous. Cloathed with a seagreen mealiness, 
which is easily rubbed off. It is sometimes put for 
a greenish-grey colour. This colour, ferruginous 
and hoary, are so constant, that they are used in 
.specific descriptions. All other colours are ex- 
cluded on account of their being too variable to be 
relied on. 
Globose, globosus. Spherical, round on all sides like 
a ball. This term is often applied in cases where 
the part is rather roundish than perfectly globular. 
Globules. That kind of receptacle of lichens, 
which is globose, solid and crustaceous, formed of 
the substance of the frond, and terminating its 
points or branches; from whence they fall off en- 
tire, leaving a pit or cavity. They are supposed 
to be covered all over with a coloured seed-bearing 
membrane. Smith. 
Globuli. Globules. G L A 
Glockis. See barb. 
Glome. A roundish hear! of flowers. 
Glomerate, glomeratus. When many brane hlets 
are terminated by little heads-Richard. A spike 
is glomerate when it consists of a collection of 
spherical heads-Wildenow. 
Glomerule, glomerulus. The small heads consti- 
tuting a glome, or a small glome. 
Glume, gluma. Consists of the scales or chaffs which 
surround or enclose the stamens and pistils in the 
flowers of grasses. The outer ones are called the 
calyx, the inner ones the corol. 
Each scale, chaff, or husk, is called a valve; 
which gives the names bivalve, with 2 husks or 
chaffs; univale, with one, &c. 
When several flowers are arranged along a ra- 
chis in a spikelet with a valve or two, or more, be- 
low the lowest flower, these are called the common 
or general calyx (gluma communis); and the 
glumes to each floret on the spikelet above is called 
partial (gluma partialis.) 
Richard says, glumes Ought to be called bracts; 
as they are not properly either Calyx or corol. 
Glumose. Having glumeB. 
Glutinous. Having on some part more or less of 
adhesive moisture; 
Gnawed. See erose. 
GonguhtSi A knot. It is hpplied td a round, hard 
body, which falls off' upon the death of the mother 
plant, and becomes a new one; aS in theywciw. 
Wildenow. 
Gramina. The family of grasses. See gentes. But 
in a limited sense, the Sedges, rush grhsses, &c. are 
not included. Sed Natural Orders. Culminife- 
rous is the most extensive term ; and most of this 
vast family have three stamens in each floWbiy G Y N 
though many of-them are monoecious. The rice, 
stargrass and rushgrass have six stamens to the 
flower. 
Graminifolius. Having leaves resembling those of 
grasses. 
Grandiflorus. Having large flowers. 
Graniferus. Bearing grains or kernels; as those on 
the valves of dock-flowers. 
Granulate, graulatus. In the form of grains. A 
granulate root consists of several little knobs strung 
together along the side of a filiform radicle. It 
differs from the knobbed tuberous roots in this; 
that the latter are strung together by rootlets which 
proceed from near the middle of one knob to an- 
other. 
Granulations. Grain-like substances. 
Graveolens. Having a strong odour or scent. 
Grooved. See sulcate. 
Grossification. The enlarging of the fruit after the 
florescence. 
Guitar-form. See panduneformis. 
Gymnocarpifungi. Such as bear seeds in a naked 
hymenium, which see. 
Gymnospermus. (Gumnos, naked; sperma, seed.) 
With seeds naked, or growing without pericarps. 
Gymnospermia. The name of the first order in the 
class didynamia. It includes those plants, whose 
seeds have no pericarps; as mint, motherwort, 
pennyroyal, hyssop, catmint, thyme, heal-all, &c. 
The rudiments of the four naked seeds may be 
seen around the base of the pistil, as soon as tire 
flower opens. 
Gynandria. (Gune, female, andra, male.) Stamen 
and pistil united. The name of the 20th class, or 
of the 19th if the 18th be rejected. It includes all 
plants whose stamens are inserted on the germen, HAM 
style, or stigma, separate from the base of the co 
rol. Formerly plants were placed here, as the pas- 
sionflower, &c. whose stamens were attached to an 
elongated receptacle. 
The pollen in most plants of this class is glutin- 
ous. Many of them have the anther on a movea- 
ble lid on the top of a style. Plants formerly in 
the second order of this class are mostly removed 
to the first by Swartz. What was formerly consid- 
ered as two anthers is found to be 2 cells of one 
anther. The pollen is often in stalked masses, 
which might appear to a student like so mans 
anthers. 
H 
Habitatio. The native residence of plants; or the 
situation wherein they grow most naturally. 
Habit, habitus. The external appearance of a plant 
by a general view of which we know it without at 
tending to any of its essential characters. 
A knowledge of the habits of plants is to be ac-" 
quired ; by first seeing them'in a growing state, and 
then by repeatedly reviewing them in an herbari- 
um, which see. 
Hair. See pilus. 
Hair-like. See capillary. 
Hairy. See pilose. 
Halbert-form. See hastate. 
Halved. One-sided, as if one half had been taken 
off; as the halved spathe of some Indian-turnips, 
one-sided involucres, &c. 
Hamus. A hook, as the hooked spines on burdock. 
Hamosus. Hooked. 
Hamulosus. With very small hooks. HER 
Hand-form. See palmate. 
Hanging. See pendant. 
Hastate. Halbert-form, or shaped like an espon- 
toon. A leaf with processes near the base from 
each edge, which are acutish; as common sorrel 
leaves. When these processes point considerably 
backwards the leaf is sagittate. 
Hatchet-form. See axe-form. 
Head. Flowers heaped together in a roundish form 
with no peduncles or very short ones; as clover- 
heads. Tins term is applied to a globular stigma also. 
Heaped. Compact but hardly so close as dense. 
Heart. See corcle. 
Heart-form. See cordate. 
Hedge-hogged. See erinaceus. 
Helmet. See labiate. 
Hemisphere. Haifa sphere. 
Hepaticze. See cryptogamia. 
Heptagynia. Seven-styled. The name of the 7th 
order in each of the first 13 classes. 
Heptandria. {Epta, seven; andra, male.) Seven- 
stamened. The name of the seventh class. It 
comprises all the plants whose flowers are perfect, 
with 7 stamens in each. 
It may also become the name of the seventh order 
in those classes where the characters of the first 13 
classes are taken for orders should future discove- 
ries require it. See enneandria. 
Heptandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the 
class heptandria. 
Herb, herba. Any plant which has not a woody stem. 
But when applied to the 9 families (see gentes) it 
includes neither grasses nor lilies. 
Herbaceous. Not woody. Also applied to plants 
which perish annually down to the root. 
Herbage. All that part of a vegetable which is H E R 
bounded by the root below, and by the fructification 
above. It comprises all parts of every plant, ex- 
cept the root and fructification, whether herba- 
ceous or woody. See partes. 
Herbarium. A collection of dried plants. No per- 
son can ever become a good practical botanist 
without an herbarium. See habit. A man of sci- 
ence may acquire a knowledge of the physiology 
of plants, and obtain a general view of the science 
of botany from books. But to become a practical 
botanist, so far as to be able to apply the principles 
of the science to any useful porpose, an herbarium 
is essential. 
The uses of an herbarium are principally these: 
1. To acquire a knowledge of plants. Any per- 
son of either sex, who is desirous to know the 
names of all the plants in any neighbourhood 
(which, in the compass of three or four miles, will 
amount to 6 or 7 hundred species in most parts of 
North America, exclusive of cryptogamous plants) 
should make an herbarium according to the follow- 
ing directions. Let this be sent to the nearest 
practical botanist; who will readily annex to 
each its generic and specific name. Make an in- 
dex to these names; and frequently look over the 
plants and compare others with them, in a grow- 
ing state; which is all that is required to obtain 
the object desired. 
2. To revive in the memory the names and habits 
of plants. No memory is sulficiently retentive to 
permit nothing to slip, relating to several hun- 
dred species of plants ; unless they are frequently 
presented to the eye. 
3. When plants are not in flower, they often want 
some of their most striking l^Lits also. It is there- 
fore very convenient and satisfactory to compare HER 
the more minute parts in order to insure correct- 
ness in relation to plants, which we have occasion 
to examine at various seasons of the year. 
Directions for making an herbarium. 
Those, who are desirous to know all the various 
modes of performing this interesting task, are refer- 
red to Smith's Elements, page 504. Wildenow's 
Principles, p. 4. Richai d under the word herbier. 
But the object of the author being to give an ac- 
count of the most simple and convenient method; 
a detail of the various plans proposed will not be 
proper here. 
1. Provide yourself with about 100 old newspa- 
pers : or other coarse paper about equal to that in 
quantity and texture. Let these papers be very 
thoroughly dried. This will be a sufficient stock 
for the season. 
2. Procure two smooth inch-boards of the size of 
half of a paper; also a weight of lead, stone or 
other substance, of twenty pounds. 
3. Gather 3 or 4 specimens of each plant, as it 
comes in flower. Let the specimens be so large as 
to include the various parts of the plant. If it be 
a small plant, take the root also. If large take it 
in two pieces; one to include the flower and parts 
adjoining, the other the root-leaves, if any, and 
those near the root. Place these between the folds 
of the papers, as nearly in their natural state as 
possible. If the plant curved, let in curve in the 
papers; if the flowers drooped in the field or 
woods, let it droop in the papers, &c. Lay the pa- 
pers between the boards with the weight upon them. 
If 20 or 30 filled papers lie upon each other, it is 
all the same. 
4. Twice or three times each week lay your 
papers, containing plants, separately in the sun, HER 
with small stones on the corners, for three or 
four hours. When taken in, put them in press 
again. 
5. As fast as your plants become dry, put them 
up in books made of the same paper, with about a 
dozen sheets in each. IVlost plants will be fit to 
put up, after suning five times, and pressing two 
weeks. When the roots are taken up, if bulbous, 
they should be immersed in boiling water, or they 
will be very long in drying. Most evergreens and 
succulent plants, except aquatics, should be im- 
mersed in boiling water, or they will drop their 
flowers, &c. 
6. After the season is past (which is about the 
end of November) make a large book of stifi* print- 
ing paper; and fasten one or more of your best 
specimens of each species to the first page of each 
leaf. Put as many specimens on a leaf as will fill 
it up; leaving room for names, &c. under each. 
Some glue them on ; others cut through the papers 
and raise up slips, like loops, and run the speci- 
mens under these loops. The latter method is 
best and cheapest. 
Your hetbarium will now be ready to send to- 
the practical botanist, as before mentioned. 
It may be proper to observe, that if a long sea- 
son of wet weather occur, or if you have not time 
or convenience for drying your papers in the sun 
while containing the plants, you may effect the 
same object by drying other papers thoroughly by 
a fire, and then shifting your plants into them. 
Plants should never be dried so as to become 
brittle. They should resemble the state of well 
dried hay. The object in drying them between 
papers is; to prevent their crisping, and to retain 
more of their natural colour and texture, than can HEX 
be done openly. But still many plants cannot 
possibly be made to retain their natural colours. 
Simple and woods flowers abound in the fore 
part of the season; compound and field flowers 
come most after the middle of July. An indus- 
trious collector will have 400 species by the first of 
July ; and will find 250 species afterwards, before 
the season closes. See efllorescentia, temperature, 
and species. 
Herbarius. An herbist. One who collects and sells 
plants. 
Hermaphrodite. See perfect. 
Hexagonal, hexagonus. Six-cornered. 
Hexagynia. (Exa, six; gune, female.) Six-styled. 
The name of the sixth order in each of the first 
thirteen classes. Plants of cither of these classes 
with six styles or sessile stigmas are of the 6th or- 
der of such class; as Wendlandia is of the 6th or- 
der of the 6th class. 
Hexandria. (Ex, six; andra, male.) Sixstamcn- 
ed. The name of the sixth class. It comprises all 
plants, whose flowers are perfect; with six stamens 
in each, not united by their filaments in one or two 
sets, nor regularly with 4 longer than the other 2. 
Liliaceous plants belong here. 
It is also the name of the 6th order in those 
classes, where the characters of the first thirteen 
classes are taken for orders; as fumaria and cory- 
dalis in the class diadelphia, aristolochia (birth- 
wort) in the class gynandria,. wild-rice (zizania) 
in the class monxei^, green-briar (smilax) in the 
class diaxia. 
Hexandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class 
hexandria. 
IJexapet Alois. Six-petaled. H O R 
llexapetaleides. A one-petalled corol so deeply di- 
vided as to appear 6-petalled. 
Hexaphyllus. 6-leaved. 
Ilians. See gaping. 
Hilum. The external scar or mark on a seed, where 
the funicule, or thread, is attached to it and con- 
veys its nutriment till ripe. 
Hirsute, hirsutus. Rough-haired. Covered with 
stiflish hairs, but hardly stiff enough to be called 
bristles. 
Hirtus. Covered with short stiff hairs. Nearly the 
same as hirsute. 
Hispid, Hispidus. Bristly. Beset with stiff hairs, or 
rather with bristles, which are very short. Per- 
haps it differs from hirtus only in having the hairs 
shorter and stiffer. It seems to be applied in some 
cases, however, where the bristles are not very 
short. 
Hiulcus. Cracked open ; a gaping chink. 
Hoary. Whitish coloured, arising from a scaly meali ■ 
ness. See glaucous. 
Holeraceous. Suitable for a pot-herb. 
Hollows, (thalamia.) That kind of receptacle of li- 
chens, which is spherical, nearly closed, lodged in 
the substance of the frond, lined with its proper 
coat, under which are cells 2 or 4-seeded. Each 
hollow finally opens by an orifice in the surface of 
the frond above. Smith. 
Honey-cup. See nectary. 
Hooded. See cowled. 
Hoof-form. See ungulatus. 
Hook. See hamus. 
Horarius. Continuing but an hour. 
Horizontal. Parallel to the horizon. Leaves arc 
horizontal, when they form right angles with erect 
stems. H Y M 
Horn. See spur. 
Horn-form. Shaped like a horn, or rather like a 
cock's spur. See spur. 
Horologium. A botanist, who watches the progress 
of vegetables as they approach maturity, particu- 
larly the developement of flowers, through every 
hour of the day. A table kept of such progress is 
called, by the French, horologe. 
Humidus. Moist, humid. 
Hamifuse, humifusus. Spread over the ground. Ri- 
chard defines it; spread on the ground and not 
rooting. 
Humilis. Low, humble. 
Husk. The larger kind of glume; as the husks of 
Indian corn. 
Hyajjne, hyalinus. Colourless. Transparent like 
glass or water. 
Hybernicle, hybemaadum. See bud. 
Hybernalis. Growing in the winter season. 
Hybrid, hybrida. A mule. A vegetable produced 
by the mixture of two different species. The seeds 
of hybrids will not propagate. They are produced 
by sprinkling the stigma with the pollen of a differ- 
ent species. Care must be taken in such cases to 
prevent any pollen of its own species from falling 
on it first. 
Hyemalis. Growing in the winter season, 
Hypocrateriformis. See sal ver-form. 
Hymenium. An exposed or naked, dilated, appropri- 
ate membrane of gymnocarp fungi, in which the 
seeds are imbedded. I NO 
I 
Jagged. See laciniate. 
Jaws. See faux. 
leones plantarum. Figures or drawings of plants. 
Icosandria. (Eikosi, twenty; andra, male.) Twen- 
ty-stamened. The name of the 12th class. It com- 
prises all plants, whose flowers are perfect, with 
20 or more stamens growing on the inside of the 
calyx, not on the receptacle. Some authors say, 
any number of stamens over 12, provided they grow 
to the calyx. Lithrum, however, has the stamens 
on the calyx; also agrimonia, and they are not 
always constant in the number of stamens. Per- 
haps the better way is to leave this class as Linneus 
left it; and annex the genera, which vary from it, 
to the end of orders in the usual way. 
The calyx is always monophyllous and the claws 
of the petals fixed into the inside of it along with 
the stamens. 
Icosandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class 
icosandria. 
Icterus. The change of colour in leaves in autumn. 
Imberbis. Beardless. See beard. 
Imbricate, imbricatus. Leaves, scales, &c. lying over 
each other, or one covering the place where two 
others meet, like the shingles or tyles on a roof. 
Immersed. See submersed. 
Impari-pinaius. Unequally pinnate. When a pin- 
nate leaf is terminated by a single or odd leafet. 
Imperfect, imperfectus. Wanting the stamen or pis- 
til. No flower is perfect without both organs; 
but with an anther and stigma the flower is perfect, 
though destitute of calyx and corol. 
IruRtpualis. Unequal, which see. IND 
Tnaquivalvatus. Valves of capsule or glume unequal. 
Inanis. Having a spongy pith. 
Inapertus. Hollow, but without any opening. 
Incanus. See hoary. 
Incarnatus. Flesh-coloured. 
Incisus. Cut in like a gash with a knife, but not deep 
enough to be called a cleft. If the crenatures or 
serratures of a leaf are cut down, to appearance, 
with a slit or gash, this term applies. 
Inclined, indinafus. Bent towards each other. Also 
bent towards something different. 
Including, iwhidms. One thing containing ano- 
ther within it; as the calyx shutting up the seed, 
capsule or corol. 
Inclusus. Enclosing. Opposed to exsert. 
Incomplete. See complete. 
Inconspicuus. Not apparent without the aid of a 
magnifier. 
Incrassate. Thickening. When a flower-stem grows 
thicker upwards towards the flower. 
Increment. The quantity of increase. 
Incumbent, incumbens. Leaning upon or against. 
When an anther lies, as it were, somewhat hori- 
zontally upon the top of the filament. 
Incurved incurvatus. Bent inwards. As a leaf bent 
in at the point towards the stem, a filament towards 
the pistil, a prickle towards the stem. 
Indiginous. Plants, growing naturally and original- 
ly in a country, are indiginous to that country. It 
is often very difficult to determine, whether a plant 
is exotic or indiginous. Who can say, whether 
the chess (bromos secalinus) stone-seed (lithdsper- 
mum arvense) and cockle (agrostemma githago) 
are native or exotic ? 
Indivisus* Undivided* Not cleft into parts. It may I N T 
however be serrate, crenate or toothed; it is 
therefore not the same as entire. 
Tndurescens. Becoming hard, tough, or leathery. 
Indusium. A shirt. It is used by some authors for 
the thin membranous covering on the fi vit of ferns. 
But Smith prefers retaining the old name, involu- 
cre, which see. 
Inermis. See unarmed. 
Inferna. Dow awards. Towards or near the base or 
root. 
Inferior, inferus. Below. A calyx or corol is in- 
ferior when it comes out below the germ. See 
germ. 
Injimus. At the very bottom or base, lowest. 
Inflated, inflatus. Appearing as if blown up with 
wind. A very-small degree of inflation is some- 
times noticed in descriptions; as the calyx in 
silene. 
Inflexed, inflexus. The same as incurved. Smith. 
Inflorescence, injlorescentia. The mode by which 
flowers are connected to the plant by the peduncle, 
(t is of 10 kinds. 1. Whorl. 2. Raceme. 3. 
Peniclc. 4. Thyrse. 5. Spike. 6. Umbel. 7. 
Cyme. 8. Corymb. 0. Fascile. 10. Head. See 
each in its place. 
Infractus. Bent in with such an acute angle as to 
appear as if broken. 
Tnfw^ibiliformis. Sec funnel-form. 
Tnodorus. Having no smell. 
Insertus. Inserted, fixed to or on. 
Tnsidens. Sitting upon. 
Insignitus. Marked. 
Instructs. Furnished with. 
Integer. Sec entire. 
Jntegerrimus. Very entire, having no indentation 
whatever. I N V 
Interfoliaceous. Situated along the stem between 
the origin of the leaves, not opposite to them. 
Intermedins. Between two extremes. 
Internode, intemodius. The space between joints 
or knots. 
Intemus. Within the inside. 
Inierposilus. Placed between. 
Interrupts. Interruptedly. 
Interrupted, interruptus. A spike is interrupted, 
when leaves or smaller flowers are interposed at 
intervals. 
Interruptedly pinnate. When smaller leaflets arc 
interposed among the larger; as the potatoe and 
agrimony leaves. 
Intimas. Entirely within. 
Intorsion, intorsio. Twisting,twing or bending from 
a strait upright position. See twining, contorted 
and twisted. 
Intortus. Twisted inwards. 
Intrafoliaceous. , Within the leaf. A stipule is in- 
trafoliaceous, when it originates a little above the 
origin of the petiole, which brings it, as it were, 
within the bosom of the leaf. 
Introrsum. Inwardly. 
Inversely heart-form. See obcordate. 
Inundatus. See submersus. 
Involucre, involucrum. That kind of calyx which 
comes cut at a distance below the flower, and never 
encloses it like the spathe. It is further distinguished 
from the spathe in being of a leafy texture and co- 
lour, whereas the spathe is generally membrana- 
ceous or coloured. It is generally found at the 
origin of (he peduncles of umbels; and sometimes 
attached to other aggregate flowers. When it is 
all on one side it is called dimidiate. halved. See 
partial. I U L 
Involucres of ferns generally lie on the tops ot 
the capsules, like a piece of linen spread out to 
dry; hence they are called indusiuni, a shirt. They 
are denominated corniculatum, when cy li nd ri c, hol- 
low and enclosing the seed. 
Involucred, involucratus. Having involucres. 
Involucel. A partial involucre, or a little involucre. 
Involvens. Arching over. 
Involute, involutes. Rolled inwards. A term in 
foliation; applied to leaves whose opposite margins 
are rolled in and continued rolling, till the two rolls 
meet on the midriband parallel to it. 
Joints. Swelling knots, rings, or narrowed intersti- 
ces, at regular intervals along glumes, pods, spikes, 
leaves, &c. 
Jointed. Having joints. 
Irregular, irregularis. Differing- in figure, size, or 
proportion of parts, among themselves. 
Irritability. The power of being excited so as to 
produce contractile motion. That there is such a 
thing as vegetable irritability is evident to every 
one, who examines the common barberry flower. 
Touch the inside of a stamen near its base with the 
end of a horse-hair, or any thing about the same 
size, and it will instantly strike its anther against 
the pistil and shoot a quantity of pollen upon the 
stigma, or in that direction. 
Isthmis. Long narrow joints in legumes or loments. 
Jugnm. Yoke. In pairs. 
Julus. See ament. L A tl 
K 
Keel. The lower petal of a papilionaceous coroh 
The stamens and pistils lie enclosed in it. 
Keeled. Having a ridge resembling the keel of a 
boat or ship. A leaf, capsule, calyxz&c. is keeled 
when it has the midrib, angle, or peculiar process, 
running along the back of a compressed form, and 
attached by one edge. 
Kernel. See nucleus. 
Kidney-form. Hollowed in at the base with round- 
ed lobesand rounded end. Its breadth is generally 
as great as its length. 
Kneed. See geniculate. 
Knobbed. In thick lumps; as potatoes. 
Knobs. (Cephalodia.) That kind of receptacle of 
lichens, which is convex, more or less globular, 
covered externally with a coloured seed-bearing 
crust, and placed generally at the extremities of 
stalks, originating from the frond, permanent; 
rarely sessile. Sometimes they arc at first spangles 
on filamentous lichens,, and afterwards become 
convex irregular knobs. They are simple, com- 
pound or conglomerate. Smith. 
Knot. A swelling joint. See joints. 
Knotted. Having swelling joints. 
Knotless. Without swelling joints. See enode 
L 
Labiate. Having lips; ora calyx or corol divided 
at top into two general parts, somewhat resembling 
the lips of a horse or other animal. LAM 
Labiate corols are divided into ringent and 
personate. 
Ringent, such as have the lips open or gaping. 
Personate, such as have the lips closed or muffled. 
Labyrinthiformis. Winding and turning by various 
involutions and contortions like a labyrinth. 
Lacerated, lacerus. Torn. Cut, or apparently torn, 
into irregular segments. 
Lacinia. The division of a calyx, corol, leaf, &c. 
into which they are cleft, torn or divided. 
Laciniate, laciniatus. Jagged. Irregularly divided 
and subdivided,cut or torn. Hardly different from 
lacerated. 
Lactescence, lactescentia. Milkinesss. The milky 
juice of some plants; as the milkweed (asclepias.) 
It is also called by this name, when the juice is led; 
as in the bloodroot (sanguinaria.) 
Lacteus. Milk-white. 
Lacunose, Lacunosus. Hollow between the veins of 
a leaf. When the blisters are under side of the 
leaf instead of the upper. Sec bullate. 
Locus tris. Growing most naturally in or about lakes. 
Lcevis. Smooth, even, polished; not striate, or 
wrinkled. 
Lamella. A thin plate. Applied to the gills or ver- 
tical plates under the hat or pileus of the agaric 
fungus, or toadstool. 
equalis. When all the gills reach from the 
stem to the margin of the hat. 
inequalis, or interruptus. When some reach but 
part of the wav. 
biserialis. When a long and short gill alternate. 
triserialis. When 2 long and 2 short gills alter- 
nate in pairs. 
ranwsx. When several gills unite in one, so 
as to appear branched. LEA 
decurrens. When they run down the stem more 
or less. 
venoste. When so narrow as to have the ap- 
pearance of veins. 
Lamellate. In the form of thin plates, or having 
thin plates. 
Lamina. The broad upper part of the petal of a 
polypetalous corol. See petal. 
Lanate, lunatus. Woolly. Covered with curly, 
crooked, close, thick pubescence. Not so fine, 
nor so closely matted together as tomentose. 
Lanceolate, lanceolatus. In the form of the lance 
of the ancients. When the length greatly exceeds 
the breadth; and it tapers gradually from near 
the base to the apex. 
Lance-ovate, &c. lanceolato-ovatus, fyc. Pertaking 
of the lanceolate form and of that with which it is 
compounded. 
Lanugo. Down. 
Later ijolius. Side-leaved. 
Lateral, lateralis. On one side. 
Latifolius. Broad-leaved. 
Lateritius. Brick coloured. 
Latitans. Hidden, concealed. 
Lax, laxus. Limber. See flaccid. 
Leaf. That part of most vegetables, which presents 
more surface to the atmosphere, than all other 
parts; and consists principally of the cellular inte- 
gument covered with the cuticle. Leaves imbibe 
and give out moisture; generally more with one 
surface than the other. Aquatic leaves perspire 
faster than dry-land leaves; which is the reason 
for their drying so much sooner. Some leaves im- 
bibe sufficient moisture from the atmosphere for 
their support for a long time; as the common live- 
forever will grow, if broken off and stuck up in a 
dry place. L I D 
Leaves are divided into simple, when one leaf 
grows on one petiole; and compound, when seve- 
ral leafets grow on one petiole. 
They are evergreen, remaining through the win- 
ter; or deciduous, falling off at the close of the 
year. 
They are farther distinguished by their forms, 
surfaces, and positions.. All of which are describ- 
ed under their peculiar names. 
Leafing season. That time in the year when most 
leaves come out. In North America the proper 
leafing season is in April. 
Leafet, or leaflet. One of the lesser leaves which, 
with others, constitute a compound leaf. A simple 
leaf is never a leafet, however small. 
Leafless. Destitute of leaves, naturally. This term 
does not apply in cases of defoliation, which see. 
Leaf-stalk. See petiole. 
Leafy. Furnished with leaves. Abounding in 
leaves. Leaves intermixed with flowers on a 
spike. 
Leathery. See coriaceous. 
Legume, legumen. A pod, without a longitudinal 
partition, with its enclosed seeds attached to one 
suture only; as the pea. Those with transverse 
partitions are usually called loments, which see. 
Leguminous. Bearing legumes. 
Lenticular, lenticularis. Lentil-form. It is applied 
' to a kind of glandular roughness on the surface of 
some plants. 
Level-topped. See fastigiate. 
Liber. The innermost layer of the bark, or the last 
year's deposit. Smith, page 25. 
Libera. Free, not adnate, or attached- 
Lichenes. See cryptogamia. 
Lid of mosses. See operculum. L I R 
Light. Various motions and inclinations of plants 
prove the effect of light upon them. Trees present 
their leaves outwards in quest of light, because it is 
darkest in the centre. Plants in a greenhouse all 
present the upper surfaces of their leaves towards 
the enlightened side of it. Wheat heads hang to- 
wards the sun. Most compound flowers follow the 
sun through the day. Plants deprived of light loose 
their green hue; as potatoe tops growing in a dark 
cellar. 
Lignous, lignosus. Woody. 
Lignum. See wood. 
Ligulate, ligulatus. (Ligula, a strap or garter.) 
That kind of floret, in some compound flowers, 
which consists of a single strap-like petal which be- 
comes tubular at the base only; as all the florets 
in a dandelion, and (he ray florets in a sunflower. 
Lilia, lilies. The family of lilies. See gentes. 
Liliaceous. A corol with six petals spreading gra- 
dually from the base, so as altogether to exhibit a 
bell-form appearance. 
Limb, limbus. The broad spreading part of the petal 
ef a monopetalous corol. 
Line, linea. The breadth of the crescent at the root 
of the finger nail. 
Linear, linearis. Continuing of the same breadth 
throughout most of the extent. Linear leaves al- 
ways, or with very few exceptions, become nar- 
rowed or pointed at one or both ends. 
Lineate, lineatus. Marked with lines. 
Linguiform. Tongue-like. Thick, fleshy, linear, 
blunt at the end. 
Liontoothed. See runcinate. 
Lip, or litped. See labiate. 
Lirella. See cleft. L Y R 
Litloralis. Growing on the sea-coast; also on the? 
shores of rivcis. 
Lividus. Dark grey inclining to violet. 
Lobe, lobus. Divisions, which are rounded, or parted 
by rounded or curved incisions. Sometimes it 
seems to be applied to cases where h has nothing 
to distinguish it from a segment cut olf by a cleft 
incision, except by its being larger. 
Lobed, lobatus. Divided into lobes. Deeply parted, 
with the segments distant or spreading and large. 
Load amentum. See cell. 
Loculus. The little cell of an anther, which contains 
pollen. / 
Loment, lomentinn. A legume pod with transverse 
partitions. This term is generally applied to the 
legumes in the Natural Order Lomentacm. 
Longifolius. Longleaved. See relative proportions. 
Longissimus. Very long. 
Longus. Rather long. See relative proportions. 
Loose. Open, not compact. 
Lorula. The long threads of Usnea. This lichen, 
so common on trees, is erroneously called moss by 
most people. 
Lucidus. Bright, shining. Nearly tire same as ni- 
tidus. 
Lunulate, lunulatus. Shaped like a crescent, which 
see. 
Lurid, luridus. Of a palish, dull, deathly colour. 
Most plants with lurid petals are more or less poi- 
sonous ; as tobacco, henbane, thorn-apple. 
Lutescent, lutescens^ Approaching to a yellow 
colour. 
Luteus. Yellow. 
Luxuriant, luxurians. See full-flowered. 
Lyrate, lyratus. Pinnatifid, with the division at the 
apex largest. M E A 
Lyrate-pinnate. Pinnate with the odd terminal 
leafet largest. 
M 
Maculatus. Spotted. 
Mane. See staminate. 
Manifestus. Very apparent. 
Many. Whenever there are more than are usually 
numbered of that kind; as we say, 1 -seeded, 2- 
seeded, 3-seeded, 4-seeded, many-seeded. 
Marcescens, or marcidus. See withering. 
Marginatus. Having a margin differing in some 
measure from the disk. 
Margin, margo. The circumference or edge. See 
border. 
Maritimus. Growing naturally near the sea-board. 
It may be extended several miles from the water. 
Marrow. See pith. 
Mascidas. See staminate. 
Masked. Personate. See labiate. 
Mature, maturus. Full-grown, but not entered upon 
a state of decay. 
Measures. Proportion between parts is better than 
any measure. But when measures arc adopted, 
they should be taken from parts of the hand and 
arm. Because the parts of plants vary about as 
much as the hand; and in adopting these mea- 
sures the same allowance should be made. 
1. Line, the crescent at the root of the nail. 
About one-twelfth of an inch. 2. Nail (unguis.) 
Length of the nail. About half an inch. 3. Inch 
(poltex.) Length of the first joint of the thumb. 
4. Palm. Breadth of the four fingers. About 3 MEL 
inches. 5. Short-span (spithama.) Distance between 
ends of thumb and fore-finger. About 7 inches. 
Long-span (dodrans.) Distance between ends 
of thumb and little finger. About 9 inches. 
Foot (pes.) Distance between the point of the 
elbow and the second joint of the thumb. About 
12 inches. 
Cubit (cubitusj Distance between the point of 
the elbow and of the middle finger. About 18 
inches. 
Arm (brachium.) Distance between armpit 
and the end of middle finger. About 24 inches. 
Fathom (orgya.) Distance bet ween the ends of 
the middle fingers, when the arms are extended. 
Medicinal, medicinalis. Plants possessing principles 
sufficiently active to entitle them to a place among 
the materia medica. Many physicians daily tram- 
ple underfoot plants, which possess similar quali- 
ties with those which they purchase from Europe, 
and often the very same plants; but being igno- 
rant of those botanical principles by which the 
names and properties of plants are ascertained, 
they are consequently ignorant of the absurdity. 
See qualities. 
Mediocris. Averaging in dimensions compared with 
other parts. See relative proportions. 
Medius. In the middle. This term is used when one 
part is between the other parts, though sometimes 
much nearer one than the other ; as a bract is in 
the middle of the peduncle, when it is much nearer 
the flower than to the base of the peduncle. This 
name is sometimes given to species holding a mid- 
dle place between extremities, expressed by the 
names of other species of the same genus. 
Medula. See pith. 
Mellifera. Producing or containing honey. M 0 N 
Melligo. Honey-dew on leaves. 
Membranaceous. Made up, apparently, of the two 
plates of the cuticle, without any cellular integu- 
ment between them. Nearly transparent, very 
thin and colourless. 
Membranatus. Flattened and resembling a mem- 
brane. 
Mensura. See measures. 
Method, tnclhodicus. A mode of arranging plants 
in classes, orders, &c. Richard lias 14 pages on 
this head ; in which he gives the methods of Tour- 
nefort and Linneus at length. But as we have 
given the method of Linneus under Systematic 
Terminology, and throughout the Dictionary; and 
as Toumefort's method is no where adopted in 
this country; this article is principally omitted. 
It maybe observed that: 
Tournefort's Method 
Divides plants into herbs and trees. The Herbace- 
ous plants arc divided into 17 classes. Fourteen 
of these are distinguished by the form of the corols : 
as, 1. InfundibHiformis. 2. Personate, &c. The 
other 3 classes are apetalous and distinguished by 
having stamens, no apparent flowers, and no ap- 
parent seed. The Tree kinds are divided into 5 
classes. 
Midrib. The main or middle rib of -a leaf running 
from the stem to the apex. 
Milians. In the form of millet seed. 
Miniatus. Scarlet, vermillion colour. 
Minutissimus. Extremely small or minute. 
Molendinacea. Many winged. 
Mollis. Soft. 
Monadelpiha. (Monos, one; adelphos, brotherhood.) 
One brotherhood. The name of the 15th class. 
It comprises all plants, whose flowers are perfect MON 
with the stamens united by their filaments in one 
set and the flowersnot papilionaceous. 
It is alo the name of the 16th order in those 
classes, where the characters of the firt 13 classes 
are taken for orders. Though this is not of the 
first 13 classes; yet it is adopted upon the same 
principle in the class monoecia and dioecia; as the 
pine, white cedar, cucumber, squash, &c. in the 
former; and red cedar, yew, &c. in the latter. 
Monadelphous. Belonging to, or varying into, the 
class monadelphia. 
Monandria. (Monos, one; undra, male.) One-sta- 
mened. The name of the second class. It com- 
prises all plants, whose flowers are perfect, with 
one stamen in each, not growing on the pistil. 
It is also the name of the first order in those 
classes, where the characters of the first 13 classes 
are taken for orders ; as the orchis and arathusa in 
the class gynandria. 
Moniliform. See granulate. 
Mongscia. (Monos, one; oikos, house.) The name 
of the 21st class; or the 20th, if the 18th be reject- 
ed. It includes those plants whose flowers are not 
perfect, but the stamens and pistils grow in differ- 
ent flowers on the same plant. As in tile Indian 
corn, the stamens are in the tassels, and the pis- 
tils are the silks of the ear. 
Monoecious, or monoicus. Belonging to, or varying 
into, the class monoecia. 
Monooynia. (Monos, one; glint, female.) One- 
pistilled. The name of the first order in each of 
the first 13 classes. It comprises all plants in each 
class, respectively, whose flowers have two styles 
in each ; or, if the styles are wanting, two sessile 
stigmas: as samphire, (salicornia) in the class mo- 
nan^ria, lilac (syringa) in diandria, Iris in IrMn M U C 
-dria, plantain in tetrandria, mullein in pentandna, 
lily \nhexandria,horse-chesnut in heptandria, laurel 
(Kalrnia) in decandria, purslane in dodecandria, 
cherry in icosandria, popy in polyandria. 
Monopetalous. The whole corol in one piece. 
Sometimes it is so deeply parted, that it appears to 
be polypetalous until it is pulled off and closely ex- 
amined at the base. In most monopetalous corols 
the stamens are attached to the tube. They arc 
divided into Bell-form, Funnel-form, Salver-form, 
Wheel-form, and Labiate, which see. 
Monophyllous. (Monos,one-, phullon,a. leaf.) One- 
leafed. A calyx all in one piece. All the calyxes 
in the class icosandria are of this kind. They are 
often so deeply divided, that a student may mis- 
take them for polyphyllous, without particular at- 
tention. 
Monopyrenus. Enclosing but one nut or stone. 
Monospermus. One seed to a flower. 
Monostachyos. (Monos, one; stachus, spike.) Sin- 
gle spiked. 
Monstrous. Plants producing any part different 
from the same part, when growing wild. As the 
rose has but five petals in a wild state; but, by 
rich cultivation in gardens, the stamens arc mostly 
changed to petals. Carnations and peony are ex- 
amples also. These are ail monsters. See florist 
and full-flowered. 
Montanus. Growing most naturally on mountains. 
Moon-form. See crescent form. 
Mosses. See musci. 
Mouth. See faux. 
Mucidus. Resembling mouldiness, or mucor. 
Mucronate, mucronatus. Having a rounded end, 
tipped with a prickle; which often appears rather 
» an extension of the midrib. 
■ * M U T 
Mule. Sec hybrid. 
Multangularis'. Many-angled. Having several coi- 
ners or ridges. 
Multicapsularis. Many-capsuled. Several capsules 
to each flower. 
Multicaulis. Producing many stems. 
Multidentatus. Many-toothed. 
Multifidus. Many-cleft. 
Multifloras. Many-flowered. 
Multilobus. Many-lobed. 
Multilocularis. Many-celled. 
Multipartitas. Many-parted. 
Multiplex. Many-fold. Having petals lying over 
each other in two rows. 
Multiplied, multipiicatus. See full-flowered. 
MultisiliquQsus. Many pods proceeding from the same 
point. 
Multivalvis. A glume with many chaffs or valves. 
Multoties. Often times. 
Muniens. Leaves drooping down and hanging over 
the stem, &c. at night. 
Munitus. See fenced. 
Muricate, muricatus. Armed with sharp spines. 
Covered with subulate prickles. 
Musci, mosses. The second order of the class cryp- 
togamia. All mosses have lids on the capsules. 
See cryptogamia. 
Muticus. See awnless. 
Mutilated, mutilatus. Not producing parts with 
their full complete forms. NAT 
N 
Naked. Wanting a covering analagous to that of 
most plants. As stem without leaves, leaves with- 
out pubescence, corol without a calyx, seed with- 
out a pericarp, receptacle without chaff, pubes- 
cence, &c. 
Nanus. Dwarfish, very small. 
Nap. See tomentose. 
Napiformis. Resembling a turnip. 
Natant, wotans. Floating. When the plant is fixed 
by the root at the bottom and its leaves float on 
the top of the water, as the pond lily, (nymphea.) 
Nations. See gentes. 
Natural character. The description of the parts 
of fructification at large; without regard to any 
method: or at least so given as to be capable of 
being used under any method. See descriptions. 
Natural class. See natural orders. - 
Natural history. That department of Science, 
which treats of the productions of nature as they 
come from the hand of the Creator ; without any 
decomposition or chemical analysis. 
It is generally divided into four branches. 
1. Zoology. Which includes all animals: as 
Beasts, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Insects, Snails, 
Clams, Worms and Corals. 
2. Botany. Which includes all plants. As 
Palms, Grasses, Lilies, Herbs, Trees, F erns, Mosses, 
Liverworts, Seaweeds and Mushrooms. 
3. Mineralogy. Which includes the unorgan- 
ized mass of our globe. As Pit-coal, Common salt, 
Flint, Lime, Clay, Iron-ore, Silver-ore, Lead-ore, 
with the ere of 20 other metals, &c. NAT 
4. Jlrology. Which includes the atmosphere 
and whatever floats in it. This takes in the natural 
history of lightning, meteors, &c. But it is more 
particularly concerned with clouds as it respects 
systematic arrangement. There are so few simple 
structures among clouds, that it affords little room 
for system. It is very convenient, however, in 
writing the description of a storm, &c. to know the 
few names applied to clouds. 
Simple Clouds. 
1. Cirrose clouds, are those fibrous clouds which 
resemble flax as it is gradually pulled from the dis- 
taff. They ascend higher than any other clouds: 
often to the distance of 5 or 6 miles. 
2. Cumulous clouds, are those bright shining 
clouds, which have the base nearly straight, and 
the upper side in roundish shining heaps. They 
are seen floating in the horizon in detached masses 
generally in fair weather and after a rain. 
3. Villous clouds, are those fleecy clouds, which 
fly swiftly about the sky, with an open texture with- 
out any defined side or base. 
4. Nimbose clouds, are those dense clouds, which 
ascend from the horizon, at first with heads like 
the cumulous,which soon shoot into cirrose branches 
extending towards the zenith. They generally 
bring thunder-showers. - 
5. Stratose clouds, are those stratified horizontal 
ranges of vapours, usually called fog. As soon as 
the sun shines upon them, they ascend, and gene- 
rally become cumulous clouds. 
Compound clouds. 
6. Cirro-cumulous clouds, are those which are 
formed of cirrose clouds, by their becoming, as it 
were, knotted or curdled into small heaps; and 
these often continue to unite till the clouds become NAT 
very extensive. As soon as cirrose clouds begin to 
settle down towards the lower regions of the at- 
mosphere, they become cirro-cumulous. 
7. Cirro-stratose, are those stratified masses seen 
above the horizon often at evening. They are al- 
so the clouds which shroud tlie sky in a steady set- 
tled rain. They are formed out of most of the 
simple kinds; but as they have a stratified form; 
often with cirrose extremities, they are called cir- 
ro-stratose. 
8. Cwnulo-stratose, are more rare; but a cirro- 
slratose is sometimes combined with a cumulous- 
like cloud, and extends upwards spreading out to 
great extent above; and standing, as it were, upon 
a stem in the horizon. It is sometimes called a 
mushroom-cloud. 
Natural Orders. An arrangement of plants ac- 
cording to their natural affinities, without regard- 
ing their artificial characters. Such an arrange- 
ment is of great use both in finding out a plant, 
and in examining its relations and qualities. 
It is considered advisable to insert here the two 
celebratedsyste.nsofLinneusand Jussieu. For this 
Dictionary is intended as an assistant in reading 
any system, which may fall into the hands of a 
student; and after he has found out a plant, he 
may be desirous to examine it by these systems. 
Linneus supposes (Rose, Milne and others follow 
bis opinions, and Cullen in some measure,) that 
plants of the same natural order possess similar 
medical qualities. But the scent of plants must 
certainly be taken into consideration; as all nau- 
ceous scented umbelliferous plants are poisonous, 
while the sweet-scented are pleasant stomachics, 
fee. See qualities. The medical qualities are 
annexed from Mih??} Woodville, Thornton and NAT 
NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS. 
others, that the student may avail himself of what- 
ever advantage can be derived from such natural 
affinities. " Several plants characterized by a 
" particular virtue, possess it to such a degree of 
" strength or weakness, that we may reasonably 
a expect very different effects from this difference 
" of intensity in the same quality." Milne. 
Natural Orders of Linneus. 
1. Palm.e. Palms and their relatives; asCo 
coanut, Frog's bit. Farinaceous diet. 
2. Piperitje. Pepper and its relatives. In 
crowded spikes; as Indian-turnip, sweet-flag. 
Tonics and stomachics. 
3. Calamable. Reed-like grasses, with culms 
without joints; as cat-tail, sedge. Coarse cattle 
fodder. 
4. Gbamina. The proper grasses, with jointed 
culms; as Wheat, Rye, Oats, Timothy grass, In- 
dian corn. Farinaceous diet and cattle fodder. 
5. Tbipetaloideje. Corol 3-petalled or calyx 
3-leaved; as Water plantain, Rush grass, Arrow- 
head. Tonics and rough cattle fodder. 
6. Ensat.e. Liliaceous plants with sword- 
form leaves; as Iris, Blue-eyed grass, Virginian 
spiderwort. Antiscorbutics and Tonics. 
7. Orchide^. With fleshy roots, stamens on 
the pistils, pollen glutinous, flowers of singular 
structure with the germ inferior ; as Ladies' slip- 
per, Arathusa. Farinaceous diet and Stomachics. 
8. Scitamineje. Liliaceous corols, stems her- 
baceous, leaves broad, gerinen blunt-angular; as 
Ginger, Turmeric. Warming stomachics. 
9. Spathacejs. Liliaceousplants with spathes; N A T 
NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS. 
as Daffodil, Onion, Snow-drop. Scccmant stimu- 
lants. 
10. CoReNARuc. Liliaceous plants without 
spathes; as Lily, Tulip, Star-grass. The nau- 
ceous scented are antiscorbutic and cathartic, the 
others Emollient. 
II. Sarmentacea:. Liliaccouscorols with very 
weak stems; as Smilax, Asparagus, Bell-wort. 
Tonics and Secernant stimulants. 
12. Olerace.e, or Holerace.e. Having flow- 
ers destitute of beauty, at least of gay colouring ; 
as Beet, Blight, Tig-weed, Dock, Pepperage. If 
naceous, Cathartic ; others, mild stimulants and 
nutrientics. 
13. Succulentac. Plants with very thick succu- 
lent leaves; as Prickly-pear, House-leek, Purslain. 
Antiscorbutic and Emollient. 
14. Gruinales. Corols with five petals, cap- 
sules beaked; as Flax, Wood-sorrel, Cranebill. 
Tonics and Refrigerants. 
15. Inundata. Growing under water and 
having flowers destitute of beauty; as Hippuris, 
Pond-weed. Astringents. 
1G. Calyciflora:. Plants without corols, with 
the stamens on the calyx; as Poet's cassia, Seed 
buckthorn. Astringents and Ref ringer ants. 
17. Calycanthema:. Calyx on the germ or 
growing to it, flowers beatiful; as Willow-herb, 
Ludwigia, CEnothera. Astringents. 
18. Bicornes. Anthers with two strait horns; 
as Whortleberry, Spicy and bitter Wintergreen, 
Laurel. Astringents. 
19. Hesperides. Sweet-scented, leaves ever- NAT 
NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS. 
green; as Myrtle, Cloves, Mock-orange. As- 
tringent and stomachic. 
20. Rotaceje. Corols wheel-form; as Gentian, 
St. John's wort. 1'onics. 
21. Precis. Plants with early spring flowers of 
an elegant specious appearance; as Primrose. 
Astringents. 
22. Caryophyllene. Plants with caryophyllous 
corols; as Pink, Cockle. Astringent and Secer- 
nant stimulants. 
23 Trihilat.®. Flowers with 3 stigmas, cap- 
sules inflated and winged, and generally 3-seeded 
with distinct hilums; as Nasturtion, Horse-ches- 
nut. Tonics and Nutrientics. 
24. Corydales. Corols spurred or anomalous; 
as Fumatory, Touch-me-not. Narcotic and Anti- 
scorbutic. 
25. PutAminEjE. Plants which bear shell-fruit; 
as Caperbush. Detergent and Antiscorbutic. 
26. Multisilique. Having several pod-form 
capsules to each flower ; as Columbine, Larkspur, 
Rue, American cowslip. Cathartic and Caustic. 
27. RhoeadEnE. Plants with caducous calyxes, 
and capsules or siliques; as Poppy, Bloodroot, 
Celandyne, Anodyne and Antiscorbutic. 
28. Luriile. Corols lurid, mostly monopetalous; 
flowers Pentandrous, or Didynamous with cap- 
sules; as Tobacco, Thorn-apple, Nightshade, Fox- 
glove. Narcotic and Antiscorbutic. 
29. Campanacea. Having bell-form corols, or 
those whose general aspect is somewhat bell-form; 
as morning glory, Bell-flower, Violet, Cardinal 
flower. Cathartics and Secemant stimulants. NAT 
NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS. 
30. Contorts. Corols twisted or contorted; 
as Milk-weed, Periwinkle, Choak-dog. Cathar- 
tics and Antiscorbutics. 
31. Veprecul.e. Having monopbyllous calyx- 
es, coloured like corols; as Leatherwood, Thesium. 
Antiscorbutic and Emetic. 
32. Papilionaceal Having papilionaceous 
flowers; as Peas, Beans, Locust tree, Clover. 
Emollient, Diuretic, Nutrientic. 
33. Lomentacea:. Having legumes or loments, 
but not perfect papilionaceous flowers; as Cassia, 
Sensitive plant. Emollient, Astringent, Cathartic. 
34. Cucurbit ace a;. Fruit pumpkin-like, an- 
thers mostly united; as Melons, Cucumbers, Pas- 
sion-flower. Cathartic and Refrigerant. 
35. Senticosa:. Prickly or hairy, with Poly- 
petalous corols and a number of seeds either na- 
ked or slightly covered; as Rose, Raspberry, 
Strawberry. Astringent and Refrigerant. 
36. Pomacet.. Having many stamens on the 
calyx, and drupaceous or pomaceous fruit; as 
Pear, Currant, Cherry, Peach. Refrigerants. 
37. Columnifera:. Stamens united in the form 
of a column; as Hollyhoc, Mallows, Cotton. 
Emollient. 
38. Tricocca:. Having 3-celled capsules; as 
Castor oil plant, Spurge, Box. Cathartic. 
39. Siliquosal Having silique pods; as Cab- 
bage, Mustard, Shepherd-purse, Diuretic, Anti- 
sco rbutic, Nutrien tic. 
40. Personata:. Having personate corols: as 
Snapdragon, Monkey-flower. Diobstrwnts and 
Cathartics. N A T 
NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS. 
41. AsperifolijE. Corols monopetalous, with 
5 stamens, seeds 4, naked, leaves rough ; as Com- 
frey, Stone-seed (lithospermum.) Astringents 
and Diobstruents. 
42. Verticillata. Having Labiate flowers; 
as Sage, Thyme, Catmint, Motherwort. Sto- 
machics and Astringents. 
43. DumoS-e. Busby pithy plants with small 
flowers, petals in 4 or 5 divisions; as Sumach, El- 
der, Holly. Tonic and Cathartic. 
44. Sepiarke. Having mostly tubular divided 
corols with few stamens ; being ornamental shrubs; 
as Lilac, Jasmine. Astringent. 
45. Umbellatx. Flowers in umbels with 5-pe- 
talled corols, stamens 5, styles 2 and2 naked seeds; 
as Fennel, Dill, Carrot, Poison-hemlock. Sto- 
machic and Narcotic. 
46. Hederace®. Corols 5-cleft, stamens 5 to 
10, fruit berry-like on a compound raceme; as 
Grape, Ginseng, Spikenard. Tonics and Refri- 
gerants. 
47. Stellate. Corols 4-cleft, stamens 4, seeds 
2, naked, leaves mostly whorled ; as Bedstraw, 
Dogwood, Venus' pride. Tonics and Diobstruents. 
48. Aggregate, Having aggregate flowers; 
as Button-bush, Marsh-rosemary. Tonics and Se- 
cernant stimulants. 
49. Composite. All the compound flowers; 
as Sun-flower, Boneset, Tansey, Thistle. Tonics 
and Secernant stimulants. 
50. Amentace.e. Bearing pendant aments; 
as Hazle, Oak, Chesnut, Willow. Astringents. 
51. ConifeRze. Bearing strobiles; as Pine, Ju- 
niper, Cedar. Tonics and Stomachics^ NAT 
natural orders of JUSSIEU. 
52. CoadunAt.e. Several Berry-like pericarps, 
which are adnate; as Tulip-tree, Magnolia. 
Tonics, 
53. Scabrida. Leaves rough, flowers destitute 
of beauty; as Nettle, Hemp, Hop, Elm. Astrin- 
gents. 
54. Miscellanea. Plants not arranged by any 
particular character; as Pond-lily, Pokeweed, 
Amaranth. Their qualities are carious. 
55. Filices. All ferns; as Brakes, Maidenhair. 
Secernant stimulants. 
56. Musci. All mosses; as Polytrychum. Ca- 
thartics and Secernant stimulants. 
57. Alga. All Liverworts, Lichens and Sea- 
weeds; as Jungermannia, Fucus, Usnea. Tonics. 
58. Fungi. Allfungusses; as Mushroom, Toad- 
stool, Puffball, Touchwood, Mould. Tonics and 
Cathartics. 
Natural Orders of Jussieu. 
Jussieu's System is a very great improvement 
upon that of Linneus. But I have seen no attempt 
at giving the medical qualities of each order. Ac* 
cording to the maxim of Linneus and others, the 
student has only to acquaint himself with the vir- 
tues of one or two plants, in order to be able to 
form some general opinion of all other plants in 
that order. 
1st Division. Seeds without lobes or cotyledons. 
1. Fungi. Allfungusses. As Mushroom, Toad- 
stool, Puffball. 
2. Alga. Lichens and Seaweeds. As Ulva; 
Usnea. 
3. Heratica. Liverworts* As Anthoceros, 
Jungermannia. NAT 
NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU. 
4. Musci. Mosses. As Hypnum. 
5. F ilices. Ferns. As Poly pod, Brake, Maiden- 
hair. 
6. Naiades. Water plants. As Pondweed, 
Maretail. 
2nd Division. Seeds with a single lobe, or one 
cotyledon. t 
7. Aroideal Indianturnip-like. As Skunk- 
cabbage, Sweet-flag. 
8. Typhje. Cattail-like. As ihe Burr-reed. 
9. Cyperoida;. Cyperus-like. As Sedge, Club- 
rush, Bog-rush. 
10. Gramine^. The proper grasses. As Wheat, 
Oats, Timothy-grass, Indian-corn. 
11. Palma;. Palm-like. As Cocoanut, Ground- 
rattan, Palmetto. 
12. Asparagi. Asparagus-like. As Smilax, 
Solomon-seal, Yam. 
13. Junci. Rush-like. As Arrow-grass, Vir- 
ginian Spiderwort. 
14. Lili ace a;. Lily-like. As Tulip, Dogtooth- 
violet. 
15. Bromelia. Pineapple-like. As Agave, 
False moss. 
16. Asphodeli. Asphodel-like. As Hyacinth, 
Onion, Star-of-Bethlehem. 
17. Narcissi. Daffodil-like. As Star-grass, 
Pickerel-weed, Sea-Daffodil. 
18. Irides. Ins-like. As Blue-eyed-grass, 
Ixia. 
19. Musa;. Banana-like. No common ex- 
ample. 
20. "Canna:. Indianreed-like. As Ginger. NAT 
NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU. 
21. Orchidec Orchis-like. As Ladies'Slipper, 
Ncottia, Cymbidium. 
22. Hydrocharides. Frogbit-Iiko. As Water- 
lily, Pond-lily. 
3d Division. Seeds with two lobes, or two cotyledons. 
23. Aristolochic. Birthwort-like. As Asarum. 
24. jEleagni. As Pepperage, Sea-buckthorn. 
25. Thymelec As Leather wood. 
26. Protec Silvertree-iike. No common 
example. 
27. Lauri. Camphor-like. Sassafras, Spice* 
bush. 
^8. Polygone je. Buckwheat-like. As Water- 
pepper, Dock. 
29. Atriplices. Orache-like. As Pigweed, 
Pokeweed, Blitc, Saltwort. 
30. Amaranthi. Cockscomb-like. As Chaff- 
weed, False-knotgrass. 
31. Plantagines. Plantain-like. As Ribwort. 
32. Nyctagines. As Hogweed 
33. Plumbagines. Leadwort-like. As Marsh- 
rosemary. 
34. Lysimachije. Loosestrife-like. As Prim- 
rose, Brookweed. 
35. Pediculares. Lousewort-like. As Milk- 
wort, Speedwell, Painted-cup. 
36. Acanthi. Bearbreach-like. As Malabar- 
nut. 
-37. Jasminec Jasmine-like. As Lilac, Ash. 
38. VitIces. Chastetree-like. As Vervain. 
39. Labiatc Rigent-flowered plants. AsSage, 
Mint, Motherwort. 
40. Scrophularle. Figwort-like. As Hedge- 
iyssop, Snapdragon. N A f 
NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU. 
41. SoLANE-Er Nightshade-like. As Tobacco, 
Thorn-apple. 
42. Boragine.e. Borage-like. As Comfrey r 
Stoncseed, Turnsole. 
43. Convolvuli Bindweed-like. As Dodder, 
Cypress-vine. 
44. Polemonia. Greekvalerian-like. As Phlox, 
Cantua. 
45. Bignoni^. Trumpetflower-like. As Ca- 
talpa-tree, Snakehead. 
46. Gentiana. Gentian-like. As Pinkroot,. 
False-gentian. 
47. Apocyne/e. Dogbane-like. As Milkweed, 
Choak-dog. 
48. Sapota. As Bomelea. 
49. Guaiacanje. Lignumvitae-like. As Date- 
plumb, Silverbell. 
50. Rhododendra. Rosebay-like. As Laurel, 
Wild-honeysuckle. 
51. Eric.e. Heath-like. As Spicy-wintergreen, 
.Bearberry, Crow berry. 
52. Campanulace^^ Bellflower-like, As Car- 
dinal-flower. 
53. Cichorace^e. (Compound.) Endive-like. As 
Lettuce, Dandelion, Hawkweed. 
54. Cinarocephalte. (Compound.) Bearing head- 
form flowers. As Burdock, Thistle, Bluebottle. 
55. Corymbiferje. (Compound.) Corymb-bear- 
ing. As Yarrow, Wormwood, Fleabane. 
56. DiPSAcEiE. Teazel-like. As Valerian. 
57. Rlbiacea;. Madder-like. As Button-bush, 
Bed-straw, Partridge-berry. 
58. Caprifolia. Houeysuckle-like. As Dog- 
wood2 Elder, Snow-ball, NAT 
natural orders OF JUSSIEU. 
59. Aralt.r. Spikenard-like. As Ginseng. 
GO. Umbelliferje. Bearing umbels. As Fen- 
nel, Angelica, Carrot, Celery. 
61. Ranunculaceje. Crowfoot-like. As Wind- 
flower, Larkspur, Virgin's bower. 
62. Papf.racejE. Poppy-like. As Fumitory, 
Bloodroot,Celandine. 
63. Crucifer.r.J Bearing cruciform flowers. 
As Mustard, Watercress, Shepherd-purse. 
64. Capparides. Caperbush-like. As Sundew, 
Parnassus-grass. 
65. Sapindi. Soapberry-like. As Heart-seed^ 
66. Acera. Maple-like. As Horse-chesnut. 
67. Malpighis. As Mylocarium. 
68. Hyperica. John's-wort-like. AsAsarum. 
69. Guttiferje. Bearing secreted drops. As 
the Balsam tree. 
70. Aurantia. Orange-like. As the Lime tree. 
71. Melia. Beadtree-like. As Mahogany tree. 
72. Vites. Grape-like. As American ivy vine. 
73. Gerania. Cranebill-like. As Woodsorrel. 
74. Malvaceje. Mallows-like. As Hollyhock, 
Cotton. 
75. Magnolia. Magnolia-like. As whitewood, 
An ice-tree. 
76. Annona. Papaw-like. As Porcelia. 
77. Menisperma. Mocnseed-like. As Schisans 
dra, Wendlandia. 
78. Bep.berides. Barberry-like. As Witchha- 
zel, Pappose-root. 
79. Tiliacea;. Basswood-like. As Lindens 
tree. 
80. Cisti. Rockrose-like. As violet. 
81. Rutace.^. Rue-like. As Caltrops. NAT 
NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU. 
82. Caryophyllea;. Pink-like. As Cockle* 
Flax, Catchfly, Sandwort. 
83. Semperviva. Liveforever-like. As Stone- 
crop, Virginian orpine. 
84. Saxi fraga. Saxifi age-like. As Allum- 
root, Tiarella. 
85. Cacti. Pricklypear-like. As Currant. 
86. PortulaccejE. Purslane-like. As Knawel. 
Claytonia. 
87. Ficoidea. Fig-like As Sesuvium. 
88. Onagri. As Enchanter's Nightshade. 
Willowherb. 
89. Myrtus. Myrtle-like. As Mock-orange, 
Pomegranite. 
90. MelastOma. As Deergrass. 
91. Salicari.e. As grass-poly, Ishardia, Glaux. 
92. Rosace.e. Rose-like. As Thorn, Plumb, 
Pear, Strawberry. 
93. Leguminosa. Bearing Legumes. As Pea, 
Clover, Locust-tree. 
95. Terebinthi. Terpentine-like. As Wal- 
nut, Sumach. 
95. Rhamni. Buckthorn-like. As New-Jer- 
sey-tea. 
96. Euphorbia. Spurge-like. As Box, Palmi- 
christi. 
97. Cucurbitacea;. Pumpkin-like. As Melon, 
Balsam-Apple. 
98. Urtic.e. Nettle-like. As Hemp, Hop, 
Mulberry-tree. 
99l Amentacea:. Bearing pendant aments. As 
Oak, Willow, Beach. 
100. Conifer.®, Bearing strobiles, or cones* 
As Pine, Juniper, Cedar. N I T 
Navelled. See umbilicatus. 
Navicularis. See boat-form. 
Necessaria, polygamia. The fourth order of the 
class syngenesia. Florets of the disk staminate, of 
the ray pistillate. The disk florets seem to bo 
perfect at first view ; but on a close examination 
they are found without stigmas. The iva (a salt- 
marsh plant) is a good example. 
Neck. The tipper part of the tube of a corol. 
Nectariferous. Bearing nectaries. Producing 
honey. 
Nectary, nectarium. That part of a flower, which 
secretes honey. It is either a distinct.horn, gland, 
spur, scale, cup, &c. or the claw or some other 
part of the corol secreting honey. This name is 
applied to any appendage to the flower, which has 
no other name. 
'Nemerosus. Growing naturally in groves, where the 
under brush are cleared away. 
Nerved, nervosue. Leaves are nerved, when they 
have rib-like fibres running from the base towards 
the apex. In numbering nerves for a specific 
character, the midrib is counted with the lateral 
nerves. 
"Neutral. Having neither stamens nor pistils, con- 
sequently barren; as the ray-florets of the Sun- 
flower. 
Nicked. See emarginate. 
Nidulans. Nesting. When seeds are placed in cot- 
ton, &c. as in a nest. 
Niger. Black. 
Nigricans. Blackish, sooty. 
Nigro^ocrulius. Dark blue. 
Nisus fonnativus. That principle of vital energy, 
which tends to restore lost or injured parts. 
Nitidut. Glossy, glittering. 0 B L 
Niveus. Snow-white. 
Nodding. See nutans. 
Nodus. See knot. 
Nomen, name. Sec generic name and specific nam^r 
Notched. See crenate. 
Nubilus. Grey and white, cloudy. Resembling cn- 
mulous clouds. See cumulous. 
Nucamentum. See Anient. 
Nucleus. Nut or Kernel. The inner seed or kernel 
is properly the nucleus; and its hard shell is the 
putamen. But the whole including both putames 
and nucleus, is the nut, nux. 
Nudus. See naked. 
Nudiusculus. Nakedish. 
Nullus. None. 
Numerosi. Many. An indefinite number. 
Numerus. A determinate number. 
Nut, nux. See nucleus. 
Nutans. Nodding. When above half of whatever it 
is applied to droops or hangs down. Sec pendulus. 
Nutatio. The various inclinations of the parts arising 
from the effect of the Sun's rays. 
o 
Ob, obverse. Reversed or inversed. Often com- 
bined with ovate, cordate, &c. as obcordate, in- 
versely heart-form. 
Obconic. Conic with the points, or apex, downwards. 
Obcordate. Ileartform, with the apex next to the 
stem, or place of insertion. 
Oblique, obliqiais. A position between horizontal 
and vertical; or between perpendicular and the 
plane of the base. It is also applied to leaves, 
petals, calyxes, &c. which are, as it were, cut OCT 
obliquely ; or whose bases are shorter on one side 
than on the other. 
Oblong, oblongus. Having the length twice or 
more than that of the breadth, with the opposite' 
sides somewhat parallel. 
Obion giusculus. Somewhat oblong. 
Oboval, obovalis. If it differs at ail from obovate, it 
must be more nearly oval-having the ends nearer 
equal in width. 
Obovate. Ovate, with the narrowest end towards 
the stem, or place of insertion. 
Obscure. Obscurely. 
Obsolete, obsoletely, obsoletus, obsolete. When 
teeth, notches, serratures, &c. are obscure and ap- 
pear as if worn out. 
Obtuse. Obtusely. 
Obtuse. See obtusus. 
Obtuse-acuminatus. Blunt with a small point. 
Obtusiusculus. Obtusish. 
Obtusus, obtuse. Ending bluntly, or in an apex more 
or less rounded. 
Obversus, obverse. See ob. 
Obvolute, obvolutus. A term in foliation: applied 
to leaves where two opposite ones are conduplicate, 
with one edge of each leaf between the edges of the 
other. 
Occhisus. Closed. 
Ochrea. A roll, or cylindric sheath, around the base 
of the peduncle in some species of cyperus. 
Octandria. (Oc/o, eight: andra, male.) Eight-stamen- 
ed. The name of the eighth class. It comprises all 
plants whose flowers arc perfect, with eight stamens 
in each, not growing on the pistil nor united by 
their filaments in one or two sets. 
It is also the name of the eighth order in those 
classes, where the characters of the first thirteen ORB 
classes are taken for orders. As poly gala in the 
class Diadelphia. 
Octandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class 
octandria. 
Octojidus. Eight-cleft. 
Octogynia (Octo, eight; gune, female.) Eight-styled. 
The name of the eighth order in each of tho first 
thirteen classes. It comprises all plants in each 
class respectively, whose (lowers have 8 styles in 
each; or if the styles are wanting, 8 sessile stigmas. 
But there are no plants of this order yet discovered. 
Octolocularis. 8-celled. 
Octopet a! us. 8-petalled. 
Octophpllus. 8-leaved. 
Odoratus. Scented, odorous. 
Officinalis. Such plants as are sold in the shops for 
some use, either in medicine or the arts. 
One-sided. Flowers, Ac. on one side of a stem, Ac. 
Opaque, opacus. Neither transparent nor shining. 
Operculatus. Having a lid. 
Operculum. The lid or covering on the capsules of 
mosses. This is generally covered by the calyptre 
when young. After the calyptre is gone and the 
seeds are ripe, the lid falls also. This term is also 
applied to the covering of other capsules, re- 
sembling the lids of mosses. 
Opposite, oppositus. Standing at the same height- 
with base against base, on different sides of a stem. 
Opposite. Oppositely. 
Oppositifolius. Set opposite to the base of a leaf; 
as some peduncles and stipules are placed. 
Opposite-pinnatus. Leafets of a pinnate leaf set oppo- 
site to each other. 
Orbicularis. Nearly circular. 
Orbilte. See orb. P A L 
Orbs. That kind of receptacle of lichens,''which is 
Hat, orbicular and dilated, of the substance of the 
frond, terminal, peltate, without a border, but often 
surrounded with radiating shoots. The mem- 
brane, or disk, under which the seeds are lodged, 
is smooth, nearly of the colour of the flood. Spu- 
rious orbs bordered like shields or spangles when 
young, are sometimes found in the genus cornicula^ 
ria. Smith. 
Orcihdeous corol. Like the orchis; having 4 arched 
petals, and the fifth longer. 
Orgya. Fathom. See measures. 
Orifice. Any hole or opening into a capsule, co- 
rol, &c. 
Os. See faux. 
Oval, ovalis. The length exceeding the breadth in 
any proportion, with the two ends of an equal 
breadth, curvature and form, or nearly so; the 
sides curving from end to end. 
Ovate. Egg-form. The length exceeding the 
breadth in any proportion, one end exceeding the 
other in breath ; the sides curving from end to end. 
p 
Pagina. The surface of a leaf. The Upper surface 
is pagina superior; the lower surface, pagina in- 
ferior. 
Palate. A prominence, process or elevation in ^lie 
lower lip of a labiate corol, which tends more or 
less to close the throat. 
Palea. See chaff. 
Paleaceous. See chaffy. 
Palmate, pabnatus. Divided deeply and spreading, 
so as to resemble the hand with spread lingers. PAR 
When the divisions are very narrow and almost 
down to the stem of a leaf, it is called pedate, from 
its supposed resemblance to a bird's foot. Some 
pedate leaves are hardly connected at all at the 
base, and almost run into the compound digitate 
leaf. 
Palustris. Growing naturally in swamps and marshes. 
Pandurwformis. Guitar-form, or fiddle-form. Ob- 
long, broadish near the base and contracted near 
the sides. 
Panicle, panicula. When the peduncles, along the 
sides of the main peduncle of a raceme, are di- 
vided, it takes the name of panicle; as oats. But 
if it is still in a close, compact form, it is called a 
thyrse, as the lilac. 
Panicled, paniculatus. Disposed in the form of a 
panicle; orbearing panicles. 
Papilionaceous. (Papillio, a butterfly.) Butterfly- 
form ; as the pea-flower. When complete, it con- 
sists of the banner, the upper petal which generally 
spreads over or above the others; the icings, the 
two side petals, next below the banner; the keel, 
the lower boat-form petal, generally enclosing the 
stamens and pistil. It is sometimes called thepeo- 
bloom flower. 
Papillose, papillosus. (Papilla^a nipple.) Covered 
with fleshy points or protuberances. See verrucose. 
Pappose, papposus. Bearing pappus or aigrette. 
Pappus. See aigrette. 
Papulose, papulasus. (Papula, a pimple.) Pimply, 
bladdery or blistered. 
Parabolic. Conic, with the top rounded off, con- 
siderably below where it would terminate in the 
apex, if completed in the conic form. 
Parallel, paralleling. Two lines or opposite sides, 
tunning nearly equal distances from each other. FAT 
The opposite edges of a leaf are parallel when the 
leaf is linear. 
Parasitic. Drawing support from another plant. 
Growing out of another; as the dodder. 
Parenchyma. A succulent vegetable pubescence ; as 
the thick part of leaves between the opposite cuti- 
cles, the substance around the pith of herbs, the 
pulpy part of apples, Ac. 
Partes primaries. 'I 'he three pri mary parts of a veget- 
able are: 1. The root, or desce idling part. 2. The 
herbage, or ascending part, except; 3. The fructi- 
fication, comprising the flower and fruit. 
Partial, partialis. Particular, not general. Ap- 
plying to an entire part of a general whole. The 
perianth, involucre, petiole, &c. of one floret, or 
of a separate part of all the flo-ets, which with 
others constitute a compound or aggregate. The 
perianth, involucre, &c. to the whole is called gen- 
eral or universal. 
Partible, partibilis. Easily separating into parts. 
Bipartible, into 2 parts. Tripartible, into 3 
parts, &c. 
Partition. The membrane, Ac. which divides 
pericarps into cells. It is parallel, when it unites 
with the valves, where they unite with each other. 
It is contrary or transverse, when it meets a valve 
in the middle, or in any part not at its suture, or 
juncture with another. 
Parted, partitas. Deeply divided, almost to the 
base. 
Patellulce. See spangles. 
Patens. Spreading so as to form a moderately acute 
angle; considerably less than a right one, or a 
square. 
Patcntissimus. Spreading almost to a right angle. PEN 
Patulus. Somewhat spreading. Open, loose. 
Fauci. Few in number. 
Pauciflorus and paucifolius. Few-flowered and few- 
leaved. 
Pea-bloom. See papilionaceous. 
Pectinate, pectinatus. So finely pinnate or pinna- 
tifid as to resemble the teeth of a comb. 
Pedalis. About a foot high. 
Pedate, pedatus. See palmate. 
Pedatifid, pedatifidus. Nearly the same as pedate; 
perhaps hardly so deep-cut. 
Pedicel,pedicellus. A partial peduncle. 
Pedicelled, pediceUatus. Having a pedicel. 
Peduncle. See pedunculus. 
Peduncled, pedunculatus. Having a peduncle. 
Peduncularis. Appertaining to, or fixed on, a peduncle. 
Pedunculus, peduncle. The stem bearing the flower 
and fruit, which does not spring naked from the 
root. Those which spring immediately from the 
root without leaves, are called scape. As the dan- 
delion has a scape, the apple a peduncle. 
Pellicle, pellicula. A thin membrane-like sub- 
stance. The close covering of some seeds; some- 
times it is a little mucilaginous or downy. 
Peltte. See targets. 
Peltate, peltatus. Having the petiole attached to 
the under side of the leaf. In all cases of leaves 
and flat stigmas, when the petiole or style is at- 
tached to the disk instead of the margin, they are 
peltate; as the leaf of nasturtion and the stigma 
of the yellow water lily. 
Pendant. Hanging down. 
Pendulous. When the whole of the part droops, or 
hangs down. 
Pencil-form, pencilforrnis. Shaped like a painter's 
pencil, or little round paint-brush. PER 
Pentacoccus. A 5-grained capsule; 
Pentagonal, pentagonus. Five-cornered. 
Pentagynia. (Pente, five; gune, female.) Five- 
styled. The name of the sixth order in each of 
the first thirteen classes. Plants of either of these 
classes with five style or sessile stigmas are of the 
fifth order of such class. As Spikenard and Flax 
of the 5th class, Woodsorrel and Cockle of the 10th 
class, Apple of the 12th class, Columbine of the 
13th class. 
Pf.ntandria. (Penta, five; andra, male.) Five- 
^tamened. The name of the fifth class. It com- 
prises all plants, whose flowers are perfect and do 
not grow on the pistil, and have five stamens to each 
flower. 
Pentandrous. Belonging to,or varying into, the class 
pentandria. 
Pentapetalus. 5-petaled. 
Pentaphyllus. 5-leaved. 
Perennial, perennis. Continuing more than two 
years. 
Perexilis. Slender. 
Perfect flower. Having both stamens and pistils. 
Perfoliate, perfoliatus. Perforating a leaf. Hav- 
ing the stem running through the leaf. But the leaf 
is not formed by the union of opposite bases, as in 
the Joneses (eupatorum); for in this ease the leaves 
are connate. 
Perfoliate is sometimes the specific name where 
the leaves are nearly connate (as eupatorium per- 
foliatum) ; and even where the leaves are merely 
clasping (as companula perfoliata.) 
Perforated,perforatus. Having holes as if pricked 
through. Punctate may differ in presenting spots 
like points, which are not holes. Pertuse perhaps 
is synonymous with perforated. These dots may PAT 
be seen by holding St. John's wort and many other 
leaves to the light. This term is applied to stig- 
mas, drupes, &c. 
Perianth,perianthum. (Peri, about; anthos, flower.) 
That kind of calyx, which is immediately adjoin- 
ing the corol, stigmas and pistil, or to such of these 
organs as are present. It is superior when it grows 
on the germ ; it is inferior, when it grows out from 
below the germ. See mouophyllus and poly- 
phyllus. 
Peric xrp; pericarpium. (Peri, about, kapos, fruit.) 
Seed-ease. Any bag, she!', pod, pulp, hern or 
oilier substance, enclosing the seed. 
Pekicheth, peridubtium. (Peri,about; chaitc,crest.) 
An involucre surrounding the base of the peduncle 
of mosses, among the leafets but differing from 
them in form. See calyptra. 
Peridium. A round membranous dry case, enclosing 
the seeds in some angiocarp fungusses. 
Perigrinus. Foreign, exotic, strange. 
Peristomium. The fringe, teeth, or membrane, around 
the mouth of the capsules of mosses, under the lid. 
Permanent. Any part of a plant is permanent, 
which remains longer compared with other parts 
of the same plant, than is usual for similar parts 
in most plants. As the calyx of the quince re- 
mains on the end of the frpit, till it ripens. 
Perpusillum. Very little. 
Persistens. See permanent and ring. 
Personate, personatus. See labiate. 
Pertuse, pertusus. Punched. See perforated. 
Petal, petalum. The coloured leaf or leaves of the 
corol. The petal of a monopetalous corol is di- 
vided into the tube and limb ; which see, Each 
petal of a polypetalous corol is divided into the 
claw and lamina; which see. P I L 
PetAl-fgxm, petaliformis. Resembling a petal. 
Petalinus. Attached to, or being part of, a petal. 
Petaloides. Having petals. 
Petiole, petiolus. The footstalk of a leaf. Leaves 
which have no footstems are sessile. 
Petioled, petiolatus. Having a petiole. 
Petiolulus. A partial petiole, which connects the 
leafettothe main petiole; as the butternut. 
Phanerogamous, Phcenogamous. Having the sta- 
mens and pistils sufficiently apparent for classifi- 
cation. Applied to all plants, not included in the 
class cryptogamia. APBride. 
Though phanerogamous is correctly derived from 
phaneroo, to make manifest; yet as phenogamous 
(otphaino, to shew) is perfectly appropriate, there 
Teems to be no necessity for encumbering the lan- 
guage of botany with another term of greater length. 
Ives. 
Pkamiceus. Purple, dark-red. 
Phytology. (Phute, a plant; logos, a treatise or 
discourse.) The science which treats of the prin- 
ciples of vegetables. It is nearly synonymous with 
the physiology of vegetables. 
Piceus. Blueish-black, resembling dark pitch. 
Pileus. The hat of a fungus. The top and most 
spreading part. It may be without stype, and 
thus constitute the whole ascending part. It always 
contains the seeds, though it requires the highest 
magnifiers to discover them in most cases. 
Pilidia. See puffs. 
Pilose, pilosus. Hairy. Having distinct straitish 
hairs. Pappus is pilose, hairy or simple, when 
each hair is without any lateral branches. See 
aigrette. 
Pilus. A hair. An excretory duct of a bristly 
form, leading off a fluid. See sting. PIT 
Timpled. See papulose. 
Pinna. A wing-feather. It is applied to leafets, 
which resemble feathers by their positions. 
Pinnate, pinnatus. Winged, or feathered. Leaves 
are pinnate, when distinct leafets are arranged 
along opposite sides of a simple petiole. See bi- 
pinnate and tripinnate. 
Pinnatifid, pinnatifidus. Cut-winged. Leaves are 
pinnatifid, when, instead of leafets as in pinnate 
leaves, segments or divisions of a leaf are along op- 
posite sides of the midrib. Pinnate are compound, 
but pinnatifid are simple; because the divisions 
never reach the midrib. When pinnatifid leafets 
are on a pinnate leaf, it is called pinnatc-pui- 
natifid. 
Pistillate flower. Having pistils only, without 
stamens; as the flower of the fertile cucumber. 
Pistil, pistillum. The central organ of a perfect 
flower. It generally consists of the germen, style 
and stigma. But the style is frequently wanting; 
then the stigma is seated on the germ, or sessile. 
The stigma receives pollen from the anther, and, 
in some manner not yet discovered, fertilizes the 
germ. Without this operation no perfect seeds 
are produced. See flower, style and stigma. 
Pistilliferus. See pistillate. 
Pitcher-fcrm. See urceolate. 
Pith. The spongy substance in the center of the 
stems and roots of most plants. Most woody 
stems have no appearance of a pith aftei' they be- 
come old. 
Pits (cypheUae.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, 
which consists of open, cup-like, naked, white or 
yellow little spots, on the under side of the frond; 
which is generally downy. They are at first im- P 0 I 
mersed, globose, minute dots, which at length burst 
with an irregular margin, and discharge a powder. 
Pitted. Sde lacunose. 
Placenta. See receptacle. 
Placentation. The disposition of the cotyledons in 
the germination of the seeds. 
Plaited. Folded somewhat like a fan, when nearly 
full spread. In foliation it is more closely folded. 
Plane. Flat, with an even surface. 
Plant. Any substance growing from seed. A$ 
trees, grass, puffball, mould. See vegetable. 
Plemts-jlos. See full-flowered. 
Plicatus. See plaited. 
Plumose. Feather-like. 
Plumose pappus. Feather-like down. When a hair 
has othei' hairs arranged on opposite sides of it. 
Plumula. The ascending part of a plant at its first 
germination. 
Plurimus. Very many. 
Pod. That kind of pericarp which is composed of 
two valves with the seeds attached to one or both 
sutures, or a longitudinal partition at the edges im- 
mediately adjoining the sutures. The pod is ei- 
ther a legume or silique. 
Pede tia. The peduncles of lichens, whether hollow 
or solid. 
Pointal. See pistil. 
Poisons. The definition of poisons and the manner 
of their operation has not yet been satisfactorily 
made out. It will here be no farther noticed, than 
as it respects vegetables, and then not physiolo- 
gically. 
Poisonous Vegetables. Persons of all descriptions 
have frequent occasion to make some use of plants, 
w hen they are not in a situation minutely to investi- 
gate their nature and qualities. As many plants P 01 
are narcotic and injurious to the human constitu- 
tion; it is very convenient to have at hand, or in 
the memory, a few concise rules on this subject. 
The following have been selected with great care 
from the authors whose names are given at the end 
of each rule. 
GENERAL RULES FOR AVOIDING POISONS. 
Plants not poisonous. 
1. Plants with a glume calyx, never poisonous. 
As Wheat, Indian-corn, Foxtail-grass, Sedge-grass, 
Oats. Linneus. 
2. Plants whose stamens stand on the calyx, nev- 
er poisonous. As Currant, Apple, Peach, Straw- 
berry, Thorn. Smith, page 392. 
3. Plants with cruciform flowers, rarely if ever 
poisonous. As Mustard, Cabbage, Watercress, 
Turnip, Smith, page 487. 
4. Plants with papilionaceous flowers rarely, if 
ever, poisonous. As Pea, Bean, Locust-tree, Wild- 
indigo, Clover. Smith, page 446. 
5. Plants with labiate corols bearing seeds with- 
out pericarps, never poisonous. As Catmint, Hys- 
sop, Mint, Motherwort, Marjoram. Smith, page 434. 
6. Plants with compound flowers rarely poison- 
ous. As Sunflower, Dandelion, Lettuce, Burdock 
Milne. 
Poisonous plants. 
1. Plants with 5 stamens and one pistil, with a 
dull-coloured lurid corol and of a nauseous sickly 
smell, always poisonous. As Tobacco, Thorn-ap- 
ple, Henbane, Nightshade. The degree of poison 
is diminished where the flower is brighter colour- 
ed and the smell is less nauseous. As potatoes 
are less poisonous, though of the same genera with 
nightshade. Smith, page 415. POL 
2. Umbelliferous plants of the aquatic kind and a 
nauseous scent are always poisonous. As Water- 
hemlock, Cow-parsley. But if the smell is pleasant 
and they grow in dry land, they are not poisonous. 
As Fennel, Dill, Coriander, Sweet-cicily. Smith, 
page 416. 
3. Plants with labiate corols, and seeds in cap- 
sules, frequently poisonous. As Snap-dragon, Fox- 
glove. 
4. Plants from which issue a milky juice on be- 
ing brokon are poisonous, unless they bear com- 
pound flowers. As Milkweed, Dogbane. Milne's 
Contortai and Lactescentia. 
5. Plants having any appendage to the calyx oe 
corol, and eight or more stamens, generally poison- 
ous. As Columbine, Nasturtion. Linneus. 
General rule. 
Plants with few stamens, not frequently poison- 
ous, except the number be five; but if the number 
be 12 or more, and the smell nauseous, heavy and 
sickly, the plants are generally poisonous. Milne's 
Multisiliquae and Sapor. 
Note. Many plants possess some degree of the 
narcotic principle, which are still by no means 
hurtful. But the use of such plants is to be defer- 
red, till fully investigated. See qualities. 
Pollen. Meal. The dusty or mealy substance con- 
tained in the cells of anthers. In the anthers 
of most of the plants in the gynandria class, the 
pollen is glutinous. And even the dry pollen is al- 
ways moistened by a peculiar liquid on the stigma, 
before it fertilizes- the germ. These dry globules 
always explode on touching the moist stigma. On 
being viewed through a magnifier,they are found of 
various forms. In the sunflower it is a prickly 
ball, in geranium perforated, in comfrey double, POL 
in mallows a toothed wheel, in violet angular, in 
daffodil kidney-form, &c. 
Polyadelphia, (Polus many ; adelphos, a broth- 
er.) Many brotherhoods. The name of the 
eighteenth class as first established by Linneus. 
This class includes all plants with perfect flowers, 
whose stamens are united by their filaments in 
three or more sets, or bi otherhoods. As St. John's 
wort, Orange, St. Peter's wort. This class is still 
retained by the translators of Linneus, Wildenow 
and others. But it is rejected by Persoon and oth- 
ers, on account of the extreme uncertainty in its 
character. Very few species of the genera arran- 
ged under it are constant in its character. Of the 
late American writers, Mulenberg, Bigelow, Elliot, 
and Doct. Barton, have retained it; Pursh and 
the author of the American Genera have rejected it. 
Polyadelphous. Belonging to, or varying into, the 
class polyadelphia. . 
Tolyandria. (Polus, many ; audra, male.) Many sta- 
mened. The name of the thirteenth class. It 
.comprises all p'ants, whose flowers are perfect, 
with twenty or more stamens in each, growing to 
the receptacle. It is distinguished from the 11th 
class by having more stamens, and from the 12th 
by their not growing to the calyx. 
It is also the name of the thirteenth order in those 
classes, where the characters of the first thirteen 
classes are taken for orders. But the character of 
the 13th class is not rigidly adhered to in this or- 
der. If the number' of stamens exceed ten the 
plant is placed in this order. And those which 
are very variable in number are generally placed 
in it; as the Arum has sometimes G or 8 stamens. 
Some of the examples of this order are Mallows 
and Hollyhock in the class monadelphia, Indian POL 
turnip, Oak, Chesnut, Buttonwood in the class ww- 
nacia, Poplar in the class diotcia. 
Polyandrovs. Belonging to, or varying into, the 
. class polyandria. 
Polycotyledonous. Plants with more than two co- 
tyledons. Sec cotyledon. 
Polygamia. (Polus, many ; gamia marriage.) Many 
unions. The name of die twenty third class, as 
established by Linneus. It comprises all plants, 
which have sonic perfect flowers, and others which 
arc staminate and pistillate, or both kinds. This 
class is divided into three orders. 1. Monouib, 
■ having perfect flowers and either stamim te or pis- 
tillate ones or both on the same plants. 2. Dioi- 
cia, having perfect flowers on some plants, and ei- 
ther staminate or pistillate flowers on others of the 
same species. 3. Trioncia, having perfect flowers 
on some plants, staminate on others, and pistillate 
on others of the same species. This class, like the 
18th, is abolished by Persoon and others, and the 
plants under it distributed among the other classes. 
President Smith thinks it ought to be discarded. 
See page 485. 
Polygamous. Varying into, or inclining to, the class 
polygamia. 
Polygonus. Many cornered, or many-angled. 
Polygynia. (Pulus, many; gune, female.) Many- 
styled. The name of the thirteenth order in each 
of the first thirteen classes. Plants of either of 
these classes with any number of styles or sessile 
stigmas over 12, are of the 13th order of that class. 
But we have no wiiter on North American plants, 
who has adopted the order Dodecagynia; there- 
fore we may here take this order for all plants in 
the first 13 classes, whose flowers contain over 10 
styles or sessile stigmas. Examples. Yellow-root PRO 
in the class pentandria, WaterpTantain in the class 
hexandria, Strawberry in the class icosandria. 
Crowfoot in the class polyandria. 
Polypetalous. Many-petalled. If the corol con- 
sists of more than one petal, it is polypetalous. 
Polyphyllous. Many-leaved. A calyx of more 
than one distinct piece is polyphyllous. 
Polyprenus. Enclosing more than one nut, or stone. 
Polysperma. Many-seeded. 
Polystachus. Many-spiked. 
Pome, pomus. A pulpy pericarp without valves, 
which contains within it a capsule. See berry and 
note the difference. Apples, quinces, &c. are 
ponies. 
Pomiferus. Bearing pomes. 
Porous,porosus. Full of holes, cellules, or tubular 
openings. 
Proecox. Rare-ripe. Coming to maturity early in 
the season. 
Proemorsus. Bitten off. Terminating bluntly, as if 
bitten off. As the ybot of the pedate or birdfoot 
violet. 
Prasinus. Green like a leek. 
Pratensis. Growing naturally in meadow land. 
Premens. Pressing. 
Prickle. A sharp process fixed to the bark only, 
not to the wood 5 as on the Raspberry, Rose, 
Barberry. 
Prismatic, prismaticus. Linear, with several flatfish 
sides. 
Proboscides. Proboscis-like. Resembling a project- 
ing horn. 
Procersus. Tall, elevated. 
Procumbent, procambens. Lying on the grounds 
Profunde. Deeply. PUL 
Proliferous, prolifer. Putting forth branches or 
flowers from the center of the top of a preceding 
one. 
Prominent, prominens. Standing out more or less 
beyond what is usual in other plants. 
Prominulus. A little prominent. 
Promts. The under side. 
Prop. See fulcrum. 
Propagation. See flower. 
Propago. Seegemmatio. 
Propagula. See efflorescence. 
Propendens. Apparently ©n the point of falling. 
Proper, properus. See partial. 
Prostrate, prostratus. See procumbent and hu- 
mifuse. 
Protruded. See exsert. 
Proximus. Very near. 
Pruina. The mealiness or hoariness on plumbs, 
peaches, &c. 
Pruriens. Hairs which excite itching. 
Pubescent pubescens. Hairy, having hairs, wool, 
down, glandfflar-hairs, &c. 
Puffs, (pilidia.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, 
which consists of little round bordered knobs, whose 
disk finally turns to powder. It is at first covered 
with a membrane and often clothed with a fine 
grey hoariness. These receptacles are elongated 
below into a stalk fixed to the crust, but totally 
different from it. 
Pullus. Dull brownish colour. 
Pulpy, pulposus. Filled with a tenaceous kind of pa- 
renchyma. 
Pulverulent, pulverulent us. Turning to dust. 
Pulvinuli, (A garden bed.) Excrescences found on 
the surface of the fronds of some lichens, some- 
times clustered or branched. Its use is unknown. QUA 
Fumilus. Small, low. 
Punched. See perforated. 
Punctate. Dotted or sprinkled with coloured, gen- 
erally diaphanous, specks. See perforated. 
Pi ng ;nt, pungens. Sharp piercing, pricking. 
Puniceus. Scarlet-coloured. 
Purpurascens. Inclining to a purple colour. 
Purpureas. Purple. 
Pusillus. Low, small, diminutive. 
Putamen. Nut-shell. See nucleus. 
Pyramidalis. Conic, pyramid-form. 
Q 
Quadrangular, quadrangular is. Having four cor- 
ners, or angles. 
Quadricapsular. Having 4 capsules. 
Quad-idmtatus. Four-toothed. 
Quadrifarius. Facing 4 ways. 
Quadrifid, quadrifidus. Four-cleft. 
Quadriflorus. Four-flowered. 
Quadrijugus. Four-paired. 
Quadrilobus. Four-lobed. 
Quadrilocularis. Four-celled. 
Quadrinervis, Four-nerved. 
Quadripartitus. Four-parted. 
Quadriralvis. Four-valved. 
Quadric ascular is. Four cup-form cells. 
Qualities of plants. Richard says that plants of 
the same taste and odour, are generally possessed 
of similar qualities. Also that the smell and taste 
are always the same. He divides the odours of 
plants into, 1. Fragrant. 2. Aromatic. 3. Arte 
brosiac (resembling amber.) 4. Alliaceous (resem- 
bling garlic.) 5. Fetid (as asatbetida, &c.) 6. Naic HAD 
cmus (causing the stomach to heave.) As the fra- 
grant, the aromatic andambrosiac, are always free 
from all hurtful qualities, and as the fetid and nau- 
seous are generally poisonous ; it seems that man- 
kind have in some measure an instinctive princi- 
ple by which food is to be selected. 
Quaternus. Four together in a whorl. 
Quinns. Five together in a whorl. 
Quinate, quinatus. Five leafets on one petiole. 
Quinquangularis. Five-cornered. When a leaf has 
five points; as the cucumber. 
Quinqiiicapsularis. Having 5 capsules. 
Quinquefidus. Five-cleft. 
Quinquejlorus. F i ve-flowered. 
Quinquejugus. Five-paired. 
Quinquelobus. Five-lobed. 
Quinquelocularis. Five-celled. 
Quinqwnervis. Five-nerved. 
Quinquepar titus. F i ve-parted. 
Qninquevalvis. Five-valved. 
Quinquevascularis. Five cup-form cells. 
R 
Raceme, racemus. (Rax, a bunch of grapes.) That 
kind of inflorescence, wherein the florets have un- 
divided pedicels arranged along the sides of a gen- 
eral peduncle. As currants, grapes. 
Racemed, racemosus. Flowers in racemes. 
Rachis, (Rachis, the back-hone.) The filiform re- 
ceptacle connecting the florets in a spike. As in 
wheat-heads. It is sometimes put for the midrib in 
ferns. 
Radiate, radiatus. The spreading florets around REC 
the margin of a compound flower. As the Sun- 
flower. See Compound. 
Radical, rddicalis. Proceeding from the root with" 
out the intervention of a stalk. As the leaves of 
plantain. 
Radicans. See rooting. 
Radicatus. Sending off roots. 
Radicle, radicula. The little fibrous branches p"o- 
ceeding from the main root; which imbibe the 
moisture and other nourishment for the plant. 
Radius. See ray. 
Radix. See root. 
Ragged. See Squarrose. 
Ramentum. Applied to the loose scales frequently 
in the angles of petioles. &c. called in English^ 
r aments. 
Rameum folium. See branch leaves. 
Ramiferus. Producing branches. 
Ramosissimus. Very branching. 
Ramosus, ramose, branching. 
Ramulus. See branchlet. 
Ramus. See branch. 
Rariflorus. Flowers few and distant. 
Rarifolius. Leaves few and distant. 
Ray. The outer margin or circumference of a com- 
pound flower. It is also applied to the outer flo- 
rets of an umbel; particularly when they differ 
in any respect from the inner, or disk, florets. 
Rayed, having a ray. 
Receptacle, receptaculwn. The base by which the 
other parts of the fructification are connected 
and supported ; being the end, or at the end, of 
the peduncle. It is considerably used in the gen- 
eric characters of compound flowers ; but very lit- 
tle noticed in any others. Perhaps this part may 
hereafter be noticed on account of the change, it R E L 
in some way produces on the vegetable secretions. 
Doct. Smith mentions the wholcsomeness of some 
fruits, while the other parts of the plant arc poison- 
ous. See page 392. Every one has noticed the 
delicate flavour of the pond-lily, (Nymphea odora- 
ta) while all back of the receptacle is extremely 
different. Numerous similar instances may be ci- 
ted to prove the very great change in some way 
effected by the receptacle. 
Reclined, reclinatus. Bent down so that the apex 
of a leaf, &c. is lower than the base. Applied to 
the stem it implies that it is bow ed towards the 
earth. 
Recompcsitus. Twice compound. 
Reconditus. Concealed. 
Rectiusculus. Straitish. 
Rectus. Strait. 
Recurved, recurvatus. Curved downwards. 
Recutitus. Appears as if peeled. 
Reflexed, reflexus. Bent back, nearly or quite to 
touch the stem or peduncle. 
Refracted, refractus. Bent back in an angular form, 
so as to appear as if broken. 
Regnum vegetabile. The vegetable kingdom as taken 
into view with the animal and mineral. 
Regular, regularis. See equal. 
Relative proportions. When dimensions are ex- 
pressed indefinitely, as long, very long, short, 
Targe, &c. such expressions are to be understood 
as long, &c. compared with the proportion which 
similar parts usually bear to other parts, in plants 
generally. But when such terms are used for spe- 
cific names, the proportion between the parts of 
species of the same genus, which were known when 
the names were given, are compared. Thus Kal- 
mia latifolia has a broader leaf than Kahnia an- RIG 
^tsiifolia; but it has a narrow leaf compared with, 
any species of trillium. 
Remote, remotus. See relative proportion. 
Reniform. See kidney-form. 
Repand, repandus. Having small sinuses, separated 
by teeth in the form of segments of small circles. 
Repens. See creeping. 
Reptans. See creeping and runner. 
Restans. See permanent. 
Resupinatus. Upside down. 
Reticulate. Netted. Having veins crossing each 
other like net-work. 
Retiform. Net-form, net-like. 
Retroblex, retrojlexus. Bending in various di- 
rections. 
Retrofractus. See refracted. 
Retrorso-dentatus. See runcinate. 
Retuse, retusus. Ending in a sinus generally hol- 
lowed out but very little. See emarginate. 
Reversed. Bent back towards the base. 
Revolute, revolutus. Rolled outwards. A term in 
foliation ; applied to leaves whose opposite mar- 
gins are rolled outwards and continued rolling, till 
the two rolls meet on the back of the midrib and 
parallel to it. It is the reverse of involute. 
Rhizosperma. Fruit on the root of some ferns. 
Rhombic, rhombeus. See deltoid. 
Rhoniboideus. See deltoid. 
Rib. A nerve-like support to a leaf. 
Ribbed. When the midrib sends otflateral ribs near- 
ly strait to the margin. It is sometimes put for 
nerved. 
Rictus. See gape. 
Rigid, rigidus. Stiff, inflexible, or not pliable j or 
attempted to be bent, will rather break. ROT 
Rimose, rimosus. Chincked, abounding in cracks, 
as the outer surface of the pitch-pine tree. 
Ring. The band around the capsules of ferns, which 
is elastic. See exanulatus. 
It is also the thin membrane attached to the 
stem of a fungus. When young it is attached to 
the pileus. It is erect when the upper edge is not 
fastened-inverse when the lower edgoisnot fast- 
ened-sessile, when it is attached by one side only 
-mobile, when it may be pushed up and down- 
persistent, when it is as durable as the pileus-^u- 
gacious, when it disappears at the opening of the 
fungus. 
Ringent, ringens. See labiate. 
Rising. See assurgens. 
Root. The descending part of a vegetable, which en- 
ters the earth, or other substance, in search of nour- 
ishment for the plant. Roots are annual, biennial, 
or perennial. See ages. They are Branching, Fi- 
brous, Creeping, Spindle-form, Tuberous, Bulbous, 
or Granulated. See each term in its place. 
Rooting. Bending or extending to the earth and stri^ 
king root. 
Root-leaf. See radical. 
Rootlet. A fibre of a root. 
Roridus. Humid. Appearing as if covered with dew. 
Rosaceous. A ccrol formed of roundish spreading 
petals, w ithout claws or with extremely short ones. 
Rosens. Rose-coloured. 
Rostel, rostellum. That pointed part, which tends- 
downwards at the first germination of the seedi 
See corcle. 
Rostratus. See beaked. 
Rotate, rotatus. See wheel-form. 
Rotundus. Roundish. Without angles? S A A 
Rough. Covered with dots, which are harsh to the 
touch, but not apparent to the naked eye. See 
rugged. 
Round. See rotundus. 
Rubra. Red. 
Rubiginosus. Rust-coloured. 
Ruderalis. Growing among rubbish about build- 
ings, &c. 
Rugged. Covered with invisible dots, which arc 
harsh to the touch. See rough. 
Rugose. Wrinkled. Veins more contracted than 
the disk, so that the intermediate pyrenchyma ri- 
ses up between them. 
Runcinate. Pinnatifid, with the divisions pointing 
backwards ; as the Dandelion. 
Runner. A shoot producing roots and leaves at the 
end only, and from that place giving rise to anoth~. 
er plant. 
flupestris. Growing naturally among rocks. 
s 
Sabre-form. See acinaciform. 
Sagittate, sagittatus. See arrow-form- 
Salsus. Salt-tasted. 
Salver-form. A monopetalous corol with a flat 
spreading limb proceeding from the top of a tube. 
, Samara. A winged pericarp not opening by valves j 
as the Maple. 
Sap. The watery fluid contained in the tubes, and 
eellules of vegetables ; which furnishes the means 
of, or is itself, the support of their growth and life, 
and preservation from decay. That part of the 
sap, which supplies mateiials for the growth, foil- 
age and fructification, evidently ascends by way S A P 
of the camb. See camb. But that, which fills th^ 
interstices among the woody fibres, and serves to 
preserve them from decay, is probably raised by 
capillary attraction. Freezing and thawing in 
some way or other suspends for a day or two the 
effect of capillary attraction. It then descends by 
its natural gravity ; at which season only can the 
sap be obtained from the sugar maple. That it 
descends is evident from the fact, that no sap is ob- 
tained from below the i ncission, except a few drops 
at the first moment after it is made. That the sap 
descends from the woody fibres and not from the 
camb appears from inspection. That this sap 
serves only to preserve the wood appears from the 
rapid decay of the wood in the sagar maple direct- 
ly above the incission to the whole extent of the 
bole ; while the incision produces but little effect 
below it. And the herbage of the tree with the 
outer layers of wood continue as flourishing after 
the tree has been drained of its sap annually for half 
a century, as its neighbours, which have never 
lost any sap. It may be observed further ; that 
sap can never be drawn from the same vessels 
above the incision where it has been drawn on any 
preceding year; unless a new incission be made 
several feet above the old one. 'Nor even then if 
the preceding draining had been very considera- 
ble ; or, in other words, if the sugar-making sea- 
son had been very favourable, and the incission 
large. 
Sapindus. Having some kind of taste. 
Sapor. Having a relish, pleasant tasted. Any taste. 
Colour sometimes indicates the taste. White ber- 
ries arc generally sweet; red, sour; blue, sweet 
and sour; black, insipid and poisonous. Wilde- 
aqw. But certainly our spicy wintergreens (gaul- SEC 
theria,) partridge-berry (mitchella,) and whortle- 
berries (vaccinnium,) are exceptions to Wilde- 
now's rules. 
Sarmentose, sarmentosus. A running shoot, which 
strikes root at the knots or joints only. Generally 
applied to shrubs. See runner. 
Saucer-form. Shaped like a common tea-saucer. 
Scaber, Scabrous. See rough. 
Scabrities. Roughness. 
Scallopped. See repand. 
Scaly. Covered more or less with scaly appenda- 
ges, as Fern roots; or consisting of substances, in 
some measure resembling coarse fish-scales; as 
the scales of Lily roots. 
Scandens. See climbing. 
Scape, scapus. See peduncle. 
Scarious, scariosus. Dry and membranous, gene- 
rally transparent. 
Scattered. Standing without any regular order: 
that is, neither opposite, alternate, nor in any de- 
finable series. 
Scion. Shoots proceeding laterally from the roots 
or bulb of a root. 
Scrobiculate, scrobiculatus. Deep round pits on the 
receptacle gives it this name. 
Scored. See Sulcate. 
Scutelice,. See shields. 
Scutdlatus. See saucer-form. 
Scymitar-form. See acinaciform. 
Scyphifer, Scyphtts. Cup-bearing. See cyathiform. 
Section. The genera of some orders and the spe- 
cies of some genera are divided into sections. Sec- 
tions judiciously constructed greatly facilitate the 
investigations of plants. But they often mislead ; 
and must be sometimes disregarded, and the whole 
order read over; especially under those orders S E M 
which are made up of natural families. See the 
orders siliquosa in the class Tetr adynamia of Lin- 
neus' system. 
Secundus. Turned to one side. One-sided, one- 
ranked. 
Seed. The matured part of fructification, destined 
for the reproduction of the species. It contains 
the rudiment of a new plant and is analogous to 
the egg of animals. It consists of the corcle, co- 
tyledons, tegument and hilum ; which see. 
Seed-bud. See germen. 
Seed-coat. See aril. 
Seed-leaves. The cotyledons expanded into leaves. 
Seed-lobes. See cotyledons. 
Seed-vessels. See pericarp. 
Segment. The parts into which a calyx, corol, leaf, 
&c. is divided or cut. 
Segregata polygamia. The 5th order of the class 
syngenesia. The florets are all perfect like those 
of tlie first order; but it differs from that in hav- 
ing a partial perianth to'each floret. In all other 
plants of this class, the florets are destitute of par- 
tial perianths. The elephant-foot (elephantopos) 
is the only native of North America in this order. 
Sejugus. Six-paired. 
Semen. The seed. 
Semiamplexicaulis. Half clasping the stem. 
Semicolumnar. See semi terete. 
Semicylindraceus. Half-cylindric. In form of a 
round ruler split lengthwise. 
Semiflosculus, semi-floret. See ligulate. 
Semi-inferus. Half-inferior. When the calyx grows 
on the side of the germ, so that it is neither supe- 
rior nor inferior. 
Seminalis. Sec seed-leaves. 
Seminatio. The sewing of seeds. SEX 
Semirdfera. Bearing the seed. 
Semiorbicular, semiorbiculatus. In form of half a 
sphere. 
Semiquinquejidus. Half 5-cleft. 
Semisagittatus. Half-arrowform. That is, one side 
wanting; as in the vicia pusilia. 
Semisexjidus. Half 6-cleft. 
Semiterete, Semiteres. Half terete. See terete. 
Sempervirens. Living th rough the winter and retain- 
ing the leaves. 
Senus. Six-fold. Growing in sixes. 
Sensilis, sensitive. Moving on being touched. See 
irritability. 
Sericeus. Silky. Covered with soft close-pressed 
hairs. 
Serotinus. Coming to maturity late in the season. 
Serpentine margin. See repand. 
Serrate, serratus. {Serra, a saw.) Having sharp 
notches, appearing as if cut, about the edge or 
margin, pointing towards the apex. 
Serrulate, serrulatus. When a serrate leaf has the 
teeth serrate again. It is also applied to any scr- 
ratures, which are very fine. 
Sesquialter. When a large fertile floret is accompa- 
nied by a small abortive one. 
Sessile. Sitting down. When a leaf, flower, seed- 
down, pileus of a fungus, receptacle of a lichen, 
&c. are destitute of a petiole, peduncle, stipe, &c. 
Seta. A bristle. 
Setaceus. Bristle-form. 
Setosus, setose. Bristly. Having the surface set 
with bristles, or stiff strait hairs. 
Sexangularis. Six-angled. 
Sexjidus. Six-cleft. 
Sexftorus. Six-flowered. 
Sexjugus. Six-paired. SHI 
Sbxlocularis. Six-celled. 
Sexus, Sex. When Linneus first adopted the sta- 
mens and pistils as the organs of classification, he 
addressed his arguments to physicians, who were 
conversant with animal anatomy. He therefore 
took advantage of the analogy between animals 
and vegetables in the reproduction of their kind, 
in order to illustrate his theory. He called the 
stamens males, and the pistils females, &c. But 
nothing can be more ridiculous and disgusting 
than to keep up these references at this day. Dr. 
James Edward Smith, President of the Linnean 
Society at London, has totally discarded all sexual 
allusions. Under the word Clitoria in Rees' Cy- 
clopedia he has treated the subject with great se- 
verity. Dr. Bigelow in his incomparable discrip- 
tion of the plants about Boston, as far as it goes, 
has no where defiled his work with a single allu- 
sion of the kind. 
Sexvalvus. Six-valved. 
Shaft. Sec style. 
Shaggy, See hirsute. 
Sharp. Tapering to a point. Acute differs from 
sharp, as it may apply to the tip of a leaf, which 
becomes broad immediately back of the point. 
Sheath. The prolongation of a leaf down the 
stem, which it encloses; as in most culminiferous 
plants. 
Sheathed. Having a sheath. 
Shields, scutella. That kind of receptacle of lichens, 
which is open, orbicular, saucer-like. The under- 
side and border are of the substance and colour of 
the frond. The disk is of a different colour and 
substance from the border and. frond, containing 
the seeds in extremely minute vertical cells. The 
shields are thick and tumid, when they are ses- S I L 
«ile ; and membranous when .stalked or elevated* 
Very rarely they are perforated in the center. 
Smith. 
Shining. Sec lucidus. 
Shoot. Each tree and shrub sends forth annually 
a large shoot in the spring, called the spring shoot; 
and from the end of that a smaller one about the 
24th of June, called Si. John's shoot. There is al- 
ways the appearance of a joint where the latter 
springs out, very perceptible after the whole shoot 
is matured. 
Shrivelling. See withering. 
Shrub. A vegetable with a woody stem. It is gene- 
rally put for that kind of woody plant, whose stem 
divides into branches near the ground, without 
being elevated by a bole, like trees. See tree and 
suffrutex. 
Shrubby. Having woody stems or branches. 
Siccus. Dry, neither humid nor succulent. 
Sickle-form. A very much-curved keel. 
Silicle, silicula. A little siliqae, whose length and 
breadth are nearly equal. 
Siliculosa., The name of the first order of the class 
tetradynamia. It includes those plantslwhich have 
a silicle, whose length is never twice that of its 
breadth. As the Shepherd's purse, Horse-radish, 
Pepper-grass. 
Silique, siliqua. That kind of pod, which has a lon- 
git .dinal partition with the seeds attached to both 
edges of it alternately. As the radish. 
SIliquosa. The name of the second order of the 
class tetradynamia. It includes those plants, which 
have a silique, whose length is more than twice that 
of i ts breadth. As Mustard, Cabbage, Watercress. 
Silky. See sericeus. S 0 R 
Simple, simpler.. Undivided. Single, opposed to 
compound, or aggregate. 
Simplicissimus. Very simple. 
Single. Only one. Also opposed to full-flowered. 
■Sinistrorsum. Twining from right to left, that is, 
contrary to the apparent motion of the sun; as 
the pole-bean. 
Sinuate, sinuatus. (Sinus, a bay.) Having rounded 
incisions. The margin hollowed out, resembling 
a bay; as the white-oak leaf. 
Sinuate-serrate. Having serratures hollowed out; 
as the Chesnut. 
Sitting. See sessile. 
Situs. Situation ; as opposite, alternate, &c. 
Sleek. See glabrous. 
Sleep of plants. The effect of night upon the ex- 
ternal appearance of some plants; as the leaves 
of Peas closing over the very young flowers. 
Slender. See tenuis. 
Smaragdinus. G rass-green. 
Smooth. Sometimes put for glabrous, but it is not 
synonymous. For glabrous means sleek or slippe- 
ry ; whereas smooth may be applied to fine 
chamois leather. 
Solid, solidus. Of an uniform substance, not natur- 
ally partible ; as the turnip. See coated and scaly. 
Solitary, solitarius. Standing alone, or very dis- 
tant from others of the same kind. 
Solutus. Disengaged. Not adnate. 
Somewhat. Used as a diminutive; implying in 
some degree, not fully. President Smith trans- 
lates sub, by somewhat, when combined with an 
adjective; as subtrijidus, somewhat three-cleft. 
Somnus plantarum. Sec sleep of plants. 
Sordide albicans. Dirty white. 
Sorus and Soredia. See fruit-dots. S P E 
Spadiceus. Plants with Spadixes. 
Spadix. An elongated receptacle proceeding from 
a spathe, or resembling such in texture and ap- 
pearance. 
Spathe. That kind of calyx, which first encloses 
the flower and after it expands is left at a distance 
below it. As Daffodilly Onion, Indian Turnip. 
Spatulate, spatulaius ox spathulatus. Roundish and 
diminishing into a long, narrow, linear base. 
Species. The lowest division of vegetables. There 
have been about thirty thousand species described. 
In North America about four thousand species 
have been described ; of these about twenty-five 
hundred are found to the north and northcast of 
Virginia. About one thousand species have been 
examined by Professor Ives in a wild state, within 
five miles of Yxle College. Very few places of the 
same extent will afford more than eight hundred, 
and few less than six hundred, in the Northern 
States. Phelps gives a catalogue of thirteen hun- 
dred and forty species as a complete list of all 
the British plants. In all these calculations, relat- 
ing to America and Great Britain, the cryptoga- 
nious plants are left out. 
Specific character. See diagnosis and descriptions. 
Specific name. In common use we apply this to 
what Linneus called the trivial name. The spe- 
cific name he calls all those several descriptive 
words, which express the essential difference, or 
diagnosis. 
The rage for changing specific names has be- 
come a great nuisance to the science. Richard 
proposes the establishment of a literary tribunal, 
having authority to fix the names in every depart- 
ment of science for the whole globe; in order to 
check the growth of this child of vanity and ig- 
norance. S P u 
Spike, spica. Having florets arranged along the 
sides of a general elongated peduncle or recepta- 
cle, without partial peduncles or with extremely 
short ones. As a Wheat-head, or Mullein. 
Spikelet, spicula. One of the subdivisions of a spike. 
Spindle-form. See fusiform. 
Spine, spina. Sec thorn. 
Spmcscens. Becoming thorny. 
Spinose, spinosus. Thorny* 
Spiral, spiralis. Twisted like a screw. 
Spongiosus. Spongy. 
Sporx. The seeds of lichens. 
Sporangium. A name given to the pericarp by Iled- 
wig- s 
Sporangidium. Wildenow's name for the columella 
of mosses. See columella. 
Spotted. Having spots differing in colour from 
the principal part. 
Spreading. See patens. 
Spur. An elongaed piocess from the base, or from 
rear the base of a calyx or cord or nectary, some- 
what resembling a horn or cock's spur. As the 
Larkspur, Orchis and Nasturtion. 
Spurred. Having a spur. 
Spurred-rye or spupred-grain. An enlarged, elon- 
gated seed, projecting out of a glume, of a black 
or violet colour, brittle texture, somewhat spur- 
form. It is that morbid swelling of the seed, calk 
cd Ergot by the French. The black or dark co- 
loured kind is called the Malignant ergot. " Large 
il doses of which cause head-ache and febrile sym- 
" toms. Under proper regulations it may be con- 
" sidered a valuable addition to the present stock 
" of medicinal agents. The dose usually admin 
" istered is from ten grains to half a dram, in de 
" coction." Bigelow. The pale violet kind, call- STE 
ed simple ergot, is harmless and inactive. Wilde- 
now. 
Grain growing in low moist ground, or new land 
is most subject to it. Also spring grain more than 
winter grain j and rye more than wheat, barley 
or oats. 
When crops are so much infected with it as 
greatly to injure them, the loss may be in a great 
measure made up by collecting the ergot, and sell- 
ing it to druggists. It should be thoroughly win- 
nowed out of the grain, as it is said to be very in- 
jurious in bread. The ergot may then be collect- 
ed from the chaff. 
Squamosus or squamatus. See scaly. 
Squarrose, squarrosus. Ragged. When the points 
of scales, &c. bend outwards, so as to make a rag- 
ged appearance. It is also used for scurfy, or 
when covered with a bran-like scurf. 
Stalk. Sec stem. 
Stamen. The part of the fructification next to the 
central organ. It consists of a knob of one or 
more cells containing pollen. It is either eleva- 
ted on a filament; or sessile upon the germ, style, 
stigma, receptacle, calyx or corol. 
Staminate. Having stamens only, without a pistil; 
consequently barren. As the flowers in the tassels 
of Indian corn. 
Siamineus. Having no corol, the stamens serving in 
its stead. Ray. 
Staminiferus. Sec staminate. 
Standard. See banner. 
Stellate, stellatus. Spreading out in a radiate man- 
ner. Leaves are stellate, when three or more 
surround the stem in a whorl. Flowers and the 
volva of a fungus are stellate, when the petals or; STR 
segments spread out, so as to resemble the vulgar 
representation of a star. 
Stem. The main base or supporter of the fructifi- 
cation and herbage. It is either Tidge, Culm, 
Scape, Peduncle, Petiole, Frond, or Stipe ; which 
see. 
Stem-clasping. See clasping. 
Stem-leaf. Inserted on the stem. See cauline. 
Stemless. Having no stem. 
Sterile, sterilus. Barren flower. Staminate flower. 
Stiff. See Rigid. 
Stigma. The top of the pistil. It is generally moist 
when in full perfection, for the better reception of 
the pollen. See pollen. Some care is required 
in numbering sessile stigmas. No more must be 
numbered, than can be found distinct quite on the 
germ. 
Stings, stimuli. Hair-like processes, which excite 
itching punctures; as on the Nettle. They are 
generally hollow with a sack at the base, contain- 
ingan acridliquor. By pushing against their points, 
the sacks are compressed, and thrust out the liquid. 
Stipe, Stipes. The lower part of the midrib of a 
fern; the stem of a fungus; or the stem of the 
down on the seeds of Dandelion, &c. 
Stiped, stipitatus. Having a stipe. 
Stipule, stipula. A leafet or scale at or near the 
base of a petiole, which in some respect differs 
from the leaves. 
Stipular, stipularis. Formed of, or connected with 
stipules. 
Stipuled, stipulatus, or stipulaceous. Having stipules, 
Stolo. See sucker. 
Stoloniferus. Putting forth suckers. 
Straddling. See divaricate. 
Straight, or strait. In a nearly right line. SUB 
Straitish. A little curving, but not sufficiently to 
take the appellation of curved. 
Strap-form. See ligulate. 
Stratum proligerum. The seed-bearing disk of the 
receptacles of lichens. 
Striate, streaked, striatus. Marked or grooved 
with slender lines. 
Strictus. Both stiff and strait, or perfectly strait. 
See erect. 
Strictissimus. Very stiff and strait. 
Strigose, strigosus. Armed with small, close, rigid 
bristles, which are thickest below. Wildenow. 
Strobilaceus. In form resembling a strobile. 
Strobile, strobilus. An ament with woody scales ; 
as the fruit of pine. 
Strobiliformis. See strobilaceus. 
Style, stylus. (Stulos, a column.) That part of a pis- 
til, which is between the germ and stigma. It is 
often wanting ; as in the Tulip. 
There is frequently a difference in opinion 
among authors in fixing the orders of some plants, 
on account of their numbering the styles different- 
ly. As in the Mountain rice (Oryzopsis.) Rich- 
ard made it the first order, because the two styles 
seemed to unite a little above the germ. But Muh- 
lenberg makes it the second order, because they 
are at least separable, if not always separate in per- 
fect maturity. It grows in abundance about New- 
Haven, with styles perfectly separate in all stages. 
From this example the student will perceive the 
importance of looking through all the orders, where 
bis plant can possibly be found ; before he deter- 
mines in difficult cases. 
Suavis. Sweet, agreeable. 
Sub. Used in combination as a diminutive. See 
somewhat. SUP 
Suberosus. Corky. 
Submersed, submemus. Growing under water. 
Subterraneus. Growing and flowering underground. 
This may be applied to the shoots of the Polygala 
rubella. 
Subtus. Beneath. 
Subulate, subulatus. See awl-form. 
Subuniflotus. Generally one flowered, but sometimes 
more. 
Succulcntus, succulent. Juicy, abounding! in juice. 
It is also applied to a pulpy leaf, whether juicy or 
not. 
Succus. See sap. 
Sucker. A shoot from the root, by which the plant 
may be propagated. 
Suffrutex. An under-shrub. A plant whose branch- 
es annually die, but the lower part of the stem is 
woody and remains ; as the Spirea alba, white 
Steeple-bush ; also Sage. 
Suffruticosus. > Undershrubby. 
Sulcate, sulcaius. Furrowed. Marked with deep 
lines. 
Sulphureus. S u 1 p h u r- col o u red. 
Superans. Exceeding in height. 
Superdecompouxb. See supradecompositus. 
Superficies. See pagina. 
Superflua, polygamia. The second order of the 
class syngenesia. The florets of the disk are per- 
fect, of the ray pistillate. As Life-everlasting,. 
Wormwood, Tansey, Elecampane, Yarrow, May- 
weed. 
Suptrne. Upwards, towards the top. 
Superior, superus. A calyx er corol is superior, 
when it proceeds from the upper part of the germ. 
See germ. 
Supinus. Face upwards. See resupinust S Y N 
Support. See fulcrum. 
Supra-nxillaris. See suprafoliaceus. 
Supradecomposi'us. More than decompound; which 
See. When a petiole is divided and the divisions 
divided at least once more, and the last divisions 
have leafets. 
Suprafoliaceus. Inserted above the axil, or base of 
the leaf. 
Surculus. A little branch or twig. Applied to the 
stem or shoot which bears the leaves of mosses. 
Suture, sutura. A seam-like appearance at the 
meeting of two parts; as the valves of pea-pod. 
Swimming. See natant. 
Sword-form. See ensiform. 
Sylvaticus. Growing in woods. 
Syluestris. Altogether wild; growing in wild woods. 
Syngenesia. (Sun, together; genesis, springing up.) 
Anthers growing up together in an united tubular 
set. The name of the eighteenth-class, if polya- 
delphia be rejected, or the nineteenth as established 
by Linneus. It comprises all those plants, whose 
flowers are compound, having the anthers in each 
floret with more or less of their edges adnate; so 
that the whole (which arc always 5) form a tube. 
Formerly the union of the anthers was the only 
circumstance noticed in defining this class; which 
brought the violet, the cardinal flower, &c. into 
it. But now the flower being compound is taken 
irflo consideration ; which makes a perfectly na- 
tural class. The order monogamia, which was. al- 
lotted to the simple flowers, is of course rejected. 
The present orders are Polygamia cuqualis, super- 
fua,fruslranea, necessaria and segregata; which 
see. 
Synonyms, synonymia. Different names for the same 
plant. A list of synonyms has now become essential SYS 
to every publication, containing descriptions of 
plants; on account of the vast multiplication of 
names. This is ascribable to two causes. 1. A 
botaanist with but little knowledge of plants, 
falls in with a plant which he cannot find out; though 
it is familiar to practical botanists. He immediate- 
ly gives it a name, and puffs himself into the face 
of the public as the discoverer. 2. Vanity is oft- 
en a quality of the indolent. And we find many 
vain men, who, feeling a strong desire to be cited 
as the authors of something, sit down at home, 
and split up and new-name genera and species; 
which they at length crowd into books to the gceat 
injury of the science. 
Synopsis. A condensed systematic view of a sub- 
ject, or science. 
System, systema. An arrangement of natural bod- 
ies according to assumed characters ; for the pur- 
pose of aiding the mind and mem®ry in acquiring 
and retaining a knowledge of them. Systems have 
been proposed in abundance. And we are still in- 
fested with system-makers and reformers, which 
are among the greatest evils incident to Natural 
Science. Any man of ordinary talents may make 
a tolerable system in half a day; that is, sixty 
systems per month. But why not adhere to 
that which is universally known and established ? 
There may be improvements in the Linnean sys- 
tem. But let them be adopted with caution, and 
on the authority of the oldest and most experien- 
ced botanists. T E M 
T 
Tanianus. Ribbon-form. 
Tail. A filiform process terminating a seed, &c. 
As the Virgin's bower. 
Talea. Sucker. 
Tapering. See attenuates. 
Targets, pelta. That kind of receptacle of lichens 
( which is flat, close-pressed, and attached to the 
frond by its whole underside, as if glued ; some- 
times attached to the bark of the fiond. It is broad, 
kidney-form, or oblong, rarely irregular; covered 
with a thin coloured disk, with no border except 
occasionally a very minute accessory one, which 
seems to circumscribe it. In an early stage it is 
concave, and concealed by a thia gelatinous fuga- 
cious membrane, or veil. Smith. 
Target-form. Sec peltate. 
Taste. See sapor. 
Tectus. Covered. 
Teeth of mosses. The outer fringe of the peristo- 
mium is generally in 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 divisions, 
r which are called teeth. See peristomium. 
Tegms. Covering. 
Tegument. The skin or bark of seeds ; as appears 
very distinct on a boiled pea or bean. 
Temperature. The degree of heat and cold to which 
any place is subject. This is not limited to de- 
grees of latitude; as high mountains in Pennsyl- 
vania produce many plants, most natural about 
Hudson's bay. In cold regions white and blue pe- 
tals principally prevail; in warm regions red and 
other bright strong colours. 
In the spring season white petals predominate; 
towards autumn the yellbw are most prevalent. 
Wildenow. T E T 
Tendril. That kind of appendage, which is fili- 
form and reaches out to grasp bodies to climb 
by. As the climbers of grapes and peas. 
Tendlus. Tender, delicate and fragile. 
Tenuijolius. Slender-leaved. 
Tenuis, Thin and slender. 
Teres. See terete. 
Terete. Round, columnar, and tapering from the 
base to the other end. 
Teretiusculus. Somewhat terete. 
Tergeminus. tergeminate. Thrice-paired. The pe- 
tiole is forked, these branches forked, and the last 
branches with paired leafcts. 
Terminal, terminalis. Proceeding from or occupy- 
ing the end of a stem, branch, style, &c. 
Terminations. In expressing resemblances it would 
greatly lengthen discriptions to introduce words 
drawing full-length comparisons. As a leaf re- 
rembling the form of an arrow. To avoid this, 
terminations united to the substantive word by a 
hyphen have been used ; as arrow-shape, or ar- 
row-form. I prefer the termination form, ma- 
king the whole a compound adjective noun. There 
are cases where like becomes a convenient termi- 
nation ; as petal-like stigma in the Iris. Here 
form or shaped would be inadequate; as its resem- 
blance consists rather in texture and general ap- 
pearance, than in Shape. 
Ternate. Three-fold. In threes. This term is al- 
so applied to compound leaves, waere 3 leafets 
proceed from the end of one petiole; as in the 
Strawberry. See biternate and triternate. 
Terraneus. Appertaining to the earth. 
Terreus. Earth-coloured. 
Tesselate, tessdatus. Chequered. 
Teter. Having a disagreeable smell. T H E 
Tetradynamia. (Tettares, four ; dunamis? power.) 
Four stamens overpowering, or overtopping the 
other two. The name of the fourteenth class ; in- 
cluding all plants whose flowers contain six sta- 
mens, four of which are uniformly longer than the 
other two. The enrols of this class are always 
cruciform. This class is divided into two orders, 
siliculosa, and siliquosa ; which see. 
Tetradynamous. Belonging to the class tetrady- 
namia. 
Tetredra. A 4-sided pod. 
Tetragonus. F our-corncred. 
Tetragynia. (Tettares, four; gune, female.) Four- 
styled. The fourth order of each of the first thir- 
teen classes. It contains all the plants of those 
classes, whose flowers have four styles or four ses- 
sile' stigmas. As Holly (ilex,) Pearlwort (sagma,) 
Pondweed (potamogetan) in the class tetrandria. 
Parnassus grass in the class pentandria. Lizard- 
tail (saururus) in the class heptandria. 
Tetrandria. ( Tettares, four; andra, male.) Four- 
stamened. The name of the fourth class. It com- 
prises all plants with perfect flowers, having 4 sta- 
mens in each; which are not united nor regularly 
two long and two short. 
Tetrandrols. Belonging to, or varying into, the 
class tetrandria. 
Tetr apetalus. Four petalled. 
Tetraphy Uns. Calyx with 4 leaflets. 
Tetraspermus. Having 4 seeds to a flower. 
Thalamia. See hollows. 
Thecae. The frond, or whole herbage of lichens. 
Theca. The hidden capsules of mosses. 
Thecae. The cases or cells containing the seeds in 
the disk of scutelite and some other receptacles 
of lichens. T R A 
Thorn, or spine. A sharp process from the woody 
part of a plant. It is an indurated imperfect bud, 
which when the plant grows in a rich soil, changes 
to a branch. Pears bear thorns in a poor soil, 
which disappear in richer. Wildenow. 
Thread-form. See filiform. 
Three-fold. See ternate. 
Thrice-pinnate. See tripinnate. 
Thrice-pinnatifid. See tripinnatifid. 
Throat. See faux. 
Thyrsioides. Flowers disposed in the form of a 
nosegay. 
Thyrse, thyrsus. See panicle. 
Tidge or tige. See caulis. 
Tinctorius. Plants suitable for dyeing or pigments. 
Tomentose, tomentosus. Covered with fine downy 
or cottony substance matted together. See lanate. 
Tongue-form. See linguiform. 
Toothed. See dentate. 
Toottiletted. See denticulate. 
Top-form. See turbinate. 
Torn. See lacerated. 
Torose, torosus. Protuberant. Raised in bunches 
or vein-like protuberances or ridges. 
Torulose, tondosus. Swelling a little; as the 
ridges on a muskmelon. 
Torsio. See intorsion. 
Tortilis. Secoiled. 
Tracheae.. The air-vessels of Grew. They are spi- 
ral channels supposed by Grew to be designed for 
receiving and distributing air in the vegetable. 
Trailing. See procumbent. 
Transverse, transversus. Crosswise. It is applied 
to a partition when it meets the valves of a peri- 
carp in any other part than at the sutures. 
Tmpeziformit. Having four unequal sides. TRI 
Tree (arbor.) A large woody plant. The word 
large, is very indefinite; but the distinction be- 
tween tree and shrub is very difficult to express. 
Perhaps large and small, interpreted according to 
the rules relating to parts under Relative propor- 
tions, will serve to distinguish trees and shrubs as 
well as an elaborate definition. These terms are 
not used in specific descriptions. See shrub and 
suflrutex. 
Triandria. (Treis three; andra male.) Three-stamen- 
ed. The name of the third class. It includes all 
plants whose flowers are perfect, with three sta- 
mens in each, not growing to the pistil. This class 
includes most of the grasses. 
Triandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class 
triandria. 
Triangular, triangularis. Having 3 angles or cor- 
ners. It is applied to a leaf with 3 points or cor- 
ners. 
Tribes, tribus. See gcntes and cotyledon. 
Tricot. See buttons. 
Trichotomus. Three-forked. See forked. 
Tricoccus. A 3-seeded capsule ; or rather 3-grained. 
It is applied to capsules, which appear as if three, 
of one cell and one seed each, were grown together. 
Tricuspidatus. Three pointed. See cuspidate. 
Triduus. Enduring 3 days. 
Trifarias. Facing 3 ways. 
Trifidus. Three-cleft. See cleft. 
Triflorus. Three-flowered. 
Trifoliatus. Three-leaved. 
Triglochis. Three-barbed. See barb. 
Tigonus. Three-cornered. See triangular. 
Jr gynia. (Treis, three; gune, female.) Three-styled. 
The name of the third order in each of the first 
thirteen classes; comprising all the plants in those TRI 
ei ders, whose flowers contain 3 styles or 3 sessile- 
stigmas in each. As Carpet-weed (mollugo) in the 
3d, Alder in the 5th, Dock in the 6th, Buckwheat 
in the 7th, Rhubarb in the 9th, Sandwort in the 
10th, Spurge in the 11th, classes. 
Vrijugus. Three paired. 
Trilobus. Three-lobed. See lobed. 
Trilocidaris. Thrc-celled. * 
Trinervis. Three-nerved. See nerved. 
Trinus. Leaves in threes. 
L'ripartitus. Deeply divided into three parts. 
Tnpetalus. Three-petalled. 
Triphyllus. Three leafets to a calyx. 
Tripinnate, Tripinnatus. Having the petiole pin- 
nated with other petioles ; and this second range 
of petioles supporting a third range with leafets. 
Tripinnatifid, tripinnatifidus. A pinnatifid leaf, 
with the divisions pinnatifid, and those latter divis- 
ions pinnatifid again. See pinnatifid and bipinna- 
tifid. 
Triplincrms-. See trinervis. 
Tripl y-compound. See Supradecompositus. 
Triqueter. Three-sided. 
Trispeiina. Three-seeded. 
Tristis. Dull-coloured, melancholy. 
Triternate, triternatus. When a petiole is divided 
into three branches ; and the branches again di- 
vided, each in three parts ; and on each of the last 
divisions three leafets. See biternate. 
Trivahis. A pericarp with 3 valves. 
Trivascularis. Having three cup-form cells. 
Trivial name, trinialia nomina. The name of a 
species, not including the discriptive terms. Pres- 
ident Smith says, trivial name is now superfluous ; 
as specific name is no longer used for the discrip- 
live terms. See specific name. TUR 
Truncate, tnmcatus. The end appearing as if cut 
off. Terminating in a strait edge, either per- 
pendicularly or obliquely transverse. 
Trunk, truncus. The bole of a tree. See bole. It 
is also applied to the stem of plants not woody ; 
and sometimes to the caudex of a root. 
Tube. The lower hollow cylinder of a monepeta- 
Jous corol. 
Tubercles, tubercula. That kind of receptacle of 
lichens, which is spherical or slightly conic, nearly 
closed, crustaceous, black; more or less immersed 
in the surface of the crustaceous frond, which it 
elevates; or sometimes it is exposed, being 
merely sessile. Each contains a ball, or mass, of 
connected seeds, destitute of cells, envelloped in a 
common membrane. The whole mass of seeds is 
at length discharged together by an orifice at the 
top of the tubercle. We often find these tuber- 
cles after the seeds are discharged. 
Tubercula. See tubercles. This word is sometimes 
applied to rough points on lepves, &c. 
Tuberous, tuberosus. Roots, which are thick and 
fleshy, but not of any regularly globular form. 
They are knobbed, as potatoe; oval as Orchis and 
some Anemones; Abrupt, as the bird-foot violet; 
Fascicled, as the Asparagus. 
Tubular, tubulatus. Having a tube, or being in the 
form of a tube. 
Tubulous, tubulosus. That corol of a compound 
flower, which forms a whole tube, not a ligulate 
floret. It is also applied to a perianth, if the whole 
or the lower part is a hollow cylinder. 
Tufted. See fascicle. 
Tunicate. See coated. 
Turbinate, tubinatus. Top-form. A cone with the 
point downwards. VAR 
Turgid, turgidus. Thickened, swollen, but not in- 
flated. 
Turion, turio. See gemmation. 
Twin. Two connected or growing together. 
Twining. Ascending spirally. See dextrorsum and 
sinistrorsum. 
Twisted. See coiled. 
Two-ranked, or two-rowed. See distichus- 
V 
Vagina. Sheath. That prolongation of a leaf, which 
forms a cylinder around the stem. See sheath. 
Valvatus. Resembling the valves of a glume. 
Vaginans. Sheathing. 
Vaginatus. Sheathed. 
Valve, valva. The several pieces of a pericarp, 
which separate naturally on ripening, are called 
valves. Also the leaves, or chaffs, of a glume. 
Each piece is called a valve. This name is some- 
times applied to the scales, which close the tube in 
some corols. 
Valvelet, valvula. Little valve. 
Variegatus. Variously coloured. 
Variety, Varietas. The changes produced among 
plants of the same species by accidental causes; 
as by soil, situation, culture, climate, &c. These 
changes respect magnitude, fullness of flowers, cris- 
ping of leaves, colour, taste and smell. If the same 
kind of plant can possibly be produced from the 
seed of other kinds, these are but varieties of the 
same species. All apples are but varieties of the 
same species ; because if the seeds of a sour ap- 
ple be planted, they will produce trees bearing sour, 
sweet, tart, red, green, large and small apples pre V E G 
miscuously. But the Quince is a different species; 
because it cannot possibly be produced from ap- 
ple seeds. 
Vasa, Vessels. The sap-vessels of vegetables have 
formed the subject of much enquiry and discussion. 
The best summary of the various theories may be 
found in Smith's Elements : loginning at the 43d 
page. See sap and camb By cutting very thin 
transverse segments of aquatic plants and holding 
them to the light, considerable practical knowl- 
edge may be obtained on this subject. 
Vaulted. Arched over like the roof of the mouth ; 
as the upper lip of some labiate corols. 
Vegetable. An organized substance, whose pro- 
creative organs decay before the individual dies. 
As in the pea ; the stamens and pistils decay be- 
fore the rest of the plant. It is divided into the 
fructification, root and herbage. See natural his- 
tory. 
Vegetable Kingdom. This is the name Linneus 
gives to all the subjects of the science of botany. 
See natural history. 
Vegetable Substance. The elementary principles 
of vegetables are principally carbon, hydrogen, and 
oxygen ; some contain nitrogen. 
The proximate principles are very complicated. 
1. Gum is a muciilaginous substance ; as Cherry 
gum, Arabic gum, &c. Most gums are softening 
and sheathing to the stomach, but not very ac- 
tive. Professor Silliman found the gum of sassafras 
(laurus sassafras) the most effectual remedy for his 
eyes, after they had been greatly injured by the 
explosion of fulminating silver. 2. Resin, is found 
in most pines. In a more refined and volatile state 
it becomes the true balsam; but the substance usu- 
ally called balsam is a coarse mixture of resin and VER 
volatile oil. Resin and gum combined was the 
substance burned, when frankinccnceofferings were 
made by the Jews. 3. Starch, is the most nutri- 
tious part of vegetables. The Potatoe consists al- 
most entirely of starch crystals. The starch should 
be washed out of Hour in making paste; which 
can be done best after the paste is raised by a little 
yeast. It then leaves the gluten almost pure, and 
very strongly adhesive. [Extract from M.S. notes 
taken at Professor Silliman's lectures in March 
1816.] 
Incipient germination seems to increase the pro- 
portion of gluten and diminish that of the starch. 
For flour made of grain, which had began to 
sprout in the field during a wet harvest, is very ad- 
besive, when manufactured into dough. 
Veil. See calyptra. 
Veil us. Fleecy, or a fleece. This term is also ap- 
plied to that kind of clouds which float swiftly about 
the sky, without any strait side, and resemble an 
open fleece of wool. See cirrous and natural 
history. 
Veined, venosus. A leaf with the ribs or tendonous 
fibres variously branched. 
Ventricose, ventricosus. Swelling out as if blown up 
with wind. Or rather bellied out. See inflated. 
Ventrkulosus. A little ventricose. 
Vernalis. Coming forth early in the spring. 
Vernation, vematio. See foliation. 
Verruca'. Variously formed protuberances, solid and 
usually smooth, on the crust of some lichens. 
Sometimes the receptacles grow on them. 
Verri cose, verrucosus. Warty. Having little war- 
ty knob-like substances on the surface. 
Versatile, versatilis. Lying horizontally and mo- 
ving freely on a point. Particularly applied to 
anthers lying on the point of the fillament. V I N 
Vertex. The summit. 
Vertical, vsrticalis. Standing or hanging up and 
down at light angles with the horizon; or paral- 
lel to the stem. 
Verticillatus. See whorled. 
Versicular, versicularis. Containing, or consisting 
of, a cellular substance. 
Vessels. See vasa. 
Vexillum. See banner. 
Vigilice plantarum. The determined hours of the 
day, when certain plants expand and shut their 
flowers. See sleep. 
Villose, villosus. Having a superficial covering of 
long soft whitish hairs. The calyptra of some mosses 
consists wholly of a mat of hairs. 
Villus. Fine soft hairs. 
Vimen. A withe. A twig which is slender and flex- 
ible. 
Violaceus. Violet coloured. 
Virescens. Incliningto green. 
Virgains. Wand-like. Slender red! 
Vindis. Green. 
Virgultum. Small twig. 
Virosus. Nauceous disgusting smell. 
Viscid, viscidus. Covered superficially with a tena» 
ceous juice. 
Viscidity, viscositas^ Clamminess. Possessing an 
adhesive quality. 
Vitellinue.. Yellow with a tinge of red. 
ViteUas. A thin substance in the seeds of some plants, 
closely connected with the embryo, but never ri- 
sing out of the ground with it in germination. It is 
never in plants with genuine ascending cotyledons ; 
and perhaps it may serve to perform the functions 
of cotyledons. It is between the albumen and em- 
bryo, when albumen is present. It composes the 
■»ulk of the seeds of Mosses and Ferns. Smith. U N I 
Vitreus. Glassy, colourless. See hyaline. 
Viviparous. Producing its offspring alive, either by 
bulbs instead of seeds or by seeds germinating on 
the plant. 
Uliginosus. Growing in damp places. 
Ulna. Arm's length. 
Umbel, umbella. That kind of inflorescence, where 
several flow'er-stcms diverge from one place, like 
the braces of an umbrella ; bearing florets on their 
extremities. If these flower-stems are subdivided, 
a partial umbel is formed. 
Umbelliferous. Bearing umbels; as Carrot, Dill, 
Fennel. 
Umbellet, umbellula. A partial or lesser umbel. 
Umbilicus. A navel. 
Umilicatus. Navelled. Having a kind of central 
roundish hollow or protuberance; as on tiie end' 
of an apple, or of a pumpkin. 
Umbonatus. See bossed. 
Unangulatus. One-angled. 
Unarmed. Having no thorns nor prickles. 
Uncialis. As long as the thumb-nail. 
Uncinate, uncinatus. Hooked at the end. See 
hamus. 
Unctuosus. Greasy, unctious. 
Undulate, undulatus or undatus. Wavy. Rising 
and falling, or extending and receding in waves. 
Undershrub. See saffrutex. 
Undivided. See indivisus. 
Unequal. The parts not corresponding in size, form 
and duration. 
Unguiculatus. A petal with a claw. 
Unguis. A claw, which see. 
Ungulate, ungulatus. In the form of a horse's hoof; 
as the common touch-wood (boleteus igniarius.) 
Unicapsularis. Having one capsule to each flower.. WAN 
Unieus. Single. Only one. 
Uniflorus. One-flowered. 
Uniformis. All parts alike, or corresponding-. 
Unilabiatus. One-lipped. 
Unilateral, unilateralis. See one-sided. 
Vnilocularis. One-celled. 
Unisexus. Either staminate or pistillate, not perfect. 
Univalvis. One-valved. 
Univaseularis. Having one cup-form cell. 
Universal, universalis. See partial. 
Volva. The ring or wrapper of some fungus plants, 
which contracts in size as the plant grows older ; 
as the mushroom. Wildenow calls that the volva 
only, which encloses the fungus in the young state, 
and remains close upon the ground ever after. The 
ring around the stem above, he calls annulus. See 
ring. 
Volubilis. See twining. 
Upright. See erect. 
Urcelatus. Bellying out like a pitcher, and not 
contracting much at top. 
Vrens. Stinging, armed with stings. 
Urn-form. Swelling in the middle and contracting 
at the top ; as the calyx of the Rose. 
-VstVago. Smut in grain. 
Utricles. The little bag-like reservoirs for sap. 
Utriculus. A little bladder. 
Utrinque acutus. Sharpening at both ends. 
glabcr, villosus, &c. sleek, downy, &c. both 
sides. 
w 
Wand-like. See virgatus. 
Waved or wavy. See undulate. ZIG 
Wedge-form. Obovate with straitish sides. 
Wheel-form. A nionopetalous corol with a spread- 
ing border and an extremely short tube. 
Whorled. Surrounding the stem in numbers at in- 
tervals; as the leaves of Bedstraw, and the flow- 
ers of Motherwort. 
W^ngs. The two side petals in a papilionaceous 
corol. 
It is also applied to the membranes affixed to 
seeds or pericarps. Monopterygia, 1- winged. Dip- 
terygia, 2-winged. Tripterygia, 3-winged. Tetrap- 
terygia, 4-winged. Pentapterygia, 5-winged. Po- 
lypterygia, many-winged. 
Withering. Having a shrivelled and decaying ap- 
pearance, though not actually in astate of decay; 
as the flowers of elm (ulmus.) 
Wood. The most solid part of trunks and roots of 
trees and shrubs. It is also applied to the part of 
herbaceous plants between the bark and pith. 
Woody. Not herbaceous. 
Woolly. See lanate. 
Wrinkled. See rugose. 
Writhed. Sec coiled. 
Wythe. See vimen. 
z 
Zigzag. See fluxuose- ERRATA. 
Under Calyx, insert germ, between " the" and 
4 receptacle." 
Under C^mb, erase " killed " and insert " injured." 
Under Diverging, insert almost between " form" 
and 11 a right." 
" Faniculus" should be Funiculus, and stand be- 
tween Fungus and Funnel-form. 
Under Gernrnatis, alter "germation" to gemination. 
u Mane" should be Male. 
Under Ovate instead of " one end," read the end 
next to the Stem. 
Under Parenchyma erase " pubescence" and in- 
sert substance. 
Versicular should be Vesicular. 
Umilicatus should be UmbilicatuS. 
Urcelatus should be Urceolatus. &ATJ LOGVE 
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