A-et'c?1 -7 v? f- of the United States Navy With the d Marine Corps in France . \ v'ori-G VV S: L •xAV: 'll U97 The Medical Department of the United States Navy with the Army and Marine Corps in France in World War I Its Functions and Employment NAVMED 1197 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery U. S. Navy Department Washington, D. C. June 1947 Members of the J\[avy Medical department were detailed with the Fourth Marine Brigade, United States Marine Corps and the Second Division, United States Army, while serving in the French and Ger' man theater of operations, 1917-19, by order of the President of the United States. The material for this volume was collated, compiled, and constructed from records of the War and F[avy Departments; Headquarters, United States Marine Corps; from retained copies of original reports, and from personal papers of the subject officers and men, by George G. Strott, Lieutenant, Hospital Corps, United States Ffavy, Retired. II PREFACE the Surgeon General of the Navy This monograph is historical in a double sense. First, it deals with an im- portant episode in the naval medical history of the Navy and one which con- tains many important lessons which are of great value today. Second, it is the first historical work dealing with naval medical history to be published by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery as an official publication. There has been a considerable amount of material published in the past dealing with the naval medical history, but these have been the work of individual historians and not printed under official auspices. This history of the Naval Medical Department with that of the Marine Corps in World War I is, therefore, the first official document on naval medi- cal history to be printed. The Historical and Naval Medical Museum Section of the Division of Publications in the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery is a relatively new activity. A division of medical history has long been a part of the Surgeon General’s Office of the Army. In Great Britain, the Committee of Imperial Defense has been well represented. Other armies and navies have also possessed organizations dealing with the preparation of official histories. A great impetus was given to the study of official military history by the di- rective of the President of March 4, 1942, in which arrangements were made for a governmental history of World War II. Under this directive, an Office of Naval History was established in the Navy Department and extensive plans for a history of the war were made and are at present being carried out. In these plans the Bureau of Medicine and Sur- gery is concerned with the history of the Medical Department in the Navy Department and considerable progress has been made in the preparation of official history of World War II. The monograph here published deals with a special but rather neglected field of naval medical history. This was the participation of naval medical units in the Marine Corps in France in the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I. The author of this monograph, who was himself a participant in all of the events he describes, made it a labor of love to col- lect material over a period of thirty years. Much of this material would even- tually be scattered and lost and it was felt that it was too valuable to go un- published. Now in printed form it will become a permanent record which can be consulted at any time and should be most useful. Any medical officer about to take part in a Marine Expedition or to undergo training in Amphibious or Expeditionary Warfare could do no better than to use this as one of the fundamental background books. “We must look back if we are to look ahead” and in all our planning for the future there is nothing more important for us than to examine the history of past events and profit by the experience of those who took part in it. C. A. Swanson Rear Admiral, (MC) Surgeon General, U. S. Navy GENERAL HOLCOMB’S PREFACE The naval medical personnel who were attached to the Fourth Brigade of Marines, Second Division (Regular), United States Army, American Expedi- tionary Forces, in Europe during World War I, participated gloriously in the world-heralded achievements of that small but renowned unit of Marines, adding laurels to their already notable accomplishments. Too few, within and without the services, know or understand the official relationship of naval medical personnel who serve with Marine Corps units— combat organisations that operate away from the Navy proper. Whenever or wherever the deeds of the Marines are related, whenever their martial hymn is sung, in all the achievements attributed to them, it should be remembered that naval medical personnel have been and are an active, an honor- able, and a praiseworthy part. Historians have neglected, doubtless through oversight, to record in detail the participation of these men. Their accomplishments as a unit perhaps have been considered as the performance of duty in the ordinary sense. Insofar as their individual heroic acts, and the importance of their task to the military have gone unrecorded, an error has been made which this book seeks to correct. As brother enlisted men, as officers, as civilians, let us henceforth pause reverently in memory of those naval medical men who have served their country so honorably in the campaigns and expeditions, and who are no longer here to receive deserved homage. And let us always rightly honor the living Navy medical personnel who even now enter upon meritorious projects. There have been notable heroic performances by Navy medical personnel in Mexico, China, the Philippines, Samoa, Guam, Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, Santo Domingo, Panama, and elsewhere. But never have there been more notable displays of heroism, greater'accomplishments of valor, or more courageous acts under the most arduous conditions than on the battlefields of France during World War I. Would that it were possible to relate every brave, exemplary act of the in- dividual naval medical man who served with the Marine Brigade as a part of the American Expeditionary Forces in France. Many were awarded decora- tions for valor by the American Government. A few received both American and French awards. The courageous exploits of others will never be known, for their acts were unobserved. The medical man carries on modestly. There are those who, while heroically expecting the duties of war, offered their lives in the very act of succoring fallen comrades. Those who have thus given their lives on the field of honor attained the highest nobility. As a result of their historic acts and faultless devotion, virtually every member received a decoration or award. The quality of the duty performed by them, under the worst conditions, measured up to the finest standards of Navy, Marine Corps, and Army tradition. True to the best principles of American service ideals, these Navy men per' sonified everything that could be expected of any body of men. A glance at their record will show that out of 331 involved during the period of actual fighting: 18 were killed or died of wounds, 165 were wounded or gassed, and 684 citations and medals awarded. The destroyers, U. S. S. Litchfield and U. S. S. Osborne, were named in honor of 2 brave men of this Navy group. Their work, carried out during the greatest engagements of World War I, covered the handling, treating, tagging, and evacuating back to the areas of recovery and safety approximately 13,000 battle casualties. This huge number does not include the sick of the Fourth Brigade of Marines and the casualties of Army and French units which had been in liaison with the Fourth Brigade of Marines, nor the extensive number of wounded German soldiers, mopped up on the brigade fronts. The naval medical personnel who served in the Fourth Brigade, United States Marine Corps, Second Division, United States Army, A. E. F., 1917-19, acquitted themselves with exemplary honor. They won for their corps and branch of service a record of war accomplishment ranking high in naval history. T. Holcomb, General, United States Marine Corps. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface m General Holcomb’s Preface iv Dedication ix Introduction: Medical Department, United States Navy-—Historical Development 1 “Berlin or Bust!"—Development and training 7 Quantico, Va.—Philadelphia, Pa 8 France—Vosges 14 Log of a Battalion Surgeon 17 End of Training ] 8 Operations: Verdun—Troyon-Toulon Sector: Medical Echelon Scheme—Brigade Medical Organ- ization—Hygiene, Sanitation and Morale—Personality of Medical Troops—Medi- cal and Surgical Supplies—Transportation—Relative Usefulness of Supplies— Medical Function During Action—Casualties—Statistics—Positions on Verdun Front—Log of a Battalion Surgeon 21 Toward Cantigny 41 Belleau Wood—Aisne-Marne Offensive: Chateau-Thierry Sector—Excerpts from a Log of a Battalion Surgeon—Statistics—Summary of Medico-Military Operations— Positions on Belleau Wood Front 44 Champagne-Marne Defensive 56 Soissons—Aisne-Marne Offensive—Battle Log of a Battalion Surgeon—Positions on Soissons Front—Statistics 58 Nancy—Military Uniforms -. 68 PontaMousson—Marbache Sector: Statistics—Positions on Marbache Sector 73 Colombey les Belles: Paper Work—Readiness for Action and Morale 76 St. Mihiel Offensive-—A “Push” for Pershing—Statistics-—Positions on St. Mihiel Front 83 Toul: “Thanks to the Marines” 93 Blanc Mont (Champagne—Muese-Argonne Offensive—1)—Log of a Battalion Sur- geon—Positions on Champagne Front—Statistics 96 The Leffincourt Back Track (Meuse-Argonne Offensive—2) Ill Sommerance-Mouzon (Meuse-Argonne Offensive—3)—Objective: Germany!—The Armistice—Positions on Sommerance-Mouzon Front—Statistics 115 March to the Rhine 130 Watch on the Rhine: Medical Routine—Colors Decorated—Regiments in Review—Medical Records— Routine and Special Assignments—Celebration—On the Alert—Peace—Letter of Commanding General—Journey Homeward—Demobilization 138 Length of Service and Replacements . 158 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS Casualties in Action and Citations and Awards: Casualties in Action: Page Roll of Honor—Muster 161 Officers—Medical, Dental, and Chaplains, U. S. N 163 Hospital Corpsmen, U. S. N 164 Wounds: Chevrons and Medals 170 Casualties in Action 171 Citations and Awards: Order of Citations 173 Medals and Decorations 174 The French Fourragere in the United States Navy: Fourragere Roster 186 Medical and Dental Officers, U. S. Army 193 Medical and Dental Officers, U. S. Navy 193 Hospital Corpsmen, U, S. Navy 207 Organization Rosters: Battle Participation Key 279 Table I—Medical and Dental Officers, U. S. N 281 Table II—Corps of Chaplains, U. S. N 282 Table III—Special and Important Assignments 282 Table IV—Hospital Corps, U. S. N 283 Table V—Medical and Dental Officers attached (Army) 291 Taple VI—Original Rosters—Medical Personnel, U. S. N 292 Table VII—Original Replacement Rosters—Medical Personnel, U. S. N 295 Table VIII—Arlon Replacement Rosters—Medical Personnel, U. S. N 298 Table IX—Army of Occupation, Germany, Rosters—Medical Personnel, U. S. N.... 299 Table X—Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Special Duty Medical Personnel, U. S. N. . . . 304 Table XI—Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Muster Roll—Medical Personnel, U. S. N. . 305 Organization Commendations 253 Author’s Note and Bibliography 317 Dedication This record is dedicated to those medical and dental officers and hospital corpsmen of the United States A[avy who, during the World War I, were attached to the Combat Marines in Europe as medical infantrymen in one of America's most famous fighting divisions, the Second Division (Regular); it is dedicated to the valorous men of the Medical Department of the United States ?{avy who are required to leave the ships and the customs of the l\[avy to go out in amphibious expeditions into the dar\ corners of the earth. I am speaking of the naval men who wear Marine Jffiaki, who unknown and unreported offer their gallant lives in caring for the wounded and sic\, both Marine and native, in jungle, on desert, on mountain trails, on icy tracts. George G. Strott. STAR AND INDIAN HEAD The shoulder patch worn hy the famed Second Division “Officers and men of the Medical Department of the R[avy, serving with a body of Marines with the Army in accordance with the provisions of section sixteen hundred and twenty-one of the Revised Statutes, shall, while so serving, be subject to the rules and the articles of war prescribed for the govern' ment of the army in the same manner as the officers and men of the Marine Corps while so serving (Rev, Stat. 1621.) “Tour heroism and the heroism of our comrades who died on the battlefield will live in history forever, and will be emulated by the young men of our country for generations to come. “To be able to say when this war is finished, T belonged to the Second Division; I fought with it at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge,' will be the greatest honor that can come to any man." Maj. Gen. John A. Le Jeune, U. S. M. C., Commanding, Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces, France, 11 October 1918. INTRODUCTION Medical Department, United States Navy; Historical Development; Explanation of Organization and Function In the interest of national defense, the physical standards, which have to be met by those accepted for service, are determined by the medical profession, for officers and men alike. All vital factors connected with the everyday life of military personnel, are likewise the problems and responsibilities of the medical profession. Food, clothing, housing, environment, pleasures, morals, and morale (all are important in the maintenance of optimum health, happiness, and usefulness) fall under the medical officer’s charge and supervision. When armies and navies go forth to do battle the medical profession goes with them. There is little doubt that the largest train of an army or navy is that employed in the handling, supply, maintenance, repair, and replacement of the human elements. Every phase of an army’s or navy’s vital organisation is per' meated by, and is under the close scrutiny of, the medical profession. With each company of infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers or aviation units, there are to be found representatives of the medical profession (attached troops). They are also found among the crews of all vessels of the Navy—large and small, surface and submarine—and in the field and in the air, with naval and marine landing parties operating in nations beyond the continental limits of the United States. These naval-military medical men are of the Regular Military and Naval Establishments. They wear the uniform of the branch of service to which they belong or to which they may be attached. They eat the same food and live in the same barracks, trench, or compartment on board ship. They suffer the same privations. They go over the top with Infantry and drop in parachutes or force beaches and push through the jungle with the Marines. They are locked in watertight casements with gun crews in battleships, destroyers, and submarines where they encourage, aid, and restore the fighters. In the field, in the gun spaces aboard men-of-war during action, the soldier- sailor-marine medical men, sharing all the danger and hardship of the fight, often under the circumstances of the bravest of fighters, collect and start the task of repairing the human debris of battles. Under fire, during battle, they swath their fighting comrades in comforting bandages; splint broken bones; ligate bleeding arteries; support eviscerated entrails; perform merciful amputations with scissors or bayonets; neutralize agonizing burns; satisfy a seering thirst; stimulate and cheer a crushed body; rouse men from the brink of fatal shock; 2 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY transfuse exsanguinated tissues; protect injuries against destructive infections; take a farewell word or note from thbse about to die; record full particulars of the incident for record, for future claims, and for history; remove the helpless from danger and transport them to safety. And in the doing of these things, their own lives are gambled. In support of fighting units, troops, ships, and aircraft, are evacuation hospi- tals, hospital trains, hospital ships, and base hospitals. There other workers in medicine, in le?ss danger and with better facilities, continue the task of human repair. In such places patriotic men and women, as nurses and aides, tend the men who have offered their superb wholeness. Because of disfiguring wounds and disheveled uniforms, many “front-line casemate” medical personnel, no longer recognisable as medical officers or hos- pital corpsmen, are found sprinkled among the war tides of human debris in hospitals as casualties of action. The United States Government, in each of its specific major divisions employs quotas of the medical profession. Such governmental medical bureaus have been established by law and are supported by departmental appropriations. In accordance with the specialisations of medicine as they are applicable to specific fields of governmental activity, medical workers administer and carry out the responsibilities of medical science which are concerned with the vital problems of national health. Most of the departments of the Government maintain a bureau made up of workers in medicine who have been trained in the functions and duties associated with each specific departmental field. These features of department medical specialisation and employment apply to the War Department, United States Army (military medicine), and to the Navy Department, United States Navy (naval medicine). These medical bureaus, despite their specifically martial specialisation and far-flung environ- ments, are composites, in general function, of all other types of governmental medicine. All divisions of governmental medicine, though administratively independent of one another, work in harmony for mutual welfare as well as for the general welfare of the public in the universal field of scientific medicine: Advancing knowledge, safeguarding life, and promoting health. In a combined manner their work promotes higher standards of living, better health, stimulates educa- tion, and, generally, advances the morale and contentment and efficiency of the Nation’s citisenry. The lessons learned and the experience gained in these wide sones of applica- tion provide a corps of experts which exert influence throughout the field of medical education and practice. The medical schools of our universities receive valuable material and guidance from governmental medical sources. Many Federal medical workers are leaders in national medical organisations, scientific bodies and societies, and they serve on boards and national committees of stand- ardisation, research, legislation, and enforcement. The Medical Department of the Navy, administered by the Bureau of Medi- IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 3 cine and Surgery, Navy Department, is one of the basic divisions of the admin- strative organisation (composed of nine other bureaus, including the United States Marine Corps) known as the Department of the Navy. The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, administers the field of medicine as it applies to the general naval environment. This Bureau was authorised by the act of August 31, 1842 (419 R. S.), which act provided for five other naval Bureaus. These Bureaus formed the nucleus of the modern Navy Department. The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, is headed by a Chief of Bureau who, during tenure in office, has the title of Surgeon General of the Navy. Appointment to this office is from among a certain group of active naval medical officers, the designation being made by the President of the United States (through the Secretary of the Navy after consultation and recommenda- tion) with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Senate confirms the Presidential nomination. The period of service is for 4 years, A term is renewable for an additional 4-year period by reappointment. As Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, the Surgeon General has a seat on the council of the Secretary of the Navy. His presence thereon is as the expert representing medicine as medicine applies to the wide and diversified environment peculiar to the Navy, which includes the medical phases of the field covered by the United States Marine Corps. The record of activities of medical personnel of the Navy, from the earliest days of our national life, reveals its historical importance. From before the inception of our Government until 31 August, 1842, the history of the Medical Department of the Navy was interwoven with that of other branches of the naval service. In 1775, the Continental Congress authorised the first American Navy. Our Navy has existed longer than our present form of Government and was established prior to the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. The earliest vessels and personnel, constituting the Colonial Navy, were under military control, conducted directly through a naval committee of the Continental Congress. After our independence, the Navy, as well as the Army, was controlled by an executive unit known as the War Department, created by act of Congress in 1789. Another executive unit denominated the Navy Department, was established by act of Congress 30 April 1798. At this time the Navy Department consisted of only one office, whose head, then as now, was the Secretary of the Navy. The administrative Bureaus of the Navy Department were developed subsequently as the result of reorgan- ization and enabling legislation. The first attempt to regulate the martial establishments of the United States and provide a systematic organization occurred in 1799. At that time Congress authorized the following officers in the medical establishment of the United States Government: 4 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY A physician general who shall be charged with the superintendence and direction of all military hospitals, and generally of all medical and surgical practice or service concerning the Army and Navy of the United States, and of all persons who shall be employed in and about the same time, in camps, garrisons and hospitals; an apothecary general, and one or more deputies, who shall be charged with the safekeeping and delivery of all medicines, instruments, dressings and other articles for the use of the hospitals and Army; a purveyor, who shall be charged with providing medicines and whatever else may be necessary in relation to said practice or service. The naval aspects of medicine soon took shape as an independent service. In 1815 Congress authorized the President to appoint three naval officers as a board of commissioners for the Navy to be attached to the Secretary’s office, and under his direction, to discharge the ministerial duties of his office. It was not until the provisions of the act of 31 August 1842 were put into effect that the present Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, came into being. The first Chief of Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, was William Paul Crillon Barton, whose term of office extended from 2 September 1842, to 1 April 1844. During the World War of 1917-19 William Clarence Braisted was Surgeon General of the Navy. He headed (which was until then) the greatest aggrega- tion of medical personnel ever assembled under the jurisdiction of the Navy. Devoted to the multitudinous details of the vast medical responsibility connected with a Navy and Marine Corps of 600,000 men, during war, and the handling and treating of the returning sick and injured of the A. E. F., Surgeon General Braisted directed and discharged his trust with exceptionally meritorious ability and intelligence. The Marine Corps draws its quota of medical personnel from the Medical Department of the Navy. Where elements of the Marine Corps go, naval medical personnel likewise go. While on this duty naval medical personnel are hard to identify because they discontinue wearing navy blue and don the winter field, khaki, white, or olive-drab of the Marine Corps or Army, depending on the situation that the Marine Corps elements with which they serve are required to meet. There is a law in the Statutes of the United States (U. S. R. S. No. 1621) which, when circumstances of national defense indicate the prudence of trans- ferring Marine Corps elements from the jurisdiction of the Navy Department to that of the War Department for service, effected by Executive order, likewise authorizes at such times, and along with the affected Marine Corps elements, similar transfer of the required quota of naval medical personnel. Naval medical personnel are the only class of service personnel subject to perform duty with the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps simultaneously. They are the only personnel of any martial arm of our Government who, although part of one branch, may be shifted from one arm to the other. At times naval medical elements may be found in each major service. The Marine Corps’ relationship to the naval service resembles that of the Medical Department of the Navy, except that the Marine Corps is an adminis- IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 5 trative staff corps and the Medical Department of the Navy is a recommending staff corps. Naval medical personnel are men of the specific naval field who not only are medical workers in naval hospitals and dispensaries but also are required to be sailors, marines, and doughboys. This broad service requirement leads to unusually arduous application when duty is performed with the Army, the Navy, and Marine Corps simultaneously, and especially at such times when Americans and American arms are placed in the critical position of comparison and trial in a foreign allied nation during a great war with a common enemy, across the ocean. There are the ideals, esprit de corps, and high standards of each specific arm with which to conform creditably and with enthusiasm, while still retaining their own identity and corps ideals. This type of duty, intensified now by wide and constantly changing application, must be performed by such medical personnel without interservice malice or criticism; and, at the same time they must represent their country favorably in foreign nations where representatives of all nations are passing in critical review. The services of the Navy medical personnel, who were attached to the Fourth Brigade, United States Marine Corps of the Second Division (Regular), United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, during the World War, marked the first time in the history of the United States that this statute (U. S. R. S. No. 1621) had been used as authority for the transfer of naval personnel from service in the Navy to service in the Army. The service, in the Army, of naval personnel, as authorized by the provisions of this statute, brought to light the fact that no administrative orders existed for the regulation of interservice liaisons which resulted when the statute was invoked. There were no regulations pertaining to personnel or administrative details They were mute, so far as the service of naval medical personnel in the Army was concerned (Navy Regulations, Articles of War, manuals, general orders, including U. S. M. C.). The statute remains the only point of law on the sub' ject, the provisions of which never have been interpreted in detailed adminis' trative regulations. The unqualified provisions of the statute, where Navy medical personnel are involved, precludes application of the universal privilege of equal service opportunity; i. e., equality with the personnel of the Army and Marine Corps with whom service is had, and with personnel of the Navy, away from whom (physically and administratively) service is performed. As the situation exists, departmental responsibility for the legal status of Navy personnel transferred to the Army, as at present qualified, is hard to place. This opinion becomes apparent when jurisdiction regarding claims and duties based on service while with the Army, during war, is questioned. This is an impor* tant point to take into consideration when reviewing the reports of “Functions and Employment of the Naval Medical Service with the Fourth Brigade, United States Marine Corps, Second Division, United States Army.” 6 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Ambulance equipment at the new United States Marine Corps Base, Quantico, Va., May 1917—• Lt. (j'g) William P. Gilmer (MC), U. S. Tf., and George G. Strott, chief pharmacists' mate, U. S. Jfavy, shown with “Elizabeth Pierce," the name by which this famous ambulance was hnown. “Berlin or Bust” DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING Immediately following the announcement from Washington on 7 April 1917, that “a state of war existed between the United States and the Imperial German Empire,” the military arms began the task of assembling available troops for embarkation to France. The military forces at once obtainable, although scat- tered around the country and in places beyond the seas, were organized on paper into specific war units and steps were taken to effect early concentration along the Atlantic seaboard in preparation for overseas embarkation. A survey was made of available and equipped troops, including the United States Marine Corps. The Marine Corps had a large number of highly trained personnel distributed throughout the United States in navy yards, munition depots, naval hospital detachments, on board vessels of the Navy and at recruit depots undergoing training; there were several veteran Marine regiments serving on active expedi- tionary duty in the West Indies: Cuba, Haiti, and Santo Domingo. The Navy Department was in a position to concentrate this particular class of sailor-sol- diery in a short time, and by running a spirited enlistment campaign, it was estimated that a force could be recruited to provide, in phases, two full war- strength brigades of infantry with an additional force sufficient to develop necessary replacement elements and desirable auxiliaries. The Secretary of the Navy offered to the Secretary of War a Marine force which when finally devel- oped, would equal a full war-strength division. Legal provision for the transfer of such a force from the jurisdiction of the Navy to that of the Army, “by order of the President of the United States,” already existed in the Statutes of the United States (U. S. R. S. No. 1621). The formal acceptance of these Marine Corps elements by the Secretary of War followed. A Presidential order was issued for the transfer to the Army, of such Marine Corps elements as would be available to the Army overseas. Along with the Marine Corps units, the Army had forces available in sufficient numbers to assemble four full war divisions for immediate service in France: Two Regular Army (First and Second) Divisions, and two National Guard (Twenty-sixth and Forty-second) Divisions. There was also sufficient personnel available for the organization of a general headquarters as well as supplemental men and equipment to lay down the skeletal structure of a service of supply. Counting potential elements already in Europe; that is, civilian hospital units, motor corps, aviation elements and troops functioning as volunteers and auxil- iaries with the various Allied armies, in connection with similar elements 748887—47 2 7 8 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY organized and about to sail for Europe for the same purpose, the United States mustered the military fundamentals upon which a gigantic force would be built. The Navy had an adequate transport train in which was counted several splendid German merchant vessels, sequestered as a result of having been interned prior to our declaration of war. The Navy also had ready many destroyers and other classes of war craft to act as armed convoy as well as to augment Allied sea forces in the North Atlantic. Having these basic elements throughout France and scattered over the ocean simultaneously with the arrival of combat troops in Europe, it was considered that the primary contribution of the United States would be adequate, and equal to the best expectations of the Allies. Steps were immediately taken by the Navy Department to withdraw all Marines from posts where they could be spared, including most of the elements which were on expeditionary duty beyond the seas. The U. S. S. Charleston and U. S. S. St. Louis, transferred from the Pacific to the Atlantic, stopped en route to Philadelphia at Santo Domingo, Haiti, and Cuba, and took on board a con- siderable veteran Marine force which had long been active in the West Indies. From Cuba the St. Louis took the First Provisional Expeditionary Regiment, U. S. M. C., which in 2 months, prior to its departure from Cuba, had success- fully quelled the most destructive revolt that country had experienced since the Spanish-American War. These marines were to be concentrated adjacent to a port of embarkation for organization, training, and equipping. Quantico, Va.—Philadelphia, Pa. With preparations made, related plans were at once pursued for training- center construction. The Navy Department enlarged Marine housing facilities in the Philadelphia Navy Yard. In the development of a great center of con- centration, training and equipping of marines for overseas service, it procured a large tract of land on the Potomac River at Quantico, Va., about 30 miles south of Washington, D. C. Lt. W. H. Mann (M. C.) U. S. N. was ordered to the undeveloped Quantico site as the post surgeon; he was the medical pioneer in the huge construction and training program that grew up out of nothing within a few weeks’ time. At the same time the Marine Corps laid down on paper the Fifth and Sixth Regiments of Infantry and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, first designated the First Provisional Battalion. The Tenth Regiment, the designation given a Marine regiment of motorized howitzer artillery, was scheduled for organiza- tion and training for possible use in a contemplated Marine division; likewise, to fill the gaps anticipated as a result of combat in the lines of the Marine ele- ments, a number of replacement battalions were provided. Training regiments and battalions were laid down for holding-service in occupied West Indies countries. To develop this project successfully an enormous tide of coordinated industry was turned loose by the Marine Corps. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 9 This manifestation of constructive energy was generally beneficial and its infectiousness was detectable in other national activities. The attack on the recruiting phase was lively and colorful. It was instituted on a solid and productive basis a week or so after war was declared. The key- note and slogan of this campaign, “First to Fight," not only successfully filled Marine Corps quotas but also stimulated a wave of spontaneous enlistment in the Army and Navy. The recruiting districts fed their increased quotas into recruit depots at Mare Island, Calif, and Parris Island, S. C. The Marine barracks in the Philadelphia Navy Yard and at Portsmouth, Va. were enlarged and equipped to serve as points of concentration and embarkation and as over- flow recruit camps. With the steady flow of recruits filling the recruit depots and the movement of veteran troops northward from the Tropics, by the middle of May 1917 the Marine Corps planning board had sufficient personnel available to make the Fifth Regiment a reality and to begin the construction of the Sixth Regiment. About this time, with the Quantico tract being procured and contract let for the construction of a great cantonment, the Marine artillery then at An- napolis, was ordered to proceed, by barge, via Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River to this site. During the development of these early Marine Corps problems there was born the spirit of bull-dog determination which, later, through constant repetition of brilliant exploits, became the permanent character- ization of the corps and gave the Marines the name “Devil Dogs.” Naval medical officers and hospital corpsmen, attached to Marine Corps recruiting stations as physical examiners, entered into the general Marine Corps spirit and were busy night and day examining large numbers of recruits. Owing to the rapid arrival of Marines at Quantico and Philadelphia from various points throughout the United States and the West Indies, during the last few days of May 1917, the organization, mobilization, and partial equipping of the original Fifth Regiment consumed only a few days, from 20 May to 8 June 1917- The Fifth Regiment was the first war regiment to function as a unit of Army Infantry which was ever developed by the United States Marine Corps. Sunday morning, 14 June 1917, the Fifth Regiment, in ships acting as convoys and train quietly slipped anchor and passed out to sea. At Quantico the organization and training of the Sixth Regiment and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion soon followed along with three residual infantry companies of the Fifth Regiment, and the reorganized Tenth (artillery) Regi- ment. Upon its arrival in Europe the Fifth Regiment was assigned to the new First Division, United States Army. In October of 1917, with the arrival of the Sixth Regiment (minus one battalion) and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, these Marine Corps elements were designated the Fourth Brigade of the Second Division, United States Army. The sailings of the different elements of the Fourth Brigade covered a period of 6 months and were as follows: 10 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY June 1917 Fifth Regiment (less 3 companies); Fifteenth and Twenty-third Companies (Sixth Machine Gun Battalion). July 1917 Seventeenth—-Eighteenth—Twentieth Companies, Fifth Regiment. September 1917- First Battalion, Sixth Regiment. October 1917. • • Headquarters—Supply—Seventy-third Companies and Third Battalion, Sixth Regiment. December 1917 ■ Seventy-seventh—Eighty-first Companies and Headquarters, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. January 1918... Second Battalion, Sixth Regiment. Elements of Fifty-fifth Company, Fifth Marines, shortly after arrival in France, July 1917. The various elements of the Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C. occupied the following cities and towns in Europe: Fifth Regiment France: St. Nazaire Nevers Menancourt Naix'les-Forges Bordeaux England: Southampton Winchester Romsey Sixth Regiment France: St. Nazaire Brest (Pontanezon) La Havre Nantes Bordeaux Lormont Bassens Tours La Courneau La Courtine La Marcheprince Sixth Machine Gun Battalion France: St. Nazaire Except for a relatively small number of naval medical personnel embarking directly from Philadelphia with the first elements of the Fifth Regiment to sail IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 11 overseas in June 1917, all naval medical personnel serving with overseas Marine Corps units were trained and equipped at Quantico. This training for active field service and the actual distribution of medical personnel to the new war strength organizations (companies, battalions, and regiments) were conceived and worked out by the post medical administrative staff under Dr. Mann at Quantico. Battalion dispensaries and post sick quarters were built, equipped, and ocoi' pied. Large numbers of troops were inspected for communicable diseases upon arrival in trains from all over the United States. Sick call, physical inspections, problems of quarantine, mass vaccination, and training of new medical person' nel, sanitary inspections, and mosquito control—all were accomplished while organizing a huge war camp with full war strength regiments during a period of transition which began from bare fields along a railroad track. The transition moved rapidly from a tent to a solid and compact military camp of substantial semipermanent buildings, with paved, drained, and lighted streets, water, sewerage and electrical service, training trenches, grenade, rifle and pistol ranges—everything that goes into a complete and modern cantonment. At one time the added responsibility of caring for 2,000 civilian workmen employed in the construction of the camp was a duty of the original small force of medical personnel under Dr. Mann. Later, after the departure of the Fourth Brigade, the activities and training of overseas units continued unabated. The general activities at Quantico, with increasing tempo lasted until August 1919— more than 2 years—when, and at which place, the returned overseas elements were demobilized. World War I marked the beginning of epochal changes in military medicine, the first phase of a new era and as the result of the time, the kind, the size, and the intensity of the training that was developed and given at Quantico, the first practical school of field medicine in the United States was instituted. This represented a concrete advance in the science of military medicine, out of which modern amphibious medicine was grown. Credit is due the naval medical department at Quantico under Dr. W. L. Mann, Jr., for the establishment of this science and its subsequent refinement. During the early days ashore in Europe the homogeneity of medical department function was broken by the scattered nature of the brigade’s employment. Along lines of communication, in training areas, and at base ports, the Marines were assigned various duties, usually in small detachments. These duties included those of military police in a number of cities (including Paris) and towns in France and England; as engineers at base camps, ports, docks, and reservoirs, and as labor parties unloading transports and supply vessels. Because the Marine is versatile, he was assigned a variety of duties in those early days of organization of the A. E. F. Generally, the duties of attached medical personnel were those incident to the health and comfort of the Infantry'Marines and embraced personal and billet hygiene and sanitation. Wherever the Marines were assigned, at least one representative (hospital 12 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY corpsman) of the naval medical contingent was to be found, either with or independent of commissioned medical personnel. This person’s responsibility was the care of the health of those with whom he was associated. He not only gave treatment to the sick but he took all the necessary precautions to prevent illness. Wherever he was, he took care of his company’s medical routine and performed auxiliary duties as well in which he frequently displayed noteworthy ingenuity and originality. Serving food in open field, shortly after arrival of Fifth Marines, France, July 1917. From the standpoint of effective and efficient training and employment of medical personnel for use with combat infantry in overseas warfare, the in- fluence of Quantico in subsequent days was beneficial. Little variation from the original plan developed during training was found necessary in function. The greatest difficulty encountered was that connected with the conduct of naval administrative procedure. No provision had been made by the Navy IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 13 Water canister for Lyster bag, Fifth Marines, France, July 1911. Messing in open field, Fifth Marines, France, July 1917. 14 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Department relative to the manner by which personnel and records were to be handled by naval units detached from the Navy for field service with the Army. Supply table equipment for regiments, health records and routine reports, as well as the equitable handling of personnel were unsatisfactory for large scale overseas operations with the United States Army. France: The Vosges Toward the end of September 1917, owing to the organisation and mobilize tion of the Second Division, United States Army, A. E. F., the Fifth Regiment was detached from the First Division and was assigned to the Second Division. Aside from the Fourth Brigade of Marines, made up of the Fifth and Sixth Regiments and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, the Second Division was regular United States Army. This interdivisional change required a move of Marine Corps elements into a new training area. The Fourth Brigade area of the Second Division tract was located in the Department of the Vosges and comprised the adjoining towns of Damblain, Breuvannes, and Colombes les Choiseul. In January 1918 the Sixth Regiment, the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, and the remainder of the Fifth Regiment, employed until then on construction and police missions elsewhere in France and England, joined the Second Division in the Vosges, occupying the towns of Blevaincourt, Robecourt, Germainvillers, Championeulles, and Chaumont la Ville. The billet villages of this new area were typically French. Almost every house had its steaming stack of manure piled high to the right or left of the front door. Surface drainage from these stacks moved thickly in shallow ditches, on both sides of the unpaved streets, to a creek running through the center of each village. Human excrement was disposed of in soakage pits of the privy type except when homes bordered the town creek. Then the privy houses straddled the creek, and sported the “a. m. c." factor: running water. This was soapy water that flowed underneath and came from the public roadside laundry farther upstream. These factors gave the odor of home to the sheep- herder but provided many basic hygienic and sanitary problems for the brigade medical department to solve in making the respective towns habitable for troops. Native social activity centered around the potable water source where, not only human drinking water was obtained but all animal life was watered from a trough built to catch the overflow from the human tank. This animal trough in turn emptied into the washing tank where the village laundry was pounded out by women of various ages. Drinking water was obtained from small creeks. In its conservation for human and animal purposes, frequently odd engineering skill was seen in spreading the supply through a series of tanks and spillways, all concentrated in a surprisingly small space. To protect the washer-woman from the sun and weather, the washing pools of these water systems are sometimes covered with a crude circular and domed construction. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 15 Billets for troops, usually in haylofts, were totally inadequate. To take care of this need “Adrian” barracks were constructed in sufficient number to accommo' date the men comfortably. Ice, snow, sleet, and thaw prevailed during most of the stay in this area. While here everybody in the brigade “turned'to” in the serious business of training and shaking'down preparatory to entering the lines. Litter drills and practice marches with troops, conducted during day and night operations, were supplemented by lectures about practical application of the various special and improvised splints and dressings. Gas mask drills were carried out with the French mask and the British respirator. The drills involved exposure to chlorine in chambers and marching, running, carrying, and trans' mitting verbal orders with the masks in place. Seasoned French medical officers gave lectures and demonstrations in caring for and transporting wounded in various systems of trenches and dugouts. During this period (September 1917 until March 1918) the plan of training centered around building and occupying trench systems, trench raids, grenade and bayonet attacks, Chau Chau and Hotchkiss gun drills, laying field communF cations, airplane signals, Very lights, 37 mm. firing, day and night marches, bivouacs and practice billeting, with full field equipment, and the use of animals and motorized equipment. This training thoroughly adapted and prepared the Marine brigade for active service. Strenuous activities were carried out to prepare the troops for occupation of a trench sector. This started first with small detachments and later involved regimental and brigade units. A great deal of the training was along lines essential for participation in a highly specialized form of warfare. Although the tactics and drills practiced were especially of the types for carrying on position or trench warfare, the possibility that the character of warfare might at any time be changed to one of movement or open warfare made it necessary for the training to include drills for both methods. Regimental, brigade, and divisional maneuvers were conducted in the open country under all kinds of weather, characterized by “the rain, the cold, and the mud; the mud, the cold, and the rain.” Practice trenches were occupied by successive battalions for 24'hour periods. The weather during this particular stage of training duplicated that which is said to have existed at Valley Forge. Medical and Hospital Corps personnel attached to their respective infantry organizations likewise became hardened to the rigors of an outside existence and familiarized themselves with the many situations (entirely new and foreign to them) characteristic of infantry and trench warfare. Living in close contact with the men under these severe conditions not only meant undergoing the same physical adjustments and hardships but acquanited them personally with the multitudinous variations in individual endurance, courage, and psychology of the men with whom they were serving. There were important lessons learned in hygiene and sanitation, food prepara' tion and feeding as applied to rationing men in the field, water supply and chlorin' ation, foot and skin conditions resulting from extensive outdoor training in cold 16 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY weather over a wet or frozen terrain, the use of new hob-nail shoes and being required to go several days without removing clothing; rodents and vermin; various problems arising from exposure; the requirements of individual, battalion, and regimental medical equipment for warfare of position (trench) and movement. (We were oversupplied with Navy medical gear for flexible maneuverability and a great deal of materiel had to be abandoned.) Because the greater number of the Marines had had tropical service prior to going to France, the change in climatic and living conditions caused many cases of bronchitis. There were comparatively few cases of acute infectious disease; most cases were of mumps. As a result of intensive education regarding venereal infection and prophylaxis, in conjunction with weekly inspections of organizations, disciplinary measures and pay checkage, ineffectives resulting from these conditions were surprisingly few. Flat foot for a time gave some concern. But this was quickly remedied through the use of orthopedic appliances, graduated exercise, iron-clad follow' through instructions and examinations, and the best possible fitting of new shoes. It was felt that the low sick rate was largely due to the use of shelter halves as partitions between bunks in billets where a number of men were accom- modated. All units of the regiment were given their first debusing in August 1917> when a mobile plant was assigned to the brigade. Bathing and the changing of clothing was a problem, mostly because of move' ment, the character of training, and inadequacy of the water supply. In the Vosges area, bathing was done under a few improvised showers and mostly in buckets. During the transition period before combat while on transports, in ports of debarkation, in temporary-duty camps, and the training area in the Vosges, the general detail and employment of medical personnel continued as instituted at Quantico. Even though units were often separated by many kilometers, the attached Hospital Corps maintained unit relationships with the parent organization and, when alone, brought their sick and injured to the proper area medical officers. Generally, the major sections of regiments stayed together, and battalion medical and dental officers held regular sick call. The regimental surgeons and their staffs carried out these routine functions for the personnel of the headquarters contingent, received daily sick reports from battalion surgeons, and performed the medical-clerical duties for the units as a whole. Most of the sick were treated in quarters. Those with serious illnesses and those requiring emergency surgery were evacuated daily to an area hospital. Ambulance service was provided by a divisional ambulance company or the area hospital. The ambulance came routinely each day or when called by a unit medical officer. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 17 From the day of arrival in Europe until the time the Fourth Brigade assembled in the Vosges area, as a contingent of the Second Division, the experiences of the separated battalion surgeons, with their respective medical units, were many and varied. Log of a Battalion Surgeon The following excerpt logs the average situation, met by the battalion surgeons who were with the first Marine Corps elements to arrive in Europe. 26 June: De Kalb cast anchor in the harbor of St. Nazaire. Following day the battalion debarked and went into camp in the western edge of the city. The troops were enthusiastically received by the citizens. 3 July (night): The entire regiment was together under canvas for the first time. Sick bay (battalion medical headquarters) set up in Adrian type of temporary barracks, located in the administrative section of the camp. Here are the typewriter and blank form units, the regimental (Navy) medical and surgical chests we brought with us, health records in company units, and the battalion headquarters of Hospital Corps personnel. One medical chest was opened to provide for routine sick call. A pocket case has been adequate for such minor surgical problems that occur. Patients with mild disorders requiring some attention are turned in here on campaign cots which are opened only when such cases develop. Patients with milder disorders (1-day or 2-day cases) are permitted to remain in their own company area under the care of the company hospital corpsmen. Company hospital corpsmen bring to the sick bay the patients they believe should see the medical officer. This is done after the morning and evening meals, although hospital corpsmen have been instructed to bring to, or call, the battalion surgeon at any time a case appears that seems to be serious. Sanitary inspections carry the battalion surgeon or his assistant throughout the battalion area daily, when opportunity is given, not only to see the officers and men, but to discuss problems with the company hospital corpsmen and to instruct them. Here the Navy unit encountered its first medical liaison problems with the Army. As we are now part of the Army there is nothing to do but to conform with the Army. It is remarkable that this kind of attached service of Navy-Marine Corps personnel with the Army, as authorized by United States Revised Statutes, never has been qualified by carefully drawn administrative regula- tions and published in the various service manuals/ As the matter now stands, it appears that our Navy group will experience unnecessary difficulty. The great problem is that presented by Navy medical reports and returns: Navy health records Navy property. Navy personnel records and reports, Navy disciplinary procedures, Navy com- munications, Navy promotions, Navy citations, Navy pay, Navy uniforms, Navy equipment and transfers—all within the area of the Army, in and out of action, in a foreign country many thousands of miles from the Navy Department in Washington. It represents a pioneering problem. Camp and area surgeons, dispensaries, field-evacuation-base and convalescent hospitals—all are not only Army but represent the Armies of three nations: British, French, and American. Our Navy-Marine Corps sick and wounded, therefore, will have to flow over lines of evacuation and return which will make the follow-through of naval records extremely difficult and uncertain. The sensible course to pursue would be to drop everything Navy and adopt everything Army. This, doubtless will be necessary. It appears that conditions will be the worst imaginable, with units scattered in England and France, living outdoors, moving from place to place and, eventually, participating in military actions. Our loyalty to the Navy will straddle us with the burden at this time of a naval administrative routine, applicable only to peacetime conditions. At St. Nazaire close order drill and practice marches were instituted. 15 July (0430): The Headquarters and Supply Companies, First and Second Battalions and the Eighth Company, struck tents and marched into St. Nazaire for entrainment. The regiment is about to experience its first voyage in French freight cars, each conspicuously boasting accommo- dations for 40 Hommes or 8 Chevaux. The trip across France to the training area was pleasant. 18 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Weather was ideal; men were in good spirits and the countryside was pretty with the ripening wheat fields dotted with splashes of red poppies. The troops were hailed all along the line by the French as though we were returning from victory instead of green troops untrained in modern warfare. 17 July: Arrived at destination. In the billet towns, arches of welcome were erected. Citizens out to meet us in gala attire. Peaceful Vosges hills now scarred with practice trenches, for position warfare to be studied from all angles, both by day and by night. Alpine Chaussers find Marines apt pupils. Social relations with French cordial. Marines cleaning up villages and entertaining villagers with band concerts. Women do our washing and sewing, sell milk, eggs, and fruit, and cook many wonderful meals. End of Training—Medical Situation Upon the organisation of the Second Division as a unit, all sick and surgical cases which could not be treated in quarters, flowed into the Division (Army) field hospital units. Patients with chronic or surgical conditions requiring more extensive treatment were sent to appropriate evacuation points or a base hospital. Transportation to such facilities was provided by ambulances and hospital trains. When a patient left the regiment, the unit medical staff lost all connection with him. In the Vosges training area a part of some peasant’s home or an Adrian shack was used as battalion or regimental sick quarters. Nearby such sick quarters battalion and headquarters hospital corpsmen were billeted and were available for immediate calls and duty. Company hospital corpsmen remained with their companies, eating, sleeping, and entering into the training program with them. Medical aid was maintained thus. Supervision and orders flowed in an effective and orderly fashion while training and movement pro- gressed, both as single units and as a combination of units representing a relative whole. Although the use of Army field forms, nomenclature, and medical supply were mandatory, naval medical-clerical procedures were fully applied. Under these conditions, however, the naval procedure proved futile. Early in March of 1918, information reached the regiments that they soon would go to the front. Active steps were immediately taken for the final general shakedown. At this time specific Army equipment allowances were established. These allowances for regiments seemed extremely inadequate in contrast with the elaborate naval medical supplies issued to us before we departed from the United States. The simplicity of the Army medical allowance, which, with the exceptions of litters, splints, and blankets was divided into personal loads, later convinced us of its practicability. Our large naval medical supply, still in cases, had to be considered lost. By 11 March 1918 military organisation had been refined. The morale of everyone was excellent despite a hard winter of drilling and the discomforts of life in cold billets, and inadequate recreation and amusement. The Second Division, now completely organised, consisted of the following: IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 19 Division Headquarters and Headquarters Troop: Third Brigade: Ninth and Twenty-third Infantry, Fifth Machine Gun Battalion. Fourth Brigade: Fifth and Sixth Marines, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion (Marines). Second Field Artillery Brigade: Twelfth and Fifteenth Field Artillery (75-mm. guns), l?th Field Artillery (155-mm. howitzers), Second Trench Mortar Battery. Divisional Troops: Fourth Machine Gun Battalion, Second Engineers, First Field Signal Battalion. Trains: Second Train Headquarters and Military Police, Second Ammunition Train, Second Supply Train, Second Engineer Train, Second Sanitary Train (Ambulance companies and field hospitals 1, 15, 16, 23). Other units: Second Mobile Ordnance Repair Unit, Mobile Veterinary Section No. 2, Motor Transport Corps Service Park Units 303-363, Salvage Squad No. 2, Sales Commissary Unit No. 1, Detachment Postal Service A. P. O. 710, Railhead Detachment, Clothing and Bath Unit 320-17 Laundry_Unitj326, Bakery Unit;319. Elements of Sixty-sixth Company, Fifth Marines, France, July 1917. At this time the Fourth Brigade consisted of the following elements: Headquarters, Fourth Brigade Fifth Regiment Headquarters Contingent: Headquarters Company Supply Company Eighth Machine Gun Company First Battalion: Seventeenth Company Forty-ninth Company Sixty-sixth Company Sixty-seventh Company Second Battalion: Eighteenth Company Forty-third Company Fifth-first Company Fifty-fifth Company Third Battalion: Sixteenth Company Twentieth Company Forty-fifth Company Forty-seventh Company 20 Sixth Regiment Headquarters Contingent: Headquarters Company Supply Company Seventy-third Machine Gun Company First Battalion: Seventy-fourth Company Seventy-fifth Company Seventy-sixth Company Ninety-fifth Company Second Battalion: Seventy-eighth Company Seventy-ninth Company Eightieth Company Ninety-sixth Company Third Battalion: Eighty-second Company Eighty-third Company Eighty-fourth Company Ninety-seventh Company Battalion Headquarters: Fifteenth Company Twenty-third Company Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Battalion Headquarters—Con.: Seventy-seventh Company Eighty-first Company The strength of rifle companies averaged 275 men. The general average strength, in round numbers, of the regiments at the time of entering the front was 3,800, This gave the division a general round average of 25,000 officers and men. Cities and towns of the Vosges training area occupied by the Fourth Brigade, prior to going to the Verdun front were: Fifth Regiment Breuvannes Damblain Colombey les Choiseul Gondrecourt Sixth Regiment Blevaincourt Chaumont la Ville Robecourt Champigneulles Germainvilliers Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Germainvilliers Romaine Chaumont la Ville Breuvannes St. Quen Operations VERDUN: TROYON-TOULON SECTOR 12 March-15 May, 1918 During the first few days of March 1918 the Marine Corps brigade prepared to enter the front line for a period of combat training. This move carried the new and untried Second Division into the trench system north of Verdun where the German advance into eastern France in 1916 had been so heroically and sue* cessfully arrested. The move was to begin on 13 March 1918 by the “forty and eight” (40 men—8 horses) box cars of the French railway system. The Marine brigade moved into the sector controlled by the Thirty-third Division (French) of the Second Army (French). Command and operations remained in the hands of the French. The region into which the Second Division moved was a 14'kilometer stretch of hilly land lying between St. Mihiel and Verdun, east of the Meuse River. A 3- or 4'inile strip of wooded country skirted the east bank. The ramifications of the front and rear areas of the sector occupied by the Fourth Marine Brigade were established in this rugged country, facing east. Ahead lay the plain of the Woevre occupied by the enemy. The sections of the front manned by the two regiments and machine gun battalion of Marines were about 4 kilometers in depth and were divided (as the front had been organized by the French) into “subsectors,” each of which were held by a regiment. Regimental subsectors were defended by several “centers of resistance,” each of which could accommodate a force about the size of a battalion. Such battalion centers of resistance were defended by several strong points which were fortified and provided with wire, water, and other forms of obstruction on their fronts. Generally, the front was an elaborate system of deep trenches and dugouts with communication trenches connecting front, rear, and flank positions. On the front of the battalion in line, the prevailing rule was to hold as many men as possible in dugouts with a company or two in battalion reserve; thus, a regiment was arranged in echelon from front to rear: 1. Line battalion (trenches and dugouts): Front, 1-2 companies. Support, 1-2 companies. Reserve, 1-2 companies. 2. Support battalion (trenches, dugouts, and shacks). 3. Reserve battalion (building, or camp of shacks with shelter). 22 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Line battalion headquarters occupied secure dugouts in the center and near' rear of the battalion front. Headquarters of the support and reserve groups, in echelon, occupied similar points as were related to their respective organizations. The positions taken by regimental headquarters usually fell at a point near the center of the regiment in echelon: namely, within (or just behind) the area of the support battalion with the reserve battalion in the rear. Good dugout, shelter, and communication facilities, afforded by the sector and the terrain at such points, were utilized by the regimental headquarters group. Schematically, the lines of medical communication of a regimental front were generally as shown in the diagram: Medical Echelon Scheme Regiment in Line DIAGRAM Battalion in Line (4 companies) XX XX XX XX Outposts + + Strong Points (actual front line) + Support + Reserve Center of Resistance BtHq Battalion Headquarters Battalion in Support (4 companies) + + Front -f- Support + Reserve BtHq+ Battalion Headquarters Regimental Headquarters+ (3 companies—special weapons and services) Battalion in Reserve (4 companies) + Front + Support -f- Reserve + Battalion Headquarters BtHqH- Brigade Headquarters Division Headquarters Corps and Army Area Division Train: Evacuation hospitals Field hospitals Hospital trains Ambulance companies Field medical supply Service of Supply Base hospitals Convalescent camps Replacement centers Base Camps: Patient embarkation centers Hospital ships Legend: +=aid station. E, WORLD WAR I 23 On arrival of the units of the Fourth Brigade on the Verdun front, area troop assignments were made as follows: Toulon sector (Thirty'third Division): Sixth Marines (subsector Bonchamp, center of resistance Mont'SOus'les'Cotes); Fifth Marines (subsector Les Esparges, center of resistance Montgirmont). The main stations along the medical lines of communication, over all the fronts which were occupied by the Marine brigade, already were set up and were controlled by the French. The brigade’s naval medical personnel complemented the French medical staff which was present, and jointly occupied the front'tO' rear dugouts of the brigade echelons that were devoted to the treatment and evacuation of sick and wounded. While the Second Division ambulance companies were being indoctrinated and familiarized with the road net of the sector, French, S. S. U. (American auxiliary sanitary service of the French Army), and an attached British am' bulance service, evacuated the sick and wounded of the Marine brigade. Routine daily calls were made at regimental aid stations. At times ambulance runs could be made at night to advance battalion aid stations located in front and in support positions. Before the brigade was moved out of this sector, routine evacuation from the brigade to rear area hospitals was handled entirely by the medical train of the Second Division. While this front was occupied (15 March to 12 May) the weather was rainy and cold. There was some snow, and there were some days when the tempera' ture stayed below the freezing point. With alternating thawing and freezing, and frequent spring rains, the wooded and trench'scarred terrain was soggy and inhospitable. Life was a muddy and uncomfortable outdoor experience for everybody. Brigade Medical Organization The attached medical personnel for each regiment consisted of 7 medical officers, 3 dental surgeons, and 48 hospital corpsmen. Generally, the medical detachments of regiments were distributed as follows; Regimental headquarters—Regimental aid station Surgeon (senior medical officer) Assistant (at times) Dental surgeon (senior dental officer) Chief pharmacist’s mate (senior) Hospital corpsmen, from 6 to 8 Battalion headquarters 1—Battalion aid station 2 Surgeon Assistant Dental surgeon (if available) Chief pharmacist’s mate Hospital corpsmen, from 5 to 7 Each company: Hospital corpsmen, from 2 to 4 1 Same in machine gun battalion. 2 These figures are for each of the three battalions. 748887—4T 3 24 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY hospital corpsmen and marines, Sixth Marines, at Poste de Secours, Chevretterie, Verdun front, France, April 1918. During the period that the Marine regiments were brigaded with the veteran French forces occupying this sector, our own medical group learned many sound and practical lessons which were applied when the regiments were assigned control of areas for self-administration. The advisability of having two hospital corpsmen detailed to a company proved advantageous. When there were more hospital corpsmen available, five men to a company gave better results. It was possible then to assign one man to each platoon and have a pharmacist’s mate, first- or second-class, respon- sible for the medical problems of a company and to supervise the hospital corpsmen assigned thereto. This was an ideal arrangement and it helped to develop the senior hospital corpsman to assume leadership responsibility; it trained him in handling men and impressed on him the importance of an authoritative position. As a result of this policy, splendid battalion chief pharmacist’s mates were developed. The platoon hospital corpsman was so assigned after he had demonstrated the qualities necessary to assume the duties of a company senior hospital corpsman. When he had proved himself capable, whenever possible, he was promoted. While in the Verdun region, efforts were made to augment the stretcher- bearer force which was composed of members of the regimental bands. Hospital corpsmen were considered to be dressers and were not used as carriers, that is. stretcher bearers. No uniformity existed in the regiments, but in some battalio is details were given from line troops for carrier use.3 The necessity for action always seems to be based on failure and shortcomings! 3 An established detail of stretcher bearers from line companies was not effected until later in the summer. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 25 The bands were divided among the battalions occupying the centers of resistance. Those of this group who were attached to the reserve battalions were stationed at the regimental aid stations. In the strong points of the trench sector, the company aid stations (pastes des secours) were manned by hospital corpsmen. These most advanced aid stations were situated in specially built trench dugouts or located on the side of a hill facing away from the enemy, or were located in cellers of partly or totally destroyed houses, or in remains of rooms. The aid stations of must be selected with a view to affording a certain amount of warmth in winter weather, and at least minimal facilities for caring for patients who cannot be evacuated for a number of hours. Aid stations are not moved except when extensive change of position makes such a move necessary. Aid stations are quarters for medical personnel as well as for the sick and wounded. Regimental chief pharmacist's mate, George G. Strott, and Leon H. French, pharmacist, at Paste de Secours, Chevretterie, in quarry on Verdun front, France, April 1918. 26 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Battalion and regimental aid stations usually were from a half to a mile behind the actual front line, and although frequently subjected to high-explosive bom- bardment, they were not under continuous fire as were the forward stations. While retained in such stations, patients could have three hot meals a day and a bunk to sleep in, either in dugouts or shacks, depending on the activity of the sector. The Marine brigade carried to the front many familiar Navy terms; Sick bay, galley, gangway, port and starboard, ship’s writer, brig, ashore, and many other expressions were heard. Originally, this jargon amused our Army com- rads. But after closer association during the succeeding months, the salty lingo of the Marine brigade became a characteristic of the whole division. Hygiene, Sanitation, and Morale Bathing was possible almost everywhere in this sector. If it was not available when a unit was in the front line, it was when in the reserve position where there was flowing water, either in pipes or in a stream. Drinking water was obtained at an official source located in the rear area and it was conveyed to the companies by mule-drawn water carts. Individual canteens were filled from official water bags (Lyster bags containing water treated with calcium hypochlorite and kept under guard). Unofficial sources of water were prohibited for drinking purposes. Water conservation was en- forced, although men in the front positions were permitted to use their canteens for face, hand, and tooth-washing purposes when the supply of chlorinated water to the front was not interrupted. Hot food was distributed three times a day. This reached the troops in line in company canisters which were conveyed by hand, by a special company detail, from the company rolling kitchens in the rear. Hot soapy water was provided for mess gear cleaning and sterilisation. Dry buckets were available in the trenches for night soil collection and straddle trenches were used in the support and reserve areas. The burial system of waste disposal was employed. Unit medical personnel maintained rigid supervision and daily inspections of all sanitary installations. Area sanitation and the prob- lems of hygiene were covered by battalion and regimental medical officers by frequent tours over the regimental echelons. Rats, fleas, and lice infested the burrows and shacks where the men were housed. Strangely, the biologic struggle to exist was brought into sharp deli- neation at this point. Under the conditions found in the zone of battle, every scheme of hygiene and sanitation had to be employed (and new ones devised) to preserve the human element from the high pressure brought to bear on the men’s health by rodents, insects, and bacteria. The earth gets into one’s bones. The hospital corpsmen of the brigade always accompanied the organization to which they were assigned, thus they learned to know their men. They must IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 27 know their men on the front as well as when in billets. They must be familiar with their idiosyncrasies. They must know who in the company is weak and who is strong, the dauntless and the faint hearted, the oversealous and the tender Tooted. Hospital corpsmen must build their bodies, so that they can withstand hard' ship. They must develop or possess a cheerful, kindly manner and a readiness to help even when tired, hungry, cold, and worn. Their work is not finished at the end of the day when the drill, practice march, or battle is finished. They must then inspect feet; dress blisters; strap ankles; rub muscles; distribute medi- cines; inform the medical officer about the physically unfit; settle problems of food, hygiene, and sanitation; make reports; and obtain supplies. The physical and mental rigors of war wear down the resistance of many men. Aside from the frank neurologic break-downs, there are many who have to be cheered and encouraged by the hospital corpsmen, even though their own bodies ache from head to foot. Adrian shacl{ at Camp Bonchamp, Headquarters, Sixth Marines, Verdun Front, April 1918. Marine is in hole made by shell that destroyed band equipment stowed inside. There was a stupendous morale problem to overcome among the Allies. When the Fourth Brigade arrived on the Verdun front and while living in the trenches with the French and the few British ambulance drivers who were there, they found pessimism and depressed spirits. The American naval per- sonnel and Marines were spiritually fresh and filled with high optimism as to the quick and successful outcome ot the war, while our Allied trench-and-dugout mates could see only a future of mutilation, capture, death, and defeat. 28 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Personality of Medical Troops The Navy medical personnel along with their Marine comrades in this trench sector were expertly schooled in the art of modern warfare. Company hospital corpsmen accompanied the Marines at night on raids into No Man’s Land; they learned to follow the barrage; to protect themselves; to seek shelter; to recognize terrain shelter and to know what shelter means; to read maps, follow contours and find coordinates; to flatten their bodies in conformation with local scenery; they became disciplined in gas regulations and adjusted to high' explosive detonations; quick to detect angles of fire, and, in traversing the depth of the front, to ascertain the points of danger and relative safety. They were impressed with the seriousness of war and realized that they must conserve themselves for service to others. They learned that discretion is the better part of valor. Navy hospital corpsmen working with troops in actions have to be versatile and adaptable. They act as drivers of regimental animal and motor propelled transportation. They act as mechanics, teamsters, horse orderlies, cooks, messmen, clerks, and in many other capacities than their strictly pn> fessional duties. For such details men were selected on the basis of previous experience, adaptability, and proficiency. The hospital corpsman’s day is scheduled the same as that of the men of the line, though frequently the time out for rest is shorter. Life in trench dugouts becomes monotonous under dormant conditions; eating, sleeping, and taking care of only absolute necessities. Line personnel have the posts to man, trenches to keep in repair by day and night, new trenches and dugouts to build, drainage to maintain, raids to conduct. Hospital corpsmen must maintain an interest in the affairs of the troops and their surroundings; therefore they must live with them and accompany them on their missions; thus they learn how to conduct themselves under all conditions and circumstances. They become a part of the fighting machine. Neither the medical officer nor the hospital corpsman who hugs a dugout or other shelter ever becomes a good soldier. It takes a stout heart, clean body, and clear mind to be a satisfactory hospital corpsman in the field. The men serving with the Fourth Brigade during this action, as well as during the early training days, performed their strenuous duties with willingness, cheerfulness, and consciousness of the high regard that they held for their work and obligations. While on this front the Hospital Corps particularly distinguished itself. Two of its members 4 were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross of the Army. One of them had to be awarded posthumously. 4 Fred C. Shaffner and Carl O. Kingsbury. Their story is told under the heading “Casualties," p. 37. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 29 Medical and Surgical Supplies Transportation Each battalion of the Marine brigade took to France a complete regimental field outfit of medical and surgical supplies, such as is listed in the Field Supply Table, Medical Department, United States Navy, 1915, for independent Navy and Marine Corps expeditionary units. Each outfit was elaborate and expensive and, no doubt, for units operating independently, possessed medical and surgic; 1 equipment sufficiently adequate for almost any requirement. The quantity, quality, and selection of drugs, instruments, and accessories were excellent. Before going to the front, virtually the only supplies used were taken from these outfits. When the Fourth Brigade left the Vosges area for the Verdun front in March, the Army transportation allowance for the units of the regiments was limited, and only parts of the fine naval medical outfits could be carried by the battalionr. What could not be taken, or was not considered necessary, was left in storage in the training area where it had been. It was thought that this equipment belonging to the Navy could be recovered later. This extensive medical equipment, taken to France by the Fourth Brigade, became a source of supply for the whole medical department of the Second Division. Later these supplies were taken over by the Army and other units were well supplied with medical and surgical materials for some time. It was learned, subsequently, through medical officers and hospital corpsmen rejoining the brigade after treatment in SOS hospitals, that many white Navy blankets and other equipment had been seen in some of the base hospitals, apparently having been taken from the brigade’s medical supplies left in the Vosges and later shipped to Gevres. Although the Marine brigade had little chance to use these extensive supplies for their own numerous sick and wounded, they were used to advantage in the treatment and comfort of many other A. E. F. casualties} Until the brigade left the Vosges the peacetime routine of accountability and report to the Navy Department in the United States had been maintained regarding the medical supplies used. The responsibility to the Navy for Gov- ernment property created a dilemma for the Navy medical personnel. In the absence of instructions for guidance there was nothing else to do but abandc n the equipment. The Army orders were mandatory and concerned with gettirg on with the war. The transportation problem confronting the attached medical personnel wss a great one. Only 1 small 2'wheeled mule'drawn cart was allowed each battalion medical unit of an infantry regiment. Medical supplies had to be selected, therefore, for a force of 4,000, not only from the standpoint of anticipated use- fulness in and out of line but to fit the space permitted. From 12 to 20 Army litters, large bags full of shelbwound dressings, a box of medicines (alcohol, iodine, some pills, hypodermic units, tetanus antitoxin), Thomas splints, tourni- 30 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY quets, lanterns, candles, and minor miscellaneous equipment, such as buckets and basins, had to be taken. There was room for little else. The problem was complicated by having to make room for numerous boxes of health records which could not be used but were nevertheless too valuable to abandon. The decision to carry these Navy health records against Army orders was not an example of good judgment. The shortage of transportation facilities made it necessary to leave in the billet area the battalion field desks, containing stationery and blank forms, and the typewriter chests. By extreme economy of space, the regimental surgeons managed to get their field desks and type' writers on the headquarters medical cart, or on the regimental commander’s baggage and ration wagon. Had the Navy Department even indicated permission to make proper liaison arrangements with the Army a happier end would have been attained in the performance of the vital duty of caring for all the casualties the Fourth Brigade sustained in action during the World War I: 13,380. The whole load of responsibility was thrown on the already overburdened and roughly used group of men, the naval medical unit attached to the Fourth Marine Brigade. The inequalities of the situation were felt by everyone; but a determined purpose was sustained to accept the full load and carry on, because the welfare of the Marines was the most important issue. Navy peacetime records and procedures moved into the trench sector surrounding the citadel of Verdun, into the military area occupied and controlled by the French Thirty- third Midi Division. The Thomas arm splint (and similar types) did not seem to be practical for use at the front, because, with one of them on, it is difficult to carry the patient on a stretcher through the channels of extensive trench systems and it is usually impossible to load him in an ambulance. The United States Army canvas litter was commonly used in transporting wounded. The French had a litter of almost the same type but with the ad- dition of a contrivance for raising the head. A disadvantage of the canvas litter is its capacity to absorb and pool hemorrhag- ic exudate from the clothing and wounds of patients. Unless litters are moved out of the front with patients, and are replaced with fresh ones from the rear, they soon become mats of coagulated blood and dirt. This not only adds un- necessarily to the gruesomeness of battle for the patient but hastens the decay of the canvas fabric and to the weakening of the litter as a support. The canvas of some blood-soaked litters fell apart while being used by bearers transporting seriously wounded patients, and resulted in delay and further injury and suffering. Litter bearers attempted to pick up and move the gravely injured and shocked patient by some crudely improvised method, which further endangered the life of the patient. It is likely that the Navy Stokes wire-splint stretcher would have been of value for use at the front. The transportation-of-wounded problem in trench systems and up and down the stairways of deep dugouts is the same as that en- IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 31 countered on board ship where there are passageways between compartments and steep ladders between decks. (The Stokes stretcher equipped with broad strips of light metal resembling skis, for dragging the stretcher over the ground, would have been useful.) We had none, however, with which to make the ex- periment and it would not have been practical to have two stretchers of such entirely different types at the front. The patient is usually not changed from one stretcher to another when trans- ported from the front to the rear. To shift the patient is awkward and it delays his evacuation to a safer spot. Such delays endanger life or precipitate shock as the result of unnecessary handling. A wounded man may remain on a stretcher from the time he is picked up on the field until he arrives at a base hospital far in the rear a day or two later. After having left the Vosges area, medical supplies used by the Fourth Brigade were drawn from Army sources (medical supply section, division surgeon’s office). In explanation of the small amount of supplies of drugs and instruments actually found to be needed, it should be known that at the front all wounded, gassed, or sick, except in the mildest cases, were evacuated to a field hospital as soon as possible. Most of the major medical and surgical procedures were done in the field hospitals and in the hospitals farther in the rear of the front. The chief medical procedures in a regiment consist of diagnosis, caring for the slightly sick, super- vising and organizing the care and evacuation ot the wounded from the battle field during action, and of keeping astride the fast-moving problems of hygiene and sanitation. When moving into the line such medical supplies as stretchers, splints, band- ages, and morphine were carried in by stretcher bearers and hospital corpsmen. Such small supplies could not be expected to last for more than a few hours in a severe action. Replenishments were brought up by ambulances from the am- bulance heads, and from there they were carried to the line by returning litter bearers. Although the supply of blankets was maintained by ambulances from sources in the rear. Hospital Corps dressers and battalion aid station personnel used the personal blankets from the packs of the wounded men for covering patients on litters. It was learned later, that, when going into action, the simple medical supplies used could best be carried on the backs of the hospital corpsmen. Relative Usefulness of Supplies As a means of carrying first-aid material, the Navy Hospital Corps first-aid and dressing pouches proved a blessing. The Navy pouch was considered superior to the Army Hospital Corps belt, because the Navy pouch held more useful items; it was easy to carry; it could be taken off without removing the pack; it was handier to get things out of it; it did not interfere with body or leg movement; and it did not add to the belt-bulk of an overcrowded waistline. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Experience here further demonstrated the importance of an item of equipment that does not occupy a major place among surgical instruments; that is, bandage scissors. The bandage scissors is the most all-around useful instrument in front-line medicine. Clothing, shoes, and fabric-equipment must be carefully removed from the area surrounding wounds, and no device for such use is so simple and effective as a pair of bandage scissors. Each member of the medical staff carried a pair of bandage scissors on his person—usually on the right leg pushed down between trousers and puttee. The Thomas leg splint, when it was available, was a godsend. Put on a frac- tured thigh or leg, the patient’s relief was always pronounced. Of all the types, the large straight-leg splint was the only one for which use was found. The Thomas leg splint usually can be put on at the battalion aid station, and always at the regimental aid station or ambulance head. The chief advantages of this splint are that it immobilizes the limb and at the same time supports extension which draws the ends of the injured bone farther apart thus preventing further laceration of the surrounding soft tissues. When efficiently applied without rough handling of the patient, pain is alleviated and the risk of shock is minimized. Medical Function During Action Little appears in print concerning the treatment and evacuation of the wounded before they arrive at a field hospital. Technically it is true that little of refined surgical interest occurs forward of the first emergency operating team found in one of the more advanced field hospitals. Such points, usually, are from 5 to 8 kilometers (or a mile and a half to 4 miles) behind the front line. Forward of the field hospitals only emergency tasks are carried out by medical officers and hospital corpsmen of the combat regiments and ambulance companies. In the line, when a man is severely wounded, a hospital corpsman of the com- pany, proceeds to him at once, if possible. When the hospital corpsman is not free to move, litter bearers carry the man to the hospital corpsman, provided the hospital corpsman is established in a protected place nearby. 'When it is im- possible to move a man at the time, the spot where he is left lying is marked by sticking a rifle with the bayonet fixed into the ground alongside of him. This type of marker serves to speed treatment and evacuation, as it obviates the neces- sity of searching for men seriously wounded. If a wounded man can walk or crawl, he usually starts out on his own to reach the nearest hospital corpsman. The individual first-aid packet may or may not have been applied by the man himself or by one of his comrades. In any case the hospital corpsman assures himself that patients have a satisfactory wound dressing; if possible he gives the patients an injection of morphine; when necessary, he applies a rough splint to a fractured bone (by use of the rifle, the patient’s other leg, fixing the patient’s arm to his side), or applies a tourniquet to arrest severe hemorrhage. The hospital corpsman writes out and attaches a diagnosis tag to the patient’s clothing. Patients then go back to the battalion aid station either by litter, with walking assistance, or on their own, depending on the character and severity of the IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I injury. Evacuation lanes between the front and battalion aid stations should be marked with strips of bandage or paper on bushes or sticks or broken branches of trees. Such marking serves to guide bearers and medical personnel back and forth between the battalion aid station and the companies in line, as well as to blase the trail to be followed by the walking-wounded from the line to the battalion aid station. Runners, and others also utilise the evacuation lanes in traversing the depth of the front. Battalion aid stations are located as close to the front as possible. The distance varies, according to circumstances, from a half to 2 kilometers in the rear of the Boyau Prague, Verdun Front, 1918. actual front line. When a patient arrives at a battalion aid station the medical officer or the chief pharmacist’s mate examines the man and the dressing. Some freshly wounded arrive at the battalion station without dressings, having re- ceived wounds in the area between the station and the front line; some who have been treated by a hospital corpsman on the front, may be wounded again while in transit to the battalion aid station; there are others who are wounded again (or killed) before it is possible to leave the battalion aid station for further evacuation to the field hospital. And there are some, including the medical staff, who are wounded or killed while working at the battalion aid station. In any event, the battalion medical staff does whatever is possible under the circumstances, such as improving, removing or applying dressings, tourniquets, and splints, and checking or preparing diagnostic tags. The patients are treated as well as possible so as to be moved expeditiously to the rear. With whatever 34 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY means are available, everything possible is done to prevent or to treat shock. Occasionally, it is possible to give some classes of patients hot sugared coffee while passing through the battalion aid station. Hot coffee tremendously influences the general welbbeing of woimded men. It should be made possible to give hot coffee or hot chocolate at all times at battalion aid stations. Antitetanus serum is given at the battalion aid station if circumstances permit and if it is necessary to keep patients there for some time; otherwise, the antb toxin is given at the regimental aid station or at the field hospital. In the handling of patients under fire, it is essential to combine speed with care. The wounded man not only is noneffective and a detriment to the military effort but the sooner he gets back out of fire, the better are his chances of recovery and the likelihood of his not being wounded again. For obvious reasons, in shock, chest, and abdominal cases especially, evacuation must be careful and speedy. From the battalion aid stations patients usually walk or are littered to the ambulance'contact point. If ambulances can go to the battalion aid stations, the patients go through from there directly to a field hospital, stopping only if necessary at the regimental aid station. Routes of evacuation and stops are regulated by the nature of the operation, number of patients, kind of weather, field, and terrain. The selection of an aid station is important, and there are many points to be taken into consideration regarding location. Conditions of terrain and battle Ruins at Verdun, France, 1918. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 35 vary so much that no set rules can be laid down and an ideal place is never found. Important considerations, however, are as follows: 1. Proximity to the area in which the battalion is deployed: ideally, to the rear between the flanks. 2. Nearness to paths or roads over which evacuation may be further continued: ideally, just off a road over which ambulances can travel. In the selection of any aid station, particularly near roads and paths, care must be taken to avoid those places which are likely to draw fire. 3. The aid station itself should be large enough to work in; it should be one where light can be had at night without being seen and where protection from gas, shellfire, and bombing is available: ideally, a bombproof dugout with wide steps, up and down which litter patients can be carried easily, and with room enough below to accommodate the medical staff in their work and to keep a number of stretcher and sitting patients awaiting evacuation. 4. Locations to be avoided if possible are: (a) Close proximity to roads that cross (traffic points). (b) Battery, antiaircraft, or machine-gun emplacements (firing on the enemy). (c) Ammunition or ration dumps (traffic points). (d) Fresh-water holes (where many stragglers gather). (e) Battalion or regimental headquarters (traffic points). (/) Possible direct, balloon or airplane observation points. (g) Hollows or ravines which may be shelled or gassed. 5. wor\ by set rules; only remember rules: (a) Participate in attack conferences. (b) Assay the local military intelligence. (c) Know the form that the attack will take. (d) Appraise the “commitment” psychology of the unit personnel. (e) Be flexible in the use of staff medical personnel and form of organization. (f) Have a flexible mind and be prepared to adjust personal, group, and past experience to new and unexpected conditions. (g) Do the best you \now how. Casualties The lines in this area had remained stable since the early days of the war despite the costly struggle for the possession of Verdun which was staged in this area. The brigade sector was located a short distance north of Les Esparges and at this time it was considered to be quiet. Under these conditions the front was ideal for training operations. There was little infantry action of importance. Front activity was confined largely to patrol excursions into no-man Viand and to the conditioning of details in strong points and in the firing trenches. A few raids were made on enemy positions and some raids were made on our front by the enemy. Machine gun, trench mortar and rifle fire was sporadic along the front day and night. Grenades were used by both sides against hostile patrols and in raiding operations. A shower of artillery fire fell in many areas of the brigade echelon every day. During the 2 months spent on this front comparatively few casualties occurred. Those produced by high explosives were of the most serious character, usually being multiple, with destruction of soft tissue, fractures, amputations, hemor- rhage, and shock. Respiratory diseases and diarrhea necessitated most sickness evacuations while on this front. The ratio of sick evacuations to wounded was approximately 1 to 6. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Of a total of 513 casualties incurred while on this front, about 300 were caused by poisonous (mustard) gas projected by the enemy. On 13 April 1918, during the early hours of the morning, some of the rear echelon positions of the Sixth Regiment were bombarded. One of the positions, located in a wooded hollow about 2 miles from the front line, was heavily shelled for 4 hours with yellow and blue cross gas shells and high explosives. Approx- imately 1,000 shells were thrown. About 300 men (chiefly the Seventy-fourth Company) were occupying the wooden shacks of a reserve position (Camp Fontaine St. Robert) which was located in a ravine. Most of the fire fell into this area. The onset of the attack was laid at 0400, and it caught most of the men asleep. Almost all these men were evacuated during the day on account of the effects of the gas. Thirty-three deaths occurred in this group. The cause of death was secondary pneumonia (pulmonary edema). The majority of those stricken who survived were not returned to the regiment as they never recovered sufficiently to perform regular duty. Evacuations of cases having delayed reactions continued for several days. The regimental aid station of the Sixth Regiment, located in a dugout in higher ground off the main road a quarter mile above the ravine, also shared in the gassing and was hit several times during the early morning. Here, the gas concentration of the outside air was heavy and necessitated the use of gas curtains and all the other gas protection apparatus and the wearing of gas masks by all personnel underground as well as outside. Early in the morning (0500) ambulatory wounded started to arrive at this station, some coming from the adjacent roads and woods. Before daylight a working party on its way to repair blowouts in the trenches ahead was caught in the shellfire while passing this station. Because of the blackout, the men could not speedily locate the door and therefore entered from the ground on top the dugout through a curtained off air shaft. This let into the gas-free interior a large amount of gas, which, along with the gas brought into the dugout on the clothing of the many patients who passed through the station during the morning, greatly reduced the gas protection afforded by the dugout. No treatment was given at this station as the entire area and equipment were heavily gassed. Ambulances were available shortly after daybreak to carry the patients quickly into a gas-free atmosphere, and on back to the field hospitals. Although the personnel of the regimental aid station worked in a lethal con- centration of mustard gas from 0400 until noon, and handled the examination and evacuation of more than 300 gas casualties no cases of gas poisoning occurred among the medical staff. This was because the rule of wearing gas masks was rigidly followed. The medical staff worked with seriously poisoned men, in the dark and in the faint light of early morning, while wearing a mask having a mouthpiece and nose clamp which precluded conversation and interfered with breathing and IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 37 vision. The atmosphere was heavily saturated with a vesicant gas which contaminated everything it touched. It was a difficult and distressing ex* perience. To add to the general problem was the tragic arrival of patients who were not wearing their masks, men with acute pulmonary edema, who, in their efforts to breath had thrown away their respirators. To demonstrate the seriousness of this reserve-area shelling, it is well to know that out of a single company (250 men) virtually all (235) had to be evac' uated as fast as ambulances could be loaded because the degree of gassing required hospitalization. Of this number 11 percent died within 72 hours. According to the gas officer of the Sixth Regiment at that time, the causes of the casualties were: Cases Shell bursting in shack 60 Gas masks not put on in time 25 Premature removal of gas masks 75 Disobedience of orders 75 Insufficient clothing for change 60 Heroic removal of gas mask to facilitate saving of life through quick evacuation 2 Total 297 The two hospital corpsmen (Fred C. Schaffner, pharmacist’s mate, third class, and Carl O. Kingsbury, hospital apprentice, first class, U. S. Navy) attached to the Seventy-Fourth Company, Sixth Regiment, were with the company in the ravine during the entire period of the bombardment. Immediately, everybody sought their assistance, and, although in the same gassed and shelled atmosphere as the others, they worked in the darkness endeavoring to aid and move their patients to higher ground and shout advice. Later when seen by a medical officer, they showed no early symptoms of poisoning and assured the medical officer that they were unaffected. They labored heroically in the evacuations from the ravine and did everything possible to assuage the suffering of their patients while awaiting transportation. Both of these hospital corpsmen ignored and even denied the prodromal symptoms of poisoning in order that they could help those who were in need of their aid. They carried on until forced by the medical officer to cease when symptoms of poisoning were first noticed by him. These were the two hospital corpsmen who received the Army’s Distinguished Service Cross. One of these lads, Schaffner, died in his efforts to save the lives of his men; the other, Kingsbury, with the same high purpose, incapacitated himself for any further service and never was able to rejoin his regiment. • This was the first example of self-sacrificing service performed by members of the Hospital Corps of the United States Navy with the Marines in the Army on French soil which resulted in death, and, no doubt, the first action death caused by a chemical warfare agent in the history of the United States Navy. 38 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY The 1918 version of 1870 defense monument, Verdun, France. Organisation Killed Died of Wounds Wounded Gassed Total Severe Slight Undet. O M O M O M o M O M O M O M Fifth Marines 0 6 2 6 0 8 2 27 0 2 0 0 4 49 Sixth Marines 0 6 0 38 0 8 4 19 0 86 4 297 8 454 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 8 0 9 Brigade Headquarters 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Total 0 13 2 44 0 16 6 46 0 89 4 305 12 513 0=Officers. M = Men. Casualties by organizations, Troyon Toulon Sector, Verdun 15 Mar. 1918 to 13 May 1918 Personnel analysis, Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade, Verdun, 15 Mar. 1918 to 15 May 1918 Officers Hospital Corps Medical Dental In Out In 1 Out8 In Out Fifth Regiment 6 3 7 3 2 47 47 Sixth Regiment 8 7 2 2 45 44 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion 2 1 0 0 13 12 Total 16 15 5 4 4 105 103 1 (In) Number present when entering front. 8 (Out) Number present when leaving front. 3 1 a member of the U. S. Army. 4 3 members of the U. S. Army. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Personnel changes. Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade, Verdun, IS Mar. 1918 to IS May 1918 Disposition Officers Hospital Corps Total Medical Dental 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 o o 2 0 3 0 0 4 21 0 1 2 0 31 2 3 1 Sickness or injury not evident; evacuation not considered justifiable. 2 Member of U. S. Army. 3 Member of U. S. Army. Positions on Verdun Front Places and positions occupied by the various elements of the Fourth Brigade during its stay on the Verdun front were: Fifth Regiment Dugny Camp Nivolette Sommedieue Lemmes Ancemont Camp Douzaine Montgremont les Esparges (sub sector) P. C. Ravine Eix Moulainville Chatillon (sub sector) Camp Chiffoure P. C. Faget Camp Joffe Camp Savoyard Sixth Regiment Dugny Ancemont Ratt en Tout Outrepont Sommedieue Camp Boues Camp Ronde Fontaine Camp Richert Camp Marquenterre Camp Fontaine St. Robert Camp Massa Mont sous les Cotes (sub sector Bonchamp) Tresevaux Mesnil sous les Cotes Bonzee Villers sous Bonchamp Haudiomont P. C. Bordeaux Camp Romaine Chevretterie Camp Chiffoure Watronville P. C. Moscou Rondveaux Camp Savoyard Haudainville Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Lemmes Sommedieue Ancemont Camp Nivolette Camp Massa Mont sous les Cotes P. C. Eperon Camp Rienier P. C. Tunis P. C. Cotes des Hures Camp Joffe P. C. Coulmier Mesnil sous les Cotes Bonzee P. C. Bordeaux Camp Chiffoure Watronville P. C. Moscou Camp Tremblais Camp Savoyard Log of a Battalion Surgeon 12 March 1918: Battalion started to trenches with Breuvannes as entraining point. Dugny the destination. Regimental Headquarters, Second and Third Battalions, Headquarters and the Sup' ply Company able to make this station. The First Battalion detrained at Lemmes. This change made because the Boche discovered the activities at Dugny and with a few welhplaced shells from 748887—47 4 40 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY long-range guns made it an unhealthy spot. We were able, however, to complete the first stage of the journey after hike of 8 kilometers (as French guide had informed us). In reality it was more like 28. The men stood this change like the good soldiers they are. Morning found us located in Camp Nivolette, Dansaines. First and Second Battalions entrenched at Mouge Moe. Third Battalion kept in reserve in town of Sommedieue. Little activity from the enemy, but large rats more than a nuisance, and medical troops kept busy with sanitary problems of sector. New latrines built and water stations arranged where only chlo- rinated water obtainable. Battle stations assigned and hospital corpsmen and litter bearers kept on duty at all times. During stay here a number of men wounded accidently, in a great measure because of their anxiety “to get in.” All litter cases from this sector had to be carried a distance of 2 kilometers, necessary on account of shallow trenches in a vast ramified system. Most trek under observation of enemy. Ravine location of regimental headquarters shelled frequently by enemy artillery. Some gas dropped here, apparently to remind us that there is an enemy around and that the enemy sometimes uses gas. While in reserve position, battalion comfortably housed in Adrian shacks. Sanitation of reserve camps good. Liaison maintained with regimental surgeon by runners. Ambulances making calls for patients only when requested. 21 March (night): Our battalion relieved Second in front line. Relief occurred without inci- dent. Twenty-four hours after occupying position, orders came involving a movement into another area After an all-night hike in rain, we found ourselves on the northeast edge of city of Verdun. After a rest of 24 hours a reconnaissance of Moulainville and Aix sectors made. First and Third Battalions went to Chatillion and Second to a reserve camp near Fort Rosalier. Part of command a French division, relieved by this move. In this sector medical units receiving first actual experience in trench warfare. Aid stations in dugouts established in first lines where hospital corpsmen are on duty at all times. Medical officers stationed in advanced dressing stations (dugouts) between first and second lines of trenches. Daily inspections were made of trenches which for the most part contain from 3 inches to a foot of water. Presence of innumerable springs makes it difficult to keep water out of trenches. Dugouts in fair sanitary condition, although overrun with rats. Infamous cootie made its presence known. General conditions improved as much as possible. Frequent washing and boiling of clothing keeps cootie problem under some control. At daily inspections all sick treated. Few sick enough to warrant evacuation. In this sector the carry for litter patients is about 300 yards to advanced stations, all of which can be reached by ambulances under cover of darkness. Evacuations during day have a carry of about a kilometer. Fine cooperation of ambulance companies makes possible hasty evacuation. Here, as in our former sector, there is little shelling. That which occurs is done in the usual methodical way of the Hun. 16 April: Hygiene, morale, and food. While in trenches, if there is any water available, other than that in the canteen, the old-time Marine takes a bath. He not only cares for the cleanliness of his own body but by example and persuasion, he sees to it that the younger Marines do likewise. The hospital corpsman, even the recruit, has been impressed with the importance of personal hygiene and he takes every opportunity to bathe himself. While making a tour of inspection of a forward aid station a front-line trench was traversed at a point where the trench was dug behind what was once an old railroad embankment. At this point a small stream flows out into No Man’s Land. Here I came upon a hospital corpsman at- tached to the company holding the front and found him stripped and lathered from head to foot. The day was overcast and neither balloon nor airplane could spot his nakedness and provoke a strafing. It was unnecessary to ask how things were going. His radiance answered many questions and delivered a message that explained the high morale of the men up forward. The day was not warm and a sweater under one’s coat was comfortable. The well-shaved state of the men was noticeable. With the usual absence of water except for the daily canteen ration, one marvels how the men accomplish their toilet. The Marine and the bluejacket have ways of doing things without anything to do it with. They may be ragged and yermin-infested and forced to share their quarters and their mess kit with the trench rat, but they IN FRANCE, WORLD1WAR I 41 manage to shave and perform local or general ablutions whenever it is at all possible. The old Marines are incomparable as soldiers. The hospital corpsmen privileged to serve with them are certain to profit. One hospital corpsman here frequently makes solitary pilgrimages into No Man’s Land at night to gather rhubarb and dandelion. There is no doubt that this man’s initiative and courage in the trench sector has established him as one of the most fearless and resourceful. His physique is slight, his constitution below normal, but he has guts. 21 April (night): The Third Battalion relieved the First in the Aix and Moulanville sector. Just as this relief was about completed the enemy laid down a barrage, the signal for a raid. Result: 2 men killed and 14 wounded. No prisoners were taken by the enemy. His casualties were heavier than ours. He left with us two wounded officers. All injured were cared for and evacuated to one of our own field hospitals, operating in conjunction with the French. Evacuations were prompt and all wounded received antitetanic serum at the advanced dressing station. These casualties are our first on a sudden and large scale. We are impressed with the importance of training we have received. The following night the battalion put on a “show.” This was success' ful—no casualties. Two hospital corpsmen and eight litter bearers accompanied the party. After a 10-day rest and thorough policing of the men the battalion again went in to relieve the Second Battalion in the Chatillion sector. The Second had been in for 10 days. Except for occa- sional shelling, we experienced nothing but the usual routine of trench life. 14 May: Orders were received for our relief. Effected by French troops. Hiked to Ancemont for entraining. Here we were inspected by the Commanding General of the American Expedi- tionary Forces, General Pershing. Companies, battalions, and regiments are becoming homogeneous military units and well con- ditioned to the sights, noises, and fumes of battle and the discomforts of an out-of-doors existence. Unit personnel are becoming hardened and the responsibilities of all are well understood. Contact, report, and supply routine are established and equipment has been shaken down to meet needs and transportation allowances. Everybody is confident of ability to perform tasks under the worst of conditions. 15 May (morning): Entrained for Marne district. Found springtime countryside and fields- peaceful people, and homes. Headquarters went to Pontheon; battalions, to surrounding towns. Twenty-hour hours’ rest and policing of command. Usual routine established, with litter drills, instruction in first aid, and the application of splints. Special attention given to gas mask drill. Hikes taken wearing masks greater part of time. Remained in this town 3 days. Orders again broke training and rest. 18 May: Regimental Headquarters moved to Boury (Seine et Oise). Regiment entrained at Vitry le Francois at night. 19 May (morning): Detrained at Isle Adam, north of Paris, from which point hiked to town assigned to the battalion. Period of intensive training in open warfare begun—an angle still to be learned. Hospital corpsmen have attained high degree of efficiency in first aid. With help of trained litter bearers, they are learning knack of giving aid in open. Regiment accompanied on all maneuvers by medical units. Valuable information gained in establishment of aid stations and collection of wounded at central stations for evacuation to rear by ambulances. Routine sanitary inspections held daily and hospital corpsmen instructed in a new field nomenclature (Army) to apply to field tags. Mild wave of influenza, causing slight depletion of ranks for a few days. No fatalities. Most recovering in 3 or 4 days. TOWARD CANTIGNY In connection with the planned employment of the Second Division in a large scale counteroffensive 6 to be launched north of Paris, near Amiens, on 15 June 18 the Fourth Brigade, after full relief at the Verdun positions on 13 and 1491 6 Foch, Directive No. 2—E. M. No. 64, 3 April 1918, 42 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY May, started to move toward the new area located in the Department of the Oise. Proceeding from the Verdun area by camion, boxcar, and on foot, the various elements of the brigade, moving west, assembled in small towns a few kilo- meters east of Vitry le Frangois. During the few days between 13 and 18 May when the brigade stopped in this area, a general police of personnel and equip' ment was carried out and a light training schedule was put into effect. Village of Doucey, Marne, Headquarters, Sixth Marines, for few days prior to move toward Cantigny in May 1918. Medical personnel conducted daily sanitary inspections of the towns’ billets, latrines, corrals, water chlorinating, and messing arrangements. Morning and evening sick call routine was established at the regimental and each of the battah ion aid stations. The few patients who required hospital care were evacuated by divisional ambulances which made daily tours throughout the brigade area. An effort was made by the staffs of the regimental and machine gun battalion surgeons to catch up on delayed reports and straighten a growing snarl in naval medical records. The second stage of the division’s movement to the Chaumont en Vexin zone, in the rear of Montidier, started on 19 May when the brigade elements marched to Vitry le Francois and entrained in boxcars. The following day detrainment was effected in the vicinity of Parmion I’Isle Adam, and the completion of the movement to billets in adjacent towns was carried out by marching. For the next 10 days the brigade remained in place and devoted the time to intensive drills in combat operations and terrain exercises. Reconnoitering and quartering parties proceeded to the Cantigny area preparatory to moving up of IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 43 the division to relieve the First Division, A. E. F., then engaged in the prelimi- naries of the planned offensive. The spring season had arrived and the weather was favorable. The men were well billeted, meals were regular, and the inhabitants were cordial. While practicing at mimic warfare over a peaceful countryside, after having received indoctrination in actual warfare at Verdun, the men gained self-confidence. They were light-hearted and cheerful. The columns whistled and sang while on the march, and catchy songs were originated. It was here that the famous Marine Corps song “Hinky-Dinky, Parley-Vous,” first heard at Blevaincourt, Vosges, came into its own, and new verses were added to it every day. Decoration Day (1918) marked the end of a pleasant fortnight for the Marine brigade. Before the proposed counteroffensive of the Allies (in which the Second Division was to take a part) could get started, the Germans launched a strong attack on the Chemin des Dames, between Soissons and Rheims. On 29 May their attack was extended and their advance in the center continued to the Marne River which was reached on 30 May 1918. This brought the German lines as close as 40 miles to Paris. The situation was one of alarm to the Allies. Available reserves to stem the tide had diminished to nine divisions.7 The Germans on tht, Marne were flushed with their successes. Any further German gains could lead to serious results. A new fresh force was urgently needed; thus, the Second Division was abruptly ordered to recall all parties and units that were already proceeding on the original mission, which was to relieve the First Division. The Second Division was loaded into trucks and proceeded with all haste to the Chateau-Thierry area in order to provide support to the French who were being driven back. Cities Occupied Between Verdun and Chaumont en Vexin Area During the move from the Verdun front to, and while in, the Chaumont en Vexin area the following cities and towns were occupied by elements of the Fourth Brigade: Fifth Regiment Vitry le Francois Vitry le Perthois Pontheon Marlaut Kelts 1’Eveque Epluches Parmion 1’Isle Adam Boury en Vexin Gourcelles Vandancourt Sixth Regiment Blesme Changy Doucey Rosay Vavray le Petit Vavray le Grand Serrans Petit Serrans Montagny Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Hieppes Hargeville Vanault le Chatel Vitry le Francois Parmion Flsle Adam Haravillers Montjavault Beaugrenier Char May en Moultien 7 Petain to Foch, Letter (E. M. No. 334) 1 June 1918. 44 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY BELLEAU WOOD The armies of the Crown Prince were driving furiously between Soissons and Rheims. This thrust for Paris had driven a dangerous salient into the Allies’ line. The military situation was critical. In an effort to stem this tide the Second Division was selected to be placed at the southward-moving apex of the salient. There was not enough time for the issuance of formal orders from division headquarters to the units of the Fourth Brigade; therefore, instructions to move into the new Marne breech weie sent by telephone and courier. Such brief orders began arriving during the evening of 30 May. The brigade acted with precision and alertness; thus it was possible for the units to get on busses and get started in the new direction between 0300 and 1000 on 31 May. The long line of trucks carrying the infantry of the Second Division rushed with all possible speed through the suburbs of Paris toward Meaux and the advancing line of the Germans. With the driving forward of the brigade in French camions, 31 May marked not only a day of harrowing experience for everybody in the division but the turning point in the transformation of officers and men from members of a military organization into hard and seasoned soldiers of one of the finest fighting organizations the world had seen. The day (the seventeenth after having left the trench sector at Verdun) was the beginning of a new phase for the dough' boys, marines and naval medical personnel of the Second Division. Across a country of never-to-be-forgotten sights, on empty stomachs, after a long night in ranks under full packs, the ride ended 36 hours later with the division forming a line astride the Paris-Metz Highway between Vaux, Bouresches, and a wooded hillock, the Bois de Belleau. The Marne River and its low plain to the south was only a few kilometers in the rear. Paris was to the west, less than 2 hours by automobile. French troops were falling back upon our forming lines —intermingling in depths at various places—and the conquering Germans were pressing toward us ahead, from the north and east. Excerpts From Log of a Battalion Surgeon 31 May; For reasons unknown the camions did not arrive until 0300. Little sleep was had last night. We were rushed with all possible speed—truck after truck, an endless serpentine chain over roads via the suburbs of Paris in the direction of the advancing lines of Germans toward the Marne. The motor chain wormed and halted for 16 hours over hill and plain to Meaux, where a forced march was begun to the Chateau-Thierry sector. The day is hot and dry. The end-to-end camions are crowded with tired, dirty, and perspiring men as they plough through the thick fog of choking dust and hot oil and exhaust fumes. Tl.e afternoon sun is obscured by the pall of heat and dust; it diffuses a weird red over sky and country. Atmosphere is tense with sense of danger, violence, and calamity. Tired French “Annamese” drivers fall asleep at the wheel. Serious accidents averted on con- gested roads only by sudden yelling of men in the trucks. Near Meaux first of an almost endless stream of refugees encountered, trudging along helplessly, driving before them a cow or a goat or leading a hay cart piled high with household goods and bewildered and tired children and old IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 45 women. Aisne-Marne Canal, where it passes the locks which drop it under the Paris-Mets Highway at Meaux, choked with barges filled with small children from up-country schools and convents. An occasional nun among them handles jammed tillers while trying to guide fright- stunned children in a forced exodus. Their homes had been in the path of the advancing foe. Marines see at close hand the immediate end results of war. Just after dark, a short distance east of Meaux, the tired, hungry, and dirty battalion left the busses. There had been no sleep the previous night. The men dropped in their tracks throughout a wheat field along the side of the road. Meaux was raided by enemy planes and several bombs fell dangerously close to the sleeping men. Only a few were awakened by the loud explosions. There were no casualties, only exhaustion. French troops create disorder by falling back. Our men want to fight. Ferme Petit Montgivrault, regimental aid station, Sixth Marines, Belleau Wood, June 18, 1918. 1 June (0330); Started toward Montrieul au Lyons—all men eager. Hiked until 1300, moving 55 minutes and resting 5, covering 26 kilometers. Little rations—excessive heat. Detachments of French Chausseurs met along the road, tired and worn. Poured their red wine (penar) and gave it to the grateful marines as they passed. Altogether the command went along in good condition. The few who fell out caught up with the main body as it reached the heights east of this town. Rations issued with 2 days' reserve. Each man kept his issue intact. After a rest of about 3 hours the regiment moved to Pyramid Farm where regimental headquarters were established. The Second Battalion moved into a first line position northeast of the town of Marigny to support the French. The First Battalion moved over to the right to act as an advanced guard for the Twenty-third Infantry. They remained in line for 24 hours when they moved to a ravine northeast of Marigny. In the face of the onrushing foe, Marigny had been deserted hurriedly by its civil population who left almost all their possessions behind. In many homes, food for the evening meal was left cooking on the stoves. Stray stock and rabbits found wandering around the fields and in barns and hutches improved scanty rations of the men. Troops enjoyed the strange luxury of sleeping on big red comforters and soft pillows in deserted farm homes. 46 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY It was not long, however, before Marigny became a target for enemy artillery. Destruction from shellfire widespread. Aid station moved to ravine outside of town. Treating wounded French, continually coming in; also a few Marines struck by enemy shell fragments. Medical supplies were brought up by ambulances to the regimental aid station in ravine, distributed to the battalions. Eleven casualties this date—the first severe casualties from high explosive shells. From this time on regimental and battalion aid stations were under heavy bombardment. Some gas shells found their way toward us—phosgene and mustard—not in sufficient quantity to cause casualties. Three French ambulance units assigned to regiment. Working temporarily in conjunction with division ambulances, evacuating from front to regimental station and then to field hospitals, 3 kilos in our immediate rear, Bezeau. French exhausted. Come back through our lines wearing the expressions of men who had done their best but had found the enemy overwhelming. Tired to death. Need rest. Discouraged by increasing hordes of enemy. Enemy now can be plainly seen from heights back of our lines, advanc- ing through the ripening wheat. In this area warfare of movement has started. Aid stations set up near roads, paths, streets, and gullies, commonly used by traffic (foot, animal, and motorized) moving to and from a changing frontline position. We use undamaged rooms and basements of houses, barns, buildings, and cul- verts beneath roads for some protection from observation and rifle and machine-gun bullets and fragments of exploding shells. Experienced men in movement instinctively sense cover. Ready for quick change to a new location if an aid station caves in or is destroyed by bomb or shellfire. 3 June: All day the regiment has been under heavy shellfire of high explosives, shrapnel, and some gas. A number of casualties occurred in all battalions and many French were evacuated through our station. 4 June: Unit had its first casualty—a hospital corpsman struck in shoulder with a piece of high explosive; degree slight. All stations well located and evacuation of all wounded direct to ambu- lances; little carry necessary. Things beginning to run smoothly after excitement of first day under heavy shell fire and rifle fire. Wounded properly and promptly cared for; evacuation to field hospitals accomplished in less than 1 hour. 5 June: Regimental aid station moved to town of la Voie du Chatel. Took over station vacated by Sixth Regiment. Preparations made for attack on large scale. Ambulance brought up dressings of all kinds, antitoxin, litters, blankets, shell-wound dressings, and various types of splints, chiefly Thomas. The Greely units of morphine, supplied through the American Red Cross (later by the division medical supply depot) were the only practicable means and often the only means of giving morphine at the front. These units, containing one-fourth grain of morphine sulfate in 1 cubic centimeter of solution, were small collapsible tubes with attached needle and screw-top glass needle-guard which assured sterility under all conditions of handling. They were easily transported in pocket or pouch and permitted the administration of the drug anywhere on the field without delay or difficulty. 6 June; The battalion was ordered to make the attack. At 1900 the companies moved out of the ravine and proceeded to the town of Champillon where they went into line northeast of the town at 0345. The battalion immediately attacked, and, soon after, wounded started coming into the battalion station, on the outskirts of the town of Champillon. Champillon has been under continuous heavy bombardment. As soon as the station was established, liaison between the regi- mental and First Battalion aid stations was made. Ambulances of the French sanitary unit came up bringing litters and supplies. Despite heavy shelling ambulances have been able to make the aid station. This simplifies evacuation of wounded. Hospital corpsmen went “over” with their companies and performed their duties admirably. Advance dressing stations established just behind first line where wounded were collected and ambulatory sent to the battalion station. Litter cases transported a distance of about 500 yards. At the battalion station examinations and sorting done. Evacuated from battalion go through regimental aid station where a check on each case is made. Returning ambulances bring fresh supplies, litters and blankets, so at no time have we been short of these necessities. Some cases of diarrhea developing. Only a few evacuations because of sickness made. The Second Battalion IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 47 station located in Lucy le Bocage. Their position enabled them to care for all casualties of their battalion in line. Lucy likewise was under heavy shellfire and gas. A direct hit made on this station set the building on fire, necessitating evacuation. A new station soon established in a cellar, and evacuations continued from this point. The Third Battalion, acting as brigade reserve, dug in in the nearby woods. During this engagement regiment suffered heavily from shellfire and gas, but forced enemy to give ground. Enemy losses obviously heavier. Enemy wounded and prisoners came through all stations in greater numbers than our own. Everything practicable was done for them. The character of the wounds encountered here fall chiefly into the tearing, lacerating, crushing, and amputating types, accompanied by all degrees of fractures, hemorrhage, and destruction of soft tissue. Injuries of the extremities were most common, followed by those of the abdomen and chest. Despite massive injury, shock has not been common. This is probably due to early treat- ment, given by company hospital corpsmen, and undelayed evacuation through the regiment to field hospitals. Great attempts have been made to control hemorrhage, immobilize fractures, secure adequate dressings on all wounds, give morphine, antitetanic serum, hot coffee, cover patients with blankets, and promptly evacuate them from the area. Prisoners recently captured were temporarily employed as litter bearers, facilitating treatment and evacuation which otherwise would have been delayed. Arrangements were made by the battalion supply officers to get one cooked meal to the first line every night. This meal, with coffee, is brought up under heavy shellfire and rationed out to the men. In addition to this cooked meal, the men receive two iron rations. Water details supply the lines with fresh water (chlorinated) as frequently as possible, under the most difficult circumstances. As a whole, the men are standing up under these conditions well. 2-6 June: Repeated attacks by the enemy repulsed. Our men had seen little of active fighting until this time and had not realized the horrors of war. They have played with death during these first days of June.8 All medical personnel have been superb in meeting and disposing of the unprecedented tasks with which they have been confronted. Without thought of rest, relief, or restoration, devote themselves wholly to their gruesome labor. The Marine brigade has undergone its first real baptism of fire. The heroic acts that numerous hospital corpsmen have performed during furious assaults in the open and in the most advanced positions have thrilled the entire command, and, in no small way, contributed to the effort that has so far led to our military success. A seriously wounded patient who came through this station told the story of a pnarmacist’s mate, second class, Frank C. Welte, who died today. Welte was attached to the Twentieth Company wnich was holding the first line lying between Le Bois de la Chateau and the town of Lucy le Bocage. His company, with the Forty-fifth and Forty-seventh, was ordered to attack the advancing German forces at 1500 today. The objective lay in a northerly direction, across a wheat field, and involved the southern section of the strongly fortified Bois de Belleau. Bois de Belleau is an almost inpenetrable tangled forest with rock formations admirably adapted for defense. The surrounding country is dotted with woods and fields of ripening wheat, with red patches of wild poppy. The terrain, which favored the enemy, is generally level except for a few wooded hills. These afforded commanding positions for the enemy to sweep the roads and open country with shell and machine-gun fire. The attacking troops, moving across the open wheat field, were subjected to murderous flanking fire from machine guns, and many men went down. Welte was swamped with many wounded while in this open field, about 130 yards short of the woods. 8 They could not have realized the seriousness of the situation. It was not until later that they understood that during these days the fate of Paris and the Allied cause depended on them and that a second Marne, although less bloody but as momentous as that of 1914, was being fought. It was the turning point of the war. From this time until the Armistice, the Germans never went ahead again. 48 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY He had dressed four wounded marines, calmly writing their tags, and had started on the fifth man when he was struck in the back and right heel, while kneeling over his patient. Fragments of a bursting high-explosive shell painfully wounded him. He continued dressing his patient and filled in the diagnosis tag when his head was pierced by a machine-gun bullet. He gave his book of diagnosis tags to his patient, asking him to “turn them over to the chief” when he arrived at the battalion station. With the delivery of the tags to the patient, Welte died. To the moment of death he thus carried out the last and most important detail of his duty, with coolness, deliberation, and devotion. Hospital corpsmen have helped maintain the high morale of the troops. When a man’s mind is weakened by physical and nervous exhaustion, frequently it is the hospital corpsman who talks it over and boosts the weary one up, so that he can take new hold and continue his unpleasant task. A platoon was charging a machine-gun nest in Belleau Wood. Several unsuccessful attempts to take it had been made, with heavy losses. The handful of men left had drawn back prior to making another charge. The company hospital corpsman, with considerable blunt emphasis to add to the forcefulness of his demand, yelled out in the thick of the hand-to-hand fighting, “Get that gun you ! I'm here to take care of you!” The gun was captured shortly afterward in a deadly grapple. A gallant Marine officer, with only a handful of his original platoon, captured the town of Bouresches—a key position of our front. He cited the hospital corpsman attached to his force, and pointing out the effect the hospital corpsman’s presence had on the morale of the men during the assault: “At a time when the losses threatened to prevent the success of the operations, the heroic conduct of this man steadied the lines and spurred the attacking platoons on through the barrage.” In an aid station located in a little stone farmhouse, about midnight, there were a number of wounded lying about on straw or propped up against the walls waiting their turn for dressing and evacuation. The Boche was laying down a barrage between the station and the woods while attempting a counterattack. The orchard in the rear of the building and the courtyard in front were being plowed up by the raining shells. The old structure was swaying, and those laboring unceasingly witnin over the wounded had a secret conviction that their work would be suddenly concluded at any moment. The medical officer and several hospital corpsmen were setting a compound fracture in a Thomas splint and dressing other multiple wounds. No word was spoken; the closer the shells fell to the building the faster the group toiled under candlelight. When morning broke the barrage had lifted. The station was untouched. The night’s grist of wounded had been cared for and sent back to field hospitals. Subsequently, the regimental chief pharmacist’s mate asked the medical officer if he had been aware of the proximity of the bursting shells during the night and the threatening death to those in the station. The medical officer replied that he had been acutely conscious of all that had occurred, but more important, he had realized that each hospital corpsman, although he knew the nearness of death, never showed the slightest sign of fear. He had observed them carrying on without hesitation, comforting and quieting the nerve- worn wounded, and the sight had filled him with pride and confidence in their ability. 8-12. June: The pressure of active fighting has been maintained day and night, both in pains- taking operations against strong enemy positions in Belleau Wood and against frequent strong forays of the enemy against our own thinly held lines. Machine-gun and artillery fire has been constant and the air alive with the whine and zip of all calibers of shells and sizes of fragments. During periods when action is intense cases of sickness disappear just as the high excitement of the men in battle pressure dissipates fatigue and hunger. An example of the symptom-banishing effects of battle excitement was brought to my attention. A former well-known National League baseball player is a marine sergeant in one of our assault companies. Before noon he passed by the station with eight German prisoners whom he had just taken. Their hands were still held above their heads and all their buttons were still intact. The sergeant was cheerful and appeared in top condition as he called to me that he wanted to tell me something on his way back from regimental headquarters (where he was proceeding to deliver his prisoners). By midafternoon he returned, looking as cheerful as he had appeared earlier, although he had walked several miles and had not eaten. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 49 He apologized for bothering us while giving treatment to the wounded constantly arriving, but went on to say that he had a large mass in the perineum which interfered with his walking, and he thought we could tell him what it was. He said he had not had a stool for 9 days. Wounded men were lying around and coming in with all manner of injury when an examination was made with the patient lying on the ground. A hard round mass, approximately 5 inches in diameter was disclosed. It partly extruded from the fully extended sphincter ani. The exposed surface of the compaction was hard and resistant and the overloaded rectum protruded to fill the perineal space. With the aid of glycerine and manual manipulation a huge fecalith, fully as large as a man’s head, was delivered. Remarkably, the delivery was made without tearing the sphincter. Following removal of the mass, strong recurrent peristalsis, accompanied by pain, groans, and cries of the patient, forced out huge masses of soft feces. An hour later, with a small straddle dressing (adapted from a small shell- wound pad) applied over the remaining prolapsis, the sergeant went on his way to rejoin his com- pany and to perform acts which were later rewarded with a Distinguished Service Cross. 14 June: There was much gas thrown by the enemy during the night and early this morning. For about 4 hours a large area was gassed with what apparently was mustard gas with some phos- gene added; experience, however, reduced to a low incidence the casualties in our battalion. Ap- proximately 600 were evacuated through the aid stations of the regiment but only about 250 were men of our own regiment. Most of the men were gassed while lying in close support of the front line in Belleau Wood or while in the small ravine that ran along back of the woods. During these first 2 weeks (when we had the heaviest casualties of the 6 weeks’ stay on this front) the care and evacuation of the wounded presented an enormous problem. The bandsmen who had been used as stretcher bearers suffered heavy casualties. Their work was closely allied to that of the Hospital Corps, and they were a part of the medical organization during combat. Owing to their heavy losses, orders had been issued rightly prohibiting their further use as stretcher bearers. Twelve men from the line of each company are being detailed to the medical organization for training and use as litter bearers. The men detailed were ordered to report to the regimental surgeons and were to be available for instruction periods. This gave each company hospital corps- man 12 men, or 48 to each battalion surgeon; 144 additional men to the regimental surgeon. Casual- ties occurring in their ranks were replaced from their respective companies. While their work was strictly that of bearers, they were given considerable instruction in first aid, so that they might meet the emergencies of the battlefield and be of greater assistance to company hospital corpsmen. These line litter bearers wore brassards of blue with “L. B.” in white in contradistinction to the hospital corpsman’s Geneva Cross brassard. These men did excellent work and were of inestimable value to the medical organization. 16 June (morning): Regimental station forced to evacuate on account of heavy shelling, five direct hits having been scored by the enemy. In this action, to date, the battalion medical unit has suffered 10 casualties (75 percent). 17 June (all day): Two battalions relieved by the Seventh Infantry (Third Division). Regiments 1 aid station remained in place and worked in conjunction with the Seventh Medical Unit. Two battalions moved to towns of Lucy and Merry to clean up and get a few days’ rest. While here, the American Red Cross distributed chocolate and jam to each man. 23 June; Took up a reserve position for a few days—then back into the front line. Looking back upon the life we spent in the trenches at Verdun, though at the time it seemed fraught with great privation and hardship, it now seems like a luxurious rest area in comparison with the blood-stained battlefields of open warfare. How ignorant everybody was of this recently encountered form of fighting! How crude are the daily conditions of life and what reversions to savage, even animal levels! 5 July; Units of the Twenty-sixth Division (Yankee) have begun taking over our positions and the Marine brigade has been withdrawn to a support line running roughly from Villers sur Marne on the right to Bezu on the left.9 9 During its stay in the Bois de Belleau the brigade stopped the enemy’s advance on its front, drove him back from 1to 2 kilometers on a 4-kilometer front, captured approximately 1,500 prisoners and much material, killed and wounded many in his ranks and successfully repulsed 4 counterattacks which were applied with seriousness and energy. 50 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Positions and places occupied by elements of Fourth Brigade during Belleau Wood operations. Fifth Regiment Meaux Ferme Pyramide La Petite Boullaye Ferme la Loge Marigny en Orxois Carrieres Bois de Veuilly Hill 142 Champillon Lucy le Bocage Ferme les Mares Ferme Triangle la Voie du Chatel Bois de Belleau Bouresches Maison Blanche Bois Montgivrault Mery sur Marne Bois de Gros Jean Ferme Chaumoust Montreuil aux Lions Sixth Regiment Feme Paris Montreuil aux Lions Lucy le Bocage Ferme Triangle Le Thiolet la Voie du Chatel Champillon Bouresches Ferme le Conse Bois de Clerembauts Ferme Blanche Bois de Belleau Bois de la Sableonniere Bois de Platiere Montgivrault le Petit Ferme Pyramide Nanteuil sur Marne Sixth Machine Cun Battalion Montreuil aux Lions Ferme Paris Champillon Hill 42 Lucy le Bocage Ferme Triangle Montgivrault le Petit Ferme Pyramide Bois de Veuilly Montgivrault la Grande Haloup Bouresches Bois de Belleau Casualties by organizations, Aisne defensive and Chdteau-Thierry sector 31 May 1918 to 9 July 1918 Organization Killed Died of wounds Severe Slight Undeter- mined Gassed Missing Total O M O M O M o M O M O M o M O M Fifth Marines 12 406 5 167 2 45 10 158 33 1, 384 2 119 0 20 64 2, 299 Sixth Marines 12 289 3 126 1 255 0 411 11 721 7 293 0 13 35 2,108 Sixth Machine Uun Bat- 1 29 1 11 0 22 10 87 2 18 0 24 0 0 14 191 talion Brigade Headquarters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 25 724 9 304 3 322 20 656 46 2,123 9 436 0 33 113 4, 598 0=0fficers. M=Men. Personnel analysis Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade, Bois de Belleau, 31 May 1918 to 9 July 1918 Officers Hospital Corps Medical Dental In Out Ini Out2 In Out Fifth Regiment 7 7 2 2 47 82 Sixth Regiment 7 8 2 1 44 46 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion 1 1 0 0 12 16 Total 15 15 4 3 103 117 1 (In) Number present when entering front. 2 (Out) Number present when leaving front IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Personnel changes Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade, Bois de Belleau, 31 May 1918 to 9 July 1918 51 Officers Hospital Corps Total Medical Dental Killed 0 1 o 19 20 1 o 2 1 18 9 21 0 0 0 0 1 1 i i o 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 127 2 2 0 i ' Sickness or injury not evident; evacuation not considered justifiable. , 2 Member of U. S. Army. Summary of MedicO'Military Operations On 1 June an order of the French Army in the emergency directed the con- centration of the Second Division around Montreuil aux Lions. The Ninth Infantry and the Sixth Marines were the first troops to occupy a portion of the line. This line was generally north and south through Le Thiolet, on the Chateau-Thierry-Paris road. The French held the line in rear of Bussieres- Torcy Hill 133, south of Bouresches Hill 138. The Second Division was in support. The French had orders to drop back through the American lines. Early on 2 June the Twenty-third Infantry, reinforced by the First Battalion, Fifth Marines, Fifth Machine Gun Battalion, and a company of Engineers, marched to fill the gap in the French line, from Bois de Veuilly Premont toward Gandelu. On 5 June the Second Division line extended from the southwest corner of Bois de la Marette, through Bois de Clairimbaults, Triangle, Lucy le Bocage, woods northwest of Lucy, and through a point on the Champillon-Bussieres road, 800 meters northwest of Lucy (all inclusive). Several Boche attacks had been successfully repulsed. The Germans hesitated before the fresh troops. They made good use of artillery and shelled the Americans vigorously. Early on the morning of 6 June the Second Division began a series of attacks on the German front, which were to continue for almost a month and would end with the capture of Belleau Wood and Vaux. The First Battalion, Fifth Marines, went over the top on Hill 142, north of Champillon, and drove into the German lines for more than a kilometer toward Torcy. At 1700 the attack began on the Bois de Belleau and Bouresches. The town of Bouresches was captured but the advance into the Bois de Belleau was checked. Fighting con- tinued throughout the night. The usual German counterattacks followed but were repulsed. On 7, 8, and 9 June attempts were made to capture the Bois de Belleau, without artillery preparation. Each time little progress was made. Early on the morning of 10 June, after a thorough artillery preparation, the Fourth Marine Brigade attacked the enemy in the Bois de Belleau and gained 52 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U.-S. NAVY its objective: east-and-west line through Hill 169. The next day another attack was launched early and the troops attacked and captured all of woods except the northern corner. On 23 June a battalion of Marines attacked the northwest tip of the Bois de Belleau. The attack was unsuccessful. Two days later our artillery concen- trated its fire on the northern part of the woods and at 1700 the same battalion which had attacked 2 days before cleared the woods of Germans. On 1 July, when the Ninth Infantry and Twenty-third Infantry attacked Vaux-Bois de la Roche, there was a 12-hour artillery preparation, which permit- ted the position to be taken without great loss. The brigade was up to full strength before going into battle at Bois de Belleau and had full equipment. The morale was high and all men were eager to get into battle. Their resistance to shock was good, and there were comparatively few men evacuated on account of war neurosis. A number of men were en- countered who were in a highly nervous condition. Some had lost the power of speech. Such symptoms appeared in the best men of the command. After a night’s sleep at the regimental aid station, however, they were returned im- proved to their organizations with no immediate recurrences. Under the changing conditions encountered on this front, and in the rear, the food varied greatly in quality and quantity. It was extremely difficult to get the rations that were available up to the men in line. Two-thirds of the food eaten was the French iron ration without the red wine. At times there was one small cooked meal a day which was at about 2300 because of the exposed position of the front line. Generally the main food of the troops in line consisted of French canned Argentine beef, popularly called “monkey meat,” and French hard tack. As a steady diet, even when mixed with onions or potatoes, this meat was un- palatable, but because of great hunger, it was eaten without complaint. On one occasion, following a visit of Red Cross field representatives to the headquarters of the regiments, arrangements were made by organization surgeons to have chocolate bars sent into the brigade area from Red Cross headquarters in Paris for ultimate distribution to the men. Two truckloads of chocolate were received at a time when the ration problem was a serious matter, and, although the supply allowed only one bar per man, the effect produced on the morale of the troops was beneficial. Ration details carried the chocolate along with the available daily ration of food up to the men in line from the regimental posts command. Because of the nature of conditions attending this action, welfare attempts by attached civil workers was restricted to assisting organization medical per- sonnel and chaplains. When the food supply cannot keep pace with rapidly moving troops, some foraging results. The possibility of collecting food by this means does not dccur every time the normal military food supply fails, as troops may be operating in parts of the country which have been impoverished, such as in old trench sectors or other areas over which great offensives have passed. Foraged food can be IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 53 obtained only in places where the civilian population has just withdrawn, before, or in the wake of, an extensive military advance, having left farms and homes fully stocked. The “galleys” of the companies, usually, were located undercover in the near rear area. From there, every evening, the prepared food in French “man mite” cans would be handled by men up to the companies in line. Except for the losses that occurred en route, this system worked fairly well, although such cooked foods as beans, rice, and potatoes many times would be soured by the time they reached the men. In the area close to the front, it was often observed, that when large cans of meat from the reserve rations are opened, only about one man’s share is eaten and the rest is left to spoil. Canned meats for the reserve ration should be separately put up with just enough in a can for one man’s meal. Such a can should be flat, similar to an ordinary sardine can, so that it will fit well in the pack. It was during this action that the medical organization was developed better than on any other front: 1. Here hospital corpsmen established an aid station at the post command of each company. 2. An advanced aid station was set up about 100 yards in the rear of the center of the front line of each battalion. 3. Battalion dressing stations were located about half a kilometer in the rear of the advanced stations. 4. Proportionate details of litter bearers were stationed at the various company post commands. 5. “Hospital apprentice” and “first aid” were two calls most commonly heard on the front line. Hospital corpsmen endeavored to keep near the center of their company in order that they could be easily located by the wounded and give first aid to the greatest number by having to cover the least amount of ground. In answer to this call, hospital corpsmen immediately proceeded to the place of summons to give first aid. When possible they carried the wounded to a protected position. It was often necessary for hospital corpsmen to construct litters of sticks, blankets, and parts of uniforms. 6. Litter bearers carried the wounded back to the advanced dressing stations or to the battalion dressing stations. To help litter bearers locate wounded who had been dressed by hospital corps- men during an advance, the wounded men’s guns would be stuck in the ground (with bayonet) beside them. A hospital corpsman’s equipment was the same as a Marine’s except for the arms. Their pouches (or belts) were equipped with bandages, shell-wound dressings (large and small), tourniquets, Greely units of morphine, and iodine swabs. Bandage scissors were carrieed in the tops of puttees. There were from 20 to 24 dressings available but whenever possible the first-aid packet on the wounded man’s belt was used. Wounded men always call for water. If available it was provided from the canteens of the hospital corpsman, except in cases of wounds of chest or abdomen. 7- For venous and capillary hemorrhage, wounds were packed with gauze and a secure bandage applied. When necessary to use a tourniquet on an extremity, it was not placed at the point of compression but as close to the wound as possible. This was done as a shock preventive measure and to preserve as much of the limb as possible from gangrenous changes. When hospital corpsmen went over the top they were kept busy applying first aid and keeping up with their companies. Often it was impossible for them to care for men from other companies if they were to care for their own, nor were they always able to see that their wounded were picked up by the litter bearers. 8. Hysterical patients were left alone. This was the best treatment, and by so doing the valuable services of litter bearers were saved. 54 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Courtesy of a History of the United States Marine Corps LEGEND 1/5, 3/6, 2/6, 3/6 2/6, 3/6 1/5 1/6, 2/S 1/6, 2/5 1/6, 2/5 1/6, 2/6, 2/6 1/6 3/7th Inf. 3/7th Inf. 2/6, 3/6, 3/« 2/6, 3/6 Belleau Wood IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 55 9. Evacuations were made from forward points to the advanced dressing stations where various types of splints were applied. The wounded continued to the battalion dressing stations for com' pletion of record, tetanus antitoxin and sorting (seriously and slightly wounded and gassed). The evacuations from this point were by ambulance, through the regimental station to the field hospitals. In all, the average time for evacuation from front to field hospitals was about 2 hours. The majority of wounds were caused by high explosive fragments. The proportion of rifle and machine gun injuries was relatively small. It was a noticeable fact that in the cases awaiting evacuation those who were removed to a sheltered place were less likely to develop shock than those left in the open. Shock was less noticeable in the moderately severe case at the battalion stations than a few hours later, after a trip in ambulances to the field hospitals. Intestinal infection while on this front caused considerable concern. It was due mainly to the way the men had to live. At the time the outbreak they had been confined for days in individual fox holes with little opportunity to move. All water was chlorinated. Castor oil and magnesium sulphate along with paregoric were administered with little effect. This outbreak of infection continued for about 2 months and was not relieved until a complete rest and regular hot meals were available. In the worst cases the patients were evacuated to the rear where a few days’ rest in the hospital was sufficient to effect a cure. There was no opportunity to bathe and change clothing until 15 and 16 June; consequently vermin and skin infection appeared among the men. On these dates a considerable number of the exhausted brigade units were temporarily relieved by the Seventh Infantry and marched to the rear to the banks of the Marne. During the 6 days that followed, the whole time was spent in resting, washing clothing and changing uniforms, and bathing in the river. This was a reprieve for the surviving officers and men. During the first days of June when Paris was threatened as she had not been since the fall of 1914, the thin lines formed by these men had withstood the furious lashing of the advancing German host; then they themselves pushed forward to hurl the enemy back. The regimental commander,10 when reporting the details of the battle said: Shorthanded and overworked, the naval doctors, hospital corpsmen and bandsmen (temporary stretcher bearers) were always on hand, day or night, to give cheerful and efficient service in treat' ing the wounded and dying and in getting them off to the hospitals. The dressing stations at Champillon, Lucy le Bocage and la Voie du Chatel were continually under bombardment, but still these medical men remained bravely at their posts without thought of their personal safety. The station at Lucy was shattered by a direct hit which killed and wounded several hospital corpsmen and started a blaze, but those remaining, amidst a hail of high explosives and gas shells, calmly put on their gas masks, rescued the invaluable medical supplies from the burning house, and soon had another first'aid station functioning across the street. Beside these men in the different stations there were hospital corpsmen with each company who fearlessly went over the top with their comrades and gave them immediate and skillful treatment when they fell. There were many heroes who wore the insignia of the Navy Hospital Corps at the Bois de Belleau. 10 From manuscript History of the Fifth Regiment, U. S. M. C., Second Division, A. E. F., in France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany, 1917-1919. 748887—47 5 CHAMPAGNE'MARNE DEFENSIVE 11 Simultaneously with the relief of the Second Division on the Belleau Wood' Vaux front during the first wTeek of July 1918, heavy troop movements were observed on the German side of the lines, indicating a large scale offensive against our position from Chateau'Thierry east. In order to meet this possible emer' gency the division was diverted from the planned move to the vicinity of Meaux and directed to take position on the second defense line running from Charly sur Marne through Montreauil aux Lions. The Marine brigade was first to get into place on this new army line, and had fully accompanied the movement by 7 July. The new position formed a front roughly running from Villers sur Marne to Bezu le Cuery on the right of the Third Brigade. Directions required troops to be near their positions so that they could be fully manned within 3 hours in case of alarm. In the meantime this permitted considerable relaxation for the men in contrast with the rigorous program encountered on the previous front. In this new location the brigade had opportunity to rest, refit, and clean up, although it had not been relieved from assignment to a front line corps. Aside from some shelling from heavy guns each day, which did little damage, the area was quiet. Trenches and emplacements were dug; machine'gun positions chosen, and, in case the Germans should break through, everything was made ready. No incident or event of medical importance occurred while the brigade was in this area. Along with the Marines, the medical department gave attention to personal equipment, and unit supplies were overhauled and replenished. Clerical work was reattempted by the regimental surgeons on the complex problem of naval medical reports and returns. The mandate to prepare the routine reports required by the Army had to take precedence; likewise the Marine Corps muster and pay rolls had to be handled. In addition, local and intradivisional correspondence, reports, recommendations, and requisitions loaded the three or four field typewriter units in the regiments. In the midst of a large nomadic organization undergoing constant turnover of personnel, moving from one serious action to another, the task of accomplishing the huge peacetime paperwork requirements of the Navy Medical Department was physically and rationally impossible. On the morning of 15 July 1918 the Germans forced a crossing of the Marne a few kilometers to the east of the brigade position. This enemy progress was left isolated because of his failure to make complementary progress in his attack east of Rheims; consequently all local offensive operations of the enemy ceased. 11 General Order 56, Headquarters, Second Division (Reg.) A. E. F., Germany, 2 June 1919. 57 IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Preparations already planned were then set in motion for an allied counter- offensive in which the Second Division was to be prominent in action. This attack was to be pressed against the line from Soissons to Rheims and was to reduce the Chateau-Thierry salient. After a night of shelling by long-range guns the Fourth Brigade moved out of its defensive positions in the Army line on the afternoon of 16 July, and marched to various assembly points on the Paris-Chateau-Thierry Road, west of Montreauil aux Lions. By nightfall the Infantry and dismounted units had contacted and been loaded into French trucks. They were rolling once again over the roads to a new area. Mounted and motor units, after having assembled at Ussy sur Marne, moved overland to Betz. Places and positions occupied by Fourth Brigade in area of Army line French preparing battle position near Chateau Thierry, France, 1918. Fifth Regiment Villers sur Marne Crouttes Bois de Chaumoust Saacy sur Marne Citry Ussy sur Marne Sixth Regiment Pissoloupe Moitebard St. Aulde Nanteuil Sixth Machine Gun Battalion St. Aulde SOISSONS Aisne'Marne Offensive 18-20 July 1918 The concentration of the mixed Allied force in the new area did not develop without considerable confusion. Following embussment of the troops on the evening of 16 July the men thought that they were going back to some quiet area for a rest. The Marineffilled trucks of the Fourth Brigade moved toward the north and were on their way to join the Twentieth Corps of the Tenth French Army which was quickly assembling in the northwest corner of the Soissons'Chateam Thierry-Rheims salient. This newest task of the Army was to deliver a crushing attack, in an easterly direction which would cut off the whole salient at its base and result in the destruction or capture of the large enemy force contained within it. The success of the operation would free the center of France of a serious threat while inflicting heavy damage on the enemy and prove that the tide of war had turned in our favor. Contained within the Twentieth French Corps was the First American Division beside our own Second, and French troops of mixed categories, including colorful elements from Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Madagascar, and the Somali Coast. After having ridden all night, at noon of the next day (17 July), our troops debussed in the vicinity of Brassoir. From this point the brigade was marched about 20 kilometers to attack positions deep in the Foret Villers Cotterets. The massing of this Tenth French Army force of a million men took place under cover of the forest, screened from enemy observation. Despite the difficulties of the movement, it was quickly executed and the attack developed to the complete surprise of the enemy. After debussment, the march up to the Soissons attack positions on the afternoon and night of 17 July was harrowing. The men of the Second Division were exhausted at the outset. There had been no sleep nor food since the day before; the season was hot, and the day and night were broken with alter' nating periods of hot sunlight and the sudden darkness of violent rain, wind, thunder and electric storms. When night came the woods were black. The pouring rain made the mud bed of the single narrow road used as a main feeder highway, boggy and slippery. The concentration of Allied infantry, cavalry, artillery, tanks, motor cars, trucks, motorcycles, and wagons squeezed through this blackened and bemired path. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 59 The long single file of the Second Division, plowing through the troop-and- equipment-blocked road was constantly broken by foreign elements cutting through the line. The night was so dark that when the mixed marchers broke through our single file it was only through the intelligent effort of the men and good fortune that the line rejoined to move forward. Each man held onto the coattail of the man in front so as not to be lost and trampled in the mud. With determination the Marine brigade pushed on toward the unannounced jump-off line ahead. The assault point was reached at 0600 of 18 July 1918, in the midst of a deaf- ening fire bursting from many-calibered muzzles of surrounding artillery. Deploying for battle out of this disorganization, without rest or opportunity to explore what was out in front, the troops were immediately pressed into action. The battle position assigned to the Second Division was along and just inside of the eastern border of the wood. Ahead lay the enemy in the outer fringe of the wood. His position had been strengthened with trenches, dugouts and interlacing barbed wire. Beyond was an open plateau 5 or 6 miles wide, cut by ravines and dotted with quarries, farms, and villages, which were considered strong defensive positions. The extreme east end of the division’s, objective was a north-south line running from Berzy le Sec through Ville- montoire to Tigny where it was bounded by the Soissons-Chateau-Thierry road. The area was patched with wheat fields in which the grain stood about waist high. The supply train did not enter the woods with the troops when they debussed the day before the attack started; thus baggage, rations and supplies were left many miles in the rear after the jump-off. Roads were restricted to the use of infantry, artillery, and ammunition trucks. Ambulance and alimentation services were thus excluded. The attack of the division started with the Fifth Marines and the Ninth and Twenty-third Regiments in line, supported by machine gun, artillery, aviation and tank components. The Sixth Marines were held in divisional reserve, French and French African troops, on the right and left flanks, moved ahead with the division. Our assaulting line moved through the wooded defenses of the enemy and out into the open farm country ahead. As the attack orders of the French command had been vague, proper preparation of organizations and reconnais- sance could not be carried out before the attack started. This led to difficulties. There was overlapping, difference in direction of attack, and absence or mis- placement of units in line during different phases of the attack. Despite these confusing if unavoidable tactical deficiencies, and despite having to pass through areas covered with intense machine-gun or artillery fire which inflicted heavy casualties, the attack progressed according to plan. Verte Feuille and Maison Neuve farms were passed. Chaudun, Vauxcastille, and the large town of Vierzy with their deep connecting ravines were taken. By nightfall on 18 60 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Courtesy of a History of the United States Marine Corps The Soissons Offensive. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 61 July 1918 the troops had progressed 10 kilometers and were in the wheat field facing the Soissons-Chateau-Thierry highway a mile to the east. Early in the morning of 19 July the troops in line were unfit for any further effort. Losses had been heavy; the attack battalions could not assemble sufficient strength to form a normal company; the men who remained were scattered; the remnants of many companies were commanded by sergeants; rations had not come up, and the men needed sleep. Army operation orders provided for continuation of the attack on the morning of 19 July. The Sixth Marines moved up from their reserve position and relieved the other infantry elements of the division which had carried the assault from the previous morning. Advancing across flat fields of wheat, on a line previously held by three regi- ments, the Sixth Marines pushed forward to the Chateau-Thierry-Soissons highway which was the divisional objective. Intense artillery and machine-gun fire, from ahead and from the flanks, inflicted heavy casualties in the exposed and extended ranks of this regiment. By late afternoon all objectives never- theless had been reached. At this time further advance was not possible with- out fresh troops, but, as there were none to send in, the line rested. It was evident that no further offensive action could be expected from the weakened and exhausted troops. Corps orders were issued for relief by French forces to be effected during the night and early morning of 19 and 20 July. Notable during this action was the spectacular concentration and use of air power by the opposing forces. The air at all levels was filled with aircraft of all categories. Aerial combats, falling planes, and parachuting pilots were constant sights. The air was filled with antiaircraft bursts, and flaming obser- vation balloons becoming black clouds of smoke were frequently seen falling to the ground. Intermittently low-flying enemy planes swooped over our lines, dropping bombs and strafing the troops with machine-gun fire. As a defense against these attacks, when possible, sections of companies would mass and effectively fire upon attacking planes with concentrated rifles and machine guns. As a result of this joint Allied offensive action, a general withdrawal from the Marne salient was immediately begun by the enemy. During the first 26 hours, and by the end of the second day, the Second Division had taken 3,000 prisoners, 66 field guns, and a great deal of other war material was captured or destroyed. The power and dash displayed by the division helped turn the tide of war in favor of the Allies.12 During the morning of 21 July 1918 the Fourth Brigade was relieved by elements of the French Fifth Division, and it moved into support positions in the Villers-Cotterest Woods. This move permitted the shattered units of the division to reassemble and reorient themselves. Further movement to the vicinity of Nanteuil le Haudouin was completed by 26 July. Here, about 35 miles northeast of Paris, the brigade was left for a few days’ rest. 12 Final Report of Gen John J. Pershing, 35, 36. 62 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Log of a Battalion Surgeon 16 July: Battalion commander’s conference at noon. Details outlined of immediate move to new area. Experience now shows itself in the smooth manner that our medical organization functions under all conditions encountered so far. The regimental surgeon and battalion commanders are present at the regimental commander’s conference with his staff. Details of an attack or movement are carefully covered and maps of the involved area are issued. Applying to the same operation, but including the details peculiar to the operational roles of battalions, battalion commanders’ con- ferences follow. These are attended by the respective battalion staffs, including the battalion surgeon and the company commanders. All personnel in key positions are thus familiarized with the details of a divisional operation. Through subsequent consultation of company commanders with subordinates, all categories are informed and the entire organization is acquainted with the opera- tional plan. Regimental surgeons confer with divisional medical trains on operational plan. Possessing the medical annex, they follow through with battalion surgeons, who, in turn, follow through with their respective company hospital corpsmen; thus all categories have knowledge of the over-all plan and move and function as a unit with a minimum of confusion and misunderstanding. During short recesses out of action, personnel and medical equipment are brought up to allow- ance, or to a level permitted by what is available. Men are clean and fresh, pouches are full, and replacements are assigned, instructed, and partly indoctrinated. Analysis of previous activities is made, weak spots are strengthened, and everyone is brought up to standard. Company hospital corpsmen live and move with their companies in billets, on the march, when entrained or embussed, and during the attack, their company location in the battalions is always known to the regimental and specific battalion surgeon. In the companies their position is always known to the specific company and platoon commanders; thus the services of every hospital corps- man is readily available in any emergency under all conditions. Battalion surgeons and their staffs in like manner, accompany their respective battalion commanders and the regimental surgeon and his medical staff accompanies the regimental commander. Medical supply, personnel replacement and unit and division medical liaisons are maintained by the regimental surgeon; battalion surgeons follow through with this system between the regimental surgeon and their respective battalions and company medical personnel. The only problems not yet satisfactorily settled are those of litter bearers and Navy records and clerical procedures. Hospital Corps and band losses, and heavy casualties among officers and men, have impressed everybody with the importance of conserving hospital corpsmen for dressing purposes, and of finding a supply of Utter-bearer personnel from sources other than the band. Trained Hospital Corps personnel and bandsmen are not readily replaceable, and the number that is allowed, not counting their own heavy losses, is inadequate to handle the treatment, recording, and evacuation of the enormous number of casualties which occur in a single battle. In the commitment zone, during action, the humanitarian instincts of everybody are aroused, and in carrying wounded from the company fronts to the battalion aid stations help is derived from runners, water and ammunition details, walking wounded, enemy prisoners, and stragglers who are traversing the depth of the front. For best results this “carry” situation should be controlled. Nothing appears to serve efficiency and economy of personnel better than having a detail of men from the line of each company who can be trained in the duties of litter bearing. Straggling could be controlled; replacement and adequacy of rescue personnel would present no problem. At all times such men would know what wounded they are to handle, the position of their organization, the terrain, and the operation. Many local problems that arise in connection with duties, uniforms, equipment, status, promo- tion, transfer, reports and returns, pay accounts, disciplinary action—details inherent in a service combining Navy and Marine Corps forces operating with the Army—have to be “worried along with” in an irritating and unsatisfactory state. 1700: Battalion cleared of few minor cases; light meal served, billets and area inspected and march toward new front started. 1900: Embussed west of Montreauil aux Lions, and, as a part of the long truck train formed by the division, rode into the night. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 63 17 July (0900): Arrived at western edge of the Forest of Villers Cotterets near Taillefontaine; marched about 8 kilometers into the woods and halted until nightfall when the march was resumed toward the “jump-off,” deep in the Forest of Rett. This march, starting at the debussing point, was made under the most trying conditions. The last meal had been served the evening before, and the day was hot. There had been no opportunity to sleep or wash. Uniforms had not been taken off for more than 24 hours. The men were tired. A narrow dirt road running into the dense wood formed a focusing artery for thousands of troops not only of different organizations but of different nationalities as well. Soon our battalion was strung out in the single file formed by the Infantry of the whole division. In a similar manner, other Allied organizations in parallel files jammed the road. During daylight proper contact and relationships could be maintained, although the lines were jostled and swerved considerably when staff motor transportation, tanks and artillery forced their way up and down or cut into the lines from small crossing roads or from positions in the woods alongside. By mid-afternoon the canteens, filled the night before, had been drained, and acute thirst was bothering the men. Some men who had found and eaten a few canned sardines were in the utmost distress. There was no hope that either water or food would be available. Some men chewed on grass and some moistened their lips withjnud. At about 2200 a brisk thunder and lightning storm soaked the men and the road. The rain relieved the thirst of many but made leg movement difficult. The men who could not keep going attempted to work their way toward the side of the road through darkness and an indescribably mixed mass of milling humanity. If a call for aid were answered a medical worker would lose his organization when he stepped out of the file. He would find himself in the nearby files of French, Senegalese, and Algerians. 18 July; At about 0435 the attack line was reached and the earth trembled with the shock caused by our artillery barrage which opened at that time. Under this fire, which was directly over our heads, the battalion dressing station was opened in a shallow trench alongside the road and within 50 yards of the enemy’s first line. Company hospital corpsmen remained in file with their units and swung into action with them when the departure line was reached. There was no medical equip- ment available except that which was in the pouches of the individual medical personnel. Battalion wagons and ambulances, apparently, were not allowed to come up with the troops and the problem of evacuation and medical supply was serious from the start. All battalions went into the attack below strength, some companies having only two platoons. The jump-off was located about 3 kilometers from the eastern limits of the forest. The first phase objective, located a short distance beyond the edge of the woods, was reached at about 0630. Our casualties until then were few and mostly of a slight degree because of our having caught the enemy off guard. Soon, though, our stations were overflowing with wounded from all or- ganizations, including the enemy. Ambulances could not come up because of the jam of traffic in the roads. Troops, supplies, and ammunition trains occupied the entire road space, and at this time the artillery started forward, adding to the congestion. An entire Hun medical unit was taken with a good supply of dressings—a welcome event, as our supplies were running low. Our station advanced and took over this German position which was located at Beaurepaire Ferme. The surrounding buildings afforded good shelter for wounded who were pouring in and congesting the station. Returning ammunition trucks were loaded with slightly wounded and sent to field hospitals in the rear. In the absence of other means of trans- portation, enemy walking-wounded were used to carry our seriously wounded. Many medical personnel of the Sixth Regiment (then in division reserve) assisted us greatly by dressing wounded in the field and marking their positions with rifles or by carrying them into our station. 18 July (afternoon): Ambulances of one of our divisional companies came up and cleared the station of all wounded. Their arrival was timely as our supply of dressings was exhausted. We moved ahead rapidly, several kilometers through open country and ravines. Another aid station was set up at 1600 in the town of Vierzy which was under continuous heavy shellfire. 19 July: Remained in front line until 0700. Relieved by Sixth Regiment. Total battalion casualties in the attack were 21 killed and 186 wounded, mostly of a slight degree. The men are dog-tired, dirty, hungry, and thirsty. Last meal 16 July. The Sixth Regiment took over the entire 64 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY division front, relieving the Fifth, Ninth, and Twenty-third Regiments. Starting their offensive operations from along the eastern limits of the town of Vierzy, they moved across ripe wheat fields toward the Soissons-Chateau-Thierry highway and the town of Tigny, to the east. During this offensive southeast of Soissons, 19 July 1918, a tall lean boy from the Middle West established a company dressing station in a shell hole in the wheat field in front of Tigny. The site taken was unsatisfactory but there was no choice. By crawling out on his belly, from this unprotected station, he gathered in and dressed the wounded. It was impossible to move them to the battalion or regimental aid stations before night- fall. His repeated trips through the wheat field, from one wounded to another, encouraged those who were attacking the machine-gun-infested town to keep up their spirits, because they knew that there would be immediate care for them if they fell. Although his day had been full of danger and demanded every physical exertion, he directed rescue bearers all through the night to the most advanced positions where he knew wounded would be found. 20 July (morning): The regimental station of the Sixth occupied one of the deep ancient caves located in Vierzy which provided protection for approximately 2,000 who could not be moved and were collected there during the past 24-hour period. From'this point to the nearest ambulance pool (ambulances were not permitted to enter this front) the distance was about 15 kilometers. Because of French military orders prohibiting the use of roads by ambulances, this station was forced to carry on its work without dressings, water, food, litters, morphine, or any other form of medical supplies. Hundreds of walking-wounded and many others ordinarily considered fitter cases were passed by this station because of this condition. Every effort to have the order re- scinded failed, and as great as was the humanitarian appeal, it had to give way to military contin- gency. French Paste de Secours, near Soissons, France, 1918. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 65 The small force of naval medical personnel operated this dark-hole station with courage, initiative, and energy; they commandeered unloaded ammunition trucks of the divisional artillery train and brought them up to carry the surviving wounded from the cave back to the vicinity of the am- munition railhead. Packed closely to conserve precious space on the hard floors of heavy trucks, load after load of critically injured men left the mouth of this cave. There were no litters to carry them and they had only improvised dressings. Passing through poisonous gas and over shell-torn roads undergoing terrific bombardment, these trucks, with their groaning and screaming cargoes bouncing around, rushed to clear the area and reach possible safety many kilometers away. Sufler- ing was extreme and many died en route. Medical liaison by the French, who had the responsibility of evacuating and treating the wounded from organizations on this front, could not be established. Because of this failure by the French Army surgeon, the returning ammunition truck drivers had no medical directions to follow and were required to unload their piteous cargoes on the bare ground of the open field where the supply ammunition dump was located. Flere, under the blazing sun, plagued by insects and the wind and the rain of the night, the victims of the battle either died or endured shock, infection, and the extremes of misery for many hours before those who remained alive could be rescued. ' Few spots in history, in degree of suffering, wasted life, and helplessness of medical personnel to give aid equal that which occurred in connection with this cave during the night and morning of 19-20 July 1918. The battalion moved to its reserve position in the Forest of Retz, 3 miles to the rear. The new position for reasons of concealment from active enemy aerial observation was spotted just inside the edge of the woods. Forty-eight hours previously this same area had been the enemy front line and had received a devastating artillery bombardment. It was a march of ghosts to the new reserve position. We had been hungry, dirty, and thirsty from the start, and in need of rest. Now we were exhausted and discouraged by the knowledge that medical aid had been sacrificed to military need. The wounded had to suffer and endure or die. On weary legs and with tired brains, we took inventory of personnel and attempted to assemble a military organization out of the wreckage. A great wind had swooped over the shattered woods. Falling branches lashed exhausted forms clinging to sleep in their beds of mud. Some were killed; others, seriously injured. Sharp lightning and rain broke over the area at about 2200. Trees were uprooted. The men were soaked. The shelled dark woods were drenched beneath a sky slashed by lightning. Men rose from frantic sleep and ran desparately but to no purpose through the torn disorder. And then the Boche joined the fury. They shelled the whirling position. The bursts of the shells could not be dis- tinguished from the bang of the thunder. There were new deaths and casualties and fear. Hysterical humor might be heard. Officers and men scattered themselves over a wide area. Many sought the open field beyond the wood, away from whipping branches and shell fragments. Some groveled in the beaten grass or in rain-filled shell holes or fox holes or a shell crater which the day before had been used as a field latrine by Senegalese troops. Overcome by sleep, a few were comforted. Daybreak awakened them with blasts from French long-range 6-inch rifles. These had moved into positions before daylight. 21 July; Shortly after noon the reduced units of the brigade were assembled on the Paris- Maubeuge road which passed through these woods of the adjacent Verte Feuille Farm, and march was started to a nearby site considered to be somewhat safer. The support assignment of the brigade was still maintained. During this night the bivouac rest of the unfed men was not disturbed. 22-23 July: Continued moving to the rear to the vicinity of Taillefontaine. General police of command and regular hot meals at last instituted. New clothing issued. Men all in. Spend most of their time sleeping. Contact reestablished with medical supplies. Routine sick-calls held at each unit medical station. Garment lice bothersome. New clothing, bathing, and daily seam-searching kept at subclinical level. Nothing of medical interest developed; most of the time was spent on mass personal hygiene, nutrition, rest and other measures conducive to physical recovery from severe exposure and extreme hardship. 66 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY 27 July: Moved to Luilly-le-Love. Remained in this pleasant civilian-populated area for 3 days. While here an average of six men with diarrhea were evacuated to hospitals daily. During the past operation there was little or no water available for drinking purposes. Mud, grass, and even urine were used by some to moisten dry mouths. It is remarkable that with such extremes and undernourishment and fatigue that we have not had more cases of enteritis. There were a few cases of foot abrasion, and only an occasional case of impetigo was seen at sick-call. Casualties by organizations, Aisne'Marne Offensive 18 to 21 July 1918 Wounded Organization Killed Wounds Severe Slight Undeter- mined Gassed Missing Total O M o M O M O M O M O M O M O M Fifth Marines 4 35 1 32 1 28 1 58 14 379 2 24 0 11 23 567 Sixth Marines 4 113 3 66 8 215 17 404 15 496 0 15 0 51 47 1,360 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. 2 8 1 6 0 7 2 27 1 36 0 0 0 4 6 88 Brigade Headquarters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 10 156 5 104 9 250 20 489 30 911 2 39 0 66 76 2,015 0=Officers. M=Men. • Personnel analysis, Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade Aisne'Marne Offensive 18 to 21 July 1918 Officers Organisation Medical Dental nospitai v^orps In 1 Out2 In Out In Out Fifth Regiment 6 4 2 2 82 76 Sixth Regiment 8 5 1 1 74 55 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion V 1 1 0 0 16 16 Total 15 10 3 3 172 147 1 (In) Number present when entering front. 2 (Out) Number present when leaving front. Personnel changes Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade Aisne'Marne Offensive, 18 to 21 July 1918 Disposition Officers Hospital Corps Total Medical Dental Killed 0 0 1 1 Wounded 12 0 15 17 Wounded, not evacuated 0 0 3 3 Gas poisoning, evacuated 1 0 5 6 Gas poisoning, not evacuated Sick, evacuated 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 2 Rejoined 0 0 0 0 Received 22 0 2 4 Transferred 2 0 0 2 1 1 a member of U. S. Army. 2 Members of U. 5. Army. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 67 German prisoner camp, Marne, France, 1918. Positions and places occupied by elements of Fourth Brigade during Soissons operations. Fifth Regiment Brassoir Taillefontaine Morienval Retheuil Verte Feuille Ferme Maison Neuve Ferme Chaudun Vaucastille Beaurepaire Ferme Vierzy Carrefour de Fourneaux Chevieville Perroy Silly le Longue Boissy-Fresney Villers St. Genest Nanteuil le Haudouin Sixth Regiment Brassoir Carrefour du Sant du Cerf Vette Feuille Ferme Beaurepaire Ferme Vierzy Translon Ferme Taillefontaine Montagny Ste. Felicite Nanteuil le Haudouin Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Taillefontaine Verte Feuille Ferme Beaurepaire Ferme Vierzy Translon Ferme Carrefour de Fourneaux Chevreville Bregy Nanteuil le Haudouin NANCY During the few remaining days of July 1918 spent in the vicinity of Nanteuil le Haudouin, the Fourth Brigade rested, cleaned up, and reorganized. There were some replacements but these only partly filled the gaps in the files of each company. Orders to move to an undisclosed destination were received on 29 July. Everything was to go by rail except the motor transportation, starting on 30 July with the probable duration of the movement given as 2 days. The brigade elements entrained on 31 July and 1 August at Nanteuil, going in the customary French freight and flat cars (40 men-8 horses) and started movement in an easterly direction. Eventually it was learned that the destina- tion was to be Nancy, located in the Meurth et Moselle area of northeastern France. The weather was pleasant and as many men as could obtain a spot of vision through the too-crowded doors on the sides of the box cars caught fleeting views of the beautiful countryside of France. Because latrine facilities are not provided in the “box car” pullmans of Europe, buttocks (many times more than faces) could be observed protruding through an opening in one of the doors of the cars as the long trains sped through the open country or through the many crowded stations along the route. Such a method of night soil disposal was not desirable but there was no alternative. The predicament of those so caught was a source of embarrassment to some, a source of amusement to others. A few times during the course of the day and night the trains would stop at a station where hot weak coffee, chocolate, or soup was served. These railroad soup stations were operated by French women auxiliaries. There was never very much nutrition received. But with the hot liquid and the opportunity to stretch tired muscles and see what was going on outside the cars, the average man was kept in good spirits. No episode of medical interest occurred on this long trip. A medical representative with full pouch, who knew where to locate an organization train medical officer, was present in every few cars to take care of emergencies. During the afternoon and night of 1 August the brigade elements arrived at one of the stations in Nancy and proceeded to various billet areas located in the vicinity. The Fifth Regiment settled near Nancy in Villers les Nancy; the Sixth Regiment marched several miles away to and around Chaligny, high in the Vosges mountains, and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, detrained at Jarville, marched to billets at Haudimont. This move brought the Second Division into the rear of the military area controlled by the Twenty-Third Corps of the French Eighth Army. Prepara- tion was started at once to relieve the French Sixty-Fourth Division, then holding front line positions in the Marbache sector. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 69 During the few days spent in the Nancy area, before movement to the front, replacements, clothing, and equipment were received in sufficient amount to reconstruct the brigade. Regular rest, bathing, and hot meals restored the men. A daily training program and a brief leave to the city of Nancy (the first liberty given the men since they entered the lines in March) put the brigade in good fighting mettle. The medical personnel of the brigade units were employed in routine sanitary and medical duties, such as sick calls; billet, camp and food inspections; physical examinations of replacements and returning casualties; medical equipment replacement; organization improvement; instruction of personnel in first aid and application of splints; and resumption of the task of catching up on Navy medical department paper-work. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, visited the brigade and reviewed the Third Battalion, Fifth Regiment, U. S. M. C., on 5 August in the outskirts of Nancy. At this time the Navy medical personnel of the brigade had become well integrated as infantrymen in an Army division, and as the Marine regiments had become blended as homogeneous elements of the overseas Army, so had the Navy medical personnel become smooth-working elements of the Marine Corps companies and battalions. All categories of the division—Army, Navy, and Marine Corps—were now blended and working together as a homogeneous whole—a fine body of well-trained American men existing solely to make a military success of their division’s effort and to help speed the winning of the war for the Allied nations. The presence and function of company hospita corpsmen was just as well known in the companies as the duties of the first sergeants; the battalion surgeons and staff were as well known to the companies as were battalion commanders, and the regimental surgeon and staff were known to the battalions as was the regimental commander. Full medical responsibility was well understood in all zones, from squads to division, and method and move- ment were exact and rapid, back and forth through the depths of the division, when in billets, entrained, embussed, marching, or during attack. Nothing of medical interest occurred while in the Nancy area. The few sick— chiefly with impetigo and mumps—were evacuated from battalion and regi- mental aid stations by division ambulances to field hospitals. Chemical dis- infection stations were maintained by each battalion and regimental aid station where men received venereal prophylaxis. Individual prophylaxis reports, which itemized all pertinent data, were prepared for each applicant. Men who failed to apply for this treatment, and subsequently contracted venereal infec- tion, were court-martialed. Those who contracted a venereal disease, whether proper prophylaxis had been taken or not, lost their pay while undergoing treatment. As soon as detected, all active cases of venereal infection were transferred to rear area hospitals for treatment. In an organization employed on active combat duty, the evacuation of a man because of venereal infection is a demoralizing experience. 70 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Whatever the penalty, in the way of pay losses and disciplinary action to the men concerned, it is a cheap, messy, and unsatisfactory cause for getting out of action. Such a casualty, in some respects, is more ignominious than a self' inflicted wound. It helps the enemy cause. Marine Corps uniforms were not issued after the brigade left the training area in the Vosges. Uniform replacement thereafter was made from Army supplies. The changing and replacement of uniforms and clothing generally depended on the fortunes of war. There are times when it is necessary to wear a uniform for weeks without once taking it off; in such cases vermin are inevitably picked up; in battle, uniforms become very dirty toward the end of a week of con- tinuous wear. Experienced troops often recovered new uniforms and clothing from the packs of the killed and from abandoned packs usually found on all sides on the battle- field. They would make a complete change on the spot. Shoes, too, were taken from such packs, and, not infrequently, from the feet of the dead. Some men with worn-out shoes, when not successful in finding a pair on the field which fit, wore likely looking leather boots taken from German prisoners. The campaign hat was discarded early, after which the overseas cap and the steel helmet were worn. The chief point in favor of the overseas cap for In- fantry use at the front is that it is small and easily carried in the pocket or pack, or may be worn beneath the steel helmet. Its chief disadvantages have been noted: When the sun shines there is absolutely no protection for the eyes afforded by the cap. This irritating feature was obviated to some extent by improvising a paper visor or by putting a paper between the cap and the fore- head so as to shade the eyes. When it rained, one was equally unprotected. The rain beat directly into the face and eyes and the cap rapidly became a wet rag over the head. A soft cap with a visor, similar to that worn by the Cana- dians, appears to be superior to the Army overseas cap. The Marine Corps overcoat was heavier, longer, and better made than the Army overcoat but was not suited for use in active field service. The length of the Marine Corps overcoat was a distinct disadvantage in the trench sectors. It was so long that it interfered with active movement of the legs, and the bot- tom rapidly became muddy and wet. The coat then gained many pounds in weight and to clean and dry it while in line was almost impossible. Experience with the shorter Army overcoat demonstrated it to be more suited for Infantry use. A so-called trench coat, worn by most of the officers, has many good qualities. The usual trench coat was a lined rain coat, cut in the loose raglan style; gathered at the waist by a cloth belt, and usually extending to a point just below or at the knee. The outer layer was of a smooth tough material which did not easily tear, and was readily cleaned by scrubbing with soap and water. Between the outer layer and the inner lining of the coat proper, there was a layer of oiled silk. Military Uniforms IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 71 A detachable lining of a thick woolly material could be buttoned on the inside, thus adding warmth to the rainproof qualities of the garment. The chief advantages of this coat are that it is readily rainproof, comfortable, easily cleaned and may be made into the warmest of overcoats by buttoning in the detachable lining. This type of coat was worn by the officers under all sorts of weather conditions and, apparently, it is the best coat devised for use in the field. The question of footwear is important. In the Marine brigade when a man dropped out of ranks while on the march, one would look first for ill-fitting and worn-out shoes. The United States Army shoe of war issue was the best all-around shoe for everything except looks. The brigade used the Marine Corps hobnail shoe and the British field shoe during the first months in France and found them inferior to the Army shoe. The Marine Corps hobnail shoe had a lining which wore through and caused abrasive irritation of the feet. The British shoe was too stiff and was not properly molded around the heel. Meticulous care was exercised to prevent incapacity as the result of shoe irritation. Military orders were issued regulating procedures and delegating responsibility in an effort to prevent evacuations because of preventable foot disorders. Each man was held responsible for carrying out personal measures relating to trimming the toenails, washing and drying the feet at least once daily when this was possible; frequently washing, drying, and changing socks and cleaning and oiling shoes. Discovered disorders, such as breaks in the skin and developing infections, were treated by a company hospital corpsman. The corporal of a squad was responsible to the platoon leader for seeing that the members of the squad carried out the personal instructions; the platoon leaders, in turn, were responsible to the section leaders; the section leaders, in like manner, to the company commander, and he to the battalion commander and the battalion commanders to the regimental commander; the regimental com- mander to the brigade commander and the latter to the division commander. Foot inspections were made daily in the companies by the various responsible heads, and twice weekly by organization surgeons and hospital corpsmen. When shoes were issued to a company the fitting was supervised by organiza- tion commanders, the surgeon and the local hospital corpsmen. During halts on long marches, especially when near a stream, time was taken for foot bathing, washing and changing socks, and treating minor foot disorders. Socks washed would be draped on the pack to dry while marching and would be ready to wear the following day. Neglect anywhere in the long chain of responsibility, which led to an evacua- tion for preventable foot disorder, was easily placed, and the responsible person could be punished by disciplinary action for neglect of duty and disobedience of orders. These general procedures, closely followed and observed, kept foot casualties at low level. The absence of painful feet in the brigade was reflected in the high spirits generally seen on all sides. Lusty singing and bantering were usually heard. 748887—47 6 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY The importance of rigid foot care regulation in the brigade could be estimated when replacement troops joined the command while on the march. Owing to lack of training and similar foopshoe'sock supervision, a sudden and widespread increase of foot complaint would be encountered. Many men would drop by the wayside at such times because of swollen and blistered feet. As a result, the empty ambulances which normally follow organizations would be filled to over' flowing with men wearing new uniforms and clean steel helmets. Wrap puttees were used almost exclusively in the brigade after February 1918. On the whole, they were rather satisfactory. They are comfortable, warm, soft, and usually neat. Mud cannot work up between the puttees and the leg as it does with canvas or leather leggings. When dressings are not available, the wrap puttee is a valuable emergency bandage, a tourniquet, and a binding material to use when applying splints. There are disadvantages to the wrap puttee, especially when wrapped too tightly. This occurs frequently when the puttee is put on while sitting. After marching awhile, healthy circulation may be restricted and the legs tire easily, are painful, and in cold weather, the feet chill, so that frozen feet and possibly trench foot may occur. When the wrap puttee is exposed to water and mud, it becomes saturated, thus tending further to constrict the leg. As it dries, it becomes stiff and uncomfortable, resembling a plaster cast on the leg. Position and places occupied by elements of Fourth Brigade during stay in Nancy area: Fifth Regiment Nancy Villers les Nancy Vandoeuvre Laxou Sixth Regiment Nancy Chaligny Cha vigny Neuve Maison Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Jarville Haudimont PONT A MOUSSON Marhache Sector 9-20 August 1918 The Toul front, adjacent to the Alsace-Lorraine frontier in northeastern France, was rapidly becoming an American community. Besides the Second Division, other American divisions, corps, and General Headquarters elements were in the area. Breaking its temporary encampment in the rear-Nancy area, during the afternoon of 5 August 1918 the Fourth Brigade started marching toward its new position in the Marbache sector. The section of the line to be taken over from units of the French Sixty-fourth Division was located on the right of the Toul front, in the vicinity of Pont a Mousson. The relief was effected by the morning of 7 August. Generally the front was quiet. The sector was broad and was deeply held by an outpost zone of resistance through which ran two noncontinuous though organized lines. The advanced positions were located slightly north of the outskirts of the city of Pont a Mousson and extended easterly across the Moselle River to a point located a short distance north of a prominent height known as the Cote de Mousson. Roughly, the brigade front was bisected by the Moselle River, with the Sixth Regiment on the west bank and the Fifth Regiment on the east bank. The night after the sector was entered, a fair-sized party of the enemy attempted a raid near the center of the brigade line. As a means of making gaps in our wire, they brought up long lead pipes filled with explosive. One of these exploded, apparently prematurely before they reached our side, killing and wounding several members of their raiding party. As a result the raiders became panic-stricken, and their leader, in confusion, signaled for a box barrage. Responding to this signal the enemy fired upon this position for an hour, killing one man and wounding seven. A grenade-and-signal-materialstore house, held by one of the companies, was blown up in a direct hit. After the barrage ceased a patrol was sent out and two of the enemy, one severely wounded by the explosion of the lead pipe, were brought back. Two German dead were found at the place where the explosion occurred. Sub- sequently, our military function was reduced to brief nightly patrol activity and the sector was permitted to remain quiet. Ambuscades met with little or no success as the enemy was content to remain within his own wire. A considerable number of civilian inhabitants were found occupying their homes in this area. As advanced as was Pont a Mousson,'some stores and cafes were open and doing business. Typical mid-August days prevailed and the weather was bright and warm. Patches of harvestable grain, and orchards 73 74 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY of plum trees bearing ripened fruit, extending to and beyond the front line, spotted the area. By mutual consent both sides suspended fighting to share the plums of No Man’s Land and to bathe in the waters of the adjacent Moselle. During the stay of the brigade on the Pont a Mousson front, nothing of outstanding medical interest occurred. Officers and men, in small numbers, were granted a few days’ leave to the rear area. Meals were regular and ade- quate; frequent bathing was possible, and, with few exceptions, a full night of rest was possible for everybody. Sanitary conditions on the front were satis- factory and the weather was warm and dry. There was a low incidence of sickness among the troops at this time. A few officers and men, mostly casualties of gas inhalation at Belleau Wood in June, rejoined the Fourth Brigade while in the Marbache area. As a front, the Pont a Mousson sector represented the low ebb of fighting activity ex- perienced by the Fourth Brigade during its whole stay in Europe. Because of the quiet nature of the front, most eyes were fixed on the next period of active employment, in preparation for which terrain and reconnaissance drills were carried out and perfected. On 11 August 1918 information was received disclosing that the Fourth Brigade would be relieved on this front by elements of the Eighty-Second (American) Division. Relief was to start on 15 August and continued until 0800 of 17 August when all regimental commands were passed. Wounded Organization Killed wounds Severe Slight Undeter- mined Gassed Missing Total O M o M O M o M O M O M O M O M Fifth Marines 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 Sixth Marines 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Brigade Headquarters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 8 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 15 0=Officers. M=Men. Casualties by organizations, Marbache Sector, Point a Mousson, 8 to 17 Aug. 1918 Personnel analysis, Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade, Marbache Sector, 8 to 17 Aug. 1918 Officers Hospital Corps Medical Dental In Out • Ini Out2 In Out Fifth Regiment 4 2 2 1 76 74 Sixth Regiment 5 4 1 2 55 59 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion 1 1 0 0 16 14 Total 10 7 3 3 147 147 1 (In) Number present when entering front. 2 (Out) Number present when leaving front. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 75 Personnel changes. Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade, Marbache Sector, 8 to 17 Aug. 1918 Officers Hospital Corps Medical Dental Total Sick, evacuated 0 0 9 9 0 0 1 1 Rejoined 1 1 13 15 Transferred 1 4 . 2 1 3 8 1 3 members of United States Army. 5 Member of United States Army. Positions and places occupied by elements of the Fourth Brigade during the occupation of the Marbache sector: Fifth Regiment Belleville Bezamount Foret de Facq Loisy Pont a Mousson Cote de Mousson Toul Sixth Regiment Liverdun Dieulouard Pont a Mousson Toul Belleville Jexainville Sixth Machine Cun Battalion Guerber Camp Frouard Loisy Liverdun Dieulouard Chaligny Autreville Gondreville Toul COLOMBEY LES BELLES During the last days of August rumors were current throughout France that the Americans in a united army were going to make a drive, and evidence seemed to point to the Toul sector as the site that was selected. Troops from all sectors were being concentrated in the rear of and around the Toul area. Speculation seemed to indicate that the rumored offensive was soon to start. The retreat of the enemy, begun at Belleau Wood and speeded by our strong push delivered at Soissons, was to be given further drive, this time in the east, close to the hinges of the door that opened the way directly into Germany. No leaves were granted, and those who were away from their organizations were recalled. By the evening of 18 August 1918 the Fourth Brigade, with other elements of the Second Division, had settled in its new area in the vicinity of Colombey les Belles, south of Toul. The Fifth Regiment settled in Dolcourt and Selaincourt, with headquarters in Dolcourt. The Sixth Regiment occupied Harmonville and Autreville. The machine-gun battalion established itself in the Bois de 1’Eveque. Each of the regiments rotated their battalions, for a 5-day training period, in the huge camp at Bois de 1’Eveque where raw replacements were instructed in new features of warfare, marches, firing and grenade exercises, and terrain maneuvers. Upon completion of this special training the battalions returned to their billets in the respective regimental areas. While here many more officers and men, now recovered, from wounds or illness, rejoined the brigade. Located along the main highway between Nancy and Toul, the Camp de Bois de 1’Eveque was an enormous French training post consisting of maneuver grounds, numerous Adrian-type barracks, and ranges for various kinds of firing equipment: rifle, machine gun, pistol, trench mortar, antitank, grenade, and artillery. Along with the intensity of the training program, supplies were received and all combat units were reequipped. Here, too, for the first time since March, the men were efficiently deloused. Life was active. Medical personnel participated with their respective units in all field activities. School was conducted in each battalion medical unit under the direction of the regimental surgeons. Emphasis was laid on bandaging, splinting, prevention and treatment of shock, control of hemorrhage, gas defense, the correction of faults in dressing, handling and caring for the wounded on the field and in aid stations, and the perfection of the line personnel litter-bearer system. Drills with litters were carried out, not only with a view of keeping the men physically fit and competent in directing the field litter bearers but to familiarize medical and line units with their respective functions and to create high team esprit. Dis- ciplined by close order drill, the Hospital Corps developed an excellent organiza- 76 IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR 1 77 tion. A medical unit that is painstaking in little things improves its military efficiency, and, when efficient, it commands the respect and confidence of the line personnel. Deserving medical units, not infrequently, are complimented by military superiors on the appearance and conduct of medical troops both in and out of the front. The training maneuvers carried out here gave the necessary final impetus to completing the medical organization so that in action it would function smoothly and effect proper and rapid evacuation. Each platoon of every company now provide two line privates who in action serve as litter bearers working under the direction of the company Hospital Corps dressers. They carry patients and supplies between their respective platoons and the battalion aid stations. ?{aval Medical Unit, Third Battalion, Sixth Marines, near Colombey les Belles, France, August 1918. (Among others Lt. William Michael (MG), U. S. N-, Ft. Louis Benepe (DC), U. S. ?{., and Lieutenant Southworth (MC), U. S. Army. Casualties in the bearer group are replaced by line privates from the platoons concerned and thus the greatest usefulness and economy of personnel is attained. Evacuation and supply from and to battalion aid stations—through ambulance heads, or other rear collection points, to field hospitals (divisional)—are carried out under the supervision of the division surgeon by division medical troops. During an advance, the question of moving a good aid station still is a problem. It has been found that a good station once established should not be abandoned during the advance. As a rule, medical officers of succeeding units take over the next aid station, relieving the medical personnel ahead with their own unit. When moving an aid station forward into new territory, it has been found to be 78 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY a waste of time and adds needless danger when medical officers and their aid' station personnel move forward to hunt for a new location. The plan found best is to have a medical officer, or a dependable pharmacist’s mate with one other hospital corpsman and a runner, go forward with the battalion commander. When a halt is made or numerous casualties begin to appear, they reconnoiter and establish an aid station in some likely spot nearby. When this is done, the runner is sent back to bring up the medical officer, hospital corpsmen and litter bearers with supplies. In this way an aid station is always in full operation and the main part of the aid station personnel and supplies are not out wandering over the terrain. When they move, they go forward rapidly and directly to a definite place, and, at the time the advance unit is moving into new territory with the troops, adequate aid is available and liaisons are main' tained with the station previously occupied. All medical personnel know the importance of liaison in effectively carrying out their medical duties, and they soon learn that the best aid station in the world is of little value if out of touch with the military elements of the battalion and regiment, the various units of the division ambulance service, and the litter bearers. A battalion aid station should have its exact location known to everybody except the enemy. Good battalion aid stations have been established but did not receive patients because battalion and company commanders did not know of their exact location. At other good stations dozens of litter patients, and many more sitting patients had gathered but had to remain in the stations unnecessarily long because of poor liaison with the ambulance marts. Fre' quently, a poor system of evacuation in an attacking regiment diverts the casualties of such a regiment into the functioning system of a regiment on the right or left. Should the two regiments have excessive casualties simub taneously, it readily can be appreciated how such a situation complicates the system of the regiment whose lines of evacuation are well laid out and otherwise running smoothly. To improve liaison with other units, the following steps have been taken: Consultation of all medical officers in the regiment before attack: the plan of attack is discussed; coordinated maps of the area, on large scale, are given to each battalion medical officer and the terrain over which the attack is to proceed is studied from the map. This consultation of medical officers follows the con' sultation of the regimental and battalion commanders at regimental headquarters, attended by the regimental surgeon, and the subsequent conferences of the battalion commanders with their respective company commanders are attended by the respective battalion surgeons. When a battalion surgeon locates a new aid station, following this plan, he sends the coordinates of his new station to his battalion commander, and fur' ther by runner, to the regimental surgeon at the ambulance head. In this manner the regimental surgeon coordinates all the regiment’s aid stations on his map, and therefrom can disseminate general intelligence expeditiously. With IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR 1 79 his personnel, a regimental surgeon is available and in a position to relieve a load at any particular aid station. Also in case of failure of any particular battalion medical unit to get established, the regimental surgeon and staff are in a position temporarily to establish the missing station. By this arrangement, likewise, the coordinated nature of the medical phases of the attack of the whole regiment can be sent quickly to the rear for the information of the ambulance heads, and any independent information sent back by battalions can be followed up and all indicated relief secured. As the result of this arrangement all wounded flow steadily into the aid stations and adequate numbers of litter bearers, ambulances, and supplies move from front to rear and back. Paper Wor\ While the attached medical personnel were employed with their units on maneuvers, the staffs of the regimental surgeons turned again to the harassing problem of peacetime Bureau of Medicine and Surgery records. Since we entered the line in March little could be accomplished toward completing our naval records. We never returned to the old training area in the Vosges, where our papers were left in storage. Since then all our medical equipment, records, and stationery had been moved by the Army to warehouses located in central France at Jevres. It was not until this time, during the last weeks of August, that an oppor' tunity presented to get the health records and attempt to catch up on back entries. From March until the end of July the brigade had approximately 7,141 battle casualties and 2,350 sick evacuated or transferred, and had received an equivalent number of replacements, most of whom arrived without health records. This alone presented the staggering figure of almost 19,000 separate health record entries, that is, if all the records on which the work was to be done had been available. A special detail of hospital corpsmen, under Surgeon L. L. Pratt, U. S. N., went by truck to Jevres to recover the cases of records of the Fourth Brigade and some equipment that had been shipped there by the Army from our storage places in the Vosges area. Upon the return of this party, and with only about a week available, active work was started to bring all records and reports up to date. Unquestionably, this represented the greatest single piece of medicab record work ever to be faced by any group of personnel during all of the years of naval history. Form K2 for the actions during the months of March, April, and May were completed insofar as was possible and were sent to the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. As the work progressed it was realized that all the back work on health records, Forms F smooth and rough, and K and N could not be completed. All health records were not available. There was neither the personnel nor equipment for the work. Paper wor\ should not be planned to be a regular function of a combat organization whose job is fighting, or treating and evacuating the sic\ and wounded of battle. 80 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY During an engagement we have had as many as 2,500 casualties in 1 day. There are times during action when it is not possible to make out the simplest though most important of all records—the emergency medical diagnostic tag, for the killed and wounded. The care of the dead is not a function of the medical department. At the end of an engagement the carbon copies of all diagnostic tags for the sick and wounded are collected from the various attached medical personnel, and a list of those buried by the chaplain or others is obtained. Upon these flimsy battle- field records a great chain of important medical and military reports is based. As for subsequent medical history little or no information about any man evacuated to a hospital was received by the regiments, and it was virtually impossible to trace the progress of a man from one hospital to another, where he may have died, or from which place he may have been sent back to the United States or assigned to some other duty in the Service of Supply. Because of these conditions, and on account of not having a man’s health record or service record, it was impossible to complete a Form F card. The “sick days” could not be estimated except as under a T disposition and with “no sick days.’’ Health records were transferred with patients for a short time, when first on the Verdun front, but they were often lost or returned without entry from French or Army hospitals when and if patients were returned to the brigade. When a man’s health record was available, and he was evacuated out of the brigade to an Army or other hospital, he was taken up as “admitted,’’ and the record left open. It was then retained with hope that it would not be destroyed by shellfire and that eventually we could complete the record and make proper disposition of it. If a patient returned to the brigade, after discharge from a hospital, the missing data were obtained by interview and the “disposition’’ and “sick days” were entered. Form F rough could then be completed—or so we thought. Only on rare occasions was it possible for this procedure to be carried out, as in many cases there were no health records available or else a patient never returned to the brigade when records were on hand. Even if the regiments had had all the health records of the men who were, or had been, in the brigade, it would have been impossible to bring all the back work up to date during the short intervals in which work could be done when we were out of action. At this time (25 August), as well as during rare opportunities that occurred in the previous 2 months, attempts were made to have a more or less permanent Navy medical record office established near the Chief Surgeon’s (Army) office in Tours. With such an arrangement, it was thought that all health records of the Marines and Navy medical personnel assigned to the Army could be kept and reports made from data sent back from the fronts. Access could he had to Army hospital and field reports and occasional trips could be made to various hospitals, and convalescent and replacement centers in France for missing information as well as for men. In this way accurate reports, covering this type of Navy IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR 1 81 personnel fighting in our own Army and in the armies of our Allies in Europe could be made and valuable official records would be preserved. This proposed overall medical records’ office never materialized. With a move to a new offensive area confronting the Fourth Brigade within a week, medical personnel were again faced with the difficulty of finding a method of transporting the peacetime medical records which had accumulated. This load would affect the volume of medical supplies urgently required to be carried into action and tax the energy reserves of the Hospital Corps. Readiness for Action and Morale By the end of August the division had reached its highest point of development as a fighting unit. The month had been fair in weather and the operations had been light. Although movement had been extensive, all changes had been made in easy stages. Rest and meals had been regular; the countryside peaceful; personal cleanliness had been readily maintained; diversion through change of scenery had been frequent; personal and fighting equipment had been brought up to allowance, units were slightly overstrengthened, and training exercises had been so conducted that the end result was a clean, strong, healthy, spirited, and well integrated division of fine fighting men. This pleasant period culminate ed in regimental reviews held near the Bois de 1’Eveque, during which many decorations for gallantry, performed in the Bois de Belleau and Soissons actions, were awarded to officers and men. At this time the regiments of the Second Division knew that, as a result of their outstanding military successes over the enemy'at Belleau Wood and Soissons, they had been twice cited in the orders of the French Army, and, therefore, had earned for the American Army the first qualification for the Fourragere (colors of the Croix de Guerre). The morale of the officers and men was high and the vigor of their spirit was always evident. Organized welfare activity was still not encountered. Once, in this area, a small and rather bedraggled trbupe of mixed entertainers headed by a woman moved among the troops dispensing “uplift” from the tail gate of a truck. The men were not impressed. Generally, only small groups of men, drawn mostly by curiosity, gathered around the tail gate theater at the side of road or street in the billet towns. Early 1 September 1918, information was received that the division was to prepare the move. The next morning the billeting area had been policed and cleared and the brigade began a series of marches which were to take it into the St. Mihiel sector where, in the first wholly American offensive against the enemyTeld Verdun salient, it was planned to employ the Second Division significantly. The early morning sick calls revealed only a few men who were considered sufficiently ill to warrant evacuation. As the division’s field hospitals moved with the troops, there was no need to evacuate except in cases of emergency. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Positions and places occupied in Area of Colombey les Belles: Fifth Regiment Bois de PEveque Xeuilly Selaincourt Dolcourt Laxon Govillers Loisy Sixth Regiment Bois de 1’Eveque Harmonville Autreville Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Bois de 1’Eveque Gondreville ST. MIHIEL 12-16 September 1918 The First (American) Army had just been organised. The big drive against German strongholds located in the salient extending southward from the area southwest of Metz; was now in the early stages of reality. Planned disposition of the participating units had been completed and the time was at hand for them to move into battle position. The mobilisation of this force, with its artillery and supply, around the periphery of the St. Mihiel salient, was now in motion. Such activity could not fail to attract the attention of the enemy; pains were taken to confuse him as to the actual intent. The first elements of the Second Division began their marches toward the new area on 1 September 1918. The plan was to march by night and to bivouac in the woods during the day, thus screening the columns from enemy observa- tion. The marches therefore, were not severe. Under the orders of the I Corps, the Second Division was assigned to the area about Domevre on Haye. The headquarters of the Fifth Regiment left Govillers at 2100 Monday, 2 September 1918, and marched via Parey St. Gafsaire, Houdolment, Xeuilly, Bainville and Pont St. Vincent, until 0420 on 3 September, bivouacking in the Foret de Haye. At 2030 in the evening of the same day the march was resumed and passed through Maron and Gondreville, across the Moselle River to the Bois Ropage. With its headquarters established at Ferme Lebdeau, the Fifth Regiment rested in these billets until the evening of 9 September. Marching at night, the regiment proceeded through Rosieres, Tremblecourt, and Domevre to the Bois de la Rappe where the troops bivouacked. Fifth Regiment head- quarters were at Manonville until 1500 of 10 September when they were moved to Manoncourt. The Sixth Regiment, marching at night, went to Theuilly, 2-3 September: Chaudeney, 4 September, and to Ferme de Sebastopol, 5 September, where it remained for 5 days. At Ferme de Sebastopol, drill and attack formations through woods and underbrush were held. On 10 September, the Sixth Regi- ment marched to Manonville and the troops were bivouacked in the adjacent woods. The Sixth Machine Gun Battalion moved out of the Bois de 1’Eveque at 2100 on 3 September and marched until 0100 on 4 September, bivouacked in the Foret de Haye. At 2100 of the same day, this battalion marched to Bois St. Gengouet, arriving at 0500 on 5 September. Moving again during the night of 7 September, they proceeded until 0230 on 8 September to the Bois des Hayes. The collective clerical work of the companies, for the first time, was organised into a brigade unit and established in barns and buildings in Manonville. This 84 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY arrangement reduced tremendously the transportation load of the brigade going into offensive action, and, at the same time, not only facilitated prompt and accurate reporting from a centralized point, but was the means by which valuable personnel and records could be preserved. Under regimental personnel officers, sergeants and company clerks with their organizations’ typewriter units and field desks were grouped into one brigade field office to which record information developing each day in the companies and headquarters in action was to be sent by runner. Battalion and regimental headquarters’ medicabrecord units, consisting of a medical officer, a chief and two pharmacist’s mates from each regiment and two pharmacist’s mates from the machine gun battalion, with records and field office equipment, were included in this general brigade office. On 10 September the Second Division was so placed that it could move quickly into attack position. The lines through which the attack was to pass were thoroughly reconnoitered and final preparation for battle proceeded with intensity. During the following day battalion officers received new instruction in infantry-tank operations, with emphasis on the importance of maintaining proper troop-and-tread liaison. Troops were massed in every woods. The number of pieces of heavy artillery, and especially long-range guns mounted on railway trucks, exceeded those of any former offensive. Medical officers like to say that an army fights on its feet rather than its stomach, because the majority of their work out of action is directed to the care of feet. The foot factor, during the 10-day period between 1-11 September was a serious medical problem. To screen the movement of the troops as much as possible, all marching was done at night. This proved to be doubly hard on feet. Although a certain number of new shoes were usually available for issue each time a unit returned from a front position, shoes were not plentiful and correct sizes were rarely available. Before returning to a front, time was too short to permit wearing the shoes long enough to soften them sufficiently to be comfortable when worn on long marches. After a bivouac destination was reached from 50 to 200 pairs of blistered, bruised, or swollen feet would require care at each battalion aid post. For the brigade this figure reached 1,800 per march, and with an average of four long marches, there was a maximum total during the 10-day period of 7,200 foot dis* orders. Company hospital corpsmen attended most of these cases during the march, whereas in the more serious cases men would drop out of ranks and wait for the medical officer who accompanied the ambulance following in the rear of each battalion. Such ambulances, on marches, were used as temporary dispensaries where “mobile” treatments were given. Only the sick (unable to march) and the personal equipment of the clinical weary were transported. The men were encouraged and aided in every way possible to take care of their feet. Frequent changing of socks and bathing in cold water during halts were permitted, and the removal of shoes was ordered when lying down. When a IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 85 man with a disorder of the foot applied for treatment, he was required to bathe and carefully dry his feet. Blisters, after having been sponged with alcohol, were punctured, the serum evacuated and a strip of adhesive tape applied so that its length lay in the direction of the rub of the shoe. The adhesive tape was pressed tightly over the area. Every day a few with foot disorders in each battalion had to be evacuated to the field hospital. In connection with emergency duties in a marching battalion, the medical officer accompanying each following-ambulance became an important factor in controlling straggling. During these marches, which were made under especially trying circum- stances, two hot meals were served each day from rolling kitchens. The food was good and well cooked; hence few cases of diarrhea developed. From the first of September to the ninth the weather was fair and pleasant. The men remained in excellent health. The incidence of colds and other res- piratory disorders was low. On the ninth rain started to fall and continued until the night of 11 September. During this wet spell a number of mild febrile cases developed. Preparations for engaging the enemy were made during the afternoon of 11 September. The tentative plan of attack was released and the brigade was to move as early in the evening as possible. Positions were to be occupied by 0100, 12 September, at which time the artillery preparation was to begin. The final supply of pouch equipment, dressings, and splints was received and dis- tributed throughout the brigade medical organization. In addition, several two-wheeled French stretcher carts for hand-evacuation over long distances were issued to each regiment. Litters, dressings, and blankets were loaded onto these to facilitate transportation to the front. A Push for Pershing The movement to the “jump-off,” located on both sides and immediately in front of the demolished town of Limey, was made during a heavy rain, and terminated during a black night. A single narrow dirt road leading to Limey, on which the various units of the division converged, was muddy and soon became blocked with traffic. The thoroughness of the plan despite the immen- sity of the operation brought the various units to their places according to schedule. Many veterans of the night march of 17 July, through the Foret Villers Cotterets felt that that experience contributed to the good order and close liaison that was maintained in reaching Limey and the various unit positions in time to make the scheduled jump-off in this offensive. The objective of the Second Division in the first phase of the attack was the northern edge of Bois de Heiche to Hill 242.6. The second attack of the first day was a line running through the northeastern edge of Bois Gerard, northern edge of Bois de Pey, Hill 277-7 and Hill 264.5. It was not considered possible that the second attack could attain the Army objective which was the high ground between Xammes and Jaulney. 86 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY It was planned to resume the attack the next day if the objective set for the first day was not reached. Generally, the advance was to be made in rushes of successive bounds. Fol- lowing a 4-hour artillery barrage, the attack was to move at 0500 on 12 Sep- tember 1918, when the troops would forge ahead in back of a rolling barrage at the rate of 100 meters every 4 minutes. With the attainment of the first phase objective, the second attack of the day was to start at 1100. Fifteen tanks were assigned to accompany the Fourth Brigade. The mission of the Marine brigade was to support the Third (U. S. Army) Brigade in executing the division’s first-day task and be prepared to pass through the Third Brigade, advance to the line of the second-day task and reconnoiter up to the line of exploitation when ordered. The Fifth Marines were to support the Ninth Infantry, attacking on the division’s right front, and the Sixth Marines the Twenty-third Infantry attack- ing on the division’s left front. Both Marine regiments, with two battalions in line deployed with two companies forming each battalion front and two companies acting as each battalion support, were to advance after the departure of the rear battalions of the attacking Third Brigade from the phase objectives. The Fourth Brigade was to be at all times prepared to pass through the Third Brigade and continue the attack. The Fifth United States Division was on the right of the Second and the Eighty-ninth was on the left. The front positions around Limey, held by ele- ments of the Eighty-ninth and Ninetieth United States Divisions, were occupied by 0500 on 12 September by our wet and muddy troops after a gruelling night march made in a steady downpour of rain. Owing to the deep mud, the almost impassable road and the darkness of the night, only one stretcher cart reached the front and that, finally, had to be abandoned as impracticable. The loss of so many carts materially reduced the good supply of medical equipment we possessed when we started from our bivouacs. On hard roads or over flat, hard-surfaced country, it is believed that the litter carts could be used with advantage. The artillery bombardment of the enemy’s territory started at 0100 as schedul- ed. For 4 hours the long-range guns pounded the enemy’s back areas while the lighter guns did terrific damage to front line and support positions. The fire was furnished entirely by American artillery and it was of such intensity that the noise-hardened citizens of Toul got out of bed to watch the fire flashes on the north horizon. During this 4-hour bombardment, while a heavy rain continued to fall, the troops slumped in the mud of the trenches around Limey and obtained a little sleep. Promptly at 0500 the attacking regiments moved through the wire into enemy territory, followed closely by the Marine brigade. There had been little re- sponse by the enemy to our artillery bombardment and there was no indication that the attacking regiments were meeting strong opposition. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 87 The terrain beyond the jump-off was of a gently rolling type, but as the advance progressed the country became hilly and wooded and was cut by deep ravines, generally running north and south. The advance was rapid. By 0900 the objectives of the first phase had been reached and the forward regiments were still pressing onward. The city of Thiaucourt was taken and the attack pressed on to the Army objective which was reached at about 1600. A total advance of about 9 kilometers was made and what was planned to be accomplished in 2 days was completed in ap- proximately 12 hours. The advance to the Army objective had been so rapid and the enemy opposition so light that casualties among the troops were negligible. Only occassionally would a shell land near a group and wound two or three men. The sky cleared shortly after dawn and there was a warm sun. Many French civilians, men, women, and children, after 4 years’ retention in enemy-held territory filtered through our lines from the city of Thiaucourt on their way to repatriation in unoccupied France. Long columns of enemy prisoners plodded heavily over field and road toward division headquarters and prison camps in the rear. Overhead swirled and whined airplanes in mortal combat, or on reconnaissance. Frequently, a high-level fighter would burst into flames and spiral earthward at the head of a long tail of black smoke, to crash in a crackling mass nearby. Some pilots of disabled planes, suspended beneath their parachutes, drifted slowly toward the troops, whereas others, unable to leap and escape the flames of burning gasoline, crawled to the tip of a wing and plummeted to earth with the speed of bullets. A few times fighting planes, pursuing each other from high altitudes with machine guns wide open, would swoop directly over the heads of ground troops. By nightfall, with the exception of the attack and support elements, the whole Second Division was in Thiaucourt and there was some temporary disorganisa- tion of some companies and battalions because of the availability of captured food and other forms of diversion. The enemy had been driven into dugouts and trenches by our bombardment and those who did not retreat, as the barrage advanced, were made prisoners. The sudden and unexpected release from captivity of the people of Thiaucourt gave them cause for jubilation. Thiaucourt was shelled and bombed heavily by the enemy after he had been driven out. In the town the enemy had extensive warehouses which were captured with quantities of clothing and ordnance intact. Big gun pits were in the course of construction. The enemy had been engaged in further strength- ening its position when our attack began. Spacious dugouts of concrete, rein- forced with steel, a narrow-gage railway, rolling stock, cement mixers, large quantities of sand and gravel, horses, wagons, motor stock, two new motor ambulances, and a large well-equipped hospital containing patients—all were captured. 748887—47—7 88 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY As the Marine brigade was in support during the first day, and had moved rapidly ahead, no permanent aid stations were established. When Thiaucourt was entered, shortly after noon on 12 September, battalion and regimental surgeons set up stations in the basements of secure buildings located in various parts of the town. Because of the better facilities found in Thiaucourt, and the long trip required back over the old battleground to reach the field hospitals, the wounded were permitted to accumulate in the town. The following day the division surgeon took over the captured hospital in Thiaucourt, to which all our wounded were subsequently evacuated. This shortened the division’s evacuation depth, from the front line to the field hospi- tals, to only a few kilometers. This remarkably favorable condition prevailed during the remainder of the operation. During the night of 13 September the Fourth Brigade relieved the front which extended from the town of Xammes on the left to the east of Jaulney on the right. For a time the left flank, running north from Thiaucourt to Xammes, was in the air on account of the Eighty-ninth Division’s failure to advance. On the morning of 14 September a chief pharmacist’s mate with four hospital corpsmen went from Thiaucourt along the exposed left flank of the division into enemy territory to set up an advanced aid station in the town of Xammes. This station was established in compliance with the order of the commanding officer, Sixth Marines (who had the impression that the town was in our hands). The presence of this Navy group was not contested by the foe and their station was in operation for several hours before a wild-eyed assault force of the Eighty- ninth Division cautiously moved into the town from the southwest to take possession. The attackers were surprised when they came to understand that the major objective of their division had been occupied for several hours by the Navy. Naval hospital corpsmen wearing Army olive drab and Marine Corps devices had taken the town. The brigade line on the morning of 14 September formed a concave semicircle in front of the town of Jaulney located at the approximate center. The West end of the line was in an orchard east of the village of Xammes. Most of the front-line wounded were carried to Jaulney where, in a chateau of a former French inhabitant, the Germans had established a field hospital. A part of this chateau, which was shared with a battalion headquarters, was used as an aid station. In it a large quantity of medical supplies was found, including surgical instru- ments and dressings, antitoxins, medicines, a well-equipped laboratory, a com- plete X-ray unit, two excellent and equipped medical wagons, and numerous beds and blankets. During 14 and 15 September the Marine brigade fanned out between Xammes to a kilometer east of Jaulney, adjusted its line and moved ahead from 2.5 to 3 kilometers beyond the Bois de la Montagne on the left and the Bois de Hailbat on the right. The roads through Jaulney, which bore most of the brigade’s traffic, were subjected to almost continuous artillery fire while the adjacent fields and woods were subjected to intense machine-gun and rifle fire as well as frequent “roughing” by enemy planes. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 89 Sixth Marines support column beyond German wire in front of Limey, St. Mihiel Offensive, at 0800, 12 September 1918. Headquarters medical group shown at upper right,corner. The relatively light, though continuous, stream of wounded that fed into the central aid station in Jaulney were promptly evacuated to the field hospitals located in the captured German hospital, operating in Thiaucourt, a distance of 2 kilometers. The carry'wounded were brought in from the field by company litter bearers, redressed when necessary, given tetanus antitoxin and loaded into waiting Sole inhabitant of Jaulney when occupied by Headquarters, Medical Detachment, United States TJavy, Sixth Marines, St. Mihiel Offensive, 13 September 1918. 90 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY ambulances. As the enemy was especially active trying to destroy two bridges crossing the Rupt de Mad, which passed under the road to Thiaucourt, ambulance and troop details had to choose quiet moments to rush through this area. Many patients were on the operating table in Thiaucourt within 2 hours after having been wounded. During the night of 15-16 September the Marine brigade, with the other elements of the Second Division, was relieved on the front by the Seventy- eighth Division (United States division). Despite the magnitude of the St. Mihiel achievement, the losses by the Marine brigade were comparatively small. The enemy did not fight with his former stubbornness, and better artillery and airplane support lightened the task for the Infantry. In about a day’s fighting the St. Mihiel salient, which had been a serious menace to the Allies since the first days of the war, was destroyed and the military front correspondingly shortened. Previous to the St. Mihiel offensive, the details of training, distribution, and employment of litter bearers had not reached full organisation. The arrange- ment to have 12 men (privates) detailed from each company and put under the direct supervision of the senior company hospital corpsman, worked satisfac- factorily. Before going into action these men had been given elementary instruction in first aid, precautions against shock and chemical agents, and different methods of carrying and transporting wounded. They were also impressed with the importance of their duties, and their work completely justified their use as a means of evacuating wounded from the front lines to the battalion aid stations. One of the noticeable high lights of this operation was the blending of the Army files of the Second Division with the Navy-Marine Corps elements of the Fourth Brigade. The nature of the operation brought all components of the Second Division closely together, and made of Thiaucourt a sort of Second Division rendezvous. There now had been considerable intermingling of personnel of all units in the life and success of their division and a common camaraderie was born. Unit shoulder-marks, faced by the “Star and Indian Head,” made their appearance at this time symbolizing a common bond. Organization Killed Died of wounds Wounded Gassed Missing Total Severe Slight Undeter- mined O M 0 M O M O M O M 0 M O M 0 M Fifth Marines 0 8 0 42 0 48 0 141 0 59 0 0 0 1 0 299 Sixth Marines 3 44 0 43 I 64 4 171 4 228 0 3 0 10 12 563 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. . . 0 5 0 1 2 12 2 22 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 41 Brigade Headquarters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 3 57 0 86 3 124 6 334 4 287 0 4 0 11 16 903 0=Officers. M = Men. Casualties by organizations, St. Mihiel Offensive, 12 to 16 September, 19lS IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I In this action the Second Division took, in excess of what has been previously mentioned, 3,300 prisoners and 118 pieces of artillery. All units of the brigade returned to the rear over the old offensive area via the Bois d’Heiche to bivouacs in the vicinity of Minorville. Positions and Places Occupied by Elements of Fourth Brigade During St. Mihiel Offensive Fifth Regiment Sixth Regiment Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Foret des Hayes Theuilly Bois St. Gengoult Parey St. Caesaire Chaudeney Otherwise in all places passed Houdolment Ferme de Sebastopol by both the Fifth and Sixth Xeuilly Manonville Regiments. Bainville Bois de la Rappe Bois de Minerville Pont St. Vincent Limey Maron Remenauville Gondreville Bois Haie 1’Eveque Bois Ropage Bois d’Heiche Ferme Lebdeau Thiaucourt Rosieres Bois du Fey Tremblecourt Bois du Rupt Domevre Bois de la Montagne Bois de la Rappe Bois de Euvzin Manonville Bois de Beau Vallon Manoncourt Jaulney Lironville Xammes Limey Bois la Montagny French Haricot Ferme Montplaisir Bois de Bouchot Minorville Remenauville Ancienne Moulin Bois de Haelbat Bois du Rupt Bois de Montagne Bois de Minorville Manoncourt Minorville Bois de Minorville Personnel analysis, Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade, St. Mihiel Offensive 12 to 16 Sept. 1918 Officers Organisation Medical Dental In 1 Out2 In Out In Out Fifth Regiment 2 15 i 0 74 83 Sixth Regiment 4 7 2 2 59 77 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion 1 2 0 2 1 14 21 Total 7 14 3 3 147 181 1 (In) Number present when entering front. 2 (Out) Number present when leaving front. * " MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Personnel changes, Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade, St. Mihiel Offensive 12 to 16 Sept. 1918 Disposition Officers Hospital Corps Total Medical Dental Killed 0 0 1 1 Wounded 0 0 5 5 Wounded, not evacuated 0 0 1 1 Gas poisoning, evacuated 0 0 1 1 Sick, evacuated 0 0 9 9 Probably sick, evacuated 0 0 3 3 Transferred to division headquarters 5 1 0 6 0 0 1 1 Rejoined 0 0 11 11 Received 1 12 l 2 43 57 Transferred 0 1 0 1 1 I a member of the U. S. Army. TOUL From the night of 17 September until the night of 20 September 1918 the Marine brigade remained in bivouac in and around the town of Minorville. The men had been in the field a long time. The rain was continuous. The men had had little opportunity to rest. Efforts were made to move the companies into the shelter of nearby towns. During the nights of 20 and 21 September the companies marched to billets in communities surrounding the city of Toul, an important rail and communication center, located in the Meurthe et Moselle Department directly south of the Lorraine front and about 22 kilometers west of Nancy on the main Pans-Strasbourg railroad and highway. During the night march from the Minorville bivouacs to billets in towns surrounding Toul, many men faltered through fatigue, but were able to catch up the following day. Regimental headquarters, Fifth Regiment, with the Second Battalion and the Twentieth and Forty'seventh Companies of the Third Battalion, went to Blenod les Toul, the First Battalion to Mont le Vignoble, the Headquarters and Supply Companies to Chaudeney, Eighth Machine Gun Company to Pierre la Trieche, and the Third Battalion Head' quarters with the Sixteenth and Forty'fifth Companies to Moutrot. The headquarters of the Sixth Regiment, with other elements, were established in the city of Foug, and the remainder of the regiment settled in the nearby towns of Choloy and Domgermain. The Sixth Machine Gun Battalion billeted in Bicqueley. A change in the attitude of officers and men was beginning to be generally recognised at this time. The troops were less boisterous and more determined and methodical in temperament and movement; they were older in their mental processes and reactions in relation to things around them and to the war and life in general. Survivors of victorious engagements were beginning to show signs of strain from the steady recurrence of danger: Into action, out of action, casualty replacement, turnover. They were tired. They were tired of the sword. Under cover of the woods during the day and the darkness of night, when moving from bivouac to bivouac, an animablike instinct, which takes advantage of every object and condition to maintain concealment, became a characteristic of the personality of almost everybody in the command. There was no moon, and the night movement proceeded silently over the trails. Night aviation had reached a new height and planes were constantly passing overhead as the men trudged along. Enemy squadrons on their way to bomb Nancy, Toul, and other targets in the vicinity, flew low and frequently dropped parachute flares (corpse candles) which illuminated the marchers. 94 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Searchlights and tracer bullets of the antiaircraft defenses around the horizon stabbed the black skies in bizarre illuminated streams. Antiaircraft (“archies”) artillery barked, and clusters of high crunching shells broke in white puffs around specks of darting light. Bursting bombs occasionally flared up in the surrounding night; their airborne sounds were heard in a series of intermediate booms. High trajectory, large-caliber shells sent up howls and squeals on their mission to distant targets. The brigade remained in the delightful Toul area billets for a week. Drill schedules were put into effect, and a day of liberty was granted to officers and men to visit the city of Toul. The war had spared these new brigade billet towns of bomb and artillery destruction, the cities of Toul and Nancy absorbed most of such attacks; consequently, buildings and homes were intact, business was conducted in a normal fashion, and the inhabitants (chiefly women and children) were cheerful and hospitable. Food could be purchased from shops to supplement the rations served by the messes. Organized efforts were made to rid the men of liceywith which everyone was infested. The men had ample opportunity to bathe (bucket method), and clean underwear and new uniforms were issued. The measures employed resulted in the cleansing of the command before the next move started. The delousing of a command is always a problem even with good bathing facilities, and especially so when there is no suitable steam sterilizing equipment available. Besides delousing and activity in personal hygiene, there was little of medical interest. The sanitary condition of the billets and towns was good when we arrived, owing to the industry of the women and the freedom from bombing and shelling, and because the towns had not been used for routine troop billet pur- poses. The sick rate was negligible. The rest reestablished the confidence of the troops. The Allied forces holding the initiative first taken in the July operation against the Marne salient, were gradually pushing back the whole German line from the Moselle River to Flanders. On 26 September a great new American Army launched an attack in the Argonne north of Varennes between the Aisne and Meuse Rivers. At the same time the Fourth French Army was pushing north from around Suippes in the Champagne area. The dual attack was designed to cut the main enemy east-west supply and communication lines. This would jeopardize the lines against the British in the west and would cause the enemy to withdraw from central and eastern France. As early as 16 September, the French had asked General Pershing for some American divisions to assist in the Champagne operations of the French Fourth Army. The Second Division, after a week’s rest in the Toul area was refreshed from its St. Mihiel attacks and was available for this assignment. On 25 Sep- tember on the assignment of the Second Division to the Fourth French Army, movement was started. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Thanks to the Marines! In the city of Foug on 24 September 1918, at a large public gathering, the mayor, reflecting the high regard the people of the area had for our forces, extolled America through the person of Col. Harry Lee, U. S. M. C., com' manding the Sixth Regiment of Marines, in the following address: We are mighty glad and proud to welcome you and your regiment in our little town of Foug. As children of France, we thank you for what your noble and generous country has done toward our glorious wounded, our unfortunate prisoners, our war orphans, and our invalid population. As children of Lorraine we most respectfully hail your glorious colors, which now wave on our soil; the soil of Joan of Arc, the stars of glory and hope. We hail your heroic soldiers who have already liberated part of our country and chased from Thiacourt, Jaulney, and Xammes (all Lorraine towns) the rapacious soldiers of the Kaiser. While your great victory fills our hearts with enthusiasm, it lights yonder in our lost Provinces of Alsace and Lorraine rays of joy and hope. These Provinces which have been so long under German rule see at last the dawn of their liberation. Soon, we hope, both the Star Spangled Banner and our tricolored flag shall be hoisted on Metz and Strasbourg. All those who have fallen in the defense of righteousness and justice shall be avenged. Than\s to the heroic Regiment of Marines, Hurrah for the United States! Hurrah for France and her Allies! Billet towns occupied by units of Fourth Brigade in Toul area: Fifth Regiment Blenod les Toul Mont le Vignoble Chaudeney Pierre la Trieche Moutrot Domgermain Sixth Regiment Foug Choloy Domgermain Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Bicqueley Domgermain BLANC MONT: CHAMPAGNE (Meuse^Argonne Offensive: 1) 1-10 October 1918 Chalons sur Marne, the chief city of the Champagne Department, located in the centrahnorthern area of France, midway between Nancy and Paris, became the focal point of the units of the Second Division during the period 25-28 September 1918. By rail and road the troops and trains arrived, marched through the streets of the city, and, without delaying, passed on to temporary billets in nearby towns. As the various units of the Fifth Regiment arrived, they marched through Lepine to Courtisols; the Sixth Regiment went to Chepy and Montectx, and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, arriving at Vitry la Ville from the Toul area, marched to Sarry. Elements of the brigade remained in these towns for 3 days, spending most of the time in going over equipment and local organization details, and in resting. Generally the troops were kept under cover as the area was near the front and subject to the constant observa- tion of enemy planes. Nearness of the enemy did not permit movement of troops to take place during daylight when the distant rumble of guns could be heard. At night the sky to the north was lighted by artillery fire, and, as many airplanes were constantly overhead, it was evident to all that big events were in progress a few miles away. As the night of 29 September descended the units of the brigade, after a hot meal, fell in, and soon embarked in French camions to roll over the road in the direction of the flashes and explosions to the north. To travel into action by truck now had become an ominous experience. Those who had survived previous actions recalled the camion approaches to Belleau Wood and to Soissons. The recollection of those rides, despite the victories, seemed to portend another ride to death. Already a heavy rain fell and the wind cut and chilled. The road was one of the main arteries feeding the front, and was jammed with all types of conveyances as well as with foot troops coming and going. Lights were not permitted, not even lighted cigarets. Several hours before daylight on 30 September, in the vicinity of Suippes and Somme'Suippes, the brigade debussed in a downpour of rain, and marched to bivouac in nearby trenches. Despite the autumn chill and the rain, the men slept for a few hours on the wet ground. A hot ration served at noon revived them for the trek into the front lines, north of SommeTy. Blanc Mont Ridge was part of the high hills northeast of Rheims. As an enemy defense, the French had come to look upon it as impregnable. It was the key stronghold of the entire sector. If taken, the enemy would be forced to evacuate Rheims and the Laon district. This stronghold lay directly in the line IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 97 of attack of the Marine brigade. The front line was held by the Twenty'first Corps (French), which was made up of choice French units, partly consisting of Alpine Chausseurs. At the beginning of the offensive, Suippes and Somme'Suippes were under heavy shellfire. Both places had been evacuated of civilians early in the war. The enemy, who earlier had occupied the towns, had mined most of the houses. Before leaving the towns, when they were finally driven out, the mines were discharged; they blew up the interiors and left only the mere shells of the buildings still standing. The Champagne Sector had been the scene of many previous hardffought battles. The area north of Suippes was the site of a trench system for almost 4 years and presented a picture of utmost desolation. It had been subjected to months of heavy artillery fire, bombing and mine explosions; the heaved'up earth and wire barriers formed a deep and elaborate trench system; the low roll of the terrain and the chalky white soil were pitted and torn by shell and mine craters. Blanc Mont lay in the path of battle ahead, above in the rear of the German line. Close inspection disclosed that it had sufficient foliage to conceal troop movements. It was known to be strongly fortified with machine'gun nests and well constructed trenches dug into the chalk rock from which it received its name. These were strengthened with concrete. Our troops had been in the bivouac trenches only a short time when they were covered with white mud, which, when it dried, turned into an annoying white powder. Everything became filled with it: equipment, hair, eyes and even the face and mouthpieces of the gas masks. The Champagne sector was one of the last sections of the old German line. This portion had been fought over repeatedly since the early days of the war. Through this sector ran the sole portion of the Hindenburg Stellung which remained in German hands. It was here, at many points, that the opposing foes had been separated by only a few yards of gouged and barren earth. It was well fortified, and in view of its strategic value to the whole German line in France, it was defended with stiff determination. During the afternoon and night of 1 October 1918, with other elements of the Second Division, the Fourth Brigade led the movement forward to relieve the French holding the advanced trench positions. The Second Division had been chosen to be the spearhead of General Gou' raud’s Fourth Army offensive against the Massif Blanc Mont, and the Sixth Regiment, Marines, had been designated to lead off for the Second Division. When darkness fell, the leading elements, passing through an acrid atmosphere of frequent shell bursts, were still worming forward over the heaved'up and crater'pitted trail that connected the leveled towns of Souain and SommeTy. Blanc Mont was dark and grim and spat fire and death in the night. The countryside was devastated. Landmarks were difficult to identify and all units had to sense their new positions rather than find them by map. Under these conditions the front in and around the ruined village of Somme'Py was taken 98 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY LEGEND 4th Brigade Line 3rd Brigade Line 71st Brigade Line French Line The Attac\ on Blan\ Mont. —Courtesy of A History of the United States Marine Corps over from the French Sixty'first and part of the Twenty'first Divisions, the latter a unit of the Eleventh Corps. On the right, and in conjunction with French Chausseurs, parts of the Fifth Regiment took up positions in the Essen, Elbe, and Prussian trenches in support lines located in the ruins of Somme'Py, and later, in reserve positions immediately south of Somme'Py. The Sixth Regiment, on the left and in contact with the French Twenty'first Division, took over the front formed by the Elbe trench, partly held by the enemy, the Krefeld trench, the Bayou de Bromberg, and sup' port positions in the trenches Dusseldorf and Gottingue. The companies of the machine'gun battalion were distributed among the two regiments. The planned general assault, which was to start on 2 October, was delayed to permit the leading Sixth Regiment to clear the enemy out of portions of the IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 99 Pache, Elbe, and Essen trenches which crossed its front and contained a treach- erous strong point located in the angle of a sharply depressed left flank. During the course of the day and night of 2 October the various elements of the regimental medical organizations coordinated their positions accurately, from companies-to-battalion-to-regimental-headquarters through the responsible unit hospital corpsmen and medical officers. As a result of this not only com- plements and locations of all medical personnel were known to unit command- ers and battalion and regimental surgeons but also the tactical plan of the attack and the amount of medical supplies in the possession of each medical representative. The channel and method of evacuation, and replacement and resupply, were likewise known by eachTnedical representative. Based on past experience a plan was worked out to have regimental surgeons with their staffs of hospital corpsmen actively supervise and coordinate the lines of communication between each company hospital corpsman and the respective battalion surgeons of the regiments with the medical train of the division. Specifically, they were: 1. To pass back and forth across the depth and breadth of the regimental fronts to obtain and convey current medical and tactical intelligence. 2. To replace losses in men and supplies. 3. To assist at stations that became loaded and to clear periodic bottlenecks which might develop along the lines of patient evacuation anywhere within the regimental area. 4. To lay out evacuation trails for company litter bearers and walking-wounded. 5. To locate and indicate sites of potential aid stations and take over battalion aid stations while battalion surgeons became reestablished in new stations as the battle progressed. 6. To maintain active liaison with the divisional medical train and to inform and direct such evacuation groups of and to the lines and points of the regimental-medical communications where personnel, supplies, and foot and motor transportation were needed and where litter and ambulance heads could be established; to inform regarding traffic, fire, and gas hazards and of potential sites for field hospital uses when the lines or the operations altered sufficiently to justify a change. By utilizing the regimental headquarters medical staffs, for such two-way, over-all policing and liaison purposes, the whole medical problem of regiments could be coordinated into a smooth unit tied directly to the division train. If the fighting area contracted or expanded and the units moved forward or back- ward or toward either flank, the medical echelons following (by advancing or leapfrogging) could move into selected sites on established lines, and the flow of wounded, supplies, and personnel, would proceed without delay or confusion. Based on centralized knowledge, the best available features of the terrain, routes, equipment, supply, and personnel of the regiments and the division could be utilized in attaining expeditious treatment and evacuation of a large number of wounded or sick personnel. The wisdom of having company hospital corpsmen, and battalion and regimen- tal surgeons and their staffs, with or near their respective unit commanders, had already been well demonstrated. Medical personnel were always aware of the local tactical situation and could make prompt and intelligent adjustments. Through the local medical representative, the military commanders could be kept informed of the morale of the men and the relative rate of attrition among 100 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY the troops owing to wounds, sickness, neurosis, or straggling. Tactical situa- tions of importance, picked up from wounded officers and men, or observed while passing through the regimental area on inspection trips of the medical lines of communication, could be reported. The regular military communication system, which is often interrupted or is inadequate in certain critical situations and during rapid changes, could thus be supplemented. The Sixth Regiment, and the elements of the Fifth Regiment which were in frontdine positions on the morning of 2 October found themselves in a relatively compact and shallow area, with the battalion echelons of attack, support, and reserve immediately in back of one another. Regimental headquarters and divi- sional artillery were pulled up close in the zone of the reserve battalion. The overfall depth of the echelons was about 1,500 yards, and this placed the batta- lion surgeons on their organizations’ fronts among company hospital corpsmen, and the regimental surgeons and staffs only a few hundred yards in the rear. The front lines paralleled an old railroad embankment that passed laterally through the ruins of Somme-Py, on the near side of which the men had scooped out gravelike entrenchments in which they half stood and half reclined. Some of these entrenchments provided space and protection for three or four persons in a semi-erect-reclining position. The enemy peppered this embankment and the paralleling roadway on our side with rifle, grenade, and 37- and 77'mm. fire, while the area overhead was kept alive with direct and flank fire from rifle and machine guns. Because of battle necessity, the dead were tossed from the entrenchments to the top of the embankment by the men remaining in the positions. Under such conditions, battalion surgeons were required to establish and operate their aid stations during the first 36 hours in this line. A badly torn main highway, which entered our front from the north ahead and fed off southward in the rear, was the main artery of transport to field hospitals set up in Souain and Suippes. During the first day a few motor am- bulances managed this rough route as far forward as the cross road at Somme- Py, from which exposed and unprotected point the first litter patients were evacuated. The critical point in the whole of the Allied operational plan in western Europe was focussed on the ground immediately in front of the Second Division. The whole German line, to the east and to the west of the French Army in the Champagne, was falling back. Singled out of the American Army and placed in the center of the French forces, which had been attacking this pivotal position unsuccessfully for more than a week, the Second Division was faced with the task of breaking the tenacious stronghold the enemy still maintained in this area and thus forcing his withdrawal from all France. The position, with its opportunity for victory, bestowed on the Second Division one of the highest honors attained by a military organization in history. To fail would seriously affect the prestige of all American arms, even the Nation itself. The immediate objective, a 2%-mile strip of road, the Medeah Farm-Blanc IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 101 Mont Road, lay across the heights of Blanc Mont, 2 miles ahead. The plan of attack was a complicated one and called for the two Infantry brigades of the division to attack side by side, with each brigade in columns of battalions deployed over each brigade front. At the start there was to be a wedge-shaped interval of a mile or so between the attacking brigades, which was to be closed as the brigades converged on the objective. In the Fourth Brigade, the Sixth Marines were to lead off with their left flank moving along the boundary between the French and American forces, closely followed by the Fifth Regiment as the Sixth moved ahead. Each brigade was assisted by a battalion of French tanks and elements of the large air arm of the Fourth French Army. Packs containing personal equipment and iron rations were ordered to be left at the jump-off site, because it had been becoming evident that the men voluntarily discarded their packs as they proceeded further and further into battle. There were several reasons for this; 1. The additional load was bothersome, heavy, irritating, and interfered with the fighting and cover abilities of the fighter. 2. Aside from bivouac use on marches, such equipment served no purpose except to encumber. 3. Required equipment and iron rations could always be found on the field in the packs of the killed or wounded. It was also noted that when the men were stripped of this burden, they were more agile, confident and the organization moved faster. The assault started at 0530 on 3 October 1918 when the Sixth Regiment led by the Second Battalion started advancing in three echelons, at first, to the north and west against the positions held by the enemy in the Pache and Essen trenches, and later, a little west of north, against Blanc Mont. The leading Advanced field hospital unit, Second Division, United States Army, A. E. F., at Somme-Py, Cham' pagne, France, during action in front of the Massif Blanc Mont, 3-10 October 1918. Somme'Py (Champagne), France, “jump'Ojf” Fourth Brigade, 1-3 October 1918. 102 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Roadside view of advanced field hospital unit, Second Division, United States Army, A. E. F., at Somme-Py (Champagne), France, 3-10 October 1918. battalion started off with two companies in line followed by two in immediate support. Respectively, the First and Third, similarly disposed, followed with intervals of 1,000 meters between battalions. As the artillery preparation which preceded the attack moved ahead and the Sixth Regiment advanced, the Fifth flowed to the left of the line in the rear of the Sixth, covering the extending left flank along which the French had not yet advanced; thus, the enemy fire came into the Fourth Brigade area from all sides except from the rear. Of the tank assignment, 12 tanks (one company) went off with each of the Second and First Battalions of the Sixth, taking position in the rear of the right and left flanks to repel lateral counterattacks. The attack proceeded as scheduled and progress was excellent despite the heavy cross-fire of the enemy and failure of the French on the left to advance. The American barrage was effective and the men of the leading battalion followed it closely, even risking approaching too closely in order to silence an occasional troublesome machine gun. At 0830 the Second Battalion of the Sixth Regiment reached its objective on the crest of Blanc Mont, although the left flank was exposed and unsupported except for measures taken by the echelons of the two marine regiments. Enemy machine guns, one-pounders, and mortars on the open left flank proved troublesome. The advance of the Sixth Regiment to the objective on the first day had been uninterrupted, but the situation was still far from satisfactory. As the French had failed to advance on the left, that flank was exposed and further widened when the leading companies of the Sixth Regiment veered slightly to the right to keep in touch with the Third Brigade as it converged IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 103 on the objective line. The dense woods, covering the left flank approach to Blanc Mont, had not been cleared of enemy machine guns, and, consequently, it became the source of cross-fire which fell directly into the depths of our extended line, both toward the front and to the rear.' The general over-all of positions of the Fourth Brigade side of the Second Division salient, by nightfall of 3 October had the First Battalion, Sixth, facing north at the head of the line on its right in contact with the Twenty-third Infantry. The Second Battalion was on the left front of the line advancing beyond an enemy-held wedgelike gap on its left flank. This was the Massif Blanc Mont from which a murderous flank fire was maintained by the enemy. To protect this flank, the Third Battalion was swung in a semicircle, generally facing the west and northwest. The battalions of the Fifth Regiment had been stretched along the left flank, facing west, as far back as the jump-off to prevent that flank from being turned by the enemy. The French failure to make the parallel advance necessitated this. The brigade line was a reversed L-shape, with fire-crossing from the front and side. The approach from the rear to the front was sharply up-grade through varying patches of cleared and thickly wooded land and was traversed from south to north by four travel routes: one, bisecting the east-west objective road on the crest of the hill, was a good north-south highway having several deep cuts and ran along the right flank. This formed the center of the division and the boundary line between the Fourth and Third Brigades. There were three shallow and approximately parallel north-south bayous, approximately 200 yards apart, through which most of the troops and supplies proceeded up the hill toward the front line. The bayou on the left (Nuremburg) formed the approximate boundary between the Marine brigade and French zones. Owing to the fire, in connection with the advance of the Third Brigade on the right, the good main highway in the center was extremely unsafe for travel, and, owing to the fierce fire coming into the Marine area from the long left flank, the advancing men and support columns had to move ahead by stoop- ing over in the two narrow ditches (Bayous: Passau and Augsbourg) located between the highway on the right and the Nuremburg trench on the left. During the first day, foot traffic through these two long shallow ditches was heavy and barely moved ahead. An occasional corpse and some discarded equip- ment cluttered the narrow channel and there was no room for passing. The ground above the top was alive with the pip and zip of constant streams of heavy machine-gun and rifle fire. To stand erect and project one’s head above the top of the ditch was an invitation to death; nevertheless many men, with pressing business ahead, made the trip safely up and down the hill many times during the day. Added to machine gun and rifle fire, rifle-grenade, trench mortar and gas shelling, 77' and 155-mm. artillery fire fell heavily throughout the brigade area. These conditions, as the lines advanced farther and farther from Somme-Py, made the problem of wounded-evacuation extremely hazardous and difficult. All the wounded had to move by carry and on foot. 748887—47 8 104 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY The heavy fire of the enemy the day before, and during the first day of the attack, had produced many casualties. If the men were not killed outright, their wounds were severe. The wounds were chiefly large, torn, and crushed types produced by shell fragments, with fractures, evisceration and amputation. Bleeding from large vessels, and shock were common. Distribution involved all parts of the body. Among the men going up the hill in the shallow bayous, many were seen whose skull caps had been lifted off by rifle fire as they momentar' ily stood erect to ease a cramped back or to pass a crouching comrade. The flow of casualties over the evacuation lines developed quickly and con' tinued until the brigade was relieved 10 days later. Throughout the whole operation, the established medical organization worked efficiently and smoothly, although the extremes of courage and strength were required of each medical worker to effect this end. The regimental surgeons and their Hospital Corps staffs deployed to investigate the military and terrain situations as the attack proceeded. They made contact with each battalion surgeon and determined his position and problems connected with casualty flow, staff losses, supplies, and evacuation lanes, and coordinated the whole brigade medical situation with unit commanders and the division medical train. As a result medical intelligence was uniform, battalion surgeons moved ahead to preselected stations, casualties received adequate treatment and moved quickly over established and available routes to the rear. All classes of supplies were maintained in the most advanced positions, and unit medical personnel losses were quickly replaced from the reserve existing in the regimental medical staff. With the field hospitals set up in Souain and Suippes, located on a main high' way from the front, the ambulance head at SommeTy received casualties from the attacking troops a few hundred yards away and rapidly passed them on to the rear. At the beginning, casualties occurred in vicinities close to the bat' talion surgeons, where, following emergency treatment and tagging, the wounded were carried by Marine Corps litter bearers to the nearby ambulance head. As the line advanced, company corpsmen, advancing with their respective com' panics, dressed, tagged, and sent their wounded by company bearers over pre' marked routes to their battalion surgeons. When the line, a few hours later, had moved considerably ahead, a field hospital unit moved into the ambulance head position in SommeTy, and divisional litter bearers started evacuating from battalion stations to this advanced field hospital. On the late afternoon of 3 October, the main road north out of SommeTy to St. Etienne, running through the center of the division area, was opened by the regimental surgeon of the Sixth Regiment for evacuation directly from the objective line on the crest of the hill to the advanced field hospital at SommeTy. This route, although extremely dangerous, obviated the difficulty of passing wounded from front positions down the crowded bayous, and cut down the losses among litter bearers and wounded from the murderous fire passing over these ditches from the exposed left flank. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 105 At this time the battalion surgeons of the advance battalions had occupied deep dugouts of the enemy found on top of the hill, in and about which large numbers of casualties had collected. In the meantime, on the center highway, midway between SommeTy and where the objective road crossed at the top of the hill, the surgeon of the Sixth had found a deep and roomy dugout (entered from the side of a cut in the road). This had previously been used by the enemy as an advanced subterranean hospital. Litters then proceeded by carry along the objective road from battalion dugouts to the cross road on the brigade’s right from which point ambulances made hazardous trips back to the roadside dugout for quick check of patients and then on to the field hospital at SommeTy. Rear areas and flank casualties, and those occurring on the road and fields nearby, went by foot and carry to this main brigade casualty clearing point for further check or treatment and iim mediate evacuation by ambulance and truck to the field hospital. The following day (4 October) when the wounded from the Third Brigade started flowing down this center road, and, although the local Navy medidal staff manning this large dugout was voluntarily assisted by Army medical officers and hospital corpsmen of the Third Brigade, the volume of patients became so great that it was only by tremendous joint effort that the local medical problem could be kept under control. There was also an accumulation of stragglers from all organizations of the division at this point, men who ostensibly had gone out in search of water and food. Lines of newly taken enemy prisoners, many of whom were carrying wounded on litters and supporting others, both ours and their own, likewise converged on this station. The constant arrival and departure of loaded ambulances and trucks, and the shelter provided personnel by the deep sides of the cut in the road, along with the promise of food, water, and medical assistance, made the site a conspicious military hazard. The enemy noted the activity and showered the shelter with many large caliber shells. The military situation improved, however, and the line of the attacks of the Fifth and Sixth Regiments of the Fourth Brigade, and the Ninth and Twenty' third of the Third Brigade moved down the opposite (north) face of Blanc Mont Ridge toward St. Etienne. It was then possible for the main force of the field hospital in SommeTy to move up and take over the roadside dugout casualty clearing station. This highway, although subject to brisk artillery fire, became the central artery of evacuation and supply, over which the wounded moved smoothly and expeditiously. The Blanc Mont operation brought home an important lesson: The general realization of the common mission of all divisional medical personnel regardless of unit or branch of service. The great task of rescue, treatment, and evacuation required coordination of all categories, from the attached company hospital corpsman to the division surgeon. On the morning of 4 October the Fifth Regiment with the Third Battalion leading, and supported by the Second and First Battalions, respectively, passed through the front of the Sixth and proceeded with the attack. At the same 106 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY time, the Third Battalion of the Sixth, facing the left front segment of Blanc Mont (still held by the enemy) attacked in force and quickly reduced this impon tant enemy stronghold which impeded the forward progress. Previously, elements of the French Twenty'second and One Hundred and Seventh Divb sions crossed the rear of the Marine brigade from the right and began clearing points of bothersome fire along our exposed left flank while the French on that side moved ahead to close the gap. Owing to the variable progress of the units on the right and left of the Marine brigade, and the hilly, wooded, and quarry'Spotted terrain on the north down' Dugout on Blanc Mont (Champagne) used as dressing station and Command Post during fighting, 3-8 October 1918. grade of the hill, the progress of the Fifth Regiment was slow and difficult. Fire from enemy pockets frequently burst into its hanks and’rear, and, from positions around St. Etienne, the enemy could sweep the lines with direct artillery fire. Four October was a bitter day in the history of the Fifth Regiment in France; nevertheless, strong enemy opposition was broken and the line was advanced slightly more than 2 kilometers. Casualties were heavy. Further advance to St. Etienne, the large village located at the north foot of Blanc Mont, was made by the Sixth Marines which, with the Second Battalion leading and covering a sector of 1.5 kilometers in width, passed through the front lines of the Fifth at about 1500 on 5 October. This regiment, as was the case with the Fifth, by this time had been greatly depleted by casualties. Dun ing the night the Third Battalion, Sixth, relieved the Second, and at 0630 of 6 October, pushed ahead to the second line of trenches east of St. Etienne. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 107 Here the casualties were heavy and were due largely to machine-gun fire from the village cemetery. Later, during the night of 7-8 October, the First Battal- ion, Sixth, occupied a gap that had developed between the French and the left of the brigade line while the Seventy-sixth Company went into St. Etienne supported by the Seventy-fourth, Seventy-fifth and Ninety-sixty Companies, respectively. The lines and depths of the two Marine regiments during this action were continually subjected to a harassing shell and machine-gun fire. For 3 days the light and heavy artillery of the enemy played on the front-line positions. The positions which were known to him, the trenches, trails, roads, post commands, and lines of communication, were continually shelled. By direct observation, the enemy was able to fire at men in the trenches and even to snipe at runners, or at any other target, with 88-caliber guns. Both regiments suffered serious casualties from this fire. During the first 2 days that the hill on the southeast side of St. Etienne was occupied, our front-line troops were continually subjected to intense machine- gun fire. This continual shelling and light gun fire told greatly on the spirits of the men who had been in the open for more than a week without blankets, with a scanty supply of water, and with one small meal a day. Eating while fighting is the equivalent of not eating at all. The 10 days spent in the Cham- pagne sector were exhausting. Log of a Battalion Surgeon 2 October (night): Battalion relieved part of the French regiment immediately north of Somme-Py in the low country which lay at the foot and in front of the Massif de Blanc Mont, 2 or 3 kilo- meters ahead. A dressing station was established in what once was a wine cellar. 3 October (early morning): required to move to a more convenient location, north of the old railroad bed. Being in support the first day of the attack, the battalion casualties were light, though we handled a number of wounded from other organizations. Several kilometers were gained during the first day and our station was moved up in the afternoon to a German artillery shed located on the road leading from Somme-Py to St. Etienne. 4 October (morning): With other battalions of the Fifth our battalion went through (leap frogged) the Sixth Regiment which had made the frontal attack from Somme'Py to a point just over the crest of Blanc Mont. 4-5-6 October: As soon as possible after the initial attack our station was moved forward and was finally located in a former German tar-paper shack about 1.25 kilometers north beyond Blanc Mont. This was on the down slope of the massif, facing the enemy in the plain below. Little protection could be given the wounded against shell, rifle, and machine-gun fire at this station on account of the nature of the terrain which exposed us to direct and lateral fire. At this point we consolidated with some of the medical unit of the Second Battalion. Owing to the advance and to the salient nature of our position (the front lines were about 400 yards ahead of the west flank), medical officers and hospital corpsmen were constantly exposed to shellfire. There was not enough room in this station to dress all the wounded; consequently there were from 5 to 15 wounded men outside the station exposed to flying fragments of shells and flanking machine-gun fire. This was a poor site but the best that was immediately available. Our flanks at this time were about 6 kilo- meters deep. The company litter bearers brought to the station the men from the lines after they had received first aid from the company Hospital Corps dressers. New dressings were applied when needed, after which patients were transported to the rear by ambulance company (divisional) litter bearers 108 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY who later returned from the ambulance head with necessary dressings and supplies. An officer of the ambulance company (divisional) made frequent trips from the ambulance head to the advanced stations, supervising the evacuation along the route and seeing that the stations were sufficiently supplied with dressings and personnel. Because the one highway traversing the division in depth was under direct observation of the enemy, it was impossible for ambulances to come as far as our station. This made it necessary to carry the wounded back a distance of about 1 kilometer. The wounded came in faster than they could be taken away and by midnight about 25 had accumulated in excess of the carrying capacity of the bearers. Four S. S. U. (Service Sanitaire Unis) ambulances came up, under cover of darkness, and took these away. But not until the afternoon of the sixth were we able to evacuate each wounded man promptly as he arrived. 6 October (night): A shell struck the rear room of the station, killing two hospital corpsmen and two wounded patients. Three other hospital corpsmen were wounded and two patients received additional wounds. The concussion of the exploding shell tore down the black-out blankets over the windows and doors. In the darkness the blankets had to be replaced before any light could be made to attend those wounded, and to repair the building. 7 October (morning): The battalion relieved and moved to a reserve position. Established a dressing station just west of the crossroads on the summit of Blanc Mont. Wounded further evacuated from this position by nearby ambulance head, to which place our litter bearers carried. A few casualties occurred through long-range shelling of the crossroads. 9 October (night): Battalion relieved by elements of Thirty-sixth Division, which consists only of the Infantry regiments—no artillery nor divisional train. It is a fresh force that has not been in line before, and shows its inexperienced confidence. Unit by unit the elements of the Thirty- sixth supplemented the company and battalion positions of the Second Division Infantry, with the idea that indoctrination would be rapid under actual battle conditions, and, the Thirty-sixth, a few days hence, will be able to relieve the Second and continue the attack. Officers and men in their desire to get into the front line left their support and reserve positions and wandered contrary to plan through the depths of the front toward the advanced points. This, with the voluntary exchange of their new Browning rifles with the Marines, led to total disorganisation of their units and was the cause of many fatal and serious casualties in their ranks. This is a hard way to become battle-conditioned. While the veteran marines continued to prosecute a severe, complicated, and important operation, they had to reorganise and return to proper position all units of the Thirty-sixth Division. At the same time the Thirty-sixth Division uselessly suffered heavy losses in personnel and equipment. Water scarce; hardly enough for drinking purposes. Excellent work done here by a wlefare secretary attached to the battalion who had some of the soluble products and made hot coffee and cocoa for the wounded. This gave strength and comfort to the seriously wounded. Owing to the proximity of the enemy a number of wounded had to lie all night where they fell before aid could reach them. One of our hospital corpsmen was taken prisoner while dressing a group of our own and enemy wounded in front of the line at St. Etienne. On several occasions when hospital corpsmen were giving first aid, they were shot at, although each one wore a red cross brassard. One hospital corpsman, in plain view of the enemy, was shot through the top of the head while applying a dress- ing to a wounded marine. One German was shot when he tried to bayonet a hospital corpsman who was attending a wounded marine. No one is able to bathe or have an opportunity to shave. On 9 October, when orders were received relieving the Second Division on this front, the enemy started falling back toward the Aisne River. 11 October: An exhausted, lousy, and dirty command encamped in the French Camp de Tracteurs. In commenting on the importance of this Champagne operation, the Information Bulletin of the Fourth French Army, dated 7 October 1918, stated that “A splendid American Division, full of dash and ardor, the Second Division, U. S., placed at the disposition of the Twenty-first Corps on October 3d, made itself master of Massif du Blanc Mont, which dominates the valley of the IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 109 Arnes and gives us excellent outlook on the valley of the Suippes, in rear of the region of Monts; this conquest rapidly brought about the downfall of Notre Dame des Champs and the Grand Bois de Saint Souplet.” Maj. Gen. John A. Lejeune, U. S. M. C., commanding the Second Division, in an order issued 11 October 1918, commented on the Champagne attack in the following terms: Officers and men of the Second Division; It is beyond my power of expression to describe fitly my admiration for your heroism. You attacked magnificently and you seized Blanc Mont Ridge, the keystone of the arch constituting the enemy’s position. You advanced beyond the ridge, breaching the enemy’s line, and you held the ground gained with a tenacity which is unsurpassed in the annals of war. As a direct result of your victory, the German Armies east and west of Rheims are in full retreat, and by drawing on yourself several German divisions from other parts of the front, you greatly assisted the victorious advance of the Allied Armies between Cambraie and St. Quentin. Your heroism and the heroism of our comrades who died on the battlefield will live in history forever, and will be emulated by the young men of our country for generations to come. To be able to say when this war is finished, ”1 belonged to the Second Division, I fought with it at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge,” will be the greatest honor that can come to any man. On the night of 9-10 October, the Marine brigade, with the Third, started its march toward the Suippes area, the Second Division artillery, engineers, and some of the train were left in position to support the Division as it followed the retreating enemy toward the Aisne. Positions and Places Occupied by Elements of Fourth Brigade during Champagne Offensive: Fifth Regiment Sixth Regiment Sixth Machine Cun Battalion Chalons sur Marne Chalons sur Marne Vitry la Ville Lepine Chepy Sarry Courtisol Montectx Bois de Courtisol Suippes Somme-Suippes Suippes Bois de la Cote Souain Souain Souain Somme-Py Trench Gottingue Somme-Py Trench Krefeld Somme-Py Trench Essen Boy Bromberg Trench Stuttgart Trench Elbe Trench Pache Trench Dusseldorf Boy d’Augsbourg Trench Elbe Bois de Somme-Py Boy Passau Trench Prussien Blanc Mont Boy Nuremburg Trench Dusseldorf Trench St. Etienne Bois de Somme-Py Trench Gottingue Camp Marchand Blanc Mont Trench Essen Camp Courtes Boy d’Augsbourg Camp Tombeau les Sarazins Bois de Somme-Py Camp Normand Blanc Mont Camp Carriere St. Etienne Dampierre au Temple Suippes Somme-Suippes Bouy Germede Bouy Vadeney La Veuve MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Personnel changes, Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade, Blanc Mont—Champagne (Meuse'Argonne) Offensive 1 to 10 Oct. 1918 Disposition Officers Hospital Total Medical Dental Corps Killed 0 0 7 7 0 I 0 1 1 0 32 33 1 1 0 0 0 0 11 11 2 0 0 2 2 0 16 18 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 I 1 2 1 0 7 8 1 0 2 3 0 0 1 1 Casualties hy organizations, Blanc Mont—Champagne (Mcuse'Argonne) 1 to 10 Oct. 1918 Organisation Killed Died of Wounds Wounded Gassed Missing Total Severe Slight Undeter- mined O M O M O M O M O M O M o M O M Fifth Marines 6 141 4 68 15 215 32 545 0 142 5 95 0 10 62 1, 216 Sixth Marines 3 154 2 77 7 146 10 266 6 311 0 40 0 18 28 1,012 Sixth Machine Gun Bat- 0 25 3 10 1 19 1 51 0 27 1 6 0 3 5 141 talion Brigade headquarters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 9 320 9 155 23 380 43 862 6 480 6 141 0 31 95 2,369 0=0fficers. M=Men. Personnel analysis, Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade Blanc Mont—Champagne (Meuse' Argonne) Offensive 1 to 10 Oct. 1918 Organization Medical Dental Hospital Corps In i Out2 In Out In Out Fifth Regiment 5 5 0 0 83 52 Sixth Regiment 7 6 2 1 77 54 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion 2 1 1 1 21 13 Total 14 12 3 2 181 119 1 (In) Number present when entering front. 2 (Out) Number present when leaving front. THE LEFFINCOURT BACK TRACK (Meuse-Argonne Offensive : 2) The low-spirited, physically worn, and dirty survivors of the thrust up and over Blanc Mont on 11 October, 1918, settled in adjacent billet camps and villages located in the triangular area formed by the Routes Nationales numbers 44 and 77, just north of the city of Chalons sur Marne. Situated in the immediate rear of this 4-year old battlefield, the surrounding country and billets occupied by the Marine brigade were reminiscent of company coal-mining villages found in western Pennsylvania. It was barren, greasy, and well-worn with the heavy traffic of the years, of French troops passing to and from the gruesome institution known as the Champagne front. But to the battle-tired marines the area was a haven. Hunger and fatigue reached up from within and pulled one to the ground. Now sleep and restoration were to be had. Soap and water and de- busing of uniforms; liberty to Chalons sur Marne—these had their restorative effects. Replacements arrived to fill the many gaps in company lines; drills were re- sumed, and the regiments were reviewed by Admiral Mayo of the United States Navy. There was anxiety because of reports that the Second Division was to be disintegrated. The artillery and the engineers were still operating with the Thirty-sixth Division. On 19 October 1918 orders were received from the Fourth French Army to send the Marine brigade back to Suippes to relieve the French Seventy-third Division. This order which was to send the Marine brigade back to the front of its last battlefield not only separated the two Infantry brigades of the Second Divi- sion, but split the artillery by ordering part of it from the Thirty-sixth Division to accompany the Marine brigade. Other divisional services were likewise disrupted: medical, supply and ammunition trains, and the signal battalion. The elements which made up the Second Division were placed under three different French commands. On 19 October the Marine brigade was placed provisionally at the disposal of the Ninth Corps, French, to hold the sector of the Seventy-third French Division, in the region of the Attigny-Vone-Aisne River. The orders pro- vided for a march of the brigade, on 20 October, to the area of Suippes-Nantivet- Somme-Suippes where further orders were to be received. Necessary medical and signal services to enable the brigade to function independently were to be provided from the remaining train of the Second Division. Starting out from briefly occupied billets the brigade marched through a cold rain to Suippes and adjacent camps where it bivouacked for the night. 112 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Ruins in Champagne area during October Offensive Early on the morning of 21 October, under ideal weather conditions, the brigade resumed the march over its recent battle ground to the Leifincourt-Mozagran- Medeah Farm area. Disposition plans for taking over the front called for the Fifth Regiment with two battalions to relieve the Three Hundred Sixty-seventh Regiment (French) in the right sector and the Sixth, with two battalions, to relieve the Five Hundred Fifty-sixth (French) in the left subsector. The remaining battalions of the brigade were to be held in reserve at Leffincourt. Owing to marching conditions, and the 40-kilometer length of the march, all organisations did not reach their assigned positions in scheduled time. Preliminary reconnaissance of the sector was to start during the night, but was stopped by French orders (73d D. I.) directing the brigade to remain in place after it had concentrated all troops within the assigned area. On 22 October the brigade was ordered to rejoin the First American Army and to march to the Souain-Perthes area and camps southward. The procrastinat- ing and confusing character of French orders and the almost constant movement depressed the troops. Retracing steps on the morning of 23 October, the brigade again moved back over the wreckage of the Blanc Mont battlefield. It passed over the devastated country surrounding the Souain-Suippes road and on to the old Champagne billet-holes, now far from the active front. When the brigade arrived in this locality, late in the afternoon, the troops dropped like inert bodies into the chicken-wire bunks of the dark, rat-and-louse-infested dugouts. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 113 These movements taxed the strength of the troops. The marching endurance of the brigade can be measured. The units marched from 80 to 110 kilometers in 4 days, with only 1 day of rest. A large part of the march was made under bad weather conditions. Remarkably few men were evacuated because of foot disorders, but on the last day about 20 percent of the command marched with difficulty and conditions were beginning to grow serious. Blisters and abrasions were caused by the last and stiffness of English shoes which had been issued prior to leaving the Buoy area on 20 October. Replacements, recently joined, stood the marches well. The brigade could not have continued the movement, however, by marching on 24 October without impairing its combat efficiency. Bivouac was established at Camp Montpelier and the men were allowed to rest and clean up while the medical personnel gave attention to innumerable sore feet. Three hot meals went far toward reviving the spirits of the troops. Except for sore feet the general health of the men remained good, despite the hardships undergone. Rear of regimental aid station, Sixth Marines, Leffincourt, Champagne Offensive, (Meuse-Argonne~2) 18 October 1918. 114 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Positions Occupied and Passed by Units of the Sixth Brigade in Leffincourt Countermarch. Fifth Regiment Sixth Regiment Sixth Machine-Gun Battalion Suippes Suippes Suippes Souain Souain Camp 1’Ermitage Camp Montpelier Somme-Py P. C. Alma Perthes Ferme Medeah Manre Rahure Orfeuil Aure Aure Semide Orfeuil Orfeuil Leffincourt Semide Semide Machault Bayern Lager Nord Leffincourt St. Etienne Camp Montpelier Seay Ferme Blanc Mont Valmy Blanc Mont Camp Montpelier Camp cles Souches Somme-Suippcs Somme-Suippes SOMMERANCE-MOUZON (Meuse-Argonne Offensive: 3) Since 26 September 1918, large forces of the American First Army, located between the Meuse and Aire Rivers, had been attacking northward on the right and parallel with the offensive of the Fourth French Army. The operation, which continued until 16 October, had advanced the Allies’ line about 13 kilo- meters: from between Boureuilles and Regneville through strong German defense positions to the northern part of the Argonne, and to positions of con- tact with the famous Kriemhilde (Hindenburg) line lying between Landres et St. Georges, Champignieulle, and the Bois des Loges. On 25 October the advance line of the First American Army extended from Sivry sur Meuse in the east to Talma in the west, where the territory passed into the zone of the Fourth French Army. In relation to the center of the front of the American First Army, the immediate enemy strong point, supporting the remaining section of the Kriemhilde line, was the Freya position lying about 8 kilometers to the north. The surrounding country and that lying ahead for 40 kilometers was hilly, wooded, and sparsely populated. East of the Meuse the newly organized Second American Army was continuing operations already started, while from its position west of the Meuse, the First Army, composed of the First Corps on the left, the Fifth Corps in the center, and the Third Corps on the right, prepared to crash through the remaining enemy defenses and drive him out of northeastern France. As a result of the brilliant assault of the Second Division in the Champagne, the Fourth French Army was able to move rapidly ahead to cross the Aisne and pursue the enemy toward the Belgium frontier. To the west, the French and British were enabled to turn the whole enemy flank. Thus a great right-rear wheel retirement of the enemy from France was in the making, with the pivot hinging on the proposed line of assault of the First American Army. Midfall had arrived and the days were foggy, wet, and cold. It was at this time that the reassembling Second Division, now detached from the Fourth French Army, started its movement from the Somme-Suippes area to take up the mainspring position in the Fifth Corps of the First American Army. This was the corps designated to make the leading assault on the remaining enemy strong positions in front of the center of the American objective running northward. This assignment was relied on by the whole army to bring the military stalemate to an end by forcing the enemy to retreat to the opposite bank of the Meuse, where the river turned westerly, about 40 kilometers to the north. On the morning of 25 October, along the Somme-Suippes-Somme-Tourbe highway, the infantry elements of the Marine brigade embussed in camions and 116 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY proceeded eastward through Valmy and St. Menehould to Les Islettes. The machine-gun companies of the regiments were attached to the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion the previous days at Somme-Suippes and marched to Valmy. Resuming the march, on the morning of the twenty-fifth, passing over the same route taken by the infantry, they went to Les Islettes and to bivouacs in the Argonne Forest at Camp Cabaud. The Fifth Regiment proceeded a short distance northeast of Les Islettes by marching and at 1500 settled in the Camps Cabaud, La Houe, and Brune. The Sixth Regiment, after having debussed at Les Islettes, marched northward over the Les Islettes-Losheres-Croix de Pierre road to Camp Lenhart. At this point the Fourth Brigade reunited with the Second Division. At 1330 on 26 October the Marine brigade started its march to front-relief positions, over difficult roads and old trenches as it moved up the Argonne Forest via Varennes and Charpentry to the area southeast of Exermont. Ar- riving at all hours of the day and night of 27 October the elements of the brigade bivouacked for 3 days in the surrounding woods and open fields of Chaudron Ferme. Men, animals, and equipment were scattered in the open fields during this bivouac. There was no attempt at concealment. The nights and mornings were cold, but the days were bright and comfortably warm. Although everybody was required to sleep on the ground, protection afforded by personal blankets and overcoats was sufficient and the men were able to catch up on needed rest. The unorthodox open bivouac of the brigade was expected to attract the enemy’s attention, and this it soon did in the form of long- range artillery fire and considerable activity in the air. Enemy aviators paid nightly visits and dropped bombs. During the day enemy fliers gave most of their attention to our observation balloons, many of which went down in balls of smoke and flame. Our antiaircraft batteries maintained a constant aerial barrage during the hours in which observation was possible. There were also frequent showers of propaganda dropped by the enemy. Based on tentative plans, regimental commanders held daily conferences with battalion commanders and explained the tasks of all the units of the regiments at the different stages of the attack. Battalion commanders, in turn, explained the plan to subordinate commanders, and so on down until all commissioned and noncommissioned officers knew the tasks to which they were to be assigned. Unit medical personnel attached to organizations participated in all military conferences and had general cognizance of the whole plan. The system of treatment, evacuation, and supply which worked so well in the Champagne assault, was to be continued. The terrain ahead was relatively wild and unset- tled. There were a few poor roads, patches of woodland, hills, and farms. A rapid advance would greatly extend the depth of the division’s evacuation line from advance companies to field hospitals, and, from the medical point of view it would result in longer zones of carry and slower speed of evacuation. The few 117 IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I dirt roads available to carry all the wheeled traffic of the Fifth Corps, in case of rain, would be jammed and muddy, further delaying the speed of evacuation and supply. Hospital Corps personnel and company (Marine Corps) litter bearers received to replace those lost in the Champagne had been instructed in their duties and in the functions of the attached medical organization. Personal medical equip- ment and unit supplies were provided, and in general the medical department of the brigade was made ready for the attack. Objective: Germany On 29 October, General Summerall, commanding the Fifth Corps, broke all precedents in operations conferences by going through the regimental areas with a bugler, calling officers and men together and addressing them from a soap box. Among other things, General Summerall said, “The Second Division has no objective but to destroy the enemy ... You will go on and on until he is driven across the Meuse River, across the frontier of Belgium, into Germany and across the Rhine . . . until he is broken and beaten . . . until he cries, ‘sur- render.’ ” When night fell on 30 October, the units of the Marine brigade moved up and into the forward areas in the vicinity of Sommerance, relieving some reserve battalions of the One Hundred Sixty-sixth Infantry, Forty-second American Division. Command of the Marine brigade passed temporarily to the Forty- second Division. During the evening of 31 October, command of the subsector returned to the Marine brigade and all units moved into assault position prepara- tory to the jump off. Enemy artillery was quiet and the movement was executed without difficulty. The attack formation called for the Marine brigade to lead for the first day, and the Third Brigade to pass through and take up the assault thereafter. The division would be in column of brigades in line of regiments with each regiment in column of battalions and each battalion in two lines of two companies each, across a front 2/ miles wide. One important modification was made before the jump-off. This was the assignment of the Twenty-third Infantry (Third Brigade) to a place in the right front of the line—which had been in the territory of the Eighty-ninth Division, and given the mission of clearing enemy positions at Landres et St. Georges and in the Bois des Hazois and 1’Epasse. In this de- ployment, the Second Division, the left division of the Fifth Corps, was to drive to the general line La Follarde-Magenta Ferme—Ferme des Parades, about 9 kilometers to the north. On its right was the Eighty-ninth Division, and on its left, the Eightieth Division. To initiate the attack of the Second Division, the Fifth Regiment was on the right in contact with the Eighty-ninth Division, and the Sixth on the left in contact with the Eightieth. At 0330 of 1 November supplied by three artillery brigades, a 2-hour artillery preparation was laid down. This was followed by a 10-minute standing barrage. The attack by the Infantry was made at 0530. In order that the Infantry might 118 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY follow closely, the rate of advance of the barrage was fixed at 100 yards in 4 minutes on favorable ground, and 8 minutes in more difficult country. The enemy had considerable artillery, set up in many small ravines along the terrain ahead. Immediately before and after the jump-off the Boche countered to an appreciable extent, causing casualties. Each regiment, using its first battalion, started off with two companies in line, one in support and one attached to the liaison detachment. The other two battalions followed in the same order, with a battalion interval of about 100 yards. Guns of the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion were distributed among the two regiments. On the attainment of the phase objectives, the battalions following were to pass through the front and continue the attack, retaining the echelon order of front, support, and reserve. Each attacking battalion had five tanks assigned to it to break up machine-gun resistance and otherwise assist in operations. Gas, aviation, balloon, and special-weapons units were assigned to the division to carry out specific mis- sions. During the whole first kilometer of the advance the enemy offered a fierce resistance with artillery and machine-gun fire. By following the barrage closely the troops succeeded in taking the hill just south of the Landres et St. Georges- St. Georges road which proved to be one of the enemy’s principle lines of resis- tance. A hot machine-gun nest, located in a small patch of woods just south of St. Georges (apparently untouched by our tremendous artillery fire) offered stiff opposition before yielding. Rapidly and successfully the three phases of the first day’s objective were reached: St. Georges and Landres et St. Georges, 0800; Landresville, 0830; Chennery, 0900; Bayonville et Chennery, 1100; Hill 300, 1430, and, by dark, the line of exploitation was attained. This line ran from the south side of the Bois de la Folie in the west, through Hill 313 in the center, to the southern outskirts of Barricourt in the east. Until 0900, company bearers and enemy prisoners, carried and assisted our own wounded and enemy wounded from the front company areas to a composite battalion aid station which was set up in Sommerance. At this time, ambulances and division bearers moved up to Sommerance from the field hospitals in Exer- mont to relieve the Marine brigade medical personnel of this station who were to proceed and join their units in the attack. As the weather was good and the roads dry, walking wounded continued on foot to the field hospitals at Exermont. Battalion stations progressively moved ahead to St. Georges, Landres et St. Georges, Landreville, Chennery, and Bayonville, while the field hospitals advanced to the chateau in Landreville. Through, and to these points, the movement of wounded was expeditious and uninterrupted. During this period more German wounded were treated by the attached Navy medical personnel than on all other fronts combined. The well and wounded prisoners, passing through the aid stations, all spoke with amazement of the terrific barrage laid on them during the early morning hours. Virtually all the wounds seen were caused by shell fragments. There were a few rifle wounds but no bayonet wounds. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 119 Attacks of 2d Div. on Kov* 1st a 24 ■Courtesy of A History of the United States Marine Corps 748887—47 9 Meuse-Argonne Sector. 120 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Because the Eightieth Division on the left had not moved ahead parallel with the attack of the Second Division, considerable damaging fire came into the exposed left flank of the Sixth Regiment during the course of the day. At one time the rear battalions of the Sixth had to cross over the division boundary line to clear the woods between Sivry and the Fontaine de Parades in order to pre' serve the integrity of the Second Division’s left flank. The advance of the Second Division on the first day resulted in a break through the Freya position at Bayonville, and, as a result, presented the First American Army with many opportunites. During the night of 1-2 November, the Third Brigade was to pass through the Marine brigade and continue the advance to the NouartTosse line 3 kilometers northward, but was diverted to attempt a move through the left flank and capture the town of Buzancy. Liaison difficulties with the Eightieth Division delayed the move; the plan was abandoned. Later in the day the Twenty'Third Infantry relieved the elements of the Sixth Regn ment holding the line in the Bois de la Folie, while the Ninth Infantry moved up from Bayonville and relieved the Fifth Regiment on the line between Cote 313 and Ferme la Foliar de. On the night of 2 November the Twenty'Third Infantry, in advance guard formation, moved up the road to Fosse. Using the same formation the Ninth moved northeast over the Buzancy road to Nouart. The Fosse'Nouart line was attained without appreciable difficulty before daylight on 3 November. During the day the Fifth followed the Ninth over the road to Nouart, and the Sixth followed the Twenty'third to Fosse. Experience had impressed the medical organization with the importance of establishing and maintaining a major line of evacuation, running in depth, through the center of the attacking regiments. These regimental lanes then converged in the rear'center of the brigades to form the main division artery which fed further to the rear. Companies and battalions forging ahead, or facing or moving into openings on the flanks, would move their wounded to their immediate rear and readily find entrance into the main regimental lane. The best possible road or trail was always chosen for this purpose. As the major organizations leapTrogged ahead, or turned toward either or both flanks, reasonably good evacuation channels would be found established by both the advancing and following units. Our medical personnel were now well in' doctrinated in this evacuation arrangement, and although the terrain was rough, hilly, and wild, and the tactical movements complicated, the flow of wounded from the companies to the division triage during this phase of the operation was swift and uncomplicated. During the night of 2-3 November the weather turned cold and rainy, and the two narrow dirt roads used by the extended columns of the division soon became bogs of mud. The second forward movement started on the night of 3 November and by midnight of 3 November the division’s head had pushed 11 kilometers deeper into enemy territory. In an almost continuous downpour of cold rain the infan' IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 121 Attacks of Zd Dlv. on Nov* 3d ft 4th —Courtesy of A History of the United States Marine Corps Meuse'Argonne Sector. 122 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY try marched in column through wet wooded hills and forged onward over one or two primitive roads. Rapidly the divisional depth was lengthened, and at the same time its width was drawn in to conform with the narrow channels afforded by the few available mud roads and trails. In the rear followed the artillery, tanks, organization rolling stock, the divisional train of trucks, ambu- lances, wagons, staff cars and motorcycles, corps equipment, and motorized captive-balloon units which provided sporting targets for enemy aircraft. The advancing foot troops moved far ahead of their wagons and food and supplies. The passage, from leading companies to battalion and regimental headquarters, covered widening distances, and was made over mud-mired and traffic-congested roads. The men had no protection and were soon drenched. Casualties from enemy fire diminished rapidly. Positions were taken up in shal- low fox-holes which rapidly filled with water. The men tried to rest on water- soaked ground. There was no food or potable water. Exhaustion and acute enteritis followed soon. At this stage of our European operations the front with which the Marines had become so familiar underwent a remarkable change. The organized lines, arranged in compact echelons across the division front had disappeared. Intense shellfire, machine-gun, and aviation fire ceased. Trenches, works, shell craters, devastated towns, and fields and woods were no longer evident. It was forest land, swamp, and open country. Men, animals, and machines strained ahead through the mud. Under these conditions the battle continued, and the advance proceeded through the great Bois de Beval to a point slightly more than a kilometer south of Beaumont. Marine Brigade elements supported the Third Brigade during 3, 4, and 5 November, with the Fifth Regiment proceeding northward through le Champy Haut, le Fontaine au Cronoq Ferme, Beval Bois des Dames, Ferme de la Buicarde, Bois de Beval, Forte de Beval, Ferme de Belle Tour and Bois de la Vache; while the Sixth Regiment advanced over the route Cote Jean to Beval Bois des Dames, Ferme de la Buicarde, Vaux en Dieulet, Sommauthe, Bois du Four, and Bois de Sommauthe. During the night of 4-5 November the Germans defended the bridgeheads at Pouilly, Letanne, and at Alma Farm. They fell back to the east side of the Meuse, while their forces on the west bank drifted back toward the north to the vicinity of Villemontry and Mouzon. The Third Brigade, supported by the Fourth, pressed the advantage over the Fifth to the Tenth, passing through the Foret de Jaulney from the river at Pouilly, Beaumont, Letanne, Bois Failly, Sartelle Farm, Bois de THospice, Bois du Fond de Limon and Yonoq, with the left of the line turning toward the east to le Faubourg. On the morning of 10 November, the Second Division, from what had been a northerly course, was facing generally east along the west bank of the Meuse. Its right was at Letanne, and its left was at le Faubourg. The enemy was deployed along the opposite shore of the river. As a direct result of this operation the whole enemy line in the Ardenne had IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR 1 123 been pushed northward and eastward, close to the Belgium frontier. Sedan had been retrieved, thus settling an old French score which dated back to the War of 1870. As early as 6 November reconnaissance of the Meuse line indicated that preparation for a crossing of the river was imminent. Tactical description of the plan was explained to battalion commanders and surgeons at regimental com- manders’ conferences. The first plan called for the crossings to be made on the night of 8-9 November, which was postponed until the following night, and was again postponed until the night of 10-11 November. The main crossing was to be made over two bridges which were to be thrown across the river above and below the city of Mouzon, and the secondary crossing was to be over a single bridge to be thrown over the river at Le Sartelle Farm, above Letanne. The Sixth Regiment was chosen to make the main attack at Mouzon, and the Fifth was to cross, with elements of the Eighty-ninth Division, at Le Sartelle. At the final regimental conferences, held at about 1800 on 10 November, it was obvious to all that the last bitter drop of energy—all that remained of the depleted reserve of effort and spirit—was to be drawn from the men of the brigade in order to complete the final thrust that would destroy the enormous machine of the German Kaiser. It was almost too much to ask of the men who had survived the rigors of the mission since 1 November. During the period 1-11 November the brigade never remained in one place for 24 hours. Owing to the rapid advance, the scarcity of roads, and the con- tinuous rains, it was not until 8 November that a hot meal could be served. The men had been exposed to constant rain, continuous shellfire, and cold. Potable water supply was not maintainable. Ninety percent of the command suffered from either colds or diarrhea. Owing to traffic congestion, deep sticky mud, and a long wilderness to the rear, almost no medicines came forward. This necessitated a large number of evacuations by walking to find their own way to treatment and comfort many miles away. Men who were physically fit on 1 November had lost from 15 to 30 pounds in weight; their eyes were sunken and their faces were haggard from loss of sleep and lack of nutrition. Evacuation was difficult to effect because of the wooded country, traffic congestion, rain, and poor roads. Litter evacuations had to be accomplished with slow mule-drawn ambulances, which was exhausting to the wounded. Frequently, litter bearers were forced to carry the wounded 4 kilometers before transportation could be found. Walk- ing-wounded, those exhausted by a nonspecific enteritis of 3 or 4 days’ duration, trudged on their own to the rear through the mud. The battalions took up their positions within 10 minutes after the order was received: the Sixth from the Bois de Fond de Limon; and the elements of the Fifth, from the wood near Le Sartelle Farm. The roads leading to bridge positions were briskly shelled by the enemy. There were numerous casualties. Fog fell with the night and visibility was greatly reduced. While this favored the operation at the Sartelle crossing, it hampered the main task at Mouzon. There, only one bridge could be prepared. The enemy from concealed com- 124 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Attacks of 2d piv. Hov.. 6th to Uth —Courtesy of A History of the United States Marine Corps Meuse'Argonne Sector. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 125 manding emplacements on the heights across the river, subjected the crossing sites to terrific fire; thus completion of the operation was impossible. At the Sartelle bridge the First and Second Battalions of the Fifth Regiment succeeded in their mission under a withering fire. This crossing of the Meuse River was one of the outstanding feats of the entire war. The approach to the north bridge was in flat open country, and was a free target for enemy artillery and machine guns. Many marines and engineers were killed by this fire, and many at the south bridge were blown off into the icy stream and drowned. Some managed the crossing by swimming under water to the opposite shore. The crossing was to be made at 2130. Immediately after our barrage opened, it was answered by the Boche and the wounded started to appear. Emergency calls were sent to Beaumont for ambulances, dressings, and blankets. During the night only two ambulances came. The wounded continued to accumulate until there were more than 200 awaiting evacuation. Virtually all wounds were caused by shellfire, and, consequently, were serious. Several times our small supply of dressings, infrequently received, was exhausted. During the Argonne offensive a number of “sucking’' chest wounds were encountered. These were sutured with kangaroo tendon at the aid station. Every man that came to the station was cold and wore a wet uniform. Several died before they could be evacuated by machine-gun carts, on the morning of 11 November. The company litter bearers did commendable work here. They had to carry men uphill over a muddy, slippery road for more than a kilometer after recrossing the river, through a hail of machine-gun and high explosive fire, to the farmhouse. During the night the farmhouse was hit three times by enemy shells. No one was wounded, however. One hospital corpsman, Charles H. Patterson, pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, struggled with his wounded upon his shoulders across the unstable foot-bridge into the open fields on our side. He succeeded in making several trips, but finally machine gun bullets disemboweled him and he fell among his miserable collection, more gravely wounded than they. At 2230 the First Battalion of the Fifth Regiment cleared the lower bridge; the Second Battalion, held up by the blowing up of the bridge, was not across with the First until 2330. These two battalions, after having driven machine- gun outposts and patrols from the flats and woods on the east bank bridgehead, spent the remainder of the night along the western edge of the Bois de Flaviers. During the morning of 11 November 1918, the operations of the Fourth Brigade proceeded along two entirely different lines: At the Mouzon bridge sites, despite astounding effort, the Engineers aided by Marines had not suc- ceeded in establishing a crossing. The fire of the enemy from the nearby heights on the opposite bank had caused many casualties among the exposed Engineer force and the waiting attack force of marines. To prevent useless falling of men, at 0400, the Sixth Regiment marched back to the Bois du Fond de Limon where there was suitable cover. At the same hour, at the Le Sartelle crossing, the 126 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY The sole bridge crossing the Meuse River, near Sartelle Farm—Erected by Second Engineers and crossed by First and Second Battalions, Fifth Regiment, morning of 11 Ffpvember 1918. Second Battalion, 356th Infantry, Eighty-ninth Division, went over the Meuse to supplement the Fifth Marine bridgehead force. The two Marine battalions continued their advance northeasterly, and by 1100 had penetrated to the town of Moulins and the Senegal Farm, and, up the Meuse beyond the Warmonterne, la Scierie, and Belle Fontaine farms. The Armistice Official notification of the Armistice reached the Fourth Brigade from the Fifth Army Corps at 0835, and orders were at once sent forward to cease hostilities at 1100. Generally, at that hour over the front, the pressure of sustained warfare came to an abrupt end. On the Marine Brigade front there was only one exception and that was a patrol of the Fifth which had pushed ahead to Moulins, so far out that the order announcing the Armistice did not reach it. An hour or so after noon, while improving their positions, they came upon a group of celebrating German soldiers from whom they learned that fighting had ceased and that the terms of an armistice were in effect. Soon this report was confirmed by receipt of the official notification from battalion headquarters. The fight was over1. The most noticeable local effect of the Armistice was the attention given to personal comfort. Officers and men alike, colonels, medical personnel, chaplains, and machine-gunners—all rose from their wet holes in the earth. Men stood up, took down their trousers and defecated freely, comfortably, and in the open. They built fires to warm and dry their chilled, water-soaked and debilitated bodies. They spread fire-dried materials on the ground upon which they dropped to sleep. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 127 An intense program of cleaning, bathing, feeding, sleeping, resting, debusing, and re-outfitting of the men was instituted. The transition from haggard weary fighters to laughing, healthy young Americans was rapid. The animals and rolling stock were restored. On 12 November orders were issued to organize the line established when the Armistice became official. The Fifth Regiment was across the Meuse, and the Sixth in the wood just west of Mouzon. Both Marine regiments were holding the front line. On 14 November the Fifth Regiment was relieved by the Three hundred eighth Infantry, Eighty-ninth Division, and marched its First and Second Battalions to Pouilly, and its Third to Letanne. The Sixth Regiment moved its headquarters from Yoncq to Villemontry. All were prepared for the new mission—to head the victorious armies of the Allies on their march through Belgium and Luxembourg to the Rhine, and, until peace was secured, to become the Army of Occupation of the American bridgehead, at Coblenz in the heart of Germany. Casualties by Organizations—Sommerance-Mouzon—Meuse-Argonne 1 to 12 Flpv. 1918 Organisation Killed Died of wounds Severe Wounded Slight Undeter- mined Gassed Missing Total O M O M O M O M O M O M O M O M Fifth Marines 4 100 0 29 4 93 9 277 1 53 1 6 0 15 19 573 Sixth Marines 3 70 1 26 2 111 9 143 5 140 2 47 0 4 22 541 Sixth Machine Gun bat' tallion 1 19 0 4 1 18 2 47 0 13 0 2 0 1 4 104 Brigade Headquarters.... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 8 189 1 59 7 222 20 467 6 206 3 55 0 20 45 1,218 O—Officers. M—Men. Personnel analysis Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade, Sommerance-Mouzon (Meuse-Argonne) Offensive 1 to 11 ?\pv. 1918 Officers Organization Medical Dental In Out In Out In 1 Out 2 Fifth Marines 5 7 0 0 51 36 Sixth Marines 6 44 1 1 54 37 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion 1 1 1 1 13 5 Total 12 12 2 2 118 78 1 (In) Number present when entering front. 2 (Out) Number present when leaving front. 128 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Positions and places occupied by elements of Fourth Brigade during the Sommerance'Mouzon (Meuse Argonne) offensive. Fifth Regiment Valmy St. Menehould Les Islettes Camp Cabaud Camp la Houe Camp Brune Varennes Charpentry Exermont Ferme Chaudron Sommerance Landres et St. Georges Landresville Chennery Bayonville Arbre de Remonville Hill 313 Barricourt Ferme la Follarde Nouart Bois de Beval le Champy Haut le Fontaine au Croncq Ferme Bois des Dames Ferme de la Buicarde Beval Bois des Dames Forte de Beval Ferme de Belle Tour Bois de le Vache Ferme de la Wame Foret de Jaulney Foret de Dieulet Letanne Prouilly Ferme Beaumont Beauregard Sartelle Ferme La Thibaudine Ferme Bois de 1’Hospice Bois de Muret Bois du Fond de Limon Bois d’Alma'Gisors Ferme Vigneron Bois des Flaviers Senegal Ferme Warmonterne Ferme la Scierie Ferme Belle Fontaine Ferme Ferme St. Remy Pouilly Moulins Sixth Regiment Valmy St. Menehould Les Islettes Camp Lenhart Varennes Charpentry Exermont Ferme Chaudron Sommerance Landres et St. Georges St. Georges Landreville Chennery Bayonville Bois de Folie Fontaine de Parades Fosse Cote Jean Beval Bois des Dames Ferme de la Buicarde Vaux en Dieulet Sommauthe Bois du Four Bois de Sommauthe Beaumont Yoncq Bois Fond de Limon Ferme de la Bonne Malade le Faubourg Villemontry Boic Luquet Givodeau Ferme La Thibaudine Ferme La Harnoterie Ferme La Basace Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Valmy St. Menehould Les Islettes Camp Cabaud Varennes Charpentry Exermont Ferme Chaudron Sommerance les Fontenelles Ferme Bois de Pont Gerache le Champy Bas Boise de Grand Dieulet and other position of Fifth and Sixth Regiments IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 129 Personnel changes Medical Detachment, Fourth Brigade Sommerance'Mouzon (Meuse'Argonne) Offensive 1 to 11 F[ov. 1918 Disposition Officers Hospital Corps Total Medical Dental Killed 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 23 23 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 22 24 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 10 10 3 0 6 9 0 0 7 7 MARCH TO THE RHINE 17 November-9 December 1918 France: On the day following the Armistice the Marine Brigade front was extended northeasterly, at the head of all the Allied forces, advanced across the Meuse River, below Mouzon, from Warmonterne Ferme through Senegal Farm ridge to the village of Moulins. In accordance with Field Order No. 62, Second Division, dated 11 November, the enemy was kept under close observation, and the troops in constant readiness for immediate action. No communication was allowed between our troops and the enemy. Frater- nizing was prohibited. The status was one of temporary cessation of hostilities and not that of peace. Enemy troops began withdrawing while the brigade and all Allied, troops remained in place. This allowed contact to be broken with the enemy and a neutral area to develop between the opposing forces. From 13 to 17 November the weather was fair. The troops had a good oppor- tunity to catch up—to regain equilibrium, clean themselves, rest and reequip. The delousing program had not been successful because bathing facilities were lacking and new clothing was not available for issue. The Second Division, assigned to the new Third Corps of the new Third Army (American Army of Occupation), was scheduled to start march at 0500, 17 November. From the remaining short strip of France, the plan was to pass through a corner of southeastern Belgium into and across the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg to the German frontier at the Sauer River. From there the route was to and across the Rhine into a large semicircular area on the east bank to be known as the American Bridgehead, in the center of the Allied line (head- quarters, Coblenz) between the British in the north (headquarters, Cologne) and the French in the south (headquarters, Mainze). The distance from the starting point on the Meuse to the German frontier on the Sauer was approximately 60 miles. The plan was to reach the frontier in 6 marching days; 1 day was allowed for rest. This memorable march to the Rhine started on schedule at 0500 of 17 November 1918 from Pouilly on the Meuse. At the start, the Fifth Marines and Company C of the Second Engineers formed the advance guard and preceded the main body by 2 kilometers. Flank guards maintained contact with the Fourth French Army on the left and the Third Brigade (Second Division) on the right. On completion of the first day’s march, which ended just short of the Belgium frontier, outposts were estab- lished along the line Deux Villers-Moiry-Montmady, IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 131 Belgium: The march, resumed at 0500, 18 November, crossed the Belgium frontier early in the morning and passed on through Belle Fontaine to an outpost line, Jam-Etalle-Ste. Leger. The weather was cool and the sky mildly overcast, which meant good marching conditions. When the Belgium border was crossed, the regimental bands moved out of their long silence and, heading the regiments, played as the men entered the first country to be freed. Spirits were high and the troops were given a rousing welcome by the inhabitants who lined both sides of the road. March to the Rhine, 19 November 1918—Seventy'third Company, Sixth Marines, entering Belle Fountaine, Belgium, after crossing from French Frontier. Ffote hastily constructed “Arch of Welcome" with caption “To the Sons of the True Freedom." The people had hastily constructed triumphal arches at the entrance of towns, speedily sewed homemade American flags with variable numbers of stripes and stars, and there was friendship and welcome on all sides. Some girls were struggling with sand and brush to erase a painted black cross from the entrance to their homes. Neighbors had placed the mark to signify a girl’s friendliness with German officers during the period of enemy occupation. The missing files caused by the losses during the last action in the Meuse- Argonne, were refilled while the brigade was in Arlon, Belgium, on 20 Novem- ber. This group was the first replacement contingent to join the brigade on the victorious march of the division into Germany. They were tagged “Arlon Replacements.” No medical problems of importance developed during the first 2 days of the march except foot complaint from the British shoes issued to many of the men a few days earlier. Because of their stiffness and straight last they were discarded 132 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY when it was possible to secure other shoes. Many men preferred to walk in their stocking feet rather than wear the British shoes. Hardly a man who wore this type of shoe failed to answer sick call at the first halt, because of the severe blisters. At this stage of new tactical employment the selection of a battalion medical station ceased to be a problem. For this purpose many buildings, usually empty stores, were available in every town. Satisfactory places were plentiful also for the use of company hospital corpsmen. On the march the medical organization retained its established form with battalions, within regiments, functioning as basic tactical units. In billet towns, a battalion medical station would be established andjthe companies of the battab ion notified of its location. Company hospital corpsmen would see to it that patients requiring attention by a medical officer went to the battalion station. At the morning sick call (before the day’s march began) any accumulated sick, or those with feet too badly blistered to walk, would be picked up by motor ambulances from the division field hospitals. On the march, minor disorders were handled by the company hospital corpsmen, and the men continued marching. More seriously ill patients would be tagged by the hospital corpsman and permitted to fall out alongside the road to await a battalion medical officer who marched in the rear of the battalion column. When a man fell out during the march, and was not seen by his company hospital corpsman, he would be seen and attended to by the medical officer covering the rear of the battalion. The equipment of a march' casualty was placed in a mule'drawn ambulance or cart and the man continued at the march, or, if too serious to continue the march, he would be tagged and left to be picked up by field hospital motor ambulances following each regiment. If seriously ill a hospital corpsman would remain with the tagged patient until the field hospital ambulance arrived. This system worked smoothly in resolving the medical problems that arose during the march, and provided prompt treat' ment, disposition and evacuation of all classes of patients while maintaining maximum fitness of the operational forces. Well'planned march regulations did a great deal toward maintaining the health and the morale of the commands. The men were generally in high spirits. After a full night of rest and a light breakfast, and equipped with a full canteen of water and a load which averaged 40 pounds per man, at 0800 the column set out, to march at about 2% miles per hour for an average of 7 hours per day, covering, an average of 24 kilometers (15 miles). Route step with a wide interval between ranks was maintained in the country. This was broken by marching at attention with the band when passing through towns and cities. The march was maintained for 50 minutes with a lOmainute halt before the march was resumed. One hour was allowed for the noon meal and the filling of canteens from company water carts which accompanied the rolling kitchens. During all halts the men were ordered to remove packs, loosen clothing, care 133 IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I for physiologic needs, report illness and foot and skin disorders to company hospital corpsmen, recline and fully relax, and, at some favorable period during the course of the day’s march, to change socks. While halted in rural areas a company officer would designate a spot well off the road, and away from any water course, to be used for latrine purposes. Men having to stool used their entrenching tool to scoop out a hole from 6 to 10 inches deep. They were required to cover all traces of feces carefully when finished. Such sites were inspected by company hospital corpsmen for secure sanitation before the march was resumed. When in towns or cities the waste disposal facilities of the com' munity were used. These were regulated by sanitary orders of commands and daily inspection. Water courses, which were convenient to the halt, were used for foot bathing and washing socks. The heat generated by the rate of the march and the size of the personal load was counterbalanced by the coolness of the season. Water loss, consequently, was minimal. Owing to nightly frosts and an occasional shower, the ground was moist; therefore, dust at no time was an annoying factor. The Fifth and Sixth Marines alternated every 2 days at the head of the left flank of the Second Division as it forged ahead. The left flank of the American Bridgehead force moved on toward its ultimate position across the Rhine in Germany. The daily meals were prepared in company rolling kitchens which started out from the night billet, in the rear of the organization column after breakfast was served. Preparation of the noon and evening meals was started while on the march so as to be ready for serving as soon as possible after the noon halt, or completion of the march. Magorcar and Steinburn kitchens were used. It was found that kitchens that can hold the fire in the firebox while on the move were the best. The ration, at this time (and when available during previous months), sup' plemented by fresh eggs, milk and vegetables picked up frequently from farmers and shops along the route of the march, consisted of the following: Fresh beef, 20 ounces. (Fresh mutton, bacon, and fresh pork could be substituted.) Bread, soft, 16 ounces. (Fifteen percent of this ration could come in the form of flour, corn* meal, oatmeal, or macaroni.) Baking powder, 0.08 ounce. Beans, dry, 4 ounces. Rice or hominy, 2 ounces. Potatoes, fresh, 20 ounces. (Twenty percent of total issue could be substituted by onions, canned tomatoes, fresh vegetables, canned corn or peas.) Jam, 1.12 ounces, or tea, 0.32 ounce. Sugar, 3.2 ounces. Milk, evaporated, unsweetened, 0.16 gill. Salt, 0.64 ounce. Pepper, 0.02 ounce. Cinnamon, 0.14 ounce. Butter, 0.50 ounce. Candy, 0.80 ounce. Tobacco, 0.40 ounce. (Could substitute four cigarets.) 134 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY The reserve ration carried by the men changed during the year. At this time 2 days’ supply was carried in the pack. One ration included the following; Canned meats, 16 ounces. (This could be corned beef, canned fresh roast beef, corned beef hash. Sardines or other canned fish could be substituted.) Bread, hard, 16 ounces. Coffee, soluble, 0.75 ounce. Salt, 0.16 ounce. Sugar, 3.20 ounces. Soup, cube, 1 ounce. Solid alcohol, 2 ounces. Luxemburg The march since the Armistice had produced a striking effect on the files of the ranks who had participated in the heavy fighting. From the upper Meuse, from a battlefield and from scenes of great devastation, the files moved through peaceful farmland, with pretty villages and towns, and a joyful populace and pretty girls. In Luxemburg the scenery became increasingly beautiful and the population enthusiastic. Heavy packs and the need to guide animals and motors over narrow and frequently steep mountain trails failed to fatigue the high- spirited men. Marching to the east on the morning of 21 November with the Sixth Regiment leading, the Marine brigade withdrew from the city of Arlon, Belgium, and soon crossed the frontier into the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg. With only overnight halting the march proceeded eastward across Luxemburg to the German frontier at the Sauer River, which was reached on 23 November 1918. In accordance with the Armistice terms, the German frontier could not be crossed until 1 December 1918; therefore, the brigade settled in billets along the Sauer River and prepared itself for the first phase of the march, its role in the actual occupation of enemy territory. With outpost lines and strong patrols established along the west bank of the Sauer and echelon arrangement set up for instantaneous action, organizations settled down in good billets for rest, cleaning, reorientation, and an undisturbed Thanksgiving celebration. Regular drills were resumed and regimental colors were decorated with the Croix de Guerre. Personal awards to the men were presented with proper ceremony. Rest and refitting were the principal orders of the day. New uniforms, shoes, and underclothing were issued, and, once more, every man was debused. No sickness of importance occurred, march foot injuries recovered, and the men were again fit and ready for hard service. Germany The Marine brigade front in Germany across the Sauer River opened into a mountainous tract known as the Eifel country. In this watershed numerous streams arose, flowed through deep fissures in the hills and went off as tributaries of the Moselle which ran parallel, just to the south, to our line of march to the Rhine. At 0700 on 1 December 1918 with the Fifth Regiment leading as the IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 135 advance and flank guards of column 2, Second Division, the brigade passed over the Sauer River into Germany. Troops marched with colors, standards, and guidons uncased. Over frozen roads the march penetrated about 45 miles into Germany, although some organizations, to reach their billet positions, were required to pass over right angle roads and winding mountain trails, and, therefore, marched several kilometers further. More men fell out on this hike than on any other. Most of these men were new replacements who had joined the brigade in and near Arlons, Belgium. The length of the hike, moreover, was excessive. At this time the final Allied front started to take shape. The French until this point had been on the left flank of the Marine brigade (the left of the Ameri- can Army). Here they moved across to the south and focused on Mainze (Mayence). The American Army, proceeding ahead along and north of the Moselle, moved toward Coblenz, and, the British, bearing on Cologne (Coin), moved in toward our (Marine Brigade) left. With the Fifth and Sixth Regiments alternating as advance and flank guard of column 2, on the left of the Second Division, the march continued without interruption to the Rhine River. The Rhine During the afternoon of 9 December 1918 the Marine brigade, on the extreme left of the American Army of Occupation, arrived on the west bank of the Rhine River. About 40 miles down the river to the north was the city of Cologne, the headquarters of the British Army. About an equal distance to the south, up the river, was the city of Coblenz, where the Moselle makes its confluence with the Rhine. Here was the headquarters of the American Army. Further to the south, up the Rhine, was Mainz, the headquarters of the French Army, which, with the newly repatriated Provisions of Alsace and Lorraine, flanked the west bank of the Rhine to the Swiss border. North of the British, the Belgian Army controlled the Rhine to the frontier of the Netherlands, completing the jaw of the vice in the west. At noon on 13 December with the Fifth Regiment leading, the Marine Brigade crossed the Rhine at Remagen and occupied its sector in the north of the Amerh can Bridgehead on the east bank. The brigade sector of the Second Division front was occupied by the Fifth Regiment on the right and the Sixth Regiment on the left. The Sixth Regiment was the American liaison regiment with the British, across the neutral zone, to the north. Military lines and controls were immediately set up. The brigade settled down to its task of occupation, in comfortable billets, estates, chateaux and castles, in a medievally picturesque setting, backed by the Rhine flowing northward. 748887—47 10 136 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY March Billets—Meuse to Rhine Date Fifth Marines Sixth Marines Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion November 1918 France France France 17 Margut. La Ferte. Margut. Fromy. Belgium Belgium Belgium 18-19 Belle Fontaine. Etalle. La Hage. Ham. Tintigny. 20 Arlon. Freylang. Viville. Tontelange. Frassern. Bonnert. Luxemburg Luxemburg Luxemburg 2! Usseldange. Ewerlingen. Everlange. Riechlang. Pratt. Schandal. Bowingen. 22 Colmar Berg. Crutchen. Colmar. Schrondweiler. Lellingerhof. Ettelbruck. 23-30 Eppeldorf. Gilsdorf. Bigelbach, Reisdorf. Medernach. Reisdorf. Dillingen. Vostroff. Keuvelbach. Dillingen. Schroderhof. Bigelbach. December 1918 Germany Germany Germany 1 Ringhuscheid. Ammeldingen. Weidingen. Holschen. Neurath. Apperhausen. Krausheit. Heilbach. Scheuren. Weidingen. Simmelbaum Emmelbaum. Plaschied. Neuerberg. Scheuren. 2 Freiburg. Lascheid. Waxweiler. Hargarten. Heilhausen. Merlscheid. Pintsfeld. Dascheid. Dascheid. Lambertsburg. Lasel. Lasel. Greimelscheid. Hiegelhaus. Hargarten. 3 Rommersheim. Gendenbrett. Floringen. Rommersheim. Olzheim. Gondelsheim. Waschied. Gondelsheim. Schwirtzheim. Giesdorf. Schwirtzheim. Floringen. Budesheim. Gondenbrett. 4-5 Duppach. Steffin. Stadkyll. Gondelsheim. Pahlem. Weinsheim. Oberbettingen. Steffeld. Duppach. Mullenborn. Lissendorf. Hillesheim. Wallesdorf. Berndorf. Weisheim. Hillesheim. 6 Birgel. Esche. Dollendorf. Leudersdorf. Wiesbaum. Anchutte. Wiesbaum. Nieder Eho. Udelhoven. Feusdorf. Dollendorf. Anchutte. Hungersdorf. 7-8 Hungersdorf. Aremburg. Musch. Antweiler. Insul. Fuchshoven. Antweiler. Winnerath. Hoffeld. Arhweiler. Insul. Dumpelfeld. Neuenahr. Limersdorf. Schelkenbach. Musch. Fuchshoven. Winnerath. Neuenahr. Heppingen. Walporzheim. Himmelsberg. 9-12 Burgbrohl. Brohl. Ober Zissen. Namedy. Waldorf. Niederbreisig. Andernach. Waldorf. Nieder Zissen. Breisig. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I March Billets—Meuse to Rhine—Continued Date Fifth Marines Sixth Marines Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion December 1918 East Bank or Rhine East Bank of Rhine East Bank of Rhine 13-16 Ariendorf. Arienheller. Rheinbrohl. Honningen. Rheinbrohl. Leutesdorf. Leutesdorf. Leutesdorf. Honningen. Segendorf. Niedethammerstein. Hausen. Altwied. Oberhammerstein. Melsbach. Datzeroth. Honningen. Bremscheid. Niederbreitbach. Honborn. Reifert. Waldbreitbach. Ariendorf. Bremscheid. Sprechen. Rossbach. Wiefert. Approximate distance, 350 kilometers; marching days, 15. The bridgeheads of the Allied Armies of Occupation based on the Rhine River and facing east had been laid off in arcs having a radius of 30 kilometers and permitting between the base of the arcs a neutral zone of 10 kilometers. Because of the nearness of Mainze (Mayence), the French Army headquarters, to Coblenz, the French and American zones were virtually continuous. The neutral zone between the American and British arcs was complete. The American area of the Allied bridgeheads was divided into three divisional sectors, with the semicircular boundary line running north to a point south of Linz (just south of Cologne) from Coblenz. The south segment, touching upon the French area, was occupied by the First American Division. The center was occupied by the Thirty-second American Division, and the north segment by the Second American Division, which held the liaison position with the British. The northern part of the Second Division sector was held by the Fourth Marine Brigade, through whose area into the neutral zone passed the north-south main communications (railroads and highways) on the right bank. This provided a military frontier in the town of Honningen (Sixth Marines) where all incoming and outgoing trains and vehicles had to stop for examination and identification by the American provost marshall. Troop dispositions were provided to cope with any probable military contingency, as hostilities were only suspended and operations might have been resumed at any moment. Fraternization orders were published; the military control of the civil govern- ment was established; daily routine to keep men, animals, and equipment in condition was instituted. The Germans received our troops with a cool reserve. It was soon apparent, however, that they wished to make the Army of Occupa- tion as comfortable as possible. Normal supply of food and clothing was soon established. A training schedule was put into effect. Maneuvers were held and attack problems were worked out weekly. Attention was given to competitive athletics, and a schedule of amateur shows, supplemented by traveling profes- sionals, was arranged so that the troops in each town throughout the area might enjoy a performance almost every evening. An educational program was instituted through which was provided instruction in almost every grade and class. This program culminated in the A. E. F. University at Beaune (Cote d’Or), France. Covered mess halls were constructed and in a short time billeting accommoda- tions were so worked out and developed that each man had comfortable quarters. Leaves to Paris, Nice, and Aix-les-Baines were soon permitted on a scheduled basis. Trips up the Rhine to Coblenz and Neuwied, and trips to Wiesbaden furnished recreation for both officers and men. MEDICAL ROUTINE DURING WATCH ON THE RHINE IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 139 Headquarters of the brigade and regiments were located in’fine old medieval castles. The Fourth Brigade was at Niederbieber, the Fifth Regiment at begem dorf, and the Sixth Regiment at Arienfeld (Honningen). Medical Routine Regimental and battalion surgeons set up their offices and sick bays in the towns of their respective headquarters, and entered energetically into the oven all medical problem of keeping the men fit and ready to fight again if necessary. Hospital corpsmen continued to live with their respective organisations and, under the supervision of battalion surgeons, took care of all local problems of a medical and sanitary nature. At daily sick calls, company hospital corpsmen brought their sick to see the medical officer at the battalion station, who, with dental officers and a small Hospital Corps staff, could provide all treatments except those requiring hospital care. Ambulances from the field hospitals called daily for the surgical and hospital patients. Since the training area in the Vosges was left during March 1918, all medical supplies had been provided by the division (Army) medical supply section. Troop inspections were made weekly. A sustained drive was maintained on the hygiene and sanitation of person, clothing, billet, food and galleys, water, waste disposal, and the community. A mild wave of an influenza-like syndrome passed through the brigade during the winter. By providing adequate air space per man in billets, sleeping head to foot while using shelter-halves as screens between bunks, and by daily airing of bedding, influenza and other infectious diseases were reduced to a negligible number. The construction of Adrian barracks relieved crowded billets. The number of pneumonia cases which followed this influenza wave amounted to about 1 in 8. There was also a brief epidemic of Vincent’s infection. During March 1919 a great many cases of Vincent’s infection developed in the Sixth Regiment. This was thought to be due to a winter shortage of green vegetables, although citrus fruits were served two or three times a week. For several days all sick bays were crowded with men seeking relief from swollen and painful gums, in many cases the gums were retracted, bled and exuded a purulent discharge. These cases were examined and treated by the organiza- tion dentists, whose equipment and energies were overtaxed by the volume of patients. Gentle cleansing, alkaline mouth washes, chromic acid treatment of the gingival structures and, subsequently, the use of arsphenamine in solution and in a paste were tried, but did not effect relief soon enough to offset the threatening possibility of general evacuation of personnel. At the regimental sick bay of the Sixth Regiment, chiefly because of a tem- porary shortage of the routine therapeutic materials, a solution of copper sulfate as an emergency application to the gums was considered. Because of its known strong astringent action, its alkalinity, and its bactericidal effect (spirochetes and fusiform bacilli), a saturated solution of copper sulfate, applied with a thin 140 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY flat swab (spatula end of a toothpick) was carefully painted over the gums, both in front and in back of the dental arch, the gingival space between retracted gums, and interproximally. Small thin swabs with only minimal amounts of copper sulfate were conveyed to the mouth. By changing swabs frequently, excessive exudate and detritus around the gums were cleared away. Effective doses of the sulfate solution was left deposited on the gingiva. Cautioned not to swallow, after treatment the patients were given a glass of water to use as a mouthwash. They were in- structed to close the lips and force the water back and fourth through the teeth. This treatment, given once daily, cleared the worst cases in 3 days, and there was recovery in most of the mild and intermediate cases after only 1 treatment. Gingival hypertrophy and inflammation disappeared and the gums became firm, hemorrhage and discharge stopped, and in all respects the syndrome cleared in a satisfactory manner. This treatment was instituted throughout the Sixth Regiment, and in a week’s time there was a cure in all cases. The treatment could be given quickly and was not distressing to the patient. It relieved the symptoms immediately, was inexpensive, and was accomplished with materials readily available. The “foot-sock-shoe” discipline, established in the Vosges training area before the front was entered at Verdun in March 1918, was effective in keeping foot casualties at a minimum during the entire period in Europe. The principle was established that the individual man should be held responsible for neglect, of duty in all cases of preventable foot disorder. The military responsibility was passed along through the order of command: Squads, corporals; platoons, sergeants and lieutenants; company, captains; and battalion commanders, up to the colonel. Daily foot inspections, foot bathing, sock changing, shoe care (greasing and bending), the procurement and fitting of proper shoes—all were under the supervision of the company hospital corpsmen and battalion surgeons. Prompt treatment of incipient discomforts further prevented serious disorders of the feet. Even during serious actions, when for periods of several days there were heavy rains and mud, the men found opportunities to clean and dry their feet and change socks and shoes soon enough to prevent tissue and circulatory injury. When the extra pair of shoes was damp neat’s-foot oil (carried by the men for softening and waterproofing their shoes) would be lightly massaged into their feet before putting on a clean pair of socks. In the absence of water for foot bathing, small quantities from a man’s canteen were poured over the feet, particularly between the toes, after which the feet were thoroughly dried. While in the Vosges area, where a few improvised showers were available for bathing purposes, it was observed early that soap suds left between the toes soon produced an itching, exfoliation, and frequently vesicular inflammation between the toes and on the soles of the feet, so-called athlete’s foot. The proteolytic action of the alkali in the soap, and moisture, caused the inflamma- tion which was subject to secondary infection by the bacterial flora of the feet. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 141 Steps were taken to insure thorough rinsing between the toes and of the whole foot with clean water followed by thorough drying by fanning the feet with toes apart. Acute cases were treated with thin films of petroleum and flat wisps of cotton placed between the dried toes. Venereal disease was not a difficult factor in the Marine brigade after it arrived at the front in the spring of 1918. The chief reason for this was the lack of opportunity for exposure. Most new cases were among men returning to the regiments from base hospitals in the rear, returned from leave or from detached duty in the Service of Supply. Every opportunity was offered the men (when out of action) to avail themselves of the benefits of prophylaxis. Nearly every village and town in which troops were quartered when on the move had a well-established-and-labeled prophylaxis station available for use at all times. Talks were given to the men by medical officers at regular intervals. Venereal inspection was held twice a month. Failure to take prophylaxis was punished by court martial, and during the course of the disease, pay was withheld. After the brigade arrived on the east bank of the Rhine, venereal infections increased. It was found that little of it had its origin in Germany. Long leaves were granted to a large number of men, and most of the cases could be traced to leave centers in France. For a while it was thought the antifraternization orders were responsible for the low rate of venereal infection traceable to source in Germany. After having been in Germany a few weeks, however, it was found that the men refused to take prophylaxis following German exposures. They feared court martial for violation of the antifraternization orders. Those apply- ing for prophylaxis had been required to complete a venereal exposure form, on which the name and address of the “woman in the case” had to be given. Usually, several women of the family lived in the homes where the men were billeted. They were for the most part country women with whom there were wide-scale relations. The seriousness with which this situation was considered by the officers and men of the Sixth Regiment is shown in the following official correspondence. Surgeon, Sixth Regiment, United States Marine Corps, A. E. F., Germany, 13 Jan. T9. MEMORANDUM FOR THE DIVISION SURGEON: 1. It has come to the attention of the Regimental Surgeon that members of this command have been exposing themselves to the dangers of venereal disease without subsequently going to one of the prophylaxis stations. By inquiry among the men I find that there is an impression that they will be court-martialed for “fraternizing” if they come for prophylaxis. 2. It is requested that this office be informed whether any steps will be taken toward court- martialing a man for “fraternizing” solely on the evidence of our Prophylaxis Record—Form 77 Francis E. Locy, Lt. (MC), U. S. Havy, Regimental Surgeon. 142 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Office, Division Surgeon, 2d Division—14 January 1919. To: Surgeon, 6th Regiment, U. S. M. C. 1. Returned. Copulation Is Not Fraternization, and the men will not be tried for having intercourse. Marvin Cappel, Major (MC), U. S. Army, Acting Division Surgeon. In May 1919 the quiet routine of the brigade medical organisation was dis- turbed in the Sixth Regiment area, at Rheinbrohl, when a few cases of acute methyl alcohol poisoning were brought to the Second Battalion surgeon located in that town. A number of the marines of the Second Battalion, Sixth, who were a part of the military crew of a Rhine River steamer on the patrol-recreation service, operated by the Third Army, had obtained some cognac from German sources the day before while in Mayence, headquarters of the French Army of Occupation. After they had tied up their ship at Rhein- brohl in the evening, they consumed several drinks from the bottles of Mayence cognac. When the time came the next morning to pull away from the dock and start the daily patrol of the river, most of the men were in an acute state of poisoning, which was characterized by symptoms of diminished vision, mental disturbance, nausea, stupor, and respiratory embarrassment. Methyl alcohol in the so-called cognac was believed to be the source. Prompt treatment dissi- pated the symptoms quickly, although 1 man was carried on the sick list for 7 days. Because the cognac had been purchased surreptitiously by the marines from a German shop located in the French zone, it was assumed that a group of Germans were deliberately injuring the Army of Occupation through the poison-liquor route. General Pershing decorating colors of Fifth Marines during review of the Second Division, United States Army, at Vallendar, Germany, March 1919. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 143 Distinguished Service Crosses (United States Army) and Croix de Guerres (France) bestowed upon members of Second Division, United States Army, by Secretary of the A[avy Daniels during his “review” of the Second Division at Cladbach, Germany, 17 May 1919. Colors Decorated—Regiments in Review The colors of the regiments were decorated with the croix de guerre for the second time. The Marine brigade was reviewed by General Pershing and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. On the plain at Gladbach, 19 May 1919, Secretary of the Navy Daniels, accorm panied by Admiral Benson, U. S. N., Mrs. Daniels, and the Commanding General, Third Army, reviewed the Second Division and presented medals to many officers and men. At this ceremony on conquered foreign soil the Secret tary of the Navy established a historic precedent: that of pinning on the uniforms of naval personnel, wearing the field uniform of the Army, the Distinguished Service Cross of the Army won for acts of herosim performed by them while serving with the Army. As no sign of recognition was passed, it is believed that the Secretary of the Navy was not aware of the identity of the Navy men whom he had honored. 144 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Secretary Daniels pinning Army Distinguished Service Cross on blouse of Lt. William T. Gill, (MC), U. S. ?{., First Battalion, Sixth Marines, Second Division, United States Army, Army of Occupation, at Gladbach, Germany, May 17, 1919. F{ote: At this “review” the following naval medical personnel of the Second Division, U. S. Army, were decorated: Lt. William T. Gill (MC) U. S. ?{.; Pharmacist's Mates Fran\ R. Tates, U. S. FI.; T. I. Smith, U. S. F[., H. K. Wiley, U. S. M.; R. Kaga, U. S. K: F. Phelan, U. S. K Medical Records When the brigade arrived on the Rhine, the medical department of the regh ments and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion established offices and tried again to catch up on incompleted Navy paper work. This had been carried on by responsible medical officers of the brigade ever since it first entered the lines at Verdun in March 1918. After the Belleau Wood engagement Lt. Comdr. Joel T. Boone, (MG), United States Navy, Sixth Regiment, had made attempts to have a permanent naval medical record office established near the Chief Surgeon’s office, A. E. F. in Tours. At such a place, all reports of the Marine regiments could have been made out from data sent back from the front. Access would have been had to Army reports from the various hospitals of the A. E. F. and occasional trips could have been made to the hospital centers. With its posh tion located in the S. O. S., a brigade medical record office would have been in touch with the Chief Paymaster, U. S. M. C., A. E. F., through whom stray Fourth Brigade personnel could have been traced. This proposed office never materialised. During the last three engagements a small brigade medical record office was established in barns and buildings located in the immediate rear of the brigade. The clerical force of this office consisted of two hospital corpsmen from each of regiments, and one from the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. The work IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 145 of this brigade medical record office depended on what data could be sent back to it from the front organizations. Many times large groups of new replacements had come to the brigade without health records and thousands had left the brigade, either killed, wounded, or sick. Those transferred went to hospitals which were unknown to the surgeons of the brigade and no case could be carried to completion for record purposes. Disposition, other than “T” and “DD” among men known to have died or been killed in action, and number of sick days, could not be entered. While in Germany, health records thought to be in France were sought by correspondence, casualty lists were gone over, and as much necessary informa' tion as could be collected was carefully indexed on cards. Blank forms re' quested from the Bureau in far off United States as long before as August 1918 had not been received. The task was so complicated and huge that it was decided by the brigade commander that the work should be pooled in one office. Lt. Comdr. R. J. Lawler (MC), U. S. N. R., was assigned to direct the new brigade naval medical' records office at brigade headquarters and, with a detail of hospital corpsmen, records and equipment from the regiments and machine-gun battalion, the work was undertaken. Loose leaves were prepared for every recorded admission that could be found. From these, rough and smooth Form “F,” Form “K,” and Form “N” were completed. There was no time, personnel, equipment, nor information to carry the numerous cases through to their ultimate disposition; consequently the brigade did not have the advantage of studying the valuable war and medical history of this unprecedented record of injury and disease. The invaluable medical statistics connected with the record volume of cases represented in the war losses of the Fourth Brigade in consecutive form were lost to the Government, and might be recovered only by the laborious effort of connecting our rosters and evacuation lists with the Army records and those of the French, British and Germans. This would now be extremely difficult. Routine and Special Assignments Medical Department refinements in organization, training of personnel, sick routine, sanitary and hygenic programs, inspections, and equipment paralleled the highest standards established in the military field. Medical supplies were received without delay from the division medical storehouse; ambulance from field hospitals called daily at each battalion and regimental medical station, and were available at any time for the evacuation of emergency cases. Excellent general hospital facilities were established at Coblenz for the use of the Third Army, and the division field hospitals, having taken over large civil hospitals in Neuwied and Bendorf, provided services of the highest quality. 146 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Little opportunity was offered naval medical officers, during the early days of the division’s ex- istence, to serve with other than one of the two Marine regiments or the machine-gun battalion. During the 6 months prior to March 1919 a few officers and men were given assignments in the various medical units of the di- vision train, and thus had an opportunity to widen their ex- perience. Had some thought been given to planning, prior to the war, more opportunity would have been provided for the relief of medical officers and hospital corpsmen serving with a combat infantry regiment. For example, after having served in such capacity during the period of one or two major operations, they should have had an opportunity to alternate with personnel of like grade serving in ambulance companies, field, evacuation, or base hospitals. In this way relief could have been had from limited medical service, intense strain, and physical hardship of duty in the line. Within the area of the Second Division when in Germany, naval medical personnel at no time were excluded from participation in the general medical responsibilities of the Second Division. After the St. Mihiel offensive in September 1918, Lt. Comdr. Joel T. Boone (MG), U. S. N., was assigned to the division general staff as assistant division surgeon; Lt. Comdr. Lester L. Pratt (MG), U. S. N., was given command of the Fifteenth Field Hospital, and Lt. Comdr. Cornelius H. Mack (DC), U. S. N., was made division dental surgeon. Other naval medical personnel, both commissioned and enlisted, were assigned to various posts of responsibility in the divisional medical organisation; field hospitals, division surgeon’s office, medical supply units, the division’s magazine, Indian Head. In the last months of 1917, Chief Pharmacist’s Mate Fred Leith, U. S. N., had been worthily promoted to captain in the Sanitary Corps, National Army. He had been serving as adjutant to the various division surgeons (starting with Lt. Comdr. Paul T. Desses (MC) U. S. N., who had come and gone since the Second Division was first organised in October 1917- Leith’s influence in developing the efficient and smooth-running medical department of the Second Division throughout its famous career was well supported in the fine citations that he received. His services at that post were a source of pride to the naval medical personnel of the Marine brigade. Pharmacist's Mates Junius Reister and Clarence R. Durham, at headquarters aid station, Sixth Ma- rines, Honningen, Germany, May 1919. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 147 Start of laying pontoon bridge across the Rhine River by the Second Engineers, at Honningen, Ger» many, April 1919. Celebration A celebration was held on 2 June 1919 throughout the Second Division area on enemy soil? The day marked the first anniversary of the Second Division’s historic stand at Belleau Wood before the onrushing German host. Holiday meals were served at every mess, and at night great quantities of surplus pyrotechnics were discharged from Erhenbreitstein to Honningen? On the Alert During the period of the occupation the contingency of failure of the peace negotiations had not been overlooked. Coupled with training and other activities, the Marine brigade, in conjunction with the Army of Occupation and the other Allied forces, had been kept alert and in condition to resume operations on a moment’s notice. In May 1919, when the German delegates flatly refused the stipulations of the Allies, orders covering concentration of forces preparatory to advancing farther into Germany were issued, to be effective on 17 June 1919. The plan called for the discontinuance of all construction, athletics and entertainment within the area of the bridgeheads, and movement of civilians across outpost lines was stopped. The Second Division, and the First, if hostilities were resumed, were designated to cross into the unoccupied zone side by side, forming the spearhead of the attack of the American (center) advance. When straightened, and with liaison established with the British in the north and with the French in the south, the Allied line would be approxi- mately 15 miles east of the Rhine, with support and reserve forces of the various armies occupying echelon positions in the rear. By 17 June 1919 all preparations for the resumption of field operations were completed and, once more, organizations were on the march. When the move- 148 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY United States naval medical detachments, Second Battalion, Fifth Marines, Second Division, United States Army, Army of Occupation, Segendorf, Germany, April 1919—Showing German ambu' lance taken during action at Thiaucourt, France (St. Mihiel Offensive), 12 September 1918. ment started the medical organization was complete and refined, and it resumed positions and routine which had worked so successfully on the long march from the Meuse to the Rhine. With the Second Division boundary fixed on the bridgehead perimeter at the village of Wolferlingen, the units of the Marine brigade concentrated in the Lt. Dwight Dic\ensen (MG), U. S. Jff., battalion surgeon; Lt. Harry Sims (MC) U. S. Iff., and hospital corps staff, Second Battalion, Fifth Marines, Segendorf, Germany, May 1919. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 149 vicinity of Horhausen, Hatenfels, and Herschbach, marching over roads leading directly from the billet towns. Occupying these towns and surrounding fields, the troops remained settled in bivouacs ready to act while awaiting the peace decision that was to be made on 28 June. An active front line alert was maintained in case hostilities were to be resumed. The stage was set to give the world its first demonstration of “lightning mecha- nised warfare,” to start at 0001, 28 June 1919. Medical Staff, Regimental Headquarters, Sixth Marines, Honningen, Germany, June 1919. (Bac\ row: Pharmacist's Mates Muller, Cray, Wise, Manning, Whalen. Front row: G. G. Strott, chief pharmacist's mate; Lt. Francis E. Locy (MC), U. S. 7J.; regimental surgeon, Lieutenant TJabblefeldt, U. S. M. C.; J. Reister, pharmacist's mate, first class) 150 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY United States JJaval Medical Department, Sixth Regiment, U. S. M. C., Second Division, United States Army, Army of Occupation, Herschbach, Germany, June 1919. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 151 United States TJaval Medical Detachment, Fifth Marines, Second Division, United States Army, Army of Occupation, near Wolferlingen, Germany, June 1919. 748887—47 11 PEACE This final build-up of tension and troop deployment was broken suddenly at 1512, 28 June 1919, when the German delegates affixed their signatures to the peace treaty. Before dark descended over the new field, Third Army airplanes (which had been prepared to resume hostilities), flew over the troops dropping a special edition of the Amaroc Hews announcing the message of peace. On the morning of 29 June 1919, the Marine brigade resumed the light-footed march back to the recently abandoned billets in the bridgehead along the Rhine, Events moved rapidly after the brigade returned to its old billets. Disengage- ment of animals and equipment from the organizations was started at once. Physical examinations of all personnel were made and those found with infectious diseases were transferred to Third Army hospitals. Vaccinations and inocula- tions were brought up to date and delousing was energetically carried out. Letter of Commanding General, Army of Occupation The commanding general of the Army of Occupation expressed his appreciation of the services of the division in a letter dated 2 July 1919, and published in General Order, Second Division, No. 68, 5 July 1919: As your magnificent division is about to leave his command, it is with a sense of gratitude for its splendid achievements while in the American Expeditionary Forces that the army commander expresses to you, and to your gallant officers and men, his appreciation of your services. After occupying a defensive sector between Verdun and St. Mihiel, you were placed in the line of battle and met, with stubborn resistance, the onslaughts of the enemy’s hordes near Chateau- Thierry. Your action at Belleau Wood and your attack upon, and capture of, Vaux must ever remain brilliant exploits in our military history. At Soissons, side by side with a veteran French division, you proved to our allies the fighting value of the Army of the United States, and at St. Mihiel, in the first great American offensive your prowess in attack was irresistible. When in October 1918, the Allied High Command desired to reinforce the French Army by American troops of great offensive worth, by real “shock troops,” you were loaned to General Uouraud’s Fourth French Army and delivered your famous assault on Blanc Mont Ridge, releas- ing from German menace the historic city of Rhiems. In the closing phase of the Meuse-Argonne operations, certainly no troops contributed more to the enemy’s destruction than your division. After taking Landres-et-St. Georges, Bayonville-et- Chcnnery, and the Bois-de-la-Folie, you pierced the Bois-de-Belval, and by skillful night fighting and marching you cleared the enemy from the left bank of the Meuse and forced a crossing of the river. Your brilliant exploits in battle are paralleled by the splendid example of soldierly bearing and discipline set by your officers and men while a part of the Army of Occupation. That spirit and dash which carried your men through the enemy's defenses still predominated when the Army was recently concentrated, preparatory to a further advance into unoccupied Germany. Officers and soldiers of the Second Division, your achievements and sacrifices have earned for you and for your fallen comrades the praise and gratitude of our Nation. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR! 153 kMhmani VOLUME I, NUMBER 11. JUNE 24, 1919 N EUWIED-ON-THE-RHINE THE LAST NUMBER This is the last number of The Indian to be published by the Second Division while on active service. It is the final number to be gotten out by the present staff. And in this connection the editors wish to express to the men who have labored so long and faithfully in the work of making this paper, their deep appreciation. This applies not only to the members of the staff, but to every man in the division who did anything toward drawing sketches and cartoons, writing stories, or selling and handling the circulation . These men have worked long and hard. Men who have done most of the cover design work are Claggett Wilson, DeLong J. Murray, Dean C. Barnum, W. B. Calkins, E. L. Palmer, Grant Powers, Q. M. Robertson and Evan T. Wilson, while many fine cartoons and sketches have been produced by Frank Druen, Bill Kenney, James A. Wallace, J. Keating, N. H. Haugen, A. J. Neukert, Lbuis P. Fox, Joseph Lange, W. G. Norwood, and many others. The writers have been legion. One whose real name has thus far been hidden under a pen name has been “York Spur.” York Spur is in reality Douglas H. Spencer, pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, who is the “Navy man serving with the division,” and whose philosophy each week has been one of the best features of the magazine. And this leads us to remind the men of the division this is the first time the Army, Navy and Marine Corps have been combined in the field in one division. The three branches of the service, “United Services” for sure, have fought side by side all through this war. THE INDIAN Page Eleven v77\t\i7 era live i\atma Odd Bits of Knowledge There are some things that we see and hear that don’t seem at the time to be worth remembering; odd bits of knowledge that make no impression upon us until we are confronted with a peculiar situation some day in which we couid make good use of that odd bit of information if we hadn’t forgotten it through life to give us thoughts like that. The years that are gone mean something to him; he has gained much from the loss he has suffered. No matter what has gone from us in the past, there is much that still remains before _us; no matter how great our loss, there is always much to be gained through the losing, and all the world is yet before us. “Indian Head”—Showing assembly of some main heads, including “Tor\ Spurs Dope." 154 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. U. S. NAVY By [Vlaj. Gen. John A. Lejeune Commanding Second Division, A, E, F. 1. One year ago, the enemy was at the lilgli tide of success. His great offensives of March and April in Picardy and Belgium had with diffi- culty been checked, when on the verge of attaining decisive results; and at ihe end of May, he launched a powerful surprise attack against the thinly held Allied lines between Soissons aiid Rheims. This attack had been successful and many enemy divisions were marching victoriously towards Paris. The way seemed open; the opposing Allied forces had been de- feated; and there were lew available reserves with which to stem the enemy's advance. 2. On Juno 1, when (he Allied Lopes were lowest, the Second Division was brought up by camions and deployed north of the Marne near Chateau-Thierry, across the Paris-Met2 highway. It stopped the advance of the enemy, in spite of heavy attacks by strong forces and, on June 6, it assumed the offensive and attacked successfully. It seized Hill 142, Bouresches, and the southern part of the Bois do Belleau. The news o! this victory, coming at a psychological moment, spread like wild fire throughout the world. It filled the Allied nations with a new hope of ulti- mate victory and correspondingly depressed the morale ol the enemy. For over a month the Second Division continued its fierce attacks, and in spit® of bitter opposition cleared the Bois de Belleau, captured Vaux, and ad- vanced i.j lines along its entire front. 3. It is very fitting that we should celebrate, on German soil, the lirst anniversary of this great battle. It was in that battle that the Amer- ican established his moral supremacy over the enemy, and this was the pre- lude to bis final defeat. All honor, therefore, should be given both to the living and to the dead ol the “Immortal Second Division” lor their glorious Victory in the Chateau Thierry Sector. Message dropped from the s\y over Second Division area in Germany, 1 year after action at Belleau Wood. JOURNEY HOMEWARD On 12 July 1919 orders were issued for the Second Division to move to a new area, but this time the itinerary was west—Cologne, Liege, Amiems, Rouen, Rennes, Brest. Preparations were expeditiously completed, and farewells with billet families were concluded. The loading of troop trains was started on 15 July. At the rate of 4 trains per day thereafter, until 21 July, the Second Division, containing the Fourth Brigade, United States Marine Corps, started its long-awaited journey to America. Example of Entrainment Memorandum Headquarters, Sixth Regiment, Marine Corps, A. E. F., Germany, 18 July 1919. MEMORANDUM TRAIN NO. 20; The following assignment of cars is made for Train No. 20: Car “A,” Mess Force, (next to ration car) Artillery, 10 men Marines, 19 men Marine officers’ messmen, 4 men Artillery officers’ messmen, 2 men Car “B,” Regimental Headquarters Detachment, (next to officers’ car) Marines, 30 men Medical, 6 men Car “C,” Orderlies and men needed on trip, (next to car “B”) Artillery, 18 men Headquarters company, 10 men Machine gun company, 5 men Supply company, 5 men Ration Car: Two (2) artillery ration guards. Cars, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8: Artillery. Cars 9, 10, 11, 12: Machine-gun company. Cars 13, 14: Supply company. Car 15: Supply company, 9 men; headquarters company, 26 men. Cars 16, 17. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22: Headquarters company. Men returning from hospital, etc., will go in car No. 15. A noncommissioned officer will be designated as car commander; by the unit occupying that car with the following exceptions: Car “A”: Car commander designated by train mess officer. Car “B”; Car commander designated by regimental headquarters. Car “C”: Car commander designated by artillery. Car 15: Car commander designated by headquarters company. Each car commander will carry at all times a roster of the men in his car. All organizations will hand to the adjutant, Sixth Marines, at the entraining point, a roster complete to morning of entraining. T. Holcomb, Lt. Col. U. S. M. C. Train Commander 156 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Frequent stops were made for troop comfort. Hospital corpsmen were available in cars to provide minor medical needs and to refer cases to a respon- sible medical officer at train stops. Precautions were taken to prevent men from falling from the open doors of the boxcars, where there was always crowding. Camp Pontanezan (Brest), France, was the largest embarkation camp in the world. It absorbed the units of the Second Division, as they arrived from Ger- many, between 17 and 23 July 1919. The great camp was noted for its Marine Corps command, and during earlier days, for its mud and duckboards. There were no demonstrations when the members of the Fourth Brigade became temporary guests of the Fifth Brigade, Marine Corps, who held the administra- tive command of the camp. This experience further emphasized the psychologic difference that existed in the makeup of men who had passed through the crucible of battle and the men who had not been so tried. Although they wore the same uniform, belonged to the same corps, and served on the same continent several thousand miles from home, there was a gap in maturity between the two brigades, in a military sense, politically and philosophically. The men of the Fourth Brigade began at this early stage to feel that they were no longer in tune with the world. Preparation of the units for embarkation was expeditiously carried out, with total physical examination and delousing. Personnel found with infectious disease were transferred to the camp hospital and units were made ready to go aboard the transports when notified. Embarkation began on 23 July 1919. The commanding general of the Second Division, and the headquarters, Fourth Brigade, the Fifth Regiment, and the Second Battalion, Sixth Regiment, went on board the U. S. S. George Washington. This contingent arrived at New York on 3 August 1919. The remainder of the Sixth Regiment, in the Rinjdam and the Wilhelmina, and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion in the Santa Paula, arrived at New York on 8 August 1919. The march of the units from Camp Pontanezan to the loading docks in Brest was made without ceremony or fanfare. The departure of troops for America from Europe had now become a lifeless routine, as was the arrival home at New York. As the units arrived at Hoboken, N. J., they were moved by train to Camps Mills and Merritt, on Long Island, where preparations were started for a parade in New York, to be followed by disentegration of the Second Division. On 8 August 1919 the division assembled at Washington Square and marched up Fifth Avenue to One Hundred and Tenth Street. The people of New York wondered why there was a parade. The people of New York had forgotten the war. It had ended for them almost a year before on Armistice Day. Demobilization Demobilization of the Fourth Marine Brigade started on 12 August 1919. It was again a part of the naval service. The brigade was reuniformed in winter IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 157 field, and reviewed by President Woodrow Wilson in Washington, D. C.—the first and only brigade of combat troops to be accorded that honor. The Fourth Brigade, United States Marine Corps, took its place in France, among the first of the American forces on the battle front. To the Germans the Fourth Brigade was known and respected as a shock force; the French rewarded it with citations, letters of commendation, and decorations. Its naval medical personnel participated in the principal engagements of the Allied forces, wherein the brigade achieved distinction. No other brigade medical unit of the AEF equaled the record of the Fourth Brigade in numbers of wounded treated and evacuated from the fields of battle. LENGTH OF SERVICE AND REPLACEMENTS The brigade medical detachment was fortunate at all times in having welh trained, willing, and courageous hospital corpsmen, and they have a great share of the credit in giving first aid to the wounded in the most advanced positions. The medical personnel of the brigade changed greatly during its stay in Europe. As a sufficient supply of naval medical personnel accompanied the marine replacement elements to France, the brigade medical organisation could always count on vacancies being filled with naval personnel. Only a few of the original personnel never left the brigade throughout the whole course of the war. Many members, after evacuation and recovery, rejoined the brigade from the hospital area. At various times a few members of the Army Medical, Dental, and Hospital Corps served in the brigade. Common interests in military medicine immedn ately established such Army medical personnel, and their services were valuable (table 8). Casualties in Action and Citations and Awards Casualties in Action ROLL OF HONOR Muster Second Division, United States Army, A. E. F. Osborne, Weeden C., lieutenant, junior grade. Dental Corps. United States Navy. Sixth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 6 June 1918 during the operations in the vicinity of Bois de Belleau, Aisne, France (Aisne Defense). Brown, Raymor R., hospital apprentice, first class. United States Navy. Sixth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 7 October 1918 during the operations in the vicinity of St. Etienne-a-Arnes, Ardennes, France (Meuse-Argonne Offensive). Callback, William C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy. Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 2 October 1918 during the operations in the vicinity of Somme-Py, Marne, France (Meuse-Argonne Offensive). Graham, William C., pharmacist's mate, second class, United States Navy. Sixth Machine- Gun Battalion, United States Marine Corps. Killed 4 October 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Blanc Mont, Marne, France (Meuse-Argonne Offensive). Grantham, James FL, hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy. Sixth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 1 November 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Ste. Georges, Ardennes, France. (Meuse-Argonne Offensive.) Grubb, Richard V., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy. Sixth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Died 19 July 1918, as the result of wounds received 19 July 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Tigny, Aisne, France. (Aisne-Marne Offensive.) Jamison, Roland R., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy. Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 4 October 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Blanc Mont, Marne, France. (Meuse-Argonne Offensive.) Johnson, Joseph H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy. Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 4 October 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Blanc Mont, Marne, France. (Meuse-Argonne Offensive.) 162 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Litchfield, John R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy. Sixth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 15 September 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Xammes, Meurth et Moselle, France. (St. Mihiel Offensive.) Maxwell, David M., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy. Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 16 June 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Bois de Belleau, Aisne, France. (Chateau Thierry sector.) Patterson, Charles H., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy. Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Died 11 December 1918, as the result of wounds received 11 November 1918 during the operations, incident to the crossing of the Meuse River, in the vicinity of Mouzon, Ardennes, France. (Meuse-Argonne Offensive.) Schaffner, Fred C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy. Sixth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Died 18 April 1918, as the result of poisoning by “Yperite” at Fontaine Ste. Robert, vicinity of Verdun, Meuse, France, 13 April 1918. (Troyon-Toulon sector.) Schuler, Louis B., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy. Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 26 June 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Bois de Belleau, Aisne, France. (Chateau Thierry sector.) Sullivan,James D., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United Stater Navy. Sixth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 5 October 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Ste. Etiennes Arnes, Ardennes, France. (Meuse-Argonne Offensive.) Tenley, Eugene H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy. Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 8 October 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Ste Etienne-a-Arnes, Ardennes, France. (Meuse-Argonne Offensive.) Timmons, Claude, pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy. Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 2 November 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Landreville, Ardennes, France. (Meuse-Argonne Offensive.) Welte, Frank G., pharmacist's mate, second class, United States Navy. Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. Killed 6 June 1918, during the operations in the vicinity of Bois de Belleau, Aisne, France. (Aisne Defensive.) Witt, George D., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy. Sixth Machine-Gun Battalion, United States Marine Corps. Died 26 October 1918 as the result of wounds received 7 October 1918 during the operations in the vicinity of Ste. Etienne-a-Arnes, Ardennes, France. (Meuse-Argonne Offensive.) CASUALTY LIST Officers Medical Corps, Dental Corps, Chaplain Corps, United States J^avy “SERVED WITH HONOR IN THE WORLD WAR AND WAS WOUNDED IN ACTION” Boone, Joel T., lieutenant commander. Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, dislocated oracle right ear, shell explosion, Belleau Wood, 21 June 1918. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 30 June 1918. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Champagne, 6 October 1918. Brown, Warwick T., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 15 June 1918. Wound, intracranial injury, shell explosion, Champagne, 10 October 1918. Byrnes, William A., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Phosgene and Mustard.” Champagne, 8 October 1918. Dessez, Paul T., lieutenant commander, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Phosgene,” Verdun, 17 March 1918. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Vierzy, 18 July 1918. Farwell, Wrey G., lieutenant commander, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, intracranial injury, shell explosion (combat fatigue), Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Gill, William T., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Burn, scrotum, gas and intoxication gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 27 June 1918. Hook, Frederick R., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite” (Bouresches), 18 June 1918. Lawler, Robert J., lieutenant. Medical Corps, United States Navy Reserve Force, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” (St Mihiel ?), 5 September 1918. Locy, Francis E., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 15 June 1918. Mack, Cornelius H., lieutenant commander, Dental Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 15 June 1918. Osborne, Weeden C., lieutenant, junior grade, Dental Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wounds, multiple, of body, shell fragments, killed, Belleau Wood, 6 June 1918. Petty, Orlando H., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy Reserve Force, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 11 June 1918. Pratt, Lester L. lieutenant commander, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 11 June 1918. Walker, Sidney Jr., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy Reserve Force, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated left eye, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 12 June 1918. White, George L., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured right thigh, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Whitmore, William H., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured (back) left thigh, shell fragment, Champagne, 4 October 1918. Chaplains Darche, Harris A., lieutenant, junior grade, Chaplains Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Phosgene,” Vierzy, 19 July 1918. (Evacuated 28 July 1918.) Men Hospital Corps, United States J\[avy “SERVED WITH HONOR IN THE WORLD WAR AND WAS WOUNDED IN ACTION” Abraham, Edwaldt A., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Wound, lacerated head, shell fragment, Champagne, 3 October 1918. Alcorn, Edgar, pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Champagne, 4 October 1918. Balch, John H., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured right thigh, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 8 June 1918. Barber, Wayne, pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wounds, multiple, of body, shell fragments, Champagne, 5 October 1918. Barrett, Alfred A., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wounds, multiple, right forearm, hand, and leg, shell fragments, Champagne, 6 October 1918. Barrington, Warren M., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Burn (scrotum), gas, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 16 June 1918. Beach, William R., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wounds, multiple, right arm and forearm, shell fragments, Champagne, 8 October 1918. Bennett, Morton L., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Asphyxiation, “explosive smoke,” Champagne, 3 October 1918. Bird, Francis M., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Burns, multiple, of body, gas, “Mustard,” Belleau Wood, 20 June 1918. Bone, Merlin T., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right leg, shell fragment, Viersy, 19 July 1918. Bowman, Roy H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured right thigh, shell fragment, Champagne, 2 October 1918. Brown, Raymor R., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wounds, multiple, of body, shell fragments, killed, Champagne, 7 October 1918. Brownfield, Thomas R., pharmacist's mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 16 June 1918. Brumbeloe, Algeron G., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated right knee, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 7 June 1918. Wounds, lacerated, multiple, shell fragments, Argonne, 1 November 1918. Brush, William T., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wounds, lacerated both legs, shell fragments, Champagne, 5 October 1918. Butler, Duncan C., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right leg, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November 1918. Callback, William C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wounds, multiple, of body, shell fragments, killed, Champagne, 2 October 1918. Carroll, Thomas H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite”, Champagne, 4 October 1918. Carver, Robert R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated left thigh, shell fragment, Champagne, 10 October 1918. Chambers, Roy N., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated chest, shell fragment, Champagne, 8 October 1918. Childress, Lawrence A., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated left buttock, shell fragment, Champagne, 10 October 1918. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 165 Clark, Edward L., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right hand, shell fragment, Champagne, 4 October 1918. Cochrane, Robert C., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite”, Argonne, 5 November, 1918. Converse, Herschel J., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Wound, punctured right calf, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 3 June 1918. Cowan, William L, pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right leg, shell fragment, Champagne, 8 October 1918. Cowser, Marion, pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Champagne, 6 October 1918. Cushman, Warren I., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured right wrist, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 4 July 1918. Daw, Norman F., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated right thigh and left foot, shell fragments, Champagne 3 October 1918. Deaver, Quanah K., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured right knee, shell fragment. Champagne, 4 October 1918. Dent, Maclyn E., chief pharmacist’s mate. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 20 June 1918. De Witt, William T., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right knee, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Edison, Russell L., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Burns, multiple of body, gas “Mustard,” Argonne, 5 November 1918. Edwards, James C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Bat' talion. Wounds, punctured, of body, shell fragments, Champagne, 10 October 1918. Wound, punctured, left side, bullet, Argonne, 1 November 1918. Fenno, Lloyd H., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Bat' talion. Wounds, multiple of body, shell fragments, Champagne, 5 October 1918. Flieger, Elmer H., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right arm, shell fragments, Champagne, 3 October 1918. Foss, Justin R., pharmacist's mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured right hand, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November 1918. Freeman, William P., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, compound fracture, left femur, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Gehrke, Frank H., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. Wound, punctured right foot, shell fragment, Argonne, 4 November 1918. George, James S., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite”, Belleau Wood, 14 June 1918. Glazener, Julian A., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Vierzy, 21 July 1918. Glenn, Eugene I., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, left thigh and index finger, shell fragments, Belleau Wood, 22 June 1918. Goodman, William C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Champagne, 3 October 1918. Graham, William C., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Wounds, multiple, of body, shell fragments, killed, Champagne, 4 October 1918. Grantham, James H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wounds, multiple, of body, shell fragments, Belleau Wood, 21 June 1918. Wounds, multiple of body, shell fragments, killed, Argonne, 1 November 1918. 166 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Groh, Edmund P., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured right leg, shell fragment, Vierzy, 20 July 1918. Wound, punctured right arm, shell fragment, St. Mihiel, 13 September 1918. Grubb, Richard V., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured abdomen, shell fragment, died on field, Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Gunn, Savala E., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wounds, multiple of body, shell fragments, Belleau Wood, 22 June 1918. Hardman, Herschel, hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated left arm and forehead, shell fragments, Belleau Wood, 6 June 1918. Hayden, David E., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured right hand, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 2 July 1918. Wound, punctured right hip, shell fragment, Champagne, 3 October 1918. Haywood, Merton E., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 5 July 1918. Burns, multiple, of body, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 5 July 1918. Concussion, head, severe, shell explosion, Argonne, 1 November 1918. Henderson, Ernest L., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wounds, punctured both knees, shell fragments, Champagne, 6 October 1918. Herman, Bernard W., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wounds, multiple, and compound fracture right arm, shell fragments, Champagne, 8 October, 1918. Hildreth, Gilbert H., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured right thigh, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 22 June 1918. Wounds, lacerated, multiple of body, shell fragments, Argonne, 5 November 1918. Hinkley, Henry L., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, penetrating left thigh, shell fragment, Vierzy, 17 July 1918. Hoffman, Clifford W., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured right buttock, shell fragment, Champagne, 7 October 1918. Hoffman, Curtis R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Burns, multiple of body, gas, “Yperite,” Argonne, 3 November 1918. Hollis, William W., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated head, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November 1918. Hollva, Walter S., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured left foot, shell fragment, Vierzy, 18 July 1918. Horn, George E., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Bat' talion. Wound, lacerated back, shell fragment, Argonne, 10 November 1918. Hurst, Charles H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute “Yperite,” Vierzy, 18 July 1918. Wound, contused right thigh, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Jamieson, Robert H., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured right shoulder, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November 1918. Jamison, Roland R., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wounds, multiple, punctured abdomen, shell fragments, killed, Champagne, 4 October 1918. Jamme, Joseph H., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured, left thigh, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 24 June 1918. Wound, contused, right cheek, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November 1918. Jarvis, Harry W., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Burns, multiple, face and hands, gas “Yperite”, Vierzy, 18 July 1918. Javins, Rupert M., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Phosgene,” Champagne, 10 October 1918. Jennison, Charles S., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated, left side, shell fragment, Champagne, 5 October 1918. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 167 Johnson, Joseph S., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wounds, multiple, of body, shell fragments, killed, Champagne, 4 October 1918. Johnson, William C., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured left knee, shell fragment, St. Mihiel, 15 September 1918. Jones, George A., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated right arm, machine gun bullet, Belleau Wood, 6 June 1918. Justice, John E., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute “Yperite,” Champagne, 10 October 1918. Kearney, Everett W., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured right leg, shell fragment, Champagne, 7 October 1918. Killebrew, Edgar L., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured right foot, shell fragment, Champagne, 4 October 1918. Kingsbury, Carl O., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute “Yperite,” Verdun, 13 April 1918. Layton, Lester K., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured left elbow, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Lewis, Charles A., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, intracranial injury, shell explosion, Belleau Wood, 6 June 1918. Lewis, Spencer J., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Verdun, 13 April 1918. Linder, Isham D., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Belleau Wood, 14 June 1918. Lindley, Albert J., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured left leg, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Litchfield, John R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wounds, multiple, of body, shell fragments, killed, St. Mihiel, 15 September 1918. Lyons, George D., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured left foot, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Marks, John H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Mattingly, Claude., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute “Mustard,” Belleau Wood, 11 June 1918. Maxwell, David M., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, perforating, abdomen, shell fragment, killed, Belleau Wood, 16 June 1918. McClellen, Herbert C., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Belleau Wood, 12 June 1918. McGee, Henry E., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wounds, multiple, of body, shell fragments, Champagne, 3 October 1918. Medkirk, Forest T., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated left temple, shell fragment, Argonne, 7 November 1918. Wound, punctured left thigh, machine gun bullet, Argonne, 10 November 1918. Merkel, Edmo E., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wounds, multiple, eyes shell fragments, champagne, 6 October 1918. Messanelle, Ray A., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated left shoulder, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 6 June 1918. Miller, Clarence, pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured, left neck and thorax, shelf fragment, Vierzy, 19 July 1918. Wound, punctured, left thorax, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November 1918. Moll, John J., pharmacist's mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated right chest, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 12 June 1918. Wound, perforating left leg, rifle bullet, Argonne, 4 November 1918. Monahan, Ocia K., chief pharmacist’s mate,'United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion Wound, punctured right forearm, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July, 1918. 748887—47 12 168 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Morton, Roger Q., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Belleau Wood, 14 June, 1918. Nelson, Howard I., pharmacist's mate, second clfiss, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated right foot, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 25 June, 1918. Noonan, William W., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Belleau Wood, 14 June, 1918. Norton, Donald C., pharmacist’s mate, second class. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, penetrating right chest, shell fragment, St. Mihiel, 15 September, 1918. Nowlin, Jerry., pharmacist’s mate, third class. United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated, body, shell fragments, Belleau Wood, 17 June, 1918. Wound, punctured right thigh (accidental), bayonet, Vierzy, 18 July, 1918. Olsen, Harold I., pharmacist's mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Belleau Wood, 14 June, 1918. Oyler, John D., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right thigh, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July, 1918. Patterson, Charles H., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, perforating, chest, shell fragment, Argonne, 11 November,[1918, Died, 11 December, 1918. Perry, Abraham B., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured right hip, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November, 1918. Philbrock, Everett C., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured left thigh, shell fragment, Argonne, 3 November, 1918. Pierce Edward J., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wounds, multiple, of body, shell fragments, Argonne, 1 November, 1918. Pierson Walter A., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Belleau Wood,rduring June'1918. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Vierzy, 18 July, 1918. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Champagne, 1 to 10 October, 1918. Poison gas, chronic, evacuated, 20 October, 1918. Ratcliffe, Virgil A., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 15 June, 1918. Wounds, multiple of body, shell fragments, St. Mihiel, 14 September, 1918. Roberts, Harold C., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Belleau Wood, 7 July, 1918. Rodemich, Lorraine F., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Burns, multiple, of body, gas, “Mustard,” Vierzy, 18 July, 1918. Russell, Thomas N., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured left shoulder, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 11 June, 1918. Wound, punctured right leg, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November, 1918. Ryhn, Victor, pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Champagne, 3 October, 1918. Sanderson Otis B., pharmacist's mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, punctured left shoulder, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July, 1918. Schaffner, Fred C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Verdun, 13 April, 1918, died, 18 April, 1918. Schuler, Louis B., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, penetrating, head, machine gun bullet, killed, Belleau Wood, 26 June, 1918. Shader, Glenn., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Belleau Wood, 3 October, 1918. Smith, Emmett C., pharmacist’s'mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard,” Belleau Wood, 14 June, 1918. Spence, Martin W., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right little finger, shell fragment, Vierzy, 19 July,fl918. 169 IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Stamps, Bernice B., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 18 June, 1918. Wound, lacerated face, shell fragment, Argonne, 4 November, 1918. Station, Leon R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right arm, shell fragment, Champagne, 6 October, 1918. Strott. George G., chief pharmacist’s mate. United States Navy, Six Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Yperite,” BelleaujWood, 14 June, 1918. Wound, lacerated left eye, shell fragment, St. Mihiel, 13 September, 1918. Sullivan James D., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, penetrating, abdomen, shell fragment, killed, Champagne, 5 October, 1918. Taylor Guss L., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy,-Fifth Marines. Wounds, multiple, face and arms, shell fragments, Belleau Wood, 19 June, 1918. Tenley Eugene H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, penetrating, head, shell fragment, killed, Champagne, 8 October, 1918. Tibbetts, Frank O., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, lacerated right hand, shell fragment, Belleau Wood, 11 June, 1918. Timmons, Claude, pharmacist's mate, first class. United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wounds, multiple, head and left arm, shell fragments, killed, Argonne, 2 November, 1918. Tindall, Hubert, pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. Wound, punctured left thigh and arm, shall fragment. Champagne, 4 October 1918. Tousic, Frank, chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, contused right ankle, shell fragment, Argonne, 6 November, 1918. Turner, John W., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured right hand, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November, 1918. Tuttle, Francis A., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute, “Mustard”, Belleau Wood, 12 June 1918. Vorous, Francis, pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right eye, shell fragment, St. Mihiel, 15 September, 1918. Weddington, James L., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute “Mustard,” St. Mihiel, 15 September, 1918. Welte, Frank G., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, penetrating, body, shell fragment, killed, Belleau Wood, 6 June 1918. Whistler, Clifford R., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Poison gas, acute “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 14 June 1918. Wound, punctured left arm, shall fragment, St. Mihiel, 13 September, 1918. Williams, Clifford W., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Burn, gas, both buttocks, “Yperite,” Belleau Wood, 28 June, 1918. Wiley, Harry K., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured left chest, shell fragment, Champagne, 3 October, 1918. Wilson, Marcius B., pharmacist’s mate, third class. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wound, lacerated right hand, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November, 1918. Winney, Arthur L., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Wound, punctured left side and back, shell fragments, Champagne, 4 October, 1918. Witt, George D., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. Wound, perforating abdomen, shell fragment, Champagne, 7 October 1918, died, 26 October, 1918. Yates, Frank R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Wound, lacerated right leg, shell fragment, Argonne, 1 November, 1918. Yates, Ray, E., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Wound, lacerated left hand, shell fragment, Argonne, 2 November 1918. 170 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Prisoner of War 14 Dubrock, Robert Anderson, pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps, Second Division, United States Army, A. E. F. While attached to the Fifty-first Company, during the operations at Blanc Mont, Champagne Region, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, Ardennes, France, on the afternoon of 4 October 1918, was taken prisoner by the enemy who had moved some elements into a small salient, created by adjustment of our lines, where Dubrock was attending severely wounded Americans and Germans. After having been employed by the Germans in evacuating their wounded on this front, during their withdrawal a few days later, Dubrock was sent to the prison camp at Rastatt, Germany, where Sergeant Hally Burton was acting commandant of the American prisoners. Because of Dubrock’s knowledge of Hospital Corps work, he was used in the care of sick and wounded American prisoners. Dubrock reports that the “German doctors gave very little assist- ance in this respect.” Released 7 December 1918 and, with sick and wounded Allied prisoners of war, was sent to Base Hospital No. 115, A. E. F., Vichy, France, on a Red Cross train. Remained at Vichy, France, from 8 December 1918 until 28 December 1918. Returned to the United States, arriving 16 January 1919. Statistics Recapitulation: Casualty List, ?{aval Personnel, Second Division, A. E. F. Officers Hospital Grand Medical Dental Chaplain Total Corps total Killed 0 1 0 1 15 16 0 0 0 0 2 2 6 0 0 1 6 103 109 11 1 13 43 56 17 2 1 20 163 183 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 “Died of wounds” due to gas. Hospital Corps U. S. N. personnel Total casu- alties Monthly average casualty Yearly average casualty Total Hospital Corps 70 76 17 8 % m 2 H 105 128 114 122 26^ 27 Total 4th Brigade U. S. M. C. A. E.F 163 20 % 245H 277 Note: Including medical, dental officers, and chaplains, naval personnel. Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., A. E. F., 331 personnel involved during period-of actual combat. The hospital corpsmen of the Fourth Brigade, U. S. Marine Corps, A. E. F., averaged 135 men, and these men suffered 157 casualties from 7 June 1918 to 11 November 1918 a period of five and a fraction months. According to the above, the monthly casualties averaged 30.6. The annual casualty rate would be 272 percent per average daily number of hospital corpsmen attached. The 331 officers and men of the Medical Department serving in the actual combat in France, received 684 decorations and awards, or 207 percent. 14 Information from Service Record Jacket, Bureau of Navigation (now Bureau of Naval Personnel), Navy Department, Washington, D. C., and from personal interview. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 171 Wounds: Chevrons and Medals Early in 1918 the War and Navy Departments authorised the wearing of gold chevrons on the uniform sleeves of the respective arms to denote length of overseas service and to record the number of wounds one received while in action against the enemy. Both the wound chevron and the overseas-service chevron are of the same material and design; they differ only in the manner in which worn: Service chevrons are worn on the left cuff and wound chevrons above the right cuff. The right to wear a wound chevron was determined by the receipt of a wound inflicted by an enemy-projected missile or weapon, the injury being of sufficient degree to require medical treatment. Poisoning, by either vesicant or lethal gas, projected by the enemy, and requiring treatment, constituted a “wound,” insofar as the right to wear a wound chevron was concerned. Wounds falling within this class were required to be reported on the Daily Report of Casualties and Changes, Form 4, A. G., G. O., S. D., A. E. F., for the Army; and on NMS Form K, Report of Casualties in Action, for the Navy by organizations sustaining battle casualties. Certification, likewise, was made of such wounds in the service and health records of the individual sailor, soldier, or marine wounded. Multiple wounds, received simultaneously, as the result of a single shell burst were construed to constitute one wound; for multiple wounds, only one wound chevron was allowed. Despite the fact that there are many persons in the Navy at this time who are entitled to wear the wound chevron by reason of having been wounded in action during World War I, the United States Navy Uniform Regulations and other current regulations, referred to as late as 1929, are silent regarding authority for, description of, and manner of wearing the Army and the Navy wound chevrons on the various naval uniforms. The United States Marine Corps Uniform Regulations, with changes to include the year 1928, in this respect, are complete. They state: The wound chevron shall be worn by those persons authorized by proper authority, on the outer half of the right sleeve, of all coats and overcoats. Chevrons, for wounds received while with the Navy, shall be worn “point up” and, for wounds received while with the Army, “point down,” the bottom of the chevron (or lower chevron when there is more than one), approximately two inches from the lower edge of the sleeve; additional chevrons being one-fourth inch apart. Where chevrons for wounds received with both the Army and Navy are worn, those for each service shall be grouped. (Par. 281, Uniform Regulations, U. S. M. C.). Officially recognized wounds were recorded by the United States Government in the award of a beautifully lithographed diploma, bearing the expression “Casualty List,” the name and branch of service of the individual wounded, the facsimile signature of the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, and the descriptive brief. With the adoption of the Victory Medal by the United States, a “Victory Lapel Button,” issued to the personnel of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps 172 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY for use with civilian clothing, was at the same time to replace the uniform service and wound chevrons. Two buttons of the same design, but of different metals, silver and bronze, were produced, the silver button for issue to those who had been wounded in action during the World War and the bronze button for general army or naval service, anywhere in the world, during which service the person was not wounded in action. Both buttons indicate military or naval service during the World War, the silver button indicating, additionally, that the wearer was “wounded in action.” The Purple Heart Medal was, on 22 February 1932, instituted as an award by the Army as a distinctive mark denoting “wound received in action.” The Purple Heart Medal was authorized by the War Department in General Order No. 3, dated 22 February which stated “By order of the President of the United States, the Purple Heart, established by General George Washington at Newburgh, August 7, 1782, during the War of the Revolution, is hereby revived out of respect of his memory and military achievements.” (A. G. 210.52 (6-9-31).) The Purple Heart Medal was authorized for the Navy by Executive Order No. 9277 of 3 December 1942 and General Order No. 186 of 21 January 1943. The Purple Heart Medal (Navy) is awarded to: Persons wounded in action against the enemy of the United States while serving with the Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard of the United States, or as a result of act of such enemy, if wound necessitated treatment by medical officer. Citations and Awards ORDERHDF CITATIONS 1. Medal of Honor. 2. Navy Cross. 3. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. 4. Distinguished Service Medal, United States Navy, 5. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. 6. Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of Navy. 7- Letter of Commendation, Secretary of Navy. 8. Legion of Honor. 9. Croix de Guerre: (a) Palm. (b) Gold Star. (c) Silver Star. (d) Bronze Star. 10. Italian War Cross. 11. Portuguese War Cross. 12. Letter of Commendation, Chiet Surgeon, American Forces in England. 13. Destroyer named for. 14. Letter of Regimental Commander. 15. Street named for. MEDALS AND DECORATIONS The act approved 4 February 1919 (40 Stat. 1056) provided for the award of medals of honor, distinguished service medals, and Navy crosses, in recognition of distinguished acts performed by persons in the naval service. The time limit established for recommendations for the awards is within 3 years of the date of the distinguished act; therefore qualifying acts performed by personnel during the World War 1917-19, appropriately, were recognised. The Medal of Honor (gold 15), presented by the President of the United States, in the name of Congress, is awarded to any person who, while in the naval service of the United States, shall, in action involving actual conflict with the enemy distinguish himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life alone and beyond the call of duty and without detriment to the mission. A gratuity of $2 per month from the date of the distinguished act is authorised to enlisted men. Public 56, approved 27 April 1916 established a“Medal of Honor Roll,” which provides, upon certification, a special pension of $10 per month for life to holders of the Medal of Honor, who have obtained the age of 65. The T[avy Cross 16, presented by the President of the United States, but not in the name of Congress, is awarded to any person who, while in the naval service of the United States has distinguished himself, or shall hereafter distinguish himself by extraordinary heroism or distinguished service in the line of his pn> fession, such heroism or service not being sufficient to justify the award of a medal of honor or a distinguished service medal. A gratuity of $2 per month from the date of the distinguished act is authorised to enlisted men. The Distinguished Service Medal, presented by the President of the United States, but not in the name of Congress, is awarded to any person who, while in the naval service of the United States, has distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility. A gratuity of $2 per month from the date of the distinguished act is authorised to enlisted men. In relation to naval awards appearing in the preceding list of official citations, it will be noted that some discrepancy exists in the phraseology used in the final citation, the nature of the deed upon which the award was based, and the specific requirements for awards as set forth in the act. Basing opinion upon the relative values universally given valor, gallantry, and extraordinary heroism in com' parison to meritorious service, confusion prevails as to the actual rank of the respective naval awards in relation to one another and to the Army awards. 15 Superseded by the act approved 7 August 1942 (Pub., 702). 16 Superseded by the act approved 7 August 1942 (Pub., 702). IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 175 For example: The Distinguished Service Medal (Navy) is awarded in recogni- tion of a meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility. Generally, this is interpreted to infer a service extending over a considerable length of time in position of great “administrative” responsibility. The words “extraordinary heroism,” for any intent or purpose, do not appear in the act as a requirement for the award. One would assume that this medal was provided for the recognition of “administrative” service in positions of great responsibility and not for “combative” service involving actual personal contact with the enemy where the display of gallantry is observed and which acts are consum- mated in a relatively short period of time. The citations of Fifer, Ursher L., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, and Groh, Edmund P., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Regiment, for the Distinguished Service Medal, begin with the words, “For extraordinary heroism.” Both citations describe individual acts in action under fire and in the face of an organized enemy. Stringer17 commenting upon the Navy “war” awards indicates, in his Intro- duction, the following points: “The Medal of Honor (1919), is a valor medal; to win it a man must have performed an act of heroism under fire, above and beyond the call of ordinary duty and at the risk of his life. The Distinguished Service Medal, is what its name implies and it was awarded to those who served with marked distinction in a position of great responsibility. The Navy Cross, was awarded for both gallantry in action and conspicuous service. “Where it (Navy Cross) was awarded for gallantry, it takes precedence over the Distinguished Service Medal, taking its place next to the Medal of Honor. But, where it is given for ’exceptional service,’ the Distinguished Service Medal ranks first,” i. e., above the Navy Cross which has been awarded for exceptional service—not gallantry. “In this connection there has been a tendency to regard the Navy Cross as of little merit. This is as false as it is deplorable. The cross is the only award provided by Congress for heroism, whether in conflict or not, for a lesser degree than would warrant the award of the Medal of Honor.” It is natural for the holders of the various naval awards, in the pride of their respective acts, to resent the leveling influences of unqualified recognition as shown by the ribbons, rosettes, and medals, when the nature of the respective acts upon which the awards are based is evident only to the individual medalist. The decision 18 of the Comptroller General, that “all prior acts dealing with the award of the Medal of Honor were repealed by the act of 4 February 1919 and, that medals awarded after 4 February 1919, must conform to the provisions of the latter act” has resulted in the institution of two classes of this high award; 17 Navy Book of Distinguished Service with foreword by Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy, Tassett Publishing Co., Washington, D. C., 1921. 18 Bureau of Navigation Manual, Navy Department, Pt. A., ch. I, sec. A-1002. 176 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY (1) The gold 1919 medal, given only for intrepidity, above and beyond the call of duty while in actual conflict with the enemy (the medal of honor recognized by the Comptroller General) and (2) the bronze 1901 medal, given for distin- guished service in battle or display of extraordinary heroism in the line of “his” profession; the latter medal awarded during the time the Navy had one medal, and for which acts, since 1919, a Navy cross or a Distinguished Service Medal would have been awarded. Based upon the quality of a distinguished act, recognized by the award of a medal, the order of rank of Navy medals held by persons now in the naval service would be: Gallantry in action: (l) Medal of Honor (gold) 1919. (2) Navy Cross. Heroism, not in action: (3) Medal of Honor (bronze) 1861. (4) Navy Cross. Meritorious service: (5) Distinguished Service Medal. (6) Navy Cross. Although this order of rank is not specifically designated by law, it appears that the various naval awards spontaneously rank themselves in the order given when personal contact of the holders occurs. Further, it appears that such “mental” ranking is supported through other mediums of official recognition, i. e., the precedence “extraordinary heroism” is given over “meritorious service” in the 10 percent additional pay, allowed transferred Fleet Naval Reserve per- sonnel after 16 or 20 years’ naval service who possess a citation containing the words “extraordinary heroism”; and, in the Army, the award of a silver star for each citation recorded in general orders, recognizing acts of “extraordinary heroism in action.” This (silver star) award is not allowed those mentioned in general orders for acts of “meritorious service.” To qualify for the award of the Distinguished Service Cross, the sister medal in the Army to the Navy Cross, each official citation must commence with the words “For extraordinary heroism in action.” In measuring precedence of valorous acts, through the use of one’s selective judgment, the greatest consideration is given to those acts which are displayed nearest the center of greatest conflict in war. Modification of consideration then follows the varying degrees of valor, local circumstances and the relative value of specific acts, but the greatest regard is felt for those acts which take place during battle.19 It was never intended, and it would be difficult to implant the idea, that gallantry in action, of any degree, should be subordinated to other types of heroism, i. e., to heroism displayed in lifesaving; during an accident or meeting an emergency in the performance of normal duty, with energy, initiative, and daring; or to meritorious service of great value—to any service not involving risk of life, in defense of the Nation, during battle. On 17 March 1919 the Board of Awards, appointed by the Secretary of the Navy, in the absence of the President of the United States, met in Washington, 19 Pub., 702, approved 7 August 1942, established the Navy Cross on the same relative plane as the Distinguished Service Cross (Army) by providing that it be awarded only to “any person who, while serving in any capacity with the naval ervice of the United States, distinguishes himself by extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy.” IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 177 to review the numerous recommendations which had accumulated during the course of the World War which had been submitted to the Navy Department for action. This Board, which became known as the “Knight Board,” was composed of 10 high-ranking naval officers with Admirals Austin M. Knight, Charles J. Badger, and De Witt Coffman at its head. Early in the Board’s work the discovery was made that a great many officers and men recommended to the Navy Department had performed deeds worthy of recognition, although under the law they were ineligible to receive a medal award because their acts as reported, did not meet the standards established by law. The Board, desirous of recognizing such acts, created the “Special Letter of Commendation. ’ ’ The Distinguished Service Cross (Army),20 was provided for in the act of Congress, approved 7 July 1918 which states: “That the President be, and he is hereby, further authorized to present, but not in the name of Congress, a distinguished service cross of appropriate design and a ribbon, together with a rosette or other device, to be worn in lieu thereof, to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the Army of the United States since the 6th of April, 1917, has distinguished himself or herself by extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy.” This Army award (which by the Navy Department, is classed with the Navy Cross) can only be awarded for acts or deeds of extraordinary heroism in connec- tion with military operations against an armed enemy, the degree of which “extraordinary heroism” is not considered sufficiently great to justify the award of the Medal of Honor (1918-Army).” The act of Congress which authorized the various Army decorations, likewise provided for the Distinguished Service Cross to rank above the Distinguished Service Medal, i. e., Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, and Dis- tinguished Service Medal. This, as would be inferred, expresses the intention of the Government to recognize acts of valor and gallantry in action, in relative precedence, above acts of meritorious service rendered in positions of great responsibility to the Govern- ment, and above acts of heroism displayed “not in action.” General Order No. 66, Navy Department, Series 1922, in regulating the relative precedence of service medals in the order they are to be worn on the naval uni- form, stipulate the following; 1. Medal of Honor (Navy). Medal of Honor (Army). 2. Distinguished Service Medal (Navy). Distinguished Service Medal (Army). 3. Navy Cross 21. Distinguished Service Cross (Army). 20 In the War Department’s publication Decorations, United States Army, 1862-1926, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1927, the citations of Distinguished Serivce Cross awards are listed immediately after the Medal of Honor citations and precede those of the Distinguished Service Medal. S1 Position modified by Pub. 702 of 7 Aug. 1942. 178 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Herein, the order of merit as regulated by relative degree of valor or gallantry in action is reversed. Distinction between the 1919 (gold) medal of honor and the 1864 (bronze) medal of honor is not indicated. In this arrangement the Distinguished Service Medals of both services are placed above the medals awarded for “extraordinary heroism not considered of sufficient degree to justify the award of the Medal of Honor.” Likewise, the Navy Crosses awarded for (a) extraordinary heroism in action, but not considered of sufficient degree to justify the award of the Medal of Honor, and (b) for extraordinary heroism, not in action, and (c) for a lesser degree of meritorious service in a position of responsibility, is placed with and above the Distinguished Service Cross, which is awarded only for acts of extra' ordinary heroism in action. The Victory Medal, the medal commemorating World War I, was adopted by internationahallied agreement during the summer of 1918. The design of the medal and the colors of the ribbon for the use of the Army and the Navy are the same. The design of the medal adopted by the Allies is similar to that adopted by the United States, the exceptions being minor. The ribbon used by the armed forces of the Allied Nations is identical, being made in accordance with international specifications. The Victory Medals of the Army and Navy indicate, by the provisions of battle clasps, the specific military or naval experience of the individual receiving the medal. The award of battle clasps, by the Army and Navy, is regulated by separate instructions for each service. The Army authorised clasps for 13 major operations carried out by the Amern can Expeditionary Forces during the World War, and issues 1 defensive sector clasp, regardless of the number of defensive sectors occupied by any individua during the period of the war. Persons who served in the Army during the World War are authorised to wear the number of battle clasps to which they are entitled by reason or their participation in any of the official operations. On the service ribbon a bronse star is worn in lieu of each clasp to which one is entitled. The Navy authorised 16 clasps, but only 1 clasp is allowed any one person, therefore, persons whose service was in the Navy during the World War can wear but 1 clasp with their Victory Medal. As is the custom in the Army, a bronse star is worn on the Navy service ribbon in lieu of the authorised naval clasp. Naval personnel who served with the Army during the War receive the clasps and stars to which they are entitled by reason of their Army service.22 Naval personnel present and on duty, on the official dates, with the Marine Corps and Army units to which they were regularly attached are entitled to wear on their Victory Medal the following Army battle clasps: 22 Pt. 1, sec. 10A, par. 16 (d). Bureau of Navigation Manual, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 179 Major Operations Aisne 5-29-18 (Belleau Wood) 6-5-18 Aisne-Marne 7-18-18 (Vierzy) 7-20-18 St. Mihiel 9-12-18 (Thiaucourt) _. 9-16-18 Meuse-Argonne 23 10-1-18 (Champagne Region) 10-10-18 Defensive Sectors 24 Toulon-Troyon Sector 3-15-18 (Verdun) 5-14-18 Chateau Thierry Sector | X I 7-9-18 Marbache Sector 8-1-18 (Pont au Mousson) 8-18-18 11-1-18 .11-11-18 (Landres Ste Georges- Mouzon). . . Those officers and men of the Marine Corps and of the Medical Department of the Navy who were attached to the American Expeditionary Forces in France, at any time between 6 April 1917 and 11 November 1918, and who are not entitled to any battle clasp provided for in General Order No. 83, War Depart- ment, 30 June 1919, are authorised to wear a bronze maltese cross, three-six- teenths of an inch in diameter, on the service ribbon of the Victory Medal, in lieu of the “France” clasp authorized by the Army for such service.25 Additional insignia, authorized to be worn on both the ribbon of the Victory Medal and the corresponding service ribbon (bar), are silver citation stars, three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, provided for by act of Congress in July 1918. In the Army, every officer and enlisted man, who was cited in orders emanating from a general headquarters for gallantry in action, not considered of sufficient degree to justify the award of the Medal of Honor or a Distinguished Service Cross is entitled to wear a silver star for each such citation on the ribbon of the Victory Medal. The silver citation stars do not replace, on the service ribbon, any bronze stars worn in lieu of battle clasps. On the ribbon of the medal they are clustered in line above the clasps. The names of naval personnel entitled to silver stars are found in the Citation Orders, General Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, France, and in certain General Orders, issued from the Headquarters of the Commanding Gen- eral, Second Division, United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces France and Germany. The preamble, dates, and numbers of the Army citation and General Orders are as follows: Citation Orders, General Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, France The following-named officers and enlisted men of the American Expeditionary Forces are cited for gallantry in action and are entitled to wear a silver star on the Victory Medal Ribbon, as pre- scribed by Paragraph I, G. O., 75, c. s., those Headquarters: 23 Double participation in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive allows but one clasp. 24 Only one Defensive Sector Clasp allowed. *' Par. (4) sec. A-1018 Bureau of Navigation Manual, U. S. Navy. 180 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Names of Naval Medical and Corps of Chaplain Personnel, for acts of gallantry, appear in the following Citation Orders, GHQ, AEF, France: Number Date No number 27 Mar 19 1 3 Jun 19 2 Do. 3 Do. 4 Do. 6 Do. 7 Do. 8 1 Mar 20 9 1 Aug 20 General Orders, Headquarters, Second Division Regular American Expeditionary Forces, France. The names and the deeds performed by the following-named officers and enlisted men of this Division are published as being worthy of emulation and praise;26 The names of Naval Medical and Corps of Chaplain personnel, cited for acts of gallantry in action, appear in the following General Orders, Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces, France (and Germany): Number Tear 35 1918 40 1918 44 1918 53 1918 88 1918 64 1919 The development and authorization of Citation Orders, GHQ, A. E. F., France, resulted (in the Army) from the same conditions that confronted the Naval Board of Awards when reviewing naval recommendations for the award of the Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Medal, and Navy Cross, and were the sister awards of the Army to the Special Letters of Commendation, awarded to officers and men of the United States Navy, whose recommended deeds were considered worthy of recognition, although, under the law, they were inadequate for a medal award. The two forms of GHQ Citation Certificates, i. e., for “gallantry in action” (silver star) and “specially meritorious service,” were authorized by the Secre- tary of War in December 1918. The purpose of these awards was to fill the gap in the existing system of awards and recognize services of merit not eligible for any of the established decorations. For example: There were many persons who performed excellent services, even involving “heroism,” but whose “gallantry,” as reported, did not meet the requirements necessary to justify the award of the Distinguished Service 29 Although the preamble to the subject General Orders issued by the Second Division. A. E. F., does not mention the words “gallantry in action” as is required for the award of a silver star and as is stipulated in the act of Congress authorizing the award, it has been construed that the acts mentioned meet the requirements of the law, and, consequently, when citation certificates were issued the words “for gallantry in action” were printed on the faces of the official diplomas. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 181 Cross, or, if of a “specially meritorious” nature, was not of sufficient degree to qualify for the Distinguished Service Medal because the reported individuals were “not assigned to a duty of great responsibility.” It was mostly those acts which fell within this category that received Citation Certificates, GHQ, and were mentioned in division general orders, A. E. F. No Army medal, authorised by law, could be given to them. Considering the relative standing of this class of award there is some difference between the Silver Star Citation Certificate of the Army and the Special Letter of Commendation (also a silver star citation) issued by the Naval Board of Awards. The citation of the former, to entitle one to wear a silver star, must state that the recognised services of the holder, however distinguished and mern torious, ivere carried out under hostile fire. A Citation Certificate, GHQ, A. E. F., issued to persons in recognition of “specially meritorious services” of “insufficient degree to justify the award of the Distinguished Service Medal” (Army), does not carry the award of a silver star. Because the Navy Cross of 1919 was awarded also for acts of heroism “not carried out under hostile fire” and for “distinguished service in administrative capacities,” it is considered that the Army Citation Certificate corresponds to the Navy Cross in those instances when the Navy Cross was given for services other than for heroism. Persons awarded the Navy Special Letter of Commendation, in recognition of acts not considered of sufficient degree to justify the award of the Medal of Honor, the Navy Cross, or the Distinguished Service Medal, are authorised to wear, for each citation so received, a silver star on the ribbons of the Victory Medal.27 Differing from the policy followed with the Army Citation Certificates, the Navy Special Letter of Commendation was awarded for acts of heroism in, and out of, action, and for meritorious services. If the holder of such a letter possessed a naval clasp, a silver star replaced the corresponding bronze star on the service ribbon of the Victory Medal. It will be recalled that the Army citation silver stars do not replace corresponding bronze stars on the service ribbon of the Victory Medal. A silver star on the Navy Victory Medal ribbon can mean either that the holder was mentioned for heroism “in or out of action,” or was cited for meri' torious service. Among the citations and awards listed in this work, there are 11 awards of the Special Letter of Commendation. These were awarded for acts performed while the concerned naval personnel were assigned to and were serving with the Army in France. As noted, this award entitles the holders to wear a J\[avy Silver Star with Army Silver Stars and battle clasps on the ribbons of their Victory Medals. Such A[avy Silver Star could not replace a bronze Army Star on the service 27 Ft. 1. Sec. 10-A, par. 18 (c) Bureau of Navigation Manual, U, S. Navy. 182 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY ribbon, therefore, in the absence of specific provision, such Silver Stars are worn in addition to all Army Silver and Bronze Stars. Note.-—Public Law 702, approved 7 August 1942 (among other things) established the Navy and Marine Corps Medal awarded for heroism not involving actual conflict with an enemy and carried the provision (sec. 5) to give the award “to any person to whom the Secretary of the Navy has heretofore awarded a letter of commendation for heroism, regardless of the date of such act of heroism, who make application for such medal.” This medal has a gratuity of $2 per month for enlisted men, payable after the date of the distinguished act, after 7 December 1941. Section 10, Public Law 702, also provides, “That in cases of persons now in the naval service for whom the award of the Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Medal, or Navy Cross, has been recommended in full compliance with then existing regulations, but on account of services which, though insufficient fully to justify the award of the Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, or the Navy Cross, appears to have been such as to justify the award of the Silver Star Medal, or the Navy and Marine Corps Medal hereinbefore provided, such cases may be considered and acted upon under the provisions of this Act authorizing the award of the Silver Star Medal or the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, notwithstanding that said services may have been rendered more than five years before said cases shall have been considered as authorized by this proviso, but all consideration or any action upon any of said cases shall be based exclusively upon official records now on file in the Navy Department.” The Silver Star (Army) as a decoration was authorized by an act of Congress approved 9 July 1918 as amended by an act of Congress approved 24 January 1920. The award consisted of a small silver star, three'sixteenths of an inch in diameter, and was authorized to be worn on the ribbon of the service medal awarded for the war or campaign in which the citation was earned. Because the Silver Star took rank the Distinguished Service Medal in the order of precedence in which decorations are worn, the President, in 1932, authorized the Silver Star to be worn as a separate medal and thus removing the Silver Star from the Victory Medal ribbon. This new decoration carries the small silver star superimposed on the obverse of a larger five'point-star pendent of gold'colored metal suspended on a ribbon of red,[white, and blue stripes with the red stripe forming the center. Eligibility is based’upon acts of gallantry in action published in orders issued from the headquarters of a force commanded by a general officer. No provision was made for the payment of a gratuity. Public Law 702, approved, 7 August 1942, established the Silver Star Medal as a Navy decoration. The design and ribbon of, and the qualifications for, the Silver Star Medal are the same in both services, the exception retroactive to 7 December 1941, being a $2 per month gratuity to enlisted holders of the medal issued by the Navy. The position of the Silver Star Medal is after the Legion of Merit. Appertaining to Silver Star awards, and pertinent to the repetition of citations and awards as regulated by the Army, the following authoritative information is mentioned; Citations of persons for gallantry in action are published in orders issued from the headquarters of a United States force, commanded by, or which is the appro* priate command of, a general officer, or issued by the War Department. For each citation of an officer or enlisted man for gallantry in action, published as in the preceding paragraph, which citation does not warrant the award of the IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 183 Medal of Honor, or Distinguished Service Cross, a Silver Star may be worn * * *. In order to entitle the person cited to wear the Silver Star, the cita- tion must show clearly and unquestionably that it is for gallantry in action. A citation for meritorious services, or for gallant conduct not in action, does not entitle the person cited to wear the Silver Star. In any case of doubt as to whether a published citation authorises the wearing of the Silver Star, the facts will be reported to the Adjutant General of the Army for decision. When an officer or enlisted man is cited in orders from one or more headquar- ters for acts or deeds that are clearly identical, only one Silver Star may be worn and the citation in the orders of the headquarters of the higher command will be the citation authorising the wearing of the Silver Star. When a person entitled to wear the Silver Star is subsequently awarded an- other decoration for the same conduct, the right to wear the Silver Star by reason of the published citation for the particular conduct ceases. A Silver Star may not be worn for any citation for conduct for which any other decoration of the United States was awarded. (Par. 10, Army Regulations, No. 600-45, 9 March 1922). The citations herein reproduced reveal many instances of repetition of cita- tion, i. e., clearly and unquestionably for the same act, and for which individuals were awarded the Medal of Honor by the Navy and the Distinguished Service Cross or either. This repetition of citation and award includes also the lesser Army and Navy awards: Citation Certificates, Special Letters of Commenda- tion and Letters of Commendation. Many Letters of Commendation were issued to members of the Navy Hospital Corps who served overseas with the Army during the course of the World War for acts and deeds of gallantry in action, report of which distinguished acts reached the Navy Department before the Board of Awards met for the consider- ation of naval awards. As these deeds occurred during 1918, and prior to the Act of 1919, the reports from the field merely cited the deeds and left the form of award (if any) to be given in the hands of the Navy Department. The relative status of such Letters of Commendation, insofar as recognition on the ribbons of the Victory Medal is concerned or by subsequent award of a new decoration, has not been defined. The repetition of citation and award for single acts, as disclosed in this work, occurred as the result of circumstances which could not be controlled, i. e., the individuals being in the Navy, were attached to Marine Corps units serving with the Army overseas and were in a status and performing duty, over which a fairly efficient and equitable administrative control had not been established. Recommendations for awards were sent, as the acts occurred, by local Navy, Marine Corps, or Army observers to the respective headquarters and depart- ments, through channels and, often, direct. Thus from the field reports from naval medical officers frequently were forwarded directly to the Navy Depart- ment, and reports from Marine Corps observers were forwarded both direct to- the Navy Department and through organization commands to Army and 748887—47 13 184 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY French headquarters. In the confusion resulting, inadvertently, many identical acts were repeatedly rewarded by both the Army and the Navy, and as well by the French. According to the precedent regulating the wearing of Silver Star Medals, established by the Army, it would appear that a similar custom would apply to the wearing of two or more United States decorations awarded any individual for an identical act or deed, viz;., only the highest decoration or award being accredited and permitted to be worn. The Legion d'Honneur (Legion of Honor), is an order of French decoration established by Napoleon I in 1802. The order comprises five classes, ranking among themselves in the following manner: Grand Cross, Grand Officer, Commander, Officer, and Chevalier. Promotion through the various grades is regulated by standards involving fulfillment of rigorous requirements in either civil, military, or arts and science pursuits. The Legion d’Honneur, in fact, is a society composed of individuals who have gained outstanding distinction and who are governed by a rigid code of honor. The President of France is the Chief Sovereign and Grand Master of the Order. When the Legion of Honor is conferred for services rendered in the theatre of active military operations it generally carries with it the Croix de Guerre with palm, unless the person so decorated already has the latter decoration. When a person is seen wearing the badge or ribbon of the Legion of Honor and is not showing the colors of the Croix de Guerre, it can be inferred that the award of the Legion of Honor was made for services not rendered at the front. The colors of the Legion d’Honneur are red and the ribbon is of watered silk (moire). The Croix de Guerre is the “war cross” of France. One hundred and seven- teen Croix de Guerre were awarded to United States Naval Medical and Corps of Chaplain personnel during the World War. These 117 Croix de Guerre were awarded by the French Ministry of War for deeds of heroism performed at the front during action against the enemy. These were the only Croix de Guerre awarded personnel of the United States Navy by the War Ministry. The Croix de Guerre ranks third in precedence among the French decorative orders. The Order was instituted by law on 8 April 1915 to reward acts performed by officers and men in the theater of active military operations. The Croix de Guerre is awarded for deeds which are either valorous or meritorious, although such recognised acts must have been performed in the zone of active military operations. In this respect, the requirements for the award differ from those required for the award of the Distinguished Service Cross (given only for acts of gallantry in action) and the 1919 Navy Cross (awarded in recognition of acts, deeds, or services of both extraordinary heroism, in and out of action, as well as for meri- IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 185 torious services performed away from the theater of active military operations). There are four classes to the Order of the Croix de Guerre, i. e., first class, the insignia of which is a bronze palm, awarded to those officers and men mentioned in the orders of a military force representing the command of an officer command' ing an army; second class, gold star, mentioned in the orders of the army corps; third class, silver star, mentioned in the orders of the division (the nominal command of a major general) and fourth class, bronze star, mentioned in the orders of the brigade regiment or equivalent military unit. Subsequent awards of any of the four classes of the Croix de Guerre are recog' nized by the award of the insignia of the particular class into which the citation falls by reason of the rank of the military headquarters mentioning the act. Such additional awards are worn on the ribbon of the medal additional to the insignia of the original award. This decoration, of the first (palm) class, is given as a complimentary award to the award of Chevalier, Legion d'Honneur, when the services so recognized occurred on the front in the zone of military operations against the enemy. A further award of the Croix de Guerre (as a decoration of organization colors) is noted in the comment devoted to the Fourragere, page 187- The colors of the Croix de Guerre are green and gold, woven in the ribbon in narrow alternating stripes. The colors were taken from the ribbon of a medal struck by Napoleon III and awarded to the guard which accompanied the remains of Napoleon I from St. Helena to its final resting place in the beautiful Tuilleries, Paris. The Croce di Guerra, the “war cross” of Italy, appeared as a decoration dur' ing the World War. It was established in March 1918 as a reward for deeds of heroism on land, sea, or in the air, which deeds were not considered of sufficient degree to justify the award of a valor medal. The medal was given also for long service at the front; to those severely wounded in action; and for repeated minor feats of bravery, and other services performed while in action against the enemy. This decoration resembles the French Croix de Guerre in precedence and requirements necessary to confer the award. The Croce di Guerra mentioned in this work were awarded by the Italian Government, complimentary to the award of the United States Navy (1919) Medal of Honor, for recognized acts performed during the World War. The Cruz da Guerra is the “war cross” of Portugal. It was established during the World War and is given for acts of individual heroism in battle. There are two classes of this award and it is rarely bestowed, ranking next to the Order of the Tower and Sword, the highest award conferred by the Portugese Government. This decoration was an additional complimentary award to some persons mentioned in this work, who received the Navy (1919) Medal of Honor for World, War deeds of intrepidity in action against the enemy, above and beyond the ordinary call of duty. 186 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Decorations or their corresponding ribbons are worn over the left breast on the uniform coat or blouse (excepting those worn around the neck) and are placed from right to left in the order of rank from the top down. Service medals, including the Victory Medal, are worn after the lowest ranking decoration, in the order of their respective dates. Good'conduct medals follow the last service medal. Foreign decorations, regardless of rank (except those worn around the neck), are worn to the left of and below American deco- rations, medals, or ribbons in the order of the date of the act for which such foreign decorations were awarded, or, when worn separately, in accordance with the regulations of the country which made the awards. With the exceptions mentioned, exact information as to how decorations are to be worn is adequately described in the Uniform Regulations of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. The French Arm? Fourragere in the United States Navy The Fourragere is a French military decoration. It is a coil of braided cord made of wool or silk, having a suspended metal tip resembling a “spike.” It is worn about the left shoulder seam of the uniform, and on the colors of a military unit honored for conspicuous gallantry in action during war. The Second Division, United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, France, in recognition of its brilliant attacks at Boise de Belleau, Bouresche, Vaux, Triangle Farm, Soissons, and Blanc Mont Ridge, was awarded the Fourragere in the colors of the Croix de Guerre by the French Government. About 331 members of the United States Navy served in the Fourth Brigade, United States Marine Corps, Second Division (Regular), United States Army, A. E. F., during World War I. The involved personnel were components of the Medical Department of the Regular Naval Establishment. Along with their Army and Marine Corps compatriots of the Second Division, United States Army, about 223 United States Navy medical personnel (physicians, dentists, and hospital corpsmen) and 2 Navy chaplains were recipients of this French Army award. Many of these naval personnel remained in the Navy as a career, therefore the Fourragere has since been seen frequently on the Navy uniform. As many associate the Fourragere only with certain units of either the Army or Marine Corps, when seen on the Navy uniform it invariably attracts attention and leads to questions as to its meaning. Doubts are some' times expressed by the observer as to the wearer’s right to display the Fourragere on his Navy uniform. Briefly, the romance of the Fourragere and its introduction into the annals of United States naval history is as follows: The origin of the Fourragere as a unit decoration is as unique as the emblem itself. It means a decoration of the colors. It dates from the Spanish occupation of Belgium in the sixteenth century. The Spanish military commander of the Low Countries, Fernando Alvarex de Toledo (1508-82), the Duke of Alva, became highly incensed at the cowardly conduct of a body of Flemish troops IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 187 He ordered that any further misconduct on their part be punished by hanging, without regard to rank or grade. To facilitate the execution of this order he had a noose and coil of rope tied about each man’s shoulder, with a stout spike secured at the end. But these same old Belgae, whom Caesar had so gloriously cited in his Com' mentaries, fooled the Duke of Alva by dashing madly into the heat of the next combat and distinguishing themselves by their boldness and heroic conduct. Later the noose and spike, their former mark of disgrace and cowardice, was made of passementerie and gold and became a badge of distinguished service in action. Precursor to the honors won by American regiments on French soil was the honor won by a French regiment on American soil in the very first of our Nation’s wars. The Regiment de Gatinais, in garrison at Cap Francois, St. Domingue (Cape Haitien, Haiti), in 1779, was mustered into the Count d’Estaing’s Amerb can Expedition, and took part in the Siege of Savannah, 15 September to 20 October 1779. It was, incidentally, in this memorable siege, that the sometime runaway slave, Christophe, subsequently King Henry the First of Haiti, did his bit in the French Army toward the fight for American independence. After the Siege of Savannah, the Gatinais regiment returned to Cape Haitien, and was a little later ordered again to American soil. This time the regiment served under Count de Rochambeau’s command at the Siege of Yorktown. The regiment, which was commanded by Col. Juste Antoine Henry Marie Germain, the Marquis of Rostaing, so distinguished itself in action that Count de Rochambeau gave it a special citation to the Ministry of War, with the rec' ommendation that its name be changed from Gatinais to that of Royal Auvergne. Not only was the regiment given an honorable and distinctive name on this citation but also the Marquis of Rostaing was raised in rank from the grade of colonel to that of brigadier, 5 December 1781, for having distinguished himself in the capture of York.” In modern times, military units of a nation’s armed forces identify themselves within the Army by bearing in addition to the national colors the colors of the specific unit. These “unit colors” are familiarly known as “regimental colors,” sometimes referred to as “the standard.” Just as persons are decorated for deeds of gallantry in action against an enemy, so are the colors of a military organisation decorated for acts of great military achievement. When such acts, performed in concerted operations, distinguish a particular unit (as a whole) above other units cooperating in the same action, the unit is honored by mention in a general order of the army, citing unit, com' ponent and the act. The Fourragere of France is both such a unit and (as qualified) individual decoration. There are three classes of the Fourragere: 1. Legion d'Honneur: Scarlet. 2. Medaille Militaire: Yellow and Red. 3. Croix de Guerre (palm): Green and Red. 188 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Each class Fourragere is of the color of the ribbon of the medal it represents. Mention in the orders of the army, in contradistinction to mention in the orders of a lesser headquarters, is the qualifying “count.” Two or more such “counts” are required before an organisation “qualifies” for the lowest order— the Fourragere of the Croix de Guerre (palm). The official award is made by the Ministry of War, acting through the Com- mander in Chief of the French Army. The bestowal of the Fourragere is not mandatory simply because a military unit possesses the required number of qualifying counts. When agreeable to the Minister of War, and a unit has been mentioned in the orders of the Army four times, the colors of the Fourragere are changed from those of the Croix de Guerre (green and red) to those of the Medaille Militaire (yellow and red). After six such citations, the colors of the Legion d’Honneur (scarlet) are bestowed. Nine citations win a double-Fourragere which is of the green and red of the Croix de Guerre combined with the scarlet of the Legion d’Honneur. Twelve citations with the yellow and red of the Medaille Militaire combined with the scarlet of the Legion d’Honneur. Fifteen citations win the double-Fourragere of scarlet. Fourragere Authorization in United States F{avy i Marine Corps Orders, 7{o. 5 (Series 1920): (2) The units referred to were cited in the French Orders of the Army for their brilliant courage, remarkable ardor, and tenacity, valiant advances, and their resolute and energetic activities, as follows: The Fourth Brigade; June 2-13,1918—Bouresches and Bois de Belleau. Fifth and Sixth Regiments: June 2-13, 1918—Bouresches and Bois de Belleau. July 18-19, 1918—Aisne-Marne (Soissons). October 1918—Meuse-Argonne (Champagne). Sixth Machine Gun Battalion; June 2-13,1918—Bouresches and Bois de Belleau. July 18-19, 1918—Aisne-Marne (Soissons). (3) In order that an individual may be entitled to wear the said Fourragere at all times, regardless of whether or not he is serving with the unit so decorated, he must have been attached to the organi- zation on at least two occasions covered by the above dates. (6) An authorisation card will be furnished all officers and enlisted men and all others concerned who are entitled to wear the Fourragere by reason of their participation in the engagements for which said Fourragere was awarded. In event of transfer from any of the organizations referred to above, or in case of discharge, the holder of this card will retain the same as his authority to wear the Fourragere. (7) Upon transfer of an officer or enlisted man who is not entitled to the Fourragere, by reason of lack of participation in the engagements as already mentioned; such officer or man will be required to return his Fourragere to the regimental quartermaster. By Order of the Major General Commandant. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 189 Original members of cited organizations are issued a “card of authorization,” which is numbered and states on the face thereof, the organization to which attached when cited (at least) twice in the Orders of the Army. With this “authorization card” qualified individuals receive the Fourragere, of either silk or wool, a miniature and copies of the diplomas of the organization’s citations with translations. As will be noted in the order of authorization, individuals who were present and in the organizations mentioned when cited twice for the Fourragere, are entitled to wear the “cord” at all times (or its miniature), regardless of which other nondecorated organization they might, subsequently, be attached. In this respect the Fourragere is an individual decoration. Those “nonparticipants” who enter an organization which has been decorated with the Fourragere wear the cord (never the miniature), on their uniforms while they are attached to such decorated organization. Upon detachment, such persons are required to surrender the Fourragere and in no manner are they entitled to wear it further. Thus, the famous Fourragere of European history has found its way into the United States Navy. As nearly as can be determined, this episode marks the first award of the Fourragere to personnel of the naval arm of any nation, in' eluding that of France. Because the “cord” has been adapted for use with a military blouse having a shoulder strap, it is not easily worn on the United States Navy uniform. Those of the United States Navy entitled to wear the Fourragere have elected to wear the “miniature” with their service ribbons, rather than wear the large “cord” around an uncovered shoulder. It appears that a serge strap of sufficient width to assure neatness and to cover an anchoring button for attaching the cord, should be authorized to be added to the left shoulder of the Navy uniforms of those entitled to wear the Fourragere. The uniform regulations of both the Army and Marine Corps devote consid' erable space to the authority, description, and manner of wearing the “Four' ragere,” but these regulations are not easily available for the use of naval person' nel, nor are they strictly applicable because of difference in uniform and branch of service. Note: 199-44 Circular Letter 7-20-44, Navy Department, established the Fourragere as a part of the Navy uniform. The Fourragere: “T[avy" U. S. M. C. Card Roster Card No. Name Rank* Organization 7021 7022 Do. 7023 Fifth. 7024 Do. 7025 7026 Fifth. 7239 7027 Gill, William T Do. 7028 Grimland, Gordon A Lieutenant (junior grade) (Medical Corps).... Sixth. See footnote at end of table. 190 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY The Fourragere: “F{avy" U. S. M. C. Card Roster—Continued Card No. Name Rank* Organization 7029 7030 Battalion. 7031 7032 Fifth. 7033 7034 Do. 7035 Do. 7036 Fifth. 7037 Do. 7038 Do. 7039 7040 Do. 7041 Do. 7042 Fifth. 7043 Do. 7044 7045 Fifth. 7046 7047 7048 Battalion. 7049 Fifth 7050 Do. 7051 Do. 7052 Do. 7053 7054 7055 Fifth. 7056 7057 Do. 7058 7059 Do. 7060 7061 Fifth. 7062 7063 Do. 7064 Do. 7065 Brush, William T 7066 Do. 7067 7068 Fifth. 7069 7070 7071 Do. 7072 Do. 7073 7074 7075 Do. 7076 7077 DeWitt, William Fifth. 7078 7079 Do. 7080 Do. 7081 Fifth. 7082 Do. 7083 7084 talion. 7085 7086 Do. 7087 7088 Do. 7089 7090 talion.J 7091 7092 Fifth. 7093 Gerhard, William C Do. 7094 7095 Do. 7096 7097 7098 Do. 7099 Fifth. 7100 7101 Do. 7102 Fifth. See footnote at end of table, IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 191 Card No. Name Rank* Organisation 7103 Fifth 7104 bo 7105 Do 7106 Do 7107 7108 Do 7109 Fifth 7110 Do. 7111 Hollis William W 7112 Fifth 7113 talion. 7114 Hull, Roy E Fifth 7115 Do. 7116 Do 7117 Do 7118 Do' 7119 Do 7120 Do 7121 Do! 7122 7123 Do 7124 Do. 7125 Fifth 7126 7127 Do. 7128 Battalion. 7130 7131 7132 7133 Do 7134 Do. 7135 Do 7136 Do 7137 Fifth. 7138 Do. 7139 Do 7140 7141 Do. 7142 Do. 7143 Do. 7144 Fifth. 7145 Do. 7146 Do. 7147 7148 Fifth. 7149 Do. 7150 7151 Do. 7152 Do. 7153 Battalion. 7154 7155 7156 Nolle, William V Do. 7157 7158 Battalion. 7159 7160 Fifth. 7161 7162 Fifth. 7163 Do. 7164 7165 Fifth. 7166 Do. 7167 Do. 7168 Do. 7169 7170 7171 Simmer, Tony Pharmacist’s mate, first class Do. 7172 7173 Fifth. 7174 7175 Do. 7176 Fifth. 7177 See footnote at end of table. The Fourragere: “K[avy" U. S. M. C. Card Roster—Continued 192 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Card No. Name Rank* Organization 7178 7179 Do 7180 Fifth 7181 7182 Do 7183 Fifth 7184 7185 7186 Do. 7187 Do. 7188 Do 7189 Do 7190 Do 7191 Do 7192 7193 Do 7194 Fifth 7195 7196 Do 7197 Do. 7198 7199 7200 Do 7201 Fifth 7202 Sixth. ♦Ranks or ratings shown are those held Nov. 11, 1918. The Fourragere: “liavy' U. S. M. C. Card Roster—Continued The Fourragere: Roster Addenda [Note: Careful check of original reports, service records, and other data in the files of the Navy Department, Marine Corps Headquarters, and the Adjutant General’s Office, War Department, discloses the following information! Name Rate Organization Fourragere credits Bailey, George William. . Pharmacist’s mate, second class. . Aisne-Marne and Champagne. All engagements. Bois de Belleau, Aisne-Marne and Champagne. Bois de Belleau, Aisne-Marne. Do. Do. All engagements. Bois de Belleau, Aisne-Marne. Do. Aisne-Marne and Champagne. Bois de Belleau, Aisne-Marne, and Champagne. Aisne-Marne and Champagne. Bois de Belleau and Aisne- Marne. Do. Do. Do. Bois de Belleau and Cham- pagne. Bois de Belleau and Aisne- Marne. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Hospital apprentice, first class. . Pharmacist’s mate, third class.. . Fifth Grubb, Richard W. (K).. Hayden, David E. (MH). Pharmacist’s mate, first class.... Fifth Hurst, Charles F Hospital apprentice, first class.. Miller, Clarence Pharmacist’s mate, third class. . Fifth Phillips, George D Hospital apprentice, first class. . Pharmacist’s mate, third class. . Fifth Rickers, Henry Williams, John Q Wisecup, Oliver H Hot awarded but entitled to the Fourragere CITATIONS AND AWARDS Medical and Dental Officers, United States Army McIntosh, Rustin, First Lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Army, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action at Lucy-le-Bocage, France, 13 June 1918, although gassed, he continued to attend the wounded.” Citation Order No. 3—June 1919, General Head- quarters, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “A high example of duty and zeal. He calmly and cooly administered to the wounded in a first-aid station located on completely open ground andviolent lyb ombarded by shells of large caliber. ’ ’ Order #11,997~D. O’Hara, Mortimer A., First Lieutenant, (Dental Corps) United States Army, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, Marines. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “He volunteered for several perilous missions under an intense bombardment.” Order #13,505-D. Roberts, William T., First Lieutenant, (Medical Corps) United States Army, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, 2d Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “From October 2-6, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, he worked without respite under a violent bombardment bandaging the wounded and effecting their evacuation. His assistant having been sent to the rear, he displayed remarkable coolness and bravery.” Order #13,562-D. Vollmeke, Hugo M., First Lieutenant, (Dental Corps) United States Army, Fourth Machine Gun Battalion (U. S. A.), 2d Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “On October 7, 1918, at Blanc Mont, heedless of his personal safety, he took care of the wounded and evacuated them to the rear under a violent fire of the enemy artillery and machine guns. He remained at his post without shelter in order to continue his work.” Order #12,514-D. Medical and Dental Officers, United States 7<(avy Badger, Harold A., lieutenant, junior grade, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the y. “At Blanc Mont (St. Etienne-a-Arnes), Champagne Region, France, October 5, 1918, went forward without fear through heavy artillery and machine-gun barrage to establish an aid station in an exposed position for the more rapid evacuation of the wounded.” Josephus Daniels. 194 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “On October 5,1918, near Blanc Mont, France, he advanced under a violent fire of artillery and machine guns to establish a first-aid station in an exposed position so as to effect a more rapid evacuation of the wounded.” Order #12,464-D. Boone, Joel T., lieutenant commander, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Medal of Honor. “For extraordinary heroism, conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in actual conflict with the enemy, at and in the vicinity of Vierzy, France, July 19,1918. With absolute disregard for personal safety, ever conscious and mindful of the suffering fallen, Surgeon Boone, leaving the shelter of a ravine, went forward into the open field, where there was no pro- tection and, despite the extreme enemy fire of all calibres, through a heavy mist of gas, applied dressings and first aid to wounded Marines. This occurred southeast of Vierzy, near the cemetery and, on the road south from that town. When the dressings and sup- plies had been exhausted, he went through a heavy barrage of large calibre shells, both high explosive and gas, to replenish these supplies; returning quickly with a side-car load and administered them in saving’the lives of the wounded. A second trip, under the same conditions and for the same purpose was made by Surgeon Boone later that day. He served with the 6th Regiment, United States Marines.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “For extraordinary heroism in action in the Bois de Belleau, France, on the 9th and 10th of June, 1918. On two successive days the regimental aid station in which he was working was struck by heavy shells and in each case demolished. Ten men were killed and a number of wounded were badly hurt by falling timbers and stone. Under these harassing conditions this officer continued without cessation his treatment of the wounded, superintending their evacuation and setting a high example of heroism to the officers and men serving under him. On June 25, 1918, Surgeon Boone, followed the attack by one battalion against enemy machine-gun positions in the Bois de Belleau, establishing advanced dressing sta- tions under continuous shell fire.” General Order #137, War Department, 1918. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (6). “For gallantry in action near Thiaucourt, France, 12-15 September 1918, placing in opera- tion dressing stations under machine-gun fire.” Citation Order #1—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Throughout the period of operations against the enemy from June 1st to 10th, he rendered conspicuous service in the treatment and evacuation of the wounded. He was under heavy shell fire for days. When the regimental aid station was struck and men were killed in the immediate vicinity, he showed rare fidelity to duty and, through his shining example, urged officers and men to renewed efforts and, displayed a high type of executive ability. This from the 1st to the 10th of June 1918.” General Order #40,1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In the action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, on September 12-15, 1918, went to the front line and personally located and placed in operation the battalion dressing sta- tions. All during the operation the ground which he covered was being subjected to a heavy shell and machine-gun fire. This action on his part pertaining to his office was voluntarily performed and at a great risk to his life. The stations were skillfully located and his efforts facilitated the dressing of wounds and also the evacuation of the Wounded.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “This officer has participated in all of the engagements of the Division. He displayed great courage and coolness in establishing dressing stations under heavy fire; saving the lives of many wounded men by giving them immediate medical attention on the field of battle, This at all fronts March 17, 1918, to November 11, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918. Second Division, A. E. F. “Showed great coolness and excellent judgment under heavy shell and machine-gun fire IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 195 while visiting the various battalion stations of the 4th Brigade and assisting in the evacua' tion of the wounded from the field itself.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Soissons Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Legion d'Honneur (Officer). Croix de Guerre (Palm). Complimentary to the Legion d’Honneur. Croix de Guerre (Palm) (2). “On July 19,1918, near Vierzy (France), he displayed extraordinary seal and great courage. He left his shelter under the fire of machine guns and an aerial bombardment and personally attended to the care of the wounded and their evacuation. He exposed himself on open ground in order to get bandaging material. Heedless of fatigue and lack of sleep, he saved the lives of many men by ably supervising the regimental first-aid station during a period of 18 hours.” Order #14,145-D. “During the period from October 2-10, 1918, he circulated constantly among the attacking companies, directing the evacuation of the wounded from the field of battle with success, under violent fire of artillery and machine guns. Under all circumstances he displayed a complete contempt for danger, giving a marvelous example to those around him by his intrepid conduct. He fulfilled his mission for more than nine days and until the last relief was effected.” Order #11,722-D. Croce di Guerra (Italian). “Complimentary.” Crosby, Paul T., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the American Expeditionary Forces, France. His courage and untiring energycaring for the wounded under fire, in many cases in the front fines and, with conspicuous disregard for personal danger, were splendid examples to all associated with him.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “His untiring energy, extraordinary display of bravery in giving assistance to the wounded and his constant application to his work, laboring unceasingly for four days and nights, with but little sleep during the days of attack, he was responsible for saving many fives. Doctor Crosby worked under all conditions and, in many cases, in the front fines, with a disregard of personal danger inspiring to his men.” General Order #40, 1918. Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Palm). “By his indefatigable energy and his calm courage, he worked without rest for four days to save the fives of numerous wounded. On several oacasions in the front fines he con- tinued his work under the most difficult conditions and with such contempt for danger that he kept the morale of his assistants up to the same level.” Order #10,965-D. Dessez, Paul T., lieutenant commander, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. ?{avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism as Regimental Surgeon, Fifth Regiment of Marines. On the day that the regiment suffered losses, June 6,1918, this officer organized the service of caring for and evacuating the wounded in the most systematic and admirable manner. The duty required most constant exposure to the fire of the enemy.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “At Chateau-Thierry, France, June 6, 1918, he organized the service of caring for and evacuating the wounded in a most systematic and admirable manner, constantly exposing himself to the enemy, displaying extraordinary heroism, coolness and energy.” General Order #110, War Department, 1918. 196 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Silver, Star United States Army. “On the day that the regiment suffered its heaviest losses, June 6, 1918, this officer organ- ized the service of caring for and evacuating the wounded in a most systematic and admira- ble manner. As there were few of his officers and men who had had experience in this work and, as the terrain and the villages in wnich the above work was organized were not well known, the duty required almost constant exposure to the fire of the enemy on the part of Surgeon Dessez. It is felt that due to the extraordinary heroism on his part, this work was efficiently performed.” Dickinson, Dwight, Jr., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United Stated Navy, Fifth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918. Under terrific shell and machine-gun fire, Lieutenant Dickinson attended the wounded with utter disregard for his own safety. When a shell struck the dressing station which he had established in an advanced zone, he rushed to the assistance of the wounded and, through his devotion to duty, many lives were saved.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918, under terrific shell and machine-gun fire, he attended the wounded with utter disregard to his own safety. When a shell struck the dressing station which he had established in an advanced zone, he rushed to the assist- ance of the wounded and, through his devotion to duty, many lives were saved.” Gen- eral Order #46, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “During the advance at Blanc Mont Ridge, under terrific shell fire and a very intense machine-gun fire, he worked with utter disregard of personal safety and danger. His un- ceasing efforts were undoubtedly the cause of saving many lives, although in constant danger of losing his own which did not seem to concern him in the least. His greatest desire was to see to the treatment of the wounded.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “From October 3-6, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France), remained under violent shell fire dressing the wounded and insuring their evacuation. For twenty-four hours worked alone, his assistant having been evacuated. Was a fine example of coolness and courage.” Order #12,7l8-D. Farwell, Wrey G., lieutenant commander, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism under fire on June 6, 1918. When his regimental commander was wounded by a sniper’s bullet, he personally supervised his evacuation across a field exposed to fire of machine guns and snipers.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “In the Bois de Belleau, France, June 6, 1918, he voluntarily exceeded the demand of duty by personally supervising the evacuation of his wounded commanding officer across a field under fire of machine guns and snipers.” General Order #7, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “When his regimental commander was wounded by a sniper’s bullet, he personally super- vised his evacuation across a wheat field exposed to fire from machine guns and snipers- Gas shells exploded in the vicinity, further endangering the life of his wounded colonel. Successful evacuation under these trying conditions proved his ability to meet an emer- gency quickly and completely. This on the 6th of June 1918. As Regimental Surgeon his work in caring for and evacuating wounded between June 1-8, demanded the qualities of self-sacrifice and fidelity to duty much of which was performed under heavy shell fire." General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 197 Gill, William T., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in action near Vierzy, France, on July 19, 1918, when he established a forward dressing station close behind the advanced lines and for fifteen hours dressed the wounded and evacuated them to the rear while subjected to intense front and flank fire. His fearlessness saved the lives of wounded who otherwise would have been lost to the service.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near Vierzy, France, July 19, 1918, he established a forward dressing station behind the advanced lines and for fifteen hours treated the wounded and directed their evacuation while subjected to intense front and flank fire and in the absence of adequate shelter. His fearlessness under these conditions saved the lives of many wounded who would otherwise have been lost to the service. He disregarded personal danger and remained in an exposed position in order to give immediate care to the unfortunate.” General Order #137, War Department, 1918. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “He established a first-aid dressing station close behind the front lines and for fifteen hours dressed the wounded and evacuated them to the rear under intense front and flank fire without protection. His fearlessness under these conditions undoubtedly saved the lives of the wounded who otherwise would have been lost to the service had not Surgeon Gill disregarded precedent and his personal danger by choosing an exposed position in order to give immediate care to the wounded and insure their prompt evacuation. This near Vierzy, July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Palm). “During the attack of July 19, 1918, at Vierzy, France, he established near the front lines a dressing station, where for fifteen hours, under a violent front and flank fire, without any protection, gave his care to the wounded and evacuated them toward the rear. His cour- age under these circumstances, the unusual choice of a station so far to the front, his abso- lute contempt of danger in installing himself in so exposed a position, the early care given the wounded and their prompt evacuation have conduced to save many human lives.” Order #14, 145-D. Gilmer, William P., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal U. S. Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “At the attack'of St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France), on October 4-5 and 6, 1918, he displayed remarkable courage and zeal in advancing with the assaulting waves, administering to the wounded under a terrible bombardment and, in cases of necessity, pushing his devotion to the point of heroism.” Order #13, 562-D. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “He displayed great capacity and extreme bravery in bandaging the wounded and evacu- ating them under an almost continuous bombardment.” Order #13, 065-D. Grimland, Gordon A., lieutenant, junior grade, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. ?{avy Cross. “For distinguished service and devotion to duty while serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, near Thiaucourt, France, on September 15, 1918. Lieutenant Grimland displayed heroism by establishing a dressing station in a culvert, which later was subjected to high explosive fire and, remained at his dressing station caring for the wounded and directing their evacuation during heavy bombardment.” 198 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, in caring for the wounded under heavy fire.” Citation Order #2, June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “In the action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, displayed extraordinary heroism by establishing a dressing station in a culvert which later was subjected to direct high explosive fire. He remained at this station caring for the wounded and directing their evacuation to a place of safety during heavy concentrated bombardment and through his personal efforts saved many lives which otherwise would have been lost.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Hook, Frederick R., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the American Expeditionary Forces on the French Front. During the attack on the Bois de Belleau and at Blanc Mont he showed exceptional heroism and devotion to duty in caring for the wounded under fire. At Blanc Mont he established advanced dressing stations and maintained them as close to the front lines as possible. He was constantly exposed to heavy shell and machine-gun fire and showed entire disregard for personal safety.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near St. Etienne-a-Ames, France, October 4-6, 1918, he established an advanced dress- ing station in an exposed position under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire. He worked fearlessly and unceasingly, giving first aid to the wounded and directing their evacuation until ordered to move to the rear.” General Order #37, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Conducted the dressing station in Bouresches, France, while the town was under almost continual bombardment by big guns, showing extreme coolness and exceptional devotion to duty during a very trying period. This in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Exhibited exceptional heroism and devotion to duty by establishing advanced dressing stations and maintaining them as close to the front as possible in order to better take care of the wounded. Was constantly exposed to heavy shell fire but showed an utter dis- regard for personal safety in rendering first aid to the wounded and seeing to their evacua- tion.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “At the attack of St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, on October 4-5 and 6, 1918, he displayed remarkable courage and zeal in advancing with assaulting waves, administering to the wounded under terrific bombardment and, in cases of necessity, pushing his devotion to the point of heroism.” Order #13,562-D. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “Showed rare qualities of fearlessness and zeal in the course of extremely critical circum- stances when he directed a first-aid station at Bouresches (France), under a violent and con- tinuous bombardment.” Order #11,997-D. Huffman, Lester D., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving as Surgeon of the Second Battalion, 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, November 1-11, 1918. Advanced with the battalion, dressing and evacuating the wounded under most trying conditions— at times under flanking machine-gun fire. On November 3rd, 1918, north of Fosse, France, made a voluntary reconnaissance of the lines in search of a dressing station, going to ex treme-advanced posts under heavy fire to render first aid to the wounded.” IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 199 Silver Star Medal, U. S. Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Meuse'Argonne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Justis, Linwood H., lieutenant, junior grade, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, U. S. Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On October 6, 1918, at Blanc Mont, France, he went into a front line position exposed to the enemy fire and there established a first-aid station and worked without rest under violent artillery fire, administering to numerous wounded and effecting their evacuation under difficult conditions.” Order #13,373-D. King, Ogden D., lieutenant commander. Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in action near Bois de Belleau (France), on the 9th and 10th of June, 1918, when on two successive days the regimental aid station in which Surgeon King was working was struck by heavy shells and in each case demolished. This officer at all times set an inspiring example of devotion and courage to the officers and men serving under him.” Silver Star Medal, U. S. Army. “Performed valuable service at the Regimental Aid Station of the 6th Marines, between the 6th and 10th of June (1918). Without regard for personal risk he worked incessantly under heavy shell fire and through his coolness and excellent judgment in the care and evacuation of the wounded set an example to his men in the performance of duty under trying conditions.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Lawler, Robert J, lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Naval Reserve Force, Fifth Marines. A(avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism as regimental surgeon acting, with the American Expeditionary Forces in France, in the attack on St. Mihiel, September 12-16, 1918; east of Rheims, October 1, 1918. Upon all of these occasions he displayed courage, zeal, and devotion to duty in the highest order and manifested a total disregard of personal danger, visiting the battalion aid stations under fire and supervising and assisting the work of evacuation of the wounded.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (4). “For gallantry in action during the St. Mihiel Offensive, 12-17 September 1918, in super- vising the evacuation of the wounded under heavy enemy fire.” Citation Order #3— June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action at Blanc Mont Ridge, France, October 4, 1918, in administering first aid and carrying the wounded to a place of shelter under fire.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “September 12-17, 1918, during the St. Mihiel Offensive, showed extraordinary heroism in establishing and maintaining two advanced aid stations in connection with the advancing battalions. At an early hour on September 15, 1918, under heavy enemy barrage prepara- tory to counter attack, he established his advanced battalion aid station near Jaulny and continued to dress wounded and supervise their evacuation without thought of personal danger, remaining at this exposed point until relieved thirty-six hours later thereby exhibiting exceptional valor.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In the operations at St. Mihiel and east of Rheims (France), this officer displayed zeal and devotion to duty of the highest order. At great personal risk he repeatedly visited 748887—47 14 200 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY all battalion aid stations, supervising and assisting in the evacuation of the wounded; maintained the necessary supply service and kept the regimental commander fully informed of the situation pertaining to the sanitary service. His duties were exceptionally well performed and with absolute disregard of personal safety. On October 4, 1918, at Blanc Mont (France), one officer and several men having been struck by shell fragments, Lieuten- ant Lawler immediately left the dugout under severe shell fire and personally directed the carrying of the wounded to a place of safety.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Palm). “On October 4, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France) he displayed in his service high qualities of bravery and zeal. With complete contempt for danger he constantly visited all battalion first-aid stations and supervised the evacuation of the wounded.” Order #11,697-D. Locy, Francis E., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines Tfavy Cross. “For exceptionally meritorious conduct and devotion to duty as Battalion Surgeon, First Battalion, 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines. In the early part of June 1918, during the attack of his battalion against enemy machine-gun nests in the Bois de Belleau (France), he operated a dressing station in a culvert under the highway so located as to receive almost continuous fire from the enemy batteries.” Silver Star Medal United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “During the operations in the Champagne (France), from October 2-10, 1918, he organized and directed regimental aid stations near Somme-Py Wood and effected the evacuation of the wounded under violent artillery fire. Was a fine example of courage, skill, and devotion to duty.” Order #12,57l-D. Lyle, Alexander G., lieutenant, junior grade, Dental Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines Medal of Honor. “For extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty while serving with the 5th Regiment, U. S. Marines. Under heavy shell fire on April 23rd, 1918, he rushed to the assistance of Corporal Regan, who was seriously wounded and administered such effective surgical aid while bombardment was still continuing as to save the life of Corporal Regan.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “Did, under heavy shell fire, on April 23, 1918, rush to the assistance of Corporal Thomas Regan, Supply Company, 5th Regiment, U. S. Marine Corps, who was seriously wounded, effectively controlling hemorrhage from the femoral artery before bombardment had finished and at the very peril of his own life, saving that of Corporal Regan. This in the Verdun Sector, April 23, 1918.” General Order #35, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Soissons Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Mack, Cornelius H., lieutenant commander, Dental Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines Jfavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines. In the action at the Bois de Belleau, (France), on June 12, 1918, when his dressing station was subject to a heavy gas bombardment, he remained on duty and carried on the evacua- tion of the wounded, refusing to leave until all wounded and Hospital Corps men had been removed to a place of safety; as a result he was severely gassed. In the action at Vierzy (France), on July 19, 1918, he accompanied the advance and was exposed for fifteen hours to the fire of machine guns and artillery, performing his duties with marked coolness and precision.” IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 201 Silver Star Medal, United States Army (6). “For gallantry in action in the Bois de Belleau, France, June 12, 1918, in continuing to attend to the wounded during a heavy gas bombardment.” Citation Order #3—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action in the Bois de Belleau (France), June 12, 1918, in working through a heavy gas bombardment evacuating the wounded and refusing to leave until all the wounded and Hospital Corps men had been removed.” Citation Order #6—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “He remained at the battalion dressing station, although severely gassed and continued to carry on the evacuation of the wounded. This at the Bois de Belleau (France), June 1st to 30th, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “He accompanied nis battalion to the farthest Emits of its advance and for fifteen hours was exposed continuously to a terrific fire of machine guns and artillery which inflicted casualties of slightly more than 70 percent. This at Soissons (France), July 18-19, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Soissons Sector.” General Order #64. 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star), “Near Vierzy (France), on July 19, 1918, displayed conspicuous coolness and highest devotion to duty attending the wounded soldiers for a period of fifteen hours under violent artillery and machine-gun fire. He visited the most advanced lines and by his show of fine fearlessness and utter disregard of his own personal safety was enabled to save the lives of many soldiers.” Order #14, 337-D. McLendon, Preston A., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. J'lavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in action near Blanc Mont, France, October 3-4,1918. During heavy action Lieutenant McLendon, continually pushed his dressing station to more advantageous positions although in great danger because of severe shelling. He dressed his patients in an exposed position, using his dugout for the seriously wounded.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “During heavy action near Blanc Mont, France, he continually pushed nis dressing station to more advantageous positions. Although in great danger because of severe shelling, he dressed his patients in an exposed position, using his dugout for the seriously wounded.” General Order #37, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Exhibited exceptional heroism and devotion to duty by establishing advanced dressing stations and maintaining them as close to the front as possible in order to better take care of the wounded. Was constantly exposed to heavy shell and machine-gun fire but showed an utter disregard for personal safety in rendering first aid to the wounded and seeing to their evacuation.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On October 4, 1918, near St. Etienne'-a-Arnes, France, he cared for the wounded in a po- sition subjected to enemy fire, displaying remarkable bravery.” Order #13, 561-D. Meggers, Edward C., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Meuse Argonne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Michael, William H., lieutenant commander, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism on the morning of the 6th of June 1918, in displaying unusual 202 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY courage under heavy shell fire, when he established a dressing station in the open, exposed to both shell and machine-gun fire. Under these conditions he worked for several hours evacuating a large number of men from the 5th Regiment, then attacking in the Bois de Belleau. These services were performed regardless of personal consequences.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “He displayed unusual courage on the morning of June 6th 1918, near the Bois de Belleau, France, when he established a dressing station in the open, exposed to both shell and machine-gun fire, in order to be near the wounded. Under these conditions he worked for several hours.” General Order #147, War Department, 1918. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed unusual courage under heavy shell fire when he established a dressing station in the open exposed to both shell and machine'gun fire. Under these conditions he worked for several hours, evacuating a large number of wounded men from the 5th Regiment, then attacking in the vicinity. Major Edward B. Cole, Commanding the 6th Machine Gun Bat- talion, subsequently mortally wounded, reported these facts to the Regimental Surgeon and reported that he would report the conspicuous conduct of Surgeon Michael. Throughout the operations this officer rendered valuable service regardless of personal danger. This on the morning of the 6th of June, 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Moring, Travis S., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism during the operations in the Champagne Sector (France) from October 2-11, 1918. Lieutenant Moring worked tirelessly in a first-aid station within a few hundred meters of the front line without cover. Not only was he constantly exposed to heavy shell fire and the bombing of low-flying aeroplanes but he went without food and sleep until he reached the point of utter exhaustion. He underwent all the dangers to which line officers were subjected, and in addition to this, his work was carried on under infinitely more trying conditions. His cheerful acceptance of all situations, his resoluteness and devotion to duty are a tribute to the gallant conduct of this officer.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action in the Champagne Sector, France, October 2-11,1918, in caring for the wounded under heavy shell fire and bombs from enemy aeroplanes.” Citation Order #3—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “This officer worked tirelessly in a first-aid station near the front fines without fear. Not only was he constantly exposed to heavy shell fire and the bombing of low-flying aeroplanes, but was without food and sleep until he reached the point of utter exhaustion. He under- went all the dangers to which the fine officers were subjected and, in addition to this, his work was carried on under the most trying conditions. This in the Champagne Sector (France), October 2-11, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Cold Star). “At Blanc Mont (France), from October 3rd to 7th, 1918, he exhibited the greatest coolness while exposed to heavy artillery fire and continued on duty until exhausted by fatigue.” Order #12, 562-D. Mueller, Robert, lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. 7{avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving as Surgeon of the Second Battalion, 6th Regiment, U. S. Marine Corps, during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive (France), November 1-11,1918. Advanced with leading elements of his battalion, exposed to machine-gun fire and barrages; entered areas under heavy bombardment to go personally to aid the wounded.” Osborne, Weeden C., lieutenant, junior grade, Dental Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Medal of Honor. “For extraordinary heroism in actual conflict with the enemy and under fire, during the advance on Bouresches (France), on June 6th, 1918, in helping to carry the wounded to a IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 203 place of safety. While engaged in this heroic duty he was killed. He was at the time attached to the Sixth Regiment, U. S. Marines.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “During the advance on Bouresches, France, June 6, 1918, he voluntarily risked his life by helping to carry the wounded to places of safety and, while engaged in this difficult duty, was struck by a shell and killed.” General Order #126, War Department, 1918. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For extraordinary heroism in stemming the German advance in this region and in thrusting it back from every position occupied by the Fourth Brigade from June 2nd to 11th inclusive This northeast of Chateau Thierry (France), June 2-11, 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Risked his life to aid the wounded when the advance upon the enemy of June 6th (1918) was temporarily checked by a hail of machine-gun fire. He helped to carry Captain Donald C. Duncan, to a place of safety when that officer was wounded and had almost reached it when a shell killed both. Having joined the regiment but a few days before its entry into the line and, being new to the service, he displayed a heroism worthy of its best traditions. This on June 6, 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Torpedo Boat Destroyer “Osborne." United States No. 295. Length, 314 feet; beam, 30 feet 11 inches; draft, 9 feet 4 inches. Launched: Bethlehem Shipbuilding Co., Squantum, Mass., 29 December 1919. Sponsor: Mrs. Harry Hutchins Fisher (Elizabeth Osborne), sister, assisted by Mrs. Chan, ning H. Cox, wife of Lieutenant Governor Cox of Massachusetts. “Named in memory of Weeden C. Osborne, Dental Surgeon, U. S. Navy: born in Chi- cago, Illinois, November 13, 1892: killed in action with the Sixth Regiment, U. S. Ma- rines, Second Division, U. S. Army, June 6,1918, near Bois de Belleau, France. Appointed dental surgeon in the Navy with the rank of lieutenant (jg) May 8, 1917- Detailed to duty with the Sixth Regiment, U. S. Marines, March 26, 1918: joining May 14, 1918, at Doucey (Marne), France. Posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor and the Dis. tinguished Service Cross for intrepidity and extraordinary heroism in actual conflict with the enemy during the advance on Bouresches, France. The nature of his profes- sional duty gave him every justification for remaining in the rear, but he threw himself into the general rescue work and performed heroic deeds in aiding the wounded. While carrying a wounded officer to a place of safety he was struck by a shell and instantly killed. He was the first commissioned officer of the United States Navy to meet death during land fighting overseas.” Authorisation—General Order #518, 1920, Navy Department. Petty, Orlando H., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Naval Reserve Forces, Fifth Marines. Medal of Honor. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the Fifth Regiment, U. S. Marines, in France, during the attack on the Bois De Belleau (France), June 11, 1918. While under heavy fire of high explosive and gas shells, in the town of Lucy, where his dressing station was located, he attended to and evacuated the wounded under the most trying conditions. Having been knocked to the ground by an exploding gas shell, which tore his mask, he dis- carded the mask and courageously continued his work. His dressing station being hit and demolished, he personally helped carry Captain Williams, wounded, through the shell fire to a place of safety.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “At Lucy-le-Bocage (France), during the attack on the Bois de Belleau, France, June 11, 1918, while he was treating wounded under bombardment of gas and high explosive shells, he was knocked down and his gas mask torn by a bursting gas shell, but he discarded his mask and continued his work. Later, when his dressing station was demolished by an* 204 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY other shell, he helped to carry a wounded officer through the shell fire to a place of safety.” General Order #3, War Department, 1925. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Under heavy shell fire of both high explosive and gas shells, Surgeon Petty attended to the evacuation of all wounded with extraordinary valor. Being knocked to the ground by an exploding gas shell and, tearing his mask, he discarded the mask and continued his work in a most courageous manner. When his dressing station was hit and demolished, he personally helped carry a wounded officer through the shell fire to a place of safety. This at the Bois de Belleau (France), June 11,1918.” General Order #88,1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Palm). “He displayed remarkable zeal, courage and devotion in taking care of the wounded on a shell swept battle field at the time of the attack on Bois de Belleau (France), on June 11, 1918.” Order #17,659-D. Pratt, Lester L., commander, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in operating first-aid stations in the open in front of Marigny (France), during heavy shell fire on June 3, 1918, and later during the attack on the Bois de Belleau (France), on June 11, 1918, when his aid post and dugout were demolished, the air laden with gas and he himself nearly blinded by a shrapnel cut on the left eye. In spite of tnese conditions he refused to leave his post until all the wounded, including Germans, had been treated and evacuated. Also in command of field hospitals with the Second Divi- sion, A. E. F., during active operations on the French Fronts.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “In the Bois de Belleau, France, June 11, 1918, although he had been wounded under the left eye, almost blinded by gas fumes, and his dressing station wrecked by shell fire, he remained at his post working under the most trying conditions, until all the wounded had been evacuated.” General Order #44, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “While under severe shell fire of high explosives and gas, Surgeon Pratt attended to and evacuated the wounded under the most harassing circumstances. His aid post was com- pletely destroyed, his dugout wrecked, the surgical dressings destroyed and the air laden with gas fumes which nearly blinded him. Although wounded under the left eye, he refused to leave his post until all the wounded had been safely evacuated. This at the Bois de Belleau (France) June 11, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Palm). “He was in charge in a first-aid station during the attack of Belleau Wood (France), on June 11, 1918. His station being continually exposed to a violent bombardment, he dis- played remarkable coolness and zeal.” Order #17,659-D. Pratt, Malcolm L., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism on June 11, 1918, at eight o’clock, p. m., immediately after reporting at the Regimental Aid Station, he volunteered to re-establish an advanced aid station just demolished by shell fire in Lucy-le-Bocage (France), where medical assistance was imperatively needed. This he accomplished under heavy and continuous shell fire without regard to his personal safety, saving many lives. Also near Thiaucourt, France, September 13, 1918, he displayed devotion to duty by continuing to dress and evacuate the wounded under direct and continuous shell fire.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3): “For gallantry in action at Lucy-le-Bocage, France, June 11, 1918, in voluntarily establish- ing an advanced aid station under heavy shell fire.” Citation Order #4—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F, IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 205 “June 11, 1918, Belleau Wood (France). Voluntarily offered to reestablish an advanced aid station just demolished by shell fire in Lucy-le-Bocage, where medical assistance was imperatively needed. This he successfully accomplished under heavy and continuous shell fire without regard to personal danger, which resulted in saving many lives.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F, “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the St. Mihiel Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Shea, Richard O., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. J'lavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism June 6, 1918, during the attack on ffill No. 142 (France— Belleau Wood operations), and treating wounded under heavy bombardment, he showed utter disregard for personal danger.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “At Chateau Thierry, France, on June 6,1918, he displayed extraordinary heroism treating the wounded while under heavy bombardment. He showed utter disregard for his per- sonal safety in order to succor the others.” General Order #109, War Department, 1918. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For extraordinary heroism, treating the wounded while under heavy bombardment. This at Bois de Belleau, France, June 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Palm). “During the attack on Belleau Wood (France), June 11, 1918, he displayed extraordinary heroism in caring for the wounded under a violent bombardment.” Order #17,659-D. Sims, Harry V., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Meuse Argonne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Thatcher, Herbert H., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Meuse Argonne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. White, George L., lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For heroic and distinguished service at Vierzy (France), on July 19, 1918. As a Battalion Surgeon, 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, when at his dressing station treating the wounded, he received a serious wound in the thigh from a high explosive shell. Disregarding his own wound, he continued dressing other wounded men until they had been safely evacuated.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Soissons Sector.” General Order #64 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Chaplins, United States ?{avy Brady, John J., Chaplain Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. ?{avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession while serving with the Fifth Regiment, Marines, when he exposed himself fearlessly, making a complete tour of the front lines twice, and carrying cigarettes to the men who did not have an opportunity to get them otherwise. He carried out his duties as Chaplain with devotion and was cool under fire.” 206 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near Chateau Thierry, France, June 6-7, 1918, he made two complete tours of the front line under severe fire and ministered to the men of the regiment under unusually trying circumstances. He continually exposed himself to carry cigarettes to the men of the line who had no opportunity to get them otherwise.” General Order #46, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For his gallantry in action in Bois de Belleau, France, June 6, 1918, in cheering and caring for the wounded during the attack.” Citation Order #1—June 3, 1919, General Head- quarters, A. E. F. “For his devotion to duty and his coolness under fire, carrying out his duties as Chaplain, exposing himself fearlessly and made a complete tour of the front line twice, carrying cigarettes to the men who would not have an opportunity to get them otherwise.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Exposed himself fearlessly, making a complete tour of the front line twice in carrying out his duties as Chaplain. He also took cigarettes to men who would not otherwise have had an opportunity to get them. This at the Bois de Belleau (France), June 6. 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Palm). “He displayed zeal, coolness and spirit of sacrifice in going over the entire battlefront to carry supplies to the men and to give them his spiritual assistance.” Order #17,659-D. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “He fulfilled his duties as Chaplain with greatest contempt for danger, covering the front line from one end to the other, taking care of the wounded and ministering to the dying.” Order #11,406-D. Darche, Harris F., Chaplain Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in rendering services difficult to measure in the operations against the enemy from June 1st to 14th, 1918, when his efforts in searching for and burying the dead, in giving cheer and spiritual comfort to the fighting troops, in handling working parties and in aiding the surgeons were tireless and he performed the last rites of the church under fire.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. (2). “In the operations against the enemy from the 1st to the 14th of June, 1918, he rendered service difficult to measure. His efforts in searching for and burying the dead, in giving cheer and spiritual comfort to the fighting troops, in handling working parties and in aiding surgeons were tireless and fruitful of fine results. His post, when not at the front, was under heavy shell fire daily and he performed the last rites of the church under enemy fire. His undaunted and cheerful spirit were a daily boon to the wounded and fatigued. This from the 1st to the 14th of June 1918.” (Operations in the vicinity of Bois de Belleau, France). General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy at Vierzy, France, July 19, 1918.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Legion d'Honneur (Chevalier). “During the engagement east of Vierzy (France), on the 19th of July 1918: he did not hesitate to carry his ministry to the wounded under a violent and uninterrupted fire of artillery and machine guns. He went out several times to help men who had fallen in the front positions, showing the finest example of sacrifice. This magnificent attitude in- spired the men with a superb courage which contributed largely to the success of the day.” “By Decree of the President of France” “On December 1, 1918.” Croix de Guerre (Palm). Complimentary to the “Legion d’Honneur.” IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 207 McNair, James D., Chaplain Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “In the operations against the enemy from the 6th to the 14th of June, 1918, he performed his services in daily risk of death from enemy fire. His valor in locating and burying the dead and in giving comfort to the wounded were given with fidelity to duty under all conditions. This from the 6th to the 14th of June, 1918.” (Operations in the vicinity of Bois de Belleau, France). General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Parke, Albert N., lieutenant, junior grade, Chaplain Corps, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. T'favy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in action southeast of St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, on October 4, 1918. Chaplain Parke, while in charge of the regimental burial detail, voluntarily ex- posed himself to heavy shell fire to assist two wounded men to a place of safety, and calmly walked around among the men directing them to get under cover, while remaining exposed himself.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918, in assisting two wounded men to a place of safety under heavy shell fire.” Citation Order #4—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “October 4, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, while in charge of the regimental burial detail, performed deeds above and beyond the call of duty, by voluntarily exposing himself to the heavy shelling to assist two wounded men to a place of safety and, camly walking around among the men directing them to get under cover.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. C oix de Guerre (Silver Star). “During the period from October 3-9, 1918, he displayed great bravery in frequently and voluntarily visiting the front lines and assisting the wounded under a violent bombardment.” Order #13,56l-D. Underhill, Chester J., Chaplain Corps, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action during the Meuse'Argonne Offensive, France, November 1-11 1918, in caring for the wounded under heavy shellfire.” Citation Order #4—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Hospital Corpsmen, United States A[avy Anderson, Claude S., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action at Lucy-le-Bocage, France, from June 11-14, 1918, in removing wounded and medical supplies from a burning dressing station.” Citation Order #7— June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “During bombardment of the Second Battalion aid station at Lucy-le-Bocage, on June 11, 1918, faithfully and fearlessly performed his duties assisting to dress the wounded. High explosive shells hit the building, one bursting in the dressing room and when the building caught fire, assisted in carrying out first-aid dressings which were later badly needed at the temporary station established nearby.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the T^avy. “While serving with the U. S. Marines at the Front in France, on June 11, 1918, at the first-aid station at Lucy, he performed his duties with marked coolness and courage.” “Josephus Daniels,” 208 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “Shells having fallen on the first-aid station and one of them having exploded in the dress* ing room, he evacuated the wounded and then, in spite of orders, went in again to get bandaging material that was urgently needed.” Order #11,927-D. Bailey, George W., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines, Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “For extraordinary heroism in action near St. Etiennes Arnes, France, October 4, 1918, Pharmacist’s Mate Bailey voluntarily went out in front of the most advanced positions of our troops in order to render first aid to a number of wounded soldiers. He continued the work until all of the wounded had been given first aid and evacuated.” General Order #35, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed extreme courage and ability in caring for and evacuating the wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. Showed exceptional bravery and disregard for per- sonal safety in going out under heavy shell and machine-gun fire to carry wounded comrades to a safe place from which they might be evacuated. Thi near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Balch, John H., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Medal of Honor. “For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines in action at Vierzy (France), on July 19th, 1918. Un- hesitatingly and fearlessly exposed himself to terrific machine-gun and high explosive fire to succor the wounded as they fell in the attack, leaving his dressing station voluntarily and keeping up the work all day and late into the night unceasingly for sixteen hours, on a field torn by shell and machine-gun fire. Also in action at Somme-Py (France) on October 5th, 1918, exhibited exceptional bravery in establishing an advanced dressing station under heavy shell fire.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “During the attack in the Bois de Belleau, France, he displayed conspicuous coolness under shell fire in evacuating wounded men. During the action at Vierzy, he worked for sixteen hours unceasingly, giving assistance to the wounded on a field torn by high explosive shells and covered by direct machine-gun fire. Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, he again gave proof of excellent judgment and courage in establishing an advanced dressing station under violent shell and machine-gun fire, thereby saving many lives which otherwise would have been lost.” General Order #70, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “Conspicuous for his coolness and the value of his work under shell fire, evacuating wounded men at the risk of his life, during our attack upon the enemy on the night of June 6, 1918. This at the Bois de Belleau (France).” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Displayed extraordinary heroism and bravery in using the best of judgment in establish- ing an advanced aid station during the mist intense shell fire, thereby enabling him and his fellow corpsmen to take better care of the wounded and saving many of their lives. This near Somme-Py (France), October 5, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division- A. E. F. “Displayed extraordinary heroism and exceptional bravery in action on October 5, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “Attached to the Third Battalion, 6th Regiment of Marines, he displayed fine courage during the Blanc Mont engagement. In spite of continuous artillery fire he followed the attacking companies, organizing first-aid stations, effecting the evacuation of wounded and always stimulating by his coolness the morale of those about him. Order #22,232-D. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 209 Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “At Somme-Py (Blanc Mont, France), October 5, 1918, displayed the greatest courage in going to establish an advanced first-aid station under violent artillery fire. This permitted the saving of many lives among the wounded.” Order #13,585-D. Croce di Guerra (Italy) “Complimentary.” Cruz de Guerra (Portugal). “Complimentary.” Ball, Ernest B., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. J\[avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the Front at Blanc Mont Ridge (France) and in the Argonne Offensive. He showed exceptional bravery and devotion to duty by dressing wounded men under continuous machine-gun and artillery fire.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army, “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 3, 1918, he continually exposed himself to s. vere machine-gun and artillery fire while dressing and carrying wounded soldiers belong- ing to the unit to which he was attached.” General Order #46, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action on the east bank of the Meuse, France, November 10, 1918, in caring for the wounded under heavy machine-gun fire.” Citation Order #1—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Showed exceptional bravery and devotion to duty by dressing wounded men under a continuous machine-gun barrage. This on the night of November 10, 1918, in the Argonne operations, on the east bank of the MeuseTliver.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Divi- sion, A. E. F. “Displayed conspicuous bravery by dressing and carrying wounded men under the heaviest machine-gun and artillery fire. He continually exposed himself in this duty while the unit he was working with was in a trench. This in the Blanc Mont Ridge Operations, October 3, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Barber, Wayne, pharmacist’s mate, third class United States Navy, Fifth Marine.'. Wavy Cross. “For marked bravery and devotion to duty while serving witn the U. S. Marines at the Front in France, October 4,1918, in caring for the wounded under heavy shell and machine- gun fire until severely wounded.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the Wavy. “It appears from official records that while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in France, October 4, 1918, you displayed remarkable bravery and devotion to duty in caring for the wounded under heavy-shell and machine-gun fire until you were yourself severely wounded.” Josephus Daniels. Barker, Leonard M., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines in action near Vierziy (France), on July 19, 1918. Labored courageously and tirelessly throughout the day and well into the night, dressing the wounded on the field in the open and under inadequate shelter.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (4). “For gallantry in action near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, while rendering 210 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY assistance to the wounded under heavy enemy shell fire.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Conspicuous for fidelity to duty and fearlessness in giving first aid to the wounded under shell fire in the Bois de Belleau (France), from June 10 to 16, 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In the attack on Tigny (France), July 19, 1918, in the open and under most inadequate shelter, labored fearlessly throughout the day and well into the night dressing the wounded on the field near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, constantly under heavy shell fire, disregarding all personal danger, was indefatigable in rendering assistance to the wounded. His calm courage and energetic attention to duty was an inspiration to the entire command.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the A[avy. “The Department takes pleasure in commending you for your gallant conduct in the attack on Tigny (France), on July 19,1918, for laboring courageously and tirelessly throughout the day and well into the night, dressing the wounded on the field and superintending their evacuation. This work was carried on both in the open and under inadequate shelter.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “During the attack of Tigny (France), July 19, 1918, he displayed great devotion by caring for the wounded throughout the day and part of the night, organizing their evacuation without thought of personal safety.” Order #15,037~D. Barr, John D., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, U. S. Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Meuse Argonne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Barrett, Alfred A., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front (in France), from October 3rd to 4th, 1918, when he went constantly into exposed positions under heavy machine-gun and shell fire to the aid of the wounded until he was severely wounded.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “From October 3rd to 6th, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France), worked constantly with his company, going to the most exposed places, under violent machine-gun and intense shell fire, to aid the wounded until he was seriously wounded himself.” Order #13,562-D. Bateman, Charles W., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Distinguished Service Cross U. S. Army. “Near Thiaucourt, France, September 12-15, 1918, rendered first aid under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire and showed utter disregard for his own personal safety, venturing through shelled areas to the assistance of the wounded. He also obtained most valuable information for the guidance of stretcher bearers.” General Order #46, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (5). “For gallantry in action near Vierzy, France, July 19,1918, while giving aid to the wounded under heavy fire.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Showed commendable bravery and diligence under fire.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 211 “He rendered aid to numerous wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire, seeking no shelter or protection for himself, on the night of June 7, 1918, at Bouresches (France). General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “He aided the wounded under heavy shell fire. He took charge of two German prisoners and assisted the wounded to the rear continually returning for more and being always under heavy fire. Showed great bravery by continually exposing himself. This near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Rendered first aid to the wounded under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire without regard for his own personal safety. Repeatedly gave first aid in heavily shelled areas when no other help could be given to the wounded and, at one time, ran through an intense bar- rage fire to obtain and guide stretcher bearers. This near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “He cared for the wounded under violent shell fire. On July 19, 1918, during the Vierzy (France) engagement, with two German prisoners under his orders, he many times took wounded to the rear, constantly exposing himself with great bravery to the most violent bombardments.” Order #14,337-D. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “During the period from October 2-10, 1918, near Blanc Mont (France), he displayed courage and devotion evacuating the wounded under difficult circumstances.” Order #13,505-0. Baume, John, pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “For extraordinary heroism in action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 3-5, 1918. Baume gave aid to the wounded under shell and machine-gun fire and went forward several times during the advance to locate advanced dressing stations.” General Order #87, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed extreme courage and ability in caring for and evacuating the wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. Showed exceptional bravery and disregard for personal safety in going out under heavy shell and machine-gun fire to carry wounded comrades to a place of safety from which they might be evacuated. This near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Bear, Absalom F., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “For extraordinary heroism in action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918. During heavy bombardment Bear went to an advanced observation post, dressed the wounds of a comrade and conducted him to the rear.” General Order #35, War Depart- ment, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed extreme courage and ability in caring for and evacuating the wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. Showed exceptional bravery and disregard for personal safety in going out under heavy shell and machine-gun fire to carry wounded comrades to a safe place from which they might be evacuated. This near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Beasley, Lancelot R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “Displayed exceptional zeal in caring for the wounded under a violent bombardment.” Order #13,065-D. 212 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Beckett, Jesse C., chief pharmacist’s mate. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “On July 19, 1918, near Vierzy (France), he went out unhesitatingly, on several occasions, under violent artillery fire, to get water which was greatly desired by 2,000 wounded. This noble action brought great relief to the wounded.” Order #13,257-0. Bennett, Morton L., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For exceptionally meritorious and heroic conduct displayed while attached to the 3rd Battalion, Sixth Regiment, Marines, A. E. F., in action against the enemy near Thiau- court, France, on September 15, 1918. Bennett left his regular station under intense shell fire, not caring for his own safety to attend his severely wounded comrades, thereby saw ing many of their lives.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action near Thiaucourt, France, 15 September 15, 1918, in caring for the wounded under intense shell fire.” Citation Order #1—June 3, 1919, General Head' quarters, A. E. F. “In action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, left his regular station under intense shell fire, not caring for his own personal safety, to attend his severely wounded comrades, thereby saving many of their lives.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Bird, Francis M., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near Suippes, France, October 3-10, 1918, he showed great courage in caring for and evacuating the wounded under heavy shell fire, and at one time, he alone brought a wounded man from the field after two litter bearers had been killed.” General Order #35, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed extreme courage and ability in caring for and evacuating wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. Showed exceptional bravery and disregard for personal safety in going out under heavy shell and machine-gun fire to carry wounded comrades to a safe place from which they might]be evacuated. This near France, October 4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Bone, Merlin T., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “He was wounded while giving fearless and efficient aid to the wounded under fire of high explosive and gas shells in the Bois de Belleau (France), June 13, 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “On June 13, 1918, in the Bois de Belleau (France), he was hit while courageously adminis- tering first aid to the wounded, in spite of a violent bombardment.” Order #11,997-D. Bostwick,Paul R.. hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Was notable for cool and courageous conduct in receiving wounded and rendering first aid under machine-gun and shrapnel fire. This near Chateau Thierry, France, in June, 1918.” (Cited with five other hospital corpsmen attached to the 47th Company). General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Bowman, Alvin L., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the Front (France), in giving first aid to the wounded and carrying them to a comparative place of safety. On the night of November 10, 1918, under heavy artillery bombardment and withering IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 213 machine-gun fire, he exposed himself recklessly without a thought of personal danger and unaided carried three men across the Meuse River.” (This during the last attack in the Meuse-Argonne Operations, France, November 10-11, 1918). Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “He displayed exceptional coolness and bravery under intense artillery and machine-gun fire, dressing wounded and carrying them to safety. On the night of November 10, 1918, under violent machine-gun and shell fire, he carried three wounded men across the Meuse River to a point where they could be reached by stretcher bearers, exposing himself without thought of personal danger.” General Order #126, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “During the evening of November 3, 1918, this soldier (bluejacket), under an intense artillery barrage, was exceptionally conspicuous for his bravery and coolness in dressing the wounded and carrying them to a place of comparative safety. On the night of November 10th, under a heavy artillery bombardment and withering machine-gun fire, he exposed himself recklessly, without thought of personal danger while dressing the wounded and giving relief to the dying. Unaided he carried three men across the Meuse River that they might be carried on stretchers to the first-aid station. This in the Meuse-Argonne Operations.” General Order #88,1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Bracken, William J., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For exceptionally meritorious and heroic conduct while attached to the 6th Regiment Marines, A. E. F. Bracken showed great devotion to duty at Blanc Mont, Champagne Region, France, October 3-10th, 1918, in giving first aid and evacuating the wounded under very trying conditions. On October 4th, during a heavy gas-shell bombardment near Somme-Py, he bravely continued dressing all wounded brought to the battalion aid station. On tne evening of the same day he unhesitatingly went to the scene of severely wounded, carrying them back on stretchers.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action near Somme-Py, France, October 5, 1918, in dressing the wounded under heavy shell fire.” Citation Order #1—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “During the heavy gas-shell bombardment on October 4, 1918, near Somme-Py (France), bravely continued dressing all wounded brought to the battalion aid station. On the evening of the same day during heavy bombardment, several members of a support battalion were severely wounded. Again unmindful of personal danger he unhesitatingly went to the scene, administered first aid and carried wounded back on stretchers. His actions were highly commended by several officers who witnessed his deeds.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On October 5, 1918, near Somme-Py (France), he exerted himself to the utmost in caring for the wounded at the first-aid station under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire. He did not hesitate to accompany a group of litter bearers onto the field of battle where lay several severely wounded, on whom he lavished his care and helped to transport. His conduct won the admiration of all who saw him.” Order #13,504-D. Brogden, Ronald R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. T^avy Cross, “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, in action at Thiaucourt (France), on September 15, 1918. Went through heavy machine-gun barrage to give first aid to a mortally wounded lieutenant of another command and carried him back to safety.” 214 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army, “Near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, he displayed exceptional courage and devotion to duty by going through heavy artillery and machine-gun fire to the aid of a wounded officer belonging to another organization. After giving first-aid treatment to the officer he carried him back to shelter.” General Order #37, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action at Blanc Mont, France, October 3, 1918, in caring for the wounded under heavy shell fire.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920. General Headquarters, A. E. F. “On October 2nd, 1918, he volunteered to accompany a raiding patrol into the enemy's trenches. On October 3rd, from 6:30 until 11:30 a. m., during the attack on Blanc Mont (France), after all of his fellow corpsmen were casualties, he continued to dress wounded men right in the front line under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the St. Mihiel Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Brown, Raymor R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For exceptionally meritorious and heroic conduct displayed while attached to the 84th Company, 6th Marines, at Blanc Mont, Champagne Region, France, October 3-7, 1918. Brown continually exposed himself to the fire of the enemy’s machine guns, snipers and Austrian 88’s in order to render first aid and evacuate the wTounded in a system of shallow trenches east of St. Etienne-a-Arnes. He continued this performance of his duty until killed in action.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 8, 1918, in rendering first aid to the wounded under heavy machine-gun fire and sniper’s fire.” Citation Order #1—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Continually exposed himself to the fire of the enemy’s machine-guns, snipers and Austrian 88’s, in order to render first aid and evacuate the wounded in a system of shallow trenches east of St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France), on October 8th. He continued in this performance of his duty until killed in action.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F Brownfield, Thomas R., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “In the Bois de Belleau, France, June 13, 1918, under high explosive and gas-shell fire, he continued giving first aid to the wounded until he was evacuated, severely gassed.” General Order #44. . 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “His prompt and efficient work was an inspiration to the men. He was equally as anxious to assist the wounded of other commands when the opportunity presented itself, paying no regard to his own personal safety when his assistance was needed by his wounded comrades. This near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, from October 2-10, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “During the period from October 2-10, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France), regardless of danger, he was an example of bravery, going to the aid of the wounded.” Order #13,586- D. Brumbeloe, Algernon G., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. ?{avy Cross. “For extraordinary hcorism and devotion to duty while serving with the 5th Regiment, United States Marines. In the attack at Belleau Wood (France), on June 6, 1918, Brum- beloe was with a company which was mistaken in a fog for Germans and subjected to a IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 215 heavy fire. He brought back a message over a fire-swept field and brought them to shelter. The next day while searching the field for dead and wounded he was wounded by a sniper.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Brush, William T., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E, F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “On October 4, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, he continued to administer first aid to the wounded of his company while under heavy fire until himself wounded and evacuated.” Order #13,065-D. Butler, Duncan C., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “In the action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, on September 15, 1918, did gallant work in giving help and first aid to many wounded, fearlessly exposing himself to heavy machine-gun and shell fire.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the St. Mihiel Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Campbell, Clifton C., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “On June 12, 1918, under intense artillery barrage, carried on his work of administering aid to the wounds, continued after he had been blown out of a trench by shell fire, and did not cease until all men in need had been cared for. This near Chateau Thierry (France).” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the Tsiavy. “While serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, he rendered highly commendable service in giving first aid to the wounded. Particularly at the Bois de Belleau (France) on June 12, 1918, when he had been blown out of a shallow trench by a high-explosive shell he continued his work until all wounded in the vicinity had been cared for.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “On June 12, 1918, he cared for the wounded under a violent artillery barrage and in spite of a shell explosion which threw him out of a trench.” Order #11,983-D. Clarity, Ray M., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “With three other hospital corpsmen attached to the 4?th Company engaged in dressing wounded men under shell fire in the open working untiringly during the entire bombard' ment of June 23,1918. This in the vicinity of Chateau Thierry (France).” General Order #44. 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Clark, Edward L, hospital apprentice, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Clark, Thayer H., pharmacist's mate, first class, United States Navy., Fifth Marines. Stiver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action at Lucy-le-Bocage, France, June 11-14, 1918, in attending to the wounded under heavy shell fire.” Citation Order #1—June 3,1919, General Headquarters A. E. F. “During bombardment of the 2nd Battalion aid station at Lucy-le-Bocage (France), on June 748887—47 15 216 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY 11, 1918, faithfully and fearlessly performed his duties assisting to dress the wounded. High-explosive shells hit the building, one bursting in the dressing room and, when the building caught fire, assisted in carrying out the wounded and, against orders, returned to the building bringing out first-aid dressings which were later badly needed at the temporary station established nearby.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the T^avy. “While serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in France, on June 11, 1918, at the first-aid station at Lucy, he displayed remarkable courage and coolness and, when the building in which he was operating was struck by high-explosive shells and partially de- molished, he returned to the building against orders and brought out first-aid dressings which a little later were badly needed for the care of the wounded.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “Shells having fallen on the first-aid station and one of them having exploded in the dressing ward, he evacuated the wounded, then, in spite of orders, went in again to get bandaging, material that was urgently needed.” Order #11,927-D. Cochrane, Robert S., chief pharmacist's mate. United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near St. Etienne-a-Arncs, France, October 3-4, 1918, he continued to dress wounded men when the area in which he was woiking was swept by machine-gun fire. He was an example of coolness to all during forty-eight hours of continuous shell fire, never hesitating to expose himself to danger when assistance was needed.” General Order #15, War De- partment, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Afforded an example of courage and devotion to duty in caring for the wounded in an area swept by machine-gun and continuous shell fire for a period of forty-eight hours. He never hesitated to expose himself whenever and wherever his assistance was needed. This near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 3-4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Coffee, Joseph C., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “From October 3-6, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, he displayed exceptional zeal in bandaging the wounded under a violent bombardment.” Order #13,257-D. Converse, Herschel I., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “This man showed commendable bravery and diligence under fire, completing first-aid treatment of a wounded man after being wounded himself.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Cook, Charles S., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918, in going out in the open to give aid to the wounded under heavy shell fire.” Citation Oraer #4—June 3. 1919. General Headquarters, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64,1919, Second Division, A. E. F. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 217 Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “Displayed exceptional coolness and bravery under fire on October 4, 1918, during the bombardment of the regimental post of command, leaving cover in order to go to the assistance of two badly wounded men and took care of them.” Order #13,373-D. Cummens, Kenneth A., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.’’ General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Dent, Maclyn E., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau Thierry Sector.’’ General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “From June 10-15, 1918, in the Belleau Wood (France), he took care of the wounded in a locality exposed to a continual fire of artillery. After having been seriously affected by gas, he remained at his post, refusing to be taken to the rear until the surgeon himself was evacuated.” Order #13,373-D. Diem, Frank B., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the St. Mihiel Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Dubrock, Robert E., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Edwards, James C., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Croix de Guerre (Palm). “He administered first aid to the wounded with an absolute disregard of danger throughout the entire attack at Blanc Mont and at St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France). Though his trench was under infantry fire, he went out to bring back wounded.” Order #11,721-D. Evans, William B., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines, Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Showed rare devotion to duty and courage in caring for the wounded under fire in the capture of a town by our forces. This at the Bois de Belleau (France), June 6, 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Palm). “He displayed great courage and complete abnegation in caring for the wounded under a violent enemy machine-gun fire.” Order #11,400-D. Fenno, Lloyd H., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “With five other men, showed considerable bravery and diligence under fire.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enmy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F, Croix de Guerre (Palm). “On October 4, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France), voluntarily left his shelter in the front line trenches and went out in front under a violent enemy bombardment of artillery and machine guns applying first aid to a wounded man and bringing him back to the rear.” Order #11,721-D. 218 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Fifer, Ursher L., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Distinguished Service Medal, United States A[avy. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines. On June 6th, 1918, at Bouresches (France), dressed and evacuated the wounded in a wheat field swept by heavy artillery and machine-gun fire. His heroic conduct steadied the lines and spurred the attacking platoons on. Also in action near Vierzy on July 19th, 1918, he advanced with infantry through a heavy machine-gun fire, administering aid to the wounded and taking them to the rear under heavy fire. He fearlessly ran along the line exposed to snipers and machine-gun fire to direct the guards to wounded men.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (5). “For gallantry in action near Vierzy, France, July 19, 1918, in administering first aid and carrying wounded to safety under enemy fire.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 8, 1918, while aiding the wounded under enemy fire.” Citation Order #9—August 1, 1920, General Headquar- ters, A. E. F. “In the course of the operations'which resulted in the capture of a town from the cnemy- this man dressed and evacuated wounded from a wheat field swept by heavy artillery and machine-gun barrage. At a time when the losses threatened to prevent the success of the operations, the heroic conduct of this man steadied the lines and spurred the attacking platoons on through the barrage. This on the 8th of June 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “He advanced with infantry through heavy machine-gun fire, aiding the wounded when they fell. He carried wounded from the front line to Vierzy under heavy fire, bringing back stretchers and water for the wounded. When prisoners were being brought in he fearlessly ran along a line exposed to snipers and machine-gun fire to direct the guards to wounded men in order that they might be promptly evacuated. This near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Displayed untiring energy and rare judgment and bravery in attending to wounded men on an advance of the line during the action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France). He worked continually for two days and nights without food or rest, refusing to leave the line.” Gen- eral Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the (2). “Dressed and evacuated wounded from a wheat field struck by heavy artillery and machine- gun barrage on the 6th of June 1918, in the course of the operations which resulted in the capture of Bouresches (France). At a time when the losses threatened to prevent the success of this operation, the heroic conduct of this man steadied the lines and spurred the attacking platoons on through barrage fire.” Josephus Daniels. “In the action near Vierzy (France), on July 19, 1918, advanced with infantry through a heavy machine-gun fire, administering aid to the wounded as they fell. He took the wounded from the front line to Vierzy under heavy fire and brought back stretchers and water to the wounded. When prisoners were being brought in, he fearlessly ran along the line, exposed to snipers and machine-gun fire, to direct the guards to wounded men in order that they might be properly evacuated. The Department takes great pleasure in commending you for your gallant conduct in action.—October 18, 1918.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star) (2). “Dressed and evacuated the wounded in the midst of a wheat field swept by artillery and machine-gun barrage, June 6, 1918, thus inspiring by his heroic conduct the courage of the platoons which were attacking, and threw themselves through the barrage.” Order #11,406-D. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 219 “At Vierzy, France, the 19th of July 1918, had advanced with the infantry under a heavy machine-gun fire, giving treatment on the spot to the wounded and carrying them to the rear. Exposing himself to the fire of snipers, he volunteered to take back wounded prison- ers, thus assuring their prompt evacuation.” Order #14,337~D. Fitzsimmons, Frank L., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty while serving with the Sixth Regiment, U. S. Marines, in action near Bayonville (France), November 2, 1918, after his gas mask and overcoat had been torn from him by a shell fragment, he continued the advance and exposed himself while dressing the wounded.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action near Bayonville, France, November 2, 1918, in administering to the wounded under fire.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “On November 2, 1918, after his overcoat and respirator had been torn away from him by shell fragments, he continued the advance and time and again exposed himself on the field of battle while dressing wounded. He was exceptionally courageous and efficient in this work and thereby saved many lives.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Garris, Henry T., pharmacist’s mate, third class. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action July 19, 1918, while serving at the Front near Tigny (France).” Citation Order #2—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “On July 19, 1918, while serving in the front line near Tigny (France), after carrying a wounded man to the rear and returning under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire, he discovered a wounded man in an openfield in direct view of the enemy, calling for water. He returned to the line, got permission to go for water, a distance of about two kilometers, and ministered to the wounded, being all of the time in view and under fire of the enemy. This near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Palm). “On July 19, 1918, near Tigny (France), he made a trip of over two kilometers over open ground under a violent bombardment in order to administer aid to the wounded.” Order #11,220-D. Gates, Horatio D., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Wavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines, in action near Vierzy (France), on July 19,1918. His cool and effective work in caring for wounded under heavy fire in the open and without adequate shelter.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Exposed to heavy fire in the open and without adequate shelter, performed valuable service in giving prompt and effective aid to the wounded, undoubtedly saving many lives. This near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “July 19, 1918, near Vierzy (France), administered first aid to the wounded under violent bombardments.” Order #15,037~D. Gay, Norman F., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. 220 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Gehrke, Frank H., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “During the heavy shelling of his position where he was blown down a twenty-foot em- bankment by a shell-burst nearby and badly shaken up, although suffering with partial shell shock, he refused to leave his post and continued to dress the wounded. This near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Soissons Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “On July 19, 1918, near Vierzy (France), during a violent bombardment, was thrown from an embankment twenty feet high by the explosion of a shell. Although suffering from contusions he refused to leave his post and continued to care for the wounded.” Order #15,253-D. Gelatte, Albert C., chief pharmacist's mate, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. George, Nathan C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “In the Foret de Villers-Cotterets, northwest of the town of Vierzy (France), on the morning of July 18, 1918, he displayed unusual zeal and bravery in aiding and carrying away the wounded under heavy shell fire and in a maze of wire entanglements. This near Vierzy (France), July 18, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F, Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “Under heavy bombardment he transported and cared for the wounded unceasingly until all had been evacuated.” Order #13,56l-D. Gerhard, William J., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “He daily exposed himself to violent bombardments in establishing and maintaining the liaison between the first-aid stations of the battalion, the principle hospital and the regi- mental surgeon.” Order #13,562-D. Glenn, Eugene I., hospital apprentice, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “He displayed the greatest zeal, bravery and efficiency in attending the wounded during the-enemy attack of June 7-8-9, 1918, when he worked continuously for two nights and days under heavy shell fire.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “He displayed zeal, bravery and competence in bandaging the wounded during the enemy attacks of June 7, 8, 9, 1918, never hesitating to give them assistance, even under violent artillery fire.” Order #11,549-D. Goodwin, Oscar S., pharmacist's mate first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. T^avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in action at Thiaucourt, September 15th, 1918, with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines. Worked just behind the front line in the open field under heavy fire, administering to the wounded. Also in action at Vierzy, on July 19th, 1918, when a IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 221 number of seriously wounded Marines could not be rescued, it was necessary to mark their location and rescue them at night. Goodwin volunteered for the work and was responsible for clearing the battlefield before morning. On this and all other engagements of the regiment he Displayed heroism and courage.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (4). “For gallantry in action near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, in administering to the wounded under heavy enemy fire.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “At the imminent risk of his life, under shell and machine-gun fire, was instrumental in removing the regimental commander when he was struck down by a sniper’s bullet early in the operations which resulted in the capture and occupation of our objective on the 6th of June 1918. This man removed the regimental commander from further danger regardless of the fire sweeping the point where he fell, meeting a sudden crisis promptly and completely. This on the 6th of June 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In the action against the enemy near Thiaucourt (France), on September 15, 1918, worked just behind the front line in the open field without shelter or protection, under heavy and continuous fire from machine, aerial and large calibre guns, administering to many wounded comrades and never once hsitated, even when enemy fire was most deadly, to respond at great personal danger, to all cases in his sector. He has distinguished himself in every engagement in which his regiment has participated and has been repeatedly recommend for gallantry.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Soissons Sector.” General Order #64 1919, Second Division, A E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the A[avy. “At imminent risk of his life under shell and machine-gun fire, was instrumental in removing the regimental commander when wounded on June 6, 1918, early in the operations which resulted in the capture of the town of Boureshoes (France) and the occupation of the Bois de Belleau (France). Struck down by a sniper’s bullet, Goodwin assisted in removing him from danger, regardless of the fire sweeping the point where he lay, meeting a sudden crisis promptly and completely.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Cold Star). “For conspicuous and distinguished services rendered July 19, 1918, at Vierzy (France). He volunteered to escort litter bearers and ambulances to forward dressing stations during heavy bombardment and gas shell attacks and expedited the evacuation of the wounded, thus saving many lives. He worked throughout the day and the night.” 20th Army Corps—Order not given. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On October 4, 1918, near Somme-Py, France, he delivered an important message to an advanced first-aid station under violent fire of artillery and machine-guns, thus permitting the establishment of different evacuation posts.” Order #13,504-D. Graham, William C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Showed commendable bravery and diligence under fire.” (Killed in action near the Ridge Road on Blanc Mont, Champagne Sector, France, October 4, 1918). General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F, Grantham, James H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. ?favy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty when serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, in action in the Argonne Forest, November 1, 1918. With unwavering courage and disregard for personal danger, dressed and attended wounded in the face 222 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. U. S. NAVY of constant machine-gun and shell fire, until himself killed in the act of bandaging a wounded comrade.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “With unwavering courage and utter disregard of all personal danger this man dressed and attended wounded in the face of constant and terrific machine-gun and shell fire, until he himself was killed while in the act of bandaging a wounded comrade. This in the Argonne Forest, November 1, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Grauer, Earl S., pharmacist’s mate, third class. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. J'lavy Cross. “For heroic conduct in rescuing his comrade, Private William A. Weaver, United States Marine Corps, from a position exposed to heavy machine-gun and artillery fire. Private Weaver had been seriously wounded at Soissons (France), on the morning of July 19th 1918, when at the risk of his own life, Pharmacist’s Mate Grauer went out in front of our own lines, close to the line of the enemy and stopped the flow of blood from the wounds of Private Weaver and after binding his wounded leg, carried him to a position of shelter from the fire of the enemy thereby saving his life.” Grausam, Martin L., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “During the period from October 3-6, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, he displayed exceptional zeal in bandaging the wounded under a violent bombardment.” Order #13,- 373-D. Greer,William B., pharmacist's mate, second class. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession in action at Blanc Mont Ridge (France), with the 3rd Battalion, 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines. Volunteered to go forward to direct bearers to advanced dressing station over ground covered by terrific fire, returned to the dressing station and dressed the wounded regardless of bombardment and firing from enemy airplanes.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Groh, Edmund P., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Distinguished Service Medal, United States J^avy. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines in action near Vierzy (France) on July 19th, 1918. Showed great courage in dressing the wounded in an open field, continuing on duty after being wounded. He refused to be evacuated until he had completely dressed all wounded brought to him.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, in administering first aid to the wounded under enemy fire, until wounded himself.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Having shown great courage in dressing wounded in an open field, he continued in the performance of this duty after being wounded, refusing to be evacuated until he had com- pleted the dressing of all wounded brought to him. This near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In the action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, displayed remarkable devotion to duty giving first aid to the wounded in face of machine-gun fire. Only wounded himself did he finally leave the exposed area and then to assist a man seriously wounded.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 223 Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the Tfavy. “In the action near Viersy, France, on July 19th, 1918, having shown great courage in dressing wounded on the open field, continued in the performance of this duty after being wounded. He refused to be evacuated until he had completed the dressing of all wounded brought to him. The Department takes great pleasure in commending you for your gallant conduct in action.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On July 19, 1918, near Vierzy (France), he displayed courage and veritable contempt for danger in caring for the wounded on open ground. Himself hit, he refused to be evacuated before bandaging all the wounded who had been brought to him.” Hardy, John L., hospital apprentice, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against tne enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Harrington, Luke H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “With five other hospital corpsmen attached to the 47th Company, was notable for cool and courageous conduct in receiving wounded and rendering first aid under machine-gun and shrapnel fire. This near Chateau Thierry (France), in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Hayden, David E., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Medal of Honor. “For gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his lifejabove and beyond the call of duty, at Thiaucourt (France), September 15,1918, with the Second Division, 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines—during the advance when Corporal Creed was mortally wounded, while crossing a field swept by machine-gun fire, without hesitating, Hayden ran to his assistance and finding him so severely wounded as to require immediate attention, he disregarded all personal safety, dressed the wound under intense machine-gun fire and then carried the wounded man back to a place of safety.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the St. Mihiel Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croce di Guerra (Italy). “Complimentary.’ ’ Cruz de Guerra (Portugal). “Complimentary.” Heilman, Harold J., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918, in administering first aid and carrying the wounded to a place of safety under fire.” Citation Order #8— March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Cold Star). “On October 4, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, he displayed exceptional coolness and bravery during a bombardment of the regimental post of command by heavy shells. He left his shelter to go to the aid of two severely wounded men and was exposed to a violent fire while bandaging their wounds.” Order #12718-D. 224 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Henderson, Ernest L, pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front during the operations near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4th, 1918. He showed great bravery and coolness under heaviest enemy fire and fell severely wounded while assisting the wounded from the front line.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Herrman, Bernard W., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines in action near Vierzy (France), on July 19th, 1918. Showed conspicuous courage and coolness in giving first aid to the wounded in the open under heavy enemy fire. Also at Thiaucourt, September 15th, 1918, was conspicuous evacuating wounded men at the risk of his life during heavy bomb' ardments.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, in evacuating the wounded under terrific enemy fire.” Citation Order #2—June 3, 1919, General Head' quarters, A. E. F. “He showed conspicuous courage and coolness in action, giving first aid to the wounded in the open and under heavy enemy fire. This at Vierzy (France), July 19,1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In the action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, was con- spicuous for his coolness and the valuable service which he performed under heavy artillery fire, evacuating wounded men at the risk of his life during heavy bombardments. His work has always been meritorious.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the ?{avy. “In action near Vierzy, France, on July 19, 1918, showed conspicuous courage and coolness in giving first aid to the wounded in the open field under heavy enemy fire. The Depart- ment takes pleasure in commending you for your gallant conduct in action.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On July 19, 1918, near Vierzy, France, he displayed courage and coolness in caring for the wounded on open ground under a violent enemy artillery fire.” Order #13945-D. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “During the morning of October 3, 1918, he displayed the greatest courage and greatest self-denial in the accomplishment of his duty, in dressing wounded in a place swept by violent artillery and machine-gun fire.” 21st Army Corps—no order number given. Hiestand, Clynton H., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “He daily exposed himself to violent bombardments in establishing and maintaining the liaison between the first-aid stations of the battalion, the principal hospital, and the regi' mental surgeon.” Order #13562-D. Hildreth, Gilbert H., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Meuse Argonne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Hite, Earl C., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64,1919, Second Division, A. E. F. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 225 Hoggatt, Ralph M., pharmacist’s mate, third class. United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Croix de Guerre (Cold Star). “From October 3 to 6, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, he displayed exceptional zeal in dressing the wounded under a violent bombardment.” Order #12464~D. Hollis, William W., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “While attached to the 96th Company, 6th Marines, in action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, on September 15, 1918, did gallant work in caring for many wounded and giving first aid under heavy fire. He was constantly exposed to heavy shell fire and machine-gun barrage but his courage never wavered and he continued his work without faltering.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Hollva, Walter S., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, 5th Marines. Letter of Appreciation, Chief Surgeon, American Forces in England. “I desire to commend the excellent work of Chief Pharmacist's Mate Walter S. Hollva, U. S. N., who has acted as my senior Hospital Corps sergeant at this camp the past month, during which time I have been without any other medical assistance. His knowledge of medicine and surgery, as well as the routine work of the office has made him invaluable as an assistant, while his tact, good judgment and soldierly action have never been wanting. - He has acted as medical officer of the 67th Company, Marines, in the absence of a regular surgeon. I feel that without him I would have been unable to cope with the difficult conditions incident upon lack of personnel and medical supplies in a camp through which large bodies of troops are constantly passing, among whom various contagious diseases have prevailed. I recommend him to the notice of his superior officers as fully competent and trustworthy and one deserving promotion.” December 12, 1917. London, S. W. Henry C. Coe, Major, MRC., U. S. A. Chief Surgeon, Am. T. in England. Horn, George E., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “He displayed courage and fortitude in giving aid to the wounded day and night under continual heavy shelling from June 2 to 16, 1918, during which time the farmhouse used as a dressing station was struck many times, wounding several patients. He remained at his station giving aid to the wounded under circumstances which called for the greatest determination and courage. This near Chateau-Thierry (France).” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star), “In his first-aid station which was bombarded night and day from June 12-16, 1918, he cared for the wounded with total disregard of danger.” Order #11983-D. Hull, Roy E., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. ?{avy Cross. “For distinguished service and devotion to duty with the U. S. Marines at the front in France, October 2-10,1918. Hull showed marked bravery in attending the wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire, so much so that his bearing was an inspiration to all associated with him.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “With three other hospital corpsmen attached to the 47th Company, engaged in dressing wounded men under shell fire in the open, working untiringly during the entire bombard- ment of June 23,1918. This in the vicinity of Chateau-Thierry (France).” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the St. Mihiel Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. 226 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Israeli., Roy J., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “He daily exposed himself to violent bombardments in establishing and maintaining the liaison between the first-aid stations of the battalion, the principal hospital and the regimental Surgeon.” Order #13562-D. Jamison, Roland R., pharmacist's mate, first class. United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4-5, 1918, regardless of his personal danger he repeatedly exposed himself to machine-gun and shell fire to give first aid to the wounded in the open.” Posthumously awarded. General Order #37, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed extreme courage and ability in caring for and evacuating wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. Showed exceptional bravery and disregard for personal safety in going out under heavy shell and machine-gun fire to carry wounded comrades to a safe place from which they might be evacuated. This near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Jamme, Joseph H., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “Performed excellent work in aiding the wounded during the action near Chateau-Thierry (France), in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “He showed extraordinary heroism in repeatedly exposing himself under heavy shell fire to give first aid to the wounded. This near Vaux Castille (France), July 19,1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “During the combats of July 19, 1918, near Vaux Castille (France), he was conspicuous by his intrepidity in exposing himself on many occasions to the violent fire of the enemy.” Order #15037-D. Jarvis, Harry W., chief pharmacist’s mate. United States Navy, Fifth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front during the attack on Vierzy, France, on July 18th, 1918, when voluntarily and of his own initiative, in association with two other pharmacist's mates, he organized and established advanced aid posts following closely upon the first wave of the attacking troops and evacuated wounded rapidly and successfully under most harassing fire.” Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “From the 2nd to the 6th of June, 1918, at Bois de Mariny (France), gave proof of courage and zeal in evacuating the wounded under difficult circumstances.” Order #12604-D. Javins, Rupert M., pharmacist’s mate, third class. United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “With five other Hospital Corps men attached to the 47th Company, notable for cool and courageous conduct in receiving wounded and rendering first aid under machine-gun and shrapnel fire. This near Chateau-Thierry (France), in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Jennison, Chari es S., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. ?{avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front by assisting in establishing advanced dressing stations and maintaining them as close to the front as possible in order to better take care of the wounded. He was constantly exposed to heavy IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 227 shell and machine-gun fire but showed an utter disregard for personal safety and when wounded refused to be evacuated and continued to take care of the wounded forty-eight hours thereafter.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near Blanc Mont Ridge, France, October 4-6, 1918, he worked fearlessly and efficiently at caring for the wounded in an advanced dressing station exposed to heavy shell and rifle fire. He was wounded when a shell struck and partly wrecked his aid station but he refused to be evacuated and continued at his post for forty-eight hours.” General Order #46, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “With thirty-one other men, showed the highest qualities and courage, aggressiveness and judgment, under trying conditions, under machine-gun and shell fire in the woods, much of the time in darkness. Due to their work in reorganizing and continuing the fight, the advance was carried on. This at the Bois de Belleau (France), in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Exhibited exceptional heroism and devotion to duty by establishing advanced dressing stations and maintaining them as close to the front as possible in order to better take care of the wounded. Was constantly exposed to heavy shell and machine-gun fire, but showed an utter disregard for personal safety in rendering first aid to the wounded and seeing to their evacuation. Pharmacist’s Mate Jennison was wounded but refused to be evacuated and continued to take care of the wounded forty-eight hours thereafter.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star), “At Belleau Wood (France), on June 11, 1918, he displayed the greatest coolness and zeal in giving first aid to the wounded who lay exposed to the violent enemy fire and in going out into the middle of the night to assist them.” Order #17741-D. Johnson, Joseph S., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty on June 9th, 1918, in the action at Bouresches (France), in caring for and evacuating more than 200 wounded and gassed men, under machine-gun and shell fire. He worked unceasingly until all had been removed to a place of safety. He was later killed in action.” Johnson, William C., pharmacist’s mate, second class. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the St. Mihiel Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Jones, George A., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Cross. “For distinguished service and devotion to duty while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in France, June 6th, 1918. Jones showed marked bravery in caring for the wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire until he was severely wounded and then refused aid until all others had been cared for.” Siber Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Justice, John E., Jr., hospital .apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Was conspicuous for his coolness and the value of his work under shell fire, evacuating wounded men at the risk of his life, during our attack upon the enemy on the night of the 6th of June, 1918. This at the Bois de Belleau (France).” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division. A. E. F. 228 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. U. S. NAVY Kaga, Raymond L., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service displayed while attached to the 6th Marines, 95th Company: in action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, on September 15, 1918, disregarding all personal danger, he was indefatigable in rendering assistance to the wounded under heavy constant shell fire. His calm courage and energetic attention to duty was an inspiration to the entire command.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, in caring for the wounded under constant shell fire.” Citation Order #4—June 3, 1919, General Head' quarters, A. E. F. “In action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, on September 15, 1918, disregarding all personal danger was indefatigable in rendering assistance to the wounded under heavy constant shell fire. His calm courage and energetic attention to duty was an inspiration to the entire command.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 2-10, 1918, he displayed an example of bravery in going, heedless of danger, to the aid of the wounded.” Order #13586-D. Killebrew, Edgar L., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Kingsbury, Carl O., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “He displayed commendable action in the immediate care and attention incident to the evacuation of more than 100 casualties following the gas-shell bombardment on the morning of April 23, 1918, after he himself had been subjected to gas. He worked incessantly disre- garding his own symptoms, until he had to be evacuated.” General Order #129, War Department, 1918. Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the Jfavy. “While serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, he rendered highly commendable service in caring for the wounded and, particularly on the morning of April 13, 1918, in caring for and evacuating a large number of casualties resulting from a gas-shell bombard ment, though gassed himself.” Josephus Daniels. Kinkle, Clyde A., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines in action near Vierzy (France), on July 19th, 1918. Was conspicuous for incessant work until he fainted from exhaustion at the end of ten hours’ duty. This work was carried on in the open field and under heavy fire. Also in Champagne Sector, October 8-9, carried men off the field who were lying in places where it seemed no one remained alive.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (4). “For gallantry in action in the Champagne Sector, France, October 8-9, 1918, in attending to the wounded under heavy shell fire.” Citation Order #3—June 3, 1919, General Head- quarters, A. E. F. “Performed excellent work while aiding the wounded during the action near Chateau Thierry (France), in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 229 “In the action near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918, in an open field and under heavy fire, he was conspicuous for his incessant work aiding the wounded, until he fainted from exhaustion at the end of ten hours duty.” General Order #53,1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Displayed untiring energy and rare judgment and bravery in attending to wounded men on the advance of the line during the action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France). He worked continually for two days and nights, without food or rest, refusing to leave the line.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the Tfavy. “In the action near Vierzy, France, July 19, 1918, was conspicuous for his incessant work until he fainted from sheer exhaustion at the end of ten hours’ duty. This work he carried on in the open field and under heavy fire.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On July 19, 1918, near Vierzy (France), displayed great self-sacrifice in caring for the wounded on open ground under violent artillery fire.” Order #14945-D. Kirkland, Archie B., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. - Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “Sergeants Bourdette and Bower and Private Bass left the shelter of their dugouts under heavy shell fire, disregarding personal safety, and assisted the company commander in digging out Private Farr, who had been buried by a shell explosion—during which time several shells fell nearby and Private Bass was wounded. Nevertheless they continued their work until Private Farr was released. At the same time Hospital Apprentice Kirkland voluntarily left his dugout and at a great risk to himself from shells falling in his vicinity, attended to ten men who were wounded and lying in the open. This near Chateau Thierry (France) on the night of June 16-17, 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division A. E. F. “Near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918, he showed great bravery, continually remaining under heavy shell fire, taking care of the wounded and assisting them to the rear.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Stiver Star). “From the 2nd to the 10th of October, 1918, near Blanc Mont (France), gave proof of courage and zeal in evacuating the wounded under difficult circumstances.” Order #13- 505-D. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star) (2), “Voluntarily left his shelter under a violent bombardment to go to the aid of ten wounded men on exposed ground.” Order #11997~D. “On July 19, 1918, near Vierzy (France) displayed great bravery in remaining at his post under violent enemy artillery fire, caring for the wounded and assisting in their evacua- tion.” Order #15166-D. Lawrence, Lowell W., pharmacist’s mate, third class. United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “From October 3-10, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France), he displayed exceptional zeal in bandaging the wounded under a violent bombardment.” Order #13257~D. 230 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Layton, Lester K., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines in action near Vierzy (France), on July 19th, 1918. Did cool and effective work in caring for the wounded under heavy fire in the open and without adequate shelter.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Exposed to heavy shell fire in the open and without adequate shelter, performed valuable service in giving prompt and effective aid to the wounded undoubtedly saving many lives. This near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “July 19, 1918, near Vierzy (France), administered first aid to the wounded under violent bombardments.” Order #15037-D. Leisure, George W., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Performed excellent work while aiding the wounded during the action near Chateau Thierry (France), in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Lewis, Spencer J., pharmacist's mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. ?iavy Cross. “For exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service while attached to the Sixth Regi- ment of U. S. Marines. During the heavy gas shell bombardment on October 4, 1918, Lewis continued dressing wounded brought to the battalion aid station, unmindful of personal danger. When several men were wounded during heavy bombardment, he went out to the field and administered first aid and carried the wounded back on stretchers.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “During heavy shelling gas-shell bombardment on October 4, 1918, continued dressing wounded brought to the battalion aid station, unmindful of personal danger. When several men were wounded, during heavy bombardment, he went to the field and adminis- tered first aid and carried the wounded back on stretchers.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On October 5, 1918, near Somme-Py (France), he exerted himself to the utmost in caring for the wounded at the first-aid station under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire. He did not hesitate to accompany a group of litter bearers on the battlefield where lay several severely wounded on whom he lavished his care and helped to transport. His conduct won the admiration of all who saw him.” Order #13504-D. Litchfield, John R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service while attached to the 74th Com- pany, 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines; for extraordinary heroism in action near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918. Litchfield displayed exceptional bravery in giving first aid to the wounded under shell fire. He was killed while taking a wounded soldier out of a trench to the rear.” Posthumously awarded. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “In the action near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, he displayed exceptional bravery in giving first aid to the wounded under shell fire. He was killed while taking a wounded soldier out of a trench to the rear.” General Order #27, War Department, 1919. Posthumously awarded. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “After the 76th Company captured the formidable machine-gun nest in the Bois de Belleau (France), June 10, 1918, he rendered conspicuous service. The company to which he was attached was subject to heavy bombardment half-hourly for forty-eight hours and sustained IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 231 many casualties. Under this fire he worked day and night and due to his efforts casualties were held down considerably.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In the action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, showed exceptional bravery rendering first aid to the wounded under heavy shell fire and met his death while attempting to get a wounded man out of a trench to the rear.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Torpedo Boat Destroyer “Litchfield.” United States Number 336. Length, 314 feet: Beam, 30 feet, 11 inches: Draft, 9 feet, 11 inches. Launched: Navy Yard, Mare Island, Calif. August 12, 1919. Sponsor: Mrs. William R. Litchfield (Martha D.), Mother. “Named in memory of John R. Litchfield, Pharmacist’s Mate 3rd Class, U. S. Navy, who gave his life while serving as a member of the Hospital Corps of the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marine Corps, Second Division, U. S. Army, in France: Born in Flanagan, Illinois, March 7, 1899: died September 15, 1918. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (Army) posthumously for extraordinary heroism in action. He displayed ex- ceptional bravery in giving first aid to the wounded under shell fire near Thiaucourt, France, and was killed while taking a wounded soldier out of a trench to the rear.” Authorization—General Order #480—1919, Navy Department. Lufkin, Nathaniel H., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Js[avy Cross. “For exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service while attached to the 6th Regb ment of Marines. Without regard for his own safety, Lufkin worked untiringly in rend' ering first aid to the wounded under extremely heavy shell fire, exposing himself to fire on the battlefield to carry wounded men on stretchers to a place of safety.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, October 6-9, 1918, in giving aid to the wounded under heavy enemy fire.” Citation Order #3—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Without regard for personal safety worked untiringly rendering first aid to the wounded under extremely heavy shell fire, exposing himself to fire on the battlefield, to carry wounded men on stretchers to a place of safety.” General Order #88,1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “During the periods of attacks at Blanc Mont (France), he displayed great courage in going to the aid of the wounded under violent enemy barrages.” Order #13586-D. Mangold, Merton H., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in action near Imecourt, France, November 1, 1918, with the 2nd Battalion, 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines. During the advance a shell landed in a group of officers, killing one and wounding others. Mangold crossed the open field, swept by intense machine-gun and artillery fire, to administer first aid, not withstanding advice to seek shelter, then carried the officers to a place of safety. His prompt action doubtlessly saved the lives of those he attended.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Meuse Argonne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Manning, James E., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For distinguished and heroic service while attached to the 1st Battalion, 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines. In the action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, on September 15, 748887—47 16 232 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY 1918, while attending to a wounded man, the dressing station was hit with a shell and the patient was wounded in two more places. Showed great devotion, dressed the new wounds and, while doing so, was struck in the back and knocked down by the explosion of another shell striking the aid station. He refused to leave his post until he had finished dressing the wounded man and had removed him from the aid station, which was completely gutted a minute later by another shell. During the entire action Manning was conspicuous for his courage and promptness in the care of the wounded.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “While he was attending a wounded man near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, his dressing station was struck by a shell from which his patient received two additional wounds. He dressed the man’s new wounds and while so doing was himself struck in the back and knocked down by the explosion of another shell. He remained at his post, how- ever, until he had finished dressing his patient's injuries and then removed him from the dressing station which very soon was completely destroyed by a third shell.” General Order #37. War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action at Blanc Mont, France, October 3-10, 1918, in caring for the wounded under sniper, machine-gun, and artillery fire.” Citation Order #3—June 3,1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “With five other Hospital Corps men attached to the 47th Company (5th Marines), notable for cool and courageous conduct in receiving wounded and rendering first aid under machine- gun and shrapnel fire. This near Chateau Thierry (France) in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In the action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, on September 15, 1918, while attending to a wounded man in the dressing station, it was hit with a shell and the patient was wounded in two more places. Showed great devotion, dressed the new wounds and while doing so was struck in the back and knocked down by the explosion of another shell striking the aid station. He refused to leave his post until he had finished dressing the wounded man and had removed him from the aid station, which was completely gutted a minute later by another shell. During the entire action Hospital Apprentice Manning was conspicuous for his courage and promptness in the care of the wounded.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “He remained at his aid station and finished dressing the wounds of a patient despite the arrival of two projectiles, the burst of one of which inflicted two new wounds upon his comrade, while the burst of the other knocked him down. Was able to help him get out of the shelter just before a third projectile completely destroyed it.” Order #17466-D. Marks, John H., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Navy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines in action near Vierzy, France, on July 19,1918. Labored courageously and tirelessly throughout the day and well into the night, in dressing wounded in the field in the open and under inadequate shelter.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “Conspicuous for fidelity to duty and fearlessness in giving first aid to the wounded under shell fire in the Bois de Belleau (France), from June 10th to 16th 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In the attack on Tigny (France), July 19, 1918, in the open and under most inadequate shelter, labored fearlessly and courageously throughout the day and well into the night dressing the wounded on the field and superintending their evacuation. This near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the ?{avy. “The Department takes pleasure in commending you for your gallant conduct in action IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 233 in the attack on Tigny, France, on July 19, 1918, for laboring courageously and tirelessly throughout the day and well into the night, dressing the wounded on the field and super* intending their evacuation. This work was carried on both in the open and under made* quate shelter.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “During the attack on Tigny, France, July 19, 1918, assiduously cared for the wounded throughout the day and part of the night and effected their evacuation with total disregard for his personal safety.” Order #15037-D. Martin, Hal E., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. T'favy Cross. “For exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service while attached to the 1st Battalion 6th Marines. At Blanc Mont (France), on October 5, 1918, he rushed into a barrage and rescued a wounded man who had been dropped there when the stretcher bearers were wounded. During the entire action from October 3rd to 10th, this man was at all times ready to dash out and care for the wounded. After the operations it was necessary to evacuate him with a high fever. His untiring efforts and personal bravery saved many lives and was an inspiration to the men.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action near Blanc Mont, France, October 10,1918, in dressing a wounded man under an enemy barrage.” Citation Order #3—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters. A. E. F. “At Blanc Mont (France), on October 5, 1918, he rushed into a barrage and rescued a wounded man who had been dropped there when the stretcher bearers were wounded. During the entire action from October 3rd to 10th, this soldier (blue jacket) was at all times ready to dash out and care for the wounded. After the operations it was necessary to evacuate him with a high fever. His untiring efforts and personal bravery saved many lives and was an inspiration to the men.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Mattingly, Claude, pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action at Lucy-le-Bocage, France, June 11-14, 1918, in caring for the wounded under heavy shell fire.” Citation Order #3—June 3,1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “During bombardment of the 2nd Battalion aid station at LuCy-le-Bocage (France) on June 11,1918, faithfully and fearlessly performed his duties assisting to dress the wounded. High-explosive shells hit the building, one bursting in. the dressing room and, when the building caught fire, assisted in carrying out the wounded and, against orders, returned to the building bringing out first-aid dressings which were later badly needed at the tempo- rary station established nearby.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the ?favy. “While serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in France on June 11,1918, at the first* aid station at Lucy, he performed his duties with marked coolness and courage and, when the building in which he was operating was struck by high-explosive shells and partially demolished, he returned to the building against orders and brought out first-aid dressings which a little later were needed badly for the care of the wounded.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “Shells having fallen on the first-aid station and one of them having exploded in the dressing room, he evacuated the wounded and then in spite of orders went in again to get bandaging material that was urgently needed.” Order #11927~D. 234 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Maxwell, David M., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Tfavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front (in France), in going out into the open to the aid of the wounded under heavy machine-gun and artillery fire, in the performance of which duty he was killed.” Posthumously awarded. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Staf). “During the Belleau Wood (France) attack, he showed the highest courage in giving first aid to the wounded under violent bombardment.” Order #17742-D. McDaniels, Lee J., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action at Lucy-le-Bocage, France, June 11-14, 1918, in attending to the wounded under heavy shell fire.” Citation Order #3—June 3,1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “During bombardment of the 2nd Battalion aid station at Lucy-le-Bocage (France), on June 11, 1918, faithfully and fearlessly performed his duties assisting to dress the wounded. High-explosive shells hit the building, one bursting in the dressing room and, when the building caught fire, assisted in carrying out the wounded, and against orders returned to the building bringing out first-aid dressings which later were badly needed in the temporary station established nearby.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the ?iavy. “While serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in France, on June 11, 1918, at the first-aid station at Lucy, he performed his duties with marked coolness and courage and, when the building in which he was operating was struck by a high-explosive shell and par- tially demolished, he returned to the building against orders and brought out first-aid dressings which a little later were needed for the care of the wounded.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “Shells having fallen into the first-aid station and one of them having exploded in the dressing ward, he evacuated the wounded and then in spite of orders went in again to get bandaging material that was urgently needed.” Order #11920-D. McDermott, Walter S., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Meuse-Argonne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. McGee, Henry E., Hospital Apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Attached to the 16th Company, 5th Marines, during the action on June 23rd and 25th, 1918, established a first-aid station directly in the rear of the firing line to remove wounded. He worked continually from 7:00 p. m., June 23rd to 3:00 p. m., June 24th caring for and removing wounded. This near Chateau Thierry (France).” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the A[avy. “While serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in France, during the final attack on Belleau Wood, June 23rd, 1918, he showed remarkable bravery, initiative, and devotion to duty in establishing a first-aid station directly in the rear of the firing line and making several trips to the front line to remove wounded.” Josephus Daniels. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 235 McKenney, Leroy N., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. J'lavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in ing first aid to wounded men under continual shell and machine-gun fire.” Silver Star Medal United States Army (6). “For gallantry in action in the Champagne Sector, France, October 4, 1918, in administer- ing first aid to the wounded during a heavy machine-gun barrage.” Citation Order #3— June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action in the Le Fey Bois, France, November 1-3, 1918, in administering first aid to the wounded under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire.” Citation Order #3—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “With five other Hospital Corps men attached to the 47th Company, notable for cool and courageous conduct in receiving wounded and rendering first aid under machine-gun and shrapnel fire. This near Chateau Thierry (France) in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “He rendered cool and excellent service under shell fire in a constantly exposed position, giving first aid to the wounded of his company. This near Vaux Castille (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “On October 4, 1918, Champagne Sector (France), displayed extraordinary herosim in administering medical aid to members of his company. During action he was obliged to care for the company’s wounded alone and was directly responsible for the saving of several lives through his cool work and untiring devotion to the crying demands under terrific shell fire.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Meuse Argonne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “Rendered cool and excellent work under constant shell fire in an exposed position, admin* istering first aid to the wounded, thereby displaying extraordinary herosim and self-sacrifice on July 18, 1918.” 20th Army Corps—no order number given. Medkirk, Forest T., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. 7s[avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front during the attack on Vierty, France, on July 18th, 1918, when voluntarily, and of his own initiative, in association with two other pharmacist’s mates, he organised and established advanced aid posts, followed closely upon the first wave of the attacking troops and evacuated the wounded rapidly and successfully under the most harassing conditions.” Merkel, Edmo E., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross United States Army. “He accompanied a company of Marines during an advance near Blanc Mont, France, October 3-4, 1918, under a violent fire, going to all parts of the line, giving first aid to the wounded and directing their evacuation. Although wounded he remained on duty until forced to go to the rear.” General Order #99, War Department, 1919. Messanelle, Ray A., pharmacist’s mate, second class. United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross United States Army. “Regardless of his personal danger, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4-5, 1918, he repeatedly exposed himself to machine-gun and shell fire to render first aid to the wounded.” General Order #35, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal United Stated Army. “Displayed extreme courage and ability in caring for and evacuating woulded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. Showed exceptional bravery and disregard for personal safety 236 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. U. S. NAVY in going out under heavy shell and machine-gun fire to carry wounded comrades to a safe place from which they might be evacuated. This near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, Octo- ber 4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “Heedless of danger he exposed himself on several occasions to the fire of machine guns and artillery in order to give first aid to the wounded.” Order #1?466-D. Moll, Joseph J., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front (in France) in dressing wounded under a terrific shell and machine-gun fire until he was severely wounded.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Monahan, Ocia K., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action near Vierzy, France, July 18,1918, in caring for the wounded under enemy fire until wounded himself.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Head- quarters, A. E. F. “He displayed fortitude and courage in giving aid to the wounded day and night under continual heavy shelling from June 2nd to 16th, 1918, during which time the farmhouse used as a dressing station was struck many times, wounding several patients. He remained at his station giving aid to the wounded under circumstances which called for the greatest determination and courage. This near Chateau Thierry (France).” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “He left the shelter of the dressing station and treated wounded in an open field, under heavy shell and machine-gun fire, and was himself wounded while doing so. This near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Cold Star). “Left his dressing station and rescued wounded in a field near Vierzy (France) on July 19, 1918, under a very heavy shell fire and was himself wounded in doing so.” Twentieth Army Corps—Order number not given. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “In his first-aid station which was bombarded night and day from June 12-16, 1918, he cared for the wounded with total disregard for danger.” Order #H983-D. Morton, Roger Q., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the J^avy. “While serving with the 6th Regiment U. S. Marines, he rendered highly commendable service in giving aid to the wounded, particularly at Bois de Belleau (France), on June 14 1918, when, though badly gassed, he refused to leave the dressing station until all gassed and wounded comrades had been removed.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “At Bois de Belleau (France), on June 14, 1918, after a bombardment by high explosive and gas shells, he refused to leave the first-aid station in which he had continued to work in spite of the evacuation of all other attendants.” Order #13257~D. Muller, Ekard, pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism in action at Blanc Mont Ridge (France), October 6-10, 1918, with the 3rd Battalion, 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, In the face of intense artillery and IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 237 machine-gun fire, established an advanced dressing station and dressed and evacuated the wounded, showing at all times utter disregard for personal danger.” Nichols, Harland A., Pharmacist’s Mate, second class. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the T^avy. “While serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, he rendered highly commendable service rendering aid to the wounded, particularly at Vierzy (France), on July 19, 1918, when the company to which he was attached was shelled in a ravine.” Josephus Daniels. Nolan,Vincent A., pharmacist’s mate, third class, .United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “During the operations at Blanc Mont Ridge, France, he repeatedly went through intense machine-gun and shell fire to administer first aid to officers and soldiers who were wounded and lying in an exposed position.” General Order #98, War Department, 1919. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “From October 1-6, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, he did excellent work in giving first aid to the wounded of his company under violent bombardment and machine* gun fire until he was wounded and sent to the rear.” Order #13,257~D. Nolte, William V., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near Blanc Mont, France, October 4, 1918, he rendered exceptional assistance to his comrades by continually giving first aid to them under machine-gun fire.” General Order #35, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “Performed excellent work in aiding the wounded during the action near Chateau-Thierry (France) in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Displayed extreme courage and ability in caring for and evacuating wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. Showed exceptional bravery and disregard for personal safety in going out under heavy shell and machine-gun fire to carry wounded comrades to a safe place from which they might be evacuated. This near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Noonan, William W., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “On June 12, 1918, under intense artillery barrage, carried on his work of administering aid to the wounded, continuing after he had been blown out of a trench by shell fire and did not cease until all men in need had been cared for. This near-Chateau-Thierry (France).” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “On June 12, 1918, cared for the wounded under a violent artillery barrage and in spite of a shell explosion which threw him out of a trench.” Order #11,983-D. Letter of Regimental Commander. “In action near Thiaucourt, France, on September 15, 1918, worked in an unprotected post which was subjected to a violent aerial, machine-gun and artillery fire, evacuating wounded over five hours. This was the advanced post during the engagement on September 15, 1918, and through his fearless devotion to duty saved many lives.” Norton, Donald C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines, Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “Attached to the 16th Company, 5th Marines, during the action of June 23rd and 25th, 1918, established a first-aid station directly in the rear of the firing fine, making several trips to the firing fine to remove wounded. Worked continually from 7-00 p. m., June 23rd, to 3.00 p. m., June 24th, caring for and removing the wounded. This near Chateau-Thierry (France).” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. 238 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY “On September 15, 1918, during the attack on Thiaucourt, France, met his death through his devotion to duty and extraordinary heroism. Having established his first-aid station within 200 yards of the front line, he patrolled the field in face of machine-gun and rifle fire in search of wounded.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Note: Incorrectly reported “killed.” Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the K[avy. “While serving with the U. S. Marines at the front during the final attack on Belleau Wood (France), June 23rd, 1918, he showed marked bravery, initiative and devotion to duty in establishing a first-aid station directly in the rear of the firing line and making several trips to the front line to remove wounded.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “Attached to the 16th Company, during the attacks of June 23rd and 25th, 1918, set up a first-aid station in the immediate vicinity of the firing line to which he frequently went to fetch the wounded. Was constantly at work bringing in wounded.” Order #11966-D. Olsen, Milton C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “The above-named man showed commendable bravery and diligence under fire.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Patterson, Charles H., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “With five other Hospital Corps men attached to the 47th Company, notable in his cool and courageous conduct in receiving wounded and rendering first aid under machine-gun and shrapnel fire. This near Chateau-Thierry (France) in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Meuse Argonne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Peterson, George I., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 3-7, 1918, he was directly responsible for the saving of several lives while obliged to care for the company’s wounded alone. On succeed- ing days he traveled from one side of the company sector to the other, through artillery and machine-gun barrage, hunting and caring for the wounded.” General Order #37, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “Cool and courageous in his work, he gave first aid to the wounded in an exposed position under constant shell fire. This near Vaux Castille (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F “Showed extreme bravery and utter disregard for personal safety in the care of the wounded. During the night of October 4, 1918, he was obliged to care for the company’s wounded alone and was directly responsible for the saving of several lives through his cool work and untiring devotion to duty. This under terrific shell fire and in the region of Blanc Mont (France).” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “On July 19, 1918, near Vaux Castille, France, he displayed courage and coolness, giving first aid to the wounded under continual bombardment.” Order #15037~D. Peterson, Otis A., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 239 Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the J^avy. “He displayed marked bravery and devotion to duty in dressing the wounded under terrific shell and machine-gun fire at St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, on October 4, 1918.” Josephus Daniels. Phelan, Francis E., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action in the Meuse Argonne, France, November 1, 1918.” Citation Order #2, —1931, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Attached to the 16th Company, 5th Marines, during the action of June 23rd and 25th, 1918, established a first-aid station directly in the rear of the firing line, making several trips to the firing line to remove wounded. He worked continually from 7-00 p. m. June 23rd to 3.00 p. m. June 24th caring for and removing the wounded. This near Chateau-Thierry (France).” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division. A. E. F. Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the Afavy. “While serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in France, during the final attack on Belleau Wood (France), June 23, 1918, he showed marked bravery, initiative and devotion to duty in establishing a first-aid station directly in rear of the firing line and making several trips to the front line to remove wounded.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “Attached to the 16th Company, during the attacks of June 23rd and 25th, 1918, he established a first-aid station in the immediate vicinity of the firing line, where he went several times in order to bring back wounded. He did not cease to be on hand, transport- ing and giving aid to the very numerous wounded.” Order #11966-D. Pilkerton, Alvin W., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. ?{avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines in action near Vierzy (France), on July 19, 1918. Did cool and effective work in caring for the wounded under heavy shell fire in the open and without adequate shelter.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near Thiaucourt, France, September 15, 1918, while he was dressing the injuries of a wounded soldier under heavy shell fire, he was himself severely wounded in two places, but he refused to treat his own wounds until he had taken care of his patient.” General Order #37, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal United States Army (2). “Exposed to heavy shell fire in the open and without adequate shelter, performed valuable service in giving prompt and effective aid to the wounded, undoubtedly saving many lives. This near Vierzy (France) 7-19-18.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “In the action against the enemy near Thiaucourt, France, on September 15, 1918, was dressing a patient under terrific shell fire and was wounded severely in two places. He refused to be dressed himself until he had taken care of his patients. His wounds neces- sitated his evacuation. Throughout the entire action his thoughts and actions were for the wounded at all times,” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “Displayed devotion to duty in aiding the wounded under violent bombardment, July 19, 1918, near Vierzy (France).” Order #13945-D. Reed, Eugene B., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918, during bombardment he four times crossed an area heavily shelled and subjected to machine-gun fire to render assistance to his comrades.” General Order #35, War Department, 1919, 240 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. U. S. NAVY Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed extreme courage and ability in caring for and evacuating wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. Showed exceptional bravery and disregard for personal safety in going out under heavy shell and machine-gun fire to carry wounded comrades to a place from which they might be evacuated. This near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “During the attack at Belleau Wood (France), displayed the highest courage in administer- ing first aid to the wounded under violent shell fire.” Order #17742-D. Reister, Junius E., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Navy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty while serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, rendered highly commendable service in aiding the wounded, particularly at the Bois de Belleau, France, on June 6,1918, when the company to which he was attached was caught in a barrage. He stuck to his post until all casualties were evacuated and then volunteered his services to another company entering the line.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Soissons Sector.” General Order #64 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “Near Bouresches in Belleau Wood (France), on June 6-7, 1918, his company having been caught in a barrage fire, killing or wounding two-thirds of its strength, he remained at his post, indifferent to all danger in order to dress the wounds of his comrades. After their evacuation he volunteered his services with another company.” Order #13257-D. Roberts, Harold C., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Navy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving at the front with the U. S. Marines on the night of June 7th, 1918. He showed exceptional heroism by volunteering to cross an open field under heavy machine-gun fire to bring in the wounded who were calling for help.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Attached to the 8th Company, showed extraordinary heroism under heavy machine-gun fire, volunteering to cross an open field to bring in wounded who were calling for help on the night of June 7th, 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “He displayed great bravery on June 7, 1918, in voluntarily going out in front of the lines under a violent machine-gun fire to aid some wounded comrades who were calling for help.” Order #11549-D. Rodemich, Lorraine F., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. N&vy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front during the attack on Vierzy, France, on July 18th, 1918, when voluntarily and of his own initiative, in association with two other pharmacist’s mates, he organized and established advanced aid posts following closely upon the first wave of the attacking troops and evacuated wounded rapidly arid successfully under most harassing conditions.” Rogers, Benjamin F., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918, he left his shelter and went beyond our most advanced positions, giving first aid to the wounded under machine-gun and shell fire until all had been cared for and evacuated.” General Order #35, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed extreme courage and ability in caring for and evacuating wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. Showed exceptional bravery and disregard for personal safety IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 241 in going out under heavy shell and machine-gun fire to carry wounded comrades to a safe place from which they might be evacuated. This near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Russell, Thomas N., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. ?iavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in the Argonne Operations (France). Although wounded, he exposed himself to heavy machine- gun and shell fire to dress the wounds of five comrades and assisted in evacuating them. He also protested against leaving wounded members of his company until after the arrival of another man to replace him.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near Blanc Mont Ridge, France, October 4, 1918, he gave proof of remarkable courage and disregard for personal safety by remaining at his post for three days under heavy shell fire and rendering first aid to the wounded, even when his dressing station was hit by a large shell.” General Order #46, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (4). “For gallantry in action during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, France, October 7, 1918, in giving aid to the wounded under heavy enemy fire.” Citation Order #4—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “After being wounded he exposed himself to heavy machine-gun and artillery fire to dress the wounds of five comrades and assisted in evacuating them, displaying remarkable coolness, personal bravery, and self-sacrifice. He also protested against leaving wounded members of the 51st Company until another man had arrived to take his place. This near Chateau Thierry (France) in June 1918.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Although wounded, exposed himself to heavy machine-gun and shell fire to dress the wounds of five comrades and assisted in evacuating them. Also protested against leaving wounded members of his company until after the arrival of another man to replace him.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “During the advance on Blanc Mont Ridge (France), under terrific shell fire and very intense machine-gun fire, worked with utter disregard of personal safety and danger. His unceasing efforts were undoubtedly the cause of saving many lives, although in constant danger of losing his own, which did not seem to concern him in the least. His greatest desire was to see to the treatment of the wounded.” Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star) (2). “Although wounded, exposed himself under violent artillery fire in order to dress the wounds of five comrades and get them to the rear. Refused to leave the wounded of the 51st Company until replaced at his post.” Order #11966-D. “From October 3-6, 1918, near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, he displayed exceptional teal in bandaging the wounded under a violent bombardment.” Order #13257~D. Sanderson, Otis B., pharmacist’s mate, second class. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “For eight consecutive days he devoted himself entirely to the care of the wounded under violent bombardments and machine-gun fire.” Order #13586-D. Schaffner, Fred C., pharmacist's mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “In the vicinity of Verdun, after having been gassed himself in the gas-shell bombardment of April 13, 1918, he courageously helped in the treatment of more than 100 cases of gas casualties, disregarding his own condition until overcome. Died April 18, 1918. ’’General Order #88, War Department, 1918. 242 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the A[avy. “While serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, he rendered highly commendable service in caring for the wounded, particularly on the morning of April 13, 1918, in caring for and evacuating a large number of casualties following a gas-shell bombardment, though gassed himself, from the effects of which he afterwards died.” Josephus Daniels. Schuler, Louis B., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “With three other Hospital Corps men attached to the 47th Company, was engaged in dressing wounded men under shell fire in the open, working untiringly during the entire bombardment of June 23, 1918. ‘Private’ Schuler has since been killed. This near Chateau Thierry (France).” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Simmer, Tony, pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in running to the aid of a wounded man during a heavy bombardment and carrying him to a place of safety.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Did on April 23, 1918, go to the assistance of Corporal Allen W. Stone, 119246, U. S, Marine Corps, who was seriously wounded by a shell of the first salvo fired by the enemy; exposing himself in order to render aid to Corporal Stone. Pharmacist’s Mate Simmer’s helmet was struck in three places by pieces of shrapnel while he was rendering assistance to Corporal Stone and his coolness and courage under the circumstances was equally noteworthy.” General Order #35, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Smith, EmMett Cl, pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “In the course of the operations which resulted in the capture of a town from the enemy, this man dressed and evacuated wounded from a wheat field swept by heavy artillery and machine-gun barrage. At a time when the losses threatened to prevent the success of the operations, the heroic conduct of this man steadied the lines and spurred the attacking platoons on through the barrage fire. This on the 8th of June, 1918.” General Order, #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the J\[avy. “Dressed and evacuated wounded from a wheat field struck by heavy artillery and ma- chine-gun barrage on the 6th of June (1918) in the course ofthe operations which resulted in the capture of Bouresches (France). At a time when the losses threatened to prevent the success of this operation, the heroic conduct of this man steadied the lines and spurred the attacking platoons on through barrage fire.” Josephus Daniels. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the T^avy. “When serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, he rendered highly commendable service in caring for the wounded, particularly at Bouresches (France), on June 6, 1918.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “He dressed and evacuated wounded in the middle of a wheat field swept by artillery and machine-gun barrage on June 6, 1918, thus stimulating by his heroism the courage of the attacking platoons which were rushing through the barrage.” Order #11406-D. Smith, James E., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. (2). “For gallantry in action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4 1918, in going to the aid of wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire.” Citation Order #4—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 243 “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On October 4, 1918, near St. Etiennes-Arnes, France, he displayed exceptional bravery under fire. During the bombardment of the regimental post of command he left his shelter to go to the assistance of two men who were severely wounded and exposed to the violent fire and bandaged their wounds.” Order #13562-D. Smith, Thomas R., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For extraordinary meritorious and distinguished service while attached to the 6th Regi- ment, U. S. Marines, Smith, at Blanc Mont, Champagne Region, France, October 3-10, 1918, showed great devotion to duty in giving first aid and evacuating the wounded under very trying conditions throughout the engagement.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action at Somme-Py, France, October 4, 1918, in caring for the wounded under continuous shell fire.” Citation Order #4—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “During the operations near Blanc Mont (France), October 3-10, 1918, distinguished him- self being unmindful of personal danger, his only thought being for the wounded men on the field of battle. He labored untiringly, rendering first aid to the wounded and carrying them to a place of safety on stretchers.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On October 5, 1918, near Somme-Py (France), he exerted himself to the utmost in caring for the wounded at the first-aid station under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire. He did not hesitate to accompany a group of stretcher bearers on the battlefield, where lay several severely wounded on whom he lavished his care. His conduct won the admiration of all who saw him.” Order #13504-D. Spence, Martin W., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “After the 76th Company captured a formidable machine-gun nest in the Bois de Belleau (France), June 10, 1918, he rendered conspicuous service. The company to which he was attached was subject to heavy bombardment half-hourly, for forty-eight hours, and sustained many casualties. Under this fire he worked day and night and due to his efforts casualties were held down considerably.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Stamps, Bernice B., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near Jaulney, France, September 13-15, 1918, worked continually without rest or food, caring for the wounded under the most hazardous of conditions. When a counterattack by the enemy seemed imminent, the medical department was ordered to the rear, but he willingly stayed with the wounded and assisted greatly in their evacuation.” General Order #46, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed great courage, fearlessness, and devotion to duty, near Jaulney (France), September 13-14-15, 1918, in caring for the wounded with practically no rest or food. During a particularly heavy shelling and when a counterattack was expected, the medical department was ordered to the rear. Chief volunteered to remain and take care of the wounded until they could be evacuated. This he did, exposing himself to great danger.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. 244 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Stanton, Leon R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. Tor gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Staton, Ennis C., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For distinguished service and devotion to duty while serving with the 6th Regiment of U. S. Marines, in action near St. Etiennes Arnes (France) on October 9, 1918. Staton repeatedly exposed himself to heavy shell fire to dress and evacuate the wounded of another regiment and of the enemy.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 9,1918, in evacuating the wounded under heavy shell fire.” Citation Order #4—June 3,1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “With three other Hospital Corps men attached to the 47th Company, was engaged in dressing wounded men under shell fire in the open, working untiringly during the entire bombardment of June 23, 1918. This in the vicinity of Chateau Thierry (France) ” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “Without regard for personal safety, working untiringly in rendering first aid to the wounded under extremely heavy shell fire on the battlefield to carry wounded men on stretchers to a place of safety.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “During the period of attack at Blanc Mont (France), he displayed great courage in aiding the wounded under violent barrages.” Order #13,586-D. Stone, Raymond O., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “He daily exposed himself to violent bombardments in establishing and maintaining the liaison between the first-aid stations of the battalion, the principal hospital and the regi- mental surgeon.” Order #13562-D, Stratford, Parke C., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Special Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the T^avy. “While serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, he rendeied highly commendable, service in caring for the wounded, particularly at the Bois de Belleau (France), June 2-19, 1918, when he worked day and night. When the place used as an aid station was struck by a shell and collapsed, he entered the collapsing mass and rescued several men buried under falling stone and timber.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star.) “At Bouresches and at Bois de Belleau (France), from June 9-19, 1918, he labored without pause night and day to dress the wounded sent to the regimental aid station. A heavy shell having buried ten wounded men, he displayed zeal in rushing to remove them in spite of the fact that the walls of the station were about to fall.” Order #13, 257-D. Strott, George G., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Cross. “For extraordinary heroism at the Bois de Belleau (France) on the night of June 6, 1918, with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines. When the region in which the regiment and the IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 245 station were, was being heavily shelled, he left shelter and rushed to the assistance of men struck by fragments of a large calibre shell, groping his way through the darkness, between shell bursts, he released an officer, who, with him, carried the wounded into the dressing station. Also in the action at Somme-Py, October 3-9, 1918, reconnoitered advanced positions for dressing stations and followed the advancing troops, tirelessly assisting in the evacuation of the wounded.” Stiver Star Medal, United States Army (4) “For gallantry in action during the operations of the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, 2nd Division, A. E. F., at Somme-Py, France, October 3-9, 1918, in caring for and evacuating wounded under intense artillery and machine-gun fire.” Citation Order (no number) awarded March 27, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Rendered valuable services as chief aide at the regimental aid station in the care and evacuation of many wounded from the 1st to the 10th of June. Although at times under heavy bombardment, he performed his labors without faltering and by rare fidelity to duty preserved accurate records of all officers and men of the various organizations which passed through the aid station. He showed himself to be a courageous and faithful man. This from the 1st to the 19th of June 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “During the operations near Blanc Mont (France), October 3-10, 1918, distinguished him- self, being unmindful of personal danger, his only thought being of the wounded men on the field of battle. He labored untiringly, rendering first aid to the wounded and carrying them to a place of safety on stretchers.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For his gallantry in action against the enemy in the operations at Bouresches, France, in June 1918.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Cold Star). “Rendered valuable assistance to the wounded as chief aide in the regimental aid station during the attack on Belleau Wood (France). He performed his labors under violent bombardments without faltering, showing rare fidelity, great initiative and excellent judgment.” Order #11,400-D. Commendatory Mention (3). “The promotion of Chief Pharmacist’s Mate George G. Strott, United States Navy, to pharmacist is strongly recommended. He is an exceptionally efficient man and has been awarded the Croix de Guerre and recommended on two occasions for the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism.” Cable, Commanding General, Pershing, A. E. F., Number 1901, 16 November 1918. “I recommend that suitable action be taken in recognition of the Medical Officers of the regiment, who have performed herculean labors in treating and evacuating the wounded— and—the Hospital Corps, notably, Chief Pharmacist's Mate G. G. Strott, all of whom per- formed their duties under heavy shell fire with a fine disrgread for their personal safety.” Letter of Regimental Commander, H. Lee. “For his distinguished services rendered at the regimental aid station at Vierzy, France, July 18, 1918, twenty-four hours of continuous evacuation, this noncommissioned officer labored incessantly and with great initiative and excellent judgment, setting a high example to all men under him at this station. At the risk of his own life on frequent occasions he exposed himself to heavy shell fire and poisonous gases in the treatment and evacuation of numerous casualties.” Letter of Regimental Commander, H. Lee. Taylor, Guss L., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. JJavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in the battle of Bois de Belleau, France: June 7, 1918, in volunteering to go to the aid of two wounded men who were in front of our lines and bringing them to a place of safety although himself wounded severely.” 246 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Taylor, Leslie R., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. ?iavy Cross. “For distinguished service and devotion to duty while serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, in action near Bayonville (France), on November 1, 1918. Taylor showed courage and devotion to duty under shell fire and after occupation of the town, with an- other man, he organized and conducted a first aid-station for over sixteen hours with Ger- man prisoners as subordinates, without food or rest.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action at Bayonville, France, November 1, 1918, in aiding in the evacua- tion of the wounded under heavy shell fire.” Citation Order #4—June 3, 1919, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Displayed extraordinary coolness and devotion to duty while under heavy shell fire. Cooperated in organizing and maintaining a first-aid station for over sixteen hours with only German prisoners as subordinates. He continued his work for almost thirty hours without food or rest until the arrival of a unit of the medical department.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Templeton, Percy V., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. ?{avy Cross. “For exceptional and heroic conduct while attached to the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, in action against the enemy near Blanc Mont (France), October 3-10 (1918). Templeton distinguished himself, being unmindful of personal danger, his only thought being for the wounded men on the field of battle. He labored untiringly rendering first aid to the wounded and carrying them to a place of safety on stretchers.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action near Somme-Py, France, October 4, 1918, in administering first aid to and in carrying wounded to shelter under enemy fire.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “During extremely heavy shell fire this man carried wounded several hours, loading them into ambulances, assuring their safety at the risk of death to himself. This on the 10th of June 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “During the operations near Mont Blanc (France), October 30-1, 1918, distinguished him- self being unmindful of personal danger, his only thought being for the wounded men on the field of battle. He labored untiringly rendering first aid to the wounded and carrying them to a place of safety on stretchers.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the J^avy. “During extremely heavy shell fire, this man carried wounded for several hours, loading them into ambulances, assuring their safety at the risk of death to himself. This on the 10th of June 1918.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star) (2). “June 10th (1918), he transported the wounded for several hours during an extremely heavy fire, putting them in ambulances as rapidly as possible, assuring their safety at the risk of his own.” Order #H46l-D. “On the 5th of October 1918, near Somme-Py (France), under intense artillery and machine- gun fire, he cared for the wounded who were sent to the dressing station. He did not hestiate to accompany a group of Utter bearers to the field of battle where several severely wounded men were lying; he gave them first aid and helped to transport them. By his conduct he won the admiration of all around him.” Order #13, 504-D. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 247 Tenley, Eugene H., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. A[avy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front during the engagement near St. Etiennes Arnes (France), October 4, 1918. He voluntarily accom- panied a small force into an open attack against an enemy who outnumbered the attacking force ten to one, and rendered valuable medical assistance until he was killed by a shell fragment.” Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918, disregarding his own safety he voluntarily accompanied a small force into action, rendering valuable treatment to the wounded until killed by a fragment of a shell.” Awarded posthumously. General Order #32, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed great bravery, fearlessness and utter disregard for personal safety during the engagement near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France), October 4, 1918. He voluntarily accom- panied a small force into an open attack against an enemy who outnumbered the attacking force ten to one, and rendered valuable medical assistance until he was killed by a shell fragment.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Thames, Barney M., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “He daily exposed himself to violent bombardments in establishing and maintaining the liaison between the first-aid station of the battalion, the principle hospital and the regi, mental surgeon.” Order #13,562-D. Thomas, Earner M., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Thomas, Claude, pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Thompson, Buford G., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Havy Cross. “For distinguished service and devotion to duty while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in France, October 3-6, 1918, he displayed marked bravery in attending the wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 3-9,1918, during the advance of his company, which was subjected to concentrated machine-gun fire, exposed himself continually, with absolute indifference to danger to give first aid to the wounded.” Order #13, 065-D. Thompson, Ira C., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Tibbetts, Frank O., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “For gallantry in action at Lucy-le-Bocage, France, June 11-14, 1918, in administering first aid to the wounded and in carrying them to safety under enemy fire.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. 748887—47 17 248 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY “During bombardment of the 2nd Battalion aid station at Lucyde-Bocage (France), on June 11, 1918, faithfully and fearlessly performed his duties, assisting to dress the wounded. High explosive shells hit the building, one bursting in the dressing room, and when the building caught fire, assisted in carrying out the wounded and against orders, returned to the building bringing out first-aid dressings which were later badly needed at the temporary station established nearby.” General Order #44, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “June 11-14 (1918), Lucy-le-Bocage (France), showed extraordinary heroism and ability when a high explosive shell burst in the room used as a dressing station. He, after assisting to carry out the wounded under heavy shell fire, went back into the building contrary to orders and helped to bring out all of the bandages, etc., which were later so badly needed for the wounded.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the Jfavy. “While serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in France, on June 11, 1918, at the first-aid station at Lucy, he performed his duties with marked coolness and courage, and when the building in which he was operating was struck by high-explosive shells and partially demolished, he returned to the building against orders and brought out first-aid dressings which a little later were badly needed for the care of the wounded.” Josephus Daniels. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “Shells having fallen on the first-aid station and one of them having exploded in the dressing ward, he evacuated the wounded, then, in spite of orders, went in again to get bandaging material that was urgently needed.” Order #11,927-D. Tousic, Frank, chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near Suippes, France, October 3-7, 1918, with no regard for his own safety, he labored unceasingly in caring for and evacuating the wounded under constant shell fire. His great activity and courage saved the lives of many of his comrades.” General Order #37, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed extreme courage and ability in caring for and evacuating wounded under heavy shell and machine-gun fire. Showed exceptional bravery and disregard for personal safety in going out under heavy shell and machine-gun fire to carry wounded comrades to a safe place, from which they might be evacuated. This near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France), October 4, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F, Turner, Marion L., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “He daily exposed himself to violent bombardments and maintained the liaison between the battalion first-aid stations, the principal hospital and the regimental surgeon. He merited the highest praise.” Order #13,065-D. Weaver, Benjamin W., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Under heavy shell fire he displayed extraordinary heroism in repeatedly exposing himself while giving first aid to the wounded. This near Vaux Castille (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “On July 19, 1918, near Vaux Castille (France), he exposed himself numerous times to violent artillery and machine-gun fire in order to bring aid to the wounded.” Order #15,037-D. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 249 Weddington, James L., hospital apprentice, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “During extremely heavy shell fire, this man carried wounded for several hours, loading them into ambulances, assuring their safety at the risk of death to himself. This on the 10th of June 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Letter of Commendation, Secretary of the A[avy. “During extremely heavy shell fire 10th of June (1918), carried wounded for several hours, loading .them into ambulances, assuring their safety at the risk of death to himself.” Josephus Daniels, Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On July 10,1918, under extremely violent fire, carried wounded for several hours, hasten, ing them to the field hospitals as rapidly as possible, this assuring their safety at the risk of his own.” Order #1146l-D. Welty, Frank G., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Jfavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines at the front in continu- ing to dress the wounded and assisting in their evacuation under heavy machine-gun and shell fire, in the performance of which duty he was KILLED.” Awarded posthumously. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau-Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Government Reservation ‘'''Street" named in commemoration of. “Located in the Navy Yard, San Diego, California. Commemorated at ceremonies, Satur- day June 6, 1925—the 7th anniversary of Welty’s death at the Bois de Belleau, France, in action against the enemy, while serving with the 5th Regiment, U. S. Marine Corps, 2nd Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces.” Whalen, LeVeque L., pharmacist’s mate, first class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. ?favy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism while serving with the U. S. Marines in action near Vierzy (France), on July 19, 1918. Worked through the day under terrific artillery and machine- gun fire, in dressing wounded and removing them to safety. Several times he performed this duty between the opposing lines.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Throughout the day, under terrific machine-gun and artillery fire, he continued to dress the wounded and remove them to a place of safety, several times performing this duty between the opposing lines, when he was subject to the fire of both sides. This near Vierzy (France), July 19, 1918.” General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On July 19, 1918, at Vierzy (France), he brought some wounded men to the rear in spite of the fire of the enemy artillery.” Order #14945-D. Whistler, Clifford R., pharmacist’s mate, second class. United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Repeatedly gave aid to the wounded while under artillery fire. This between the 2nd and 9th of June 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “He continually exerted himself in the care of the wounded under a violent artillery fire during several days of severe combat.” Order #11,400-D. Whit acre, Charles H., chief pharmacist’s mate, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Chateau-Thierry Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. 250 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Croix de Guerre (Silver Star). “On October 4, 1918, near Somme-Py (France), he worked constantly, regardless of all personal danger. He assisted in the evacuation of more than 500 wounded assembled in a first-aid station under bombardment of airplanes, artillery, and machine guns. His inde- fatigable zeal and his initiative contributed to save the lives of many men.” Order #13504-D. Letter of Regimental Commander. “Conspicuous for his services rendered in establishing a litter evacuation system from the front line in the Bois de Belleau (France) to the battalion aid station. This duty was performed under very harassing conditions and resulted in the saving of many lives.” Wiley, Harry K., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Afavy Cross. “For extraordinary heroism wnile serving with the U. S. Marines at the front on July 19 1918, when he was constantly exposed to heavy artillery and machine-gun fire in carrying the wounded with complete disregard of his own personal safety.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (3). “He showed exceptional devotion to duty and great bravery regardless of personal safety, day and night for two days, without rest and under constant artillery and machine-gun fire, he carried in the wounded, saving many lives. This near Vierzy, France, July 19, 1918. General Order #53, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Soissons Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Croix de Guerre (Bronze Star). “On July 19, 1918, at Vierzy, France, he displayed exceptional zeal and great bravery in transporting the wounded night and day, without rest and heedless of danger, under a constant fire of afrtillery and machine guns. He thus saved the lives of many men.” Order #15037-D. Williams, John Q., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Rendered conspicuous service in attending the wounded on the field under heavy machine- gun fire. This on the 6th of June, 1918.” General Order #40, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F Croix de Guerre (Gold Star). “Distinguished himself by the zeal and coolness with which he dressed the wounded on the battlefield under violent machine-gun fire.” Order #11400-D. Winney, Arthur L., pharmacist’s mate, second class, United States Navy, Fifth Marines. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “For gallantry in action against the enemy in the Champagne Sector.” General Order #64, 1919, Second Division, A. E. F. Witt, George D., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 6, 1918, he displayed remarkable bravery and coolness in giving medical aid to the wounded Marines while going forward with the assault waves during the attack north of Blanc Mont Ridge. Late in the evening of the same day while giving first aid to a wounded Marine, in an advanced machine-gun post, he was shot and seriously wounded by an enemy sniper.” Posthumously awarded. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 251 Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed remarkable bravery and coolness in giving medical acid to the wounded while going forward with the assault waves, during the attack north of Blanc Mont Ridge and near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France). Later in the afternoon of the same date, while giving first aid to a wounded Marine, in an advanced machine-gun post, he was seriously wounded by an enemy sniper. This near Blanc Mont, October 6, 1918.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Wyse, Fred E., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Marines. J'lavy Cross. “For distinguished and heroic service while serving with the 6th Regiment, U. S. Marines, at Blanc Mont (France), October 5, 1918.” Silver Star Medal, United States Army (2). “For gallantry in action at Blanc Mont, France, October 3-10, 1918, in administering aid to and in carrying wounded to safety under enemy fire.” Citation Order #8—March 1, 1920, General Headquarters, A. E. F. “Went into a barrage and rescued four helplessly wounded men and brought them to a place of safety. Throughout the entire action from October 10th he disregarded personal danger and with untiring efforts worked and cared for the wounded. At all times his thoughts were for the wounded only.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. Yates, Frank R., pharmacist’s mate, third class, United States Navy, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Distinguished Service Cross, United States Army. “Near St. Etienne-a-Arnes, France, October 4, 1918, he attended to the wounded under a heavy artillery and gas bombardment, remaining at his post even after nis gas mask had been torn from his face by a shell fragment. Late in the day in a violent barrage and machine- gun fire, he showed entire disregard for his own safety in ministering to wounded soldiers and in organising two crews of litter bearers to carry them from tne road to the dressing station.” General Order #15, War Department, 1919. Silver Star Medal, United States Army. “Displayed great courage and fearlessness near St. Etienne-a-Arnes (France), October 4, 1918, in attending the wounded under heavy artillery and gas bombardment. Although his mask; was torn from his face and rendered unserviceable by a shell fragment he remained at his post until the wounded had all been dressed. Later, on the same day, during a heavy machine-gun and artillery barrage, after the canteen and cover had been cut from his belt by machine-gun bullets, he dressed the wounded and organized two litter-bearer crews to carry the wounded from road to the dressing station.” General Order #88, 1918, Second Division, A. E. F. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Recapitulation: Citations and awards, J\[aval Personnel, Second Division, United States Army, A. E. F. Code Officers Hospital Grand Medical Dental Chaplain Total Corps total 1 Medal of Honor 2 2 0 4 2 6 2 Navy Cross 19 1 3 23 55 78 3 Distinguished Service Cross, U. S. Army 12 1 1 14 31 45 4 Distinguished Service, Medal U. S. Navy 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 Special Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy 1 0 0 0 0 1 11 6 Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy 0 1 0 1 27 18 7 Silver Star Medal: CO GHQ AEF 3-27-19 0 0 0 0 1 1 7-1 CO No. 1 GHQ AEF 6-3-19 1 0 1 2 5 7 7-2 CO No. 2 GHQ AEF 6-3-19 1 0 0 1 2 3 7-3 CO No. 3 GHQ' AEF 6-3-19 2 1 0 3 8 11 7-4 CO No. 4 GHQ AEF 6-3-19 1 0 2 3 7 10 7-6 CO No. 6 GHQ AEF 6-3-19 * . 0 1 0 1 0 1 7-7 CO No. 7 GHQ AEF 6-3-19 0 0 0 0 1 1 7-8 CO No. 8 GHQ AEF 3-1-20 1 0 0 1 12 13 7-9 CO No. 9 GHQ AEF 8-1-20 0 0 0 0 1 1 8a GO No. 35 (18) 2d Div. AEF 0 1 0 1 2 3 8b GO No. 40 (18) 2d Div. AEF 7 2 3 12 18 30 8c GO No. 44 (18) 2d Div. AEF 1 0 0 1 36 37 8d GO No. 53 (18) 2d Div. AEF 1 0 0 1 22 23 8f GO No. 88 (18) 2d Div. AEF 13 2 2 17 55 72 8g GO No. 64 (19) 2d Div. AEF 11 4 2 17 67 84 9 Legion d’ Honneur 1 0 1 2 0 2 10 Croix de Guerre (Palm) 8 0 2 10 3 13 10a Croix de Guerre (Gold Star) 3 2 1 6 16 22 10b Croix de Guerre (Silver Star) 4 0 1 5 34 39 10c Croix de Guerre (Bronte Star) 2 0 0 2 42 44 11 Croce di Guerra (Italy) 1 0 0 1 2 3 12 Cruz da Guerra (Portugal) 0 0 0 0 2 2 13 Letter of Commendation from Chief Surgeon, Ameri- can Forces in England 0 0 0 0 1 1 14 Destroyer, USN, Named for 0 1 0 1 1 2 15 Letter from Regimental Commander 0 0 0 0 4 4 Total decorations and awards 92 20 19 131 460 597 16 Govt, reservation streets named for 0 0 0 0 1 1 Fourragere: Colors “Croix de Guerre” 16 3 2 21 202 223 1 Each award entitles holder to wear Silver Star on Victory Medal. ORGANIZATION COMMENDATIONS Verdun Sector The Second Division held a part of the Verdun sector from March 15 to May 14, 1918, and it was on this historic battleground that it received its final training, and got its first taste of war. While no offensive operations were undertaken during this period our troops were active in patrolling the front and night encounters of our patrols with similiar bodies of the enemy were frequent happenings. Several well-planned and skillfully executed raids by the Germans were repulsed with severe losses to the enemy. During the 2 months in this “quiet sector” we captured 37 enlisted men of the enemy and suffered casualties totaling 838. Headquarters, Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces. France, April 16, 1918. General Order No. 28. 1. The Division Commander takes great pleasure in publishing to the Command the following telegram from the Commander in Chief; “Haef, April 14, 1918. Commanding General, Second Division: Allow me to extend my warmest congratulations upon the splendid spirit shown by the Ninth Infantry in recent encounter with enemy, especially to those men who declined to accept their status as prisoners, but turned upon their captors and destroyed them and retu rned again to their own lines. Pershing.” Chateau'Thierry Sector The Second Division engaged the enemy northwest of Chateau Thierry during the period May 31 to July 5, 1918. This battle comprised a number of phases, notably; (a) The defensive operations of June 1 to 5. (b) The repeated attacks in the Bois de Belleau, resulting in its complete capture. (c) The attack and capture of Bouresches. (d) The attack and capture of Vaux. In these operations the Second Division fought the enemy in conjunction with the Sixth French Army, commanded by General Degoutte. The front line was advanced on a front of 8 kilometers to a maximum depth of 2% kilo- meters ; 24 officers and 1,654 enlisted men of the enemy were made prisoners of war from 10 German divisions. A large quantity of enemy material fell into our hands. The division’s casualties totaled 9,777 officers and men in this desperate struggle. 254 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Telegram To Meaux from G. H. AEF 44'99 A S3 8 16’30. General Bundy Second Division American E. F. Meaux: Please accept for the division and convey to General Harbord and the officers and men under him my sincere congratualtions for the splendid conduct of the attack on the German lines north of Chateau-Thierry. It is a magni- ficent example of American courage and dash. Pershing. First Ind. Headquarters Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces. France, June 9, 1918. Official copy to the Commanding General Fourth Brigade. The Division Commander takes this occasion to renew his expression of gratification over the fine conduct of all units of the division, during the past week. Omar Bundy, Major General, 7J. A., Commanding. Headquarters, Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces, General Order No. 39. France, June 17, 1918. 1. The Commanding General takes great pleasure and is much gratified to publish to the command the following extract from a letter from the Corps Commander, commending the accomplishments of the division during the recent operations: “The movements and operations of the Second Division from May 31st to date have been followed by the Corps Commander with great pride and satisfaction. During this period the division has not only accomplished a successful march, including forced and night marches under extremely difficult conditions, but has repelled concentrated attacks delivered by a highly trained enemy and has counterattacked with signal and unvaried success. Only trained and welUed troops of morale could accomplish so much in so short a period of time with relatively small losses. “Please convey to the soldiers and officers of your command my keenest appreciation and heartiest congratulations.” By command of Major General Bundy: Preston Brown, Colonel, General Staff, Chief of Staff. Headquarters First Army Corps. June 29th, 1918. From: Chief of Staff, First Army Corps. To: Commanding General, Second Division, American E. F. Subject: Recent operations. 1. The following communciation has just been received from the Commander in Chief: “Commanding General, First Army Corps, A. E. F., La Ferte. “Please congratulate in my name those officers and men who took part in the action in the Chateau Thierry region on the afternoon of June 25th when 240 prisoners and 19 machine guns were cap tured from the enemy. “Pershing.” IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 255 Headquarters Fourth Brigade, Marine Corps, American E. F. General Order No. 13. June 30th, 1918. The Biigade Commander takes the keenest pride and pleasure in publishing to the command the correspondence which appears below. In addition the American, and French Corps Commanders and the Commanding General, Second Division (Regular) have personally called and expressed their pride and satisfaction in not only the events referred to in this corrrespondence but in the achievements of the Fourth Brigade, U. S. Marines, A. E. F., throughout tnis month of practically continuous fighting. The brigade has been fortunate in rendering this service at a fateful moment of the war. It is believed that the history of the U. S. Marine Corps will write the Bois de Belleau, Bouresches, and Hill 142 on the tablets which already carry Tripoli, Mexico, Cama, and the other names immortalized in our traditions. By command of Brigadier General Harbord: H. Lay, Major, U. S. M. G. Adjutant. With Army Staff 6930/2 Army, H. Q., June 30, 1918. Order. In view of the brilliant conduct of the Fourth Brigade of the Second U. S. Division, which in a spirited fight took Bouresches and the important strong point of Belleau Wood, stubbornly defended by a large enemy force, the general commanding the Sixth Army ordeis that henceforth, in all official papers, the Bois de Belleau shall be named “Bois de la Brigade de Marine.” Division General Degoutte, Commanding Sixth Army. (Signed) Degoutte. General Order No. 14. The following order telegram received at Fourth Brigade: Received at: London, July 14, 1918. Brigadier General, Headquarters Marine Brigade, La Ferte-sous-Juarre. On behalf of the Royal Marines I send you and all ranks of the United States Marine Corps our heartiest congratulations on the auspicious day and may the future years bring us still closer together. David Meyer, Major General, Adjutant General: Royal Marines. London, 8: 11 P. M. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, 2nd July, 1918. Memorandum. The Division Commander takes great pleasure in publishing the following telegram received from the Commanding General, First Army Corps, American Expeditionary Forces; “The Corps Commander sends his congratulations to the division, commanders of the brigades and regiments, and their officers and men taking part in the successful operation of July 1st. Liggett.” By command of Major General Bundy: Preston Brown, Colonel, General Staff, Chief of Staff. 256 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, 5 July 1918. Memorandum. The following letter is published to the command. Groups des Armees du Nord Le General Commandant ij). G. It 4th July, 1918. Secteur postal 106. From— General Maistre, Commanding the G. A. JJ. To— General Bundy, Commanding the Second Division (U. S. A.). On the occasion of the National Festival of the United States of America, General Maistre, com' manding the Groups des Armees du Nord, has great pleasure in forwarding to General Bundy, commanding the Second Division (U. S. A.) his sincerest wishes for the glory of American arms, and the especial success of the Second Division (U. S. A.). He takes this opportunity of expressing to the G. O. C. his most cordial appreciation. (Signed) Maistre. By Command of Major General Bundy: Preston Brown, Colonel, General Staff. Chief of Staff. G. H. Q. America Expeditionary Forces. General Order No. 112. France, 9 July, 1918. The Commander in Chief desires to record in General Orders of the American Expeditionary Forces his appreciation of the splendid courage, service and sacrifice of the officers and men of the First and Second Divisions of these forces during the recent operations in which these Divisions participated and in which the enemy was checked by the resolute defense and counter-offense of the Allied Armies. These divisions, submitted fully for the first time to all the drastic tests of modern warfare, bore themselves always with fine valor; their co-operation with their brothers-in-arms of the unified command was prompt and efficient and brought from their Allied comrades many expressions of sincere appreciation. The conduct of these brave men and that of their fallen comrades who made the supreme sacrifice has established a standard of service and prestige which every division of the American Expeditionary Forces will strive to emulate and preserve. This order will be read to all organisations at the first assembly formation after its receipt. By command of General Pershing: James W. McAndrew, Chief of Staff. Official: Robert C. Davis, Adjutant General. Headquarters Second Division. General Order No. 41. France, 10 July, 1918. After more than a month of continuous fighting, the division has been withdrawn from the front lines. It is with inexpressible pride and satisfaction that your commander recounts your glorious deeds on the field of battle. In the early days of June, on a front of 20 kilometers, after night marches, and with only the reserve rations which you carried, you stood like a wall against the enemy’s advance on Paris. For this timely action you have received the thanks of the French people whose homes you saved, and the generous praise of your comrades-in-arms. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Since the organization of our sector, in the face of strong opposition, you have advanced your lines 2 kilometers on a front of 8 kilometers. You have engaged and defeated with great losses 3 German divisions, and have occupied the important strong points of the Belleau Woods, Boures- ches, and Vaux. You have taken about 1,400 prisoners, many machine guns and much other material. The complete success of the infantry was made possible by the splendid cooperation of the artillery, by the aid and assistance of the engineer and signal troops, by the diligent and watch' ful care of the medical and supply services, and by the unceasing work of a well-trained staff. All elements of the division have worked together in perfect harmony as a great machine. Amid the, dangers and trial of battle every officer and every man has done well his part. Let the stirring deeds, the hardships, and the sacrifices of the past month remain forever a bright spot in our history. Let the sacred memory of our fallen comrades spur us to renewed efforts to add to the glory off American arms. Omar Bundy, Major General. Headquarters Second Division. General Order No. 43. France, 10 July 1918. The following letter from the mayor of Meaux and resolution from the assembled mayors o Meaux district (Arrondissement) are published to the command as indicating the appreciation of the efforts of the Second Division by the French inhabitants for your share in stemming the recent German advance in this sector; Meaux, 26 June 1918. General: On behalf of all the mayors of the Meaux district (Arrondissement), assembled yesterday in congress at the City Hall, I have the honor to send you herewith a copy of the resolution they have taken in order to pay homage to the gallantry displayed by the troops under your command and to tne effectiveness of the help they rendered us. The civilian population of this part of the country will never forget that the beginning of this month of June, when their homes were threatened by the invader, the Second American Division victoriously stepped forth and succeeded in saving them from impending danger. I am personally happy to be able to convey to you this modest token of their thankfulness and I am, General, Yours respectfully, (Signed) G. Lugol, Major of Meaux, Depute de Seine et Marne. Translation of a Resolution Voted in a Congress of the Mayors of Meaux District, who were eye witnesses, on the 25th June 1918. The mayors of the Meaux district, who were eye-witnesses to the generous and efficacious deeds of the American Army, in stopping the enemy advance, send to this army the heartfelt expression of their admiration and gratefulness. Meaux, June 25th, 1918, The President of the Committee, (Signed) G. Lugol. By command of Major General Bundy: Preston Brown, Colonel, General Staff, Qhief of Staff. Official: Wm. W. Bessell, Adjutant General Adjutant. 258 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. U. S. NAVY Headquarters, Fourth Brigade, Marines, American E. F. Memo, for C. O., Fifth Regiment. C. O., Sixth Regiment. 11 September 1918. 1. The following are extracts from a letter received by the Commanding General, Fourth Brigade, Marines, from the Major General, Commandant, U. S. Marine Corps: “Through you my heartfelt gratitude is expressed to every officer and man of the Fourth Brigade for the magnificent manner in which the Flag and Globe, Anchor and Eagle, have been borne against the enemy. I know what sacrifices have been made, what superhuman efforts have been put forth by every Marine, what the cost has been in death and suffering. But the high price the Marines have paid is no greater than the glory they have won. “Perhaps the officers and men of the Fourth Brigade would like to know what Arthur Brisbane said yesterday: On the work of the United States Marines at Chateau-Thierry depended the success of General Foch’s first move toward dislodging the enemy who threatened him and Paris. What the Marines began other Americans, with their French compatriots, have kept up day after day. “Your Marines are too close to their work to know what an unprecedented thing they nave done. To them it is just fighting in good, hard, Marine style. But to all America it is not only a series of glorious battles, but also the cause of new hope, new determination, and new confidence. “We have for years been preaching the gospel of esprit de corps. Now I see we did not know what it really meant until June 5th and 6th. “Please tell your Marines that their commandant and their brother officers and men are thinking of them constantly and that they are, by reason of such an example, even prouder than ever before of being Marines.” You will please publish the above to the personnel of your command. By command of Major General Neville: Earl H. Ellis, Lieut. Col, U. S. M. C„ Adjutant. 4th (Marine) Brigade (Including the 5th and 6th Regiments, U. S. Marine Corps, and the 6th Machine Gun Battalion) French croix de guerre with palm, under Order No. 10.805 “D,” dated October 22, 1918, General Headquarters, French Armies of the North and Northeast, with the following citation: Extract “Thrown into the thick of battle on a front then under violent enemy attack, this brigade immedi- ately demonstrated that it was a unit of the first order. At its initial entry into line, in liaison with the French, it broke a violent enemy attack on an important point of the position and then under' took independently a series of offensive operations, in the course of which, thanks to the brilliant courage, vigor, dash, and tenacity of the men, who yielded neither to fatigue nor to losses; thanks to the activity and energy of the officers; thanks, in short, to the personal activity of its commander, General Harbord, the 4th Brigade saw its efforts crowned with success. In close liaison with each other these two regiments and their machine gun battalion, after 12 days of incessant struggle (June 2-13, 1918) in a very difficult terrain, advanced for distances varying from 1,500 to 2,000 meters over a front of 4 kilometers, captured quantities of material, took more than 500 prisoners, inflicted severe losses upon the enemy, and carried 2 of his strongest supporting points, namely, the village of Bouresches and the organized Belleau Wood.” IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 259 Soissons Offensive The Second Division, shoulder to shoulder with our First Division and the First Moroccan Division of the French, attacked the Germans southwest of Soissons on July 18-19, 1918, as a counterblow to the offensive they were wag- ing on the eastern side of the Chateau-Thierry salient. The operations were conducted under the Tenth French Army, General Mangin commanding. In the 2 days’ fierce fighting that ensued we completely overran the enemy’s defenses to a depth of 10% kilometers, captured the greater part of his artillery, and 65 officers and 2,899 men remained captives in our hands. Our losses were 154 officers and 3,788 men. Headquarters, Second Division General Order No. 46 France, 21 July 1918. It is with keen pride that the Division Commander transmits to the command the congratulations and affectionate personal greetings of General Pershing who visited the division headquarters last night. His praise of the gallant work of the division on the 18th and 19th is echoed by the French High Command, the Third Corps Command, American Expeditionary Forces, and in telegram from the former Division Commander. In spite of two sleepless nights, long marches through rain and mud, and the discomforts of hunger and thirst, the division attacked side by side with the gallant First Moroccan Division, and maintained itself with credit. You advanced over 6 miles, captured over 3,000 prisoners, 11 batteries of artillery, over 100 macnine guns, minewerfers, and supplies. The second Division has sustained the best traditions of the Regular Army and the Marine Corps. The story of your achievements will be told in millions of homes in all Allied lands tonight. James G. Harbord, Major General, 7J. A., Commanding. Headquarters, Third Army Corps. General Order No. 9. France, 23 July 1918. On the morning of July 18th, after 48 hours of exhausting, continuous, almost sleepless movement, the Third Corps joined battle with the enemy. In your first great offensive you stood beside the best veteran French troops, our Allies, and sustained, nay, did honor to the name, American. Our Allies, your commanders, the Army of the United States and the whole nation are proud and will boast of your deeds and the deeds of those brave men, our beloved comrades, who at your side in the last 5 days have fallen, paying the last sacrifice of soldiers. Now and for the future let us re* solve that these, our Allies and our people, shall not trust in us in vain, and, in the words of Lincoln, that these, our comrades, shall not have died in vain. By command of Major General Bullard: A. W. Bjornstad, Brigadier General, G. S., Chief of Staff. 260 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Headquarters of the Armies of the North and Northeast Staff Personnel Bureau (Decorations) After approbation of the General Commander in chief of the A. E. E. in France, the General Commander in chief of the French Armies of the North and the Northeast cities in the order of the Army Corps: The Twenty'Third American Infantry Regiment. Under the orders of Colonel Malone. “Engaged unexpectedly in the offensive of July 18, 1918, in the middle of the night, on a terrain which was unknown and very difficult, displayed during 2 days, without allowing themselves to stop by fatigue and the difficulties of obtaining food and water, a remarkable ardor and tenacity, driving back the enemy 11 kilometers, capturing 2,700 prisoners, 12 cannon, and several hundred machine guns.” Headquarters, October 25, 1918. The Commander in Chief, (Signed) Petain. Xe Armee Etat-Major 3e Bureau No. 862’3 Ordre General No. 318. Au Q. G. A., 30 July 1918. Officers, Noncommissioned Officers and Soldiers of the Third United States Army Corps: Shoulder to shoulder with your French comrades you were thrown into the counter-offensive battle which commenced on the 18th of July. You rushed into the fight as though to a fate. Your magnificent courage completely routed a surprised enemy and your indomitable tenacity checked the counterattacks of his fresh divisions. You have shown yourselves worthy sons of your great country and you were admired by your brothers-in-arms. Ninety-one guns, 7,200 prisoners, immense booty, 10 kilometers of country reconquered; this is your portion of the spoil of this victory. Furthermore, you have really felt your superiority over the barbarous enemy of the whole human race, against whom the children of Liberty are striving. To attack him is to vanquish him. American comrades: I am grateful to you for the blood so generously spilled on the soil of my country. I am proud to have commanded you during such days and have fought with you for the deliverance of the world, (Signed) Mangin. Headquarters Second Division (Regular) American Expeditionary Forces France, August 11, 1918. From: Chief of Staff. To: Commanding Officer, Supply Trains, Second Division. Subject: Commendation of command. 1. The Division Commander directs me to convey to the officers and men of the Supply Trains his appreciation of the gallant and faithful services they rendered during the period from May 30th to July 22nd. 2. Their conduct under fire at Montreuibaux-Lions and Villers-Cotterets, rescuing and trans- porting their wounded comrades, was a fitting climax to the splendid manner in which they had supplied and maintained the division. 3. Esprit de corps, and the team work which makes for the large success, has been brought about in this division by the cheerful cooperation of all units. Your command has more than done its share and has earned the gratitude of its comrades. 4. The Division Commander desires that this letter be read by your company commanders to the men, paraded for that purpose, and filed with the records of the organization. Preston Brown, Colonel, General Staff, Chief of Staff. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 261 Headquarters Sixth Regiment, Marine Corps, American E. F. France, 27 August 1918. To all Company Commanders: 1. You will publish the following on date of receipt to your companies at muster: comment by the French Army Corps on the operations of 19 July 1918; “Attention is called to the Sixth Regiment, U. S. Marine Corps, engaged on July 19th; rapidly and without preparation they fulfilled their role, occupying all alone the positions held the previ- ous day by three regiments, and forcing the enemy to give ground.” By order of Colonel Lee: W. H. Sin, Captain, U. S. M. C., Adjutant. Sixth Army. P- C., August 9th, 1918. General Order. Prior to the great offensive of July 18th, the American troops, forming part of the Sixth French Army, distinguished themselves in wresting from the enemy the Bois de la Brigade de Marine and the village of Vaux, in halting the offensive on the Marne at Fossoy. Since then they have taken a most glorious part in the second battle of the Marne, rivalling in ardor and valor with the French troops. During 20 days of incessant combat, they liberated nu- merous French villages and realized, across a most difficult terrain, an advance of 40 kilometers, which carried them to the Vesle. Their glorious deeds are marked by the names which will illustrate, in the future, the military history of the United States: Torcy, Belleau, Plateau d’Etrepilly, Epieds, Le Channel 1’Ourcq, Seringes-et-Nesles, Sergy, La Vesle et Fismes. The young divisions, who were under fire for the first time, showed themselves worthy of the old warlike traditions of the regular army. They had the same ardent desire to fight the Boche, the same discipline that always executes the order of the commander no matter what difficulties are to be conquered or what sacrifices to be made. The magnificent results attained are due to the energy and ability of the commanders and to the bravery of the soldiers. I am proud to have commanded such troops. The General Commanding the Sixth Army: Degoutte. G. H. Q. American Expeditionary Forces General Order, No. 143. France, August 28th, 1918. It fills me with pride to record in General Orders a tribute to the service and achievements of the First and Third Corps, comprising the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Twenty-Sixth, Twenty- Eighth, Thirty-Second, and Forty-Second Divisions of the American Expeditionary Forces. You came to the battlefield at the crucial hour of the Allied cause. For almost four years the most formidable army the world had as yet seen had pressed its invasion of France, and stood threatening its capital. At no time had that army been more powerful or menacing than when, on July 15th, it struck again to destroy in one great battle the brave men opposed to it and to enforce its brutal will upon the world and civilisation. Three days later in conjunction with our Allies, you counter attacked. The Allied Armies gained a brilliant victory that marks the turning point of the war. You did more than give our brave Allies the support to which as a nation our faith was pledged. You proved that our altruism, our pacific spirit, our sense of justice have not blunted our virility or our courage. You have shown 262 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY that American initiative and energy are as fit for the test of war as for the pursuits of peace. You have justly won the unstinted praise of our Allies and the eternal gratitude of our countrymen. We have paid for our success in the lives of many of our brave comrades. We shall cherish their memory always, and claim for our history and literature their bravery, achievement, and sacrifice. This order will be read to all organizations at the first assembly formation after its receipt. John J. Pershing, General, Commander in Chief. Official: Robert C. Davis, Adjutant General. 5th and 6th Regiments, U. S. Marine Corps Gilt star awarded under Order No. 10.886 “D,” dated October 25, 1918, General Headquarters, French Armies of the East with the following citation: Extract “During the offensive of July 18, 1918, this regiment was unexpectedly thrown into action during the dead of night over unknown and difficult terrain and displayed remarkable ardor and tenacity for 2 days, despite fatigue and the difficulties of obtaining food and water, driving the enemy back 11 kilometers, capturing 2,700 prisoners, 12 guns, and several hundred machine guns.” French fourragefe in the colors of the French croix de guerre, under General Order No. 156 “F,” dated August 29, 1919, General Headquarters, French Armies of the East. 6th Machine Gun Battalion, U. S. Marine Corps Additional palm awarded under Order No. 13.978 “D,” dated March 4, 1919, General Headquar- ters, French Armies of the East, with the following citation: Extract “In spite of the fatigue of a long journey by auto truck and of a night march over heavy roads this battalion rushed to the attack on July 18, 1918, near Vierzy and contributed largely to the consolidation and defense of the positions won that day. In the forenoon of the 19th it valiantly advanced across open terrain under violent artillery and machine gun fire, and firmly supported the attack launched against the enemy’s reinforced positions. In the face of strong enemy resistance and of continual counterattacks, it demonstrated the finest courage in rapidly consolidating and inresolutely holding the important position captured that day by the infantry.” French fourragefe in the colors of the French croix de guerre, under General Order No. 156 “F,” dated August 29, 1919, General Headquarters, French Armies of the East. St. Mihiel Offensive The Second Division participated in offensive operations against the enemy as part of the First American Army, Lt. Gen. Hunter Liggett, commanding, from September 12 to 16, 1918, that had for their object the reduction of the St. Mihiel salient. The position in the attack, and the objectives (Thiaucourt and Jaulny) assigned the Second Division were important ones and the success of the operations largely depended on the rapidity and certainty of our advance. How well the division responded to this confidence is evidenced by the fact that 82 officers and 3,254 men were taken prisoners, and over 120 pieces of artillery and much other booty was the result of our rapid advance. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 263 Headquarters Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces. France, September 8, 1918. General Order No, 52. The Second Division is again about to attack the enemy. I feel that we should recall the heroic exploits of the division on the historic battlefields near Chateau-Thierry and Soissons. By these victories the Second Division turned back the invasion of the Hun and immortalized its name and the name of America. The approaching battle will constitute a great epoch in our country’s history. For the first time an American army will give battle on the soil of Europe under the command of an American commander in chief. The prestige and the honor of our country are therefore at stake. I am con- fident that our division will maintain them proudly and that it will sweep the enemy from the field- John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C. Official: Madison Pearson, Major, Infantry, Adjutant. This order will be read to all units at the first formation after its receipt. Headquarters Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces. France, September 13, 1918. Memorandum: The Division Commander takes great pleasure in publishing the following telegram from the Corps Commander: “Commanding General, Second Division, American E. F. “G-3 Number 1021. Once more your corps commander has had the proud privilege of witnessing the Second Division maintain its splendid standard and fully come up to his expectations. “Liggett,” By command of Major General Lejeune: Madison Pearson, Major Adjutant. Headquarters Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces. France, 17 September, 1918. General Order No. 54. I desire to express to the officers and men my profound appreciation of their brilliant and successful attack in the recent engagement. Our division maintained the prestige and honor of our country proudly and swept the enemy from the field. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, 21 September, 1918. Order 1. The Commander in Chief, A. E. F., as a special mark of his appreciation of the splendid work of the Second Division, has authorised its transfer to an area in the vicinity of Toul, where the men will be quartered under shelter. 2. He directs, however, that the officers and men be kept well in hand and in immediate readiness to march in the event of an emergency, as the existing military situation requires that the division remain in the status of the Fourth Corps Reserve. 3. The Division Commander fully appreciates the fact that our men have had but little leave or recreation since their arrival overseas, but in this great crisis in the world’s history, it is vital 748887—47—18 264 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY that we should give all out strength, our energy and our thoughts to the great enterprise in which we are engaged—the speedy and decisive defeat of the Hun. It is expected that this spirit will animate both officers and men to the end that, while enjoying the liberality of the Commander in Chief, they will keep themselves in instant readiness to obey any further call to duty which he may demand. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C. Champagne (Blanc Mont) Offensive The Second Division participated in offensive operations against the Germans in the Champagne from October 2 to 10, 1918, in conjunction with the Fourth French Army, General Gouraud commanding. These operations had for their object a drive through the enemy’s lines and the capture of Blanc Mont Ridge and thereby so threaten the German line to the west as to force him to give up his grip on Rheims and retire to the north bank of the Aisne. Our attack was launched on the 3d, and on the 4th the Hun menance of Rheims was only a memory. Nine German divisions contributed a total of 62 officers and 2,234 enlisted men to our bag of prisoners, and besides 42 pieces of artillery we captured a vast quantity of other material. The casualties in this hard-fought battle totaled 209 officers and 4,766 enlisted men. Headquarters First Army, American Expeditionary Forces. 28 September, 1918. General Order No. 20. 1. The Allied troops are now engaged all along the Western front in the largest combined movement of the war. It is of extreme importance that the First American Army drive forward with all possible force. There is evidence that the enemy is retiring from our own front. Our success must be followed up with the utmost energy, and pursuit continued to bring about the confusion and demoralization, and to prevent the enemy from forming his shattered forces. I am counting on the splendid spirit, dash and courage of our Army to overcome all opposition. Our country expects nothing else. John J. Pershing, General, Commanding First Army Official: Joseph F. Barnes, Adjutant General. Headquarters Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces. France, September 30,1918. Order. The greatest battles in the world’s history are now being fought. The Allies are attacking successfully on all fronts. The valiant Belgian Army has surprised and defeated the enemy in Flanders. The English, who have been attacking the enemy without ceasing since August 8th, have advanced beyond the Hindenburg Line between Cambrai and St. Quentin, capturing thou- sands of prisoners and hundreds of cannon; the heroic Allied Army of the Orient has decisively defeated the Bulgars; the British Army has captured over 50,000 prisoners in Palestine and have inflicted a mortal blow on the Turk, and our own First Army and the Fourth French Army have already gained much success in the preliminary stages of their attack between the Meuse and Suippes rivers IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 265 Owing to its world-wide reputation for skill and valor, the Second Division was selected by the Commander in chief of the Allied Armies as his special reserve, and has been held in readiness to strike a swift and powerful blow at the vital point of the enemy’s lines. The hour to move for- ward has now come, and 1 am confident that our division will pierce the enemy’s line, and once more gloriously defeat the Hun. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, 5 October, 1918. Order. General Gouraud, the distinguished commander of the Fourth French Army, to which we are attached, has congratulated the Division on its wonderful success, and has reported to the-Com- mander in chief of the French Forces Army, east of Rheims, is in full retreat due to the magnificient attacks of the division and to tenacity in holding its advance position. In transmitting this information the Division Commander also desires to express to the officers and men of the division his great appreciation of their splendid performance, which demonstrated again their invincible fighting spirit and their superiority over the enemy soldier. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. Extract From an Intelligence Report of the Twenty-First French Army Corps, 6th October, 1918. Despite the flank fire of extremely numerous machine guns, artillery, and even minenwerfers, both on its right flank and on its left flank, the Second Division, U. S., was able to maintain, in toto its advance, and thus made possible the advance of the Eleventh Corps on the morning of the 5th, and its progress to the river Arnes. The 4th of October, at the 20th hour and the 21st hour the Second Division, U. S., repulsed by its infantry fire two counterattacks of the enemy. Extract From Information Bulletin of the Fourth French Army, Dated October 7, 1918 Up to October 4th, at which date the present bulletin is written, the Fourth Army has pushed the advance up to objectives of the very highest importance, A splendid American division, full of dash and ardor, the Second Division, U. S., placed at the disposition of the Twenty-First Corps on October 3rd, made itself master of Massif du Blanc Mont, which dominates the valley of the Arnes and gives us excellent outlook on the Valley of the Suippes, in rear of the region of Monts; this conquest rapidly brought about the downfall of Notre-Dame-des-Champs and the Grand Bois de Saint Souplet. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces France, 11 October, 1918. Officers and Men of the Second Division: It is beyond my power of expression to describe fitly my admiration for your heroism. You at- tacked magnificently and you seized Blanc Mont Ridge, the keystone of the arch constituting the enemy’s position. You advanced beyond the ridge, breaching the enemy’s line, and you held the ground gained with a tenacity which is unsurpassed in the annals of war. As a direct result of your victory, the German Armies east and west of Rheims are in full retreat, and by drawing on yourself several German divisions from other parts of the front, you greatly assisted the victorious advance of the Allied Armies between Gambrai and St. Quentin. 266 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Your heroism and the heroism of our comrades who died on the battlefield will live in history forever, and will be emulated by the young men of our country for generations to come. To be able to say when this was is finished, “I belonged to the Second Division, I fought with it at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge,” will be the highest honor that can come to any man. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C. 5th and 6th Regiment, U. S. Marine Corps Additional palm awarded under Order No. 14.712 “D,” dated March 21, 1919, General Headquarters, French Armies of the East, with the following citation: Extract “This regiment took a glorious part in the operations engaged in by the 4th (French) Army in Champagne in October 1918. On October 3, 1918, it participated in the attack on the strongly entrenched German positions between Blanc Mont and Medeah Farm, and pushing forward as far as St. Etienne-a* Arnes, made an advance of 6 kilometers. It took several thousand prisoners, cap- tured cannon, machines guns, and important war material. This attack, combined with that of the French divisions, resulted in the evacuation of both banks of the Suippe and of the Massif de Notre Dame des Champs.” Brigade Headquarters and Brigade Detachment, 4th (Marine) Brigade French fourragere in the colors of the French croix de guerre, under General Order No. 165 “F,” dated August 8, 1921, French Ministry of War. For citations see 1st Field Signal Battalion and the “Services.” Additional palm awarded under Order No. 24.347 “D,” dated July 25, 1921, French Ministry of War, with the following citation; Extract “These units took a glorious part in the operations carried out by the 4th French Army in Cham pagne in October 1918. By their courage and endurance under fire at the attack of October 3 on Blanc Mont and the Medeah Farm, they took large part in the advance of the infantry up to the outskirts of St. Etiennes Arnes. Thanks to the valuable assistance thus rendered to the infantry operations, the enemy was driven from the banks of the Suippe and from the Massif de Notre Dame des Champs.” French fourragere in the colors of the French croix de guerre, under General Order Order No. 165 “F,” dated August 8, 1921, French Ministry of War. Meuse-Argonne Offensive The Second Division was destined to finish the war on the banks of the Meuse. After Blanc Mont, with only a short rest, the division was relieved from duty with the French Fourth Army in the Champagne and placed in the First American Army between the Argonne Forest and the Meuse River. After the first attack in September the line there showed a tendency to stabilize and it was planned to carry out a concentrated attack along the whole front. The Second Division was placed in the Fifth Corps and, as usual, given the most difficult portion of the line and the principal objectives. Others will tell how magnificently the work was done. The operations lasted from November 1st to 11 o’clock November 11th, 1918, during which we advanced 30% kilometers IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 267 and captured 54 officers and 1,658 men from 10 German divisions. One hundred and five pieces of artillery and much other material was added to our swelling bag of booty. The division lost during the 11 days of battle 97 officers and 3,202 enlisted men. Headquarters Second Division (Regular) American Expeditionary Forces France, November 4, 1918. Order. The following letter from the Commanding General, Fifth Army Corps, to the Commanding General, Second Division, is published for the information of the Second Division. Headquarters Fifth Army Corps, American Expeditionary Forces. France, 2d November, 1918. From: Commanding General, Fifth Army Corps. To: Commanding General, Second Division. Subject: Commendation. I desire to add to my telephone message the assurance of my deep appreciation and profound admiration for the manner in which the Second Division executed the missions allotted to it on November 1st. The division’s brilliant advance of more than 9 kilometers, destroying the last stronghold on the Hindenburg line, capturing the Freya Stellung, and going more than 9 kilometers against not only the permanent, but the relieving forces in their front, may justly be regarded as one of the most remarkable achievements made by any troops in this war. For the first time, perhaps, in our experience the losses inflicted by your division upon the enemy in the offensive greatly exceeded the casualties of the division. The reports indicate moreover that in a single day the division has captured more artillery and machine guns than usually falls to the lot of a command during several days of hard fighting. These results must be attributed to the great dash and speed of the troops, and to the irresistible force with which they struck and overcame the enemy. The division has more than justified the distinguished confidence placed in it by the Commander in Chief when it was selected to take the lead in the advance from which such great results are expected. It is an honor to command such troops and they have richly deserved a place in history and in the affection of their countrymen, which is Tiot exceeded or perhaps paralleled in the life of our Nation. I desire that you convey these sentiments to the officers and soldiers of the Second Division, and that you assure them of my abiding wishes for their continued success in the campaigns that lie before it. C. P. SuMMERALL, Major General, Commanding. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, November 2, 1918. Order. The Second Division, yesterday, made one of the most brilliant attacks of the war. It drove forward through the enemy’s fortified lines to a depth of 6 miles. The results of this drive are 268 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY already becoming evident. The First Corps, on our left, has advanced without opposition to Buzancy and Briquenay, and the enemy is withdrawing all along the line. When the history of America’s part in winning this war is written, the renown of the Second Division will stand out preeminent. Let up press on and destroy the enemy. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, November 2, 1918. Order. The following telegram from the Commanding General, First Army, to the Commanding General, Fifth Corps, is published for the information of the Second Division. “The Army Commander desires to congratulate the Fifth Corps, and express to you his appre- ciation of the work done this day. He desires that you convey his appreciation to the Eighty Ninth, and Second Divisions. Please have this information transmitted to all organizations as far as practicable this night. “Liggett.” John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, November 5, 1918. Order. During the night of November 2-3, the Second Division moved forward overcoming the resistance of the enemy’s advanced elements, and at 6 a. m. it attacked and seized the enemy’s line of defense on the ridge southeast of Vaux-en-Dieulet. Late in the afternoon, the enemy, having reorganized his line on the border of Belval Forest, was again attacked and defeated. After nightfall and in a heavy rain the advanced elements of the division pressed forward through the forest, and occupied a position on the heights south of Beaumont, 8 kilometers in advance of the divisions on our right and left. During the night of November 4-5, the division again pressed forward, occupied Beaumont and I’Etanne, and threw the enemy on its front across the Meuse. The endurance, the skill, the courage, and the fiery energy of the officers and men of the Second Division are unsurpassed in the annals of war. The victories of the division have been a tremendous factor in bringing near the day of the decisive defeat of the German Army. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, November 7, 1918. “The following General Order of the First Army has been published this date: “On November 1st after constant fighting for over 1 month, the First American Army launched an attack against the German Army which had established itself for determined resistance. In 5 days it had penetrated 25 kilometers and had driven the enemy in retreat before it. Its brilliant success, in connection with the advance of the Fourth French Army on its left, forced the Germans to retreat on a broad front to the east. It has fought and marched and endured the rigor of cam- IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 269 paign with the most superb indifference to everything except the determination to go forward and imprint upon the enemy the marks of its courage and resolution. All arms and services, those in advance who smashed the way, and those in the aid who rendered aggressive and efficient service, and those in rear who, by their untiring industry, made possible the continued advance, are worthy of the highest praise and the gratitude of their admiring country. The Army Commander is proud of such an army, thanks it for the splendid results already achieved, and looks with confidence to the still greater successes that lie before it. “Notify all concerned promptly. “By command of Major General Liggett; “Drum” John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. Headquarters Fifth Army Corps, American Expeditionary Forces. France, 11 November, 19lS. General Order No. 25. The announcement of a general armistice with the enemy brings to a temporary suspension the brilliant advance of the Fifth Corps, which commenced Nov. 1st. The Corps Commander there' fore takes this occasion to congratulate the courage, the endurance, the skill, and the determination which have characterized their conduct throughout the operations. The Corps Commander further desires to express his gratitude for the loyalty with which the troops have responded to every demand that has been made upon them, and to assure them of the deep sense of his pride and the honor that has come to him in commanding such superb organizations. Commencing November 1st the troops of this corps have advanced more than 30 kilometers against the strongest opposition that the enemy could oifer by his best troops. They have broken through the last vestige of the Hindenburg line and the Freya Stellung, captured many prisoners, numerous guns, large quantities of war material, and have dispersed and destroyed the enemy organizations. On the very night preceding the armistice the troops of this corps made a brilliant passage of the River Meuse, and occupied the high ground constituting a bridgehead to the east of that river. Notwithstanding the fact that since the last days of August these troops have been constantly marching and fighting, sleeping in the open, and even at times going without the regular supplies of food, and subjected to rain, cold, and exposure in the mud, there has been no thought of complaining but with a singleness of purpose they have devoted themselves to the great mission that devolved upon them. Prior to the advance the Corps Commander took occasion to assure the troops that great results must follow upon their action, and that tney must expect to capture large numbers of prisoners and booty. The success in compelling the enemy to sue for peace has been beyond our greatest expectations. History will accord to the troops of this corps their abundant share in the fruits of victory. All officers and soldiers who participated in this campaign must feel a just pride in the privilege that came to them, and the place that they must occupy in the gratitude and affection of our people. To those of our comrades who have laid down their lives, or who have suffered wounds and sickness, we and our Nation will ever accord these sentiments of reverence and honor that they have justly earned. Not the least of the burdens of this campaign have developed upon the trains, supply departments, and all necessary services, who with a determination and a selffsacrificing spirit have accepted the almost insurmountable difficulties of transportation, and of road conditions, in keeping the troops supplied with food and ammunition, without which the campaign would have been impossible. While such abundant results have crowned our efforts we must accept them as only partial accomplishment of our tasks. During the existence of the armistice every officer and soldier must exercise the same alertness and the same attitude toward the enemy as existed during active hostili' ties. There has been no peace, but merely a suspension of fire action. The enemy of our country 270 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY and of our troops must be expected at any moment to take advantage of any situation that might be offered to renew hostilities. It must be remembered that up to the last moment he opposed our advance with the greatest determination, inflicting casualties upon our troops, and that he now stands ready to resume hostilities at any moment. Constant vigilance, the most rigorous discipline and extreme self-control must be exercised every moment by all officers and soldiers. It must be plain to all that intercourse with the enemy is an act of treason, and is punishable by death. Under no circumstances will any officers or soldiers communicate with the enemy, other than as provided by the laws of war under a flag of truce. Any hostile act on the part of the enemy will be met by a like hostile act, and the enemy approaching our lines must be treated exactly as is required under conditions of active hostilities. All troops must be placed in immediate readiness to resume the advance, and, if necessary, to attack on the enemy’s position. They must be prepared to endure long marches, great fatigue, and much privation. The war is not ended, but is merely undergoing one of the phases by which we intend to bring it to a successful conclusion, and to restore peace and happiness to the world. The superb conduct of the troops in this campaign is a guaranty that they will continue to respond under all vicissitudes until their great mission is completed. By Command of Major General Summerall: W. B. Burtt, Brigadier General, Chief of Staff. Official: Harry O. Kaefering, Adjutant General. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, Js[ovember 12, 1918. Order. On the night of November 10th heroic deeds were done by heroic men. In the face of a heavy artillery and withering machine-gun fire, the Second Engineers threw two foot bridges across the Meuse and the First and Second Battalions of the Fifth Marines crossed resolutely and unflinch- ingly to the east bank and carried out their mission. In the last battle of the war, as in all others in which this division has participated, it enforced its will on the enemy. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, November 13, 1918. Order. In the crossing of the Meuse on the night of November 10th, Companies “G" and “H”, Ninth Infantry, assisted the Second Engineers in throwing the bridges across the river. The Eighth and Twenty-third Machine Gun Companies (Marines) accompanied the First and Second Battalions of the Fifth Marines in their crossing; the Third Battalion, Three Hundred Fifty-sixth Infantry (Eighty-ninth Division), and Company “C” of Three Hundred Forty-second Machine Gun Bat- talion (Eighty-ninth Division), crossed immediately after the above-mentioned organizations; and, at dawn, the First Battalion of the Ninth Infantry, accompanied by Company “D” of the Fifth Machine Gun Battalion, moved forward to the east bank in support of the advanced force The names of the officers and men of these organizations belong on the roll of heroic men who did heroic deeds in the last battle of the war. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 271 Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, November 16, 1918. Order. The following letter from the Commanding General, Fifth Army Corps, is published for the information of the officers and the men of the Second Division: From: Commanding General, Fifth Army Corps. To: Commanding General, Second Division. Subject: Commendation. Upon the departure of the Second Division from its brilliant service with the Fifth Army Corps, I desire to express to you my admiration for the division; my gratitude for the great service it has rendered, and my profound regret at its separation from the Fifth Army Corps. Especially I desire to commend the division for the crowning feat of its advance in crossing the Meuse river in face of heavy concentrated enemy machine gun fire, and in driving the enemy’s troops before it, and in firmly establishing itself upon the heights covering the desired bridgehead. This feat will stand among the most memorable of the campaign. My good wishes will accompany you in the new fields of activity of the division, where, I am sure, further glory awaits it. C. P. SuMMERALL, Major General, Commanding. By command of Major General Lejeune. John W. Llufrio, Adjutant General, Adjutant. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. Germany, December 12, 1918. General Order No. 79. 1. The following extract from General Order 26, Fifth Army Corps, dated Nov. 20th, 1918, is published for the information of the Second Division: “1. The following citations are announced: “The First, Second and Eighty'Ninth Divisions, Fifth Corps, for their part in the memorable attack launched by the First American Army on Nov. 1st. Throughout this operation all officers and men, by their high courage, devotion to duty, and disregard for the immemorable hardships encountered, made for themselves a place in the history of our country. “The First Division, extending the left of the Corps during the advance, after a long and hard march, took up the pursuit of the enemy, marching and fighting night and day, with great courage and determination. It added to its already brilliant record by a historical march of 2 days and nights arriving on the heights southeast of the city of Sedan. “The Second Division, in line at the launching of the attack, broke through the strong enemy resistance, and, leading the advance, drove forward in a fast and determined pursuit of the enemy, who, despite a new division hastily thrown in, was driven back everywhere on its front. This df vision drove the enemy across the Meuse, and under heavy fire and against stubborn resistance built bridges and established itself on the heights. The cessation of hostilities found this division holding strong positions across the Meuse and ready for a continuation of the advance. “The Eighty'Ninth Division, preceding the attack of November 1st, cleaned up the difficult and strongly held Bois de Bantheville and attacked on November 1st. It broke through the enemy’s lines, advanced strongly day and night, defeating the enemy and his reserves on its front, and drove him across the Meuse. Under heavy fire and against stubborn resistance, it constructed bridges and established itself on the heights. The cessation of hostilities found this division holding strong positions across the Meuse, and ready for a continuation of the advance.” By command of Major General Lejeune: Hu B. Myers, Colonel, General Staff, Chief of Staff. 272 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. France, November 11, 1918. Order. 1. An armistice between the Allied nations and Germany has been signed and hostilities ceased temporarily at 11 a. m. today. 2. It is fitting that the great part played by the Second Division in bringing about this momen- tous victory over a redoubtable foe should be recounted at this time. 3. At the end of May, the enemy broke through the Allied lines on a wide front west of Rheims and reached the Marne near Chateau-Thierry. The safety of Paris and of the Allied Army itself was at stake. At this critical hour the Second Division was deployed to meet the foe. It stopped his advance; it drove him back, and it demonstrated for all time that the American is second to none in valor, in endurance, and in the grim and unyielding determination to conquer. 4. Again, on July 18th, during the last great enemy offensive the Second Division, after a night march of unparalleled difficulty, struck near Soissons the flank of the enemy's salient, penetrated his lines and brought his offensive to a standstill. This was the beginning of the Allied offensive which has continued unceasingly and untiringly until today. 5. On September 12th to 15th, the American Army fought its first battle in France under Amer- ican leadership. To the Second Division was assigned the most difficult and the most important task—the capture of Thiaucourt and the Jaulny-Xammes ridge. It reached its second day’s objec- tive on the first day, drove off the enemy’s counterattacks, and clinched the victory. 6. In the Champagne district, October 2nd to 10th, it fought beside the Fourth French Army. On October 3rd it seized Blanc Mont Ridge, the keystone of the arch of the main German position, advanced beyond the ridge and, although both flanks were unsupported it held all its gains with the utmost tenacity, inflicting tremendous losses on the enemy. This victory freed Rheims and forced the entire German Army between that city and the Argonne Forest to retreat to the Aisne, a distance of 30 kilometers. 7- During the latter part of October the division was ordered to join the First American Army for the great attack of November 1st. It was given the post of honor, and led the advance. It drove through the enemy’s fortified lines to a depth of over 9 kilometers, seized the heights of Bayonville and destroyed the enemy division on its front. On November 3rd, it advanced to Fosse, and attacked and captured the heights of Vaux. At night, it pressed forward through the Forest of Belval by a single road and occupied the ridge near Beaumont. On the night of the 4th it again attacked and advanced its lines to the Meuse. Finally, on the night of the 10th it forced its way across the Meuse and seized a commanding position on the eastern bank. 8. This superb division of fighting men is unsurpassed in valor, in skill, in endurance, in deter- mination to conquer, and in service to the cause of the Allies. 9. In this great struggle, many of our comrades have made the supreme sacrifice for our country, but their heroic spirit dwells in the hearts of the officers and men of the Second Division. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. Headquarters 4th Brigade, Marines, American E. F., 11th November T8—8.40 a. m. Peace Memorandum No. 1. The following telephone message received from Surprise 1 at 8.35 a. m. forwarded for compliance. 8.40 a. m. message from 5th Corps; Armistice signed and takes effect at 11 this morning. Accurate map showing locations of front line elements, including patrols and detachments, will be sent to these Headquarters without delay. On “the eleventh hour, the eleventh day of the eleventh month, of the year 1918,” Brig. Gen. Wendell C. Neville, commanding general of the Fourth Brigade of Marines, published the following tribute to the officers and men of the Fourth Brigade; IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 273 “Upon this, the most momentous hour in the history of the World War, the undersigned wishes to express to his command his sincere appreciation of their unfailing devotion to duty and their heroic and courageous action during the recent operations. “The time, when the results of our efforts during the past year are shown, is here. The hour has arrived when the convulsion which has shaken the foundations of the civilized world has ceased. The enemy is defeated and the principles of freedom and democracy have triumphed over barbarism and autocracy. We may all feel justly proud of the extent of our participation which has forced the enemy to a cessation of hostilities. It is fitting, at this time, to think of those of our comrades who have fallen on the field of honor and rejoice in the fact that they did not give their lives in vain. “Your display of fortitude, determination, courage, and your ability to fight has upon more than one occasion been a determining factor in making history, and your work has had a direct bearing upon the remarkable chain of events which have this day culminated in such a satisfactory manner- Along the fronts of Verdun, the Marne, the Aisne, Lorraine, Champagne, and the Argonne, the units of the Fourth Brigade Marines have fought valiantly, bravely, and decisively. They have nobly sustained the sacred traditions and have added glorious pages to the already illustrious history of the United States Marine Corps. It is a record of which you may all be proud. W. C. Neville, Brigadier General, U. S. M. C.” G. H. Q. American Expeditionary Forces. France, November 12, 1918. General Order No. 204. The following communciation from the Commander in Chief of the Allied Armies is published to the command: G. Q. G. A., le 12 l^lovember. Officers, Hon Commissioned Officers, Soldiers of the Allied Armies: After having resolutely stopped the enemy, you have, during these months, with a faith and energy unsurpassed, attacked without respite. You have won the greatest battle of history and saved the most sacred cause: The Liberty of the World. Be confident. With glory immortal you have glorified your, flags. Posterity holds for you recognition. F. Foch, Marhsal of France, Commander in Chief of Allied Armies. By command of General Pershing: James W. McAndrew, Chief of Staff. Official: Robert C. Davis, Adjutant General. G. H. Q. American Expeditionary Forces, France, November 12, 1918. General Order No. 203. The enemy has capitulated. It is fitting that I address myself in thanks directly to the officers and soldiers of the American Expeditionary Forces, who by their heroic efforts have made possible this glorious result. Our Armies, hurriedly and hastily trained, met a veteran enemy, and by courage, discipline and skill always defeated him. Without complaint you have endured incessant toil, privation, and danger. You have seen many of your comrades make the supreme sacrifice that freedom may live. I thank you for the patience and courage with which you have endured. 274 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NA’ I congratulate you upon the splendid fruits of victory which your heroism and the blood of our gallant dead are now presenting to our nation. Your deeds will live forever on the most glorious pages of America’s history. Those things you have done. There remains now a harder task which will test your soldierly qualities to the utmost. Succeed in this and little note will be taken and few praises will be sung; fail, and the light of your glorious achievements of the past will sadly be dimmed. But you will not fail. Every natural tendency may urge toward relaxation in discipline, in conduct, in appear- ance, in everything that marks the soldier. Yet you will remember that each officer and each soldier is the representative in Europe of his people and that his brilliant deeds of yesterday permit no action of today to pass unnoticed by friend or by foe. You will meet this test as gallantly as you have met the tests of the battlefield. Sustained by your high ideals and inspired by the heroic part you have played, you will carry back to our people the proud consciousness of a new Americanism born of sacrifice. Whether you stand on hostile territory or on the friendly soil of France, you will so bear yourself in discipline, appearance, and respect for all civil rights that you will confirm for all time the pride and love which every American feels for your uniform and for you. John J. Pershing, General, Commander in Chief. Official: , Robert C. Davis, Adjutant General. Army of Occupation Germany Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces, Germany, January 29, 1919. General Order No. 9. 1. The following is published for the information of the Second Division: Headquarters First Army American Expeditionary Forces France Office of the Chief of Staff January 25, 1919. From; Chief of Staff, First Army. To: Commanding General, Second Division, A. E. F. Subject: Commendation. 1. Transmitted herewith is a copy of communication forwarded to G. H. Q. * * * recom- mending the citation of the Second Division in G. H. Q. orders. 2. The Army Commander desires this communication be furnished your division in order that his opinion of the work of the Second Division in the attack November 1-11, 1918, may be known. H. A. Drum, Chief of Staff, IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 275 Headquarters First Army, A. E. F., Office of the Chief of Staff. January 16, 1919. From: Commanding General, First Army. To: Commander in Chief, G. H. Q., A. E. F. Subject: Citation for Second Division. 1. It is recommended that the Second Division be cited in G. H. Q. orders for its excellent work in the attack of November 1-11, 1918, Meuse-Argonne operations. 2. After the St. Mihiel operation the Second Division participated in the attacks of the Fourth French Army during the period October 2-7. The remarkable success achieved by this division in these operations has already been referred to in French communications. 3. After a short rest the Second Division was again placed in battle for the purpose of taking part in the First Army attack of November 1. 4. In the First Army attack of November 1, the Second Division was selected and so placed in the battle line that its known ability might be used to overcome the critical part of the enemy’s defense. The salient feature of the plan of attack was to drive a wedge through Landres-et-St. Georges to the vicinity of Fosse. It was realized that if the foregoing could be accomplished the backbone of the hostile resistance west of the Meuse would be broken and the enemy would have to retreat to the east of the Meuse. Success in this plan would immediately loosen the flanks of the First Army. The Second Division was selected to carry out this main blow. 5. The Second Division accomplished the results desired in every particular on the first day of the attack, not only clearing the hostile defenses of Landres-et-St. Georges, and the Bois de Hazois but continuing its advance to the vicinity of Fosse, i. e. about 9 kilometers. This decisive blow broke the enemy’s defense and opened the way for the rapid advance of the Army. 6. Attached hereto is a copy of a letter furnished the Second Division by the Commanding Gen- eral, Fifth Corps, which is self-explanatory. 7- In view of the excellent results achieved by this division and the decisiveness of the attack on November 1, it is recommended that the division be mentioned in orders by the Commander in Chief. H. Liggett, Lieutenant General, U. S. A. By command of Major General Lejeune: Hu B. Myers, Colonel, General Staff. Chief of Staff. Headquarters Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces. Germany, January 1, 1919. General Order No. 1. To the officers and men of the second division; 1. The year that has just ended has been the most momentous of the century. A year ago the military situation was ominous. Russia and Roumania had been crushed, and the enemy was able to mass a greatly superior force on the Western front. In March, April, and May he struck powerful and victorious blows in Picardy, Belgium, and on the Chemin des Dames. At this critical hour, the American forces were placed in the battle lines and on November 11th, after an offensive campaign by the Allies’ Commander in Chief, conducted with consummate skill and character- ized by continuous battles of unparalleled activity and violence, the enemy was defeated and the victory won. 2. The Second Division played a part of great military and historic importance in this tremen- dous engagement. It fought five pitched battles or series of battles, always defeating the enemy, and it has won the right to have inscribed on its banners the names of the brilliant victories won by it at Chateau-Thierry, Soissons, St. Mihiel salient, Blanc Mont and Argonne-Meuse. Its MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY casualties were 732 officers and 23,653 men, total 24,385. This was about 10 percent of the total casualties of the American Expeditionary Forces. It captured 12,026 prisoners, over one-quarter of the total number captured by the AEF. It captured 343 cannon, about one-quarter of the total number captured by the AEF. 3. The officers and men of the division have earned by their valor, their skill, and their victories the admiration and gratitude of our Allies and our countrymen. 4. That the New Year may be a happy one for all members of the division, their families and their friends is my most earnest wish. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. Headquarters Second Division (Regular), American Expeditionary Forces. Germany, March IS, 1919. General Order No. 26. The Review and Inspection of the Second Division by the Commander in Chief, on March 14, 1919, on the heights of the Rhine, near Vallender, Germany, was a memorable event in the history of the division. The Division Commander desires to express his pride in the splendid appearance of the division, and to transmit to the officers and men the commendation of their Commander in Chief. The division has shown in this peaceful ceremony the same fine spirit that made it the victor whenever it encountered the enemy. John A. Lejeune, Major General, U. S. M. C., Commanding. ORGANIZATION ROSTERS ORGANIZATION ROSTERS Operations Key: Vertical Columns, Participation in Battles and Operations 1— Orginal member. Joined at Quantico, Va., or Philadelphia, Pa. 2— Verdun Sector (Troyon-Toulon). French. 3— Aisne Defensive (Bois de Belleau). French. 1 (FC) June 2-13, 1918. 4— Chateau Thierry Sector. French. 5— Aisne Offensive (Soissons). French. 1 (FC) July 18-19, 1918. 6— Marbache Sector (Pont a Mousson). French. 7— St. Mihiel Offensive. American. 8— Meuse-Argonne Offensive: 8a—Champagne (Blanc Mont). French. 1 (FC) October 1-10, 1918. 8b—Argonne (Mouzon). American. 9— March to the Rhine. American. 10— Army of Occupation, American (North) Bridgehead, Germany. 11— Parade, Second Division, New York City, and Fourth Brigade, United States Marine Corps, Washington, D. C. 12— Brigade demobilization, Quantico, Va. *—Indicates participation in battle of operation. K—Killed. DW—Died of wounds. W—Wounded. G—Gassed. WG—Wounded and gassed. PW—Prisoner of war. RP—Joined as replacement. T—Transferred before operation. DM—Demobilized, Quantico, Va. EG—Evacuated—reason undetermined—probably gas burn. E—Evacuated—reason undetermined—probably sickness. I—Injury—ordinary trauma not due to firearms or action. T—Transferred during or immediately after operation. RT—Received as replacement and transferred. RG—Replacement gassed. RW—Replacement wounded. RK—Replacement killed. S—Transferred sick. GR—Gassed rejoined. SR—Sick rejoined. RS—Replacement transferred sick, f—Special duty elsewhere in the Division. J2—Transferred to special duty and rejoined twice same position. A—AWOL during operation. §S—Evacuated sick immediately after operation. DA—Discharged to accept commission in National Army. D—Discharged to accept commission in Marine Corps. 1 (FC) Signifies dates and battles for which organizations received fourragere credit citations in orders of the French Army. 748887—47 19 280 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY DT—Demobilized Camp Travis, Tex., with Second Division, United States Army, August 1919. SE—Self-evacuation—not considered honorable. AP—APM Prisoner -not engaged with regiment. RE—Received and evacuated, probably sick. DC—Died effects poison gas. MP—Military Police, Paris, with Seventh Company, until 10-20-18. 5th—Attached to Fifth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. 6th—Attached to Sixth Regiment, United States Marine Corps. 56?6 —Attached to both regiments at different times. 6MG—Attached to Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, United States Marine Corps. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 281 Name Rank Organization Operations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a 8b 9 10 11 12 (*) T* RP (*) (*) (*) (*) DM (*) (») (♦) (*) (*) (*) T C) (*) C) WG C) (*) C) tG (!) §S 56?6 RG RW RP G s RT o (*) (*) C) C) (*) (*) C) tx RP T (♦) G (*) (*) G RP (*) (•) (*) (*) (•) DM (*) (*) (*) (*) W (•) T Gill, William T RG (*) (*) (») S RS RS Gilmer, William P RP (•) (*) (») (*) C) DM RP C) C) n (t) (!) (!) RT RP !RP (*) DM (•) C) (*) (*) (*) (*) n (•) !T RP (*) (*) (*) C) DM RP S RT 6MG (•) (*) (*) (*) (») C) (t) (t) (!) (!) (!) (!) DM RP S 5th RP (*) (*) (*) (!) (!) DM (*) (») (*) G RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (•) (*) DM (») s (*) (*) (*) (») (*) (♦) T (*) (*) (*) G RP C) (t) (!) (!) (!) (!) DM (*) (*) (*) (*) s RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) DM RP (*) 12 n DM (*) n (*) (*) T 6MG RP (*) (*) (») (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) C) (*) n DM RK Petty, Orlando H 5th (*) (*) (*) T (•). (*) C) G (♦) (*) (*) (t) (!) (!) !T RP (») (*) *T (t) (!) (!) tT (•) (*) (*) (*) (*) T RP n DM Sims, Harry V RP (*) (*) (V DM RG (») (*) (•) (*) W (*) T (•) (*) C) G (*) c) W (*) (») (•) (*) (*) DM Thatcher, Herbert H Lieutenant, Medical Corps 5th RP (•) T Table 1.—Medical and dental officers MEDICAL DEPARTMENT ,U. S. NAVY Name Rank Organization Operations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a (*) 8b 9 10 11 12 RP (*) (f) tT Lieut 6th C) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) W C) In ' W RP (*) (*) (*) DM DM RP 66P6MG (*) S RP RP W C) 6th S RP C) DM Table 2.—Corps of Chaplains Name Rank Organization Operations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a 8b 9 10 11 12 Brady, John J Lieutenant, Chaplains Corps 5th (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) T RP (t) G (t) (t) (t) C) (?) RP (?) C) (?) (*) (?) DM (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) C) DM Table 3.-—Special and Important Assignments Name Rank Organization Assignment 6 6 5 5 6 6 6 5 108th Ammunition Train, National Army, 1-20-19 until 4-25-19. Regimental Surgeon, Sixth, 7-21-18. Asst. Division Surgeon, Second Division, A. E. F., 9-22-18. Field Hospital No. 1, October-November 1918. Regimental Surgeon, Fifth, until 7-28-18. Division Surgeon, (temporary). Second Division, A. E. F., January 1918. Regimental Surgeon, Sixth, until 7-21-18. Field Hospital No. 23, 9-27-18 until 5-17-19. Field Hospital No. 1, January-April 1919. Field Hospital No. 16, October-November 1918. Commanded Field Hospital No. 16 December 1918; division urologist, January to March 1919. Boone, Joel T Lieutenant Commander, Medical Corps th Dessez, Paul T Farwell, Wrey G Grimland, Gordon A Hatcher, Charles M Lieutenant Commander, (Medical Corps) Lieutenant Commander, (Medical Corps) Lieutenant, (junior grade), (Medical Corps) Lieutenant, (Medical Corps) th th h h Table 1.—Medical and dental officers—Continued IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR 1 283 6MG Battalion Surgeon, Sixth Machine Gun, until 8-28-18. Field Hospital No. 15 until 8-13-19. Brigade Medical Records and attached Division Surgeons office after 2-20-18. Regimental Surgeon, Sixth, after 9-22-18. Division Dental Surgeon, Second Division, A. E. F„ after 9-24-18. Regimental Surgeon, Fifth, 9-27-18 until 12-5-19. Field Hospital No. 16, 3-6-19 until 5-16-19, and 6-4-19 until 7-14-19. Base Hospital No. 42, United States Army, Neufchateau, France, after 8-7-18. Battalion Surgeon, Sixth Machine Gun, after 8-28-18. Regimental Surgeon, Fifth, 7-28-18 until 9-27-18. Commanding Officer, Field Hospital No. 23, 9-27-18 until 4-9-19. 5th 6MG Field Hospital No. 23, 9-27-18 until 4-9-19. Field Hospital No. 16, 12-27-18 until 4-14-19. Regimental Surgeon, Fifth, 12-5-19 until 8-13-19. Name Rate Organization Operations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a 8b 9 10 a 12 6MG RP (*) (*) C) W RT RT RP (*) (*) DM 56?6 RPf (t) RP (*) G RP (») DM RP (*) (*) (*) (*) o DM Allen, Walter RP C) (*) (*) (*) (») (*) T RP (*) EG RP (*) DM C) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) E RP (*) (*) DM 6MG RP (*) C) (*) (*) C) (*) (*) (•) DM RP *T (•) RP (♦) (*) (*) (*) (*) (») T (•) RP (») (*( (*) (*) (*) (*) T Balch, John Henry (*) (*) C) W (*) (*) S RT Ball, Ernest Burnham RP (*) (*) C) T RP (*) (*) (•) W C) (*) (*) (*) (») (») (») (») (*) (») T RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (•) DM Barrett, Alfred Ambrose RP W Barrington, Warren Mavin (*) (*) (*) G 6MG (») (*) (*) (•) (») (*) (*) (») s Baume, John .(*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (•)■ (*) (*) (*) (*) c) DM Beach, John Wesley RP (*) (*) s RP (*) T Beach, William Rowley 56P6 (*) C) (*) (») (*) (*) s RW Beaird, Patrick Henry RP s Bear, Absolom Frank RP (*) (*) (*) (*) c Beasley, Etna Roy pl stmacist’s mate, third class 5th n C) (•) (*) s Table 4.—Hospital Corps, U. S. 284 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Name Rate Organization Operations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a 8b 9 10 11 12 (*) (*) (*) (*) (♦) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) T (*) C) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) S RP T RP G s RP (*) DM RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) DM (•) (*) (*) G RP (*) C) s RP (*) DM (*) (*) (*) (*) W RP (*) I RP (») (») (*) (*) DM RP (») (*) (*) (») (♦) T RP (*) C) C) W RP (*) (*) DM 5th RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (•) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) DM (*) (♦) (*) (•) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) DM (*) C) C) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (•) (*) (*) (*) DM 6th RS RP C) DM RP T RP s RP K (*) (•) (♦) G RP (*) C) (*) (*) T (*) DM (*) (*) (*) W RW RP (*) (*) (*) W RP (*) DM RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) W RS (*) DM RP (*) (•) (*) K (*) (*) C) (*) (*) (*) C) (*) (*) (*) T RP (*) S RG RP S RP W 6MG (*) MP MP MP MP MP MP MP RS 6th RP (*) (*) (*) W RP (*) DM RP (*) (*) (*) W RS.. RS.. RS RP w (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) C) (*) s RP (*) S RP (*) DM 6MG RS RP (*) w G (*) C) C) DM (*) C) C) C) (*) C) C) s RT RP (*) C) DM 6MG (*) C) W RP (*) C) (*) T Coulter, Joseph Ross 5th RP T Table 4.—Hospital Corps, U. S. ?{.—Continued IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 285 Cousins, Luther Hugh RP (*) (*) DM Cowan, William Lawrence RP (*) W G Cowser, Marion RP RP (*) (*) C) S j Crenshaw, Clarence Albert 5th RP (*) T (*) (•) DM DM Crowley, Frank Patrick Pharmacist's mate, second class 5th RP RP Crews, Cleveland Young Cumbus, Benjamin Lloyd RP (•) (*) S RP Cummens, Kenneth Anfin 6th (*) (*) (*) RP RP C) (*) (*) (*) (•) (*) DM DM DM Currin, Oscar Walter Curtis, Verne Robert Cushmen, Warren Irving Pharmacist’s mate, second class RW RP RP Daw, Norman Francis (*) (•) A C) A (*) W W RP RP T (*) (*) DM DM Deaver, Quanaha K Deners, George O Pharmacist’s mate, second class RP Dent, Maclyn Eli (*) C) (*) GR RP RP (*) (*) RP (•) w (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) C) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) RP RP (*) (*) RP (*) RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) s (•) PW (*) (*) w (•) (*) s (*) w (*) T T S De Witt, William Thaddius Pharmacist's mate, third class 5&?6 Diem, Frank Brown 6th RP (*) DM Dorton, Joseph William Pharmacist’s mate, third class (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) C) Drury, Simon Eddie C) (*) T Dubrock, Robert Anderson do 5th Durham, Clarence Roy C) w w (•) s (*) C) (*) DM Edison, Russel LaFayette 6th Edwards, James Corbett 6MG RP RP (•) (*) (*) (*) RP (*) T (*) (*) DM DM Ellsworth, Bryan Young 5th (*) RP Elson. Lester Charles 6th Evans, William Bryant C) SR (*) (*) (•) (*) Fay, Chester S 5th T Fenno, Lloyd Horace 6MG (*) C) (*) (•) (*) C) (•) (*) (*) (•) C) C) RP C) (*) (•) RT (•) (*) (*) (*) DM DM DM DM Fifer, Ursher Lee 6th (*) (*) RP (*) Finnell, Paul Richardson Fitzsimmons, Frank Lockwood (*) C) ' (*) (*) RP RP (*) (*) (*) C) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) RP (•) (•) w (*) (*) s Fleetwood, Willis Irvin Fleiger, Elmer Harsh Foss, Justin Read w RT (*) Francis, Harry Keith RP (•) DM Freeman, William Porter C) •s (*) RP w Gadau, Myron Lee RP (*) (*') (•) (*) (*) (•) (*) (*) T (•) DM Garriss, Henry Thomas 6MG RP RP C) (*) (*) (*) (*) S (*) Gates, Horatio Dwight Chief pharmacist’s mate Gehrke, Frank Henry 6MG. . . (*) (*) (*) (*) RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (•) w (*) s (•) (•) (*) C) RP (*) (*) RP *T o T (*) T o Gelatte, Albert C 5th (•) DM George, James Stanley ’ C) (*) (*) G RP (*) RP (*) (*) George, Nathan Clement (*) (*) (*) DM Gerhard, William Joseph (*) (*) (*) Gettys, Marma Duke 5th n DM Glazener, Julian Austin RP W G Glenn, Eugene Irwin (*) (•') (*) Goggin, Joseph Dudley 6th RS (*) (*) RP Goodman, Wm. Christopher 6MG RP C) *S w (*) C) (*) n G (*) K RP Goodwin, Oscar Sexton (*) (*) (*) SR (*) SR (*) (*) (*) T Graham, William Curtis Pharmacist’s mate, second class 6MG Grantham, James Howell Hospital apprentice, first class 6th k 286 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Name Rate Organization Operations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a 8b 9 10 11 12 6th RP (*) S RP (*) (*) DM 5th RP C) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) S RE (*) DM RP (*) (•) (*) (*) (*) DM (*) C) C) (*) (*) cr (*) C) (*) (*I S 5th RP (*) (*) DM 6th RP w (*) W RP K 6th (*) (*) (*) W 5th RP (*) S RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) T 5th (*) (•) W 6th RP (•) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) SR (*) DM RP n (*) (*) (*) (*) C) (*) DM RP (*) (*) (*) S RP s RW RP w /ood Ivf" rrnn Pmcr^on (’) C) (*) G RP (*) s 5th RP (•) (*) (*) T 5th RP (*) o (*) w in Irving T^nnard RP (*) S RP (*) (*) (*) w RP (*) (*) (*) T (*) C) (*) (•) C) T RW RP w C) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) T RP w 5th RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*)* DM RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) (*) w RP (•) (*) S RG RS (*) DM RP T (♦) (») (*) ER (*) (*) (*) (*) S RT C) (*) (*) (*) (*) T RP T RP (•) (*) C) (*) w RP (*) DM (*) (») (*) (*) w 6MG (*) (*) (*) (») (*) T RP w RP (•) (*) (♦) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) DM RP T RP (•) C) s RP (*) DM RP GW Irish, Clarence Melvin 6th RP C) (*) DM Table 4.—Hospital Corps, U. S. 7\T-—Continued IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 287 (*) C) C) (•) (*) C) (*) RP (*) (*) (*) w C) T jim' " V ilinri P i; (*) C) C) (•) (*) (*) (*) K . RW (*) (*) (*) (*) w C) (*) (*) DM (*) (*) (*) (*) W (*) (*) (*) (•) (*) T RP (*) (*) (*) G RP (*) (*) (*) (*) W (*) n C) (*) DM RP (*) (*) DM I ! T . 1 p ' 5th (*) (*) C) (*) (*) C) (*) K Johnson1 f~'hRrl?'' RS (») RW RP (*) DM (*) (•) (*) C) (♦) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) T (*) (*) W W r^j RP T Justice-* UJr e C) C) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) G 5&>6MG RP (*) (*) (*) <*) s RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (») (*) W RP (*) (*) (*) W RP (*) DM RP C) (*) s (Oliver C) G KWriklc n\yr\i> Allpn RP (*) (*) (*) s RP (*) DM 6MG C) (*) C) (*) (*) (») (*) s RS (*) DM RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) (*) (*) n (*) T RP (•) C) (*) (*) n (*) (*) (*) DM RP W RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) T C) DA (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) w ft) (t) ft) DT RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) DM (*) (*) (*) S RS RP T 6MG RP (*) (*) DM J & wjs rips Km Kg rr\ 5th (*) C) w RP (*) C) DM C) G RP (*) (*) T f inrl<.r Ul,jm n RW RP w RP (*) T (*) (’) (*) (*) (*) (*) • K RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (») (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) DM 6MG RP (*) (*) DM RP w (*) C) . (•) (*) s RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) (*) (•) C) (*) (*) (*) DM (*) (*) (*) C) G RP E RP (*) C) (*) DM (*) (*) (*) G RP (*) (*) (*) T (*) (») (») K O (*) (•) G RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) T (*) (*) (*) (*) C) C) (*) (*) (*) (*) S McDermott, Walter Scott Pharmacist’s mate, third class 5th RP C) (*) DM 288 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Name y Rate Organization Operations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a 8b 9 10 11 21 RP RP SE RP AP C) RP RP C) (*) (*) (*) C) S (*) W RP (*) n (*) DM McHenry, Raymond P harmacist’s mate, second class 6MG (•) (*) (*) (*) AP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) AP (*) (•) C) (*) (*) C) AP (*) (*)' (*) (*) (*) (*) AP (*) S S w (*) (*) AP W2 C) AP n T RT RT RT (*) DM RP (*) (*) (*) Merkel, Edmo Earl C) C) (*) (*) (*) W (*) (*) RP T SR 6MG (*)’ DM RP W RW RP C) (*) DM Moll, Joseph John 6th RW (*) S RW D Monahan, Ocia K 6MG (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) W Monroe, Joseph Allen RP (*) s RP (*) (*) C) RP RP RP RP T (*) T (*) T (*) (*) (*) (*) (•) DM (*) (*) (*) C) (*) (*) (*) (*) C) G (*) (*) RP (*) C) (*) (*) (*) (*) C) C) (*) (*) (*) C) (*) DM (*) (*) (*) C) DM DM DM DM Nelson, Howard Irving RW (*) Newhart, William Webster 6MG C) (*) (*) (’) S RP RP RP G RP RP G (*) RP (*y (*) n (*) C) (*) RP C) C) (*) (*) (•) W n T (*) C) C) Nolan, Vincent Albert (•) (*) C) S T RT (*) (*) (*) C) (*) C) Norton, Donald Culver (*) w Nowlin, Jerry RT Olsen, Harold Ingrald C) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 6MG (•) w S RP (*) (*) (*) (*) DM Oyler, John Dickson Pharmacist’s mate, third class RP (•) C) DM Patterson, Charles H RP (*) DW Payne, Boyd J C) (*) C) T Perry- Abram Brokaw RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) E (*) (*) W C) (*) *) (*) (*) RP (*) (*) (*) (*) RP C) (*) C) (*) DM 5th (*) (*) RW C) C) (*) o RP (*) (*) C) DM DM DM RP (*) Phillips, George Lewis Hospital apprentice, first class 56P6 RP (*) (*) S Table 4.—Hospital Corps, U. S. N—Continued IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 289 , , , Pharmacist’s roatc third class RP C) W RP (•) (*) DM 5th RG G •(*) (•) (*) G RP (*) E RE RP (*) (*) DM RP T n o n c) (•) (•) (*) (*) C) G RP W S RP (•) (*) (*) T (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) DM 5th RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) S 6MG RP C) S RP (*) DM RS (*) (*) DM n ■ ’ r | (*) (*) T Pharmacist’s second class (*) (*) G 5th RP SR (*) DM (*) (*) C) (*) G RT RP (*) (*) C) (*) C) DM RP T Pharmacist’s mart* spennd class RP T RP (*> C) DM (*) (*) (*) W RP (») w RP T RP (*) (*) (*) G Pharmacist’s mafp vrnnH f“laSS 6MG RP (*) (*) DM (*) (*) n (*) W RP (*) (*) C) (*) (*) DM derso , Oti RP (*) (*) (*) G (*) DG RP (*) (*) DM RK RP (*) (*) DM Pharmacist's mafp firsf class (*) C) (•) (*) (*) (*) S Pharmarisf’s mafp second class RP (*) (*) DM o (*) (*) G RP (*) (*) (*) (*) S RP (*) (*) T 5th (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) C) (•) (*) T Snulli. Ju Ju RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) DM (*) (*) n (*) w (*) (*) S RT RP T Stanley, Albeit E i . RP (*) (*) (*) (*) s RP (*) DM RP (*) (*) (*) w RP (*) (*) DM RP (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) s RT 5th (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (•) (*) T r, J1 Q • 6MG RP o (•) DM (*) SR (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (•) (*) (*) T RP K RP T 6MG RP (*) (*) (*) (*) S (*) (*) o W Pharmacist’s'matp rh^s RP (*) (•) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (•) (*) T Teal, TLuiud.s Cuui 5th RP (*) (*) n (*) (*) DM RP (*) C) DM (*) (*) (*) (*) RP (•) (•) (*) (*) C) C) (*) T Tenley, Eugene Hodge Pharmacist’s mate, third class 5th K 290 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. U. S. NAVY Name Rate Organization Operations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a 8b 9 10 11 12 Thames, Barney Martin Thompson, Buford Cary Thompson, Ira Courtney Pharmacist’s mate, first class Pharmacist’s mate, second class Pharmacist’s mate, third class 5th 5th 5th (*) (*) C) RP RP RP W C) C) C) C) C) C) C) (*) C) (*) (*) (*) C) C) C) C) (*) C) T T C) C) DM Tibbetts, Frank Orrin RK 6MG RP (*) w (*) RT Tousic, Frank Chief pharmacist’s mate 5th Sth C) C) C) o C) C) W W C) Turner, Marion Leo Pharmacist’s mate, second class 5th C) C) (*) C) C) C) S G RP (*) C) T Tuttle, Francis Albert RP C) C) RP C) RP C) SR C) T T C) (*) (*) C) DM DM DM 6th RW (*) C) RP (*) S 5th RP Cl C) C) C) C) C) (*) 6MG C) C) C) Wampler, John Sevier RP C) C) (*) C) C) (*) DM 6MG Weaver, Benjamin Warren Weddington, James Lester Pharmacist’s mate, third class Pharmacist’s mate, second class 5th 6th 5th C) C) C) C) (*) K RP C) (*) C) (*) C) C) G s RP C) RP (t) C) C) T (t) (*) (*) DM DM Whalen, LeVeque Leo. Pharmacist’s mate, second class 6th C) (*) C) (*) C) C) RP G C) C) C) C) (*) RW C) s G S C) Whitacre, Charles Flenry Chief pharmacist’s mate 6th 6MG C) (*) C) RP C) C) Tt (t) DM Wicker, John Ernest RP RG C) RP S RP C) (•) (*) C) s (*) (*) s C) RP RS RP RP (*) (*) (*) DM DM 6th C) C) C) C) (•) C) w W RP C) DM Winney, Arthur Lou Pharmacist’s mate, first class 5th RP Wisecup, Oliver Herbert 6MG RP DW Witt, George Douglass PlidiiiidLisi s iiwtc, »»rst cla.ss 6MG C) C) SE C) Woodburn, James Handy Wyse, Fred Eugene Pharmacist’s mate, second class 6th 6MG C) C) (*) (*) C) RP MP (*) (*) MP C) w RW C) T RT Yates, Roy Elmore Pharmacist’s mate, third class 6MG (*) MP MP Table 4.—Hospital Corps, U. S. N-—Continued IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Name Rank Organization Operations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a 8b 9 10 a 12 RT RP RT RT T R T RP (*) T RT RP RP (*) C) C) (*) (*) (*) (*) C) T T 56?6 RP RP T RT RP C) (*) (*) C) RP T T Note.—No casualties recorded. Table 5.—Medical and dental officers, U. S. Army 292 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 6.—Original Rosters, Medical Personnel, U. S. J^lavy [Fifth Regiment, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces (Fifth Base Detachment, U. S. M. C.) First Contingent] Complement, 2,773; organized, Philadelphia, Pa.; date, 6 June 1917; sailed, Philadelphia, Pa.; date, II June 1917; stop New York, N. Y.; date, 13 June 1917; sailed, 14 June 1917; duty, convoy; France, St. Nazaire; date, 24 June 1917; vessels U. S. S. Henderson, U. S. S. De Kalb, and U. S. S. Hancock. Composition.—Headquarters Company, Supply Company. Eighth Machine Gun Company, Sixteenth, Forty-third, Forty-fifth, Forty-seventh, Forty-ninth. Fifty-first, Fifty-fifth, Sixty-sixth, Sixty-seventh Companies and elemental personnel of Fourth Brigade Headquarters and Chief Paymaster, U. S. M. C., A. E. F. Fifteenth and Twenty-third Companies (Sixth Machine Gun Battalion) included. Name Rank Date joined 9 Jun 17 Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. McClellan, Herbert C. . . Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Tibbetts, Frank O... Pharmacist’s mate, third class Do. Do. Do. {Fifth Regiment, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces (Fifth Base Detachment, U. S. M. C.) Second Contingent] Complement, 880; organized, Quantico, Va.; date, 20 June 1917; sailed, Philadelphia,Pa.; date, 31 July 1917; duty, Convoy; France. St. Nazaire; date, 28 August 1917; vessel, U. S. S. Henderson. Composition.—Base Detachment Headquarters; Seventh, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twentieth, and Thirtieth (separate) Companies. Name Rank Date joined 6 Jul 17 24 Jun 17 21 Jun 17 26 jun 17 21 jun 17 11 jul 17 19 jul 17 22 Jun 17 29 Jun 17 26 Jun 17 22 jun 17 22 jun 17 21 jun 17 23 jun 17 Yates, Roy E 13 Jul 17 IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 293 Table 6.-—Original Roster, Medical Personnel, U. S. ?{avy—Continued {Sixth Regiment, U. S. M, C., American Expeditionary Forces First Battalion, First Contingent] Complement, 1,089; organized, Quantico, Va.; date, 11 July 1917; sailed, Philadelphia, Pa,; date, 17 September 1917; stop. New York, N. Y.; date, 18-23 September, 1917; sailed, 23 September, 1917; duty. Convoy; France, St. Nazaire; date, 5 October 1917; vessel, U. S. S. Henderson. Composition.—Battalion Headquarters, Seventy-fourth, Seventy-fifth, Seventy-sixth and Ninety-fifth Companies. Name Rank Date joined Boone, Toel T Lieutenant, junior grade 29 Aug 17 21 Aug 17 17 Sept 17 27 July 17 26 July 17 5 Sept 17 27 July 17 11 Sept 171 Do. 27 July 17 1 Sept 17 19 Aug 17 26 July 17 Do. Hill, Pharrow Kingsbury, Carl O Hospital apprentice, first class Hospital apprentice, second class Do. Do. 8 Sept 17 1 To United States October 1917- {Headquarters Second Contingent] Complement, 650; organized, Quantico, Va.; date, 11 July 1917; sailed, Philadelphia, Pa,; date, 16 October 1917; stop, New York, N. Y.; date, 17 October 1917; sailed, 18 October 1917; duty. Convoy. France, St. Nazaire; date, 29 October 1917; vessel, U. S. S. De Kalb. Composition.—Regimental Headquarters; Headquarters; Supply and Seventy-third Machine Gun Companies. Name Rank Dzte joined 4 Aug 17 15 Sept 17 24 Sept 17 15 Aug 17 2 Aug 17 15 Sept 17 26 Jul 17 15 Sept 17 26 Jul 17 21 Aug 17 Do. 29 May 17 4 Aug 17 {3d Battalion, 3d contingent] Complement, 1,100; organized, Quantico, Va.; date, II July 1917; sailed, Philadelphia, Pa.; date, 24 October 1017; stop New York, N. Y.; date, 25 October 1917; sailed, 30 October 1917; duty, convoy; France, Brest; date, 12 November 1917; vessel, U. S. S. Von Steuben. Name Rank Date joined 25 ]un 17 15 Sept 17 Do. Do. 25 Jul” 17 28 Jul ' 17 12 Sept 17 21 Aua 17 26 Jul“ 17 11 Sept 17 Wyse, Fred E Hospital apprentice, first class 21 Aug 17 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 6.—Original Rosters, Medical Personnel, U. S. ?{avy—Continued [2d Battalion, 4th Contingent! Complement, 1,100; organized, Quantico, Va.; date, 11 July 1917; sailed, Philadelphia, Pa.; date, 20 January 1918; stop, New York, N. Y.; date, 21 January 1918; sailed, 24 January 1918; duty, convoy: France, St. Nazaire; date, 8 February 1918; vessel, U. S. S. Henderson. Name Rank Date joined 17 Sept 17 18 Sept 17 15 Sept 17 26 July 17 14 Sept 17 Do. Beach, William R Pharmacist’s mate, first class 27 July 17 4 Jan 18 4 Sept 17 27 July 17 4 Jan 18 24 Sept 17 28 July 17 14 Sept 17 1 Sept 17 29 Aug 17 Organized, Quantico, Va.; Date, 17 August 1917; Sailed, (Fifteenth and Twenty-tm'rd Companies),Philadelphia, Pa.; date, 10-11 June 1917; (Seventy-seven and Eighty-first Companies) Newport News, Va.; date, 8 December 1917; duty, convoy; France, (Fifteenth and Twenty-third Companies) St. Nazaire, Date, 26-27 June 1917; (Seventy-seventh and Eighty-first Companies) St. Nazaire, date, 28 December 1917; vessels, U. S. S. Henderson and U. S. S. De Kalb. Composition.—Headquarters, Fifteenth, Twenty-third, Seventy-seventh and Eighty-first Companies. [6th Machine Gun Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces]) Name Rank Date joined 27 Sept 17 17 Sept 17 Do 14 Sept 17 18 Sept 17 14 Sept 17 15 Sept 17 12 Sept 17 10 Sept 17 15 Sept 17 9 Sept 17 22 Sept 17 20 Sept 17 17 Sept 17 15 Sept 17 Newhart, William W Hospital apprentice, first class 1 Shown only as a matter of record. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 295 Table 7-—Original Replacement Rosters, Medical Personnel, United States l^avy [First Replacement Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces! The largest percentage of personnel which fed into the Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces France, during its various actions and operations in the World War of 1917—19, were derived from the First, Second, and Third Replacement Battalions. Quite a few regular, provisional, separate, casual, and training companies and battalions located in Europe in the early part of 1918, either through reassignment and redesignation as Replacement Battalions, or as the result of replacement absorption, contributed the remaining percentage of replacement personnel of the Fourth Brigade. An example of regular company absorption is shown by the fate of the Seventh, Twenty-sixth, and Tnirtieth Companies, which, after performance of important special duties as military police at General Headquarters, Chaumont, Paris, and St. Nazaire, returned to the Fourth Brigade as replacement troops, and as companies were thus disbanded. Complement, 507; organized, Quantico, Va.; date, 26 October 1917, sailed, Newport News, Va.; date, 5 February 1918; duty, convoy, France, Brest; date 25 February 1918; vessel, U. S. S. Von Steuben. Composition.—Headquarters, Thirty-fourth, One Hundred and Nineteenth, One Hundred and Twentieth, and One Hundred and Thirty-second Companies. Name Rank Joined Transferred to— Detached Gill, William T Lieutenant, junior grade, Med' 17 May 18 Third Replacement Bat- 17 May 18 ical Corps. talion. 3 Nov. 17 28 Aug. 18 20 Nov 17 Allen, Walter Hospital apprentice, first class. 12 Jan 18 Third Replacement Bat- 17 May 18 talion. 1 Dec. 17 Do. class. 17 Dec. 17 25 May 18 talion. Diem, Frank B Hospital apprentice, first class 12 Jan 18 Third Replacement Bat- 17 May 18 talion. 25 Mar 18 20 Apr 18 Do* 12 Jan 18 Hansen, Harold E Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 1 Dec 17 Third Replacement Bat' 17 May 18 talion. 12 Jan 18 Do. Do. 1 Dec. 17 Do. Do. Do. Do. 25 Mar 18 20 Apr 18 1 Dec 17 17 MaylS talion. [Second Replacement Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces} Complement, 1,100; organized, Quantico, Va.; date, 20 February 1918; sailed, Philadelphia, Pa.; date, 13 March 1918; duty, convoy; France, St. Nazaire; date, ? March 1918; vessel, U. S. S. Henderson. Composition.—Headquarters, One hundred and thirty-fourth. One hundred and thirty-seventh, One hundred and thirty- eighth, and One hundred and thirty-ninth Companies. Name Rank Joined Transferred to— Detached 12 Mar 18 28 Aug 18 (Dental Corps). 11 Mar 18 (Medical Corps). and 19 Sept 18 9 Feb 18 6 Sept 18 (Medical Reserve Corps). 4 Apr 18 11 Jun 18 (Medical Corps). 20 Feb 18 do.E Do. class. Do. Do. Do class. 20 Feb 18 Do. 14 May 18 6 Aug 18 19 Aug 18 6 Sept 18 ■ class. 748887—47 20 296 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 7.—Original Replacement Rosters, Medical Personnel, United States lN.avy—Continued {Second Replacement Battalion, U. S. M. C., Americen Expeditionary Forces} Name Rank Joined Transferred to— Detached Rickers, Henry Smith, James E Swanson, Herbert C Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Chief pharmacist’s mate Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 20 Feb 18 ...do Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. Fifth Regiment Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. 7 Sept 18 3 Sept 18 7 Sept 18 Do. Do. 16 Mayl8 7 Sept 18 20 Oct 18 Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist's mate, third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. 6 Jun 18 20 Feb 18 6Jun 18 Winney, Arthur L Witt, George D Fifth Regiment Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. {Third Replacement Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces! Complement, 1,426; organized, Quantico, Va.; date, 2 April 1918; sailed, Philadelphia, Pa.; date, 22 April 1918; France, date, ? April 1918; vessel, U. S. S. Henderson. Composition. Headquarters, Casual, 140th, 144th, 145th, and 146th Companies. Name Rank Joined Transferred to— Detached Byrnes, William A Lieutenant, junior grade, Med- 15 Apr 18 Sixth Regiment 26 Aug 18 ical Corps. 12 Jun 18 Do. 28 Aug 18 25 Aug 18 28 Aug 18 25 Jun 18 3 Aug 18 18 Apr 18 5 Apr 18 16 Apr 18 4 Apr 18 Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. Fifth Regiment Alcorn, Edgar Hospital apprentice, first class. ...do Allen, Walter Pharmacist's mate, third class.. 20 May 18 do 12 Jun 18 Avera, Seth C 21 Apr 18 Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. 25 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 12 Jun 18 23 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Do. 18 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Barber, Wayne Barr, John G Beach, John W Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, second class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Beaird, Patrick H 17 Mayl8 21 Apr 18 Bear, Absolom F Fifth Regiment Bostwick, Paul R 23 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Bowman, Alvin L Pharmacist’s mate, third class.. ...do Fifth Regiment Bowman, Roy H Hospital apprentice, first class. 13 Apr 18 do Do. Bracken, William 1 Pharmacist’s mate, second class. 21 Apr 18 Sixth Regiment 23 Jun 18 Brush, William T Hospital apprentice, first class. . ..do Fifth Regiment 19 Jun 18 Callback, William C Do. Do. 23 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Do. Carroll, Thomas H Hospital apprentice, first class. Chambers, Roy N Childress, Lawrence A Hospital apprentice, first class. Clarity, Roy M Couchman, Thomas B (I) Cowan, William L 4 Apr 18 21 Apr 18 3 Sept 18 19 Jun 18 Do. Do. Do. Cowser, Marion Crenshaw, Clarence A Hospital apprentice, first class. Cumbus, Benjamin Cushman, Warren I Hospital apprentice, first class. Davis, Ivan E (I) Daw, Norman F Hospital apprentice, first class. 21 Mar 18 Fifth Regiment 19 Jun 18 Deaver, Quanaha K Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Pharmacist’s mate, second. class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Do. Do. 11 Jun 18 23 Jun 18 25 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 28 Aug 18 19 Jun 18 Do. 25 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Do. Do. 1 DeWitt, William T Diem, Frank B 20 May 18 Dubrock, Robert H Edwards, James C Ellsworth, Bryan Y 21 Apr 18 Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. Elson, Lester C Fleetwood, Willie I Fleigler, Elmer H Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. Gates, Horatio D George, Nathan C Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Glazner, Julian A See footnote at end of table. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 297 Table 7.—Original Replacement Rosters, Medical Personnel, United States J^avy—Continued [Third Replacement Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces] Name Rank Joined Transferred to— Detached Hospital apprentice, first class. 21 Apr 18 Sixth Machine Gun Bat- 25 Jun 18 talion. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 19 Jun 18 Do. 23 Jun 18 Do. 8 Jut 18 19 Jun 18 18 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 14 Mayl8 18 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Do. 20 May 18 21 Apr 18 Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. 4 Apr 18 21 Apr 18 Herman, Bernard W Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Pharmacist's mate, second class. Hoffman, Clifford C Hospital apprentice, first class. 20 May 18 Sixth Regiment 23 Jun 1 Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Do. Do Hollis, William W 21 Apr 18 Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, second class Hospital apprentice, first class. 19 Jun 18 Do. 20 May 18 21 Apr 18 Do. Do. Do. 20 May 18 21 Apr 18 23 Jun 18 12 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Do Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, second class. Hospital apprentice, first class, lOJul 18 22 Jun 18 Kinkle, Clyde A ... do Sixth Regiment 23 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Do. Hospital apprentice, first class. 23 Jun 18 Do. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. 11 Apr 18 21 Apr 18 11 Apr 18 4 Apr 18 21 Apr 18 12 Jun 18 11 Jun 18 23 Jun 18 Manning, James E Hospital apprentice, first class. Sixth Regiment 23 Jun 18 Hospital apprentice, second class. 4 Apr 18 3 Sept 18 McClelland, Walter G Pharmacist’s mate, third class.. 21 Apr 18 Fifth Regiment 23 Jun 18 Hospital apprentice, first class. 19 Jun 18 23 Jun 18 Do. Pharmacist's mate, second class. 19 Jun 18 11 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 12 Jun 18 20 May 18 4 Apr 18 Pharmacist’s mate, second class. 21 Apr 18 23 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Do. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. . Hospital apprentice, first class. 4 Apr 18 21 Apr 18 Do. 12 Jun 18 and 3 Sept 18 4 Apr 18 21 Apr 18 Do. 12Jun 18 19 Jun 18 23 Jun 18 Phelan, Francis E Hospital apprentice, first class. . . .do Sixth Regiment 12 jun 18 Do. Pharmacist’s mate, third class.. 4 Apr 18 21 Apr 18 Do. (I) T 19 Jun 18 12 jun 18 19 Jun 18 23 jun 18 12 jun 18 4 Apr 18 21 Apr 18 Hospital apprentice, first class. talion. 4 Apr 18 21 Apr 18 23 Jun 18 Do. Stanton, Leon R Pharmacist’s mate, third class. . do Staton, Ennis C Hospital apprentice, first class. ...do Sixth Regiment Do. 20 May 18 4 Apr 18 (i) 7 Sept 18 23 Jun 18 . rln See footnote at end of table. 298 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table J.-—Original Replacement Rosters, Medical Personnel, United States 7<[avy—Continued [Third Replacement Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces] Name Rank Joined Transferred to— Detached Teal, Thomas C Tenley, Eugene H Pharmacist’s mate, third class.. Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, second class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. . .. .do 21 Apr 18 Fifth Regiment do 19 Jun 18 Do. Do. 12 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Do. 11 Jun 18 23 Jun 18 11 Jun 18 6 Jun 18 23 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Do. 6Jun 18 Do. Thompson, Buford G 20 May 18 21 Apr 18 do Warner, Willard M Weaver, Benjamin W Whalen, LeVeque L Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class.. Hospital apprentice, first class. 4 Apr 18 21 Apr 18 .. .do Sixth Regiment Fifth Regiment Sixth Regiment Second Replacement Bat- talion. Sixth Regiment Williams, Clifford W Pharmacist’s mate, third class. . Pharmacist’s mate, second class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Second Replacement Bat- talion. 4 Apr 18 1 Never joined Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., A. E. F. Table 8.—Original Rosters, Arlon Replacement Troops [Fifth Regiment, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces, Army of Occupation, Germany] Replacement personnel joining at and in vicinity of Arlon, Belgium. These personnel did not participate in any of the operationsorengagementsoftheSecondDivision, A. E. F. Name Rank Date joined 5 Dec 18 23 Nov 18 Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 1 At Brohl, Germany. {Sixth Regiment, U. S. M, C., American Expeditionary Forces, Army of Occupation, Germany] Name Rank Date joined Do. Do. Bullitt, George W do 28 Nov 18 IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 299 Table 8.—Original Rosters, Arlon Replacement Troops--Continued fSixth Regiment, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces, Army of Occupation, Germany! Name Rank Date joined 15 Nov 18 28 Nov 18 Do Do. 15 Nov 18 Do. 28 Nov 18 27 Nov 18 21 Nov 18 Do. Name Rank Date joined 27 Nov 18 28 Nov 18 Do. 27 Nov 18 28 Nov 18 Do. Samson, Ray H Pharmacist’s mate, third class {Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces, Army of Occupation, Germany! Table 9-—Original Rosters, Medical Personnel, United States ?{avy {Fifth Regiment, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces, Army of Occupation, Germany! Regiment crossed Sauer River into Germany, from Luxembourg, Belgium and France, at 7:00 a. m., 1 December 1918; withdrawn, 22 July 1919. Left Germany via Belgium, 17-22 July 1919; Camp Pontanezan, Brest, France, 22-25 July 1919; U. S. S. George Wash' ington, 25-31 July 1919; Camp Mills, Long Island, N. Y., 3-8 August 1919; parade. New York City, 8 August 1919; Quan- tico, Va., 9 August 1919; parade, Washington, D. C., 11 August 1919; demobilised Quantico, Va., 13 August 1919. Name Rank Date joined Date detached 28 Aug 18 13 Aug 19 Do. 6 Sept 18 28 Aug 18 20 Feb 19 13 Aug 19 19 Oct“ 18 16 Mayl9 14 July 19 20 Jun 17 6 Mar 19 17 Oct 18 4 Jun 19 13 Aug 19 27 Aug 18 13 Aug 19 Do. 25 Jun 19 13 Aug 19 Do. 26 Dec 18 5 Dec 18 5 Aug 18 23 Nov 18 Do. Do. 24 Jun 18 23 Nov 18 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 Bailey, G. William 19 Jun 18 12 Jun 18 31 Aug 18 19 Jun 18 21 Jun 17 19 Jun 18 14 Oct 18 26 Mar 19 24 Marl9 13 Aug 19 21 Sept 18 30 Jan 19 300 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 9.—Original Rosters, Medical Personnel, United States ?{avy—Continued {Fifth Replacement Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces} Name Rank Date joined Date detached 9 Jun 17 ... do 23 Nov 18 9 Jun 17 23 Nov 18 19 Jun 18 23 Nov 18 19 Jun 18 20 Sept 18 20 Nov 18 23 Nov 18 21 Jun 17 22 Dec 18 3 Sept 18 23 Nov 18 24 Feb 19 13 Aug 19 13 Aug 19 Do. 10 Jul 19 13 Aug 19 Do. 21 Aug 18 4 Oct 18 20 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 8 Oct 18 24 Mar 19 Do. 24 Jul 19 13 Aug 19 Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 24 Mar 19 Do. 13 Aug 19 10 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 Do. Do. Do. 24 Mar 19 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 Do. 13 Aug 19 23 Sept 18 21 Jan 18 13 Aug 1 12 Jan 1 13 Aug 1 Do. 2 Jul 1 15 Sept 1 13 Aug 1 15 Jul 1 13 Jul 1 13 Aug 1 Do. Do. Do 8 Jun 1 2 Nov 1 12 Feb.1 13 Aug 1 Do. Do. 6 Feb 1 121 Nov 1 24 Mar 1 14 Feb 1 13 Aug 1 Do, 7 Nov 1 24 Mar 1 22 Oct 1 24 Mar 1 14 Jan 1 13 Aug 1 Do. Do. Do. 24 Mar 1 Bird, Francis M Chief pharmacist’s mate Coffee, Joseph A Cook, Clarence S Coulter, Joseph R Cousins, Luther H Crenshaw, Clarence 19 Jun 18 23 Nov 18 Crowley, Frank P Curtis, Verne R Daw, Normal F 19 Jun 18 Deaver, Quanaha K Ellsworth, Bryan Y Fleetwood, Willis I rln Foss, Justin R 3 Sept 18 31 Aug 18 30 Jul 17 19 Jun 18 23 Nov 18 12 Jun 18 23 Nov 18 23 Sept 18 13 Sept 18 3 Sept 18 9Jun 17 23 Nov 18 19 Jun 18 1 Jul 19 19 Jun 18 9Jun 17 19 Jun 18 9Jun 17 16 May 18 23 Nov 18 23 Jun 18 6 Sept 18 6 Jan 19 9Jun 17 23 Nov 18 19 Jun 18 23 Nov 18 19 Jun 18 23 Nov 18 9 Jun 17 28 Oct 18 16 Novl8 28 Nov 18 23 Nov 18 17 Oct 18 9Jun 17 Gelatfe, Albert C Gerhard, Wm Joseph George, Nathan C Gettys, Marma D Grausam, Martin L Griffith, William L Heilman, Harold J Hiestand, Clynton H Hite, Earl C Hoggatt, Ralph M Hood, Bruce C Hull, Roy E Hurley, John J Israeli, Roy J.. Jamme, Joseph H Jarvis, Harry Wesley Jennison, Charles S Johnson, Albert J Johnson, William C Johnston, Venerable E Joyner, Marion P Killebrew, Edgar L Koester, Gustav C Lawrence, Lowell W Leonhard. Charles W Lewin, Eugene M Lewis, Garland M Lovingood, Allen W Matthews, Hal Y Mattingly, Claude McClellan, Herbert C. McClelland, Walter G 23 Jun 18 9Jun 17 23 Nov 18 23 Jun 18 9 Jun 17 4 Mar 19 19 Jun 18 23 Dec. 18 29 Jun 17 23 Nov 18 McDaniels, Lee J McDermott, Walter S McKenney, Leroy N Medkirk, Forest R Meek, William E Messanelle, Ray Anthony Miller, Paul R Moore, Robert E Nelson, Howard I. . . 23 Jun 18 Nichols, Elmer R Nolte, William V Pharmacist’s mate, third class 19 Jun 18 See footnote at end of table, IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Table 9.—Original Rosters, Medical Personnel, United States Wavy—Continued {Fifth Replacement Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces] Name Rank Date joined Date detached 12 Jun 18 6 Aug 18 17 Oct 18 Dec 18 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 13 Aug 19 Do. 22 Jun 17 2 Sept 17 6 Sept 18 25 Aug 17 21 Sept 18 11 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 7 Jan 19 13 Sept 19 8 Aug 18 15 July 19 13 Aug 19 19 Jan. 19 24 Mar 19 17 Jan 19 20 Jun 17 19 Dec. 18 31 Aug 18 9Jun 17 13 Aug 19 30 Apr 19 3 Sept 18 26 Jun 17 21Jun 17 19 Jun 18 15 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 12 Jun 18 19 Jun 18 Do. 13 Aug 19 Do. 19 Jun 18 Do. Do. 12 Jun 18 16 May 18 Do. Do. 1 A. w. o. 1. {Sixth Regiment, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces, Army of Occupation, Germany] Regiment crossed Sauer River into Germany, from Luxembourg, Belgium, and France at 7:00 a. m.—1 December 1918; Withdrawn, 20 July 1919. Left Germany via Belgium, 20 July 1919; Camp Pontanezan, Brest, France, 23 July 1919; embarked, 25-27 July 1919; Camp Mills, Long Island, N. Y., 6 August 1919; parade New York City, 8 August 1919; Quantico, Va., 9 August 1919: parade Washington, D. C., 11 August 1919; Demobilized Quantico, Va., 13 August 1919. Regimental Headquarters: Leutesdorf, Germany; Honningen, Germany. Embarked U. S. S. Wilhelmina, 27 July 1919 (less Supply Company). Name Rank Date joined Date detached 17 Sept 17 12 Aug 18 17 Sept 17 24 Feb 19 29 May 17 5 Sept 17 23 Nov 18 27 July 17 13 Aug 18 4 Sept 17 28 Aug 18 1 Sept 17 22 Jun 18 16 Jan 19 14 Jun 18 13 Aug 19 19 July 18 13 Aug 19 Do. 24 Oct 18 24 Mar 19 14 Jun 18 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 Do. 24 Mar 19 26 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 23 Juft 18 24 Sept 17 28 July 17 Do, Do. Do. 13 Aug 19 Do. 26 Jul 17 5 Jul 19 13 Aug 19 11 Jun 19 11 Jun 18 21 Aug 17 1 Horse orderly. 2 Motorcycle runner. 302 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 9.—Original Rosters, Medical Personnel, United States l^avy—Continued [Sixth Replacement Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces] First Battalion, Ariendorf, Germany; Honningen, Germany. Embarked U. S. S. Rijndam, 25 July 1919. Name Rank Date joined Date detached 28 Aug 18 11 Jun 19 12 Jun 18 15 Nov 18 17 Dec 18 26 Aug 18 23 Dec 18 28 Aug 18 26 Jul 17 15 Nov 18 23 Jun 18 9 Oct 18 28 Nov 18 23 Jun 18 17 Jan 19 21 Nov 18 4 Jan 18 28 Aug 18 28 Nov 18 28 Aug 18 15 Nov 18 23 Jun 18 25 Oct 18 9 Jan 19 16 Mar 19 28 Nov 18 23 Jun 18 23 Mar 19 28 Nov 18 27 Jul 17 10 Aug 18 14 May 18 21 Nov 18 19 Aug 17 12 Sept 17 16 Jan 19 19 Aug 17 23 Apr 18 15 Nov 18 28 Aug 18 8 Nov 18 12 May 19 21 Nov 18 8 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 10 Oct 18 17 Dec 18 17 Jun 19 27 Oct 18 11 Jun 19 13 Aug 19 24 Marl9 13 Aug 19 2 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 Do. 8 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 Do. 24 Mar 19 Do. 13 Aug 19 Do. Do. 25 Sept 18 3 Nov 18 14 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 1 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 Do. 19 Jul 18 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 29 Jun 19 1 Oct 18 24 Mar 19 26 Feb 18 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 15 Sept 18 26 Feb 19 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 Gill, William T Hollis, William W 3 APM prisoner. Second Battalion: Rheinbrohl, Germany; Hammerstien, Germany. Embarked U. S. S. George Washington, 25 July 1919 (including Supply Company). Name Rank Date joined Date detached 26 Nov 18 25 Aug 18 28 Nov 18 21 Apr 19 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 Do. Do. 14 Feb 18 23 Mar 19 23 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 1 Nov 18 15 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 9 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 Do. 6 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 23 Jun 18 4 Aug 17 9 Mar 18 28 Aug 18 13 Jan 19 28 Aug 18 21 Dec 18 19 Mar 19 28 Aug 18 15 Jan 19 28 Aug 18 11 Jun 18 19 Apr 19 IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Table 9.—Original Rosters, Medical Personnel, United States J^avy—-Continued {Sixth Replacement Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces] Name Rank Date joined Date detached 23 Jun 18 13 Nov 18 23 Jun 18 22 Apr 19 2 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 13 Aug 19 4 July 19 23 Jun 18 6 Jan 19 23 Jun 18 15 Nov 18 3 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 31 Oct 18 11 Jun 18 15 Jan 19 23 Jun 18 27 Nov 18 23 Jun 18 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 13 Jan 19 23 Jun 18 16 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 11 Jun 19 24 Mar 19 11 Jun 18 26 Jul 17 28 MaylS 6 Sept 18 28 Nov 18 21 May 18 14 Jun 18 15 Sept 18 24 Mar 19 3d Battalion, Leutesdorf, Germany. Embarked U. S. S. Wilhelmina, 27 Jul 1919. Name Rank Date joined Date detached 18 Sept 18 28 Aug 18 28 Dec 18 11 Jun 19 11 Sept 18 26 Jul 17 16 Jan 19 28 Aug 18 28 Oct 18 27 Dec 18 13 Aug 19 21 Apr 19 13 Aug 19 Do. 25 Oct 18 24 Mar 19 3 Oct 18 2 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 Do. 24 Jul 19 13 Aug 19 Do. 28 Aug 18 2 Aug 17 Do. 26 Oct 17 23 Jun 18 8 Jul 18 5Jun 19 13 Aug 19 Do. Lasater, Arthur Pharmacist’s mate, second class 23 Jun 18 11 Jun 18 23 Jun 18 24 Mar 19 Do. 13 Aug 19 Do. 15 Sept 17 10 Aug 18 30 Dec 18 14 Jun 18 5 Dec 18 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 Do. 13 Aug 19 Do. 23 Jun 18 Do. Williams, Clifford W 15 Dec 18 26 Oct 18 23 Jun 18 13 Aug 19 Consequent to withdrawal from the Army of occupation, Germany, regimental entrainment started 17 July 1919, at Rheinbrohl, Germany: First battalion, 17 July 1919; Second Battalion, 18 July 1919; Third Battalion, 19 July 1919; Head- quarters contingent, 20 July 1919. The divisional trains moved south on the east bank of the Rhein River, crossing to Coblenz, then north on the west bank of the Rhein River through Cologne to Aix-le-Chapelle, via Belgium (Leige and Vallenciens), via France (Amiens, Albert and Rennes to Brest) arriving at Camp Pontanezan 23 July 1919. 304 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 9.—Original Rosters, Medical Personnel, United States F[avy—Continued [Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, U. S. M. C., American Expeditionary Forces, Army of Occupation, Germanyl Battalion crossed Sauer River into Germany, from Luxembourg, Belgium, and France, at 7:00 a. m., 1 December 1918; withdrawn, 19 July 1919- Left Germany via Belgium, 19 July 1919; Camp Pontanezan, Brest, France, 19-24 July 1919; U. S. S, Santa Paula, 24 July 1919; Camp Mills, Long Island, N. Y., 5-8 August 1919; parade New York City, 8 August 1919; Quantico, Va., 9 August 1919; parade Washington, D. C., 11 August 1919; Demobilized Quantico, Va., 13 August 1919- Name Rank Date joined Date detached King, Ogden D Lieutenant 27 Sept 17 28 Aug 18 (») 13 Aug 19 12 Apr 19 11 Jun 19 12 Jun 19 13 Aug 19 Do. Moring, Travis S Lieutenant, junior grade 28 Aug 18 6 Apr 19 25 Apr 19 25 Jun 18 Wimberly, Robert W Abraham, Edwaldt A Lieutenant Pharmacist's mate, first class 6 Jan 19 18 Sept 17 27 Dec 18 25 Jun 18 14 Sept 17 20 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 5 Oct 18 Garriss, Henry T Pharmacist's, mate, first class 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 12 Jul 19 13 Aug 19 28 Oct 18 10 Sept 17 16 Jan 19 17 Apr 19 27 Nov 18 3 Feb 19 13 Aug 19 Do. Do. 27 Feb 19 13 Aug 19 19 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 Do. 1 Mar 19 22 Sept 17 1 Dec 18 20 Sept 17 7 Sept 18 14 Jan 19 27 Nov 18 12 Jun 18 27 Nov 18 7 Sept 18 Samson, Roy H Stamps, Bernice B (joined as Chief pharmacist’s mate). Stovall, Roy S Swanson, Herbert C Pharmacist’s mate, second class 13 Aug 19 Do. 1 Jun 19 13 Aug 19 5 Aug 19 Pharmacist's mate, third class Pharmacist’s mate, first class Washburn, Ewing A Yates, Frank R Hospital apprentice, first class Pharmacist’s mate, second class 6 Jan 19 27 Nov 18 7 Sept 18 27 Dec 18 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 4 Nov 18 12 Jun 19 1 Field Hospital No. 15. Table 10.—Original Rosters, Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, A. E. F., Attached U. S. F(aval Medical Personnel SPECIAL DUTY Name Rank Duty Both dates inclusive Badger, Harold A Boone, Joel T Lieutenant, Dental Corps. Lieutenant Commander, Medical Corps. One Hundred and Eighth Ammu- nition Train. Evacuation Hospital No. 13 Assistant Division Surgeon, Second Division. Field Hospital, No. 23, Second Division. 20 Jan 19-13 Apr 19 13 Apr 19-11 June 19 22 Sept 18-13 Dec 18 6 Nov 18-19 Dec 18 Few days Jan 1919 27 Sept 18-17 May 19 11 Jan 19-25 Apr 19 Oct fe? Nov 1918 28 Aug 18-20 June 19 After 20 Feb 19 24 Sept 18-12 Aug 19 Field Hospital No. 1, Second Divi- sion. Field Hospital No. 16, Second Divi- sion. Commanding Officer Field Hospital No. 15, Second Division. Brigade Medical Record Office, Division Surgeon’s Office. Division Dental Surgeon, Second Division. King, Odgen D Lieutenant Commander. . Lieutenant, United States Naval Reserve Force. Lieutenant Commander, Dental Corps. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 305 Table 10.—Original Rosters, Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U..S. Army, A. E. F. Attached U. S. F(aval Medical Personnel—Continued SPECIAL DUTY Name Rank Duty Both dates inclusive Meggers, Edwin C Lieutenant Medical Corps Field Fiospital No. 16, Second Divi- 16 May 19-4 June 19 Michael, William H Lieutenant Commander. . Base Hospital No. 42, American After 6 Aug 18 Pratt, Lester L Pratt, Malcolm L ... .do Lieutenant Expeditionary Forces. Commanding Officer Field Hospital No. 23, Second Division. Field Hospital No. 23, Second Divi- sion. 27 Sept 18-9 Apr 19 Do. 24 Dec 18-24 Feb 19 Trowbridge, Stuart J Lieutenant, junior grade. . Field Hospital No. 16, Second Divi* 27 Dec 18-14 Apr 19 21 Apr 19-11 June 19 19 June 18-3 Aug 18 Alcorn, Edgar Pharmacist’s mate, third Ambulance Company, No. 15, Campbell, Clifton C class. Pharmacist’s mate, second Second Division. Division Surgeon’s Office, Second Jan 1919 24 Mar 19 Cason, Vernon D class. Pharmacist’s mate, third Division. Military Police—Paris and Chau- 28 Aug 17-22 Oct 18 George, James Stanley class. Pharmacist’s mate, second mont. Brigade Medical Records Office , . Jan 1919 24 Mar 19 Leith, Fred G McGinnis, Goldsboro F class. Chief pharmacist's mate.. Pharmacist's mate, third Division Surgeon’s Office Commissioned First Lieutenant, Sanitary Corps. Division Surgeon’s Office, Second 15 Jan 18-16 Mar 18 16 Mar 18 Jan 1919 13 Aug 19 Morton, Roger Q class. Pharmacist’s mate, second Division. Division Dental Surgeon’s Office, 24 Feb 19-2 Mar 19 Mundorf, Lester P, H class. Chief pharmacist’s mate.. Second Division. Brigade Medical Records Office.... Jan 1919 12 July 19 Jan 1919 24 Mar 19 15 Oct 18-13 Aug 19 Whitacre, Charles H class. Chief pharmacist’s mate. . Medical Supply Depot, Second Division. Table 11.—Original rosters. Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces MUSTER ROLL RECORD OF ATTACHED U. S. NAVAL MEDICAL PERSONNEL [Key: K—killed; W—wounded; DW—died of wounds; G—gassed; DG—died of gas; (2)—additional casualty] Name Rank Organization Joined Detached Casualty Aron, Edward F Pharmacist Fifth Regiment 6 Jul 17 14 Mavl8 28 Aug 18 Corps. 11 Jun 19 13 Aug 19 28 Sept 17 28 Aug 17 22 Sept 18 W (1), G (2). Medical Corps. Second Division 22 Sept 18 13 Dec 18 Headquarters. 13 Jun 18 15 Jun 18 G. ments. 19 Sept 18 10 Oct 18 W. G. 28 Dec” 18 11 Jan 19 9Jun 17 — Jan 19 21 Apr 19 9 Jun 17 28 Jul 18 G (2). 28 Aug 18 13 Aug 19 Farwell, Wrey G Lieutenant commander. Sixth Regiment 4 Aug 17 21 Jul 18 W. 21 May 18 Gill, William T 10 Oct 18 G. 15 Nov 18 7 Dec 18 12 Dec 18 11 Jun 19 28 Aug 18 27 Sept 18 17 May 19 11 Jun 19 11 Jan 19 25 Apr 19 13 Aug 19 Hook, Frederick R do Fifth Regiment 9Jun I? 9 Apr 19 1 See footnotes at end of table. 306 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 11.—Original rosters, Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces—Continued Name Rank Organisation Joined Detached Casualty 18 Sept 18 26 Aug 18 23 Dec 18 27 Sept 17 28 Aug 18 19 Jun 18 6 Sept 18 17 Sept 17 12 Aug 18 5 Sept 17 9 Jun 17 24 Sept 17 12 Aug 18 21 Sept 17 28 Aug 18 19 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 27 Oct 18 11 Jun 19 28 Aug 18 20 Jun 19 19 Jul 18 20 Feb.19 Lieutenant (junior grade.) Battalion. Field Hospital No. 15, Second. G. States Naval Re* serve Force. 14 Jun 18 13 Aug 19 10 Apr 18 24 Sept 18 14 Jun 18 12 Aug 19 21 Jul 18 13 Aug 19 G. Corps. G. Dental Corps. Lieutenant, Medical Corps. Second Division Headquarters. Sixth Regiment 16 Mayl9 14 July 19 18 Sept 17 28 Aug 18 25 Aug 18 14 Mayl8 24 Jun 17 9Jun 17 27 Sept 18 11 Jun 18 27 Sept 18 20 Jun 17 6 Mar 19 17 Oct 18 12 Jun 18 29 May 17 17 Oct 18 6 Sept 18 14Apr 19 15 Sept 17 5 Sept 17 24 Feb 19 5 Dec 18 4 Jun 19 13 Aug 19 6 Aug 18 13 Aug 19 Battalion. Lieutenant, junior grade, Dental Corps. 6 Jun 18 11 Jun 18 27 Sept 18 9 Apr 19 27 Sept 18 9 Apr 19 27 Aug 18 13 Aug 19 K. G. G. Field Hospital No. 23. Field Hospital No. 23. 1 Jun 19 13 Aug 19 25 Jun 19 28 Dec 18 G and W. Battalion G and W. Lieutenant, junior grade. Field Hospital No. 16, 2d 11 Jun 19 12 Jun 18 19 Jul 18 13 Aug 19 W. W. Willcutts, Morton D Fifth and Sixth Reg- iments and Sixth Machine Gun Bat- talion. Sixth Regiment.... 17 Aug 17 29 Aug 18 28 Aug 18 28 Dec 18 25 Jun 18 5 Nov 18 16 Jan 19 24 Apr 18 4 Oct 18 Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 13 Aug 19 31 Oct 18 Battalion 10 Nov 18 12 Jun 19 13 Aug 19 19 Jun 18 3 Aug 18 4 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 second class. 19 Jun 18 . .do 3 Aug 18 17 Jan 19 11 Sept 18 24 Jun 18 28 Aug 18 16 Jan 19 9 Jun 17 23 Nov 18 third class. Fifteenth Ambulance Company Fifth Regiment G. Flospital apprentice, first class. G. 13 Aug 19 27 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 first class. Pharmacist’s mate, second class See footnotes at end of table. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 307 Table 11.—Original rosters, Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces—Continued Name Rank Organisation Joined Detached Casualty Avera, Seth C Pharmacist’s mate, first class. Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. 25 Jun 18 28 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 Bailey, George William Bailey, Geo. Williamson. . . . Balch, John H Pharmacist’s mate, second class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Fifth Regiment 19 Jun 18 12 Jun 18 26 July 17 ... do 26 Mar 19 25 Oct 18 W. class. 16 Jan 19 31 Aug 18 23 Jun 18 26 July 17 24 Mar 19 class. Pliarmacist’s mate, third class. 5 Oct 18 W. 24 Mar 19 second class. Fifth Regiment 19 Jun 18 13 Aug 19 Pharmacist’s mate, third . class. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 3 Sept 18 9Jun 17 17 Aug 17 21 Jun 17 6 Oct 18 W. 16 Jun 18 8 Nov 18 G. Chief pharmacist’s mate. Hospital apprentice, first class. Battalion. 13 Aug 19 19 Jun 18 12 Sept 18 Fifth and Sixth 14 Oct 18 15 Sept 17 30 Jan 19 15 Sept 18 class. Regiments. 26 Sept 18 19 Jun 18 8 Oct 18 21 July 18 W. second class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 5 Nov 18 9Jun 17 18 July 18 24 Mar 19 second class. Chief pharmacist’s mate. Hospital apprentice, first class. Sixth Regiment 14 Aug 17 24 Oct 18 23 Nov 18 28 Aug 18 28 Oct 18 27 Dec 18 24 Mar 19 3 Oct 18 G. 2 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 .. .do second class. 28 Nov 18 .. .do Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Chief pharmacist’s mate. Hospital apprentice, first class. 27 May 17 20 Jun 18 G. 10 Aug 18 7 Jan 19 26 July 17 9 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 19 July 18 W. 23 Jun 18 2 Sept 18 9 Oct 18 19 Jun 18 13 Aug 19 23 Nov 18 second class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 2 Oct 18 W. 15 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 Fifth Regiment 23 Nov 18 .. .do second class. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 23 Jun 18 ... do 9Jun 17 ...do second class. 4 Sept 17 14 Feb 18 9 Mar 18 28 Aug 18 23 Mar 19 23 Sept 18 Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Pharmacist’s mate, sec- ond class. 13 Jan 19 23 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 10 July 19 12 Jun 18 24 July 18 Brownfield, Thomas R Sixth Regiment 28 Aug 18 28 Jul 17 13 Aug 18 7 Oct 18 14 Jun 18 24 Mar 19 K. G. See footnotes at end of table. , '■ ’ 308 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 11.—Original rosters, Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces—Continued Name Rank Organization Joined Detached Casualty Brumbeloe, Algernon Pharmacist’s mate, Fifth Regiment 9 Jun 17 7 Jun 18 W (2). third class. 24 Oct 18 1 Nov 18 W. 17 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 W. class. 21 Dec 18 15 Mar 19 19 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 Callback, William C Pharmacist’s mate. Fifth Regiment 19 Jun 18 2 Oct 18 K. third class. 1 Sept 17 24 Mar 19 ond class. 20 Sept 18 4 Oct 18 G. 20 Nov 18 20 Jan 19 Carver, Robert R Hospital apprentice. Sixth Regiment 28 Aug 18 10 Oct 18 W, first class. Cason, Vernon Pharmacist’s mate, Sixth Machine Gun 27 Jun 17 28 Aug 17 third class. Battalion. 22 Oct 18 19 Nov 18 8 Orf 18 w. 7 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 w. 5Jul 18 first class. 6 Sept 18 17 Sept 18 Clark, Edward L Pharmacist’s mate, Sixth Regiment 28 Aug 18 4 Oct 18 w. third class. Clark, Thayer H Chief pharmacist’s Fifth Regiment 9Jun 17 ... do mate. 7,8 Aug 18 third class. 15 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 Nov 18 Cochrane, Robert S Chief pharmacist’s Sixth Machine Gun 25 Jun 18 16 Jul 18 mate. Battalion. 28 Jul 18 13 Aug 19 W and G. Coffee, Joseph A Pharmacist’s mate, sec- Fifth Regiment 21 Jun 17 8 Oct 18 ond class. 22 Dec 18 24 Mar 19 Converse, Herschel I Hospital apprentice, Sixth Machine Gun 14 Sept 17 3 Jun 18 W. first class. Battalion. Cook, Charles S Chief pharmacist’s Fifth Regiment 3 Sept 18 24 Mar 19 mate. 13 Aug 19 third class. w G.' 3 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 ond class. Crews, Cleveland Y Hospital apprentice. Sixth Regiment .... 15 Nov 18 24 Mar 19 first class. Cumbus, Benjamin Pharmacist’s mate, Fifth Regiment 19 Jun 18 21 Sept 18 third class. Cummens, Kenneth A Pharmacist’s mate, Sixth Regiment 28 Aug 18 13 Aug 19 second class. third class. Curtis, Verne R Pharmacist’s mate. Fifth Regiment 23 Nov 18 ...do first class. 19 Jun 18 4Jul 18 W. second class. third class. 23 Sept 18 3 Oct 18 W. 5 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 w first class. 10 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 15 Nov 18 24 Jul 19 second class. 15 Sept 17 G. mate. 5 Jul 18 13 Nov 18 De Witt, William T Pharmacist’s mate, Fifth and Sixth Reg- 19 Jun 18 7 Nov 18 W. third class. ments. Diem, Frank Broun Pharmacist’s mate. Sixth Regiment 11 Jun 18 6 Nov 18 second class. 19 Apr 19 13 Aug 19 30 Jul 17 15 Oct 18 third class. PW. 1 Dec 18 7 Dec 18 See footnotes at end of table. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Table 11.—Original rosters, Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces—Continued Name Rank Organization Joined Detached Casualty Chief pharmacist's mate. 28 Aug 18 13 Aug 19 G. Edwards, James Corbett.... third class. Pharmacist’s mate, second class. Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. 25 Jun 18 6 Jan 19 19 Jun 18 28 Aug 18 15 Nov 18 8 Aug 17 3 Jan 18 17 Apr 18 28 Aug 18 1 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 W (2). third class. 24 Mar 19 28 Dec 17 Chief pharmacist’s mate. 27 Feb 18 31 Oct 18 15 Nov 18 5 Oct 18 W. second class. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. Battalion. 27 Dec 18 4 Sept 17 13 Aug 19 third class. 2 Aug 17 19 Jun 18 15 Dec 18 20 Feb 19 19 Jun 18 3 Sept 18 13 Jan 19 6 Nov 18 10 Feb 19 24 Mar 19 W. Pharmacist’s mate, second class. W. 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 21 May 18 19 Jul 18 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 Freeman, William Porter... . Chief pharmacist’s mate. Pharmacist's mate, third class. 15 Sept 17 20 Jun 18 28 Aug 18 25 Jun 18 w. Sixth Machine Gun Gates, Horatio D first class. Chief pharmacist’s mate. Battalion. Sixth Regiment Sixth Machine Gun 19 Jun 18 14 Sept 17 18 Aug 18 12 Jul 19 w. Gelette, Albert C George, James Stanley first class. Chief pharmacist’s mate. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. Pharmacist's mate, sec- ond class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Hospital apprentice first class. Battalion. Fifth Regiment Sixth Regiment 31 Aug 18 26 Jul 17 25 Feb 18 10 Aug 18 25 Nov 18 19 Jun 18 30 Jul 17 23 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 22 Feb 18 16 Jun 18 9 Nov 18 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 10 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 21 Jul 18 G. Gerhard, William Joseph.... Fifth Regiment 19 Jun 18 18 Jul 17 28 Dec 17 28 Aug 18 25 Jun 18 22 Aug 17 9 Feb 18 13 Apr 18 15 Sept 17 3 Sept 18 30 Jul 17 24 Jan 18 18 Apr 18 3 Oct 18 23 Jun 18 13 Nov 18 25 Mar 18 G. 21 Dec 17 22 Jun 18 24 Sept 18 W. 3 Oct 18 G. Goodwin, Oscar Sexton Graham, William Curtis.... Grantham, James Howell.... Pharmacist’s mate, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, sec- ond class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Battalion. Sixth Regiment Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Sixth Regiment 1 Feb 18 28 Mar 18 14 Nov 18 14 Jul 18 4 Oct 18 22 Jan 18 17 Feb 18 21 Jun 18 1 Nov 18 K. W. K. 13 Aug 19 8 Nov 18 ond class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 16 Jan 19 28 Aug 18 26 Oct 17 13 Aug 19 5 Jun 19 13 Aug 19 23 Nov 18 See footnotes at enc ond class, of table. 310 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 11.—Original rosters, Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces—Continued Name Rank Organization Joined Detached Casualty Groh, Edmund P Pharmacist’s mate, third Sixth Regiment 19 Jun 18 13 Sept 18 W (2). class. 10 Jut 18 K 8 Aug 17 w. 28 Aug 18 3 Nov 18 first class. 15 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 ond class. 9Jun 17 class. 20 jan 18 6 Jun 18 w. 22 Apr 19 13 Aug 19 8 Jul 18 19 Jun 18 30 Oct 18 first class. 28 Aug 18 4 Oct 18 class. 2 Jul 18 first class. 3 Sept 18 3 Oct 18 w. Haywood, Merton Emerson. Pharmacist’s mate, first do 16 Aug 17 5 Jul 18 G. class. 27 Aug 18 11 Nov 18 w. 19 Jun 18 6 Oct 18 w. ond class. 14 May 18 21 Jul 18 class. 18 Jun 18 8 Oct 18 w. first class. 9Jun 17 9 Sept 18 ond class. W(2). class. 22 Sept 18 5 Nov 18 1 Sept 17 24 Mar 19 ond class. 19 Jun 18 18 Jul 18 W. class. 3 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 class. ond class. 23 Jun 18 7 Oct 18 W. first class. second class. 25 Oct 18 3 Nov 18 G. 9 Jan 19 14 Mar 19 16 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 28 Nov 18 24 Mar 19 class. second class. 8 July 18 2 Nov 18 28 Dec 18 24 Mar 19 9Jun 17 9 Sept 18 class. 15 Nov 18 4 July 19 second class. W. class. 23 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 Hollva, Walker Saffle Chief pharmacist’s Fifth Regiment 9Jun 17 18 July 18 W. mate. Horn, George E Hospital apprentice, Sixth Machine Gun 12 Sept 17 10 Nov 18 W. first class. Battalion. 19 Jun 18 13 Aug 19 second class. 15 Nov 18 24 Mar 19 first class. second class. 1 July 19 13 Aug 19 19 Jun 18 19 July 18 W. and G. first class. 9Jun 17 21 Jan 19 mate. 28 Aug 18 1 Nov 18 W. class. 9Jun 17 4 Oct 18 K. class. See footnotes at end of table. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Table 11.—Original rosters, Fourth Brigade, U.S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces—Continued Name Rank Organization Joined Detached Casualty 19 Jun 18 9 Jun 17 19 Jun 18 16 May 18 23 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 12 Jan 19 18 Oct 18 W. (2). second class. Chief pharmacist’s mate. W. G. second class. Fifth Regiment 13 Aug 19 W. class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, second class. 9Jun I? 23 Jun 18 6 Sept 18 6 Jan 19 9Jun 17 K. Johnson, William C Sixth Regiment 2 July 18 15 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 15 July 19 6 Jun 18 13 July 19 10 Oct 18 W. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. W. 16 Aug 17 G. second class. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 23 Jun 18 9 Nov 18 Machine Gun Bat- talion. 15 Nov 18 19 Jun 18 13 Aug 19 7 Oct 18 W second class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. 4 Oct 18 W. 5 Jan 19 10 July 18 19 Aug 17 22 Jun 18 16 Jan 19 10 Sept 17 13 Aug 19 26 Dec 18 23 Apr 18 G. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 26 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 28 Oct 18 second class. Pharmacist's mate, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, sec- ond class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Battalion. 16 Jan 19 17 Apr 19 3 Feb 19 13 Aug 19 23 June 18 19 June 18 24 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 19 July 19 Sixth Regiment W. 23 June 18 9 June 17 23 Nov 18 ... do.... ond class. Chief pharmacist’s mate. Pharmacist’s mate, sec- ond class. 15 Jan 18 13 Aug 19 Leonhard, Charles W .... do third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, sec- ond class. 9 June 17 28 Oct 18 16 Nov 18 27 Nov 18 8 June 18 2 Nov 18 12 Feb 19 13 Aug 19 Battalion. 9 June 17 6 June 18 W. third class. 13 Aug 19 Pharmacist's mate, sec- ond class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 15 Sept 17 23 Nov 17 10 Aug 18 12 June 18 11 June 18 28 Oct 18 26 July 17 4 Nov 17 13 Apr 18 15 Nov 18 14 June 18 19 July 18 24 Mar 19 15 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 ..do... . G. W. W. K. 23 Nov 18 Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist's mate, third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. 23 June 18 27 Nov 18 ..do... . Battalion. 19 June 18 19 July 18 W. See footnotes at end of table. 748887—47 21 312 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 11.—Original roster. Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces—Continued Name Rank Organization Joined Detached Casualty Mangold, Merton H Chief pharmacist’s mate Sixth Regiment 27 July 17 19 July 13 10 Aug 18 13 Aug 19 23 June 18 ..do.. . . ond class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 26 July 17 21 July 18 G. Hospital apprentice, second class. 3 Sept 18 10 Oct 18 Pharmacist’s mate, sec- class. 17 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 9 June 17 23 Aug 18 11 June 18 6 Feb 19 G. Pharmacist’s mate, sec' ond class. 22 June 17 16 June 18 K. Hospital apprentice, second class. 9 June 17 12 June 18 G (11-21-18 A. w. o. 1.). :: McClelland Walter G Pharmacist’s mate, sec- ond class. 23 June 18 24 Mar 19 Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 9 June 17 14 Feb 19 Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 23 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 Hospital apprentice, first class. 19 June 18 3 Oct 18 W. McGinnis, Goldsborough F. Pharmacist’s mate, third .... do 23 June 18 2 Sept. 18 class. 28 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 McHenry, Raymond Pharmacist’s mate, sec- Sixth Machine Gun 15 Sept 17 15 June 18 ond class. Battalion. 23 June 18 14 May 18 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 McNamara, Everett G Pharmacist’s mate, third Sixth Regiment APM prisoner class. 6-6-18. Chief pharmacist’s mate. 9 June 17 4 Mar 19 W. (2). 24 Mar 19 Meek, Wm. Ethen Allen. . . Pharmacist’s mate, sec- ... .do 19 June 18 23 Dec. 18 22 Oct 18 ond class. 24 Mar 19 Megahee, William David. . . Pharmacist’s mate, first Sixth Regiment 11 June 18 31 Oct 18 class. 15 Jan 19 24 Mar 19 Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 9 June 17 6 Oct 18 W. Messanelle, Ray Anthony , . Pharmacist’s mate, first ... .do 31 June 17 14 Jan 19 W. class. Meyer, Lawrence B Pharmacist’s mate, Sixth Machine Gun 27 Nov 18 27 Feb 19 third class. Battalion. 1 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 19 Jun 18 27 Oct 18 19 Jul 18 1 Nov 18 W(2). 23 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 12 Jun 18 4 Nov 18 Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 12 Jun 18 27 Oct 18 W(2). 9 Sept 17 2 Nov 18 28 Jul 18 7 Nov 18 W. mate. Battalion. (2) Monroe, Joseph Allen Pharmacist's mate, sec- Sixth Regiment 22 Aug 17 21 Jun 18 ond class. 10 Aug 18 24 Oct 18 Moore, Robert E Pharmacist’s mate. Fifth Regiment 23 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 third class. Morton, Roger Quincy l... Pharmacist’s mate, sec- Sixth Regiment 27Jul 17 13 Jan 18 G. ond class. 17 Jan 18 15 Sept 18 15 Jun 18 2 Mar 19 24 Sept 17 13 Aug 19 class. Mundorf, Lester P. H Chief pharmacist's mate. do 28 Jul 17 12 Jul 19 Pharmacist’s mate, sec- ond class. 15 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 23 Jun 18 15 Nov 18 25 Jun 18 13 Aug 19 W Newhart, William W Pharmacist’s mate, sec- Sixth Machine Gun 22 Sept 17 4 Sept 18 ond class. Battalion. 1 Dec 18 13 Aug 19 19 Jun 18 20 Oct 18 third class. 24 Mar 19 Noonan, William Winfield. . Chief pharmacist’s Sixth Regiment 15 Sept 17 14 Jun 18 G. mate. 10 Aug 18 30 Dec 18 5 Dec 18 24 Mar 19 See footnotes at end of table. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Table 11.—Original rosters, Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces—Continue d Name Rank Organisation Joined Detached Casualty 12 Dec 18 15 Sept 18 18 Jul 18 24 Mar 19 14 Jun 18 30 Aug 18 13 Aug 19 12 Sept 18 17 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 W. ond class. 19 Jun 18 15 Dec 18 26 Jul 17 3 Sept 17 24 Sept 18 12 Sept 18 12 Jun 18 21 Nov 18 W. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Pharmacist's mate, first class. Hospital apprentice, first class. G. Owans, Harry T Battalion. Fifth Regiment Presence? W, third class. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 28 Aug 18 26 Jun 17 3 Sept 18 27 Jul 17 19 Jun 18 6 Aug 18 23 Jun 18 17 Oct 18 15 Dec 18 28 Jun 18 DW. third class. Pharmacist’s mate, sec- ond class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 20 Jun 18 W. 13 Aug 19 27 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 ond class. W. Phillips, George Lewis Hospital apprentice, first class. Fifth and Sixth Reg' iments. 13 Aug 19 20 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 third class. 28 Au" 18 W. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. 12 Jun“ 18 29 Oct 18 G. (3). 28 Oct 18 19 Jun 18 23 Nov 18 27 Nov 18 14 Sept 17 10 Aug 18 22 Jun 17 2 Sept 17 6 Sept 18 19 Aug 17 18 Jun 18 7 Sept 18 14 Jan 19 15 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 24 Mar 19 Pulver, Harold D Pharmacist's mate, second class. Fifth Regiment RatclifFe, Vergil A third class. Hospital apprentice, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. ....do 14 Jun 18 12 Sept 18 25 Aug 17 21 Sept 18 11 Mar 19 13 Aug 19 27 Nov 18 9 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 G. W. Pharmacist’s mate, second class. Pharmacist's mate, first class. Pharmacist's mate, second class. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. Rickers, Henry „ Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. 22 Jun 17 9Jun 17 21 May 18 7Jul 18 G. second class. Presence? 7 Jan 19 13 Aug 19 8 Aug 18 15 Jul 19 13 Aug 19 19 Jan 19 Chief pharmacist’s mate. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. Pharmacist’s mate, second class. 17 Jan 19 20 Jun 17 19 Dec 18 31 Aug 18 G. 13 Aug 19 22 Nov 17 Chief pharmacist’s mate. Pharmacist's mate, second class. 9 Jun 17 27 Nov 17 2 Sept 18 19 Jun 18 27 Nov 18 • 11 Jun 18 24 Mar 19 3 Oct 18 W (2). G. 13 Aug 19 Battalion. See footnotes at end of table. 314 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Table 11.—Original rosters, Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces—Continued Name Rank Organization Joined Detached Casualty 27 Jul 17 W. first class. 3 Sept 18 13 Aug 19 12 Jun 18 3 Oct 18 G third class. 2(S Jill 17 DG. 13 Aug 19 first class. K. Schumucki, Bernhard E Pharmacist’s mate. Sixth Regiment 28 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 second class. 9 Jun 17 18 Sept 18 first class. 13 Aug 19 second class. Smith, Emmett C Pharmacist’s mate. Sixth Regiment 19 Aug 17 14 Jun 18 G. first class. 14 Aug 18 29 Jun 19 3 Sept 18 30 Apr 19 mate. Smith, John J 26 Jun 17 14 Mar 19 second class. 23 Jun 18 13 Aug 19 mate. 12 Sept 17 W. first class. 16 Jan 19 24 Mar 19 Spencer, Douglas H 5Jul 19 third class. mate. 13 Jan 18 13 Aug 19 W. second class. 14 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 Staton, Ennis Calvin 23 Jun 18 class. 16 Jan 19 24 Mar 19 Stone, Raymond O 21 Jun 17 15 Jan 19 mate. Stovall, Roy S Pharmacist’s mate, third Sixth Machine Gun 27 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 class. Battalion. IQ Aug 17 mate. 23 Apr 18 24 Mar 19 7 Sept 18 5 Oct 18 K. class. Swanson, Herbert C Pharmacist’s mate, first Sixth Machine Gun 7 Sept 18 5 Aug 19 class. Battalion. 9 Jun 17 19 Jun 18 W. first class. 23 Jun 18 24 Mar 19 second class. Teater, Cecil L first class. 12 Sept 17 mate. Tenley, Eugene H Pharmacist’s mate, third Fifth Regiment 19 Tun 18 8 Oct 18 K. class. Thames, Barney M 24 Mar 19 class. Thompson, Buford C Pharmacist's mate, 12 Jun 18 second class. Thompson, Ira C Pharmacist’s mate, third do 19 Jun T8 13 Aug 19 class. Tibbetts, Trank O Pharmacist’s mate, first do 9Jun 17 11 Jun 18 W. class. 27 Oct 18 2 Nov 18 K. class. Tindall, Hubert Pharmacist’s mate, first Sixth Machine Gun 7 Sept 18 4 Oct 18 W. class. Battalion. 6 Jan 19 24 Mar 19 9 Jun 17 6 Nov 18 W. mate. 27 Oct 18 1 Nov 18 w class. second class. I Sept 18 25 Dec 18 Tuttle, Francis E Hospital apprentice. Sixth Regiment 29 Aug 17 12 Jun 18 G. first class. 13 Aug 19 second class. w 8 Nov 18 26 Feb 19 15 Mayl9 13 Aug 19 See footnotes at end of table. IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I Table 11.—Original rosters, Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., Second Division, U. S. Army, American Expeditionary Forces—-Continued Name Rank Organization Joined Detached Casualty Walker, Harvey S Pharmacist’s mate, second class. Fifth Regiment 19 Jun 18 13 Aug 19 17 Sept 17 8 Nov 18 Battalion. Wampler, John S Pharmacist's mate, third Sixth Regiment 21 Nov 18 24 Mar 19 class. 11 Jun 18 27 Nov 18 Washburn, A. Ewing Hospital apprentice, Sixth Machine Gun 13 Aug 19 first class. Battalion. Weaver, Benjamin W Pharmacist’s mate, third Fifth Regiment 23 Jun 18 1 Oct 18 class. Weddington, James L Pharmacist’s mate, second class. Sixth Regiment 21 Aug 17 24 Sept 18 G. 23 Jun 17 23 Nov 18 6Jun 18 13 Aug 19 K. Wetzel, Leonard J Pharmacist’s mate, first do class. 11 Jun 18 second class. Whistler, Clifford R Pharmacist's mate, third do 26 July 17 21 MaylS class. 28 May 18 6 Sept 18 28 Nov 18 14 Jun 18 15 Sept 18 24 Mar 19 G. W. (3). Chief pharmacist's mate. 4 Aug 17 15 Oct 18 Headquarters, Second 15 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 Division. Wicker, John E Hospital apprentice, first class. Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. 7 Sept 18 4 Oct 18 Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 17 Jun 18 20 Oct 18 15 Jan 19 3 Oct 18 W. 9 Nov 18 13 Aug 19 Williams, Clifford Warren. . Pharmacist’s mate, Sixth Regiment 23 Jun 18 26 Oct 18 G, second class. 15 Dec 18 13 Aug 19 11 Sept 17 19 Jun 18 16 MaylS 15 Aug 18 18 Jan 19 19 Aug 18 1 Nov 18 W. Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 15 July 18 4 Oct 18 13 Aug 19 W. Pharmacist’s mate, third class. 19 Jun 18 2 Aug 18 Witt, George Douglass Hospital apprentice, first class. Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. 7 Sept 18 7 Oct 18 DW. Woodburn, James Handy. . . Pharmacist’s mate, first class. 15 Sept 17 19 MaylS A. W. O. L. 21 Jun 17 11 Jun 19 second class. 7 Sept 18 27 Dec 18 W, Battalion. 29 Mayl9 Pharmacist's mate, third class. 20 Oct 18 2 Nov 18 W. 1 Special duty. 2 Commissioned second lieutenant, U. S. M. C., 22 July, 1919. 3 Mule skinner. Author s Note and Bibliography This is an account of the United States Navy medical personnel, including a few members of the Navy Corps of Chaplains, who served throughout the World War of 1917-19 as attached troops in a combat division of the United States Army, the Second Division (Regular) of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe. The character of the service of Navy personnel attached to the Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., which was one of the two infantry brigades of the Second Division, United States Army, A. E. F., is historically unique. Evidence was strongly suggestive in 1919, when the Second Division, A. E. F., had settled in the north zone of the American bridgehead east of the Rhine, that any record of war service as experienced by attached Navy personnel, if it were to be written at all, would have to be done by someone of the naval group; otherwise, the essential naval factors would be lost. This opinion, after 2 decades and a Second World War, has been confirmed. The official history of the Second Division, A. E. F., has been published, after many years of painstaking research, expense, and the employment of many persons, with costs borne by the War Department and the United States Marine Corps, but no mention is made of the attached naval personnel. Nothing is said of their exploits, of their casualty lists, of their importance in the success of the division. All other personnel of the division have been accorded such mention. The identity of the naval personnel was lost. The naval personnel was incorporated in a Marine brigade and thus effaced as a distinct entity. This group was separated from the Navy by order of the President and merged into the heterogeneous composition of the division. Oversight of the record of Navy personnel who served within such a heterogeneous fighting unit was not conscious on the part of Army and Marine Corps comrades. No resentment is inferred or intended. Those unfamiliar with the mixed-service composition of the Second Division, A. E. F. in Europe never would have suspected its triple personality. The uni- forms and equipment of the division were Army throughout. (The uniform of the Navy is abandoned by the medical unit when attached to the Marine Corps or Army.) Cooperation and esprit were effective and apparent. Each member, regardless of corps or branch of service, worked heroically, efficiently, and harmoniously for the divisional objectives; to produce and sustain a military punch second to none, not only in the American Expeditionary Force but in all 318 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Europe. In the development and application of the divisional wallop, the di- vision was homogeneous. The Army, which deserves first preference in apportionment of glory in any record of World War I, points an impersonal finger toward the record of the Second Division. The most valiant pages of Marine Corps history are those concerned with the accomplishments of the Fourth Brigade, Second Division, in Europe during World War I. Few in the United States and France are unfamiliar with the exploits of the Marine Brigade at Belleau Woods, for example. Because of favorable and well- merited publicity, every marine, whether he was a member of the Fourth Brigade or served elsewhere during the War (or perhaps was not even in the service at the time), in the eyes of the civilian and service populace, reflects the romance and shares the credit and goodwill attached to the famous Second Division, A. E. F. The marine and doughboy experienced no difficulty in de- picting their war activities anywhere, or in identifying their respective units. Their record is public knowledge and their services understandable. This is not so of the Navy medical men who served with them. It is difficult to as- sociate Navy men with Army experiences. Understanding is further complicat- ed by the medical status of the Navy unit. This ambiguous status requires elucidation for the sake of the record as well as because a somewhat anomalous situation is currently being enacted. Correction cannot be fully accomplished before the problem is clarified. Medical personnel are assigned to the Marine Corps by the Navy, because the Marine Corps does not have its own medical personnel. When a Navy medical unit is attached to a Marine Corps contingent, operating independently or in conjunction with the Army, it loses its public and operational identity as a part of the Navy. It wears Marine (or Army) uniforms. On the one hand, it falls under the Marine Corps operational administration; on the other hand, it reports to and is under the advisory authority of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery of the Navy Department. In protracted engagements, however, it may lose the Navy’s administrative responsibility. This is what happened in World War I when reports and directives were not clear-cut and records were incomplete or confused or lost in the shuffle, and communications were difficult or cut off completely. The Navy medical unit was not fully assimilated by the Marine brigade to which it was attached, because their respective functions of caring for the wounded and of fighting remained distinct. Navy trained and imbued with naval esprit, despite cooperation and good fellowship, internally the group remained dissociated from the Marine-trained and Army-trained men who were inculcated with the esprit of their services. Externally, that is, publicly, their recognition was not possible, because the medical unit was submerged in the fighting element. At the conclusion of hostilities 25 years ago the Navy Depart- ment had lost cognizance of its detached medical unit whose activity was an Army affair. And the Marine and Army records fail to designate its navy IN FRANCE, WORLD WAR I 319 medical participants. There is no mention. The history has been incompletely written and it has had its consequences. Members of the Navy who served in the Fourth Brigade, United States Marine Corps, have not been successful in identifying the locale of their war experiences to civilians and even to personnel of the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps who were not comrades in the Second Division. As a result it has been difficult and often impossible to justify claims for disability; to reclaim naval uniforms and personal effects or to receive compensation for them; to receive citations recommended during combat; to establish accurate service records; to correct neglect in promotion. The service of naval medical personnel of the Second Division, A. E. F. was the only instance during World War I wherein an element of the United States Navy participated in land battles which extended over a long period, sustained many contact casualties, and were repeatedly decorated for heroic conduct during actual conflict with the enemy. This was done in battles and operations officially recognized as the most outstanding of the war. As an effective medical activity, this Navy group treated and evacuated more than 13,000 casualties on the field during action. This record was not equaled by any other American medical unit attached to combat troops. This record should have been incorporated in the official history of the Second Division, completed and published in 1937 by the Historical Staff, Second Division (Regular) American Expeditionary Forces, 1917-19, War College, Washington, D. C. (The Hillman Press, Inc., New York, N. Y.). The omission can be explained; There was no medical representative (which means no Navy representative of the medical unit attached to the Second Division) on the historical staff which wrote the history. Because of this historical oversight, the present volume was written. In- formation was collected from official records scattered throughout the War and Navy Departments, Marine Corps Headquarters, and from retained copies of official reports and letters submitted by organizations and by Navy medical personnel during the life of the Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., A. E. F., France and Germany, 1917-19. My appreciation for help and guidance in the preparation of this book, goes to almost every member of the United States Navy medical group about whose World War I services this record is concerned. There are many others of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Army who, in pride of military and humanitarian achievement, have helped the work to completion, and they have my apprecia- tion for their encouragement. Especially, have I felt the interest of Rear Adm. W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, United States Navy, a leader in the field of naval and amphibious medicine, the founder of modern field medicine in America. Since the end of World War I, he has drawn from my records in building the foundation of modern amphibious medicine. This special interest has likewise been shown by Capt. Louis H. Roddis, Medical Corps, United States Navy, outstanding as an 320 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY historian of nautical medicine, who has appraised the intrinsic value of this record in naval medical history. For constructive consultation and generous cooperation during the final stages of assembly of the copy I wish to thank Commander Robert C. Ransdell, Medical Corps, United States Naval Reserve. To Lt. (jg), Ethel H. Davis, W-V(S)(H), United States Naval Reserve, for her capable review and refine- ment of the text, I acknowledge credit and gratitude and to Lt. (jg) W. Kenneth Patton (HC) U. S. N., for the painstaking and efficient handling of the final editing and engineering through the printing phase—and for the appearance of this book—I am deeply indebted. My gratitude, likewise, goes to Lts. C. E. Jones and B. F. Dixon, Hospital Corps, United States Navy, for their enthusiasm, sustained encouragement, and editorial assistance given over the years; and to Misses Betty Flynn and Phyllis Coleman, warm thanks for their courageous devotion to the long and uninspiring job of typewriting the manuscript. George G. Strott. Washington, D. C., July 1, 1944. BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTE The narrative is based upon personal observation made while in the activities of the Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., from its origin in 1917 until its demobilization in August 1919. Following 2 years of field service (with Marine Corps expe- ditionary units) in the Republics of Haiti and Cuba, the author went to Quan- tico, Va., with the three original companies around which were built the famous Quantico Post and the Fourth Marine Brigade. Service at Quantico, and later with the Fourth Brigade, was with the various command headquarters. This favorable position provided the author with a broad perspective and made available to him the media which charted the development and the employment of the Fourth Brigade. Notes made on the spot and first-hand observation were the main sources of the material for this narrative. These personal notes were checked against contemporary memoranda, letters, messages, orders, records, and publications which routinely passed through the various command and administration offices of the Brigade and Second Division, A. E. F. Those papers were compiled as the records of The Second Division, American Expeditionary Force in France, 1917-19, Historical Section, Army War College, Washington, D. C., 1937- They were published in nine large volumes including an atlas and a volume of situation sketches. This compilation is the operational history of the Second Division, United States Army, A. E. F., of which the Fourth Brigade, United States Marine Corps, was a part. Further corroboration of factual events in the medical history of the Fourth Brigade, U. S. M. C., A. E. F., 1917-19, can be found in the records of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department; of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, Navy Department; of the headquarters, United States Marine Corps, Navy Department; of the Adjutant General’s Office, War Department; of the Battle Monuments Commission; and from a group of miscellaneous printed and typed records prepared by organizations and individuals of the Fourth Brigade, as listed below: Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Navy Department (medical records of the Fifth and Sixth Regiments, U. S. M. C., and 6th Machine Gun Battalion, U. S. M. C., for the years 1917, 1918, and 1919): Form F. Quarterly Abstract of Patients, years 1917, 1918, and 1919. Form F Rough (cards). Individual Statistical Report, years 1917, 1918, and 1919- Form H. Health records of individual officers and enlisted personnel. Form K. Statistical Report of Sick, years 1917, 1918, and 1919. Form K2. Report of Casualties, 1918. Form N. Report of Death. Annual Sanitary Reports, years 1917, 1918, and 1919. U. S. Navy Medical Bulletin (ref. to indices of). Hospital Corps Quarterly (ref. to indices of). 322 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. NAVY Bureau of Naval Personnel, Navy Department: Officers jackets. Service Records, enlisted personnel. Manual of the Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department, with changes to June 1929. Uniform Regulations, U. S. Navy, 1928. U. S. Marine Corps, Navy Department (company records of the Fifth and Sixth Regiments, U. S. M. C., and the Sixth Machine Gun and Replacement Battalions, U. S. M. C., for the years 1917, 1918, and 1919): Pay rolls. Muster rolls. Uniform Regulations, United States Marine Corps with changes to June 1929. Office of the Adjutant General, United States Army, War Department, Medical Records Section (Fifth and Sixth Regiments, U. S. M. C., and Sixth Machine Gun and Replacement Battalions, U. S. M. C., for the years 1917, 1918, and 1919): Field Medical Records, Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., individual and organization. Decorations, United States Army, 1862-1926, A. G. O., W. D., 1927, G. P. O., Washing' ton, D. C. Battle Momuments Commission, Washington, D. C.: Summary of Operations (World War I), Second Division, A. E. F. Miscellaneous Publications and Records: History of the Fifth Regiment, U. S. M, C., Second Division, A. E. F., 1917—19 (typed notes prepared by regimental headquarters in Germany while serving with the Army of Occupation). History of the 6th Regiment, U. S. M. C., Second Division, A. E. F., 1917-19 (typed notes prepared by regimental headquarters in Germany while serving with the Army of Occu- pation). History of the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, U. S. M. C., Second Division, A. E. F. (printed in Germany while with the Army of Occupation). History of the Medical Department, United States Navy, Sixth Regiment, U. S. M. C. Second Division, United States Army, A. E. F., in France and Germany, 1917 09, by Geo. G. Strott (printed in Germany while with the Army of Occupation). Navy Book of Distinguished Service by H. R. Stringer. Tassett Publishing Co., Washing' ton, D. C., 1921. Orders, Decorations, and Insignia, Military and Civil, by R. E. Wyllie, Colonel, General Staff, United States Army. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and London, 1921. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1947 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 75 cents