MEDICAL 
TRAINING 
GROUP 
TRAINEE NOTES 
ARMY SERVICE FORCES 
CENTER 
TRAINING 
CAMP CROWDER MISSOURI TRfiinEE 
NOTES 
MEDICAL TRAINING GROUP • A S F T C 
CAMP CROWDER , MO. FOREWORD 
Where the toughest of our Army 
units go, the men of the Medical De- 
partment go with them. Every soldier 
knows that fact, even though civilians 
don’t seem to have a complete grasp 
of the situation. The men who do the 
shooting are the heroes for the popu- 
lace back home. But out where the 
bombs drop, where the shells come in 
with a nasty whine, and the rifle and 
machine gun bullets zip through the 
atmosphere, the true worth of the man 
of the Medical Department is fully re- 
alized. 
A soldier who is fighting has some- 
thing to help keep up his courage, to 
rid his mind of timorous thoughts con- 
cerning his own personal danger. He 
has a weapon. He’s fighting back. He 
has a chance to defend himself and 
knock the daylights out of those birds 
on the other side. He takes it, but he 
dishes it out, too. He who has been 
where the big ones drop or the little 
ones come whistling up the wind, he who has been staggered by terrific de- 
tonations and has spit that acrid taste 
of burnt powder out of his mouth knows 
how comforting it is to have something 
to throw back at the 
. . . . . .(sixteen words censored here). 
That comfort, that great prop to 
courage, the men of the Medical De- 
partment never have. They can’t fight 
back. They just take it. They endure 
all the hardships that the other outfits 
face and never feel the lift that the in- 
fantryman gets from the rifle, the gre- 
nades, or the machine gun that he is fir- 
ing, The artilleryman has his great 
moment of exhilaration in combat when 
his 75mm lets go with a bark or when 
his 105mm howitzer whoops one to- 
ward the enemy positions. The tank 
boys — well, let’s agree that they don’t 
travel in any bed of roses in those con- 
traptions; but they have the satisfaction 
of knowing that they have some pro- 
tection and can make considerable trouble 
with what they carry into action. The 
Rangers and the Tank Destroyer Troops 
go into action with weapons varying from a strangling cord and dirk to much 
noisier and more powerful weapons, 
the details of which are still secret. 
When the paratroopers drop down out of 
the skies, they are walking arsenals. 
Where all those units go, the men of 
the Medical Department go with them. 
What has the Medic to help him keep up 
his courage in the face of enemy fire? 
You tell ’em, Brother; you knowl As 
far as the fighting goes, he can be only 
a target He has to bind wounds, ease 
pains, and heal the sick. He must work 
under fire, evacuating casualties and 
conserving the fighting strength. He 
fights not with guns, grenades, and bay- 
onets, but with sulfanilimide, sterile 
dressings, leg splints, and a strong 
back to carry a litter. 
True, the Medic has assailed no 
stronghold; he has planted no flag in 
the enemy territory; he has killed not 
one of the enemy. But he has been do- 
ing his heroic part in strengthening our 
own side. And after all is over, what can be more heart-warming to say than, 
“I saved an American soldier’s life?!! 
•Early in our war the medical soldier 
received very little praise or recogni- 
tion; but as the fighting got under way, 
the Medics began to make the headlines 
along with the other branches of the 
Service. Ernie Pyle and Raymond 
Clapper, two of the outstanding corres- 
pondents of this war — each of whom 
has given his life in this struggle - - 
wrote day after day about the gallant 
work of the medical man and would 
frankly admit that even they could not 
find words adequate to express his true 
worth. Men who have been in battle 
have nothing but praise for the brilliant 
work done by the front line Medical 
Department men. 
The medical soldier attached to the 
Infantry has now been authorized the 
Medical Badge, which is comparable 
to the Combat Infantryman Badge. This 
award is an indication of the Medics’ 
merit and the tremendous job they have 
been doing. When decorations are 
IV passed out, they are right there for a 
larger percentage in proportion to their 
numbers than any other branch of the 
Army. At the end of the Tunisian Cam- 
paign one hundred fifty Silver Stars 
were awarded to the Second Corps; and, 
although the Medical Department con- 
stituted only four per cent of the total 
number of men involved, they received 
sixteen per cent of the decorations. 
Keep up the work and the spirit of 
the men who have gone before you, 
Medics. You belong to the proudest 
Branch of the Army. 
NOTE: The preceding paragraphs are 
a paraphrase of tributes paid to the 
Medical Department by outstanding 
World War II correspondents. 
V PREFACE 
This booklet is devoted primarily 
to the Emergency Care and Treatment 
of Casualties, with which every Medi- 
cal Department soldier must be thor- 
oughly familiar in order to accomplish, 
in keeping with the high tradition of the 
Medical Department, his assigned mis- 
sion of caring for casualties resulting 
in battle. In addition, there is a section 
on Self-Aid, designed for the purpose of 
acquainting the soldier with those things 
which he can do for himself in case he 
should be wounded. There are still 
other sections hitting the highlights of 
the following additional subjects with 
which the Medical Department soldier 
should be familiar: Personal and Sex 
Hygiene, Field Sanitation, Chemical 
Warfare, Camouflage and Concealment, 
Heavy Tent Pitching, Transportation 
of the Sick and Wounded, and Hasty 
Fortifications. 
The trainee, in order to obtain full 
benefit from this booklet, should study 
VII before each class the notes herein per- 
taining to that particular class and 
should take the booklet to class so that 
he can make notes therein for future 
references and review for examinations 
Soldier, this is not just another book 
of the many passed out to you; rather, 
it is a gold mine of priceless informa- 
tion. Save it. Preserve it. Master its 
contents. It will contribute to the sav- 
ing of your life and that of your buddy 
in battle. In the Appendix of this book 
there appears an Individual Accomplish- 
ment Check List. During each class of 
the subjects listed in the Appendix, you 
will present your booklet to the instruc- 
tor so that he can enter therein your 
grades as you perform the individual 
procedures. 
VIII trainee's notes 
SUBJECT 
PAGE 
Emergency Care and 
Treatment of Casualties 2 
Self Aid 27 
Personal and Sex Hygiene 30 
Field Sanitation 35 
Chemical Warfare 42 
Camouflage and Concealment... 48 
Heavy Tent Pitching 50 
Transportation of Sick 
and Wounded 52 
Fortifications 53 
Bioliography 55 
Individual Accomplishment 
Check List (Appendix) 57 CHARLEY CADUCE 
Allow us to introduce “Charley 
Caduce”, who will throughout this book- 
let represent the Medical soldier. He 
has completed his seventeen weeks of 
training, including Basic Medical Train- 
ing at Camp Crowder, and is now re- 
presented in combat, applying the prin- 
ciples that he was taught. EMERGENCY CARE AND TREATMENT 
OF CASUALTIES 
I. Bandages and Dressings 
1. Dressings 
a. Purpose 
(1) To stop hemorrhage 
(2) To prevent infection 
(3) To prevent further in- 
jury to wound 
2. Bandages 
a. Purpose 
(1) To hold dressings 
(2) To hold splints 
(3) To create pressure in 
control of hemorrhage 
(4) To support parts of body 
such as arms, legs, and 
scrotum 
(5) To help keep foreign 
bodies out of wounds 
3. General Rules 
a. Never apply bandage directly 
over wound 
b. Apply bandage only over dress 
ing STERILE SIDE 
NEXT TO 
WOUND v 
dressings 
c. Apply dressing with sterile 
side next to wound 
d. Fix dressings in place with 
bandage 
II Hemorrhage: Escape of blood from 
an injured artery, vein, or capillary 
1. Types of hemorrhage 
a. Arterial (1) Blood spurts from wound 
(2) Blood is bright red 
(3) Blood escapes rapidly 
and in large amounts 
BANDAGE 
APPLIED OVER DRESSING 
b. Venous 
(1) Blood wells up in wound 
(2) Blood is dark red c. Capillary 
(1) Blood oozes from wound 
2. Control of hemorrhage 
a. Pressure methods 
(1) Direct pressure, using 
dressing (compress) 
(a) Sterile side of dress- 
ing to be held a- 
gainst wound firmly 
from three to five 
minutes 
(b) Method generally 
effective 
(2) Manual pressure, using 
fingers to press vessel 
against bone, used when 
direct pressure fails 
(a) Pressure Points 
1. Temporal: front 
of ear, against 
cranium; press to 
stop bleeding on 
side of head 
2. Facial: in notch 
on under side of 
jawbone about two 
inches below and 
in front of ear lobe press to stop bleed' 
ing of face 
3. Carotid: in neck 
between windpipe 
and big muscle, 
at level of Adam’s 
apple; press a- 
gainst vertebral 
column to stop 
bleeding of head 
4. Subclavian: behind 
inner part of col- 
lar bone; press in 
PRESSURE POINTS and back against 
first rib to stop 
bleeding of shoul- 
der and upper arm 
5. Brachial: inside 
of middle of upper 
arm; press against 
humerus to stop 
bleeding below this 
point in arm 
6. Axillary: under 
armpit; press to 
stop bleeding in 
arm from armpit 
to fingers 
7. Femoral: middle 
of groin against 
pelvic bone; press 
to stop bleeding 
of leg 
8. Popliteal: behind 
~~ knee, against knee 
joint; press to stop 
bleeding from knee 
to toes 
(3) Tourniquet (as a last resort 
only) 
(a) Rules 1. Loosen every 20 
minutes for about 
five seconds 
2. To be at least 1 inch 
wide 
3. Never cover 
?. EMT to indicate date 
and time applied and 
loosened 
5. Inform new attendants 
of application of 
tourniquet 
(b) Dangers 
1. Gangrene: caused 
from cutting off blood 
supply for too long a 
time '/i GRAIN MORPHINE 
MORPHINE FOR PAIN 
III Morphine 
1. Use: to relieve pain 
2. Caution: Do not repeat dose 
sooner than two hours 
3. Dose: Syrette, one-half grain 
of morphine tartrate. 
IV Wounds: Any bodily injury, as dis- 
tinguished from sickness 
1. Kinds of wounds 
a. Incised: cuts caused by sharp 
instruments such as knives or 
glass b. Lacerated: cuts with irregu- 
lar edges made by jagged ob- 
jects such as shell fragments 
c. Contused: wounds accom- 
panied by bruising, or crushing 
of tissues (Example: black eye) 
d. Punctured: long, deep, narrow 
wounds such as are caused by 
bayonets 
e. Gunshot Wounds 
2. Dangers: Hemorrhage, shock, 
and infection 
3. Treatment of wounds 
a. Expose by cutting (not tearing) 
away clothes; do not touch 
wound 
b. Control hemorrhage 
c. Apply sterile dressing 
d. Fix dressing with bandage 
e. Give eight wound tablets 
f. Give morphine syrette- if pain- 
ful 
g. Prevent shock 
h. Splint extensive wounds of 
arms or legs 
i. Give tetanus toxoid and gas 
gangrene injections later in 
aid station (TORN) 
LACERATED 
INCISEC 
(CUT) 
PUNCTURED 
(BAYONET) 
(BULLETS) 
WOUNDS 
4. Don’ts in treating wounds 
a. Don’t touch with hands, mouth, 
clothing, or any unclean ob- 
ject 
b. Don’t attempt to cleanse wound 
c. Don’t squeeze or massage 
wound 
d. Don’t poke in wound with any 
object e. Don’t remove blood clots 
f. Don’t pour antiseptics in wound 
HEAD WOUND 
5. Wounds requiring special treat- 
ment 
a. Head wounds: Don’t give mor- 
phine; transport patient on 
belly if jaw is fractured 
b. Sucking wounds of chest: Band- 
age wound air-tight; prop pa- 
tient in semi-sitting position 
c. Belly wounds: Do not give 
tablets; do not give water or 
anything else by mouth; eva- 
cuate patient as soon as possi- 
ble V Burns 
1. Size of area involved is more im 
portant than the depth of burn 
2. Causes 
a. Heat: dry, such as flames; 
wet, such as scalds 
b. Chemical 
c. Electrical 
3. Classification 
a. First degree: reddening of 
<skin (sunburn) 
b. Second degree: blistering of 
skin 
c. Third degree: destroying or 
charring of skin & tissue 
4. Effects 
a. General effects 
(1) Shock: great in large 
burns; major cause of 
death; occurs in first 
forty-eight hours 
(2) Infection: occurs in sec- 
ond and third degree 
burns; may cause death 
b. Local effects 
(1) Pain 
(2) Reddening, blistering, 
charring 
(3) Swelling and oozing FIRST DEGREE* 
(REDDENING) 
SECOND DEGREE 
(BLISTERS) 
THIRD DEGREE 
(TISSUES DESTROYED] 
BURNS 
5. Treatment 
a. General treatment 
(1) Treat shock first by all 
means available; use lib- 
eral amounts of plasma 
(2) Treat infection; keep burn 
as clean and sterile as possible; give wound tablets 
in serious burns 
(3) Give morphine for pain 
b. Local treatment 
(1) Cover burned area with 
sterile vaseline or sterile 
boric acid ointment 
(2) Cover ointment first with 
strips of fine mesh gauze; 
then add a smooth, thick 
layer of sterile gauze 
dressing; finally apply 
gauze or muslin bandage 
firmly on dressing 
(3) Splint, if burned area is 
large and on an extremity 
c. “Don’ts” in caring for burns 
(1) Don’t pull clothing over or 
from burned area; snip or 
cut it off 
(2) Don’t break or prick blis- 
ters 
(3) Don’t apply iodine or simi- 
lar antiseptics to a burn 
(4) Don’t apply cotton directly 
to a burn VI Fractures: any break in a bone, from 
a small crack to a complete shatter- 
ing 
1. Types of fractures 
a. Simple: no break in the skin 
over the fracture 
b. Compound: a break in the skin 
over the fracture 
2. Complications of fractures: dam- 
age to tissues such as nerves and 
blood vessels 
3. Signs of a fracture 
a. Local tenderness, swelling, 
pain, discoloration 
b. Loss of function 
c. Deformity 
d. Grating of bone fragments 
4. Treatment of fractures 
a. Splint to immobilize: 
“Splint where they lie.” 
b. Give morphine for pain 
c. Treat for flesh wounds in case 
of compound fractures 
d. Watch for indications of shock 
and treat as necessary 
5. Dangers in moving a person with 
a fracture without a splint: COMPOUND 
FRACTURE 
SIMPLE < 
FRACTURE 
(SWELLING) 
FRACTURES 
a. May cause a simple fracture 
to become a compound frac- 
ture 
b. May cause more bleeding 
c. Increases shock 
d„ Increases pain during evacua- 
tion 
e. Further damages soft tissues 
and may damage nerve and 
blood vessels 6. Types of immobilization 
a. Improvised splints 
(1) Use when other prepared 
splints are not available 
(2) Material may be any rigid 
or semi-rigid material 
such as boards, limbs of 
trees, bayonet scabbards, 
leggings, rolled newspapers 
or magazines, rifles, and 
tent stakes 
(CRAVA1 
IMPROVISED 
SPLINT 
ARMY LEG 
SPLINT 
SPLINT EM WHERE THEY LIE (3) Improvised splints should 
« be padded next to skin, us- 
ally by pieces of clothing 
(4) Fix improvised splints, us- 
ing handkerchiefs, pieces of 
clothing, belts, gas mask 
straps 
b. Prepared splints, available at 
Battalion Aid Stations 
(1) Army Leg Splint: use for 
fractures of femur or thigh; 
tibia, upper 2/3 of leg; fi- 
bula, upper 2/3 of leg 
(2) Army Arm Splint: use for 
fractures of humerus, up- 
per arm; ulna, forearm; 
radius, forearm 
(3) Wire Ladder Splints can be 
bent to splint any part of 
arms and legs 
(4) Basswood Splints, light 
boards, which may be cut 
to size and are most useful 
for splinting of arms 
c. Permanent fixation, which is 
accomplished later by means 
of plaster, mechanical devices, 
or operations 7. Rules for splinting 
a. Splint should be as wide as 
part to be splinted 
b. Splint should be well padded 
c. Splint should be long enough 
to include the joint above and 
the joint below the fracture 
d. Splint should be anchored at 
least two places above and 
two places below the fracture 
e. Do not anchor too tightly 
f. Leave toes and fingers exposed 
g. Check toes and fingers fre- 
quently for swelling, color 
change, and coolness to touch, 
in order to see if splint should 
be loosened 
VII Shock: a condition in which all the 
activities of the body are greatly de- 
pressed 
1. Causes 
a. Severe injuries, especially with 
fractures of large bones 
b. Hemorrhage, extensive 
c. Burns 
do Acute abdominal condition 
(perforations of intestines, 
strangulated hernia) I LL KEEP HIM WARM AND 
LOWER HIS HEAD A 
BLANKETS 
PLASMA 
CLAMMY 
COLD 
PALE J 
SHOCK 
2. Factors increasing shock: pain, 
fatigue, cold, hunger, and expo- 
sure 
3. Symptons of shock 
a. Skin: pale, cold and clammy 
b. Pulse: rapid and weak 
c. Reactions are slow, and pa- 
tient may not answer your 
questions at once 
d. Patient feels faint and restless 
e. Sighs when he breathes 
f. Pupils of eyes dilated go Great thirst 
h. Reaction to pain lessened 
4. First Aid for shock 
a0 Stop bleeding, dress wound and 
splint fractures 
bo Give morphine for pain 
c. Remove wet clothing; remove 
pack 
d. Lay the man down with the head 
lower than feet 
e. Keep the man warm, using dry 
blankets or clothing 
fo Move the man into a sheltered 
place and encourage him 
g. Evacuate by litter 
5o Additional treatment for shock to 
be administered as soon as is 
practicable 
a. Give blood plasma in the vein 
bo Give drinks (except in belly 
wounds) such as cocoa, hot 
milk, tea, or coffee 
c. Re-check dressings and splints 
d. Continue First Aid treatment 
VIII Infection 
1. Infection in a wound is a condition 
in which bacteria and such signs 
as redness, swelling, heat, pain, pus are present. Not all bacteria 
cause disease or infection. Bac- 
teria are always present on the 
human skin and clothes and get 
into wound at the time of injury. 
An infected wound is termed a 
“septic wound*’. 
2. Factors upon which the likelihood 
and severity of infection depend: 
a. Number and type of bacteria 
in wound 
b. Resistance that the body has 
against those bacteria 
3. Bodily defenses against infection 
a. Skin and mucuous membranes 
which act as a protective coat 
b. Blood 
(1) White blood cells, which 
surround and destroy bac- 
teria 
(2) Antibodies, invisible chem- 
icals, which destroy bacter- 
ia 
c. Lymph nodes, which act as fil- 
ters to prevent spread of in- 
fection 
4, Dangers of infection 
a. May spread and cause death 
b. Causes delay in healing c. Causes larger scars 
d. May destroy vital tissues 
and endanger usefulness of 
part 
5, Steps in prevention of infection 
a. Apply sterile dressings 
b. Give 8 wound tablets (sulfa- 
diazine) and large amounts of 
water in any wound except 
belly wounds. GIVE NOTHING 
BY MOUTH IN BELLY WOUNDS 
6. Later treatment of infection 
a. Tetanus toxoid booster dose 
b. Gas gangrene antitoxin 
c. Surgical removal of dead flesh 
DC Artificial Respiration for Asphyxia 
1. Asphyxia is unconsciousness from 
lack of oxygen, caused by drown- 
ing, electric shock, gas poisoning, 
blocking of upper air passages 
2. Artificial respiration used to re- 
start breathing in drowning, elec- 
tric shock, and carbon monoxide 
gas poisoning 
3. Technique of artificial respiration 
a. Use and continue Schafer me- 
thod until patient breathes or 
is pronounced dead by doctor b. Press and release at a rate of 
12 to 15 times per minute 
X Frost-Bite and Trench Foot 
1. Prevention: keep feet dry; 
massage feet gently to stimulate 
circulation; avoid tight shoes and 
constricting leggings 
2. Treatment 
a. Warm gradually 
3. Donats in treatment 
a. Don’t rub with snow 
b. Don’t apply pressure 
c. Don’t treat with heat 
XI Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion 
SYMPTOMS 
STROKE 
EXHAUSTION 
1. 
Skin red and hot 
1. 
Skin cool and 
pale 
2. 
Skin dry 
2. 
Skin moist 
3. 
Temperature 
3. 
Temperature 
very high 
normal or lower 
4. 
Patient uncon- 
4„ 
Patient con- 
scious 
scious 
5. 
Pulse strong 
5. 
Pulse rapid 
and weak 
6. 
Often fatal 
6. 
Rarely fatal Heat Stroke: Work fast; remove 
clothing; cool patient by fanning or 
with water or ice. 
TREATMENT 
Heat Exhaustion: Make the patient 
comfortable; loosen his clothing; 
let him sip salty water. 
XII Care of the Feet to Prevent Blisters 
1. Fit shoes properly 
2. Wear dry socks, without holes 
3. Keep feet clean 
4. Use foot powder 
REFERENCES 
TM 8-220; TM 8-210; TM 8-233; 
TM 8-285; FM 8-40 ; FM 21-10; 
FM 21-11; FM 8-50 ; 
Military Medical Manual, 5th Edition SELF AID 
I Definition: Self aid is the medical 
aid which any soldier may give him- 
self, regardless of his branch of 
service, before the company aid men 
arrive. 
II Three dangers from wounds to be 
remembered and to be counteracted 
with every available means: 
1. Hemorrhage 
2. Infection 
3. Shock 
Ill Control of Hemorrhage 
1. Apply direct pressure to wound 
with first aid packet used as a 
compress. This will stop nearly 
all bleeding except that of larger 
arteries . Remember it takes 
five minutes for blood to clot. 
2. Pressure points: use as a tem- 
porary measure for stopping 
bleeding from a large vessel. 
Learn location and use of press- 
ure points. 
3. Tourniquet: use for bleeding 
from large arteries; loosen 
every 20 minutes. DON'T GET PANICKY-HELP YOUR 
SELF - CHARLEY'S COMING 
IV Preventing Infection 
1. Cover wound with sterile first 
aid dressing, being careful not 
to move dressing around. Do not 
touch skin side of dressing be- 
fore applying it. 
2. Wound tablets: take all eight 
tablets with plenty of water in any 
serious wound except wounds of 
the belly. 
V Preventing Shock 
1. Immobilize fractures: do not try to limp off with a broken leg. 
Place a broken arm in a sling im- 
provised from clothes, belt, or 
gas mask strap. 
2, Lie down: if you have bled seri- 
ously or if your wound is seri- 
ous, lie down with your head lower 
than your feet. 
3. Loosen clothes. 
4. Keep warm: use your blanket, 
shelter half, and raincoat to spread 
over you. 
5, Drink plenty of water. 
REFERENCES 
TM 8-223; TM 8-285; TM 8-220 
FM 8-50 ; FM 21-11; FM 21-10 PERSONAL AND SEX HYGIENE 
I Venereal Diseases: those diseases 
commonly transmitted by sexual ex- 
posure 
1. Kinds 
a. Gonorrhea: Clap, Gleet, Dose, 
Strain, Running Range 
b. Syphilis: Pox, Bad Blood, 
Bad Disease, Syph, Lues 
c. Chancroid: Soft Chancre, 
Blue Balls 
d. Lymphogranuloma Venereum:. 
Bubo 
e. Granuloma Inguinale 
2. Gonorrhea; in detail 
a. Caused by bacteria called 
gonococcus 
b. Enters through the urethra 
(inside of penis) and is trans- 
mitted almost entirely by sex- 
ual exposure 
Co Develops from three to seven 
days after sexual exposure 
d. Symptoms 
(1) Burning or itching in end 
of penis 
(2) Frequent passing of water, 
with a burning sensation (3) White discharge from penis 
e. Prevention 
(1) Rubber during sexual in- 
tercourse 
(2) Chemical prophylaxis as 
soon as possible after sex- 
ual intercourse 
(a) Pro Kits 
(b) Pro stations 
(c) Steps in the use of Pro 
Kit (the new one-tube 
kit) 
1. Pass your water 
2. Wash penis, scro- 
~ turn, and surround- 
ing parts thorough- 
ly with soap and 
water (soap cloth) 
3. Break off tip of oint- 
ment tube and in- 
ject 1/4 contents in- 
to urethra and mas- 
sage penis gently 
with thumb and fore- 
finger for a few sec- 
onds 
4. Rub rest of ointment 
over entire penis, scrotum, and sur- 
rounding parts for 
at least three minutes 
paying particular at- 
tention to foreskin, 
head, and shaft of 
penis 
5. Don’t pass water for 
two hours after using 
ointment. (The oint- 
ment won’t stain 
clothing and no cover- 
ing is necessary.) 
f. Most frequent complications 
(1) Stricture 
(2) Chronic infection of the 
prostate gland 
(3) Crippling 
(4) Blindness 
(5) Sterility 
3. Syphilis 
a. Cause: Spirochete, germ 
shaped like corkscrew 
b. Point of entry: usually on 
head of penis, lips, or tongue, 
but may invade anywhere 
c. Develops in about three weeks 
as hard sore d. Symptoms 
(1) Hard, painless sore usu- 
ally on penis (first stage) 
(2) Rash over body (second 
stage) 
e. Prevention: same as for gon- 
orrhea 
f. Complications: Syphilis may 
affect any organ or part of 
body 
(1) Common results of 
syphilis 
(2) (a) Insanity 
(b) Heart disease 
(c) Crippling 
(d) Blindness 
(e) Sterility 
(f) Paralysis 
4. Miscellaneous facts about vene- 
real diseases 
a. A person may have one or all 
types of venereal diseases at 
the same time 
b. Most cases are contracted 
from “nice” girls 
c. It is not possible to tell by 
looking at a person whether or 
not he or she has venereal 
disease d. Venereal diseases are most 
usually contracted by sexual 
intercourse. 
REFERENCES 
TM 8-220; FM 21-10; FM 8-40; 
FM 21-11; TB Med #81, 4 Aug 1944; 
AR 40-210; Dunham Military Prevent- 
ive Medicine FIELD SANITATION 
I Objective of Military Sanitation 
1. Prevention and control of diseases 
among troops 
2. Maintenance of health and physi- 
cal fitness of troops 
II Factors Upon Which Military Sani- 
tation is based: 
1. Insect control 
2. Water purification 
3o Waste disposal 
4o Mess sanitation 
Ill Insect Control 
1. Mosquito control 
a. Control of breeding area 
(1) Spray water (breeding place) 
with DDT oil solutions, 
waste oil, kerosene, and 
Diesel oil 
(2) Dust breeding places with 
DDT dust and Paris Green 
(3) Provide drainage ditches 
for drainable areas 
(4) Fill in surface ground de- 
pressions (5) Remove rubbish by polic- 
ing 
(6) Clear vegetation from 
streams and ponds 
HEAD NE1 
INSECT 
REPELLENT- 
INSECT 
MOSQUITO \ 
GLOVES-^ 
REPELLENTS'^ 
LEGGINGS OR 
JUNGLE BOOTS 
PROTECTION AGAINST 
MOSQUITOES b. Control of adult mosquitoes 
(1) mosquitoes intents, 
barracks, native huts, and 
other buildings with the 
Freon aerosol bomb, GI 
insecticides, DDT residual- 
effect spray, and DDT- 
Freon bomb 
(2) Use personal protective 
measures such as head nets, 
mosquito gloves, leggings, 
insect repellents, bed nets , 
and field nets for pup tents 
(3) Use personal protective 
measures from dusk to dawn 
or as directed 
(4) Take suppressive drugs, 
atabrine and quinine, as di- 
rected by the unit command- 
er 
2. Fly Control 
a. Control of breeding area 
(1) Remove breeding places by 
proper waste disposal 
b. Adult fly control 
(l)Use insecticides, 5% DDT 
spray and Quartermaster 
spray, in kitchens and other 
places where flies congregate (2) Install baited fly traps at 
all waste disposal facilities 
and at field kitchens 
IV Water 
1. Quantity 
a. March or combat: one gallon 
per person per day 
b. Bivouac: two to five gallons 
per person per day 
c. Temporary camp: five to fif- 
teen gallons per person per 
day 
2. Purification 
a. Remove cloudiness by mixing 
approximately one mess-kit 
spoonful of alum to lyster bag 
of water and allow to settle 
b. Remove cloudiness by allowing 
water to settle in GI cans or 
Lyster bags 
c. Purify water in Lyster bag by 
adding one or more ampules 
of calcium hypochlorite to each 
bag of water (depending upon 
quality of water). 
d. Test for chlorine in water by 
using orthotolidine, which 
should show a deep yellow color, This indicates one part chlorine 
per million parts of water 
e. Purify water in canteens by 
adding two (four-grain) hala- 
zone tablets to each canteen of 
clear water, or four tablets if 
turbid water is used 
V Waste Disposal 
1. Human waste disposal 
a. Deep pit latrine: 2 feet wide; 
8 feet long; 1 foot in depth for 
each week of use, plus 2 feet 
for earth covering 
b. Straddle trenches: 1 foot wide; 
8 feet long; 18 to 24 inches 
deep. When the trench is filled 
to within 1 foot of ground level, 
it should be filled with earth 
c. Cat holes: for use by the indi- 
vidual soldier in emergency 
only 
d. Urine soakage pits: 4 feet square 
and 4 feet deep, filled with rocks; 
connected to urine troughs or 
pipes 
e. Latrine facilities should be pro- 
vided to accommodate eight per 
cent of the unit at one time 2. Garbage Disposal 
a. Incineration by means of the 
inclined plane or cross trench 
and barrel type incinerators 
b. Burial in garbage pits, which 
are oiled frequently and cover- 
ed with 12 to 18 inches of earth 
3. Liquid waste from kitchens, dis- 
posal 
a. Run through baffle grease trap 
into a soakage pit filled with 
rocks 
4. Manure and rubbish disposal 
a. Removal of such material to 
prevent fly and mosquito breed- 
ing 
VI Mess Sanitation 
1. Washing of mess gear 
a. Three GI cans are required: 
1 can for. hot soapy water, 2 
cans for boiling water rinses 
b. Mess gear should be cleaned 
of all food waste before wash- 
ing 
c. Scald before meals 
2. Protection of food 
a. Perishable foods should be 
stored in an ice box, under- ground if the operations are in 
the field 
b. Non-perishable foods must be 
stored, inaccessible to flies, 
other insects, and rodents, in 
food storage boxes or in clean 
mattress covers 
REFERENCES 
TM 8-220; FM 8-40; FM 21-10; 
Dunham Military Preventive Medicine, 
3rd Edition CHEMICAL WARFARE 
I Chemical Agents and Their Odors 
1. Phosgene: new-mown hay, cut 
corn 
2. Mustard: garlic, horse-radish, 
wild onions 
3. Lewisite: geraniums 
4. Nitrogen Mustard: slight fishy 
odor 
5. Adamsite: coal smoke 
6. Tear Gas: apple blossom 
7. Hydrocyanic Acid: bitter almonds 
II Use of Protective Ointment (M-5) 
1. Remove all contaminated clothing 
2. With cloth blot off excess agent 
on skin 
3. Apply Protective Ointment M-5 
and rub in for 20-30 seconds 
4. Wash all contaminated areas thor- 
oughly with soap and water 
5. After redness or blisters have de- 
veloped, do not use M-4 or M-5; 
use only soap and water 
Ill Emergency Medical Treatment for 
White Phosphorous Burns 1. Immerse in water or cover with 
thoroughly wet dressing 
2. Cover with Copper Sulfate Solu- 
tion (10%) 
3. Report to Medical Officer for re- 
moval of particles and treatment 
of burns. If you have neither water 
nor Copper Sulfate, urine will do. 
Do not use mud. . 
IV First Aid for Gas Casualties 
1. Choking gases 
a. Put patient at rest 
b . Keep warm with blankets 
c. Give hot stimulants 
d. Give no artificial respiration, 
alcoholic drink, or morphine 
2. Blood and nerve poisons 
a. Adjust mask when required to 
be in area 
b. Give Amyl Nitrite inhalations 
crushed ampoule in handker- 
chief or in face-piece of mask 
c. Give artificial respiration 
3. Blister gases in the eyes 
a. Use BAL immediately and then 
water irrigations 
V Decontamination Agents 1. Chloride of Lime: 2 parts lime 
and 3 parts earth make dry mix; 
1 bucket of water and 6 shovels 
of lime make the slurry 
2. Dane: Decontaminating Agent 
Non-Corrosive 
VI Detection Devices 
1. Blister gases bring about the fol- 
lowing color changes: 
a. Detector paint: from OD to red 
b. Detector crayon: from pink to 
blue (Mustard); from pink to 
yellow (Nitrogen Mustard) 
c. Detector paper: from OD to red 
VII Gas Mask Drill 
1. At command, “GASn 
a. Remove head dress, bring face- 
piece up in front of face 
b. Seat chin pocket of face-piece 
firmly on the chin and slip head 
harness smoothly over head 
c. Clear face-piece and check the 
mask 
d. Replace head-dress; fasten car- 
rier flap 
2. Removing and replacing mask a. Test for gas and remove face- 
piece with downward, outward, 
and upward motion. Replace 
head dress. 
b. Fold head harness inside face- 
piece and put halfway in mask. 
A GAS ALARM 
(metal against metal) c. Slide mask in carrier and close 
flap of carrier. 
VIII Gas Alarm 
1. Continuous ringing sound of metal 
against metal 
IX Protective Cover 
1. Used for protection against spray 
attacks 
a. When cover is contaminated, 
it is to be thrown away or buri- 
ed. 
REFERENCES 
TM 3-205, 9 Oct 41, Changes 1,2,3,4, 5; 
TM 3-220, 15 Nov 43, Change 1 
FM 21-40, 7 Sept 42, Changes 1,2,3,4,5. PROTECTIVE 
COVER CAMOUFLAGE AND CONCEALMENT 
I Rules to Follow 
1. Individual 
a. Blend clothing and equipment 
with background 
b. Choose position carefully 
c. Consider point from which 
enemy is watching 
d. Use natural concealment 
e. Avoid careless movement 
f. Always practice proper camou 
flage 
2. Vehicles 
a. Disperse adequately 
b. Use overhead cover, natural or 
artificial 
c. Use existing roads 
d. Cover windshields and lights 
e. Break up shadows 
3. Installations 
a. Avoid prominent landmarks 
b. Use overhead cover 
c. Use concealed routes 
d. Tone down equipment 
e. Bury empty cans, bottles, and 
other rubbish REFERENCES 
TM 5-267, supplements 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
FM 5-20, A, B, C, D, E, F, H. 
CAMOUFLAGE 
(FIND CHARLEY) HEAVY TENT PITCHING 
I Rules to Follow 
1. Know the tents used by the Medical 
Department 
2. Select proper site for pitching 
tent 
a. Protection from wind 
b. Protection from flood 
c. Protection from enemy fire 
d. Level ground 
3. Pitch properly 
4. Camouflage properly 
5. Ditch properly 
6. Loosen ropes as tent gets wet 
7. Repair holes immediately 
8. Dry tent thoroughly before folding 
9. Fold properly 
10. Store in dry place 
REFERENCES 
FM 20-15, 
FM 21-15, Oct *40, Changes 1,2,3,4,5,6. 
MFSS Publication, “Heavy Tent Pitching** HIDDEN FROM AERIAL 
_ _ VIEW 
HEAVY TENT PITCHING TRANSPORTATION OF SICK 
AND WOUNDED 
I Correct transportation of a seriously 
wounded man is one of the most im- 
portant parts of his treatment. 
1. Rules to follow 
a. Handle gently 
b. Transport by most comforable 
method available 
c. Don’t move patient in shock un- 
less necessary 
d. Don t move patients until frac- 
tures have been splinted 
e. Dress litter properly 
f. Improvise litters when necess- 
ary; make use of anything avail- 
ble 
g. Lash litters securely on vehicles 
2, Manual Carries 
a. Fireman’s carry 
b. Supporting carry 
Co Arms carry 
d. Saddle back carry 
eo Pack-strap carry 
f. Fireman’s drag 
g. Pack saddle carry 
h. Pistol belt carry 
REFERENCES 
FM 8-25; TM 21-11 CAMOUFLAGED 
_ FOXHOLE 
dig in or die" 
FORTIFICATIONS (HASTY) 
I Individual Protection 
1. Foxholes (Prone or Standing 
Shelters) 
a. Dig immediately when you stop 
b. Locate near shelter tent 
c. Avoid trees 
d. Camouflage carefully 
e. Dispose of “spoil* ’ 
f. Dig large enough to fit YOU 
g. Allow two feet clearance above 
your head 
2. Dig or Die: 8 out of 10 without 
foxholes are wounded; 2 out of 10 
with foxholes are wounded CHARLEY CADUCE AWARDED 
Having been well taught at Camp 
Crowder, “Charley Caduce” knew how to 
apply his medical knowledge when he 
joined an infantry unit in the field of com- 
bat. In recognition of his meritorious 
service, ‘‘Charley’* is awarded the Med- 
ical Badge, Yes, he's proud of himself; 
he's proud to be part of the finest 
Branch of the Army. 
MEDICAL BADGE BIBLIOGRAPHY 
The following references have been 
freely consulted: 
SUBJECT 
Emergency Care and Treatment of 
Casualties: 
TM 8-220; TM 8-210; TM 8-233; 
TM 8-285; FM 8-40 ; FM 21-11; 
FM 8-50 ; FM 21-10 
Military Medical Manual, 5th Ed. 
Personal and Sex Hygiene: 
TM 8-220; FM 21-10; FM 8-40; 
FM 21-11; TB Med #81, 4 Aug 1944; 
AR 40-210; 
Dunham Military Preventive Medicine 
Field Sanitation: 
TM 8-220; FM 8-40; FM 21-10 
Dunham Military Preventive Medicine 
3rd Edition 
Self Aid: 
TM 8-233; TM 8-285; TM 8-220; 
FM 8-50; FM 21-11; FM 21-10 Chemical Warfare: 
TM 3-205, 9 Oct 41, Changes 1,2,3,4. 
5; TM 3-220, lb Nov 43, Change 1; 
FM 21-40, 7 Sept 42, Changes 1,2,3, 
4,5. 
Concealment and Camouflage: 
TM 5-267, supplements 1,2,3,4,5. 
FM 5-20, A, B, C, D, E, F, H. 
Heavy Tent Pitching: 
FM 21-15, 1 Oct 40, Changes 1,2,3, 
4,5,6, 
MFSS Publication, “Heavy Tent 
Pitching ** 
Transportation of Sick and Wounded: 
FM 8-25; FM 21-11 
Hasty Fortifications: 
FM 5-15, 14 Feb 44 
FM 21-75, 6 Feb 44, Changes 1, 2 APPENDIX 
INDIVIDUAL ACCOMPLISHMENT 
CHECK LIST 
This check list will be presented to the 
assigned platoon instructor when the 
bandage or procedure is ready for in- 
spection, and the instructor will place a 
rating and his initials in the appro priate 
entry on this form. 
I Roller Gauze Bandage 
Rating 
Initials 
1. Circular 
2. Spiral 
3. Oblique 
4. Recurrent of the 
head 
5. Recurrent of the 
hand 
6. Figure eight 
7. Spiral reverse 
of the arm 
8. Complete band- 
age of the hand 
9. Demigauntlet of 
the hand 
10. Gauntlet of the hand Rating 
Initials 
11. Hip Spica 
12. Shoulder Spica 
IS. Velpeau Band- 
age 
14. Barton Bandage 
15. Crossed band- 
age of one eye 
16. Crossed bandage 
of both eyes 
17. T-bandage 
18. Tailed Bandage 
II. TRIANGULAR BANDAGES 
1. Fronto-occipital- 
triangle 
2. Triangle of the 
chest 
3. Brachio-cervial 
triangle 
4. Arm sling 
5. Triangle of the 
head 
6. Triangle of the 
foot 
7. Gluteous-femoral 
triangle III. CRAVAT BANDAGE 
1. Cravat of the 
eye 
2. Cravat of the 
ear 
3. Cravat of the 
neck 
4. Cravat of the 
arm 
5. Cravat of the 
palm of the 
hand 
6. Cravat of the 
elbow 
7. Cravat of the 
knee 
Rating 
Initials 
JV. SPLINTS 
1. Army leg splint 
2. Army arm splint 
3. Army wire ladder 
splint 
a. Ankle region 
b. Leg region 
b. Forearm region 
4. Improvised leg 
splint Rating 
Initials 
5. Improvised arm 
splint 
V. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION 
1. (Schafer method) 
VI. CONTROL OF HEMORRHAGE 
1. Tourniquet 
a. Tourniquet of the 
arm 
b. Tourniquet of the 
thigh 
2. Pressure points 
a. Temporal artery 
b. Facial artery 
c. Carotid artery 
d. Subclavian artery 
e. Axillary artery 
f. Brachial artery 
g. Femoral artery 
h. Popliteal artery CPCFP-8-1-45—5000 
ASFTC-40