■>■■.•.,.-»:-------^*m*a^ NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NLfl DDDbSDSE G SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE LIBRARY. Section ~ No. 113, W.D.S. G.O. No. PROPERTY OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NLM000650520 / \ IOWA CHRONICLES OF THE WORLD WAR THE RED CROSS IN IOWA CHRONICLES OF THE WORLD WAR EDITED BY BENJAMIN F. SHAMBAUGH THE RED CROSS IN IOWA BY r EARL S. FULLBROOK IN TWO VOLUMES Vol. II ZS3^^>^ ^ PUBLISHED AT IOWA CITY IOWA IN 1922 BY THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA £35" EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION To preserve substantial uniformity in the books which appear in the series of Iowa Chronicles of the World War, the history of The Red Cross in Iowa by Mr. Fullbrook is published in two volumes — although the contents of the two books present an un- broken account of the Red Cross in Iowa during the World War. Each volume is paged separately; but the chapters are numbered consecutively through the entire work, as are also the notes and references. At the end of each volume the notes and references follow the text to which they relate. A complete table of contents and a consolidated index, as well ix X EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION as this editor's introduction, appear in each volume. The author's preface is found in the first volume only. Benj. F. Shambatjgh Office of the Superintendent and Editor The State Historical Society of Iowa Iowa City Iowa CONTENTS VOL. I I. Origin of the Red Cross .... J II. Formation of the American Red Cross..........18 III. The War Organization .... 37 IV. Development of Eed Cross Organ- ization in Iowa......60 V. Red Cross Membership.....90 VI. Finances of the National Organ- ization .........137 VII. Financing Local Organizations . 183 Notes and References.....205 Index...........237 VOL. II VIII. The Work of the Women . . . 1 IX. Canteen Service.......39 xi xii CONTENTS X. Home Service........59 XL Home Service (Continued) ... 96 XII. Camp Service........124 XIII. Nursing Service.......152 XIV. The Junior Red Cross.....181 Notes and References.....211 Index...........237 VIII The Work of the Women There was probably no phase of Red Cross activity that received as much time and atten- tion from chapters, branches, and auxiliaries as did the production of supplies. No doubt there were some individuals to be found who believed that the one and only function of the Red Cross was the preparation of surgical dressings, hos- pital garments, and knitted articles and the for- warding of them to be distributed by other Red Cross workers. It was that branch of Red Cross service in which the women of every com- munity found something they could do. It was the means by which millions of women made their greatest contribution to their country and to victory in the World War. In the words of a mother of three young men who were wearing the khaki, this field was her "training camp". Concerning the work she had this to say: It is for me my military duty. It gives me a chance to be a soldier with my sons. . . . Curiously, even if my boys are in the hospital to which this garment goes, I want it to be worn by some other mother's boy; vol. n—2 2 RED CROSS IN IOWA and I want my boys to wear the things made by some other mother. Some way it seems to me to make motherhood go deeper. Perhaps it will be worn by some black man or some black boy from Africa who will think it is funny; perhaps some young French officer; perhaps some Italian peasant, like my iceman; perhaps some wound- ed German prisoner — and I have the privilege of giving to the soldiers of the world.324 This field, to be sure, does not represent the only one in which the women of the land served the Red Cross: they were a vital factor in all Red Cross work. But here was a field which, by its very nature, was almost entirely reserved for women. GENERAL ORGANIZATION Recognizing that in time of war there would be a strong desire among the people at home to do something to ease the life of the men in the army and navy, and realizing that this desire would probably be expressed, as in previous wars, by sending to the men in the military forces articles not furnished them by the gov- ernment, the Red Cross laid its plans to utilize this potential force to the greatest advantage. Consequently an organization was developed by which the Red Cross directed and correlated the efforts of millions of women in the production WORK OF THE WOMEN 3 of hospital garments, hospital supplies, surgical dressings, knitted articles, refugee clothing, and comfort kits for enlisted men and civilians. The first step in this direction was taken in March, 1917, when there was created within the Department of Military Relief the Bureau of Red Cross Supply Service. This bureau had to do with supplies intended for the relief and comfort of soldiers and sailors. More specif- ically its objects were: (1) to afford full infor- mation of the standard, kind, and quality of all supplies for military relief; (2) to collect, in- spect, and store until needed, supplies produced for that purpose; (3) to distribute supplies of the right kind and quality at the right place at the right time, and to be able to do so upon any and every request of the army and navy; and (4) to stimulate the production of useful, stand- ardized material, not only by chapters and members of the Red Cross, but by all interested organizations and by citizens generally.325 With the reorganization of the Red Cross after the creation of the War Council, there was established at Washington and in each of the divisions, a AVoman's Bureau and a Bureau of Transportation and Supplies. The more im- portant duties of the Woman's Bureau were to study the production of supplies by lay work- ers; to supervise and standardize the supplies 4 RED CROSS IN IOWA made by chapters; to arrange for the inspection of the finished articles; to standardize work- rooms and the appointment and training of instructors and workers. To the Bureau of Transportation and Supplies fell the responsi- bility of securing and storing raw materials and supplies to be sold to chapters; filling chapter requisitions for material; receiving, storing, and forwarding finished supplies; and arrang- ing for domestic transportation. These two bureaus, then, were both concerned with the operation of the supply service.326 In each chapter there were various commit- tees working under the supervision of these bureaus in carrying out the general program. And of course it was the work done by the chap- ter members under the direction of these com- mittees that actually produced the supplies. The chapter committees suggested by the Cen- tral Division included the following under the supervision of the above-mentioned bureaus: (1) hospital supplies and garments, (2) sur- gical dressings, (3) general supplies, knitting, and similar activities, (4) instruction for wom- en, (5) warehousing and shipping, and (6) purchasing and distribution.327 The bureaus at AA^ashington, through their corresponding bureaus in the divisions, guided the production of supplies in a general way. WORK OF THE WOMEN 5 Those at the head of the organization were best able to learn the real needs and to find out what supplies would best benefit the fighting forces. After deciding on the things to be produced they tried to standardize each article, and spe- cific directions were furnished each chapter showing how they should be made. As the war progressed better ways were constantly found for making the various articles, and this neces- sitated the constant forwarding of new direc- tions to chapters. Thus, at the outset, there were scarcely two sweaters that looked alike. After a time, as the result of a process of co- ordination, chapter production was successfully standardized. Specifications furnished for chapter products were "so automatically def- inite that sick soldiers looked like twins in hospital garments and socks were always mates."328 Only a few hundred thousand women were engaged in chapter production work prior to America's entrance into the war, and only a partial attempt had been made to standardize the articles they were sending to war-stricken Europe. Upon America's entrance into the war the call was sent out for the chapters to work incessantly and produce as much as possible. Those in control had no previous record of pro- duction to guide them. Furthermore they were 6 RED CROSS IN IOWA unable to tell just what would be needed. But later, when the productive power became known and it became possible to tell what was needed and how much, a system of allotting a definite quota to each chapter was adopted. Quotas were assigned to the divisions by National Headquarters. The divisions then assigned quotas to each of their chapters which, in turn, split them up among their branches and auxil- iaries. These quotas called upon each chapter to supply a certain number of specified articles, and the chapters were to be governed in their work by these quotas.329 During the first part of the war it was a com- mon practice for chapters to buy their materials in the open market instead of from their divi- sion headquarters. Delays in securing material ordered from their division and other circum- stances caused chapters in many instances to purchase their supplies direct. The disadvan- tages of such a practice became more and more evident as time passed. Chapters were appealed to not to buy materials in the open market, for in so doing they were simply bidding against the government and Red Cross buyers, with a probability of dislocating the market and rais- ing prices. It was pointed out that although at any one time any chapter might be able to get a quicker delivery, it would do so only at the WORK OF THE WOMEN 7 expense of other chapters and its own future welfare.330 Early in the year 1918, when the demand for chapter supplies was increasing, the shortage of materials, especially gauze, became so acute that it was necessary to suspend operations in some of the workrooms where surgical dress- ings were being made. Greater control of chap- ter production in order to limit the output to actual needs was decided upon as a result of this situation. An agreement was reached with the AA7ar Industries Board whereby the Red Cross was to receive priorities in delivery and the same prices as any of the government de- partments with the understanding that this control would be rigidly adhered to. It was also agreed that chapters would buy through the Red Cross supply service and not in the open market.331 AVTien supplies were completed they were shipped by the chapters to their division head- quarters or to some designated place of collec- tion. Here the supplies were inspected and, if necessary, repacked with but one kind of arti- cle in a box and shipped to New York or other points from which they were sent across the water or to camps and hospitals in this coun- try.332 One great difficulty facing the Red Cross was the giving of supplies directly to 8 RED CROSS IN IOWA soldiers by the chapters. A great number of chapters furnished outfits to the men going from their own locality and many more would have liked to do so. But this was opposed to the Red Cross policy for it meant a frequent dupli- cation of work and the distribution of supplies without regard to the greatest need. THE WORKROOMS A large proportion of the supplies turned out by Red Cross chapters during the war were made in the thousands of workrooms scattered throughout the country. Practically every chapter and branch and many auxiliaries had their own workrooms. No village or crossroads was too small or too remote to harbor one of these "human production plants". In the cities and larger population centers there were many of these workrooms established where the workers gathered to make the Red Cross arti- cles. These places became the centers of produc- tion for Red Cross supplies. Here the women of the land gathered to make the many things needed in the Red Cross program. It was re- quired that all surgical dressings be made in authorized workrooms under trained direction. Here most of the hospital and refugee gar- ments were also made; while the knitted goods WORK OF THE WOMEN 9 were turned out, for the most part, in spare moments — the spare moments of many women running far into the night.333 At the head of the workroom organization stood the director, and under her were others in charge of the several phases of the work. In the case of surgical dressings very strict regulations prevailed: all dressings had to be made in properly equipped rooms under quali- fied supervision to insure the necessary cleanli- ness and efficient workmanship. Although other supplies were at times made outside, the workrooms were the center of activity. Here the materials were issued; here many of the garments were made; and here the finished products were inspected and packed. Certain qualified workers were placed in charge of each branch of the work. A white apron with long sleeves and the coif was the recognized costume of the Red Cross workroom. The apron was required to be worn in all workrooms, and in all surgical dressing rooms the head had to be covered. If desired by the committee in charge of a workroom, col- ored veils might be worn to distinguish those in charge of the room. AVhen used the blue coif was to be worn by the one in charge and the red coifs by those assisting her. The blue and red coifs could always be decorated with the 10 RED CROSS IN IOWA Red Cross emblem: when any woman had given thirty-two hours of service in the workroom she was entitled to wear the Red Cross emblem on her apron; after seventy-two hours it could be worn on the white coif; and after one hundred and twenty-eight hours a small red ribbon could be placed below the Red Cross emblem on the apron. Persons who had had the first course in surgical dressings were permitted to wear a one inch band of red around the sleeve and those who had completed the second course could wear a four inch band.334 With the development of this branch of Red Cross activity it was necessary to instruct the workers in making the various supplies. Espe- cially was expert instruction absolutely essen- tial in the making of the different kinds of surgical dressings. To prepare workers, classes were arranged for and qualified instructors se- cured to give the course. When activities began there were comparatively few persons in the country able to give such instruction. Many of the smaller communities had to obtain instruc- tors from the outside or send representatives to take the course in some other town. Those who had taken the training were in turn able to instruct others, and eventually all those who wished could secure the instruction and so a sufficient number of workers were trained to WORK OF THE WOMEN 11 supervise the work in the workrooms where surgical dressings were being made. ORGANIZATION IN IOWA The production of supplies by Iowa chapters was, of course, carried on under the general supervision of the proper bureaus in the Cen- tral Division. In addition there were certain officials appointed to assist with the work in the State. In December, 1917, State Director Kep- ford announced the appointment of Mrs. Helen Howell Windsor, of Des Moines, to be director of the Bureau of Woman's Work for Iowa. Chapters were notified that she would be avail- able should any chapter need her counsel. As her assistants, Mrs. Ralph L. Read was placed in charge of surgical dressings and Mrs. B. F. Kauffman in charge of hospital garments and supplies. In the following June, Mrs. Windsor was made an associate director of the Bureau of Development of the Central Division and as- signed to Iowa. The work of these women was largely concerned with the inspection and standardization of goods from those chapters shipping to the Des Moines station.335 The chapters in the western half of Iowa sent their finished products to the Iowa shipping station at Des Moines, where they were inspect- ed, repacked, and sent to points of distribution. 12 RED CROSS IN IOWA This station was established early in the war and continued until after the signing of the armistice.336 WORKROOMS IN IOWA Iowa chapters turned in every direction to secure workrooms: they were established in city halls, courthouses, schoolhouses, vacant storerooms, and in some cases in private homes. Probably in a majority of instances they were able to secure such workrooms rent free, their use being donated by the city or county, or pri- vate companies and individuals. Once estab- lished these workrooms became the center of Red Cross activity in the community. Dubuque was the first city in the State to establish a Red Cross workshop, which was opened in November, 1916.337 This chapter early developed a corps of trained workers and was turning out a large amount of products, while most of the chapters of the State were just getting organized. AVork- ers were sent from here to other parts of the State to help other chapters get started in the making of supplies.338 The central workroom of the Dubuque chap- ter was in a somewhat unique location, being in the handsome barroom of the Julien Hotel. This room had been fitted up in the latest WORK OF THE AVOMEN 13 and most elaborate manner for a bar and all the fittings were of mahogany. The bar itself reached around three sides of the large room. Back of the bar were innumerable cases and two large built-in refrigerators. Just after the fittings were installed and before the place was ever used for its original purpose, prohibition went into effect. So the proprietor of the hotel generously donated the room to the Red Cross. Heat was also donated by the hotel; the tele- phone company installed free telephone service; and the electric company furnished the current for lighting.339 Another chapter to secure an early start in this branch of service was that in AA'ebster County. This chapter, which was organized in 1916, maintained a workroom in the municipal building and made kits for the soldiers on the Mexican Border. As this chapter developed its work for the AVorld AArar there were twelve workrooms established in the city of Fort Dodge and thirty-four in the surrounding county.340 Burlington opened a workshop in February, 1917, and this was later removed to larger quar- ters when the Iowa State Savings Bank donated eleven rooms for office and workshop. At Sioux City the Red Cross was given three floors of the new AA'oodbury County courthouse and was furnished free heat, light, and janitor service.341 14 RED CROSS IN IOWA PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED Occasionally it became necessary for the State and division officers to impress upon par- ticular chapters the necessity of abiding by the general rules and regulations of the Red Cross. The problems arising from the relationship of branches and chapters — such as the lack of co- operation, the failure of chapters to keep branches posted concerning new directions, and questions of shipment and inspection — bave already been considered. But these were not the only problems.342 Chapters were frequently reminded of the failure on their part to follow carefully the standard directions. Each article was carefully standardized and if the goods sent to shipping stations were not according to specifications considerable work was involved in their re- making. Sometimes, no doubt, the failure to comply with directions was due to carelessness or to a lack of appreciation of the need of fol- lowing specifications closely. Sometimes there probably was a misunderstanding of the direc- tions or the directions failed to arrive. This applied especially to branches that were not kept fully informed by their chapters. All directions and changes therein were sent to the chapters and were supposed to be furnished by them to the branches. When the chapters fell WORK OF THE WOMEN 15 down on their job, as was sometimes the case, the branches were not to blame if their supplies were not up to the latest requirements.343 The confusion that resulted from the failure to follow instructions is seen in the following quotation from the Central Division Bulletin: Will Chapters kindly inspect their shipments a lit- tle more thoroughly before sending to us? We find many trousers of the pajamas without drawstrings, and jackets without any buttons or buttonholes. Also tapes are only wanted where tapes are asked for. . . . In one shipment recently received there were sixty pair of bed socks all too short to go on a man's foot. Also we receive pajama trousers without any jackets, and jackets without any trousers.344 Not infrequently directions were merely thrown into the waste basket, no attention being paid to them. Thus the State director found that on numerous occasions mail from both his office and the Central Division offices was con- signed to the waste basket, sometimes without being opened. In several instances chairmen, having received instructions sent out by the State or division workers, decided that they were not important and disposed of them with- out passing them on to the proper persons. A bulletin from the office of the State director an- nounced to the chapters of Iowa that it was 16 RED CROSS IN IOWA imperative that all instructions be read and acted upon, and he suggested that officers un- willing to comply with the policy of the Amer- ican Red Cross should resign and make room for those willing to follow orders.345 Rules were very strict in requiring that sur- gical dressings be made in the Red Cross work- rooms. Yet in some instances materials for this purpose were permitted to be taken from the workroom and made up by individuals or groups in other places. The State director, as a result of such practices, issued a circular letter to all the chapters of Iowa emphasizing the rule that all surgical and hospital dressings were to be made under the supervision of certified in- structors in the workrooms and that no mate- rials should be made up elsewhere.346 There was also no little misunderstanding in many chapters as to the requirements relative to surgical dressings classes, and it was found necessary to caution the chapters that all such classes were required to be held in rooms pro- vided by the chapter for that purpose and not in churches, homes, or halls. Volunteer shops could be opened in such places, but they were supposed to be under the supervision and in- spection of the chapter chairman.347 Considerable time and attention were devoted to seeing that Iowa chapters did not dispose of WORK OF THE WOMEN 17 their products directly to soldiers and sailors. Frequently, when men from a chapter jurisdic- tion were leaving for service, there was a strong desire to fit them out with Red Cross articles, such as sweaters, socks, helmets, wristlets, and comfort kits. But this was not permissible under Red Cross orders. Since the men were to be properly equipped at the camps, to outfit them at their homes meant duplication. The files of the State director, however, give testi- mony that in a great many instances the for- bidden practice was indulged in by Iowa com- munities.348 THE RESPONSE FROM THE NATION The women of the land were not slow in pro- ducing results: supplies in large quantities soon began to be forwarded to points of shipment. Although the real volume of work done in the workrooms can not be adequately measured, certain statistics serve to give some idea of what was accomplished. In the seven months ending November 1, 1917, the Red Cross sent to Europe 13,336 cases, containing approximately 13,000,000 separate articles of surgical dress- ings, hospital supplies, and clothing. In addi- tion, large quantities of similar supplies were sent to camps and cantonments in the United States.349 VOL. II—3 18 RED CROSS IN IOWA From September 1, 1917, to July 1, 1918, the Red Cross distributed 5,870,000 knitted gar- ments to men in the army and navy and sent 870,000 such articles to Red Cross commission- ers in France. At the same time there were 3,674,000 more ready for distribution — all the result of the knitting of the women of the coun- try.350 During the month of April, 1918, there were turned out of the workrooms and homes of the land approximately 25,000,000 surgical dressings, 400,000 hospital garments, 500,000 knitted garments, 400,000 pieces of clothing for refugees, and numerous other articles. At that time it w^as estimated that two million women were engaged in the work, many of them giving most of their time.351 The Red Cross reports that for the period from July 1, 1917, to March 1, 1919, there were 8,000,000 women who helped to produce over 371,500,000 relief articles with a value of nearly $94,000,000. There were 306,966,759 surgical dressings worth $14,637,909.35; 17,462,400 hospital garments valued at $22,969,585.59; 14,211,439 hospital supplies with a value of $5,966,854.20; 6,328,982 refugee garments worth $7,779,055.73; 23,328,831 articles for soldiers and sailors valued at $41,858,274.72; and 3,279,- 053 unclassified articles listed at $766,316.30. Of the total value — approximately $93,978,000 WORK OF THE WOMEN 19 — $61,062,000 represented material and $32,- 916,000 represented labor.352 THE RESPONSE FROM THE CENTRAL DIVISION Supply production was quickly organized in the Central Division and by the end of 1917 large amounts of supplies were being forward- ed from the division warehouses. There were 644,743 articles manufactured in the division in October, 1917, with a value of $363,315.96; in November it rose to 1,489,991 pieces worth $773,889.44; and for December it mounted to 2,203,340 articles valued at $595,986.81. The shipments of Red Cross goods from the Central Division for the month of November, 1917, in- cluded 907,233 surgical dressings, 346,557 pieces of hospital and operating-room linen and patients' clothing, 47,786 miscellaneous articles, and 237,277 pieces of knitted goods — a total of 1,538,853 articles.353 Of considerable interest was the activity of the Bureau of Supplies of this division. On November 1, 1917, at the end of six months operation, it had sold approximately $1,200,000 worth of materials or an average of $200,000 worth per month. About fifty men and thirty women were necessary to do the work of the bureau. During the fifteen days from October 15th to November 1st the bureau inspected, 20 RED CROSS IN IOWA packed, and shipped approximately 650,000 fin- ished articles. By November 1, the shipments to New York and to the various camps and cantonments in the Central Division averaged one carload of 150 standard cases per day.354 One instance will suffice to show how a sud- den demand for some particular thing could be met. In December, 1917, there was an excep- tionally large demand for surgical dressings, and Washington called upon the Central Divi- sion to furnish 1,028,750 to be delivered in New York by January 1, 1918. A call was sent out from the Central Division offices to nearly fifty chapters to send delegates to a special confer- ence in Chicago on December 6th. Nearly every chapter accepted the invitation and over one hundred women appeared at the conference, every one eager to take more than the quota set for her chapter. With but three weeks in which to do the job the women guaranteed to have the entire shipment leave at the proper time. The result was that a quarter of a million beyond the quota was forwarded in time to reach port on New Year's Day. Some of the cities leading in this particular task were Aurora in Illinois, Grand Rapids in Michigan, Des Moines in Iowa, and Lincoln in Nebraska.355 Up to March, 1918, the Central Division had supplied one-third of the total amount of sweat- AVORK OF THE WOMEN 21 ers and one-half the total amount of socks received by National Headquarters. During the one month of October, 1918, the knitted goods produced in the Central Division included 1416 mufflers, 8269 wristlets, 10,887 helmets, 87,967 socks, and 33,797 sweaters.356 The greatest number of articles produced in any one month in the Central Division was 9,563,974 for March, 1918. The ranking month from the standpoint of the value of the supplies turned out was A lay, 1918, when the value was fixed at $1,937,790.11. From that time on there was a gradual decrease in production due largely to the adoption of the system of quotas which limited the production according to the need for supplies. For a period of fifteen months, ending with the year 1918, there was produced in the Central Division an average of 3,845,523 articles a month with an average monthly value of $945,383.09. The value of these articles per chapter member in the divi- sion was between $4.26 and $4.50.357 Produc- tion statistics for the Central Division during these months were as follows:358 22 RED CROSS IN IOWA Month Number of Articles Value October, 1917 644,743 $ 363,315.96 November, 1917 1,489,991 773,889.44 December, 1917 2,203,340 595,986.81 January, 1918 3,046,954 1,109,421.79 February, 1918 6,272,655 1,225,867.45 March, 1918 9,563,974 1,338,675.84 April, 1918 8,677,437 1,269,411.35 May, 1918 6,689,513 1,937,790.11 June, 1918 3,520,546 694,777.04 July, 1918 3,724,574 1,060,479.46 August, 1918 2,742,264 815,681.57 September, 1918 2,514,011 948,940.00 October, 1918 3,029,516 851,468.37 November, 1918 2,300,585 639,147.58 December, 1918 Total 1,262,752 555,893.67 57,582,765 $14,180,656.44 THE RESPONSE FROM IOWA Practically every chapter and branch in Iowa maintained its Red Cross workroom, and some very fine records were made in them. By Octo- ber, 1917, the monthly production reached 132,238 articles with an approximate value of $85,615.51. From that time on there was a rapid increase in the quantity of supplies turned out until the high point was reached in March, 1918, AYORK OF THE WOMEN 23 when 2,328,351 articles were produced. About that time the assignment of definite quotas be- gan to make it necessary to curtail the work of the Iowa chapters: they were limited in their work by the size of their quota, which was not always large enough to keep them busy. Many Iowa chapters expressed considerable disap- pointment because they were unable to secure large enough quotas to keep their forces at work.359 During the fifteen months ending December 31, 1918, Iowa Red Cross chapters produced 13,895,250 articles with a total value of $3,290,- 994.80. This meant an average monthly pro- duction of 926,350 pieces with an average monthly value of $219,332.98. Included in the goods made in Iowa were 13,252,337 surgical dressings, 1,248,920 hospital garments and sup- plies, 217,534 refugee garments, 106,536 comfort kits and miscellaneous articles, and 872,929 knitted garments.360 An enumeration of the various articles and their estimated value is given in Table I.361 Figures from the files of the Iowa shipping station show the progress made by the counties of the western half of the State. In November, 1917, the total number of articles was 85,000; for December it was 172,000; by January, 1918, it was up to 301,900; and the next month it 24 RED CROSS IN IOWA Table I Production of Red Cross Supplies in Iowa Surgical Dressings Hospital Garments Hospital Supplies Refugee Garments Oct. 1917 Number 45,484 18,330 41,703 1,738 Value $ 1,819.36 $ 32,994.00 $ 10,425.75 $ 2,085.60 Nov. 1917 Number * 213,660 41,507 42,472 4,568 Value $ 8,546.40 $ 74,712.60 $ 10,618.00 $ 5,481.60 Dec. 1917 Number 414,387 31,020 33,377 4,049 Value $ 16,575.48 $ 55,836.00 $ 8,344.25 $ 4,858.80 Jan. 1918 Number 630,183 37,329 30,891 10,735 Value $ 25,207.32 $ 67,192.20 $ 7,722.75 $ 12,882.00 Feb. 1918 Number 1,336,056 51,971 45,426 5,097 Value $ 53,442.16 $ 93,547.80 $ 11,356.50 $ 6,116.40 Mch. 1918 Number 2,110,822 56,139 81,804 6,230 Value $ 84,432.88 $101,050.20 $ 20,451.00 $ 7,476.00 Apr. 1918 Number 1,870,274 59,201 103,964 7,281 Value $ 74,810.96 $106,561.80 $ 25,991.00 $ 8,737.20 May 1918 Number 1,313,764 78,986 56,112 9,951 Value $ 52,550.56 $142,561.80 $ 14,028.00 $ 11,941.20 June . 1918 Number 740,863 24,145 30,381 9,896 Value $ 29,634.52 $ 43,461.00 $ 7.595.25 $ 16,875.20 July 1918 Number 1,026,475 42,152 34,375 12,208 Value $ 61,059.00 $78,452.08 $ 8,250.00 $ 24,039.20 Aug. 1918 Number 355,749 22,708 14,325 10,734 Value $ 14.229.96 $ 40,874.40 $ 3,581.25 $ 12.880.80 Sept. 1918 Number 321,833 29,946 12.115 52,826 Value $ 10,875.28 $ 50,902.80 $ 3,027.00 $ 51,735.69 Oct. 1918 Number 512,489 22,080 97,894 43,468 Value $ 20,499.56 $ 32,503.96 $ 19,473.50 $ 37,161.60 Nov. 1918 Number 349,110 23,293 20,788 20,624 Value $ 13,964.40 $ 41,189.22 $ 5.197.00 $ 24,748.80 Dec. 1918 Number 208,138 16,952 47,534 18,129 Value $ 8,325.52 $ 30,513.60 $ 11,883.50 $ 21,754.80 Total Number 13,252,337 555,759 693.161 217,534 Va hi e $475,973.35 1 $992,373.4(1 $169,944.75 $248,774.89 WORK OF THE WOMEN 25 Table I — Continued Production of Red Cross Supplies in Iowa Miscel-laneous Articles Knitted Articles Total Articles Oct. 1917 Number 1.160 23,823 132,238 Value $ 174.00 $ 38,116.80 $ 85,615.51 Nov. 1917 Number 8,210 55,700 366.177 Value $ 1,231.50 $ 89,216.00 $ 189,806.10 Dec. 1917 Number 18,179 35,485 536,497 Value $ 2,726.85 $ 56,776.00 $ 145,117.38 Jan. 1918 Number 9,828 99.658 818.624 Value $ 1,474.20 $ 159,452.80 $ 273,931.27 Feb. 1918 Number 7,927 83,381 1,529,858 Value $ 1,189.05 $ 133,409.60 $ 299,061.51 Men. 1918 Number 3,365 69,991 2,328,351 Value $ 504.75 $ 111,985.60 $ 325,900.43 Apr. 1918 Number 3,762 63,375 2,107,857 Value $ 564.30 $ 101,400.00 $ 318,065.26 May 1918 Number 14,216 155,519 1,628,548 Value $ 2,132.40 $ 248,830.40 $ 472.044.36 | June 1918 Number 4.330 47.455 857.070 Value $ 649.50 $ 75,928.00 $ 169,143.47 July 1918 Number (Comfort kits) 1,859 47,379 1,164,448 Value $ 278.85 $ 85,826.68 $ 257,905.79 Aug. 1918 Number 4,489 34,604 442,609 Value $ 673.35 $ 58,627.98 $ 130,867.74 Sept. 1918 Number 5,163 50,223 472,156 Value $ 744.45 $ 80,356.80 $ 197,672.02 Oct. 1918 Number 10,314 42,174 728.419 Value $ 1,547.10 $ 52,478.40 $ 163,664.12 Nov. 1918 Number 5,665 34,172 453,652 Value $ 849.75 $ 54,675.20 $ 140,624.37 Dec. 1918 Number 8,063 29,930 1 328,746 Value $ 1,209.45 $ 47,888.60 |$ 121,575.47 Total Number 106,536 872,929 13,895,250 Value $15 949.50 $1,399,968.86 $3,290,994.80 26 RED CROSS IN IOWA reached 590,000. The month of September, 1918, saw 153,031 garments shipped from this station. They were all unpacked, inspected, and repacked in standard size shipping cases. When the garments were not up to standard they were remade. During the month 633 cases of supplies were disposed of, 398 of which went abroad. Vladivostok, Siberia, was the destina- tion of 35,399 sweaters; while 14,808 were sent to Camp Dodge. In addition to the above there were sent to Camp Dodge during a ten-day period in September and October, 3500 conva- lescent robes, 3800 pajamas, 2300 pillow cases, 2600 sheets, 4400 towels, 1000 operating gowns, 1000 operating caps, 30,000 face masks, 20,000 sweaters, and 14,141 pairs of socks. To the Students' Army Training Corps at Ames were sent 300 pajamas and 200 convalescent robes.362 It is only necessary to turn to almost any chapter in the State to find records of accom- plishment and devotion to duty on the part of Iowa women. Whether large or small, the chapters were ready to do their part in this phase of Red Cross endeavor, and in many cases their only disappointment was in not securing larger quotas. The record of goods turned out, even by the smaller chapters, shows what an important part every chapter played in the organization. WORK OF THE WOMEN 27 Delving here and there into production rec- ords of Iowa chapters some figures of indi- vidual chapters are taken as representative. The Sioux County chapter, for instance, fur- nished 50,000 surgical dressings, 8602 hospital garments, 9611 knitted pieces, and 3474 refugee garments. The Henry County chapter turned out 149,283 surgical dressings, 5031 hospital garments, 5298 refugee garments, 4921 knitted articles, and 612 comfort kits.363 Swea City, with a population of 600, reported as early as October, 1917, that there were 100 women engaged in knitting for the Eed Cross. The Tama chapter, with jurisdiction over six townships and a part of a seventh, was assisted in the making of supplies, either in workrooms or in the home, by 620 different women. The records show that the work was not done en- tirely by the women in the cities and towns of the State: the country women as well were on hand to do their part. One chapter historian says the "country women did, if anything, more than their share, and never once did they fail in furnishing all, and more, than they were asked to furnish, of both sewing and knitted goods."364 Naturally it was the chapters with the larger cities in their jurisdiction which turned out the largest amounts of supplies, simply because 28 RED CROSS IN IOWA there were so many more hands to help. For the twelve months from May 1, 1917, to May 1, 1918, the Burlington chapter made 218,523 surgical dressings, 3877 pieces of hospital lin- ens, 4896 articles of clothing for patients, 3827 knitted garments, 134 refugee garments, and 300 comfort kits. A few of the items from Clinton for the year 1918 were 1366 pajamas, 413 convalescent gowns, 568 bed shirts, 405 pairs of socks, 538 operating sheets, 857 comfort bags, 255 operating gowns, and 12 aviator jackets.365 By the middle of July, 1917, the Sioux City chapter workroom was turning out 1000 pieces of work each week. The list of products for a single week in July shows a great variety, there being bed shirts, operating shirts, pillow cases, towels, operating leggings, hot water bag cov- ers, pajamas, shoulder wraps, and knit sponges, besides the more usual knitted articles and sur- gical dressings. Altogether, by the first of the year 1919 the Woodbury County chapter had forwarded 906 standard boxes of supplies con- taining 982,385 articles: there were 41,655 knitted articles, 830,000 surgical dressings, and 110,730 other articles. This chapter used 226,- 000,000 yards of gauze in making dressings alone. It had the assistance of thirty-two branches and auxiliaries in doing this work, one WORK OF THE WOMEN 29 of them being an organization of negro women in Sioux City which pledged fifty pairs of pajamas a week.366 Even the inmates of the State institutions turned their efforts toward making Red Cross supplies. In the thirteen institutions of the State 7500 articles were made, including sur- gical supplies, bandages, handkerchiefs, and tray cloths.367 Among the many thousands of women who were engaged in the work there were many whose records show a remarkable devotion to the cause in which they were interested. Many chapters had workers among their members who made unusual records in turning out knitted goods or in the amount of time which they gladly devoted to the Red Cross. One such instance is found in a member of the Cerro Grordo County Red Cross. This chapter claimed to possess a member who gave more time to Red Cross service dur- ing the war period than any other woman in the United States. The lady was Mrs. William E. Wilson, of Mason City, who devoted a total of 5046 hours to Red Cross work. She began her service in May, 1917, in the hospital garment department, and from that time until November 7th she worked every day excepting Sundays, and nine days in June, and seven in October. 30 RED CROSS IN IOWA On November 8, 1917, she went to Des Moines and took a course in the making of surgical dressings and on returning home opened sur- gical dressing rooms for her chapter. Out of a possible 204 days in 1917 she gave 188 full days or 1270 hours, exclusive of the time spent in study and knitting. Only nine days were missed from the first of January until August 27, 1918, in which period Mrs. Wilson kept the workroom open from 8:30 A. M. until 10:00 P. M., putting in 197 days or 2342 hours of time. From September 14th to the end of 1918 every day but three was given to the Red Cross. After January 1, 1919, she devoted considerable time to Belgian relief and the garment department and put in 581 hours up to April. During all this time she managed her own housework, except for sending out the washing. Because of her untiring efforts she was entitled to wear the Red Cross medal and five bars — a bar being added for each 800 hours above the first.368 Friends of Mrs. C. A. L. Jensen of Ida Grove challenged anyone in their part of the State to show a better knitting record than hers. Early in May, 1919, she was completing a consignment of five pairs of socks, which would bring her total to 175 pairs since August, 1917. In addi- tion to the socks, she had made during the same WORK OF THE WOMEN 31 period 43 sweaters, 18 pairs of wristlets, 13 Belgian shawls, and 7 hospital shawls. The shawls were made from yarn obtained by un- ravelling old garments given by the merchants of Ida Grove. She then dyed the yarn and knitted the shawls. From the scraps of mate- rial at the Red Cross workrooms Mrs. Jensen collected enough for the making of seven quilts, which were pieced after she dyed the pieces of cloth. The quilts were then forwarded to the hospitals at Fort Des Moines and Camp Dodge.369 BELGIAN RELIEF Bearing a close relation to the production of supplies was the collection of old clothing for shipment to the refugees of Europe. People were called upon to contribute whatever they could in the way of serviceable old clothing for the women, children, and aged men of Belgium and the conquered portion of France, who, during three years of bondage, had had no new stock of cloth for garments or leather for shoes. The distribution of all such clothing was in the hands of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, but the collection and delivery to railways was undertaken by the Red Cross on request of the commission. The first campaign for the collection of used 32 RED CROSS IN IOWA clothing took place in March, 1918. At that time the Red Cross set out to collect 5000 tons of used and surplus clothing in one week. Of this amount the Central Division was assigned a quota of 2100 tons or nearly a half of the total amount. All chapters were urged to open rooms, away from the regular workrooms, for the collection, inspection, and packing of the clothing. The drive was successfully concluded and the full quota of clothing was forwarded in due time to the Commission for Relief in Bel- gium.370 A second drive was begun on September 23, 1918, for 5000 tons more of used clothing for Belgian relief at the request of Herbert C. Hoover, chairman of the Belgium Relief Com- mission. Each chapter was given an allotment. The clothing began to pour into the commission headquarters in large quantities — much more than was anticipated — but not more than could readily be used. Still a third drive — this time for 10,000 tons of old clothes — was staged in March, 1919.371 Cooperating with the Belgian Relief Commis- sion, the Red Cross of Iowa sent in over one hundred carloads of old clothing. In six months from December, 1917, to May, 1918, under the direction of E. G. McNeal of Des Moines, Iowa sent more clothing for the relief of Belgium WORK OF THE WOMEN 33 than did all the rest of the country combined. Thirty-four carloads of old clothing and shoes were shipped to New York during these six months. During the first drive Iowa chapters sent in 238,000 pounds in less than carload lots, while a number of larger towns and cities shipped carloads of used clothing directly to New York.372 A glance at the records of a few chapters shows how generously the people responded. The Grundy County chapter shipped 4000 pounds, Decatur County 5000, Monona County 6000, Clarinda 6000, Mitchell County 6200, Fre- mont County 11,625, Sioux County 21,400, Du- buque 10,000, and Council Bluffs 35,000. Dur- ing the second drive a plan whereby several agencies cooperated was followed in Des Moines. The use of a building for headquar- ters being donated, the campaign committee of the Women's Council of National Defense solic- ited clothing in more than fifteen thousand Des Moines homes through their block sergeant system. The Motor Trades Bureau, assisted by the boy scouts, made the collection in trucks loaned by dealers and industrial plants. All of the clothing was fumigated and gone over daily by committees representing the Red Cross salvage department, relief giving agencies, and the Belgian Relief Committee.373 vol. n—4 34 RED CROSS IN IOWA CONSERVATION The War Industries Board turned to the Red Cross for cooperation in the conservation of essential materials. As a result a Bureau of Conservation was established at Washington in the Department of Development, and a similar bureau was created in the Central Division of- fices. The chapters of the Red Cross were urged to help — and to get others to help — collect and deliver certain materials of which there was a shortage. Tin, platinum, and nut pits and shells were asked for.374 In September, 1918, an appeal was sent out from the State director's office asking Iowa chapters to save the stones, pits, seeds, and shells of certain fruits and nuts to be used in the manufacture of gas masks. It was sug- gested that chapters provide receptacles for these articles throughout their jurisdiction. After being dried they were to be shipped to the Bureau of Conservation at Chicago.375 In common with the Governors of many other States of the Union, Governor Harding issued a proclamation setting November 9, 1918, as Gas Mask Day, and thus directing the attention of the people of Iowa to the need of material for making gas masks for the men in service.376 Only a few statistics on the results of this campaign are available, but they serve to indi- WORK OF THE WOMEN 35 cate what a chapter could do and what many chapters did do along this line. The small town of Kingsley collected 118 pounds of nuts and shells, the Bedford chapter 1495 pounds, the Council Bluffs chapter 6000 pounds, and from Cedar Rapids, which was a district center for collection of nuts and shells, was shipped 51,647 pounds.377 The Red Cross also cooperated in food con- servation, a special bulletin being issued by the State director requesting all chapters to ap- point a conservation committee to cooperate with all other agencies engaged in conserving food. It was urged that the chapters take a decided stand on this matter and that all Red Cross members aid the movement in every way possible.378 THE MOTOR CORPS SERVICE A Bureau of Motor Corps Service was created at Washington in order to encourage and facili- tate the organization of Women's Volunteer Mo- tor Corps in Red Cross chapters throughout the country. The purpose of these organizations was to furnish efficient and economical trans- portation wherever needed by the Red Cross chapter. Some of the activities open to the motor corps were to call for and deliver chapter supplies, to assist canteen workers in moving 36 RED CROSS IN IOWA their supplies and equipment, to carry nurses and civilian relief workers, to transport sol- diers and sailors, and to supply ambulance ser- vice. In some cases the motor corps lent assist- ance to outside agencies, such as hospitals and associated charities. The motor corps consisted of women who vol- unteered their services and the use of their cars for the above purposes. In the larger centers there were some volunteers without cars to drive Red Cross owned machines, but usually the members drove their own cars and fur- nished their own supplies. In the larger chap- ters a definite organization of the motor corps was recommended. A plan suggested was to appoint a com- mander and a first and second assistant com- mander to be in charge of the corps. Then the members were to be divided into companies of ten to fifteen members, each company having a captain and a lieutenant. Uniforms were pre- scribed for the various officers and the privates. In smaller localities the motor corps operated without any such definite organization.379 It was not until the summer and fall of 1918 that the work of the motor corps reached its height. On November 1,1918, there were 12,000 workers in these organizations. In the twenty months ending March 1, 1919, over 3,572,000 WORK OF THE WOMEN 37 miles were covered by the motor corps of the country and 1,081,693 hours of service were given.380 A number of Iowa chapters maintained motor corps, but in a very few cases were the fields of service large enough to warrant the military type of organization suggested by headquar- ters. Nevertheless the accounts of activities of Iowa chapters include many references to help- ful services performed by the motor corps. The Waterloo chapter organized a corps in August, 1918, with a captain, a lieutenant, twelve privates, and twenty-two reserves. By the first of December, 1918, this group had given 860 hours of service and made 1339 calls.381 Probably the largest motor corps in the State was the one at Des Moines. An account of its work during the influenza epidemic illustrates the possibilities of such an organization in an emergency. "From eight-thirty until midnight and often later, for nearly two weeks during the influenza epidemic, we had thirty cars in daily service at Camp Dodge", reported the captain of the corps. "For over a week these cars carried between five and six thousand peo- ple daily and averaged 3,500 miles. On one of the biggest days one driver carried 125 men to the hospital and another took 200 relatives of 38 RED CROSS IN IOWA the men to the hostess house for lunch and back to the hospital — a matter of three miles. One girl used her entire month's allowance on gas, oil, and repairs. "When a boy died, it was the Motor Corps who took care of stricken parents, hunted up his best friend and made arrangements for him to accompany the body and the parents back home. In many cases the motor drivers opened their own homes to the bereaved parents, serving them a hot meal in their own dining-rooms be- fore taking them to the train. Many parents would not have seen their boys before they died if the Motor Corps had not been on the spot to speed them to the hospital. And many parents who could not come were kept informed of their son's condition by members of the Motor Corps. Nurses and doctors, sick men and relatives, medicine and supplies were all jobs for the Mo- tor Service. But for them, hundreds of parents would have had to walk seven miles from their hotels to the hospitals. "The drivers were out in pouring rain with their cars skidding everywhere. Many of them became sick themselves, but they kept on. For- tunately, no one became seriously ill. "Major Burch of Camp Dodge said one day that the Motor Drivers were doing the work of fifty men."382 IX Canteen Service An order issued by the Secretary of War de- fining the status of the American Red Cross in relation to the army stated that one of the functions of the Red Cross was to "conduct canteen service stations for furnishing refresh- ments to soldiers when traveling through the country, to furnish emergency relief to the sick and wounded when en route and to see that they are conveyed to a hospital when necessary and requested by the commanding officer." All commanders of troop trains were advised of this emergency service and were authorized to avail themselves of it whenever, in their opinion, this was advisable. Here we find the foundation of the canteen service that was de- veloped. On the other hand it does not begin to give one an idea of the many, many ways in which the canteens actually did prove a blessing to soldiers, sailors, and marines.383 organization At the head of this branch of the Red Cross was the Bureau of Canteen Service in the De- 39 40 RED CROSS IN IOWA partment of Military Relief at Washington. A similar bureau existed in each division and, as in all Red Cross matters, plans developed at Washington were carried out by the divisions and chapters. The real work of canteening rested upon the chapters, and each chapter do- ing any canteen work possessed its canteen committee, charged with responsibility of organ- izing, developing, and carrying on the canteen service.384 The central idea of the canteen service was to give supplementary food to moving troops; to distribute other articles that would relieve the tedium of the journey; and to render per- sonal services to both sick and well troops en route to and from camps and points of embark- ation. There was no idea whatsoever of reliev- ing the government of its responsibility for feeding men while they were moving. The canteen service was supplementary; it fur- nished foodstuffs which were not supplied by the government or provided meals in emergen- cies when the circumstances were such that the government could not be expected to make such provision; it provided many things other than food which were calculated to make the men more comfortable and their journey more agreeable, as cigarettes, tobacco, candy, station- ery, and reading matter; it conducted an "at- CANTEEN SERVICE 41 tention service" to mail letters, send messages, or perform any similar task asked of them; it arranged for the care of the sick and wounded who were in need of attention while traveling. And why should such a program be under- taken by the Red Cross? Because of the recog- nition of the duty which the country owed to those going to or coming from fighting its bat- tles. Take the man just leaving for a camp. As one Red Cross man says, the "average re- cruit leaves with a brave heart, yet his last meal perhaps unenjoyed. He needs both food and friendly greeting en route. . . . Very likely he will soon be among strange surroundings, both as to company and sights, and all the aid and comfort we can give him; all the honor and appreciation due him, we ask our Canteen Ser- vice Committees to render.'' Then with the re- turn of the men after the successful conclusion of their job it was felt that to them was justly due the very best attention that could be paid them.385 The amount of work falling to the canteens of different chapters naturally depended upon the local railroad facilities. A chapter in a town located on some branch line over which few soldiers ever passed, or the chapter in a town where the trains never stopped, even though on the main line, had little to do. The 42 RED CROSS IN IOWA canteens in towns and cities where there were railroad junctions or where trainloads of sol- diers were likely to be passing through had a steady job. Canteens in the large cities through which an almost constant stream of service men were passing had to develop a very efficient organization in order to accomplish the goal set for them. Apparently a great many chapters never had an opportunity to engage in canteen service. In fact the chapters which did maintain what in the strict meaning of the term could be called canteens were a comparatively small number — about one-fifth of the total. But even though a great many chapters were not officially desig- nated as locations for canteens they maintained their canteen committees and carried on the activities on a small scale whenever opportunity presented itself. They could meet trains and hand out tobacco, candy, reading matter, or perform some small service even if their town was not a place for changing cars and for long waits on the part of service men. The regular canteens were at points specified by division officials. Commanders of troop trains were provided with lists of all such can- teens in order that they might call upon them to meet any emergencies. These commanders were advised that when requested in advance by wire CANTEEN SERVICE 43 the canteens were prepared to procure all kinds of supplies at cost and to accept pay for the same from the commanding- officer of the train and to give receipts for supplies paid for; to arrange for complete meals or lodgings or any service desired by troop train commanders with funds for that purpose; to arrange for surgeons, dentists, or physicians, or to have ambulances meet trains; to accept sick or diseased men for transfer from troop trains to hospitals, either military or private, and to give government form receipts to commanding officers for men turned over to them. Red Cross canteens were furnished with confidential information regard- ing troop train arrivals and were always on the lookout for them. Troop train commanders were requested, on approaching points at which canteens were located, to have the men ready to detrain and get a little exercise and a touch of canteen hospitality.386 The machinery developed by the different chapters varied. Those with large numbers of soldiers to care for necessarily developed a larger and more complex organization. Some Red Cross chapters had their permanent can- teen huts, many of them of such a nature that, aside from being a place to secure lunches, the men found them a place to pass a few leisure hours with easy chairs, reading and writing 44 RED CROSS IN IOWA material, and music. Some of the canteen sta- tions did not maintain any permanent hut, but maintained a regular schedule in meeting all trains and serving the men thereon. The larger canteens were able, on notice, to provide a sur- geon, physician, dentist, ambulance, or hospital facilities. Many of them had swimming pools or bathhouses for the use of service men. The smaller canteens on the other hand did not at- tempt to provide these specialized services. Canteening was primarily the work of the women of the country, although they received considerable assistance from the men. All offi- cial Red Cross canteen workers were enrolled under an oath of allegiance. A Red Cross shield was the emblem designated to be worn by them and it had to be worn at all times when serving troops. Standard aprons, coats, and dresses were also selected to be worn by can- teen workers.387 As a result of this organization any soldier or group of soldiers traveling for any distance in this country was sure to receive some atten- tion. On passing through a town the men would probably find the canteen women at the station ready to pass out some of their wares. If they were stopping there for a little while they might detrain and partake of a lunch, enjoy the comforts of a canteen hut, or even CANTEEN SERVICE 45 perhaps have the pleasure of getting under some shower baths or taking a swim in a Red Cross pool. The wares handed out by these workers were not as a rule of great intrinsic value, but they were such as would tend to make the men much better satisfied with their lot. In many ways the most noteworthy canteen in the country was that in the Washington Union Station. It had formerly been the presidential suite, but was turned over to the Red Cross by President Wilson at the beginning of the war. Its large reception rooms, offices, and confer- ence rooms were filled daily with traveling sol- diers. There were refreshment rooms, reading rooms, and lounging rooms for the soldier who had some time to pass while waiting for trains. There were baths and sleeping quarters near at hand where they could go if they desired.388 The expense of the canteen service was met by the general funds of each chapter. Canteen service was considered as a part of war relief of the Red Cross, and in appropriate amounts it was an authorized expenditure from the por- tion of the War Fund retained by the chapters or other chapter funds.389 ACCOMPLISHMENTS The Red Cross canteen service began to get under way in the latter half of 1917. Every 46 RED CROSS IN IOWA effort was made to have it function by Septem- ber, 1917, when the first detachments of the National Army were sent to cantonments. The organization was brought about under the guid- ance of Foster Rockwell, Director of Canteen Service at Washington.390 The canteen service was continued throughout the country until the greater part of the men in service had been demobilized and returned to their homes. It was not until November 1, 1919, that the can- teen service was demobilized, and even then reserve organizations were formed to function in emergencies.391 On November 1, 1918, just before the armis- tice, there were 55,000 canteen workers in this country and about 700 canteens. During the twenty months ending February 28, 1919, more than 587,000 men, ill or injured, were given medical aid that enabled them to go on with their journey, while 9700 who were too ill to travel were transferred to hospitals. For the same period refreshments were served 40,000,- 000 times, an average of eight times for each soldier, sailor, and marine in the service of the United States during the war. The following list of the more important items distributed during this twenty month period tells a story in itself of what the can- teens were doing:392 CANTEEN SERVICE 47 Food Candy .................. 499,059 lbs. Chocolate ............... 5,604,349 bars Coffee .................. 1,497,096 gals. Cookies, doughnuts, pies.. .10,852,352 Fruit ................... 162,845 bu. Ice cream ............... 50,117 qts. Iced drinks.............. 144,059 gals. Lunches ................. 769,368 Meals ................... 794,112 Sandwiches..............14,824,869 Other Supplies Cigarettes .............. 70,518,141 Cigars .................. 185,632 Gum .................... 2,039,331 Magazines ............... 2,225,835 Matches ................. 7,968,829 Newspapers ............. 584,752 Post cards...............15,956,219 Soap, cakes.............. 77,771 Telegrams sent .......... 21,920 Tobacco ................. 108,949 lbs. Towels, paper............ 158,261 The Chicago canteen service served as many as 9000 persons in a single day. Speaking of the task, the woman in charge had this to say: It is quite an athletic feat, when you consider that we have thirty-seven railroads to cover, and that most 48 RED CROSS IN IOWA of these are far apart. We serve men free of charge with light refreshments and, when we can, we get them the morning papers. We have also served many hot dinners to the men. In one month we served 948 dinners, consisting of hot meat roast, a vegetable, po- tatoes, pickles, coffee, and pie. When somebody do- nates it, we give the men ice cream. We can give first aid when it is necessary, either to the men themselves or sometimes to a fainting wife, sweetheart, or mother, who is overcome by the parting from her boy. The Chicago Canteen has accommodations for emer- gency cases — wounded, gassed and tubercular men. Litter cases can be given temporary care and minor injuries dressed. A captain and two first aids are on duty or call at all times and these are capable of deciding whether a man needs medical attention. If so, he is turned over to the Medical Department of the War Department. The Chicago workers even tell of a young soldier, who, having forgotten, in the excite- ment of leave-taking, to give his sweetheart the engagement ring he had bought for her, en- trusted its delivery to a canteen worker.393 Looking at the figures for one month (De- cember, 1918) of canteen service in this country one finds that there were 2,339,000 services per- formed. This included first aid to 36,160 sick men, and 557 sick men removed to hospitals. Among the articles distributed were over CANTEEN SERVICE 49 1,000,000 sandwiches, 3,500,000 cigarettes, 100,- 000 pieces of reading matter, 1,000,000 post cards, and large quantities of cakes, pies, ice cream cones, stamps, soap, matches, fruit, and candy. In addition 96,000 meals were served. A single chapter claims to have stamped and posted an average of over 5000 pieces of mail per day for traveling soldiers.394 IN THE CENTRAL DIVISION In the Central Division the Bureau of Can- teen Service was organized in December, 1917, by Gardner Morris, who served as director until the work was discontinued after the close of the war. The first half of 1918 saw the canteen service of the Central Division still in its formative stage. Reports from chapters of the work done were few. By the second half of the year it was in good working order and ac- complished much. During the last two weeks in July, reports from about one-third of the 100 canteens in the division showed that 92,298 men were served at an average cost of six cents per man. For the last half of the year the records told of 841,547 men served, but the re- ports were received from only one-third to one- half of the chapters and do not begin to tell the whole story. December, 1918, saw a large in- crease in the sick and wounded cared for — the vol. n—5 50 RED CROSS IN IOWA number mounting to 2609. The serving of 250,000 men a month was the average main- tained for the first half of 1919. The peak of canteen service for the Central Division was in May, 1919, when 329,935 men received attention at a cost to the Red Cross of $33,500. It was estimated that over 4,101,412 soldiers, sailors, and marines were given canteen service in the Central Division from December, 1917, to No- vember, 1919, by 4500 canteen workers at an expense to the Red Cross chapters of $250,000.395 IN IOWA It was on August 26, 1917, that State Direc- tor Kepford sent telegrams to a selected list of Iowa chapters asking them to appoint canteen committees. He requested that these com- mittees should immediately make arrangements to feed a considerable number of soldiers who might be passing through their cities. They were advised that the railroads would inform them in advance of troop arrivals so they could be in readiness for them. They were not asked to prepare food until they had knowledge of incoming troops, but they were requested to have their organization perfected and their equipment assembled so as to be ready to mobil- ize on a moment's notice.396 CANTEEN SERVICE 51 Fifty-seven cities were designated at that time as canteen stations where the Red Cross could prepare a lunch on short notice for large bodies of troops for which the government had not been able to provide or who might be delayed.397 With a few possible exceptions the chapters responded immediately to the request to under- take this work: a very few chapters hesitated to lend their cooperation, giving as their reason "that the government should feed its own sol- diers and not impose on good nature."398 A letter received at this time by State Direc- tor Kepford from a chapter chairman stated that it "is time our democracy got down to brass tacks and functioned and not call on all sorts of absurd civil organizations to run it. If the great State of Iowa and the United States Government cannot feed a few soldiers in transit in a Garden of Eden, what in God's name are they going to do in a foreign country devastated by three years of war."399 The number of official canteens in Iowa was considerably reduced as the work of the Cen- tral Division became better organized. On September 1, 1918, the American Red Cross Canteen Directory listed twenty-five for the State. Two of these, Des Moines and Clinton, maintained canteen huts. Four of them, Boone, 52 RED CROSS IN IOWA Cedar Rapids, Clinton, and Council Bluffs, of- fered bathing facilities. None of the Iowa canteens were designated as stations for the transfer of sick or wounded soldiers to hos- pitals.400 Reports covering the whole period of oper- ation of canteens in Iowa are not available. Neither are there complete returns for any particular period because of the failure on the part of many of the chapters to make their monthly report to the Central Division. But some idea of this work can be secured from an examination of a few of the available figures. Examining the reports for the first six months of 1919, which represents the period of greatest activity, due to demobilization at that time, one finds the average number of Iowa chapters reporting each month to be about fourteen. The reports of these fourteen show that in this time they served 311,396 men, in- cluding 5643 sick and wounded. They had purchased supplies costing $30,625.83, while supplies worth $7378.03 were donated to the canteens. Each canteen averaged about twenty- five workers.401 For five months during the first part of 1919 the Des Moines canteen rendered service to 46,121 men. The distributed supplies included $3539.91 worth purchased by the Red Cross CANTEEN SERVICE 53 and $836.58 worth donated to them. In per- forming these services from forty to fifty work- ers were engaged each month. Some of the more important things given out were 1844 gal- lons of coffee, 33,345 sandwiches, 1275 maga- zines, 46,875 packages of matches, 3948 dozen doughnuts, 1884 dozen and 63 pounds of cookies, 131,700 cigarettes, 1364 chocolate bars, 4380 bananas and oranges, 45 gallons of dill pickles, and 195 gallons of ice cream. Other services performed were the checking of 1640 pieces of baggage, sewing on of 1952 chevrons, repairing 40 coats, and securing 8 positions.402 At Oelwein, a canteen committee of twelve members served 27,750 soldiers during the war period. A reading and rest room for the men was also provided in the depot.403 The Waterloo canteen extended courtesies to 22,000 men from America's entrance into the war to the signing of the armistice.404 For the year, 1918, the Clinton canteen was visited by 17,047 soldiers, 1343 sailors, 94 marines, 464 officers, 132 nurses, 2323 drafted men, and 863 laborers — a total of 22,267. These were served at a cost of $1349.43. It meant the provision of 35,407 sandwiches, 7826 gallons of coffee, 40,242 cookies, 20,461 postals, 139,445 cigarettes, 1000 lunches, 1500 suppers, and 1223 dinners.405 The cost of the canteen service was averaging $250 54 RED CROSS IN IOWA a month at Burlington in June, 1919, and $500 a month at Dubuque.406 Particular canteens tended to specialize in particular items and a body of troops might well have passed through several Iowa canteens, each time having something different handed to them. A partial list of some of the leading items of a few Iowa canteens for the first half of 1919 may be of interest: Boone, 134 boxes of apples, 316 dozen and 40 boxes of oranges, 11,224 chocolate bars, and 16,127 post cards; Sioux City, 559,800 cigarettes, 94,000 dough- nuts, and 37,432 sandwiches; Clinton, 45,823 sandwiches, 2822 gallons of coffee, and 43,403 cookies; Cedar Rapids, 9450 bags of buttered pop corn.407 The canteen service of the Boone County chapter was organized with a chairman and six sub-chairmen, each with a committee of five. Each sub-chairman and her committee were on duty one day each week, each group having its own day. The first service of this canteen was performed on September 6, 1917, when fruit was served to 550 men from California. On the following day two trainloads of men were served. The first train load of 150 men was given fruit, cookies, post cards, and pen- cils; the second detachment of 492 men was treated to home-made apple pies, and tomatoes CANTEEN SERVICE 55 and apples were placed in the cook's car for them. The next day apple pies were furnished 492 more men and sweet corn, apples, and toma- toes were put on the train for their Sunday dinner. A few days later a local company was supplied with an evening meal, besides cake, cookies, candy, and home-made pies. In six- teen days this canteen served refreshments to 3530 men, 2205 of them coming within a three- day period. Home made pies were given to 1142 men in twenty-four hours, each man re- ceiving a quarter of a pie. Notice was received on August 3rd, that 1518 men would pass through Boone. Thirty gallons of ice cream were ordered and all the cones in the city requisitioned. When the train arrived the commanding officer assured the ladies that he and his men were deeply grateful for the courtesy of the Red Cross canteen and the peo- ple of Boone, "but his men were under inten- sive training and could not eat between meals.'' So the best that could be done was to place the ice cream on the train for dessert at meal time.408 Some insight into the possibilities of the canteen service, in addition to the mere handing out of things good to eat can be had by hearing the many experiences told by the canteeners themselves. The following comes from a man 56 RED CROSS IN IOWA who was the chairman of one of Iowa's official canteens. At the station I get where I can watch lads with baggage getting off and if they are not home town boys I brace up to them. One day recently I spotted three that were not met by home folks and was able to catch two of them. They said they had to wait until two-thirty P. M.; so I gave them meal tickets and asked about the third lad. One of them said, "He's either broke or home-sick, for he hasn't said a word since we left Chicago last night!" I finally rounded him up and found out that he was going to some little town in Missouri and he "wisht he was there." When I told him that he had three hours to wait, it didn't seem to help any. He just said, "wisht I was there" again. He was about the most woe-begone youngster I Ve met lately. "Well", I said, "as long as you've got to stay here the Red Cross would be glad to have you for dinner with them. There are other trains coming in; so I can't go with you and I Ve got to get back to the store but I'll show you where to go. And we want you to eat a meal on the Red Cross. You haven't had your dinner, have you ?'' "No, I ain't," he broke down and began to cry openly. "I had a sandwich about five o'clock last night." I took him with me and showed him a first class cafe and told him if he failed to put away a dollar's worth CANTEEN SERVICE 57 of grub that I'd look him up and punch his mug for him. He obeyed orders. On Christmas night after six o'clock the local train gave me one lone lad. I nailed him. He was bound for some place in southern Iowa. They sold him a ticket to a place in Wisconsin by the same name. He went to sleep almost as soon as he got on the train, and an hour later when he woke he heard the brake- man calling the names of strange towns. The con- ductor was a regular guy and he sent him back on the next train. He had expected to get home on Christmas Day, and here he'd have to wait until five o'clock December 26th. He hadn't any money either. I took care of him.409 This chapter has been confined largely to a discussion of the activities of the official can- teens. But there were many other places where canteen service was carried on. Perhaps the service was not so well organized and did not have as much to do, but the committees were nevertheless on the lookout for a chance to be of service to men in transit. From the chairman of a chapter in one such community came the word: '' Our lunch, mess, or canteen committee, or whatever you may call it is of the best. . . . You may rest assured that no soldier will go away from--------hungry or thirsty. I say this with full confidence tho I know Iowa to be a very 'dry' state and hope it ever keeps so."410 58 RED CROSS IN IOWA A report from the Sioux County chapter during the period of demobilization stated that its can- teen at Alton was serving an average of 400 meals and 400 lunches a month. X Home Service When the men of any country are called to arms there arises the problem of caring in some manner for the families and dependents left be- hind. Thus it was inevitable when the United States entered the World War that there would be left at home many dependents who could not hope to maintain themselves without outside assistance. Men left wives, children, aged par- ents, or other relatives whom they had been supporting. In the peace period preceding the war, when there was a rule against recruiting men with families, fourteen per cent of the men in the regular army sent some portion of their pay to relatives who were in need of such aid. Due to the rapid increase in the military forces with the opening of war activities, this percentage naturally increased rapidly. The selective draft, although it aimed to take only those with- out dependents, brought many others into the service. Many men, though having dependents, made no claim for exemption because they were eager to get into the war and to do their part.411 59 60 RED CROSS IN IOWA Substantial considerations demanded that any families, left uncared for by the departure for service of the men, should be given ade- quate assistance. First, it was a step to help win the war. An army's morale is a most important factor in its success, and it was fully realized that a soldier's morale was vitally affected by the situation of those at home. A man with a wife, with children, or with other relatives dependent upon him, can not put his best into his training and fighting unless he feels assured that these relatives are being well cared for in his absence. It was essential that some agency undertake to meet this problem and provide for any dependents of soldiers, sailors, or marines who might need assistance. Again, it was realized that the families who gave men to serve and perhaps die for their country were making a great sacrifice for a com- mon cause. The community owed it to all per- sons making such sacrifices to do everything possible to help and cheer them. Under the circumstances a community could meet its full obligation only by taking measures that insured full protection to the relatives of the men en- gaged in prosecuting the war.412 Consideration of the future also demanded such action. In times of war human material becomes even more important than in periods HOME SERVICE 61 of peace. With the wastage of human life due to war, the necessity of maintaining and pre- serving life and strength becomes urgent. Every person matters — most of all the fami- lies of soldiers and sailors. To maintain their fitness was a national obligation.413 By an act approved October 6,1917, Congress made provision to meet certain of the financial needs of the enlisted men's relatives. This bill, commonly known as the soldiers' and sailors' insurance law, provided for the support of the families and dependents of enlisted men through allotments and allowances. Under cer- tain conditions the government agreed to pay monthly allowances to a man's dependents, if he alloted a part of his pay to them. The amount of the government allowance was regulated by the relationship and the number of the depend- ents. The total government allowance for any one person's dependents could not exceed $50. For class A dependents the allotment of an amount equal to the allowance, but not more than one-half of the pay or less than $15, was compulsory. Allotments for class B were vol- untary but had to be made before the govern- ment would grant an allowance to dependents in that class.414 Although the government made this arrange- ment for financial support, it was never sup- 62 RED CROSS IN IOWA posed that it alone would solve the problem. At once the American Red Cross assumed the task of furnishing additional help. In most cases it was hoped that the allowances and allotments would meet the larger part of the need for material aid, but the Red Cross stood ready to offer more if needed. Furthermore, the Red Cross realized that to consider an allowance as the solution of the difficulty was to regard the enlisting man merely as a source of income when, in fact, he was also a father or a brother or a son. The absence of the head of the family is the absence of one of the most important members of the household firm, often indeed, the senior partner. If one regards the family merely as an economic unit, the absence of the father is the absence of the administrator; if one recognizes also the educational importance of the family, the absence of the father is the absence of a teacher and a guide in the develop- ment of character. Even greater, perhaps, is the loss of companionship. "It is not merely the work I have to do", said a woman whose husband had died, "it is not merely that I have to be responsible alone for the care of the chil- dren, but there is nobody who comes home at night."415 It was not alone the creature needs of sol- diers' families to which the Red Cross proposed HOME SERVICE 63 to minister. Social needs also were to be given the utmost consideration and attention. The test of the success of any system of civilian relief in war time is not the number and the amount of allowances awarded, but the health, the happiness, the comfort and the character of the families cared for — and particularly of the children in those families. To be judged suc- cessful by such a test as this was the purpose of those who planned the Red Cross work among the dependents of enlisted men. It was to be a work of service. Home service was the appro- priate name chosen to cover the field.416 FIELD OF HOME SERVICE The field mapped out for home service was a very broad one: it included all kinds of activ- ities which promised to be of benefit to men in the service or to their families. It included emergency relief, allowances, advice, encour- agement, counsel, and information. Home ser- vice proposed to do for these families what the most enlightened and progressive social agen- cies were doing for the ordinary dependent families: to assist them to preserve the essen- tial standards of home life, to meet problems arising out of diminished income, sickness, care, discipline, and education of children, household management, business and legal difficulties, un- 64 RED CROSS IN IOWA satisfactory working conditions, loneliness, mental depression or defect, vice, or physical disability.417 One of the very important tasks assumed by home service was that of giving accurate and timely information to families, relatives, and friends of soldiers, sailors, and marines. The war risk insurance law, how to secure govern- ment allowances, compensation, and insurance, how to address mail to soldiers and sailors, and how to obtain news of wounded, captured, or missing relatives were among the subjects upon which home service workers prepared to give information. To facilitate this work and to make it uniform and thorough a Handbook of Information for Home Service Sections was compiled by the Civilian Relief Department and sent to all home service sections. As changes occurred or as new information was secured the sections were kept informed by the Civilian Re- lief Department.418 When the men began to return from military duty the Red Cross home service discovered many ways of serving them. The wounded and incapacitated were helped to get in touch with the government agencies that had been pro- vided to handle their cases. Men were informed as to the possibilities of medical care and treat- ment, their rights to compensation for injury or HOME SERVICE 65 sickness, and their chance for education and training under the vocational rehabilitation law. Names of all men discharged from service because of tuberculosis were turned over to the Red Cross, and the home service sections were given the names of those living in their juris- diction so that they might be looked up and provided with the proper care. The home ser- vice proved to be of much assistance even to men who were not disabled. Xo little time of home service workers was given to the straight- ening out of matters regarding war risk insur- ance ; in securing back pay, bonuses, additional travel pay, or victory buttons; and in furnish- ing information and advice on subjects of every kind. METHODS OF HOME SERVICE In dealing with families coming under its care home service fell back on the experience of trained social workers. Case work was intro- duced and carried out as far as the qualifica- tions of workers would permit. From the beginning it was realized by those who planned home service that individuals and families varied and that no two were exactly alike. Each individual and family was to be served accord- ing to its particular needs — needs determined by careful investigation and observation. It vol. n—6 66 RED CROSS IN IOWA was not the policy of home service simply to give liberally to the support of all who were made dependent by the calling of men to mili- tary service. Such a policy could result only in superficial and inadequate help.419 The first step in preparing to aid a family is to get acquainted. "To know whether and how much to help a man one must know the man. Acquaintance is the only way of determining what service a family needs." With a knowl- edge of the persons to be served, the social worker can determine the best course to pursue in providing assistance — assistance to main- tain health, education, character, and stam- ina.420 Not only did home service rely upon the meth- ods already developed by organized social work, but from the same source many experienced persons were drawn into the Red Cross organ- ization to help develop and carry on the work. Statistics compiled by the Charity Organization Department of the Russell Sage Foundation show that by January, 1918, over 400 workers from 151 societies, were with the Red Cross home service. Of this number 182 were from the paid staffs of the societies.421 The Red Cross acknowledged not only the in- valuable assistance of this trained personnel of the social agencies, but sought the cooperation HOME SERVICE 67 of these regular agencies as well. It recognized that the equipment, experience, and skill of the established social organizations would have to be utilized in home service and that it would not do to weaken or interfere with their work. Cooperation between the two was the goal. In June, 1917, one finds the National Conference of Social Workers striving for such cooperation by the passage of a resolution recommending that its members endeavor to obtain the cooper- ation of their organizations with the Red Cross in the promotion of home service. The Red Cross wished to establish direct contacts with all dependents of soldiers and sailors and not leave the work to be done by representatives of those social agencies who were at the same time dealing with other classes of dependents. Ad- vice in determining the treatment to be pursued, however, and aid in administering such treat- ment were desired from these social agencies.422 PLAN OF ORGANIZATION The task of planning and developing home service fell to the Department of Civilian Re- lief. Upon this department rested all those functions necessary to the discharge of the fol- lowing duties, laid upon the American Red Cross by Congress: "to continue and carry on a system of national and international relief in 68 RED CROSS IN IOWA time of peace and to apply the same in miti- gating the sufferings caused by pestilence, famine, fire, floods, and other great national calamities, and to devise and carry on measures for preventing the same.'' Another duty which fell to this department and which proved a most important one was that of providing care and relief for the civilian populations who suffered directly from the devastation of war.423 Ernest P. Bicknell was director of the De- partment of Civilian Relief when the United States entered the war. In April, 1917, in order to provide for the families of men joining the colors, a new position was created in the De- partment of Civilian Relief, known as the direc- tor of family relief. Eugene T. Lies, who for five years had been general superintendent of the United Charities of Chicago, was appointed to this position.424 Plans were at once announced for dividing the country into geographical districts with a supervising director in each district. These directors were to be responsible to the director of family relief at Washington. Their work was to consist of the supervision of relief work as carried on by the chapters. About this time, however, the whole Red Cross organization was decentralized and a department of civilian re- lief was established in each division, so that no HOME SERVICE 69 further decentralization of the civilian relief work was necessary.425 A director of civilian relief was appointed for each of the fourteen divisions, and each director was given a staff of assistants to help promote the home service work among the chap- ters. Field supervisors were sent out period- ically from the division offices to visit the chapters. The supervisors gave advice and offered criticisms based on their broad experi- ence; they encouraged home service workers and explained their task. In many ways it was the field supervisors who formed the connective links of the civilian relief organization. Case correspondents in the division offices helped puzzled home service workers solve compli- cated and intricate questions which arose in their daily work. Through these division organ- izations, the small communities, wholly devoid of any conscious social endeavor, profited by the experience of the more successful social agencies, which had already developed sound methods for helping families in time of trou- ble.426 Home service was undertaken by the Central Division soon after its establishment, with T. J. Edmunds, formerly a leader in social work in Cincinnati, Ohio, acting as director. The great- est progress was made, however, after J. L. 70 RED CROSS IN IOWA Gillin, professor of sociology at AVisconsin Uni- versity, assumed the duties of director of civilian relief for the Central Division in March, 1918. Beginning with a very small organization he rapidly expanded it and developed the work throughout the division.427 The responsibility for the immediate work of relief among families was placed upon the civilian relief committee in each chapter. The work of this committee also included assistance to those in need as a result of disasters. A home service section, within the civilian relief com- mittee, was designed to concentrate on home service. But as there was little need for dis- aster relief in most chapters the civilian relief committee and the home service section were frequently identical in membership and the lat- ter title was used. It was the plan to employ the name "home service section" in all family work as a means of identifying the purpose and duties of this part of the chapter's organization and as a means of allaying the opposition which might be created by any title including the word *' relief". The home service sections were made up of a membership as representative as pos- sible of the various local interests — business, professional, church, and social work.428 The general plan for the organization of home service sections provided for a chairman, HOME SERVICE 71 a secretary, and a consultation committee. Direction of the work among families fell to the lot of the secretary of the section. It was urged that the secretary, if possible, should have experience, training, and aptitude for social work. Where the number of families to be helped exceeded one hundred, it was recom- mended that a secretary be secured to give her full time to the work. To provide for this it was suggested that secretaries be paid a salary if necessary, for it was realized that in most places it was impossible to find a qualified per- son who could give his or her services without pay. Money thus spent was expected to bring- better results than an equal amount given in relief without the services of one qualified to direct such expenditures. In order to secure executives with the proper qualifications, vari- ous plans were adopted by the Red Cross for training and preparing persons for home ser- vice. Chapters were urged to send representa- tives to the different schools and institutes so that they could fit themselves to assume the task of supervising the community's home service activities.429 It was hoped, however, that volunteers could be secured to carry on much of the home service work — volunteers drawn from no one group in the community but from persons of different 72 RED CROSS IN IOWA ages, different religions, different incomes, and different occupations. With experienced social workers to guide these volunteers it was ex- pected that considerable service could be ren- dered by them.430 A consultation committee was to be formed of the persons in the community engaged in local public health work and other forms of social service and having special experience with and knowledge of local conditions. The chief func- tion of this committee was to consider the dif- ferent problems arising in the home service work. The consultation committee was sub- ordinate to the home service section. Questions of general policy were left for the home service section to decide. The application of these policies in specific instances was to be made by the consultation committee.431 Branches of the Red Cross also played a part in the home service program. At times the branches appointed their own home service sec- tions and put them in charge of the work; in some cases all the home service work was carried on under the supervision of the home service section of the parent chapter.432 Every Red Cross chapter was urged to estab- lish a home service section no matter how few men entered the service from its territory and no matter how self-sufficient their families ap- HOME SERVICE 73 peared to be. By no other means could the responsibility for home service be fixed. With- out a group charged with this responsibility it was realized that there would be soldiers' chil- dren dropping out of school and others deprived of timely medical treatment; that there would be soldiers' wives wheedled out of their income by shrewd agents or cheated out of it by fakers; and that there would be soldiers' homes broken up during their absence by temptation or mis- fortune of one kind or another which a friend at hand might overcome. It was emphasized that there was a real task for helpful friendship in every community from which soldiers went. Ten families it was conceded had just as much right to home service as one hundred families. It was not the volume but the character of the work that was to count.433 Financing home service was a part of the general finance problem of the Red Cross. Any of the chapter funds could be appropriated for home service expenses, whether secured from membership dues, war fund drives, or special sources. Since home service was developed as a means by which each community could show its gratitude to the families of men in service and since each community was more or less equally called upon to furnish men, each Red 74 RED CROSS IN IOWA Cross chapter was called upon to finance its own home service operations.434 DEVELOPMENT OF HOME SERVICE Red Cross chapters all over the country responded quickly when called upon to organize for home service. By the middle of 1918 there were 3229 chapters organized for home service, with 20,692 workers. Not only was every part of the United States covered by home service sections, but also the territories, the insular possessions, the colonies of Americans in for- eign countries — indeed every place where there were families of soldiers and sailors who might need help.435 On February 28, 1919, there were 3618 sec- tions with 11,190 branches and 50,000 workers devoting all or a part of their time to home service activities. In eighteen months home service had grown "from an advanced idea to a responsible, nation-wide organization, em- bracing fifty thousand workers in its ranks, the recognized agency in its field."436 Out of 568 chapters in the Central Division, 254 had organized home service sections by April, 1918. By May 301 sections had been formed and estimates placed the number of home service workers at 1128. The end of July found the number of sections increased to 481. Early in 1919 Miss Margaret Byington, director HOME SERVICE 75 of the Bureau of Field Service at Washington, visited the Central Division and was warm in her praise of the organization that had been developed. She found the division almost one hundred per cent organized, nearly every chap- ter having a home service section. '' I can truly say", she wrote, "that this is one of the best divisions I have visited — and I have visited them all."437 Iowa Red Cross chapters were likewise quickly lined up for home service. February, 1918, found only 72 out of 167 chapters in the State with home service sections; but by May there were 101, and before the end of the year practically every chapter was organized and prepared to care for those soldiers' and sailors' families which might profit by their help.438 PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING HOME SERVICE Home service was not without many obsta- cles in the course of its development. A writer in The Survey has well described the position in which this branch of Red Cross endeavor found itself upon entering its field. Home Service had to compete for followers with many other war agencies whose call was for obvious services in which the individual could produce results in direct ratio to the amount of energy expended, results which could be pointed out as definite contri- 76 RED CROSS IN IOWA butions to the great cause. Home Service, being largely preventive in character, shared the disadvan- tages of most enterprises for the prevention of evils: they are undramatic and there is no popular way of demonstrating conclusively what will happen if the preventive measures are not taken. The breakdown of family life itself is an undramatic happening when it comes. It is not like the bursting of a shell or the explosion of a mine. So, lacking the dramatic, Home Service had to make its appeal to popular sympathy, which had a thousand other calls; it had to depend on logic, which does not carry along great numbers; its main objective was the maintenance of morale, and few people at that time recognized '' morale'' as some- thing which they could help to create — indeed, few were on speaking terms with the word. Home Service had to be built on much deeper foun- dations than were required by many of the war activ- ities which did not need highly trained service. It was, to most people, not simple, not obvious. It had to be taught carefully, clearly, thoroughly. And there were, compared wTith the need, very few teachers. Whatever money was needed was usually supplied. But financial support alone was not enough. What was most needed was trained service — something that was not on the market in appreciable quantities.439 The establishment of home service sections did not mean that successful home service would follow: only too frequently work ended HOME SERVICE 77 when the organization was effected. Many of the home service sections which were estab- lished lacked the leadership necessary to put the home service idea into practice. Smaller communities, especially, often failed to under- stand what the home service program aimed at and what it was capable of accomplishing. Communities unacquainted with social work did not always appreciate its aims and possibilities. Here was a real difficulty that was overcome — where it was overcome — only by a long process of education and enlightenment. To this end a great amount of home service literature was published by the Red Cross and given Avide distribution. Pamphlets, circulars, and news- papers carried far and wide the message of home service. They pictured the field and told the need and the aspirations of home service in a way calculated to convince every local organ- ization of its desirability and necessity. All too often there was a hesitancy on the part of chapters to give sufficient financial sup- port to their home service work. In a statement issued to division managers early in 1918, Harvey D. Gibson, general manager, wrote: It has come to my attention that there is an apparent reluctance on the part of some Chapters whose funds are limited or have been very liberally used for vari- ous other purposes to make appropriations for Home 78 RED CROSS IN IOWA Service, even when the opportunity for such expend- iture, wisely and helpfully, is apparent. Whenever an individual Chapter feels unable or un- willing financially to undertake Home Service, you are authorized to state to the Chapter concerned that its funds should be used so far as needed for the welfare of the families of soldiers and sailors in that commu- nity, even if the result must be the curtailing of work along other lines. The only Red Cross funds available for Home Service are those of the Chapter itself, whereas the surplus funds of all Chapters can be used if necessary for general relief supplies.440 HOME SERVICE IN IOWA The obstacles to the development of home service above described seem to have been of considerable magnitude in Iowa. Being a rich agricultural State and possessing few cities of any size, Iowa had never experienced any great development of social work. Outside of a few of the larger towns and cities organized social work was almost unknown. The Red Cross was compelled to start at the very bottom and lay foundations upon which home service could be built. County after county with practically no concept of social work had to be introduced to home service; had to be informed of its pur- poses, possibilities, and procedure; had to be convinced of the need for it in their own locality. HOME SERVICE 79 It was perhaps to be expected that in a great many cases where home service sections were organized they would not function properly. Probably in some instances there was a real lack of interest, but more often inactivity was due to the utter lack of any realization of what home service aimed to do and how it aimed to do it. Not infrequently after a home service section was once organized, its officers were un- able to see that there was anything for it to do. Field representatives from the Department of Civilian Relief of the Central Division spent much time visiting the chapters and explaining the possibilities of the service. Frequently they met with the declaration that there was nothing for a home service section to do — that home service was all right for the cities, but there was no need for it in rural communities. In some communities the field supervisors had to find definite cases which needed attention, before they could convince local officials that home service was necessary. Consequently it was a long, hard task to bring about the proper functioning of all the home service sections of the State. The number of field supervisors was very limited and it was a long while before they could make their influence felt in all communi- ties. Even when hostilities ceased there was still much organization work to be done among 80 RED CROSS IN IOWA the home service forces, but as the Reel Cross planned to continue the work for some time, the work of organization and development among the sections was maintained. One county chapter in Iowa, which had been doing practically no home service work, was persuaded to send a delegate to a Red Cross Institute for training. The delegate returned with a new idea of home service possibilities and assumed charge of the work. During the first week the following cases came under her attention: (1) four soldiers discharged because of tuberculosis, all living in the county; (2) four orphaned children of a soldier who had died from the flu and whose wife died from the same disease shortly after; (3) two sol- diers' widows who did not know that they were entitled to compensation; (4) one accrued al- lowance and allotment problem; (5) three sol- diers permanently disabled and eligible for compensation and reeducation; (6) one soldier who knew nothing of compensation or bonus and was entitled to both; and (7) twenty in- quiries as to how to secure bonuses.441 The chairman of another Iowa chapter prob- ably expressed the idea of many in the follow- ing statement regarding the need for home ser- vice in his community: '' The fact is'', he wrote, "that the work that is being done by the Red HOME SERVICE 81 Cross now and the activities in which it is en- gaged, are such as have very little, if any, appli- cation to situations such as ours. ... In short, we really have no problem on account of returned soldiers. We may be considered hap- pily situated in this respect. Our people were all willing to do everything that they were called upon to do while the War was on, and are still willing to do everything that is necessary, but to be making themselves busy undertaking to do things here that may be of great value in centers of population or in the cities and labor centers but wThich would be of no use here, would be simply a waste of time and effort." Yet in most communities from which such re- plies came, field representatives were able to point out specific cases that badly needed the attention of home service workers.442 A lack of sympathy for the home service pro- gram at times caused trouble for the division officials. The chairman of one chapter in the State threw the home service literature which was received into the waste basket instead of passing it on to the home service section. When a representative of the Central Division visited the chapter she found the executive secretary of the home service section entirely ignorant of the extent of home service. She did not know "that it was possible to extend aid to a soldier's vol. n—7 82 RED CROSS IN IOWA brothers and sisters, that to keep a soldier's mother from starving was not all that could be expected of the Red Cross." After this repre- sentative had fully explained home service the question of employing a trained worker was taken under consideration by the chapter.443 Adequate direction for the home service work was frequently lacking. This was due, in some cases, to the absence of anyone in the com- munity who possessed the proper qualifications to lead in the work. At other times mistakes were made in selecting the chairmen or secre- taries of home service sections. Home service in some places became simply a one man affair: the person in charge assumed all responsibility and failed to listen to any criticism or advice from others. Failure to make use of the con- sultation committee suggested by headquarters was too often one of the reasons why home ser- vice was not successfully administered. Great care was necessary if the best available persons were to be secured as chairmen of home service sections. Some of the points to be con- sidered in making the choices are suggested in a statement made to the chairman of an Iowa chapter by a Central Division official. "Our experience", he says, "is that a clergyman does not make the most satisfactory chairman for a Civilian Relief Committee. We say this with HOME SERVICE 83 full appreciation of the great part that our churches and religious influences are playing in the development of the morale of soldiers in service. A clergyman at best represents one section of the life of the community. There is always a feeling that because there are Jews and all denominations connected with the Home Service work of the Red Cross, a clergyman of one faith does not reach all interests."444 A Central Division field representative, after visiting a certain Iowa home service section, reported back that she had made every effort to arouse them to the responsibility of home ser- vice ; that they distinctly saw some need but did not see how they were going to do what she out- lined for them. She suggested an institute graduate, but they felt that the man then in charge of the work "had nothing much to do" and could continue, although he was not a capable organizer or leader.445 For the purpose of administering home ser- vice, chapters organized with county jurisdic- tions were preferable to the smaller units. With the larger chapters it was possible to secure a trained or experienced worker to direct activ- ities. There was sufficient work to keep such a person busy and the chapter was large enough to support her. But with several chapters in a county none of them could find enough home 84 RED CROSS IN IOWA service work to make it seem worth while to secure a trained executive. Hence the large number of small chapters in Iowa undoubtedly hindered to a certain extent the employment of trained executives for the home service pro- gram.446 ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPED Home service was carried on by a vast organ- ization extending to every corner of the United States. It was carried on under the very eyes of the nation and what it accomplished or failed to accomplish at once became known to anyone who cared to inquire. Its beneficiaries were representatives of local communities every- where, and the workers were equally repre- sentative. "Experience was desirable but not essential. Wealth and high social standing were neither a bar nor a recommendation. By the scores and the hundreds, by the thousands, until there were some thirty thousand .... men and women were enrolled as paid or volun- teer workers in the Home Service, nineteen- twentieths of them unpaid volunteers.'' A net- work of helpful agencies was built up, meeting local needs through local men and women, work- ing in large measure on the same fundamental principles, subject in matters of general policy, and especially in the use of their funds, to HOME SERVICE 85 supervision from national headquarters, and to a closer although still no doubt very general supervision by fourteen division headquar- ters.447 To supervise all of the home service work an executive staff of some two hundred and fifty persons was created covering all the division headquarters of the United States. In addi- tion, two thousand men and women were serving as full time secretaries — often as vol- unteers — for local communities. At the end of 1918 there were at national headquarters and at the divisional offices about ninety people, most of them experienced social workers, whose main work was policy direction of a general executive kind. There were nearly seventy field super- visors and over forty specialists teaching or supervising the teaching of home service. That was the overhead organization for all the home service sections of the country. While it was inadequate in many ways it nevertheless repre- sented a genuine achievement in building a staff when experienced persons were very difficult to obtain.448 At Central Division headquarters there was developed an organization for directing and supervising the work in the local centers. Spe- cialists were placed in charge of the various departments and field supervisors or repre- 86 RED CROSS IN IOWA sentatives were secured to visit the home ser- vice sections. In July, 1919, there were twelve of these supervisors in the Central Division. Two were retained at headquarters for emer- gency calls, while the others were usually as- signed to work in a certain State.449 Some very efficient home service sections were developed in various places in Iowa, as a result of the cooperation of the local people with the Central Division. By July, 1919, ninety-one of the Iowa chapters had been vis- ited by the field representatives from Chicago. A number of chapters had been visited two or three times. For a time, Miss Bessie A. Mc- Clenahan, then in charge of social service for the Extension Division of the State University, was the Iowa representative of the Central Division, having been loaned to the Red Cross for that purpose.450 As the war progressed, more and more trained workers were secured to help carry out the home service program. The chapters gradually came to appreciate the value of having trained persons to direct the service and were willing to use their funds to hire experi- enced workers or send some one to the Red Cross institutes to get the training. Central Division records show that in July, 1919, there were thirty-two sections in Iowa with trained HOME SERVICE 87 executives — that is, with executives who had had previous experience in social work or were graduates of Red Cross institutes. In many of the other chapters there were workers who had gained considerable insight into social work by attendance at chapter courses, regional confer- ences, and similar Red Cross gatherings. In most of the larger cities paid executive secretaries were put in charge of the home ser- vice operations. In Council Bluffs, for instance, a secretary was paid $2400 a year and two stenographers were paid $82.50 a month to help her. Likewise several of the chapters with no cities in their jurisdictions had paid executives. In a few cases where one chapter did not have enough work to justify the employment of a salaried executive, two chapters joined together and hired a worker to divide her time between them.451 A field representative's report concerning one Iowa chapter furnishes an example of an Iowa organization. This report says: Miss Hugus, the Executive Secretary, is a graduate of one of the Chicago Institutes. . . . Her recog- nition of opportunities for service is quick, and her response immediate. She is kindly, accurate and energetic. Miss Hugus serves as Executive Secretary of two Chapters both in Montgomery County. Headquarters 88 RED CROSS IN IOWA for the other chapter is at Villisca, where Miss Hugus spends Mondays and Tuesdays. She works from Wednesday to Saturday inclusive of each week at Red Oak which is considerably the larger of the two Chapters. Branch organization is excellent. In each township is a small committee with one member, the Chairman, responsible for the work. . . . The Civilian Relief Committee meets on call. This I pointed out as a weakness, which both Miss Hugus and her committee admitted and began at once discussing meetings at a regular scheduled time. The office of the Home Service Section is in the Post Office. It is admirably arranged with a reception room large enough for committee meetings, and an inner office for interviews and work. Records show an unusually large information ser- vice and an intelligently handled one. People who called while I was in the office varied from a woman of wealth, seeking information and direction because her son-in-law's mail fails to reach him, to a laundress distressed by financial matters complicated by non- arrival of allotment and allowance. Money was paid to the laundress who left cheered and grateful. The other caller mentioned above was likewise appreciative and relieved. I have visited no office where the spirit of democracy holds sway so completely as here.452 ACCOMPLISHMENTS OP HOME SERVICE The greatest good resulting from the home service of the Red Cross was that growing out HOME SERVICE 89 of the many personal services rendered by the thousands of workers — services which are not measurable. Still the figures obtainable give some idea of the magnitude of the work done. February, 1918, one of the first months in which home service really functioned, saw service rendered to 32,000 families. In addition, infor- mation of one kind or another was supplied to 9000 families — a total of 41,000 families helped during that month by the Red Cross home ser- vice. From that time on there was a rapid increase in the number of families turning to home service for assistance. In June, 1918, information was furnished to 29,000 families and other aid rendered to 82,000; and during December 284,000 families received attention, 73,000 being given information and 211,000 bene- fiting in other ways. For February, 1919, the last month before the Red Cross returned to a peace basis, 297,000 families were given atten- tion. Information was furnished to 64,000 of these and other aid was supplied to 233,000. It is estimated that from February, 1918, to February, 1919, about 500,000 different families were reached by home service activities.453 Large amounts of money were necessarily spent in conducting home service operations, and yet the financial aid rendered to families was probably the least important. Up to the 90 RED CROSS IN IOWA end of February, 1919, the chapters had spent $8,790,000 for home service, while the National Headquarters had expended $1,204,730.61 in operating the civilian relief bureaus in the divi- sions through which the home service sections were organized, the workers trained, the work developed and supervised, and many matters attended to that could not be handled locally.454 Complete figures for the number of families helped and the amount of financial aid given by Iowa Red Cross chapters are not available, due to the failure of many home service sections to report their activities to the Central Division, month by month, as they were supposed to do. March, 1918, found only 90 home service sec- tions organized in Iowa's 167 chapters and of these only 62 reported for that month. Those reporting had dealt with 245 families and given financial aid to the amount of $875.63. For the following month 42 sections, out of 101 then organized, reported the giving of service to 437 families and the expenditure of $1692.59 for financial aid. From that time on there was a steady in- crease in the number of families helped and the amount of financial assistance given. For December, 1918, it appears that 113 out of 150 home service sections reported. They showed that 5816 families had come under the attention HOME SERVICE 91 of home service workers, 3865 receiving definite service of one kind or another, while the other 1951 were merely supplied with information. The amount of financial aid given during De- cember was $19,136.26. According to the re- ports made to the Central Division, this month marked the highest point in the home service work in Iowa, so far as the amount of financial aid given is concerned. The greatest number of families helped was in March, 1919, when 8547 were aided. For the twelve months beginning with March 1,1918, the reports received from an average of two-thirds of the home service sections of the State indicated that they had served an aver- age of 2447 families a month and had spent a total of $99,225.81 for financial assistance.455 The reports of individual chapters show that many of them did a great deal of home service work. From January 1st to December 1, 1918, the Cedar Rapids home service section dealt with 1058 families and expended $2000 for re- lief. The number of families helped each month indicates the rate at which the work developed. In January, 1918, it appears that 17 families were dealt with, 20 in February, 32 in March, 39 in April, 50 in May, 67 in June, 145 in July, 156 in August, 166 in September, 156 in October, and 210 in November.456 On January 1, 1918, 92 RED CROSS IN IOWA there were but three families under the care of the Waterloo home service section, and only $20.50 had been expended for the work. The report for the year 1918 listed 178 families re- ceiving some sort of service. Included were 111 wives of soldiers, 62 parents, 3 grandparents, and 2 children. Turning to smaller towns and rural communities, one learns that Hawarden to June 1,1919, expended $923.32, while Chickasaw County spent $500 assisting 16 families and 20 soldiers.457 Figures for a period of four months at the close of 1918 and the first of 1919 show that during that time the Council Bluffs chapter aided 1980 families, giving $5995.37 in financial aid; Des Moines dealt with 2485 families and gave financial assistance of $9335.88; Daven- port helped 806 families and spent $2153.75 for financial aid; Sioux City served 780 families, with financial aid amounting to $6472.56. In Monroe County, where there are no cities of any size, 68 families were under home service care and $870.72 was used to give necessary relief.458 The monthly figures for a few Iowa com- munities show that in October, 1918, Ames aided 185 families, Cedar Falls 4, Galva 4, Wapello County 348, Washington County 320, and Woodbury County 129. For November, Jones County served 10 families, Muscatine HOME SERVICE 93 County 133, Oskaloosa 104, Davenport 234, and Des Moines 422.459 Special lines of activity wTere undertaken at different times by the home service sections. One instance was the service rendered during the influenza epidemic. All over the country the Red Cross did a great deal to help meet this emergency. It wTas not, however, always under- taken by the home service section: special com- mittees were sometimes appointed to deal with the situation. Iowa chapters were quite active along this line and spent much time and money in fighting the epidemic, some chapters opening emergency hospitals to cope with the situation. In Wapello County, especially in the city of Ottumwa, we find an excellent example of wiiat the Red Cross could do in such emergencies. From October 23rd to November 17th, 1560 persons were given some sort of assistance and 140 nurses were sent out, who put in 7196 hours of service. The motor corps made 6000 trips, taking nurses to cases, delivering meals, and taking out supplies and people to investigate. Among the supplies furnished were 31 blankets, 91 comforts, 42 cots, 31 mattresses, 50 pillow cases, 70 pneu- monia jackets, 5000 masks, 140 sheets, and 3150 meals. About $6000 was expended in carrying on the work. Later the city opened an emer- 94 RED CROSS IN IOWA gency hospital, but the Red Cross cooperated and furnished the cots, bedding, linen, towels, mattresses, night clothes, and underwear for the patients.460 At Des Moines a special influenza committee was named. During the epidemic 3000 cooked meals were furnished to patients throughout the city. Camp Dodge was supplied with cler- ical help for the base hospital and with cooks, waitresses, and matrons for the nurses' homes. In fifteen days 1057 days of volunteer labor were given. Nursing service was furnished to 1200 patients, the cost of which, however, was usually borne by the family. Among the places which opened emergency hospitals during the influ- enza period were Pella, Ames, and Marshall- town. The Marshall County chapter, with headquarters at Marshalltown, spent $10,000 during the epidemic.461 Another field into which a few Iowa chapters entered was that of opening Red Cross sana- toriums, although the use of Red Cross funds for that purpose was frowned upon by National and Central Division officials. In June, 1918, Des Moines leased a sanatorium to convert into a convalescent hospital for the care of soldiers' families in need of medical attention and unable to bear the expense. A confinement ward and a nursery were provided for in the plans. Previ- HOME SERVICE 95 ously there had been considerable trouble in finding places to house persons under the care of the home service section. The sanatorium contained thirty rooms available for use which were cleaned and painted and furnished largely through gifts. A trained nurse was secured as superintendent, and it was opened toward the end of July, 1918. The Cherokee Red Cross early in 1919 paid $5000 for a house to be used as a hospital. It could accommodate only ten persons and in June, 1919, one of the field secre- taries of the Central Division reported that it "was standing idle and that the chapter did not know what to do with it.462 XI Home Sekvice (Continued) From the beginning it was evident that if the Red Cross was to carry out its home service program successfully it would be necessary to bring to its aid that skill in establishing per- sonal relationships and in rendering service to others that only training and experience can provide. Of course there was not a sufficient number of experienced social workers to pro- vide this service, even if they could all have been drawn to the Red Cross from their regular fields. Neither was it possible for the existing schools of social work to train enough workers in time to meet the emergency.463 There was, however, "plenty of raw mate- rial — high-tension patriotism — out of which to construct an agency for war service. There was plenty of unorganized neighborliness in the country, but to organize it was like trying to harness the waves,— lots of surge and ferment but no sustained direction." To take this raw material and fit it for home service was one of the jobs the Red Cross had to undertake. Rec- ognizing the necessity of training its own work- 96 HOME SERVICE 97 ers the Red Cross assumed the responsibility and proceeded to institute plans to accomplish that end.464 TRAINING WORKERS FOR HOME SERVICE Early in the fall of 1917 the Department of Civilian Relief inaugurated a system for pre- paring workers to meet the emergency. In doing so the existing agencies for training in social work were fully utilized. Home service institutes were established in the larger cities of the country, affiliated with schools of social work, universities, or colleges. A syllabus, pre- pared by Porter R. Lee, director of the New York School of Philanthropy, outlined the topics to be covered in the twenty-four hours of required lecture work. More than half the lec- ture periods were devoted to an intensive study of the methods of dealing intelligently and helpfully with the families of soldiers and sail- ors ; the remaining periods were given over to a more general treatment of allied topics such as health, child welfare, racial problems, and wom- en and children in industry. As the home service work became better established, the in- stitutes gave more time to questions concerning the organization of home service sections. Stu- dents were also drilled in the provisions of the war risk insurance lawT and the civil rights act VOL. II—8 98 RED CROSS IN IOWA and in the application of these measures to indi- vidual cases. In addition to the twenty-four hours of lec- ture work required, each student had to do one hundred and fifty hours of field work under the direction of the experienced workers of the local social agencies. Each institute was limited to twenty-five persons, so that the lecture discus- sions might be informal and the director of field work might be able to give personal atten- tion to the individual students. Some institutes gave special attention to the needs of representatives from rural communi- ties, where the problems were very different from those encountered in the cities. These students sometimes carried on their field work in rural home service sections under the super- vision of the institute director of field work. Later these same division workers visited the students to help them apply the principles to their home problems. During the first year of home service, sixty- four institute sessions were held in twenty-six different cities, with an attendance of 1191 per- sons. One thousand of these received the cer- tificates given by National Headquarters for those who completed the full amount of field work, did the required reading, and passed a written examination. Two hundred and sixty HOME SERVICE 99 were college graduates. In the beginning it wTas difficult to get the maximum of twenty-five stu- dents for each institute, but later not nearly all the applicants could be accepted. In one insti- tute there were one hundred and seventy-two applications for admission while only twenty- five could be accepted.465 Many of those attending the institutes had had no previous connection with their local Red Cross organization, but on being accepted each one was required to make a pledge to give a certain amount of time to home service work after graduation. As home service became bet- ter organized the institutes were more and more used to train workers selected and sent by the local chapters. The chapters in which trained social workers were lacking found that the best way to meet their problem was to send some one from their midst to an institute for training. Frequently the expenses were borne by the chapter with the understanding that on her re- turn the student should give paid or volunteer service according to her financial situation and the amount of wTork to be done.466 Not all home service sections could secure institute graduates even when they so desired, for they could not be turned out fast enough. Counting the sections of both the chapters and branches there were some ten thousand home 100 RED CROSS IN IOWA service sections functioning by December, 1918. About three thousand of these were equipped with leaders who had had some special training which fitted them for the job. Only about one thousand, however, had institute graduates.467 For workers who could not attend an insti- tute, chapter courses were provided in the home communities. They were designed primarily to train volunteers to assist the home service sec- retaries. These were four week courses, and, like the institutes, consisted of both class and field work. The division representatives usually gave the class work, while the field work was given by a local social worker if possible. If not, the division furnished a director for that work also. Approximately seven thousand per- sons attended chapter courses during the first year of home service.468 Numerous meetings and conferences of other kinds w7ere held by the persons engaged in home service, all of which helped to prepare them for the task which was theirs. As another part of the educational program large amounts of home service literature were distributed to those en- gaged in the work. Articles and pamphlets pre- pared by experts in social work, directions for organizing home service, and information on all matters pertaining to its activities were sent to all the home service sections of the American HOME SERVICE 101 Red Cross, and there was probably no home service section that was not supplied with all the information and help that could be provided in the form of printed material.469 A number of institutes were conducted in the Central Division, drawing their students from all the States of the division. The institutes w7ere at times under the direction of Red Cross chapters and in other cases were given in con- nection with some established agency, as were those given under the auspices of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. The largest number of the institutes were held in Chicago, but others were staged in different cities at various times — Detroit, Michigan, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Omaha, Nebraska, Iowa City, Iowa, and Council Bluffs, Iowa. Nine students registered at an institute held in Chicago in the fall of 1917, there being three from both Iowa and Michigan, two from Illinois, and one from Indiana. Eight of these gradu- ated, and all went into Red Cross wrork except one. Another institute held in Chicago in April and May, 1918, drew five from Wisconsin, four from Michigan, two from Iowa, and one from Illinois. Ten of this group went into home ser- vice work after completing the course. There w7ere fifty-five applicants for the institute open- 102 RED CROSS IN IOWA ing in Milwaukee in June, 1918, but only twenty could be admitted. Members were selected from every State in the division. A previous insti- tute at Milwaukee had been made up entirely of students from Wisconsin. In order to meet the demand for institute training it was necessary to materially increase the number held as time went on, and they continued to be held long after the close of the period covered in these pages.470 Institutes held in the cities were not always satisfactory for training workers for rural com- munities. The problems met in the cities and in the country districts were often of a very different nature. Hence rural institutes were planned to overcome this handicap.471 One of these institutes for training rural workers was opened at Iowa City on November 18, 1918. It was in the nature of an experiment in training rural and small town home service workers under conditions similar to those which they would have to meet in their home chapters. 0. E. Klingaman, Director of the Extension Division of the State University of Iowa, was director. Eleven candidates had been accepted, but due to the influenza epidemic then prevalent only five were able to attend. The lectures were given at the University and the field work at Cedar Rapids. The work closed on December HOME SERVICE 103 20th, but the field work at Cedar Rapids failed to give the distinctly rural tone which had been hoped for. All five of the members returned to their home communities to work.472 The Extension Division of the State Univer- sity of Iowa assumed the task of arranging for the chapter courses given in Iowa when the work was first begun. Several of the larger cities were selected and chapter courses were held there during the months of February, March, April, and May, 1918. These courses were not like the chapter courses described in the general plan, but lasted only about three days, consisting of ten to twenty-four lectures with no field work. Arrangement for longer and more intensive courses could be made with the Central Division or the Extension Division. From the first of February through April these chapter courses were held in nine Iowa cities — Ottumwa, Waterloo, Fort Dodge, Sioux City, Council Bluffs, Davenport, Cedar Rapids, Burlington, and Dubuque. Representatives from the surrounding territory attended, and at the nine courses 846 were enrolled. Du- buque, with an enrollment of 241, led while the smallest attendance was at Sioux City where but 27 were present. During May similar courses were held at Eldora, Iowa Falls, Mar- shalltown, and Newton.473 104 RED CROSS IN IOWA Both local and outside speakers were used in arranging the chapter course programs. Where there were local persons qualified to handle particular subjects their services were often secured, while for other subjects persons were brought in from outside. The courses were very much alike and frequently the same lecturers served several courses. Representa- tive of these programs is that of the Sioux City chapter course held March 18, 19, and 20, 1918. 0. E. Klingaman of the Extension Division opened the course with a discussion of the fol- lowing items: "The American Red Cross, Its Aims, Its Organization", "The Provisions Made by the United States for the Families of Enlisted Men", "Home Service and the Red Cross, Why Necessary", "The Effects of the War upon Families of Soldiers", and "The Task of Home Service". Miss Bessie A. Mc- Clenahan of the Bureau of Social Welfare of the Extension Division dealt with "The Normal Family, Its Problems and Resources" and the "Aim of Home Service". The secretary of the Sioux City Organized Welfare Bureau, Miss Ruth Hitch, spoke on "Constructive Social Service" and "Family Problems" at one ses- sion, and at a later session treated of com- munity resources for home service, the social and special agencies of the community for war HOME SERVICE 105 service, and State and municipal departments such as health, school, police, courts, and public relief. A second lecture by Miss McClenahan wTas devoted to "How Home Service is Carried On", "The First Interview, Diagnosis of Need", and "Plan of Service for the Family — Relief — Other Forms of Aid''; while in a third session she explained the record systems of the Red Cross home service and treated of family incomes in relation to family budgets, and of diet, and food conservation. Fred E. Haynes of the State University of Iowa spoke on "War and the Employment of Women and Children'' and "Re-Education and Re-Adjustment of the Disabled." Ellsworth Faris, acting director of the Iowa State Child Welfare Research Station, discussed child welfare, health, mental develop- ment, recreation, and vocational interests. The subjects of health, care of the sick, health in- struction, sanitation, and public health agencies were handled by Dr. L. J. Townsend of Sioux City.474 Many other home service conferences and meetings of an educational nature were held at various times and at various places in the State. A conference on home service was held at the State University of Iowa from the 10th to the 14th of April, 1918, under the auspices of the Extension Division. Workers from all over the 106 RED CROSS IN IOWA State were invited, and many attended the lec- tures and took part in the round table discus- sions. Among the men on the program were J. L. Gillin, director, and C. C. Stillman, associ- ate director, of the Department of Civilian Relief for the Central Division, Walter David- son, of the Bureau of Development for the Central Division, and J. H. Hamilton, State Epidemiologist.475 Forty-one informational courses were held during the month of June with an average at- tendance of thirty persons. The informational courses were given with the idea of preparing volunteer workers to give information service to the returning men. Instruction was offered in such matters as insurance, bonuses, travel pay, delayed pay, and compensation. A Red Cross conference on home service took place in November at Omaha with twenty-four representatives from twelve Iowa chapters, ninety-eight from thirty-four Nebraska chap- ters, and one from Illinois. Beginning early in 1919 regional conferences of home service workers were arranged. Some Iowa representatives attended one such confer- ence at Rock Island, Illinois, in January, and later a number of these conferences were held in Iowa cities — at Centerville in March, Keo- kuk in May, and Waterloo in July. At this last HOME SERVICE 107 conference about ninety persons were in attend- ance and Dr. Gillin of the Central Division was one of the speakers.476 In February, 1919, Mrs. Lauretta K. Muir, who had received training at the University of Chicago and the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, wTas made chapter course instruc- tor for Iowa. Under her supervision a chapter course was conducted at Cedar Rapids from February 17th to March 15, 1919. Twenty-two students started the course; six dropped out, and the other sixteen were recommended for certificates. All those in attendance were from Cedar Rapids except one from Marion and an- other from Mount Vernon. On completion of the course they all pledged themselves to give a definite amount of time to home service. Others of these longer chapter courses were held in the State after the close of the period covered in the present discussion.477 FUTURE OF HOME SERVICE With the cessation of hostilities the question of what to do with home service became a very important one. It was realized that there would be at least several years of work ahead of the home service sections in dealing with soldiers' families — the period of demobilization and after care. But what of the rest of the families 108 RED CROSS IN IOWA and what would eventually become of home service? To use the statement of Edward T. Devine the problem was: "Shall Home Service be sternly restricted to its war task and liqui- dated as rapidly as that task is completed, or shall it be conserved and extended so as to be- come, where there are no others better qualified for the purpose, a permanent agency for organ- izing home service to all families that need it, perpetuating the spirit which has prompted such service during the war to the families of soldiers and sailors, and giving to the Red Cross in peace a permanent, continuing, and congenial task, wilich shall hold the members together and insure prompt and adequate re- sponse to any emergent need which may arise, whether from disaster or from any possible violations of the decisions of the League of Na- tions in the new era when wars are to be for- bidden?"478 The popular sentiment wilich arose for the continuation of home service and its extension to families other than those of soldiers, sailors, and marines was due to a belief that in this service the Red Cross had built up an organiza- tion of great social worth to the community — an organization which ought by no means be scrapped when its original task was completed. In the statement of a charity organization offi- HOME SERVICE 109 cial we find expression of the sentiment of a great many persons interested in social work and its progress. He says the "Home Service Department of the Red Cross, in less than two years' time, has secured a general recognition of the principles of scientific philanthropy and, under trained leaders from the field of organ- ized social work, it has extended its ministra- tions from the largest cities down to the smallest village and country hamlet. It has accom- plished in this brief time, what the organized charity movement, for psychological reasons, has not been and never will be able to accom- plish. . . . Unless this great agency of'or- ganized good-will' is at once given this big, constructive, permanent task, deterioration will set in and efficiency will be lost. . . . Being a union of the people with their government, working together to lessen human suffering, the "work can be standardized according to the best knowledge and experience from the different fields of service. The organization of the move- ment with its division offices, chapters and auxiliaries and with its field superintendents, its institutes and conferences and with regular bulletins giving minute directions for the steady development of the work, is ideally fitted to give battle to the foes of the home with the assur- ance of ultimate victory."479 HO RED CROSS IN IOWA The more insistent demand for the adoption of a peace time program for home service did not, of course, come from those sections of the country where other social agencies were strong and numerous. It came rather from the smaller towns and rural districts, from States in which other social agencies did not exist or where they were weak, badly managed, or inadequately supported. Such places recognized in home service the possibility of developing social work in their communities which could probably not be developed in any other way.480 A careful study by the Red Cross showed that there were a total of 773 cities in the United States having 8000 or more inhabitants. It showed that of these 773 cities there were only 264 which had any kind of social organization for the care of families. Of these 264 only 159 were members of the American Association of Societies for Organizing Charity. Therefore, there were 500 cities of 8000 population entirely devoid of social agencies dealing with unfor- tunate families, and 600 of these did not have agencies doing work of a standard conforming to the regulations of the American Association. The larger proportion of these cities without family agencies were naturally in the cities of from 8000 to 25,000. There were 502 cities of this size; only eighty-one of them had any kind HOME SERVICE 111 of an organization for the care of dependent families and only thirty-one were members of the American Association. Inquiries sent out from the division offices to local chapters and to people outside the Red Cross organization as well brought returns showing that the demand for the extension of home service varied from twTenty-five per cent of the chapters of the At- lantic Division to ninety per cent of those in the Southern and Gulf Divisions.481 To be sure there were some who opposed the extension of Red Cross home service to the gen- eral field of social work. The nature of the organization was sometimes advanced as an argument against any such step. The Red Cross, being a part of an international organ- ization created primarily to save the wounded combatants on the field of battle and to care for the wounded and disabled, was necessarily semi- military and in part bureaucratic in character. And so there were those who claimed that it lacked both the democracy and the organic rela- tion to diverse local needs that home service functioning in every local community in normal times should possess.482 A few expressed the fear that home service might be extended to all families and drive organized charity out of the field. But from the very first Red Cross officials realized the neces- 112 RED CROSS IN IOWA sity of cooperation and did not compete with the old charity organizations. W. Frank Per- sons, Director General of Civilian Relief during the war, early explained the necessity of con- ferring with the social workers of the country and cooperating with them in any steps taken. On the other hand one charity organization society secretary believed that the organized social agencies having demonstrated the prin- ciples and methods and trained the workers should feel that their mission had been accom- plished and disband, leaving the workers thus liberated to find places for service as leaders in the larger and more comprehensive move- ment.483 Still another question raised regarding the advisability of the suggested step concerned the possibility of maintaining the spirit of home service sections at a pitch sufficient to make a peace time program a success. Many people be- lieved that with the passing of the emergency the desire for service would be very greatly reduced — that the great incentive which had made home service a success while the war lasted would be gone and sections would soon lose interest in the work. This no doubt was a serious danger. On the contrary, Livingston Farrand, who became chairman of the Central Committee in March, 1919, writing at that HOME SERVICE 113 time, expressed the belief that with the strong spirit of service then abroad in the land, and with the machinery of the Red Cross at its high pitch of power and efficiency there was a better chance than ever before in the world to raise the average of human well-being. Fred- eric Almy, the oldest charity organization secretary in the United States at that time in length of service, also expressed the opinion that home service could start with far more adequate relief than organized charity and that this good start might persist. He believed the glamour of the Red Cross would outlast the war, and for many years would surely be a better money getter than organized charity.484 With her many rural communities and few large cities, Iowa constituted one of the States in which home service might find a very fertile field for permanent work. Many counties in the State had had their first taste of real social work with the development of their home ser- vice sections. Out of the 825 incorporated cities and towns there were but seventeen cities which had had active peace time community organizations under the direction of social workers trained in the handling of problems of family rehabilitation, in rendering preventive social service, and in perfecting community organization, and not more than nine counties vol. n—9 114 RED CROSS IN IOWA of the ninety-nine in the State had expert ser- vice in handling county poor relief. It seemed from the reports of the Central Division field representatives that many communities in Iowa were anxious to continue home service and make it a permanent institution serving all those who might need its help.485 As a result of the spontaneous pressure from almost all sections of the country, a decision to allow expansion of home service was eventually reached. Home service sections all over the country were accordingly authorized, after re- ceiving approval of their plans, to extend, upon certain conditions, to any families such advice and assistance as they had been giving to fami- lies of soldiers and sailors. They were not to attempt to duplicate the work of any existing agency organized and equipped to do this kind of work. They were not to allow extension of their activities to jeopardize the efficient dis- charge of their responsibilities to soldiers and sailors and their families, which was to be rec- ognized as a primary obligation during the months of demobilization. They were to make formal application through the chapter execu- tive committee to the division manager for ap- proval of their plans to extend their work, accompanied by evidence that the preceding conditions had been met, that they were in a HOME SERVICE 115 position to finance the "work, and that it would be conducted in accordance with standards set by the Department of Civilian Relief. When an application was approved, the sec- tion was given the privilege of carrying on its extended work as long as the Red Cross af- forded auspices for such work, except that the privilege might be withdrawn at any time by the director general of civilian relief on the recommendation of the division manager and the division director of civilian relief, if the established practices and standards of the sec- tion should violate the standards set by the Department of Civilian Relief. National and divisional offices were to maintain an advisory and cooperative, rather than executive, rela- tionship to home service work, since it was recognized that the fullest measure of local autonomy was necessary and desirable. In widening its clientele the Red Cross desired to adhere to the principle used in its work with soldiers' and sailors' families, that its action should be "responsive" rather than "initia- tory". It was not to originate contact with any family or go where it was unwelcome. Funds already set aside for home service could be used and additional grants could be made by the chapter executive committee from any unappropriated funds in the treasury. 116 RED CROSS IN IOWA Home service funds were to be spent for relief or any other form of service or for the oper- ating expenses of the sections, but not for building or operating hospitals, orphanages, or other institutions and not for subsidizing the work of other agencies.486 INFLUENCE ON ORGANIZED SOCIAL WORK The adoption of a peace time program by the Red Cross meant, of course, an enormous in- crease in the number of communities in the United States that would have organized social work. It meant the establishment of permanent social agencies in a great many places where social work would not have come for many years except for the war emergency and the consequent development of home service. But supposing home service had not been extended to all families and adapted to times of peace, or supposing it should later be dropped — and the Red Cross reserved the right to withdraw at any time — how would social service be af- fected? What would be the effect in those com- munities where no peace time program was adopted by the Red Cross? How would the established social agencies stand to be affected? Some writers said that, whether the Red Cross continued home service or not, the work would probably go on; that in many essential HOME SERVICE 117 details the sections were autonomous, raised their own money, hired and fired their em- ployees, and could get along somehow without assistance from the national organization if they cared to do so. But would they care to do so? There were several reasons for thinking that in many cases they would desire to con- tinue the work. The methods and principles of organized philanthropy received an abounding justifica- tion during the war. What home service did in the way of demonstrating to the thousands of local committees that to help others effectively is an act which grows out of knowledge and experience added to natural aptitude can never be calculated. Education along the lines of social work rapidly penetrated the country and professional standards were held up as a goal to every community. As a result there was surely some understanding of case work given to the general public — given "in a way that an organization hampered by an unfortunate name, by a less democratic method of raising funds and by the misfortune of public mis- understanding has been unable to do."487 W. Frank Persons writes that if you "get the testi- mony as I have in every part of this country, of the Home Service workers, of the business men, I think it will be clearly substantiated in 118 RED CROSS IN IOWA every case that something has been contributed to the community and through its purposeful efforts to the United States, wherever Home Service has been organized and enacted." With an adequate understanding of the real worth of organized social work there was bound to be a much greater public demand for it.488 The conditions in the Central Division indi- cate the marked trend towards a realization of the value of trained workers. J. L. Gillin, in his report to National Headquarters for March, 1919, stated that the "need of training was never so clear as it is at present. Chapters are swamping us with requests for secretaries, re- quests that we are unable to meet and which we attempt to meet temporarily by urging them to send suitable persons to the institutes. Gradually the number of trained or partially trained persons in the position of Executive Secretary is increasing in all the states of this Division. We are beginning to make a dent in the problem in at least two of our states, Mich- igan and Illinois." In the State of Iowa, too, there seemed to be an increased demand for trained workers in the home service sections. Many requests for trained executives were re- ceived by the Central Division from Iowa chap- ters and numerous other chapters were sending representatives to Red Cross institutes.489 HOME SERVICE 119 Not only was there a better general under- standing of social work as a result of the home service activities, but there was a large group of men and women trained in the ways of the profession who would not be content to let the work drop. It is not likely that the hundreds and thousands of men and women who volun- teered and worked with the families of service men and thus came into intimate touch with social and community problems, would soon be forgetful or unresponsive to such problems. Henry P. Davison, the chairman of the War Council, pointed out that "the War has devel- oped the striking and important fact that many men and women, some of whom had with great success devoted their lives entirely to business, came into the Red Cross organization at the outset of the War simply that they might serve their country, but have since realized such a satisfaction to themselves in the opportunity to serve mankind that they now desire to become a part of the permanent Peace Organization of the American Red Cross."490 Again there were in the country all those per- sons who had actually received some degree of training for social work. One of the handicaps faced before the war by organizers of social work was the lack of qualified material avail- able to carry it on. With the large numbers 120 RED CROSS IN IOWA turned out from the Red Cross institutes and chapter courses the field of available workers was materially increased. Furthermore, there had been created a group of men and women who, for the most part, would exert their influ- ence to see that organized social work was given a fair hearing. That Red Cross workers had an interest in the general field of social work is indicated by their attendance, estimated at a thousand, at the National Conference of Social Workers in 1919. They formed a large and a distinct group in the convention, although many of them were old acquaintances long familiar to the conference under other titles.491 Home service had a very clear advantage over the older agencies because of its name. The term "home service" was "a coin of pure gold", while organized charity was "trying just now to lose its name", feeling it was an "objectionable and often detested term" which should be relegated to the obsolete past. Mr. Almy said: "I covet the name 'home service' for organized charity, and I should be willing to have organized charity disappear as a name if it remained in spirit."492 Again, he said: "If, when the war came, or- ganized charity had had no charity in its name, it might have administered Home Service with no dual administration, just as the Playground HOME SERVICE 121 and Recreation Association of America did ad- minister War Camp Community Service. The War Camp Community Service now continues for civilian service, with enhanced opportunity and prestige. . . . Today there is prejudice against organized charity, though the Red Cross has stamped it with its approval. All over the land, in thousands of towns and cities, there is Red Cross Home Service with nothing yet to succeed it. If Red Cross Home Service died today, organized charity would not be the heir; but if Home Service does not die too soon it may, and probably will, inherit."493 DISASTER RELIEF Disaster relief comprised part of the work falling upon the civilian relief forces. But home service was naturally the more impor- tant and occupied most of the attention. It was only on rare occasions that local civilian relief committees were called upon to admin- ister disaster relief. There were a few cases, however, in which Iowa chapters had a chance to deal with problems arising from local dis- asters. Several severe storms in the State in the sum- mer of 1918 made work for the civilian relief committees. A severe storm struck between New Hampton and Nashua on May 9, 1918, killing 122 RED CROSS IN IOWA eight persons and doing hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of damage. Within a very short time after the storm the Red Cross soci- eties of the two towns were on the job. Bed- ding, clothing, food, and other necessities were sent to the sufferers. State Director Kepford was soon on the ground and a large force of men and women was organized to provide food, clothing, and shelter for the victims. Another very destructive storm hit the central part of the State toward the end of May, 1918. Eight- een persons were killed, about forty seriously injured, and much damage was done to prop- erty. Here again Red Cross chapters were on the job immediately providing for all the suf- ferers.494 The explosion which destroyed the Douglas Starch Works of Cedar Rapids in May, 1919, opened up a big field for disaster relief. As a result of the catastrophe, forty families were made homeless, twenty of them being widows with children. Two representatives were sent out from the Central Division and they found the local chapter already at work on the prob- lem. A disaster relief committee was formed and later Mrs. Lauretta K. Muir was detailed by the Central Division to work out rehabili- tation plans. Fifteen thousand dollars was appropriated by the local Red Cross committee HOME SERVICE 123 and two thousand dollars was received in vol- untary subscriptions. Aside from temporary aid rendered, plans were laid for rehabilitation measures for the victims of the explosion ex- tending over a ten-year period.495 XII Camp Service The Bureau of Camp Service was organized for the benefit of the men in the camps in this country. Its purpose was to provide every- thing possible for the comfort and welfare of the men; to keep in touch with them from the time they landed in the camps until they de- parted ; to help them to get rid of their worries and to smooth their road. The program of this bureau was fully approved by the War Depart- ment, which considered it desirable to have some voluntary organization supplement what it was doing for its men.496 ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITIES An order of the Secretary of War was issued fixing the status of the Red Cross in the camps and indicating what its general activities would be. The Red Cross was to distribute such arti- cles as sweaters, mufflers, helmets, socks, and comfort kits and was to receive the assistance of the army officers in making the distribution fair, equal, and where most needed. Emer- gency relief of all kinds was to be rendered at 124 CAMP SERVICE 125 the request or suggestion of the officer in charge. All officers were instructed to avail themselves of the assistance of the Red Cross whenever they considered it advisable, but they were admonished not to be any the less diligent in attempting to foresee their needs and pro- vide for them through regular government channels. All requests made of the Red Cross by officers had to be approved by the command- ing officer. To relieve the anxiety and to sustain the morale of soldiers wiio might be worried about their families at home and to promote the com- fort and well-being of these families, authority was given to the Red Cross to station one or more representatives of the Home Service Bureau of the Department of Civilian Relief with the men of each division of the army, wherever located. The soldiers were to be in- formed through official orders of the presence of such representatives and told that the Red Cross was ready to serve both the soldiers and their families whenever they were in need of help. The order provided that the chief officer of the Red Cross at division headquarters should be a field director; that all officials assigned to duty with the military establishment should wear the regulation uniform of the American 126 RED CROSS IN IOWA Red Cross, together with the insignia approved by the Secretary of War. The commanding generals of all cantonments and national guard encampments and the commanding officers of all other encampments or organizations to wilich Red Cross representatives might be as- signed were authorized to furnish to the Red Cross anything that they might request within reason, such as warehouses, offices, light, heat, and telephones.497 At the head of the activities was the Bureau of Camp Service at Washington under the De- partment of Military Relief. Each division also had its Bureau of Camp Service within its Department of Military Relief. In the camps there was, first, the field director, accredited to the camp commander, with the status of an offi- cer, under army orders, and responsible for all Red Cross activities in the camp. Then there were two associate directors, one in charge of home service and the other of the hospital service. The associate director in charge of Red Cross activities in hospitals was furnished with assistants, depending upon the size of the hos- pital and the amount of work to be done. First among the activities in the hospitals was the communication service, established upon the request of the Secretary of War. The Red CAMP SERVICE 127 Cross workers cooperated with the army and navy officers responsible for keeping families advised of the condition of their sons and hus- bands and fathers. This task necessitated daily visits to all the sick and wounded and a vast amount of correspondence. Other activ- ities of this branch were the visiting of the sick, writing letters, cashing checks, furnishing stamps, writing material, books, magazines, games, tobacco, and a great variety of other supplies. This associate director also had supervision over all the activities in connection with the convalescent houses, which were erected near the hospitals by the Red Cross. Ninety-two of these houses had been built in the camps of the United States by the end of February, 1919.498 They contained, as a rule, twelve rooms for the relatives of patients sent for by the hospital commander to see patients in extreme cases. They had libraries and club rooms, and a large auditorium with a platform in one end that could be used either as a stage or a solarium. In short, they were model houses, wherein the sick and wounded could recuperate and at the same time begin such vocational studies as might be desired.499 The other associate field director, in charge of home service, was entrusted with the task of 128 RED CROSS IN IOWA making contacts with soldiers' families through division bureaus of civilian relief and home ser- vice sections. This associate field director was a representative of the Department of Military Relief until March 1,1918, when this part of the work in the camps was taken over by the De- partment of Civilian Relief. Here it remained until the first of January, 1919, when it was again put under the Department of Military Relief. While this branch of camp service was under the latter department there was neces- sarily close cooperation with the civilian relief forces. The duties of this associate director were to lend assistance to soldiers' and sailors' families in preserving the essential standards of home life, meeting problems arising out of diminished income, sickness, domestic, business, and legal difficulties, and in tracing delays in allotments and allowances of such families. He also arranged for investigations of applications for discharge and furloughs on the request of the commanding officer. The men in the ser- vice, worried over their folks at home, found in this home service representative a friend and counsellor. He worked in close cooperation with the home service sections in the men's home city, in solving family problems.500 Some of the experiences as told by one of these home service men in the camps gives an CAMP SERVICE 129 insight into what they were doing. Concerning his "work he writes: Stories come thick and fast, of sickness and death, of losses of every kind, of marital difficulties, deserting husbands, erring or wayward wives, missing boys. Hardly any cause of distress is absent from the rec- ords. As one of the field directors put it, '' Red Cross camp work is a sort of glorified C. 0. S., without any worry about money.'' Homesick boys from the moun- tains or the prairies get a letter saying "Mother is sick" and pray for a furlough to see a "dying" parent. Telegrams come from some chum in a distant city, purporting to be from a mother or a wife in extremis, but are fakes. Real stories of desperate straits, financial or physical, deaths of parents or of children, which, when substantiated, are accepted as a reason for a furlough, all to be investigated by the local Red Cross Home Service Section on request, by mail or wire, from the field director. Then when the wire has gone, the daily or even hourly visit to the office by the soldier, hoping for word to justify a furlough and the persistent question, "Have you heard about my folks yet?" Sometimes the mingling of disappointment and joy when the sickness has abated or been proved imaginary, because that means no furlough for him. Many of the local chapters are very energetic and business like and their answers are intelligent, com- plete and prompt. A few answer that "the family greatly desire him to come home for a short visit" or vol. n—10 130 RED CROSS IN IOWA that "in their opinion a furlough is advisable" which is disregarded by the officer who wants actual facts to base his own opinion on. Occasionally one gets splendidly quick action. In one case a claim for a furlough to see a dying wife came in at 3 P. M. At 3:05 it was wired to a distant city. At 4:30 the woman was found by the Red Cross visitor sweeping out her house, at 5 P. M. the com- pany commander had the facts. But that was a rare case. Often twenty-four, forty-eight or more hours are required to make the enquiry and get the answer. At times during the prevalence of the "flu" the West- ern Union wires were so congested that messages were belated many hours.501 In one of the Central Division camps the Red Cross was called on by a "man born in Asia, near Jerusalem, under the Turkish flag and of Austrian parentage"— then a resident of Iowa, though not a full citizen. He had been accepted in the army after his sixth attempt to enlist. When he arrived at camp he was worried lest he should be classed among the alien enemies, for he had taken out only his first papers.502 With the signing of the armistice new lines of endeavor were undertaken by the home service forces in the camps. Arrangements were fre- quently made for Red Cross representatives to speak before every group of outgoing soldiers for the purpose of informing them of the as- CAMP SERVICE 131 sistance the Red Cross home service sections were able and willing to render them and their families on their return home. Record cards were also filled out giving the discharged sol- dier's name, home address, date of discharge, and other information. These cards were then to be sent to the home service section in the locality to which the soldier was returning.503 In some camps there was a Red Cross recre- ational officer, on a par with the associate direc- tors, but not so called, who was given the task of furnishing recreational facilities.504 An- other line of activity in the camps was the erection, at each base and army hospital, of a building as a rest and recreation home for nurses.505 The field directors also cooperated and assisted actively in the work of sanitation, which wTas conducted in communities adjoining some of the military camps and stations.506 Red Cross officials have expressed the belief that through the camp service help was given in some way to practically every soldier, sailor, and marine in the service of the United States. Camp service operations up to March 1, 1918, extended to 339 camps, hospitals, and other military and naval establishments in this coun- try. In the course of the work 250 buildings were erected, including 92 convalescent houses, 61 nurses' houses, 45 headquarters, 14 ware- 132 RED CROSS IN IOWA houses, 28 garages, and 10 miscellaneous struc- tures. The cost of these buildings and their equipment was estimated at $3,000,000. On March 1, 1919, there were 1584 persons en- gaged in the work. Taken as a whole, camp service in the United States required expendi- tures aggregating about $38,000,000. Of this sum, about $6,000,000 went to purchase sup- plies and for all other cash expenditures, about $29,000,000 represented the value of chapter- produced supplies sent to the camps for distri- bution, and about $3,000,000 was used in constructing and equipping buildings in the various military centers. Approximately 2700 different kinds of arti- cles were distributed free by Red Cross work- ers in the camps. The list of these included supplies and comforts of every kind and de- scription, from 8,746,297 cigarettes, 3,592,126 pairs of socks, and 4,208,395 sweaters, to 7813 fly swatters, 24 gallons of olives, and 1126 hot water bags. Workers in the hospital service made 2,539,907 visits to the sick, sent 54,709 telegrams, handled 42,483 home service cases, issued 6,052,037 sheets of writing paper, 284,227 post cards, 120,006 tablets, and 759,507 stamps. In the home service activities, 173,845 cases were dealt with, and 21,373 furlough and 19,298 discharge investigations were made. Loans CAMP SERVICE 133 were made to 25,803 individuals, amounting to $325,000.507 CAMP SERVICE EST IOWA There were two military stations in Iowa where a considerable amount of camp service was performed — Camp Dodge and Fort Des Moines, both located at Des Moines. Plans were once made for establishing camp service at the various colleges of the State where the Students' Army Training Corps was established and in some instances field directors were ap- pointed for the work; but before any consider- able development could take place, the Students' Army Training Corps had been mustered out.508 At Camp Dodge.— For several months after the opening of Camp Dodge the work of the Red Cross there "was largely confined to the giving out of supplies. John L. Griffith, the divisional athletic director, was in charge of Red Cross activities at that time, acting as a field director. Up to Christmas, 1917, some 15,000 sweaters, worth approximately $80,000, had been distrib- uted. In addition, 13,000 pairs of knitted socks costing $25,000, about 9000 pairs of wristlets worth $9000, about 4500 mufflers worth $9000, and about 600 helmets valued at $1800 had been 134 RED CROSS IN IOWA given to the soldiers. On Christmas Eve, 12,000 Christmas packages were distributed at the Young Men's Christian Association build- ings. The expenditures of the Red Cross for the work at Camp Dodge, up to the end of 1918, amounted to $150,000.509 Home service work at Camp Dodge was started during March, 1918, when H. S. Hol- lingsworth, general secretary of the Associated Charities of Des Moines, assumed the duties of associate field director in charge of home ser- vice. The Camp Dodger announced that the soldiers could apply to Mr. Hollingsworth for any help that might be needed for their fami- lies' welfare. "If while a soldier is in camp he receives word that any member of his family is sick and needs medical attention or the care of a nurse, the soldier may state his need to Mr. Hollingsworth, either in person, by telephone, or by letter, and whatever is needed will be pro- vided by this department of the Red Cross. There are many other things that this depart- ment is able to do for the soldier and his family if they are notified. "Any soldier may rest assured that the Red Cross Department will take as good or better care of those at home needing help as he could do were he at home."510 By the middle of April the home service work CAMP SERVICE 135 at Camp Dodge was well under way. Letters were pouring into the office asking about men sick in the hospital. In each case direct in- quiry was made at the hospital and a letter or telegram carried the information back to anx- ious relatives. Many other letters came asking for information concerning men who had neg- lected to write and keep their relatives in- formed. Here again the desired information was obtained and despatched to the folks at home. One of the early problems dealt with was that of a young couple who had been married about a month before the man left for camp. They were of different religious faiths and this caused a family estrangement. For this reason the wife could not return to her parents so she moved to a town to be nearer her husband. Her allotment and allowance proved inadequate to keep her and she was physically unable to earn her own living. The Red Cross, upon hearing the story, took care of her immediate needs and found a place for her to live with another soldier's wife. Then the Red Cross started out to get her parents to take her back home.511 Another typical case handled by the Red Cross was that of a young soldier who ap- peared at the home service office with a letter 136 RED CROSS IN IOWA he had received from his wife in which she told of being in a very destitute condition. She and the children needed clothes and shoes. Credit at the grocery store was at an end. Her allot- ments and allowances had not arrived. The man was in despair, not knowing what to do. But the Red Cross quickly took the burden off his shoulders. A telegram was sent to the home service section in the town where the family lived and in a couple of days assurance was received at the camp that the family would be well cared for until the allotment and allow- ance began to come.512 Many more interesting instances might be cited. A mother who had not seen the boy who had been stolen from her in his childhood was put in touch with him and spent five happy days with him in New York. It was brought about through cooperation with the home service sec- tion of Joplin, Missouri. A soldier who had been in the base hospital was worried about the digging of his potato crop. In addition he had a claim of $160 which his attorney told him could be collected if he were home. Through the home service office the situation was taken to the commanding officer of the man's company and a furlough was secured.513 Three hundred reports were received from CAMP SERVICE 137 enlisted men, officers, and Red Cross chapters during April, asking advice, investigations, and assistance. Mr. Hollingsworth visited 150 en- listed men, officers, chaplains, camp pastors, and others in the interest of home service cases. He held 177 interviews with officers and men and helped 79 soldiers settle problems of home that were worrying them. Figures for July showed 176 new cases had been dealt with dur- ing the month. There were 134 visitors at the Red Cross office; 138 visits were made by the director; 610 reports wTere received; and 522 reports were given. There were nearly three times the number of requests that had been received during the month before. The month of September saw the number of new cases rise to 429.514 Two assistant directors of home service were assigned to Camp Dodge in September, 1918, and by December the staff in this branch of Red Cross work was made up of the associate director, five assistants, and a force of stenog- raphers. With the coming of demobilization there was still much work to do. Red Cross men addressed the gatherings at the Y. M. C. A. building and at the Liberty Theatre, explaining what the Red Cross stood ready to do for them upon their return to civilian pursuits. Mr. Hollingsworth resigned in December to return 138 RED CROSS IN IOWA to the Associated Charities in Des Moines, and Charles J. Ritche succeeded him.515 The home service work was not, however, the only work done at Camp Dodge by the Red Cross. Construction of a Red Cross convales- cent house near the base hospital was started in April, 1918, and the building was ready for use a couple of months later. It was a two- story building. On the main floor was a large reception room furnished with rugs, rocking chairs, and comfortable davenports. Above was the mezzanine floor for visiting and loung- ing. The auditorium contained a well equipped stage and moving picture booth. There was one room fitted with four billiard tables, and another contained several shower baths. The second floor was divided into twelve bedrooms for the use of persons called to visit their rela- tives in the hospitals.516 A nurses' home was also provided near the hospital. This home served as a club house for the nurses. There were no sleeping quarters but there was a large assembly hall for lectures, programs, and motion pictures, sewing and reading rooms, and a kitchen for the use of the nurses.517 The Red Cross work became so heavy at the camp that a new headquarters building was authorized in August, 1918. The structure was CAMP SERVICE 139 a one-story building, with a large waiting room, a general office, and two private offices. Five bedrooms were included for the use of the staff. The Red Cross staff at the camp at that time was made up of the field director, Dr. W. P. Hosken, two associate and two assistant direc- tors, two stenographers, and the supervisor and assistant supervisor of the convalescent house.518 J. R. Steward succeeded Dr. Hosken as field director for the Red Cross in September and plans were put in operation to make the organ- ization more efficient than ever during the ap- proaching cold months. Orders were issued at the camp headquarters authorizing captains of the companies in the camp to requisition sweat- ers and other knit goods to supply the men of their command who were not so outfitted.519 The Red Cross was still on the job at Christ- mas time, 1918, and undertook to see that all the men at the camp had a merry Christmas. All the hospital wards and Red Cross buildings were decorated for the occasion. Christmas trees were provided and loaded with presents for the men in the hospitals. Every patient, every nurse, and every attendant was remem- bered with a package of some kind furnished by the canteen committee of the Des Moines chapter. 140 RED CROSS IN IOWA Sometime before Christmas officers were asked to turn in to the Red Cross the names of all "friendless" soldiers in their outfits. One company captain sent in the name of every man in his company and each was remembered on Christmas Day. Many of the friendless sol- diers at Camp Dodge were colored soldiers to whom Christmas would have been much the same as any other day if it had not been for the Red Cross. A big Christmas tree was set up by the Red Cross for their special benefit at the colored hostess house.520 At Fort Des Moines.— Fort Des Moines, which was turned into a general hospital during the war, was the scene of much Red Cross camp service. It wras not until well along toward the close of hostilities, however, that the work really got well under way. But it increased rapidly and continued to expand for several months after the signing of the armistice. It was about the first of June, 1918, that the work was started with the appointment of Harry Worth as field director. Six months later, when Mr. Worth resigned, the Red Cross house had been built and a considerable force of workers made up the Red Cross organiza- tion. The Red Cross house, with its large reception room, writing tables, settees, lounging CAMP SERVICE 141 chairs, couches, phonographs, pianos, and cheery fireplaces, was at the service of the sol- diers and their friends. On the second floor sleeping rooms where relatives of the men might remain over night were provided.521 Three lines of Red Cross activity were car- ried on — military relief, hospital and com- munication service, and home service. Under the department of military relief, sweaters, socks, comfort kits, and surgical supplies were distributed and every attempt was made to meet any emergency that might arise, as when the Red Cross supplied eighteen thousand face masks during the influenza epidemic. There were three men engaged in hospital and com- munication service at the Fort who wrote let- ters for the men, telegraphed the families of the dangerously ill to keep them informed of the patient's condition, and answered letters of inquiry concerning men in the hospital. They supplied razors, tooth brushes, shaving soap, combs, brushes, and other necessities, and in cases of need often made loans of money to the soldiers. Two men were kept busy doing home service tasks, looking after the men's many worries about their allotments, insurance, and numerous family troubles. They also looked up all men about to be discharged and gave them advice of especial interest to them.522 142 RED CROSS IN IOWA The month of August, 1919, found the Red Cross with seventeen employees at Fort Des Moines, including the directors of different ranks, clerks, and stenographers. Several new lines of activity had been undertaken and the work was then split up into five departments, physical recreation, communication, home ser- vice, supply, and recreation. The duty of each can be ascertained from a brief sketch of some of their activities.523 An associate director in charge of home ser- vice was stationed at Fort Des Moines in Octo- ber, 1918, and was given one stenographer. By the end of the year there wTas an associate direc- tor, an assistant field director, and two stenog- raphers engaged in home service.524 Many requests came to these workers from a great variety of sources for a great many kinds of help. In the fifteen days from November 26th to December 10, 1918, there wTere 221 requests made of the home service department at Fort Des Moines. Of this number 90 came from soldiers, 49 from Red Cross chapters, 48 from commanding officers, 25 from home service workers in other camps, 5 from relatives, 3 from the Central Division, and 1 from National Headquarters. All types of assistance were asked for. There were 71 requests to investigate sickness in sol- CAMP SERVICE 143 diers' families, 60 concerned allotments and allowances, 42 were to assist soldiers' families, 23 had to do with applications for discharge, 14 were for legal aid, and still others wanted such things as protection from private insur- ance companies, transportation, financial help, to notify soldiers of death of relatives, help in harvesting crops, and aid in securing Liberty bonds paid for by the soldiers. Altogether 273 services were performed. From the 11th to the 25th of January, 1919, there were 177 requests for aid, with 246 services rendered, and from February 10th to the 25th there were 176 re- quests and 229 services performed. During these six weeks home service workers made 10 loans amounting to $105; they sent and re- ceived 894 letters, telegrams, and telephone calls; held 372 interviews at their office and made 66 visits.525 Tw^o hundred and seventy men from overseas arrived at the hospital during November, 1918, and as wTas the practice, all were interviewed by home service representatives.526 In December, 28 men were discharged wTho were potential compensation cases. Each one was interviewed and instructed to report to his local home ser- vice section for any assistance needed. Then a report of his situation was forwarded to the chapter of his home district.527 144 RED CROSS IN IOWA An interesting home service case handled at Fort Des Moines shows the possibility of this branch of the service. A private requested that a home service man visit him in the hos- pital ward. The private was in quarantine, but the home service man talked to him through the window. Before his illness the soldier had been living with his wife outside of the post and his sister-in-law, with a six months old baby, was living with them. When he was last home he had left them with two dollars. At this time he had been sick for ten days. He heard that his wife had come down with pneu- monia and that the baby was sick. The matter greatly worried him and, according to his nurse, was retarding his recovery. As soon as the Red Cross learned of the situation the family was immediately provided for and the sick man relieved of his worry.528 The home service activities continued to in- crease during the first half of 1919. The asso- ciate director in charge of the service reported that there was more work in June, 1919, than in any previous month. As men were dis- charged, medical social service reports for each man were sent to the Central Division and thence to the chapters concerned, calling atten- tion to certain important points concerning the men. Each day at noon a meeting of the dis- CAMP SERVICE 145 charged men was held at the Red Cross house and talks were given on home service, compen- sation, insurance, and similar subjects.529 Men from the bureau of communication at Fort Des Moines visited the wards and each patient "was given an opportunity to ask for any assistance or articles needed by him. Home service cases were picked up by these workers and referred to the home service bureau for attention. A strong bond of sym- pathy was developed between these visitors and the patients, and the latter came to look for- ward to the visits of Red Cross representatives with considerable pleasure. For a single week in May, 1919, the representatives of this bureau made 1035 visits, held 95 interviews, and handled 44 letters, telegrams, and telephone calls. They distributed 92 packages of gum, 320 packages of cigarettes, 339 cigars, 44 pack- ages of tobacco, 12 kits, 73 bars of soap, 2 canes, 97 packages of tooth paste, 30 tooth brushes, 24 shaving brushes, 4 shaving sets, 21 combs, 3 razors, 14 packages of razor blades, 6 sweat- ers, 57 handkerchiefs, 2 pairs of pajamas, 3 afghans, 11 cans of talcum pow^der, 18 towels, 4 pairs wrool socks, 2 stump socks, 3 pairs of crutch pads, and 18 wash cloths. They also distributed candy, cake, jelly, and flowers sent in by outside persons.530 vol. n—11 146 RED CROSS IN IOWA The physical recreation department was in charge of an army officer, but he was assisted by several members of the Red Cross staff. Gymnasium and outdoor work was given pa- tients for strengthening their amputated limbs and to teach them how to utilize their artificial limbs to the best advantage. On May 3, 1919, there were 140 men enrolled in classes of this kind. For those who were able to indulge, arrangements were made for baseball, track athletics, walking, croquet, tennis, horseshoe pitching, and other outdoor exercises. An athletic meet was staged at the Western League baseball park at Des Moines on July 22, 1919. Included in the events were an "Effi- ciency walk'' for patients with leg amputations, a fifty yard dash, a "wheel chair race" for patients with double amputations, a thirty yard hop for patients with leg amputations, and a manual of arms drill for patients with leg amputations.531 It fell to the recreational department to co- operate with other agencies in providing amuse- ment and recreation for the men of the post. Eventually the Red Cross was assigned to the task of arranging all entertainments for the soldiers, even though given by some of the other welfare organizations in the camp. The re- ports of their activity, therefore, cover all the CAMP SERVICE 147 activities, whether directly provided by the Red Cross or not — except those conducted by the physical recreation department. The activ- ities of a single week are sufficient to show what was being done. During the week ending June 21, 1919, the entertainment calendar in- cluded 21 moving picture shows with 3450 in attendance, 22 speaking and musical entertain- ments which attracted 2600 listeners, 4 social evenings in which 1100 took part, 8 picnics and theatre parties which were attended by 552 of the men and three dances which were attended by 560, and auto rides for 449. The combined attendance at all these functions for the one week was 8681.532 Every week many entertainments, offering a wide variety of programs, were arranged for by the several welfare organizations at the post. For a time an Orpheum show was staged at the camp every Saturday noon, the members from the Des Moines Orpheum putting on the pro- gram. Likewise dancing lessons were given every Tuesday and Friday afternoon at the Knights of Columbus building. On special oc- casions very elaborate programs were usually provided.533 A celebration was held at Christmas time, 1918, in cooperation with the other welfare organizations operating at the Fort. On Christ- 148 RED CROSS IN IOWA mas Eve there was a free show at the Orpheum and a program at the Red Cross house. Each ward wTas furnished with a Christmas tree, and there was a large one at the Red Cross house. Christmas boxes "were distributed to all by the canteen ladies from the Des Moines chapter and large quantities of cookies, candy, and fruit were sent in from all around. The men in the w7ards hung up their stockings, which were filled with presents by the Red Cross. On Christmas Day canes were distributed to all the patients, and in the evening another program was held at the Red Cross house.534 The Fourth of July, 1919, was also an occa- sion for a big celebration. The day's ceremo- nies opened with the presentation of two Distinguished Service Crosses and one Croix de Guerre. At half past one there was a ball game between the patients and the men of the detach- ment and then one between Fort Des Moines and Camp Dodge. Refreshments were served at four tents on the parade ground — pie, doughnuts, and coffee by the Salvation Army, lemonade and pop by the Red Cross canteen, ice cream by the Y. M. C. A., and cakes and candy by the Knights of Columbus. During the afternoon a group of entertainers made the rounds and entertained the bed patients, and the University Church served refreshments of CAMP SERVICE 149 all kinds in the wards. Beginning at five o'clock there was a picnic supper. Dozens of families brought their baskets and there was plenty to eat for everyone. From half past six until nine o'clock one hundred girls from Des Moines entertained the crowd with games and stunts of various kinds. And all the time the post band was on hand to furnish the music. At seven o'clock came the big feature of the day — a big "Jazz Parade", planned and exe- cuted entirely by the Red Cross. The parade, headed by the band, was made up of about twenty-seven floats in take-offs on various indi- viduals, institutions, organizations, and events at the Fort. The personnel of the parade was composed almost entirely of patients, and all the floats and paraphernalia used were drawn entirely from the resources of the post. Two large open air dances w-ere conducted by the Knights of Columbus during the evening. The attendance at the celebration was estimated at 5000, about ninety per cent of the men of the post remaining on the grounds for the cele- bration.535 HOME SERVICE IN CAMP COMMUNITIES The Red Cross placed special home service workers in communities in the vicinity of can- tonments to cope with the grave and urgent 150 RED CROSS IN IOWA problems growing out of the migration of sol- diers' families to such places. These workers,' called community agents, were supported and directed by the division offices of the Red Cross. They removed from the shoulders of the local home service sections the heavy burdens cre- ated by this movement of the sailors' and sol- diers' families.536 Des Moines presented the largest problem for home service of any of the cantonments of the Central Division. Many families that followed men to Des Moines became a considerable bur- den on the local home service section, making up about one-half its cases. In August, 1918, the Central Division sent a community agent to assume the work and relieved the Des Moines chapter of its responsibility.537 The need for such community agents is shown by an examination of a few figures deal- ing with the work accomplished. From the be- ginning of November, 1918, to the first of March, 1919, these agents dealt with 713 fami- lies, all but 117 of which were rendered some service other than informational. For the same period financial aid was given amounting to $3083.66 of which $1701.64 was later refunded. By March the work was rapidly decreasing, since the families were returning to their homes due to the demobilization of the army. On CAMP SERVICE 151 March 15th the work was again taken over by the Des Moines chapter. Half the time of one trained worker and one stenographer was given to this work thereafter, and the Central Divi- sion paid half their salaries.538 XIII Nursing Service The American Red Cross Nursing Service had a double duty — to supply all nurses requested by the Surgeon General of the United States for military service and to cooperate in all pos- sible ways with local health organizations in safeguarding the health of civilians. It en- rolled nurses for use by the army and navy, for the use of the Red Cross itself, and for pur- poses of home defense. It supervised the vari- ous activities carried on for the instruction of the general public, such as courses in first aid, hygiene and home care of the sick, and dietetics, and conducted what is known as the Red Cross Town and Country Nursing Service. organization The Nursing Service of the American Red Cross was under the direction of the Bureau of Nursing at Washington, the various division bureaus, and the chapter committees on nurs- ing. The Bureau of Nursing at Washington, which was under the direction of Miss Jane A. Delano from 1909 until her death in April, 1919, 152 NURSING SERVICE 153 was charged with the duties of maintaining the nursing service, of recruiting properly qualified nurses for military and naval service, organ- izing nursing units, and supervising the courses in elementary hygiene and home care of the sick, first aid, and dietetics, wilich were offered to the public. The division bureaus of nursing and the chapter committees cooperated in car- rying on these lines of activity.539 But in developing the nursing service the Red Cross found it desirable to call for cooper- ation from the national organizations of nurses. Accordingly in 1909 the American Nurses' As- sociation was asked and agreed to lend their assistance in developing this phase of Red Cross "work. A National Committee on Red Cross Nursing was forthwith appointed, com- posed of forty-six members, representing the leading organizations of nurses and the Red Cross. Following this action, State and local committees of nurses were likewise appointed. At the close of the war the National Com- mittee on Red Cross Nursing Service was made up of the surgeon generals of the army, the navy, and the United States Public Health Service, and representatives of the Army and Navy Nurse Corps, the American Nurses' As- sociation, the National League of Nursing Edu- cation, the National Organization of Public 154 RED CROSS IN IOWA Health Nursing, and of the American Red Cross. This committee had to do with the establishment of State and local committees and acted in an advisory capacity in all matters pertaining to the Red Cross nursing service.540 State committees on Red Cross nursing ser- vice, consisting of not less than six members, were appointed by the National Committee from names submitted by the executive committees of the State Nurses' Associations at the time of their annual meetings. The members had to be enrolled Red Cross nurses. It was the function of these State committees to submit to the di- rectors of the division bureaus of nursing a list of names of enrolled Red Cross nurses eligible to serve on local committees. These local com- mittees, also consisting of six members who had to be enrolled Red Cross nurses, existed for the purpose of issuing information and blank forms to nurses desiring to enroll with the Red Cross, the securing of credentials of nurses applying for enrollment, and the forwarding of all papers with recommendations of at least two members of the committee to the directors of the division bureaus of nursing.541 The directors of the division bureaus of nursing appointed nurses to serve on the local committees from nominations made by the State committees. They supplied the local NURSING SERVICE 155 committees with all necessary literature, blank forms, stationery, and other supplies needed by them in connection with their work. They examined all applications for enrollment as Red Cross nurses and forwarded the applica- tions to National Headquarters with recom- mendations. They also assumed the responsi- bility of enrolling nurses who were eligible for home defense service. Annual reports from local committees were made for the division directors of nursing and were then forwarded to Washington.542 The Department of Nursing of the Central Division was under the direction of Miss Minnie H. Ahrens throughout the war. In addition to the State Committee in Iowa there were four local committees. These were at Sioux City, for the western district, Des Moines for the central, Burlington for the southeast, and Cedar Rapids for the northeast district. There were usually nine members on each com- mittee, representing different sections of the district assigned to the committee. These committees received all applications from nurses in their district who desired to enroll with the Red Cross and made recommendations to the Central Division regarding them. The Central Division then sent the papers to Wash- ington where the nurses were enrolled.543 156 RED CROSS IN IOWA After the reorganization of the American Red Cross in 1905, an attempt was made to build up a nursing service by enrolling nurses under Red Cross leadership. Four years later it was decided to ask the national organiza- tions of nurses to cooperate in the work, and the above arrangement developed therefrom. Following this step, regulations were issued by the Secretary of War making the Red Cross nursing service the reserve of the Army Nurse Corps, and a proclamation issued by the Presi- dent of the United States in 1911 authorized the Red Cross as the only relief agency privi- leged to render aid to the land and naval forces of the government in time of war. Enrolled Red Cross nurses, therefore, constituted the reserve of the Army and Navy Nurse Corps, and were also available for any of the activities carried on under the auspices of the Red Cross.544 Thus one of the most important duties of the Red Cross Nursing Service came to be the maintenance at all times of an adequate enroll- ment of nurses for service in the event of war. The various peace activities also required an enrollment of nurses with special qualifications other than those for ordinary duty. The Red Cross did not maintain any school or method of training nurses, but enrolled those nurses who NURSING SERVICE 157 met the standard requirements as to education, physical condition, age, and the like, for the particular field in which they desired to enroll. For general enrollment a nurse had to be a graduate of a school for nurses giving at least a twTo years' course of training in a general hospital which included the care of men and had at least a daily average of fifty patients during the applicant's period of training. Graduates of hospitals for the insane were not eligible for enrollment unless their experience included at least nine months' training in a general hospital. Subsequent postgraduate training or hospital experience which supple- mented deficiencies in training could be ac- cepted by the National Committee upon recom- mendation of the local committee on Red Cross Nursing Service. The age requirement was between twenty-one and forty-five years. Some differences existed in the standards required for those enrolling for special branches of Red Cross service, such as public health nursing.545 Enrolled nurses as soon as assigned by the Red Cross to the Army and Navy Nurse Corps passed entirely out of the jurisdiction of the Red Cross. As members of military units they were paid by the government, wore army or navy uniforms, and were subject to the orders of the medical staffs of the surgeon generals. 158 RED CROSS IN IOWA All hospitals were not Red Cross hospitals as many people were led to think because the nurses wore the Red Cross emblem.546 ACTIVITIES BEFORE THE WAR Before the outbreak of the war a consider- able body of nurses had been enrolled and some of them had been called upon to serve in times of disaster. In August, 1914, when the war broke out, the Red Cross offered its trained personnel to every belligerent country; the offer v~as unanimously accepted and many nurses were sent to Europe wrhere they were still serving when the United States entered the conflict. At the time of the declaration of a state of war by the United States there were 8015 nurses' names on the Red Cross rolls; and of these 2970 could mobilize immediately. During the year ending in July, 1917, there had been assigned to the Army Nurse Corps 817 Red Cross nurses, several hundred of whom had been sent to care for the troops on the Mexican Border.547 The year preceding the entry of the United States into the wTar was one of activity on the part of the nursing service. The Surgeon Gen- eral had requested the Red Cross to organize base hospital units, and a hospital system was built up that was later to become "the back- NURSING SERVICE 159 bone of the Medical Corps during the first try- ing months of war.'' In these base hospital units organized by the Red Cross the doctors and nurses of each group were accustomed to work together. The great civil hospitals of America were called on to organize teams from their staffs, and soon a score of units were established. Twenty-two doctors, two dentists, sixty-five Red Cross nurses, one hundred and fifty-three corpsmen, six civilian employees, a chaplain — the com- plete personnel — signed the muster roll of each and pledged to report for duty whenever called within two years. When these units moved "they carried with them the personnel (from pharmacist to scul- lion) and the equipment (from scalpel to laun- dry plant) to set up a complete five hundred bed hospital wherever needed. . . . Beds, bedding, ward furniture, drugs, surgical instru- ments, laboratory supplies and equipment, mess-gear, sterilizers, ambulances, touring- cars, motor-trucks, a motor-cycle, complete X-ray plant, kitchen, disinfectors, surgical dressings, and hospital garments, some refrig- erating and laundry equipment, telephone sys- tem, and machine shop — all the supplies that would not deteriorate in storage were collected at a convenient point", ready for use. 160 RED CROSS IN IOWA Such a base hospital unit was mobilized for the first time in October, 1916, in Philadelphia. The hospital came together in '' record time and with the precision of clockwork.'' The tentage covered ground 1000 feet long and 500 feet in width. The experiment proved beyond a doubt that the "canned" hospital would be a success. When diplomatic relations with Germany were severed, twTenty-five such base hospital units were well under way. Six of the units wTere assigned to duty with the British Expedition- ary Force and the first ones set sail in May, 1917.548 ENROLLING NURSES FOR THE WAR With the United States in the war the enroll- ment of nurses proceeded rapidly. More than 1400 trained nurses had been enrolled for vari- ous kinds of duty by November, 1917. Of this number over 3000 were then engaged in active nursing service, 2000 being in foreign fields. Another 2000 were doing teaching and com- mittee work; 4000 were enrolled with special units for immediate service; and the remainder were ready to serve when called upon to do so. The rate of enrollment at this date hacf reached about 1000 a month. There had been 2155 nurses enrolled in the Central Division by the end of 1917. Of these 983 were from Illinois, NURSING SERVICE 161 475 from Michigan, 314 from Iowa, 222 from Wisconsin, and 161 from Nebraska.549 The work of enrolling nurses proceeded at a satisfactory rate during the first few months of 1918, but as the army and navy grew rapidly there was a constantly increasing demand for more. About the first of April a call was sent out to enroll 5000 nurses by the first of June. The Red Cross started out to get them. Def- inite quotas were assigned to each division and State. For the Central Division the quota was set at 635, and for Iowa at 100.550 By the middle of the year so many more men had gone into the fighting than had been thought possible at that stage of the war that there was an urgent demand for an even great- er supply of nurses. Ample plans had been made for caring for a slowly growing army, but it wTas increasing so fast that the number of nurses was not keeping pace. Another emer- gency call "was sent out by Surgeon General Gorgas of the army, and Braisted of the navy: "We must have 25,000 registered nurses".551 It wTas the Red Cross again that set out to secure them. In order to do it a big campaign for nurses wxas launched on June 3, 1918 — a campaign wilich really continued until the close of hostilities. Elaborate plans for recruiting 25,000 nurses by the first of January, 1919, were vol. n—12 162 RED CROSS IN IOWA evolved. The plan was to enroll all the avail- able nurses as soon as possible. Enrollment, however, did not mean that they would at once be assigned to duty. That would take place as need arose. Furthermore, the plan was to en- roll nurses who could be assigned to home de- fense work as well as those eligible for military service. Certain nurses in important positions at home, such as training school supervisors, were enrolled but not taken for assignment by the Red Cross, being given a chevron to show their exemption. Definite quotas were assigned to the divisions and in turn to the States. Every Red Cross chapter in the country was asked to appoint a committee to manage the campaign. These committees were to canvass every regis- tered nurse in the community. They were to see the physicians and citizens wiio employed nurses and to get them to find w7ays of doing without nurses eligible for Red Cross work. The government, to be sure, did not wrant to leave the country without expert nursing care, but as in the case of food, conservation was absolutely necessary. The use of graduate nurses in hospitals, laboratories, private homes, and like employment "was to be reduced to the minimum consistent with safety. People were to be impressed with the necessity of getting along without the nurses eligible for Red Cross NURSING SERVICE 163 service so "that those 'kids of Pershing's' may not lack the care they are going to need very soon."552 Not only did the Red Cross set out to furnish the 25,000 nurses called for, but it also started in to show the urgent need of getting more and more young women into the training schools and into those lines of work which might re- lease the nurses then ready to go. One of the tasks put upon the chapter committees handling the nurse campaign was that of impressing upon their communities this need of training new7 nurses.553 In short, there was a four-fold obligation upon every chapter: first, to see that every graduate nurse within its jurisdiction enrolled with the Red Cross; second, to see that eligible young women were encouraged to enter train- ing schools to prepare themselves to fill the gaps caused by withdrawing nurses for war service; third, to see that experienced nurses wiio were married or retired from service came forwrard in their home communities so as to release active nurses for war service; fourth, to see that housekeepers prepared themselves to handle the ordinary ills in the home by taking the Red Cross course in elementary hygiene and home care of the sick and thus reduced the call for trained nurses.554 164 RED CROSS IN IOWA Considerable interest in the campaign for nurses was manifested in all sections of the country and the intensive start gave promise of success. It was carried on with parades and other demonstrations. A parade wTas held in Chicago on June 15th with several thousand in line, Wisconsin and Iowa as well as Illinois being represented. Reports from everywhere indicated that the chapters were securing re- sults.555 To enroll all of the 10,000 graduate nurses in its jurisdiction was the aim of the Central Divi- sion. Each chapter was notified to select a Nurse Campaign Executive Committee, which was to name a special sub-committee of workers for personal solicitation of nurses. The Cen- tral Division Department of Nursing planned to make available to each chapter a list of the registered nurses in its jurisdiction. In addi- tion it was to mail a personal appeal to each registered nurse. Speakers, moving pictures showing the work of nurses, and newspapers were to be used for publicity purposes.556 Iowa fell into line and prepared to secure its share of nurses. Committees were appointed. At Des Moines teams wTere organized to visit every registered nurse in Polk County. A big parade was staged at Burlington on June 15th, with some two hundred nurses and Red Cross NURSING SERVICE 165 women taking part. Within the first two weeks returns began to come in from various parts of the State. Waterloo enrolled sixteen nurses in three days, and eight others, unable to leave home, enlisted in the home nursing service. The Wapello County chapter reported that there were forty-seven nurses in the county, eighteen of whom enrolled at once, seven were in service, six were not quite ready to enroll, five had home duties, three were married, and three were not heard from. In the central dis- trict of Iowa sixty-two nurses were enrolled the first wreek, with the Methodist Hospital of Des Moines leading in the number of recruits. At the end of the third week in June, 107 were enrolled in the State, according to the records of Miss Emma C. Wilson, field secretary for the Central Division. Enrollment was not found to be such a difficult problem in the larger cities where nurses' organizations ex- isted, but it was much harder in the small towns and rural communities.557 In order to provide for future demands for nursing service, a call was issued by the Red Cross in July, 1918, for the enrollment of 25,000 student nurses. Those enrolling were to be subject to call for training in army nursing schools or civilian hospitals. "Every young woman in America between the ages of 19 and 166 RED CROSS IN IOWA 35 years, with common sense, a high school edu- cation and good health" was eligible for this opportunity. Mrs. W. 0. Finkbine of Des Moines was made chairman of the Iowa com- mittee for this drive.558 From all the divisions of the Red Cross, up to August 1, 1918, there were 13,347 nurses en- rolled and assigned to duty, leaving 11,653 more to be enrolled before January 1st to make the 25,000. The Central Division's quota for the whole drive was 3940, and on August 1st, 2611 or sixty per cent w^ere accounted for. Illinois had enrolled 992 of this number, Mich- igan 651, Iowa 392, Wisconsin 318, and Ne- braska 258. The Central Division enrolled 371 nurses in June, and 789 in August.559 In August a telegram to the Red Cross from Surgeon General Gorgas urged that the enroll- ment be speeded up still more. He asked that 8000 more nurses be provided by October 1, 1918, which would require the enrollment of 1000 a week for a twTo months' period. This necessitated a still greater effort on the part of the Red Cross in its campaign for nurses.560 On November 1st, the Central Division had practically reached its quota of 3940. At that date 3823 nurses from this division had been assigned while 742 were signed up and available at a definite date before the end of the year — NURSING SERVICE 167 making a total of 4565 which had been enrolled. IowTa, Illinois, and Wisconsin had already ex- ceeded their quotas. Iowa's quota was 514, but at this time 563 had already been assigned to duty.561 On top of the campaign for the enrollment of nurses for regular Red Cross service, the Red Cross wras called upon to supply nurses in large numbers during the influenza epidemic in the fall of 1918. Just at the moment when every effort was being put forth to meet the quota of nurses for the army and navy, and when it seemed that almost every available nurse had been taken, this new problem arose. In the camps and later among the civilian population were large numbers of persons suffering from the epidemic and in dire need of nursing at- tention. The Central Division Department of Nursing laid aside all other things and started out to find nurses. During two weeks the Department called out and assigned approximately one thousand nurses. "Nurses in large groups, at only a fewT hours notice and with scarcely any preparation, proceeded like soldiers to the camps, never questioning the service they were called upon to give or the matter of remuner- ation. "Women who have given a quarter of a cen- 168 RED CROSS IN IOWA tury to active nursing service, young nurses who were rounding out their senior year in hospitals, regularly enrolled Red Cross nurses, nurses available for service later on, and nurses who, because of their age or because of physical disability will never be eligible for permanent service, all flocked to the standard of the Red Cross." After the situation in the camps improved the Central Division was called upon for nurses to aid civilians. The Department of Nursing of the Central Division assigned or aided in as- signing nursing personnel to eighty-five towns and cities, carrying on the task in cooperation with the United States Public Health Service and the State and local boards of health.562 During the twenty months ending on Febru- ary 28, 1919, 23,822 nurses were enrolled by the Red Cross. Of these, 19,931 were assigned to active duty with the army, navy, United States health service, or Red Cross overseas service. In addition many more who were un- able to do overseas duty were enrolled as home defense nurses. Altogether there were over 30,000 nurses' names on the Red Cross rolls at Washington.563 The situation in Iowa and the other States of the Central Division at the close of hostilities is shown bv Table II:564 NURSING SERVICE 169 Table II Nurses in Central Division III. Ia. Mich. Nebr. Wis. Total Number of Registered Nurses 3249 1238 2762 1276 970 9495 Enrolled 2256 862 1183 404 618 5232 Quota Due Jan. 1, 1919 1345 514 1148 529 404 3940 Assigned Nov. 1, 1918 1651 570 829 332 415 3797 Above or Below Quota +306 +56 —319 —197 + 11 —143 Available Jan. 1, 1919 273 124 194 66 91 748 Home Defense Nurses 568 INSTRUCTION FOR THE PUBLIC Due to the interest created by the war and the greater publicity given such subjects con- siderable attention Avas directed during the period of hostilities to Red Cross courses in first aid, elementary hygiene and home care of the sick, and dietetics. Under the supervision of Red Cross chapters a great many of these courses were offered throughout the country. The standard course in first aid consisted of ten lectures and demonstrations of one and one- half hours each — a total of fifteen hours in- 170 RED CROSS IN IOWA struction. The object of the course was to train men and women to administer first aid treat- ment promptly and intelligently when emer- gencies demanded such assistance. Class instructors were required to be physicians in active practice who were graduates of a recog- nized medical school and held the degree of Doctor of Medicine.565 Courses in hygiene and home care of the sick were given "to instruct women in the simple principles of personal and household hygiene, so that the homes of our country may be centers of health". The course consisted of fifteen lectures of about one and one-half hours dura- tion each. One-half of each lesson was ordi- narily devoted to theoretical instruction and the other half to practical work and demonstra- tion. The instructors had to be enrolled Red Cross nurses wTho were authorized by the divi- sion director of nursing to give such courses.566 Through its Bureau of Dietetian Service, a branch of the Department of Nursing, the Red Cross offered courses in foods and cookery. The course was intended to show the compara- tive value of foods, the necessity for a well- balanced diet for adults and children, sick or well, and to point out the practical application of the underlying principles of dietetics to buy- ing, cooking, and serving food in the home. NURSING SERVICE 171 The course consisted of fifteen two-hour lec- tures. Any person who had had a two-year course in an accredited school of household economics, or an acceptable equivalent, and subsequent teaching experience, was eligible for appointment as instructor.567 In each of the above courses, classes could be formed by the individuals of any community, by clubs, schools, and organizations. The chap- ter in charge of the particular jurisdiction had to be consulted before courses could be organ- ized, for they were required to be under chapter supervision. At the conclusion of each course examinations were to be given to the members of the class and those who attained an average of seventy-five per cent and had met the re- quirements of class attendance, were to be given certificates.568 Since the Red Cross was preparing the coun- try, during the war, to get along with as little nursing service as possible in order to release the registered nurses for w7ar purposes, and since the conservation of food was of vital im- portance, all these courses attracted consider- able attention and were taken by large numbers. Many Iowa chapters arranged for some or all of these courses to be given in their communi- ties, and considerable interest seems to have been taken in the courses. The Mitchell County 172 RED CROSS IN IOWA chapter, for instance, conducted nine first aid classes and one in home hygiene and care of the sick. The Council Bluffs chapter reported that ninety persons in its jurisdiction had completed the course in first aid.569 Just after the signing of the armistice the Extension Division of the State University of Iowa announced its readiness to put on courses throughout the State in home care of the sick. Every chapter in the State was urged to put on one of the courses. Miss Emma C. Wilson, a Red Cross nurse from the Central Division, who had joined the Extension Division of the State University, was in charge of the program. Under this plan the course could be taken in a two weeks period or stretched out over a period of fifteen weeks.570 NURSING SURVEY WEEK Toward the close of August, 1918, the Sur- geon General of the Army asked the Red Cross to make a nation-wide survey of the nursing resources of the country. Due to the increasing military program at that time, it wras felt neces- sary to have available immediately definite information as to the graduate nurses and all others who were qualified to render aid under the direction of. graduate nurses in the care of the civilian population. NURSING SERVICE 173 When the influenza epidemic broke out in the fall of 1918 thousands of communities all over the country found themselves quite unprepared to cope with the situation. So many nurses had been drawn into military service that there was difficulty in obtaining sufficient trained attend- ants. The delay in getting help and equipment no doubt cost many lives. It was to guard against such a situation that the Red Cross planned and carried out the Nursing Survey Week.571 The purpose of the Nursing Survey Week wTas to find and record every woman who had had any training whatsoever in the care of the sick, so as to have at hand a complete record of all nursing material available in time of need. Those to be registered were graduate nurses, nurses then in training, undergraduate nurses who had had at least a six months' term, trained attendants such as nurses in hospitals for the insane, convalescent hospitals, and tuberculosis sanatoriums, practical nurses, mid- wives, and women wiio had taken Red Cross courses.572 Before the plans for the survey could be executed the armistice was signed and hostil- ities ceased. Instead of giving up the survey, however, it wTas carried out so as to have the information for civilian purposes. One wTeek 174 RED CROSS IN IOWA of intensive effort was planned to accomplish the result, and January 13 to 20, 1919, was set as the time. Chapter committees appointed for this event were furnished plans for carrying on the work and bringing it before their com- munities. The keynote was, "Be prepared when emergencies arise" and "Know where to turn for help in time of need", for "Disease and disaster do not send advance notices." The public was asked the question: "Would you wait until your town was on fire before you organized a fire department?", and was re- minded that "Disease is more prevalent and more destructive than fire". "America de- feated the Germans" ran the appeal, "Let us not surrender to the germs."573 Questionnaires were furnished the commit- tees to be filled out for each person registered. These questionnaires were then forwarded to the division headquarters and then to Washing- ton w-here the results were tabulated. By Janu- ary 11th it appears that 332 committees had been organized in the Central Division and many were hard at work. Early reports from Iowa showed that Storm Lake, Waukon, Fair- field, Monona, Mason City, and Oelwein were in the lead. Following the week set aside for intensive work on the survey, 10,094 question- naires were received in the Central Division. NURSING SERVICE 175 Illinois returned 3848, Michigan 2165, Iowa 1916, Wisconsin 1852, and Nebraska 313. At the end of March, 1919, some 150,000 of the questionnaires had been returned to the Red Cross. Of this number 20,000 were from the Central Division.574 Results of the Nursing Survey Week in the Central Division down to April 1, 1919, are shown in Table III.575 Table III Work op Red Cross Chapters in Nursing Survey III. lA. Mich. Nebe. Wis. Total Number of Chapters 125 133 84 129 77 548 Chapters Eeporting No Nurses 7 17 4 22 2 52 No Eesponse 1 3 33 37 Acknowledged Request No Further Action 3 ' 8 2 2 15 Appointed Committee Xo Further Report 18 22 12 24 8 84 Chapters Conducting Survey 96 86 63 48 67 360 Total Number of Questionnaires Returned 9497 4217 5365 1653 4187 24,919 Number of Question-naires Returned from Nurses in Service 479 335 189 1003 176 RED CROSS IN IOWA TOWN AND COUNTRY NURSING SERVICE The Town and Country Nursing Service, be- gun in 1913, became a very important branch of Red Cross work. It was an activity that was not confined to periods of hostilities. There were two well-defined parts to its program: first, there was an aim to educate the commu- nity to the idea that a visiting nurse is worth while and of sufficient importance to justify the assumption of a considerable burden of labor and expense; and second, there was an attempt to supply a nurse, when a community was ready for one, and to properly supervise her work thereafter.576 No small amount of effort was put forward by the Red Cross to bring before the country the value to a locality of a visiting nurse. The pur- pose of such service was pointed out—"to pre- vent epidemics, to reduce the infant death rate, to make better babies, cleaner homes, school houses and yards, to clean up the town, to estab- lish as nearly as possible 100 per cent record for healthy children, without physical defect, to work hand in hand with school-teachers, health officers, physicians, clergymen, and all social workers".577 While there was a very large body of highly trained and efficient nurses in the United States, the number qualified, as to education and ex- NURSING SERVICE 177 perience, for visiting nurses in a small town or rural community was small. The requirements demand that such a nurse be informed in sani- tation, in disease prevention, and in certain lines of social work which are not a part of the regular training of nurses. It is because of this scarcity of qualified public health nurses that the Red Cross assumed the task of furnishing efficient nurses where wanted.578 Before the war the plan followed was to try to educate communities to the point where they were ready to support a nurse, and then to supply one who met the Red Cross require- ments and supervise in a general way her work. It was necessary, however, that some local organizations hire the nurse. If a community desired to secure a visiting nurse it could organize a health league, a visiting nurse asso- ciation, or a nursing committee for the purpose of supporting a visiting nurse. Again the nurse might be employed by a branch of the woman's club, school, child helping societies, the board of health, county supervisors, or any private organization.579 Such organizations, in employing public health nurses, do not always know the require- ments of the work and are not always able to see that proper standards are maintained. Be- cause of this the Red Cross offered its service vol. n—13 178 RED CROSS IN IOWA in selection and supervision. Although ap- pointed by the Red Cross and abiding by the standards established by it, the nurses were responsible to the organization employing them. The standard required for nurses was high. Some four to eight months of training were required in addition to that given graduate nurses. It was thought that some experience in family or welfare work was essential to a suc- cessful visiting nurse.580 There were sixty-six Red Cross nurses at work in twenty-one States at the end of the year, 1916. But the coming of the war greatly increased the interest in this field. With the establishment of Red Cross chapters in every community in the country, the Red Cross had an agency through which to work. The policy was adopted of permitting the chapters, through a nursing committee, to employ a nurse for work in its jurisdiction. Many chapters took the step. In doing this the Red Cross attempted to prove the worth of such nursing service. The hope was, however, that it would be a temporary measure. Once on the ground it was expected that the Red Cross nurse would have no great difficulty in convincing the people of her value, and thus would make it possible eventually for the chapter to shift the employ- ment of the nurse to some permanent local organization.581 NURSING SERVICE 179 Another outgrowth of the war period that seemed to point toward a greater development of the Red Cross Town and Country Nursing Service was the added number of nurses at- tracted into the field. With the return of nurses from work with our military forces there ap- peared to have been a strong trend toward public health work. After their service in caring for large numbers of men, the nurses were not all content to return to their former work of caring for perhaps a single patient. Rather they have looked around for larger fields of service, and public health nursing was chosen by a considerable number. Further- more there was an increase in the remunera- tion for such work, which removed one of the handicaps in recruiting workers to carry it on.582 Muscatine was the first Iowa community to turn to the Red Cross for a nurse. The Red Cross assigned one to this city in December, 1916, for general nursing service. Hardin County secured a school nurse in March, 1918. No more appointments were made until 1919 when Greene County employed one in Febru- ary, and Cedar Rapids two in April. This was the extent of the appointments in the State on August 1, 1919, but at that time six appoint- ments had been made to take effect on the first 180 RED CROSS IN IOWA of September and requests had been received for eighteen more who had not been supplied. Among the requests was one for three addi- tional nurses for Hardin County, which had secured its first school nurse in March, 1918.583 XIV The Junior Red Cross As soon as the United States became involved in the World War the younger people of the country were ready and anxious to do what they could to help bring it to a victorious close. It was not for some time, however, that any effort was made to organize the children for a system- atic plan of work. Finally the Red Cross saw the opportunity. There were millions of school children only waiting for an opportunity to be of service to their country and do something for its cause. Realizing that here was an im- mense volume of energy going to waste, the Red Cross proposed to organize the twenty-two million school children and direct their efforts along useful lines.584 Plans for a Junior Red Cross were formu- lated and on September 3, 1917, were approved by the War Council. The aims of the promoters of the Junior Red Cross were twofold. First they aimed to have the new body as a substan- tial aid to the regular Red Cross machine. It was realized that much could be accomplished by the children in making supplies and carrying 181 182 RED CROSS IN IOWA out programs for the relief of the sick and the suffering in Europe and at home. In the second place the Junior Red Cross was developed with the idea of giving to its members valuable train- ing in the permanent duties of good citizenship. The program was arranged to provide a course of training in patriotism; to develop the spirit of service to mankind; and to carry the spirit, through the agency of the children, into every home in the country.585 Regarding the Junior Red Cross, J. W. Studebaker, its national director, said: "We want the great idea of international service to work its way down to the community so that children everywhere, even to the farthest vil- lage, will be trained to discover things in the daily life about them which they never saw be- fore. We hope to build up in this country a system by which simple acts of unselfishness may be dignified and nationalized. We are, in other words, starting out to teach service, to make the children see that, after all, the things they learn in arithmetic and spelling and Eng- lish are simply forms of equipment to help them in performing their real function in life, namely: to help others rather than to get things for themselves."586 President Wilson endorsed the Junior Red Cross in the following proclamation, issued to THE JUNIOR RED CROSS 183 the school children of the United States on Sep- tember 15, 1917: The President of the United States is also President of the American Red Cross. It is from these offices, joined in one, that I write you a word of greeting at this time when so many of you are beginning the school year. The American Red Cross has just prepared a junior membership with school activities in which every pupil in the United States can find a chance to serve our country. The school is the natural center of your life. Through it you can best work in the great cause of freedom to which we have all pledged ourselves. Our Junior Red Cross will bring to you opportu- nities of service in your community and the other communities all over the world and guide your service with high and religious ideals. It will teach you how to save in order that suffering children elsewhere may have the chance to live. It will teach you how to prepare some of the sup- plies which wounded soldiers and homeless families lack. It will send to you through the Red Cross bul- letins the thrilling stories of relief and rescue. And, best of all, more perfectly than through any of your other school lessons, you will learn by doing those kind things under your teacher's direction to be the future good citizens of this country which we all love. And I commend to all school teachers in the country the simple plan which the American Red Cross has worked out to provide for your co-operation, knowing 184 RED CROSS IN IOWA as I do that school children will give their best service under the direct guidance and instruction of their teachers. Is not this perhaps the chance for which you have been looking to give your time and efforts in some measure to meet our national needs ?587 ORGANIZATION OF THE JUNIOR RED CROSS National Organization.— Within the Bureau of Development in the National Headquarters at Washington was created the Bureau of Ju- nior Membership, which was the head of the Ju- nior Red Cross organization. The bureau was in charge of a national director of the Junior Red Cross. Dr. H. N. MacCracken, President of Vassar College, who was largely responsible for the formulation and development of the plans for the Junior Red Cross, was the first national director. He served in that capacity from September, 1917, until January, 1919, when he resigned to give full time to his college work. John Ward Studebaker, formerly assistant superintendent of schools at Des Moines, Iowa, succeeded him. Mr. Studebaker had joined the forces at the Washington Bureau of Junior Membership in April, 1918, after having been very active in organizing the Junior Red Cross in Des Moines. These men were in direct con- trol of the Junior Red Cross and of the general plans for its advancement.588 THE JUNIOR RED CROSS 185 Iowa State Organization.— Each division of the American Red Cross also had a director of junior membership in charge of the Junior Red Cross in its territory. Dr. Edwin G. Cooley, for nine years superintendent of the Chicago schools, was the first director of the Junior Red Cross for the Central Division, having assumed that office in January, 1918. The following June he resigned and in September J. E. Stout of Cornell College, Iowa, succeeded him. State directors were appointed for each State in the division. For Iowa, F. A. Welch of the State Department of Education was put in charge of the Junior Red Cross activities. With head- quarters in Des Moines, he carried on the organ- ization and development of junior auxiliaries throughout the State.589 Local Organization.— The Junior Red Cross operated entirely through the schools of the country. Each Red Cross chapter or branch appointed a school committee and this com- mittee became responsible for organizing and directing the Junior Red Cross in the area over which its chapter or branch had jurisdiction. All school auxiliaries were directly in charge of such local committees. Any public, private, or parochial school could join the Junior Red Cross. Any school wishing to join and having 186 RED CROSS IN IOWA the consent of the school authorities could make application to the local chapter or branch school committee. When a school was accepted as a member of the Junior Red Cross it became an auxiliary and each child in the school became a member of the American Red Cross, entitled to wear the regu- lar membership badge. The school auxiliary was given an engraved certificate which record- ed its membership and it was privileged to dis- play a Junior Red Cross banner, a white banner with a red cross on it and blue letters, telling the name of the school and the years of member- ship. Usually the principal or some teacher in the school chosen by him served as chairman of the auxiliary. The teachers might be either officers or members. Dues for membership in the Junior Red Cross were twenty-five cents for each child. Paid by the school as a whole the dues could be raised in any way the school saw fit, so long as the method met the approval of the chapter or branch committee. This enabled the auxiliary to collect the dues from each pupil if it so de- sired or it could raise an equivalent amount in some other manner. When a school was unable to pay the dues it could still become an auxiliary member if each child signed a pledge to devote himself earnestly to Red Cross work. All THE JUNIOR RED CROSS 187 money secured from dues was to be used in pur- chasing the materials from which the auxiliary made Red Cross supplies.590 DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUNIOR RED CROSS Although the Bureau of Junior Membership at Washington was created in September, 1917, it was some time before it was possible to in- augurate plans for the general organization of junior auxiliaries. In the Central Division it was not until December that the program for this work received a good start. At that time it was announced that a director of junior mem- bership in the Central Division was soon to be selected and that school auxiliaries would "be organized by every chapter in the Central Divi- sion within a few weeks.'' The following month Dr. Cooley became director for the division and work was at once begun to line up the schools for Red Cross work.591 The movement to organize the Junior Red Cross in Iowa was launched in February, 1918, soon after the division headquarters had com- pleted their preparations. With Mr. Welch in charge, junior literature was sent to all the schools in the State and arrangements were made for an intensive campaign for members which was staged all over the country from February 12th to 22nd. There was much inter- 188 RED CROSS IN IOWA est throughout Iowa in the new movement, and the State office was besieged with letters weeks before it was prepared to begin the campaign. Some chapters, it appears, had established their auxiliaries before this time, there being a num- ber of them in the State by the close of the year, 1917. The Winneshiek County chapter had eighty-nine schools organized by December, 1917, and had a Red Cross school fund of seven hundred dollars.592 By June, 1918, about 3000 schools in Iowa had become auxiliaries of the Red Cross, every county in the State being represented. Many parochial schools were among the number, also the Training School for Girls at Mitchellville and the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Davenport. A sum of $65,000 had been raised by these school auxiliaries.593 The membership of the Junior Red Cross for the whole of the United States had grown to 8,376,634 by July, 1918. There were 53,815 schools with junior auxiliaries. At this time the Atlantic Division was first in the number of junior members enrolled with a total of 1,636,- 129. The Central Division stood second with 1,376,869. In the number of junior auxiliaries the Central Division was first with 12,258, while the Northern Division was second with 11,000. At that time Nebraska had forty-eight per cent THE JUNIOR RED CROSS 189 of its school children enrolled in the Junior Red Cross, Michigan forty-three per cent, Iowa forty-one per cent, Illinois thirty-seven per cent, and Wisconsin thirty-five per cent.594 A committee composed of F. A. Welch, the State director of the Junior Red Cross; Charles Pye, secretary of the Iowa State Teachers' Association; and Miss Emma Case Moulton, of North High School, Des Moines, met in Des Moines on August 6, 1918, to prepare to push the Junior Red Cross with the opening of the new school year. Plans were laid for a drive to organize all unorganized schools in the State during the early part of the new school year. County and city superintendents of Iowa were asked to cooperate, the plan being for the city superintendents to organize the city and town schools and the county superintendents to direct the work among rural schools. This drive was opened on September sixteenth and was to close on the twenty-fifth of October. At the begin- ning of the campaign there were 210,000 chil- dren enrolled in Iowa's Junior Red Cross. The number of schools represented was 3664 or an average of thirty-seven for each county.595 A silk flag, 7 feet 5 inches in size, was donated by The Des Moines Register to go to the county making the greatest per cent of gains during the campaign. The flag was eventually award- 190 RED CROSS IN IOWA ed to Poweshiek County. Mahaska County was second and Webster County third.590 There were over 11,000,000 junior members in the United States on March 1, 1919, which means that 51.49 per cent of the school popula- tion was enrolled. Delaware, Arizona, Cali- fornia, and Nevada had one hundred per cent of their school population enrolled. The Central Division junior membership stood at 2,277,319 or 69.51 per cent of the total school population. By States the membership was 552,307 or 79.60 per cent of its school population for Michigan; Table IV Membership op the Red Cross in the Central Division m H < H ?, % O Oi ia « £ 3 5: s < o s O s» o o c No. of Chapter School Committees Reporting « 2 » t-s < o t> £ < K o s t-5 OS ° s o a III. 127 117 103 5,200 614,092 Ia. 128 127 124 8,073 347,240 Mich. 84 j 83 74 4,412 434,411 Xebr. j 129 93 87 4,950 206,274 Wis. | 76 76 76 5,678 356,870 Total 542 496 464 28,313 1,958,881 THE JUNIOR RED CROSS 191 230,645 or 75.68 per cent for Nebraska; 373,310 or 70.68 per cent for Wisconsin; 355,584 or 62.64 per cent for Iowa; and 765,473 or 58.95 per cent for Illinois.597 Tables IV and V, compiled from the report of the Central Division for the year ending July 1, 1919,598 show the status of the Junior Red Cross in the division at that time. PROGRAM OF THE JUNIOR RED CROSS In a general way, the program mapped out Table V Finances of the Red Cross in the Central Division ? £ k as £ 5^ ^ -* :J z ^ - £ Y. V. 5 a - 7. f 3 £ -2 g Q t ° 2 CL' Amount Contributed to National Children's Fund m © III. 90 $ >4,836.16 $ 23,330.52 $13,912.63 $ 47,593.01 Ia. 109 110,785.37 22,861.45 17,437.01 70,486.91 i Mich. 61 124,490.02 32,982.81 32,229.88 59,277.33 Xebk. 37 | 66,023.27 i 8,080.43 7,855.63 50,087.21 Wis. 71 93,978.54 15,745.56 21,310.78 56,922.20 Total 368 $480,113.36 $103,000.77 $92,745.93 $284,366.66 192 RED CROSS IN IOWA for junior auxiliaries covered three phases of endeavor. First it provided for study by which the pupils would learn the history and meaning of the Red Cross and become familiar with its work. A second phase was the production of supplies of all sorts by members in the schools. The third activity was community service.599 Officers at headquarters insisted from the first that the educational aspect of the work should be emphasized and that the production of supplies be considered secondary. The sub- jects studied by junior auxiliaries were deter- mined largely by the local committees and the auxiliaries themselves. Of course it depended much upon the grade and the kind of school. Some subjects suggested for study were first aid, home nursing, public health, cooking, na- ture study, relief work, and civics. The very fact that children in a school were busy making supplies for soldiers serving in foreign coun- tries and for refugees of many of our allies was calculated to create a much greater interest in many of the regular studies. It tended to make such subjects as history and geography much more interesting and alive to the pupils. Where children were occupied with such studies as manual training and domestic science greater interest could be secured when the workers could produce articles which were in demand.600 THE JUNIOR RED CROSS 193 A great variety of supplies were made by the Junior Red Cross. Here again the grade and nature of the school determined very largely what could be produced. Something was found for everyone to make. Surgical dressings, which demand considerable care and skill in making, were made in the high schools; while the little folks in the lowest grades found it pos- sible to make such simple things as gun wipes. Perhaps the most favored work for junior auxiliaries was the making of refugee garments for the people of France, Italy, and Belgium. The sufferings of these people were such as to arouse the sympathy of the school children and by aiding them they became interested in the people and in their country and at the same time profited by the experience of serving and giving to people of other lands. Schools with manual training and domestic science departments used these plants to make many things which the Red Cross needed.601 Many ways were found for junior members to aid their communities. They could help the Red Cross in handling and packing supplies and in some cases made the packing boxes. The juniors could often render a great service in clean-up campaigns, health movements, and other undertakings for the good of the city. In numerous cases they collected junk which would vol. n—14 194 RED CROSS IN IOWA not otherwise have been saved, and in so doing improved the appearance of the city, conserved the material, and raised funds for other Red Cross activities. Children were urged by the Red Cross to work industriously on their school gardens and thus help in the production of food, a field which was especially well suited to coun- try pupils.602 The program formulated by the Bureau of Junior Membership at Washington as a sug- gestion to local committees and junior auxil- iaries indicates the wide field of endeavor which was open to junior members. This program covered the school year for 1918-1919 and was as follows: September and October activities will be devoted to getting the schools well organized. During September plans will be formulated for a Junior Red Cross ba- zaar in December. In October "Liberty Loan Let- ters", distributed by the Red Cross, will explain the purpose and organization of the loan. Letters to men in the service will be written during November. The men to whom the letters will be writ- ten will embrace the men whose homes are in the school district. The first two weeks will be given over to taking a census that each class and school may make up its quota in order to avoid duplication. The third week will be given to gathering interesting in- formation, cartoons, jokes, community news and so on, THE JUNIOR RED CROSS 195 and the fourth week will be devoted to the writing and posting of the letters. December will be an active month given over largely to assisting in the Red Cross roll-call. There will be Junior Four-Minute-Men con- tests, held in co-operation with the Committee on Public Information, the subjects of the speeches being "Why You Should Join the Red Cross." The prep- aration of the speeches will be a part of the regular English work. Preliminary and semi-final contests will be held and the final contest to decide upon the winners, whose names will be placed on the Four- Minute-Men roll of honor at Washington, will be held during the early part of the membership campaign and in the presence of the residents of the school com- munity. The Junior bazaar will be held during De- cember, also. A Health Campaign will be held during January, the Junior Red Cross co-operating with the Council of National Defense and several health organizations. "International Friendship" will be the February slogan of the Juniors. Pupils will compete in writing messages to the children of various European nations. The best ones will be printed in the foreign languages and distributed in the respective schools overseas. In co-operation with other organizations, the Junior Red Cross will focus its efforts on Community Sani- tation during March. During April an effort will be made to put every vacant plot of ground under cultivation. This will be done in co-operation with various established agri- cultural agencies.603 196 RED CROSS IN IOWA accomplishments of the junior red cross That part of the work accomplished by the Junior Red Cross which is easiest to measure is the production of supplies. During the twenty months ending on February 28, 1919, some 15,722,078 articles were made with a value of $10,152,461.96. Following is a classified list of the things produced:604 Pieces Value Surgical dressings 6,057,720 $ 363,463.20 Hospital supplies 2,574,564 772,369.20 Hospital garments 444,776 578,208.80 Refugee garments 1,130,188 1,808,300.80 Articles for soldiers and sailors 3,174,999 5,238,748.35 Sewing for convalescent and nurses' homes 138,345 69,172.50 Sewing for camps 1,444,507 722,253.50 Furniture for convalescent and nurses' homes 70,084 404,384.68 Furniture for army 666,445 193,341.33 Miscellaneous furniture 20,450 2,219.60 Total 15,722,078 $10,152,461.96 Reports from only fifty-six Iowa chapters for the year ending on July 1, 1919, disclose that the Junior Red Cross of these chapters during that year turned out the following: THE JUNIOR RED CROSS 197 Surgical dressings 1478 Hospital supplies 6389 Hospital garments 1267 Refugee garments 3487 Knitted articles for soldiers and sailors 1512 Miscellaneous 3339 Sewing for convalescent and nurses' homes 3527 Sewing for camps 4406 Furniture for convalescent and nurses' homes 1381 Furniture for army 2083 Refugee furniture 478 Included in the pieces of furniture made by the Iowa Junior Red Cross were: Bedside tables 2103 Chests 20 Lamps 15 Folding tables 32 Canes 1025 Taborets 6 Quills 12 Refugee chairs 8 Refugee tables 478 Total 3699 198 RED CROSS IN IOWA The records of some of Iowa's schools like- wise show what was done in the way of making supplies. Two high schools of Muscatine Coun- ty turned out over 3500 surgical dressings from March to June, 1918. The Greene County Ju- nior Red Cross, which was made up of 136 schools and 4194 members and was one hundred per cent in membership, furnished the following articles up to the beginning of 1919:606 Petticoats 141 Pinafores 70 Shot bags 200 Pieced quilts 125 Packing boxes 5 Chemise 81 Wash cloths 68 Children's dresses 48 Baby shirts 185 Gun wipes 550 Knitted afghans 15 Scrap books 25 Children's drawers 45 Shoulder shawls 30 Hospital bags 28 Trench candles 72 Baby dresses 5 Swaddling blankets 20 In Des Moines, 43,430 workers in ninety-one THE JUNIOR RED CROSS 199 schools turned out 1000 comfort kits fully equipped; 49,000 surgical dressings made by high school girls; 60 tables and various other articles of furniture for convalescent homes by the high school boys; 3000 garments for Bel- gium refugees; 1400 towels; and 360 pairs of knitted socks.607 What was the effect of the Junior Red Cross on the members and on the schools? No doubt it accomplished to some extent what was hoped for it. The national director, J. W. Studebaker, says of the children: They saw that to accomplish anything, good or evil, they must organize, that far greater force can be exer- cised and far more accomplished with organization than without it. They saw furthermore that this co- ordination of social forces extended far beyond their little school-house or their community, or their State, or their Nation, that they were, in fact, taking part in a great world enterprise. Out of that consciousness they have seized upon a great inspiration, which absolutely will not fail nor cease. They cannot look upon the thing they have been doing as a local enterprise, for the very simple reason that most of their energies were spent in behalf of people far removed from their locality. They made things for soldiers going abroad. Their minds were turned outward into the world, and the worlci was revealed to them at last in a clear light. They were rapidly becoming parts of the big picture. 200 RED CROSS IN IOWA Today, with the war behind us, the spirit is strain- ing at the leash. The new power to do, the new im- pulse to give, is waiting for a new object, a new mission, a new field and formula.608 John M. Gambrill of Columbia University said of it: The Junior Red Cross movement is bringing into the schools, as I understand it, an emphasis upon service, service that children can give to their nation and to the world. So far it is distinctly in accord with one of the fundamental ideals of American life. Furthermore, however, it is encouraging the idea of thrift; it is discouraging the idea of wastefulness; it is emphasizing the idea of efficiency; it is discour- aging the idea of inefficiency, recklessness, and care- lessness; it is emphasizing the lesson of co-operation and of following skilled and experienced guidance.609 Not only the children, but the schools, too, seem to have benefited as a result of their experience with the Junior Red Cross. For some time there has been a disposition to criti- cize the methods used in teaching domestic arts. Arthur D. Dean, professor of vocational educa- tion at Columbia, in discussing this criticism says: It is felt that the girls in these classes, through the work which they do, think of themselves first, last, and all the time. They spend time on ^broidery to THE JUNIOR RED CROSS 201 cater further to decorative instincts long established by custom without much thought as to artistic values. They spend half a year making graduation dresses which they may wear before admiring parents. They copy the latest fashion in hats without thought as to utility or beauty. They knit feathery neck pieces and neglect stocking darning. They laboriously sew by hand articles which had better be made on a machine. Our girls must learn to think of others than them- selves. Their sewing and millinery must get away from the individual-problem idea. ... Of course it is wise to train girls to make some of their own clothing. . . . When the family hosiery needs darning, and the small children of the family need clothes, and the school girl needs a middy blouse or a school uniform, it is unwise to spend so much energy on continuing a type of domestic art which lacks the socialized appeal necessary to conform with modern social needs and modern industrial methods.610 Many teachers recognized the existence of this criticism and welcomed the opportunity presented by war work to socialize the pro- cedure in the domestic arts. It was a means of teaching the pupils to work together on a com- mon problem which all recognized to be larger than themselves. These teachers believed that the Red Cross activities could be converted into community work, and that when there was no longer any war work to be done the children 202 RED CROSS IN IOWA could be interested in aiding such local organ- izations as hospitals, charity organization soci- eties, and orphan asylums, the like of which we have always with us.611 The Junior Red Cross was not dropped with the closing of hostilities or the slackening of war relief work. A peace time program was mapped out and plans were laid to make the Junior Red Cross a permanent factor in- school life. Two main lines of endeavor were included in the peace time program: first, there was the work of helping the suffering children in for- eign lands; and second, there was aid to be rendered to the suffering children of our own land. It was believed that the results of the Junior Red Cross during the war period were too valuable to permit the organization to dis- appear.612 XV The Return to a Peace Basis On March 1, 1919, the War Council passed out of existence and the Central Committee once more stepped in to guide and direct the work of the American Red Cross. Dr. Livingston Far- rand, formerly President of the University of Colorado, was appointed by President Wilson as chairman of the Central Committee and as such became the executive head of the associa- tion. The Bulletin of the Central Division said of Mr. Farrand that for years he "has been a leading figure in educational and philanthropic work. As a student at Princeton, Columbia, and Cambridge, as college professor at Colum- bia, as college president at the University of Colorado, as editor of the American Journal of Public Health, as a writer of several books, as an authority on medicine, psychology and anthropology, Dr. Farrand has achieved a posi- tion of eminence in the world of science and letters. And in the world of philanthropy Dr. Farrand has become a leader. For he has been director of many important health movements and has rendered a great service overseas as 203 204 RED CROSS IN IOWA director of tuberculosis work of the Interna- tional health board of France."613 At the annual meeting of the American Red Cross in Washington on February 15, 1919, officers and committees were chosen for the year, 1919. Four members of the War Council, Henry P. Davison, Eliot Wadsworth, Cornelius N. Bliss, and George E. Scott, were made mem- bers of the Executive Committee. The officers elected were president, Woodrow Wilson; vice presidents, William H. Taft and Robert W. DeForest; treasurer, John Skelton Williams, Comptroller of the Treasury; counsellor, Alex- ander King, Solicitor General of the United States; and secretary, Dr. Stockton Axson. Frederick C. Munroe, of Salem, Massachusetts, was named general manager to succeed George E. Scott and J. Byron Deacon of Philadelphia became acting director general of the Depart- ment of Civilian Relief.614 future work op red cross As the Red Cross returned to a peace basis it was with the expectation of accomplishing far greater tasks than those undertaken in the pre- war period. One of the important fields of fu- ture endeavor of the Red Cross will undoubtedly be that of public health. Dr. Farrand declared that the Red Cross "has definitely entered the RETURN TO PEACE BASIS 205 field to protect our public health" since "nearly all problems of distress reduce themselves largely to terms of the physical condition of the people." The Red Cross, he states, "is go- ing out to deal with fundamental problems of living, not simply results of the temporary dis- organizations of affairs. The present organiza- tion has been tempered in the stress of the world struggle. It has accomplished impossi- bilities under terrific strain. In the hands of the American people it is a tried and powerful tool for human betterment. Not to use it would be unpardonable. There is no organization that has ever dreamed of being able to accom- plish the things now at the door of the Red Cross."615 The return to a peace basis did not mean, however, that the war work was completed. Some of the Red Cross activities ceased soon after the fighting ended; some of necessity continued for a considerable period of time. The making of supplies in the workrooms was early curtailed, the service of the canteen ended when the troops were home. On the other hand, the home service work and parts of the nursing service still had considerable work ahead of them. Further, they were entering on peace time programs which might continue in- definitely. In each and every case the first ob- 206 RED CROSS IN IOWA ject was to care for the tasks remaining from the war period. Other activities were taken on only as they would not lessen or interfere with the efficiency of the work in the original fields. THE LEAGUE OF RED CROSS SOCIETIES Not only did the American Red Cross lay plans for a great work in this country, but it played a leading part in the movement to extend and strengthen Red Cross activities the world over. Henry P. Davison went to Europe soon after the signing of the armistice and served as chairman of a committee including delegates of the Red Cross societies of the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan which was appointed to outline a plan for world-wide extension and coordination of Red Cross activ- ities.616 Several months' work on the part of the com- mittee resulted in the organization of The' League of Red Cross Societies which is officially recognized by the principal powers and has its objects approved in article twenty-five of the Covenant of the League of Nations. Head- quarters were established at Geneva where the Red Cross League might cooperate with and supplement the work of The International Red Cross Committee. Articles of association of the league were signed in Paris on May 5, 1919, RETURN TO PEACE BASIS 207 by authorized representatives of the Red Cross societies of the United States, France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan, who in the beginning made up the Board of Governors. Invitations to join the league were issued to the Red Cross societies of twenty-four countries with the hope that eventually the league might include the Red Cross societies of all the nations of the world.617 As set forth in the articles of association, the league's objects are: 1. To encourage and promote in every country in the world the establishment and development of duly authorized voluntary National Red Cross organiza- tions, having as their purposes the improvement of health, prevention of disease and mitigation of suffer- ing throughout the world and to secure the coopera- tion of such organizations for these purposes. 2. To promote the welfare of mankind by furnish- ing the medium for bringing within reach of all peo- ple the benefits to be derived from present known facts and new contributions to science and medical knowl- edge and their application. 3. To furnish the medium for coordinating relief work in ease of great national or international calam- ities.618 In Iowa.— The Iowa Red Cross dropped its war time activities as the need for them passed, with a feeling that it had fully met its obliga- 208 RED CROSS IN IOWA tion. The State had indeed done much for the Red Cross. Incidentally many communities probably benefited much from the Red Cross. It was a means of bringing the people together, of uniting them in a common cause, of opening their eyes to new possibilities of service and helpfulness. "The one dominant feature in connection with the Red Cross", wrote one Iowa chapter historian, "is the way the organ- ization has united the people in our community in a helpful and sympathetic spirit. It has broken down the wall of selfishness. A new and more virile patriotism is the result."619 That Iowa had just reason to feel satisfied with her Red Cross record is evidenced by the tribute paid to the State by Secretary of War Baker, in the following letter to State Director Kepford: It is not only with a feeling of pleasure, but of great pride that I read of the wonderful work of the Amer- ican Red Cross in the State of Iowa, and I am only too happy in having this opportunity to express the sincere appreciation of the War Department. In all that has passed during the past two years, it is difficult to determine what has been our greatest accomplishment or achievement. We have raised a great Army and have produced supplies, not only for its use, but for the Allied Armies, on a scale that is beyond comprehension, and this Army has shown it- RETURN TO PEACE BASIS 209 self of such a high character and has a record of achievement that belittles description. But while we are all united in praise of our Army and Navy, and what we have contributed to the world's history within the past few months, we could not have accomplished this were it not for the co- ordinate efforts of the people of the United States and their united and unselfish patriotism. The great American characteristic, the love of competition, has manifested itself in all communities and common- wealths, and each state, county, city or village, has striven to excel in Liberty Loans, contributions to the American Red Cross, United War Work Fund and other equally deserving causes, with results in your great state of Iowa that give you just cause for ela- tion and bring from all the warmest words of com- mendation. The United States of America has asked a great deal of the State of Iowa, but it has met all expecta- tions promptly with the true American spirit, and I am proud of my privilege to extend to you the con- gratulation and expression of appreciation of the War Department.620 VOL. n—15 NOTES AND REFERENCES 211 NOTES AND REFERENCES CHAPTER VIII 324 The Des Moines Eegister, June 23, 1917. 325Lane's Standardising War Belief in The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 34. 326 Chart of proposed organization of a typical division issued from the office of the General Manager of the American Eed Cross, August, 1917. 327 See Ch. IV above. 328 Davison's The American Bed Cross in the Great War, pp. 115, 116. 329 American Bed Cross Information, No. 60, November 25, 1918; Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 25, p. 2. 330 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 25, p. 2. 331 American Bed Cross Information, No. 60, November 25, 1918. 332 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 4. 333 American Bed Cross Information, No. 60, November 25, 1918. 334 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 5, p. 4. 335 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. I, No. 9, December 12, 1917, Vol. II, No. 1, January 22, No. 2, July 2, No. 9, September 16, 1918. 213 214 RED CROSS IN IOWA 336 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. II, No. 12, December 11, 1918. 337 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. I, No. 7, October 25, 1917; letter from Miss Eleanor M. Connolly, secretary of Dubuque chapter, to James B. Weaver, June 2, 1917. 338 Report of Miss Eleanor M. Connolly to A. E. Kepford; letter from A. E. Kepford to Miss Connolly, October 16, 1917. 339 Report of Field Secretary M. S. McMullen, April 13, 1918; Bulletin of Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 16, p. 2. 340 Fort Dodge Messenger, January 4, 1917; report of Field Secretary M. S. McMullen, April 9, 1918. 34i The Burlington Hawk-Eye, February 11, 1917, May 23, 1918; report of Field Secretary M. S. McMullen, July 6, 1918. 342 See Ch. IV above. 343 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. II, No. 2, February 20, 1918. 344 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 6. 345 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. II, No. 5, May 4, 1918. 346 Circular letter to Iowa chapters from State director, Series A, No. 18, September 26, 1917. 347 Circular letter to Iowa chapters from State director, Series B, No. 1, January 30, 1918. 348 Files of State Director Kepford. 349 The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 65. 350 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 35, p. 1. 351 Advertising Pages, Announcement No. 1. 352 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, p. 23. NOTES AND REFERENCES 215 sss Production reports of Central Division; Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 2. 354 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 1, p. 3. 355 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 2, No. 5, p. 2. 356 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 10, p. 2, No. 48, p. 2. 357 Production reports of Central Division; Work of the American Bed Cross During the Wart p. 24. 358 Production reports of Central Division. 359 Production reports of Central Division; letter from A. E. Kepford to Lewis N. Wiggins, May 1, 1918. 360 Production reports of Central Division. 36i Production reports of Central Division. 362 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 12; The Des Moines Begister, October 6, 1918. 363 Historical report's of Sioux County and Henry County chapters to the Central Division. 364TJie Bed Cross Herald, Vol. I, No. 6, October 18, 1917; historical reports of Tama County and Clarke County chapters to the Central Division. 365 The Burlington Hawk-Eye, May 23, 1918; The Clinton Advertiser, December 17, 1918. see The Sioux City Journal, July 21, 27, 1917, November 27, 1918, January 14, 1919; The Des Moines Begister, March 6, 1918. 367 The Des Moines Begister, December 19, 1918. 368 The Des Moines Begister, April 13, 1919; statement signed by twelve citizens of Cerro Gordo County before a notary, May 8, 1919, in the files of A. E. Kepford. 216 RED CROSS IN IOWA 369 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 12, p. 7. 370 Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 12, p. 1, No. 14, p. 1, No. 38, p. 1; special folder of the Central Division, March 6, 1918, C. D. A. 85. 37i Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 38, p. 1, No. 41, p. 5, No. 45, p. 5; The Bed Cross Bul- letin, Vol. Ill, No. 10, p. 2, No. 15, p. 1. 372 The Des Moines Begister, May 25, 1918; The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. II, No. 10, September 28, 1918. 373 Historical reports of Clarinda, Council Bluffs, and De- catur County chapters to the Central Division; questionnaire sent to Iowa chapters by A. E. Kepford; report of Field Secre- tary Albertus Perry, June 12, 13, 1919; Des Moines, September, 1918, p. 30. 374 Leaflet issued by the Department of Development of the Central Division, October 4, 1918, C. D. A. 174; The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 32, p. 1. 375 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. II, No. 10, September 28, 1918; circular letter to Iowa chapters from A. E. Kepford, October 8, 1918. 376 Copy of proclamation — circular letter sent to Iowa chap- ters, November 4, 1918. 377 Historical reports of Kingsley and Council Bluffs chapters to the Central Division; questionnaire sent to Iowa chapters by A. E. Kepford. 378 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. II, No. 2, February 20, 1918. 379 The Motor Corps Service, ARC 305. 380 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, p. 31. 38i Waterloo Evening Courier, December 31, 1918. 382 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 45, p. 4. NOTES AND REFERENCES 217 CHAPTER IX 383 The Official Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 239, pp. 1, 2. 384 See Ch. Ill above. 385 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 21, p. 2. 386 American Bed Cross Canteen Directory, September 1, 1918, Form No. 457. 387 American Bed Cross Canteen Directory, September 1, 1918, Form No. 457. 388 Davison's The American Bed Cross in the Great War, p. 43. 389 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 36, p. 4. 390 The Official Bulletin} Vol. I, No. 99, p. 2. 391 The Bed, Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 8, p. 3; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 24, p. 2. 392 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, pp. 27, 29. 393 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 47, pp. 6, 7. 394 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 8, p. 3; The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 54. 395 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 24, p. 2, No. 26, p. 7; semi-annual reports of Director of Canteen Service for Central Division, Gardner Morris, for January-June, July-December, 1918, January- June, 1919. 396 Circular letter from A. E. Kepford to Iowa chapters, August 28, 1917, Series A, No. 10. 397 Waterloo Evening Courier, December 27, 1917. 218 RED CROSS IN IOWA 398 Letter from A. E. Kepford to F. W. Judson, Nebraska State director, September 13, 1917. 399 Correspondence of the State director. 400 American Bed Cross Canteen Directory, September 1, 1918, Form No. 457; information secured from Gardner Morris of Central Division; monthly reports of Boone chapter to Cen- tral Division. The Iowa cities listed in the canteen directory were Belle Plaine, Boone, Burlington, Cedar Rapids, Clinton, Council Bluffs, Creston, Davenport, Des Moines, Dubuque, Eagle Grove, Estherville, Fort Dodge, Le Mars, Mason City, Marshalltown, Muscatine, Oelwein, Oskaloosa, Ottumwa, Sioux City, Tama, Washington, Waterloo, and Webster City. 401 Monthly reports of Iowa chapters to Central Division, January to July, 1919. 402 Monthly reports of Des Moines chapter to Central Divi- sion for January, February, April, May, and June, 1919. There was no report for March. 403 Questionnaire sent to Iowa chapters by A. E. Kepford. 404 Waterloo Evening Courier, December 31, 1918. 405 The Clinton Advertiser, December 17, 1918. 406 Reports of Field Secretary AlbertuB Perry to Central Division, June 11, 12, 13, 1919. 407 Monthly reports of Iowa chapters to Central Division, January to July, 1919. 408 Historical sketch of Boone County chapter, pp. 5-9. 409 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 3, p. 4. 410 Letter from J. H. Burlingame, chairman of Cherokee chapter, to A. E. Kepford, September 27, 1917; questionnaire sent to Iowa chapters by A. E. Kepford. NOTES AND REFERENCES 219 CHAPTER X anLies's Bed Cross Work Among Families of Soldiers and Sailors in the Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, 1917, pp. 140, 141. 412 Lies's Bed Cross Work Among Families of Soldiers and Sailors in the Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, 1917, p. 141. 413 de Schweinitz's The Task of Civilian War Belief in The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 140. 4i4 Handbook of Information for Home Service Sections, January, 1918, ARC 207, pp. 30-42. The scale of government allowances was as follows: Class A Wife, child, or children. (a) A wife, but no child, $15. (b) A wife and one child, $25. (c) A wife and two children, $32.50, with $5 per month for each additional child. (d) No wife, but one child, $5. (e) No wife, but two children, $12.50. (f) No wife, but three children, $20. (g) No wife, but four children, $30, with $5 per month for each additional child. Class B Grandchildren, parents, brother or sister. (a) One parent $10. (b) Two parents $20. (c) For each grandchild, brother, sister, and addi- tional parent, $5. 4i5 de Schweinitz's The Task of Civilian War Belief in The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 53. 4i6 Lies's Bed Cross Work Among Families of Soldiers and Sailors in the Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, 1917, pp. 141, 142; de Schweinitz's The Task of Civilian War Belief in The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 55. 417 Persons's Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 219. 220 RED CROSS IN IOWA 418 Persons's Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 219. 4i9 Lee and de Schweinitz's Home Service, ARC 200, pp. 10-23. 420 Lee and de Schweinitz'a Home Service, ARC 200, pp. 10-23. 421 Persons's Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 397, 398. 422 de Schweinitz's The Task of Civilian War Belief in The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 285; letter from J. L. Gillin to Miss Mabel Porter, Burlington, April 24, 1918; Proceedings of Na- tional Conference of Social Work, 1917, p. 97. 423 The American Bed Cross: Organization and Activities, March, 1916, ARC 114, p. 7. 424 The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 94, 162. 425 The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 96; The Bed Cross Civilian Belief Plan in The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 162, 163. 426 Home Service After Eighteen Months in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 452. 427 The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 61; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 10, p. 3. 428 Manual of Home Service (Second Edition), December 17, 1917, ARC 201, pp. 46, 47, 48. 429 Manual of Home Service (Second Edition), December 17, 1917, ARC 201, p. 50. 430Manual of Home Service (Second Edition), December 17, 1917, ARC 201, p. 51. 431 Manual of Home Service (Second Edition), December 17, 1917, ARC 201, pp. 49, 50. 432 Home Service After Eighteen Months in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 451. NOTES AND REFERENCES 221 433Manual of Home Service (Second Edition), December 17, 1917, ARC 201, p. 52. 434 Manual of Home Service (Second Edition), December 17, 1917, ARC 201, pp. 48, 49. 435 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 27, p. 3, No. 29, p. 3. 436 The Work of tlw American Bed Cross During the War, p. 29; Home Service After Eighteen MontM in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 452. 437 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 18, p. 4, No. 21, p. 4, No. 27, p. 3, No. 37, p. 4, Vol. II, No. 5, pp. 4, 5. 438 Reports of J. L. Gillin for March. 1918, to June, 1919. 439 .Home Service After Eighteen Montlis in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 451. 440 Circular letter from Harvey D. Gibson to division man- agers, February 1, 191S. 44i Report of Miss Louise Cottrell to Louis M. Cohn, April 30, 1919. 442 Letter from D. D. Murphy, chairman of Elkader chapter, to J. L. Gillin, June 14, 1919. 443 Report of Miss Dorothy N. Williams to L. M. Cohn on Madison County chapter, May 5, 1919. 444 Letter from Associate Director C. C. Stillman to Dr. J. H. Burlingame, chairman of Cherokee chapter, August 21, 1918. 445 Report of Miss Ethel McLane, field representative, to L. M. Cohn, May 27, 1919. 446 Conference with Red Cross officials. 447 Devine's The Future of Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 861. 448 The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. 3, p. 53; Home 222 RED CROSS IN IOWA Service After Eighteen Montlis in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 452. 449 Conference with Red Cross officials. 450 Map of chapters in Central Division offices; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 18, p. 4; report of J. L. Gillin for March, 1919. 451 Map of chapters in Central Division offices; report of Field Secretary Albertus Perry, June 16, 1919. 452 Report of Miss Louise Cottrell to Mr. Whitson, February 13, 1919. 453 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, p. 26. 454 The Work of tJie American Bed Cross During the War, p. 27. 455 Reports of J. L. Gillin for March, 1918, to June, 1919. 456 The Cedar Bapids Bepublican, December 19, 1918. 457 Waterloo Evening Courier, December 31, 1918; question- naire sent to Iowa chapters by A. E. Kepford. 458 Monthly reports of Iowa chapters to Central Division, October, 1918, to April, 1919. 459 Monthly reports of Iowa chapters to Central Division, October, November, 1918. 460 Historical report of Wapello County chapter to Central Division; letter from L. A. Andrew, chairman of Wapello County chapter, to A. E. Kepford, January 2, 1919. 46i The Des Moines Begister, January 26, 1919; questionnaire sent to Iowa chapters by A. E. Kepford. 462 The Des Moines Begister, June 30, July 7, July 21, 1918; report of Miss Louise Cottrell, February 3, 1919; reports of Field Secretary Albertus Perry, February 13, June 16, 1919. NOTES AND REFERENCES 223 CHAPTER XI 463 Persons's Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 43. 464 Home Service After Eighteen Months in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 451. 465 Persons's Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XLI, pp. 43, 44; Persons's The Contribution of the Bed Cross Home Service to Organized Social Effort: Its Future in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 294; Home Service in Town and Country, December, 1918, ARC 212, pp. 76, 77. 460 Persons's Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 43. 467 Persons's The Contribution of Bed Cross Home Service to Organised Social Effort: Its Future in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 294. 468 Persons's Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 220; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 2, p. 5; report of J. L. Gillin for August, 1918. 469 Persons's The Contribution of the Bed Cross Home Ser- vice to Organised Social Effort: Its Future in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 294. This covers the general plan for training home service workers used during the war. With the close of hostil- ities, and later the return to a peace basis, the Red Cross did not slacken but greatly increased its efforts to develop trained workers. If home service as a peace program was to be a suc- cess there was a more imperative demand than ever that trained workers be provided to handle the problems. Hence a more extensive educational program was undertaken. Institutes in some cases were lengthened and Red Cross courses were estab- lished in a number of the universities of the country. 470 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 27, p. 2; reports of J. L. Gillin for March to De- cember, 1918. 47i Persons's The Contribution of the Bed Cross Home Ser- vice to Organised Social Effort: Its Future in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 294. 224 RED CROSS IN IOWA 472 Reports of John L. Gillin for September, November, De- cember, 1918. An institute was held at Council Bluffs, Iowa, beginning July 1, 1919. Council Bluffs was chosen because of its location and because of the fact that it had jurisdiction over three counties and thus offered unusual facilities for train- ing in rural, medium sized city, and in large city work.—Letter of J. L. Gillin to Mr. A. D. Annis, chairman of the home service section of Council Bluffs chapter, May 3, 1919. 473Eeports of J. L. Gillin for April, May, June, 1918; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 11, pp. 3, 4. 474 Printed program for chapter course in home service at Sioux City, March 18, 19, 20, 1918. 475 Printed program of conference on home service, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, April 10, 11, 12, 13, 1918. 476 Report of J. L. Gillin for June, November, 1918, January, March, May, 1919; conference with Red Cross officials. 477 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 5, p. 6; report of chapter course instructor to Central Division. 478 Persons's The Contribution of the Bed Cross Home Ser- vice to Organised Social Effort: Its Future in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 294; Devine's The Future of Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 862. 479 Almy's Shall We Scrap Home Service? in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 893. 480 Devine's The Future of Home Service in TJie Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 863. 48i Gillin's The Peace Time Program of the American Bed Cross in the Proceedings of the Twentieth Iowa State Confer- ence of Social Work, 1919, p. 11. 482 Devine's The Future of Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 862. NOTES AND REFERENCES 225 483 Persons's The Contribution of the Bed Cross Home Ser- vice to Organised Social Effort: Its Future in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 294; Almy's Shall We Scrap Home Service? in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 893. 484 Farrand's Planning Bed Cross Work for Times of Peace in The American Beview of Beviews, Vol. LIX, p. 409; Almy's Shall We Scrap Home Service? in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 893. 485 Palmer's The Problem of Organisation for Social Welfare in Iowa in the Proceedings of the Twentieth Iowa State Con- ference of Social Work, 1919, p. 59. 486 The Survey, Vol. XLII, p. 81. 487 Johnson's Bed Cross Home Service in the Camp in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 452; Home Service After Eighteen Months in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 452; Devine's The Future of Home Service in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 865. 488 Persons's The Contribution of the Bed Cross Home Ser- vice to Organised Social Effort: Its Future in The Survey, Vol. XLI, pp. 293, 294. 489 Report of J. L. Gillin for March, 1919; conference with Red Cross officials. 490 Calcord 's Training for the Work of Civilian Belief in the Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, 1917, p. 143; statement of Henry P. Davison to the chapters out- lining the future policies of the American Red Cross, December 7, 1918. 491 Brandt's The Forty-Sixth National Conference in The Survey, Vol. XLII, p. 449. 492 Johnson's Bed Cross Home Service in the Camp in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 399; Almy's "Home Service" for "Char- ity" in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 359. 493 Frederic Almy in a letter to The Survey, Vol. XLII, p. 472. VOL. II—16 226 RED CROSS IN IOWA 494 The Des Moines Begister, May 11, 12, 14, 23, 24, 1918. 495 Reports of J. L. Gillin for May, June, 1919. CHAPTER XII 496 Davison's The American Bed Cross in the Great War, p. 48. 497 The Official Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 239, pp. 1, 2. 498 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, pp. 33, 34, 35. 499 American Bed Cross Information, No. 52. This was a series of leaflets issued by the Red Cross telling of the activ- ities of the organization. soo Reports of J. L. Gillin for March, 1918, March, 1919; Handbook of Information and Instruction for Home Service Sections, ARC 207, pp. 115, 116. soi Johnson's Bed Cross Home Service in the Camp in The Survey, Vol. XLI, pp. 398, 399. 502 Report of J. L. Gillin for May, 1918. 503 Report of J. L. Gillin for November, 1918. 504 Information furnished by Charles H. Van Tuyl of the Central Division. 505 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, p. 34. 506 The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 53. 507 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, pp. 33-37. 508 Reports of J. L. Gillin for September, November, 1918. 509 Haynes's Social Work at Camp Dodge in The Iowa Jour- nal of History and Politics, Vol. XVI, pp. 523, 524; The Camp Dodger, December 28, 1917. sio The Camp Dodger, March 30, 1918. NOTES AND REFERENCES 227 5n The Camp Dodger, April 13, 1918. 512 The Camp Dodger, April 20, 1918. sisHaynes's Social Work at Camp Dodge in The Iowa Jour- nal of History and Politics, Vol. XVI, p. 524. 5i4 Reports of J. L. Gillin for July, September, 1918; The Camp Dodger, May 17, 1918. sis Reports of J. L. Gillin for September, November, Decem- ber, 1918; The Camp Dodger, December 13, 1918. sie The Camp Dodger, April 26, July 12, 1918. 5i7 The Camp Dodger, April 26, 1918. sis The Camp Dodger, August 16, 1918. 519 The Camp Dodger, September 6, 1918. 520 The Des Moines Begister, December 25, 1918. 521 The Des Moines Begister, October 6, December 12, 1918. 522 The Des Moines Begister, December 12, 1918. Former assistant director Rex J. Henry followed Mr. Worth as direc- tor. He left on June 10, 1919, and Leo McCarthy, who had been on the staff since November, 1918, assumed control.— Report of Mr. McCarthy for week ending June 13, 1919. 523 Conference with Red Cross officials. =24 Reports of J. L. Gillin for October, December, 1918. 525 Report of Wm. S. Otis, associate director, for November 26 to December 10, 1918; reports of Rex J. Henry, field direc- tor, for January 11 to January 25, 1919, and February 10 to February 25, 1919. 526 Report of J. L. Gillin for November, 1918. 527 Report of J. L. Gillin for December, 1918. 528 Report of Wm. S. Otis for November 26 to December 10, 1918. 529 Report of Leo McCarthy for week ending June 13, 1919; 228 RED CROSS IN IOWA report of John N. Zydeman, associate field director, for June, 1919. 530 Report of John N. Zydeman for the week ending May 10, 1919. 531 Weekly reports of J. A. La Fortune, assistant field direc- tor in charge of physical recreation, May 3-July 26, 1919; printed program entitled "Athletic Meet for the Patients and Detachment Men of the U. S. General Hospital, No. 26, Fort Des Moines, Iowa." 532 Report of D. H. Crawfort, assistant field director, in charge of recreation department, for week ending June 21, 1919. 533 Report of D. H. Crawfort for week ending June 14, 1919. 534 Report of Rex J. Henry for December 10, 1918, to Janu- ary 3, 1919. 535 Report of D. H. Crawfort for week ending July 5, 1919. 536 Home Service After Eighteen Months in The Survey, Vol. XLI, p. 451. 537 Report of J. L. Gillin for June, 1918. 538Eeports of J. L. Gillin, November, 1918, to June, 1919; letter from Miss Gertrude Maynard, community agent at Des Moines, May 3, 1919. CHAPTER XIII 539 The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 21. 540 Information for Nurses Desiring to Enroll with the Bed Cross, ARC 703, pp. 3, 4. This was a pamphlet issued in March, 1919, by the Department of Nursing, Washington, D. C. 54i The Bed Cross Nursing Service, ARC 710, pp. 1-11. This was a pamphlet issued April 1, 1919, by the Department of Nursing, Washington, D. C, dealing with committees and administrative branches of the nursing service and their rela- tionships. NOTES AND REFERENCES 229 542 The Bed Cross Nursing Service, ARC 710, pp. 1-11. 543 Conference with Red Cross officials; The American Bed Cross Nursing Service — Duties of Committees — Directory, ARC 159, p. 10. This was a pamphlet issued by the Amer- ican Red Cross, July 12, 1917. 544 Information for Nurses Desiring to Enroll With the Bed Cross, ARC 703, p. 3. 545 Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 57. The age limit was reduced from 25 years during the war.— Information for Nurses Desiring to Enroll With the Bed Cross, ARC 703, pp. 4, 5, 6. 546 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 26, p. 3. 547 Davison's The American Bed Cross in the Great War, pp. 79, 80, 81. 548 Davison's The American Bed Cross in the Great War, pp. 81, 82, 83, 84. 549 The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 55; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 36, p. 3. 550 Sioux City Journal, April 5, 1918; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 18, p. 1. 55i The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 23, p. 1. 552 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 23, p. 1, No. 34, p. 1; The Des Moines Begister, June 9, 1918; conference with Red Cross officials. 553 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 24, p. 4, No. 25, p. 1. 554 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 36, p. 3. 555 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 25, p. 5. 230 RED CROSS IN IOWA 556 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 23, pp. 1, 2. 557 The Des Moines Begister, June 9, 16, 21, 1918; The Burlington Hawk-Eye, June 16, 1918; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 27, p. 4, No. 24, p. 1, No. 25, p. 1. 558 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 29, p. 1; The Des Moines Begister, August 14, 1918. 559 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 36, pp. 2, 3. 560 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 36, p. 1. sei The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 45, p. 5. 562 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 46, p. 3. 563 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the Great War, p. 32; The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. Ill, p. 61. 564 Conference with Red Cross officials. 565 First Aid Instruction, ARC 301. This was a pamphlet issued December 5, 1917, by the First Aid Division of the Bureau of Medical Service in the Department of Military Re- lief, Washington, D. C. 566 Elementary Hygiene and Home Care of the Sick, ARC 704. This was a pamphlet issued February 12, 1918, by the Department of Nursing, Washington, D. C. 567 Home Dietetics, ARC 705. This pamphlet was issued February 14, 1918, by the Bureau of Dietitian Service, Depart- ment of Nursing, Washington, D. C. 568 Elementary Hygiene and Home Care of the Sick, ARC 704; Home Dietetics, ARC 705. NOTES AND REFERENCES 231 569 Questionnaire sent to Iowa chapters by A. E. Kepford; historical report of Council Bluffs chapter to Central Division. 570 Tlw Des Moines Begister, November 20, 1918. 57i Leaflet sent out by the American Red Cross explaining the purpose of the nursing survey; Nationwide Survey of Nursing Resources — Handbook of Information. The letter was a mimeographed set of instructions sent to chapters by the Central Division. 572 Leaflet sent out by the American Red Cross explaining the purpose of the nursing survey. 573 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 2, p. 1; leaflet sent out by the American Red Cross explaining the purpose of the nursing survey. 574 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 2, p. 7, No. 7, p. 6; The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 14, p. 2. 575 Summary — Nursing Survey Report —April 1, 1918, Cen- tral Division. This was a mimeographed report on the survey sent to chapters by the Central Division. 576 Tenth Annual Beport of the American National Bed Cross, p. 39; Twelfth Annual Beport of the American National Bed Cross, p. 10. 577 Twelfth Annual Beport of the American National Bed Cross, pp. 20, 21. 578 Twelfth Annual Beport of the American National Bed Cross, p. 11. 579 Town and Country Nursing Service, ARC 117. This' folder was issued by the American Red Cross, Washington,, D. C. 58o Town and Country Nursing Service, ARC 117; confer- ence with Red Cross officials. 58i Twelfth Annual Beport of the American National Bed. Cross, p. 11; conference with Red Cross officials. 232 TtED CROSS IN IOWA 582 Conference with Red Cross officials. 583 Information from Bureau of Nursing, Central Division. CHAPTER XIV 584 27ie Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XIV, No. 5, p. 11; The American Bed Cross: What It Is and What It Does, p. 9. 585 The American Bed Cross: What It Is and What It Does, p. 9; The Des Moines Begister, February 15, June 17, 1918; The Work and Spirit of the Junior Bed Cross, ARC 603. A special enrollment circular was issued by the Board of Devel- opment, Washington, D. C, on January 26, 1918. 586 The Bed Cross Magasine, Vol. XIV, No. 5, p. 15. 587 The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 28. ess The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 4, p. 7; The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 27. 589 The Bulletin of the Central Division of the American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 5, p. 5, No. 37, p. 2; The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. II, No. 2, February 20, 1918. 590 The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 29; The Work and Spirit of the Junior Bed Cross, ARC 603, pp. 3, 4, 5; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 8, p. 2. 591 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 2, pp. 1, 2. 592 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. II, Nos. 1, 2; The Des Moines Begister, December 8, 1917; questionnaire sent to Iowa chapters by A. E. Kepford. 593 The Des Moines Begister, June 17, August 7, 1918. 594 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 30, p. 6; report in Central Division files showing membership of all divisions and States. 595 The Des Moines Begister, August 7, September 1, 1918. NOTES AND REFERENCES 233 596 The Des Moines Begister, September 1, 1918; letter from A. E. Kepford to Mrs. Grace E. Rhynsburger, Oskaloosa, Iowa, April 8, 1919. 597 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, pp. 14, 15. 598 Records in the office of the Central Division. 599 The American Bed Cross: What It Is and What It Does, p. 10. eoo The Work and Spirit of the Junior Bed Cross, ARC 603, pp. 9, 10. soi The Work and Spirit of the Junior Bed Cross, ARC 603, pp. 9, 10, 11; Manual on War Belief Activities for Schools, ARC 602, pp. 3, 4, 5. This pamphlet was issued by the Bu- reau of Development, Washington, D. C, December 10, 1917. 602 The Work and Spirit of the Junior Bed Cross, ARC 603, p. 11. 603 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 38, p. 1. 604 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, p. 25. 605 Becords in the Office of the Central Division. eoo The Des Moines Begister, June 17, 1918; Jefferson Her- ald, January 15, 1919. 607 The Des Moines Begister, June 17, 1918. 608 The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XIV, pp. 13, 14. 609 The Work and Spirit of the Junior Bed Cross, ARC 603, p. 8. 6io Dean's Our Schools in War Time — and After, pp. 192, 193. en Dean's Our Schools in War Time — and After, pp. 193, 194, 195. 234 RED CROSS IN IOWA 612 Peace Program of the Junior Bed Cross, ARC 608. This was a circular issued by the Department of Junior Mem- bership, Washington, D. C, August 15, 1919. CHAPTER XV 6i3 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 7, pp. 1, 2. 6i4 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 9, pp. 1, 2. eis The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 7, p. 1; Farrand's Planning Bed Cross Work for Times of Peace in The American Beview of Beviews, Vol. LIX, pp. 409, 410. 6i6 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 10, p. 1. 6i7 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 23, pp. 1, 2, 8. Article XXV of the Covenant reads: "The members of the league agree to encourage and promote establishment and co- operation of duly authorized voluntary National Red Cross organizations, having as purposes the improvement of health, the prevention of disease and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world.''— The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 21, p. 5. eis The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 23, pp. 1, 2, 8. 6i9 Questionnaire sent to Iowa chapters by A. E. Kepford. 620 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 10, p. 4; The Bed Cross Herald. Vol. II, No. 14. INDEX INDEX "Abraham Lincoln" (goose), sale of, for Red Cross, I, 188, 189 Abu Bekr Temple, Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 196 Accounting, Bureau of, work of, I, 53 Adair County, Red Cross contest in, I, 188, 189 Adams County, Red Cross branch- es and auxiliaries in, I, 86; Red Cross members in, I, 99, 135 Adel, Red Cross membership rec- ord of, I, 129 Admen's Club of Des Moines, Red Cross advertising by, I, 153 Administrative Department, pur- pose of, I, 33 Advertisements, use of, in Red Cross campaign, I, 106, 107, 161; success of, in Des Moines, during first war fund drive, I, 152-154 Afghans, distribution of, to sol- diers, II, 145; making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Africa, soldier from, II, 2 Ahrens, Minnie A., service of, as director of Bureau of Nursing Service, I, 52, II, 155 Alderman, U. S., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Algona, historic flag at, I, 156; contribution from, to second war fund, I, 173; Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 187 Aliens, status of, II, 130 "All You Need Is A Heart and A Dollar", slogan of, I, 125, 126 Allamakee County, Red Cross members in, I, 99, 135 Allotments, information concern- ing, II, 80, 88: assistance in securing, II, 136, 143 Allowances, information concern- ing, II, 64, 80, 88; assistance in securing, II, 136, 143; scale of, II, 219 Almy, Frederic, comment by, on home service, II, 113, 120, 121 Alton, work of canteen at, II, 58 Alvord, livestock donated to Red Cross by, I, 190 Ambulances, provision for, II, 44 American Association for the Re- lief of Misery on Battlefields, formation of, I, 19; end of, I, 20 American Nurses' Association, co- operation of, with Red Cross, II, 153 American Red Cross (see Red Cross, American) Ames, contribution from, to sec- ond war fund, I, 166; Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 26; work of home service section in, II, 92; emergency hospital in, II, 94 Anaconda Copper Mining Com- pany, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 143 Anamosa, Red Cross work at, I, 89 "Andes" (boat), wounded trans- ported by, I, 5 Annual membership, requirements for, I, 90 Apples, distribution of, to troops, II, 54, 55 Argentina, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Arizona, Junior Red Cross mem- bership in, II, 190 Armenia, massacres in, I, 25, 26; donations for relief of, I, 203 Armistice, effect of, on Red Cross roll call, I, 134; effect of, on home service work in camps, II, 130 Army, morale of, II, 60, 61; need of nurses for, II, 161, 166; nurses assigned to, II, 168; work of Junior Red Cross for, II, 196, 197 Army Nurse Corps, representative of, on committee, II, 153; re- 237 238 INDEX serve of, II, 156; assignment of nurses to, II, 157, 158 Arrick, Clifford, service of, in sec- ond war fund drive, I, 162 Arthur, Chester A., Red Cross Treaty favored by, I, 23 Articles, number of, furnished by Red Cross, II, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29; value of, II, 25 Associate directors, Red Cross, status of, II, 126, 127, 128, 131 Associated Advertising Clubs of the World, president of, I, 154 Associated Charities, enrollment of, in Red Cross, I, 221 Atkinson, James, sweater donated by, I, 152 Atlantic Division, Red Cross, number of members in, I, 93; number of Junior Red Cross members in, II, 188 "Attention service", conduct of, II, 40, 41 Auctions, use of, for Red Cross, I, 166, 169, 186-190 Audubon County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 Aurora (Illinois), production of surgical dressings at, II, 20 Austrians, care of wounded of, I, 7-10 Auto rides, provision for, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147 Autographs, book of, I, 150 Automobiles, use of, for Red Cross, II, 35-38 Auxiliaries, Red Cross, organiza- tion of, I, 35, 47, 48, 49, 80, 81, 82-89, II, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190; number of, in Sioux City, I, 86; number of, in Woodbury County, I, 86, II, 28, 29; schools as, I, 91, 92; finances of, I, 183, 185, 186 Auxiliary Relief Corps, use of Red Cross emblem by, I, 15 Aviator jackets, number of, II, 28 Axson, Stockton, election of, as secretarv of the American Red Cross, II, 204 Babies, clothing for, II, 198 Baggage, checking of, for troops, II, 53 Baker, George B., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Baker, Newton D., Red Cross speech by, I, 142; letter from, concerning Iowa's Red Cross work, II, 208, 209 (see also Secretary of War) Balkan War, Red Cross relief in, I, 25 Bananas, distribution of, to troops, II, 53 Bancroft, contribution from, to second war fund, I, 166 Bandages, making of, II, 29 Bankers, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 170 Banks, Red Cross booths in, I, 133; Red Cross dividends of, I, 143; use of, as Red Cross depositories, I, 143, 144 Banquet, eatless, I, 195, 196 Bard, Ralph A., service of, as director of Bureau of Military Relief, I, 51 Barroom, Red Cross workroom in, II, 12, 13 Barton, Clara, service of, in Franco-Prussian War, I, 18, 19, 21; efforts of, to secure rat- ification of Geneva Treaty, I, 19-23; work of, in disaster re- lief, I, 24-26; resignation of, from Red Cross, I, 27, 28 Base hospital units, organization of, II, 158, 159, 160; equip- ment of, II, 159; mobilization of, II, 160; number of, II, 160 Baseball, game of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 148 Bathing, facilities for, II, 44, 45, 52 Bazaars, holding of, bv Junror Red Cross, II, 194, 195 Bear, Ben, Red Cross pig club managed by, I, 192 Bed shirts, number of, II, 28 Bedford, collection of nut products at, II, 35 Beeves, auction of, for Red Cross, I, 169 Belgian hares, sale of, at Red Cross auction, I, 151 Belgian relief, work of Red Cross for, II, 30-33 Belgian Relief Committee, work of, in Des Moines, II, 33 Belgian shawls, number of, II, 31 Belgium, Red Cross department for, I, 215; garments for refu- gees of, II, 193, 199 Bell, Keller J., service of, in sec- ond war fund drive, I, 163 INDEX 239 Belle Plaine, Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Bellows, Henry W., interest of, in Red Cross, I, 19 Belmond, contribution from, to second war fund, I, 173 Benton County, second war fund drive in, I, 165; Council of De- fense of, I, 165 Bicknell, Ernest P., service of, as director of Department of Civil- ian Relief, II, 68 Black Hawk County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135, 136; donation from, to first war fund, I, 157 Blankets, furnishing of, during influenza epidemic, II, 93 Bliss, Cornelius N„ Jr., service of, for Red Cross, I, 39, II, 204 Block svstem, use of, in Des Moines, I, 130, 131 Boardman, Mabel T., office of, in Red Cross, I, 28 Bonuses, assistance in securing, II, 65; information concerning, II, 80 Books, furnishing of, to troops, II, 127 Boone, work of Red Cross can- teen at, II, 51, 52, 54, 55, 218 Boone County, work of Red Cross canteen in, II, 54 Bottles, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Bowles, Charles S. P., presence of, at Geneva Conference, I, 12, 16 Boxes, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Boy Scouts, work of, for Red Cross, I, 95, 108, 115, 130, 148; work of, for Belgian re- lief, II, 33 "Bovs, Where Do We Go From Here, Oh," I, 149 Brackin, D. C, Red Cross speech bv, I, 146 Bradshaw, Charles, bids by, I, 150 Braisted, William C request of, for nurses, II, 161 (see also Surgeon General of the Navy) Branches. Red Cross, organization of, I, 34, 35, 46-49, 74, 80, 81, 82-89; plan of organization of, in Iowa, I, 82-89; relation of, to chapters, I, 83-89; finances of I, 183, 185, 186; work- rooms of, II, 8-11; friction be- tween chapters and, II, 14, 15; number of, in Woodbury Coun- tv, II, 28; home service sec- tions of, II, 72 Brass, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Breckenridge, Sergeant, Red Cross speech by, I, 147; record of, I, 227 Bremer County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 British Expeditionary Force, base hospitals assigned to, II, 160 Britton, John W., service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Brothers, allowances for, II, 219 Brushes, distribution of, to sol- diers, II, 141, 145 Buckingham, L. R., services of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Bucklev, Mabel, pony donated by, I, 150 Buena Vista County, second war fund drive in, I, 165 Buffalo meat, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187 Burch, Major, comment of, on women's motor corps, II, 38 Burlington, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 61, 62; Red Cross membership cam- paign in, I, 117, 118, 119, 133; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; Red Cross workroom in, II, 13; work of Red Cross chapter at, II, 28; Red Cross canteen at, II, 54, 218; home service course at, II, 103 ; com- mittee at, on nursing service, II, 155; campaign in, for nurses, II, 164, 165 Burlington Reserves, participation of, in Red Cross parade, I, 118 Butter, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187 Byers, H. W., speech by, I, 120 Byington, Margaret, home service sections inspected by, II, 74, 75 Cakes, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187: distribution of, to troops, II, 55, 145, 148 Calabria, earthquake at, I, 2 Calhoun County, number of Red Cross members in, I, 99 240 INDEX California, soldiers from, II, 54; Junior Red Cross membership in, II, 190 Calmar, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Camp communities, home service work in, II, 149-151 Camp Dodge, Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 26, 31; service of women's motor corps at, II, 37, 38; work of Red Cross in, dur- ing influenza epidemic, II, 94; Red Cross camp service in, II, 133-140; convalescent house at, II, 138; nurses' home at, II, 138; Red Cross staff at, 11, 139; Christmas celebration at, II, 139, 140 Camp Dodger, notice in, concern- ing home service work, II, 134 Camp service, purpose of, II, 124, 125; organization of, II, 124, 125; work of Red Cross in, II, 124-151; attitude of army +o- ward, II, 126: experiences of men in, II, 128, 129, 130; ac- tivities of, II, 131; cost of, II, 132; work of, in Iowa, II, 133- 151 Camp Service, Bureau of (Na- tional), organization of, II, 124, 126 Campaign manager, selection of, I, 102; work of, I, 103 Campaign Plan Book, issue of, by Red Cross, I, 159 Camps, Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 20, 132; work of Red Cross in, II, 124-151; home service work in, II, 126-131; sewing for, II, 196, 197 Canadian Red Cross, button of, I, 151 Canal Zone, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Canarv, sale of, at Red Cross auc- tion, I. 151 Candv, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 40. 42, 47, 49, 55, 145, 148 Canes, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 145, 148; making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197 Canteen Directory, American Red Cross, canteens listed in, II, 51, 52, 218 Canteen huts, equipment of, II, 43, 44, 45 Canteen service, local committees on, I, 80, 82; account of, II, 39-58; purpose of, II, 40, 41; accomplishment of, II, 45-58; director of, II, 46; demobiliza- tion of, II, 46; cost of, II, 50, 52, 53, 54 Canteen Service, Bureau of (Cen- tral Division), organization of, II, 49, 50 Canteen Service, Bureau of (Na- tional), organization of, II, 39, 40 Canteen workers, uniforms of, II, 44; number of, II, 46, 50, 52, 53, 54; story of, II, 56, 57 Canteens, Red Cross, location of, II, 42, 45; notices of troop trains sent to, II, 42, 43; num- ber of, II, 46, 49, 51, 52; work of, II, 46-58, 148; establish- ment of, in Iowa, II, 50, 51; objection to, II, 51; closing of, II, 205; list of cities in Iowa with, II, 218 Cantonments, Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 20 Carroll County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 Case, George B., service of, for Red Cross, I, 40 Case work, use of, in home ser- vice, II, 65, 66, 67 Casev, Red Cross auction at, I, 186 Cass Countv, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135; Red Cross auc- tion in, I, 188 Castalia, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Cats, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 149, 150 Cedar Falls, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 62; work of home service section in, II, 92 Cedar Rapids, number of Red Cross members in, I, 96. 136; second Christmas roll call in, I, 132; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; collection of nut products at, II, 35; work of canteen at, II, 52, 54, 218; work of home service section of, II, 91: home service course at, II, 102, 103, 107; explosion at, II, 122, 123; committee at. on nursing ser- vice, II, 155; visiting nurses in, II. 179 Centerville, home service confer- ence at, II, 106 INDEX 241 Central Committee, Red Cross, funds supervised by, I, 140; restoration of, II, 203 Central Division, Red Cross, head- quarters of, I, 49 ; managers of, I, 49, 50; States in, I, 49, 215; organization of, I, 49-54; bureaus of, I, 50-54, II, 11, 34; chapters in, I, 64, 71, 72, 78, 79; attitude of, toward branches and auxiliaries, I, 83, 84: members of Red Cross in, I, 92, 93, 121, 134; assign- ment of membership quotas in, I, 110, 111; roll call committee of, I, 127, 128; first war fund drive in, I, 156; second war fund drive in, I, 162, 163; ad- vice from, on raising money, I, 184, 185; historical reports in, I, 218; plan of, for supply ser- vice, II, 4; Red Cross supplies produced in, II, 19-22; call of, for surgical dressings, II, 20; clothing collected in, for refu- gees, II, 32, 33; canteen ser- vice in, II, 49, 50; home ser- vice work in, II, 69, 70, 74, 75, 85, 86, 90, 91, 122, 150, 151; field representatives from, II, 79, 83, 85, 86; report to, II, 95; home service institutes conducted by, II, 101-107; ap- preciation of trained social workers in, II, 118; represen- tatives from, at Cedar Rapids, II, 122; Department of Nurs- ing in, II, 155 ; nurses enrolled in, II, 160, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169; quota of, in cam- paign for nurses, II, 169; reg- istration of nurses in, II, 174, 175; statistics concerning work of Red Cross chapters in, dur- ing nursing survey, II, 175; directors of Junior Red Cross in, II, 185; Junior Red Cross program in, II, 187; number of Junior Red Cross members in, II, 188, 189, 190; number of junior auxiliaries in, II, 188, 190; financial statistics of Ju- nior Red Cross in, II, 191 Central Division Bulletin, The, objections to war chest plan printed in, I, 176; instructions in, concerning use of chapter funds, I, 185; comment in, on auctions in Iowa, I, 190; quo- tation from, concerning sup- plies, II, 15; career of Living- ston Farrand given in, II, 203 Central Trust Company of New York, Red Cross war fund su- pervised by, I, 143 Cerro Gordo County, Red Cross work in, II, 29, 30 Chain letters, objections of Red Cross to use of, I, 184 Chairs, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197 Chamber of Commerce (Des Moines), Red Cross meeting at, I, 94, 147, 148; objections of, to war chest, I, 179, 180 Chaplain, presence of, in hospital unit, II, 159 Chapter Development, Bureau of, organization of, I, 43; work of, I, 43 Chapters, Red Cross, organization of, I, 34, 35, 46-59, 61-79, 96; number of, I, 34, 48, 49, 64, 65, 66, II, 190; charters for, I, 62, 63; difficulties of organ- izing in Iowa, I, 67-79; officers and committees of, I, 79-82 ; re- lation of, to branches, I, 83-89; relation of, to auxiliaries, I, 85, 86; finances of, I, 174, 183, 185, 186, 202, 203; historical reports by, I, 218; supply ser- vice in, II, 3, 4; quotas of, II, 5, 6, 7, 23; materials distrib- uted to, II, 6, 7; distribution of articles by, II, 7, 8, 11, 12, 17; workrooms of, II, 8-13; production of supplies by, in Iowa, II, 11, 12; problems in administration of, II, 14-17; failure of, to follow directions, II, 14-17; Belgian relief work of, II, 32: canteen work of, II, 40, 41, 42, 50, 51; civilian relief committees of, II, 70, 71; home service work of, II, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 86, 87, 88; home service courses for, II, 103-105; requests of, for trained secretaries, II, 118; re- plies of, to camp service in- quiries, II, 129, 130; nursing service in charge of, II, 153, 163, 164; reports from, on nursing survey, II, 175 Chapters, Department of, work of, VOL. II—17 242 INDEX I, 33, 34, 35; districts created by, I, 215 Chariton, Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; donation of, to Red Cross, I, 157 Cherokee, Red Cross hospital at, II, 95 Chests, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197 Chevrons, sewing on, II, 53 Chicago (Illinois), Central Divi- sion headquarters at, I, 19; Red Cross supplies sent to, I, 58, 84, 87, II, 34; number of Red Cross members in, I, 92; sale of Red Cross pigs at, I, 193, 194; conference at, II, 20; work of canteen at, II, 47, 48; troops from, II, 56; field representative from, II, 86; home service institutes in, II, 101; nurses' parade at, II, 164; superintendent of schools in, II, 185 Chicago, United Charities of, su- perintendent of, II, 68 Chicago Sehool of Civics and Philanthropy, institute spon- sored by, II, 101 Chickasaw County, work of home service section in, II, 92 Child Welfare League of Sioux City, census for, I, 198 Children, influence of, on Red Cross membership, I, 97; part of, in Des Moines parade, I, 168; care of, II, 80; organiza- tion of, by Red Cross, II, 181- 202; contributions of, to Red Cross, II, 181, 182; training of, for citizenship, II, 182, 183, 184; proclamation of President Wilson to, II, 183, 184; train- ing of, in history, II, 192; clothing for, made by Junior Red Cross, II, 198; effect of Junior Red Cross on, II, 199, 200, 201; allowances for, II, 219 China, famine in, I, 60, 61 China, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 200 Chocolate, distribution of, to troops, II, 47, 53, 54 Christmas, Red Cross membership campaign at, I, 100-109; Red Cross ceremony for, I, 108, 109; packages distributed at, II, 134; work of Red Cross in celebration of, II, 139, 140; celebration of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147, 148 Christmas Membership Drive Com- mittee, work of, in Iowa, I, 109, 110 Christmas roll call, I, 122-136 Churches, Red Cross membership campaign in, I, 97, 105, 107, 108, 115, 116, 117, 126; part of, in War Fund drives, I, 146, 147, 159, 163 Cigarettes, distribution of, to troops, II, 40, 47, 49, 53, 54, 132, 145 Cigars, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 47, 145 Cincinnati (Ohio), social work in, II, 69 Cities, response of, to Red Cross roll call, I, 136, 145; popula- tion of, II, 110, 111, 113; so- cial organizations in, II, 110, 111, 113 City halls, Red Cross workrooms in, II, 12 Civil rights act, study of, II, 97, 98 Civil War, care of soldiers in, I, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; work of women in, I, 32 Civilian relief, local committee on, I, 80, 82; responsibility for, II, 68; departments of, II, 68, 69 Civilian Relief, Bureau of (Cen- tral Division), directors of, I, 51; work of, I, 51 Civilian Relief, Bureau of (Na- tional), organization of, I, 42; work of, I, 43; director of, I, 214 Civilian Relief, Department of (Central Division), field repre- sentatives from, II, 79, 81, 82; officers of, II, 106 Civilian Relief, Department of (National), work of, I. 32, 33, II, 67; handbook issued by, II, 64; directors of, II, 68, 69, 112, 204; institutes for home service workers provided by, II, 97; standards of poor relief set by, II, 115; camp service of, II, 125, 128 Civilian relief committee, kind of chairman needed for, II, 82, 83 Clarinda, success of second war INDEX 243 fund drive in, I, 166; contri- bution from, to Belgian Tolief, II, 33 Clean-up campaigns, work of Junior Red Cross in, II, 193 Clemens, Ashton, Red Cross speech by, I, 147 Clergymen, objection to, as home service chairmen, II, 82, 83 Clerical help, furnishing of, dur- ing influenza epidemic, II, 94 Clinton, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 62; Red Cross membership campaign at, I, 115, 116, 131; work of Red Cross chapter at, II, 28; work of Red Cross canteen at, II, 51-54, 218 Clothing, collection of, by Red Cross, I, 199-201, II, 31-33; production of, II, 17-19; mak- ing of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198, 199 Coats, repair of, II, 53 Coffee, serving of, to troops, II, 47, 53, 54, 148 Cogswell, E. R., service of, in sec- ond war fund drive, I, 162 Coliseum (Des Moines), Red Cross meeting at, I, 148-152 Colorado, University of, president of, II, 203 Colored soldiers, Christmas cele- bration for, II, 140 Columbia University, mention of, II, 200 Combs, distribution of, II, 141, 145 Comfort kits, production of, II, 3, 23, 25, 27, 28, 199; distribu- tion of, II, 124, 141, 145 Comforts, furnishing of, during influenza epidemic, II, 93 Commercial Club (Vinton), Red Cross work of, I, 165 Commission for Relief in Belgium, cooperation of Red Cross with, II, 32 Committees, appointment of, for Red Cross chapters, I, 79, 30; list of, I, 80, 81 Communication service, function of, in camps, II, 126, 127, 141, 145; work of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 142, 145 Community agents, duties of, II, 150 Compensation, information con- cerning, II, 64, 80, 145 Congress, first prayer in, I, 150; act of, for soldiers' families, II, 61; act of, concerning duties of Red Cross, II, 67, 68 Conner, James P., service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Conservation, work of Red Cross for, II, 34, 35 Conservation, Bureau of, estab- lishment of, II, 34; articles shipped to, II, 34 Contingent Relief Fund, Red Cross, I, 137, 138, 139 Contributing membership, require- ments for, I, 90 Convalescent gowns, number of, II, 28 Convalescent homes, supervision of, II, 127; accommodations of, II, 127; number of, II, 131; construction of, II, 138; equip- ment of, II, 138; sewing for, II, 196, 197; furniture for, II, 196, 197, 199 Convalescent robes, distribution of, II, 26 Cook, Mr., comment by, on Flor- ence Nightingale, I, 6 Cooke, D. W., service of, as direc- tor of Bureau of Supplies and Transportation, I, 215 Cookies, distribution of, to sol- diers, II, 47, 53, 54, 148 Cooks, provision for, during influ- enza epidemic, II, 94 Cooley, Edwin G., service of, as director of Junior Red Cross, II, 185, 187 Cooperation, local committee on, I, 80 Corn, Red Cross emblem in, I, 173, 174; husking of, by wom- en, for Red Cross, I, 195 Corpsmen, number of, in hospital units, II, 159 Cots, furnishing of, by Red Cross, during influenza epidemic, II, 93, 94 Council Bluffs, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 62, 76, 77, 78; branches of Red Cross chapter at, I, 86; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; contribution from, to Belgian relief, II, 33; collection of nut products at, II, 35; work of canteen at, II, 52, 218; salaried home service secretary in, II, 87; work of home service section in, II, 92; 244 INDEX home service institute at, II, 101, 103, 172, 224 Counties, use of, as Red Cross chapter units, I, 71-79; records of, in Christmas roll call, I, 134-136; per cent of population of, enrolled in Red Cross, I, 135, 136; problems of, in poor relief, II, 113, 114 Courthouses, Red Cross work- rooms in, II, 12, 13 Coysh, Corporal, work of, for Red Cross, I, 163, 164 Cresco, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Creston, Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Crimean War, care of wounded in, I, 2-7 Croix de Guerre, presentation of, II, 148 Crutch pads, giving of, to soldiers, II, 145 Cuba, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Dana, donation from, to Red Cross, I, 157 Dances, giving of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147, 149 Daniels, Josephus, request of, for naval auxiliaries, I, 48 Dansville (New York), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 D'Arcy, W. C, Des Moines ad- vertising commended by, I, 154 Darrah, John B., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Darrah, W. B., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Davenport, number of Red Cross members at, I, 96; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; Red Cross subscription pledges at, I, 202; work of home service section in, II, 92, 93; home service course at, II, 103; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Davidson, Walter, presence of, at home service conference, II, 106 Davis, James C, Red Cross auc- tion in charge of, I, 149, 150, 151 Davison, Henry P., service of, for Red Cross, I, 39, 41, 42, II, 204, 206; announcement of 1918 Christmas roll call made by, I, 122, 123; comment by, concerning home service, II, 119; service of, on Executive Committee, II, 204 Dawson, A. F., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Deacon, J. Byron, selection of, as acting director general of civil- ian relief, II, 204 Dean, Arthur D., comment by, on effect of Junior Red Cross, II, 200, 201 Decatur County, contribution from, to Belgian relief, II, 33 Decorah, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 82; part of, in Winneshiek County pig club, I, 192, 193 DeForest, Robert W., election of, as vice president of the Amer- ican Red Cross, II, 204 Delano, Jane A., Bureau of Nurs- ing in charge of, II, 152; death of, II, 152 Delaware, Junior Red Cross mem- bership in, II, 190 Delaware County, use of war chest in, I, 179 Deming, J. K., service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Demobilization, home service dur- ing, II, 64, 65 Dentists, provision for, II, 44, 159 Dependents, care of, by Red Cross, II, 59-123; classes of, II, 61; allotments to, II, 61, 62 (see also Families of soldiers) De Puy, Clifford, work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Des Moines, Red Cross supplies sent to, I, 58, 84, 87, 88, II, 11, 12; Red Cross convention at, I, 59, 145; organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 62; Red Cross membership campaign in, I, 93-96, 116, 117, 130, 131; first war fund drive in, I, 145-156; Red Cross advertising in, I, 152-154; second war fund drive in, I, 167, 168; parade in, I, 167, 168; refusal of, to adopt war chest, I, 179, 180; meals at, for benefit of Red Cross, I, 195; eatless banquet at, I, 195, 196; salvage station at, I, 201; origin of service flag INDEX 245 for Red Cross in, I, 222; pro- duction of surgical dressings by, II, 20, 30; contributions from, to Belgian relief, II, 33; work of women's motor corps at, II, 37, 38; work of canteen at, II, 51, 52, 139, 218; work of home service section in, II, 92, 93, 150, 151; work of Red Cross in, during influenza epi- demic, II, 94; convalescent hos- pital at, II, 94, 95; camps at, II, 133; athletic meet at, II, 146; soldiers entertained by people from, II, 149; committee at, on nursing service, II, 155; campaign for nurses in, II, 164, 165; superintendent of schools at, II, 184; headquar- ters of Junior Red Cross at, II, 185; supplies made by Junior Red Cross in, II, 199 Des Moines, Associated Charities of, secretary of, II, 134, 138 Des Moines County, Red Cross membership drive in, I, 118, 119, 133, 134; war club of, I, 133, 134, 179 Des Moines Orpheum, shows by, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147 Des Moines Register, The, flag do- nated by, for Junior Red Cross contest, II, 189, 190 Detroit (Michigan), Red Cross supplies sent to, I, 57; home service institute at, II, 101 Development, Bureau of (Central Division), directors of, I, 50; work of, I, 50, 51; plan of, for working organization of chap- ters, I, 79; officers of, II, 11, 106. Development, Bureau of (Nation- al), director of, I, 215; Bureau of Junior Membership in, II, 184 Development, Department of, Bu- reau of Conservation established in, II, 34 Devine, Edward T., opinion of, concerning future of home ser- vice, II, 108 De Wolf, Sherman, service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Dickinson County, number of Red Cross members in, I, 99, 120, 135 Dietetian Service, Bureau of, courses offered by, II, 170, 171 Dietetics, courses in, II, 169, 170 Dillman, J. F., service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Accounting, I, 53 Dinners, serving of, to troops, II, 48, 49, 53 Director, State, letter from, II, 16 (see also Weaver, James B., and Kepford, A. E.) Directors, board of, election of, for Red Cross chapters, I, 79, 80 Disaster relief, activities of Red Cross in, I, 24-26, 35, 36, 60, 61; local committee on, at Iowa City, I, 82; provision for, in Iowa, II, 121-123 Discharges, investigations relative to, II, 132; applications for, II, 143 Distinguished Service Crosses, presentation of, II, 148 Distribution, committee in charge of, II, 4 District of Columbia, number of Red Cross members in, I, 92 Divisions, Red Cross, establish- ment of, I, 44, 45 Doctors, place of, in hospital units, II, 159 Dodge, Cleveland H., work of, in Red Cross financial campaign, I, 141 Dogs, sale of, at Red Cross auc- tion, I, 151 Doubleday, Frank N., service of, on Red Cross membership com- mittee, I, 100 Doughnuts, serving of, to troops, II, 47, 53, 54, 148 Douglas Starch Works, explosion of, II, 122, 123 Drafted men, number of, served by canteens, II, 53 Dresses, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Drinks, serving of, to troops, II, 47 Dubuque, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 62; Red Cross membership campaign in, I, 115, 131; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; Sanitary Fair at, I, 156; Red Cross workroom in, II, 12, 13; contribution from, to Belgian relief, II, 33; work of canteen at, II, 54, 218; home service course at, II, 103 246 INDEX Dubuque County, Red Cross mem- bership campaign in, I, 115; subscription of, to second war fund, I, 173 Ducha, Jacob, picture of, I, 150 Ducks, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 190 Dunant, Henri, work of, I, 7-10, 16, 17, 210 Eagle Grove, Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Edmunds, T. J., service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Civilian Relief, I, 51, 69 Education, provision for, II, 65 Edwards, W., speeches by, for Red Cross, I, 164 "Efficiency walk", II, 146 Egypt, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Eldora, home service course at, II, 103 Emergency relief, provision for, II, 63 Emmet County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 Endowment Fund, Red Cross, I, 137, 138, 140 Englishman, donation of, to Red Cross, I, 155, 156 Entertainments, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184; provision for, at Fort Des Moines, II, 146- 148 Epidemics, prevention of, II, 176 Epidemiologist, State, II, 106 Ernsberger, E., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Estherville, Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Europe, Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 17; nurses sent to, II, 158; letters from, II, 195 Executive Committee, Red Cross, members of, II, 204 Executive committees, appointment of, for Red Cross chapters, I, 79, 80; duties of, I, 80 Executive secretaries, demand for, II, 118 Extension Division, work of, for home service chapter courses, II, 103, 105, 106, 172 Face masks, distribution of, II, 26, 141 Factories, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 108 Fairfield, registration of nurses at, II, 174 Falkenhainer, Al, service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 Families of soldiers, care of, by Red Cross, II, 59, 60, 62-64, 81, 82, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 125, 134-137, 143, 144, 149-151; allotment of pay to, II, 61, 62; methods of caring for, II, 65, 66, 67; number of, aided by home service, II, 89- 93; information furnished to, II, 127, 128, 141 Family relief, director of, II, 68; districts for, II, 68 Famine, relief during, II, 68 Faris, Ellsworth, lectures by, at home service course, II, 105 Farmers, hogs donated to Red Cross by, I, 190-194 Farrand, Livingston, comment by, on future of home service, II, 112, 113, 204, 205; service of, as chairman of Central Com- mittee, II, 203; career of, II, 203, 204 Father, effect of absence of, on family, II, 62 Fayette County, Red Cross pig club in, I, 191 Fenton, Howard W., service of, as manager of Central Division, I, 50; service of, on roll call committee, I, 127 Fentress, Calvin, service of, as as- sociate manager of Central Di- vision, I, 50; service of, on roll call committee, I, 127 Field, Wentworth G., service of, in second war fund drive, I, 162 Field director, Red Cross, status of, II, 126 Field Service, Bureau of, director of, II, 75 Finances of American Red Cross, local administration of, I, 81, 84; national organization for, I, 137-182, II. 191 Finkbine, Mrs. W. O., service of, in campaign for nurses, II, 166 Fires, relief work for sufferers in, II, 68 First aid, local committee on, I, 80: courses in, II, 169, 170, 172 INDEX 247 Flag, offer of, as prize, I, 119, 120, II, 189, 190; money thrown into, I, 195 Flannery, J. Rogers, service of, as director of Bureau of Sup- plies and Transportation, I, 215 Floods, relief for sufferers from, II, 68 Flowers, distribution of, to sol- diers, II, 145 Fly swatters, distribution of, II, 132 Fogg, George C, presence of, at Geneva conference, I, 12 Fontanelle, Red Cross auction at, I, 188 Food, fines for violation of laws concerning, I, 196, 197; serv- ing of, to troops, II, 40, 41, 43, 45-47 Food Administration, United States, fines levied by, I, 196, 197 Food conservation, work of Red Cross chapters for, I, 81, II, 35 Foods, courses in, II, 170, 171 Foreigners, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 105 Fort Atkinson, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Fort Des Moines, quilts sent to, II, 31; Red Cross camp service at, II, 133, 140-149; Red Cross buildings at, II, 140, 141; Red Cross staff at, II, 142; home service work at, II, 142-144; physical recreation at, II, 146; entertainments at, II, 146-148; Christmas celebration at, II, 147, 148; Fourth of July cele- bration at, II, 148, 149; pa- rade at, II, 149 Fort Dodge, Red Cross member- ship campaign at, I, 113, 133, 136; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; Red Cross workrooms in, II, 13 ; home service course at, II, 103; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Fort Madison, second Christmas roll call at, I, 131 Fort Worth (Texas), liberty loan advertisements in, I, 154 Four Minute Men, Red Cross cam- paign aided by, I, 106 Fourteenth Division, Red Cross, jurisdiction of, I, 215 Fourth of July, celebration of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 148, 149 Fowler, George S., service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 France, war with, I, 18, 20, 21; Red Cross commission to, I, 44; knitted articles sent to, II, 18; collection of clothing for refu- gees of, II, 31-33, 193; tuber- culosis work in, II, 204; mem- bership of, in League of Red Cross Societies, II, 206, 207 Franco-Prussian War, care of wounded in, I, 18, 19, 20, 21, 210, 211 Fremont County, contribution from, to Belgian relief, II, 33 French, care of wounded of, I, 7-10 French soldier, contribution to, II, 2 Frost, W. A., service of, in Des Moines Red Cross membership campaign, I, 94 Fruit, collection of seeds of, II, 34, 35; serving of, to troops, II, 47, 54, 148 Fullerton, Robert, bids by, I, 150 Funds, Red Cross, kinds of, I, 137, 138, 139 Furloughs, investigations relative to, II, 132, 136 Furniture, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 200; making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 196, 197 Galva, work of home service sec- tion in, II, 92 Gambling, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184 Gambrill, John M., comment by, on effect of Junior Red Cross, II, 200 Games, furnishing of, to troops, II, 127; provision for, at Fort Des Moines, II, 146 Garages, number of, II, 132 Gardens, care of, bv Junior Red Cross, II, 194, 195 Garfield, James A., promise of, concerning Red Cross Treaty, I, 22, 23; assassination of, I, 23 Gas Mask Day, proclamation of, II, 34 Gas masks, collection of materials for, II, 34, 35 248 INDEX Gauze, shortage of, II, 7; use of, II, 28 Geese, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 188 189 General Fund, Red Cross, I, 138, 139 General manager of American Red Cross, appointment of, I, 40 Geneva (Switzerland), confer- ences at, I, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17; Congress of, I, 209; head- quarters of The League of Red Cross Societies at, II, 206 Geneva Society of Public Utility, conference called by, I, 10 Geneva Treaty, adoption of, I, 11; provisions of, I, 12, 14, 15, 38; ratification of, by United States, I, 19-24; amendment to, I, 25 German prisoner, contribution to, II, 2 Germans, donation by, to Red Cross, I, 155, 156; enrollment of, in Red Cross, I, 223 Gibbons, James, service of, on Red Cross membership committee, I, 100 Gibson, Harvey D., service of, for Red Cross, I, 40; Red Cross organization described by, I, 214, 215; message of, concern- ing home service, II, 77, 78 Gifford, Frank B., service of, as director of Bureau of Supplies and Transportation, I, 215 Gillin, John L., service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Civilian Relief, I, 51, II, 69, 70; pres- ence of, at home service con- ference, II, 106, 107: report of, concerning demand for home service, II, 118 Girls, training of, for service, II, 200, 201 Goat, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187 Gorgas, William C, request of, for nurses, II, 161, 166 (see also Surgeon General of the Army) Governor of Iowa, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60; proclamntion by, for Red Cross membership campaign, I, 107 (see also Harding, William L.) Graham, C. W., work of, in first war fnnd drive, I. 146 Grand Rapids (Michigan), pro- duction of surgical dressings at, II, 20; home service insti- tute at, II, 101 Grandchildren, allowances for, II, 219 Grant, U. S., letter from, I, 150 Gratz, Benjamin, service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Great Britain, membership of, in League of Red Cross Societies, II, 206, 207 Greater Clarinda Club, work of, for Red Cross, I, 166 Greek cross, use of, by hospitals, I, 15 Greene County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135; visiting nurse in, II, 179; supplies pro- duced by Junior Red Cross in, II, 198 Greer, Samuel, service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Develop- ment, I, 215 Griffith, Mrs. B. B., flag accepted by, I, 120 Griffith, John L., service of, as athletic director of Red Cross camp service, II, 133 Grinnell, Red Cross auction at, I, 188; donation of hogs to Red Cross by, I, 190 Grundy County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135; contribu- tions from, to Belgian relief, II, 33 Guatemala, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Gum, giving of, to troops, II, 47, 145 Gun wipes, making of, bv Junior Red Cross, II, 193, 198 Guthrie County, subscription of, to second war fund, I, 173 Hamilton, J. H., presence of, at home service conference, II, 106 Hancock County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 'Handkerchiefs, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 145 Hanna, James R., work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Hardin, Martin D., speeches by, for Red Cross, I. 164 Hardin Countv, visiting nurses in, IT. 179, 180 Harding, Barbara, mention of, I, 59, 119, 120 INDEX 249 Harding, William L., address by, at Red Cross meeting, I, 59; proclamations by, concerning Red Cross, I, 111, 112, 163, II, 34; speech by, I, 120; first war fund drive in charge of, I, 144, 145, 158; goose presented to, I, 188 (see also Governor of Iowa) Harding, Mrs. William L., flag made by, I, 59, 99, 119, 120 Hardy, E. K., service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Supplies, I, 52 Harlan, Edgar R., picture do- nated to, I, 150 Harrison County, Red Cross chap- ter of, I, 76-78 Hats, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 200 Hawaii, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Hawarden, work of home service section at, II, 92 Hawkins, Owen, tour of, for Red Cross, I, 164 Hayes, Rutherford B., indiffer- ence of, to Red Cross Treaty, I, 21 Haynes, Fred E., lectures by, at home service course, II, 105 Headquarters, Red Cross, number of, II, 131 Headquarters building (Camp Dodge), construction of, II, 138, 139; equipment of, II, 139 Healey, Robert, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Health campaign, share of Junior Red Cross in, II, 195 Helmets, number of, II, 21; dis- tribution of, to soldiers, II, 133; value of, II, 133 Henry, Rex J., service of, as di- rector, II, 227 Henry County, organization of Red Cross chapter in, I, 62; Red Cross membership in, I, 135; second war fund drive in, I, 165; production of Red Cross supplies in, II, 27 Herbert, Sidney, Florence Night- ingale sent to Crimea by, I, 4 Herbert, Mrs. Sidney, letter to, I, 4 Herring, Clyde L., work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Herring Motor Company, Red Cross quarters donated by, I, 58 Hezzlewood, Oliver, donation of, to Red Cross, I, 150, 151 Hibbard, Frank, service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Supplies, I, 52 High school students, Red Cross membership drive conducted by, I, 114, 115 Highland Park College Woman's Association, eatless banquet of, I, 195, 196 Hill, L. S., service flag idea devel- oped by, I, 222 Hinton, Red Cross auction at, I, 186 Hirsch, Mr., Red Cross member- ship drive in charge of, I, 118 Hitch, Ruth, talks by, at home ser- vice course, II, 104 Hitchcock, Fremont B., service of, as director of Bureau of Mili- tary Relief, I, 51 Holdoegel, P. C, service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Hollingsworth, H. S., work of, in home service department at Camp Dodge, II, 134, 137 Home defense, nurses for, II, 155, 169 Home nursing, courses in, II, 169, 170, 172 Home service, meaning of, I, 51; local committee on, at Iowa City, I, 82; funds for, I, 203; need for, II, 59-63; account of, II, 59-123; field of, II, 63-65; methods of, II, 65-67; plan of organization of, II, 67-74, 84- 88; consultation committee for, II, 72; finances of, II, 73-78, 89-92, 115, 116; development of, II, 74-78; problems of, II, 75-78; hindrances to, II, 75-83; preventive character of, II, 76; need of trained workers for, II, 76, 77, 82, 83, 86-88, 96, 97, 99; account of, in Iowa, II, 78- 84; inspection of, II, 85-87; pay of secretaries for, II, 87, 88; accomplishments of, II, 88- 95, 108, 109, 132; number of families aided by, II, 89-93; lit- erature concerning, II, 100, 101; chapter courses for, II, 100, 103, 104, 105, 107; lec- tures on, II, 104, 105; confer- 250 INDEX ences on, II, 105-107; future of, II, 107-116, 205, 206, 223; opposition to peace time work of, II, 111; influence of, on or- ganized social work, II, 116- 121; name of, II, 120; cooper- ation of camp service with, II, 125, 128; information concern- ing, II, 131, 145; activities of, at Camp Dodge, II, 134-138; assistant directors of, II, 137; work of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 142-144; work of, in the various camp communities, II, 149-151 Home Service, Bureau of, repre- sentatives of, stationed in camps, II, 125 Home service institutes, attendance at, II, 86, 87, 98, 99, 101, 102, 118, 120; provision for, 11,97; courses of, II, 97-99, 102, 223; number of, II, 98, 101, 102; location of, II, 101, 102, 103, 224 Home service sections, establish- ment of, II, 70, 71, 73; officers of, II, 70-72; number of, II, 74, 90, 99, 100 Home Service Sections, Handbook of Information for, compilation of, II, 64 Home service workers, informa- tion furnished by, II, 64; pay of, II, 71; volunteers for, II, 71, 72; number of, II, 74, 84- 86; training for, II, 77, 82, 83, 96-107, 223; qualifications of, II, 84-88; sources of, II, 99, 100; chapter courses for, II, 100; experiences of, in camps, II, 128-130 Honor Day, enrollment of Red Cross members on, I, 117 Honorary membership, election to, I, 91 Hood, Jack, bid of, at Red Cross auction, I, 151 Hoover, Herbert C, Red Cross speech by, I, 142; clothing re- quested by, II, 32 Hosken, W. P., service of, as field director of Red Cross, II, 139 Hospital bags, making of, by Ju- nior Red Cross, II, 198 Hospital garments, production of, II, 1, 3, 8, 18, 19, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 196, 197, 198; stand- ardization of, II, 5; director in charge of, II, 11; value of, II, 18, 24, 196 Hospital of St. John, establish- ment of, I, 1 Hospital shawls, number of, II, 31 Hospital supplies, production of, II, 17-19, 23, 24, 28, 196, 197; value of, II, 18, 24, 196 Hospital supplies and garments, committee on, I, 80, 81, II, 4 Hospital units, organization of, II, 158, 159 Hospitals, chapters not to finance, I, 185; establishment of, by lo- cal chapters, I, 203; care of soldiers in, II, 44, 48; opening of, for influenza cases, II, 94; opening of, for soldiers' fami- lies, II, 94, 95; work of Red Cross in, II, 126, 127, 132, 140-149; news of soldiers in, II, 135; Christmas celebration in, II, 139; overseas men at, II, 143; entertainments in, II, 148, 149; organization of, II, 158, 159 Hot water bags, distribution of, II, 132 Hough, Clarence A., service of, as director of Publicity Bureau, I, 53 Howard County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 Howell, Captain, purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 150, 151 Hugus, Miss, work of, in home service, II, 87, 88 Humboldt County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135 Hurin, Mrs. G. M., service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 Hurley, Edward N., service of, for Red Cross, I, 39; transfer of, to Shipping Board, I, 39 Hygiene, courses in, II, 169, 170, 172 Ice cream, serving of, to troops, II, 47, 49, 53, 55, 148 Ida County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135; subscription of, to second war fund, I, 173 Ida Grove, Red Cross auction at, I, 186; donations to Red Cross in, II, 31 Illinois, number of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64; number of Red Cross members in, I, 121; INDEX 251 second war fund drive in, I, 178, 179; placing of, in Cen- tral Division, I, 215; students from, in home service institute, II, 101, 102, 106; demand in, for trained home service work- ers, II, 118; nurses enrolled from, II, 160, 166, 167; share of, in nurses' parade, II, 164; reports from, on results of nursing survey, II, 175; Ju- nior Red Cross members in, II, 189-191; number of junior aux- iliaries in, II, 190; financial statistics of Junior Red Cross in, II, 191 Indiana, storm in, I, 94; placing of, in Central Division, I, 215; students from, in home service institute, II, 101, 102 Infant mortality, reduction of, II, 176 Influenza, work of Red Cross dur- ing epidemic of, I, 80, 81, II, 93, 94, 141; effect of, on sec- ond Red Cross roll call, I, 127- 129, 134: need of nurses dur- ing, II, 167, 168, 173 Information, giving of, to soldiers' families, II, 64, 65, 88-91, 126, 127; giving of, to soldiers, II, 130, 137, 144, 145 Institutional membership, require- ments for, I, 91 Insurance, information concern- ing, II, 64, 145 International Committee for the Relief of the Wounded in War, purpose of, I, 20 International friendship, campaign for, II, 195 International Red Cross Society (see Red Cross Society, Inter- national) Iowa, inclusion of, in Central Di- vision, I, 49, 215; organization of Red Cross in, I, 54-89; num- ber of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64, 65, 66; organization of Red Cross chapters in, I, 67- 82; organization of Red Cross branches and auxiliaries in, I, 82-89; Red Cross membership in, I, 93-100, 109-122, 127- 136- Red Cross membership quota for, I, 110, 111; 1918 Red Cross roll call in, I, 127- 136; first Red Cross war fund drive in, I, 144-158; second war fund drive in, I, 162-182; financing local Red Cross or- ganizations in, I, 185-203 ; fines in, given to Red Cross, I, 196, 197; contribution from, to Red Cross, I, 202, II, 32, 33; or- ganization of women in, for Red Cross work, II, 11, 12; workrooms in, II, 12, 13; pro- duction of Red Cross supplies in, II, 22-31; value of supplies produced by, II, 24, 25; motor corps work in, II, 37, 38; can- teen service in, II, 50-58, 218; home service work in, II, 75, 78-84, 86-88; students from, in home service institutes, II, 101, 102, 106; home service confer- ences in, II, 106, 107; need of home service in, II, 113, 114; demand in, for trained home service workers, II, 118; storms in, II, 121, 122; disaster relief in, II, 121-123; Red Cross camp service in, II, 133-151; committees in, on nursing ser- vice, II, 155; enrollment of nurses from, II, 161, 165-167; share of, in nurses' parade, II, 164; campaign in, for nurses, II, 164-166; quota of, in nurs- ing campaign, II, 167; regis- tration of nurses in, II, 174; statistics concerning work of Red Cross chapters in, during nursing survey, II, 175; visit- ing nurses in, II, 179, 180; organization of Junior Red Cross in, II, 185, 187, 188, 189; Junior Red Cross mem- bers in, II, 188-191; number of junior auxiliaries in, II, 190; financial statistics of Ju- nior Red Cross in, II, 191; supplies made by Junior Red Cross in, II, 196-199; work of, for American Red Cross, II, 208, 209 Iowa City, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 81, 82; Red Cross subscription pledges at, I, 202; home service institutes at, II, 101-103; home service con- ference at, II, 105, 106 Iowa Falls, home service course at, II, 103 Iowa State Savings Bank (Bur- 252 INDEX lington), rooms for Red Cross furnished by, II, 13 Iowa State Teachers' Association, secretary of, II, 189 Iron, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Italian soldier, contribution to, II, 2 Italians, care of wounded of, after battle of Solferino, I, 7-10 Italy, Red Cross commission to, I, 44; garments for refugees of, II, 193; membership of, in League of Red Cross Societies, II, 206, 207 "Jack Pershing" (rooster), sale of, for Red Cross, I, 188 Jackson Junction, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Japan, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215; membership of, in League of Red Cross Societies, II, 206, 207 Jasper County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 "Jazz Parade", description of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 149 "Jazz Riot", description of, at Sioux City, I, 170-172 Jellv, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 145 Jensen, Mrs. C. A. L., record of, in Red Cross work, II, 30, 31 Jerusalem (Palestine), care for sick at, I, 1, 2 Johnson, B. Ban, service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Johnson, Sue, pennies for Red Cross collected by, I, 195 Johnson County, organization of Red Cross chapter in, I, 81 Jones, Jesse H., service of, for Red Cross, I, 40 Jones County, plan of Red Cross chapter in, I, 89; Red Cross membership campaign in, I, 96-98; use of war chest in, I, 179; work of home service sec- tion in, II, 92 Joplin (Missouri), work of home service section at, II, 136 Judson, Frank W., service of, on roll call committee, I, 127 Julien Hotel (Dubuque), Red Cross workroom in, II, 12, 13 Junior auxiliaries, Red Cross, or- ganization of, I, 48, II, 185; number of, II, 188, 190; activ- ities of, II, 192 Junior Chamber of Commerce (Des Moines), Red Cross mem- bers secured by, I, 95 Junior Four Minute Men, contests among, II, 195 Junior Membership, Bureau of, Junior Red Cross under, II, 184; creation of, II, 187; pro- gram of, II, 194, 195 Junior Red Cross, local commit- tee on, at Iowa City, I, 82; membership in, I, 91, 92, 121, 122, II, 188, 189, 190; plans for, II, 181; storv of, II, 181- 202; aims of, II, 181, 182, 183; proclamation concerning, II, 183, 184; national organi- zation of, II, 184; directors of, II, 184, 185, 189; Iowa organ- ization of, II, 185, 187, 188, 190; local organization of, II, 185-187; aid of schools to, II, 185, 186; finances of, II, 186, 187, 191; development of, II, 187-191; program of, II, 191- 195; activities of, II, 191-202; community service of, II, 192; production of supplies by, II, 192-199; bazaar held by, II, 194; letters to soldiers written by, II, 194, 195; value of sup- plies made by, II, 196; com- ments on, II, 199-201; peace time program of, II, 202 Junk, sale of, in Sioux City, I, 197-201: collection of, by Ju- nior Red Cross, II, 193, 194 Kangaroo court, money for Red Cross raised by, I, 169 Kauffman, Mrs. B. F., hospital garment work in charge of, II, 11 Kentucky, placing of, in Central Division, I, 215 Keokuk, home service conference at, II, 106 Kepford, A. E., service of, as State director of Red Cross, I, 55-59, 65-67, 85; statement by, concerning Red Cross branches and chapters, I, 88, 89; work of, in Red Cross membership drive, I, 99; speech by, I, 120, 196; work of, in first war fund drive, I, 144, 145, 158; con- gratulations sent to, I, 156; ob- INDEX 253 jection of, to paid speakers, I, 164, 165; estimate of, on Red Cross local finances, I, 202; appointments made by, II, 11; telegrams of, concerning can- teens, II, 50; letters to, 11,51, 208, 209; disaster relief direct- ed by, II, 122 Kepford, Lucile, flag held by, I, 120 Kidder, W. H., service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 King, Alexander, election of, as counsellor of the American Red Cross, II, 204 Kingsley, contribution of, to sec- ond war fund drive, I, 16G; Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 187; collection of nut products at, II, 35 Klingaman, O. E., service of, as Red Cross instructor, I, 59, II, 104; work of, in first war fund drive, I, 144, 145, 158; service of, as director of home service institute, II, 102, 103 Knights Hospitallers, work of, I, 1, 2 Knights of Columbus, dances at building of, II, 147, 149; re- freshments served by, II, 148 Knitted articles, production of, II, 1, 3, 8, 9, 197, 199; commit- tee in charge of, II, 4; value of, II, 133; distribution of, to soldiers, II, 133, 134 Knitted garments, production of, II, 18-21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31; number of, distributed, II, 18, 26; value of, II, 25 Kossuth County, Red Cross mem- bership record of, I, 120, 135; contribution of, to Sanitary Commission, I, 156; contribu- tions from, to second war fund, I, 173 Ku Klux Klan, work of, for Red Cross, I, 170 Kurtz, Carl, bids of, at Red Cross auction, I, 151 Labor, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 105, 108 Laborers, number of, served by canteen, II, 53 Ladies Soldiers' Aid Society, work of, I, 14 Lake Division, Red Cross, num- ber of members in, I, 93 Lamps, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197 Laurie, husking of corn at, by women, for Red Cross, I, 195 Lawrence, William, service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Le Cron, J. D., letter to, I, 154 Le Mars, Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 189; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 League of Nations, mention of, II, 108; League of Red Cross Societies sponsored by, II, 206, 234 League of Red Cross Societies, The, organization of, II, 206; headquarters of, II, 206; con- nection of, with League of Na- tions, II, 206, 234; government of, II, 206, 207; purposes of, II, 206, 207 Lee, Porter R., outline compiled by, II, 97 Lee County, number of Red Cross members in, I, 99; donation from, to first war fund, I, 157 Lemonade, serving of, to soldiers, II, 148 Letters, sending of, for soldiers, II, 143, 145 Liberty bond, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187 Liberty loans, campaign for, in Des Moines, I, 146; advertise- ments of, I, 154; subscriptions to, in Iowa, I, 158; methods of raising, I, 159; work of Junior Red Cross for, II, 194 Lies, Eugene T., service of, as di- rector of family relief work, II, 68 Life membership, requirements for, I, 90, 221 Lincoln (Nebraska), production of surgical dressings by, II, 20 Lincoln School Building (Des Moines), Red Cross headquar- ters at, I, 58 Lindley, Hervey, service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Linn County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135, 136; donation from, to first war fund, I, 157; Red Cross auction in, I, 189, 190 Loans, making of, to soldiers, II, 132, 133, 143 254 INDEX Local organizations of the Red Cross, finances of, I, 183-203 London (England), Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 London Times, news from Crimea printed in, I, 2, 3, 5 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, poem by, I, 7 Lotteries, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184 Louisa County, Red Cross mem- bership drive in, I, 119; use of war chest in, I, 179 Lucas County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135; success of first war fund drive in, I, 156, 157 Lunches, troops furnished with, II, 47, 53, 58 Luthe, F. H., purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 151, 152 Lyons, Red Cross membership campaign in, I, 116 Mabel, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 McAdoo, William G., advertise- ments sent to, I, 154 McAdoo, Mrs. William G., service of, on Red Cross membership committee, I, 100 McCarthy, Leo, service of, as Red Cross director, II, 227 McClenahan, Bessie A., home ser- vice supervised by, II, 86; talks by, II, 104, 105 McCormick, Joe, service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 MacCracken, H. N., service of, on Red Cross membership com- mittee, I, 100; service of, as director of Junior Red Cross, II, 184 MacLean, George E., service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 McMullen, B. S., speeches by, for Red Cross, I, 164 McMullen, M. S., service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 McNamara, R. C, service of, as director of Bureau of Develop- ment, I, 50 McNeal, E. G., Belgian relief work in charge of, II, 32, 33 McNider, C. H., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Madison County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135; Red Cross contest in, I, 188, 189 Magazine membership, require- ments for, I, 90, 221 Magazines, space given to Red Cross bv, I, 106; giving of, to troops, II, 47, 49, 53, 127 Maguire, D. E., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Mahaska County, Red Cross branches and auxiliaries in, I, 86; Junior Red Cross member- ship in, II, 190 Mail, sending of, II, 49; infor- mation concerning, II, 64, 88 "Mail order" campaign, I, 132 Malta, Knights Hospitallers at, I, 2 Maltese cross, use of, by hospi- tals, I, 15 Marble Rock, Red Cross auction at, 187 Marines, provision for care of, II, 39, 131; number of, served by canteens, II, 49, 50, 53 Marion County, Red Cross mem- pership in, I, 135 Marshall, Florence, service of, as director of the Woman's Bu- reau, I, 215 Marshall County, Red Cross branches in, I, 86; second Christmas roll call in, I, 131, 132; Red Cross membership in, I, 135, 136; Red Cross em- blem in corn in, I, 173, 174; cost of work for influenza pa- tients in, II, 94 Marshalltown, second Christmas roll call at, I, 131; Red Cross membership in, I, 136; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145 ; emer- gency hospital in, II, 94; home service course at, II, 103; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Maskell, Private, tour of, for Red Cross, I, 163, 164 Masks, furnishing of, during in- fluenza epidemic, II, 93 Mason Citv. Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; Red Cross work of woman from, II, 29, 30; reg- istration of nurses at, II, 174; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Matches, giving of, to troops, II, 47, 53 Matrons, provision for, during influenza epidemic, II, 94 INDEX 255 Mattresses, furnishing of, during influenza epidemic, II, 93, 94 Mayors, proclamations by, for Red Cross, I, 107, 117 Meals, serving of, for Red Cross, I, 195; troops furnished with, II, 47-49, 53, 58; furnishing of, during influenza epidemic, II, 93, 94 Medical aid, provision for, II, 48, 49, 64 Medical Corps, hospitals for, II, 158, 159 Medical service, emblems for, I, 15, 16 Membership, Red Cross, local committee on, I, 80, 81; kinds of, I, 90-92; growth of, I, 92- 136; Christmas campaign for, I, 100-109, 122-136; campaign for, in Iowa, I, 109-122; rules of, I, 221 Memphis (Tennessee), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 Meredith, E. T., work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146; Red Cross speech by, I, 147; as- sistance of, in Red Cross auc- tion, I, 149, 151, 152 Methodist Hospital (Des Moines), Red Cross nurses from, II, 165 Mexican Border, donations to sol- diers on, II, 13; nurses sent to, II, 158 Michigan, forest fire in, I, 24; inclusion of, in Central Divi- sion, I, 49, 215; Red Cross ad- ministration in, I, 57; Red Cross chapters in, I, 64, 78; number of Red Cross members in, I, 121; result of Christmas roll call in, I, 135; students from, in home service institute, II, 101, 102; demand in, for trained home service workers, II, 118; nurses enrolled from, II, 161, 166, 175; Junior Red Cross members in, II, 189, 190, 191; number of Junior auxiliaries in, II, 190; finan- cial statistics of Junior Red Cross in, II, 191 "Military Council", use of, in Pottawattamie Countv, I, 165 Military relief, Red Cross work in, I, 43, 51, II, 141 Military Relief, Bureau of, or- ganization of, I, 42; work of, I, 43, 51; directors of, I, 51, 214 Military Relief, Department of, purpose of, I, 32, II, 128; bu- reaus in, II, 3, 39, 40, 126 Military service, nurses for, II, 152, 153 Miller, Homer, purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 151 Mills County, Red Cross chapter of, I, 76-78 Milwaukee (Wisconsin), home service institute at, II, 101, 102 Miners, donations of, to Red Cross, I, 155 Minnesota, placing of, in Central Division, I, 215 Mississippi River, floods on, I, 24, 25, 60, 61 Missouri, placing of, in Central Division, I, 215 Mitchell, John P., service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Mitchell County, contributions from, to Belgian relief, II, 33; Red Cross courses in, II, 171, 172 Monona, registration of nurses at, II, 174 Monona County, contribution from, to Belgian relief, II, 33 Monroe County, work of home service section in, II, 92 Montgomery, Albert, tour of, for Red Cross, I, 164 Montgomery County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135; home service work in, II, 87, 88 Morale, work of Red Cross for, II, 125 Morris, Gardner, service of, as di- rector of canteen service, II, 49 Mother, incident concerning re- union of, with son, II, 136 Motor Corps, duties of, II, 35, 36; organization of, II, 35, 36; work of, II, 37, 38, 93 Motor Corps Service, Bureau of, creation of, II, 35 Motor Trades Bureau, work of, for Belgian relief, II, 33 Moulton, Emma Case, service of, to Junior Red Cross, II, 189 Moving pictures, use of, in Red Cross campaign, I, 106; provi- 256 INDEX sion for, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147 Mufflers, number of, II, 21; dis- tribution of, in camps, II, 124, 133; value of, II, 133 Muir, Mrs. Lauretta K., service of, as instructor in home ser- vice, II, 107; work of, at Ce- dar Rapids, II, 122, 123 Munroe, Frederick C, selection of, as general manager of the American Red Cross, II, 204 Murphy, Bernard, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Murphy, Grayson M. P., service of, for Red Cross, I, 39 Muscatine, organization of Red Cross chapter in, I, 62; second Christmas roll call in, I, 132, 133; visiting nurse employed by, II, 179; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Muscatine County, work of home service section in, II, 92, 93; supplies produced by Junior Red Cross in, II, 198 Nashua, storm at, II, 121, 122 National Army, canteen service for, II, 46 National Children's Fund, contri- butions to, II, 191 National Defense, Council of, health campaign aided by, II, 195 National Headquarters of Amer- ican Red Cross, bureaus of, I, 42-44; objections of, to certain methods of raising money, I, 184, 185; certificates given by, II, 98; reports to, II, 118; nurses enrolled at, II, 155; Ju- nior Red Cross sponsored by, II, 184 National Membership Campaign Committee, Red Cross, person- nel of, I, 100; quotas assigned by, I, 110 Naval service, nurses for, II, 152, 153 Navy, need of nurses for, II, 161; nurses assigned to, II, 168 "Navy League", organization of, I, 70 Navy Nurse Corps, representative of, on committee, II, 153; re- serve of, II, 156; assignment of nurses to, II, 157 Nebraska, inclusion of, in Cen- tral Division, I, 49, 215; Red Cross administration in, I, 57; number of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64; number of Red Cross members in, I, 121, 135; dele- gates from, to home service conference, II, 106; nurses en- rolled from, II, 161, 166, 175; Junior Red Cross members in, II, 188-191; number of junior auxiliaries in, II, 190; finan- cial statistics of Junior Red Cross in, II, 191 Negroes, donation of, to Red Cross, I, 155, 156; work of, for Red Cross, II, 29 Nevada, Junior Red Cross mem- bership in, II, 190 New Hampton, storm at, II, 121, 122 New Orleans (Louisiana), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 New York (N. Y.), number of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64; Red Cross supplies shipped to, II, 7, 20, 33 New York School of Philanthropy, director of, II, 97 Newell, Red Cross auction at, I, 188 Newspapers, Red Cross advertis- ing in, I, 152, 153, 161; giv- ing of, to troops, II, 47-49 Newton, collection of pennies at, for Red Cross, I, 195; home service course at, II, 103 Nightingale, Florence, work of, I, 2-7, 17, 207, 208 Nobel Peace Prize, granting of, to Henri Dunant, I, 210 Northern Division, Red Cross, number of junior auxiliaries in, II, 188 Norton, Charles D., service of, for Red Cross, I, 39; withdrawal of, I, 40 Notes and references, I, 205-234, II, 213-234 Nurse Campaign Executive Com- mittee, selection of, II, 164 Nurses, enrollment of, as Red Cross members, I, 90, 91; pres- ence of, at Red Cross meeting, I, 147; presence of, in Des Moines parade, I, 168; trans- portation of, II, 36 ; number of, served by canteen, II, 53; pro- vision for, during influenza epi- demic, II, 93, 94; home for, II. INDEX 257 131; number of, II, 152, 158, 160, 166-169; committees con- cerning, II, 153, 154; enroll- ment of, II, 155-158, 160-169; qualifications of, for Red Cross service, II, 156, 157; uniforms of, II, 157; pay of, II, 157; assignment of, to duty, II, 157, 168, 169; number of, in hospi- tal units, II, 159; need of, II, 161-168, 172-174; exemption of, II, 162; campaign for, II, 162-167; training for, II, 163, 165, 166, 173; instruction giv- en by, II, 170; survey of, II, 172-175; registration of, II, 174; employment of, by towns and counties, II, 179, 180 Nurses' Associations, State, nomi- nations by, II, 154 Nurses' homes, number of, II, 131, 138; sewing for, II, 196, 197; furniture for, II, 196, 197 Nursing, Bureau of, nursing ser- vice in charge of, II, 152; du- ties of, II, 152, 153 Nursing, Department of (Central Division), head of, II, 155; or- ganization of, II, 155; cam- paign conducted by, II, 164, 165, 166; work of, in influenza epidemic, II, 167, 168 Nursing, Department of (Nation- al), bureau in, II, 170 Nursing Education, National League of, representative of, on committee, II, 153 Nursing service, local committee on, at Iowa City, I, 82; ac- count of, II, 152-180; organ- ization of, II, 152-158; State committees on, II, 154; devel- opment of, II, 156; status of, II, 156, 157; pre-war activ- ities of, II, 158-160; continua- tion of, II, 205, 206 Nursing Service, Bureau of (Cen- tral Division), work of, 52 Nursing Service, Bureau of (Na- tional), organization of, 1,42; work of, I, 43 Nursing Service, National Com- mittee on, work of, I, 33 Nursing Survey Week, account of, II, 172-175;* need of, II, 173; statistics secured during, II, 175 Nursing units, organization of, II, 153 Nuts, collection of pits and shells of, II, 34, 35 Nye, C. C, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 O. U. Bridge Club (Sioux City), salvage station managed by, I, 197, 198 O'Brien County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 O'Connor, Alfred H., Red Cross speech by, I, 146 O'Connor, F. A., intervention of, in Red Cross chapter dispute, I, 69 O'Connor, J. J., service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Develop- ment, I, 50; service of, as di- rector of Department of Chap- ters, I, 54; address of, at Red Cross meeting, I, 59; chapters authorized by, I, 63; assistance of, in Red Cross membership campaign, I, 93, 94 Oelwein, work of canteen at, II, 53, 218; registration of nurses at, II, 174 Officers (army), number of, served by canteens, II, 53; duty of, to assist Red Cross, II, 124, 125 Officers (Red Cross), selection of, by Red Cross chapters, I, 79, 80; uniforms of, II, 125, 126 Ohio, placing of, in Central Divi- sion, I, 215 Ohio River, flood on, I, 60, 61 Olives, distribution of, II, 132 Omaha (Nebraska), Red Cross supplies sent to, I, 57; home service institute at, II, 101, 106 Operating caps, distribution of, II, 26 Operating gowns, distribution of, II, 26, 28 Operating sheets, number of, II, 28 Oranges, distribution of, to troops, II, 53, 54 Orchard, W. R., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Organized charity, relation of, to home service, II, 111, 112; ad- vantages of, II, 117; disadvan- tage of name of, II, 120, 121 Organized Welfare Bureau (Sioux City), salvage station continued for, I, 201 VOL. II--18 258 INDEX Organizing Charity, American As- sociation of Societies for, mem- bers of, II, 110, 111 Orpheum shows, giving of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147, 148 Orpheum theatre (Sioux City), "raid" on, for benefit of Red Cross, I, 169 Orth, J. C, service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 Osceola County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 Oskaloosa, work of home service section in, II, 93; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Ossian, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Ottumwa, Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; work of Red Cross in, during influenza epidemic, II, 93, 94; home service course at, II, 103; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Overseas duty, nurses assigned to, II, 168 Overseas men, assistance for, II, 143 Page County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135 Pajamas, making of, II, 15, 28, 29; distribution of, to soldiers, II, 26, 145 Palo Alto County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135 Paper, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Parades, description of, I, 118, 160, 167, 168 Parents, allowances for, II, 219 Paris (France), Red Cross chap- ters in, I, 215; association formed at, II, 206 Parochial schools, enrollment of, in Junior Red Cross, I, 91, 92, II, 188 Patients, Christmas gifts for, II, 139; athletics for, II, 146 Patricola of the Empress, song by, I, 149: sale of flowers of, I, 149, 150 Patriot's Fund, use of, for Red Cross membership, I, 133 Patron membership, requirements for, I, 90 Pay, allotment of, II, 59, 61, 62; assistance in securing, II, 65 Pella, emergency hospital in, II, 94 Pencils, distribution of, to troops, II, 54 Pennies, collection of, for Red Cross, I, 195 Pennsylvania, number of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64 Percival, Carl F., service of, as manager of Red Cross shipping station, I, 58 Perkins, Mary, Red Cross work of, I, 61 Pershing, John J., Red Cross speech by, I, 142; mention of, II, 163 Persia, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Personal subscriptions, taking of, for Red Cross, I, 184, 202, 203 Persons, W. Frank, service of, as director of Bureau of Civilian Relief, I, 214; cooperation of, with social workers, II, 112; comment by, on value of home service, II, 117, 118 Pestilence, relief during, II, 68 Petticoats, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Pewter, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), mo- bilization of base hospital at, II, 160 Philippine Islands, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Physical recreation, department of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 142, 146 Physicians, enrollment of, as mem- bers of Red Cross, I, 91; pro- vision for, II, 44 Pickles, distribution of, to troops, II, 53 Picnics, provision for, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147, 149 Pies, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187; serving of, to troops, II, 47, 49, 54, 55, 148 Pig clubs, Red Cross funds raised by, I, 190-194 Pigs, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 190-194 Pillow cases, distribution of, II, 26; furnishing of, during in- fluenza epidemic, II, 93, 94 Pitkins, H. W., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Platinum, collection of, II, 34 Playground and Recreation Asso- INDEX 259 ciation of America, war work of, II, 120, 121 Plymouth County, Red Cross branches in, I, 86; number of Red Cross members in, I, 99 Pneumonia jackets, furnishing of, during influenza epidemic. II, 93 Pocahontas County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135 Poland, aid for, I, 61 Police court, fines in, given to Red Cross, I, 170 Polk County, donation from, in first war fund drive, I, 157; contribution from, to second war fund, I, 173; campaign in, for nurses, II, 164 (see also Des Moines) Poor relief, training for, II, 113, 114 Pop, serving of, to soldiers, II, 148 Pop corn, distribution of, to troops, II, 54 Porto Rico, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Positions, securing of, for soldiers, II, 53 Postal cards, giving of, to troops, II, 47, 49, 53, 54, 132 Posters, use of, in Red Cross cam- paigns, I, 106 Potatoes, raising of, for Red Cross, I, 195; anxiety of sol- dier over, II, 136 Pottawattamie County, Red Cross chapter of, I, 76-78; second war fund drive in, I, 165 Pottawattamie County Plan, scheme of, I, 165 Poweshiek County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135; Junior Red Cross membership in, II, 190 President of the United States, proclamation of, concerning Red Cross, II, 156 (see also Wilson, Woodrow) "Princess Pat's", survivor of, I, 146 Private homes, Red Cross work- rooms in, II, 12 Private schools, enrollment of, in Junior Red Cross, I, 91, 92 Production, increase in, II, 5, 6, 7 Prosper, donation from, to Red Cross, I, 157 Prussia, war with, I, 18, 20, 21 Public health, Red Cross work for, II, 205" Public Health, American Journal of, editor of, II, 203 Public health nursing, standards for, II, 157 Public Health Nursing, National Organization of, representative of, on committee, II, 153, 154 Public Health Service, United States (see United States Pub- lic Health Service) Public schools, enrollment of, in Junior Red Cross, I, 91, 92 Publicity, local committee on, I, 80, 82; provision for, I, 128, 162, 163, 167 Publicity, Bureau of (Central Di- vision), work of, I, 53, 54 Publicity, Bureau of (National), organization of, I, 43; work of, I, 44 Purchasing, committee on, I, 80, 82, II, 4; difficulties of, II, 6, 7 Pye, Charles, service of, to Ju- nior Red Cross, II, 189 Quilts, making of, II, 31, 197, 198 Quincy (Illinois), advertising in, I, 154 Quotas, fixing of, in second war fund drive, I, 162, 163; as- signment of, to chapters, II, 6 Raffles, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184 Rags, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Railroads, canteens on, II, 42 Ralston (Nebraska), aid for, I, 61 Rankin, Mr., letter from, on Des Moines advertising, I, 154 Ray, Hal, Red Cross members se- cured by, I, 95 Razors, distribution of, to soldiers, II. 141, 145 Read, Mrs. Ralph L., surgical dressings work in charge of, II, 11 Reading matter, furnishing of, to soldiers, II, 40, 42, 45, 47, 49 Reading room, provision for, II, 53 Recreation, department of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 142 Recreational officer, Red Cross, work of, II, 131 260 INDEX Red cross, use of, as emblem, I, 15 Red Cross, American, formation of, I, 18-36; disaster relief pro- vided by, I, 24-26, 35, 36, 60, 61, II, 121-123; charter of, I, 26, 28; organization of, I, 26- 36, 214, 215, II, 156; officers of, I, 28, 29, II, 203, 204; re- ports of, I, 28, 213, 214; Gen- eral Board of, I, 29, 30; Exec- utive Committee of, I, 30, 31; Central Committee of, I, 30, 32; buildings of, I, 31, 32, II, 131, 132, 138-141; departments of, I, 32, 33; State boards of, I, 33-35, 213; war organiza- tion of, I, 37-59; bureaus of, I, 42, 43; National Headquarters of, I, 42-44, 212, 213; divi- sions of, I, 45, 54; chapters of, I, 45, 46, 48, 49, 61-82; branches of, I, 46, 47, 49, 82- 89; auxiliaries of, I, 47-49; or- ganization of, in Iowa, I, 54- 89; convention of, at Des Moines, I, 59; membership in, I, 90-136, 221; National Mem- bership Campaign Committee of, I, 100, 101; publicity for, I, 106, 107, 152-154, 161, 162; use of flags of, I, 107; Christ- mas membership campaign of, in Iowa, I, 109-122; number of members in, I, 121, 122, 134- 136; funds of, I, 137, 138, 139, 174, 175; finances of, I, 137-203; duties of treasurer of, I, 139, 140; bond of treasurer of, I, 140; financial report of, I, 140, 141; National War Fi- nance Committee of, I, 141, 142; war fund of, I, 141-182; first war fund drive of, I, 142- 158; sale of articles for benefit of, I, 149-152; advertising of, at Des Moines, I, 152-154; sec- ond war fund drive of, I, 158- 182; opposition of, to war chests, I, 175-182; official stat- us of, I, 177; financing local organizations of, in Iowa, I, 185-203: contribution of Iowa to, I, 202; functions of, II, 1; work of women for, II, 1-38; creation of War Council of, II, 3; purchase of supplies by, II, 6, 7; workrooms of, II, 8-11, 12, 13; failure to follow direc- tions of, II, 14-17; letter from State director of, II, 16; pro- duction of Red Cross supplies for, II, 17-31; value of articles produced by, II, 18-25; Belgian relief work of, II, 31-33; work of, for conservation, II, 34,35; motor corps of, II, 35-38; can- teen service of, II, 39-58; home service work of, II, 59-123, 149-151; social workers em- ployed by, II, 66, 67; work of, during influenza epidemic, II, 93, 94, 167, 168; opposition of, to establishment of sanatoriums, II, 94; lecture on, II, 104; peace time home service work of, II, 107-121; representatives of, at social workers' confer- ence, II, 120; camp service of, II, 124-151; uniforms of offi- cers of, II, 125, 126; status of, in camps, II, 125, 126; recre- ational officer of, II, 131; dis- tribution of supplies by, II, 133; expenditures of, at Camp Dodge, II, 134; buildings of, at Camp Dodge, II, 138, 139; staff of, at Camp Dodge, II, 139; Christmas activities of, II, 139, 140; buildings of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 140, 141;- work of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 141; staff of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 142; "Jazz Pa- rade" planned by, II, 149; nursing service of, II, 152- 180; representative of, on com- mittee, II, 154; nurses fur- nished by, II, 158; campaign of, for nurses, II, 161-167; courses in nursing and sanita- tion given by, II, 169-172; town and country nursing ser- vice of, II, 176-180; assistance of Junior Red Cross in mem- bership campaign of, II, 195; government of, since the World War, II, 203, 204; return of, to peace basis, II, 203-209; league of societies of, II, 206, 207; recognition of, by Cove- nant of the League of Nations, II, 234 Red Cross, American Association of the, formation of, I, 22, 23 Red Cross, American National Committee, or Societv of the, for the Relief of Suffering, or- INDEX 261 ganization of, I, 21; purpose of, I, 21, 22 Red Cross, International, origin of, I, 1-17; work of, in Franco- Prussian War, I, 18-20; inter- est of, in ratification of treaty by United States, I, 23; meet- ing of, I, 25 Red Cross, Junior (see Junior Red Cross) Red Cross auxiliaries (see Auxili- aries, Red Cross) Red Cross canteens (see Canteens, Red Cross) Red Cross Christmas membership campaign, purpose of, I, 100, 102; organization for, I, 100- 109; publicity for, I, 106,107; results of, I, 121, 122 Red Cross Christmas roll call, or- ganization of, I, 124-127; re- sults of, I. 134-136 Red Cross Christmas seals, origin of, I, 14; sale of, I, 59, 61 Red Cross commissioners, knitted articles sent to, II, 18 Red Cross Committee, The Inter- national, supplement to, II, 206 Red Cross house, program at, II, 148 Red Cross institutes, delegates to, II, 80, 86, 87; holding of, II, 223, 224 "Red Cross Jazz Riot", descrip- tion of, I, 170-172 Red Cross Magazine, The, quota- tion from, I, 29; sending of, to members, I, 90, 101; money from, I, 139 Red Cross Nursing, National Com- mittee on, appointment of, II, 153; personnel of, II, 153, 154; qualifications of nurses fixed by, II, 157 Red Cross Nursing Service, nurses enrolled in, I, 90 Red Cross Nursing Service, Na- tional Committee on, State committees appointed by, II, 154 Red Cross Parade Manual, issue of, I, 160 Red Cross State Board for Iowa, personnel of, I, 60; work of, I, 60, 61 Red Cross Sunday, I, 159, 160, 163 Red Cross Treaty, adoption of, I, 11; provisions of, I, 12, 14, 15; ratification of, by United States, I, 19-23 Red Cross War Council (see War Council, Red Cross) Red Cross Week, proclamation of, I, 142 Red Oak, home service work at, II, 88 Redfield, corn husking at, for Red Cross, I, 195 Reed, Ralph J., service of, as di- rector of Red Cross case work, I, 59 Refugee garments, local committee on, at Iowa City, I, 81; pro- duction of, II, 3, 8, 18, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 193, 196, 197, 199; value of, II, 18, 24, 196 Refugees, clothing for, II, 18, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31-33; furniture for, II, 197 Regular army, allotment of pay by, II, 59 Relief, duty of Red Cross to pro- vide, II, 67, 68 Rest room, provision for, II, 53 Rhodes, Knights Hospitallers at, I, 2 Riceville, Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 189 Richardson, J. J., service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Ridgeway, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Ring, sending of, II, 48 Ripley, Allen B., service of, as di- rector of Publicity Bureau, I, 53 Ritchie, Charles J., work of, in home service department at Camp Dodge, II, 138 Rochester (New York), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 Rock Island (Illinois), home ser- vice conference at, II, 106 Rockefeller Foundation, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 143 Rockwell, Foster, canteen service in charge of, II, 46 Roll call committee (Central Di- vision), personnel of, I, 127, 128 Roosevelt, Theodore, bill concern- ing Red Cross signed by, I, 28 Roosters, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 188 Rotary Club, Red Cross member- ship drive conducted by, I, 117, 118 262 INDEX Roumania, Red Cross commission to, I, 44 Rubber, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Rummage sales, holding of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Rural communities, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 106; response of, to Red Cross roll call, I, 136; study of problems of, II, 98, 102, 103; need of home service in, II, 110, 111, 113; visiting nurses for, II, 176, 177, 179, 180 Rural schools, drive for Junior Red Cross members in, II, 189 Russell Sage Foundation, Charity Organization Department of, statistics furnished by, II, 66 Russia, famine relief in, I, 25; Red Cross commission to, I, 44 Ryan, John D., service of, for Red Cross, I, 40, 214 Sac County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135 Sailors, Red Cross supplies for, II, 18; provision for care of, II, 39; number of, served by canteens, II, 49, 50, 53; care for families of, II, 61, 62, 74- 78, 128, 129; information con- cerning, II, 64; aid of camp service to, II, 131 St. John, Walter, purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 150 St. John, Knights of, work of, I, 1, 2, 17; aid promised by, I, 10; part of, in Franco-Prussian War, I, 210, 211 Salvage stations, use of, by Red Cross, I, 197-201 Salvation Army, refreshments served by, II, 148 Sanatoriums, opening of, by local Red Cross chapters, II, 94, 95 Sandwiches, serving of, to troops, II, 47, 49, 53, 54 Sanitary Commission, United States (see United States Sani- tary Commission ) Sanitation, share of Red Cross in, II, 131; share of Junior Red Cross in, II, 195 Sargent, Fred, purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 150 Scheuerman, J. L., work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Schmidt, Emil, purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 150 School auxiliaries, local commit- tee on, I, 80; organization of, II, 185, 186; money raised by, II, 188 (see also Auxiliaries, Red Cross) School nurses, employment of, II, 179, 180 Schoolhouses, Red Cross work- rooms in, II, 12 Schools, enrollment of, as junior auxiliaries, I, 91, 92, II, 188- 191; solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 105, 108; Red Cross membership campaign in, I, 119; part of, in work of Junior Red Cross, II, 183-186; Red Cross dues of, II, 186, 187, 191; Red Cross work of, II, 192-199; effects of Junior Red Cross on, II, 200, 201 Scott, E. M., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Scott, George E., service of, for Red Cross, I, 40, II, 204; suc- cessor to, II, 204 Scutari, care of wounded at, I, 3, 5, 208 Secretary of War, reports of Red Cross to be made to, I, 28, 140, 141; order of, concerning Red Cross, II, 39, 124, 126, 156; letter from, concerning Iowa's Red Cross work, II, 208, 209 (see also Baker, Newton D.) Selective draft, effect of, on num- ber of soldiers' dependents, II, 59 Seoul, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Serbia, Red Cross commission to, I, 44 Service, emphasis on, in Junior Red Cross, II, 199-202 Service flags, distribution of, by Red Cross, I, 107-109, 112, 126, 222, 223; sale of, for Red Cross, I, 189 Service stars, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 189 Seward, William H., statement by, on foreign relations, I, 209 Sewing, activity of Junior Red Cross in, II, 196, 197 Shaving sets, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 145 Sheets, distribution of, II, 26 Shelby County, number of Red INDEX 263 Cross members in, I, 99, 120, 135 Shenandoah, contribution from, to second war fund, I, 166, 167 Shepard, Mrs. Finley J., service of, on Red Cross membership committee, I, 100 Shetland pony, sale of, at Red Cross auction, I, 150 Ship, sale of, at Red Cross auc- tion, I, 152 Shipping Board, United States, head of, I, 39 Short, Wallace M., mention of, I, 171 Shot bags, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Shoulder shawls, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Shriners, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 196 Sicily, earthquake at, I, 2 Sick, care of, by canteen workers, II, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52; visits to, II, 132 Silver City, donation from, to Red Cross, I, 157 Simmons, G. W., service of, in Des Moines Red Cross member- ship campaign, I, 94 Sioux City, Red Cross auxiliaries in, I, 86; Red Cross member- ship drive in, I, 113-115, 132; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; second war fund drive in, I, 168-172; amount raised in, I, 169, 196; fines given to Red Cross by, I, 170; Jazz Riot at, I, 170-172; sale of Red Cross livestock at, I, 190; potatoes raised at, for Red Cross, I, 195; Red Cross salvage station in, I, 197-201; Red Cross workroom at, II, 13; work of Red Cross chapter at, II, 28; work of negro women of, for Red Cross, II, 29; work of canteen at, II, 54, 218; work of home service section in, II, 92; home service course at, II, 103, 104; committee at, on nursing service, II, 155 Sioux City, Organized Welfare Bureau, secretary of, II, 104 Sioux Citv Shriners, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 196 Sioux County, production of Red Cross supplies in, II, 27; con- tribution from, to Belgian re- lief, II, 33; work of canteen in, II, 58 Sisters, allowances for, II, 219 Skinner, Merle, tour of, for Red Cross, I, 164 Slogans, use of, by Red Cross, I, 126 Small, Frederick P., service of, as director of Bureau of Stand- ards, I, 214, 215 Smith, Bruce D., service of, as manager of Central Division, I, 50; address by, at Red Cross meeting, I, 59 Snyder, Samuel, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Soap, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 141, 145 Social work, relation of home ser- vice to, II, 107-116; influence of home service on, II, 116- 121; value of training for, II, 117 - Social workers, assistance of, to home service, II, 65-67, 85-88; lack of, II, 99; relation of Red Cross home service with, II, 112-114 Social Workers, National Confer- ence of, cooperation of, with Red Cross, II, 67, 120 Socks, inspection of, II, 15; num- ber of, II, 21, 28, 30, 199; dis- tribution of, II, 26, 124, 132, 133, 141; value of, II, 133; making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 199 Soldiers, care of, in Civil War, I, 12-16; giving of Red Cross sup- plies to, II, 17, 18; provision for care of, II, 39-45, 125, 142- 144; number of, served by can- teens, II, 49, 50, 53; allotment of pay by, II, 59; care for de- pendents of, II, 60, 61, 62, 72- 78, 128, 129, 134-137; infor- mation concerning, II, 64, 135, 141; records of, II, 131; aid of camp service to, II, 131; loans to, II, 132, 133, 141, 143; Christmas gifts for, II, 140, 148; information given to, II, 141, 144, 145; entertain- ments for, II, 146-148; letters to, II, 194, 195; supplies for, made by Junior Red Cross, II, 196, 197 Soldiers' and sailors' insurance law, provisions of, II, 61 264 INDEX Soldiers' Orphans' Home (Daven- port), Junior Red Cross auxili- ary at, II, 188 Solferino, care of wounded after battle at, I, 7-10 Solferino, Un Souvenir de, I, 10 Spalding, Vaughan, service of, as director of Bureau of Military Relief, I, 51 Spanish-American War, Red Cross relief in, I, 26, 98 Speakers' Bureau, Red Cross, head of, I, 128; service of, in second war fund drive, I, 162, 163 Special relief funds, Red Cross, I, 137, 138, 139 Sprague, A. H., 2d., selection of, as manager of Central Division, I, 49 Stadden, George B., service of, on roll call committee, I, 127; com- ment by, concerning war chests, I, 177, 178 Stamps, soldiers provided with, II, 49, 127, 132 Standards, Bureau of, organiza- tion of, I, 43; work of, I, 43; director of, I, 214, 215 State Board for Iowa, Red Cross, personnel of, I, 60; work of, I, 60, 61 State Council of National Defense, plan endorsed by, I, 165 State employees, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 104 State Executive Committee, Iowa, personnel of, I, 128 State fair, serving of meals at, I, 195 State institutions, Red Cross work in, II, 29 State University of Iowa, Exten- sion Division, work of, for home service chapter courses, II, 103, 105, 106, 172 States, committees of, on nursing service, II, 154; assignment of quotas to, in campaign for nurses, II, 162, 166, 167 Stationerv, furnishing of, to sol- diers, II, 40, 47, 49, 127, 132 Stevens, Frederick W., service of, as Michigan State director of the Red Cross, I, 78 Steward, Charles A., service of, as director of Bureau of Mili- tary Relief, I, 51 Steward, J. R., service of, as field director of Red Cross, II, 139 Stillman, C. C, presence of, at conference, II, 106 Storm Lake, Red Cross auction at, I, 188; registration of nurses at, II, 174 Storms, relief work after, II, 121, 122 Storerooms, Red Cross work- rooms in, II, 12 Story County, success of first war fund drive in, I, 156; chickens donated to Red Cross in, I, 190, 191 Stout, J. E., service of, as direc- tor of Junior Red Cross, II, 185 Studebaker, John Ward, comment by, on Junior Red Cross, II, 182, 199, 200; service of, as director of Junior Red Cross, II, 184 Student nurses, enrollment of, II, 165, 166 Students' Army Training Corps, Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 26; camp service for, II, 133 Sugar Division of Food Adminis- tration, fines levied by, I, 197 Sunny, Bernard E., service of, as director of second war fund drive, I, 162 Suppers, furnishing of, to troops, II, 53, 56, 57 Supplies, local committee on, I, 80, 81; disposal of, from branches, I, 83, 84, 87, 88,89; production of, in the United States, II, 1, 3, 17-19; bureau in charge of, II, 3, 4; inspec- tion of, II, 4, 11, 12, 15, 19, 20, 26; demand for, II, 7; shipment of, II, 7, 8; produc- tion of, in Central Division, II, 19-22; production of, in Iowa, II, 22-31; transportation of, II, 35, 36; production of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 192-199; end of production of, II, 205 Supplies, Bureau of, work of, I, 52, II, 19, 20 Supplies and Transportation, Bu- reau of, director of, I, 215 Supply, department of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 142 Supply Service, Bureau of, crea- tion of, II, 3; purpose of, II, 3 Surgeons, provision for, II, 43, 44 Surgical dressings, committee on, INDEX 265 I, 80, 81, II, 4; production of, II, 1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 16-20, 23, 24, 27-30, 193, 196-199; direc- tor in charge of, II, 11; classes for, II, 16; value of, II, 18, 24 "Surgical Dressings Unit", organ- ization of, I, 70 Surgical supplies, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 141 Survey, The, quotation from, con- cerning Red Cross, I, 35, 36, II, 75, 76 Surgeon General of the Army, re- quest of, for nurses, II, 152, 158, 161, 166; service of, on committee, II, 153; nurses under command of, II, 157; nursing survey asked by, II, 172 (see also Gorgas, William C.) Surgeon General of the Navy, service of, on committee, II, 153 ; nurses under command of, II, 157; request of, for nurses, II, 161 (see also Braisted, William C.) Sustaining membership, require- ments for, I, 90 Swaddling blankets, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Swea City, production of Red Cross supplies in, II, 27 Sweaters, standardization of, II, 5; number of, furnished by Central Division, II, 20, 21; distribution of, II, 26, 124, 132, 133, 141, 145; number of, II, 31; value of, II, 133; need of, for soldiers, II, 139 Switzerland, Federal Council of, Red Cross conference called by, I, H Syracuse (New York), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 Svria, donations for relief in, I, 203; Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Tables, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197, 199 Tables of Red Cross activities, II, 24, 25, 169, 175, 190, 191 Taborets, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197 Taft, Ina M., service of, as direc- tor of Woman's Bureau, I, 53 Taft, William Howard, service of, to Red Cross, I, 28, 29, 30, 39; Red Cross speech by, I, 142; election of, as vice president of the American Red Cross, II, 204 Tag days, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184 Talcum powder, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 145 Tama, Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 187; work of Red Cross chapter at, II, 27; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Tama County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135 Teachers, cooperation of, with Ju- nior Red Cross, II, 183, 184; opinions of, concerning Junior Red Cross, II, 201, 202 Telegrams, sending of, for troops, II, 47, 132, 143, 145 Telephone calls, sending of, II, 143, 145 Theatre parties, giving of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147 Thrift, emphasis on, in Junior Red Cross, II, 200, 201 Ticket-selling, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184 Tin, collection of, II, 34 "Tiny B" (pony), sale of, at Red Cross auction, I, 150 Tipton, contributions from, to sec- ond war fund, I, 173 Tobacco, furnishing of, to soldiers, II, 40, 42, 45, 47, 49, 127, 145 Toledo, Red Cross membership record of, I, 130 Tomatoes, distribution of, to troops, II, 54, 55 Tooth brushes, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 141, 145 Tooth paste, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 145 Towels, distribution of, II, 26, 47; making of, by Junior Red Cross II 199 Town and 'Country Nursing Ser- vice, work of, II, 176-180 Towne, O. B., Red Cross speech by, I, 147; Kepford congratu- lated by, I, 156 Towns, rivalries between, I, 72- 77: visiting nurses for, II, 176, 177, 179 Townsend, L. J., talks by, at home service course, II, 105 Traders' Exchange, beeves donated by, I, 169 Traer, Red Cross auction at, I, 187 266 INDEX Training School for Girls (Mitch- ellville), Junior Red Cross aux- iliary at, II, 188 Trains, canteen workers at, II, 42, 43, 45 Transportation and Supply Ser- vice, Bureau of, organization of, I, 42, II, 3; work of, I, 44, II, 4 Travers, Mrs. Frank C, work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Trench candles, making of, by Ju- nior Red Cross, II, 198 Troop trains, meeting of, by can- teen workers, II, 42, 43, 45 Troops, provision for care of, II, 39-45; number of, aided by canteen service, II, 46, 49, 50, 52-55 Tuberculosis, campaign against, I, 61; provision for care of, II, 65; care of soldiers with, II, 80 Turkey, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 188 Union County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 136 United States, ratification of Geneva Treaty by, I, 19-23; Red Cross divisions in, I, 45; number of Red Cross chapters in, I, 48, 49; Red Cross mem- bers in, I, 92, 93, 121; success of second war fund drive in, I, 162; attitude of, toward con- gress at Geneva, I, 209; pro- duction of Red Cross supplies in, II, 17-19; soldiers to be fed by, II, 51; districts of, for fam- ily relief, II, 68; number of Junior Red Cross members in, II, 190; membership of, in League of Red Cross Societies, II, 206, 207 United States Public Health Ser- vice, surgeon general of, II, 153; nurses assigned to, II, 168; cooperation of, with Red Cross, II, 168 United States Sanitary Commis- sion, organization of, I, 12; work of, I, 12-17; donation to, I, 156 United States Shipping Board, head of, I, 39 United States Steel Corporation, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 143 University Church (Des Moines), Red Cross meeting at, I, 146, 147; refreshments furnished by, II, 148, 149 Vail, Theodore N., service of, on Red Cross membership com- mittee, I, 100 Van Dyke, Henry, service of, on Red Cross membership com- mittee, I, 100 Vassar College, president of, II, 184 Vicksburg (Mississippi), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 Victory buttons, distribution of, II, 65 Villisca, home service work at, II, 87, 88 Vinton, second war fund drive in, I, 165 Visiting nurses, need of, II, 176; qualifications of, II, 176, 177, 178; support of, II, 177; su- pervision of, II, 177, 178; number of, II, 178-180 Vladivostok (Siberia), Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 26 Vocational rehabilitation, provi- sion for, II, 65 Wacker, Charles H., address by, at Des Moines, I, 94 Wadsworth, Eliot, service of, to Red Cross, I, 30, 39; service of, on War Council, I, 214; service of, on Executive Com- mittee, II, 204 Waitresses, provision for, during influenza epidemic, II, 94 Wallace, John P., Des Moines Red Cross membership campaign di- rected by, I, 94-96; service of, as chairman of Iowa member- ship committee, I, 109; service of, as chairman of Red Cross roll call, I, 130; Red Cross meeting in charge of, I, 147; purchase by, at Red Cross auc- tion, I, 151; second war fund drive in charge of, I, 163; re- ports to, I, 173; objections of, to use of war chest, I, 180, 181; service flag plan developed by, I, 222 Waller, F. C, service of, as direc- tor of Bureau of Accounting, I, 53 Wapello County, Red Cross branches in, I, 86; work of INDEX 267 home service section in, II, 92; work of Red Cross in, during influenza epidemic, II, 93; en- rollment of nurses in, II, 165 War Camp Community Service, administration of, II, 121 War chests, plan of, I, 175, 176; use of, in Red Cross drives, I, 175-182; objections to, 176- 182; failure of, in Illinois, I, 178, 179 War club, Red Cross dues paid by, I, 134 War Council, Red Cross, appoint- ment of, I, 37-40, 92, 137, 141, II, 3; personnel of, I, 39, 40, II, 119; chairman of, II, 119; Junior Red Cross approved by, II, 181; dropping of, II, 203 War Department, United States, headquarters for Red Cross sup- plied by, I, 212 War Finance Committee, National, creation of, I, 141 War Fund, Red Cross, creation of, I, 141, 142; first drive for, I, 142-158; second drive for, I, 158-182; disposition of, I, 174, 175; insufficiency of, I, 183; contribution from, to canteen service, II, 45 War Industries Board, agreement of, with Red Cross, II, 7, 34, 35 War risk insurance, information concerning, II, 64, 65; study of, II, 97 War Service Board of Buena Vis- ta County, work of, for Red Cross, I, 165 War Service League of Marshall Countv, work of, in Christmas roll call, I, 131, 132 War Service League of Muscatine, work of, in Christmas roll call, I, 133 War Union of Henry County, Red Cross aided by, I, 165 Ware, Charles, service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Supplies, I, 52 Warehouses, number of, II, 131, 132 Warehousing and shipping, com- mittee on, I, 80, II, 4 Wash cloths, giving of, to soldiers, II, 145; making of, by JunioT Red Cross, II, 198 Washington, Red Cross canteen in, II, 45, 218; director of family relief at, II, 68 Washington (D. C), Red Cross conference at, I, 100; Red Cross bureaus at, II, 4 Washington County, number of Red Cross members in, I, 99; work of home service section in, II, 92 Washington Union Station, Red Cross canteen in, II, 45 Waterloo, Red Cross auxiliaries in, I, 86; Red Cross member- ship in, I, 116, 136; second Christmas roll call at, I, 131; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; donation of money at, for Red Cross, I, 195; work of women's motor corps at, II, 37; work of canteen at, II, 53, 218; work of home service section in, II, 92; home service course at, II, 103, 106, 107; enrollment of nurses in, II, 165 Watterson, Henry, service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Waukon, registration of nurses at, II, 174 Wayne County, contributions from, to second war fund, I, 173 Weaver, James B., service of, as State director of Red Cross, I, 54, 55, 63, 64, 65, 68; service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60; policy of, in organizing Red Cross chapters, I, 72; Red Cross membership campaign in charge of, I, 116; work of, in first war fund drive, I, 144, 145; Red Cross speech by, I, 147 Webster City, second Christmas roll call in, I, 132; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Webster County, organization of Red Cross chapter in, I, 62; Red Cross branches in, I, 86; Red Cross members in, I, 113, 129 136; second Christmas roll call in, I, 133; Patriot's Fund of I 133; use of war chest plan in, I, 179; Red Cross workrooms in, II, 13; Junior Red Cross membership in, II, 190 , .. Welch, F. A., service of, as direc- tor ' of Junior Red Cross, II, 185, 187, 189 268 INDEX Wesley, donation of, to Red Cross, I, 157 West Liberty, Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 189 Western League baseball park, athletic meet at, II, 146 Western Newspaper Union, Red Cross advertising distributed by, I, 161 Western Union, delay of messages on, II, 130 Wheel chair race, II, 146 White, M. M., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Wiggins, Lewis N., service of, as associate manager of Central Division, I, 50; service of, as director of Bureau of Develop- ment, I, 50; service of, as cam- paign manager for Central Di- vision, I, 109; service of, in second war fund drive, I, 162 Williams, B. F., work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Williams, John Skelton, election of, as treasurer of the Amer- ican Red Cross, II, 204 Wilson, Emma C, service of, as field secretary, II, 165; courses in charge of, II, 172 Wilson, Mrs. William E., record of, in Red Cross work, II, 29, 30 Wilson, Woodrow, office of, in Red Cross, I, 28, II, 204; address of, at dedication of Red Cross building, I, 32; appointment of Red Cross War Council by, I, 37-40; proclamations of, con- cerning Red Cross, I, 111, 124, 125, 142, 146, 160, 161; Red Cross War Council appointed by, I, 141; turkey presented to, I, 188; presidential suite turned over to Red Cross by, II, 45; Junior Red Cross endorsed by, II, 182, 183, 184; head of Red Cross appointed by, II, 203 Windsor, Mrs. Helen Howell, ap- pointment of, as director of Bu- reau of Woman's Work for Iowa, II, 11; appointment of, as associate director of the Bu- reau of Development, II, 11 Winnebago County, Red Cross auc- tion in, I, 186, 187 Winneshiek County, organization of Red Cross chapter in, I, 82; Red Cross pig club in, I, 191- 194; Junior Red Cross organ- ized in, II, 188 "Winneshiek County, Iowa, Hog Special", description of, I, 193 Wisconsin, inclusion of, in Cen- tral Division, I, 49, 215; num- ber of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64; number of Red Cross mem- bers in, I, 121; use of Red Cross service flags in, I, 223; students from, in home service institute, II, 102; nurses en- rolled from, II, 161, 166, 167, 175; part of, in nurses' parade, II, 164; Junior Red Cross members in, II, 189, 190, 191; number of junior auxiliaries in. II, 190; financial statistics of Junior Red Cross in, II, 191 Wives, allowance to, II, 219 Woman's Bureau (Central Divi- sion), work of, I, 52, 53 Woman's Bureau (National), es- tablishment of, II, 3; work of, II, 3, 4 Woman's Work, Bureau of, organ- ization of, I, 43 ; work of, I, 44 Woman's Work for Iowa, Bureau of, director of, II, 11 Women, instruction for, I, 80; work of, for Red Cross, I, 108, 116, 195, II, 1-38; organiza- tion of, for Red Cross work, II, 2-8, 11, 12; number of, in Red Cross work, II, 5, 18, 27; workrooms of, II, 8-11; dress of, in workrooms, II, 9, 10; production of Red Cross sup- plies by, II, 17-31; value of ar- ticles produced by, II, 18, 19, 21-25; work of, in canteens, II, 44, 45 Women's Clubs, City Federation of (Des Moines), work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Women's Council of National De- fense, membership canvass by, I, 130, 131; work of, for Bel- gian relief, II, 33 Women's Volunteer Motor Corps, organization of, II, 35, 36; work of, II, 37, 38 (see also Motor Corps) Woodbury County, Red Cross branches in, I, 86; Red Cross auxiliaries in, I, 86; donation from, to first war fund, I, 157; second war fund drive in, I, 168-172 ; Red Cross salvage sta- INDEX 269 tion in, I, 197-201; Red Cross workroom in courthouse of, II, 13; work of Red Cross chapter of, II, 28; work of home ser- vice section in, II, 92 Woodward, Red Cross auction at, I, 187 Workrooms, Red Cross, descrip- tion of, II, 8-13; directors of, II, 9, 10, 11 World War, enrollment of nurses for, II, 160-169 Worth, Harry, work of, as field director at Fort Des Moines, II, 140; resignation of, as director, II, 227 Worth County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 136 Wounded, care of, by canteens, II, 49, 50, 52; assistance of home service to, II, 64 Wright County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 136 Wristlets, number of, II, 21, 31; distribution of, to soldiers, II, 133; value of, II, 133 Young, Lafavette, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, raising of funds for, I, 114, 119, 165; packages dis- tributed at building of, II, 134; ice cream served by, II, 148 NATIONAL LIBRARY NLfl DDDbSDSE D NLM000650520