DRILL REGULATIONS AND# - SERVICE MANUAL ? A A' ■ A LAW WA iw>t? av : a aa a#aa<: UNITED STATES AR ■ DRILL REGULATIONS AND SERVICE MANUAL FOR SANITARY TROOPS UNITED STATES ARMY 1917 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 WAR DEPARTMENT, Document No. 662. Office of The Adjutant General. WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington, September 11, 1917. The following system of Drill Regulations and Service Man- ual for Sanitary Troops, United States Army, prepared under the direction of the Surgeon General, is approved and herewith published for the information and government of the armies of the United States. With a view to insure uniformity throughout the Army, all sanitary troop exercises and maneuvers not embraced in this system are prohibited and those herein prescribed will be strictly observed. [300.7, A. G. O.] By order of the Secretary of War : H. L. SCOTT, Major General, Chief of Staff. Official : H. P. McCAIN, The Adjutant General. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Part I. Drill regulations. Page. Definitions 9 General principles .. 11 School of the soldier 15 General 15 Position of the soldier 15 Rests... 16 Facings 17 Hand salute... x .... 17 Setting-up exercises . 17 Steps and marchings 21 The soldier, mounted 24 School of the detachment ,39 General ...7 39 Posts of officers and noncommissioned officers 39 To form and dismiss the detachment 41 Alignments . 42 To take intervals and distances 43 Marchings 44 Turnings 45 Move ments by platoons 53 Litter drill 58 Manual of the litter 59 Marchings with litter 73 To load the litter 78 To pass obstacles 86 To carry a loaded litter up and down stairs 87 To unload the litter 90 Improvisation of litters .' 90 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 6 Page. Methods of removing wounded without litter 91 By the rifle seat 91 By one bearer 92 By two bearers 95 To place a patient on horseback 96 The travois 97 The ambulance , 98 Loading the ambulance 98 To take post at ambulance 98 To load and unload the ambulance 99 School of the company 101 General 101 Signals - 104 Ambulance companies 106 The company dismounted 106 The company mounted 108 Detachments of the company 109 The bearer detachment . 109 The pack detachment '.:: 109 The Medical Department pack 110 Packing the mule 114 Remarks on packing 115 The ambulance detachment... f. 116 General -116 Individual instruction mule drawn company to harness and un- harness 116 Fitting the harness 119 Driving 124 Drill of ambulance detachments, mule-drawm company 132 General provisions 132 Marchings .... 134 Movements by platoons 138 The wagon detachment 142 General 142 The company mounted 142 General provisions , 144 To form and dismiss the company 146 Marchings 147 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 7 Page. Motor ambulance companies 147 General 147 . Formations j ' 148 Ambulance drill ; 149 Signals 149 Field training -. 150 General 150 Route marches 150 Making and breaking camp 151 Field hospital companies 153 General 153 Scheme for pitching field hospitals; : 153 Laying out a field hospital 154 Maneuvers of two or more companies 156 Part II. Ceremonies and inspections. Ceremonies 160 General rules . 160 Reviews "... 162 Inspections ..... .- 164 Detachment or company dismounted 164 Light kit 164 Field kit 167 Litters 169 Ambulances, mule 170 Ambulances, motor .' 171 The company mounted 170 Mule-drawn company 171 Motor company 171 Muster 171 Company guard mounting 171 Funeral escorts 172 Honors and salutes 174 Part III. Manuals. Manual of the saber .. 178 Manual of the guidon 183 Manual of tent pitching 184 Manual of the bugle 190 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Part IV. Care and use of animals and transportation. Page. Care of animals » ... 221 General 221 Rules for care of animals 222 Stable duty 224 Grooming , 225 Watering 227 Feeding 228 Exercising 229 Sick animals 230 Shoeing 230 Care of draft animals in the field 231 Care of saddle animals 1 232 Care of leather equipment .. 237 Care of ambulances and wagons 238 Care of motor transportation 238 Part V. First aid. General .' 245 Part VI. Duties in the field. Regimental sanitary detachment 267 Ambulance company 269 Field hospital company 271 Camp infirmary 272 Station for slightly wounded 272 Shelter from enemy's fire 273 Entraining 274 Preparation of ordinary transportation for wounded 276 Messengers and signaling 278 Appendix. Equipment of enlisted men 279 In the field 1 280 In garrison 284 Personnel of ambulance companies 285 Personnel of field hospital companies : - 285 Part I. DRILL REGULATIONS.1 DEFINITIONS. Alignment.-A straight line upon which several men or bodies of troops are formed or are to be formed or the dressing of several elements upon a straight line. Base.-The element on which a movement is regulated. Center.-The middle point or element of a command. Column.-A formation in which the elements are placed one be- hind another. Deploy.-To extend the front. In general, to change from col- umn to line, or from close order to extended order. Depth.-The space from head to rear of any formation, includ- ing the leading and rear elements. Disposition.-The distribution of the fractions of a body of troops, and the formations and duties assigned to each, for the accomplishment of a desired end. Distance.-Space between elements in the direction of depth. Drill.-The exercises and evolutions taught on the drill ground. Element.-A file, squad, platoon, detachment, company, or larger body forming a part of a large force. Facing distance.-Fourteen inches-i. e., the difference between the front of a man in ranks, including his interval, and-his depth. File.-This term is applied to individual men in single-rank for- mation. 1 Unless otherwise stated the word " privates " as used in this book applies indifferently to privates, first class, and privates. 9 10 DEFINITIONS. File closers.-Officers and noncommissioned officers posted in rear of the line. Flank.-The right or left of a command in line or columns; also, the element on the right or left of a line. Formation.-Arrangement of the elements of a command. The placing of all fractions in their order in line, in column, or for battle. Front.-The space, in width, occupied by a command, either in line or column. Guide.-An officer, noncommissioned officer, or private upon whom the command or fraction thereof regulates its march. Head.-The leading element of a column. Interval.-Space between elements of the same line. Left.-The left extremity or element of a body of troops. Line.-A formation in which the different elements are abreast of each other. Maneuver.-A movement made according to the nature of the ground with reference to the position and movements of the enemy. Order, close.-The normal formation in which soldiers are regu- larly arranged in line or column. Order, extended.-The formation in which the soldiers or the subdivisions, or both, are separated by intervals greater than in close order. Pace.-Thirty inches; the length of the full step in quick time. Point of rest.-1The point at which a formation begins. Rank.-A line of men placed side by side. Right.-The right extremity or element of a body of troops. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 1. The interval between men in a rank is 4 inches. The allowance for the front of a man is taken at about 26- inches, including the interval; the depth, about 12 inches. To secure uniformity of interval between files, when falling in and in alignments, each man places the palm of the left hand upon the hip, fingers pointing downward. In the first case the- hand is dropped by the side when the man next on the left has his interval; in the second case, at the command front. 2. Distance is measured from the back of the man in front to- the breast of the man in rear. The distance between subdivisions in column is measured from guide to guide. The distance between cojnmands in column is measured from the rear guide of the preceding to the leading guide of the fol- lowing command. 3. The interval between men is measured from elbow to elbow; between companies, detachments, squads, etc., from the left elbow of the left man. or guide, of the group on the right to the right elbow- of the right man, or guide, of the group on the- left. 4. There are two kinds of commands: The preparatory command, such as foncard, indicates the- movement that is to be executed. The command of execution, such as MARCH, or HALT, causes the execution. Preparatory commands are distinguished by small black, type, those of execution by CAPITALS. Where it is not mentioned in the text who gives the commands prescribed, they are to be given by the instructor. The preparatory command should be given at such an Interval of time before the command of execution as to admit of its being properly understood; the command of execution should be given at the instant the movement is to commence. The tone of command is animated, distinct, and of a loudness proportioned to the number of men under instruction. 11 12 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Each preparatory command is enunciated distinctly and pro- nounced in an ascending tone of voice, but always in such a man- ner that the command of execution may be more energetic and •elevated. The command of execution is firm in tone and brief. When giving commands to troops it is usually best to face toward them. Indifference in giving commands must be avoided, as it leads to laxity in execution. Commands should be given with spirit at all times. 5. To secure uniformity, officers and noncommissioned officers should be practiced in giving commands. 6. When the preparatory command consists of more than one part, its elements are arranged as follows: (1) For movements to be executed successively by the subdi- visions or elements of an organization: (a) Description of the movement; (b) how executed, or on what element executed. (2) For movements to be executed simultaneously by the sub- divisions of an organization: (a) The designation of the sub- divisions; (b) the movement to be executed. 7. Movements that may be executed toward either flank are explained as toward but one flank, it being necessary to substi- tute the word " left " for " right " and the reverse, to have the explanation of the corresponding movement toward the other flank. The commands are given for the execution of the move- ments toward either flank. The substitute word of the command is placed within parentheses. 8. Any movement may be executed either from the halt or when marching, unless otherwise prescribed. If at a halt, the command for movements involving marching need not be pre- faced by forward, as, 1. Column right (left), 2. MARCH. 9. Any movement not specially excepted may be executed in double time. If at a halt, or if marching in quick time, the command double time precedes the command of execution. 10. In successive movements executed in double time the leading or base unit marches in quick time when not otherwise prescribed ; the other units march in double time to their places in the formation ordered and then conform to the gait of the lead- ing or base unit. If marching in double time, the command GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 13 double time is omitted. The leading or base unit marches in quick time; the other units continue at double time to their places in the formation ordered and then conform to the gait of the lead- ing or base unit. 11. To hasten the execution of a movement begun in quick time, the command: 1. Double time, 2. MARCH, is given. The leading or base unit continues to march in quick time, or remains at halt if already halted; the other units complete the execution of the movement in double time and then conform to the gait of the leading or base unit. 12. To stay the execution of a movement when marching, for the correction of errors, the command, 1. In place, 2. HALT, is given. All halt and stand fast. To resume the movement the command, 1. Resume, 2. MARCH, is given. 13. To revoke a preparatory command, or, being at a halt, to begin anew a movement begun, the command, AS YOU WERE, is given, at which the movement ceases and the former position is resumed. 14. Unless otherwise announced, the guide of a detachment or company, or of a subdivision of either, in line, is right. The guide of a rank in column of fours is the file of the rank far- thest from the file closers. To march with guide other than as prescribed above, or to change the guide: Guide (right, left, or center). In successive formations into line, the guide is toward the point of rest; in platoons or larger subdivisions It is so an- nounced. The announcement of the guide, when given in connection with a movement, follows the command of execution for that move- ment. 15. The turn on the fixed pivot by subdivisions is used in all formations from line into column and the reverse. The turn on the moving pivot is used by subdivisions of a column in executing changes of direction. 16. Partial changes of direction may be executed: By interpolating in the preparatory command the word half, as Column half right (left), or Right (left) half turn, a change of direction of 45° is executed. By command, INCLINE TO THE RIGHT (LEFT), the guide, or guiding element, moves in the indicated direction and the 14 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. remainder of the command conforms. This movement effects slight changes of direction. 17. The designation Une of platoons refers to the formation in which the platoons, each in column of fours, are in line. 18. Full distance in column of subdivisions is such that in forming line to the right or left the subdivisions will have their proper intervals. In column of subdivisions the guide of the leading subdivision is charged with the step and direction; the guides in rear pre- serve the trace, step, and distance. 19. In close order, all details, detachments, and other bodies of troops are habitually formed in single rank. 20. In all changes from one formation to another involving a change of post on the part of any of these, posts are promptly taken by the most convenient route as soon as practicable after the command of execution for the movement; officers and non- commissioned officers who have prescribed duties in connection with the movement ordered take their new posts when such duties are completed. 21. In making the about, an officer, mounted, habitually turns to the left. » 22. At all military formations an officer salutes before mak- ing a report; the officer to whom the report is made acknowl- edges, by saluting, that he has received and understood the report. The salute is made with the saber, if drawn; otherwise with the hand. 23. In the different schools the posts of the officers and non- commissioned officers are specified, but as instructors they go wherever their presence is necessary. As file closers it is their duty to rectify mistakes and insure steadiness and promptness in the ranks. The instructor always maintains a military bearing, and by a quiet, firm demeanor sets a proper example to the men. 24. Short and frequent drills are preferable to long ones, which exhaust the attention. 25. Whenever detachments or companies are formed for drill or instruction, officers and enlisted men will wear the prescribed uniform. 26. A list of the articles included in the field equipment of the sanitary soldier is given in the Appendix. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 27. The instructor briefly explains each movement, at first executing it himself, if practicable. He requires the recruits to take by themselves the proper posi- tions and does not touch them for the purpose of correcting them, except when they are unable to correct themselves; he avoids keeping them too long at the same movement, although each should be understood before passing to another. He exacts by degrees the desired position and uniformity'. 28. As the instruction progresses the recruits are grouped according to proficiency in order that all may advance as rapidly as their abilities permit. Those who lack aptitude and quickness are separated from the others and placed under experienced drill masters. 29. A few recruits, usually not exceeding four, are placed in a single rank, facing to the front and about 4 inches apart, ar- ranged according to height, the tallest man on the right. 30. To teach the recruits to assemble, the instructor requires them to place the palm of the left hand upon the hip, below the belt when worn; he then places them on the same line, so that the right arm of each man rests lightly against the left elbow of the man next on his right, and then directs the left hands to be replaced by the side. 31. When the recruits have learned how to take their places, the instructor commands: FALL IN. They assemble rapidly, as above prescribed, at attention, each man dropping the left hand as soon as the man next on his left has his interval. POSITION OF THE SOLDIER, OB ATTENTION. 32. Heels on the same line and as near each other as the con- formation of the man permits. Feet turned out equally and forming an angle of about 45 de- grees. 15 16 SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. Knees straight without stiffness. Hips level and drawn back slightly; body erect and resting •equally on hips; chest lifted and arched; shoulders square and falling equally. Arms and hands hanging naturally, thumb along seam of the trousers. Head erect and squarely to the front, chin drawn in so that the axis of the head and neck is vertical; eyes straight to the front. Weight of the body resting equally upon the heels and balls of the feet. 33. Being at a halt, the commands are: FALL OUT; REST; AT EASE; and 1. Parade, 2. REST. At the command FALL OUT, the men may leave the ranks, but remain in the immediate vicinity. They resume their former places at attention at the command FALL IN. At the command rest, each man keeps one foot in place, but is not required to preserve silence or immobility. At the command AT EASE, each man keeps one foot in place and preserves silence, but not immobility. 1. Parade, 2. REST. Carry the right foot 6 inches straight to the rear, left knee slightly bent; clasp the hands without con- straint in front of the center of the body; fingers joined, left hand uppermost, left thumb clasped by thumb and forefinger of right hand; preserve silence and steadiness of position. 34. To resume the attention: 1. Squad, 2. ATTENTION. The men take the position of the soldier. THE RESTS. TO DISMISS THE SQUAD. 35. Being at halt: DISMISSED. TO TURN HEAD AND EYES TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. 36. 1. Eyes, 2. RIGHT (LEFT), 3. FRONT. At the command RIGHT, turn the head to the right oblique, eyes fixed on the line of eyes of the men in, or supposed to be in, the same rank. At the command FRONT, turn the head and eyes to the front. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 17 37. To the flank: 1. Right (Left), 2. FACE. Raise slightly the left heel and right toe; face to the right, turning on the right heel, assisted by a slight pressure on the ball of the left foot; place the left foot by the side of the right. Left face is executed on the left heel in the corresponding man- ner. Right (Left) HALF FACE is execued similarly, facing 45 degrees. " To face in marching " and advance, turn on the ball of either foot and step off with the other foot in the new line of direction; to face in marching without gaining ground in the new direction, turn on the ball of either foot and mark time. To the real*: 1. About, 2. FACE. Carry the toe of the right foot about a half- foot length to the rear and slightly to the left ©f the left heel without changing the position of the left foot; face to the rear, turning to the right on the left heel and right toe; place the right heel by the side of the left. FACINGS. 38. 1. Hand, 2. SALUTE. (1) Haise the right hand smartly till the forefinger touches the lower part of the head- dress, or forehead, above the right eye, thumb and fingers extended and joined, palm to the left, forearm inclined at about 45°, hand and wrist straight; at the same time look toward the person saluted. (2) Drop the arm smartly by the side. The salute for officers is the same. For rules governing salutes, see " Honors," section 406. SALUTE WITH THE HAND. Plate 1, Sec. 38. 39. All soldiers are regularly practiced in the following exer- cises, which may be supplemented by those in authorized calis- thenic manuals. Intervals are taken as in sections 95 and 96. SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 12420°-17 2 18 SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. In these exercises it is advisable to remove blouses and caps. As soon as the exercises are well understood, they may be continued without repeating the commands. For this purpose the instructor gives the commands as prescribed, then adds: Continue the exercise, upon which the motions to be repeated are continuously executed until the command HALT. At the command HALT, given at any time, the position of the soldier is resumed. Pl. 2, Sec. 39, 1 Ex. Pl. 3, Sec. 39,1 Ex. Pl. 4, Sec. 39, 1 Ex. First exercise. 1. Arm, 2. EXERCISE. 3. HEAD, 4. UP, 5. DOWN, 6. RAISE. At the command EXERCISE, raise the arms laterally until horizontal, palms upward. HEAD: Raise the arms in a circu- lar direction over the head, tips of fingers touching top of the head, backs of fingers in contact their full length, thumbs point- SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 19 ing to the rear, elbows pressed back. UP: Extend the arms upward their full length, palms touching. DOWN: Force the arms obliquely back and gradually let them fall by the sides. BAISE: Raise the arms laterally as prescribed for the second command. Continue by repeating HEAD, UP, DOWN, RAISE. Pl. 6, Sec. 39, 2 Ex. Pl. 5, Sec. 39, 2 Ex. Second exercise. 1. Arms vertical, palms to the front, 2. RAISE, 3. DOWN, 4. UP. At the command RAISE, raise the arms laterally from the sides, extended to their full length, till the hands meet above the head, palms to the front, fingers pointing upward, thumbs locked, right thumb in front, shoulders pressed back. DOWN: Bend over till the hands, if possible, touch the ground, keeping the arms and knees straight. UP: Straighten the body and swing the extended arms (thumbs locked) to the vertical posi- tion. Continue by repeating DOWN, UP. 20 SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. Third exercise. 1. Arm, 2. EXERCISE, 3. FRONT, 4. REAR. At the command EXERCISE, raise the arms laterally until horizontal, palms upward. FRONT: Swing the extended arms horizontally to the front, palms touching. REAR: Swing the extended arms well to the rear, inclining them slightly down- ward, raising the body upon the toes. Continue by repeating FRONT, REAR, till the men, if possible, are able to touch the backs of the hands behind the back. Pl. 7, Sec. 39, 3 Ex. Fourth exercise. Pl. 8, Sec. 39, 4 Ex. 1. Leg, 2. EXERCISE, 3. UP. At the command EXERCISE, place the palms of the hands on the hips, fingers to the front, thumbs to the rear, elbows pressed back. UP: Raise the left leg to the front, bending and elevating the knee as much as possible, leg from knee to instep vertical, toe depressed. UP: Replace the left foot and raise the right leg as prescribed for the left. Execute slowly at first, then gradually increase to the cadence of double time. Continue by repeating UP when the right and left legs are alternately in position. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. Fifth exercise. 21 1. Leg, 2. EXERCISE, 3. Left (Right), 4. FORWARD, 5. REAR; or, 5. GROUND. At the command EXERCISE, place the hands on the hips, as in fourth exercise. FORWARD: Move the left leg to the front, knee straight, so as to advance the foot about 15 inches, toe turned out, sole nearly horizontal, body balanced on right foot. REAR: Move the leg to the rear, knee straight, toe on a line with the right heel, sole nearly horizontal. Continue by re- peating FORWARD, REAR. When the recruit has learned to balance himself, the com- mand FORWARD is followed by GROUND: Throw the weight of the body forward by rising on the ball of the right foot, advance and plant the left, left heel 30 inches from the right, and advance the right leg quickly to the position of forward. Continue by repeating GROUND when the right and left legs are alternately in the position of forward. Sixth exercise. 1. Lung, 2. EXERCISE, 3. INHALE, 4. EXHALE. At the command exercise, place the hands on the hips, as ih fourth exercise. INHALE: Inflate the lungs to full capacity by short, successive inhalations through the nose. EXHALE: Empty the lungs by a continuous exhalation through the mouth. Continue by repeating INHALE, EXHALE. STEPS AND MARCHINGS. 40. All steps and marchings executed from a halt, except right step, begin with the left foot. 41. The length of the full step in quick time is 30 inches, measured from heel to heel, and the cadence is at the rate of 120 steps per minute. The length of the full step in double time is 36 inches; the cadence is at the rate of 180 steps per minute. The instructor, when necessary, indicates the cadence of the step by calling one, two, three, four, or left, right, the instant the left and right foot, respectively, should be planted. 22 42. All steps and marchings and movements involving march are executed in quick time unless the squad be marching in double time or double time be added to the command; in the latter case double time is added to the preparatory command. Example: 1. Fours right, double time, 2. MARCH. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. Quick time. 43. Being at a halt, to march forward in quick time: 1. Forward, 2. MARCH. At the command forward, shift the weight of the body to the right leg, left knee straight. At the command MARCH, move the left foot smartly straight forward 30 inches from the right, sole near the ground, and plant it without shock; next, in like manner, advance the right foot and plant it as above; continue the march. The arms swing naturally. 44. Being at a halt, or in march in quick time, to march in double time: 1. Double time, 2. .MARCH. If at a halt, at the first command shift the weight of the body to the right leg. At the command MARCH, raise the fore- arms, fingers closed, to a horizontal position along the waist line; take up an easy run with the step and cadence of double time, allowing a natural swinging motion to the arms. If marching in quick time, at the command MARCH, given as either foot strikes the ground, take one step in quick time, and then step off in double time. 45. To resume the quick time: 1. Quick time, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, given as either foot strikes the ground, advance and plant the other foot in double time; resume the quick time, dropping the hands by the sides. 46. Being in march: 1. Mark time, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, given as either foot strikes the ground, advance and plant the other foot; bring up the foot in rear and continue the cadence by alternately raising each foot about 2 inches and planting it* on line with the other. Being at a halt, at the command MARCH, raise and plant the feet as described above. To mark time. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 23 The half step. 47. 1. Half step, 2. MARCH. Take steps of 15 inches in quick time, 18 inches in double time. 48. Forward, half step, halt, and mark time, may be ex- ecuted one from the other in quick or double time. To resume the full step from half step or mark time: 1. Forward, 2. MARCH. Side step. 49. Being at a halt or mark time: 1. Right (left) step, 2. MARCH. Carry and plant the right foot 15 inches to the right; bring the left foot beside it and continue the movement in the cadence of quick time. The side step is used for short distances only and is not executed in double time. Back step. 50. Being at a halt or mark time: 1. Backward, 2. MARCH, Take steps of 15 inches straight to the rear. The back step is used for short distances only and is not executed in double time. 51. To arrest the march in quick or double time: 1. Squad, 2. HALT. At the command HALT, given as either foot strikes the ground, plant the other foot as in marching; raise and place the first foot by the side of the other. If in double time, drop the hands by the sides. To halt. 52. Being in march: 1. By the right (left) flank, 2. MARCH. To march by the flank. 24 SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. At the command MARCH, given as the right foot strikes the ground, advance and plant the left foot, then face to the right in marching and step off in the new direction with the right foot. 53. Being in march: 1. To the rear, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, given as the right foot strikes the ground, advance and plant the left foot; turn to the right about on the balls of both feet and immediately step off with the left foot. If marching in double time, turn to the right about, taking four steps in place, keeping the cadence, and then step off with the left foot. To march to the rear. Change step. 54. Being in march: 1. Change step, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, given as the right foot strikes the ground, advance and plant the left foot; plant the toe of the right foot near the heel of the left and step off with the left foot. The change on the right foot is similarly executed, the command MARCH being given as the left foot strikes the ground. Mounted Instruction. THE SOLDIER MOUNTED. 55. The object of this instruction is to teach horsemanship to*the extent necessary to enable detachments and companies of the Medical Department to efficiently perform the mounted duties required of them. 56. During the first few lessons the instructor will devote his attention chiefly to giving the recruits the proper seat and carriage and to making them self-confident on horseback; he quietly and patiently corrects the faults of each individual as they occur, frequently passing from one to another, and will re- quire by degrees the correct execution of his teachings; these understood and confidence imparted, the positions and motions will be rigidly enforced. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 25 The recruit will be taught that his own disposition or temper is usually communicated to and reacts upon the horse, and therefore it is to their mutual interest to preserve calmness. The instructor may dismount when he can, in that way the better to teach the positions. Quiet, well-trained horses are first assigned. 57. Each mounted drill begins and ends at the walk. This rule is general. 58. During the drills the recruits are taught the following rules for the care of horses, until the instructor is satisfied by means of questions that they are thoroughly comprehended: Never threaten, strike, or otherwise abuse a horse. Before entering a stall or when approaching a horse from the rear speak to the horse gently. Never take a rapid gait until the horse has been warmed up by gentle exercise. Never put up a horse brought in a heated condition to the stable or picket line, but throw a blanket over him and rub his legs, or walk him until cool. When he is wet, put him under shelter, and rub him until dry. Never feed grain to a horse nor allow him to stand uncovered when heated. Hay will not hurt a horse no matter how warm he may be. Never water a horse when heated unless the exercise or march is to be immediately resumed. Never throw water over any part of a horse when heated. Never allow a horse's back to be cooled suddenly by washing or even removing the blanket unnecessarily. To cool the back gradually, the blanket may be removed and replaced with the dry side next the horse. THE EQUIPMENT OF THE HORSE. 59. The instructor indicates the different parts and uses of each equipment as a commencement of this instruction. TO FOLD THE SADDLE BLANKET. 60. The blanket, after being well shaken, will be folded into six thicknesses, as follows: Hold it well up by the two corners, the long way up and down; double it lengthwise (so 26 the fold will come between the " U " and " S "), the folded cor- ner (middle of blanket) in the left hand; take the folded corner between the thumb and forefinger of the right hand; thumb pointing to the left; slip the left hand down the folded edge two- thirds its length and seize it with the thumb and second finger; raise the hands to the height of the shoulders, the blanket between them extended; bring the hands together, the double fold falling outward; pass the folded corner from the right hand into the left hand, between the thumb and forefinger, slip the second finger of the right hand between the folds, and seize the double-folded corner; turn the left (disengaged) corner in, and seize it with thumb and forefinger of the right hand, the second finger of the right hand stretching and evening the folds; after evening the folds, grasp the corners and shake the blanket well in order to smooth the folds, raise the blanket, and place it between the chin and breast; slip the hands down halfway, the first two fingers outside, the other fingers and thumb of each hand inside, seize the blanket with the thumbs and first two fingers, let the part under the chin fall forward; hold the blanket up, arms extended, even the lower edges, seize the middle points between the thumbs and forefingers, and flirt the outside part over the right arm; the blanket is thus held before placing it on the horse. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. TO PUT ON THE BLANKET AND SURCINGLE. 61. The instructor commands: BLANKET. Approach the horse on the near (left) side, with the blanket folded and held as just described; place it well forward on his back by tossing the part of the blanket over the right arm to the off (right) side of the horse, still keeping hold of the middle points; slide the blanket once or twice from front to rear to smooth the hair. Being careful to raise the blanket in bringing it forward, place the blanket with the forefinger of the left hand on the withers and the forefinger of the right hand on the backbone, the blanket smooth; it should then be well forward with the edges on the left side; remove the locks of mane that may be under it; pass the buckle end of the sur- cingle over the middle of the blanket and buckle it on the near side a little below the edge of the blanket. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 27 TO PUT ON AND TAKE OFF THE WATERING BRIDLE. 62. The instructor commands: BRIDLE. Take the reins in the right hand, the bit in the left; approach the horse on the near side, slip the reins over the horse's head and let them rest on his neck; reach under and engage the snap in the right halter ring; insert the left thumb in the side of the horse's mouth above the tush and press open the lower jaw; insert the bit and engage the snap in the left halter ring. The bit should hang so as to touch, but not draw up, the corners of the mouth. At the command UNBRIDLE, pass the reins over the horse's head and disengage the snaps. TO SADDLE. 63. McClellan saddle. For instruction the saddle may be- placed four yards in rear or front of the horse. The stirrups are crossed over the seat, the right one uppermost; then the- cincha and cincha strap are crossed above the stirrups, the strap uppermost. The blanket having been placed as previ- ously explained, the instructor commands: SADDLE. Seize the pommel of the saddle with the left hand and the cantie with the right, approach the horse on the near side from the direction of the croup and place the center of the saddle on the middle of the horse's back, the end of the side bar about three-finger widths behind the point of the shoulder blade; let down the cincha strap and cincha, pass to the off side, adjust the cincha and straps, and see that the blanket is smooth; re- turn to the near side, raise the blanket slightly under the pommel arch so that the withers may not be compressed; take the cincha strap in the right hand, reach under the horse and seize the cincha ring with the left hand, pass the end of the strap through the ring from underneath (from inside to out- side), then up and through the upper ring from the outside; if necessary, make another fold in the same manner. The strap is fastened as follows: Pass the end through the upper ring to the front; seize it with the left hand, place the fingers of the right between the outside folds of the strap; pull from the horse with the right hand and take up the slack with the left; cross the strap over the folds, pass the end of it with 28 the right hand underneath and through the upper ring back of the folds, then down and under the loop that crosses the folds, and draw it tightly; weave the ends of the strap into the strands of the cincha. Another method of fastening the cincha strap is as follows: Pass the end through the upper ring to the rear; seize it with the right hand, place the fingers of the left between the outer folds of the strap; pull from the horse with the left hand and take up the slack with the right; pass the end of ■ the strap underneath and draw it through the upper ring until a loop is formed; double the loose end of the strap and push it through the loop and draw the loop taut. The free end should then be long enough to conveniently seize with the hand. Having fastened the cincha strap, let down the right stirrup and then the left. The surcingle, when used, is then buckled over the saddle and should be a little looser than the cincha. The cincha, when first tied, should admit a finger between it and the belly. After exercising for awhile the cincha will be found too loose and should be tightened. 64. To approximate the length of the stirrup straps before mounting, they are adjusted so that the length of the stirrup strap, including the stirrup, is about 1 inch less than the length of the arm, fingers extended. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIEH. 65. The instructor commands: UNSADDLE. Stand on the near side of the horse; unbuckle and remove the surcingle; cross the left stirrup over the saddle; loosen the cincha strap and let down the cincha; pass to the off side, cross the right stirrup, then the cincha; pass to the near side, cross the cincha strap over the saddle; grasp the pommel with the left hand, the cantie with the right, and remove the saddle over the croup and place it in front or rear of the horse as may be directed, pommel to the front; grasp the blanket at the withers with the left hand and at the loin with the right, remove it in the direction of the croup, the edges falling to- gether, wet side in. and place it across the saddle, folded edge on the pommel. TO UNSADDLE. If in the stable, place the saddle on its peg when taken off the horse. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 29 TO PUT ON AND TAKE OFF THE BIT AND BEIDOON BRIDLE (MODEL 1909). > 66. Before bridling the curb chain is unhooked on the near side. The instructor commands: BRIDLE. Take the reins in the right, the crownpiece in the left hand; approach the horse on the near side, passing the right hand along his neck; slip both reins over his head and let them rest on his neck; take the crownpiece in the right hand and the lower left branch of the curb bit in the left hand, the fore- finger against the mouthpiece, the snaffle bit above and resting on the mouthpiece of the curb bit; bring the crownpiece in front of and slightly below its proper position; insert the thumb into the side of the mouth above the tush; press open the lower jaw and insert the bits by raising the crownpiece; with the left hand draw the ears gently under the crownpiece, beginning with the left ear; arrange the forelock, secure the throatlatch, and hook up the curb chain on the near side below the snaffle bit. The throatlatch should admit four fingers between it and the throat. 67. The instructor commands: UNBRIDLE. Stand on the near side of the horse; pass the reins over the horse's head, placing them on the bend of the left arm; unhook the curb chain on the near side; unbuckle the throat- latch, grasp the crownpiece with the right hand, and, assisting with the left hand, gently disengage the ears; gently dis- engage the bits from the horse's mouth with the left hand by lowering the crownpiece; place the crownpiece in the palm of the left hand, take the reins in the right hand, pass them together over the crownpiece, make two or three turns around the bridle, then pass the bight between the brow band and crownpiece and draw it snug. The bridle is hung up by the reins or placed across the saddle on the blanket. 30 SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 68. The stirrups are properly adjusted when, the trooper being properly seated and the legs falling naturally, the tread of the stirrup is about one inch and a half above top of the heel of the shoe. The stirrups should bear only the w'eight of the leg; about one-third of the foot should be inserted in the stirrup, so that the ball of the foot rests on the tread, the heel lower than the toe. Placing too much weight on the stirrup disturbs the seat and contracts the leg, hindering its freedom of action. If the toe is not inserted far enough the trooper risks losing his stirrup; if inserted too far, suppleness is diminished. The heel is carried naturally lower than the toe if the ankle joint is not rigid. For the extended gallop and for leaping obstacles the foot is inserted fully in the stirrup. 69. The instructor exercises the troopers in casting off and resuming the stirrups, at first at a walk and later at the faster gaits. He teaches them during the rests while on foot to adjust the stirrups by comparing the length of the strap with that of his arm. The instructor frequently exercises the troopers in riding without stirrups, especially at the gallop and in leaping ob- stacles. 70. To mount: Being at stand to horse, MOUNT. (a) Face to the right, drop the right rein, grasp the left rein in the right hand, take two steps to the right, sliding the hand along the left rein, make a half face to the left when opposite the girth; with the aid of the left hand take both reins in the right, forefinger between the reins, the right hand on the pommel, the reins coming into the hand on the side of the forefinger, and held so as to feel lights the horse's mouth, the bight falling on the off side. Place the left foot in the stirrup, assisted by the left hand if neces- sary. and bring the left knee against the saddle; grasp a lock of the mane with the left hand, lock coming out between the thumb and forefinger. STIRRUPS. (b) Spring from the right foot, keeping the hands firmly in place, the left knee bent and pressed against the saddle, bring the right foot by the side of the left, body inclining slightly forward; pass the right leg, knee bent, over the croup without touching it, sit down lightly in the saddle; let go of the mane; insert the right foot in the stirrup, assisted by the right hand if necessary; take a rein in each hand, the rein coming into the hand under the little finger and passing out over the second joint of the forefinger, the thumbs closed on the reins, the bight of the reins falling to the right. The reins should be so held that the trooper feels lightly the horse's mouth, the fingers closed until the nails lightly touch the palms of the hands; the reins well up in the crotch of the fingers; the backs of the hands vertical and in prolonga- tion of the forearm; the wrists flexible; the elbows near the body and low, so that the forearms will be in prolongation of the reins; the hands about 9 inches apart. The instructor takes care that the recruit in adjusting the reins provokes no movement of the horse and deranges in no manner the position of the horse's head. The instructor cautions the trooper to avoid touching the horse with the left toe in mounting; this fault begets nearly all the resistance of horses to standing quietly while being mounted. 71. To dismount: Being halted. DISMOUNT. (a) Seize the reins with the right hand in front of and near the left, forefinger between the reins, the reins entering the hand from the side of the forefinger; drop the reins with the left hand; place the right hand on the pommel; grasp a lock of the mane with the left hand, the lock coming out between the thumb and forefinger; take the right foot out of the stirrup. (b) Rise upon the left stirrup, pass the right leg, knee bent over the croup without touching the horse, and bring the right foot by the side of the left, the left knee against the saddle, the upper part of the body inclined slightly forward; descend lightly to the ground and take the position of stand to horse. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 31 32 SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 72. The position described below should be considered a standard toward which all troopers should gradually approxi- mate. The buttocks bearing equally upon the saddle and as far for- ward as possible. The thighs turned without constraint upon their flat side, clasping the horse evenly and stretched only by their own weight and that of the lower legs. The knees bent and flexible. The lower legs falling naturally, the calves in contact with the horse without pressure; the toes dropping naturally when the trooper is without stirrups. The back supple ami never hollowed. The upper part of the body easy, free, and erect. The shoulders thrown back evenly. The arms free, the elbows falling naturally. The head erect without stiffness. Eyes alert and sweeping the horizon. The reins held as heretofore described. This position may be modified by the instructor to suit vary- ing conditions and unusual conformations. POSITION OF THE TKOOPEB, MOUNTED. HOLDING THE REINS (WATERING BRIDLE). 73. In both hands.-The watering bridle reins are held one in each hand, coming in under the little linger and out over the second joint of the forefinger, on which the thumb presses the rein; fingers clasping the reins, nails toward the body ; the reins bearing equally on the horse's mouth, the bight falling to the front on the right side of the neck. The hands are about 6 inches apart, backs vertical and outward. The double bridle reins are held two in each hand, as ex- plained for the watering bridle, except that the curb rein comes into the hand above the little finger, which separates the two reins, the snaffle rein being outside. 74. In one hand.-The watering bridle reins are held as explained for two hands, except that the right (left) rein comes into the left (right) hand above the little finger, which separates the two reins The double bridle reins are held in the left hand, as explained for two hands, except that the two right reins come into the hand, one on each side of the second finger, the snaffle rein up- permost, all four reins being pressed upon the second joint of the forefinger by the thumb. In the right hand they are so held that there is one rein above eacli finger, left snaffle rein uppermost; that four reins come out under the little finger, instead of over the forefinger. 75. Whenever the reins are in one hand, the hand in which the reins are held is in front of the middle of the body, the free hand hanging behind the thigh. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 33 76. Bring the hands together; grasp the right rein (or reins) with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand a short distance from the right thumb; relax the grasp of the right hand and allow the rein (or reins) to slip through to get the proper bearing; close the right hand, and replace both hands. TO LENGTHEN OR SHORTEN THE RIGHT (LEFT) REIN. HOLDING AND HANDLING THE REINS. 77. Proper handling of the bit and bridoon reins being an important element in horsemanship, the instructor exercises the troopers in it both at a halt and at all gaits. The normal method of holding the reins for military riders is to take both reins in the left hand. The bit reins are separated by the third (ring) finger, the right snaffle rein between the first and second fingers, the left snaffle rein under the little finger, all of the reins passing out of the hand over the second joint of the first finger, upon which the thumb presses them with sufficient force to hold them in place; the bight falls to the right of the horse's neck. The elbow falls naturally, the wrist and hand in line with the forearm, the finger nails toward the body. 78. The training of the new horse involves the infliction of more or less pain, the necessity for which becomes less as his intelligence is quickened into understanding the lightest pres- sure. THE AIDS IN HORSEMANSHIP. 12420°-17 3 34 SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. A horse is bit-wise when, the bit being correctly fitted and properly adjusted, he obeys the lightest pressure upon either bar. He is rein-wise when he obeys the lightest pressure of the rein on either side of the neck, the bit not being disturbed from its normal position. He is leg-wise when he obeys the lightest correctly com- bined action of the rider's legs. The most thoughtful care should be constantly exercised in the combined applications of the aids, that they may not be opposed to each other in their action; i. e., one favoring the intended move, the other opposing it. Preparatory to the movements, the instructor mounts the squad and explains the uses of the reins and legs. The reins and legs, the application of which determines the movements and gaits of the horse, are called the aids. The man should not only know when he is to apply a given, aid, but he should also understand why he applies it. The reins serve to prepare the horse to move, and to guide, support, and halt him; their action should be gradual and in harmony with that of the legs. In using them, the arms should have free action at the shoul- der ; when a light pressure will be sufficient to govern the horse, the action of the hand should be at the wrist; for greater pres- sure, the elbow should be carried back, but without raising the hand. In riding, the bridle hand should be kept steady and ought not to move with the body; it should merely take a gentle feel of the horse's mouth; at the same time it must be kept light, for the bit causes pain if pressed constantly on the mouth, destroys its sensibility, and makes the horse's mouth hard. The hand is light when there is an almost imperceptible alter- nate feeling and easing of the hand in harmony with the motion of the horse's head, by which the delicacy of the mouth is pre- served and the horse made to carry himself light. That hand is best which, by giving and taking properly and keeping constant touch of the bit, controls the horse with the least force, and will best preserve the mouth. If is recommended that recruits ride with one rein in each, hand; this will prevent the bad habit of holding the left shoul- der advanced. The legs serve to assist in directing the control of the horse. Closing the legs with a slight pressure prepares him to move,, or, if moving, to keep him up to the hand. Closed with greater- pressure behind the girth, they urge him forward. Increasing the pressure of the right leg and carrying it slightly to the rear causes the horse to move his haunches to- the left. The pressure of the legs must be an elastic muscular action, suited to the sensitiveness of the horse; a heavy, clinging: pressure, or dull thumping with the heels must not be permit- ted. The reins act to direct the forehand; the lower legs incite- to action and govern the movement of the haunches. All changes of gait are made gradually. The horse should never be spurred to make a sudden start, nor should the reins- be jerked. 79. To gather the horse: Having a light pressure of the bit against the horse's mouth and a light feel of the lower legs against his sides, increase the pressure of the lower legs, heels well down, and slightly increase the pressure of the bit against: the bars by squeezing the fingers on the reins. This is called gathering the horse. It serves as a signal to- attract the attention of the horse and to prepare him to re- spond promptly to the subsequent application of the aids.. The gather should be employed at the preparatory command whenever the corresponding command of execution is to involve- response on the part of the horse to the application of the aids. This preparatory signal to the horse should always be the same- whatever may be the movement that is to be executed and what- ever the gait at which the horse may be moving. 80. To move forward: Being at a halt, at the command: 1. Forward, gather the horse. At the command: 2. MARCH, close the legs (already in contact with the horse) with a quick,, sharp pressure, the hand remaining passive. If the horse does- not respond at once by moving forward, continue until the horse- moves forward at a walk a succession of similar leg pressures,. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 35 36 each quick, distinct, and given with a degree of force graduated to the sensitiveness of the horse. A long continued squeezing effect with the legs is particularly to be avoided. 81. To halt: Being at the walk, at the command: 1. Squad, gather the horse. At the command: 2. HALT, sit well down in the saddle and carry the weight of the body upward and backward and act by the direct reins until the horse stops. 82. By the right flank: 1. By the right flank, 2. MARCH. At the first command gather the horse. At the second com- mand carry both hands to the right until the horse has turned through an arc of 90°, and then replace the hands and move straight in the new direction. During the movement the legs maintain impulsion and hold the horse's body so that it follows the curve on which he is turning; that is, if the horse tends to carry his haunches to the inside of the curve, the action of the inside leg should predominate; if he tends to carry his haunches to the outside of the curve, then the action of the outside leg should predominate. When the trooper holds the reins in both hands he makes use simultaneously of the leading rein and the bearing rein. With the reins in one hand he makes use of the bearing rein only. The trooper carries the hands in the direction toward which he wishes to turn and displaces them only to the extent neces- sary. Eventually the turn should be made on the arc of a circle whose radius is 2 yards at the walk, 4 yards at the trot, and 6 yards at the gallop. 83. Changes of gait: To pass from the halt or the walk to the trot or the gallop, the means prescribed for passing from the halt to the walk are employed and continued until the desired gait is taken. To pass from the gallop to the trot, the trot to the walk, or to halt, the means prescribed for passing from the walk to the halt are employed and continued until the desired gait is taken or the horse has stopped. The commands are: 1. Trot, 2. MARCH; 1. Gallop, 2. MARCH; 1. Walk, 2. MARCH; and 1. Squad, 2. HALT. Changes of gait are habitually made progressively, the walk "being taken from the halt, the trot from the walk, the gallop from the trot, and vice versa. For instruction purposes and SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 37 when necessary in service an increase or decrease of gait may be made more abruptly. A change from the halt to the walk, from the walk to the trot, from the trot to the gallop, or vice versa, is to be under- stood when reference is made in these regulations to a change of gait of one degree. 84. Certain articles of the field equipment of the enlisted man are designated to be carried in the blanket roll, which is slung over the ration-bag, or, when transportation is available, it may be carried on a wagon. The roll is packed as follows: Each man with his shelter half smoothly spread on the ground, with buttons up and triangular end to the front, folds his blanket once across its length and places it upon the shelter half; fold toward the bottom, edge J inch from the square end, the same amount of canvas uncovered at the top and bottom. He then places the parts of the pole on the side of the blanket next the square end of the shelter half, near and parallel to the fold, end of pole about 6 inches from the edge of the blanket; nests the pins similarly near the opposite edge of the blanket; and distributes the other articles carried in the roll; folds the triangular end and then the exposed portion of the bottom of the shelter half over the blanket. The two men in each squad roll and fasten first the roll of No. 1 and then of No. 2. The file closers work similarly, two and two. Each pair stands on the folded side, rolls the blanket roll closely and buckles the straps, passing the end of the strap through both keeper and buckle, back over the buckle and under the keeper. With the roll so lying on the ground that the edge of the shelter half can just be seen when looking vertically downward, one end is bent upward and over to meet the other, the blanket roll straps are applied, the distance between the ends of the roll being adjusted to suit the wearer. BLANKET ROLL. 38 SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 85. To make the roll: Spread the shelter half (model 1904) on the ground, roll straps underneath, and fold over the trian- gular part on the rectangular part. Turn under the roll-strap edge of the shelter half so that the width of the fold will be 8 inches. Fold the blanket once across the longer edges and lay the blanket on the shelter half, folded edge within 1 inch of the roll-strap edge of shelter half. Fold the sides of blanket and of shelter half inward, width of folds about 11 inches. The shelter-tent pole and. pins are now laid on the blanket at the edge farthest from the roll-strap edge, pole on one side, pins on the other, thus leaving what will be the middle of the pack free to bend. Roll tightly, using hands and knees, toward the roll-strap edge, and bring over the entire roll the part the shelter half which was turned under, thus binding the roll. Buckle the two available roll straps about the roll, passing them around twice. The roll should be about 44 inches long and about 6 inches in diameter. THE BLANKET ROLL FOR MOUNTED MEN. 86. Spread the overcoat, inside down, collar extended, belt unbuttoned, throughout. Lay the sleeves at right angles to the middle seam with the cuffs not quite reaching the edges of the coat. Fold over the top of the coat about 15 inches, or so as to bring the fold to the lower edge of the extended sleeves; fold over both corners of the skirt so that each fold will be' about 22 inches from the middle seam. Roll tightly from the top with hands and knees. TO ROLL THE OVERCOAT. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 87. The senior medical officer of the detachment is held responsible for the theoretical and practical instruction of the officers, noncommissioned officers, privates, first class, and pri- vates when their instruction is not otherwise provided for by Army Regulations and General Orders. He requires the officers and noncommissioned officers to study and recite these regula- tions so that they can explain thoroughly every movement. The detachment is formed in single rank, graduated accord- ing to size, the tallest man on the right. At the formation of the detachment, the sets of fours are numbered consecutively from right to left, and these designa- tions do not change. For convenience of giving commands and for reference, the designations, right, center, left, when in line; and leading, center, rear, when in column, are applied to platoons and to sets of fours. These designations apply to the actual right, left, cen- ter, lead, or rear, in whatever direction the detachment may be facing. The center set of fours is the middle or right middle set of fours of the detachment. 88. The detachment executes the rests, facings, steps, and marchings, and halt, as explained in the School of the Soldier, substituting the word " detachment " for " squad " in the com- mands. 89. The medical officer commanding is 3 paces in front of the center of the detachment; the junior medical officers, accord- ing to rank from right to left, are 2 paces in rear of the rank. POSTS OF OFFICERS AND NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS. 39 40 in the line of file closers, and at equal intervals; if only one, he is opposite the center; if two, one is opposite the center of each half of the detachment; if three, one is opposite the center, the others as with two. Master hospital sergeants and hospital sergeants will not or- dinarily be required to fall in with detachments. When their presence is required they will take their places with junior officers in the line of file closers and on their left. The senior noncommissioned officer, other than those above mentioned, is 2 paces in rear of the third file from the right, on the right of the line of file closers. The second noncommissioned officer is on the right of the rank and is right guide of the detachment. The third noncommissioned officer is on the left of the rank and is the left guide. The remaining noncommissioned officers are distributed along the line of file closers from right to left; according to rank. If necessary, a suitable private may be designated to act as right or left guide. A sergeant, first class, or the senior noncommissioned officer of a detachment is never assigned as a guide. When not com- manding a platoon, the senior is posted as a file closer opposite the third file from the outer flank of the first platooon; other sergeants, first class, as file closers, are posted opposite the third file from the original right flank of the platoon to which assigned. The guides of a column of fours place themselves on the flank opposite the file closers. To change the guides and file closers to the other flank, the officer commands: SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 1. File closers on left (right) flank, 2. MARCH. The file closers dart through the column ; the officer and guides change. In column of fours, each four preserves the alignment toward the side of the guide. 90. In taking intervals and distances, unless otherwise speci- fied, the right and left guides, at the first command, place them- selves in the line of file closers, and, with them, take a distance of 4 paces from the rank. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 41 In taking intervals, at the command march the file closers face to the flank and each steps off with the file nearest him. In assembling, the guides and file closers resume their positions in line. 91. At the sounding of the assembly, the senior sergeant, sergeant first class, or sergeant acting as first sergeant takes position 6 paces in front of where the center of the detachment is to be, and facing it, commands: FALL IN. * The right guide of the detachment places himself, facing to the front, where the right of the detachment is to rest, and at such point that the center of the detachment will be 6 paces from and opposite the senior sergeant; the men fall in in their proper places on the left of the right guide, superintended by the other sergeants, who then take their posts. The senior sergeant calls the roll, each man answering " Here," as his name is called. 92. The senior sergeant then commands: TO FORM THE DETACHMENT. 1. Count, 2. FOURS. At the command FOURS, all except the right file execute eyes right, and beginning on the right the men count one, two, three, four ; and so on to the left. Each man turns his head and eyes to the front as he counts. The guides do not count. Odd men are ordinarily placed" in the line of file closers. The senior sergeant then faces about, salutes the officer com- manding, and reports: " Sir, all present or accounted for," or the names of the unauthorized absentees, and without command takes his post, passing around the right flank. The officer com- manding places himself 12 paces in front of the center of and facing the detachment in time to receive the report of the senior sergeant, whose salute he returns, and then draws saber. The junior medical officers and master hospital sergeants and hos- pital sergeants take their posts when the senior sergeant has reported. 42 SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. TO DISMISS THE DETACHMENT. 93. Being in line at a halt, the officer commanding directs the senior sergeant: DISMISS THE DETACHMENT. The officers fall out; the senior sergeant steps 3 paces to the front and 2 paces to the right of the detachment, salutes, faces to the left, and commands: DISMISSED. FOOT DBILL. Alignments. 94. The detachment being in line the officer commands: 1. Right (left), 2. DRESS, 3. FRONT. At the command DRESS, the men place the palm of the left hand upon the hip (whether dressing to the right or left) ; each man, except the base file, when on or near the new line, executes eyes right, and, taking steps of 2 or 3 inches, places himself so that his right arm rests lightly against the arm of the man on his right, and so that his eyes and shoulders are in line with those of the men on his right. The instructor verifies the align- ment of the rank and of the file closers from the right flank and orders up or back such men as may be in rear, or in advance, of the line; only the men designated move. At the command, FRONT, given when the alignment is com- pleted, each man turns his head and eyes to the front and the men in the rank drop the left hand to the side. At each alignment the officer commanding places himself in prolongation of the line, 2 paces from and facing the flank to- ward which the dress is made, verifies the alignment and com- mands : FRONT. To preserve the alignment when marching: GUIDE RIGHT (LEFT). The men preserve their intervals from the side of the guide, yielding to pressure from the opposite direction; they recover intervals, if lost, by gradually opening out or closing in; they recover alignment by slightly lengthening or shortening the step. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 43 95. Being in line at a halt: 1. Take interval, 2. To the right (left), 3. MARCH, 4. De- tachment, 5. HALT. At the second command the file closers step back to 4 paces distance from the rank; at the command MARCH, all face to the right and the leading man steps off; the other men step off in succession, each following the preced- ing man at 3 paces. At the command HALT, given when all have their intervals, all halt and face to the front. To take intervals or distances, and to assemble. To make the interval greater or less than 4 paces, the instruc- tor adds to the first command a designation of the interval to- be taken, e. g., 1. Take interval, at __ paces, 2. To the right (left), 3. MARCH, 4. Detachment, 5. HALT. Intervals having been taken, to assemble: 1. Assemble to the right (left), 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, the man on the right stands fast,, the file closer on the right closes to 2 paces. The other men face to the right, close by the shortest line, and face to the front. 96. Being in line at a halt, and having counted fours: 1. Take distances, 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT. At the command MARCH, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 move Straight to the front in the order named, each stepping off so as to- Pl. 9, Sec. 96. 44 SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. follow the preceding man at 4 paces. The command HALT is given when all have their distances. The guide of each rank is to the right. 97. Distances having been taken, to assemble: 1. Assemble, 2. MARCH. Nos. 1 stand fast; other numbers move forward to their proper places in line. MARCHINGS. The oblique march. 98. For the instruction of recruits, the detachment being in column of fours or correctly aligned, the instructor causes the Pl. 10, Sec. 99. detachment to face half right or half left, points out to the men their relative positions, and explains that these are to be main- tained in the oblique march. 1. Right (left) oblique, 2. MARCH. Each man steps oft' in a direction of 45 degrees to the right of his original front. He preserves his relative position, keeping his shoulders parallel to those of the guide (the man on the right front of the line or column), and so regulates his steps that the rank remains parallel to its original front. At the command HALT, the men halt, face to the front. To resume the original direction: 1. Forward, 2. MARCH. The men half face to the left in marching and then move straight to the front. If at the half step or mark time while obliquing, the oblique march is resumed by the commands: 1. Oblique, 2. MARCH. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 45 TURNINGS. Movements on the fixed pivot. 99. Being in line, to turn the detachment: 1. Detachment right (left), 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT; or 3. Forward, 4. MARCH. At the second command the right flank man faces to the right in marching and marks time; the other men oblique to the right, place themselves abreast of the pivot, and mark time; the right guide steps back, takes post on the flank, and marks time. Pl. 11, Sec. 100. The fourth command is given when the last man is 1 pace in rear of the new line. The command HALT may be given at any time after the movement begins; only those halt who are in the new position. The others halt upon arriving on the line, align themselves to the right and execute front without command. 100. Being in line, to form column of fours, or the reverse; 1. Fours right (left), 2. MARCH; or 1. Fours right (left\ 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT. At the second command the right flank man of each set of fours faces to the right in marching and marks time; the other men oblique to the right, place themselves abreast of the pivot and mark time. Men on the new line glance toward the march- 46 ing flank while marking time and, as the last man arrives on the line, all execute forward march, without command. If it is desired to form columns of fours and halt, the third command is given immediately after the second. The turn is executed as prescribed above, except that all men on arriving on the new line, mark time until the fourth command is given, when all halt. The fourth command should be given as the last man arrives on the line. If the detachment be formed in line toward the side of the file closers, they close in to the flank of the column at the first com- mand and dart through the column and take posts in rear of the detachment at the second command. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. Pl. 12, Sec. 101. If the column of fours be formed from line, the file closers take posts on the pivot flank, abreast of, and 4 inches from, the near- est rank. The distance between sets of fours is 92 inches. The right and left guides place themselves 40 inches in front and rear, re- spectively, of the left file of the leading and rear fours, opposite the file closers. The commanding officer in column of fours, twos, or files is by the side of the leading guide, on the flank opposite the file closers. In column of fours the dress is on the side of the guide. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 47 101. Being in line to change direction: Movements on the moving pivot. 1. Right (left) turn, 2. MARCH, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH. At the second command the right guide faces to the right in marching and takes the half step; the other men oblique to the right until opposite their places in line, execute a second right oblique, and take the half step when abreast of the right guide. All take the full step at the fourth command. Being at a halt, the movement is executed by the same com- mands and in the same manner. Right (left) half turn is executed in a similar manner. The right guide makes a half change of direction to the right and the other men make quarter changes in obliquing. 102. Being in column of fours, to change direction: At the second command the leading set of fours turn to the right on moving pivot; the other ranks, without command, turn successively on the same ground and in a similar manner. In each four all glance toward the marching flanks while at half step and take the full step without command when the last man arrives on the line of his four. Column half right (left) is executed in a similar manner. The pivot man makes a half change of direction to the right and the other men make quarter changes in obliquing. 103. Being in line, to form column of fours and change di- rection : 1. Fours right (left), column right (left), 2. MARCH. In this the right set of fours initiates the column right as soon as it has completed the fours right. 104. Being in line, to form column of fours to the front: At the command MARCH, the right set of fours marches for- ward ; the remainder of the detachment executes fours right, column left, and follows the right set of fours. The right guide. 1. Column right (left), 2. MARCH. 48 SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. when he has posted himself in front of the right set of fours, takes four short steps, then resumes the full step; the right set of fours conforms. Facing or marching to the rear. 105. Being in line or in column of fours, to face or march to the rear: 1. Fours right (left) about, 2. MARCH; or, 1. Fours right (left) about, 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT. At the second command, each set of fours twice executes fours right initiating the second fours right when the man on the marching flank has arrived abreast of the pivot man. As the men on the marching flank arrive on the line, all execute forward march without command. If the detachment is in column of fours, the* file closers turn about toward the column and take their posts; if in line, each darts through the nearest interval between fours. If it is desired to turn and halt, the third command's given im- mediately after the second. The turn is executed as prescribed above, except that all men on arriving on the new line mark time until the fourth command is given, when all halt. The fourth command should be given as the last man arrives on the new line. To march to the rear for a few paces. 106. 1. About, 2. FACE, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH. The guides and the file closers, on facing about, maintain their relative positions. No other movement is executed until the line is faced to the original front. 107. Being in column of fours, to form line on right or left: 1. On right (left) into' line, 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, ' ' ' -*'4* HALT, 5. FRONT. At the command MARCH, the leading set of fours executes right turn on moving pivot and takes the full step without com- mand when the man on the marching flank is abreast of the pivot; the leading guide places himself on the right of this set of fours. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 49 12420°-17 4 Pl. 13, Sec. 107. 50 SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. Each of the other fours moves forward until opposite its place in the new line, when it changes direction as explained for the leading four; the rear guide takes his place on the left when the rear four arrives on the line. At the command HALT, given when the leading four has advanced the desired distance in the new direction, it halts and dresses to the right; the other fours successively halt and dress upon arriving on the line. The command FRONT is given when all are aligned. If the movement is executed toward the side opposite the file closers, each file closer follows the four nearest him, passing in front of the following four. If executed in double time, the leading four marches in double time until halted. Front into line. 108. Being in column of fours, to form line to the front: 1. Right (left) front into line, 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT, 5. FRONT. At the command MARCH, the leading four moves to the front, dressing to the left; the guide in front places himself on its left; the other fours oblique to the right until opposite their places in line, when each marches to the front. At the command HALT, given when the leading four has advanced the desired distance, it halts and dresses to the left. The other fours halt and dress to the left upon arriving on th > line; all dress on the first unit in line; the rear guide takes his place on the right when the rear four arrives on the line. The command FRONT is given when all are aligned. If marching in double time, or in quick time, and the com- mand be DOUBLE TIME, the command GUIDE LEFT is given immediately after the command MARCH; the leading set of fours moves to the front in quick time, the other fours move in double time, each taking the quick time and dressing to the left upon arriving in line. If the movement is toward the side of the file closers, they dart through the column as the oblique commences. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 51 Pl. 14, Sec. 108. 109. The column of fours is the habitual column of route, but route step and at ease are applicable to any marching formation. At ease and route step. 52 SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. To march at route step: 1. Route step, 2. MARCH. Sabers are carried at will or in scabbard. The men are not required to preserve silence, nor to keep step. The ranks cover and preserve their distance. If halted from route step, the men stand at rest. 110. To march at ease: 1. At ease, 2. MARCH. The detachment marches as in route step, except that silence is preserved: when halted, the men remain at ease. 111. Marching at route step or at ease: 1. Detachment, 2. ATTENTION. At the last command the cadenced step in quick time is re- sumed. To diminish the front of a column of fours. 112. Being in column of fours: 1. Right (left) by twos, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, all files except the two right files of the leading four execute in place halt; the two left files of the leading four oblique to the right when disengaged and fol- low the right files at the shortest practicable distance. The re- maining fours follow successively in like manner. 113. Being in column of fours or twos: 1. Right (left) by file, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, all files execute in place halt except the right file of the leading two or four. The left file or files of the leading two or four oblique successively to the right when disengaged and each follows the file on its right at the shortest practicable distance. The remaining twos or fours follow successively in like manner. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 53 114. Being in column of files or twos, to form column of fours, or being in column of files, to form column of twos: 1. Fours (twos), left (right) front into line, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, the leading file or files halt. The remainder of the four, or two, obliques to the left and halts on the line with the leading file or files. The remaining fours or twos successively form in rear of the first in like manner. The movement prescribed in this paragraph will be ordered right or left, so as to restore the files to their normal relative po- sitions in the two or four. The movements prescribed in the two preceding paragraphs are difficult of execution at attention and have no value as dis- ciplinary exercises. MOVEMENTS BY PLATOONS. 115. Movements by platoons may be used by large detach- ments. This formation is often required for hospital corps de- tachments appearing in parades and reviews, and on the march. If the rank is composed of less than twenty files, the division into platoons is usually not necessary. When platoon movements are to be executed, the senior non- commissioned officer makes the division* into platoons immedi- ately after fours and squads are counted. 116. Platoons are assigned to the lieutenants and noncom- missioned officers as follows: 1, right; 2, left; 3, center (right center) ; 4, left center. 117. Except sergeants, first class, the noncommissioned officers next in rank are assigned as guides; if any still remain, they are put in the line of file closers. The guides are assigned as follows: The second noncommis- sioned officer is the right guide of the first platoon, the third noncommissioned officer is the left guide of the second platoon, the fourth noncommissioned officer is the left guide of the first platoon, and the fifth noncommissioned officer is the right guide of the second platoon. If more than two platoons are formed, the third noncommis- sioned officer is the left guide of the platoon on the extreme 54 SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. left of the detachment, and the necessary number of noncom- missioned officers are posted as guides, according to scheme given above. The division is so made that the platoons may be of nearly equal strength. At the formation of the detachment the platoons are numbered consecutively from right to left; these designa- tions are permanent and do not change when, by any movement, the right becomes the left of the line, or the head becomes the rear of the column. In movements by platoons, each chief repeats such prepara- tory commands as are to be immediately "executed by his platoon; the men execute the commands, MARCH and HALT, if applying to their platoons, when given by the commanding officer. Each chief repeats the commands prescribed for him so as to insure execution of the movement by his command at the proper time. At each alignment the officer commanding places himself in prolongation of the line, 2 paces from and facing the flank toward which the dress is made, verifies the alignment, and commands: FRONT. Platoon leaders take a like position when required to verify alignments. The platoon executes the halts, rests, facings, steps, and inarchings; takes intervals and distances and assembles, in- creases and diminishes intervals, resumes attention, obliques; resumes direct march, preserves alignments, as explained in the School of the Soldier and the Detachment; substituting the word " platoon " for " detachment " in the commands. Movements on the fixed pivot. 118. Being in line to form column of platoons, or the reverse: 1. Platoons right (left), 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT; or 3. Forward, 4. MARCH. Execute by each platoon as prescribed for the detachment. Before forming line the officer commanding sees that the guides on the flank toward which the movement is to be exe- cuted are covering. This is effected by previously announcing the guide to that flank. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 55 119. Being in line of platoons, to form column of platoons, or the reverse: 1. Fours right (left), 2. MARCH; or, 1. Fours right (left), 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT. Executed by each set of fours as prescribed in the School of the Detachment. If the platoons be formed in line toward the side of the file closers, they dart through the column and take posts in rear of the detachment at the second command. If the column of fours be formed from line, the file closers take posts on the pivot flank abreast of and 4 inches from the nearest rank. Movements on the moving pivot. 120. Being in column of platoons, to change direction: 1. Column right (left), 2. MARCH. At the first command the leader of the leading platoon com- mands : RIGHT TURN. At the command MARCH, the lead- ing platoon turns to the right on moving pivot; its leader com- mands : 1. Forward, 2. MARCH, on completion of the turn. Rear platoons march squarely up to the turning point of the lead- ing platoon and turn at command of their leaders. 121. In changing direction in column of subdivisions, each chief, on completion of the movement by his subdivision, an- nounces the guide on the side it was previous to the turn. 122. Being in column of fours, to form line of platoons, or the reverse: 1. Platoons, column right (left), 2. MARCH. Executed by each platoon as prescribed for the detachment. 123. Being in line to form line of platoons: 1. Fours right (left), platoons, column right (left), 2. MARCH; or 1. Platoons right (left) by fours, 2. MARCH. Executed by each platoon as prescribed for the detachment. 56 SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 124. Being in line of platoons, or in column of platoons, to face or march to the rear: Facing or marching to the rear. 1. Fours right (left) about, 2. MARCH; or, 1. Fours right (left) about, 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT. Executed by each set of fours as prescribed in the School of the Detachment. If the detachment or platoons are in column of fours, the file closers turn about toward the column and take their posts; if in line, each darts through the nearest interval between fours. 125. Being in column of platoons to form line on right or left: On right (left) into line. 1. On right (left) into line, 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT, 5. FRONT. At the first command the leader of the leading platoon com- mands : RIGHT TURN. The leaders of the other platoons command: FORWARD, if at a halt. At the second command the leading platoon turns to the right on a moving pivot. The command HALT is given when the leading platoon has ad- vanced the desired distance in the new direction; it halts; its leader then commands: RIGHT DRESS. The platoons in rear continue to march straight to the front; each, when opposite the right of its place in line, executes right turn at the command of its leader; each is halted on the line at the command of its leader, who then commands: RIGHT DRESS. All dress on the first platoon in line. If executed in double time the leading platoon marches in double time until halted. Before forming line to the right or left, or on right or left, the officer commanding requires the guide of the rear platoon on the flank toward which the movement is to be executed, to cover; if marching, he announces the guide on that flank, if not already there. SCHOOL OF THE DETACHMENT. 57 Front into line. 126. Being in column of platoons, to form line to the front: 1. Left (right) front into line, 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT, 5. FRONT. At the first command the leaders of platoons in rear of the leading one command: LEFT OBLIQUE. If at a halt, the leader of the leading platoon commands: FORWARD. At the second command the leading unit moves straight forward, the rear units oblique as indicated. The command HALT is given when the leading unit has advanced the desired distance; it halts; its leader then commands: RIGHT DRESS. Each of the rear platoons, when opposite its place in line, re- sumes the original direction at the command of its leader; each is halted on the line at the command of its leader, who then commands: RIGHT DRESS. All dress on the first platoon in line. 127. Being in column of fours to form column of platoons, or being in line of platoons to form the detachment in line: 1. Platoons left (right) front into line, 2. MARCH, 3. Detach- ment, 4. HALT, 5. FRONT. Executed by each platoon as prescribed for the detachment. In forming the company in line, the dress is on the right squad of the right platoon. If forming column of platoons, platoon leaders verify the alignment before taking their posts; the cap- tain commands FRONT when the alignments have been verified. When front into line is executed in double time the com- mands for halting and aligning are omitted and the guide is toward the side of the first unit in line. LITTER DRILL. 128. The purpose of this drill is to teach the most useful methods of handling sick and wounded, to secure concerted action, and for the disciplining effect which follows drill in prompt obedience to the word of command. When the men have thoroughly mastered it, litter squads should work inde- pendently as in actual service. 129. The litter is said to be strapped when folded, the canvas doubled smoothly on top, the slings placed parallel to each other thereon, and all secured by the cross straps. It is said to be closed when unstrapped, the loop of the front sling upon the left handle, and of the rear sling upon the right, the bight of each sling embracing the opposite handle. 130. For the purpose of litter drill, each set of fours is a litter squad. The litter squad is marched by the commands applicable to a set of fours, substituting the word " litter " for " fours." No. 1 is the squad leader; he commands his squad; in his ab- sence No. 4 commands; if both Nos. 1 and 4 are absent, No. 3 becomes squad leader. With reduced numbers, No. 1 ordinarily assumes the duties of No. 3, and No. 4 those of No. 2; No. 1 being absent, No. 4 assumes his duties and vice versa. 131. The instructor will make such changes in the personnel of the set of fours as he deems advisable. No. 1 should be se- lected for his intelligence and experience. No. 4 should be near in size to No. 1, and No. 2 to No. 3. 132. To form the detachment for litter drill the men fall in and count fours. 58 LITTER DRILL. 59 The senior sergeant then commands: 1. Count, 2. LITTER SQUADS. At LITTER SQUADS, No. 3 of each squad executes eyes right, and beginning on the right, count in consecutive order 1, 2, 3, etc., until all have counted. Each No. 3 turns his head and eyes to the front as he counts. The senior sergeant then reports the detachment, and the junior officers take their places. The commanding officer com- mands : 1. Procure litter, 2. Right (left) face, 3. MARCH. At the first command Nos. 3 step 1 pace to the front, at the second command they face as required, and at the third proceed in column of files by the nearest route to the (closed or strapped) litters. Each takes one. placing it on the right shoulder at an angle of 45 degrees, canvas down, the right hand grasping the right stirrup, and promptly return in the same order, each man resuming his place by passing through his interval 1 pace to the rear, facing about and stepping into line in unison. If the litters are in front of the detachment, the Nos. 3 may be marched directly forward, converging toward them, and then back, diverging to their intervals. This march should be supervised by a noncommissioned officer. It can be executed in double time. With but one squad the commands are simply procure (or return) litter. MARCH; when the bearer proceeds and returns by the shortest practicable route. 133. At the shoulder the litter is held canvas down upon the shoulder, the right hand grasping the right stirrup; the left hand is dropped to the side. 134. In all motions from the shoulder, or to the shoulder, the litter should invariably be brought to the vertical position against the right shoulder, canvas to the rear, right hand grasp- ing the right stirrup, the left forearm horizontal, and the left hand steadying the litter against the shoulder. 60 LITTER DRILL. This position should be taken by the bearer when passing through his interval to resume his place in the line (sec. 132), ami in any formation or movement in which there may be danger of the lower or upper handles of the litter striking neighboring men; after which the shoulder is resumed without command. 1'1. 15, Sec. 133. Pl. 16, Sec. 134. 135. A stack consists of three litters, to which more may be added. Being in line at the shoulder, the instructor designates by number the center squads (squad), as follows: Center squads (squad) 2, 5, 8, etc., and then commands: pl. 17, See. 135. Pl. 18, Sec. 135. 61 62 LITTER DRILL. At LITTERS, each No. 3 brings his litter to the vertical posi- tion ; No. 3 of the center squad steps 1 pace to the front and stands fast; the Nos. 3 next on the right and left step 3 paces to the front, halt, face each other, close in 2 paces, and, placing the lower handles of the litter upon the ground, between their feet, and lock the upper handles together; No. 3 of the center squad at the same time places the lower handles of his litter between his feet and then locks the upper handles with one of those of the other two squads, advancing the left foot. The canvas of the litters will be on the outer face of the stack. As soon as the stacks are formed, any additional litters are laid on and the bearers take their posts in the rank in unison. 136. Being at the stack: 1. Stack, 2. LITTERS. 1. Take, 2. LITTERS. At LITTERS, the Nos. 3 close in on the center as prescribed in the previous section, advancing to the stack, and grasping their re- spective litters, break the stack, and resume their positions as in section 132. 137. Being at the shoulder: 1. Order, 2. LITTER. Pl. 19, Sec. 137. At the second command the litter is first brought to the vertical position, and the lower handles then- dropped to the ground outside the right foot, canvas to the rear, the right arm naturally extended, and the hand grasping the front poles; the left hand is dropped to the side. LITTER DRILL. 63 138. Being at the order: 1. Shoulder, 2. LITTER. At LITTER, the litter is first lifted with the left hand to the vertical position and then raised until the left wrist is level Pl. 20, Sec. 139. with the chin, when it is laid canvas down upon the shoulder at an angle of 45 degrees, the right hand grasping the right stirrup; the left hand is dropped to the side. 64 LITTER DRILL. 139. Being in line, litters at the shoulder: 1. Carry, 2. LITTER. At LITTER, each No. 3 brings his litter to the vertical posi- tion, drops the upper handles forward and downward until the litter is in a horizontal position, canvas up, and grasps Pl. 21, Sec. 140. the outside handle with his right hand; meanwhile No. 2 steps directly to the front until he is opposite the front handles when he grasps the outside handle with his left hand, and Nos. 1 and 4 step directly to the front until they are opposite the center of the litter at 1 pace interval. The guides step forward and align on front bearers. 140. Being at the carry : LITTER DRILL. 65 1. Ground, 2. LITTER. At LITTER, the bearers stoop and lower the litter to the ground, canvas up, and stand erect, facing the front. 141. Being at the ground: Pl. 22, Sec. 143. 1. Carry, 2. LITTER. At LITTER, the bearers stoop, grasp the handles and raise the litter from the ground to the carry. 12420°-17 5 66 LITTER DRILL. 1'1. 23, Sec. 144. LITTER DRILL. 67 142. Being at the carry in marching: 1. Change bearers, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, Nos. 1 and 4 step to the right rear and left front of the litter, respectively, and grasp the handles relinquished by Nos. 3 and 2, who step to left and right center, respectively. 143. Being at carry : At LITTER, No. 3 advances and plants the left foot, reaches forward with the left hand and grasps the litter near its center, grasps the right stirrup with the right hand, and brings the litter to the vertical position and then to the shoulder, at the same time replacing the left foot beside the right; meanwhile the other numbers step backward and align themselves upon No. 3. 144. Being at the carry, litter strapped: 1. Shoulder, 2. LITTER. At LITTER, all face litter; No. 4 supports litter at center, canvas up, by grasping a pole in each hand, Nos. 2 and 3 un- fasten the straps, button them to the studs on the respective poles, and slip the free loop of each sling upon the ring handle, the bight embracing the opposite handle; they then grasp the left handles with their left hands. This leaves the litters sus- pended longitudinally, canvas to the right. Nos. 2 and 3 as- sisted by Nos. 1 and 4 extend the braces, and, supporting the litter horizontally by the handles, canvas up, lower it to the ground. Then all resume their places at litter posts. If the litter is closed, but not strapped, so much of this sec- tion as relates to the disposition of the straps does not apply. 145. To secure slings, the litter being lowered: 1. Open, 2. LITTER. At SLINGS, Nos. 2 and 3 slip off the bights of their slings, drop the doubled end over the free handle and bring it up around the handle, slipping the double end through the sling and over the end of the handle. The slings will be secured be- 1. Secure, 2. SLINGS. 68 fore the litter is closed and whenever it is desired to prevent them from dragging on the ground, or from being in the way when passing obstacles, loading ambulances, etc. LITTER DRILL. 1'1. 24, Sec. 145. 146. Being at the open: 1. Close, 2. LITTER. At LITTER, Nos. 2 and 3 step, respectively, outside the right front and left rear handles and face inward; they stoop, and with their right hands raise the litter by the left handles; they then fold the braces and. bringing the lower pole against the upper, support the litter at the carry. 147. The litter being closed: LITTER DRILL. 69 1. Strap, 2. LITTER. At LITTER, all face the litter; No. 4 supports the litter at the center; Nos. 2 and 3, assisted by No. 1, fold canvas by doubling it smoothly on top of poles, release free loops of slings, and place slings lengthwise of the litter on the canvas, buckles out, and neatly secure all by the cross strap at each end passed around poles and through loops of slings, when all take their posts at the carry. In the field, the litter should habitually be carried strapped or closed, and only opened on reaching the patient. The litter may in like manner be closed and then strapped, being at the open, at the command STRAP LITTER, when the motions begin with those described under " close litter." 148. To bring the equad into line, the litter being at the ground, or the open: At RANK. No. 2 advances 1 pace, and all align themselves upon him in regular order. This movement permits the marching of the squad, without litter, to any desired point. 149. Posts at the litter may at any time be recovered by the commands: 1. Form, 2. RANK. 1. Litter, 2. POSTS. If at the ground, the numbers take posts, No. 2 on the right of tlie front handles, No. 3 on the left of the rear handles and close to them, and Nos. 1 and 4. respectively, on the right and left of the litter at its midlength and 1 pace from it, all facing to the front. If at the open, Nos. 2 and 3 take posts between the front and rear handles, respectively, and Nos. 1 and 4 as with litter at the ground; all facing the front. Pl. 25, Sec. 147. 70 71 This is the invariable position taken by each number at the above commands, whatever may have been his previous posi- tion or duty. 150. The foot, or front, of a grounded or opened (unloaded) litter is the end farthest from the approaching squad, unless otherwise designated. The foot of a loaded litter is always the end corresponding to the feet of the patient. 151. Being at litter posts, to change posts: LITTER DRILL. 1. Change posts, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, No. 1 takes No. 3's post and No. 4, No. 2's post, while Nos. 3 and 2 step to the left and right of the litter, respectively, into the vacated positions, all thus describing part of a circle in the same direction around the litter. 152. Being at the open: Pl. 26, Sec. 152. 1. Prepare to lift, 2. LIFT. At the first command Nos. 2 and 3 without facing about stoop, slip the slings off the handles, and place them over their 72 shoulders; they then replace the free loop upon its handle, and firmly grasp the handles of the litter. At the second command they rise slowly erect, when No. 4 advances to the side of No. 2, and No. 1 steps obliquely back- ward to side of No. 3, adjusts slings, lengthening or shorten- ing, if necessary, to level litter, and observes that everything is right, when they resume their posts. 153. Being at the lift: LITTER DRILL. 1. Forward, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, the bearers step off, No. 2 with the left, No. 3 with the right foot, taking short sliding steps of about 20 inches, to avoid jolting and to secure a uniform motion to the litter. Nog. 1 and 4 step off with the left foot. 154. Being at the lift: 1. Lower, 2. LITTER. At LITTER, Nos. 2 and 3 slowly lower the litter to the ground, then each seizes the free loop and bight of his sling, removes the sling from his shoulders, and places the loop upon the ring handle, the bight embracing the opposite handle. 155. When the litter is to be moved but a few paces, it may be lifted and marched without slings by prefixing without slings to the commands: Prepare to lift, LIFT. 156. The open litter should be lifted and lowered slowly and without jerk, both ends simultaneously, the rear bearer moving in accord with the front bearer, so as to maintain the canvas hori- zontal. In fact, the open litter should be handled for purposes of drill as if it were a loaded litter, and as soon as the men are familiar with its manual the drill should, whenever practicable, be with loaded litter. 157. Being in line at the shoulder: 1. Return litter, 2. Right (left) face, 3. MARCH. At LITTER, the Nos. 3 bring the litter to the vertical posi- tion, and step 1 pace to the front. At face, they face as required and bring the litter to the shoulder, and at MARCH proceed in column of files by the nearest route to the place designated for the litters, where they leave them, and, returning in reverse order, resume their positions by passing through their intervals, 1 pace to the rear, facing about, and stepping forward with the left foot into line. If the place designated is in front of the detachment (or if there is but one squad), the Nos. 3 proceed as described in sec. 132. This movement should be supervised by a commissioned officer. It may be executed in double time. 158. In marching the litter is usually at the carry, but may be at the shoulder when space permits or squads are working independently. 159. The interval in line between closed litters is about 3J paces. The distance in column is 1 pace. LITTER DRILL. 73 MARCHINGS WITH LITTER. 160. The line or column of litters is marched as explained in the School of the Detachment, substituting the word " litters " for " fours " in the commands. The following movements require special notice of description : 161. Being in line of litters, at the carry or lift, to march by the flank in column of litters: 1. Litters, 2. Right (left), 3. MARCH. At the command MARCH, Nos. 2 step off to the right and Nos. 3 to the left, describing a quarter of a circle, so as to make the litter revolve horizontally on its center until all face to the right, when the full step is taken up in the new direction; Nos. 1 and 4 maintain their relative positions opposite the center of the litter. The right guide places himself 40 inches in front of the first litter, the left guide 40 inches in rear of the last litter. 162. To align a line of litters at a halt, litters at the carry or lift: 1. Right (left), 2. DRESS, 3. FRONT. At DRESS, all execute eyes right, each No. 2 aligning him- self on the right guide, other numbers on the corresponding 74 LITTER DRILL. number of the first squad; all promptly recover their intervals if lost. At FRONT, all turn head and eyes to the front. 163. Being in line of litters, to turn on fixed pivot: 1. Detachment right (left), /2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT; or. 3. Forward, 4. MARCH. At the second command, the first litter on the right (left) halts, taking the short step, wheels to the right (left) on its own ground; the other litters half wheel to the right and place themselves successively upon the alignment established by the right (left) litter; Nos. 1 and 4 maintain their relative posi- tions, the rest of the movement is executed as prescribed in section 99. To turn on moving pivot. 1. Right (left) turn, 2. MARCH, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH. 164. Being in line of litters, to change direction: At the second command, the first litter on the right, if at the shoulder, turns to the right on a moving pivot as explained for a detachment in section 101; if at the carry or lift, the turn is made as described in section 161, after which the half step in the new direction is taken; in either case the other litters by twice •obliquing to the right, successively place them- selves on the new line with their proper intervals and take the half step, Nos. 1 and 4 maintaining their relative positions. All resume the full step at the fourth command. 165. Being in line or column of litters, at the carry or lift, to march to the rear: 1. Litter right (left) about, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, the squads step off as prescribed in section 161, but continue the movement until they are faced to the rear. The rest of the movement is executed as prescribed in sec- tion 105. LITTER DRILL. 75 166. A litter section consists of two litter squads in line. The distance between sections in column is equal to the front of a section. Sections are maneuvered in the same manner and by the same commands as platoons, substituting the word " section " for " platoon " in the commands. 167. A platoon of litters consists of four litter squads in line. The distance between platoons of litters in column is equal to the front of a platoon. 168. The line or column of platoons is marched by the com- mands already given (sec. 98 and following), substituting litters for fours, wherever it occurs in the command. 169. The advantage of the platoon formation is that it permits the shortening of the column at the carry without in- creasing its front, by the commands: 1. Platoons, 2. Close to - paces, 3. MARCH, when the platoons close up to the designated distance, and the litters oblique toward each other until there is an interval of 4 inches between Nos. 1 and 4. At the command of execution, the leader of the first platoon will command: 1. Half step, 2. MARCH; other platoon lead- ers will give the same commands as soon as their platoons are closed. In this formation each platoon leader takes post on the left of his left guide. 170. The normal formation is resumed by the commands: 1. Platoons, 2. Extend, 3. MARCH. At the command MARCH, litters oblique to gain proper intervals; each platoon leader except the first, commands Half step, MARCH, and when the proper distance is secured the command Forward, MARCH, is given. KOUTE STEP. 171. The column.of strapped litters at the carry is the habit- ual column of route. The litter may, however, be carried at the shoulder when practicable. The rate is 3 to 3| miles per hour. 76 Marching in quick time, or from a halt: LITTER DRILL. 1. Route step, 2. MARCH. The men are not required to preserve silence nor keep the step. The litter squads preserve their distance. 172. To resume the cadence step: 1. Detachment, 2. ATTENTION. At the command ATTENTION, the cadence step in quick time is resumed. Upon halting while marching in route step, the men come to the rest; the litter may be brought to the order, or ground if so directed. 173. To march at ease: 1. At ease, 2. MARCH. The detachment marches as in route step, except that silence is preserved. THE LOADED LITTER. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 174. For drill in loading the litter, the " patients " are di- rected to lie down at suitable intervals near the line of litters first with head and later with feet toward it, and, lastly, in any position. Each squad may be separately exercised under its leader, or an instructor, or several squads simultaneously. 175. In moving the patient either with or without the litter, every movement should be made deliberately and as gently as possible, having special care not to jar the injured part. The command STEADY will be used to prevent undue haste or other irregular movements. 176. The loaded litter should never be lifted or lowered with- out orders. 177. The rear bearer should watch the movements of the front bearer and time his own by them, so as to insure ease and steadiness of action. 178. The number of steps per minute will depend on the weight carried and other conditions affecting each individual case. 179. The handles of the litter should be held in the hands at arm's length and supported by the slings. Only under most exceptional conditions should the handles be supported on the shoulders. 180. The bearers should keep the litter level notwithstand- ing any unevenness of the ground. 181. As a rule, the patient should be carried on the litter feet foremost, but in going uphill his head should be in front. 77 78 THE LOADED LITTER. In case of fracture of the lower extremities, he is carried up- hill feet foremost and downhill head foremost to prevent the weight of the body from pressing down on the injured part. . TO LOAD AND UNLOAD THE LITTER. 182. The litter being at the open, the instructor commands: 1. Right (left) side, 2. POSTS. (a) If the command is right, Nos. 2, 1, and 3 take posi- tions, No. 2 at the right ankle, No. 1 at the right hip and No. 3 at the right shoulder, while No. 4 takes position by the left hip opposite No. 1, all facing the patient. (b) If the command is left, Nos. 2, 4, and 3 take positions. No. 2 at the left ankle, No. 4 at the left hip and No. 3 at the left shoulder, while No. 1 takes position at the right hip oppo- site No. 4, all facing the patient. It will be seen from the above that, whether the command is right or left the positions of Nos. 1 and 4 are invariable; No. 1 at the right hip and No. 4 at the left hip, and that the positions of Nos. 2 and 3 are always at the ankle and shoulder, respec- tively, on the right or left of the patient, as the command may be; if right, they are on each side of No. 1; if left, they are on each side of No. 4. These positions are taken by the bearers whatever may have been their previous positions or duties. At the first command all the hearers kneel on the knee nearest the patient's feet, No. 2 passes both forearms under the patient's legs carefully supporting the fracture, if there be one ; Nos. 1 and 4 pass their arms under the small of his back and thighs, not locking hands; No. 3 passes one hand under his neck to the further armpit, with the other supporting the nearer shoulder. At the second command all lift together, slowly and carefully, and place the patient upon the knees of the three bearers. As soon as he is firmly supported there, the bearer on the free side 183. 1. Prepare to lift, 2. LIFT. Pl. 27, Sec. 182 (a). Pl. 28, Sec. 182 (a). 79 Pl. 29, Sec. 182 (b). Pl. 30, Sec. 182 (b). 80 THE LOADED LITTER. 81 (No. 1 or 4) relinquishes his hold, passes quickly and by the shortest line to the litter, which he takes up by the middle, one pole in each hand, and returning rapidly, places it under the patient and against the bearers' ankles. 184. 1. Lower, 2. PATIENT. The free bearer, No. 1 or 4, stoops and assists the other numbers in gently and carefully lowering the patient upon the litter. The bearers then rise and at once resume their posi- tions at litter posts. 185. In the field, when the ground on which the patient lies is such that the litter can not be placed directly under him, it should be placed as near him as possible, and preferably in a direc- tion parallel to or in line with him, when it will be necessary to carry the patient to the litter, instead of the litter to the pa- tient. In such case, the bearers, having brought the patient upon their knees, as described in section 183, at the command Rise take firm hold of him and rise, and at MARCH carry him to the litter as directed. From this posi- tion he is first lowered to the knees of the bearers, and then placed upon the litter or ground. Pl. 31, Sec. 183. Pl. 32, Sec. 183. 12420°-17 6 82 THE LOADED LITTER. 186. In unloading with reduced numbers, No. 2 or 3 (absent) is' ordinarily replaced by No. 4 or 1, respectively, while Nos. 1 and 4 replace each other. With three bearers the litter is placed as usual, and at the prescribed commands the bearers take their proper positions. The patient, having been lifted by the three bearers, is supported on the knees of the two on one side, while the third (No. 1 or 4) places the litter in position under him. 187. Another method for three bearers, when it is necessary to carry the patient to the litter, is as follows: Two bearers take their positions on the same side opposite the knee and hip, while the third stands by the opposite hip. At the usual com- mands the two bearers at the hips stoop and, raising the pa- tient to a sitting position, place each one hand and arm around the back and interlock the fingers of the other hand, palms up, under the upper part of the thighs. The patient, if able, clasps his arms around their necks. The third bearer (No. 2 or 4) supports the lower extremities with both arms passed under them, one above the other below the knee. Pl. 33, Sec. 184. THE LOADED LITTER. 83 188. If only two bearers are available the patient is neces- sarily always carried to the litter. No. 2 proceeds by the right and No. 3 by the left and take position on opposite sides of the patient near his hips. At the command, Prepare to lift, the bearers kneel on the knee nearest the patient's feet, they then raise him to a sitting position, and pass each one hand and arm around his back, while the other hands are passed under the thighs grasping each other. The patient, if able, clasps his arms around the bearers' necks; at lift, they lift the patient, both rising together, and carry him to the center of the side of the litter, where they halt. The patient is placed on the litter at the command: 1. Lower; 2. PATIENT. At patient, the bearers stoop and lower Pl. 34, Sec. 188. the patient upon the litter in a sitting position, the patient releasing his hold around the bearers' necks. No. 3 then passes his left hand across the front of the patient's chest to the oppo- site armpit and grasps the patient. No. 2 releases his hold at the right side of the patient, steps astride of patient's lower extremities and grasps the patient's right and left thighs just above the knees with his left and right hands respectively. Both bearers then turn and lower the patient upon the litter, head toward No. 3 and take their position at litter posts with- out command. 84 THE LOADED LITTER. 189. To unload, posts are taken at the patient's left in the same way and by the same commands. 190. In the field, the squad having reached the patient and taken their proper positions, secure his arms and accouterments, loosen his clothing, and examine him to determine the site and nature of the injury, applying such first-aid treatment as may be necessary. The drill should be made as nearly as possible like service in actual warfare. For this purpose a diagnosis tag having been attached to the clothing of the "wounded" indicating the site and THE LOADED LITTER IN THE FIELD. Pl. 35, Sec. 188. character of the injury to be dressed before loading, they are directed to take positions at variable distances, in or out of sight, such as they would occupy on the battlefield. The litter being at the carry, at the command squad leaders take charge of squads, each No. 1 assumes charge of his squad; which proceeds independently. The arms and accounterments of the patient are carried by Nos. 1 and 4. At the signal or ordef for assembly, the squads re-form in line, lower litters and come to rest, when the patients, if still upon the litters (the dressings, if any, having been removed), are directed THE LOADED LITTER. 85 to rise and resume their posts, after which the litters are strapped. POSITION OF PATIENT ON THE LITTER. 191. The position of a patient on the litter depends on the character of his injury. An overcoat, blanket, or other suitable and convenient article should be used as a pillow to give sup- port and slightly raised position to the head. If the patient is faint the head should be kept low. Difficulty of breathing in wounds of the chest is relieved by a sufficient padding under- neath. In wounds of the abdomen the best position is on the Pl. 36, Sec. 188. injured side, or on the back if the front of the abdomen is in- jured, the legs in either case being drawn up, and a pillow or other available object placed under the knees to keep them bent. In an injury of the upper extremity calling for litter trans- portation, the best position is on the back with the injured arm laid over the body or suitably placed by its side, or on the unin- jured side with the wounded arm laid over the body. In injuries of the lower extremity the patient should be on his back, or inclining toward the wounded side; in case of fracture of either lower extremity, if a splint can not be applied, it is always well to bind both limbs together. 86 THE LOADED LITTER. TO PASS OBSTACLES. 192. A breach should be made in a fence or wall for the passage of the litter if there be no gate or other opening, but should it be necessary to surmount the obstacle the commands are given: 1. Obstacle, 2. MARCH. At obstacle, Nos. 1 and 4 close in to the side of the litter, grasp the poles with both hands and support it; at MARCH, No. 2 slips sling from shoulders (dropping it upon the canvas), and climbing over, receives litter as it advances (facing to the front) ; Nos. 1 and 4 then pass the obstacle and resume their places at the poles; when the litter is carried over, No. 3, slip- ping off his sling, now also climbs over and takes his place between the handles; the slings having been adjusted without halting, Nos. 1 and 4 resume their posts. 193. The passage of a narrow cut or ditch is effected in a similar manner. Nos. 1 and 4 bestride or go into the cut or ditch, support and advance the litter until No. 2 has crossed and resumed his hold, when the litter is carried over; No. 3 then crosses and all resume their places. 194. If the cut or ditch be wide, the litter is halted and lowered with the front handles (or feet) near the edge, when, the slings being secured, if necessary, the movement proceeds as in section 193. 195. In crossing a running stream, or broken or otherwise difficult ground, or going up or down a hill, Nos. 1 and 4 give support on their respective sides of the litter at the command Obstacle. 196. When it is necessary or advisable that the four bearers should carry the litter while marching, the commands are: 1. By four, 2. Carry, 3. LITTER. At LITTER, No. 1 steps backward to right rear, No. 4 for- ward to left front, and each grasps the handle nearest him, relinquished by Nos. 2 and 3. respectively, who. retaining their grasp on the other handles, move to the outside. THE LOADED LITTER. 87 197. The squad being in position of, By four, carry, LITTER, to surmount an obstacle over 5 feet high, the com- mands are given: 1. Raise, 2. LITTER. When the litter is carefully raised to the level of the obstacle and passed halfway over, where it is rested; Nos. 2 and 4 cross the obstacle and resume hold of their handles on the other side; Pl. 37, Sec. 197, the litter is then advanced until only the rear handles rest upon the obstacle, when Nos. 1 and 3 get over and resume hold of their •handles; the litter is then lowered. In this movement the slings, when freed, should he thrown over the patient's head and feet, respectively. TO CARRY A LOADED LITTER UPSTAIRS. 198. A loaded litter is usually carried upstairs head first, and downstairs feet first, as follows: the litter is inarched 88 THE LOADED LITTER. to the foot of the stairs in the usual manner, wheeled about and halted; when the commands are given: 1. Prepare for stairs, 2. MARCH. At the first command Nos. 1 and 4 face inward, advance to center of litter and support it by each grasping a pole with both hands; Nos. 2 and 3 slip free loops of sling off handles, face about, and grasp handles; No. 4 now steps to the handle nearest him at the foot of the litter, which he grasps firmly with both hands, while No. 2 grasps the opposite handle. At the second command the litter is carried np by Nos. 3, 2, and 4, the rear bearers, Nos. 2 and 4, keeping it as level as possible by raising their end. They must carefully watch the patient to prevent accident. In this movement No. 1 falls out and accompanies litter, to render any assistance required. With three bearers only, the litter must be lowered before the first command is given. If the litter is to be carried any considerable distance, it must be lowered as soon as possible after the stairs are mounted and the usual positions resumed. Pl. 38, Sec. 197. THE LOADED LITTER. 89 TO CARRY A LOADED LITTER DOWNSTAIRS. 199. As the litter approaches the stairs, the command: Pre- pare for stairs is given, when No. 4 advances to left front handle, which he grasps firmly with both hands, while No. 2 grasps the opposite handle. The front bearers, as the descent proceeds, keep the litter as level as possible; the rear bearer Pl. 39, Sec. 198. carefully observes patient to see that no accident happens to him. When the level is reached the usual positions are re- sumed. When for any reason, as with fracture of the leg, it is neces- sary to carry a patient feet first upstairs or head first down- 90 THE LOADED LITTER. stairs, the bearers are simply reversed, in the former case No. 2 becoming front bearer, in the latter, No. 3. FROM LITTER TO BED. 200. With four or three bearers, the litter is placed at the foot of the bed, as nearly as possible in line with it, the bearers taking their positions (all on one side if only three), lift the patient upon their knees (sec. 183) then, at the command Rise, taking firm hold of him, they rise and, moving cautiously by side steps to the bedside, lower him upon the bed. If there is no fracture or other contraindication, the litter may be brought to the side of the bed and level with it and the patient is rolled over onto the bed. The litter may also be halted and lowered at the side of the bed; the patient is lifted, the litter is withdrawn by one bearer (No. 1 or 4), the others step forward with the patient and lower him upon the bed. With two bearers the patient is likewise first lifted upon the knees of the bearers, then carried by side steps to the bed. IMPROVISATION OF LITTERS. 201. Many things can be used for this purpose: Camp cots, window shutters, doors, benches, ladders, etc., properly padded. Litters may be made with sacks or bags of any description, if large and strong enough, by ripping the bottoms and passing two poles through them and tying crosspieces to the poles to keep them apart. Two, or even three, sacks placed end to end on the same poles may be necessary to make a safe and comfortable litter. Bedticks are used in the same way by slipping the poles through holes made by snipping off the four corners. Pieces of matting, rug, or carpet trimmed into shape may be fastened to poles by tacks or twine. Straw mats, leafy twigs, weeds, hay, straw, etc., covered or not with a blanket, will make a good bottom over a framework of poles and cross sticks. Better still is a litter with bottom of ropes or rawhide strips whose turns cross each other at close intervals. 202. Litters may also be improvised by lashing two short poles about 2 feet long across two long poles with bandages or THE LOADED LITTER. 91 other materials and securely lashing a blanket, shelter half, or poncho over this; or rope, wire, or other similar material may be woven between the poles and this network covered with a blanket. 203. The usual military improvisation is with blankets or shelter tents and poles about 7 feet long. The blanket is spread upon the ground, one pole is laid across the center of the folded blanket, which is folded back over to the first pole. 204. Should it be desirable, the following method may be used: One-half of the blanket is rolled lengthwise into a cylinder, which is placed along the back of the patient, who has been turned carefully on his side. The patient is then turned over upon the blanket and the cylinder unrolled on the other side. The poles are then laid down and rolled tightly in the blanket, each a.like number of turns, until the side of the body of the patient is reached. 205. A litter may also be prepared with two poles and two or three blouses by turning the blouses lining out and buttoning them up. sleeves in, when the poles are passed through the sleeves, the backs of the blouses forming the bed. METHODS OF REMOVING WOUNDED WITHOUT LITTER. the rifle seat. 206. A good seat may be made by running the barrels of two rifles through the sleeves of an overcoat, turned inside out and buttoned up, sleeves in, so that the coat lies back up, collar to the rear. The front bearer rolls the tail tightly around the bar- rels and takes his grasp over them; the rear bearer holds by the butts, trigger guards up. 207. A stronger seat is secured in the following manner: A blanket being folded once from side to side, a rifle is laid trans- versely upon it across its center, so that the butt and muzzle project beyond the edges; one end of the blanket is folded upon the other end and a second rifle laid upon the new center in the same manner as before. The free end of the blanket is folded upon the end containing the first rifle, so as to project a couple 92 THE LOADED LITTER. of inches beyond the first rifle. The litter is raised from the ground with trigger guards up. one bearer. 208. A single bearer may carry a patient in his arms or on his back. Pl. 40, Sec. 209. Pl. 41, Sec. 209. In instructing a detachment in these movements, the detach- ment being in line, the patients are directed to lie down in front of the bearers. THE LOADED LITTER. 93 2C9. 1. In arms, 2. LIFT. At LIFT, each bearer, turning patient on his face, steps astride his body, facing toward the patient's head, and with hands under his armpits lifts him to his knees; then clasp- Pl. 42, Sec. 210. Pl. 43, Sec. 211. ing hands over abdomen, lifts him to his feet; lie then with his left hand seizes the patient by the left wrist and draws left arm around his (the bearer's) neck and holds it against his left 94 THE LOADED LITTER. chest, the patient's left side resting against his body, and sup- ports him, with his right arm about the waist. From this position the bearer, with his right arm upon the patient's back, passes his left under thighs and lifts him into position, carrying him well up. Pl. 44, Sec. 213. 210. 1. Across back, 2. LIFT. At LIFT, the patient is first lifted erect as described in previous paragraph, when the bearer with his left hand seizes the right wrist of the patient and draws the arm over the head and down upon his left shoulder, then shifting himself in front, THE LOADED LITTER. 95 stoops and clasps the right thigh with his right arm passed between the legs, his right hand seizing the patient's right wrist; lastly the bearer with his left hand grasps the patient's left and steadies it against his side, when he rises. 211. 1. Astride of back, 2. LIFT. At LIFT, the patient is lifted erect (as described), when the bearer shifts himself to the front of the patient, back to patient, stoops and grasping his thighs, brings him well upon his back. As the patient must help himself by placing his arms around the bearer's neck, this method is im- practicable with an un- conscious man. 212. In lowering the pa- tient from these positions the motions- are reversed. Should the patient be wounded in such a man- ner as to require these motions to be conducted from the right side instead of left, as laid down, the change is simply one of hands-the motions proceed as directed, substituting right for left and vice versa. Pl. 45, Sec. 214. two bearers. 213. Besides the methods (already described) for carrying patient to litter. By the extremities: At POSTS, bearers take position at patient, No. 1 between the patient's legs and No. 2 at his head, both facing toward his feet. 1. Head and feet, 2. POSTS. 96 THE LOADED LITTER. 1. Prepare to lift, 2. LIFT. At the first command, the rear bearer having raised the patient to a sitting posture, clasps him from behind around the body under the arms, while the front bearer, standing be- tween the legs, passes his hands from thq outside under the flexed knees. At LIFT, both rise together. This method requires no effort on the part of the patient, but is not applicable to severe injuries of the extremities. To place a patient on horse- back. 214. The help required to mount a disabled man will de- pend upon the site and nature of his injury; in many cases he is able to help himself ma- terially. The horse, blind- folded if necessary, to be held by an attendant. To load from the near side, the commands are: 1. Left side, 2. POSTS; 1. Pre- pare to lift, 2. LIFT, 3. MOUNT. The patient having been lifted, at. MOUNT, is carried to the horse, patient's body parallel to that of the horse and close to its side, his head toward the horse's tail. He is then carefully raised and carried over the horse until his seat reaches the saddle, when he is lifted into position. No. 4 goes to the off- side and puts the patient's right foot into the stirrup. No. 2 puts the left foot in the stirrup. When necessary to load from the offside, the bearers take posts right side. 215. To dismount the commands are: Pl. 46, Sec. 214. 1. Left side, 2. POSTS; 1. Prepare to dismount, 2. DIS- MOUNT. At Prepare to dismount, the patient's feet are disengaged from the stirrups and his right leg swung over the pommel, No. THE LOADED LITTER. 97 4 going to the offside for the purpose and then resuming his post at the left side. At DISMOUNT, the patient is brought to a horizontal position, gently lifted over the saddle, and carried backward until free of the horse, when the squad halts and lowers patient. 216. The patient once mounted should be made as safe and comfortable as possible. A comrade may be mounted behind him and guide the horse; otherwise a lean-back may be provided, made of a blanket roll, a pillow, or a bag filled with leaves or grass. If the patient be very weak, the lean-back may be made of a sapling bent into an arch over the cantie of the saddle, its ends securely fastened, or of some other framework, to which the patient is bound. THE TKAVOIS. 217. The travois is a vehicle intended for transporting the sick or wounded when the use of wheeled vehicles or other means of transportation is impracticable. It consists of two long poles, one end of each of which is attached to the side of a horse, like a shaft, while the other end drags on the ground. Behind the horse, crossbars extend between these poles, holding them parallel and affording support for a patient. A travois may be improvised by cutting poles about 16 feet long and 2 inches in diameter at the small end. These poles are laid parallel to each other, large ends to the front, and 2j feet apart; the small ends about 3 feet apart, and one of them pro- jecting about 8 or 10 inches beyond the other. The poles are con- nected by a crossbar about 6 feet from the front ends and an- other about 6 feet back of the first, each notched at its ends and securely lashed at the notches to the poles. Beween the cross- pieces the litter bed, 6 feet long, is filled in with canvas, blanket, etc., securely fastened to the poles and crossbars, or with rope, lariat, rawhide strips, etc., stretching obliquely from pole to pole in many turns, crossing each other to form the basis for a light mattress or an improvised bed; or a litter may be made fast between the poles to answer the same purpose. The front ends of the poles are then securely fastened to the saddle of the ani- mal. A breast strap and traces should, if possible, be impro- vised and fitted to the horse. On the march the bearers should be ready to lift the rear end of the travois when passing over obstacles, crossing streams, or going up hill. 12420°-17 7 THE AMBULANCE. 218. The ambulance provides transportation for eight men sitting or four recumbent on litters, or four sitting and two re- cumbent. In the field there should be an orderly with each am- bulance, who rides on the seat beside the driver. It is his duty to open and close the tail gate, raise and lower the curtain, and. as far as practicable, to prepare the interior of the ambulance before patients arrive. He may also assist in the loading and unloading. 219. The litters are said to be packed when they are strapped and placed upon the brackets. The seats are said to be prepared when they are horizontal, supported by the legs; and packed when they are hooked against the sides of the wagon. TO TAKE POSTS AT AMBULANCE. 220. The squad being in the vicinity of the ambulance: 1. Ambulance, 2. POSTS. At POSTS, the squad marches in column of files to the ambulance, takes position 1 pace in rear thereof, facing it, No. 1 on the left, No. 2 in the center, and No. 3 on the right, No. 4 on the right of No. 3. This is the invariable position of the squad at ambulance, posts, it may be taken from any position (the litter, if being used, grounded or lowered), and when disarranged, from whatever cause, the squad may be reas- sembled by these commands for service at the ambulance. 98 THE AMBULANCE. 99 221. The right side of the ambulance is always loaded or unloaded first, unless otherwise ordered. With but two recum- bent patients, the lower berths only are loaded. 222. The litter being lifted, is marched to the rear of the ambulance, wheeled about so that the head of the patient is TO LOAD THE AMBULANCE. toward the step and 1 pace from it, and then halted and lowered. Pl. 47, Sec. 220. 223. At the first command No. 2 faces about. No. 3 steps around his left handle and takes post at patient's left shoulder, and No. 1 opposite No. 3, all three face the litter and stoop, No. 2- grasping the handles and Nos. 1 and 3 their respective poles. 1. Lower (upper) berth, prepare to load, 2. LOAD. 100 THE AMBULANCE. At LOAD, the litter is lifted and advanced until the stirrups rest upon the floor of the ambulance and is then pushed in. Meanwhile No. 4 goes around the right side of the ambulance to the front, climbs in, and puts one leg over the front seat and grasps the head handles of the litter. Nos. 2 and 3 mount the rear step and grasp the foot handles; the litter is then lifted, the inside handles placed in the receiving sockets first, the •outside handles are then secured with the straps. Pl. 48, Sec. 223. Pl. 49, Sec. 223. No. 4 returns by the same route to the rear of the ambulance. The bearers then take position at litter posts if there is an- other patient to be loaded, if not. at ambulance posts. 224. The squad being at ambulance posts: 1. Lower (upper) berth, prepare to unload, 2. UNLOAD. The tail gate being opened, at the first command. No. 4 goes around the right of the ambulance to the front, climbs in, puts one leg over the front seat, Nos. 2 and 3 mount the rear step. At UNLOAD, the handles are lifted and freed from the straps and then from the sockets. The litter is then lowered to the floor of the ambulance. No. 2 then takes hold of the projecting handles, and draws out the litter, assisted by Nos. 1 and 3 who, facing inward, support the poles. The litter, carefully supported in a horizontal position, is lowered with head of patient 2 paces in rear of ambulance. All resume positions at litter posts. 225. When it is necessary to load or unload with three bearers, at the command Prepare to load, Nos. 1 or 4 takes post opposite No. 3, the latter stepping outside the left (right) handle, both face the litter, stoop, and grasp their respective poles. No. 2 faces about and grasps his handles. At LOAD, the litter is lifted and pushed into the ambulance, Nos. 1 or 4 goes around the ambulance and climbs in. Further proceedings are as prescribed in section 223. The ambulance is unloaded by reversing the movements described above. 226. To load with two bearers, the litter being lowered in position for loading, at prepare to load, the bearers stoop and each grasp a pole firmly with both hands. At LOAD, the litter is lifted until the stirrups rest upon the floor of the ambulance and is then pushed in. One bearer goes around the right side of the ambulance to the front, climbs in, puts one leg over the front seat and grasps the head handles, the other bearer mounts the rear step and grasps the foot handles. The litter is then lifted, the inside handles being placed in the receiving sockets first, the outside handles then being secured by straps. To unload, this method of procedure is reversed. 227. When necessary to load feet first, the litter is not wheeled about when it reaches the rear of the ambulance but is halted and lowered with feet toward the tail gate, when the movements proceed as in previous paragraphs. THE AMBULANCE. 101 SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. 228. The object to be attained by the training of ambulance and field hospital companies is to insure proper care and the necessary transportation of the sick and wounded of troops serving in the field. General. 102 THE AMBULANCE. Pl. 50, Sec. 225. THE AMBULANCE. 103 The special functions of mobile sanitary units are- (1) In time of war to promptly succor and transport the sick and wounded and to give them proper care and attention until such time as they can be transferred to the next sanitary organi- zation on the line to the rear; (2) In time of peace to train the greatest number of sanitary soldiers practicable in those duties pertaining to transportation, the care of animals, and the conduct of the interior economy of sanitary organizations in the field. The requirements of war must be made the standard of effi- ciency, and all sanitary soldiers must be instructed not only in appropriate methods of rendering first aid and of caring for the sick and wounded, but in all duties pertaining to the conduct of field sanitary units. Instruction in time of peace must be conducted with a view to drilling the personnel thoroughly in their ordinary duties, and to afford both officers and men practice and experience in dealing with situations and difficulties apt to arise in campaign. 229. A progressive order will be followed in all instructions, which should commence with the theoretical and practical in- struction of the individual soldier. This should be followed by the School of the Detachment, then by the School of the Com- pany, and should culminate in practical exercises under assumed active service conditions in the field and at maneuvers. Thorough training of the individual soldier is the basis of effi- ciency. Great precision and attention to detail are essential to this instruction, for from it the soldier must acquire that habit of implicit obedience to orders and of the accurate performance of his individual duties which are the indispensable require- ments for efficiency in combined training. 230. The basis of the practical training of sanitary soldiers is laid down under the headings " School of the Soldier," " School of the Detachment," and " First Aid." Men must be made thor- oughly familiar with the exercises and maneuvers prescribed therein before entering upon the special training in the duties pertaining to ambulance and field hospital companies. 23 a. The commanding officer of each ambulance and field hospital company will distribute its administrative and military duties among his subordinates according to his judgment. He 104 THE AMBULANCE. will also, if his organization is the only one at the post, assign instructors to assist him in carrying out such course of training as may be necessary in order to conform to the general scheme of training prescribed in these regulations. The efficiency of an organization will be determined by the manner in which it performs its duties in the field and by the number of men whom it has trained for field service. When two or more such organizations in time of peace are serving in a garrison, the senior officer of said organizations will, for post administrative purposes, assume command. He will conduct the garrison course of instruction therein as though they were a single organization, and will assign the instructors from the permanent personnel of both, or of all, the said or- ganizations, as he may deem best. In other respects, however, the several organizations will retain their autonomy as separate and distinct administrative units, each under the command of its own senior officer. The discipline and interior economy of these organizations will, as far as practicable, conform to those of a troop, battery, or company. The regulations of each organization will define plainly and explicitly the restrictions and rules of conduct to which all its members are required to conform. The routine military and administrative duties of all noncommissioned offi- cers and men will also be explicitly defined. ARM SIGNALS. 232. Signals are ordinarily made with the right arm, except for a movement to the left, when they will be made with the left arm; when made with the left arm, the reins are taken temporarily in the right hand. If the saber is in hand, the signals are made in the manner similar to that prescribed for the arm. Ordinarily before making a signal for the execution of a movement, the captain places himself where he can be seen by the company, with his horse facing in the same direction, and commands or signals the attention or causes it to be sounded on the bugle. The captain may signal the attention by blowing a long blast on a whistle. THE AMBULANCE. 105 If a movement involves a change in the direction of march, the captain moves his horse in the new direction on making the preparatory signal. Preparatory command: One blast of the whistle followed by the arm signal. Command of execution: One blast of the whistle, arm ex- tended vertically, then lowered quickly to the side. Attention: Arm vertical back and forth from right to left. Forward: Arm vertical then carried forward until horizontal. Halt: Arm vertical and held in that position. Ambulances right (left): Arm vertical, then lowered to right (left) until horizontal. Right (left) oblique: Arm vertical, then lowered to right (left) oblique until horizontal, then move hand up and down several times. Change direction to the right (left): Arm vertical, lower to left (right) until horizontal, then carry arm horizontally to the front and right. Increase gait: Arm horizontal to shoulder, forearm vertical and at right angles to arm, then extend arm vertically from this position several times. Decrease gait: Forearm horizontal above head. Ambulances right (left) about: Arm vertical, then make sev- eral large circles with whole arm above head. Right (left) front into line: Right (left) arm extended above head, then make several large vertical circles with whole arm. Right (left) by ambulances: Point to right (left) and signal Forward. On right (left) into line: Same as change direction to the right (left), except when arm is extended to right (left) make several small circles with hand. Assemble (close order): Right arm vertical and make sev- eral horizontal circles with forearm. Extend (intervals or distances): Extend right arm horizontal to front and describe horizontal arc to right, left, and back to front. Guide right (left) (center): Arm extended horizontal to right (left ) (front) and moved up and down several times. Fours or sections: Raise elbow to the height of the shoulder, forearm vertical, hand open, and fingers spread. 106 THE AMBULANCE. Platoons: Raise the elbow to the height of the shoulder, forearm vertical, hand closed. THE COMPANY DISMOUNTED. 233. The company dismounted is formed in single rank. On restricted ground the company may be habitually formed for roll calls and similar purposes in column of platoons with re- duced distances. The dismounted formation is used for roll calls, foot drills, and other exercises. GENERAL PROVISIONS. 234. The company is formed, dismissed, aligned, and exe- cutes the halt, rests, facings, steps, and marchings, manual of the litter, takes intervals and distances and assembles, in- creases and diminishes intervals, resumes attention, obliques, resumes the direct march, preserves alignments, as explained in the schools of the soldier and the detachment, substituting in the commands company for squad or detachment. The same rule applies to platoons, details, etc., substituting their designation for detachment in the commands. In the same manner these execute the movements prescribed for the company, whenever possible, substituting their designation for company in the commands. 235. The company may be divided into platoons of con- venient size. They are assigned to junior officers and non- commissioned officers in order of rank, as follows: 1. Right, 2. Left, 3. Center (right center), 4. Left center. The noncommissioned officers next in rank are assigned as guides as described under the School of the Detachment. A company so depleted as to make division into platoons im- practicable is led by the captain as a single platoon, but retains the designation of company. 236. The right guide of the right platoon and the left guide of the left platoon are the leading and rear guides respectively when the company is in column of fours and the right and left guides when in line. Other guides are in the line of file closers. In platoon movements the post of platoon guide is at the head Ambulance Company,Dismounted" (Minimum Strength, 1917) Line 107 Pl. 51, Sec. 233. 108 THE AMBULANCE. of the platoon, if the platoon is in column, and on the guiding flank if in line. When a platoon has two guides their original assignment to the flanks of the platoon does not change. THE COMPANY, MOUNTED. 237. The mounted formation with transportation is used for company and field exercises, muster and inspection, and for ceremonies. 238. All mounted movements not specially excepted may be executed at a trot. If marching at a trot, the gait will be de- creased to a walk before halting. 239. To execute a movement at a trot, the command trot precedes the command march, unless marching at the gait desired. 240. At mounted formations of ambulance companies and field hospitals, the foot detachments take up double time at the command trot, and quick time at the command walk. 241. The intervals and distances prescribed in the text are in general such that if marched by the flank from line the elements will be in column at proper distances, or if marched by the flank from column they will be in line at proper intervals. Similarly, if marching obliquely, a second oblique will place the elements in line or column, as the case may be, at proper inter- vals or distances. If. however, due to the disproportion in the length and breadth of the various elements, these conditions do not accurately obtain, the proper intervals or distances are gradually secured by appropriate modifications of the gait. 242. Officers and noncommissioned officers commanding or- ganizations or subdivisions thereof, when absent, are ordinarily replaced by the next in rank in their organization or subdivision. COMMANDS. 243. On foot the command of execution is pronounced in a firm, brief tone. In mounted movements the preparatory commands are more or less prolonged to insure their being heard; the command of execution is always prolonged. THE AMBULANCE. 109 The bugle calls and prescribed arm signals are frequently used in instruction in order that officers and men may readily recognize them. 244. For purposes of drill and exercises in company evolu- tions, the ambulance company mounted is divided into four detachments, as fo1lows: 1. The bearer detachment. 2. The pack detachment. 3. The ambulance detachment. 4. The wagon detachment. 245. Detachments are assigned to lieutenants and a non- commissioned officer is placed in charge of each. The Beaker Detachment. 246. The bearer detachment constitutes one or more platoons of the ambulance company. It consists of one officer, one or more sergeants, and all men not assigned to other detachments. It is drilled and maneuvered as prescribed for detachments of Medical Department. The Pack Detachment. 247. The pack detachment constitutes a platoon of the ambu- lance company. It consists of one officer, one noncommissioned officer, four packers, and four pack mules. It is divided into two sections of two mules each. 248. The noncommissioned officer commands the platoon, and is responsible to the detachment commander for the efficiency of the men and the care of the materiel and animals pertaining thereto. 249. Intervals and distances.-The interval between mules in line is 3 yards. The distance between mules in column is 1 yard ; between sections, 5 yards. 250. Mules are turned on an arc of a circle whose radius is 2 yards. 251. The pack detachment is maneuvered as a platoon of the ambulance company, and by the same commands and means as 110 THE AMBULANCE if composed of litter squads, substituting the word packs for the word litter. When the ambulance company is in column, the pack detach- ment habitually marches in column of sections. The object of this instruction is the detailed training of the individual packers in saddling, fitting, cleaning, and caring for the equipment, adjustment and loading of packs, and care and management of the pack mules. Additional information on this subject may be obtained from the " Manual of Pack Transportation," Daly. 252. The Medical Department pack outfit consists of the pack saddle proper and a number of accessory articles. The pack saddle proper is shown in plate 52, the accessory articles in plate 53. The Medical Department Pack. 1. THE PACK SADDLE PROPER. No. 1. Pack frame, metal number 1 No. 2. Stretchers or spreaders for saddle pads, corru- gated number- 2 No. 3. Saddle pads do 2 No. 4. Quarter straps do 4 Nos. 5 and 6. Quarter-strap rings, sets, complete, consist- ing of two rings with leather union and two cincha straps sets 2 No. 7. Cincha, horsehair, double do 1 No. 8. Accessory leather straps number 6 No. 9. Breast-collar straps do 2 No. 10. Breast-collar body piece do 1 No. 11. Breast-collar neck piece 2 do 1 No. 12. Breast-collar chokestrap do 1 No. 13. Fork straps for turnback do 2 No. 14. Turnback and crupper, complete . do 1 No. 15. Breeching hip strap do 1 No. 16. Breeching straps do 2 No. 17. Breeching body piece do 1 No. 18. Thongs, rawhide do 6 THE AMBULANCE. 111 2. ACCESSORY ARTICLES. No. 19. Cargo frames (modified Rice frames), Nos. 1 and 2, of each number- 1 Pl. 52. No. 20. Straps, leather, for attachment of frames to cincha rings , number 4 No. 21. Load straps, web, long and short do 2 112 THE AMBULANCE. No. 22. Load cincha (belly piece), short, complete, with two cincha straps number 1 No. 23. Load cincha (top piece), long, complete do 1 No. 24. Manta, canvas, 6 by 6 feet, with 20 rawhide thongs number 1 No. 25. Saddle blanket do 1 No. 26. Blind, cupped, complete _do 1 1'1. 53. 253. The packs are placed on p<hes and aligned in order in the vicinity of the picket line, each saddle placed across top, breeching and breast collar folded back over their respective ends of the frame, the cinchas across saddle, the folded blanket laid on top, and the whole covered with the manta secured to the load at the bottom. Racks should be improvised for the saddles when practicable. THE AMBULANCE. 113 254. The blanket is folded as described in section 60 for the saddle blanket. TO FOLD THE BLANKET. TO BLIND THE MULE. 255. A pack mule is ordinarily blinded during packing and unpacking. To teach it not to move when blinded, the blind must always be lifted before requiring it to change position. TO SADDLE. 256. One packer is assigned to each mule, two packers work together in loading, the man assigned to each mule working on the near side (left). A short picket lirre of small rope with pins should be provided for the purpose of temporarily securing the animals in the vicinity of the packs to load or at the site selected for unloading. The outfit being in the -rear of the mule, the instructor, for purposes of drill, causes packers to stand to heel and commands: SADDLE, upon which the equipment is placed upon the mule in the following order: Blind: The packer, standing on the near side, takes hold of the halter with the left hand, grasps an edge of the blind in the right, carries it over the mule's neck, brings the blind well to the front over the mule's ears, and places it over his eyes, tail on top of the neck. BLANKET. 257. The near packer holding the blanket as described in section 60 places the blanket on the mule's back as prescribed in section 61, using great care never to pull the blanket forward without raising it and to see that it is smooth and free, from wrinkles. SADDLE. 258. The packer grasps the front edge of the left saddle pad in left hand, passes right forearm, palm down, behind the right pad, raises the saddle over the mule's back, and sets it squarely 12420°-17--8 114 in place. If not exactly in place, it must be raised before re- adjusting. The front of the saddle is the end with the narrower arch in the frame. The saddle should be placed with the center on center of the mule's back. This, with an ordinary sized mule, will bring its front edge about two fingers' breadth behind the shoulder blades. The breeching, crupper, and breast strap are now adjusted so that they are barely snug without being tight. The saddle is now cinched in place. The front edge of front cincha should clear the elbow about 4 inches when the mule is in motion. Both cinchas should be sufficiently tight, so that when the mule expels the excess air he has inhaled, there can be no movement of the saddle.' To insure this, cinchas should be ex- amined after about 20 minutes. THE AMBULANCE. FRAMES. 259. Frame No. 1. then No. 2 are placed in position on the saddle by near and off packers, respectively, who then buckle the leather straps attached to the bottom of each frame to the cincha rings so that the frame is held tightly against the saddle, but not so as to bend the frame. Long-load straps are placed on their respective hooks on the off side and the short-load straps snapped into the front D rings on horizontal bars of frame. LOx\D. 260. Each packer picks up his respective box, with top to- ward him, lock down, and, approaching the mule, both set the boxes in their respective frames at the same time, holding the box in place with the left arm and shoulder while the short-load straps are brought from front to rear, secured in rear D rings on horizontal bars and buckles tightened on each side. The top load, if any, is now placed between the side packs, care being used that it is in the center and will remain there. The long-load straps are then passed over the load from off to near side and secured in near-side hooks. THE AMBULANCE. 115 Each packer then presses upward on his respective pack with his shoulder to raise the pack about 2 inches, the near packer tightening the buckles in the long-load straps at the same time. The short-load strap is then tightened on each side. Each packer now grasps his side pack by the upper corners and, to- gether, they pull downward, settling the packs in place. At this and at all times the center of the saddle must be par- allel with the mule's back as determined by observation from the rear. The load cincha adds security. To put on, the near packer passes the folded load cincha over the packs, retaining the end of the top piece in his left hand. The off packer sees that it is straight and passes the free end of the belly piece under the mule ; the near packer now grasps the latigo strap on belly piece, passes it over bar in end of top piece from without, inward, then through ring in belly piece from within outward, cinches tightly, and secures latigo in usual manner. The manta may now be fastened over the whole load if pro- tection from the weather is desired, otherwise it will have been used to wrap the top load. Unloading and unpacking are accomplished as above, working in reverse order. REMARKS ON PACKING. 261. It is only by constant care and attention that pack mules can be kept in serviceable condition. They must be exercised daily with loads in order to train them and keep them in condition for service. 262. Seasoned pack mules, in careful and experienced hands, will carry a load of 250 pounds for ordinary marches day after day. However, a load of 200 pounds will be found more satis- factory. Loads up to 350 pounds can be carried for short dis- tances only. Top loads should not be carried unless necessary. The side packs on each load must be of the same size and weight. Loads should be removed, leaving the saddle in place, whenever the column makes long halts. When unpacking at the end of a day's march, the loads should be removed at once, the cinchas loosened, and the saddles left in place for 15 minutes. Bunches are caused by undue pressure 116 THE AMBULANCE. driving the blood from the skin; the sudden release of pressure, as in removing the load and saddle at once after several hours' use, is a great factor in their production. To prevent bunches great care must be used to see that the blanket is smooth, that the padding in the saddle is even, and that the loads ride squarely. When they appear, a sack wet with cold water should be kept cinched tightly over the bunch and the bunch rubbed by hand at intervals. The next day measures should be taken to relieve pressure over this point; this may be done by using a blanket or sack with suitable holes cut in it, or by having a man with experience remove a small portion of the padding from the saddle over the bunch. This latter, however, requires special care and expe- rience and is dangerous in other hands. The padding in the saddles, when used continuously, tends to bunch and become thin at the upper corners; when this occurs, an opening should be cut in the canvas under the metal frame on the outside of the pack and all the hair padding removed. It should then be picked over to biieak up all bunches and re- packed, the greatest care being used to repack evenly throughout. This tendency to bunch may be partially obviated by running two seams across the upper pocket of the pack, thus dividing it into three. The Ambulance Detachment. 263. The ambulance detachment constitutes three platoons of the ambulance company. It consists of 1 officer, 1 sergeant, first class, supply sergeant. 3 sergeants as platoon leaders, 24 privates and privates, first class, and 12 ambulances. Individual Instruction, Mule-Drawn Company. THE DRIVER. 264. To each driver are assigned four mules, a wheel pair, and a lead pair. The mule on the left side is called the near mule and the other the off mule. 265. At the discretion of the company commander, the am- bulance orderly may be placed in charge of one pair of mules in THE AMBULANCE. 117 harnessing and unharnessing and in hitching and unhitching at drill, and in the field when his services are not required by the sick. DISPOSITION OF HARNESS. 266. In garrison: The harness is arranged on two or four pegs in the harness room. If two pegs only are available, the wheel set is placed on one peg and the lead set on the other. When four pegs are available, the near harness of each set is kept on the left side of the off harness. In the field: The lead bars are placed under the end of the pole, and the harness is hung over the pole and covered with storm curtain of ambulance. Care should be taken to keep the harness off the ground. In bad weather it is advisable to put the harness inside the ambulance. TO HARNESS. 267. A pair of quiet mules, in a double stall, is assigned to each recruit, who should be supervised at first by a competent man. The instructor causes a pair to be harnessed, points out the names of the different parts of the harness and explains their uses; he then causes the harness to be taken off and re- placed on its pegs. The harness being on the pegs, the instructor causes the re- cruits to stand to heel, and commands: 1. By detail, 2. HARNESS. Collar on: At this command each driver puts on and buckles the collar of his off mule, then that of his near mule. Traces and breeching: Each driver takes the hames, traces, and breeching from the peg, carries them on the right arm and, approaching the proper mule from the near side, gently places the harness upon the mule's back. The hames are put on the collar and the lower hame strap buckled. Then the saddle is buckled on the near side, and the straps which are attached to either side of the breeching are attached to the ring in the mar- tingale by means of snaps. 118 THE AMBULANCE. Bridle: The off mule is bridled first, then the near mule. Un- less instructions to the contrary are given, the halters are re- moved before bridling. The check rein is taken in the right hand, the crown in the left; the mule is approached from the near side. The check rein is slipped over his head and allowed to rest on his neck. The crownpiece is then taken with the right hand and the bit in the left; the crown piece is then brought in front and slightly below its proper position. The left thumb is inserted in the side of the mouth, above the tusk, the jaw pressed open, and the bit inserted by raising the crown piece. The ears are then gently drawn under the crown piece, begin- ning with the left ear. The throatlatch is then secured. Couple: Each driver backs his pair out of the stall, places them side by side facing the stable exit, and attaches the reins properly. To harness without detail: 1. HARNESS. The mules are harnessed in the manner described above, but each successive step is taken without command as rapidly as possible. TO UNHARNESS. 268. The command is given: 1. By detail, 2. UNHARNESS. Uncouple: Each driver steps in front of his mules, uncouples the reins, and fastens them by looping them on the near ha me of the near harness and the off hame of the off harness, and tying them with a half hitch, and then leads the mules into the stall. Unbridle: He then unbridles the near mule, hanging the bridle on the near hame, puts on the halter and fastens the chain to the manger; the same is done with the off mule, hang- ing the bridle on the off hame of the off harness. Traces and breeching off: The various parts of the harness mentioned in traces and breeching are unfastened in reverse THE AMBULANCE. 119 order. The left hand is used to place the breeching, saddle, and hames on the right arm in removing the harness from the mule. The harness is placed on its proper peg. Collar off: He removes the collar of the near mule, then that of the off mule, and hangs them up in the same order, first near collar, then off collar. Harnessing and unharnessing in the field is executed as in garrison with such modifications as the disposition of the har- ness requires. The mules are ordinarily tied by the halters to the wheels of the ambulance while harnessing and unharness- ing. FITTING HARNESS. 269. When the recruit has become familiar with the methods' of harnessing and unharnessing he will be instructed in fitting harness, and the importance thereof will be thoroughly im- pressed on him. The bridle is so adjusted that the bit touches, but does not draw up the corners of the mouth. The collar when adjusted should freely admit the hand be- tween the lower part and the throat of the animal, and the fingers between the sides and the neck. A short collar chokes an animal by pressing upon the windpipe; a narrow one pinches and rubs its heck, and a broad collar works about and galls the shoulders. Leather collars are adjusted by means of top straps and hames. When these methods will not produce the desired re- sults, the use of collar pads must be resorted to. Felt collar pads are not desirable, as they soon become stiff and hard. A collar should fit snugly to the sides of the neck without compressing it, and its bearing surface should rest squarely on the "bed of muscles situated on the front of the shoulder. When in position there should be a space between its lower part and the windpipe sufficiently large to comfortably admit the insertion of the open hand, back up, as far as the wrist. To prevent blistering of the top of the neck on hot, sunny days, it will be found that a wet sponge or a wet piece of folded gunny sack, properly secured to the top of the collar and wetted at intervals, is effective. 120 THE AMBULANCE. The bearing surface of the collars should not be scraped unless considered absolutely, necessary to remove accumulated dirt due to negligence. If scraped they should be boned smooth and then Slightly oiled. Collars may be easily cleaned with a damp sponge. They should be thus cleaned each evening. A careful man will hot let the collars remain on the ground overnight, but will hang them on the pole or put them in some safe place where they will be protected from the rain and the dust of the camp. The breech, strap should be adjusted so that it will bear quickly when the animal is required to check the momentum of the ambu- lance, but will not impede his movements while in draft. This adjustment is most important. It can best be made by observing the animal in draft, and tightening the straps as much as can be done without impeding the free movements of the animal while in draft. The hip straps should be of such length that the breech strap will bear just below the point of the buttocks. The lower the breech strap is adjusted, the less does it assist the animal in checking the momentum of the ambulance. The loin strap should be so adjusted that the traces, when in draft, will be straight and without downward pull on the loops that support them. Backstraps should be so adjusted as not to let the saddle ride the withers, but at the same time there should not be sufficient strain on them to cause the crupper to irritate the under part of the tail. Yokestraps should be adjusted with a view to the height of the pair. They should never be permitted to trespass on the bearing surface of the collars. Never pole too tightly, especially when the pole is a heavy one, because, if the pole chains are tight the weight of the pole will continually rest on the neck. On the other hand, if thg poling up is too loose, the constant swaying will be a source of irrita- tion and danger to the team. Bellybands and cinchas should never be unduly tightened, as they may cause cinch sores near the elbow and quarter-strap sores beneath the ring shields. When a cinch gall appears, remove the cause, keep the place clean, and apply a solution of aloes or alum in water. Either THE AMBULANCE. 121 of these will stimulate the gall and deter insects from alighting on the wound. Bearing reins should be of such length that the animals may have free use of the muscles of head and neck. Bearing reins are not a necessity. A driving bit should be smooth and jointed. It should be so adjusted that it will not lift the corners of the mouth. If placed too high in the mouth, the animal uses his molar teeth to press against it. and gains for himself the reputation of a hard- mouthed puller. Beware of thread ends in collar pads and of knots in head- stalls, throatlatches, bellybands, cinchas, and surcingles, and be careful that buckles are not turned toward the skin. These readily produce irritations and abrasions, and are a plain evi- dence of negligence and carelessness on the part of the driver or rider, as well as loose supervision on the part of those su- perior in rank. Traces: Verify the length of the traces frequently. Do not depend on the chain links as a guide in hitching. *Leather traces stretch considerably in wet weather. A difference of half an inch in the length of traces will cause trouble on the shoulder of the shorter side. It is also liable to produce lame- ness due to irritation of extensor muscles. If the point of at- tachment of the traces to the collar should be too high, it will cause a downward pull on top of neck, with its consequent irri- tation ; if too low, it will cause the collar " to ride " and nearly all the pressure will be on the point of the shoulders and on the windpipe. The number of sore-shouldered draft animals in a command on the march is an excellent standard by which to judge the horsemanship of the personnel. To keep his animal in the collar and off the lead line should be the aim of each driver. This can be accomplished with little trouble, barring accidents, if the harness is kept in proper shape and fit, anti necks and shoulders are kept clean. The length of the wheel and lead traces must depend in a great measure upon the size of the animal and his stride. The rule for lead pairs is to allow but 1 yard from the heads of wheel pair to point of buttocks of leaders when in draft. The wheel traces should be so adjusted as to allow at least 14 inches be- 122 THE AMBULANCE. tween hind quarters and singletree when in draft. The traces should be adjusted so that the line of traction will be straight from the singletree to the collar. This rule will regulate, in a measure, the length of the loin straps and the matching of animals. TO LEAD OUT. 270. To form pairs after harnessing the instructor indicates the place of formation, and whether the formation is to be in line or in column of pairs, and commands: LEAD OUT BY PAIRS. 271. The pairs are led out by the driver, and formed at the designated place. TO POST THE TEAMS WITH THEIR AMBULANCES. 272. The teams are marched to the park in column of teams, and so directed as to approach the flank and rear of the ambu- lance. As the head of the column approaches the ambulances, the instructor commands: TEAMS TO YOUR POSTS. Each team, as it comes opposite its ambulance, wheels from the column and proceeds to its ambulance; having passed the end of the pole the driver causes the wheel pair to back so that the pole is between the mules. The lead pair takes its position immediately in front of the wheel pair. THE PARK. 273. Ambulances are ordinarily arranged in park in order in line, the ambulances being arranged from right to left in order of their numbers. The interval between vehicles may be either the normal of 12.5 yards, or such interval as the commander may direct. The three escort wagons are parked on the left in the same formation as the ambulances, or in a second rank, as may be prescribed. THE AMBULANCE. 123 The lead bars are used to support the pole by means of one singletree. In garrison ambulances are kept in a shed. 274. The column of drivers is halted in front of the building, the sergeant, first class, gives the necessary directions for the formation of the park, and commands: FORM PARK. The drivers fall out and run the ambulances out by hand and form them in park. The ambulances having been formed in park, the drivers fall in and are marched to the stable or picket line, commanded by the sergeant, first class. TO HITCH AND UNHITCH. 275. The brake is firmly set before teams are hitched to an ambulance or wagon, and hitching is so conducted that the mules are kept under control; until teams are well broken, this may necessitate the assignment of the orderly, or of other drivers, to- assist the driver of the team. 276. Well-broken teams are hitched as follows: After lead and wheel teams have been harnessed, the lead teams tied near their respective ambulances, and the wheel teams placed in posi- tion in front of the ambulances, the pole between the mules and each driver at the heads of his wheel team, the command is given: 1. Drivers, 2. HITCH. The pole straps are passed through the rings on the chains at the encl of the pole and fastened to the rings on the hames; the driver passes behind the near mule and attaches the near trace of the off mule and the traces of the near mule. Going in front of the team, he passes to the rear of the off mule and attaches the fourth trace. He then brings the lead team into position, hooks the lead bar to the end of the pole, attaches traces as de- scribed above, takes the reins, first of the lead team and then of the wheel team, and mounts to the right side of the seat. The orderly mounts the seat from the left side. 124 THE AMBULANCE. 277. At the command: Each driver reverses the several steps used in hitching. 1. Drivers, 2. UNHITCH. Driving. 278. Never pole too tightly, especially when the pole is a heavy one, because if the pole chains are tight the weight of the pole will continually rest on the neck. On the other hand, if the poling up is too loose the constant swaying will be a source of irritation and danger to the team. 279. The correct adjustment of the two short inside reins, called coupling reins, requires great care. They should be so fitted that an even pressure is brought to bear on both sides of the animals' mouths, and in such a way also that both animals shall go straight and pull evenly on the traces. For instance, if the near animal carries his head to the near side, the coupling rein on the off side should be taken up, when his head will be straightened. Supposing we have two animals apparently well matched, but that the near one carries his head rather out to the front, and has a light mouth, while the off animal has a hard mouth and carries his head close to his chest. Now, to get this pair to pull equally on the traces we must have the near animal's rein con- siderably longer than those of the off animal. In this case we should begin by letting out the off side coupling rein and taking up the near side rein the same number of holes. The reins will now be adjusted so as to permit the near ani- mal to hold his head well in front of the other, while the collars are brought level. The most general fault is coupling up both reins too tightly, which makes the animals carry their heads in toward the pole, instead of going straight, as they should do. To prevent ani- mals acquiring this habit, it is a good plan to change their positions occasionally, instead of always driving them on the same side of the pole. COUPLING REINS. THE AMBULANCE. 125 It is a convenient plan to have more than one hole in the billets for buckling the reins on the bits, so that an animal can be pulled back or let out a hole or two on either side without altering the coupling rein. HOLDING THE BEINS. 280. Place both reins in the left hand, the near rein over the forefinger and the off rein under the middle finger. Thus you have two fingers between the reins. The reason for this is that it gives much more scope for play of the wrist on the mouths than if you have only one finger between the reins. The thumb should point straight to the right and the forefinger be held well out, pointing to the right rear. This will keep the rein close up to the knuckle, and the pair may be easily moved across the road by turning the back of hand up or down; up for left turn, down for right turn. 281. Sit firmly but comfortably in your seat, body erect, without stiffness, and elbows close to side. Do not lean for- ward. Now take the whip in the right hand, at the place where it balances comfortably, and you are ready to start. 282. Bring the pair to attention by feeling their mouths gently, and speak to them. If they do not respond, touch them gently with the whip. The moment they start drop the hand slightly; " jibbing " is often caused by neglect of this precaution. 283. The elbows should be held close to the sides, with the points almost touching the hips. The wrist should be well bent, as by this means the driver is enabled to keep a perfectly steady bearing on the mouths with- out any jerking. The forearms should be horizontal, and the fingers from 3 to 5 inches from the center of the body, with the knuckles to the front. The thumb should not be pressed down on the rein. The fin- gers that should grip the reins are the three lower ones. 284. Never hit an animal while the right hand is holding a rein, because if you try to cut him when you have the off rein in the right hand you must slack that rein off, and the pair is apt to dash to the left. 126 285. Do not get into the habit of " jabbing " the pair with the bits, and do not flap the reins on their backs to start them or make them increase their pace. Drive at a steady, even pace, as nothing tires a team so much as to constantly change the rate of speed. When it is necessary to pull up in a hurry, the proper course to pursue is to catch hold of the reins with the finger and thumb of the right hand, just behind the left, and shorten them as much as necessary by pulling them through. This is safer and more businesslike than elevating the hands, which disturbs the seat. 286. The driving gloves should be large and very comfort- table. They should never be of a size to cramp the hand in the slightest. 287. The right hand is known as the whip hand. It is gen- erally used only for holding the whip, for assisting the left hand, and for shortening the reins by pulling them through from behind the rein hand. THE AMBULANCE. DRIVING FOUR-IN-HAND. 288. The driving of four animals as they should be driven is an art that can only be learned by constant practice and study. 289. When driving, the body should be kept upright and square to. the front, but all stiffness should be avoided. The driving seat should be about 3 or 4 inches higher at the back than in front, so that the driver can sit well back in a really comfortable position. The ankles and knees should be just touching each other, and the arms close to the sides. The forearm should be about horizontal, and the left hand, as in driving a pair, from 4 to 5 inches from the center of the body, the back of the hand being turned toward the front, but inclined a little toward the team. The wrist should be bent slightly toward the body, and on no account allowed to bend the other way. This is far the best position for feeling the mouths, as the wrist then acts like a spring, and an even pressure can be maintained. THE AMBULANCE. 127 The driver should on no account be half standing, or merely leaning against the seat, with unbent knees, as, in the event of a wheeler falling or shying to the side, he will probably be jerked off the wagon. THE REINS. 290. The best way of holding the reins is to have the near lead over the left forefinger, the off lead between the fore- finger and the middle finger, the near wheel between the same and under the off lead, the off wheel, between the middle and third fingers. The reins must be gripped firmly by the three lower fingers of the left hand. The thumb should point to the right and the forefinger be held well out. The near lead rein should pass; over or close to the knuckle of the forefinger and not over the first or second joint. 291. All four reins can be shortened, if much is required, by pulling them through from behind, but it is generally quicker and neater to hold the reins with right hand 2 or 3 inches in front of left (the little and third fingers over the off-side reins and the middle finger between the near-side reins), and then slide the left hand up to the right. This movement is generally required when going down hill. ADJUSTING THE REINS. WHEEL REINS. 292. It is better to shorten these by pulling them through from behind. This is necessary when going down hill, especially when the wheelers are loosely poled up, so as to prevent the: singletrees from hitting the leaders' hind legs. LEAD REINS. 293. In order to shorten these, take out both the leaders with the right hand (the third and little fingers over off, and 128 THE AMBULANCE. first or middle finger over near side rein) ; they then can be passed back to the left hand the required length by letting them slip through the right hand the necessary amount. To lengthen them, simply pull them through from the front. NEAR LEAD REIN, Either push through from the front, with the full of the right hand over the rein, or take it right out of left hand and replace it the proper length. Push it through from the front. OFF LEAD REIN. NEAR WHEEL REIN. This is the most difficult rein to keep in its right place and to shorten. It is constantly slipping when the wheelers pull. It appears to be the best plan to pull it through from behind. OFF WHEEL REIN. Push it through from the front with the right hand. CROSSING THE ROAD. 294. To the left: Turn the left hand, knuckles upward, and pass it across the body from left to right; the team will incline to the left, the reins on that side being shorter. To the right: Pass the left hand down toward the left hip, back of the hand to the front, with the knuckles of the fore- linger downward, and that of the little finger uppermost. This shortens the right hand reins and causes the team to incline in that direction. The whip can be applied to the off wheeler in the first instance, or to the near one in the second, if they do not cross rapidly enough. THE AMBULANCE. 129 TUBNING TO THE LEFT. 295. With the right hand seize the near lead and wheel reins under the lower fingers; then either pull those reins up toward the center of the body, which will shorten them, or allow the left hand to go slightly to the front, which will slack off the right reins, or, better still, combine these motions. TUBNING TO THE BIGHT. 296. Take hold of the off lead and wheel reins with the lower fingers of the right hand and treat them in the same way as in using the left reins. 297. In order to steady the animals or to ease the left hand, the right may be placed in front of the other over all the four reins, the third and little fingers being over the off reins and the upper fingers over only one of the near reins. TO STEADY THE TEAM. THE WHIP. 298. The handle should rest in the palm of the right hand and be kept firmly in its place by the action of the thumb press- ing against the base of the forefinger; the lower fingers will then be left free to catch hold of the reins. If, however, it is necessary to pull the reins through from be- hind, the lower fingers must be tightened on the handle, so as to allow the thumb and forefinger to be used. Hold the whip at an angle of about 30° to the left front and about 40° upward. The thong ought to have three or four turns round the handle. The point of the thong should be just under the inside of the thumb; this will keep it from slipping. Hold the whip where it will balance comfortably, the end of handle under the forearm, the wrist well bent, and the elbow close to the side. 12420°-17 9 130 THE AMBULANCE. 299. When the right hand is on the reins or using the whip, it should be kept close to the left, the forearm being nearly hori- zontal. It can then rest on the thigh and yet be ready for any emergency. 300. The wheelers should be hit in front of the saddles, to avoid making them kick. It is no use hitting the wheelers if the leaders' reins are too long. In this case you must first shorten up the wheelers' reins, and then use the whip on the leaders; otherwise, as soon as the wheelers have jumped into their col- lars, the leaders will again press forward and allow the wheel- ers to hang back as before. 301. The proper hitting of the leaders with the whip can only be acquired by constant practice when off the wagon. A good whip can hit his leaders wherever he desires and without the dangerous, flail-like swipes that some teamsters appear to consider necessary. 302. Feel all the animals' mouths, and, if necessary, give them the word to go, dropping the hand to them at once until the vehicle is fairly off. The wheelers ought to start the wagon, and this can be effected by touching them with the whip, if they require a hint. It is never safe to start without having the whip in the right hand, ready for immediate use. The whip is to the driver what the leg is to the rider, that is, it keeps the team up to their bits. As soon as the team is going straight, take the right hand off the reins, at the same time keeping it close by, ready for any emergency. TO START. PULLING UP. 303. When you want to pull up, shorten all the four reins by passing the left hand up to the right, or else by pulling all the four reins through from behind, as before explained; then, hav- ing the right forefinger on the near lead rein, the middle finger on the near wheel, and the lower fingers of the right hand on the off reins, pull both hands back toward the body, and, if neces- sary, lean back a little. Should the team be getting the better of you, and you find that you can not stop it, it will be found a great assistance to place the right leg over all the four reins, as you may be able to stop them by the extra power and leverage by the position of the leg. Of course, it is understood the brake has been applied. THE AMBULANCE. 131 A FEW HINTS. 304. Always keep a steady pressure on the reins. Never remove left hand from reins, even though the right may be holding them in front, as it is very difficult to get the left hand back into its place again with the reins in the right places. Lead reins should seldom be removed from left hand. Grip the reins tightly with the third and little fingers to pre- vent their slipping. Alter position of the bits if the team pulls hard. See to it that your wagon is always well greased. Always take a pull at the team to steady it just before you arrive at the crest of a hill, and begin to descend slowly, holding the leaders steady, and with just enough traction to keep their singletrees from hitting them. In crossing ruts and in turning corners be careful that the leaders are out of draft; otherwise the pole may be snapped off or the wheelers pulled down. If, while going down a hill, and especially when near the bot- tom, you find a wheeler slipping on his hocks, do not try to pull him up, but drop the hand and allow the team to go a trifle faster. 305. Always keep to the right when meeting vehicles. On a narrow road a loaded team has the right of way, and it should he given ungrudgingly. On overtaking a vehicle pull out to the left and pass it at a steady pace and without cracking your whip or coming in too close. RULES OF THE ROAD. 132 THE AMBULANCE. When followed closely by another vehicle, and both are at a good pace, signal with your whip if you are about to slacken your gait or change your direction. When approaching a railroad crossing bring your team to a walk; halt if necessary, but always look and listen. Be courteous in observing the simple rules of the road; give plenty of room to others, and do not forget that a smile or a pleasant laugh will do more for you than a growl or a surly remark. Horsemen as a rule possess good dispositions; meet them at least halfway. DRILL OF AMBULANCE DETACHMENT, MULE- «. DRAWN COMPANY. 306. The twelve ambulances are divided into three platoons of four ambulances each. To each platoon is assigned an officer or noncommissioned officer as platoon leader. The platoon leader rides 4 yards in front of the center of his platoon when in line or in column of detachments or platoons, and at the side of the near lead mule of the right ambulance of his platoon when in column of sections. (Within the meaning of these regulations each ambulance with its driver, orderly, and team constitute a section.) Gxiides: When two or more ambulances are marching in line, the instructor, as soon as the march in line is begun, desig- nates the element on one flank or the other as the guide of the movement, thus: Guide right (left). The other elements align themselves on the guide thus indicated and maintain their inter- vals from that flank. In marching in column, or if marching obliquely, the leading element is, without indication, the guide of the movement. The guide is responsible that the direction and rate of march are properly maintained. 307. The guidon will march 2 yards to the outer flank of the lead team of the guiding ambulance in line or column of platoons, and 2 yards in front of same in column of sections. GENERAL PROVISIONS. THE AMBULANCE. 133 308. Alignments: Being in line at a halt, the instructor sees that the driver on the flank toward which the alignment is to be made is in the desired position and commands: 1. Right (left), 2. DRESS, 3. FRONT. At the command DBESS, the drivers look to the right and align themselves accurately, keeping their teams straight and preserving their intervals. Ambulances are aligned when the front axles are in the same line. The instructor may place himself on either flank and give a general alignment by ordering any driver to move one mule or all of his team forward or backward. 309. Gaits: In changing formation, the ambulances which establish the direction and rate of march of the new formation are termed directing ambulances. Increasing the gait is to be understood as passing from the halt to the walk, or from a walk to a trot. Reducing the gait is to be understood as passing from the trot to a walk, or from a walk to a halt. 310. When a change of formation requires certain am- bulances to gain ground so as to reach specified positions abreast of the directing ambulances, the instructor may or may not an- nounce an' increased gait for the movement. If he announces an increased gait, the directing ambulances maintain their gait; the others move at the gait announced until they reach their new positions, when they take the gait of the directing ambu- lances. If the instructor does not announce an increased gait, the directing ambulances reduce their gait; the others maintain their gait until they reach their new position, when they take the gait of the directing ambulances. If the movement is executed from a halt, and an increased gait is not ordered, the directing ambulances advance a distance equal to twice the length of an ambulance toward the front of the new formation and halt. This rule applies to forming line from column, or from column of platoons, to the flank or to the front. 134 311. When a change of formation requires a directing am- bulance to gain ground in order to precede the other ambulances, the instructor may or may not announce an increased gait for the movement. If he announces an increased gait, the directing ambulance takes up the increased gait at once; the other ambu- lances take it up so as to follow the movement in proper order. If the instructor does not announce an increased gait, the directing ambulances maintain their gait, the others reduce their gait and take the gait of the directing ambulances in time to follow the movement in their proper order. If the movement is executed from a halt, or while marching at a walk and an in- creased gait is not ordered, the directing ambulances move at a walk; the others remain halted, or halt, and take up the gait of the directing ambulances as before. 312. The gait is increased by a command trot, and reduced by a command walk or halt. In reducing the gait or in halting, the movement must be checked gradually, so as not to bring undue strain upon the mules or the harness. Ordinarily about 2 yards should be gained in bringing an ambulance to a halt from a walk, and from 5 to 10 yards in halting from a trot. THE AMBULANCE. Marchings. 313. To march to the front: 1. Forward, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, the teams move out simultane- ously and march straight to the front. If in column, they take the track and distance from the ambulance ahead; if in line, they preserve the alignment and the interval from the guiding flank. 314. To halt: 1. Ambulances, 2. HALT. At the command HALT, the driver stops his team, but not suddenly, and keeps it straight. The traces are stretched, as soon as the ambulance is halted, by causing the mules to take a step or two forward. THE AMBULANCE. 135 315. Being in column, to change direction: 1. Column right (left), 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, the leading ambulance wheels 90° to the right by causing the off mule of the lead pair to move over a quarter of a circle whose radius is four yards, and the near mule to quicken his movements so as to keep abreast of the off mule; the wheel pair follow their lead and wheel to the right on the same ground. The other ambulances follow in the track of the leading ambulance and wheel on the same ground. 316. To march to the rear: 1. Right (left) about, 2. MARCH. Executed as explained for the march by the flank, except that the driver causes his team to move over a half circle instead of a quarter circle. If executed at a trot, the radius is slightly increased and the gait moderated. 317. To march obliquely: 1. Right (left) oblique, 2. MARCH. Executed as described for the march by the flank, except that the driver causes his team to move over an eighth of a circle instead of a quarter circle. During the oblique march drivers maintain their relative positions with respect to each other, so that on executing a second oblique they will be in line or column,, as the case may be, with proper intervals and distances. 318. To rein back: 1. Backward, MARCH, 3. Ambulances, 4. HALT. Executed from a halt. The mules are reined back evenly and' kept straight. This movement is used only for the purpose of moving the mules a few steps to the rear. 3191. Being in line to change direction: The pivot ambulance wheels to the right, as described in sec- tion 315; the other ambulances take increased gait, preserving 136 their interval from the pivot ambulance, and take the gait of the latter on arriving abreast of it. 320. Being in line, to change direction: THE AMBULANCE. 1. Right (left) turn, 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT. At the command MARCH, the directing ambulance wheels 90° to the right and advances in the new direction; the others oblique to the right until opposite their interval in the new line, then straight to the front, and align themselves on the directing ambu- lance, preserving their proper in- tervals. The command HALT may be given when the directing ambulance has advanced at least two ambulance lengths to the new front. For gaits see section 309. 321. To form line or column to the flank: Pl. 54, Sec. 320. At the command MARCH, each ambulance wheels 90° to the right and moves off in the new direc- tion. The command HALT may be given after the leading ambulance has advanced at least two ambulance lengths in the new direction (21 yards). 322. Being in line, to form column to the front: 1. Ambulances right (left), 2. MARCH. Pl. 55, Sec. 321. 1. Right (left) by ambulances, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH, the ambulance on the right moves straight to the front; the others wheel to the right and advance THE AMBULANCE. 137 until they reach the track of the leading ambulance, then to the left and follow each other at a distance of 2 yards. 323. Being in column, to form line to the front: 1. Left (right) front into line, 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT, 5. FRONT. At the command MARCH, the leading ambulance moves straight to the front; the others oblique to the left until oppo- site their intervals in the line, then straight to the front and align themselves upon the directing ambulance, preserv- ing the proper interval. The command HALT, may be given when the directing ambulance has advanced two ambulance lengths to the front. FRONT is given when all are aligned. For gaits see section 309. 324. Being in column, to form line on the flanks: Pl. 56, Sec. 322. 1. On right (left) into line, 2. MARCH, 3. Detachment, 4. HALT, 5. FRONT. At the command MARCH, the di- recting ambulance wheels 90° to the right and advances in the new direc- tion; the others march straight to the front until opposite their places in the line' then wheel 90° to the right d when aligned on the direct- ing ambulance. The command HALT may be given when the directing am- bulance has advanced two ambulance lengths in the new direction. FRONT is given when all are aligned. 325. Being in column, to counter- march: Pl. 57, Sec. 323. 138 THE AMBULANCE. 1. Countermarch, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH the leading ambulance executes a left-about; the other ambulances follow in the track of the leading ambulance and execute a left-about on the same ground. 326. Being in column, to form double column: 1. Form double column, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH the even-numbered am- bulances oblique to the left and take up increased gait until aligned upon the odd-numbered ones and preserve an interval of two yards. 327. Being in double column, to form column: 1. Right by ambulances, 2. MARCH. At the command MARCH the even-numbered am- bulances halt, oblique to the right when disengaged, and follow the odd-numbered ones at two yards dis- tance. 328. At the formation of the detachment, the pla- toons are numbered consecutively from right to left; these designations are permanent and do not change when by any movement the right becomes the left of the line or the head becomes the rear of the column. For movements by platoons, each platoon leader repeats such preparatory commands as are to be immediately executed by his platoon. The drivers execute the commands MARCH or HALT applicable to their platoons, at the command of the detachment commander. Each platoon leader repeats the com- mands prescribed for him so as to insure execution of the move- ment at the proper time. MOVEMENTS BY PLATOONS. Pl. 58, Sec. 324 329. Being in line, to form column of platoons to the flank: THE AMBULANCE. 139 1. Platoons right (left) turn, 2. MARCH, 3. HALT. At the command MARCH, the directing ambulance of each platoon wheels 90° to the right and advances in the new direc- tion; the others oblique to the right until opposite their posi- tion in the platoon line, then straight to the front and align themselves on their respective directing ambulances. The command HALT may be given as soon as the directing ambulances have advanced two ambulance lengths (21 yards) in the new direction. For gaits see section 309. 330. Being in line, to form column of platoons to the front: Pl. 59, See. 329. 1. Right (left) by platoons, 2. MARCH, 3. HALT. At the first command, the leader of the first platoon com- mands : Forward, the leaders of the other platoons command: Ambulances right. At the command MARCH, the first platoon moves straight to the front; the other platoons march by the right flank until they reach the traces of the first platoon, then by the left flank and follow the first platoon in succession, at proper distance. The command HALT may be given after the leading platoon has advanced at least 125 yards to the front. 331. Being in column, to form column of platoons: Pl. 60, Sec. 330. 1. Platoons left (right) front into line, 2. MARCH, 3. HALT. Executed by each platoon as prescribed for detach- ment in section 108. Pl. 61, Sec. 331. 140 THE AMBULANCE. 332. Being in column of platoons, to change direction: 1. Column right (left), 2. MARCH. At the first command, the leader of the first platoon com- mands: Platoon, right wheel. At the command MABCH, the first platoon wheels to the right and continues to advance in the new direction. The other platoons advance and wheel to the right in succession on the same ground at the command of their platoon leaders. 333. Being in column of platoons, to form line to the flank: Pl. 62, Sec. 333. At the command MARCH, the directing ambulance of each platoon wheels 90° to the left and advances in the new di- rection ; the other ambulances of each platoon oblique to the left until opposite their places in the new line, then straight to the front, aligning them- selves on their directing ambulances, maintaining their proper intervals. 334. Being in column of platoons, to form line to the front: 1. Detachment, 2. Left (right) front into line, 3. MARCH, 4. HALT. At the second command, platoon leaders of the sec- ond and third platoons command: Platoon, left oblique. At the command MARCH, the first platoon contin- ues straight to the front; the other platoons execute left oblique until opposite their places in the new line, then straight to the front and align themselves on the first platoon. The second command HALT may be given wrhen the first platoon has advanced two ambulance lengths to the front. 1. Platoons left (right) turn, 2. MARCH, 3. HALT. Pl. 63, Sec. 334. Pl. 64, Sec. 335. THE AMBULANCE. 141 335. Being in column of platoons, to form column to the front: 1. Platoons, 2. Right (left) by ambulances, 3. MARCH. Executed by each platoon as described in section 322. 336. Being in column of platoons, to form line of platoons, and the reverse: 1. Ambulances right (left), 2. MARCH, 3. HALT. At the command MARCH, each ambulance wheels 90° to the right and moves off in the new direction. The command HALT may be given as soon as the directing am- bulances have advanced two ambulance lengths in the new direction. 337. Being in line or in column of platoons, to close intervals: 1. Close on right (left), 2. MARCH, 3. HALT. At the command MARCH, the directing ambu- lance moves straight to the front; the others oblique to the right until the interval between am- bulances is reduced to 2 yards, then straight to the front. The command HALT may be given when the directing ambulances have gained three ambulance lengths to the front. For gaits, see section 309. 338. Being in line or in column of platoons at close intervals to extend: Pl. 65, Sec. 336. Executed as described above except that ambulances oblique to the left until extended interval is gained. 339. Being in column of platoons to close intervals and distances: 1. Extend to the left (right), 2. MARCH, 3. HALT. 1. Detachment, 2. In close order, 3. MARCH, 4. HALT. At the second command platoon leaders command: Close on right. At the command MARCH, the directing ambulances 142 THE AMBULANCE. move straight to the front, the others oblique to the right until the interval between ambulances is reduced to 2 yards, then straight to the front. The command HALT may be given when the directing ambulances have advanced at least three ambulance lengths to the front. The second and third platoons may be halted when distance between platoons has been reduced to 14 yards. For gaits, see section 309. 340. Being in column of platoons in close order, to extend: 1. Detachment, 2. Extend, 3. MARCH. At the command MARCH, the leader of the first platoon commands, Extend to the left, leaders of the second and third platoons command HALT, until the proper distance has been secured, when they extend to left and follow the first platoon. If executed at a trot, the second and third platoons will not halt, but will delay taking up the trot until distance has been secured. 341. The wagon detachment constitutes one platoon of the ambulance company. It consists of one noncommissioned officer, stable sergeant, the farrier, horseshoer, saddler, 3 privates, first class, or privates, and 3 wagons. It is drilled and maneuvered as prescribed for the ambulance detachments. Wagons are wheeled on an arc of a circle whose radius is 6 yards. The Wagon Detachment. THE COMPANY, MOUNTED. 342. The special object of this instruction is the training of the personnel of the ambulance company in the dispositions and maneuvers requisite for forming the company as a whole, for marchings, going in and out of camp or garrison, and for cere- monies. 343. A progressive order of instruction must be observed. The detachments having been instructed by their commanders, the captain takes up and completes the training of the company as a whole. COLUMN ^SECTIONS COLUMN of PLATOONS Pl. 66, Sec. 345. AMBULANCE COMPANY MOUNTED 144 THE AMBULANCE. GENERAL PROVISIONS. 344. The saber.-During instruction, the saber is in the scabbard or drawn, at the discretion of the captain; when the captain draws saber, detachment commanders will also draw saber. At mounted instruction the saber is habitually attached to the left side of the saddle; on dismounting for instruction in the duties at the dressing station and similar functions it is not removed. The saber is not worn under field or simulated field conditions. 345. The habitual formations are in line and in section column. The company may also be formed in column of detach- ments or platoons. FORMATIONS. INTERVALS AND DISTANCES. 346. Intervals: Interval between litters paces 4 Interval between pack mules do 4 Interval between ambulances and wagons (close order, 2 yards) yards- 10 Interval between bearer and pack detachments do 8 Intervals between pack and ambulance, ambulance and wagon detachments yards 14 347. Distances: Distance between litters paces- 1 Distance between litter sections do 5 Distance between pack mules do 1 Distance between pack-mule sections do 5 Distance between ambulances and wagons yards- 2 Distance between bearer and pack detachments do 12 Distance between pack and ambulance detachments-do 14 Distance between ambulance and wagon detach- ments do 14 In column of detachments or platoons. THE AMBULANCE. 145 Distance between detachments or platoons equals detachment or platoon front. 348. POSITIONS. In line. In section column or in column of detachments. In column of platoons. Captain Lieutenants Sergeant, first class (acting first sergeant). Second sergeant, first class... Platoon leaders Orderlies Horseshoer, saddler, farrier, mechanic. Guidon 12 yards in front of center of company. 8 yards in front of center of their detach- tachment. 4 yards in rear of center of bearer detach- ment. 4 yards in rear of center of am- bulance de- tachment. 4 yards in front of center of their platoon. On left of ser- geants, first class. C. O. orderly 2 yards in rear of officer. 4 yards in rear of center of wagon detach- ment. 2 yards to outer flank of lead team of guid- ing ambulance. 8 yards in front of the leading guide. 8 yards in front of their de- tachment. Opposite center of bearer de- tachment, 4 yards from right flank. Opposite center oil ambulance detachment, 4 yards from right flank. Beside near lead mule of lead- ing ambulance of their pla- toon. 2 yards in rear of officer. In rear of col- umn. To right of cap- tain's orderly. Same. Same. 4 yards from right flank of bearer detach- ment. Opposite center of ambulance detachment, 4 yards from right. 4 yards in front of center of their platoon. Same. Same. 2 yards to outer flank of lead team of guid- ing ambulance. 12420°-17 10 146 THE AMBULANCE. TO FORM THE COMPANY. 349. The detachments are formed by their respective senior sergeants and, at the sounding of the assembly, the first ser- geant places himself eight yards in front of where the center of the company is to be and commands: FALL IN. The right guide of the bearer detachment places himself, facing to the front, where the right of the company is to rest and at such point that the center of the company will be eight yards from and opposite the first sergeant. The detachments form in succession from right to left, in their proper places. The first sergeant then commands: REPORT. The senior ser- geant of each detachment, in succession from right to left, salutes and reports: All present; or Private (s) absent. The captain places himself fifteen yards in front of the center of, and facing, the company in time to receive the report of the first sergeant, whose salute he returns, and then draws saber if armed with same. The lieutenants take their posts when the first sergeant has reported and draw saber with the captain. The company may also be formed in column of detachments. TO DISMISS THE COMPANY. 350. Being at a halt, the captain commands: DISMISS YOUR DETACHMENTS. The detachments are then con- ducted to their proper places by the officer or noncommissioned officer in charge and dismissed as prescribed in section 93. ALIGNMENTS. 351. The alignments are executed as prescribed heretofore, the heads of the animals in the lead teams being in line with the bearer detachment. At each alignment the captain places himself in prolongation of the line, and facing the flank toward which the dress is made, verifies the alignment, and commands: FRONT. THE AMBULANCE. 147 MARCHINGS. 352. The ambulance company may be formed and maneuv- ered in line, in line of platoons; in column of detachments, platoons, and sections, in accordance with the principles laid down in the instructions for detachments, substituting the word company for detachment. 353. In changing from line to column or the reverse, the leading element of the company will advance a sufficient distance in the new direction so that ambulances and wagons will have the opportunity to straighten out their teams. 354. In forming column from line, the bearer detachment will advance at least 30 paces in the new direction before the command HALT is given. 355. In forming line from column the bearer detachment will advance at least 20 paces in the new direction before the command HALT is given. 356. For ceremonies or other purposes the company may be formed in column of detachments or platoons in close order by the commands: 1. Company, 2. Close order, 3. MARCH, 4. HALT. Executed as provided for detachments in sections 339 and 340. MOTOR AMBULANCE COMPANIES. 357. Motor ambulance companies are administered, trained, and maneuvered as heretofore described for mule companies, except as noted below. The pack detachment is replaced by a dressing station de- tachment consisting of one noncommissioned officer and eight privates or privates, first class, whose duties will be to load and unload the dressing-station equipment, to transport the same, and to establish the dressing station. This detachment should be assisted by the bearer detachment in the transportation of the dressing-station equipment by hand when necessary to do so. Individual instruction will be given in the elements of motor mechanics, driving, care of, and making minor repairs to motor transportation. 148 THE AMBULANCE. The personnel will ride on certain designated ambulances. The officer in charge of transportation should ride at the rear of the column. FORMATIONS. 358. The company will be formed as prescribed in section 91. If this formation is for drill or instruction with transportation, the company is marched to the vicinity of the ambulance park when the commanders of the ambulance and truck detachments command. 1. Drivers and orderlies, 2. POST. Drivers and orderlies take position facing the front, 1 pace to left and right, respectively, of the hoods of their cars. Platoon leaders, 2 paces in front of the right of their platoons. The other detachments are formed in line 10 yards in front of the ambulances which they are to occupy. Detachment commanders are 4 yards in front of the center of their detachments. In the field the company may be regularly formed in this position; the first sergeant places himself 8 yards in front of where the company is to be formed and commands, FALL IN. Detachments are thereupon formed in above positions by their respective senior sergeants. The first sergeant then commands, REPORT. The senior sergeant of each detachment in succession from right to left salutes and reports, All present or absent. The captain places himself 15 yards in front of the center of and facing the company in time to receive the report of the first sergeant whose salute he returns. The lieutenants take their posts when the first sergeant has reported. 359. The captain commands: MOUNT. Drivers take their places in the seat and prepare their ma- chines to start. Orderlies take position at the crank, facing the same. All other men proceed at double time to the rear of the ambulances in which they are to ride and climb in. With field hospital companies they climb in in succession over the right side of the seat and take seats on the loads. THE AMBULANCE. 149 Orderlies crank the machines, remain in position until assured that the engine is running steadily then take position on the seat with arms folded. . The captain then takes his seat in his car, commands: START, to his driver and as his car moves out gives the ap- propriate signal to the company (right by ambulances or for- ward ). CRANK. 360. The machines having halted in park or column, the captain takes position in front of the company and signals: Stop engine, then, DISMOUNT, at which all men dismount, take positions, at double time, on either side of the radiator and face the front. TO DISMOUNT. AMBULANCE DRILL. 361. Ambulance detachment drill with motor ambulances is as valuable as any drill and is necessary to teach the proper handling of these vehicles. The principles and formations prescribed for mule-drawn com- panies will be followed. Movements should be executed at a low rate of speed. A distance of 12 yards (about 2 car lengths), and an interval of 2 yards at close and 16 yards at extended order, will be maintained between cars. For daily routine and for field service the drivers will be trained to follow the lead of the first car in taking positions and speed as indicated without undue attempt at observance of the niceties of drill. On the road the column must be kept intact at all times; order- lies will be required to watch the car behind, and the signal, column is broken, will be given whenever a car stops for any reason. SIGNALS. 362. The signals prescribed in section 232 may be used, care being taken to first attract attention with a long blast of the whistle, and that the signal is given in a distinct manner from a conspicuous position. 150 THE AMBULANCE. 363. The following additional signals may be used: Mount: Right arm perpendicular in front of body, hand hori- zontal, raise until arm is extended above head, hand horizontal, and drop to side. Dismount: Motions of mount reversed. Crank: Right arm horizontal in front of body, make small vertical circles with forearm and hand. Stop engine: Swing right arm from right to left and back across the front of body. Slow: Left arm extended outward and downward at angle of 45°. Stop: Left arm extended outward and upward at an angle of 45°. Column is broken: Three long blasts on horn repeated. Field Training. 364. After the company has completed the garrison course of instruction in professional subjects and in drills, it must take up a course of field training in the duties necessary to put the company in an effective condition and to enable it to fulfill its function in campaign. In preparation for the field, officers and noncommissioned offi- cers must be made proficient in the elements of map reading and the preparation of simple location sketches. Officers must also acquire a knowledge of the range and trajec- tory of projectiles, the efficiency of cover, the interpretation of orders, and the elements of tactics of the different arms of the service, in order to be able to appreciate the situation under which the company must perform its duties in connection with the rescue, care and transportation of wounded. 365. The following-named subjects will be taken up con- secutively and the company made proficient therein: 1. Route marches. 2. Making and breaking camp. 3. Battle service. 366. Route marches: The section column is the habitual column of route. When marching in column with other troops the distance between detachments should be reduced to 2 yards. Being in march: ROUTE ORDER, or AT EASE.-Executed according to principles already described. Sabers are returned if drawn. THE AMBULANCE. 151 To resume attention, the captain commands: 1. Company, 2. ATTENTION. The company as a whole must be exercised in route marching in order to insure against " backing and filling " of the column by constantly maintaining proper distance between the ele- ments. In an organization composed of a variety of elements the difficulty of maintaining proper distances is much greater than in those in which there is greater uniformity in this respect. Practice marches must be made on all kinds of roads, and special attention must be given to the drivers. The column must not be allowed to vary in length, and the detachment commanders will be held responsible for the proper conduct of their respective detachments. Particular attention should be paid to improvising means of overcoming obstacles which might be encountered in active oper- ation, as crossing streams and swamps and deep gullies, repair and making of roads and bridges, driving through woods, etc. 367. Making and breaking camp: Ambulance companies usu- ally encamp in column of company units, and are allowed a space of 350 by 100 yards. With the same width of streets and the tents of each company in one line (1 man per yard), the dimensions of camps, wThen shelter tents are used, will be the same as above. Allowance of space allotted in contracted camps of short duration is given in Field Service Regulations. 368. This form of camp may have to be modified, however, depending upon the nature of the ground where the camp is located. If shelter tents are used, they are pitched in two lines facing each other or in single line facing the head of the column. On arrival in camp, guards are posted to enforce proper use of the water supply. The ground is paced off and the locations of the lines of tents, picket lines, wagon parks, etc., are marked. Under the supervision of their officers the various detach- ments will proceed in a methodical manner to establish the camp. The bearer detachment and cooks will establish kitchens, pitch tents, construct latrines and kitchen incinerators, and pro- cure fuel and water. The other detachments will un- harness and secure their animals, construct picket lines, procure for- age, clean collars, and groom. Officers' orderlies, after securing their horses and those belonging to officers, will pitch the officers' tents. 369. When a camp is to be occu- pied for any length of time, a well- drained picket line must be con- structed. A picket line for an ambulance company should be about 90 yards long and 24 feet wide, surrounded by a trench about 1 foot deep. The ground on which animals are to stand should be macadamized and slope from center to facilitate drainage. The picket rope must be supported by posts at about 30-foot intervals and securely anchored at both ends. The posts should be about 8 inches in diameter and 6 or 7 feet long; they are sunk into the ground for a distance of about 2 feet. A horse- shoe nailed to the top of the post may be used in place of a hole through the post for the picket rope, but should be well wrapped with burlap to prevent chafing of picket line. If no convenient tree or stump is found on which to anchor the picket- rope ends, a large piece of timber, 1 foot by 3 feet, may be buried cross- wise at the end of the picket line to which the ends of the picket rope are securely tied. A ground picket rope is preferable for night camps. Animals should be trained to its use by bandaging their legs for a few nights. Pl. 67, Sec. 367. 152 THE AMBULANCE. 153 370. Reveille and the hour set for marching will be at suffi- cient interval to permit the animals to be fed, groomed, watered, harnessed, or saddled, and the men to wash, eat. and make up their blanket rolls. When tents have been struck and the wagons and pack mules loaded, each detachment commander assembles his detachment. The camp will be thoroughly policed and the picket-line wastes burned if practicable. Field Hospital Companies. 371. The field hospital company will conform, unless other- wise specifically stated, to the regulations governing drills, for- mations for ceremonies, and for all other purposes prescribed herein for the ambulance company. This includes the wagon drill for the field hospital with animals hitched, the formation being the same as that for ambulances. SCHEME FOE PITCHING FIELD HOSPITALS. 372. The field hospitals of a division, when established to- gether, will usually be pitched in accordance with the follow- ing plan. Because of conformation of site, lack of sufficient space, or of the temporary status of the camp it may at times be desirable to modify the plan. The location of the sinks and of the picket line, and trans- portation, will depend upon peculiarities of site, prevailing winds, etc. Their distances from the tents should be those specified in the plans when circumstances permit. Ordinarily it will be found most convenient to pitch first the center line of tents, the kitchen, and the dispensary of a field hospital. With these tents pitched, the work of the hospital can proceed while the remainder of the tents are being pitched and the camp put in order. More or less canvas than that shown in the diagram will be pitched, as circumstances indicate. In campaign, canvas will be pitched for hospital purposes only when buildings are not available, or to supplement the shelter provided by buildings. In camp, as a general rule, canvas will be pitched only as required. The utility of ward tents, which 154 THE AMBULANCE. have no flies, is greatly impaired by small tears incident to careless handling. Whenever practicable, a protective covering should be placed in the bottom of the wagon be- fore loading tentage. 373. A field hospital is laid out as follows: The right front cor- ner wall pins of the store tent, office, oper- ating tent and six wards are located by two per- sons. (See plate 69.) No. 1 places a marker in the ground at the point marked stores. He then paces over the distance marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9, taking 13 paces for each short line and 30 for each, long one. The wavy line 6 is a meander (distance traveled with- out pacing). At the end of each paced dis- tance a marker is placed in the ground to indicate the corner-pin site for the tent indi- cated in the diagram. " Ward 5 " marker is placed in the ground slanting to the rear, as it is only a temporary or provisional marker. Its distance from " Ward 4 " is correct, but its distance from " Ward 2 " is uncertain. After the dis- tance 8 is paced, the provisional pin is removed and placed at Pl. 68, Sec. 372. THE AMBULANCE. 155 the end of the thirtieth pace, aligning it on " office " and "Ward 2." Pl. 69, Sec. 373. No. 2 meanders along the broken line starting at the X below " operating tent." At this point he assists No. 1 in making a right-angle turn. At the X below " office," while No. 1 is setting the marker for "Ward 2," No. 2 aligns it by sighting between " of- fice " and " Ward 5." At probable site for "Ward 1" marker, No. 2 sets " Ward 1 " marker, aligning it on " Wards 2 and 3." When No. 1 has set " Ward 4 " marker, he aligns " Ward 1 " marker on it and " the stores " marker. This completes the alignment of " Ward 1." Plate No. 70 shows the method of placing markers for officers', men's, and kitchen tentage. For men's latrine place a marker 30 paces beyond last tent for the en- listed personnel. Right angle 13 paces to the right and place marker for the head of the wagon or truck park and 13 paces more for the head of the picket line, if one. If shelter tents are used for the men, place them in two lines, using the " Pyr " line as one of them. MANEUVERS OF TWO OR MORE COM- PANIES. 374. Two, three, or four ambu- lance companies, field hospital companies, or the personnel of large hospitals may be exercised and maneuvered as a battalion. The normal formations of the bat- talion are: In line, in column of sections, platoons, or detachments. 375. The field staff and noncom- missioned staff, etc., of a battalion are as follows: Pl. 70, Sec. 373. 156 THE AMBULANCE. 157 One major commands the battalion (director of ambulance companies or field hospitals). One adjutant (lieutenant detailed). One acting sergeant major (sergeant detailed). Two privates, first-class, orderlies (one a musician). 376. The individual companies are formed as prescribed in section 345. In each case the formation of the battalion is analogous thereto. 377. In line, the interval between companies is 14 yards. The distance between companies in column of sections is 14 yards, and between companies in column of platoons or detach- ments, platoon or detachment distance. 378. If the battalion is formed in column, with its companies in line, the formation is called a column of companies. The distance between companies is equal to company front at full distance; it is at platoon distance when in close order. When the battalion is in column of companies at closed distance it is said to be closed in mass. At formations of the battalion the companies take their places from right to left in line, and from front to rear in column, in order of rank of their captains. 379. At ceremonies the director (major) is 30 yards in front of the center of his battalion. On other occasions he places himself where he can most readily observe and direct the bat- talion. The adjutant is 2 yards in rear of the major. The acting sergeant major and orderlies are 2 yards in rear of the adjutant. 380. To form the battalion in line, the adjutant causes adju- tant's call to be sounded; the adjutant and sergeant major pro- ceed to the selected ground and post themselves facing each other a few yards outside the points where the right and left of the right company of the battalion is to rest. The companies approach the line from the rear and are posted in succession from right to left by their captains, so that they will be on the line established by the adjutant and sergeant major. After halting his company each captain aligns it toward the right. TO FORM THE BATTALION. 158 THE AMBULANCE. When the company that arrives first on the line that has been established, the sergeant major takes position 2 yards in rear of the adjutant. The line being formed, the major and his staff take post, facing the center of the battalion. The adjutant then moves at a trot or gallop by the shortest line to a point midway between the major and the center of the battalion, halts, faces the major, salutes with right hand and reports: Sir, the battalion is formed. The major returns the salute with the right hand; the adjutant then takes post with the battalion staff. 381. The battalion may also be assembled in any other con- venient formation. Tn such cases, as soon as the last company has taken its place, the adjutant joins the major and reports to him that the battalion is formed. 382. Officers draw and return saber with the major. At ceremonies, sabers are habitually drawn; at other times they are drawn or kept in the scabbard, at the discretion of the major. 383. To effect a general alignment, the director causes one of the flank companies to be established in the desired position, and commands: TO ALIGN THE BATTALION. 1. By company, 2. Right, 3. DRESS. Each captain in turn, commencing with the company first posted, aligns his company toward the flank designated and commands: FRONT, when the alignment is completed. 384. The director commands: DISMISS YOUR COMPA- NIES, or sends appropriate instructions to his captains. Each captain marches his company to its park and dismisses it. TO DISMISS THE BATTALION. MANEUVERS. 385. To reach a designated position at the proper time is the object to be attained in maneuver of two or more ambulance companies. THE AMBULANCE. 159 The movements are not effected by the maneuver of the bat- talion as such, but rather by separate movements of individual ambulance companies to the place assigned to them. 386. For passing from one formation to another, and for the simple evolutions requisite for ceremonies and ordinary inci- dents of the service, several companies are maneuvered in ac- cordance with the principles heretofore prescribed for a single ambulance company and by similar commands. In case of simultaneous movements, such as marching to the front, to the flank, to the rear, obliquely, etc., the command or signal of execution of the director of ambulance companies is immediately repeated by the captain and simultaneously executed by the ambulance companies. In case of successive movements, the captains maneuver their companies so as to cause them to arrive at their proper positions by the shortest route and in conformity with the principles of the rules of gaits. 387. The commands of the major are transmitted by orderlies or given by arm, saber, or trumpet signals, or by word of mouth. The captains habitually repeat the commands of the major or give such commands as may be necessary to insure the execu- tion of the movement. Their commands are given by arm or saber signal or by word of mouth. The whistle, and not the trumpet, is habitually used to attract attention to the signals of the captain during the evolutions of the battalion. Part II. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 1. CEREMONIES. 388. On occasions of ceremony companies or detachments of the Medical Department are assigned to places according to the nature of the ceremony; they are formed and marched in the order prescribed by the commanding officer. At the assembly for a ceremony, companies or detachments are formed on their own parades and informally inspected. Detachments and companies pass in review as prescribed herein for battalions. 389. The adjutant posts men or otherwise marks the points where the column changes direction in such manner that the right flank in passing the reviewing officer shall be about 10 yards from him. The post of the reviewing officer, usually opposite the center of the line, is marked by a flag. The reviewing officer, his staff, and others at the reviewing stand salute the standard as it passes, whether the standard salutes or not; the reviewing officer returns the salute of the commanding officer of the troops and of such commanding officer only. Officers of the same or higher grade and distinguished per- sonages invited to accompany the reviewing officer place them- selves on his left; their staff and orderlies place themselves GENERAL RULES. 160 respectively on the left of the staff and orderlies of the review- ing officer; all others who accompany the reviewing officer place themselves on the left of his staff, their orderlies in rear. When riding around the troops the reviewing officer may direct that his staff, flag, and orderlies remain at the post of the reviewing officer or that only his personal staff and flag shall accompany him; in either of these cases the commanding officer alone accompanies the reviewing officer. If the reviewing officer is accompanied by his staff, the staff officers of the commander place themselves on the right of the staff of the reviewing officer. When the reviewing officer is not in front or in rear of a regi- ment, or other separate organization, its commander may cause it to stand at ease, to rest, or to dismount and rest, and to resume attention and mount, but not so as to interfere with the ceremony. When the commanding officer of the troops turns out of the column his post is on the right of the reviewing officer; his staff, in single rank, on the right of the staff already there; orderlies in rear of his staff. When the column has passed the commanding officer, without changing position, salutes the reviewing officer and then, with his staff and orderlies, rejoins his command. If the person reviewing the command is not mounted the commanding officer and his staff, on turning out of the column after passing the reviewing officer, dismount preparatory to taking post on the right of the reviewing officer and his staff. In such case the salute of a commanding officer prior to re- joining his command is made with the hand before remounting. When the major faces the line to give commands the staff and orderlies do not change position. Each guidon and when the rank of the reviewing officer en- titles him to the honor, each standard salutes at the command, eyes right; and again in passing in review when 6 yards from the reviewing officer. The standard and guidons are raised at the command, FRONT, or when they have passed 6 yards be- yond the reviewing officer. If the rank of the reviewing officer entitles him to the honor, the march or flourishes are sounded in passing in review at CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 161 12420°-17 11 162 CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. the moment the standard salutes by the trumpeters halted in front of the reviewing officer. Trumpeters with the organization commanders do not sound the march or flourishes. The formation for revievy may be modified to suit the ground, and the ride around the line by the reviewing officer may be dis- pensed with. If the post of the reviewing officer is on the left of the column the troops march in review with the guide left; the commanding officer and his staff turn out of the column to the left, taking post as prescribed above, but to the left of the reviewing officer. In reviews of brigades or larger commands each battalion, after its rear has passed the reviewing officer 50 yards, takes an increased gait for 300 yards in order not to interfere with the march of the column in rear. The troops, having passed the reviewing officer, return to their camps by the most practicable route, being careful not to delay the march of the troops in rear of them. When it is necessary that an organization should be reviewed before an inspector junior in rank to the commanding officer, the commanding officer receives the review and is accompanied by the inspector, who takes post on his left. 390. The battalion being in line, the major faces to the front; the reviewing officer takes his post; the major turns about and commands: 1. Prepare for review, 2. MARCH, The staff re- mains in position, facing the front. The major then faces to the front. The reviewing officer approaches to within about 6 yards of the major, the latter salutes, returns saber, joins the reviewing officer, takes post on his right, and accompanies him around the battalion. The reviewing officer proceeds to the right, passes along in front of the officers to the left of the line, and returns to the right, passing in rear of the line. On arriving again at the right of the line the major salutes, halts, and, when the reviewing officer and staff have passed, moves directly to his post in front of the battalion, faces it, draws saber, and commands: 1. Sections (fours) right, 2. BATTALION BEVIEW. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 163 MARCH, 3. Battalion, 4. HALT. The command halt is given as soon as the sections (fours) have completed the turn. The column being formed, the major commands: 1. Pass in review, 2. Forward, 3. MARCH. At the command MARCH the column marches off; without command from the major the column changes direction at the points indicated, and column of companies or platoons at full distance with guide to the right is formed successively to the left at the second change of direction. The major takes his post 24 yards in front of the column immediately after the second change. When the major is 6 yards from the reviewing officer, he and his staff salute, turning the head and eyes sharply to the right. When the major has passed 6 yards beyond the reviewing officer, he and his staff resume the carry, turning the head and eyes to the front. The major, having saluted, takes post on the right of the reviewing officer, remains there until the rear of the bat- talion has passed, then salutes and rejoins his battalion. Without facing about each captain or special unit commander commands: 1. Eyes, in time to add, 2. RIGHT when 6 paces from the reviewing officer, and commands FRONT when 6 paces beyond him. At the command Eyes the officers execute the first motion of present saber, at the command RIGHT all turn head and eyes to the right and the officers complete pre- sent saber. At the command FRONT all turn head and eyes to the front and resume the carry saber. Without arms in hand the first motion of the hand salute is made at the command RIGHT, and the second is not made until the command FRONT. Officers and noncommissioned officers in command of subdivi- sions salute and turn head and eyes as above described. If the post of the reviewing officer is on the left of the column, the troops march in review with the guide left. In saluting, the officer commanding gives the command: 1. Eyes, 2. LEFT. REVIEW OF A BATTALION WITH CLOSED INTERVALS. 391. The battalion is formed in line, each company being at closed intervals. 164 The review is conducted according to the principle previously explained, except that instead of first executing sections (fours) right, the battalion is formed in column of companies or pla- toons with closed intervals and dis- tances, and passes in review in that for- mation. When space is limited, the bat- talion may be formed in line with each company in platoon column. The review will be conducted on the general prin- ciples previously explained, the battalion passing in review either in platoon col- umn or in column of companies as before. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 2. INSPECTIONS. THE DETACHMENT OK COMPANY DIS- MOUNTED. 392. Inspection is in such uniform as may be prescribed. The detachment should frequently be inspected in field equipment. 393. The detachment being formed, the senior noncommissioned officer sa- lutes, reports, and takes his place on the right of the line of file closers. The junior officers take their posts and draw sabers as soon as the noncommissioned officer has reported. The officer commanding then draws saber and commands: 1. Prepare for inspection, 2. MARCH. 3. FRONT. At the first command the junior offi- cers place themselves on the right and left of the rank; the officer commanding then places himself facing to the left. 3 paces in front of and 2 paces to the right of the detachment, and commands: MARCH. At this command the junior officers 1'1. 71. Sec. 392. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 165 Pl. 72, Sec. 396. 166 CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. move forward 3 paces, face to the center in marching, and upon arriving opposite their posts, halt, face to the front, and Pl. 73, Sec. 392. Pl. 73-5, Sec. 392. order saber-; the rank (the left hand upon the hip) dresses to the right; the file closers dress to the right. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 167 The officer commanding aligns the rank and file closers; he then takes post 3 paces in front of the right guide, facing to the left, and commands FRONT, which is executed by the rank and file closers; at this command the junior officers carry saber. The officer commanding then returns saber and inspects the junior officers, rank and file closers in the order named. He may direct the junior officers to accompany or assist him, in which case they return saber; otherwise, after being inspected, they face about, order saber and stand at ease. At the close of the inspection they resume their posts in front of the detach- ment at attention without command, sabers at the order. 394. To inspect the equipment, the officer commanding, facing to the left of the detachment, commands: 1. Inspection, 2. EQUIPMENT. At the second command each soldier opens his pouch and drawing his knife places it across and resting on the open pouch, edge of blade to the front; noncommissioned officers place the knife across the open emergency case. Each soldier in turn as the inspector approaches raises and carries the knife to the front, base of the hilt as high as the chin and 6 inches in front of the neck, edge to the left, point 2 inches farther to the front than the hilt, thumb extended on left of grip, all fingers clasping the grip. The edge is then turned toward the front, then to the right to show the other side. Unless the inspector takes hold of the knife the soldier places it across his chest, edge to the left and the blade extending obliquely across the left shoulder. After the pouch has been examined and the inspector has passed on to the next man, the knife is returned and the pouch closed. When not equipped with an emergency case, each noncommis- sioned officer, as the inspector approaches him, grasps the handle of his knife with the right hand and the scabbard with the left, draws the knife, presents it, and turns it for inspection as described above, and after it is inspected, returns it to the scabbard. 395. When equipped with the belt and hand ax, in lieu of the pouch and knife, the inspection will be as follows: 168 CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. The officer commanding, facing to the left of the detachment, commands: 1. Inspection, 2. EQUIPMENT. At the second command each soldier opens each pocket in his belt, slips the head of the hand ax out of carrier, displays identification tag between first and second button of his shirt and resumes the position of attention. As soon as each man has been inspected, both front and rear, he readjusts his equip- ment. INSPECTION ; HEAVY MARCHING ORDER. 396. If the inspection is to include an examination of the blanket rolls, the detachment is formed as prescribed in section 393, and intervals are taken as prescribed in section 95; the officer commanding places himself 3 paces in front and 2 paces to the right'of the right file and commands: 1. UNSLING PACKS, 2. OPEN PACKS. At the first command each man unslings his pack with belt and places it upon the ground, flaps down, 1 foot in front of his toes. At the second command the blanket roll is unrolled toward the man but not unfolded. All equipment is then ex- posed on the roll as shown in diagram, and the man resumes his place in ranks and stands at attention. The officer command- ing then returns saber, passes along the rank and file closers as before, inspects the rolls, returns to the right, draws saber, and commands: 1. CLOSE PACKS, 2. SLING PACKS. At the first command blanket rolls are packed as prescribed in the Appendix. At the second command, given when all blanket rolls are packed, the rolls are slung, the end containing the pole to the rear. The detachment is assembled as prescribed in section 95. 397. Should the inspector be other than the officer command- ing, the latter, after commanding FRONT (sec. 393), adds REST, and takes post, facing to the front, 3 paces in front CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 169 of the right guide. When the inspector approaches, the officer commanding faces to the left, brings the detachment to atten- tion, faces to the front, and salutes. The salute acknowledged, the officer commanding carries saber, faces to the left, com- mands INSPECTION EQUIPMENT, and again faces to the front. The inspection proceeds as before; the officer command- ing returns saber and accompanies the inspector as soon as latter passes him. 398. Upon completion of the inspection, the officer command- ing takes post facing to the left in front of the right guide and on line with the junior officers and commands: 1. Officers, 2. Posts, 3. MARCH. At the command MARCH, the junior officers carry saber, face each toward the nearest flank and, passing behind the file closers, resume their posts in the line of file closers. 399. The detachment being in line with strapped litters at the carry, intervals having been taken if required, the com- mand is given: INSPECTION OE LITTERS AND AMBULANCES. 1. Inspection, 2. LITTERS. At LITTERS, the bearers open the litter and, standing at the position of carry litter, hold it suspended, canvas to the right, until both sides are inspected. They then lower the litter and take positions at litter posts without command. 400. The ambulances being in line at intervals of 12 paces, with seats packed, an orderly on each seat beside the driver, the commands are given: 1. Inspection, 2. AMBULANCES. The driver and orderly remove the spare parts and acces- sories of the ambulance from the jockey box and display them on the storm curtain laid on the ground 1 pace to the outside of the right front wheel. The orderly then goes to the rear of the ambulance, opens the tail gate and raises the curtain, if 170 CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. necessary, and then comes to attention 1 pace in rear of the left wheel, facing the ambulance. The inspector first examines the animals and harness, then the ambulance and contents, after which he directs the seats to be prepared, or such other work to be done as he desires executed. The inspection being completed, the orderly closes the tail gate and resumes his position on the seat beside the driver. 401. For motor ambulances the driver opens the front locker, displays tools and spare parts on the right running board, sets seat cushion on edge, takes up floor if detachable, raises hood on both sides, and stands at attention 1 pace to left of hood, facing same. The orderly goes to rear of car, spreads seats, opens all lockers, and stands at attention 1 pace in rear of right rear wheel, facing same. As soon as inspection of the car is com- pleted, the driver and orderly put the car in normal condition and take position facing the front, 1 pace to the left and right, respectively, of the hoods of their cars. THE COMPANY MOUNTED. MULE-DRAWN COMPANY. Inspection, mounted. 402. The company being formed in line, in column of detach- ments or platoons, in normal or close order, the captain com- mands : 1. Prepare for inspection, 2. MARCH, 3. FRONT. At the command MARCH, the junior officers take their proper position in front of their detachments. The ambulance orderlies dismount and take position 1 yard in rear of the left wheel of their respective ambulances, facing the front. As soon as the alignment is completed the captain commands: FRONT. Detachments stand at ease until the inspector approaches, when the detachment commander commands: 1. Detachment, 2. ATTENTION, 3. Inspection, 4. EQUIPMENT; or, 3. In- spection, 4. AMBULANCES, as the case may be. Detachment commanders, after being inspected, accompany the inspector during the inspection of their detachments. When this is completed, the commander again commands: AT EASE. The inspecting officer dismounts and inspects the bearer de- tachment in the manner heretofore prescribed; then mounting, he rides from right to left in front of the other detachments inspecting officers, noncommissioned officers, men, and the ani- mals' and harness; he then rides from left to right in rear of the line inspecting wagons, ambulances, and orderlies. As the inspection of each ambulance is completed, the orderly closes the tail gate and resumes his position on the seat beside the driver. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 171 MOTOR-DRAWN COMPANY. The company being formed as prescribed in section 358, the inspection proceeds as in sections 402 and 401. 3. MUSTER. 403. The formation for muster is the same as for inspection, the muster being usually preceded by an inspection. Each detachment or company commander is provided with a roll of his detachment or company. A list of absentees, ar- ranged by grades alphabetically, accompanies each roll. As the mustering officer approaches, the officer commands: ATTENTION TO MUSTER. The mustering officer then calls the names on the roll, and as each man's name is called, he answers " Here," and steps 1 pace to the front. After muster, the mustering officer verifies the presence of the men reported absent from the formation who are in the post or camp. 4. COMPANY GUARD MOUNTING. 404. Guard duty will be performed in accordance with the principles prescribed in Manual of Interior Guard Duty. At assembly, the men detailed for stable or other guard duty fall in on the company parade, the senior noncommissioned officer on the right, the other noncommissioned officers and the supernumerary in the file closers. 172 The senior noncommissioned officer verifies the detail, dresses it to the right, and inspects the arms, equipment, and appear- ance of the men, and replaces any man unfit to march on guard by the supernumerary. The officer of the day takes his position 12 yards in front of the center of the detail, facing it. The senior noncommissioned officer then takes post 4 yards to the front of the center of the detail and reports to the officer of the day, Sir, the guard is formed. His salute having been returned, he takes post 2 paces to the right of the detail. The officer of the day then commands: 1. Inspection, 2. ARMS, or, if not armed, inspects the guard as prescribed for detachments in section 393. The inspection being completed, the officer of the day returns to his post, commands: March the guard to its post. The senior noncommissioned officer moves 2 paces to the front, salutes, faces to the left and commands: 1. Guard to its post, 2. Right, 3. FACE, 4. Forward, 5. MARCH. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 5. FUNERAL ESCORTS. 405. The composition and strength of the escort are pre- scribed in Army Regulations. The escort is formed opposite the quarters of the deceased. Upon appearance of the coffin, the commander commands: SALUTE, and the band if present plays an appropriate air. The escort is next formed into column of companies, platoons, or squads. If the escort be small, it may be marched in line. The pro- cession is formed in the following order: 1. Music, 2. Escort, 3. Clergy, 4. Coffin and pallbearers, 5. Mourners, 6. Members of the former command of the deceased, 7. Other officers and enlisted men, 8. Distinguished persons, 9. Delegations, 10. Societies, 11. Civilians. Officers and enlisted men (Nos. 6 and 7), with side arms, are in the order of rank, seniors in front. The procession being formed, the commander of the escort puts it in march. The escort marches slowly to solemn music; the column hav- ing arrived opposite the grave, the line is formed facing it. The coffin is then carried along the front of the escort to the grave; escort being at salute, the music plays an appropriate air; the coffin having been placed over the grave, the music ceases and the escort is brought to attention. The commander next commands: 1. Parade, 2. REST. The escort executes parade rest, officers and men inclining the head. When the funeral services are completed and the coffin low- ered into the grave, the commander causes the escort to resume attention and fire three rounds of blank cartridges, the muzzles of the pieces being elevated. When the escort is greater than a battalion, one battalion is designated to fire the volleys. A musician then sounds taps. The escort is then formed into column, marches in quick time to the point where it was assembled, and dismissed. The band does not play until it has left the inclosure. When the distance to the place of interment is considerable, the escort, after having left the camp or garrison, may march at ease in quick time until it approaches the burial ground, when it is brought to attention. The music does not play while march- ing at ease. In marching at attention the field music may alternate with the band in playing. At the funeral of a mounted officer the commander of the escort, in forming column, gives the appropriate commands for the different arms. The field music sounds the march, flourishes, or ruffles, according to the rank of the deceased whenever arms are presented, after which the band plays an appropriate air. At the funeral of a mounted officer or enlisted man his horse, in mourning caparison, follows the hearse. When it is impracticable for the horses and ambulances to approach the grave they are left outside the inclosure. If the escort consist of Medical Department only the officers, noncom- missioned officers, and all individually mounted men dismount, turn over their horses to horse holders, and the officers draw saber; a suitable formation is then taken and the coffin is escorted to the grave, where lin-e is formed and the same cere- monies are performed as before prescribed. The ceremony at the grave having been completed, the command remains in line until the trumpeter sounds taps over the grave. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 173 174 Should the entrance of the cemetery prevent the hearse ac- companying the escort till the latter halts at the grave the column is halted at the entrance long enough to take the coffin from the hearse, when the column is again put in march. When necessary to escort the remains from the quarters of the deceased to the church before the funeral service arms are pre- sented upon receiving the remains at the quarters and also as they are borne into the church. The commander of the escort, previous to the funeral, gives the clergyman and pallbearers all needful directions. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 6. HONORS AND SALUTES. 406. Further rules governing honors, courtesies, etc., are pre- scribed in Army Regulations. When making or receiving official reports, or on meeting out- of-doors, all officers will salute. Military courtesy requires the junior to salute first, but when the salute is introductory to a report made at a military cere- mony or formation to the representative of a common superior (as, for example, to the adjutant, officer of the day, etc.) the officer making the report, whatever his rank, will salute first; the officer to whom the report is made will acknowledge by saluting that he has received and understood the report. Salutes shall be exchanged between officers and enlisted men, not in a military formation, not at drill, work, games, or mess, on every occasion of their meeting, passing near or being ad- dressed, the officer junior in rank or the enlisted men saluting first. (1) When an officer enters a room where there are several enlisted men the word " attention " is given by some one who perceives him, when all rise, uncover, and remain standing at attention until the officer leaves the room or directs otherwise. Enlisted men at meals stop eating and remain seated at attention. (2) An enlisted man, if seated, rises on the approach of an officer, faces toward him, stands at attention, and salutes. Standing, he faces an officer for the same purpose. If the parties remain in the same place or on the same ground, such compliments need not be repeated. Soldiers actually at work do not cease work to salute an officer unless addressed by him. (3) Before addressing an officer, an enlisted man makes the prescribed salute with the weapon with which he is armed, or, if unarmed, with right hand. He also makes the same salute after receiving a reply. (4) In uniform, covered or uncovered, but not in formation, officers and enlisted men salute military persons as follows: With arms in hand, the salute prescribed for that arm (sen- tinels on interior guard duty excepted) ; without arms, the right-hand salute. (5) In civilian dress, covered or uncovered, officers and en-. listed men salute military persons with the right-hand salute. (6) Officers and enlisted men will render the prescribed sa- lutes in a military manner, the officer junior in rank, or the en- listed men. saluting first. When several officers in company are saluted, all entitled to the salute shall return it. (7) Except in the field under campaign or simulated cam- paign conditions, a mounted officer (or soldier) dismounts be- fore addressing a superior officer not mounted. (8) A man in formation shall not salute when directly ad- dressed, but shall come to attention if at rest or at ease. (9) Saluting distance is that within which recognition is easy. In general, it does not exceed 30 paces. (10) When an officer entitled to the salute passes in rear of a body of troops, it is brought to attention while he is opposite the post of the commander. (11) In public conveyances, such as railways, trains, and street cars, and in public places, such as theaters, honors and personal salutes may be omitted when palpably inappropriate or apt to disturb or annoy civilians present. (12) Soldiers at all times and in all situations pay the same compliments to officers of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Volunteers, and to officers of the National Guard in uniform as to officers of their own regiment, corps, or arms of service. (13) Sentinels on post doing interior guard duty conform to the foregoing principles, but salute by presenting arms when armed with the rifle. They will not salute if it interferes with the proper performance of their duties. Troops under arms will salute as prescribed in drill regulations. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 175 176 CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. Commanders of detachments or other commands will salute officers of grades higher than the person commanding the unit by first bringing the unit to attention and then saluting as re- quired by subparagraph (4), section 406. If the person saluted is of a junior or equal grade, the unit need not be at attention in the exchange of salutes. 407. If two detachments or other commands meet, their ■commanders will exchange salutes, both commands being at at- tention. Salutes and honors, as a rule, are not paid by troops actually engaged in drill, on the march, or in the field under campaign •or simulated campaign conditions. Troops on the service of security pay no compliments what- ever. If the command is in line at a halt (not in the field) and armed with the rifle or with sabers drawn, it shall be brought to " present arms " or " present sabers " before its commander salutes in the following cases: When the national anthem is played, or when " to the color " or " to the standard " is sounded during ceremonies, or when a person is saluted who is its im- mediate or higher commander or a general officer, or when the national or regimental color is saluted. At parades and other ceremonies, under arms, the command shall render the prescribed salute and shall remain in the posi- tion of salute while the national anthem is being played; also at retreat and during ceremonies when " to the color " is played if no band is present. If not under arms, the organizations shall be brought to attention at the first note of the national anthem, " to the color," or " to the standard," and the salute rendered by the officer or noncommissioned officer in command as prescribed in regulations. Whenever the national anthem is played at any place when persons belonging to the military service are present, all officers and enlisted men not in formation shall stand at attention fac- ing toward the music (except at retreat, when they shall face toward the flag). If in uniform, covered; they shall salute at the first note of the anthem, retaining the position of salute until the last note of the anthem. If not in uniform and covered, they shall uncover at the first note of the anthem, holding the headdress opposite the left shoulder and so remain until its close, except in inclement weather the headdress may be held slightly raised. The same rules apply when " to the color " or " to the stand- ard " is sounded as when the national anthem is played. When played by an Army band, the national anthem shall be played through without repetition of any part not required to be repeated to make it complete. The same marks of respect prescribed for observance during the playing of the national anthem of the United States shall be shown toward the national anthem of any other country when played upon official occasions. Officers and enlisted men passing the uncased colors will ren- der honors as follows: If in uniform, they will salute as re- quired by subparagraph (4), section 406; if in civilian dress and covered, they will uncover, holding the headdress opposite the left shoulder with the right hand; if uncovered, they will salute with the right-hand salute. CEREMONIES AND INSPECTIONS. 177 12420°-17 12 Part III. MANUALS. 1. MANUAL OF THE SABER. 408. Medical officers will wear sabers at ceremonies, formal drills, and on occasions of social ceremony. At ceremonies sabers are habitually drawn. In route marches they are habitually in the scabbard. At other times they are drawn or in the scabbard, at the discretion of the officer in command; when he draws saber, offi- cers under his command draw saber with him. For dismounted duty the saber is attached to the belt and is kept hooked up, except when drawing or returning saber. For mounted duty the saber is habitually attached to the left side of the saddle. It is not removed from the saddle when dismounting tem- porarily for the performance of some duty on foot. 409. 1. Draw, 2. SABER. At the command DRAW, unhook the saber with the thumb and first two fingers of the left hand, thumb on the end of the hook, fingers lifting the upper ring; grasp the scabbard with the left hand at the upper band, bring the hilt a little forward, seize the grip with the right hand, and draw the blade 6 inches out of the scabbard, pressing the scabbard against the thigh with the left hand. 178 MANUAL OF THE SABER. 179 At the command SABER,, draw the saber quickly, raising the arm to its full extent to the right front, at an angle of about 45° with the horizontal, the saber, edge down, in a straight line with the arm; make a slight pause and bring the back of the blade against the shoulder, edge to the front, arm nearly ex- tended, hand by the side, elbow back, third and fourth fingers back of the grip; at the same time hook up the scabbard with Pl. 74, Sec. 409. Pl. 75, Sec. 409. Pl. 76, Sec. 409. the thumb and first two fingers of the left hand, thumb through the upper ring, fingers supporting it; drop the left hand by the side. This is the position of carry saber dismounted. Officers unhook the scabbard before mounting; when mounted, in the first motion of draw saber, they reach with the right 180 MANUAL OF THE SABER. hand over the bridle hand and, without the aid of the bridle hand, draw the saber as before; the right hand at the carry rests on the right thigh. On foot, officers carry the scabbard hooked up. 410. When publishing orders, the saber is held suspended from the right wrist by the saber knot. When the saber knot is used, it is placed on the wrist before drawing saber and taken off after returning saber. 411. Being at the order or carry : 1. Present, 2. SABER (or ARMS). At the command PRESENT, raise and carry the saber to the front, base of the hilt as high as the chin and 6 inches in front of the neck, edge to the left, point 6 inches far- ther to the front than the hilt, thumb ex- tended on the left of the grip, all the fingers grasping the grip. At the command SABER (or ARMS), lower the saber, point in prolongation of the right foot, and near the ground, edge to the left, hand by the side, thumb on left of grip, arm extended. If mounted, the hand is held behind the thigh, point a little to the right and front of the stirrup. In rendering honors with troops, officers ex- ecute the first motion of the salute at the com- mand present, the second motion at the com- mand ARMS; enlisted men with the sword execute the first motion at the command ARMS and omit the second motion. 412. Being at a carry: Pl. 77, Sec. 411. 1. Order, 2. SABER (or ARMS). Drop the point of the saber directly to the front, point on or near the ground, edge down, thumb on back of grip. MANUAL OF THE SABER. 181 Being at the present saber, should the next command be order arms, officers order saber; if the command be other than order arms, they execute carry saber. When arms are brought to the order, the officers or enlisted men, with the saber drawn order saber. (Troops armed with the rifle come to the order on halting.) 413. The saber is held at the carry while giving commands, marching at attention, or changing position in quick time. Pl. 78, Sec. 412. Pl. 79, Sec. 414. Pl. 80, Sec. 415. When at the order, sabers are brought to the carry when arms are brought to any position except the present or parade rest. 414. Being at the order: 1. Parade, 2. REST. Take the position of parade rest, except that the left hand is uppermost and rests on the right hand, point of saber on or near the ground in front of the center of the body, edge to the right. 182 MANUAL OF THE SABER. At the command ATTENTION, resume the order saber and the position of the soldier. 415. In marching in double time, the saber is carried di- agonally across the breast, edge to the front; the left hand steadies the scabbard. 416. Officers on all duties under arms draw and return saber without waiting for command. All commands to soldiers under arms are given with the saber drawn. 417. Being at a carry: 1. Return, 2. SABER. At the command RETURN, carry the right hand opposite to and 6 inches from the left shoul- der, saber vertical, edge to the left; at the same time unhook and lower the scabbard with the left hand, and grasp it at the upper band. At the command SABER, drop the point to the rear and pass the blade across and along the left arm; turn the head slightly to the left, fixing the eyes on the opening of the scabbard; raise the right hand, insert and return the blade; free the wrist from the saber knot (if inserted in it), turn the head to the front, drop the right hand by the side, hook up the scabbard with the left hand, drop the left hand by the side. Officers, mounted, return saber without using the left hand; the scabbard is hooked up on dis- mounting. 418. At inspection, enlisted men with the saber drawn execute the first motion of present saber, and turn the wrist to show both sides of the blade, resuming the carry when the inspector has passed. Pl. 81, Sec. 417. MANUAL OF THE GUIDON. 183 2. MANUAL OF THE GUIDON. 419. The position of carry guidon, dismounted.-The lance of the guidon is held vertically in the right hand, thumb in front of the lance, forefinger along the side, ferrule about 6 inches from the ground. It is thus carried in marching. When leading the horse the lance is held in a corresponding position in the left hand. 420. The position of order guidon.-The ferrule of the lance rests on the ground on a line with and touching the toe of the right shoe; the right hand grasps the lance in the same manner as when at a carry. 421. The position of parade rest.,-The ferrule of the lance is on the ground as at the order; the lance is held with both hands in front of the center of the body, left hand uppermost. 422. To mount and dismount; the position of carry guidon, mounted.-At stand to horse the ferrule of the lance rests on the ground on a line with and touching the toe of the left shoe, lance vertical and supported by the left hand; hand at the height of the neck, elbow and forearm closed against the lance. Preparatory to mounting,, grasp the reins and a lock of the mane in the left hand, lance held in the same hand; reins on the near side of the lance; place the right hand on the pommel and mount in the usual manner. After mounting grasp the lance with the right hand under the left, which lets go of it without quitting the reins; carry the lance to the right side, lower and place the ferrule in the stirrup socket. The right hand then grasps the lance, forearm nearly horizontal, the arm through the sling; lance vertical; this is the position of carry guidon, mounted. Dismounting with the guidon is executed in a man- ner the reverse of the foregoing. 423. Salutes.-Being mounted: Lower the guidon to the front until the lance (under the right arm) is horizontal. Being dismounted: Slip the right hand up the lance as high as the eye, then lower the lance to the front by straightening the right arm to its full extent. If marching, the salute is executed when at 6 yards from the officer entitled to the salute; the carry is resumed after passing 6 yards beyond him. 184 MANUAL OF TENT PITCHING. 3. MANUAL OF TENT PITCHING. 424. Wall pins are so driven as to slope slightly away from the tent; guy pins, so as to slope slightly toward the tent. The centers of the storm guys are looped over the pole pins and the ends carried diagonally across the roof of the tent and looped over tent pins driven in line with the other guy pins. Each tent, its fly, hood, poles, and tripod should have the same number. The hospital and ward tents should always be pitched first in a field hospital. The tents having been pitched, should at once be ditched, unless otherwise directed. In setting or removing wall pins the work should commence at the corners of the tent, working first on the sides and then on the ends. 425. To pitch all types of Army tents, except shelter and conical wall tents: Mark line of tents by driving a wall pin on the spot to be occupied by the right (or left) corner of each tent. For pyramidal tents the interval between adjacent pins should be about 30 feet, which will give a passage of 2 feet between tents. Spread tripod on the ground where the center of tent is to be, if tripod is used. Spread the tent on the ground to be occupied, door to the front, and place the right (or left) front wall loop over the pin. The door (or doors if more than one) being fastened and held together at the bottom, the left (or right) corner wail loop is carried to the left (or right) as far as it will go and a wall pin driven through it, the pin being placed in line with the right (or left) corner pins already driven. At the same time the rear corner wall loops are pulled to the rear and outward so that the rear wall of the tent is stretched to complete the rectangle. Wall pins are then driven through these loops. Each corner pin should be directly in rear of the corresponding front corner pin, making a rectangle. Unless the canvas be wet, a small amount of slack should be allowed before the corner pins are driven. According to the size of the tent, one or two men, crawling under the tent if necessary, fit each pole or ridge or upright into the ring or ridgepole holes, TO PITCH TENTS. MANUAL OF TENT PITCHING. 185 and such accessories as hood, fly, and brace ropes are adjusted. If a tripod be used an additional man will go under the tent to adjust it. The tent steadied by the remaining men, one at each corner guy rope, will then be raised. If the tent is a ward or storage type, corner poles will now be placed at the four cor- ners. The four corner guy ropes are then placed over the lower notches' of the large pins driven in prolongation of the diagonals at such distance as to hold the walls and ends of the tent vertical and smooth when the guy ropes are drawn taut. A wall pin is then driven through each remaining wall loop and a large pin for each guy rope is driven in line with the corner guy pins already driven. The guy ropes of the tent are placed over the lower notches, while the guy ropes of the fly are placed over the upper notches, and are then drawn taut. Brace ropes, when used, are then secured to stakes or pins suitably placed. 426. The Medical Department will be equipped with the shelter tent used by the cavalry. Being in line or in column of platoons, the officer commands: FORM FOR SHELTER TENTS: The officers fall out and the senior sergeant falls in on the right of the right guide; the file closers fall in on the left, and twos are counted. In- tervals of 2 paces are then taken, as prescribed in section 95. The officer commanding then commands: PITCH TENTS. Each No. 1 marks the position of his right heel with his hos- pital corps knife; each No. 2 moves back to 4 paces in rear of his No. 1; all unsling and open blanket rolls and take out the shelter half, poles, and pins; No. 1 places one pin in the ground at the point marked by his hospital corps knife. Each then spreads his shelter half, triangle to the rear, flat upon the ground the tent is to occupy, No. 1's half on the right. The halves are then buttoned together. Each No. 1 joins his pole, inserts the top in the eyes of the halves, and holds the pole upright beside the pin placed in the ground; No. 2, using the pins in front, pins down the front corners of the tent on the line of pins, stretching the canvas taut; he then inserts a pin in the eye of the rope and drives the pin at such distance in front of the pole as to hold the rope taut. Both then go tc the rear SHELTER TENTS. 186 MANUAL OF TENT PITCHING. of the tent; No. 2 adjusts the pole and No. 1 drives the pins. The rest of the pins are then driven by both men, No. 1 working on the right. As soon'as the tent is pitched, each man arranges the contents of the blanket roll in the tent and stands at attention in front of his own half on line with the front guy-rope pin. The guy ropes, to have a uniform slope when the shelter tents are pitched, should all be of the same length. 427. Double shelter tents may be pitched by first pitching one tent as heretofore described, then pitching a second tent against the opening of the first, using one pole to support both tents, and passing the front guy ropes over and down the sides of the opposite tents. The front corner of one tent is not pegged down, but is thrown back to permit an opening into the tent. SINGLE SLEEPING BAG. 428. Spread the poncho on the ground, buttoned end at the feet, buttoned side to the left; fold the blanket once across its short dimension and lay in on the poncho, folded side along the right side of the poncho; tie the blanket together along the left side by means of the tapes provided; fold the left half of the poncho over the blanket and button it together along the side and bottom. DOUBLE SLEEPING BAG. 429. Spread one poncho on the ground, buttoned end at the feet, buttoned side to the left; spread the blankets on top of the poncho; tie the edges of the blankets together with the tapes provided; spread a second poncho on top of the blankets, buttoned end at the feet, buttoned side to the right; button the two ponchos together along both sides and across the end. TO STRIKE TENTS. Ward, hospital, and pyramidal tents. 430. The men first remove all pins except those of the four front and rear guy ropes. The pins are neatly piled or placed in their receptacle. One man holds each guy, and when the ground is clear, the tent is lowered, folded or rolled, and tied, the poles or tripod and pole fastened together, and the remaining pins collected. MANUAL OF TENT PITCHING. 187 Shelter tents. 431. The men standing in front of their tents, the command is given : STRIKE TENTS. The contents of the packs are removed from the tent; the tents are lo-wered, packs made up and slung, and the men stand at attention in the places originally occupied after taking intervals. To re-form the detachment. 1. Assemble to the right (left), 2. MARCH. TO FOLD TENTS. Hospital, storage, and ward tents. 432. Spread the tent, folded at the ridge so that bottoms of side walls are even, ends of tent extending to the right and left; fold the ends toward the middle, making it rectangular in shape; fold the top over about 9 inches; make a complete fold by carry- ing the top over to the foot, and fold again from top to foot; throw all guys on the tent except the second from each end; fold from both ends toward the middle, making a compact bundle,, and tie with the exposed guys. The pyramidal tent, large. The tent is thrown toward the rear and the back wall and roof canvas pulled out smooth. This may be most easily accom- plished by leaving the rear-corner wall pins in the ground with the wall loops attached, one man at each rear-corner guy, and one holding the square iron in a perpendicular position and pulling the canvas to its limit away from the former front of the tent. This leaves the three remaining sides of the tent on top of the rear side, with the door side in the middle. Now carry the right-front corner over and lay it on the left- rear corner. Pull all canvas smooth, throw guys toward square 188 MANUAL OF TENT PITCHING. iron, and pull bottom edges even. Then take the right-front •corner and return to the right, covering the right-rear corner. This folds the right side of the tent on itself, with the crease in the middle and under the front side of tent. Next carry the left-front corner to the right and back as de- scribed above; this when completed will leave the front and rear sides of the tent lying smooth and flat and the two side walls folded inward, each on itself. Place the hood in the square iron which has been folded down- ward toward the bottom of tent and continue to fold around the square iron as a core, pressing all folds down flat and smooth and parallel with the bottom of the tent. If each fold is com- pactly made and the canvas kept smooth the last fold will -exactly cover the lower edge of the canvas. Lay all exposed guys along the folded canvas except the two on the center width, which should be pulled out and away from bottom edge to their ■extreme length for tying. Now, beginning at one end, fold toward the center on the first seam (that joining the first and second widths) and fold again toward the center so that the already folded canvas will come to within about 3 inches of the middle width. Then fold over to- the opposite edge of middle width of canvas. Then begin folding from opposite end, folding the first width in half, then making a second fold to come within about 4 or 5 inches of that already folded ; turn this fold entirely •over that already folded. Take the exposed guys and draw them taut across each other, turn bundle over on the under guy, cross guys on top of bundle drawing tight. Turn bundle over on the cross guys and tie lengthwise. When properly tied and pressed together this will make a package 11 by 23 by 34 inches, requiring about 8,855 cubic inches ■to store or pack. Stencil the organization designation on the lower half of the middle width of canvas in the back wall. The pyramidal tent, small. Fold in a similar manner to that prescribed above for the large (pyramidal tent. MANUAL OF TENT PITCHING. 189 433. As soon as the lines of company streets are established, the positions of the tents should be marked from the flank near- est the officers' tents by pins. The right front corner pins of the pyramidal tents occupy the points so marked. The distance be- tween tent doors may be determined by pacing, or by measuring with a cord with the distances marked upon it. These distances are, for pyramidal tents, 10 paces; for pyramidal tents, small, 8 paces, for hospital tents, 14 paces. The pins marking the posi- tion of the tents are, when practicable, set in a straight line and the detachment officers verify and correct the alignment of such pins in the quickest and most convenient manner. 434. Wall pins are so driven as to slope slightly away from the tent; guy pins, so as to slope slightly toward the tent. The centers of the storm guys are looped over the pole pins and the ends carried diagonally across the roof of the tent and looped over tent pins driven in line with the other guy pins. 435. Each tent, its fly, hood, poles, and tripod, should have the same number. 436. The wall tent, large, regulation, complete, consists of 1 tent, 105 pounds; 1 fly, 36 pounds; 1 set of poles, 72 pounds; 18 large and 26 small pins, 25 pounds; total weight, 238 pounds. Its dimensions are: Length of ridge, 14 feet 3 inches; width, 14 feet 6 inches; height, 11 feet; height of wall, 4 feet 6 inches. 437. The hospital tent, tropical, complete, consists of 1 tent, 129 pounds; 1 fly, 54 pounds; 1 set of poles, 97 pounds; 18 large and 26 small pins, 25 pounds; total weight, 305 pounds. Its dimensions are: Length of ridge, 14 feet 3 inches; width, 15 feet 7 inches; height, 12 feet; height of wall, 4 feet 7 inches. 438. The pyramidal tent, complete, consists of 1 tent and hood, 97 pounds 10 ounces; 1 pole and tripod, 35 pounds; 28 large and 28 small pins, 32 pounds; total 164 pounds 10 ounces. The roof is 16 feet square at the base and 18 inches square at the top. Walls are 3 feet high. Height when pitched to top of roof, 11 feet. 439. The pyramidal tent, small, complete, consists of 1 tent and hood, 51 pounds; 1 fly, 24 pounds; 1 pole, 6 pounds; 24 large and 12 small pins, 23 pounds; total, 104 pounds. Its GENERAL REMARKS. 190 dimensions are 9 feet square at base and 18 inches square at top; height, 8 feet; height of wall, 3 feet 9 inches. 440. The shelter tent equipment for each enlisted man con- sists of the following: (a) One shelter half, weight, 3 pounds. (b) One pole in 3 joints, 47 inches long; weight, 10| ounces. (c) Five tent pins, 9 inches long; weight, 10 ounces. The shelter tent is pitched by two men, whose combined equip- ments make a complete tent. The tent, when pitched, occu- pies a space 5 feet 4 inches deep and 6 feet 4 inches wide; the two triangular parts, when pinned to the ground, inclose an additional triangular ground space 20 inches deep. 441. The ward tent, complete, consists of 1 tent, weight, 351 pounds ; 4 uprights, weight, 88 pounds ; 4 corner poles, weight, 36 pounds; 72 large and 56 small pins, weight, 80 pounds; total weight, 555 pounds. Its dimensions are: Length, 50 feet; width, 16 feet; height, 10 feet; height of wall, 4 feet 6 inches; packs in 20 cubic feet. 442. The storage tent, complete, consists of 1 tent, weight 160 pounds; 1 fly, weight, 54 pounds; 1 ridge pole in two sections, wall uprights and 3 ridge uprights, weight, 225 pounds; 44 large and 36 small pins, weight, 49 pounds. Its dimensions are: Length, 20 feet 5 inches; width, 17 feet 10 inches; height, 13 feet; height of wall, 5 feet 2 inches. In striking tents, hospital, storage, and ward tents are, unless otherwise directed, lowered to the right, facing out from the tent door; pyramidal tents, away from the door. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 4. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. WARNING CALLS. 443. First call, guard mounting, full dress, overcoats, drill, stable, rvater, and boots and saddles precede the assembly by such interval as may be prescribed by the commanding officer. Mess, church, and fatigue, classed as service calls, may also be used as 'warning calls. First call is the first signal for formation for roll call and for all ceremonies except guard mounting. Guard mounting is the first signal for guard mounting. The field music assembles at first call and guard mounting. In a mixed command, boots and saddles is the signal to mounted troops that their formation is to be mounted; for mounted guard mounting or mounted drill it immediately fol- lows the signal guard mounting or drill. When full dress or overcoats are to be worn, the full dress or overcoat call immediately follows first call, guard mounting, or boots and saddles. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 191 FORMATION CALLS. 444. Assembly: The signal for companies or details to fall in. Adjutant's call: The signal for companies to form battalion; also for the guard details to form for guard mounting on the camp or garrison parade ground. It follows the assembly at such interval as may be prescribed by the commanding officer. It is also used as a signal for the battalions to form regiment, following the first adjutant's call at such interval as the com- manding officer may prescribe. To the color: Is sounded when the color salutes. ALARM CALLS. 445. Fire call: The signal for the men to fall in without arms to extinguish fire. To arms: The signal for the men to fall in, under arms, on their company parade grounds as quickly as possible. To horse: The signal for mounted men to proceed under arms to their horses, saddle, mount, and assemble at a designated place as quickly as possible. In extended order this signal is used to remount troops. SERVICE CALLS. 446. Tattoo, taps, mess, sick, church, recall, issue, officers', captains', first sergeants', fatigue, school, and the general. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 192 The general is the signal for striking tents and loading wagons preparatory to marching. Reveille precedes the assembly for roll call; retreat follows the assembly, the interval between being only that required for formation and roll call, except when there is parade. Taps is the signal for extinguishing lights. It is usually pre- ceded by call to quarters by such interval as prescribed by Army Regulations. Assembly, reveille, retreat, adjutant's call, to the color, the flourishes, ruffles, and the marches are sounded by all the field music united. The other calls, as a rule, are sounded by the musician of the guard or orderly musician. He may also sound the assembly when the musicians are not united. The morning gun is fired at the first note of reveille, or, if marches be played before reveille, it is fired at the commence- ment of the first march. The evening gun. is fired at the last note of retreat. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. BUGLE CALLS. 193 Medical Department Call. M7. 1. First Call. 2. Guard Mounting. 12420*-17 13 194 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 3. Full Dress. 4. Overcoats. 5. Drill. 6. Stable. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 195 7. Water, 8, Boots and Saddles. 9. Assembly. 10. Adjutant's Call. 11. To the Color. 196 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. To THE COLOR-Concluded. 12. Fire. 13. To Arms, MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 14. To Horse. 197 15. Reveille. 16. Retreat. 198 R ETR E KT-Concluded. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 199 1 7. T ATTOO. 200 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. T ATTOO-Continued. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. T ATTOO- Concluded. 201 202 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 18. Call to Quarters. 19. Taps. 20. Mess. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 203 21. Sick. 22. Church. 23. Recall- 24. Issue. 204 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 25. Officers' Call. 26. Captains' Call. 27. First Sergeants' Call. 28. Fatigue. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 205 29. School. 30. The General. 206 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. BUGLE SIGNALS. 31. Assemble. MARCH. Same as Assembly, No. 9. 32. Attention. 33; Attention to Orders. 34. Forward. MARCH. 35. Halt. 36. Trot. March. 37. To the Rear. MARCH. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 207 38. WALK, MARCH. 39. Gallop, MARCH. 40. Guide Right 41. Guide Left. 42. Guide Center. 43. Countermarch, MARCH. 44. Right About, MARCH. 208 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 45. Left About, MARCH. 46. Column Right, MARCH. 47. Column Left, MARCH. 48. Ambulance Right, MARCH. 49. Ambulance Left, MARCH. 50. Right Oblique, MARCH. 51. Left Oblique MARCH. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 209 52. Right Front into Line, MARCH. 53. Left Front into Line, MARCH. 54. On Right into Line, MARCH. 55 On Left into Line, MARCH. 56. Right Wheel, MARCH. 12420°-17 14 210 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 57. Left Wheel, MARCH. 58. Right by Ambulance, MARCH. 59. Left by Ambulance, MARCH. 60. Form Double Column, MARCH. 61. Route Order. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 211 62. Platoons. MISCELLANEOUS BUGLE CALLS. 63. PRESIDENT'S MARCH. 212 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 64. General's March. 65. Flourishes for Review. 66. Rogue's March. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 213 67. Funeral March. 214 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. QUICKSTEPS. 68. Quickstep No. I. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 215 69. Quickstep No. 2. 70. Quickstep No. 3. 71. Quickstep No. 4. 216 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. Quickstep No. 4- Concluded. 72. Quickstep No. 5. 73. Quickstep No. 6. MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 217 74. Quickstep No. 7. 75. Quickstep No. 8. Quickstep No. 8- concluded. 76. Quickstep No. 9. 218 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. QUICKSTEP No. 9-Concluded. 219 220 MANUAL OF THE BUGLE. 77. Quickstep No. 10. Part IV. CARE AND USE OF ANIMALS AND TRANSPORTATION. CARE OF ANIMALS. GENERAL PROVISIONS. 448. A most important duty of the officer is keeping his animals in such training and health as will enable them to do their work to the best advantage. The proper performance of this duty requires careful instruction of the men in the treatment, stabling, management, watering, feeding, grooming, and exercising of the animals, and such continuous supervision and inspection by officers as will insure that instructions are understood and are being carried out. They should have a familiar knowledge of the symptoms and methods of treatment of the diseases that are common to ani- mals, what to do in emergencies, and a good knowledge of the effects of the medicines supplied. They should also be prac- tically familiar with the principles of horseshoeing. Sore backs are, as a rule, the result of carelessness or neglect; the immediate cause may be faulty adjustment of the saddle or equipment or bad riding. At each halt officers and noncommissioned officers should in- spect the adjustment of saddles and equipment of their men and should at no time tolerate lounging in the saddle. Captains make permanent assignments of animals; after an animal is so assigned his rider will not exchange him nor allow him to be used by any other person without permission. 221 222 CARE OF ANIMALS. RULES FOR THE CARE OF ANIMALS. 449. All men must be taught and must thoroughly under- stand the following rules for the care of animals: Animals require gentle treatment. Docile but bold animals are apt to retaliate upon those who abuse them, while per- sistent kindness often reclaims vicious animals. Before entering an animal's stall and when coming up be- hind him, speak to him gently, then approach quietly. Never kick, strike about the head, or otherwise abuse an animal. Never punish an animal except at the time he commits an offense, and then only in a proper manner-never in anger. Give the animal an opportunity to drink before leaving the picket line or stable and before putting the bit in his mouth. In cold weather warm the bit before putting it in the animal's mouth. Never take a rapid gait until the animal has been warmed by gentle exercise. When an animal is brought to the stable or picket line in a heated condition, never allow him to stand uncovered; put a blanket on him and rub his legs, or walk him until he is cool. If he is wet, put him under shelter, not in a draft, and rub him with a wisp until dry. Never feed grain to an animal when heated. Hay will not hurt an animal however heated he may be. Never water an animal when heated, unless the exercise or march is to be immediately resumed. Sponging out the mouth and nostrils is refreshing to the heated animal and will not hurt him. Never throw water on any part of an animal when heated. Never allow an animal's back to be cooled suddenly. To cool the back gradually remove the blanket and replace it with the dry side next the animal, and replace the saddle, girthing it loosely. Never put the animal up for the night until he is thoroughly clean, especially around his legs, pasterns, and feet. Individual men returning from mounted duty or pass will report their return to the noncommissioned officer in charge of stables, who will inspect each animal and see that he is prop- erly cared for. CARE OF ANIMALS. 223 STABLES AND STABLE MANAGEMENT. 450. Foul air and dampness are the causes of many diseases of the horse; hence the importance and economy of spacious, clean, dry, and well-ventilated stables. The picket line should be established in the immediate vicin- ity of the stable. The floor of the picket line should be raised and trenches to carry off the rain should be provided so that the ground upon which the animals stand may be kept dry. Paddocks, with shade and water, should be provided near the stables; if there is no shade, shelter from the sun should be extemporized. The picket line and paddock should be sprinkled, to keep down the dust; crude oil may be used to advantage. Bedding racks should be provided near each stable. The animals are assigned stalls and places on the picket line. The name and hoof number of each horse with the name of the rider is placed over the stall. The stable sergeant has immediate charge of the stables, picket line and paddock, forage, and stable property in general. The stable sergeant is responsible that the stables and their surroundings are kept at all times thoroughly policed and free from smells; he is usually assisted by one or more stable order- lies. Sufficient men are detailed as stable police to perform the gen- eral police and except at night to collect all manure as soon as it is dropped, either in stables, on the picket line, or in the paddocks. The stable police also assist in the feeding, watering, and bedding of the animals. Manure and foul litter must not be allowed to accumulate in or near the stables, but must be carried to the manure heap- daily. In the morning stalls are cleaned and the stables policed under direction of the stable sergeant. The bedding is taken up, carefully shaken out, and sorted. All parts of the bedding which can be used again are taken to the bedding racks and spread thereon for a thorough drying; parts which can not be used again are sent to the manure heap. Special attention is necessary in this matter, as the allowance of straw is insufficient under most favorable conditions. In the evening the dried bedding, mixed with such fresh straw or bed- 224 ding as may be necessary, is laid down. The bed must be soft and even, with the thickest part toward the manger. If practicable, all woodwork within reach of the animals should be protected with sheet metal or painted with a thin coat of gas tar; other woodwork and brick should be painted a light shade and then kept clean and free from dust. Feed boxes must be kept clean; they should be washed from time to time with dilute vinegar and always after feeding bran mash or other soft food. Ou returning from a drill or exercise, and usually in the field, the animals are unbridled, girths are loosened, and they are watered and fed. The men are then free to put on stable clothes, relieve themselves, and prepare for the work of groom- ing and to care for their equipments while the animals' backs are being cooled under the pressure of the saddle. The men then begin their stable work comfortably and deliberately. The captain or the officer in charge supervises generally the grooming and care of saddlery of the platoons, holding the pla- toon commander responsible and calling his attention to any deficiencies or neglects. The first sergeant assists the captain or officer in charge in coordinating the work of the platoons and stable force. The horses of the officers, of the first sergeant, and sergeants,, first class, are groomed by designated men. All other noncom- missioned officers and men groom their own mounts. Extra horses and those whose riders are absent are groomed by men assigned to the work by the sergeant. The principal use of the currycomb is to clean the brush, and for this purpose a piece of hard wood with channels along its surface answers equally well. 451. Stable duty.-Captains are responsible for the proper performance of stable duty. In addition to the grooming, they will require such other duty as may be necessary to keep the stables, animals, and equipment in proper condition. Mounted work must be followed immediately by " stables "; the animals are then thoroughly groomed, the saddlery cleaned and put away in perfect order. An officer will be present at this time, the platoon leaders superintending the work of their platoons. CARE OF ANIMALS. CARE OF ANIMALS. 225 The animals should also be brushed off before going out to drill or exercise in the morning. 452. Grooming.-Grooming is essential to the general health and condition of the domesticated animal. Animals improperly groomed, with ragged manes, unkempt pasterns, and feet im- properly looked after are an indication of an inefficient organi- zation. Clean animals, properly equipped and smartly turned out, add to the esprit of an organization and give a fair indi- cation of its discipline and efficiency. On returning from drill or exercise, and usually in the field, the animals are unharnessed and girths loosened for saddle animals. Any necessary precautions are then taken with ani- mals that appear to be too warm to be watered at once. The other animals are watered and fed hay when the latter is avail- able. Grain must not be fed or placed in the boxes until it is certain that the animals are thoroughly cool. The men are then given an opportunity to relieve themselves, put on their stable clothes, care for their equipments, and prepare for the work of grooming, thus beginning their stable work comfortably and without unnecessary hurry. The captain or the officer in charge supervises generally the grooming and care of equipment of the platoons, holding the platoon commander responsible and calling his attention to any deficiencies or neglects. The horses of the officers and of the first sergeant are groomed by designated men. All other noncommissioned officers and nen groom their own animals. The first sergeant assigns men for grooming any extra animals. The currycomb should never be used on the legs from the knees and hocks downward, nor about the bead, and when occasionally required to loosen dried mud or matted hair on the fleshy parts of the body it must be applied gently. To groom proceed as follows: Take the currycomb in the right hand, fingers over back of comb, and the brush in the left band: first use currycomb on near side, beginning at neck, then chest, shoulders, near foreleg down to knee, then back, flank, belly, loins, and rump, then near hind leg down to hock. 12420°-17 15 226 CARE OF ANIMALS. Change currycomb to left hand, brush in right, and proceed in a similar manner on the off side of horse. Strike currycomb against heel frequently to free it from dirt. Take brush in left hand, currycomb in right, and brush entire near side of horse in same order' as when currycomb was used, except that in brushing legs brush down to the hoof. Take brush in right hand, currycomb in left, and proceed in a similar manner on the off side. After every four strokes clean the brush from dust with the currycomb. In using the brush the man should stand well away from the horse, should keep his arm stiff, and should throw the weight of the body against the brush. Having finished the near side, again take the brush in the right hand and the currycomb in the left hand and begin on the off side. Having done with the brush, rub or dust off the animal with the grooming cloth, wipe about the face, eyes, and nostrils, ar- range the mane and tail, and clean the dock. Finally, go over the legs once more and clean out the hoofs. In cleaning the mane and tail begin brushing at the end of the hair and gradu- ally work up to the roots, separating the locks with the fingers so as to get out all scurf and dirt. Tails require frequent wash- ing with warm water and soap. The skin under the flank and between the hind quarters must be soft, clean, and free from dust. Currycombs, cards, or common combs must never be applied to the mane or tail; the brush, fingers, and cloth are freely used on both. The wisp is used when the animal comes in wet and also for stimulating the coat. It is made by twisting or plaiting straw into a rope. The ends are then bent together, cut off square, and rubbed on a board until they form a soft, even straw brush. The wisp should be worked forward and backward well into the coat, so that full advantage may be obtained from the fric- tion. After finishing with the wisp the coat should be laid flat. Hand rubbing is beneficial. When an animal has had very hard, exhausting work, his legs should be hand rubbed and after- wards bandaged, taking care that the bandages are not tight. CARE OF ANIMALS. 227 An exhausted horse should also be given stimulants and warm gruel. The value of grooming is dependent upon the force with which the brush is used and the thoroughness of the other work. Officers and noncommissioned officers should, by continuous personal supervision, see that the grooming is properly done. No animal should be considered in order until he is thoroughly clean ; his mane and tail brushed out, and laid flat; his eyes and nostrils wiped or washed, and hoofs put in order. The pasterns and that part of the mane where the crownpiece of the bridle rests should be neatly trimmed, and the mane and tail plucked. At each " stables " the animals' feet and shoeing are carefully examined. Animals requiring shoeing are reported to the platoon sergeant, who notifies the stable sergeant. Each animal should be inspected by an officer before the man who has groomed him is permitted to leave. The sheath will be kept clean by washing, when necessary, with warm water and castile soap. 453. Except when they are heated, it is desirable that animals should have free access to water at all times. As this is usually impossible, it becomes necessary to water at stated times. Animals should, if possible, be watered before feeding, or not until two hours after feeding. As animals rarely drink in the early morning, the watering must follow the feeding, but after the proper interval, if practicable. An animal requires from 5 to 15 gallons of water daily, de- pending upon the temperature and upon the work he is doing. Except in very cold weather, animals should be watered at least three times daily-in the morning, before the noon feeding, and before the evening feeding. In warm weather, water drawn from a cold well or spring should be allowed to stand long enough for the chill to pass off before the animal is allowed to drink. On the march the oftener the animals are watered the better, especially as it is not usually known when another watering WATERING. 228 CARE OF ANIMALS. place will be reached. By watering from buckets many water- ing places not otherwise available may be utilized. If a mounted command has to march a long distance without water, so that it will be necessary to encamp en route, the ani- mals are fed but denied water until just before starting, when they are permitted to drink freely. The command marches in the afternoon and does not encamp until it has accomplished at least half of the distance; it moves early the next morning to reach water. Animals must be watered quietly and without confusion; the manner in which this duty is performed is a good test of the discipline of a mounted command. The animals are led or ridden at a walk to and from the watering place. No crowding will be allowed, nor will any animal be hurried or have his head jerked up from the water. The animals are watered under the immediate direction of the senior officer or noncommissioned officer present at stables or at other time of watering; an officer should always be present when the animals of other commands are liable to be met at the watering places. 454. Feeding.-Animals should be fed three times a day-at reveille, in the middle of the day, and at night. This rule must be rigidly enforced on the march, the noon grain feed being carried with the animal. Hay, as a rule, is not fed in the morning; about one-third of the ration should be fed at noon, except on the march, and the remainder at night. The use of bran once or twice a week is important for stabled animals. In spring or early summer they should be grazed. A lump of rock salt should be kept in each manger. Before feeding hay it should be thoroughly shaken out with a fork so as to get rid of dust and seed; it is also advisable to moisten the hay before it is fed. The grain, if possible, should be run over wire screens or allowed to fall through the air so as to uemove dust. In the morning the animals are usually fed at or before reveille. The noon feed of hay is usually placed in the mangers while the organization is at drill, but the grain is not fed until the animals are thoroughly cool. The evening feed is placed CARE OF ANIMALS. 229 in the mangers after the stable has been thoroughly policed for the night. It is advisable that the animals eat at least a portion of the allowance of hay before the grain is fed to them. All animals do not require the same amount of forage; the amount given each animal must be based, therefore, upon his individual requirements, which should be closely watched by the stable sergeant. When an animal leaves some of his grain, his ration should be reduced that amount. When an animal is sick or injured his grain ration should be reduced to between 6 and 9 pounds per day, depending upon the animal. When forage can not be obtained, grazing should be required at every spare moment, especially early in the morning when dew is on the grass. All forage received by an organization should be checked for weight, and to see that it is up to contract specifications. All officers should be familiar with the characteristics of good forage. The daily allowance of oats, barley, or corn is 12 pounds for each horse, 9 pounds for each mule; that of hay, 14 pounds. The allowance of straw for bedding is 100 pounds per month for each animal. Good oats weigh about 40 pounds to the bushel; barley, about 48 pounds; corn, about 56 pounds. Pressed hay weighs about 11 pounds per cubic foot. The standard bushel in the United States contains 2,150.4 cubic inches. A cubic yard contains 21.69 bushels. A box 16 by 16.8 by 8 inches holds 1 bushel; a box 12 by 11.2 by 8 inches holds half a bushel; a box 8 by 8 by 8.4 inches holds 1 peck; a box 8 by 8 by 4.2 inches holds one-half peck, or 4 quarts. 455. Exercising.-To keep an animal in good condition he should have two hours' exercise daily. This exercise should be under the saddle or in harness, or, if that is impracticable, it should be given by leading beside another animal. Turning an animal loose in a paddock does not give him proper exercise, and if the paddock is a large one where he can get up speed it results in giving him a taste for freedom which inspires a high-spirited animal to try to get rid of his rider when he feels like having a run. 230 CARE OF ANIMALS. The horse should associate the control of a rider with the pleasure of all exercise, so that he may accept it naturally as a fixed habit. It is objectionable for one man to lead more than one extra animal for exercise, as the gaits must then be more restricted, and on ordinary roads the footing for some of the animals will be poor. If a large space is available for paddock purposes it should be divided into several inclosures, giving space for a part of the animals to move about quietly in each, but not enough to en- courage them to gallop. SICK ANIMALS. 456. Animals on sick report are under the immediate charge bf the stable sergeant, assisted by the farrier. When a veterinarian is present he should prescribe the treat- ment to be given to sick animals, and he should inspect all sick animals at least once daily. The veterinarian should also visit each organization at least once a day at one of the stated " stables "; he should be freely consulted as to minor ailments and as to the means of keeping the animals in fit condition. In the absence of a veterinarian the sick animals are treated by the stable sergeant under the direction of the captain. Serious disease is best avoided by immediate and constant attention to minor ailments, galls, etc. If an animal sustains an injury, neglects his food, refuses water, or gives any evidence of sickness, his condition should be reported at once to the stable sergeant. It is the duty of any man observing such condition to make the necessary report. SHOEING. 457. Animals will be shod according to the principles out- lined in the authorized manual. All officers must understand the principles of proper shoeing and be able to supervise the work of the horseshoers. CARE OF ANIMALS. 231 CARE OF DRAFT ANIMALS IN THE FIELD. 458. Constant and intelligent supervision of adjustment of the bearing parts of harness, packs, and saddles is productive of better results than medication in keeping transportation ani- mals in serviceable condition. 459. In preparing for the field it is well to bear, in mind that nearly all animals in a command lose flesh rapidly for the first 10 days of a march, and that during this period the adjust- ment of all parts of the harness, more especially the collars, should be given close attention. 460. If the march should happen to be a continuous and a severe one, it may be noticed that about the sixteenth day draft animals appear suddenly to become very lean in the muscles of the shoulders, back, abdomen, and croup. If a fair amount of forage is available they quickly improve to a certain point, where they remain stationary and continue to do hard work without noticeable change under an intelligent system of water- ing and feeding. They are now in working condition. 461. Water on the march whenever a good opportunity to do so presents itself, never forgetting, however, that a warm animal should be watered but sparingly, and that such a watered animal should not be allowed to remain stationary even for a few minutes, as this induces laminitis (founder), due to con- traction of the internal blood vessels by the cold water taken and the consequent increase of blood pressure in the legs and feet where it can not, while the animal is inactive, be taken care of by the system. Laminitis (founder) is due to conges- tion of the feet. 462. Feeding.-Soon after reaching camp, offer a little hay. Water before feeding grain when possible. Offer grain imme- diately after watering, and then place before the animals what remains of the hay for that day. The morning watering must of necessity be governed by circumstances. If absolutely sure of water on the road, say one hour after breaking camp, it would be a needless waste of time and energy to water immediately before or after the morning feed on the line. 463. Middag baiting.-As little as 1 pound of grain per animal, taken from the daily allowance and given in charge to 232 CARE OF ANIMALS. each driver, fed at the noon halt, will have a wonderful effect for good on the animals of a command. At this halt the careful driver will add a few handsful of grass, and at the same time look over his collars and breeching with a view to their read- justment. 464. Necks and shoulders.-On arrival in camp let collars remain in position for about 15 minutes. Their weight on the hot, tender skin affords sufficient pressure to prevent the forma- tion of swellings so often observed after the collar is suddenly removed. Normal circulation will establish itself gradually un- der collar pressure alone and the skin of the shoulders and neck will regain its tone and elasticity. After removal of the collar bathe the shoulder and neck with clean water; this to remove sand and dust that would otherwise remain in the hair, where it may not be reached with the horse brush. Salty water, or a weak solution of vinegar in water, when ap- plied to the shoulders and neck, acts as a tonic to the jade'd skin. Animals with narrow, lean shoulders should not be placed in the collar. For these, if they must be harnessed, a breast strap (Dutch collar) should be used. When putting on a collar see that the mane hangs naturally beneath the neck plate. If the collar is a steel one, be careful when snapping it in place that the skin of the upper part of the neck is not pinched between the neck plate and the collar itself. If swellings appear on the shoulders use massage to remove them, and in addition apply a cold-water pack during the night; a wet sack properly adjusted and held in place will answer the purpose. If a gall appears, do not grease it. Wash it with water and soap, dry thoroughly, and apply a weak solution of alum (one-half ounce to a pint of water) or a solution of aloes in water (pne-half ounce to the pint). If the animal must be worked,,use a chambered (cut-out) pad over the spot to remove pressure. Greasy ointments serve as a trap for dust and sand. 465... Animals for riding purposes should be selected with a view to (he adaptability of their backs to the saddle. CARE OF SADDLE ANIMALS. CARE OF ANIMALS. 233 466. The back of a saddle animal should be fairly short. A short back sustains weight better than a long one. The withers should not be high enough to be rubbed by the pummel arch when the horse's condition is low. A broad, low withers is objection- able for the reason that it is liable to be pinched by the saddle bars. It also allows the saddle to drift to the front, and, as a matter of course, the cincha will come in contact with the elbow and lower breast muscles, where it is liable to produce galls. A short back with medium withers is rarely concave (sway back) to any great extent. Such backs generally have well-de- veloped, well-rounded, deep chests, and properly proportioned abdomens. 467. A thin, tucked-up belly is undesirable in a saddle animal, the reason being that the saddle has a tendency to drift to the rear no matter how tightly it may be cinched; then, too, animals with tucked-up bellies are " poor keepers " and go to pieces quickly in the field. On the other hand, " pot-bellied " animals, as a rule, are narrow and fiat in the chest ("slab- sided "), usually poor stayers, and are generally of a sluggish disposition. 468. The problem in the field is to keep the back in good condition. A sore back means a led horse and for riding pur- poses a useless one. It is believed that with fair care in saddling, riding, and un- saddling an animal of decent saddle conformation, a continuous march of 2,000 miles and more, at the usual rate, with the pack up, can be made without a gall. This supposes, of course, that there is a sufficiency of forage to keep the animal in fair condition of flesh. BLANKET. 469. The blanket should, if possible, be kept dry and free from sand, caked dandruff, and hairs. It should be frequently shaken out and well switched, if necessary, to restore its pli- ability and remove dust and hair. In warm weather, when the animal sweats freely, a fresh, clean bearing surface on the blanket should be placed next to the back. It is not a good plan to dry the sweat-soaked surface of a folded blanket in the sun and put this dried surface next the 234 CARE OF ANIMALS. back the following morning. Such drying hardens the dandruff mixed with sweat and dust that is always present, and makes this part of the blanket rough and hard. It is preferable to double the sweat-soaked folded blanket on itself, so it will remain moist and soft. Before placing the blanket on the back be sure that both are free from sand and dust and that the mane lies properly. Place the blanket in position in such a manner that it will not disturb the mane or ruffle the hair of saddle bed, and be sure there are no wrinkles in any of its folds. SADDLE. 470. It is of importance that the saddle fit the rider as well as the horse. A saddle too large for the rider may not be objectionable if stirrups are of the proper length, but a saddle with too small a seat causes the rider to place undue weight over the cantie arch. This uneven distribution of weight causes the rear of the bars to bore into the muscles of the posterior portion of the saddle bed and to induce " cantie sores," or -so-called " kidney sores." A saddle too large for the animal may press on the thinly covered ribs when he becomes low in flesh. Doubling the blanket will not save him from the inevitable gall. As such a saddle sits lower on the back as the animal's condition becomes low, the pommel arch will, if withers are high, cause contusion there, and may produce a fistula. In selecting a saddle, secure one that will not be too large for the animal when he becomes thin and that will not be too small in the seat to properly accommodate the rider. 471. There is no hard and fast rule for placing a saddle in position on the hack. The saddle place is determined by the animal's conformation and will sooner or later, during the morn- ing, take that place irrespective of tight cinching. On backs of good saddle conformation, however, the saddle, if too tightly cinched may interfere with the free play of the shoulder blades when placed too far forward in the first instance, and may re- SADDLING. CARE OF ANIMALS 235 main for a sufficient length of time in this objectionable posi- tion to cause lameness by the irritation of the muscles that run from the upper part of shoulder to the bones of the arms. The saddle should not be placed too far to the rear for two reasons: first, on most backs it causes it to tilt forward and bore into the muscles back of the withers; second, this position brings the cincha back on the " floating " ribs, where it will com- press them, thus interfering with the proper expansion of the lungs. The saddle being placed in the proper position determined by the conformation and on the blanket, which should be without the suspicion of a wrinkle, the rider should see to it that all straps, buckles, and lashings are free of the bars, that the bars rest only on the blanket, and that the pack on pommel and cantie does not rest on the withers nor the back. It should now be seen to that the quarter straps are evenly adjusted and that there are no wrinkles or rough places on the ring safes. CINCHING. 472. The cincha should not be unduly tightened. Tight cinching causes young animals to rear and even throw them- selves. It induces local swellings and galls, by interfering with the circulation, and it teaches all saddle animals to inflate the lungs ("swell themselves") the moment they feel the touch of the cincha. On cold mornings tight cinching causes even old saddlers to buck. Take up the cincha gently and draw it snugly, then secure it temporarily. Adjust your stirrups and see that they are of equal length. This can be judged by standing in front of the animal and comparing one with the other. It will be found that from the often repeated mounting and dismounting on the near side the stirrup leather of that side will usually be found longer than the other. Having adjusted things gener- ally, return to the cincha and take up the slack that will now be found, draw it snugly but not tightly, and secure it, being careful that there are no wrinkles in the strap and that the cincha itself does not encroach on the quarter strap ring shield. If it does, either the cincha strap is too long on the off side 236 CARE OF ANIMALS. or the cincha is too long. In either event, make the necessary correction at once, if possible. If this correction is not made soon, a gall may be expected. 473. On arriving in camp and having dismounted, ease off the cincha about 3 inches and change the bearing of the sad- dle by moving it to rear or front at least an inch. Allow the saddle to remain on the back for ten or twelve minutes, to enable the almost bloodless skin beneath (caused by weight of yourself and pack) and the tired saddle bed muscles to regain to some extent their lost tone, while you busy yourself about the bridle and halter, and the religious duty of closely examin- ing the feet for loose shoes, rocks, nails, bruises, thrush, and interfering sores. Now remove the saddle, turn over the blanket, and let that remain in place until the back has dried. 474. If any dry spots are noticed on the sweaty skin while the blanket is being turned over, remember they are inflamma- tions of the skin, produced by unequal distribution of weight, and are liable to puff up later if not attended to. Mark their location well, for you are close to the walking stage if you neglect them. When the back is dry, remove the blanket and take care of it. Massage well from front to rear the spots referred to, bathe the saddle bed with clean water, dry it, and let the animal roll if he will. Should small swellings appear, however, keep the blanket in place until a soaking wet gunny sack is procured. Now remove the blanket, massage the swell- ing vigorously, and put the wet folded gunny sack pack over the back and secure it there. Do not allow the animal to roll if it can be avoided, and keep the pack wet during the night. In the majority of cases the animal will be ready for careful saddling in the morning. 475. Should you have produced a gall, the place should be bathed and disinfected with creolin or carbolic-acid solution (1 ounce to the quart of water), the spot protected from the flies, cold-packed if necessary, and the animal led until nature effects a cure. Close attention to cleanliness, disinfection, and stimulation of the wound will hasten the process. Use a solu- UNSADDLING. CARE OF LEATHER. 237 tion of aloes or alum in water (one-half ounce of either to a pint of water) as a stimulant. 476. Even with very close attention to .saddling, galls may be produced if the rider is not a careful one. Irrespective of the fit of the saddle and condition of blanket, the things that cause galls and " bunches " most frequently are carelessness in balancing and securing the pack, a lounging, shifting seat, and a sloppy method of handling the reins, inat- tention to proper cinching, unequal length of stirrups, neglect of adjustment at the halts, the riding of a lame animal, and the galloping of a leg-weary one. BITTING. 477. Use a snaffle in preference to a curb, and adjust it so that it will not elevate the corners of the lips. When a bit and bridoon are used, let the bit hang somewhat lower than the bridoon. Adjust the curb strap or chain properly, and be sure that the animal is comfortably fitted. The inside of the lower jaw is often injured by Ignorant handling of the curb rein. These injuries appear above the bridle teeth or " tusks " and present inflamed places that some- times exhibit ulcers. Quite often the bone is splintered. Less frequently the under part of the jaw, in the vicinity of the curb groove, is bruised and perhaps fractured more or less completely. Any of these conditions may be made manifest by the animal " fighting the bit," " throwing the head," or rearing. 478. These injuries should be treated by putting the animal on a snaffle at once and placing it high enough in the mouth to avoid any pressure on the injured parts. If ulcers appear, wash them out frequently with a saturated solution of boracic acid. When the bone is splintered it is usually a serious matter, and the parts should not be interfered with by the inexperienced. 479. The leather parts of the harness should be exposed to the sun as little as possible, and should be cleaned whenever dirt, grit, or dust has collected on them, or when they have be- come saturated with the sweat of the animal. CARE OF LEATHER. 238 CARE OF MOTOR TRANSPORTATION. The parts should be separated and each sponged with a lather of castile soap and warm water. They should then be rubbed nearly dry and a lather of saddle or harness soap and warm water should be applied. Excess of moisture should be per- mitted to evaporate in a shaded place. This treatment fre- quently applied is sufficient, but if the leather has become harsh and dry, its dressed side should be lightly coated with neat's-foot oil after using the castile lather and allowed to dry before the saddle or harness soap lathei- is applied, the latter removing surplus oil. Polishing of the leather parts should not be per- mitted, as it leads to the surreptitious use of commercial mate- rials that are often detrimental to the leather. Leather is injured by exposure to the sun, by water, and by the use of common commercial soaps. In proper condition it is clean, soft, pliable, and free from stains. Metal parts must be kept free from rust, dirt, sweat, and hair. Those issued with coats of paint or lacquer are to be main- tained in that condition. Bright parts should be polished. The tongues, rollers, and keepers of buckles must work freely, to which end the straps must be unbuckled in cleaning. Collars especially must be cleaned at the end of each day's work-a small amount of lather on a sponge, applied as soon as the collars are removed. CARE OF WAGONS AND AMBULANCES. 480. Vehicles should be kept clean at all times and minutely inspected at frequent intervals to detect loose or lost nuts, wearing of parts, etc. Repairs should be made promptly. Axles must be kept clean and free from cake; they will re- quire greasing daily during hot weather, if in daily use, but they must be watched at all times to see that there is sufficient grease. CARE OF MOTOR TRANSPORTATION. 481. Organizations equipped with motor transportation must exert every effort to constantly maintain these vehicles in perfect condition in order that maximum efficiency may be obtained and serious loss prevented through deterioration. CARE OF MOTOR TRANSPORTATION. 239 It is only by constant attention to minor details and adjust- ments that extensive repairs can be forestalled. There are sev- eral different types of motor-driven vehicles used by the Medical Department, but the principles on which they are constructed are the same. Careful attention should be given the instruction books issued by each maker, and the machines given the attention directed therein. The service and life of this transportation depends upon the constant daily application of a comparatively few important measures thoroughly learned and made habitual. Cleaning of ambulances, trucks, or automobiles must be care- fully and correctly carried out at regular intervals. Water may be used on the body and certain parts of the cars, but should never be brought near the mechanical parts thereof. The use of water about the motor will, in a short time, find its way into the wiring system, etc., and short circuits will result. Gasoline will dissolve grease and oil, but at the same time is expensive, and will leave a dry unoiled surface in many places which should have some lubrication, therefore the best and only method of cleaning should be by the use of waste with an occa- sional application of kerosene. To clean in this manner requires more time and attention, but it should be insisted upon. It is not sufficient to wipe off the engine and polish the. car- buretor, water jackets, etc., but the wire connections and grease cups should be freed from accumulated dirt. Leather boots covering joints, brake rods and brake bands, universals, and every minute point where dirt gathers mu^t be carefully cleaned. The body may be cleaned with water, but when used the wffiole surface should be neatly and thoroughly dried and freed from smears. Water under pressure from hose must not be used. 482. Lubrication.-Thorough and accurate lubrication with a carefully selected lubricant is essential. Grease cups should be systematically filled, and at frequent designated intervals given a half turn to force the grease into the bearing surfaces. 240 CARE OF MOTOR TRANSPORTATION. The crank case and transmission should have a proper quan- tity of oil. The oil for the cylinders should be strained and the reservoir kept filled. The pump feeding the main bearings and the cam shaft should be carefully oiled. The wheel bear- ings must be kept well lubricated. The differential will be filled to the level of the indicated point, but care must be taken not to exceed this level, as the brake bands will become oily, and when the emergency brake is applied it will slip. 483. Renewing oil.-Oil after a time loses its viscosity and becomes ineffective. When this occurs the oil should be drained off, the crank case carefully cleaned or washed out with kero- sene, and fresh oil supplied. The frequency of this renewal depends upon the type of ma- chine, grade of oil, weather, etc. It should be remembered that new oil is less expensive than machine-repair work, and it is better to renew too often than at too great intervals. 484.-Cooling system.-The water used in the radiator must be pure and freed from sediment by straining. Alkali and other waters containing much mineral matter should not be used if it can be avoided. Hose connections must not leak, pet cocks must be kept closed. When the engine is started, the water pump (if this system is used) must be in working order so that the engine will not overheat. The fan must be prop- erly balanced and clear the radiator, the belt must be tight, and no oil on it to cause slipping. If there is any danger of freezing, it should be a routine practice to drain radiators at night. The engine should be run a few minutes after draining has apparently ceased in order to insure that all water is out of the water jacket and pump. If water is scarce, drain into a bucket for use in the morning. Caps to radiators should be loosened at time of draining, other- wise they will be very difficult to remove in the morning. Anti- freezing mixtures are useful, but are too expensive for general use, and, with the exception of alcohol, have a tendency to cor- rode the metal of the radiator as well as to clog by precipitation. The following table indicates the proportion of wood or de- natured alcohol that may be used when the temperature is below the freezing point. When the temperature falls to around zero the radiator should be drained completely of water when stand- ing for any length of time, and too much reliance should not be placed on an antifreeze mixture. Ten per cent solution freezes at 20° F. above zero. Twenty per cent solution freezes at 10° F. above zero. Twenty-live per cent solution freezes at 0° F. 485. Driving.-A complete understanding of the peculiarities of the gear shift is requisite before making any attempt to drive. The first lesson to be mastered is the quiet, quick, and easy way of shifting gears. Always start on first speed and shift to a higher speed as the car gathers momentum. The ability to shift from a higher gear to a lower without losing speed is a fine example of driving skill. With practice, the gear- shift levers may be slipped easily and smoothly into mesh. Con- stant practice is necessary until the movement becomes auto- matic. Low gears give power, but heat the engine and use more gasoline. Higher gears give the minimum of power but the maximum of mechanical smoothness. Having learned the method of starting and shifting gears, the real art of driving must be accomplished. No man ever makes a trustworthy driver who permits his attention to be diverted. Accidents are usually caused by inattention. The driver must always keep his car under control, give his attention to inequalities of the road, its width, character of surface, the presence of approaching or crossing vehicles, and regulate his course and speed accordingly. A moderate rate of speed steadily maintained will far exceed in mileage and economy of gas consumption, spurts of speed with frequent slowing and stopping. High rates of speed are dangerous and detrimental to the machine. Ambulances and trucks should not exceed 15 miles per hour except in emergency, and for very short distances. When roads are poor, speed must be much reduced. A distance of 12 yards, about 2 car lengths, should be main- tained between machines in column on fair and good roads; with tortuous or bad roads the distance may be increased to 30 yards. 486. Laws and courtesies of the road.-Every driver should be versed in road and traffic rules and should follow them im- CARE OF MOTOR TRANSPORTATION. 241 12420°-17 16 242 Illicitly, whether under surveillance or not. The courtesies of the road are the laws regulating traffic plus the consideration which each driver would himself like to receive under similar conditions. When the car stops for a few minutes' wait, the engine should be silenced. This may entail the extra exertion of recranking, but in the course of a day's work may save much oil and gasoline. 487. Carburetor.-Ordinarily the carburetor is adjusted to give a balanced mixture under usual conditions of weather and altitude. Marked change from the normal requires adjustment, but this should not be attempted until the correct method of adjusting is perfectly understood. Better a poor mixture than an attempt at readjustment without knowledge. One of the greatest sources of carburetor trouble is too much tinkering. Cleaning the carburetor.-At certain times carburetors, which are not giving results, need to be cleaned instead of readjusted. This should be done by removing float, draining and testing the intakes ami vaporizing chambers to see that same are free from obstructing particles of sand, wood, etc. 488. Ignition and lighting wire connections should be kept cleaned, tight, and out of contact with hot or rubbing parts. 489. The magneto.-Should be cleaned, properly covered, and given a few drops of oil about every 1.000 miles. Spark plugs should be taken out every 200 miles (oftener if necessary) and cleaned, scraped, and the separation of the points adjusted so that a fat hot spark leaps between the poles when the motor is started. The points are ordinarily separated about the thick- ness of a dime. 490. Lighting system.-Extra lamps should be kept on hand to replace those burned out or broken. Reflectors should be cleaned by blowing dust away. When absolutely necessary to wipe them, a soft woolen rag should be used with care to pre- vent scratching. Storage batteries all to be kept clean on the outside and terminals smeared with a thin layer of vaseline to prevent corroding. Distilled water must be added to the bat- teries to maintain a proper level. This should be added at least once a week in summer and once in two weeks in winter. Bat- teries must be kept fully charged if possible. A run-down bat- CARE OF MOTOR TRANSPORTATION. CARE OF MOTOR TRANSPORTATION. 243 tery may freeze. Batteries maintained at full amperage do not deteriorate as quickly as those which are allowed to run down. Examine frequently to see that terminals are short circuited. 491. Starting system.-Hand starting, the shift lever should be in neutral, emergency brake on, the spark retarded to prevent kicking back, the throttle open sufficiently to give a quantity of gasoline vapor adequate to run but not to race the engine. The crank should be turned over and a smart snap given it in order to spin the motor. 492. Electric starting.-Electric starting is the turning over of the motor by electric instead of by hand power. The spark may be advanced, but other proceedings are the same as in hand starting. 493. Care of motor.-One of the dangers against which drivers must guard is straining the motor. Often attempts are made to drive through heavy sand or up steep hills on high gear, necessitating the shifting of gears at some critical moment. Gauge the power required, if possible, in advance and, by shifting to a lower gear, maintain a steady drive without any strain of the machine. Knocking is often a sign of overstrain- ing, but more frequently indicates carbonized cylinders. When the engine knocks, examine cylinders at the first opportunity to discover whether or not they are carbonized. Overheating is prevented by a perfect cooling system and by proper estimate of gear to be used. 494. Tires.-Keep rim bolts tight. Pneumatic tires must be kept inflated to full pressure required for each type. This can only be done by constant watchfulness and frequent testing with pressure gauge. Repair inner tubes and casings promptly. 495. Wheel bearings.-Carefully adjust wheel bearings and see that they are properly oiled. 496. Springs.-Occasionally jack up springs, clean and oil between leaves. Balance load so that all springs will be equally weighted; keep spring clips tight. Body bolts.-Watch for loose bolts and establish a systematic method of examination and tightening. 497. Steering column.-There should be no play in drag link or arm and only a small amount in worm. CARE OF MOTOR TRANSPORTATION. 244 GENERAL REPAIR NOTES. 498. Care in removal of cotter pins, use of properly fitting wrenches, removal of parts with as little use of hammer and chisel and pliers as possible, thorough cleaning of parts before assembling, watchfulness to insure that all gaskets, nuts, etc., are replaced snugly, constant attention to prevent loss of parts, a receptacle kept at hand to hold same when removing, save time, trouble, and expense. Never attempt repairs the details of which have not been thor- oughly mastered. Part V. OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 499. As most of the first-aid work in war under present con- ditions will be done by the individual soldier acting alone, and not by a squad of two or more men, it is important that his training should be largely individual and such as will develop self-reliance and resourcefulness. The object of any teaching upon first aid, or early assistance of the injured or sick, is not only to enable one person to help another but in some measure to help himself. The purpose of these directions is to show how this may be done with simple means and by simple methods. It is a mistake to think that you must know many things to be helpful, but you must under- stand a few things clearly in order to assist the patient in the severer cases until he can be seen by the surgeon or those who are thoroughly trained. In ordinary cases what you can do may often be all that is necessary. These short instructions are intended for application any- where-at a military post, in camp, or under any circumstances of ordinary life; but as the wounds received in battle are the most important to the soldier, it is the more necessary that he should know what to expect there and what to do for himself and others. Most of these wounds, in major combat, are made by shells or shrapnel, fewer by rifle ball, while those made by the saber and bayonet come last in frequency. WOUNDS. 500. When a ball enters or goes through the muscles or soft parts of the body alone, generally nothing need be done except to protect the wound or wounds with the contents of the first-aid packet. The first-aid packet. 245 246 OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. Each packet contains: (1) Two bandages of absorbent sublimated (1:1000) gauze, 4 by 84 inches. (2) Two'compresses of absorbent sublimated (1:1000) gauze, each composed of j square yard of gauze, folded so as to make a compress 34 by 7 inches. One compress to be placed lengthwise in the center of each bandage and retained in position by sewing along one end and across the center. The loose end of the compress is then folded on the sewed part and held by one or two stitches, thus making a compress 3| by 3| inches. Each bandage thus prepared to be rolled loosely from each end, with the roll toward the back of the bandage, until the compress is reached. The latter is now folded through the cen- ter and the flattened rolls of the bandage laid on either side of the folded compress. Each bandage then to be wrapped sepa- rately in parchment or waxed paper. (3) Two No. 3 safety pins wrapped in waxed paper. The two compresses and the safety pins are then wrapped together in tough paper, on which simple directions for appli- cation are printed. The packet thus prepared to be placed in a hermetically sealed metal case with a suitable arrangment for easy opening. All contents of the case must be sterile. Dimensions of the case should not exceed 4 by 2} by 16 inches. The words " First-aid packet, U. S. Army," are stamped on the metal case. Also directions for opening, manufacturer's name, and date of contract. The shell-wound dressing consists of: (1) One compress composed of 1 square yard of absorbent sublimated (1:1000) gauze, so folded as to make a pad 6 by 9 inches. Across the back of ehch end of this compress is placed a piece of gauze bandage 3 inches wide by 48 inches long project- ing beyond the compress 21 inches on each side. These bandages are held in position by stitching along the edges of the com- press ; the tails are loosely rolled and placed on the back of the compress. The compress thus made is wrapped in parch- ment or waxed paper. (2) One bandage, 3 inches wide by 5 yards long, of absorbent sublimated (1:1000) gauze, loosely rolled and wrapped in parchment or waxed paper. OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 247 (3) Two No. 3 safety pins wrapped in waxed paper. The whole dressing is wrapped in tough paper with directions for application printed thereon. The short bandages sewed to the compress are for the purpose of temporarily fixing the compresses on the wound, after which it is firmly bound on by the roller bandage. 501. Carefully remove the wrapper and proceed as follows: 1. If there is only one wound, carefully remove the paper from one of the two packages without unfolding compress or bandage and hold by grasping the outside rolls of bandage between the thumb and fingers. When ready to dress wound, open compress by pulling on the two rolls, being careful not to touch the inside of the compress with fingers or anything else. Still holding one roll of the band- age in each hand, apply the compress to the wound, then wrap the bandage around the limb or part and tie the ends together or fasten with safety pins. The second compress and bandage may be applied over the first, or it may be used for a sling if the arm is wounded or to bind both legs together if one is injured. 2. If there are two wounds opposite each other, apply to one wound a compress with unrolled bandage and hold it in place by the bandage of the compress used to cover the other wound. 3. If there are two wounds not opposite each other tie a com- press over each. 4. If the wound is too large to be covered by the compress find and break the stitch holding the compress together, unfold it, and apply as directed above. 5. Be careful not to touch the wound with your fingers nor handle it in any way, for the dirt on your hands is harmful, and you must disturb a wound as little as possible. Never wash the wound except under the orders of a medical officer. The bandaging will stop ordinary bleeding. Generally this is all that is necessary for the first treatment, and sometimes it is all that is needed for several days. The importance of the care with which this first dressing is made can not be too seriously insisted upon. It is better to leave a wound undressed than to dress it carelessly or ignorantly, so that the dressing must soon be removed. DIRECTIONS FOR APPLYING FIRST-AID PACKET. 248 OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 502. In addition to the slings made with the bandages two forms of slings provided by the ordinary clothing are shown here. (Pls. 82 and 83.) BANDAGES AND SLINGS. Pl. 82, Sec. 502. BLEEDING FROM WOUNDS. Sleeve as Sling. 503. Now and then a wound will bleed very freely, because a large blood vessel has been wounded; and you must know OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. how to stop the bleeding, or hemorrhage, as it is called. Re- member that all wounds bleed a little, but that, as a rule, this 249 Flap of coat as sling. Pl. S3, Sec. 502. 250 bleeding will stop in a few minutes if the patient is quiet, and that the firm pressure of the pads and bandage will keep it controlled. Occasionally, but not often, something else must be done. Looking upon the heart as a pump, you will understand that to stop the current of blood pumped through the arteries you must press ,upon the blood vessel between the wound and the heart. OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. Pl. 84, Sec. 505. 1'1. 85, Sec. 506. Pressure stops the current of blood in the same way that you would stop the flow of water in a leaky rubber hose or tube by pressing upon it between the leak and the pump, or other source of power. The points or places where you can best do this for the different parts of the body are illustrated in the figures. These points are chosen for pressure because the blood vessels which you wish to control there lie over a bone against which effective pressure can be made. OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. POINTS FOR COMPRESSION WITH THUMB AND FINGERS. 251 504. The temporal artery is reached by pressure in front of the ear just above where the lower jaw can be felt working in its socket. A branch of this artery crosses the temple on a line from the upper border of the ear to above the eyebrow. 505. The carotid artery may be compressed by pressing the thumb and fingers deeply into the neck in front of the strongly marked muscle which reaches from behind the ear to the upper Pl. 86, Sec. 507. part of the breastbone. Pl. 84 shows pressure on the carotid of the left side. 506. In bleeding from wounds of the shoulder or armpit the subclavian artery may be reached by pressing the thumb deeply into the hollow behind the middle of the collar bone (pl. 85). 507. In bleeding from any part of the arm or hand the brachial artery should be pressed outward against the bone just behind the inner border of the large muscle of the arm (pl. 86). 252 508. In bleeding from the thigh, leg, or foot, press backward with the thumbs on the femoral artery at the middle of the groin where the artery passes over the bone. The point is a little higher up than that indicated in Pl. 87. 509. There are two other simple means for helping to stop bleeding-such as elevating or holding an arm or leg upright when these parts are wounded, and by applying cold to the OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. Pl. 87, Sec. 508. wound; but you will find the compress and bandage, or the pressure made by your fingers, as described, to be most useful in the great majority of cases. 510. When, however, the bleeding continues after you have used these simpler means, or your fingers become tired in mak- ing the pressure, which they may do after 10 or 15 minutes, you will have to use what is called a " tourniquet," and gen- erally will be obliged to improvise one out of material at hand. The principle of such a tourniquet is easily understood-a pad or compress placed on the line of the artery and a strap or band to go over the pad and around the limb, so that, when tightened, it will press the pad down upon the artery and interrupt the flow of blood. In the arm, apply the tourniquet over the point shown for compression by the fingers; in the thigh 4 or 5 inches below the groin, as it can not be applied higher up. (See Pls. 88 and 89.) OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 253 ri. 88, Sec. 510. The pad or compress may be made of such an object as a cork or smooth round stone wrapped in some material to make it less rough, a bandage, a handkerchief, or a cravat being used for the strap. After tying the band closely around the limb, any degree of pressure may be made by passing a stick, bayonet, or something of that kind of sufficient length, and twisting or turn- ing it around so that the pad is pressed firmly in place. 254 OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. Turn the stick slowly and stop at once when the blood ceases to flow, fixing the stick in place with another bandage. Remem- ber that you may do harm in two ways in using this rough tour- IMPROVISED TOURNIQUET. 1'1. 89, Sec. 510. niquet: First, by bruising the flesh and muscles if you use too much force; and second, by keeping this pressure up too long and thus strangling the limb. It is a good rule to relax or ease up on this or any other tourniquet at the end of an hour, and allow it to remain loose, but in place, if no bleeding appears. By watching you can tighten the tourniquet at any time if necessary. OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 255 511. The next injury you must know how to help is a broken bone. The lower extremities; thigh and leg, are more frequently wounded than the upper, arm and forearm; and so you will find more fractures of the thigh and leg bones than of the bones of the arm and forearm. You will usually know when one of these FKACTITKES. Pl. 90, Sec. 512. Pl. 91, Sec. 513. long bones is broken by the way the arm or leg is held, for the wounded man loses power of control over the limb, and it is no longer firm and straight. What you must do is much the same in all cases-straighten the limb gently, pulling upon the end of it firmly and quietly when this is necessary, and fix or retain it in position by such splints or other material as you may have. This is called " setting " the bone. If you have none of the splint material supplied, many common materials will do for im- mediate and temporary use-a shingle or piece of board, a carbine 256 OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. boot, a scabbard, a tin gutter or rain spout cut and fitted to the limb, a bunch of twigs, etc. Whatever material you choose must be well padded upon the side next to the limb, and afterwards secured or bound firmly in place, care being taken never to place the bandage over the fracture, but always above and below. Some of these methods are shown in the accompanying figures. 512. Fracture of the arm.-Apply two splints, one in front, the other behind, if the lower part of the bone is broken; or to the inner and outer sides if the fracture is in the middle or upper part; support by sling, as in Pl. 90. 513. Fracture of the forearm.-Place the forearm across the breast, thumb up. and apply a splint to the outer surface extend- ing to the wrist, and to the inner surface, extending to the tips of the fingers; support by sling as in Pl. 91. 514. Fracture of the thigh.-Apply a long splint, reaching from the armpit to beyond the foot, on the outside and a short splint on the inside (Pl. 92). The military rifle may be used as an outside splint, but its appli- cation needs care. A blanket rolled into two rolls forming a trough for the limb is useful. The carbine boot may be used to advantage in splinting fractures of the thigh and leg, as illustrated in Pls. 93 and 94. 515. Fracture of the leg.-Apply two splints, one on the outside, the other on the inside, of the limb. When nothing better can be had, support may be given by a roll of clothing and two sticks, as shown in Pl. 95. Many surgeons think that the method of fixing the wounded leg to its fellow and of binding the arm to the body is the best plan for the field, as the quickest, and as serving the immediate purpose. LO ci o £ OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 257 Pl. 93, Sec. 514. Pl. 94, Sec. 514. 12420°-17 17 258 OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. The object of all this is to prevent, as far as possible, any motion of the broken bone, and so limit the injury to th( neighboring muscles, and to lessen the pain. Be very careful always to handle a broken limb gently. Do not turn or twist it more than is necessary to get it straight, but secure it quickly and firmly in one of the ways shown, and so make the patient comfortable for car- riage to the dressing station or hospital. Time is not to be wasted in complicated dressings. 516. There are, of course, many wounds of the head, face, and of the body, but for the most part you will have little to do with these except to protect the wound itself with the con- tents of the first-aid packet, or, if bleeding makes it necessary, use, in addition, several of the packet compresses to control it. As the surface blood vessels of the head and face lie over the bones and close to them, it will gen- erally not be difficult to stop the bleeding by this means or by pressure with the fingers, as already shown. Remember, as you were told, to make the pressure between the heart and the bleeding point. With wounds about the body, the chest, and abdomen, you OTHER WOUNDS. Pl. 95, Sec. 515. Pl. 96, Sec. 515. muse not meddle, except to protect them, when possible with- out much handling, with the materials of the packet. OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 259 517. You have already been warned to be gentle in the treat- ment of the wounded, and the necessity for not touching the- wound must be always in your mind; but there are some other general directions which you will do well to remember: 1. Act quickly but quietly. 2. Make the patient sit down or lie down. 3. See an injury clearly before treating it. 4. Do not remove more clothing than is necessary to examine the injury, and keep the patient warm with covering if needed. Always rip or, if you can not rip, cut the clothing from the injured part, and pull nothing off. 5. Give alcoholic stimulants cautiously and slowly and only when necessary. Hot drinks will better suffice when obtainable. 6. Keep from the patient all persons not actually needed to- help him. CAUTIONS. THE DIAGNOSIS TAG. 518. The diagnosis tag is very important in preventing un- necessary handling of the wounded man and interference with his dressings on the field. When available it is to be attached by the person who applies the first dressing and is not to be re- moved until the patient reaches the field hospital. When a patient has a tag on it is to be carefully read before additional treatment is given, and will usually indicate that no further treatment is needed before reaching the hospital. OTHER ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES. 519. There are a few other conditions about which you should be informed, although they are not peculiar to military life, the first two only being related to wounds. POISONED WOUNDS; 520. When a wound is known to be poisoned, such as one in- fected by the venom of a snake or a rabid animal, the treatment should be directed toward preventing the passage of the poison into the circulation. In snake bites the poison acts quickly. To prevent its absorption a bandage should be carried around the 260 OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. limb between the wound and the heart tight enough to compress the veins; then get the poison out of the wound by laying it open and sucking the poison out (if there is no crack in the mouth or lips), and destroying what is left by cauterization with fire or caustic. Stimulants may be freely given if the heart is weak. In the bite of a rabid animal the poison is for a long time localized in the wound, and there is *no danger of immediate absorption. Do not use a tourniquet, but use the other local measures advised for snake bite. 521. By this term is meant a very severe physical and mental depression following extensive wounds, such as those produced by shell and ordinary wounds in which the chest and abdomen are entered. You can hardly mistake this condition, for it resembles approaching death. If possible, the patient should not be moved, but kept in position where found, warmed, and carefully stimulated. This will be difficult, perhaps impos- sible, on the battlefield, but it should be attempted unless removal is unavoidable. SHOCK. 522. This condition is generally the result of severe bleeding or exhaustion from fatigue. The patient should be laid upon his back, head lowered, arms by the side, feet extended, and should be carefully stimulated. This condition is rarely dan- gerous. The other important accidents or conditions with which you may have to deal are. poisoning, drowning, sunstroke, heat ex- haustion, burns, and freezing. FAINTING. . 523. Poisoning by way of the stomach may result from swallowing mineral or vegetable poisons. In the military serv- ice it often follows the taking of food which has undergone changes resulting in the production of poisons-ptomaines, etc. POISONING. OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 261 Whenever there is no evidence of caustic action, such as burns on the mouth, an effort should be made to empty the stomach and bowels by the free use of emetics and laxatives, such as mustard and warm water, two teaspoonfuls; a tablespoonful of salt in a glass of warm water; epsom or rochelle salts; castor oil. etc. After the poison has been evacuated, give stimulants and apply heat and rubbing externally. When the lips are burned, give no emetic ; give olive oil, cotton seed oil, or castor oil, internally, and also the proper antidote if you know it. Pl. 97, Sec. 524. FAILURE OF RESPIRATION. 524. Artificial respiration is required in cases of failure of respiration from drowning, from inhalation of gas, from electric shock, or from concussion of the brain. Being under water for four or five minutes is generally fatal, but an effort to revive the apparently drowned should always be 262 OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. made, unless it is known that the body has been under water for a long time. It is of the first importance in attempting to revive cases of this character that artificial respiration be begun at the earliest practicable moment, as soon as the patient is on shore or in a boat; and it must be continued, in many instances, an hour and a half or two hours before the case is considered hopeless. After the patient begins to breathe, watch carefully to see that he does not stop again, and when he breathes faintly, assist him with artificial respiration. Do not attempt to raise the patient, nor allow him to rise, until breathing has become regular. As soon as the patient is removed from the water, lay him face down, and grasping him around his waist, raise his hips so that any water may drain out of the air passages while Pl. 98, Sec. 524. the head remains low. Then proceed with the following method of artificial respiration, which can be carried out by one person, without great exhaustion, for one or two hours. The man is laid on his stomach, face turned to one side so that the mouth and nose do not touch the ground, his arms extended from his body beyond his head. In this position the tongue does not obstruct the air passages, but falls forward of SCHAEFEB METHOD. OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 263 its own weight, and the removal of any foreign body, tobacco, chewing gum, or false teeth, or of mucus, blood, or vomitus is facilitated. The operator kneels, straddling one or both of the patient's thighs, facing the patient's head and places his hands, with the thumb nearly parallel to the fingers, so that the little finger curls over the end of the lowest rib. The lower margin of the hand must be free from the pelvis, and resting on the lowest rib. The ribs can be more easily located and the pelvis avoided by operat- ing on the bare back of the patient. The nearer to the ends of the ribs the heels of the hands' (thenar and hypothenar eminences) can be placed without slid- ing off the better the position. Thus the hands are far removed from the spine and the fingers nearly out of sight. The fingers help some, but the chief pressure is exerted by the heels of the hands, the weight coming straight from the shoulder. To bend the arms and shove the hands in at the sides in addition to the vertical pressure is a waste of energy, being less beneficial thaw the vertical pressure alone. The operator's arms should be held! straight and pressure exerted from his shoulders by bringing his body and shoulders forward. This weight is gradually in- creased until, at the end of three seconds of vertical pressure on the lower ribs of the patient, the force is felt to be sufficient to compress the parts; then the weight is suddenly removed; if there is danger of not returning the hands to the right position they may remain lightly in place, but it is usually better to re- move the hands entirely. With an overweight patient a light operator can utilize over 80 per cent of his weight by raising his knees from the ground and supporting his weight entirely on his toes and the heels of his hands-the latter properly placed on the ends of the floating ribs of the patient. In this manner he can work as effectively as a heavy man. A feather or a few fibers of absorbent cotton, held near the patient's nose, will indicate whether or not air passes with each forced expiration and spontaneous inspiration. The rate of com- pression should not exceed 12 or 15 times per minute, the lungs being thoroughly emptied by 3 seconds of pressure and allowed 2 seconds to refill. 264 OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. There are liable to be evidences of life within 25 minutes in patients who will recover from electric shock, but where there is doubt the patient should have the benefit of it. In drowning re- coveries after two hours or more of unconsciousness are on record. Aromatic spirits of ammonia on a handkerchief may be placed continuously within 3 inches of the nose; no liquid will be given a patient while unconscious; apply warm blankets and hot water bottles as soon as practicable. Due caution should be observed not to bring force to bear too violently on the ribs, lest fracture occur. SUNSTROKE and heat exhaustion. 525. (a) Sunstroke. Sunstroke or heatstroke occurs in per- sons exposed to high temperature, either in or out of the sun. The face is flushed, Skin hot and dry, breathing labored, pulse rapid, heat of body great. The patient may be unconscious. Place him in the shade, loosen clothing, and try to lessen heat of body by cold applications to the head and surface generally. (&) Heat exhaustion. The heat may also cause, especially when soldier is much fatigued, a form of exhaustion without insensibility. Rest on the back in the shade, with cold applica- tions to the head, and a little aromatic spirits of ammonia are usually sufficient to relieve. In rare cases this exhaustion may go on to threatened col- lapse, with cold skin and extremities, pale face, and very weak pulse. Here alcoholic stimulants and heat to the body become necessary. It is well to be warned that both sunstroke and heat ex- haustion are common and severe among drinkers and the intemperate. BURNS. 526. Do not pull the clothing from the burnt part, but rip or cut it off. Do not break the blisters nor prick them, even if large. Protect a burn quickly with a mixture of equal parts of linseed or olive oil and lime water, if you have them, or with the plain oil, covering the whole with lint or cotton wool. Put nothing on a burn that will be difficult to remove afterwards. OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 265 FREEZING AND FROSTBITE. 527. The part frozen, which looks white or bluish white, and is cold, should be very slowly raised in temperature by careful rubbing with snow or ice and water, in a cool place and never near a fire. Stimulants are to be given cautiously when the patient can swallow, and followed by small amounts of warm liquid nourishment. The object is to restore the circulation of the blood and the natural warmth gradually and not violently. Care and patience are necessary to do this. TRANSPORTATION. 528. The carriage of patients for moderate distances on or from the field is best done with the service litter and, when that can not be procured, by some improvised substitute which se- cures the comfort and safety of the person disabled. These methods, and those by one or more bearers, are fully described in the preceding paragraphs and are not repeated here. DEIMER'S FIRST-AID RULES (MODIFIED). 529. 1. Never touch a wound with anything unclean-dirty fingers, nondisinfected bandages, dirty water, etc. It may cause inflammation, ulceration, or blood poisoning. 2. Expose the wound by removing the covering article of dress, which contains many impurities. Unbutton or cut clothes and examine extent of bleeding. Open all articles of clothing which might hinder circulation of blood or breathing (collar, necktie, belt). To avoid pain and bleeding, raise legs by putting under them a valise, saddle, truss of straw, etc.; slight bleeding will often cease in this position of its own accord without any band- aging. A bandage is advisable to protect the wound from dirt, flies, or cold. Use the First-aid Packet. Coats, pouches, hav- ersacks, etc., may be used as pillows. 3. If the wound does not bleed at all, or only a few drops at a time, no constriction or pressure is necessary. 4. If the blood is spurting or in a strong stream from a wound, you must use measures to stop it. 266 OUTLINES OF FIRST AID. 5. Whoever is able to walk after being wounded must repair at once to the dressing station. Those who can not walk must be carried by stretcher bearers and must await their arrival by lying down as quietly and as comfortably as possible in order to avoid pain, bleeding, and aggravation of the wound. Part VI. DUTIES IN THE FIELD. REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. (See also Part II, Manual for the Medical Department.) 530. In camp when a regiment or other line organization is operating as part of a division, the necessary dispensary serv- ice is provided through the medium of a. camp infirmary. Per- sonnel needed to conduct the infirmary is detailed from the sani- tary personnel of the regiments concerned. When a regiment is operating independently, the sanitary per- sonnel thereof may conduct a regimental infirmary or hospital for the care of the sick and wounded. In either case the supervision of the sanitary procedures necessary to preserve the health of the command is a most im- portant function of the detachment. The enlisted personnel of the detachment ordinarily camps and messes with the headquarters company. 531. On the march.-The regimental surgeon, accompanied by a mounted orderly, ordinarily marches with the regimental commander. One medical officer with his orderly, one noncommissioned officer, and a litter squad follows each battalion. The sergeant, first class, and the remainder of the detachment, one private leading the pack mule, constitutes the aid station party and follow in rear of the regiment. An ambulance temporarily de- 267 268 tached from one of the ambulance companies accompanies the regiment. It is the duty of the sanitary personnel to render first aid where required, to transport the sick and wounded and to make suitable disposition of them in camp. A soldier falling out of the marching column on account of sickness or injury may be given authority to ride in the ambulance in rear of the regiment, or his arms and personal equipment may be carried in the ambu- lance and he may inarch at the rear of the regiment with the sanitary detachment. 532. In combat.,-The detachment accompanies its line unit in combat, and must remain in close touch with them at all times. First aid is given to as many as possible of those who fall out. Soldiers with trivial injuries are directed to return to their organizations. The slightly wounded will be sent to the station for slightly wounded or to the regimental aid station if the latter has been established. When practicable, the wounded that are unable to walk are carried to the aid station. The regimental band, if assigned to duty with sanitary troops, will assist in the transportation of wounded. 533. Regimental-aid station.-For dismounted troops the aid station, not more than one for each regiment or smaller inde- pendent unit, will be established as the engagement develops and the number of wounded warrant it by the sanitary detach- ment of the organization. The personnel of the station usually comprises the regimental surgeon, rhe aid station party referred to above, and such other as may become available for service. Tiie regimental surgeon, with the approval of the regimental commander, selects a suitable location for the aid station at a point as near the firing line as good cover can be found. It is important that it be placed at a point where a passable road leads to the rear and from which the firing line may easily be approached. The routes leading to and from the aid station and the aid station itself are conspicuously marked. No elaborate ar- rangements for the care and treatment of wounded can be made, but it may be worth while to improvise dressing or operating tables from litters and to arrange the supplies so that they will REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. 269 be easily accessible. A water supply is always essential to the comfort of the wounded, and some will be needed for prepara- tion of restorations and for antiseptic solutions. Shelter is de- sirable, especially in inclement weather, and it may have to be improvised. Effort should be made to procure hay or straw for the wounded to lie upon. A fire should be built, if conditions permit, for heating and preparing food. It is neither desirable nor practicable to give extensive surgi- cal treatment to wounded at aid station, as the primary func- tion of the regimental sanitary detachment is to assemble the wounded and prepare them for further transportation to the rear. The aid given in front of the aid station is limited to the application of dressings contained in first-aid packages and the materials carried in the medical department and orderly pouches. At the aid station such dressings may be readjusted or re- placed and supplemented by additional materials. Compresses are applied to bleeding wounds, and occasionally it may become necessary to ligate an artery or perform some other emergency operation, as tracheotomy, etc. Fractures are immobilized with splints. Restoratives and narcotics must be given. It is pre- sumed that no surgical operations, except those of extreme urgency, will be performed at the aid station unless the regiment is acting independently or is cut off from communication with a dressing station or field hospital for a prolonged period of time by accident of terrain or other causes. 534. In camp.-In addition to routine company duties, am- bulance companies must be prepared at all times to take over the transportation of sick and injured from other organizations to the camp hospital or other designated institution. A regular ambulance service is usually instituted for such purpose, and the ambulance companies for the division, in turn, are detailed to collect the sick at stated hours and in addition thereto maintain an emergency ambulance service both night and day. 535. On the march.-Ambulance companies habitually march at the rear of the columns of combatant troops. One company, AMBULANCE COMPANIES. 270 REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. or the dressing station party thereof, may march with the advance guard. 536. In combat.-Ambulance companies establish dressing stations on the field of battle, and in addition thereto transport wounded from regimental aid stations and, when practicable, from the field to the dressing stations and field hospitals by means of litters, ambulances, and improvised transportation. The preparation of evacuation routes from the aid stations at the front to the field hospitals in rear is an important duty of ambulance companies. Such routes should also be plainly marked to prevent aimless wandering over the field. In combat the company operates in two parts. The first establishes and operates a dressing station and collects the wounded thereat, the second operates the wheeled transporta- tion in evacuating the wounded. 537. The dressing station constitutes the second line of as- sistance on the battle field and its personnel comprises 4 officers, 1 sergeant, first class, 6 sergeants, 1 cook, and 40 privates. It is desirable that the site selected for a dressing station should have the following advantages: (1) Protection from rifle fire, (2) protection from direct artillery fire, (3) accessi- bility for wheeled transportation and a water supply. Effective shelter from fire is of the greatest importance. As soon as the station is opened, its bearers, under the direc- tion of a medical officer, proceed to the front in the endeavor to reach the aid stations. Ordinarily they will be divided into as many sections as there are aid stations, each under a non- commissioned officer, and one section proceeds to each aid station. Slightly wounded who are able to walk are directed to the station for slightly wounded. Other wounded are trans- ported to the dressing station. When practicable the bearers will also assist the regimental sanitary personnel in the care and removal of wounded from points in advance. At the dressing station wounded are classified, and those whose injuries are not sufficient to incapacitate them for duty after receiving the necessary treatment will be directed to return to their units; other slightly wounded who are able to walk after like treatment are directed to proceed to the rear, generally to the station for slightly wounded. REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. 271 At the dressing stations only such operations will be per- formed as may be immediately required to save life or to render the patients fit for further transportation. Permanent occlusive dressings may be applied if time permits. The rules to be followed generally are that no operative or other inter- ference should be attempted under conditions unfavorable for asepsis or antisepsis, and that no wounded for whom transpor- tation is available should be delayed at the dressing station. Conditions in these respects must vary widely in different battles; when there are good facilities for surgical treatment of cases and at the same time lack of transportation for wounded it would manifestly be proper to give them definite treatment. 538. In camp.-In addition to the routine company duties, field-hospital companies may be called upon to establish their hospital for the temporary care of the sick of the division not only in case of absolute necessity, but also for practical instruc- tion of its personnel in the care and treatment of patients. 539. On the march.-Field-hospital companies march in the sanitary train which is ordinarily at the head of the divisional train. Field-hospital companies must be prepared to establish during or at the conclusion of the day's march a collecting place for the sick of the division who are unable to continue the march. Patients must be cared *or until they can be turned over to the line communication: service or otherwise disposed of, as may be directed. Ordinarily the field-hospital companies of the division in turn are detailed for such duty. No more equipment is un- packed than is absolutely necessary, and attendants and sup- plies are left with the patients until proper disposition of them is made. 540. In combat.-Field-hospital companies keep in touch with the combatant organizations anti provide shelter and such care and treatment as are practicable for the sick and wounded of the division, who are brought in by the ambulance companies until the sanitary service of the line of communications takes charge of them. FIFLD-HOSPITAL COMPANIES. 272 541. Field hospitals are centrally located, beyond the imme- diate zone of conflict and some distance in the rear of the dress- ing stations. They should be easily seen and reached, front and rear. Buildings are used when convenient and only so much tentage put up as may be required. Wounded are received at the receiving and forwarding de- partment of the hospital; the slightly wounded, able to walk, are immediately directed to the station for slightly wounded. The seriously wounded and the slightly wounded, unable to walk, are assigned to the proper department of the field hospital for treatment. Under ordinary conditions surgical operations at the field hos- pital are limited to such as are required to prepare patients for further transportation to the rear. Many extensive dressings are required and the most strict antiseptic precautions are taken. Every effort is made to dress cases so that they will not require redressing for some time. Patients are fed, if practica- ble, before being sent to the rear. REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. CAMP INFIRMARIES. 542. When the division is assembled in the field some of the regimental infirmary equipment issued to regiments in time of peace are retained for service as camp infirmaries usually on a basis of one for each brigade. The sanitary personnel of the organization served by the camp infirmary is drawn upon for the men to conduct it, as its permanent personnel consists only of one sergeant, Medical Department, and a driver. The function of the camp infirmary is to furnish facilities for one or several organizations during field service. When other provision is not made for the hospital care or treatment of the sick, the camp infirmary becomes the nucleus around which a camp hospital is developed. 543. This station lias no permanent personnel or equipment and is only a transient divisional organization for service on the battle field. Its personnel is detached from the sanitary train for such duty when required. STATION FOR SLIGHTLY WOUNDED. Usually one station is established for a division when combat is imminent. It is located at some distance from the firing line, preferably on the route over which troops have advanced. It. is conspicuously marked so as to be easily found. The func- tions of the station are (1) to afford a place where men who are unable to accompany their units into combat may be assem- bled; (2) to relieve the dressing stations and field hospitals of the congestion incident to the presence of slightly wounded who can walk and who require but little attention. Surgical dressings may be applied or readjusted and arrange- ments made for the preparation of simple nourishment. As soon as possible, wounded at the station who are not able to return to their commands will be assembled in groups and directed to some medical department institution in the rear. 544. Sanitary soldiers, like other troops, must be prepared to take full advantage of any natural or artificial cover against the enemy's fire in their performance of their duties on the field of battle. In advancing over fire-swept areas, they must choose the best- protected routes, taking advantage of the lulls in firing, and advancing by rushes over open ground. At times it may become necessary to construct hasty cover by the use of the Medical- Department knife or the hand ax and mess kit. A low parapet about 3 feet thick can quickly be thrown up, which furnishes considerable protection against rifle fire but scarcely any against shrapnel. 545. It may become necessary to provide shelter for aid station in cover trenches which connect with fire trenches. The cover trench is simple and rectangular in profile. It is gen- erally concealed by the contours of the ground or by natural features, but, to guard against hostile searching fire, overhead cover is frequently advisable. The use of overhead cover is usually limited to that sufficient for protection against rifle, machine gun, and shrapnel. It consists of a raised platform covered with earth. It is frequently combined with horizontal cover in a single structure. The supporting platform will usu- ally be of wood, and may vary from brushwood to light poles or heavy timbers and planks. It is better, especially with brush or poles, to place a layer of sods, grass down, or grain sacks REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. 273 12420°-17 18 274 REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. over the platform before putting on the earth to prevent the latter from sifting through. The thickness of overhead cover depends upon the class of fire against which protection is required. For splinter proofs a layer of earth 6 to 8 inches thick on a support of brush or poles will suffice. For bombproofs a minimum thickness of 6 inches of timber and 6 feet of earth is required against howitzers and mortars of a heavy siege train. It is not practicable, however, to give complete cover to positions that will successfully withstand the most modern artillery. It may become necessary to provide additional pro- tection to dressing stations by the construction of artificial shelter. 546. The entraining of sanitary units must be done quietly, promptly, and efficiently. To do this the work should be dis- tributed among the various officers and noncommissioned offi- cers, each provided with a suitable detail. Cars should be spotted in such a manner as to be easily loaded; they must then be inspected. The passenger cars must afford sufficient room, must be clean, plumbing in good order, and properly iced and watered. Cooking facilities must be provided as per contract. Baggage, freight, and flat cars must be in good condition. Stock cars must have good flooring, covered with sand or cinders, and be minutely inspected for loose or sharp boards, projecting bolts, nails, etc. Bach car should be marked with the name of the organiza- tion and with the number of men or animals that are to oc- cupy it. Animals must be loaded quietly and without confusion. Yell- ing, scuffling, etc., frighten the other animals and make loading difficult. Each animal should be led into the car, placed crosswise, head of one animal opposite the tail of the other. If they are unaccustomed to being loaded, each may be tied in place until the loading of the car is complete, when the halter ropes should be removed, otherwise they are removed as soon as the animal is in place. Hay or straw should never be placed in open stock cars be- cause of the danger of fire. Pl. 99. Schematic arrangement of Medical De- partment stations on the battle field and on line of communications. DIVISIONAL SANITARY ORGANIZATION EVACUATION ROUTES 275 276 REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. The number of animals to a car depends on the size of animals and car; 18 to 20 is the average; they should be packed snugly but not jammed. Saddle equipment and harness should be placed in sacks, marked, and packed in a freight car. Loading ramps for vehicles should be kept on hand and car- ried with the organization; vehicles will ordinarily be packed three to a car. The pole of the first ambulance must be removed; the others may be run under the preceding ambulance. Wagon poles will have to be removed. Vehicles must be securely blocked with large nails; vehicles must be swept clean of all straw and other inflammable material. Preparation of Ordinary Vehicles for the Transportation of Wounded. GENERAL. 547. Tn active service, the ambulances available may be in- sufficient for the transportation of the sick and wounded. Un- der these circumstances any available transportation should be used; this may include wagons and motor trucks attached to sanitary units, wagons and motor trucks attached to line troops or the Quartermaster Corps, and civilian vehicles of all kinds. In the use of the first class care must be used not to employ transportation for this purpose that may be needed for its normal functions. In the second class authority should be obtained from the commanding general directing the use of stated transportation for this purpose. In the third class authority to commandeer transportation must be obtained from the same source, and a receipt given the owner for his property, or for the use of his property while engaged in this work. REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. 277 TO PBEPAKE VEHICLES. 548. (a) Escort or farm wagons.-Six inches of closely packed straw or like material should be placed in the bottom of the wagon bed. Three patients can be carried in each escort wagon, one on a litter, if desired, at the front of the wagon bed, one on the straw beside him, and one sitting up across the bed at their feet. If all are sitting more can be carried. Hayracks covered with Straw will carry eight patients placed crosswise. 549. (b) Motor trucks.-About 1 ton, approximately 6 inches, of sand or dry earth should be placed in the bottom of the truck in order to secure the maximum of ease from the springs. This should be covered with canvas if practicable, and this with about 6 inches of closely packed straw or similar material. Five or six recumbent patients can be carried in each truck in this manner as comfortably as by motor ambulance. They should be arranged as follows: Four patients on the straw, or three on litters, with heads toward the front and two lying down at their feet across the truck bed. Fracture and other serious cases should be carried at the front. 550. (c) Passenger vehicles, carriages, and touring cars, are valuable for sitting patients only, as recumbent cases are car- ried with great inconvenience and waste of space. 551. (d) Hospital trains are divided into three classes-A, B, and C. Class A trains consist of converted Pullman cars; Class B, of converted coaches; Class C, of converted box cars. The A train has seven types of car; the B train four; and the C train two with caboose. The A train of 10 cars will accom- modate about 180 patients and B train about 172 (each patient car, a minimum of 20) and C train 24 patients per car. Plans and specifications for the conversion of railway trains into hospital trains of the three types are kept on file in the offices of the Quartermaster General, the Surgeon General, and in the hands of all the important railways of the country. Each type of car has a separate number and cars are ordered as needed by number. Certain equipment, as laid down, is fur- nished by the railways. Blankets, linen, operating-room furni- ture, sterilizer and mess chests are furnished by the United States. In general, there will be but few trains of the A type. 278 Trains of the B type are arranged with canvas bunk bottoms and mattresses, the bunk bottoms being removable and allow for interchangeability with litters at will. Class C trains are fitted with Gosso spring-chain suspensions and a supply of these are kept on hand at medical supply depots. These suspensions require the use of the standard litter. The advantage of the C type of train is that it may be used as a freight train on the trip to the evacuation point and as a hospital train on the return, the process of conversion taking but a few minutes if the chain suspension be left in the car. REGIMENTAL DETACHMENTS. TO LOAD VEHICLES. 552. The movements described under the headings " To load and unload ambulances " and " Methods of removing wounded without litters " will, if care is used, meet the requirements of any situation of this character. Unusual care and supervision will be required to see that patients are handled with the minimum discomfort. 553. The utmost care must be exercised to maintain com- munication between the various elements of the sanitary serv- ice. The danger of losing touch is ever present and may result in disorganization and inefficiency. Each element should keep in touch with those on each flank, front, and rear, and with superior authority. It should keep informed as accurately as possible of the dispositions of line troops in the vicinity. To this end the field lines of the Signal Corps can be used when available for important matters, but they may often not be at hand, nor must they be burdened with minor affairs. Messages, if important, must be written and sent by reliable bearers who are not apt to become lost. When sent verbally, the orderly should repeat the message before starting to insure that he has it correctly. Orderlies, musicians, etc., should be trained in the correct transmission of messages. Signaling is an excellent method of exchanging messages be- tween elements of the sanitary service, and it will be found advantageous to have several men in each company or de- tachment proficient in "Wigwag" and " Semaphore" signaling. MESSENGERS AND SIGNALING. APPENDIX. EQULPMENT OF ENLISTED MEN. 1. Troops are employed either on field service, camp service, or garrison service. The equipment for Hospital Corps men, appropriate to each class of service, is given below. While traveling on train or transport the equipment of the command is determined by the character of the service on which the com- mand is ordered. 2. Field service implies service in campaign, simulated cam- paign, or on the march. The field equipment prescribed is the complete equipment to be worn on the person or carried on horse on field service. The articles that make up camp or gar- rison equipment can .accompany or follow troops only when transportation additional to that allotted for field service is available. 3. Camp service includes service in mobilization, concentra- tion, instruction,, and maneuver camps, and such pauses in op- erations against an enemy as permit the better care of troops. Under such conditions troops may be given more comforts and better sanitary care than are practicable with the field equip- ment only. This is accomplished by adding to the field equip- ment certain articles appropriate to camp service and prescribed herein. The whole is known as camp equipment. Commanders of divisions, or of smaller units when independ- ent or detached, may add to or subtract from the camp equip- ment of their commands as strategic, climatic, or other con- ditions indicate. 4. Garrison service applies to troops quartered in cantonments or posts under conditions which permit the normal conveniences of a civilian community. In this sense the term " garrison service " includes the service of the Organized Militia at their home stations. The articles enumerated below do not include all the addi- tional articles required for garrison service, but only such articles as may on occasion become appropriate temporary additions to the camp equipment. 279 280 APPENDIX. FOR THE FIELD. [Note.-indicates "when ordered1'; 1 indicates that the article is furnished by the Quartermaster Corps; 2, by the Ordnance Department; 3, by the Medical Department; 4, by the individual soldier.] How transported or packed. Mounted. Dismounted. LIGHT KIT. 1. Clothing: Belt waist, web1.. Breeches(if cotton)1 Breeches (if wool- en).1 Cord, hat1 Drawers1.... pair.. Hat, service1 Leggings1 Shirts, olive drab1. Shoes, marching, pairs.1 Stockings'...pair.. Undershirt1 Slicker1 *0 vercoat1 ♦Brassard 3 2. Personal equipment: ♦Pistol2 ♦Pistol holster 2 1 on person do do . do . do ..... do : do do do do 1 on person or strapped to pommel. 1 on person, on pommel, or in camp equipment as may bo ordered. 1 on left arm 1 in holster 1 on pistol belt, right side... 1 on person. Doi Do. • Do. Do. Do. Do. De. Do. Do. 1 on person or in pack. 1 on person or in pack or in - camp equipment as may be ordered. 1 on left arm. 1 in holster. 1 on pistol belt, right side. ♦Magazines (for am- munition).2 Ammunition as ordered.2 ♦Knife, Hospital Corps.2 ♦Scabbard for Hos- pital Corps knife.2 Identification tag1. Pouch for first-aid packet.2 First-aid packet3.. 2 on pistol belt In magazines....;.... 1 in scabbard 1 on waist belt, left side 1 oh person 1 on back of waist belt 1 in pouch for same 2 on pistol belt. In magazines. 1 in scabbard. 1 on waist belt, left side. 1 on person. 1 on back of waist belt. 1 in pouch for same. APPENDIX. for the field-continued. 281 How transported or packed. Mounted. Dismounted. light kit-continued. Personal equipment- Continued. Ration-bag 2 Canteen, Cavalry 2. Saddlebags, pair2.. Cup 2 Meat can2 1 on back with suspenders attached and fastened to web field belt. 1 on web field belt 1 on saddle 1 in near saddlebag do 1 in pouch for same. Do. 1 in haversack body. Do. Knife2 do Do. Fork2 do Do. Spoon 2 do Do. ♦Reserve ration.... do Do. *E mergency ration. Spurs2 do 2 on person Do. Spur straps2 do Saddle, complete2. Cavalry bridle, 1909, complete.2 Link2 Currycomb 2 Horse brush2 Lariat and strap2.. Picket pin2 Horseshoes1 Horseshoe nails, noncorrosive.1 1 on horse do do.. : 1 in off sadalebag do 1 on near cantie ring 1 on lariat 2,1 hind and 1 fore, fitted in off saddlebag. 12 in off saddlebag 282 for the field-continued. APPENDIX. How transported. 3. Horse equipment: Saddle blanket2 1 on horse. Surcingle2 Do. Feed bag2 1 on pommel. 1 infeed bag. 1 on horse. Grain bag2 Halter2. " . * Horse cover2 Do. How transported. Mounted. Dismounted. 4. Field kit: Blanket roll 1 strapped to cantie of saddle. » 1 slung over ration- bag. 1 for dismounted Contents- Shelter tent, half1 1 Shelter-tent pole 1 1 Shelter-tent pins1 5 Blanket1 1 Stockings' pair.. 2 Drawers' do.... 1 Undershirt ' 1 Comb 4 1 Piece soap 4 1 Towel4 1 Toothbrush 4 . 1 Housewife for each squad11 Poncho 1 Slicker'. 1 for mounted men, driv- men. ♦Rubber boots 1 ers, and orderlies.' 1 pair for dismount- ed men. 5. In addition to the equipment listed above, each medical officer's orderly carries an orderly pouch,3 and all other privates carry the Hospital Corps pouch or the field belt.3 Noncommis- sioned officers, excepting certain ones on duty with field hos- pitals and ambulance companies, carry an emergency case or the field belt.3 Either of the pouches or the emergency case is car- ried by both mounted and dismounted men on the right hip, hung by a sling, the rear end of which passes under the belt and over the left shoulder. for the field-continued. APPENDIX. 283 How transported. 6. Surplus kit: Drawers1 pair.. 1 Shoes, marching1. ..do.... 1 Stockings1 pairs.. 2 Undershirt1... 1 Shoe laces'....extra pair.. 1 Breeches1 pair.. 1 Shirt, wool, olive drab.... 1 Packed in surplus kit bag, one of which is pro- vided for each group of 8 men, is plainly marked and carried on wagons provided in addition to those allotted to an organization. These articles form a part of the camp equipment listed below. IN CAMPS. How packed and transported. Camp equipment: Blankets1 1 Breeches (if cotton)1 2 Breeches (if woolen)1 1 Cord, hat1 1 Drawers 1 pairs.. 2 Leggings1 do.... 1 Shirt olive drab1 1 Shoes, marching1 pairs.. 1 Shoe laces 1 extra pair.. 1 Stockings1 pairs.. 4 Undershirts1 2 Coats:1 Cotton service 2 Woolen service 1 *Fatigue 1 STrousers, fatigue1 1 Towels "■ 2 Mosquito bar or head net (when issued)1 1 Cot1 In barrack bag or as directed. Transportation for this equipment is provided in addition to that assigned to organizations of the divi- sion. § For privates, when ordered. 284 APPENDIX. IN GARRISON. Garrison equipment, in addition to articles previously listed, includes trunk lockers1 containing- Extra clothing. Personal effects. . Mattress covers (those issued for soldier's use).1 Pillowcases (those issued for soldier's use).1 Bed sheets (those issued for soldier's use).1 TO FORM BLANKET ROLL. Spread the shelter tent half, triangular end to right, top to front, turn in triangular end, making a rectangle. Fold under the top edge of the tent 8 inches to form a pocket. Lay the blanket, folded once across its length on the shelter half,'its middle line over the middle seam of the tent, free edges par- allel to and 1 inch from pocket fold of tent. Fold the two sides of both tent and blanket inward so the canvas will have a fold of 11 inches. Place tent pins under folds of blanket on each side and tent poles, extra clothing, and toilet articles in center at bottom of tent. Roll tightly, using hands and knees, toward the top of tent and bring over the entire roll that part of the tent that was turned under, thus binding the roll. The roll should be 44 inches long. TO SECURE TO RATION BAG. Lay ration bag on ground, flaps down; place blanket roll around top, exposed edge of tent down, and secure snugly to top and sides of ration bag by thongs provided for this purpose. APPENDIX. 285 PERSONNEL OF AMBULANCE COMPANIES AND FIELD HOSPITALS. (Tables of Organization, U. S. Army, 1917.) For the operation of an ambulance company, animal drawn and motor driven, with maximum and minimum strength, personnel is assigned as follows: Animal drawn. Motor driven. Mini- mum. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. Maxi- mum. Captain 3 5 3 5 First lieutenant.. j Sergeant, first class 1 2 1 2 Sergeant 6 11 6 11 Corporal 4 6 4 6 Horseshoer 1 1 o o Saddler 1 1 0 0 Farrier : 1 1 0 0 Mechanic 1 1 1 1 Cook 2 3 2 3 Privates, first class. .1 57 124 52 96 Privates...., J For the operation of a field hospital, animal drawn and motor driven, with maximum and minimum strength, personnel is as- signed as follows: Animal drawn. Motor driven. Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- mum. mum. mum. mum. Major 1 1 1 1 Captain \ Fil st lieutenant... J Sergeant, first class 2 3 2 3 Sergeant. 4 6 4 6 Corporal 0 0 0 0 Hofseshoer 1 1 0 0 Saddler 1 1 0 0 Farrier 1 1 0 0 Mechanic 1 1 1 1 Cook 2 2 2 2 Privates, first class. .1 44 65 46 68 Privates f 286 APPENDIX. Pl. 100. FI. 101. 287 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 50 CENTS PER COPY