TO CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN 
THE REGULAR ARMY. 
HEARINGS. 77-2 CONG. HOUSE 
COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS. 
1943 TO CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS 
IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
HEARINGS 
BEFORE THE 
COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS 
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
SEVENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS 
SECOND SESSION 
ON 
H. R. 7432 
A BILL TO AMEND CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE NATIONAL 
DEFENSE ACT OF JUNE 3, 1916, AS AMENDED, RELAT- 
ING TO THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE 
REGULAR ARMY 
Printed for the use of the Committee on Military Affairs 
UNITED STATES 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
WASHINGTON : 1943 
«7(iin TO CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1942 
House of Representatives, 
Committee on Military Affairs, 
Washington, D. C. 
The committee this day met, Hon. Andrew J. May (chairman) 
presiding. 
The Chairman. The principal item of business this morning is H. 
R. 7432, to amend certain provisions of the National Defense Act of 
June 3, 1916, as amended, relating to the Medical Department of the 
Regular Army. 
We will hear at this time from General McAfee, 
STATEMENT OF BRIG. GEN. LARRY B. McAFEE, ASSISTANT TO 
THE SURGEON GENERAL, WAR DEPARTMENT 
The Chairman. General, will you explain this bill, H. R. 7432? 
General McAfee. This bill provides for the establishment of a 
Pharmacy Corps in lieu of the Medical Administrative Corps; in 
other words, substitute the name Pharmacy Corps for the M. A. C. 
The Chairman. You represent the Surgeon General’s Department? 
General McAfee. I do. 
The Chairman. And you are authorized to speak for them? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
The Chairman. You might tell us what you know about the 
legislation, whether you are opposed to it, and so forth. 
General McAfee. The Surgeon General’s Office and the War 
Department are not in favor of this legislation. 
The Chairman. You may state your reasons. 
General McAfee. This legislation is permanent legislation. It 
provides for a corps known as the Pharmacy Corps of a strength of 
72 Regular officers with certain promotion features that now raises 
the ceiling of the M. A. C. of the Regular Army. 
We feel that the needs in the pharmacy branch—that is, the safe- 
guarding of and compounding of prescriptions, is now provided in our 
hospitals and our field installations, and that the technical service 
rendered by registered pharmacists does not demand or merit a com- 
mission. 
In our M. A. C., under the legislation passed in 1935, there were 
substituted registered pharmacists for members of the M. A. C., 
which was provided for after the last war. 
The Chairman. Under the act of 1916, was it not? 
General McAfee, 1919, I think it was. 
The Chairman. 1919? 2 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
General McAfee. Yes; this provides for the Medical Administra- 
tive Corps, a corps of 72 members who were taken from enlisted men 
of the Medical Corps after 2 years enlistment, who were commissioned 
in the M. A. C. 
The purpose of this corps originally was to use it as an orienting 
group of the Medical Department in which officers could be placed 
that made technical contribution to care of the sick, although they 
were not directly on medical duty in the Federal service. 
This corps did not develop to the extent that we wanted it to, and 
in 1935, under Surgeon General Reynolds, a bill changing the com- 
position of the corps was introduced, which provided that all members 
of the M, A. C,, that is all vacancies should be filled by registered 
pharmacists to the number of 16. 
This bill was enacted into law at the present time the M. A. C., 
which consisted originally of 72 members, has been reduced by attri- 
tion, through the appointment of registered pharmacists to the num- 
ber of 16. And, the old provision for commissioning enlisted men 
from the Medical Department was dropped. Therefore at the present 
time, in the regular service there are 16—eventually there will be 16 
pharmacists only and they will all, of course, be qualified as pharma- 
cists, and there will be none of the old members of the M. A. C. 
replaced as they drop out. 
The Chairman. How many members of the old M. A. C. are there 
now? 
General McAfee. It is my recollection that there are around 55 
or 56. 
The Chairman. And that has been reduced from 72 originally down 
to 55 or 56? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
The Chairman. Now, does that include the 16 pharmacists who 
you have referred to? 
General McAfee. The 16 pharmacists have all been appointed 
now so that number will gradually reduce from the total 72 in the 
M. A. C. down to 16. 
The Chairman. Without interrupting your statement too much I 
am interested somewhat in your statement that compounding of 
drugs, their handling and the piecautions are being satisfactorily 
handled by the Medical Administrative Corps which this bill would 
displace and substitute the Pharmacists Corps for it. 
General McAfee. Yes. 
The Chairman. I am just curious to find out how much medical 
qualifications, medical experience and medical administrative qualifi- 
cation are in use now? 
General McAfee. In the Medical Administrative Corps there are 
a few pharmacists, regular pharmacists in that corps; very few of 
them. But in the operation of the Dispensaries we have used non- 
commissioned officers, men who qualified by experience. 
The Chairman. And what kind of experience? That is what I want 
to find out. 
General McAfee. Within the Army itself. 
The Chairman. Do you have a school for pharmacists in the Army 
that teaches these men how to compound drugs? 
General McAfee. Yes. 
The Chairman. And make the necessary compositions? CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
3 
General McAfee. Before the emergency we had a school at Walter 
Reed Medical Center and since the training period started we have 
established at first 5 and then 10 technical training schools for enlisted 
men. However, we have trained, we have given this training to 
comparatively few pharmacists because we are able to satisfy the 
demand from those registered pharmacists who have been brought in 
through the operation of the selective-service law and we feel that we 
will have technical grades for all the registered pharmacists that may 
be inducted. 
The Chairman. I am just a little curious to know about how these 
dangerous drugs, these habit-forming drugs, are furnished, and how 
they are being handled by men in the Army, those who have not had 
any educational training before they got into the Array and who did 
not know, as a matter of fact, anything about drugs until they went 
to the Army training school. 
General McAfee. Our dispensaries are all under the supervision of 
an officer of the medical service and he is responsible for the operation 
of the pharmacy, and he also with officers, these 16 officers that we 
have now, are qualified pharmacists. In addition to other duties of a 
military nature they are also directly in charge of supervision, and 
they continue to operate the pharmacy in peacetime. They are all 
trained men, and the pharmacist has not carried a commission. 
Mr. Thomason. What is the rank of the 16 commissioned officers? 
General McAfee. They came in under the provision of the M. A, 
C. with the rank as second lieutenants promoted to the rank of cap- 
tain at the end of 5 years—at the end of 9 years I believe to a cap- 
taincy. Second lieutenant on to first lieutenant and then to captain. 
Mr, Thomason. That is as high as they can go? 
General McAfee. That was as far as they could go in the Regular 
service. However, we appreciate that the M. A. C. Reserve furnished 
us an organization with which we could relieve medical officers of 
many of the purely military matters that those officers attend to in 
the service and so we asked the Congress for a bill for the emergency 
to lift the ceiling on the M. A. C. officers. This was passed and at the 
present time we can promote or appoint up to colonelcy in the M. A. C. 
This is an emergency provision. 
Mr, Thomason. What are these men in M. A. C. other than 
pharmacists? 
General McAfee. Most of them are men of experience in adminis- 
tration in peacetime. 
Mr. Thomason. But you say only 16 are commissioned officers in 
the entire Army? 
General McAfee. Eventually when the nonpharmacists leave or 
are retired the M. A. C. will not be replaced so long as there are 16 
registered pharmacists in the corps. So therefore the corps will 
gradually by attrition work from 72 officers down to 16. 
Mr. Thomason. Sixteen commissioned pharmacists in the whole 
Army? 
General McAfee. Well, they will all be qualified pharmacists. 
Mr. Thomason. Approximately how many pharmacists would you 
say, with or without commissions, do you have in the service now? 
General McAfee. At the present time we have pharmacists, our 
objective is something like 5,000 in an Army of 4,600,000——■ 
Mr. Thomason. You have brought in a lot from civilian life through 
the selective service? 4 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
General McAfee. Yes; and we are placing these pharmacists that 
come in through the selective service, from civilian life, in technical 
grades as pharmacists. 
Now, we use them with divisions, we use them in the evacuation 
hospitals, in the field hospitals, in the station hospitals and in the 
general hospitals. 
Mr. Thomason. By way of illustration let us say that John Jones 
is 35 years old, is a graduate of a pharmacy school, with 10 years’ 
active experience and well qualified, and he is called into the service; 
what do you make of a fellow of that kind? 
General McAfee. Of course, he came in by the selective service. 
Mr. Thomason. I understand. 
General McAfee. And at the reception center he will be assigned 
to the Medical Department. The Medical Department will assign 
him to a unit where he can practice his profession. 
Mr, Thomason. What is his rank? 
General McAfee. He may have the rank of corporal, a sergeant, 
a staff sergeant or a technical sergeant, according to whether or not 
there are vacancies in the organization, in the unit to which he is 
assigned. 
Mr, Thomason. Well, General, do you feel you are being quite fair 
■with these men in that profession? He is a graduate of a pharmacist 
school, and to use the illustration I mentioned before, he is 35 years 
old, with a good big salary that may be as much as three, four, or five 
thousand dollars, and yet you make him a corporal. When a young 
doctor or a young lawyer or somebody else comes in, why he is made 
at least a second lieutenant. That is administrative. I am just 
wondering if you are being quite fair. 
General McAfee. Of course, Mr. Thomason, he has the opportunity 
just the same as any other enlisted man in the Medical Corps to 
qualify himself as a candidate at the officers’ candidate training school 
and on being successful he is made a second lieutenant. 
Mr. Thomason. Well, he is a pharmacist. That would put him 
out in the combat service. He would like to continue the practice of 
his profession. He has gone to college, graduated, and would not 
need to go to an officers’ candidate school to come out as a second 
lieutenant if he is going back to his profession, and he is just like other 
professional men; he wants to do the same thing as any other man. 
General McAfee. Of course, we cannot afford to use them at full 
time as an officer in the dispensary. That is our position on that. 
The Chairman. He is not going to be commissioned unless he 
comes in this group of commissioned officers you have referred to. 
General McAfee. We feel, according to the demand for pharma- 
cists, that we will be able to get them, on a rating as pharmacists in 
our installations. 
The Chairman. How many of this 5,000 group you said there was 
are still in the rank of privates? 
General McAfee. I could not say as to that. 
The Chairman. The vast majority? 
General McAfee. As I follow the assignment of these officers, of 
these pharmacists, I find that any that are with the line, serving with 
the line and we get reports on them we report them to The Adjutant 
General; they are reclassified as pharmacists and sent to us in the 
Medical Department. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
5 
Right now in order to satisfy the demands of the Air Corps we are 
canvassing the whole Army to find out how many registered pharma- 
cists are serving in the line in order that they may be assigned to the 
Air Corps, Medical Department. 
The Chairman. Mr. Sparkman. 
Mr. Sparkman. What about the case that I happen to know about 
of the pharmacist who tried for some time to get into the Army; 
he was not subject to the draft. He wanted in the Navy. Not 
meeting with any success he made application for voluntary officers’ 
training school and is now training for a commission as a line officer. 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Sparkman. Suppose he gets his commission. You are canvass- 
ing the Army and you will find him. Of course I think you would 
agree that it would be unwise use of manpower to take a qualified 
pharmacist and put him out as a second lieutenant in the infantry. 
What would you do with him? 
General McAfee. Of course, if he qualifies as an Infantry officer 
he will continue to serve as such. 
Mr. Sparkman. You would not take him and transfer him over to 
some Medical Department? 
General McAfee. We would not transfer him to a noncommis- 
sioned grade, no. 
Mr. Sparkman. Do you not think it is wasteful of the manpower 
to use the pharmacist in that way? 
General McAfee. Not if we have sufficient pharmacists to satisfy 
our demands; and we have. 
Mr. Sparkman. Well, just what do we have? 
General McAfee. We feel that we will have an assignment for 
every registered pharmacist that comes into the service. 
Now, in the case of the man who volunteers—and we had a number 
of them. We did not encourage pharmacists to volunteer. But we 
still feel that we can assign every inducted man, who is a pharmacist, 
to a job as a pharmacist in a medical unit. 
Mr. Sparkman. You think you have got a sufficient number of 
pharmacists to supply the needs of the armed service and also to 
supply the needs of the civilian demands? 
General McAfee. I do not know as to that, but we are also prepared 
to qualify our enlisted men in pharmacy through technical training 
schools. 
Mr. Sparkman. How long would that take? 
General McAfee. It is a 3-months’ course. 
Mr. Sparkman. I thought these pharmacists had to go through 
college. 
General McAfee. They have a 4-year course. 
The Chairman. Will the gentleman from Alabama yield to Mr. 
Durham? 
Mr. Sparkman. Certainly. 
The Chairman. He drew the bill. 
Mr. Durham. General McAfee, I understood you to say that this 
bill would do away with the Medical Administrative Corps, and create 
a pharmacists corps. 
General McAfee. I understand it changes the name. 
Mr. Durham. It changes the name? 
General McAfee. Yes. 6 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
Mr. Durham. And restores it to its original strength? 
General McAfee, Seventy-two, I believe. 
Mr. Durham. Seventy-two? 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Durham. I do not know if I quite understand how it would do 
away with the Medical Administrative Corps at the present time. 
Most of the Medical Administrative Corps in the Army is used in that 
corps. 
General McAfee. They are all, the regular M. A. C. is. 
Mr. Durham. All of them? 
General McAfee. Yes; and the M. A. C. officers that we have now, 
in addition to that, are in the Reserve, and as a part of the Army of the 
United States. 
Mr. Durham. And you would have to carry these in the Medical 
Administrative Corps? 
General McAfee. Yes, we would. 
Mr. Durham. And that would affect the Pharmacists Corps, the 72 
men—it was originally 72 men. 
General McAfee. It would, in peace time Regular Army, because 
as it is now, the qualifications for an appointment in the Medical 
Administrative Corps are that the applicant be a registered pharmacist. 
Mr. Durham. Were any pharmacists commissioned in the Medical 
Administrative Corps up until the enactment of the act of 1936? 
General McAfee. There were only a few who were not qualified, 
but there were some; I cannot say definitely, but there were three or 
four. 
Mr. Durham. Only three or four? 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Durham. One of the objections in the report to the committee 
to this proposal is that permanent legislation in wartime is not 
desirable. And that is brought out later on in the .report, and you 
also brought out that point. 
Now I understand these proposals have been in the Surgeon Gen- 
eral’s office of the War Department since 1918. 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Durham. And it has been proposed as legislation. 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Durham. One of the specific objections on down in the report 
is, of course, that the pharmacists had not met all the additional 
requirements. 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Durham. According to the hearings, and I have read all of 
them recently over that period. 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Durham. Now at the present time we have met those require- 
ments—a four-year college education; that is the regulation in the 
Army. 
General McAfee.- Yes. 
Mr. Durham, For commissioned officers; is that not correct? 
General.McAFEE. Yes; that was the bill of 1935. 
Mr. Durham. The question has been brought out here in regard to 
the danger of some of these drugs. Do you mind stating to us just 
what your supply table consists of, or can you submit to us what CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
7 
your supply table consists of so we will know, in regard to these 
drugs, whether they be under the regulations? 
General McAfee. We can furnish the committee with our supply 
table, yes. 
Mr. Durham. The question has been raised, and I think the com- 
mittee would like to know what some of these drugs are and how they 
are dispensed. 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Durham. Now, I do not think you have made it quite clear 
to the committee as to what precautions are used in the Army in 
regard to this, at the present time, of having pharmacists in charge 
of the hospitals throughout the country. Do you know whether 
they are? 
General McAfee. We canvassed the Army about a year and a half 
ago, before we entered the war, to ascertain whether they were using 
registered pharmacists in their pharmacy and they were; for the 
most part, they were, and in those instances where they were not 
we arranged and directed that pharmacists be transferred to those 
positions. 
Mr. Durham. Now at these schools, these officer training schools 
at the present time, of course, you provide pharmacists for training. 
General McAfee. Yes, 
Mr. Durham. And you do assign them to the technical positiors to 
qualify those as pharmacists through the school. 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Durham. And some of them have had no background, so far as 
pharmacy training and educational training is concerned? 
General McAfee. Our feeling was, Mr. Durham, of course we prefer 
the registered pharmacists if there are enough of them. However we 
had to protect ourselves in establishing these training schools for 
pharmacists, along with X-ray technicians, laboratory technicians, 
and other technical men. 
These courses are on a 3 months’ basis and we try to choose good 
material for training. And, we appreciate that we do not give train- 
ing in 3 months that is comparable to a 3- or 4-years’ course out in 
civilian life. However, right now we can use one of these trained men 
as assistant to a registered pharmacist in our various hospitals. 
Mr. Durham. Then you agree that it could be done more efficiently 
with people who are trained pharmacists? 
General McAfee. We do not claim that we can make pharmacists, 
and we do not expect them to get any credit with the various organiza- 
tions after they leave the Army, for the service they have had. 
Mr. Durham. You have no record of how many pharmacists 
have been inducted up to the present time to serve with the Army, 
do you? 
General McAfee. No; we have not. I know that out of some 7,000 
M. A. C. officers we have at the present time there are 234 pharmacists 
who have qualified for commissions in the M. A. C. 
Mr. Durham. Now will you outline to us just what some of the 
general duties of the technical force in the service are today; these 
technicians that you referred. 
General McAfee. The technicians? 
Mr. Durham. Yes. 
87010—43 2 8 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
General McAfee. Well, the X-ray technicians; that is a very im- 
portant position. 
Mr. Durham. My question is directed to pharmacists. 
General McAfee. We are turning out now a little over 100 a month, 
and we are trying to change that number that we are turning out in 
the technical schools, to keep it in consonance with the number that 
come in, the demands for pharmacists. And, we have not let it die 
out completely, because we thought as the strength of the pharma- 
cists in the service began to grow we could get these men we have in 
these schools to train our other enlisted men. 
Mr. Durham. Mr. Chairman, I believe that is all. 
The Chairman. Mr. Short. 
Mr. Short. General, you could not take the ordinary layman and 
in 3 months’ time make a pharmacist out of him. 
General McAfee. Not a pharmacist who could go out in civilian 
life, no. But, gentlemen, in our field establishment there is little 
compounding of drugs in the field. The drugs are put up in tablet 
form so that any intelligent boy can read the label. And, he knows 
the dangerous ones. They are also kept under lock and key and the 
key is in the hands of the officer. 
Mr. Short. But you do train the pharmacists to compound these 
drugs. 
General McAfee. Yes; and we are giving that training in these 
technical schools. 
Mr. Short. You could not hope to give the same excellent training 
in a period of 3 months that they receive in a 4-year course at a 
college or university. 
General McAfee. No; we do not attempt that. 
Mr. Short. To be a good pharmacist a man must have brains, 
must he not? 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Short. He must not only be intelligent but he must be a 
college man. 
General McAfee. He has got to have the ability of a man who 
goes to college. 
Mr. Short. He is a man with brains, such as those who are com- 
missioned in the Pharmacy Corps. 
General McAfee. Well, we feel that we cannot award all of those 
who make a technical contribution with a commission. 
Mr. Short. How many officers do you have now in pharmacy 
schools; how many pharmacy officers? 
General McAfee. You mean technical administrative? 
Mr. Short. Yes. 
General McAfee. We have 7,000. 
Mr. Short. How many pharmacists? 
General McAfee. As I stated, the number of pharmacists that we 
estimated for this year would be about 5,000. 
Mr. Short, They are commissioned? 
General McAfee. Oh, no. 
Mr. Short. That is what I wanted to know; how many are com- 
missioned? 
General McAfee. As I stated 234 had qualified as commissioned 
officers in the M. A. C. through the officers’ candidate schools. 
Mr. Short. But they have those commissions through the officers’ 
candidate schools. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
9 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Short. What kind of training do they have at the officers' 
training school? 
General McAfee. We use pharmacists who have qualified as 
M. A. C. officers. A number of them—I cannot say just how many 
are on the faculty of these technical training schools. But the M. A. C. 
officers; we are using more and more in the training program because 
they replace doctors. 
Air. Short. General, we do not want you to misunderstand this 
committee; we are strong for the doctors, but some of us cannot see 
why there should seem to be prejudice against some of these pharma- 
cists who have spent years in preparation and equipping themselves, 
and who have spent literally thousands of dollars for their education 
and who are obviously well qualified. 
General McAfee. Yes; of course, Air. Short, we have the same 
question of men of high intellect in other technical positions. Take 
the roentgenologist—I do not know of any more important man 
than the person who operates an X-ray machine. He is not eligible 
for a commission because of that technical contribution. 
Mr. Short. Of course, all men in the Army cannot be officers. 
General AIcAfee. That is true. 
Air. Short. There are hardships in all branches. 
General AIcAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Short. But it seems that the pharmacist has been discrim- 
inated against. However, I know some very able lawyers who have 
been making lucrative fees, who have had to go in as buck privates; 
and there have been skilled engineers go in as enlistgd men. 
General AIcAfee. Well, we have these men in the biological 
laboratories, the men who are making the Wassermann test, serum 
tests of the blood, and chemists, of course. They all come in the 
same category. We have others that are well trained in the operating 
room, who work with doctors, assisting the doctors, preparing for the 
operation; men who use various electrical appliances and all of that, 
and they all come in this class of technical men who are making a 
contribution. 
Air. Short. Have you taken some men in and after 3 months in 
training school, commissioned them as officers over registered 
pharmacists? 
General AIcAfee. No. 
Air. Short. Wlio have spent years in training themselves? 
General McAfee. Our medium for commissioning enlisted men in 
the Medical Department is through the AI. A. C. Training School. 
Air. Short. How are candidates to attend these pharmaceutical 
schools selected? 
General AIcAfee. They are selected, first,' on their attributes of 
leadership; next, on their educational background. 
Air. Short. Would not you ordinarily, though, favor the man who 
is a registered pharmacist over an ordinary laborer to attend these 
schools? 
General McAfee. We would, if he had characteristics of leader- 
ship. And that is what we want in the M. A. C.; we want officers 
who are able to command and look after, say, 500 enlisted men in a 
station hospital, or general hospital, in order that they will relieve the 
medical, dental, and veterinary officers assigned thereto of the ad- 10 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
ministrative details that Army regulations require an officer to per- 
form. So, through building up this M. A. C. from our officer candi- 
date schools, we are able to make substitutions, and we are doing that 
right now in order to reduce to the bone the number of professional 
men we are using—doctors and professional men. 
Mr. Short. A man must not necessarily, though, be a military 
leader to combat in order to be a commissioned pharmacist? 
General McAfee. I do not understand you, Mr. Short. We do 
not commission him in the Pharmacy Corps. And that is one of our 
contentions, that we cannot afford to commission all of those who 
render a technical service and are working at it full time. 
Mr. Short. That is all. 
Mr, Thomason. May I ask one question right there: Is there any- 
body commissioned in the M. A. C. except pharmacists? 
General McAfee. Now, you are speaking of the Regular corps. 
No, sir. But in the Reserve, and now in the Regular corps 
Mr. Thomason. I am talking about the Regular corps. 
General McAfee. In the regular corps, no, sir; only pharmacists, 
and that is up to the number of 16. 
Mr. Thomason. Now let us see, General. I do not know, but you 
impress me that you are making a strong point about these other 
highly technical services. 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Thomason. Because all of us know of X-ray specialists who 
are doctors, but these X-ray experts that you have in your depart- 
ment, they do not get commissions? 
General McAfee. No, sir; not because they are technical. 
Mr. Thomason. And these surgical assistants do not get com- 
missions? 
General McAfee, No, sir. 
Mr. Thomason. And what other highly technical men do you have 
in there who must have a lot of training and be highly technical and 
very professional, who do not get commissions? 
General McAfee. Well, there are laboratory men, both in the 
chemical and bilogical laboratory, and there are laboratory men in 
the Dental Department who do make prosthetics, and many of them 
also perform char duty and perform duty as dental hygienists. 
Mr. Thomason. And none of them get commissions? 
General McAfee. None of them get commissions; no, sir. 
Mr. Thomason. I tried to make the point a while ago, by way of 
comparison, that you were not quite fair to the pharmacists because 
doctors, lawyers, and other professional men got commissions. So, 
to carry that a little further, I guess it would hardly be fair to give 
pharmacists some sort of commission and not give the X-ray man a 
commission who has spent several years in acquiring his highly 
technical information? I am just asking that myself to find out what 
your reaction is. I do not know. 
General McAfee. And, for that reason, we feel it would be unwise 
to enact legislation affecting the peacetime army at this time. 
Mr. Costello. General, how are these 16 officers you have now 
employed; what are their official duties? 
General McAfee. That is a hard question. We use them in supply 
depots; there is one of them operating a testing laboratory in St. 
Louis; there is another one who was in the New York depot. I do CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
11 
not know where he has gone. But none of them have been used 
exclusively in the pharmacy7. We have used them in administrative 
positions in addition. 
Mr. Costello. These officers have charge of the purchase and 
securing of all the medical supplies? 
General McAfee. They assist in that. 
Mr. Costello. The Medical Corps itself handles the most of it? 
General McAfee. We have at our depots a medical officer in 
charge. They are assistants to him. 
Mr. Costello. I understand that to be one of the purposes of 
this bill—that the Pharmacy Corps would take over the procurement 
and handling of all medical supplies under the provisions of this 
legislation? 
General McAfee. Of course, they would be competent along drug 
lines, but not competent to judge as to the various equipments and 
appliances, and ordinary housekeeping. 
Mr. Costello. Are 16 officers sufficient to handle the full needs of 
the Army? 
General McAfee. We do not know, in peacetime, just what it will 
work out to be. 
Mr. Brooks. General, there is a general feeling among the phar- 
macists of the country, as evidenced by many letters I have received, 
and a good many of the other Representatives have received, to the 
effect that the positions which normally in the Army should be filled 
by pharmacists, perhaps registered or qualified pharmacists, are not 
being filled in that way. As I understand it from your testimony, 
the Medical Corps is filling every pharmaceutical position with a 
pharmacist. Is that correct? 
General McAfee. We are making every effort to do it. 
Mr. Brooks. Is he a registered pharmacist? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir; and whenever those cases come to our 
attention that a pharmacist is not being used as a pharmacist, we 
ask for his reclassification by The Adjutant General, so that he will 
be assigned when an order comes in for so many pharmacist tech- 
nicians. And, as I said, right now we arc trying to find and locate 
all those who are not serving as pharmacists in the service, who are 
qualified, in order that we may transfer them to the medical service of 
the Air Corps. 
Mr. Brooks. Would this bill you are now considering aid you in 
placing pharmacists in pharmacist positions? 
General McAfee. I do not think it would, because, in the first 
place, we would have to add more officers to each one of our units to 
provide for pharmacists, and we would lift those pharmacists we 
have now from corporals, sergeants, staff sergeants, and technical 
sergeants up to the grade of second lieutenant. That would be the 
reaction. 
Mr. Clason. At the present time, in connection with some of the 
hospitals in this country, the pharmacists are not even connected with 
the Army, but are either civil service men or are not connected with 
the Army. 
General McAfee. At the time when we were cut on the number of 
enlisted men we needed, we took about a 50 percent cut and were 
authorized to hire from civil life technicians to take the place of en- 
listed men which we did not have, which we would have trained. In 12 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
that respect, we hired a number of pharmacists under civil service, 
and we have since been reducing that number. That also accounts for 
the number of dental hygienists we have. Because of our shortage of 
enlisted men and our authorization to hire civilians, we took on many 
of these technical people, but they will eventually be reduced. 
Mr. Clason. As I look at this bill, this bill is a peacetime proposi- 
tion? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Clason. And what we are really asked to do under this bill is 
to have 72 commissioned officers in pharmacy? 
General McAfee. All pharmacists. 
Mr. Clason. In the peacetime set-up? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Clason. And, so far as the Army is concerned today, that 72 
does not control the number of commissioned men who might be 
pharmacists? 
General McAfee. No, sir. 
Mr. Clason. Because there might be several hundred, as the needs 
of the Army increased? 
General McAfee. It would only control the number of pharmacists 
who might be commissioned; that is, 72. And they would all belong 
to the Regular service. 
Mr. Durham. That was the original strength of this corps—72? 
General McAfee. That was the original strength of the M. A. C. 
Mr. Clason. That was years ago; but then it went down to 16 for 
the peacetime Army, because 16 seemed to be sufficient. Is that 
right? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr, Clason. And now this would raise it to 72, on the idea that 
the future peacetime strength of the Army may require 72 pharmacists? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Clason. Can you tell us now what the future peacetime 
strength of the Army is to be? 
General McAfee. I have not the least idea. That is one of the 
objections I see—we do not know what kind of an army we will have. 
Mr. Durham. But the general hope is to have a larger one than 
we had the last time? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Clason. Mr. Sparkman indicates if a man is a good pharma- 
cist he ought to be given a commission in this pharmacy corps and not 
be allowed to become a line officer because that is a waste of material. 
Now, if a man is a good lawyer, he ought to be put in the Judge 
Advocate General’s corps and not be allowed to have a commission 
in any other branch of the service. Would you say that would 
follow? 
General McAfee. That would be a corollary, yes, sir. 
Mr. Elston. If a man was a lawyer and the Army transferred him 
to the Judge Advocate General’s Department and needed him as a 
lawyer in that Department, he would be commissioned, would he not? 
General McAfee. If they did not need him? 
Mr. Elston. If they did need him and transferred him to the 
Judge Advocate General’s Department, they would commission him, 
would they not? CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
13 
General McAfee. They would commission him; yes, sir, if they 
had a vacancy for him. At one time I understood—this is before we 
got into the war—there were something like 2,400 lawyers serving as 
privates in the line, who went in as a result of the selective service. 
Of course they have all bettered themselves now through the officers’ 
candidate schools. 
Mr. Elston. I think we will all agree that lawyers serving in the 
line should not be treated any different than anybody else; but, if they 
are called into the Judge Advocate General’s Department, are they 
commissioned? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Elston. So why should not the same thing be true of pharma- 
cists? The pharmacists who are out doing fighting, of course, should 
not be entitled to a commission any more than anybody else; but, if 
they are needed as pharmacists and are taken out of the line and have 
to do work requiring them to go to school for three or four years, why 
should not they get commissions the same as the lawyer in the Judge 
Advocate General’s Department, or the doctor in the Medical De- 
partment? 
General McAfee. Frankly, we do not have to commission them 
to get them. 
Mr. Elston. But is it fair? 
General McAfee. No; I hardly think it would be fair, because we 
have optometrists, for instance, and there is no reason why a man 
rendering technical service, contributory service, should be given a 
commission simply because he is making his contribution to the 
Army along the lines of his training in civil life. 
Mr. Elston. Well, you would not think of taking a doctor in with- 
out commissioning him, would you? 
General McAfee. Well, we had to commission them to get them. 
Mr. Elston. No; you could draft the doctor, could you not? 
Mr. Short. Some of them have gone in without a commission. 
Mr. Elston. Yes; but they were given a commission as soon as 
they got in. 
Mr. Short. But they had to fight like hell for it. 
Mr, Elston. I do not think so. 
Mr. Short. I know I have had to with some of mine. 
Mr. Sparkman. What they do is to threaten to draft him if he 
does not enlist. 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Elston. They force him to do it. 
General McAfee. They point out to him that he is eligible in the 
draft. 
Mr. Brooks. And they point it out to him very vigorously. 
The Chairman. May I say I have in my office, I think, a list of 
14,000 or 24,000 men who have been commissioned in the Army in the 
last 6 months, and 65 percent of them are medical officers and doctors. 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Martin. General, how high in the pay rating do you place a 
pharmacist when you transfer him into the service as a pharmacist? 
General McAfee. His base pay is $114 as a technical sergeant. 
Mr. Martin. He has a technical sergeant’s rating? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 14 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
Mr. Martin. What rating do you give these men who complete the 
3 months’ training course in pharmacy? 
General McAfee. They are in a third rating. It corresponds to a 
corporal, if they are used as a pharmacist. 
Mr. Martin. After graduation from the 3 months’ course, if they 
are then used as pharmacists, they are placed in a rating corresponding 
to that of corporal? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Martin. Is it possible for a pharmacist to advance higher than 
a technical sergeant’s rating, as a pharmacist only? 
General McAfee. No, sir. 
Mr. Martin. How many graduates do you have from the 3 months' 
pharmacy training course, now serving in the Army? 
General McAfee. I would not know, sir, about that. We never 
trained as heavily in the technical branches as we did in the others, 
because of the fact we knew we were going to have pharmacists that we 
could use in our organizations. 
Mr. Martin. That is, you have used the trained pharmacists 
taken in through the Selective Service, wherever possible? 
General McAfee. Yes. 
Mr. Martin. Now, what are the duties of graduates from the 3 
months’ course? Do they take over responsible duties in the dis- 
pensing of drugs, similar to a trained pharmacist’s duties? 
General McAfee. No, sir. 
Mr. Martin. In other words, you do not classify a 3-month- 
trained pharmacist student on a par with the trained pharmacist from 
our recognized colleges? 
General McAfee. No, sir. We appreciate that a man cannot 
become a finished pharmacist in 3 months. 
Mr. Martin. None of those 3-months-trained men are taking over 
anything like the duties of a trained pharmacist, as we know them in 
civil life? 
General McAfee. No, sir. 
Mr. Martin. I wanted to make that distinction, because I was a 
little confused on that point. 
Mr. Durham. But they are given commissions, and they require 
the pharmacists to attend the same school to obtain commissions. 
Mr. Brooks. Not those with 3-months’ training. 
Mr. Martin. I am speaking now of the boys who have finished the 
3- training in pharmacy, not the officer’s training. 
General McAfee. From the technical schools. 
Mr. Durham. But not all of them have studied pharmacy in a 
4- college course in the colleges throughout the country. 
Mr. Martin. I am making the point they are not placing those 
3-months’-trained men in duties commensurate with pharmacist 
duties, as we know pharmacists perform in civil life. 
Mr. Sparkman. Will the gentleman yield there? 
Mr. Martin. Yes. 
Mr. Sparkman. General, what do you do with those 3-months 
trainees, then? 
General McAfee. We use them as assistants in our larger phar- 
macies and, in many cases, they can handle the ordinary drugs that are 
placed in a form all ready to administer. 
Mr. Sparkman. They would not be the ones to mix or compound 
medicines? CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
15 
General McAfee. No; as a matter of fact, I have seen letters from 
registered pharmacists which complained of the fact they had no pro- 
vision by which they could compound drugs out in the field. Well, 
there are positions which would be assigned where all of the drugs are 
already compounded and put in a form that they can be handed out. 
Mr. Martin. I have not heard any argument as yet in this dis- 
cussion that convinces me it would be against the best interest of the 
service to recognize pharmacists who have qualities of leadership by 
giving them assignments in a commission grade. It seems to me, as 
extensive as the need is for trained pharmacists in the armed service, 
that there must be some need for trained leadership in that field that 
would entitle us to recognize those who have qualities of leadership 
by giving them a commission grade. I have not heard anything 
against that point of view as yet. 
General McAfee. Well, our point of view is that a full-time 
technical service is not a condition warranting a commission. 
Mr. Martin. Do not the pharmacists have some need for an 
officer above them who really knows and understands the business of 
pharmacy on a professional basis? 
General McAfee. They do. After all, the doctor is the one who 
writes the prescriptions, and is the judge of whether they are put up 
correctly. 
Mr. Elston. General, as I understand it now, you send these boys 
to the 3 months’ pharmacy school and they graduate as technical 
sergeants, or in some rank close to that? 
General McAfee, After they graduate from those schools, ordi- 
narily they are given a classification as a technician. We cannot 
always guarantee, in other words, that they are going to be used there. 
It depends. They may be assigned to a hospital or post where 
there is no vacancy in the table of organization for a technical 
pharmacist. 
Mr. Elston. As I understand it, then, they would be assigned 
probably to a hospital and act as an assistant pharmacist? 
General McAfee. That is the way we try to assign them. But 
when he gets there, he may find they have already a full quota of 
pharmacist technicians on hand in that hospital, and there is no 
vacancy for him, and he does something else. 
Mr. Elston. If he went to a hospital to act as an assistant to a 
pharmacist, the chances are the pharmacist there would be some 
registered pharmacist? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Elston. Who had been taken out of the ranks, and who may 
only have the rank of a corporal? Is not that correct? 
General McAfee. It does not argue because he is a registered 
pharmacist that he is given the top rank. We are guided wholly by 
the tables of organization, and we cannot give the highest rank always. 
He may be a corporal, sergeant, staff sergeant, or technical sergeant, 
depending upon the grades that are contained in the table of organiza- 
tion for the particular unit to which he is assigned. 
Mr. Elston. All right; but outside of that, the pharmacist who is 
registered and has had years of experience and education is far better 
qualified than the man who spends 3 months in the pharmacist school? 
General McAfee. Yes, sir; and we are using those men. 
87010—43 3 16 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
Mr. Elston. Yes; but I understand you to say you put them in as 
corporals, sergeants, or something of the kind. Now, are you not 
discriminating against them when you give them that lower rank and 
give the man with 3 months’ training an even higher rank in a good 
many cases? 
General McAfee. Well, I can only parallel that with a man who is 
a radiologist out in civil life, but is looking after equipment in a large 
X-ray clinic, and he is selected and goes in the service and is assigned 
to the Medical Department because of his training in civil life. Now, 
he may be assigned to a hospital having an X-ray department and, 
as a rule, he is happy to be there because he is in his line of work. 
But it does not mean he is going to get a top rating because he is 
there. He may meet up with others with the same experience. 
Mr. Elston. He does not give X-ray treatments, though, does he? 
General McAfee. No, but he operates the machines. He keeps 
them in shape and is a technician who actually takes the pictures. 
Mr. Elston. Under the supervision of the doctor? 
General McAfee. Under the supervision of the doctor, and the 
doctor is the one who interprets the plates. 
Mr. Fenton. General McAfee, as you know, I have a high regard 
for the Surgeon General’s office. 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Fenton. For once I find myself, I believe, in disagreement 
with your policy in this connection. I say that for two reasons; first, 
because as a physician myself I know that doctors as a rule depend 
almost entirely on the druggists and pharmacists for their intensive 
knowledge of the various physical qualities of drugs, although as 
students in medicine they have a certain amount of training in drugs, 
but certainly not to the extent of the pharmacist or druggist. There- 
fore, I believe that the pharmacy profession has a real place in military 
life. 
The second reason why I am in disagreement is because, as a medical 
officer in the last war having charge of an active military unit, an 
Infantry dispensary, in which I was battalion surgeon in the field, I 
know that I as a medical officer in charge of the dispensary, certainly 
did not have the time to look into the various drugs, and I was indeed 
fortunate in having two sergeants who were pharmacists, and I de- 
pended entirely upon them as to their knowledge of drugs, etc. That 
left me, of course, to devote my time entirely to my medical work and 
my field work, to great advantage. 
I do not know how much compounding they do at the present time 
in the Army, or whether they use standard compound preparations. 
Therefore, for those two very good reasons, I find myself more or less 
substantiating this particular proposal. 
General McAfee. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Fenton. Would not the pharmacist in a commissioned status 
relieve a medical officer of some of his responsibility in the field? 
General McAfee. You mean, Doctor, a pharmacist on a commis- 
sioned status devoting his full time to the compounding of drugs? 
Mr. Fenton. Yes. 
General McAfee. I think not, sir. I think he would be more val- 
uable to the doctor, if he were competent, to handle the administra- 
tive procedures that an officer must handle. That would be my 
impression. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
17 
Mr. Fenton. Of course, I do not mean, that he would devote all of 
his time to the compounding of prescriptions, but he would do admin- 
istrative work, too; there is no question about that. 
Mr. Short. Pardon me, General. Your first requirement is the 
technical knowledge of drugs rather than qualities of leadership, is it 
not? The pharmacist does not have to be an administrative leader 
if he possesses a technical knowledge that is necessary and the skill 
in compounding drugs? 
Mr. Fenton. With all due respect to all of the other technical 
phases of the medical service, I really do think that the pharmacist 
has a greater responsibility. For instance, if he were to make one 
mistake in the issuance of some drug, it might mean the lives of many 
men of a particular outfit; whereas a laboratory technician does not 
necessarily have the responsibility of the lives of soldiers, or an X-ray 
technician. He simply takes a picture and keeps the machines in 
shape. The X-ray specialist, the Roentgenologist does the interpret- 
ing, prescribes a line of treatment on the X-ray picture. I do not 
think these other technicians are at all comparable to the pharmacist. 
Mr. Durham. General, it is not true that all pharmacists would be 
commissioned under this bill, is it? 
General McAfee. No, sir; as I understand it, they would only com- 
mission 72. That would be the number that we would have in peace- 
time. 
The Chairman. We are going to suspend now and go into executive 
session. We may have to have further hearings on this proposed 
legislation. 
Mr. Short. I think we should hear from the pharmacists them- 
selves. 
Mr. Thomason. As I understand you, General, you say that the 
Department feels that you do not need this many pharmacists now 
and probably would not need them in peacetime? 
Mr. Short. God knows, if you had 72 in peacetime, you would 
have that many now. 
Mr. Thomason. I want to get the general’s statement for the record. 
General McAfee. Our feeling is that this is peacetime legislation 
that is being enacted or' proposed in an emergency. 
Mr. Thomason. And the Department is opposed to it? 
General McAfee, We do not know what kind of a Medical Corps 
we are going to have to have after the war to support the Army. 
The Chairman. General, you have me confused. I thought we 
were enacting wartime legislation. 
General McAfee. Yes, sir; that is what I mean. 
The Chairman. Thank you very much for your statement. We 
will have further hearings if it is found necessary. 
The committee will now go into executive session, 
(Whereupon the committee went into executive session.) TO CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
TUESDAY, MARCH 2, 1943 
Military Affairs Committee, 
House of Representatives, 
Washington, D. C. 
(The committee met at 10:30 a. m., Hon. Andrew J. May (chairman) 
presiding.) 
The Chairman. The committee will please be in order. 
Gentlemen, we have met this morning for completion of the hearing 
on H. R. 997, to amend certain provisions of the National Defense Act 
of June 30, 1916, as amended, relating to the Medical Department of 
the Regular Army, now the Army of the United States. 
We have listed here about 10 or 12 witnesses, gentlemen who are 
prepared, as I understand it, to sponsor this legislation. I am going 
to call you gentlemen in the order in which I have you listed, and I 
hope you can make your statements very, very brief, because the 
committee has already heard the Army witnesses and those represent- 
ing the Army, and any and all of you that have prepared statements, 
if you will put them in the record it will expedite mu tters very much. 
The first witness is the Honorable Robert O. Blood, Governor of 
the State of New Hampshire. 
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE FOSTER STEARNS, MEMBER OF 
CONGRESS FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE 
Mr. Stearns. Governor Blood has asked me to represent him, as 
he was not able to be here today. 
His Excellency, Governor Robert O. Blood, of New Hampshire, in- 
tended to appear here today and regrets that a conflict of engagements 
made this impossible. 
He has asked me to represent him, and to express his support of 
this legislation. Perhaps you will wonder what the Governor of New 
Hampshire knows about the subject under discussion. He is in a 
position to know a great deal about it. Governor Blood is a dis- 
tinguished surgeon, a fellow of the American College of Surgeons. 
He served in the last World War as a field surgeon with the Twenty- 
sixth Division, and saw service at Chateau Thierry and in the Ar- 
gonne. He distinguished himself for gallantry in action under fire, 
receiving the Distinguished Service Cross and the French Croix de 
Guerre, He requests me to tell you that while in the field service he 
saw medicines and medical supplies distributed by anyone but 
pharmacists, at great risk to our soldiers, and most certainly at no 
economy to our Government. He sincerely hopes that the error 
made in the last war will not occur in the present conflict. He states 
that pharmacists should take their proper place in war, where their 20 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
training, ability, and education would be of the same service as in 
peace. In 48 States it is required by statute that drugs should not 
be distributed except by capable pharmacists; the same interest for 
the welfare of the men in our armed forces should prevail while they 
are serving their country. He holds that representatives of the 
pharmaceutical profession should receive the same recognition as 
practitioners of dentistry, veterinary science, and medicine. His 
Excellency sincerely hopes that your committee will give favorable 
consideration to this bill, a hope in which I heartily concur. 
I snould like to add, Mr. Chairman, that my colleague, Mr. Mor- 
row, of New Hampshire, is also present and he has a statement that 
he would like to file with the committee. The New Hampshire Legis- 
lature has passed a resolution, of which he has a copy to present to the 
committee, favoring this legislation. 
The Chairman. Thank you, sir. Will the gentleman come around 
and submit his statement? 
STATEMENT BY THE HONORABLE CHESTER E. MERROW, MEMBER 
OF CONGRESS FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE 
Mr. Merrow. I submit the concurrent resolution passed by the 
New Hampshire State Legislature, and also my statement on the 
legislation under consideration. I am in favor of it. 
(The following statement was submitted by Mr. Merrow;) 
Statement of Chester E. Merrow 
Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I appear here this morning to 
register my support of the legislation under consideration. I am speaking for the 
people of New Hampshire whose wishes have been expressed by the State legis- 
lature in adopting a concurrent resolution requesting the Seventy-eighth Congress 
to establish a Pharmacy Corps in the Army. In this resolution which I am 
filing with the clerk of the committee the “General Court of the State of New 
Hampshire goes on record as urgently requesting the Congress of the United 
States to pass legislation without delay to create a Pharmacy Corps in the Umted 
States Army.” “There is” in the words of the resolution “a definite need in this 
war emergency for the capable handling of drugs, medicines and pharmaceutical 
supplies which are used in the treatment of diseases of our boys and girls in the 
armed forces.” 
I am glad to be present and to express the wishes of the New Hampshire Leg- 
islature. The legislation under consideration is much needed and I trust that this 
committee will favorably report the measure now being discussed. I shall give 
it my whole-hearted support when it reaches the floor of the House. 
IN THE YEAR OP OUR LORD ONE THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED AND FORTY-THREE 
State of New Hampshire 
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION Requesting the Congress of the United States to Create a Pharmacy 
Corps in the United States Army 
Whereas, there is now pending in the Congress of the United States a bill to 
create a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army; and 
Whereas, there is a definite need in this war emergency for the capable handling 
of drugs, medicines, and pharmaceutical supplies which are used in the treat- 
ment of diseases of our boys and girls in the armed forces: Now therefore be it 
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court convened, 
That the general court of the the State of New Hampshire goes on record as 
urgently requesting the Congress of the United States to pass legislation without 
delay to create a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army; and be it further CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
21 
Resolved, That the secretary of state be directed to forward copies of this reso- 
lution to the President of the United States Senate, to the Speaker of the House 
of Representatives, to the Secretary of War, the Surgeon General of the United 
States Army, and to the Senators and Representatives of this State in Congress. 
Sherman Adams, 
Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
Ansel N. Sanborn, 
President of the Senate. 
Robert O. Blood, Governor, 
Passed February 23, 1943. 
Attest: 
Enoch D. Puller, 
Secretary of State. 
The Chairman. Thank you; sir. 
Dr. H. Evert Kendig (Chairman, Committee on Pharmacy Corps 
in the Regular Army). We have found it necessary, with your per- 
mission, to make a slight change in the order in which we would like 
these men called, if it is agreeable to you. 
The Chairman- That will be fine; sir. 
Dr. Kendig, I would like, if you please, to hear next Mr. Sullivan, 
of the American Legion, who must attend another committee meeting; 
and then, if it is agreeable to you, we will call the witnesses in the order 
on the revised schedule which has been handed to you by the clerk. 
The Chairman. Thank you; sir. Mr. Sullivan, will you please 
come around; sir. 
STATEMENT BY F. M. SULLIVAN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, NA- 
TIONAL LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE, THE AMERICAN LEGION 
Mr. Sullivan. Mr. May, members of the committee, in accordance 
with the chairman’s wishes, I shall be very brief. 
The American Legion at its last national convention adopted a 
resolution asking that a Pharmacy Corps be set up within the Army. 
We of the Legion feel these men have been specially educated, specially 
trained for dealing with drugs within the Army. We think that by 
putting these specialists within the Army in a corps of their own it 
will alleviate the shortage ot doctors. Doctors then will be permitted 
to handle purely medical duties. 
I would like to submit a prepared statement and say that the 
American Legion heartily endorses the Durham Bill, H. R. 997, and 
we hope it is speedily reported and enacted by the House. 
(The following statement was submitted by Mr. Sullivan:) 
Statement of F. M. Sullivan, Director, Secretary, National Legislative 
Committee, The American Legion, Before the Military Affairs Com- 
mittee of the House on H. R. 997 on March 2, 1943 
The American Legion favors the bill now before this committee, H. R. 997, and 
at its last national convention held at Kansas City, Mo., September 19-21, 1942, 
passed the following resolution; 
“That a Pharmacy Corps be organized in the Army to provide an adequately 
educated and trained personnel for the compounding and dispensing of medicines 
and the taking over of many duties in the medical supply service now being 
performed by medical officers, thereby releasing many doctors for medical duties.” 
This subject was studied and discussed by our national defense committee. 
It was their thought that the Army should make the fullest possible use of the 
pharmacists of the country, and their specialized training would be of great value 
to the Army in the purchase, shipment, storage, standardization, compounding, 
and dispensing of drugs and medical supplies. 22 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
We are of the opinion that in most instances this group employed in the manu- 
facture, wholesale, and retail handling of drugs and medical supplies are better 
qualified to perform these highly technical duties than are most of the medical 
personnel. In short, they possess the knowledge requiring many years of special- 
ized training. 
We urge that the committee favorably report the Durham bill, H. R. 997. 
The Chairman. Thank you very much, sir. 
Dr. H. Evert Kendig. 
STATEMENT BY DR. H. EVERT KENDIG, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE 
ON PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
Dr. Kendig. Mr. Chairman, complying with your request, I shall 
file the paper which I have prepared, but I wish to call to your atten- 
tion just one or two points. 
As chairman of the committee on the status of pharmacists in the 
Government service and as chairman of the steering committee for 
this bill, I represent the four national pharmaceutical associations 
appointing the membership of the committee, namely, the American 
Pharmaceutical Association, the American Association of Colleges of 
Pharmacy, the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, and the 
National Association of Retail Druggists. The National Wholesale 
Druggists’ Association and the Federal Wholesale Druggists’ Associa- 
tion have endorsed this bill. The National Drug Trade Conference 
has approved the legislation. Its membership, in addition to the 
associations that I have already mentioned, includes the American 
Drug Manufacturers Association, the Proprietary Association, and 
the American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association. There- 
fore, my colleagues and I are here representing or with the endorse- 
ment of every important branch of the profession of pharmacy and 
of the drug industry of the United States. 
In addition to the major organizations mentioned, a large number 
of pharmaceutical societies, conferences, faculties, fraternities, and so 
forth have by resolution urged the passage of the bill to establish a 
Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army. The Legislatures of 
California, Iowa, Maryland, Oklahoma, and New Hampshire have 
already asked the Congress to pass the measure. 
Our committee will coperate with you in filing brief statements. 
They will be chiefly in the form of manuscript. 
May I summarize what we will present to you? We will try to 
make clear, in urging the passage of this bill; (a), that the soldiers in 
the Army are not receiving the same protection in the use of drugs 
that they receive as civilians; (b), that this astonishing situation can be 
corrected; (c), that this bill, H. R. 997, will provide the machinery 
whereby the present hazards to our soldiers will be eliminated; 
(d) ; that a byproduct will be the conservation of manpower by releas- 
ing physicians, surgeons, dentists, and veterinarians for the perfor- 
mance of the duties for which they are educated and trained; and 
(e) no new administrative problems will be presented, and that the 
increased cost to the taxpayers, if any, will be negligible. A money 
saving is to be expected. 
Now, Air. Chairman, if I may briefly abstract my paper, which I 
shall then file, (1) this paper explains why we found it necessary to CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
23 
ask Congress to establish a Pharmacy Corps in the Army at this 
particular time; (2), why the bill, H. R. 997, was drawn in its present 
form; (3), why this bill is not considered solely as a peace-time 
measure; (4) it clarifies previous testimony about technicians and 
points out the great difference between the acknowledged technicians 
and the professionally educated pharmacists; (5) it clarifies conflicting 
statements made by representatives of the War Department about 
the pharmacist supply and the use which would be made of the Army 
pharmacy schools; (6) it contraverts the Surgeon General’s statement 
that men trained for only 90 days in the Army schools are not per- 
forming duties which would not be permitted under the pharmacy 
laws of the States; (7) it shows that products of the Army 90-day 
schools are placed over and in charge of graduates of a 4-year uni- 
versity course; (8), it proves that the same drugs are used in the 
Army as in civilian practice; and (9) and finally, it proves from the 
Army’s own statement that compounding of prescriptions is done on 
a large scale. 
The Chairman. Pardon me for interrupting here, but perhaps I 
sould be courteous to the gentleman who is the author of the bill and 
the proponent of the bill, the gentleman from North Carolina, Mr. 
Durham. Has he any questions? 
Mr. Durham. No questions. 
The Chairman. Are there any other questions? 
Mr. Fenton. Doctor, do you happen to know how many druggists 
there are in the United States? 
Dr. Kendig. Yes, sir; 82,000 by the last census. 
Mr. Fenton. Are they all pharmacists? 
Dr. Kendig. The 82,000 represent a graduate registered pharma- 
cist, classified as a pharmacist, and legally qualified to practice phar- 
macy in the various States. 
Air. Fenton. What precentage are now in the Army? Do you 
know? 
Dr. Kendig. Yes, sir; I have that in my paper. I have a table 
here. 
The Chairman. If it is a table, probably we can read it in the 
record. 
Dr. Kendig. On November 1, according to testimony before a 
Senate committee in meetings held a short time after your meeting in 
November, the statement was made that there were pharmacists in 
the Army November 1, 1942, 4,552. 
Air. Andrews. I would be interested to know how many there are 
in the State of New Hampshire. 
Dr. Kendig. I do not have it by States, but Mr. George Aloulton, 
Commissioner of Pharmacy for New Hampshire, is in the room, and 
I believe he can tell you the exact number. 
Mr. George Moulton. I didn’t get the question. 
The Chairman. How many pharmacists are regularly registered 
and licensed in the State of New Hampshire? 
Mr. Moulton. There are 650 pharmacists registered in the State 
of New Hampshire, 350 of them actively practicing pharmacy in the 
State of New Hampshire today, and 35 in the service. 
87010—43 4 24 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
(The following statement was submitted by Dr. Kendig:) 
Testimony of Dr. H. Evert Kendig, Dean, School of Pharmacy, Temple 
University, Philadelphia, Pa., at the Hearing on the Pharmacy Corps 
Bill, H. R. 997, Before the House Committee on Military Affairs, 
March 2, 1943 
(1) Explains why we found it necessary to ask Congress to establish a Pharmacy 
Corps in the Army. 
(2) Why the bill H. R. 997 was drawn in its present form. 
(3) Why this bill must not be considered solely as a peacetime measure. 
(4) Clarifies previous testimony about technicians and points out the great differ- 
ence between the acknowledged technicians and the professionally educated 
pharmacist. 
(5) Clarifies conflicting statements made by representatives of the War Depart- 
ment about the pharmacist supply and the pse which would be made of the 
Army pharmacy schools. 
(6) Controverts the Surgeon General’s statement that men trained for only 90 
days in the Army’s schools are not performing duties which would not be 
permitted under the pharmacy laws of the States. 
(7) Shows that products of he Army 90-day schools are placed over and in charge 
of graduates of a 4-year university course. 
(8) Proves that the same drugs are used in the Army as in civilian practice. 
(9) Proves from the Army’s own statement that compounding of prescriptions is 
done on a large scale. 
As chairman of the committee on the status of pharmacists in the Govern- 
ment service and chairman of the steering committee, I represent the four na- 
tional pharmaceutical associations appointing the membership of the committee; 
namely, the American Pharmaceutical Association, the American Association of 
Colleges of Pharmacy, the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, and the 
National Association of Retail Druggists. The National Wholesale "Druggists’ 
Association and the Federal Wholesale Druggists’ Association have endorsed this 
bill. The National Drug Trade Conference has approved the legislation; its 
membership, in addition to the associations I have mentioned, includes the 
American Drug Manufacturers’ Association, the Proprietary Association, and 
the American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association. 
Therefore, my colleagues and I are here representing, or with the endorse- 
ment of, every important branch of the profession of pharmacy and of the drug 
industry of the United States. In addition to the major organizations men- 
tioned, a large number of pharmaceutical societies, conferences, faculties, fra- 
ternities have, by resolution, urged the passage of the bill to establish a Phar- 
macy Corps in the United States Army. The Legislatures of California, Iowa, 
Maryland, and Oklahoma have already asked the Congress to pass the measure. 
Our committee has no desire to make the record cumbersome or unduly volu- 
minous but requests permission to later file, as part of our testimony, the num- 
ber of resolutions reasonably necessary to verify our statements. We also re- 
quest permission to submit, for the record, whatever supporting data may be 
desirable for authentication of the statements we make here today. 
It is the purpose of our committee, through the speakers who will appear be- 
fore you, to show that this bill, H. R. 997, should receive favorable consideration 
for the welfare, health, and protection of the men in the Army. To make this 
clear, particularly will we emphasize that: (a) The soldiers in the Army are not 
accorded the same protection in the use of drugs that they receive as civilians; 
(b) that this astonishing situation can be corrected; (c) that this bill, H. R. 997, 
will provide the machinery whereby the present hazards to our soldiers will be 
eliminated; (d) that a byproduct will be the conservation of manpower by re- 
leasing physicians, surgeons, dentists, and veterinarians for the performance of 
the duties for which they are educated and trained; (e) that no new' administra- 
tive problems will be presented and that the increased cost to the taxpayers, if 
any, will be negligible; a money-saving is to be expected. 
The purchase of the individual speakers is indicated on the list supplied to you 
this morning. To conserve your time, short factual statements from manuscript 
will be employed. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
25 
You have received a letter from Secretary Stimson opposing this bill and have 
heard a representative of the Surgeon General explain why he is not in favor of 
the measure. I believe much time will be saved and understanding will result if, 
instead of reciting why American pharmacy and so many laymen and professional 
citizens are in favor of a Pharmacy Corps in the Army, I confine my testimony 
to clarification of certain statements of the Surgeon General’s with which, because 
of information in our possession, we do not agree. 
(1) The statement has been made that, for many years, at least as far back as 
1917, numerous proposals have been introduced in Congress to create a Pharmacy 
Corps in the Medical Department of the Regular Army. What actually hap- 
pened will explain why it became necessary for us to appeal to Congress now. 
Because of the lack of a pharmaceutical service in the Army in any degree 
comparable to that which safeguards the civilian, we asked Congress in 1917 to 
establish such service by creating a Pharmacy Corps. A major argument used 
by the Medical Department to defeat the proposal was that, while the country 
was at war was not the time to consider or effect changes of this kind. 
We waited until there was no question about peace having been declared and 
asked for similar legislation in 1928. Again, the opposition of the Medical De- 
partment prevailed, but the argument was modified to suit the peacetime condi- 
tions. 
In 1935 we renewed our efforts; we had frequent conferences with Surgeon 
General Reynolds about modernizing tke pharmaceutical service and he agreed 
to sponsor a bill which would bring into the Army a small number of well-edu- 
cated young pharmacists and grant them commissioned status. We were told 
by Surgeon General Reynolds that the Medical Administrative Corps had not 
fulfilled expectations and that he was willing to make it possible to commission 
16 pharmacists in that corps. 
There was a tacit understanding with Surgeon General Reynolds that if these 
pharmacy officers proved to be an asset to the Medical Department, as vacancies 
occurred, legislation to make possible the appointments of more pharmacists in the 
Medical Administrative Corps would be approved. This understanding is evi- 
denced by a sentence in the amendment to the National Defense Act which was 
passed by Congress in 1936. I quote from the bill; 
“Provided, That on and after the effective date of this Act further appointments 
to the Medical Administrative Corps shall be restricted to pharmacists'who are 
graduates of recognized schools or colleges of pharmacy requiring four years of 
instruction for graduation.” 
We accepted this proposal in good faith; while it had the effect of delaying the 
desired pharmaceutical set-up in the Army, we were confident that the 16 phar- 
macy officers would make such a worth-while contribution that, in due course, a 
majority of the 72 officers in the Medical Administrative Corps would be pharma- 
cists at which time we could confidently ask that the name of the Corps be changed 
to Pharmacy Corps. 
Notwithstanding the clause in the act of 1936 which read, “further appoint- 
ments to the Medical Administrative Corps shall be restricted to pharmacists,” 
and all that it implied, much to our amazement we learned that in 1939 another 
amendment had been introduced and passed reducing the Medical Administrative 
Corps from 72 to 16 officers, the 16 to be pharmacists. We were not consulted 
or even told about the intention to cancel the potential opportunity for increasing 
the number of pharmacy officers. 
This is the action referred to in the Medical Department’s testimony as gradu- 
ally reducing the Medical Administrative Corps by attrition. Since the bill 
definitely changed the number from 72 to 16, we would call the procedure not 
reduction by attrition but, severance by amputation or a major operation; 56 cut 
off and 16 remaining. 
The Medical Administrative Corps in the Regular Army now consists of 16 
officers only. 
When this action by the Medical Department became known to the country’s 
pharmacists, they were indignant or disappointed, to say the least. Remembering 
the opposition of the Medical Department, many had been skeptical from the 
beginning of the negotiations. The associations we represent, one after the 
other, then directed the committee to endeavor to place a Pharmacy Corps in 
the Army by appealing to your gentlemen of the Congress. 
(2) One of the peacetime arguments against a Pharmacy Corps has been that 
administrative difficulties would result from an additional corps; the Medical 26 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IX THE REGULAR ARMY 
Department said they did not want any more corps units. The argument did not 
appear to be valid; however, wanting to cooperate with the Medical Department, 
we did not ask for an additional corps. The Medical Department had, on its own 
initiative, already reduced the strength of the Medical Administrative Corps to 16 
officers, all pharmacists. 
With these facts in front of us, in drafting a bill for Congress to consider, we 
did the perfectly logical thing; we only asked that the name of the corps, now con- 
taining none but pharmacists, be changed to Pharmacy Corps and the number of 
officers increased to the original strength, 72. 
(3) At the hearing by your committee, November 17, 1942, great emphasis 
was placed on this being a peacetime measure. Not once was it mentioned that 
its specific and broader provisions could be made effective nbw, i. e., within a 
reasonable adjustment period. Mr. Chairman, I wish to assure you that the 
82,000 pharmacists we represent are too conscioqs of the present perils to our 
country, and too alive to their duty as citizens, to bother the Congress, and 
especially to take the time of this most important and overworked committee, 
by asking them to consider a purely peacetime matter in the midst of the greatest 
conflict in which this country has ever had the misfortune to be engaged. 
This bill is designed to convert the Medical Administrative Corps into a 
Pharmacy Corps patterned after the other active corps in the United States 
Army. It sets up a corps which, in organization, operation, administration, 
reserve reservoir, officer procurement system, Reserve Officer Training Corps 
units, and flexibility within the Army of the United States, is identical with the 
Medical, Dental, and Veterinary Corps now in the Medical Department of the 
Regular Army. Those are the objectives we laid before Congressman Durham 
and the drafting followed that pattern. 
It is a peacetime measure only in the sense that its provisions provide for a 
permanent organization which will function after this war is over and provide 
a trained nucleus which, in event of another war, can be rapidly expanded to any 
required strength. We expect its provisions to be made effective as soon as 
possible after passage by Congress. 
It has been said that the legislation is unwise now because the Medical Depart- 
ment does not know what the after-war requirements of the Army will be. It is 
a foregone conclusion that the number of officers in the other Medical Department 
Corps will not be the same in our future peacetime Army as was thought sufficient 
when the National Defense Act was drafted and passed. The number required 
in the Pharmacy Corps can be adjusted if and when the number is changed in 
the Medical Corps. 
Mr. Chairman, remembering the sympathetic cooperation of Surgeon General 
Reynolds, after Mr. Durham handed us a copy of the completed bill, we laid it 
before the present Surgeon General and asked him to give it his endorsement and 
make it a War Department measure. He had the matter under consideration 
from December 1941 until January 16, 1942; we were then given the stock argu- 
ments and told that the Surgeon General would not approve the measure. 
During those conversations, it was suggested that if we asked for a higher ceiling 
on rank in the Medical Administrative Corps instead of a corps bill, they would 
probably approve it; in fact, the offer was made to introduce a bill in Congress 
if it was necessary. For a long time we had been pointing out the discrimination 
against the Medical Administrative Corps officer in that he could only advance 
to the rank of captain and, in that process, was required to serve 5 years as a 
second lieutenant to become a first lieutenant and 10 years to become a captain. 
In the other corps, a second lieutenant becomes a first lieutenant after 3 years’ 
service. 
We told the Surgeon General we would be delighted if the inequality were 
removed. Not knowing how far the Medical Department would go, we held 
our bill until theirs was introduced and passed. However, instead of providing 
for increased rank up to colonel for the 16 pharmacists in the United States 
Army (permanent Regular Army), it was an emergency measure to provide the 
rank in the Army of the United States for the duration of an emergency or for 
the duration of the war and 6 months thereafter. 
We understand that this higher rank was necessary to attract men of ability 
needed and those skilled in the purchase of drugs and medical supplies, for the 
procurement function. 
Had we had a well-organized Pharmacy Corps in the Army, its Reserve 
Officers’ Corps, for which we have provided in this bill, would undoubtedly have 
had available for ordering to active duty the required number of officers of wide 
experience with drug markets and sources of supply for large quantities of medical CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IX THE REGULAR ARMY 
27 
and hospital supplies. These professional buyers would have intelligently 
expanded this department overnight to meet all of the demands made upon it 
by our rapidly growing Army. 
(4) One of the objections to our bill is that in the opinion of the Surgeon 
General, the pharmacist renders a technical service only and that such service 
does not demand or warrant a commission. I am quite confident the Surgeon 
General’s opinion is not shared by a very large majority of the physicians and 
surgeons now in the Army. Dr. Fenton made that clear at the earlier hearing. 
It is just nonsense to attempt to place on parity a man who has by practice 
in a limited area acquired a technical skill of a kind, and a pharmacist who has 
had professional education in an accredited university school. The dental 
technician, for instance, assists the dentist, hands him his instruments, performs 
mechanical operation in the laboratory, heats the water to sterilize the instru- 
ments, etc. None of his duties, if unintelligently performed, would result in 
danger to the life of the patient. He is just a helper with the nonessentials and 
does the drudgery chores for the operator. 
Contrast these duties with those performed by the pharmacist. His education 
and training teach him to identify and determine the purity of his drugs and 
chemicals; to keep them under conditions wThich prevent deterioration, chemical 
changes and contamination; to accurately translate and interpret prescriptions; 
to accurately calculate percentage solutions; to exercise care when reaching for 
the bottle on the shelf; to check the quantities in the prescription to be sure an 
excessive dose has not been prescribed; to weigh or measure each ingredient 
accurately; to mix the ingredients in such order as to avoid the formation of 
toxic compounds or a precipitate which places the most of the active substance 
in the last dose; to accurately translate and write on the label, the instructions 
to the patient. 
Careless or unintelligent performance of any of these operations may give rise 
to a fatal result. The Surgeon General cannot see any difference in the quality 
of the service rendered by the two men but I believe you can. 
A year ago, a young man graduated from the school of pharmacy of which I 
am dean; he is one of the finest scholars who ever received the degree; in his fresh- 
man year, on a competitive basis he won a 4-year scholarship worth $1,220. 
He maintained his leadership of the class during the 4 years and received at 
graduation six or eight first prices and other awards for superior scholarship. 
When inducted into the Army, he was studying for the Master of Science degree. 
The Medical Department trained him as a dental technician. He passed the 
dental ammunition, but he doesn’t praise the Lord while is he doing it. 
The Surgeon General cataloging pharmacists with the acknowledged technicians, 
said it would not be fair to grant commissions to them and not give the same rank 
to the X-ray technician, optometrist, dental technician, etc. We do not argue 
against such rank for these men if the service they render warrants the commis- 
sion. The status of the different groups should be decided on merit. 
Much emphasis was placed on the work of the X-ray technician in an effort to 
place him and the pharmacist on the same level. This X-ray technician should 
not be confused with the physician who specializes in roentgenology or X-ray 
therapeutics. The latter is one of the most useful practitioners in the medical 
field. 
On the other hand, the X-ray technician is the handy man to the doctor. He 
keeps the machine clean, lubricates it, tightens up loose parts and makes minor 
repairs. Major repairs are made by the manufacturer’s servicemen. He may 
help to place the patient on the table, adjust the machine according to the doctor’s 
orders, and press the button to take the picture or give the treatment. He de- 
velops the plates and sends them to the doctor for diagnostic purposes. Later, 
he files the plates. His actions are all dictated by the physician. The doctor is 
in immediate charge and his is the responsibility. 
In the Army technician’s school, among other studies, the soldier takes a brief, 
highly specialized course in physics to learn how or why the machine works. Lie 
has a course in anatomy; as one college graduate described it to me, “enough 
anatomy so that he will not take a picture of the left arm instead of the right.” 
I am not disparaging the X-ray technician nor discounting the splendid service 
he renders but, because of the previous testimony, I must point out the difference 
between his training and the technical service rendered under immediate phy- 
sician supervision, and the 4-year education and service of the pharmacist who 
performs work for which he is solely responsible and which no physician, unless 
he is a graduate of a school of pharmacy, is competent by education to direct, 
supervise, or criticize. 28 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
My recollection of the last hearing is that in reply to a question by Mr. Thoma- 
son, the representative of the Surgeon General stated that their position was that 
they could not afford to use a pharmacist at full time as an officer in a dispensary. 
Mr. Chairman, this is the first time I ever heard of a moderate, if any, additional 
cost cited as a reason for an inferior service having to do with the health and wel- 
fare of our boys in the Army. I do not believe the fathers and mothers of our 
soldiers would subscribe to that policy. 
(6) Mr. Chairman, at the hearing on November 17, 1942, when you were 
inquiring about the 90-day pharmacy training schools, the Surgeon General said 
they had trained comparatively few pharmacists because they are able to satsify 
the demand from those registered pharmacists who have been brought in through 
the operation of the selective service law. 
Later, in reply to a question by Mr. Elson, he said they do not have to com- 
mission pharmacists to get them. 
I wish to quote from the record of hearings before the Senate Committee on 
Military Affairs, November 25 and December 3, 1942, on H. R. 7633, S. 2484, 
and S. 2690. Senator Thomas of Utah presided: “Inasmuch as the question of 
the use of pharmacists by the Army was extensively discussed in connection with 
the consideration of the Nurse Corps measure, the texts of S. 2484, introduced 
by Senator Lee, and S. 2690, introduced by Senator Reynolds, are inserted in the 
record at this point.” S. 2690, now reintroduced and given the number, S. 216, 
is the same measure you are considering today. 
Again, I quote: 
“Senator Thomas. The real problem with regard to pharmacists—correct me 
if I am wrong in this—is that you have more pharmacists in the Army than you 
have room for in your pharmacist department; is that the case? 
“Captain Biggs. No, sir; Colonel Reynolds, who is the director of military 
personnel in the Services of Supply, has some figures there he can give you. Ac- 
tually the rate, the current rate of induction of pharmacists is less than our total 
need for men of that type of training, so that we operate schools in pharmacy.” 
Col. Russell B. Reynolds testified; “We have a current rate of 1.33 for each 
1,000 men who are enlisted who are pharmacists. Up to the 1st of November, 
we had brought into the Army 4,552 men who have been so classified.” 
JVj ay 1 quote again: 
“Senator Johnson. Do you have a further figure there showing the need for 
even more? 
“Colonel Reynolds. Yes, sir, I do; they still need for the next two bases, we 
figure, 6,000 pharmacist technicians. We have now, if we use every last one of 
them, 4,552. In addition to the 6,000, the Air Force has asked 250 per month 
during 1943, so it is quite obvious we will need to train a considerable number 
because the total required simply are not available through the draft. 
“Senator Austin. Now what troubled us the other day, as I recall, was a com- 
plaint that you were not drawing from that supply which already exists inde- 
pendently of the Army schools, that is, the colleges where they have courses in 
pharmacy. What do you say about that? Are we, or are we not drawing upon 
that supply? 
“Colonel Reynolds. I am not quite sure I understand your question. I think 
of first importance is the fact that we are making use of a vast bulk of pharmacists 
who enter the Army through the draft or otherwise. Second, that is not enough 
and we must train more. The ones we are training are trained in our own 
schools.” 
Mr. Chairman, it is rather confusing when at one hearing testimony is made 
that the supply of pharmacists is adequate and at another hearing the same 
month, statistics are presented by the same department to prove, and the unequiv- 
ocal statement is made, that the supply under their procurement system is inade- 
quate and they must train more in these 90-day schools. 
Clarity results when we analyze their figures: 
Pharmacists in the Army, Nov. 1, 1942 4, 552 
Additional number required in 1943 6, 000 
Number required by Air Forces in 1943 3, 000 
Total by end of 1943 13, 552 
Army procurement objective by end of 1943 7, 500, 000 
Pharmacist increment through selective service—1.33 in every 1,000 
inducted (1.33 ratio applied to 7,500,000) - 9, 975 CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
29 
Summary 
Number of pharmacists needed by end of 1943 13, 552 
Number of pharmacists expected in draft 9, 975 
Number to be given 90 days of training in the Army schools 3, 577 
This means that 26 percent of the men who will be rendering pharmaceutical 
service to our sons and daughters in the Army will have a smattering of training 
which, if used for the same purpose in civilian life, in any State in the Union and 
the District of Columbia, would promptly subject them to the penalties of the 
law. 
Notwithstanding the alarming situation disclosed by these figures, the Medical 
Department has refused to make contracts with the universities, similar to those 
entered into the medical and dental schools, so that additional educated pharma- 
cists will be graduated to provide the men needed now and replacements for the 
future if the war is protracted. On the contrary, they are calling the pharmacy 
students who are in the Enlisted Reserve Corps to active duty and taking men 
even from the senior classes who require but a few months for graduation. 
Because the Medical Department sees no need for a safe pharmaceutical service 
and has not requested the War Manpower Commission and the Selective Service 
System to issue a memorandum classifying pharmacy students as preparing for an 
essential service, such a directive has not been issued. On the contrary, Selective 
Service has recently advised at least one State headquarters that they had no 
warranty for recommending for deferment any pharmacy students regardless of 
class status. 
At the November 17 hearings, Mr. Martin asked whether men who had com- 
pleted the 3 months’ course take over responsible duties in the dispensing of drugs, 
similar to a trained pharmacist’s duties. The reply was, “No, sir.” 
Mr. Chairman, the Surgeon General is uninformed. Not only are these soldiers 
with only 90 days training in the appearance and identification of drugs, their 
doses, incompatibilities, toxic action, etc., performing pharmaceutical duties 
which would not be permitted in civil life under the laws of the States, but in some 
installations, they are in charge of the pharmacy and any graduate registered 
pharmacists in those dispensaries are subject to their orders. 
In a surgical clinic, if a difficult case is under consideration, the final diagnosis 
and procedure is the responsibility of the chief of the staff. This is true in any 
other field of endeavor. In the Army particularly, the head of a unit of workers 
is in command; right or wrong in his judgment, he must be and is obeyed. His is 
the final word. The drug department of a hospital is no exception to his universal 
rule. Men with but 90 days’ training are in command in some of the Army 
pharmacies. 
Notwithstanding the censoring of mail and the reluctance of the soldiers to 
describe existing conditions for fear they may be quoted, we have in our files an 
adequate number of reports to prove beyond question of doubt that this condition 
does exist. 
I cannot publicly mention the names of these soldiers for obvious reasons, but 
there is no question in the minds of the committee members that the statements 
are accurate and truthful. A good many of them have been sent to us by the 
deans of the schools of pharmacy. We probably have reports from deans of 
universities located in every State represented on your committee. They obtain 
this information when the old graduates drop in to tell them all about their 
experience in the Army and through their correspondence with the alumni in the 
Army. 
It is not possible that every dean in the country has been victimized and I ask 
you to accept the statements as valid evidence. 
(7) I had time to examine carefully only 70 of these reports. Sixty-two 
quoted the soldier as saying that the men with 90 days of training in the Army’s 
schools- were performing duties which would not be permitted in civil life under 
the drug codes of the States. Eight replied “no” or no knowledge of conditions. 
(8) Of the 70 reports, 33 contain the statement that the soldier in charge is a 
product of the 90-day Army schools or a man not licensed to practice pharmacy 
in any State. If you wish, I shall be glad to submit for the record the statements 
of these pharmacists with the name of the dean who authenticates or sponsors 
the letter. 
(9) The Surgeon General says there is little compounding of drugs in the field; 
the drugs are put up in tablet form and that “any intelligent boy can read the 30 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
label.” The word “field” was not defined. If he meant in the field of active 
operations, we will agree that the dispensing requirements are exactly on a par 
with the emergency treatment back of the line. 
(10) But even in the field, dangerous and potent drugs are used. You re- 
quested a copy of the Army drug supply table. If you study it, you will find 
listed every narcotic, potent and dangerous drug used by the physician in the 
treatment of disease. Dr. Fenton, I believe, will confirm this statement. These 
drugs are labeled in the usual way; not plain to the laymen but understood by 
the pharmacist. 
I submit without fear of contradiction that even an intelligent boy cannot 
read these labels. Reading implies understanding. The names would be mean- 
ingless to him—just so many letters. The implication was that no pharmaceutical 
education is required for intelligent dispensing. 
Gentlemen, suppose a member of your family is seriously ill and the physician 
writes a prescription for even a single potent remedy. Shall we assume it is 
heart case and digitalis is ordered or one of the glucosides of that drug—dose, a 
fraction of a grain. (In the Army, the dose must be ordered by the metric 
system.) The remedy which may save a life may be in tablet or capsule form as 
the general said. 
Would you be satisfied to have a soldier whose sole knowledge of drugs was 
gained in 90 days go to the shelves and take a bottle from among scores of hun- 
dreds of like appearing containers and count out some pills for you? I am sure 
you would not. 
It is not just a matter of reading a label. There is necessary a sense of care 
and responsibility obtained through years of study and handling of drugs and 
chemicals used in the cure of disease; in the very nature of things, watchful 
caution cannot be part of one who is not thoroughly familiar with the toxic action 
of drugs given in excessive quantities, and of the sad results which may accrue 
from mistakes. 
This sense of care and responsibility cannot be acquired in 90 days. 
To throw additional light on this statement about the ready prepared medicines 
used in the Army, may I submit an official release from the Public Relations 
Section United States Army Air Forces, Scott Field, 111., which includes a photo- 
graph of what is described as, “the new and modernly equipped pharmaceutical 
laboratory”. I quote from the release: 
“Scott Field, III., January—One glance at the new and modernly equipped 
pharmaceutical laboratory established by the Medical Corps at Scott Field, 
parent radio school of the Army Air Forces Technical Training Command, will 
blow to smithereens that old gag about ‘the Army using one kinda pill for every 
disease’. 
(11) “Actually, the pharmacy fills over 18,000 prescriptions a month for major 
and minor illness—depite the fact that this post has one of the best health records 
in the entire country. That amount of prescriptions calls for 425 gallons of liquids, 
120 pounds of ointments and 15,000 capsules. 
“To a layman, the laboratory with its shelf upon shelf of tinctures, pills, oint- 
ments, elixirs, lotions, liniments, suppositories and antiseptics, glass tubes, beakers, 
flasks and other devices looks like the workshop of Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde. 
“Of course, good equipment is useless without skilled men to use it. But a 
roster of the Scott Field staff reads like a pharmaceutical society yearbook with 
every man holding a degree or two from an accredited college of pharmacy before 
he entered the Army. 
“Lt. Leonard W. Gopp, former professor of pharmacy at the University of 
Grand Rapids, Grand Rapids, Mich., is in charge of the work. His staff includes; 
Sgt. J. H. Schwarztrauber, of Belleville, 111., B. S. St. Louis College of Pharmacy; 
Cpl. Val Watt, and Private First Class Dave Watt, Springfield, 111., B. S. Uni- 
versity of Illinois; Cpl. Charles H. Larson, of Dows, Iowa, B. S. Drake University; 
Private First Class Antonio Pandolfo, Medford, Mass., B. S. Massachusetts 
College of Pharmacy; Private First Class Edward T. Knapp, of Rushville, 111., 
Ph. G. Des Moines University, Pvt. Herman Lauchere, of Alameda, Calif., Ph. G. 
University of California; Private First Class A1 Jackeby, of Peoria, 111.; drug sales- 
man; Pvts. Robert Milstead, of Chatsworth, 111., and Robert Decker, of Berwind, 
W. Va., former drug clerks.” CREiATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
31 
For immediate release. 
Public Relations Section, 
United States Army Air Forces, 
Scott Field, III. 
Scott Field, III., January.—One glance at the new and modernly equipped 
pharmaceutical laboratory established by the Medical Corps at Soctt Field, 
parent radio school of the Army Air Forces Technical Training Command, will 
blow to smithereens that old gag about “the Army using one hinda pill for every 
disease.” 
Actually the pharmacy fills over 18,000 prescriptions a month for major and 
minor illness—despite the fact that this post has one of the best health records 
in the entire country. That amount of prescriptions calls for 425 gallons of 
liquids, 120 pounds of ointments, and 15,000 capsules. 
To a layman, the laboratory with its shelf upon shelf of tinctures, pills, oint- 
ments, elixirs, lotions, liniments, suppositories and antiseptics, glass tubes, beakers, 
flasks and other devices looks like the workshop of Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde; 
Of course, good equipment is useless without skilled men to use it. But a 
roster of the Scott Field staff reads like a pharmaceutical society yearbook with 
every man holding a degree or two from an accredited college of pharmacy before 
he entered the Army. 
Lt. Leonard W. Gopp, former professor of pharmacy at the University of 
Grand Rapids, Grand Rapids, Mich.; is in charge of the work. His staff includes: 
Sgt. J. H. Schwarztrabuer, of Belleville, 111., B.S. St. Louis College of Pharmacy; 
Cpl. Val Watt, and Private First Class Dave Watt, Springfield 111., B.S. University 
of Illinois; Cpl. Charles H. Larson, of Dows, Iowa, B.S. Drake University; Private 
First Class Antonio Pandolfo, Medford, Mass., B.S. Massachusetts College of 
Pharmacy; Private First Class Edward T. Knapp, of Rushville, 111., Ph. G. Des 
Moines University; Pvt. Herman Lauchere, of Alameda, Calif., Ph. G. University 
of California; Private First Class A1 Jackeby, of Peoria, 111., drug salesman; Pvts. 
Robert Milstead, of Chatsworth, 111., and Robert Decker, of Berwind, W. Va., 
former drug clerks. 
The Chairman. Thank you very much, sir 
Is there anything further? 
Mr. Fenton. That is all. 
The Chairman. Dr. Howard C. Newton. 
STATEMENT OF DR. HOWARD C. NEWTON, AMERICAN ASSOCIA- 
TION OF COLLEGES OF PHARMACY 
Dr. Newton. The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy 
is an organization with a membership of 61 colleges and schools of 
pharmacy throughout the United States. Its object is to promote 
pharmaceutical education and research. I have attached to my pre- 
pared statement a list of these colleges, including the universities with 
which they are a part and the location of these by States. 
As president of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, 
I am directed to report to you that by vote of its members the associa- 
tion endorses the bill, H. R. 997,which proposes to establish a Pharmacy 
Corps in the United States Army. 
The purpose of my testimony is limited to two points; first, to 
furnish you briefly with information on the education and training 
of pharmacists, so that you may know that this education and training 
is adequate for the personnel of the [proposed corps, and that it meets 
the high standards expected of the officer personnel of the United 
Slates Army; second, to express the opinion that if the opportunity 
offered by the proposed corps is given for the increased use of this 
education and training, the United States Army will recognize a 
very efficient pharmaceutical service which will result in and will 
recognize it as an important asset. 
87010—43 5 32 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN, THE REGULAR ARMY 
The regular curriculum of the colleges of pharmacy is the result of 
very careful study arid development. It is of 4 years and of not less 
than 3,200 hours of intensive classroom and laboratory work. The 
details of the courses in outline form are the subject of continual study 
and of revision where that is necessary, and this outline is published 
under the title “The Pharmaceutical Syllabus.” It is recognized by 
educators generally as a work based on an excellent foundation. The 
content of this curriculum is derived functionally from studies of the 
needs of the profession. 
Pharmacy today is an important agency in the preservation of the 
public health. Its responsibility is to prepare and make available all 
the medicines, new and old, which the medical profession may require 
in the scientific treatment of disease or which the public may safely 
use as household remedies. In order to discharge this great responsi- 
bility there has developed a tremendous modern industry requiring 
pharmacists educated and trained to take their places in the pharma- 
ceutical manufacturing plants, in the research laboratories, in the 
governmental inspection bureaus, as well as in the distribution outlets, 
the thousands of retail drug stores, the hospitals, and the public 
dispensaries. 
Modern practice of pharmacy requires an education in a college of 
pharmacy which has adequate facilities for its work comparable to 
those of the schools of medicine in their field. 
Full consideration of these responsibilities and requirements has 
been given in the preparation of the pharmaceutical curriculum. 
First, it is recognized that in order to practice pharmacy intelligently 
one must have a good background of knowledge of chemistry. This 
is furnished through full courses in inorganic, organic, and analytical 
chemistry, qualitative, quantitative, volumetric and gravimetric 
and biochemistry. These courses constitute a major subject for the 
student in pharmacy. 
Second, it is recognized equally that a good background of knowl- 
edge of the biological sciences is necessary, and this is furnished 
through courses in zoology, botany, physiology, and bacteriology. 
There are courses in pharmacognosy, pharmacology, and public 
health which makes direct application of the knowledge gained in 
chemistry and in the biological sciences, directly applied to the study 
of the uses of drugs. 
Fourth, there is a large group of courses in the curriculum desig- 
nated under the general title of Pharmacy. These make application 
of all the divisions of knowledge which I have mentioned. As would 
naturally be expected, these constitute another major subject in the 
pharmacy student’s curriculum. 
Fifth, and finally, there are sufficient courses in the curriculum, in 
mathematics, in physics and in English, to enable the student to 
carry on satisfactorily his studies. 
I have attached to my testimony a statement of the accrediting 
standards of the American Council of Pharmaceutical Education; 
This will, I believe, substantiate many of the statements which I make; 
Now, when a student has completed the curriculum, ho has the 
basic education and training to enter the practice of the profession. 
But in addition almost all States require that he have at least’ 1 year 
of supervised practice or internship before he can enter the licensing CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
33 
examinations of that State. If the student wishes to specialize in a 
particular phase of the practice, he may continue in the colleges. He 
may take graduate studies, engage in research, and earn the very 
highest of graduate degrees. 
From this brief resume of the pharmaceutical curriculum I think 
you mav readily conclude that pharmaceutical education is compre- 
hensive, is carefully planned, and is worthy of the profession for which 
it prepares practitioners; and further, I believe you can conclude that 
these practitioners are adequately educated and trained to take their 
share of responsibility in the field of public health. 
I should like to, by way of recapitulation, make a few statements: 
First, pharmacy has a very definite responsibility in the health field, 
both in military and civilian life. Second, pharmaceutical education 
recognizes this responsibility and has prepared very carefully a cur- 
riculum for those who would enter this field of practice. Third, 
those who have satisfactorily completed this curriculum are the ones 
exclusively on whom should be placed the responsibility of the pro- 
fession; and fourth, by placing the responsibility of the profession 
on those who are carefully prepared for it, we certainly are doing some- 
thing in the interest of the health of the people. 
Very logically I believe we may say that if enacted, this bill, which 
places the responsibility for pharmacy in the United States Army on 
those who are properly prepared for it, will be in the interest of 
greater efficiency in the service which pharmacy provides. 
(The following statement was submitted by Dr. Newton:) 
Statement of Howard C. Newton, President, American Association of 
Colleges of Pharmacy, on Pharmacy Corps Bill (H. R. 997) 
The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy is an organization having as 
its members 61 colleges and schools of pharmacy throughout the United States. 
Its object is to promote pharmaceutical education and research. I attach as part 
of this testimony a list of the 61 member colleges, indicating the universities of 
which they are a part, and the States in which they are located. 
I am directed to report to you that the American Association of Colleges of 
Pharmacy, by vote of its members, endorses the bill, H. R. 997, which proposes to 
establish a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army. 
The specific purpose of my testimony is (1) to furnish in brief form information 
regarding the education and training of pharmacists so that you may know that 
this education and training is adequate preparation for the responsibilities and 
duties of the personnel of the proposed corps and complies with the high educa- 
tional standards for the officer personnel of the United States Army; and (2) to 
express the opinion that if given the opportunity afforded by the proposed corps 
for greater application of this education and training, there would be developed an 
efficient pharmaceutical service which the United States Army would recognize 
as a valuable asset. 
The regular curriculum of the colleges of pharmacy is the result of long, careful 
study and development. It is one of 4 years and of at lease 3,200 hours of intensive 
classroom and laboratory work. The outline of the curriculum is revised and pub- 
lished under the title “The Pharmaceutical Syllabus,” and it is respected by edu- 
cators as a work which is based on an excellent foundation. The content of this 
curriculum has been derived functionally from a study of the needs of the 
profession. 
Pharmacy today is one of the important agencies engaged in the preservation 
of the public health. Its responsibility is to prepare and make available all the 
medicines, new and old, which the medical profession may require in the scientific 
treatment of disease, or which may be employed safely by the public as household 
remedies. In order to discharge this responsibility, a tremendous modern 
industry has been established requiring pharmacists educated and trained to take 
their places in manufacturing plants, research laboratories, governmental inspec- 
tion bureaus, in addition to the distribution outlets such as the thousands of 34 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
drug stores, the hospitals, and the public dispensaries. The modern practice of 
pharmacy requires a modern education and training in a college of pharmacy 
which has adequate facilities for its work, comparable to those of the medical 
school in its field. The pharmaceutical curriculum has been developed with 
full consideration of these responsibilities and requirements. 
First, it is recognized that a good background of knowledge of chemistry is 
essential for those who would practice pharmacy intelligently. The curriculum 
provides for this with full courses in inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, 
analytical chemistry, qualitative and quantitative, both gravimetric and vol- 
umetric, and finally, biochemistry. These constitute a major subject for the 
student. 
Second, it is recognized that an equally good background of knowledge of 
biological science is necessary. This ist furnished through full courses in zoology, 
botany, physiology, and bacteriology. 
Third, there are the courses in pharmacognosy, pharmacology, and public 
health in which the knowledge of chemistry and the biological sciences is applied 
directly to the study of drugs. 
Fourth, the curriculum has a large group of courses which apply all of the 
previously mentioned divisions of knowledge to the actual preparation of medi- 
cines. These are the courses designated under the general title of “Pharmacy,” 
with dispensing pharmacy as the culmination of all of them. This group of 
pharmacy courses, as would be expected, 'constitutes another major subject for 
the student. 
Fifth, and finally, there are included sufficient courses in English, physics, and 
mathematics to enable the student to carry on his studies satisfactorily. 
I attach for the record a copy of the Standards for Accreditation of Colleges of 
Pharmacy by the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education, the accredit- 
ing agency in this field. 
A student who completes this curriculum has the basic education and training 
to enter the practice of the profession but, in addition, nearly all States require 
at least a year of supervised practice or internship before he is allowed to enter 
the State licensing examinations. 
The student who wishes to specialize in some particular phase of the practice 
may continue his studies in the colleges, take graduate courses, engage in research 
and earn the highest of graduate degrees. 
Even from this very brief resume of the principal features of the pharmaceutical 
curriculum, you may readily conclude that modern pharmaceutical education is 
comprehensive, carefully planned and worthy of the profession for which it pre- 
pares practitioners. Further, it may be concluded that these practitioners are 
educated and trained to assume their share of the great responsibility of those 
engaged in the preservation of health. 
The following statements may serve as a recapitulation: 
(1) The profession of pharmacy has a very definite responsibility in the health 
field, in both civilian and military life. 
(2) Modern pharmaceutical education recognizes this responsibility and has a 
comprehensive and carefully planned curriculum for the preparation of those 
who wish to enter the practice of the profession. 
(3) Those who have satisfactorily completed this curriculum are the ones on 
whom the responsibility of the profession should be placed, exclusively. 
(4) Placing this responsibility on those properly prepared for it is directly in 
the interest of the public health. 
From these facts it is logical to believe that, if enacted, this bill which places 
the responsibility for pharmacy in the United States Army on those properly 
prepared for it, would greatly increase tie efficiency of the important health 
service which pharmacy provides. 
INSTITUTIONS HOLDING MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES 
OF PHARMACY 
Alabama; Alabama Polytechnic Institute, School of Pharmacy, Auburn. Lynn S. 
Blake, dean (1905).* 
California: 
University of California. College of Pharmacy, Berkeley. Carl L. A. Schmidt, 
dean (1942). (Carl L. A. Schmidt.) 
University of Southern California, College of Pharmacy, Los Angeles. Alvah 
G. Hall, acting dean (1918). (Alvah G. Hall.) ** 
•Denotes year i stitution was admitted to the Association. 
••Names in parentheses were representatives at the 1942 meeting. 35 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN, THE REGULAR ARMY 
Colorado: University of Colorado, College of Pharmacy, Boulder. Homer C. 
Washburn, dean (1921). (Homer C. Washburn, David W. O’Day, Joseph B. 
Sprowls, Ramona Parkinson.) 
Connecticut: University of Connecticut, College of Pharmacy, New Haven. 
Henry S. Johnson, dean (1935). (Henry S. Johnson.) 
District of Columbia; 
George Washington University, School of Pharmacy, Washington. W. Paul 
Briggs, dean (1900). Charles W. Bliven, acting dean. (W. Paul Briggs, 
Charles W. Bliven, Lloyd W. Hazleton.) 
Howard University, College of Pharmacy, Washington. Chauncey I. Cooper, 
acting dean (1926). (Chauncey I. Cooper.) 
Florida; University of Florida, College of Arts and Science, Townes R. Leigh, 
dean, School of Pharmacy, Gainesville. Perry A. Foote, director (1925). 
Georgia; University of Georgia, School of Pharmacy, Athens. Robert C. Wilson, 
dean (1928). (Robert C. Wilson.) 
Idaho: University of Idaho, Southern Branch, College of Pharmacy, Pocatello. 
Eugene O. Leonard, dean (1927). 
Illinois; University of Illinois, College of Pharmacy, Chicago. Earl R. Series, 
dean (1900). (Earl R. Series, Elmer H. Wirth, Solomon D. Gershon.) 
Indiana: 
Indianapolis College of Pharmacy, Indianapolis. Edward H. Niles, dean 
(1927). (Edward H. Niles, Francis E. Bibbins.) 
Purdue University, School of Pharmacy, Lafayette. Glenn L. Jenkins, dean 
(1901). (Glenn L. Jenkins, Charles O, Lee.) 
Iowa: 
Drake University, College of Pharmacy, Des Moines. George E. Crossen, 
dean (1942). (George E. Crossen.) 
State University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Rudolph A, 
Kuever, dean (1901). Rudolph A. Kuever, Zada M. Cooper.) 
Kansas: University of Kansas, School of Pharmacy, Lawrence. J. Allen Reese, 
Dean (1900). (J. Allen Reese, Lloyd L. Boughton.) 
Kentucky: Louisville College of Pharmacy, Louisville. Gordon L. Curry, Dean 
(1900). (Gordon L. Curry, A. P. Markendorf.) 
Louisiana: 
Loyola University, New Orleans, College of Pharmacy, New Orleans. John 
F. McCloskey, Dean (1921). (John F. McCloskey, Edward J. Ireland.) 
Xavier University, College of Pharmacy, New Orleans. Lawrence F. Fer- 
ring, Dean (1933). (Lawrence F. Ferring.) 
Maryland: University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore. Andrew 
G. DuMez, Dean (1900). (Andrew G. DuMez, B. Olive Cole.) 
Massachusetts; Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, Boston. Howard C. 
Newton, Dean (1900). (Howard C. Newton, Heber W. Youngken, Ray H. 
Kelley, Eldin V. Lynn, Charles W. Bauer, Samuel M. Best.) 
Michigan: 
Detroit Institute of Technology, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, 
Detroit; Esten P. Stout, dean (1923). 
Ferris Institute, College of Pharmacy, Big Rapids. Howard Hopkins, 
dean (1938). (Howard Hopkins.) 
University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor. Howard B. 
Lewis, director (1900). (Charles H. Stocking, Elmon L. Cataline.) 
Wayne University, College of Pharmacy, Detroit. Roland T. Lakey, dean 
(1925). (Roland T. Lakey.) 
Minnesota: University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis. Charles 
H. Rogers, dean (1901). (Charles H. Rogers, George E. Crossen.) 
Mississippi: University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, Oxford. Elmer L. 
Hammond, dean (1913). (Elmer L. Hammond.) 
Missouri: St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis. Arthur F. Schlicting, dean 
(1900). (Walter G. Fredell.) 
Montana; State University of Montana, School of Pharmacy, Missoula. Charles 
E. F. Mollett, dean (1917). (Charles E. F. Mollett.) 
Nebraska: 
Creighton University, College of Pharmacy, Omaha. William A. Jarrett, 
dean (1916). (William A. Jarrett, F. V. Potrepka.) 
University of Nebraska, College of Pharmacy, Lincoln. Rufus A. Lyman, 
dean (1913). (Rufus A. Lyman, Joseph B. Burt, Harold G. O. Hoick, 
F. Scott Bukey.) 36 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN, THE REGULAR ARMY 
New Jersey: Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New 
Jersey College of Pharmacy, Newark. Ernest Little, dean (1923). 
(Martin S. Ulan.) 
New York: 
University of Buffalo, School of Pharmacy, Buffalo. A, B. Lemon, dean 
(1939). 
Columbia University, College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, New 
York. Charles W. Ballard, dean (1939). (Frederick D. Lascoff.) 
Fordhara University, College of Pharmacy, New York, Charles J. Deane, 
acting dean (1939). 
Long Island University, Brooklyn College of Pharmacy, Brooklyn. Hugo 
H. Schaefer, dean (1939). (Hugo H. Schaefer.) 
North Carolina: University of North Carolina, School of Pharmacy, Chapel 
Hill. J. Grover Beard, dean (1917). (J. Grover Beard.) 
North Dakota: North Dakota Agricultural College, School of Pharmacy, Fargo. 
William F. Sudro, dean (1922). (William F. Sudro.) 
Ohio: 
Ohio Northern University, College of Pharmacy, Ada. Rudolph H. Raabe, 
dean (1925). (Rudolph H. Raabe, G. Horace McFadden.) 
Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Columbus. Bernard V. 
Christensen, dean (1900). (Bernard V. Christensen, L. David Hiner.) 
University of Toledo, College of Pharmacjq Toledo. George L. Baker, 
dean (1941). (Bess G. Emch.) 
Western Reserve University, School of Pharmacy, Cleveland, Edward D. 
Davy, acting dean (1902). (Malcolm S. Trupp.) 
Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma, School of Pharmacy, Norman. David B. 
R. Johnson, dean (1905). (David B. R. Johnson.) 
Oregon: Oregon State College, School of Pharmacy, Corvallis. Adolph Ziefie, 
dean (1935). (Lewis C. Britt.) 
Pennsylvania: 
Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh. Hugh C. Mul- 
doon, dean (1927). (Hugh C. Muldoon.) 
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, Philadelphia. Ivor Griffith, 
dean (1900). (Ivor Griffith, Freeman P. Stroup, John McDonnell.) 
Temple University, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia. H. Evert Kendig, 
dean (1928), (H. Evert Kendig, James C. Munch, Herbert M. Cobe, 
Robert L. Swain.) 
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh College of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh. 
C. Leonard O’Connell, dean (1900). (C. Leonard O’Connell, Leasure 
K. Darbaker.) 
Philippines; University of the Philippines, College of Pharmacy, Manila. Mari- 
ano V. del Rosario, dean (1917). 
Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico, College of Pharmacy, Rio Piedras. 
Luis Torres-Diaz, dean (1926). 
Rhode Island: Rhode Island College of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, Providence. 
W. Henry Rivard, dean (1926). (W. Henry Rivard, Albert W. Claflin, Charles 
F. Gilson.) 
South Carolina: 
Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Charleston. Robert Wilson, 
Jr., dean, School of Pharmacy, William F. Prout, acting director (1940). 
(William A. Prout.) 
University of South Carolina, School of Pharmacy, Columbia. Emery T. 
Motley, dean (1928). 
South Dakota: South Dakota State College, Division of Pharmacy, Brookings. 
Floyd J. Le Blanc, dean (1908). (Clark T. Eidsmoe.) 
Tennessee: University of Tennessee, School of Pharmacy, Memphis. Robert L. 
Crowe, dean (1914). 
Texas; University of Texas, College of Pharmacy, Austin. William F. Gidley, 
Dean (1926). (William F. Gidley.) 
Virginia: Medical College of Virginia, School of Pharmacy, Richmond. Wortley, 
F. Rudd, dean (1908). (Thomas D. Rowe.) CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
37 
Washington: 
State College of Washington, School of Pharmacy, Pullman. Pearl H. 
Dirstine, dean (1912). (Allen I. White.) 
University of Washington, College of Pharmacy, Seattle. Forest J. Good- 
rich, dean (1905). (Forest J. Goodrich, James M. Dille, Elmer M. Plein.) 
West Virginia: West Virginia University, College of Pharmacy, Morgantown. J. 
Lester Hayman, Director (1920). (J. Lester Hayman.) 
TVisconsin: University of W isconsin, School of Pharmacy, Madison, Arthur H. 
Uhl, director (1900). (Arthur H. Uhl, George Urdang.) 
Standards for Accreditation of Colleges of Pharmacy and Constitution 
and By-Laws op the American Council of Pharmaceutical Education 
(First Revised Edition March 1942) 
Officers.—E. F. Kelly, president, 2215 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D, C.; 
H. C. Christensen, vice president, 130 North Wells Street, Chicago, 111.; A. G. 
DuMez, secretary-treasurer, 32 South Greene Street, Baltimore, Md. 
Members.—Representing the American Pharmaceutical Association: R. P. 
Fischelis, Trenton, N. J.; David F. Jones, Watertown, S. D.; E. F. Kelly, Wash- 
ington, D. C. Representing the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy: 
H. C._ Christensen, Chicago, 111.; R. L. Swain, New York, N. Y.; A. C. Taylor, 
Washington, D. C. Representing the American Association of Colleges of 
Pharmacy: A. G. DuMez, Baltimore, Md.; Townes R. Leigh, Gainesville, Fla.; 
Ernest Little, Newark, N. J. Representing the American Council on Education: 
Earl J. McGrath, Buffalo, N. Y. 
PREFACE 
Baltimore, Md., March 27, 194®. 
The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education is an accrediting agency 
for colleges of pharmacy sponsored and authorized by the American Pharmaceu- 
tical Association, the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, and the 
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. It was organized in 1932 and 
incorporated as a nonprofit organization in 1940. From the standpoint of origin, 
it is a direct outgrowth of the survey committee created by the National Associa- 
tion of Bbards of Pharmacy 5 years earlier. 
In 1927 the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy appointed a committee 
to make a comprehensive survey of pharmacy for the purpose of obtaining informa- 
tion which might be used as the basis for establishing standards for colleges of 
pharmacy. This committee was designated the Pharmaceutical Survey Com- 
mittee. In 1928 the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy was tendered 
and accepted an invitation to join the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy 
in the furtherance of this survey project, Later ih the same year the American 
Pharmaceutical Association joined the movement and the American Council on 
Education was invited to supervise the survey. Owing, however, to unforeseen 
difficulties encountered in attempts to raise the funds necessary to carry on the 
contemplated work, the project was discontinued after several years of effort, and 
in 1932 there was organized a new committee consisting of three representatives 
from each, the American Pharmaceutical Association, the National Association 
of Boards of Pharmacy, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, and 
one representative from the American Council on Education. The new committee 
was given the title of the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education, and a 
constitution and bylaws providing for its organization and the conduct of its 
business were drafted and approved by the constituent organizations. 
The council held its first meeting in Toronto, Canada, on August 26, 1932. 
Since then it has held one or more meetings each year. The activities of the 
council for the 5-year period immediately following its organization were directed 
in the main toward the preparation of the standards to be used in determining the 
acceptability of a college of pharmacy for accreditation. The first approved draft 
of these standards was published on August 15, 1937. During the next 3 years, 
the colleges of pharmacy which had applied for accreditation were investigated 
and on January 1, 1940, the first roll of accredited colleges was published. 
Since January I, 1940, the council has been incorporated, a new constitution 
and bflaws have been adopted and the standards for accreditation of colleges 
of pharmacy adopted on August 15, 1937, have been revised. The revised edition 
was adopted on March 27, 1942, and is published herewith. 
A. G. DuMez, Secretary-Treasurer. 38 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON PHARMACEUTICAL 
EDUCATION, INC. 
This is to certify: 
First. That we, the subscribers, Evander F. Kelley, whose post office address 
is 2215 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D. C., and Andrew G. DuMez, whose 
post office address is 32 South Greere Street, Baltimore, Md., and Robert L. 
Swain, whose post office address is 3507 Edgewood Road, Baltimore, Md., all 
being of full legal age, do under and by virtue of the general laws of the State of 
Maryland authorizing the formation of corporations, associate ourselves with the 
intention of forming a corporation. 
Second. That the name of the corporation (which is hereinafter called the 
corporation) is: The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education, Inc. 
Third. The purpose for which the corporation is formed and the objectives to 
be promoted by it are as follows: 
(a) To organize and operate a corporation exclusively for educational and 
other nonprofitable purposes and no part of the net earnings of the corporation 
is to enure to the benefit of any member. 
(b) To formulate the educational, scientific and professional principles and 
standards which an approved school or college of pharmacy will be expected to 
meet and maintain. 
(c) To revise these principles and standards when deemed necessary or 
advisable. 
(d) To investigate any school or college of pharmacy that requests the ap- 
proval of this corporation. 
(e) To publish a list of approved schools or college of pharmacy and to revise 
such lists annually or as frequently as deemed desirable. 
(/) To satisfy itself that the schools and colleges which have been approved 
maintain the proper standards through conferences with members of the faculties 
and the reinspection of any or all colleges of pharmacy at regular intervals or at 
such other times as may be deemed advisable. The approval of any school or 
college failing to maintain the standards formulated by the corporation shall be 
withdrawn. 
(g) To assist in the advancement and improvement of pharmaceutical educa- 
tion and registration. 
(h) To purchase, lease, or otherwise acquire, hold, develop, improve, mortgage, 
sell, exchange, let or in any manner encumber or dispose of real or personal 
property wheresoever situate. 
Fourth. The post office address of the place at which the principal office of the 
corporation in this State will be located is 32 South Greene Street, Baltimore, 
Md. The resident agent of the corporation is Andrew G. DuMez, whose post 
office address is 32 South Greene Street, Baltimore, Md. Said resident agent is a 
citizen of the State of Maryland and actually resides therein. 
Fifth. The corporation shall have no capital stock. The following shall be 
the first members of the corporation: 
(0) Evander F. Kelly, 2215 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D. C. 
(b) Andrew G. DuMez, 32 South Greet e Street, Baltimore, Md. 
(c) Henry A. B. Dunning, Charles and Chase Streets, Baltimore, Md. 
(d) David F. Jones, South Kemp Avenue, Watertown, S. Dak. 
(e) Henry C. Christensen, 130 North Wells Street, Chicago, 111. 
(/) Augustus C. Taylor, 1733 Upshur Street, NW., Washington, D. C. 
(gr) Robert L. Swain, 3507 Edgewood Road, Baltimore, Md. 
(h) Townes R. Leigh, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 
(1) Charles B. Jordan, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. 
(j) David Allan Robertson, president Goucher College, Baltimore, Md. 
who shall act as directors until the first annual meeting or until their successors 
are duly chosen and qualified. 
Sixth. Members may resign or be removed, vacancies may be filled, and 
additional members elected or appointed as provided in the bylaws and in this 
certificate of incorporation. 
Seventh. Meetings of members may be held outside the State of Maryland 
provided due notice thereof is given pursuant to the provision of the bylaws and 
this certificate of incorporation. 
Eighth. Board of directors. 
Sec. 1. Election and -powers.—The business and property of the corpiyation, 
qxcept as otherwise provided by statute or by the charter, or by the bylaws, 
shall be conducted and managed by its board of 10 directors, which shall consist CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
39 
of the members of the corporation subject to increase or decrease as hereinafter 
provided. The board of directors of the corporation shall be chosen as follows; 
The American Pharmaceutical Association, the National Association of Boards 
of Pharmacy, and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy shall each 
elect or appoint 3 voting members; the American Council on Education shall 
appoint 1 member. In the initial organization of the board of directors, the 
American Pharmaceutical Association, the National Association of Boards of 
Pharmacy, and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy shall each 
elect or appoint 1 member for a term of 2 years, 1 for a term of 4 years and 1 for 
a term of 6 years. Thereafter all members of the board of directors shall be 
elected or appointed by these organizations for a term of 6 years. The appoint- 
ment of the American Council on Education shall be for a term of 6 years. The 
board of directors shall keep minutes of its meetings and a full account of its 
transactions. 
Sec. 2. First regular meeting.—The first meeting of the board of directors shall 
be held immediately for the purpose of organization, the adoption of bylaws, 
and the transaction of such other business as may be necessary, or as soon as 
practical. 
Sec. 3. Additional regular meetings.—In addition to the first regular meeting, 
regular meetings of the board of directors shall be held at the principal office of 
the corporation in Baltimore, Md., at 32 South Green Street, at least once a year, 
and at such other times and places as may be fixed from time to time by the 
board of directors. 
Sec. 4. Special meetings.—Special meetings at the board of directors shall be 
held whenever called by the president or by a majority of the directors either in 
writing or by vote. 
Sec. 5. Place of meetings.—Subject to the provisions of section 2, the board of 
directors may hold its regular and special meetings at such place or places within 
or without the State of Maryland as it from time to time may determine. In 
the absence of any such determination, regular and special meetings of the board 
■of directors shall be held at the principal business office of the corporation in 
Baltimore, Md. 
Sec. 6. Notice of meetings.—Notice of the place, day, and hour of every regular 
and special meeting shall be given to each director, either— 
1. By notice in writing mailed to him postage prepaid not later than the tenth 
day before the day set for the meeting and addressed to him at his last known 
postoffice address according to the records of the corporation; or, 
2. By notice in writing delivered to him personally or left at his residence or 
usual place of business not later than the third day before the day fixed for the 
meeting; or, 
3. By telegraph or telephone not later than the third day before the day set 
for the meeting. No notice, however, of the time, place, or purpose of any 
meeting need be given to any director, who, in writing executed and filed with the 
records of the meeting either before or after the holding thereof, waives such 
notice. No notice of any adjourned meeting of the board of directors need be 
given. 
Sec. 7. Quorum.—Six members of the board of directors shall be necessary and 
sufficient to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at every meeting 
of the board of directors; but if at any meeting there be less than a quorum present, 
a majority of those present may adjourn the meeting from time to time, but not 
for a period of over 10 days at any one time, without notice other than by an- 
nouncement at the meeting at which a quroum shall attend. At any such ad- 
journed meeting at which a quorum shall be present, any business may be trans- 
acted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified. 
Sec. 8. Vacancies.—If any director shall die or resign, his successor shall be 
elected or appointed by the organization of which he was a representative to hold 
office for the portion of the term of the director whose place shall so become 
vacant, and until his successor shall have been duly chosen and qualified. 
Ninth. Officers. 
Sec. 1. Executive officers.—The executive officers of the corporation shall be a 
president, a vice president and a secretary-treasurer and such other officers as 
the board may from time to time consider necessary for the proper conduct of 
the business of the corporation. The executive officers shall be elected annually 
by the board of directors, at its first regular meeting held in each year. Each 
such officer holds office for a term of 1 year, and thereafter until his successor is 
elected and qualified or until his death, resignation or removal. 40 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
Sec. 2. President.—The president shall be a director of the corporation. He 
shall be the chief executive officer of the corporation. He shall, when present, 
preside at all meetings of the directors; he shall have general management and 
direction of the business of the corporation and all powers ordinarily exercised by 
the president of a corporation. He shall annually prepare and file a true state- 
ment of the affairs of the corporation which should be submitted at the first 
regular meeting of the board of directors held during the year and should be 
filed within 20 days thereafter at the principal office of the corporation in the 
State of Maryland. 
Sec. 3. Vice president.—In the absence of the president, the vice president 
shall perform all the duties of the president and while so acting shall have the 
powers of the president. 
Sec. 4. Secretary-treasurer.—The secretary-treasurer shall keep the minutes of 
the meetings of the members and of the board of directors, in books provided for 
the purpose; he shall see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the 
provisions of the bylaws or as required by law. He shall be the custodian of the 
records and of the corporate seal of the corporation; he shall see that the corporate 
seal is affixed to all documents, the execution of which on behalf of the corpor- 
ation under its seal is duly authorized, and when so affixed may attest the same 
and generally be shall perform all duties ordinarily incident to the office of a 
secretary of a corporation, and such other duties as, from time to time, may be 
assigned to him by the board of directors or by the president; he shall have charge 
of and be responsible for all funds, securities, receipts, and disbursements of the 
corporation and shall deposit, or cause to be deposited in the name of the cor- 
poration all moneys or other valuable effects in such banks, trust companies or 
other depositories as shall from time to time, be selected by the board of directors; 
he shall render to the president and to the board of directors, whenever requested, 
an account of the financial condition of the corporation and in general he shall 
perform all the duties ordinarily incident to the office of a treasurer of a corpor- 
ation, and such other duties as may be assigned to him by the board of directors 
or by the president. 
Tenth. Sundry provisions. 
Sec. 1. Negotiable instruments and other evidences of indebtedness.—All checks, 
drafts, or orders for the payment of money, notes and other evidences of indebted- 
ness, issued in the name of the corporation, shall be signed by the secretary- 
treasurer. No checks shall be signed in blank. 
Sec. 2. Fiscal year.—-The fiscal year of the corporation shall be the calendar 
year, unless otherwise provided by the board of directors. 
Sec. 3. Seal.—The seal of the corporation shall be circular in form, with the 
name of the corporation inscribed around the outer edge, and in the center shall 
be inscribed the words “Incorporated, Maryland.” 
Sec. 4. Books and records.—Original or duplicate ledgers, containing the names 
and addresses of the members shall be kept at the principal business office of the 
corporation in Baltimore, Md. 
Sec. 5. Bonds.—-The board of directors may require any officer, agent, or 
employee of the corporation to give to the corporation, for the faithful discharge 
of his duties, a bond, in such amount, on such conditions, and wdth such surety 
or sureties, as may be required by the board. 
In witness whereof we have signed this certificate of incorporation on this 
12th day of August 1939. 
Witness; 
Franklin Debaugh, Jr 
Lorraine R. Francis. 
Lorraine R. Francis. 
Signed; 
Evander F. Kelly. 
Andrew G. DuMez, 
Robert L. Swain. 
State of Maryland, 
City of Baltimore, to wit: 
I hereby certify that on this 12th day of August 1939, before me, the subscriber, 
a notary public of the State of Maryland, in and for Baltimore City, personally 
appeared Andrew G. DuMez and Robert L. Swain and they severally acknowl- 
edged the aforegoing certificate of incorporation to be their respective act. 
As witness my hand and notarial seal. 
Lorraine R. Francis, Notary Public. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
41 
State of Maryland. 
County of Baltimore, to wit: 
I hereby certify that on this 12th day of August 1939, before me, the subscriber,, 
a notary public of the State of Maryland, in and for Baltimore County, personally 
appeared Evander F. Kelly and he acknowledged the aforegoing certificates of 
incorporation to be his act. 
As witness my hand and notarial seal. 
State Tax Commission of Maryland: 
Franklin Debauch, Jr. 
It is hereby certified that the within instrument is a true copy of certificate of 
incorporation of “The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education, Inc.’r 
as received and approved by the State Tax Commission of Maryland August 14, 
1939, at 11 a. m. 
As witness my hand and seal of said commission of Baltimore this 14th day 
of August 1939. 
Albert W. Ward, Secretary. 
BYLAWS 
1. Committees.—The board of directors shall establish such committees as it 
deems necessary. 
2. Funds.—The president of the corporation shall prepare a budget annually 
and submit the same to the board of directors for approval or disapproval. Said 
budget shall cover only legitimate expenses for the effective work of the corpora- 
tion. This budget may be altered by the board of directors as the said board sees 
fit, providing debts are not incurred before the funds are forthcoming and payable. 
The funds to meet the budget and other expenses shall be provided by annual 
contributions from the American Pharmaceutical Association, the National Asso- 
ciation of Boards of Pharmacy, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, 
and from other available sources. 
3. Disbursement of funds.—All disbursements of moneys shall be made upon 
the written order of the president of the corporation, and the secretary-treasurer 
shall annually submit an itemized account of all receipts and disbursements to the 
board of directors for approval, and shall send a report of the same to the following 
organizations: 
(a) The American Pharmaceutical Association. 
(b) The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. 
(c) The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. 
(d) The American Council on Education. 
4. Order of business.—At all meetings of members or directors, the order of 
business shall be, as far as applicable and practical, as follows: 
(a) Organization. 
(b) Proof of notice of meeting or of waivers thereof. The certificate of the 
secretary-treasurer of the corporation or the affidavit of any other person who 
mailed the notices or caused the same to be mailed, shall be accepted as proof of 
service of notice by mail. 
(c) Submission of an alphabetical list of members or directors entitled to vote 
thereat. 
(d) At an annual meeting, or at a meeting called for that purpose, reading of 
unapproved minutes of preceding meetings, and action thereon. 
(e) Reports. 
(/) At an annual meeting, the election of directors. 
(g) Unfinished business. 
Ch) New business. 
(i) Adjournment. 
5. Payment of expenses of members and stenographic and other help.—All mem- 
bers, voting and advisory, and all directors and officers, shall serve without pay, 
but any expenses incurred by members or by the directors or officers of the 
corporation in the official conduct of the business of the corporation shall be paid. 
The officers of the corporation may employ stenographic and other help to be paid 
for by the council, if approval of such an employment has been previously secured 
from the board of directors. 
6. Amendments.—These bylaws, or any of them, or any additional or supple- 
mentary bylaws, may be altered or repealed and new bylaws may be adopted at 
any annual meeting of the members or at any special meeting, notice of which shall 
set forth the terms of the proposed amendment. The board of directors may 
exercise the power to make, alter, and repeal bylaws 42 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
STANDARDS OF THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION FOR 
ACCREDITATION OF COLLEGES OP PHARMACY (REVISED MAR. 27, 1942) 
Definitions. 
1. College of Pharmacy.—The title, college of pharmacy, also referred to as 
college, as used hereinafter, means an incorporated college of pharmacy, or a 
school, college, or department of pharmacy in a State university, or in a regularly 
incorporated or legally empowered educational institution. 
2. Council.—“Council,” as used hereinafter, means the American Council on 
Pharmaceutical Education. 
3. Inspection Committee.—“Inspection Committee,” as used hereinafter, means 
a committee appointed by the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education 
to inspect a college of pharmacy for the purpose of determining its acceptability 
for accreditation or its eligibility to remain on the accredited roll. 
4. Pharmaceutical Syllabus.—“Pharmaceutical Syllabus,” also referred to as 
“Syllabus,” as used hereinafter, means the latest edition of the Pharmaceutical 
Syllabus, prepared and published by the National Pharmaceutical Syllabus 
Committee representing the American Pharmaceutical Association, the American 
Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, and the National Association of Board of 
Pharmacy. 
5. Charters’ Report.—“Charters’ Report,” as used hereinafter, means Basic 
Material for a Pharmaceutical Curriculum, which is the title of a functional study 
of pharmacy published by the McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., of New York, N. Y., 
1927. 
Application for Accreditation. 
The application of a college of pharmacy for accreditation must have the 
approval of the State university, or of the State department of education, or 
of the State pharmaceutical association of the State in which the college is located 
and must be filed with the secretary of the council. A copy of the current edition 
of the college catalog must be filed with the application. Printed application 
forms will be supplied by the secretary of the council. # 
Minimum Requirements for Accreditation of Colleges of Pharmacy. 
1. Minimum Length of Period of Operation.—1. The college must have func- 
tioned as a teaching institution for a sufficient length of time to have its full curric- 
ulum in operation prior to the date of making application for accreditation. 
II. Finances— 1. The financial status of the college will be judged in relation 
to its educational program. 
Among the factors to be considered in determining the adequacy of financial 
support are: (a) expenditures per student for educational purposes; (b) the 
stability of financing as indicated by the amount of income per student from 
stable sources other than student fees; (c) financial investment in plant and 
equipment; (d) the avoidance of burdensome indebtedness; (e) procedures used in 
financial accounting and reporting. 
2. It is desirable that the income of the college should be derived from stable 
sources in addition to student fees, i. e., permanent endowments, gifts, State 
appropriations, etc. Endowments, gifts, etc., accepted, including those made 
for the purpose of establishing scholarships and fellowships, should be free from 
restrictions which may curtail full freedom of development of sound educational 
policies with particular regard to administration, curricula, and scholarship 
standards. 
3. A college budget of receipts and expenditures shall be prepared annually, 
and shall be open to inspection by the members of the council and its authorized 
representatives. 
III. Organization and administrative policy.—1. No college shall be accredited 
which is conducted for profit, either to individuals or to a corporation, whether in 
the form of unduly large salaries, or rentals, etc., or a profit for direct distribution. 
2. (a) The college must be headed by a dean or other executive officer to whom 
full authority is delegated by the regents, trustees, or directors in order that 
responsibility for the proper operation of the college may be definitely placed. 
(b) The foregoing [2 (a)] shall be interpreted to include responsibility for the 
character, organization, and administration of courses for graduate as well as 
undergraduate students; except in the case of universities in wdiich there has been 
established a special organization for the management of graduate wrork. In the 
latter case, the special organization, insofar as it pertains to the graduate wmrk in 
pharmacy, should function with the consultation and cooperation of the dean of 
the college of pharmacy. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
43 
3. (a) The voting faculty shall hold stated meetings, at which the dean and 
members may confer on matters pertaining to the operation of the college and the 
promotion of its interests. If the college is an integral part of a university, 
regularly conducted meetings of the university faculty will be accepted as meeting 
this requirement in part, provided the members of professorial rank in the college 
of pharmacy are voting members of the university faculty. 
(6) Minutes of the meetings showing the subjects considered and any votes 
thereon shall be kept. 
4. The college shall have in operation an adequate system of keeping records of 
students. To be adequate, a system must give full and accurate information 
on the educational record of a student previous to entrance to the college, and on 
the record made by the student during the entire period of his attendance at the 
college, including grades, conditions, failures, suspensions, dismissals, expulsions, 
disciplinary action, etc. When a transcript of a student’s record is issued to 
another college, it shall be complete, including entrance qualifications and a 
record of any disciplinary action that has not been satisfied. If the college is a 
part of a university, the keeping of records and issuing of transcripts may be done 
in the general office provided by the university for that purpoise. 
5. (a) The college shall publish annually a catalog or announcement in which 
the college calendar, members of the teaching staff, requirements for the degrees 
offered, names and descriptions of courses, together with the names of the mem- 
bers of the teaching staff responsible for each course are clearly stated. The 
number of clock hours of class and laboratory work devoted to each course shall 
be clearly set forth, together with the semester or term credit accorded each. 
(6) The “semester hour” shall be interpreted as representing one period of 
not less than 50 minutes of classroom work (lecture or recitation) per rveek for 
1 semester. Three hours devoted wholly to laboratory work, or 2 hours of labora- 
tory work with 1 hour of correlated reference or written work, shall be considered 
the minimum equivalent of 1 hour of classroom work. A “quarter hour” shall 
be taken as the equivalent of two-thirds of a “semester hour.” 
IV. Faculty and teaching staff.-—1. The college must possess a faculty which, 
in the judgment of the council, is adequate in number and the members of which 
are qualified by education and training to properly carry on the work of the 
college. 
2. (a) The college must have on its staff at least one full-time teacher of pro- 
fessorial rank for each of the following subjects: (1) Pharmacy; (2) pharma- 
ceutical chemistry, (3) materia medica (pharmacognosy or pharmacology), and as 
many additional full-time and part-time teachers as may be necessary to carry 
on the work of the curriculum in a satisfactory manner. 
(6) A full-time professor is interpreted as meaning a person of professorial 
rank who devotes at least 10 half-days per week throughout the college year to 
teaching and associated duties or research. 
(c) A part-time teacher is interpreted as meaning one who devotes the required 
hours for teaching in his particular subject or subjects and, in addition, is avail- 
able for consultation by students or for other work when needed. 
3. (a) In determining the competence of a faculty, consideration will be given 
to the kind and amount of education that the individual members have received, 
to their experience in educational and professional work, and to scholarship as 
evidenced by scientific or scholarly publications, membership in and contacts 
with professional and learned societies. 
(5) Teachers of professorial rank shall have completed at least 2 years of study 
in their respective fields of teaching in a recognized graduate school, or an equiva- 
lent amount of technical or professional training or experience. Heads of depart- 
ments and the dean shall have completed at least 3 years of such study or an 
equivalent amount of technical or professional training. In addition they shall 
have had successful teaching and administrative experience. 
(c) Teachers of the rank of instructor shall have completed at least 1 year of 
study in a recognized graduate school oi an equivalent amount of technical or 
professional training or experience. 
(d) Assistants shall have as a minimum the training represented by the 
bachelor’s degree. 
(e) At least one-half of the faculty teaching the professional and applied 
subjects shall have qualified as registered pharmacists. As a general rule, all 
teachers under the chair of pharmacy shall have qualified as registered pharma- 
cists. 44 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IX THE REGULAR ARMY 
V. Teaching load and size of classes.—1. As a general rule, teaching schedules 
must not exceed 16 hours per week per teacher, and the number of students in a 
class (exclusive of lectures) must not exceed 30. Not more than 2 clock-hours 
of laboratory work shall be taken as the equivalent of 1 clock-hour of didactic 
instruction. 
VI. Minimum admission requirements.—1. A college shall require for admis- 
sion the satisfactory completion of a 4-year couise of not less than 15 units in a 
secondary school approved by a recognized accrediting agency; or a qualifying 
certificate for college entrance issued by the State university, or State department 
■of education, or other State department authorized to issue such certificates. 
2. Students who are candidates for degrees shall not be admitted to courses 
leading to such degrees later than 3 weeks after the beginning of a session. 
3. A student desiring to transfer from one college to another shall be required 
to furnish a transcript of his lecord and, unless an exception is made, a certificate 
of honorable dismissal from the college he is leaving. Exceptions to the honor- 
able dismissal requirement should be rare and should be made only with the con- 
sent and upon the recommendation of the dean of the college from which the 
student is transfening. 
4. The entrance credentials or a certified copy thereof, of each student enrolled 
must be kept on file in the office of the college or in the general offices of the 
university, and be open to inspection by the council and its authorized repre- 
sentatives. 
5. Each year, before April 1, the college shall prepare a complete list of all 
students enrolled who have not been previously reported, including the names of 
those who have withdrawn prior to the compilation of the list and indicating the 
fact of their withdrawal. A brief statement of the entrance qualifications of 
each student shall be given. Such list shall be certified by the proper officer of 
the college or university, seal attached, and sent to the secretary of the council. 
VII. Admission to advanced standing.—1. Students transferring from a college 
of pharmacy accredited by the council may be admitted to advanced standing 
without examination and be given credit for that portion of the work of the first 
3 years of the pharmacy curriculum which they have completed. 
2. Students transferring from an accredited uonpharmacy college may be 
admitted to advanced standing without examination and be given credit for 
the work completed in the general cultural or foundational subjects of the phar- 
macy curriculum. 
3. No more than 1 year of credit in time shall be given to any student apply- 
ing for advanced standing from any institution other than a college of pharmacy, 
unless such credit shall be for graduate work in applied subjects done in a recog- 
nized graduate school or other accredited educational institution. 
4. In order that the training of the applicant for advanced standing may be 
the equivalent of that of the members of the class which he seeks to enter, he 
shall be required to take those courses, if any, which the class has completed but 
which he has not completed, and such courses shall be made prerequisites for the 
more advanced courses. 
6. An applicant for advanced standing shall not be given more favorable classi- 
fication than he would have received in the college from which he transfers. 
VIII. Curricidum and degrees.—1. (a) The pharmacy curriculum shall com- 
prise not less than 3,200 clock hours of instruction of which at least 1,300 hours 
shall consist of laboratory work. Such instruction shall be given within a period 
of not less than 4 full college years of at least 32 weeks each, exclusive of holidays 
and vacations, and shall be scheduled over a minimum of 5 days per week, in 
accordance with approved academic procedure. At least 2 months must elapse 
between each college year. 
(6) A college may, with the approval of the council, be permitted to shorten 
this time provided additional work is done in a regularly organized summer session 
in an approved institution and provided further that all the required hours and 
courses have been completed. 
2. The college shall include in its course of instruction oral lectures, recitations, 
and personal laboratory work. 
3. (a) In general, the latest edition of the Pharmaceutical Syllabus (see 4 under 
Definitions) and the Charters’ Report (see 5 under Definitions) shall be followed 
as guides in the organization of the pharmaceutical curriculum. 
(b) Approximately 60 percent of the total number of hours in the curriculum 
shall be devoted to professional and applied subjects and the remainder to subjects 
of a foundational or cultural nature. The professional and applied subjects shall CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IX THE REGULAR ARMY 
45 
include the pharmaceutical chemistries, all branches of pharmacy, and the closely 
allied scientific subjects such as pharmacognosy, pharmacology, drug analysis, 
and biological assaying. The natural and biological sciences, English, general 
economics, foreign languages, history, mathematics, psychology, etc., are classified 
as general, foundational, or cultural subjects. 
4. Instruction in all of the subjects offered for the baccalaureate degree must 
be of collegiate level. That given in the general collegiate subjects must be of 
such scope and grade as to merit acceptance for credit in an accredited nonpro- 
fessional educational institution and the admission of pharmacy graduates to 
standard graduate schools as candidates for advanced degrees in pharmacy or 
closely allied fields of science. 
5. A college may give credit for work done in absentia in extension courses for 
academic, nonprofessional subjects only, provided such work has been taken in 
a recognized college or university which is a member of the Association of American 
Universities, or in one which is recognized by a regional agency approved by the 
Association of American Universities, and the credits of which are accepted for 
the baccalaureate degree by the State department of education in the State in 
wdiich it is located. No undergraduate credit shall be given for work in pharmacy 
taken as an extension course, by correspondence or in any other way than in 
residence. 
6. (a) The degree of Bachelor of Science (B.S.) or Bachelor of Science in 
Pharmacy (B.S. in Phar.) and those degrees only, may be given for the completion 
of the 4-year course of not less than 3,200 hours. It is understood that these de- 
grees are awarded for work of collegiate standard. 
(6) The degrees of Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Science in Pharmacy 
(M.S. in Phar.), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), or Doctor of Science (D.Sc.), 
may be given for work done in course, provided the requirements of standard 
graduate schools are fully met. Graduate w'ork in pharmacy shall be interpreted 
as meaning work done after the completion of the requiremets for the Bachelor- 
of Science in Pharmacy degree. Graduate credit may not be given for under 
graduate courses in the subjects in which the candidate for a higher degree is doing 
his major work. 
(c) Before being awarded a degree, every candidate must be adjudged by the 
combined faculty as having made a satisfactory record in the courses offered for 
graduation and to be a person suitably equipped, morally and otherwise, for the 
profession he is about to enter. 
7. Each year within 30 days after spring commencement, the college shall send 
to the secretary of the council the names and addresses of all persons on whom 
degrees have been conferred during the year together with the degree awarded in 
each instance, including honorary degrees. 
IX. Attendance, promotion and graduation.—1. It is recognized that rules gov- 
erning attendance, promotion and graduation are usually developed from the in- 
dividual experience of the colleges, hence absolute uniformity in this regard is not 
to be expected. The council holds, however, that general uniformity is desirable, 
particularly with regard to the rules for promotion and graduation, so that a sound 
basis may be established for the prompt elimination from the colleges of those 
students who have intellectual, moral or other deficiencies which render them unfit 
for the practice of pharmacy. 
X. Equipment and teaching facilities.—1. The college shall possess or have un- 
restricted teaching privileges in classrooms and laboratories adequate in number 
and size to accommodate in a satisfactory way the classes or sections of classes 
of the size usual to the college. 
2. The classrooms shall be properly lighted, heated, and ventilated, and shall 
be furnished with the usual equipment necessary for lectures and recitation work. 
3. The laboratoiies shall be furnished and equipped for the particular purpose 
or purposes they are intended to serve, and there should be sufficient equipment 
and apparatus in each to permit students to work individually on all of the ex- 
perimental work of the courses taught therein. Taken altogether, there should 
be sufficient apparatus and equipment to properly carry on all of the experimental 
work of the scientific and professional courses announced in the annual catalog. 
Such apparatus and equipment should be replaced or increased as needed from 
annual appropriations made specifically therefor. 
4. (a) The college shall have a well selected library of not less than 2,500 vol- 
umes (standard reference books, textbooks, and periodicals) in addition to dupli- 
cates and public documents, bearing specifically upon the subjects taught. Ap- 
proximately 1,500 of these volumes should pertain specifically to the professional 
and applied subjects of the pharmaceutical cuniculum. 46 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
(b) The library shall be cataloged and should be administered by a profession- 
ally trained librarian. It should be housed in quarters adequate in size to provide 
a reading room large enough to accommodate at least 15 percent of the student 
body at one time, and be open to students not less than 7 hours per college day. 
(c) In institutions of which the college of pharmacy is an integral part, the 
general library of the institution will be considered as meeting this requirement, 
provided it contains the number and kind of books, periodicals, and other publi- 
cations set forth above. 
(.d) A sum adequate for the upkeep and growth of the library should be spent 
annually in addition to that expended for maintenance. 
XI. Extracurricular activities.—1. An important requirement for accreditation 
is that a college of pharmacy foster and supervise desirable extracurricular activi- 
ties. Membership in national and State associations for the advancement of 
pharmaceutical education, the organization of a student branch of the American 
Pharmaceutical Association or of the pharmaceutical association of the State in 
which the college is located, the exercise of supervision over fraternities, enter- 
tainments, athletics, etc., will be considered in determining whether the council’s 
requirement in this regard is being satisfactorily met. 
XII. General comment.—1. The educational policy of the administration, the 
thoroughness of scholarship, the presence of the scientific spirit, the soundness 
and inspiration of instruction, the quality of publicity indulged in, conservatism 
in awarding honorary degrees—indeed, the general tone of the institution, in- 
cluding students as well as faculty—are important items for which definite stand- 
ards can hardly be established, but to which the council will give consideration in 
ai riving at its final decision with respect to the acceptability of a college of phar- 
macy for accreditation. 
The Chairman. Doctor, your statement prompts me to ask you a 
few questions. 
The bill proposes to set up a separate corps in the United States 
Army known as the Pharmacist Corps. Now, the committee no 
doubt would like to know whether or not the services as presently 
handled in the armed forces is sufficient, and what it is, and also 
whether or not there are enough pharmacists in the country to not 
only furnish the services to the armed forces but to take care of civil- 
ian life at home while they are gone; what the situation will be there? 
Dr. Newton. In the interests of the accuracy of statistics, my field 
is particularly, as I mentioned, the field of education of these. Studies 
have been made of the very questions for which you wish answers, 
and I would like to refer you, if you wish, for accuracy, to the chair- 
man of this committee on which I am, Dr. Kendig, if that is satisfac- 
tory to you. 
The Chairman. Do you present a statement containing those 
figures? 
Dr. Newton. I do not, but Dr. Kendig does. 
The Chairman. All right, sir. Is there any intimation by the 
pharmacists’ organizations and the different associations which you 
represent that the Army is not giving adequate service and proper 
service in the handling of drugs and the dispensing of them in the 
military service? 
Dr. Newton. There again, Mr. Chairman, I think that that par- 
ticular phase of the subject will be brought out in prepared statements 
by other witnesses. 
The Chairman. All right, sir. Now, one other thing: I believe it 
was stated here by one of the witnesses that there were about eighty- 
thousand-some pharmacists. 
Dr. Kendig. 82,000. 
The Chairman. Registered pharmacists in the country. It is the 
idea of your group that if they are inducted as a special corps in the 
Army of the United States they will furnish professional educated CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN, THE REGULAR ARMY 
47 
service to the armed forces and relieve others who perhaps do not 
have that training. Is that the idea? 
Dr. Newton. I think so. 
The Chairman. Well, do you know whether or not the Army is 
actually using people in compounding and dispensing of drugs to sick 
people that are not qualified as pharmacists to do it? 
Dr. Newton. There again, that information I think, as a matter of 
record—I do not have the supporting evidence, but I am sure it will 
be brought out. 
The Chairman. Thank you very much. 
Mr. Johnson. In the large hospitals in the big cities, do they have a 
separate pharmaceutical department to handle these things that you 
want your corps to handle in the Army? 
Dr. Newton. Hospital pharmacy is an important phase in the 
practice of pharmacy. 
Mr. Johnson. Who is that headed by, a doctor or just a pharmacist? 
Dr. Newton. Do you mean in military hospitals? 
Mr. Johnson. No; I mean in civilian hospitals. 
Dr. Newton. In civilian hospitals, a pharmacist. They are usually 
members of the staff. 
Mr. Johnson. But they work under the direction of some doctor, 
do they? 
Dr. Newton. No; not insofar, you mean, as their authority. 
Mr. Johnson. What I want to know, is the thing you are asking 
for the Army to do the same thing they do in a well-managed large 
hospital? 
Dr. Newton. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Sparkman. Doctor, how many States require the college train- 
ing such as you have described in order to qualify for the practice of 
pharmacy? 
Dr. Newton. I think that 46 States do; that is my opinion. 
Mr. Sparkman. A good many of those are rather recent, aren’t 
they? 
Dr. Newton. I think not. 
Mr. Sparkman. Aren’t a great many of our practicing pharmacists 
today persons who have not had the 3-year college course? 
Dr. Newton. I couldn’t say the exact number. The situation is 
this, Congressman; As in all the professions, the older practitioners 
have not, of course, fulfilled the curriculum of the modern, newly- 
made practitioner. That is bound to be true. 
Mr. Sparkman. When I was home during the past fall I talked to 
a good many pharmacists and I was rather surprised to see relatively 
young men practicing pharmacy who had had no college training in 
pharmacy. It may be that my State is one of those. I think it does 
require it now. 
Dr. Newton. That may possibly be. 
Mr. Sparkman. Alabama, 
Dr. Newton. This is a matter of gradual development, and without 
doubt there are, as you say, but I don’t think that situation is general. 
Mr. Sparkman. Do you believe that if a corps is set up these 
persons who have been qualified as pharmacists in the past and have 
been admitted to the practice of pharmacy regularly under the laws 
of their respective States should be denied the privilege of serving in 
the corps? 48 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN, THE REGULAR ARMY 
Dr. Newton. If they are registered pharmacists I have no reason 
to express an opinion on that. 
Mr. Sparkman. Of course, under the bill as it is now drawn a 
person would not be eligible even though he should be a registered 
pharmacist unless he had the 3 years of college training, or 4—the 
required college training. 
Dr. Newton. May I state this, as I brought out in my testimony. 
This curriculum is a result of very careful study of the needs of the 
profession. It is not something put together haphazardly, and I 
think it is backed by objective evidence that such a curriculum pre- 
pares for this very definite service the modern practice of pharmacy. 
Mr. Sparkman. I agree with you in that, but I am just wondering 
if we should discriminate against regularly registered pharmacists who 
have become registered when the requirements were lower than they 
now are. 
That is all I have. 
The Chairman. Thank you very much. 
Mr. Sheridan. Dr. Newton, I think you stated that some States 
now require one year of supervised training after graduation from a 
recognized school before admission to licensing. 
Dr. Newton. Not necessarily after, but it may be concurrent or 
after. 
Mr. Sheridan. How many require it after? 
Dr. Newton. I will have to qualify my statement by saying I am 
not absolutely sure of the exact number, but at least one that I 
know of. 
Mr. Sheridan. Only one? 
Dr. Newton. I would not want to say that it is only one. 
Mr. Sheridan. How many require 1 year of supervised training 
before examination granting licensing or taking State board ex- 
amination? 
Dr. Newton. Nearly all of those. 
Mr. Sheridan. How many? 
Dr. Newton. We have 46 States. 
Mr. Sheridan. Would you say at least 40? 
Dr. Newton. I would say so. 
Mr. Sheridan. Are you sure of that? 
Dr. Newton. I haven’t the basic statistics, but that would be my 
opinion. 
Mr. Sheridan. How many States require a 4-year training as a 
prerequisite to taking the State board? 
Dr. Newton. I believe 46. 
Mr. Sheridan. You are not sure? 
Dr. Newton. On the matter of figures, and in the present situa- 
tion, I will state 46. 
Mr. Sheridan. Is there somebody here that can answer that? 
Dr. Newton. I think there is. 
Dr. Kendig. Forty-six. 
Mr. Sheridan. Forty-six require a 4-year term? 
Dr. Kendig. Yes. We will file statistics on that. 
Mr. Harness. What are the two states that don’t require 4 years? 
Dr. Kendig. Vermont is one, and Utah. 
The Chairman. Representative Harve Tibbott, Twenty-seventh 
Pennsylvania District. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
49 
STATEMENT BY THE HONORABLE HARVE TIBBOTT, MEMBER OF 
CONGRESS FROM PENNSYLVANIA 
Mr. Tibbott. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, it 
is my desire to give my wholehearted support to the Pharmacy Corps 
bill, H. R. 997, a bill to amend certain provisions of the National 
Defense Act of June 30, 1916, as amended, relating to the Medical 
Department of the Regular Army. 
(The following statement was submitted by Mr. Tibbott:) 
Statement of Hon. Harve Tibbott, Member of Congress, Twenty-Seventh 
District, Pennsylvania 
Mr. Chairman. Committee on Military Affairs, House of Representatives, it is 
my desire to give my wholehearted support to the Pharmacy Corps bill, H. R. 
997, a bill to amend certain provisions of the National Defense Act of June 3, 
1916 as amended, relating to the Medical Department of the Regular Array. 
The establishing of a Pharmacy corps in the Regular Army will place this pro- 
fession in a comparable status with medicine and dentistry and will insure safety 
in the dispensing and compounding of drugs for which only pharmacists are duly 
qualified. 
I believe you will agree with me that every enlisted soldier and every inductee, 
who is fighting for the preservation of our country and for its institutions, is at 
least entitled to the same protection of health as he is privileged to have in civilian 
life. The soldier is not afforded the proper protection today in the compounding 
and dispensing of medicines. It is a known fact that in some cases the Army 
permits drugs and medicines to be compounded by enlisted men who have never 
had any pharmaceutical training, but after a 90-day or less instruction course are 
performing pharmaceutical tasks. 
Under the impact of war necessity the tendency to resist change is being wel- 
comed in other branches of the armed service, but soldiers are still being given 
medi iies compounded by irexperienced 3-month trainees. This may have been 
considered sufficient preparation in former years, but the treatment of disease 
today requires the use of many compounds that onty those that can meet the high 
requirements of educational training and experience, should be entrusted with this 
responsibility. 
During the past 25 years education in pharmacy has been elevated from the 
standards of the trades to the standards of the professions and there has emerged 
a program of thorough training in basic arts and sciences. The knowledge of 
drugs and medicines including the new biologicals, have so increased in recent 
years that 4 years are now required to complete a course in an accredited college 
of pharmacy. Graduates are also required to serve some years of internship. 
Civilians are now protected against medication compounded by inadequately 
trained pharmacists. Why should not those in the armed forces be given the 
same protection? 
There are enough properly trained pharmacists in the service of our country 
today to insure the soldier the proper protection. We are indeed very proud of 
the great service rendered by the Medical Corps, the Dental Corps, the Nurses 
Corps, and the Veterinary Corps. By creating et pharmacy corps charged with 
the responsibility of the dispensing of medicines and biologicals to our armed 
forces, the modern treatment of diseases would be established instead of following 
a very ancient practice. 
Trained pharmacists are entitled to the proper utilization of their professional 
service in the military forces and when they are officer material they should re- 
ceive proper and dignified recognition. There are thousands of well-trained 
pharmacists in military and civilian life eager to devote their utmost, their 
special talents, and training that our fighting forces might be supplied with 
properly compounded drugs and medicines and give them the protection to which 
they are entitled. 
Mr. Tibbott (continuing). It is also my privilege, gentlemen, to 
present a resolution adopted by the Cambria-Somerset Retail Drug- 
gists Association of Johnstown, Pa., and I also herewith present it. 50 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
(The following resolution was submitted by Mr, Tibbott:) 
Cambria-Somerset 
Retail Druggists Association 
Johnstown, Pa. 
(Pharmaceutical Association) 
Resolution 
Whereas the Pharmacy Corps bill S. 216; H. R. 997 is now pending in Congress,, 
providing for the creation of a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army, to 
be organized under graduate pharmacists skilled and learned in the compounding 
and dispensing of drugs and medicines; and 
Whereas, in the treatment of disease and the care of the sick or injured, the 
services of skilled, reliable, and experienced graduate pharmacists, are essential 
and such services are second only to the services of skilled physicians and surgeons; 
and 
Whereas, it is the well-established public policy of the United States and of 
every State thereof to require all persons engaged in the compounding and dis- 
pensing of drugs and medicines to be graduate pharmacists; and 
Whereas the health, safety, and preservation of life to every member of the 
armed forces of the United States is of primary and paramount importance for 
the safety of the Nation; and 
Whereas members of the armed forces of the United States and especially those 
who are overseas at various fighting fronts are entitled to receive, and it is the 
policy and desire of the people of the United States to furnish to them, the best 
treatment and the most proficient services within the capacity of the people and 
especially the services of proficient and skillful graduate pharmacists to safeguard 
the health and lives of its fighting men; and 
Whereas the compounding and dispensing of drugs and medicines is essentially 
a professional service requiring great skill, intimate knowledge and experience 
with drugs and medicines; Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That the Cambria-Somerset Pharmaceutical Association unanimously 
endorse the Pharmacy Corps bill. S. 216; H. R. 997, and request the members of 
Congress to enact the same into law; and, be it further 
Resolved, That the Secretary prepare and transmit copies of Ibis resolution to 
the President and Vice President of the United States, to the Speaker of the 
House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, to each Senator 
or Member of the House of Rerpsentatives from Pensylvania in the Congress of 
the United States, and that the Senators and Representatives from Pennsylvania 
are hereby respectfully urged and requested to support the said Pharmacy 
Corps bill. 
(The Cambria-Somerset Retail Druggists Association adopted the following 
resolution at the regular monthly meeting held September 24, 1942, in Johnstown, 
Pa.:) 
To protect the health of the Nation, men and women who practice the profes- 
sion of pharmacy in civil life are required by law to have a high standard of 
education and training. 
It is hereby resolved by the Cambria-Somerset Entail Druggists Association 
that the same high standard should be observed in the ranks of the armed forces 
of the United States. It is understood by this association that after a short 
period of training, men from various walks of life are permitted to store, trans- 
port, compound, dispense, and otherwise handle potent drugs and medicinal 
preparations. It is only just and right that our fighters have the same protection 
as civilians. In order to safeguard the health and lives of the men in the armed 
forces, only men of training and experience should handle these potent drugs and 
medicinal preparations. 
It is also resolved by this group that only graduate pharmacists should be 
employed for these duties in the service, and it is respectfully requested that our 
representatives in Congress, support the Durham-Reynolds bill now before that 
body, which bill gives pharmacists proper recognition and creates a Pharmaceuti- 
cal Corps in the Army as a separate unit. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
51 
In civil life, pharmacists are required by law to have completed a 4-year course 
embracing applied, practical, and theoretical pharmacy; materia medica, botany, 
organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, pharmacognosy, bacteriology, and 
physiology. A 3-month period of training in the service therefore, could not 
possibly equip a man for this important work or safeguard the health and lives 
of our men in the service. 
James B. Hershberger, 
President. 
Grafton F. Porch, 
Secretary. 
The Chairman. Representative Ellis. 
STATEMENT BY THE HONORABLE HUBERT SUMMERS ELLIS, 
MEMBER OF CONGRESS FROM WEST VIRGINIA 
Mr. Ellis. Mr. Chairman, it would be more or less superfluous for 
me to dwell at any length on this bill, in view of the statements that 
have been made. I come here as one who served 2 years in the Army, 
20 months in France, and saw the Medical Corps in all of its phases, 
and as one who did Ins share of drug-store loafing in his early days, 
which has usually developed into a fine art in small towns. 
I was interested in a question of the chairman about whether or 
not the drug division was being adequately handled in the Army. It 
more than likely is if it is in the hands of druggists, and the same thing 
could be applied to the other divisions of the Medical Department, 
whether or not they are recognized as a Corps or otherwise, so long as 
the men are qualified that are serving. 
We have recognized the Medical Corps, the Dental Corps, Nurses, 
and Veterinarians. As has been stated here, these men are educated 
and training. My own State requires that they be a graduate of an 
accredited college, and it seems to me that these men should have 
deserved recognition, and it has been my experience that druggists 
are pretty good doctors. They render an excellent service when re- 
quired or called upon to do so, and it is my prayer that this com- 
mittee will see fit to act favorably upon this proposed legislation and 
give these men, these druggists, these pharmacists, deserved recog- 
nition. 
The Chairman. Representative Ellis. ' 
The Chairman. You represent the State of West Virginia? 
Mr. Ellis. Yes, sir. 
The Chairman. From Huntington? 
Mr. Ellis. From Huntington; yes, sir. 
The Chairman. Dr. Robert L. Swain. 
STATEMENT OF DR. ROBERT L. SWAIN, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, 
BOARDS OF PHARMACY 
Dr. Swain. Mr, Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, I 
speak in behalf of the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, 
and I would like to state that efforts have been made on the part of 
the States, going back even into colonial days, to regulate and super- 
vise in the public interest the qualifications of those engaged in the 
distribution of drugs and medicines. 
At the present time there are pharmacy laws on the statute books 
of each of the 48 States, and they are designed, of course, to surround 
the distribution of drugs and medicines and the practice of pharmacy 52 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IK THE REGULAR ARMY 
with those safeguards which the legislatures have thought necessary 
in matters of this kind, and while it would be possible to select points 
of difference in these various State acts they are more distinguished, 
however, by their uniformity so far as basic principles and objectives 
are concerned. In every State a board of pharmacy is provided, the 
members of which are appointed by the Governor of that State. The 
board has been given ample authority, either under the statute or 
through regulatory powers, to make effective the legislative intent. 
These boards exercise both administrative and enforcement 
authority. They conduct examinations for admission to the profes- 
sion and they cooperate very closely with pharmaceutical educators 
in an effort to provide and maintain adequate educational standards. 
With the exception of one or two States—I think it is two—gradua- 
tion from a college of pharmacy of requisite standing is prerequisite 
to examination and registration. 
While in the majority of States enforcement of the State Pharmacy 
Act is vested in the board of pharmacy, in many instances the adminis- 
tration and application of pharmacy laws is carried on by the State 
departments of health. I might say that the tendency seems to be 
in this direction, the theory being that inasmuch as drugs and medi- 
cines play so vital a part in public health, all matters dealing with 
their public regulation should be incorporated within the public health 
program of the State. 
Under all pharmacy laws the compounding of physicians’ prescrip- 
tions, the sale of poisons, and the distribution of narcotics is rigidly 
limited to registered pharmacists. In many States the sale of all 
potent drug products and exempt narcotics is similarly restricted, and 
I think it quite apt to state that there seems to be a rather definite 
trend for more rigid laws in this direction. 
Recognizing the great necessity of having pharmaceutical practice 
conform to high professional standards, several State legislatures, 
notably Maryland, Virginia, North Dakota, New York, New Jersey, 
New Hampshire, and others, have enacted laws directing the State 
Board of Pharmacy to designate the minimum of technical and pro- 
fessional equipment which all drug stores in the State must have on 
hand at all times. 
Wliile ordinarily it would be assumed that the pharmacist’s own 
sense of professional responsibility would induce him to have all the 
necessary utensils for the practice of his profession, the State legis- 
latures have looked upon the subject as of such importance as to 
require the possession of all necessary equipment as a matter of State 
law. I refer to this as another indication of the solicitude of* legis- 
lative bodies for the public welfare in all matters involving pharma- 
ceutical practice. 
Another evidence of the importance from which State legislatures 
have viewed the subject is found in the fact that in many of the States, 
among those which are listed below, no pharmacy may be operated 
or conducted except under permit issued by the board of pharmacy. 
In virtually every State in which such a provision is provided the 
board is granted certain discretionary powers and is required to issue a 
permit only wdien evidence satisfactory to it that the pharmacy will be 
operated in such a manner as to protect and safeguard the public 
health is received. I list here, Air. Chairman, and gentlemen of the 
committee, the 28 States in which that provision is in effect. CREiATE A PHARMACY CORPS IX THE REGULAR ARMY 
53 
In every State it is specifically provided that the pharmacy shall be 
at all times under the immediate personal supervision of a registered 
pharmacist. This requirement of the State laws is expressive of the 
legislature’s solicitude for the public’s safety, and is evidence that the 
practice of pharmacy and all questions associated with the total distri- 
bution of drugs and medicines are of such a character as to demand 
professional supervision at all times. 
In order to render more effective the enforcement of pharmacy 
laws, the pharmacy law in 42 States requires the annual re-registration 
of pharmacists. Such a procedure has resulted in better pharmacy 
law observance and is now in effect in virtually all of the States. 
A recent trend in pharmaceutical legislation is manifested in the 
so-called barbituric acid laws, and the distribution of these com- 
pounds is restricted to physicians’ prescriptions or limited to a pharma- 
cist himself in the following States, and I list here, Mr. Chairman, the 
29 States in which that legislation is in effect. 
In every State, legislation has been enacted which limits to pharma- 
cists the retail distribution of poisons. Under these laws the poisons 
enumerated in the act, and necessarily embraced within the word 
“poison” itself may not be sold or distributed to the public except by 
registered pharmacists, and even then not until he has satisfied him- 
self that the poison is to be used for legitimate purposes and that the 
purchaser is aware of the dangerous nature of the substance. 
Under these laws, the responsibility for distributing poisons in a 
manner safe to the public has been entrusted to the pharmaceutical 
profession, as a pharmacist’s scientific training and professional 
knowledge are essential to the public welfare when commodities of 
this kind are sought to be purchased by the public. 
In this brief statement no attempt has been made to give an ex- 
haustive analysis of the State pharmacy acts but rather to show that 
in all the 48 States laws have been passed in recognition of the public 
significance of drugs and medicines and the practice of pharmacy. 
By way of summary, it may be said that each of the 48 States has 
prescribed the educational qualifications of pharmacists, have set up 
boards of pharmacy to determine the professional competency of all 
seeking to enter upon the practice of pharmacy, have demanded that 
physicians’ prescriptions may be compounded by only a registered 
pharmacist, have limited the distribution of poisons, potent drugs and 
narcotics to pharmacists, and have provided that no drug store may 
be kept open to the public except under the personal and immediate 
supervision of a registered pharmacist. 
Now, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, if such safe- 
guards have been found necessary for the protection of the civilian 
population, certainly no lesser degree of protection should be afforded 
to millions of men now in our armed forces. 
The enactment of the Pharmacy Corps bill, as would be done under 
H. R. 997, would provide the machinery which would make pharma- 
ceutical practice in the Army conform to the professional standards 
now in effect in the several States. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
(The following statement was submitted by Dr. Swain:) 
Legal Safeguards Surrounding the Practice of Pharmacy in the Several 
States 
(Paper presented by Dr. Robert L. Swain at the hearing of the Pharmacy Corps 
bill, held by the House Military Affairs Committee on Tuesday, March 2, 1943, 
in Washington, D. C.; presented on behalf of the National Association of Boards 
of Pharmacy.) 
Drugs and medicines have always been looked upon as of special concern to the 
public welfare, and from early colonial days attempts were made at regulating 
their manufacture, sale, and distribution in the public interest. Statutes to this 
effect were in force during colonial days, and promptly after the Revolution State 
laws were enacted which were the forerunners of present-day legislation. 
However, our present system of pharmacy laws first began to take definite shape 
in 1870, and within a relatively short period thereafter every State had passed 
laws under which the practice of pharmacy and the distribution of drugs and 
medicines were regulated. 
Of course, these laws have been revised, amended, and brought up to date with 
the result that today adequate legal safeguards have been set up in each of the 
48 States to protect the public welfare in all matters involving drugs and medi- 
cines, and the practice of pharmaceutical art. 
While it would be possible to select points of difference in these various State 
acts, they are more distinguished, however, by their uniformity so far as basic 
principles and objectives are concerned. In every State a board of pharmacy 
is provided, the members of which are appointed by the Governor. The board 
is given ample authority either under the statute or through its regulatory powers 
to make effective the legislative intent. These boards exercise both administra- 
tive and enforcement authority. They conduct examinations for admission to 
the profession, and cooperate very closely with pharmaceutical educators in the 
State to provide and maintain adequate educational standards. 
With the exception of one or two States, graduation from a college of pharmacy 
of recognized standing is prerequisite to registration. 
Other speakers will discuss the present status of education, but my only purpose 
in referring to it here is to emphasize the point that the State legislatures have 
seen fit to require college of pharmacy graduation for all persons seeking to enter 
the practice of pharmacy within their borders. 
While in the majority of States enforcement of the State Pharmacy Act is vested 
in the board of pharmacy, in many instances the administration and application 
of pharmacy laws is carried on by the State departments of health. I might say 
that the tendency seem? to be in this latter direction, the theory being that inas- 
much as drugs and medicines play so vital a place in public health that all matters 
dealing with their public regulation should be incorporated within the public- 
health program of the State. 
Under all pharmacy laws, the compounding of physicians’ prescriptions, the 
sale of poisons and the distribution of narcotics is rigidly limited to registered 
pharmacists. In the many States, the sale of all potent drug products and 
exempt narcotics is similarly restricted, and I think it quite accurate to state that 
there seems to be a rather definite trend in this direction. 
Recognizing the great necessity of having pharmaceutical practice conform to 
high professional levels, several State legislatures, notably, Maryland, Virginia, 
North Dakota, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, and others, have en- 
acted laws directing the State board of pharmacy to designate a minimum list of 
technical and professional equipment and apparatus which all drug stores in the 
State must have on hand at all times. 
While ordinarily it would be assumed that the pharmacist’s own sense of pro- 
fessional responsibility would induce him to have all the necessary utensils for 
the practice of his profession, the State legislatures have looked upon the subject 
as of such importance as to require the possession of all necessary equipment as a 
matter of State law. 
Another evidence of the importance with which State legislatures have viewed 
the subject is found in the fact that in many of the States, among which are those 
listed below, no pharmacy may be operated or conducted except under permits 
issued by the board of pharmacy. In virtually every State in which such a CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
55 
legal provision is in effect, the board is granted certain discretionary powers, and 
is required to issue the permit only upon evidence satisfactory to it that the store 
will be operated in such a manner as to protect and safeguard the public welfare. 
Alabama. 
Arizona. 
Arkansas. 
California. 
Colorado. 
Connecticut. 
Delaware. 
District of Columbia. 
Florida. 
Indiana. 
Kansas. 
Kentucky. 
Maryland. 
Massachusetts. 
Minnesota. 
Mississippi. 
Montana. 
New Hampshire. 
New Jersey. 
New York. 
Oregon. 
Pennsylvania. 
South Dakota. 
Texas. 
Vermont. 
Virginia. 
West Virginia. 
Wisconsin. 
In every State it is specifically provided that the pharmacy should be at all 
times under the immediate and personal supervision of a registered pharmacist. 
This requirement of the State laws is expressive of the legislature’s solicitude for 
the public’s safety, and is evidence that the practice of pharmacy and all ques- 
tions associated with the total distribution of drugs and medicines are of such a 
character as to demand professional supervision at all times. 
In order to render more effective the enforcement of pharmacy laws the pharm- 
acy law in 42 States requires the annual reregistration of pharmacists. Such a 
procedure has resulted in better pharmacy-law observance, and is now in effect 
in virtually all of the States. 
A recent trend in pharmaceutical legislation is manifested in the so-called 
barbituric-acid laws, and the distribution of these compounds is restricted to 
physicians’ prescriptions or limited to drug stores in the following States: 
Alabama. 
Arkansas. 
California. 
Colorado. 
Connecticut. 
Delaware. 
Florida. 
Georgia. 
Kansas. 
Maine. 
Maryland. 
Minnesota. 
Mississippi. 
Nebraska. 
Nevada. 
New Hampshire. 
New Jersey. 
New York. 
North Carolina. 
Oklahoma. 
Oregon. 
Pennsylvania. 
Rhode Island. 
South Carolina. 
rp 
lennessee. 
Vermont. 
Virginia. 
Washington. 
West Virginia. 
In every State legislation has been enacted which limits to pharmacists the 
retail distribution of poisons. Under these laws, the poisons enumerated in the 
act, and necessarily embraced within the definition of the word “poison” may 
not be sold except by the registered pharmacist, and even then, not until he has 
satisfied himself that the poison is to be used for legitimate purposes, and that 
the purchaser is aware of the dangerous nature of the substance. 
Under these laws the responsibility for distributing poisons in a manner safe 
to the public has been entrusted to the pharmaceutical profession, as the pharma- 
cist’s scientific training and professional knowledge are essential to the public 
welfare when commodities of this kind are sought to be purchased by the public. 
In this brief statement no attempt has been made to give an exhaustive analysis 
of the State pharmacy acts, but rather to show that in all the 48 States, laws have 
been passed in recognition of the public significance of drugs and medicines and 
the practice of pharmacy. 
By way of summary it may be said that the States have prescribed the educa- 
tional qualifications of pharmacists, have set up boards of pharmacy to deter- 
mine the professional competency of all seeking to enter upon the practice of 
pharmacy, have demanded that physicians’ prescriptions may be compounded 
only by registered pharmacists, have limited the distribution of poisons, potent 
drugs, and narcotics to pharmacists, and have provided that no drug store may 
be kept open to the public except in the personal, immediate care of the pharma- 
cist. 
If such safeguards have been found necessary for the protection of the civilian 
population, certainly no lesser degrees of protection should be afforded the millions 
of men now in our armed forces. 
The enactment of the Pharmacy Corps bill would provide the machinery which 
wTould make pharmaceutical practice in the Army conform to the professional 
standards now in effect in the several States. 56 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN, THE REGULAR ARMY 
Mr. Thomason. Doctor, did you read the testimony of Brigadier 
General McAfee, assistant to the Surgeon General, in the hearings of 
last November? 
Dr. Swain. Only in part. 
Mr. Thomason. I invite you to read that statement, as I assume 
it gives the viewpoint of the War Department. I think some of my 
questions would indicate at least a friendly interest in this bill, because 
I thought perhaps there had been some discrimination against your 
profession. I would now like to read from a sentence in the official 
report of the Secretary of War, which came back to this committee 
on this new bill, bearing date of February 9, in which the Secretary of 
War said this [reading]: 
For the 1943 troop increment approximately 6,000 pharmacy technicians will 
be required. It is felt that in this respect pharmacy as a profession is in a more 
favorable position than any other technical and professional groups in their 
relation to the emergency. Further, the pharmacist, like all other selectees, is 
eligible to qualify for a commission on a competitive basis through an officer- 
candidate school, but should do so in the knowledge that if commissioned in the 
Medical Administrative Corps his qualifications in the science of pharmacy will 
not determine his assignment, but will be used concurrently while discharging 
those administrative and military duties that must be performed by an officer. 
Of the 4,552 pharmacists now in the service, 497 will have received commissions 
by the end of January 1943. 
Now, what is your reaction and your comment about that statement? 
Dr. Swain. Well, the statement, Mr. Congressman, would require 
reply at length. The words “pharmacy technicians”—there are 
others in the room who probably should discuss this, but so long as I 
am on my feet I will give you my view of it. 
The pharmacy technician, and you gentlemen will have to make the 
distinction, is not what we are talking about. In addition to that, 
and quite aside from what these pharmacists can give in the way of 
pharmaceutical service, these pharmacy technicians now have come 
into the service with 90 days of training. Now, let me emphasize 
this: In civil life no man may enter the practice of pharmacy until 
after he has had 4 years of university training in the various basic 
and applied sciences upon which public health depends. These 
pharmacy technicians have had 90 days, if you gentlemen please, of 
training. 
Mr. Thomason. But after all, Doctor, the heart of this bill, as I 
understand it, is that you haven’t been treated exactly fair, or that 
you have been discriminated against in that the members of your 
profession do not have the same opportunities to obtain commissions 
as others in the professional group. Now then, the Secretary of War 
says that you do have the same opportunity, and probably are in a 
more favorable position than most, and that in addition to that, 497 
members of your profession will get commissions this year, so that 
draws the issue pretty sharply, and I think that we had just as well 
meet it. 
Dr. Swain. I think so far as the pharmacy profession is concerned, 
Mr. Congressman, the granting of commissions is of secondary 
importance. Of course we feel that if we do render this type of 
professional service, which is, after all, based on whatever we know, 
that work should be recognized as a profession of commission grade. 
We are asking you to place pharmaceutical service in the United 
States Army on a safe, reliable basis, and we contend that condition 
does not exist today. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN' THE REGULAR ARMY 
57 
The Chairman. In other words, what you mean is that there are 
many dangerous poisons administered in the Army and it ought to 
be administered by somebody who knows what it is and the danger 
of it. 
Dr. Swain. Let me make you this statement, and I can’t give you 
the proof but others can*. We have every reason to believe that there 
are men engaged in the United States Army today who are passing 
out drugs and medicines to soldiers without the slightest educational 
qualification for that job, and that is what we want to break up. 
The commissions, as the Congressman said, are involved, but it is 
secondary. We think the man who dons the uniform is entitled to 
every protection so far as public health is concerned that he has in 
civil life. 
Mr. Durham, This bill applies only to the United States Army, 
not to the Army of the United States, as you can get from reading 
the report there. He is talking about the Army of the United States. 
Mr. Elston. In other words, this is permanent legislation. 
Mr. Durham. Permanent legislation. 
Mr. Thomason. I think that opens up a new field that requires a 
little explanation. 
Mr. Durham. If the gentleman will read section 10 of the National 
Defense Act 
Mr. Thomas. I would like to ask the gentleman a question. 
Doesn’t the gentleman think that if it does apply to the United States 
Army that it should likewise apply to the Army of the United States 
in time of war? 
Mr. Durham. In time of war it does. 
Mr. Sparkman. Anything that applies to the United States Army 
would apply to the Army of the United States in time of war. 
Will the gentleman yield to me on that? 
Mr. Thomason. I yield the floor. 
Mr. Sparkman, Mr. Thomason brought out something there in the 
statement of General McAfee with reference to the opportunity given 
pharmacists to go through the Officers’ Candidate School. Now, as a 
matter of fact, doctors, are not required to go through the Officers’ 
Candidate School, are they? 
Dr. Swain. No, sir. 
Mr. Sparkman. Lawyers commissioned in the J. G. are not re- 
quired? 
Dr. Swain. No. 
Mr. Sparkman. Veterinarians are not and dentists are not, and 
your plea is that pharmacists should be recognized along with these 
other professional lines. 
Dr. Swain. And yet I think we can say this, Mr. Congressman. 
We are willing to assume any burden that the Army might place upon 
us which would make us better officer material at the same time, but 
make us betterjqualified to render the service which we want to render. 
Mr. Sparkman. If you are put in you want to be recognized as a 
professionally trained group of men. As a matter of fact any person, 
without any special training in any special line, could be commissioned 
in an Officers’ Candidate School, but you want to be used to handle 
drugs, the thing in which you are trained. 
Dr. Swain. Just to be sure they are handled safely. 
Mr. Sparkman. Yes. 58 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
Mr. Elston. While I am fully in sympathy with the idea that the 
men in the service should have the best possible service, wouldn’t it 
be possible, now, to commission a pharmacist directly from civil life, 
the same as they do a lawyer or a doctor or a dentist? 
Mr. Durham. No; it would not. 
Mr. Sparkman. They don’t do it. 
Mr. Elston. They don’t, but they could do it. 
The Chairman. They can, but they are not. 
Mr. Elston. Would this bill compel them to do it? This bill only 
provides for permanent legislation. It provides for the commissioning 
of pharmacists in the United States Army. 
Mr. Durham. Only 72. 
Mr. Elston. Up to 72. Since there is that limitation, only up to 
72. How is that going to provide for the hundreds and hundreds of 
pharmacists that are needed in the Army at the present time? 
Dr. Swain, Well, Mr. Congressman, I think here is what we are 
concerned about. We want you to look upon pharmacy as one of the 
medical specialties, but as one of the medical specialties for which 4 
years of university training is required. Now, it is a specialized func- 
tion. It cannot, with all due regard to the opinion of those who con- 
tend to the contrary, if you will look into it you will find a man is not 
competent to meet all the various questions which arise in the com- 
pounding and dispensing of drugs and medicine unless he has university 
training. Forty-eight States afford all the evidence you need on that 
score. What we are asking is that you recognize this as one of the 
medical specialties for which highly specialized training is required, 
set up this Pharmacy Corps, give us the responsibility of seeing to it 
that the proper drugs and medicine are purchased, that they are dis- 
tributed adequately where they are needed, and that they are dispensed 
to the patient by people who know what they are doing. That is all 
we are asking. 
Mr. Elston. I understand that, all right, but the point I am making 
is this: You don’t have to have this legislation to get pharmacists into 
the Army today and to commission them directly from civil life. 
Dr. Swain. No; but you do have to have this legislation to set up 
this special corps to perform these functions. 
Mr. Elston. After the war? You don’t need it during the war. 
The Chairman. I think maybe I can help the witness out by sug- 
gesting that it is possible that if a corps is set up in the Army, that 
corps can then expand and build as they need it, just like the Medical 
Corps has expanded. 
Dr. Swain. Certainly. 
The Chairman. They start out with 72. Now, if there is any- 
body on this committee that doesn’t know, he ought to find out that 
the War Department is largely influenced in the direction of their 
medical men by the American Medical Association. 
Mr. Elston. They couldn’t expand beyond 72, Mr. Chairman, 
unless they came to this committee and asked for additional legislation. 
The Chairman. I know, but if they set up this corps and prove they 
are an effective, live organization, they can expand. 
Mr. Thomas. Do you think a corps of 72 can prove very much? 
The Chairman. Yes. I can take the 72 
Mr. Thomas. I am in favor of taking the 72 out or in having a 
much larger number. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
59 
The Chairman. That is neither here nor there. 
Mr. Elston. I am not opposed to the bill. As a matter of fact, 
I am inclined to favor it, but the point I am making, I don't see why 
the passage of this bill will help particularly during this to 
obtain competent pharmacists for our armed forces. 
Dr. Swain. I don’t know; so far as getting them into the service is 
concerned, I am not going to contend with you on that. But you 
have to correct a situation that obtains under the existing order in the 
Army, and we know that is not satisfactory. We know it isn’t 
satisfactory. I think we can assure you gentlemen it isn’t satisfactory. 
Now, then, it seems to me your question is answered by that fact. 
If unsatisfactory conditions prevail under the existing system, then 
the matter of whether or not a pharmacist is inducted into the service, 
whether he can be inducted or not, has no bearing. What is happen- 
ing, a great many of these pharmacists are brought into the service 
and are not assigned to pharmaceutical duties. We find them doing 
everything except what they are qualified to do. If this corps was in 
existence, this corps would know where these men were and would 
assign pharmacists to pharmaceutical duties. You are just as liable 
to find them in the kitchen, in the livery stable, or what not. They 
are not all doing pharmaceutical work. 
This whole pharmaceutical picture needs to be studied, resurveyed, 
and put in the hands of people who know how to utilize their services. 
Mr. Sparkman. Will the gentlemen yield to me? I think I can 
answer the gentleman’s question. 
If this corps is set up as a part of the United States Army, it becomes 
permanent legislation. Then Public 139 of the Seventy-seventh 
Congress would have effect on it during wartime, and would remove 
any limitation during a time we are at war, because the effect of that 
law was to remove limitations on officer and enlisted personnel of 
any of the branches of the Army. 
Mr. Harness. Will the gentleman yield to me? 
If this bill is enacted, it limits the officer personnel to 72, but does 
it limit the number of men in the corps who may be noncommissioned 
officers and have the same training? 
Dr. Swain. I don’t think it does. 
Mr. Harness. Is that true, do you think, under the proposed legis- 
lation? 
Dr. Swain. I think these 72 men, presumably, would be commis- 
sioned officers, and certainly they would be in position to utilize the 
noncommissioned pharmacists for pharmaceutical duties. 
Mr. Harness. It isn’t the purpose of this legislation to commission 
as officers every single man who is a registered pharmacist? 
Dr. Swain. At the present time the limitation is 72. 
Mr. Harness. I was interested in the observation the gentleman 
from Alabama made about Public 139. That would permit them to 
expand the officer personnel to any limit. 
Mr. Sparkman. That is true with any branch of the service today. 
There are no limitations on any branches of the Army today. 
Mr. Harness. Then is it the theory or idea of your association that 
every man who has the qualified education and background as a 
pharmacist shall be commissioned? 
Dr. Swain. No. The bill as now written limits it to 72 men. 60 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
Mr. Harness. Then the Pharmacist Corps that is proposed in this 
bill would consist of not only commissioned officers but of enlisted and 
non-commissioned-officer personnel? 
Dr. Swain. As I understand it, it would consist of these 72 men and 
as many other pharmacists of noncommissioned grade necessary to 
render adequate pharmaceutical conditions. 
Mr. Elston. But you would expect the pharmacist, if this bill was 
passed, to be commissioned the same as a doctor is commissioned. 
Dr. Swain. I don’t think so. We would expect him to be assigned 
to pharmaceutical duties just so long as there is need for a pharmacist. 
Mr. Elston. Of course, they could do that now. 
Dr. Swain. They could, but they don’t. 
Mr. Elston. I have no more questions. 
The Chairman. Thank you very much, Doctor. 
Mr. Johnson. I want to ask a question along the line you com- 
mented on, Mr. Chairman. Has the American Medical Association 
taken any view on this, any stand on this bill? 
Dr. Swain. So far as I know, they have not. 
The Chairman. You may have misunderstood my remark. I said 
they were largely considered by the Surgeon General as a proper 
source, is what 1 meant to say. 
Mr. Johnson. I understand the Surgeon General opposed the bill. 
The Chairman. Oh, yes. The Surgeon General wrote this report, 
of course, for the Secretary of War. 
Mr. Johnson. I wonder if the American Medical Association has 
taken any formal action. 
Dr. Swain. If so, I know nothing about it. 
Mr. Fenton. Doctor, then the main thought of this legislation 
would be, the Pharmacy Corps would take its rightful place in the 
Surgeon General’s office, so that they could be considered in directing 
the policies of the Pharmacy Corps as administered by the Surgeon 
General. In other words, in all problems relating to pharmacy they 
would sit on the staff of the Surgeon General and help formulate the 
policy regarding drugs administered in the United States Army, 
Dr. Swain. I think there is no doubt at all but what it would have 
that effect. 
Mr. Fenton. You think, then, that they should be recognized the 
same as doctors, nurses, veterinarians, and so forth, on the Surgeon 
General’s staff? 
Dr. Swain. Based on the nature of that work and their qualifica- 
tions for that work, yes, sir. 
Mr. Fenton. And as that progressed the personnel of the Pharmacy 
Corps would gradually be advanced. 
Dr. Swain. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Harness. This applies only to the Army, of course. But what 
is the situation in the Navy? They have what are known as pharma- 
cist’s mates. 
Dr. Swain. Yes. I don’t feel competent to discuss the naval 
situation with you, except to say this, that by and large the phar- 
maceutical service in the Navy is handled on a much more satisfactory 
scale. It is much more satisfactory from all poihts of view. It is not CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
61 
entirely satisfactory, but it is levels and le vels above that in the Army 
at the present time. 
Mr. Harness. Some of your members, pharmacists, have been 
taken into the Navy from civilian life as pharmacist’s mates. 
Dr. Swain. Yes. 
Mr. Harness. Haven’t they? 
Dr. Swain. Yes. 
Mr. Harness. Have they commissioned any of them in the Navy? 
Dr. Swain.' Dr. Kelly, secretary of the American Pharmaceutical 
Association, is better qualified to discuss that phase. 
Mr. Harness. Could you answer that question? Have they com- 
missioned any of these men in the Navy? Does the Navy commission 
pharmacists? 
TESTIMONY OF DR. E. F. KELLY, SECRETARY, AMERICAN 
PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION 
Dr. Kelly. Some of them are commissioned, yes, for the duration. 
There is no permanent arrangement for commissioning in the Navy 
at this time. 
Mr. Harness. Do they have such an arrangement in the Navy as 
this bill proposes for the Army? 
Dr. Kelly. No, sir. 
Mr. Merritt. Are they commissioned as pharmacists? 
Dr. Kelly. They are given the rank of ensign, lieutenant (junior 
grade), and full lieutenant; no distinction as pharmacist. 
Mr. Sparkman. Are they commissioned in the Medical Corps of the 
Navy? 
Dr. Kelly. They are commissioned and assigned to the Hospital 
Corps. 
The Chairman. Merely commissioned and assigned to the Hospital 
Corps for the duration. 
Mr. Durham. While Dr. Kelly was on the stand I wanted to ask 
him one question. Dr. Kelly, the question I wanted you to answer 
is this: There has been some misunderstanding, I think, with regard 
to what would happen to the Medical Administrative Corps under 
this bill. I wish you would explain that to the committee, if you 
care to. 
Dr. Kelly. Mr. Chairman, following the last war the Medical 
Administrative Corps was organized in the Army to provide an oppor- 
tunity for commissioning men who had served in the Army in different 
capacities, particularly as administrative officers. In 1936, on the 
initiative of the Medical Department, this bill was modified to require 
that only pharmacists could be commissioned in it from that time on, 
and the number was limited to 16 at that time, because that was the 
only number of vacancies available. Later, in 1939, the Medical 
Administrative Corps was reduced to that number of officers; that is, 
16 who were pharmacists only, and this bill simply provides that the 
name of that corps be changed to the Pharmacy Corps, and the num- 
ber increased to 72. 62 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN’, THE REGULAR ARMY 
The Chairman. From 16 to 72? 
Mr. Kelly. Yes; from 16 to 72. 
Now, I think it would follow that if this corps were enacted, then 
pharmacists could be commissioned, if it were desired to commission 
them and they were needed in that capacity, in the Army of the United 
States for the duration, as is being done now, the Surgeon General said, 
but you will have to remember that those men the Surgeon General 
referred to as being commissioned, or the Secretary of War, are only 
commissioned for the duration. 
The Chairman. Thank you very much. 
Dr. Kelly, This provision is to have a permanent organization to 
administer the pharmaceutical service in time of peace, and to be 
expanded in accordance with the terms of the act that Mr. Sparkman 
referred to, in time of war. That would not necessarily mean that 
every pharmacist would bo commissioned, but that number that would 
be required for effective service for the duration. 
The Chairman. Representative Kunkel, of Pennsylvania. 
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE JOHN C. KUNKEL, MEMBER 
OF CONGRESS FROM PENNSYLVANIA 
Mr. Kunkel. Mr. Chairman, I am very much in favor of this bill 
but I would like, with the permission of the committee, to submit a 
statement containing a suggested amendment designed to prevent the 
Medical Administrative officers from being required to take a pharma- 
ceutical examination. I have discussed the matter with Mr. Durham, 
the author of the bill, and I would like that permission. 
Mr. Harness. I didn’t quite get that proposed amendment. 
Mr. Kunkel. As the bill is written, I understand it is not the 
purpose to make a Medical Administrative officer, who performs non- 
pharmaceutical duties, take a pharmaceutical examination, but it does 
not seem to me that the bill is clear on that point, and a number of the 
Medical Administrative officers are somewhat doubtful as to whether 
or not it is necessary. My amendment is purely to clarify that point 
and insure that the Medical Administrative officers will not be re- 
quired to take such an examination. 
I have studied the bill quite extensively, and while I don’t propose to 
urge my opinion on you men who know a lot more about it than I do, 
I am strongly in favor of the Pharmacy Corps bill, but I do want to 
protect the Medical Administrative men who do the outside work. 
The Chairman. All right. Do you have a written statement? 
Mr. Kunkel. I haven’t it with me. I will prepare it and bring it 
in. 
The Chairman. Thank you very much. 
We have two more witnesses, Mr, Rowland Jones, Jr., National 
Association of Retail Druggists, and Maj. Arthur H. Einbeck, Officers’ 
Reserve Corps, United States Army. 
Do you gentlemen have statements? CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
63 
STATEMENT BY MAJ. ARTHUR H. EINBECK, OFFICERS’ RESERVE 
CORPS, UNITED STATES ARMY 
Major Einbeck. Yes, sir; I have a statement, sir, and I will be 
glad to file it with the committee. 
(The following statement was submitted by Major Einbeck:) 
Statement of Arthur H. Einbeck, Ph. G., Major, Inactive Reserve 
(Sanitary Corps, Army of the United States), President, Hudson County 
Retail Druggist Association; Chairman, Pharmacy Corps Legislation 
Committee, New Jersey Pharmaceutical Association 
A PHARMACY CORPS FOR THE ARMY 
As a member of the profession of pharmacy for over a quarter of a century— 
an officer in the Organized Reserve and an enlisted man in the Army for a similar 
period, I feel that I am qualified to give some testimony as to why it would be for 
the public interest, that there should be a pharmacy corps in the Army of the 
United States and in the Regular Army as well. 
I base my contention upon several very important points; morale of the service, 
the ability of the pharmacist as applied to the military service, and his potential- 
ities as an officer. 
First the question of morale: In civil life the physician, pharmacist, dentist, 
veterinarian, and nurse, work together as a team in the interest of public health 
on an equal professional status. They respect each other’s specific duties and 
consult with each other on equal professional footing. The profession of phar- 
macy due to increase in educational standards in the past two decades has created 
this elevation of status. In the Army we also find these professions working 
working as a team, but we find the status of the pharmacist, functioning as a 
pharmacist, reduced to that of a noncommissioned officer. He is no longer on an 
equal professional basis—he has lost caste. This is not only detrimental to his 
own self respect but limits his contribution to good teamwork, since he is not on a 
collaborating professional basis. Public health is a continuous program, whether 
we are at war or not, and the transition from peace to war is best served when the 
relationship of these vital professions is least disturbed. This is bound to be re- 
flected somewhat in the medical service in the Army, since the pharmacist’s 
superior knowledge of dispensing, compounding, laboratory procedure, medical 
supplies, the procurement and maintenance thereof give him an educational and 
experience right to advise and be consulted in the matters pertaining to his 
profession. 
The morale of the soldiei is best served with a higher type of medical collabora- 
tion with the medical officer, in the dispensanes and aid stations. In the absence 
of the medical officer, many of the in-between sick-call problems and first aid 
are handled by the noncommissioned officers on duty at the time. A pharmacist, 
as an officer in the Pharmacy Corps could be in charge of these installations, in 
the absence of the medical officer, With the pharmacist’s medical knowledge, 
with some supplementary training, he can be adapted to many Medical Depart- 
ment installations quickly and place these functions on a higher plane. The 
supply elements of these installations would be better protected and a more 
varied use of these products and supplies might be made. An intimate knowledge 
of the drugs and supplies available and procurable provide a more varied use and 
will stop the total expenditure of many vital supply items. Thus vital medicines 
will be protected and their expenditure curtailed. The old adage, “The medics 
say they held the line with CC pills and iodine,” might suggest that we use the 
same things too often. Pharmacy could tell medicine what is available and 
suggest its use. This is done every day in civilian life by the detail work of an 
educational nature among physicians done by pharmacists. 
The morale of the home communities, in a long war, is the better preserved 
because of the lessened drain of physicians for service with the Army. Many 
communities are denuded of physicians, creating a serious morale problem. The 
maintenance of civilian morale is only secondary to morale at the front. A 
careful study of the potentialities of the pharmacist as an aide to physicians and 
a supplement thereto would mean that less medical officers would be required. 
A successful war program considers a proper balance of civilian as well as War 
Department needs. Both contribute to the war effort. 64 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
Pharmacists are invaiiably excellent officer material. They command and 
obtain respect in civil life. Successful participation in ethical pharmaceutical 
practice requires a high intelligence level. The pharmacists’ broad training, espe- 
cially in the sciences, produces men well able to think fast and accurately. They 
deal with many people in limited time and must make quick and important 
decisions. They are used to getting things done and with precision. 
The dispensing and compounding of medicines in the Army should be on a 
higher plane. A fuller use of the present supply table would be augmented by 
additions after careful survey by the Pharmacy Corps in collaboration with the 
other corps of the Medical Department. Every pharmacy in the Army should be 
either under the direct supervision of a Pharmacy Corps officer or supervised by 
one from a higher echelon. Physicians are not generally fully capable of complete 
pharmaceutical supervision. That is why the supervision of pharmacy in civil 
life is placed by legislature in the hands of a board of pharmacy composed of phar- 
macists. The compounding and dispensing of medicines in the army will only 
reach its full efficiency when and if it is placed directly in the hands of pharmacy. 
Pharmacists very naturally fit into the supply and procurement section of the 
Medical Department. They are failiar with proper storage of chemicals biologi- 
cals, sugical and other vital medical supplies. Their knowledge of medical nomen- 
clature prevents confusion, and Federal and State record requirements give the 
pharmacist experience and makes him particularly meticulous in the maintainance 
of records, a vital supply function. 
During reserve training, officers of the Medical Administrative Corps who were 
pharmacists in civil life did splendid work as sanitary officers, taking many of 
these important functions off the hands of medical officers. Water, sewage 
disposal and other problems were intelligently approached and resulted in appro- 
priate recommendations. Their work was augmented by physicians and sanitary 
engineers but many important details were spared the medical officer who was thus 
more available for medical duties. 
In smaller units, a pharmacy corps officer could assume additional duties as 
registrar, summary court officer, post-exchange officer, mess officer, adjutant 
company commander, although in wartime it is not presumed that he take over all 
of the duties of the present Medical Administrative Corps. Many of the functions 
of the present Medical Administrative Corps can be properly filled by men not of 
the professions, proved during the years of World War I with the Sanitary 
Corps and the years since. There should remain a branch of the Medical Depart- 
ment for a layman to advance in rank. It will continue to encourage to the 
enlisted personnel of the Medical Department a higher type of man, such as it did 
many years ago when the Medical Department was one of the only branches of 
the service that required an educational test on enlistment. 
However as such, pharmacists are splendid material for the present Medical 
Administrative Corps and like the physician should be called into the Army 
during war time, from civil life, commissioned and sent to a service school for 
basic training. They can be assigned to duty in an administrative capacity 
with a fuller understanding of medical problems than any layman could possibly 
have. The Medical Administrative Corps would be more efficient because of a 
higher percentage of pharmacists on the job as well as other professional men 
asso hated close to medicine. 
A study of the Tables of Organization of the Medical Department convinces 
ms that Pharmacy Corps officers would relieve a number of medical officers in 
many of the units. In the medical regiment he could assume the duties of 
adjutant, assist in the collecting station, the medical supply section of the service 
company and the clearing station. There have been instances in European 
armies when the medical officer, was killed in some of the forward installations 
and the Pharmacy Corps officer assigned as his associate, carried on in the interim. 
A shortage of medical officers is often indicated in combat. Particularly after 
days of fighting and replacements have not come up. The so-called Lost 
Battalion of World War I went into action on its last objective with an entire 
medical personnel of two enlisted men, during the Meuse-Argonne operation. A 
fuller use of pharmacists might have avoided a shortage of medical assistance at 
a point where out of 550 officers and men 107 were killed and 190 wounded. It 
is to prevent these things from again happening, if possible, that I am particular 
interested in making available for service all of the potentialities of a people, 
I feel that my own experience in pharmacy, and in the Army as well, gives me 
a broader viewpoint on the entire question. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
65 
To summarize; Military medicine has advanced through the years but military 
pharmacy has not in the same degree. There was little to encourage the establish- 
ment of a Pharmacy Corps in the earlier days of the Army when medicine began 
to receive its just recognition, because of the lower educational standards at the 
time. Today, however, pharmacy stands with educational requirements on par 
with any of the professions. It is now a compulsory 4-year college course, lead- 
ing to a science degree with additional internship requirements. The college 
curricula covers the field of biochemistry, pathology, bacteriology, foreign 
languages, public health, pharmacology, materia medica, chemistry, dispensing 
pharmacy, first aid, and many other related subjects. Turning loose these 
potentialities on military pharmacy will advance it beyond the G. I. stage as it is 
generally practiced and give the man in the service the same measure of service 
and protection that he expects from his pharmacist in civil life. A distinct contri- 
bution to military efficiency and soldier morale. 
Thus is the pharmacist educationally equipped to take his place in the field of 
science and in the Medical Department of the Army. Gas and chemical warfare 
gives him a special place as a unit gas officer with knowledge of the principles of 
decontamination. I personally feel that there should continue to be some lay 
corps of the Medical Department to provide a place for the layman and the enlisted 
man to advance to a commissioned rank in the Medical Department and to those 
pharmacists who wish to particularly qualify for administrative work. 
The establishment of a Pharmacy Corps, with the delegation of drug purchasing, 
testing, standardization, storage, transportation, compounding, and dispensing 
to such a corps would still leave many duties to a lay corps of the Medical Depart- 
ment, particularly as a war-expansion program. There is no question in my 
mind but that pharmacy could intelligently, efficiently, and progressively take 
over these functions and develop them to a higher point of efficiency and thus 
prove its indispensibility to the service. 
The elevation of the status of pharmacy in the Army commensurate with the 
elevation of his status in civil life will elevate a group of men now in service who 
have all of the potentialities of officers and will continue the collaboration among 
the great professions allied in medicine to the best interest of the sick and wounded 
of our Army. And while it is the duty of every man to gain the respect for his 
profession that it deserves, I feel that I am moved by a more altruistic purpose, 
that is, bringing to the attention of my associates in the Medical Department of the 
Army the potential sources of science already at its disposal manifested by the 
profession of pharmacy. 
STATEMENT BY ROWLAND JONES, JR., NATIONAL ASSOCIATION 
OF RETAIL DRUGGISTS 
Mr. Jones. My name is Rowland Jones, Jr., representing the 
National Association of Retail Druggists, an organization of 28,000 
independent retail druggists. 
Mr. Chairman, I wotdd like to file for the record resolutions which 
have been adopted by the Legislatures of the States of Maryland, 
California, Oklahoma, and Iowa. It will not be necessary to read 
those resolutions, but their subject matter speaks for itself. 
I have a statement, rather lengthy, which I would like to file, but 
with your permission I would like to give you a boiled-down resume 
of that long statement, if time permits. 
In recent months the problem of efficient utilization of available 
manpower in the all-out war effort has grown in importance by leaps 
and bounds. Many agencies of the Government are devoting a large 
amount of time, effort, and money in studies and investigations in an 
effort to develop ways and means of utilizing the available manpower 
of the Nation in a practical-and efficient manner. 
Under present and past Army practice, the administration of our 
military personnel has allowed, and at times sought to condone, an 
extravagant waste of manpower in the field of pharmacy. One of the 
major objectives of this proposed legislation is to establish a separate 
Pharmacy Corps in the Army so as to correct this situation. 66 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
The placing of pharmaceutically trained personnel in the Army in 
positions where they cannot use their professional skill is a waste of 
manpower. 
A registered pharmacist has completed a course in the college of 
pharmacy covering 4 years, and we feel that the service that he is 
qualified to render should be recognized by the Army. 
Now, I realize the committee is in a hurry, and I am going to just 
take a minute or two more, with your permission. 
The establishment of a separate Pharmacy Corps in the Army is a 
development that has been too long delayed. The evils and dangers 
resulting from the Army use of unqualified persons in the compounding 
and dispensing of potent drugs and medicines for our fighting men 
should be evident to all. Indeed, it is surprising that the introduction 
of legislation to create a separate Pharmacy Corps in the Army should 
be the subject of opposition from any quarter. No argument has 
been made thus far to this committee which in any wise supports the 
position previously taken by the Medical Department of the Army. 
This committee has at its disposal voluminous evidence of dangerous 
malpractice which has existed in the Army down to this day. It is 
obvious that our national morale would be damaged were all of these 
facts to be released to the general public. They are a matter of the 
consideration of the Military Affairs Committee in executive session. 
Even cursory examination of the information already available will 
prove beyond the peradventure of a doubt that this legislation creating 
a separate Pharmacy Corps in the Army should be approved without 
further delay. 
As a nation we are in the process of building the best trained and 
equipped Army the world has ever seen. Eleven million men will be 
taken from their peacetime pursuits and placed in military service of 
one kind or another. 
The Chairman. We know all that, and you have it in your written 
statement. It is unnecessary for you to read it to the committee. 
Mr. Jones. Let me read the last sentence, please: Failure to supply 
it by the only method that can be suggested, namely, a separate 
Pharmacy Corps for the Army, will inevitably lead to a lowered effici- 
ency and unnecessary and avoidable additions to lists of casualties, 
(The following resolutions and statement were submitted by Mr. 
Jones:) 
Statement by Rowland Jones, Jr., Washington Representative of the 
National Association of Retail Druggists, March 2, 1943 
Pharmacy is a civilian profession which involves duties which have their counter- 
part in the Army. It is a distinct calling in civil life of comparable status with 
medicine and dentistry and one which only pharmacists are qualified to practice. 
The American public requires that those who compound and dispense drugs and 
medicines meet high requirements of education, training, and experience before 
they are entrusted with the responsibility of handling strychnine, morphine, sul- 
fanilamide, and other potent drugs and poisons. The civilian pharmacist must 
be a graduate of a 4-year course in pharmacy in an accredited college of pharmacy, 
must serve a year or more of internship, and then must pass very stringent State 
examinations in order to be licensed. 
No corresponding protection is afforded the soldier. The Army permits drugs 
and medicines to be compounded by enlisted men; in some cases the man is given 
a “90-day instruction,” but not all of the men who are today performing pharma- 
ceutical tasks in Army hospitals and installations have had even this much train- 
ing. The Army seems disposed to regard pharmacy as a work of a subsidiary CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
67 
nature which the physician can undertake as a matter of course, or which can be 
lelegated to persons with limited or undefined training. In doing so, it fails to 
give the soldier the protection to which he is entitled. 
The modem treatment of disease requires the use of such highly specialized, 
complex compounds as sulfanilamide, sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, and sulfaguani- 
dine, and serums, vaccines, and antitoxins. These very effective new drugs have 
greatly changed the procedure of the Army doctor; no longer does he confine his 
prescribing to the drugs found in the simple lists of a few years ago. The safety 
of our men in uniform demands that those who handle these drugs and similar 
medicines be highly trained, competent individuals who are familiar with the 
character of the potent substances they supply. 
At the present time in the Army, various phases of the purchase, shipment, 
storage, compounding, and dispensing of drugs and medicines are assigned to the 
Sanitary Corps, the Medical Corps, and the Medical Administrative Corps, with 
consequent division of authority and responsibility, overlapping of duties, and 
unnecessary red tape. All of these functions should be coordinated in a Pharmacy 
Corps of equal standing and authority as the Medical, Dental, and Veterinary 
Corps. Pharmacists by their education and training know how to purchase drugs 
and medicines wisely and economically. They are competent to standardize them. 
They know the special precautions which must be taken in storing and transport- 
ing certain drugs to prevent deterioration through excessive heat, cold, moisture, 
or dryness. Failure to utilize fully the services of pharmacists can only result in 
a lack of efficiency and an uneconomic use of medical supplies. 
In addition to his knowledge of the sources of supply of drugs, their testing, 
storage, transportation, compounding, dispensing, and use, the pharmacist’s train- 
ing fits him to render other special duties related to the furnishing of health services, 
should an emergency demand it. 
Enactment of the Pharmacy Corps bill will not only give the American soldier 
the protection of a well coordinated pharmaceutical service, make available large, 
unused resources of skill and knowledge for fruitful application, but would release 
many physicians who are now performing tasks which could be handled as well 
or better by pharmacists. The Army is short of physicians and yet many doctors 
are performing tasks which are more pharmaceutical than medical. Several 
medical journals have recently warned that many physicians in the Army are 
liable to lose their skill and technique through lack of their use. I believe that 
physicians in the Army should be relieved of all the duties which they now per- 
form which could be assumed by men with pharmaceutical training. 
In recent months the problem of the efficient utilization of available manpower 
in the all-out war effort has grown in importance by leaps and bounds. Many 
agencies of the Government are devoting a large amount of time, effort and money 
to studies and investigations in an effort to develop ways and means of utilizing 
the available manpower of the Nation in a practical and efficient manner. 
Under present and past Army practice, the administration of our military per- 
sonnel has allowed—and at times sought to condone—an extravagant waste of 
manpower in the field of pharmacy. One of the major objectives of this proposed 
legislation to establish a separate Pharmacy Corps in the Army is to correct this 
situation. 
(1) The placing of pharmaceutically trained personnel in the Army in positions 
where they cannot use their professional skill is a waste of manpower. 
When an employer obtains the services of an individual, he pays for two distinct 
things: one, the actual time the employee spends in the performance of his duties, 
and two, the time spent by the employee in the past in preparing himself along 
specialized lines. If the employer does not get the full benefit of this specialized 
training, a waste of manpower results. 
A registered pharmacist has completed a course in a college of pharmacy covering 
4 years. He has an investment in his professional education amounting to at least 
$3,000. On the average, this educational cost is much higher. That investment 
has become a part of the individual, for it has purchased a specialized skill. The 
Nation has need of this specialized skill in its armed forces, and if, after induction 
into the armed forces, the Army fails to use that skill the Army and the Nation 
sustain a loss that is irrecoverable. In other words, by failing to use the special- 
ized skill the Government has drafted the whole man but it gets only a part of the 
man—the less valuable part. 
UTILIZATION OF MANPOWER 68 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
(2) The placing of untrained men in pharmaceutical positions by the Army is 
also a flagrant waste of manpower. If the nonpharmacist assigned to pharmaceu- 
tical duties has had training or experience qualifying him for work which the Army 
needs in the prosecution of the war, the Government loses the benefit of that 
person’s specific qualifications. That qualification becomes a lost war asset. 
In addition, tfie Army loses the 90 days required for giving the nonpharmacist 
the limited training in the Army Specialist School, plus the cost of such training. 
Thus the armed forces lose a maximum of 180 davs in the case of every nonpharm- 
acist selected and used in the performance of pharmaceutical duties: first, the 90 
days spent by the trainee in the Army’s school, and second, the 90 days of pharma- 
ceutical duty which might well have been performed by a qualified pharmacist. 
(3) The number of trained pharmacists in the United States is not large enough 
to justify the diversion of any part of them to nonprofessional service, either in the 
armed forces or on the civilian front. Recent census figures have disclosed that 
the number of registered pharmacists is smaller than had been generally supposed. 
The net number of new registrations of pharmacists has not been large enough in 
recent years to replace the pharmacists eliminated by death, retirement, and 
shifts to other fields of activity. At a time when the draft has taken a substantial 
proportion of physicians out of civilian practice, the overburdened physicians 
remaining in their respective communities need even more assistance than nor- 
mally from the pharmacists inadequately meeting the health needs of their com- 
munities. There are entire counties in the country where no pharmacists remain 
to serve the public need. There are many communities in the country where 
the nearest physician is many miles away. Such physicians should not be 
burdened with the task of preparing medicines as well as prescribing them. With 
the scarcity of pharmacists in civilian communities, it is a reckless waste of man- 
power to put pharmacists into the armed forces in positions that others could 
better fill. 
If the physicians in the armed forces were relieved of some of the duties which 
they now perform for which pharmacists are qualified, it would not be necessarv 
to take so many physicians from civilian life and thus create a serious civilian 
health hazard. 
There are many duties now performed by Army physicians that should be turned 
over to a specialized Pharmacy Corps. Among these are the selection, procure- 
ment, safeguarding and dispensing of drugs, medicines, chemicals, and surgical 
supplies; the performance of routine tests and procedures under the physicians’ 
supervision and direction, the keeping of records, the making of reports, and the 
preservation of valuable statistical data- 
in selecting drugs and chemicals the pharmacist has training and experience of a 
kind not possessed by the physician. As an example, a trained pharmacist would 
know when an inexpensive U. S. P. drug could be used instead of an expensive 
proprietary preparation; and that knowledge would make it possible to effect 
considerable economies in the operation of the medical service of the Army. It 
should be remembered that the physician’s knowledge of pharmacy is quite as 
limited as the pharmacist’s knowledge of the practice of medicine. This is recog- 
nized everywhere except in our armed forces. 
(4) The men serving in the armed forces of the Nation are entitled to the same 
protection against incompetent pharmaceutical practice that the civilian popula- 
tion receives as a matter of course. Such service and protection is not available in 
our armed forces. 
The legislatures of the 48 States and the Territories have long since set up rigid 
requirements governing the practice of pharmacy. The Congress has established 
like standards and safeguards for the District of Columbia. Four years of edu- 
cation and training in a recognized college of pharmacy has become practically the 
universal prerequisite to registration as a pharmacist. This constitutes a recog- 
nition, clear and unmistakable, that public health and safety requires that persons 
entrusted with the compounding and dispensing of potent drugs and medicines 
have a minimum of 4 years—not 9 weeks in a “cram” school—of preparation. No 
evidence has ever been presented that even tends to prove that an individual, by 
reason of his induction into the armed forces, becomes immune to the dangers of 
potent drugs and medicines unskillfully compounded or ignorantly administered. 
There is no reason to believe that a person in the armed forces requires less pharma- 
ceutical protection than the person in civilian life. The armies of the majority of 
the nations of the world have long since recognized the verities of this situation. 
No other nation has been so reckless with the health and lives of its soldiers as to 
turn them over to the tender mercies of the “90-day wonder,” the product of the 
Army’s training schools. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARM A" 
69 
(5) Adequate pharmaceutical service in the armed forces can be insured only 
by the creation of a separate Pharmacy Corps. 
That an independent status is necessary has been recognized heretofore in the 
creation of a Medical Corps, a Nurses’ Corps, a Veterinary Corps, and a Dental 
Corps. The fact that nonpharmacists are used in the Army for pharmaceutical 
duties and that trained pharmacists have been assigned to work unrelated to 
their qualifications, is ample proof that that condition will continue so long as 
pharmacy remains without voice or representation in the determination of 
policies governing the administration of a competent pharmaceutical service. 
It should be stressed constantly that this proposed legislation does not con- 
template that all members of a Pharmacy Corps be commissioned. 
However, an adequate number of highly trained and qualified pharmacists 
should be commissioned in a separate Pharmacy Corps in order that pharmacy 
may make itself felt and heard in the formation of Army medical policy. Unless 
there are pharmacist officers of equal dignity and rank with the medical officers 
with whom they serve, who can meet their medical colleagues on even terms, 
Army medical policy will continue to fail, as it has in the past, to reflect the 
advances which have been made in medical procedures in civl life as a direct 
result of pharmaceutical contributions. 
Pharmaceutical chemists have developed many new chemotherapeutic agencies 
within recent years. They have devised new vehicles for the administration 
of old drugs. These are improvements in public health service which it is essen- 
tial the Army should recognize and use. While it is not .contended that these 
new drugs, vehicles, and methods are unknown to the medical profession, it is a 
fact that many of the older, and therefore the policy-making, medical officers are 
conservative to a marked degree and disposed to follow the older procedures 
which they learned years ago. Associating with them—as equals—a certain 
number of men trained in modern pharmaceutical science and practice would be 
a potent factor in broadening and bringing up to date the antiquated medical 
practice that characterizes our Army. 
(6) The production of 90-day trainees in the Army specialist schools, who have 
had no adequate pharmaceutical training before induction into the armed forces, 
and no training worthy of the name after induction, constitutes a threat to the 
standards of the profession of pharmacy, which have been laboriously built up 
over many years. These standards are even now subject to attack in State legis- 
latures by self-seeking individuals seeking a short cut to enter the profession, by- 
passing the essential 4-year course now almost universally required. The training 
of nonpharmacists in Army 90-day specialist schools will inevitably increase the 
pressure after the war for a lowering of standards, when hundreds and even thou- 
sands of these half-trained 90-day wonders return to civilian life. They will be in 
a position to plead that they are ex-service men, and as such entitled to special 
consideration, and that if they have enough training to compound and dispense 
drugs and medicines to fighting men, their ability to compound and dispense such 
drugs and medicines for civilian use should hot be questioned. 
The establishment of a separate Pharmacy Corps in the Army is a development 
that has been too long delayed. The evils and dangers resulting from the Army’s 
use of unqualified persons in the compounding and dispensing of potent drugs and 
medicines for our fighting men should be evident to all. Indeed, it is surprising 
that the introduction of legislation to create a separate Pharmacy Corps in the 
Army should be the subject of opposition from any quarter. No argument has 
been made thus far to this committee which in any wise supports the position pre- 
viously taken by the Medical Department of the Army. 
This committee has at its disposal voluminous evidence of dangerous mal- 
practice which has existed in the Army down to this day. It is obvious that our 
national morale would be damaged were all of these facts to be released to the 
general public. They are a matter for the consideration of the Military Affairs 
Committee in executive session. Even cursorv examination of the information 
already available will prove beyond the peradventure of a doubt that the legisla- 
tion creating a separate Pharmacy Corps in the Army should be approved without 
further delay. 
As a nation we are in the process of building the best trained and equipped Army 
that the world has ever seen. Eleven million men will be taken from their peace- 
time pursuits and placed in military service of one kind or another. The American 
people want, and indeed demand, that no expense and no effort be spared to bring 
conclusion 70 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN TREE REGULAR ARMY 
this war to a victorious and early conclusion. It goes without saying that effi- 
cient, modern methods are essential if America is to win this war. We believe 
that such methods are now being used in every department and every section 
of our armed forces, save in this one particular—the lack of an adequate, efficient 
and effective pharmaceutical service. Failure \to supply it by the only method 
that can be suggested, namely, a separate Pharmacy Corps in the Army, will 
inevitably lead to a lowered efficiency and unnecessary and avoidable additions 
to our lists of casualties. 
Resolution of Maryland State Legislature 
Whereas the experience of every civilized country in the world as exemplified 
by the laws on their statute books governing the practice of pharmacy, including 
those on the statute books of all of the States of our own country, requires that 
a pharmacist shall have at least 4 years of professional training in a college of 
pharmacy to make him a safe person to be entrusted with the responsibility of 
handling the many dangerous drugs and medicines prescribed by physicians, 
such as strychnine, morphine, sulfanilamide, bichloride of mercury, serums and 
vaccines, etc.; and 
Whereas correspondingly competent pharmaceutical service is not now afforded 
the men serving in the Army and is not comparable to that received by our 
civilian population, such services being performed in the Army and in many cases 
by men with only 90 days of emergency training and in other cases by those who 
have had no pharmaceutical training whatsoever, thus jeopardizing the health 
and welfare of our soldiers, and 
Whereas the men in the Army should be afforded pharmaceutical service of at 
least the same competency and efficiency as that afforded the civilian population; 
and 
Whereas this can only be accomplished by creating a Pharmacy Corps in the 
Army, which will have the authority required and the personnel of which will be 
adequately educated and trained for the purchase, selection, manufacture, 
standardization, storage, and dispensing of medicines and for such other pharma- 
ceutical and administrative duties as their education and training qualifies them 
to perform: Therefore be it 
Resolved, That the Maryland State Legislature now in session goes on record 
as urgently requesting the Congress of the United States to pass legislation without 
delay to establish a Pharmacy Corps within the Army; and be it further 
Resolved, That copies of this resolution be sent to the President of the United 
States Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President of the 
United States, the Secretary of War, the Surgeon General of the United State 
Army, and to the Maryland Members of Congress. 
Resolution of California State Legislature 
Whereas the Pharmacy Corps bill, S. 216, H. R. 997; is now pending in Congress, 
providing for the creation of a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army, to be 
organized under graduate pharmacists skilled and learned in the compounding 
and dispensing of drugs and medicines; and 
Whereas in the treatment of disease and the care of the sick or injured, the 
services of skilled, reliable, and experienced graduate pharmacists are essential 
and such services are second only to the services of skilled physicians and surgeons; 
and 
Whereas, it is the well-establisfied public policy of the United States and of 
every State thereof to require all persons engaged in the compounding and dis- 
pensing of drugs and medicines to be graduate pharmacists; and 
Whereas such public policy is vital and necessary to the safety, health, and 
life of its people; and 
Whereas the health, safety, and preservation of life of every member of the 
armed forces of the United States is of primary and paramount importance for 
the safety of the Nation; and 
Whereas members of the armed forces of the United States and especially 
those of them who are overseas at various fighting fronts, are entitled to receive, 
and it is the policy and desire of the people of the United States to furnish to 
them, the best treatment and most proficient services within the power and 
capacity of the people and especially to furnish proficient and skillful graduate 
pharmacists to safeguard the health and lives of its fighting men; and CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
71 
Whereas, the compounding and dispensing of drugs and medicines is essentially 
a professional service requiring great skill, intimate knowledge and experience 
with drugs and medicines; Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of the State of California, jointly, That 
the legislature of this State unanimously endorse the Pharmacy Corps bill, S. 216, 
H. R. 997, and request the Members of Congress to enact the same into law; 
and be it further 
Resolved, That the chief clerk of the assembly prepare and transmit copies of 
this resolution to the President and Vice President of the United States, to the 
Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, to 
such Senator or Member of the House of Representatives from California in the 
Congress of the United States, and that the Senators and Representatives from 
California are hereby respectfully urged and requested to support the said Phar- 
macy Corps bill. 
Be it resolved by the House of Representatives of the Nineteenth Legislature of the 
State of Oklahoma (the State Senate concurring therein), That: 
Whereas there is now pending in. the Congress of the United States, H. R. 997 
and S. 216 to create a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army; and 
Whereas there is a definite need in this war emergency for the capable handling 
of drugs, medicines, and pharmaceutics which are used in the treatment of diseases 
of our boys and girls in the armed forces; and 
Whereas at the present there is no law providing for the creation of such a 
Pharmacy Corps: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved by the House of Representatives of the Ninteenth Oklahoma Legislature, 
the Senate concurring therein, That we memorialize the Congress of the United 
States to put forth every effort to see these two bills enacted into law; and be 
it further 
Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the President of the United 
States, to the chairmen of the Military Affairs committees of the Senate and 
House, and to the congressional delegation of Oklahoma. 
Resolution of Oklahoma State Legislature 
Resolution of Iowa State Legislature 
Be it resolved by the Senate of the Fiftieth Legislature of the State of Iowa, the 
State house of representatives concurring therein, That; 
Whereas there is now pending in the Congress of the United States House bill 
No. 997 and Senate bill No. 216 to create a Pharmacy Corps in the United States 
Army; and 
Whereas there is a definite need in this war emergency for capable handling of 
drugs, medicines, and pharmaceutics, which are used in the treatment of diseases 
of our boys and girls in the armed forces; and 
Whereas at the present there is no law providing for the creation of such a 
Pharmacy Corps; Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the President of the United 
States, to the chairman of the Military Affairs Committees of the Senate and 
House, and to the congressional delegation of Iowa. 
The Chairman. Thank you very much. 
Dr. Kendig. May I request permission to file a brief statement 
which will clarify some of the questions raised here today? 
The Chairman. Yes, sir; you may file it with the committee. 
(The following statement was submitted by Dr. Roy B. Cook, 
American Pharmaceutical Association:) 
Statement of Roy B. Cook, Representing the American Pharmaceutical 
Association 
THE PHARMACY CORPS BILL . 
In 1936 the first legislative step was taken toward the objective which it is now 
planned to reach through the enactment into law of H. R. 997. In that year, 
and on the initiative of the Medical Department of the Army, the National De- 
fense Act was amended to provide that only pharmacists, with certain educational 
requirements, could be commissioned in the Medical Administrative Corps in 72 
CREATE. A PHARMACY CORPS IX THE REGULAR ARMY 
the Regular Army, which corps then consisted of 72 commissioned officers. The 
number of pharmacists so commissioned was limited to 16 which was the number 
of vacancies then existing in the corps. 
In 1939 the National Defense Act was again amended, on the initiative of the 
Medical Department of the Army, to provide that the Medical Administrative 
Corps should consist of the 16 officers referred to above. 
H. R. 997 has four general provisions, as follows: 
(1) To change the name of the Medical Administrative Corps to that of the 
Pharmacy Corps. The Medical Administrative Corps in the Regular Army now 
consists of 16 commissioned pharmacists and only pharmacists are eligible to com- 
missions in that corps. It seems only proper that this corps should be a pro- 
fessional organization similar to the Medical, Dental, and Veterinary Corps and 
that the name of the corps should be in accord with its character and purpose. 
(2) The number of officers in the corps is increased from 16 to 72. The per- 
sonnel of the Medical Administrative Corps was 72 officers before it was changed 
to consist of pharmacists only and therefore the legislation provides that the 
personnel shall be restored to the original number. The Pharmacy Corps, as 
proposed, will supervise and direct the pharmaceutical work in the Regular Army 
with the assistance of an adequate enlisted personnel, and will provide the nucleus 
around which the corps may be expanded in time of emergency. 
(3) It provides that an officer of the Pharmacy Corps shall be promoted on the 
same basis as the officers in the other divisions of the Medical Department. Offi- 
cers of the present Medical Administrative Corps of the Regular Army can advance 
only to the rank of captain. Pharmacists will be commissioned in the Pharmacy 
Corps as second lieutenants. They will advance to the grade of first lieutenant 
after 3 years’ service, to the grade of captain after 6 years’ service, to the grade 
of major after 12 years’ service, to the grade of lieutenant colonel after 26 years’ 
service. These officers shall be examined for promotion in accordance with laws 
governing the examination of officers of the Medical Corps. 
(4) It provides for a Pharmacy Reserve Corps in accordance with the require- 
ments of the National Defense Act. Pharmacists who are commissioned in this 
Reserve in time of peace will be required to take a certain amount of training and to 
be prepared to enter active service if required. These Reserve officers are com- 
missioned in the Army of the United States and in time of emergency may be called 
to active duty. The bill also provides that pharmacy students may be admitted 
to a pharmacy unit of the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps for a period of 2 years 
and may be selected for advance training on the basis of his record under the condi- 
tions applying to the medical, dental, and veterinary students. Upon completion 
of the advance course and graduation these students will be eligible to commissions 
in the Pharmacy Reserve Corps. 
The purpose of the legislation, briefly stated, is to coordinate under one organ- 
ization all of the pharmaceutical services rendered in the regular Army including 
the purchase, examination, shipment, storage, and standardization of the drugs 
and medical supplies and their compounding and dispensing, by providing in this 
permanent corps and permanent Reserve corps, a group of well-trained, exper- 
ienced, and capable pharmacists who can discharge and supervise these important 
and essential health services and also direct the further expansion of the corps in 
the Army of the United States in times of emergency such as that we are going 
through now. It is our conviction that pharmaceutical service necessary to the 
health and welfare of our soldiers in time of peace is sufficiently important and 
extensive to warrant the sole attention and direction of a Pharmacy Corps in the 
Regular Army, supplemented by a trained enlisted personnel and a Pharmacy 
Reserve Corps. It is imperative, in our opinion, to have such a trained group to 
organize and direct the expanded pharmaceutical service required in time of 
emergency. 
We are convinced that a Pharmacy Corps, if properly organized, can effect sav- 
ings which will fully justify its establishment in addition to the improved service 
which it can guarantee. 
It is unnecessary to further stress the type of pharmaceutical service which our 
soldiers should have. It is true that such a service varies in certain respects from 
the civilian pharmaceutical service especially in combat areas. They are, how- 
ever, basically the same and require the same trained, responsible personnel to 
insure that they are effective and that they are safe. It is intended to guarantee 
by this legislation that our soldiers will receive as good pharmaceutical service and 
the same protection in the use of drugs and medical supplies as every citizen is CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
73 
guaranteed under the pharmacy laws of the States of the Union. Certainly no 
one will contend that our soldiers do not deserve every health service and protec- 
tion that is available to our citizens, especially in view of the added risks to which 
soldiers are exposed and the urgent necessity to keep them well and in the best 
possible physical condition for war and post-war services. 
(The following telegrams were submitted by Mr. Durham for in- 
clusion in the record:) 
Chicago, III., March 2, 1943. 
Hon. Carl T. Durham, 
Member, House Military Affairs Committee, 
House Office Bldg., Washington, D. C. 
The National Association of Retail Druggists has long been on record in favor 
of the establishment of a separate Pharmacy Corps in the Army. We understand 
that hearings on this bill are to take place this morning and the National Associ- 
ation of Retail Druggists wishes to urge a favorable report upon this much needed 
legislation. 
John W. Dargavel, 
Executive Secretory, National Association of Retail Druggists. . 
Committee on Military Affairs, 
House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.: 
Salt Lake City, Utah, March 1, 1943. 
Please be advised that the Utah House and Senate have passed House 
Concurrent Memorial No. 1 entitled “Memorializing Congress to enact H. R. 
997 or S. 216 which will establish a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army.” 
Telegram thought necessary to advise before meeting you. Committee tomorrow 
when completed copies of memorial will be sent. 
The Chairman. Let the committee go into executive session for a 
few minutes. 
(The following was submitted for the record:) 
Walker County Health Department, 
Jasper, Ala., March 10, 1943. 
Be it resolved hy the Medical Society of Walker County, Ala., in regular session of 
February 12, 1943, that— 
Whereas there is now pending in the Congress of the United States House bill 
No. 997 and Senate bill No. 216, to create a Pharmacy Corps in the United States 
Army; and 
Whereas there is a definite need in this war emergency for the capable handling 
of drugs, medicines, and pharmaceutics which are used in the treatment of diseases 
of our boys and girls in armed forces; and 
Whereas at the present there is no law providing for the creation of such a 
Pharmacy Corps; 
Six reasons advanced for the bill were: 
1. The soldier is entitled to the same health protection as the civilian, and 
under present methods of recruiting, drafting, and assignment to duty, he is not 
getting this protection, 
2. Recent advances in medical science—particularly with respect to the new 
sulfa drugs—have been so great and so important that only a trained pharmacist 
should be permitted to handle these drugs. 
3. Purchasing of drugs and medicines for the Army has, in the past, been 
handled by three separate agencies, and this has resulted in considerable over- 
lapping of buying. Pharmacists are trained and experienced in purchasing work, 
and this duty should be handled by them in a Pharmacy Corps, instead of by the 
Sanitary Corps, the Medical Corps, and the Medical Administrative Corps. 
4. The pharmacist’s special training has fitted him to render other special duties 
related to the furnishing of health services. 
5. Many physicians, vitally needed in hospitals and in the field by the Army, 
are now engaged almost totally in supervision of pharmaceutical work. If phar- 
macists of the Pharmacy Corps were doing this work, these physicians could then 
be given medical work to do. 
E. E. Monson, Secretary of State. 74 
CREATE, A PHARMACY CORPS JEN THE REGULAR ARMY 
6. A pharmacist is not a technician in the same sense as is an X-ray or labora- 
tory technician. The pharmacist has a far greater responsibility toward life and 
health than any other medical technician, and moreover, his knowledge of drugs 
and medicines has always made him a very great and essential assistant to the 
medical profession: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved by the Medical Society of Walker County, Ala., that we memorialize 
the Congress of the United States to put forth every effort to see these two bills 
enacted into law. 
J. L. Sowell, Secretary. 
The secretary read the following communication from Maj. Gen. C. R. Reynolds, 
Surgeon General, United States Army: 
“I appreciate very much the invitation extended to me, through you, to attend 
the annual meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association at Minneapolis, 
particularly on August 23 or August 25. 
“As I find myself ffnable to be present, I wish you would extend to the mem- 
bership the greetings of the Medical Department of the Army and express our 
appreciation of the cordial cooperation that has been developed by the association 
with the Medical Department in establishing pharmacy in the medical service on 
a more substantial and permanent footing. The act of Congress of June 24, 1936, 
which provided for the appointment of 16 pharmacists in the Medical Adminis- 
trative Corps was the result of an effort begun many years ago by Suigeon General 
Ireland and continued by my immediate predecessor, Surgeon General Patterson, 
in which both had the close cooperation of the American Pharmaceutical Associa- 
tion. I am happy to say that the appointees, of which there have been 7, 
have made a splendid impression on the military establishment and are receiving 
training in their general military duties as officers of the Army, to be followed by 
assignments in the field of instruction and the laboratory and supply services. I 
believe the pharmaceutical service of the Army will be greatly improved by these 
officers and the instruction of assistants will be placed on a more scientific and 
thoroughgoing standard. We intend to train and employ the pharmacists who 
are appointed in the Medical Administrative Corps in a manner similar to that 
obtaining in several continental armies where the pharmacist as a commissioned 
officer is doing milch toward the scientific development of the medical service in 
general. 
“Another examination will probably be arranged this autumn at which time 
we hope to obtain more of the splendid young men who have met the standards 
established by the Army and have had the endorsement of your association.” 
The State College of Washington, 
School of Pharmacy, 
Pullman, Wash., March 11, 1943. 
Hon. Carl D. Durham, 
House of Representatives, 
Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir: I am writing you again calling to your attention the new Pharmacy 
Corps bill, known as H. R. 997, which is a bill to create a Pharmacy Corps in the 
United States Army. This bill would create a Corps for Pharmacy similar to those 
now operating in medicine, dentistry, nursing, and veterinary medicine. 
There is a great need for this Pharmacy Corps for the proper dispensing of 
medicine to our armed forces both here and abroad. It would add materially 
to the Public Health Service and be of great assistance to the physicians in the 
service. 
Just last week I had a call from Fort Lewis, Wash., for a graduate pharmacist, 
either man or woman, even one who was militarily defective, to serve the armed 
forces at that fort. With a Pharmacy Corps the thousands of pharmacy graduates 
now doing odd jobs, driving trucks, etc., would be available for the service they 
are professionally trained to perform. There are other military hospitals with 
hundreds of beds where there are no pharmacists, and the dispensing is being done 
by laymen. 
I feel that this situation should be corrected at the earliest possible date and 
respectfully request your support of the Pharmacy Corps bill now in Congress. 
Yours very truly, 
P. H. Dirstine, 
Dean, School of Pharmacy. CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMT 
75 
(Presented by Hon. Harve Tibbott of Pennsylvania) 
The Cambria County Medical Society, 
Johnslown, Pa. 
RESOLUTION 
Whereas the Pharmacy Corps bill, S. 216, H. R. 997, is now pending in Congress, 
providing for the creation of a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army, to be 
organized under graduate pharmacists skilled and learned in the compounding and 
dispensing of drugs and medicines; and 
Whereas in the treatment of disease and the care of the sick or injured, the 
services of skilled, reliable, and experienced graduate pharmacists are essential 
and such services are second only to the services of skilled physicians and sur- 
geons; and 
Whereas it is the well-established public policy of the United States and of every 
State thereof, to require all persons engaged in the compounding and dispensing 
of drugs and medicines to be graduate pharmacists; and 
Whereas the health, safety, and preservation of life of every member of the 
armed forces of the United States is of primary and paramount importance to the 
safety of the Nation; and 
Whereas members of the armed forces of the United States and especially those 
who are overseas at various fighting fronts, are entitled to receive, and it is the 
policy and desire of the people of the United States to furnish to them, the best 
treatment and the most proficient services within the power and capacity of the 
people, and especially the services of proficient and skilled graduate pharmacists, 
to safeguard the health and lives of its fighting men; and 
Whereas the compounding and dispensing of drugs and medicines is essentially 
a professional service requiring great skill and intimate knowledge and experience 
with drugs and medicines: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That the Cambria County Medical Society unanimously endorse the 
Pharmacy Corps bill, S. 216, H. R. 997, and request the Members of Congress to 
enact the same into law; and be it further 
Resolved, That the secretary prepare and transmit copies of this resolution to 
the President and Vice President of the United States, and to the Speaker of the 
House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, and to each 
Senator and Member of the House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, and 
that the Senators and Representatives from Pennsylvania are hereby respectfully 
urged and requested to support the said Pharmacy Corps bill. 
Adopted March 12, 1943. 
Paul McCloskey, M. D., Secretary-Treasurer. 
Senate of the State of Montana, 
Helena, March 1, 1943. 
House Military Affairs Committee, 
National Capital, Washington, D. C. 
Gentlemen; At the direction of the Senate of the Twenty-eighth Legislative 
Assembly of the State of Montana, I herewith hand you a copy of Senate Memorial 
No. 2 introduced by John L. Campbell, senator from Missoula County, wich was 
duly adopted by the Senate on the 27th day of February 1943. 
This memorial is presented to you for consideration. 
Respectfully, 
Claude J. McAllister, 
Secretary of the Senate. 
Senate Memorial No. 2 
(Introduced by Campbell) 
a senate memorial to the congress of the united states, requesting the 
ENACTMENT OF SENATE BILL 216 AND HOUSE BILL 977, NOW PENDING BEFORE 
CONGRESS, CREATING A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE ARMED SERVICE 
To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
in Congress assembled: 
Whereas there is now pending in Congress Senate bill 216 and House bill 977, 
known as the Pharmacy Corps Act, providing for a coordination of the activities 
of thousands of registered pharmacists now engaged in the armed service of the 
Nation; and 76 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS TN THE REGULAR ARMY 
Whereas the sponsors of this legislation maintain that the formation of the 
Pharmacy Corps will accelerate and coordinate the prompt and efficient dis- 
pensing of emergency medicines on the battlefields, as well as coordinating research 
activities; and 
Whereas Montana has an exceptionally large number of pharmacists in the 
armed service who favor the creation of this corps; Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, by the Senate of the State of Montana, That Congress be requested to 
take appropriate action for the passage of the pending acts creating a Pharmacy 
Corps; and be it further 
Resolved, That a copy of this memorial be transmitted by the secretary of the 
Senate of the State of Montana to the President of the United States, the Senate 
Military Affairs Committee, the House Military Affairs Committee, and to the 
Honorable B. K. Wheeler and the Honorable James E. Murray, United States 
Senators from Montana, and to the Honorable James E. O’Connor and the 
Honorable Mike Mansfield, Congressmen from Montana. 
Ernest T. Eaton, 
President of the Senate. 
Claude J. McAllister, 
Secretary of the Senate. 
Chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee, 
Washington, D. C.: 
Olympia, Wash., March 3, 1943. 
The Washington State Legislature in legislative session assembled, have passed 
the following senate joint resolution: 
Whereas there is now pending in the Congress of the United States House bill 
No. 997 and Senate bill No. 216 to create a Pharmacy Corps in the United States 
Army; and 
Whereas there is a definite need in this war emergency for the capable handling 
of drugs, medicines, and pharmaceutics which are used in the treatment of diseases 
of our men and women in the armed forces; and 
Whereas at the present there is no law providing for the creation of such a 
Pharmacy Corps: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That we memorialize the Congress of the United States to put forth 
every effort to urge that these two bills be enacted into law. 
H. H. Hennbford, 
Secretary of the Senate. 
Hon. Andrew J. May, 
House of Representatives, Washington, D. C. 
The Colorado Pharmacal Association, 
Denver, Colo., February 24, 1943. 
Dear Mr. May: The following resolution is submitted to you and to the other 
members of the House Committee on Military Affairs, as a sincere and earnest 
expression of our belief that the pending Pharmacy Corps bill (S. 216, H. R. 997) 
is a measure the enaction of which into law would redound to the benefit of the 
men in our armed forces and thereby contribute to the winning of the war: 
“Whereas the health and physical welfare of the men in our armed forces is a 
matter of primary importance, which demands and deserves .the exercise of all 
resources known to medical science; and 
“Whereas pharmacy (the compounding and dispensing of medicines) is an 
important branch of medical science, recognized in every State of the Union, by 
enaction of laws restricting the performance of such service for civilians to indi- 
viduals, who by training, schooling, and experience have acquired such knowledge 
and proficiency as is necessary to the safe practice of this Public Health Service; 
and 
“Whereas those responsible for the physical welfare of men in the armed forces, 
while recognizing the need for skilled physicians to diagnose the bodily ills of 
these men and to prescribe the proper remedies, have not seen fit to safeguard 
the dispensing of these remedies, often including powerful and dangerous drugs, 
but permit such work to be performed by men who have had only 3 months of 
technical training, and generally, no previous experience whatever; and 
“Whereas most of such technicians are comparatively young and many of 
them have not yet developed the mature judgment that is necessary to safeguard 
the dispensing of powerful and dangerous drugs; and CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IN THE REGULAR ARMY 
77 
“Whereas many thousands of registered pharmacists have been inducted into 
service and have been assigned to duties for which they are not fitted, either 
by training or experience, while the services for which they are qualified are not 
being properly performed, because they are entrusted to inexperienced men, whose 
knowledge is almost entirely of theoretical character; and 
“Whereas there is now pending in the United States Congress, the Pharmacy 
Corps bill (S. 216, H. R. 997), the purpose of which is to insure to the sick and 
wounded in our armed forces the same competence in dispensing powerful and 
dangerous drugs that is afforded to our civilian population throughout the Nation: 
Therefore be it 
“Resolved, That the Colorado Pharmacal Association does hereby endorse the 
Pharmacy Corps bill (S. 216, H. R. 997) and does urge upon the House Committee 
on Military Affairs that, following the hearing on this bill, scheduled for Tuesday, 
March 2, a favorable report, recommending its passage, be made to the House of 
Representatives; and be it further 
“Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to each member of the House 
Committee on Military Affairs, and that each Colorado Representative and 
Senator in the Congress be urged to do everything in his power to bring about its 
enactment into law, to the end that those who are risking their lives in defense of 
our freedom to live our lives according to the dictates of our own conscience 
may not lack anything that we can supply to aid in the preservation of their 
lives.” 
We shall appreciate your careful consideration of this matter and sincerely 
hope that you will support the Pharmacy Corps bill to the fullest possible extent. 
Yours very truly, 
Chas. J. Clayton. 
A Concurrent Resolution Memorializing the Congress of the United 
States to Take Such Action as Necessary to Create a Pharmacy Corps 
in the United States Armed Forces 
(Introduced by Mr. Timmons) 
Whereas there is now pending in the Congress of the United States House bill 
No. 997 and Senate bill No. 216 to create a Pharmacy Corps in the United States 
Army; and 
Whereas there is a definite need in this war emergency for the capable handling 
of drugs, medicines, and pharmaceuticals which are now used in the treatment of 
disease of our boys and girls in the armed forces; and 
Whereas at the present time there is no law providing for the creation of suph 
a Pharmacy Corps: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved by the House of Representatives of South Carolina, (the Senate concurring), 
That we memorialize the Congress of the United States to put forth every effort 
to see these two bills enacted into law; and be it further 
Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the President of the United 
States, the chairman of the Military Affairs Committees of the Senate and House, 
and to the congressional delegation of South Carolina. 
In the House of Representatives, 
Columbia, S. C., March 24, 1943. 
I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of a resolution 
adopted by the house of representatives and concurred in by the senate. 
Inez Watson, 
Clerk of the House. 
H. R. No. 141 
A Resolution Requesting the United States Senators and Members of 
Congress From Georgia to Cooperate in Supporting Legislation to 
Establish a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army 
Whereas the State of Georgia has deemed it to be in the interest of the public 
health to enact legislation to regulate the manufacture and sale of drugs and 
poisons in this State; and 
Whereas educational and experience requirements are set up as qualifications 
for the practice of pharmacy in this State, which is deemed to be in the interest 
of the health, welfare, and safety of our people; and. 
(By Messrs. Rossee of Putnam and Cannon of Rockdale) 78 
CREATE A PHARMACY CORPS IEST THE REGULAR ARMY 
Whereas H. R. 997 and S. 216 have been introduced in the Congress of the 
United States to establish a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army; and 
Whereas we believe the passage of these bills will insure to our millions of boys 
and girls, now in the armed forces, pharmaceutical services comparable in quality 
to that available to the citizens of this and other States; be it therefore 
Resolved by the House of Representatives of the State of Georgia, the Senate con- 
curring, 
1. That this General Assembly of the State of Georgia respectfully urge the 
representatives in the Senate and House of the Congress of the United States to 
give their full and earnest support to the passage of H. R. 997 and S. 216; and 
2. That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded immediately to the two 
Senators and each Congressman from the State of Georgia, and to the respective 
chairmen of the Senate and House Committees on Military Affairs. 
In House: Read and adopted this March 12, 1943. 
In Senate: Read and adopted this March 18, 1943. 
[seal] 
Roy V. Harris, 
Speaker of the House. 
P. T. McCutchen, Jr., 
Clerk of the House. 
Frank C. Gross, 
President of the Senate. 
Henry W. Nevins, 
Secretary of the Senate. 
State of Michigan 
Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 16 
'MICHIGAN LEGISLATURE 
Messrs. Logie and Tripp 
A Concurrent Resolution Memorializing Congress To Create a Pharmacy 
Corps in the United States Army 
Whereas there is now pending in the Congress of the United States, H. R. 997 
and S. 216, to create a Pharmacy Corps in the United States Army; and 
Whereas there is a definite need in this war emergency for the capable handling 
of drugs, medicines, and pharmaceutics which are used in the treatment of diseases 
of our boys and girls in the armed forces; and 
Whereas at the present there is no law providing for the creation of such a 
Pharmacy Corps; now, therefore, be it 
Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That we 
memorialize the Congress of the United States to put forth every effort to see these 
two bills enacted into law; and be it further 
Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the President of the United 
States, to the chairmen of the Military Affairs Committees of the Senate and 
House, and to the Congressional delegation of Michigan. 
Adopted by the Senate, March 9, 1943. 
Adopted by the House of Representatives, March 10, 1943. 
Fred I. Chase, 
Secretary of the Senate. 
Myles F. Gray, 
Clerk of the House of Representatives. 
(Whereupon, at 12 o’clock noon, the committee went into executive 
session.)