390 J24s wm YS'fflt UH 390 J24s 1917 14131310R NLH DSIDDDMD S NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE LIBRARY. Section No. 113, W. D.S. G.O. No .JZffAt NLM051000405 I I I To Hon. Newton D. Baker Secretary of War United States of America Washington, D. C. This book is respectfully dedicated. May it aid us to learn the proper use of dogs in pre- paredness and in war, so that they, like the dogs of Attilla, the King of Huns, may guard our camps and preserve our liberties and our rights, our lives and our honor. Scout, Red Cross and Army Dogs A Historical Sketch of Dogs in the Great War and a Training Guide for the Rank and File of the United States Army by Theo. F. Jager Late Sergeant, Co. ' G", 13th United States Infantry Author of The Police Dog in Word and Picture," etc. Profusely Illustrated Price $1.^5 in United States and Canada !$1.50 Elsewhere Published by Arrow Printing Company, Corp. 36 St. Paul Street Rochester, New York Copyright 1917 by Theo. F. Jager All Rights Reserved CONTENTS Preface: All About Dogs of War Parti All About Dogs of War Introduction Dog Soldiers of All Ages Dog Aids in Battle Today Is America's Day Dogs in the European War Dogs in the Trenches The Red Cross Dog The Missing Men Machine Guns and Dogs Qualifications Demanded of Army Dogs The German Shepherd Dog Airedales at War, by J. Horace Lytle Part II The Training Guide The Dog Squad Trainer The Obedience Lessons. 1 To Heel. 2 Sit Down and Down. 3 Retrieving How Dogs Are Employed The Field Lessons. 1 Sentry Duty. 2 Reconnoitering from Advance Posts. 3 Reconnoitering with a Patrol. 4 Independent Recon- naissance. 5-6 Message Deliver}'. 7 C.irrying Food or Ammuni- tion. 8 Guide Reliefs to the Front. 9 Guarding Prisoners of War. 'Scenting Danger." Red Cross Dispatch Dog "Bill von Rommelburg' of Hill Top Farm Kennels, Greenwich, Conn., has his suspicion aroused and changes his route. Warfare is cruel and merciless. Failure is Disqualification. Preface CLOUDED as the heavens are to-day, as I pen these lines, so lies the world before us. Who expected this world unheaval, —a war that is shaking the very foundations of nations each of which was supposed to be built upon a Gibraltar? No one can pre- dict what the future will bring or what it may have in store for neutrals. "Are we prepared?" is answered on all sides with "Let us get ready." The preparedness programs that are brought to our atten- tion seem to prove that the will to get ready exists. It seems as if some good will be surely accomplished. We can no longer afford to remain a giant in size and strength with our striking power entangled in unpreparedness. The United States must have a suitable army sufficiently trained and equipped to frustrate the attempts of possible invaders. Our army should be of such size and quality as to make it perilous for any enemy to attack us. To increase our army numerically is in itself no unerring sign of strength. Far more stress should be laid on the proper shaping and training of the units, for in the efficiency of the unit lies the power of the whole, and a sound organization can be easily enlarged, if the units are perfect. Whatever the individual, be he now captain, or non-commissioned officer breaking the raw recruit, may do to perfect such unit efficiency, will redound in the end to the success of the army. I lift my voice in these pages in behalf of man's best friend, the 10 PREFACE dog. He has proved his value on many a battlefield and proved ' true blue" to many sentinels in the dark of night. There is no army, no matter how well-drilled or equipped or brave, that would not prove a more formidable adversary with thoroughly trained dogs. Unstinted thanks and appreciation I owe to the many who have encouraged me to go on with the work and who assisted me in secur- ing the information necessary to write this book. I specially desire to thank Mr. Benj. H. Throop, Mrs. Abbie Rubino and Mr. Spiek- erman for the rare photographs and matter furnished, also Mr. Ely Buell of the Seneca Kennels for his most valuable aid in sifting for- eign dog matter for domestic use. I leave this training guide in your hands, Officers and Men of the United States Army. Let your mascot be a dog hereafter, a dog of the right breed and brain, with the right body and grit, and train him along the lines laid down, so that if the time ever comes when the targets shoot again, you may have your mascot with you not only to comfort you, but to aid you to become masters of the shooting targets. The country will owe you thanks for whatever you may do in enlisting dogs in the better preparedness program. February, 1916. The Author. It is now more than a year since I wrote the above and we are getting ready to do "our bit" to help ourselves and our Allies. The mistakes that our Allies made we are trying to avoid; and doing the best we know how, we surely will not neglect the dog, the God-given creature with the big heart and working brain to aid us to gain our ends. Sentiment as well as utilitarianism pleads for a closer alliance between human and canine, in peace as well as in war. Byron has spoken of "the watchdog's honest bark." The old dog who attaches himself to a family and guards a house proves himself the staunchest of friends. Children play with him and often tease him, but he never loses his.temper. Even when the little ones put their hands between his open jaws, leaves he only a gentle print of his teeth on their fin- gers. He swims and returns sticks to the shore. Thus even in play he is useful. He can carry a basket full of apples without spilling the contents. The Shepherd Dog and many Terriers are especially amen- able to civilized discipline or, as in our case might be properly said, military discipline. Can we wonder at the grief of Matthew Arnold PREFACE 11 at the death of his favorite hound? Some of these beautiful lines may be recalled:— That loving heart, that patient soul, Had they indeed no longer span, To run their course, and reach their goal And read their homily to man? That liquid, melancholy eye From whose pathetic- soul-fed springs Seemed surging the Virgilian cry, The sense of tears in mortal things. Asleep, yet lending half an ear To travellers on the Portmouth road, There build we thee, O guardian dear, Mark'd with a stone, thy last abode. Yes—There is pathos in the memory of a noble dog's grave. Beneath the earth sleeps one who knows devotion, fidelity, and grati- tude in a way that men might envy. The visitor to the south of Ireland will see close to the Trappist monastery of Mount Meilleraye and facing the Knockweldown Mountain the place where a mysterious solitary was buried beside his dog. Nobody knew his secret. Who knows, but that the dog did? Assuredly they were together in life and "in death they were not divided." Such attachments may to ordinary minds seem morbid. But, however that may be, a strangely intimate bond unites man and dog. In war-time, if perils must be faced and desperate deeds done, the dog is ready to face the worst at our sides. He is ready to give his life in the performance of his duty, as we taught him, and finds ample rec- ompense in the sole fact of having done his duty. Can we all say as much? If we can, we may say truly, that our country rests upon a Gibraltar. We are as yet in the beginning of the era that will prove to us the value of good dogs. The uses of the dog in warfare are as inex- haustible.as his heroic self sacrifice and devotion is sublime. I do not say that dogs will win a battle, but I dare claim, that dogs will turn the battle in favor of that army, all other things being equal, that has the best dog-loving units and the largest number of dogs to sup- plement their own sight and hearing while on "fringe" duty. The battle being over, the army again will do its best and quickest recov- ering, that has the largest number of dogs to step in to scout the field for the missing men, that those that can be saved be brought in to 'On Guard" - Private Francis J. McNicol, 12th Co., Conn. Coast Artillery, N. G., with "Rossel von Gollzschel Perle" of Hill Top Farm Kennels, Greenwich, Conn. PREFACE 13 make again a combatant on a future day. Good dogs may help to achieve victory or to retrieve defeat. The German Shepherd Dog Club of America is to be com- mended for its aim to offer the material to the Government, so that our Army may be the full equal of any. In a recent pamphlet the Secretary, Mr. Benj. H. Throop says: "One of our aims to-day is the development of the German Shepherd Dogs in America as an efficient aid to the Red Cross and to the United States Army as a War Dog. On the various battle fronts of Europe a number of breeds have been tried and it is a matter of history to-day that the German Shepherd Dog is easily the best suited for the work. The majority of the dogs that are being used abroad were recruited from private individuals." Again he advises to keep in close touch with the Club and their dogs and everything that is being done to further the interests of the breed, as in so doing the country will be helped indi- rectly toward preparedness. Embrace the dog in your ambition to serve the country and do not belittle the immense work he is able to do. For the doubter, the skeptic, I close with the lines of Paddy's friend: If on the battlefield you lie, May Red Cross dogs all pass you by. A dogless wanderer may you be, For you've no heart for such as we. The Author. •■■-.■ J^Ztritffy* jisiuiHfiAfvvlB ■BwS t .~>:^jjgj S'MSfcS^^- ..■■ >-«7£r*« EmS*.-*.** ft'.'.''.' ■* 'I ^M^? ■ '.■- s?" -,r*'. ••'. "A Double Sentinel." The dog has been sent swimming across the river and is guarding against the secret approach of the enemy. The value of dogs at night cannot be overestimated Part I All About Dogs of War Introductory Senator George G. Vest has given such a high estimate of the value of the dog, that it is not out of place here to quote him. He says: "The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter that he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dear- est to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it most. A man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our heads. The one abso- lutely unselfish friend that man can have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that never proves ungrateful or treach- erous, is his dog. "A man's dog stands by him in prosperity and in poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground, where the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he may be near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer, he will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounter with the roughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as if he were a prince. When all other friends desert he remains. When riches take wings and reputation falls to pieces he is as con- stant in his love as the sun in its journey through the heavens. If for- tune drives the master forth an outcast in the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of ac- companying him to guard against danger, to fight against his enemies, and when the last scene of all comes, and death takes the master in its embrace and his body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there by his grave-side will the 16 Dogs of War noble dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad but open in alert watchfulness, faithful and .true even to death." We find this dog, as of old, so to-day, with his master. He was, four hundred strong, each "garnished with good yron collers" with the relief sent by Henry VIII. of England to the pressed hordes of Charles V. of Spain, and so courageously did these English terriers fight that the French soldiers and their dogs were utterly routed. We find him to-day with the Sanitary Corps, with the patrols and on the advance picket line and also, although this is the exception, right in the front trenches where hot balls are spitting death night and day. The value of a true dog, a knowing dog, a dog that can and does bring succor, or that will deliver a message over a fire-swept plain at night, and help in other details, is beyond reckoning in dollars and cents. There is not an army engaged now, that does not wish it had thousands, yes, tens of thousands of dogs, properly trained for war purposes, where they now have one or a few. The dogs have shown their mettle; they have proved that they are in fact a needed requisite; in many cases for stimulating even so-called first line troops, thus making them peerless and invincible. We appear to be somewhat slow in comprehending the lessons of history. Virgil in his "/Eneid" speaks of dogs as messengers, carrying the despatches on their collars, and in an Egyptian invasion dogs wTere employed as early as 4000 B. C. Napoleon favored dogs and Frederick the Great of Germany had them employed as watchdogs for sentry work. The war now raging has shown that an army in order to be effective must employ all agencies that add to its effective strength, whether this be increased vigor in offense or greater power to resist and save energy, men and even the ebbing life of the wounded, who have crawled into hiding. This war has proved that the army of the future will be constructed on an altogether different principle from that of the past, and that dogs are one of the essential requisites of an efficient army. As the drill regulations rightly say "success in battle is the ulti- mate object of all military training; success may be looked for only when the training is intelligent and thorough" and "the excellence of an organization is judged by its field efficiency. The field efficiency of an organization depends primarily upon its effectiveness as a whole. Thoroughness and uniformity in the training of the units of an organ- ization are indispensible to the efficiency of the whole; it is by such means alone that the requisite teamwork may be developed." Every item that is employed and taken into consideration to add to the efficiency of a unit adds to its strength. Airships in the clouds ana wireless telegraphy and well trained military dogs are some of the Dogs of War 17 new features that the armies now battling for supremacy in Europe have employed to gain their end, the overthrow of their adversary. That efficient dogs can aid materially in accomplishing the suc- cess of units is an established fact. The lonely soldier on guard, who, for the first time probably, faces the dark shadows with their lurking dangers in the enemy country, will do his duty better and more fearlessly, if a faithful dogjs with him to warn him of impend- ing events. With such a four-footed comrade reconnoitering the nearby landscape, the immediate danger, the personal danger is oblit- erated ; the sentinel can confine himself to observing or watching for things further ahead and thus prove of better service. Again, if danger threatens a double sentinel, the men can remain and observe or check its development, while their four-footed com- rade is dispatched back to the sentry squad or the picket commander, for report and if needed, support. The battle being over, ambulance details and Red Cross helpers need not fear that they will overlook wounded soldiers, when dogs are employed to trail them. The dead and badly wounded are easily found; they lay where they fought; but the lightly wounded, those that had still strength to crawl and hunt shelter or water to quell their thirst, are the ones that the hospital corps is apt to miss. Speak- ing from the viewpoint of military efficiency these slightly wounded are the very soldiers that should be specially cared for, for on their speedy recovery they may prove in a long-drawn-out war the decid- ing factor that will end it, when they have again returned to the fighting line. Good Red Cross dogs will quickly clear a battle- ground of all wounded soldiers. That the proportion of the slightly wounded returning to the front is large is shown by the French and German hospital returns of the present conflict. Germany has returned as fighters 88.9 per cent., lost 1.9 per cent, dead and suffered a further loss of 9.2 pei cent, incapacitated. The French gave the folowing figures for a somewhat shorter period: 54.5 per cent, fit to return immediately; 24.5 per cent, on leave, 17 per cent, still in hospital, 3.5 dead of wounds and 1.5 per cent, permanently disabled. We are astounded as we read these reports, at the large number of slightly wounded, and can imagine the value of such for future use, made in many cases possible through the aid of Red Cross dogs to get them out of their hiding places. That dogs can reduce the permanent losses of an army to a con- siderable extent is thus proved beyond all doubt. This war is not going to be the last war, notwithstanding what 18 Dogs of War some world reformers may think on the subject. It is not the inten- tion of my little treatise on military dogs to give reasons for this prediction; this we can leave to others who make it a life study. It is sufficient for us to know, that nations and races are preparing, and that prepared nations and races are sooner or later going to try if they have prepared sufficiently. Nations of the first class will prepare to their last available dollar and man, and small and neutral nations will prepare that they may remain neutral, if they can. In his book "The World at War," George Brandes, the celebrated Danish critic, says: "In the lulls between wars, humanity imagines it is at peace at last and that no more wars will arise. Humanity does not want and does not dare to look truth in the eyes. If war breaks out, in spite of optimistic assertions, humanity reacts and cries that after this war justice and peace will reign. Every war is to be the last war." The struggle for world supramacy, meaning various things as expressed by various nations, but having for its ultimate object the same thing in view, that of freedom to sell, to expand and grow, can- not be checked by anything except war. When rivals clash, a fight must come. To the victor shall belong the spoils, meaning in this case the best chance to expand, to sell so that the victorious nation can provide a better sustenance to its people. All future wars will be bread wars, the wars that we say, we are fighting for our existence, and such wars are always fought to the bitter end. The army of the future, all other things being equal, that has the maximum number of dogs trained to its wrork in field and with the hospital corps, is going to be the winner. Dogs should not be used, at least so some claim, as a direct combatant; still there are many advocates who even recommend that they should accompany every attack. We know how efficacious they would prove. As long as we sanction the use of savage and cruel weapons against white men, why should not man's best friend, the dog, be given a chance to aid his master. The employment of police dogs in Paris and other French indus- trial centers has shown that one or two gendarmes with dogs can do more in dispersing a mob and throw terror into the hearts of the Apaches than squads of policemen without them. Man, no matter how daring or brave, has not lost his natural dread of being thrown down and chewed up by an infuriated beast or dog, especially if such dogs have been trained right to take the proper hold to overcome resistance. Dogs are used for various purposes in the armies now engaged. They have shown their mettle. The future is the great open field of opportunity for them and their trainers. Our adversary, Germany, Dogs of War 19 took over until June, 1915 from the German Shepherd Dog Club for use in its army 1,678 trained dogs and 1,612 men as trainers. By breeds and material represented 1,227 German Shepherds, 239 Dober- manner, 142 Airedale terriers and 23 Rottweiler, a very stock and powerful dog. In a recent address before the German Shepherd Dog Club of America Mr. Wanner gave the following facts regarding the German mobilization of dogs at the beginning of the great war: "At the start of the war a Herr Freischutt, the delegate of the Ger- man Club for the Frankfurt district, immediately started to collect dogs for war and Red Cross work. He was afterward appointed by the government as head trainer of the school there, which I believe is at the present time the largest in the world. The papers of the city began immediately to collect funds for the work and in one week suc- ceeded in raising 8,000 Marks. On the first call from the govern- ment for dogs 2,500 were offered and of this number 1,400 were immediately put in training." The United States of America, now since we are at war, should not fail to take to heart this lesson from its great adversary. We have the doggy material, the best that our brains and pocketbooks could get direct from our present enemy, and we have the will to answer the call whenever the war department calls for dogs. We should take the lessons that our Allies and our enemies have taught us, to heart and profit thereby. We aim to discover what gun, what caliber, what method and formation does the best work, and adopt it. We should not forget the dog. In trying to copy and improve that which has proven worth while, we shall, no doubt, succeed, but in creating something that so far has been a novelty, we may gain the upper hand in the coming struggle far more easily, more effectively and far more quickly. I wonder if this "something" might not be an adequate num- ber of dogs attached to every unit of every fighting force and ambu- lance corps? Let us ponder the matter well and act, if the chance to excel in preparation iur the coming struggle appears to be well founded. Now is the time. We have German Shepherds, Airedales, and other breeds that fill in un'Jl the best can be secured in sufficient numbers for all the armies of the world. Let us take them in hand. To-day is our day. To-morrow it may be too late. June, 1917. The Author. 1'lioto by J. T. Jennings, Scnintoii, I'a. "Preparedness Parade, Scranton, Pa." Red Cross Detachment in the parade with the Dogs of Elmview Kennels, Scranton, Pa. Dogs In The European War THE desirability of employing dogs in war is amply proved by the great conflict now raging. There is not an army engaged that does not employ them, nor is there an army commander or Army Medical Corps Chief who does not wish he had at his disposal ten times the number of trained dogs now available. To be efficiently equipped for offense or defense, the units employed must have better ears, eyes, noses and instincts than those which nature gave men, even though we, with out marvelous inventions are able to soar in the clouds like birds or dig into the bowels of the earth like moles, or swim underneath the waves like fish. For the organiza- tions fighting on land the salvation lies to a great extent in the liberal use of intelligent dogs trained to do "their bit." "According to one report," says E. Hendrick in the Red Cross Magazine, "at the outbreak of the war there were eight trained dogs in the German army and in another it is stated there were many. Now we are assured that there are many but we have no census; we know only of one high command for the training of 2,500 additional dogs and another reference to 4,500 of them. Those in the French army and Red Cross are expressed by the same figure of speech— "many"—and those in the British army are indicated by "some." On both sides on all the fronts there may be, at a guess, 10,000 Red Cross dogs. This refers only to those that are trained, that have undergone careful education and have, as it were, taken their degrees. Untrained dogs are not wanted at the front, any more than untrained civilians. They are useless. The best physical type seems to be a medium-sized animal, strong, preferably of grayish color or black, and the beast must have good eyesight and character. How large a part scent plays in the work is not known. We do not know anything about smell, anyway. In that respect dogs know far more than we. The breeds vary. A cross between a bulldog and a mastiff is said to be desirable, so are German sheep-dogs, retrievers, pointers, large Airedale terriers, the kind known as police dogs, as well as out- and-out curs. It is character and training that is wanted; nobody has time in days of war to worry about ancestry. Character is the hardest thing to breed and the aristocrat with a shifty eye goes into the dis- 22 Dogs in the European War card. In time of need democracy asserts itself. Size, weight, and health may be determined. Then comes training—and there char- acter shows." "Although the utility of the horse in warfare is generally recog- nized," remarks Major E. H. Richardson of the English army in the Army and Navy Gazette, "many do not realize the extremely useful service the dog is rendering in the present war to the armies of the enemy and to those of the Allies." A writer in "Arms and the Man" says, that "in her steady prep- aration for the present conflict Germany has allowed no detail of her marvelous organization to be overlooked, and since a high value was placed on the use of dogs in the field, a very efficient system has been for years in force with the object of providing good animals for the work. She has had military training establishments for dogs, and has also given every encouragement to private enterprise, and above all, the government has vigorously supported and financed the police dog organizations all over the country. These dogs have been in a very efficient state of training. "Several years ago when trying to stir up similar efforts in this country, I pointed out that an efficient scheme of mobilization was in existence in Germany, whereby every one of these thousands of police dogs would be mobilized, and would give the troops immense assist- ance and protection. This mobilization has now taken place, and on all fronts there must be about 10,000 dogs working with the German troops. Fortunately, the same, to a great extent, may be said of Russia. "There, too, military dog organizations have been enthusiastically adopted by many of the best regiments, while the police dogs were also growing in efficiency and numbers. In June last I was invited to judge the military and police dog trials in Petrograd, and was greatly struck with the importance which the army and police attached to the whole subject. Trained dogs were brought from all parts of Russia and Siberia to the trials, and, in fact, I believe the various towns and districts from which they all emanated amounted to 650. The crack Russian regiments—such as the Ismailovsky, Semenovsky, Pavlosky, Guard Huzzars, etc.,—all have numbers of dogs attached to them. "France has given a certain amount of attention to the subject, but, as I shall show presently, not along the most practical lines. There are three different duties for which dogs are being utilized. As aids to the searchers and ambulance bearers, as messengers, and to accompany the sentries and patrols at night. In my opinion there is Dogs in the European War 23 no question but that the last-mentioned duty takes immensely superior precedence of the other two duties. "The drawback to the ambulance dog is that the handler of the dog needs to understand thoroughly how to work him. In fact, he needs to be trained in peace time as well as the dog. "The messenger dog, I have always maintained, would be apt, in actual warfare, to make mistakes, and run into the enemy's lines. This has, as a matter of fact, happened in the present war. On sev- eral occasions the German messenger dogs have run into the French trenches. At first the French soldiers did not realize they were carry- ing messages, and they were allowed to pass unmolested. Since the real use was discovered the dogs are now immediately shot. "The night sentry and patrol dog, however, cannot be too highly praised and advocated. The invaluable use of these dogs is being demonstrated on all fronts. "Now in the French Army the latter service has been neglected. One or two French officers tried to bring it up within the last two years, but any attention the government gave at all before the war, to the subject was diverted to ambulance dogs. This has been found to be a mistake. Not but what the French ambulance dogs are doing good work, as indeed they are, but their use must always be more or less limited, as only a few persons are qualified to handle them, and also because, unfortunately, our present foe does not hesitate to shoot the ambulance dogs, protected though they should be by the Red Cross saddles they wear. As an instance of the methods employed on the German side, I may quote the following extracts from the diary of a German ambulance dog trainer who went to the front with his dogs. "This man was himself working under the protection of the Red Cross and supposedly a non-combatant: "One night we got quite close to the enemy and our dogs guarded against their surprising us, and we amused ourselves throwing bombs at the French." In describing the work of his dogs, he says: "I was ordered to W------, where the headquarters of the Army and some of my colleagues were. The Director General of the Army Medical Ambulance Department seemed very pleased to see the dogs arrive. We left for the battle field at two oclock in the morning. We could only work on the lead, as we were less thaw 400 meters from the French lines. " 'Treu,' my dog, in a short time found five wounded, three severely wounded and two slightly wounded, which even with the sharpest eyesight you could not have found, they were so well hidden. In the Destroyed Trench." Observation Officer and his dog in a lost position, observing a further infantry advance Dogs in the European War 25 They had been out on the battlefield for a day and a half. My colleague found a sixth, and my colleagues K------- and W------- found three in a vineyard, where it would have been very difficult to find them without dogs. "The other nights we worked until the break of day in the half moonlight." To refer again to sentry dogs in the French Army, it was sug- gested by one or two officers in the defensive zone at one of the great fortresses, during the earlier stages of the war, that a few trained sentry dogs should be obtained to assist the sentries in detect- ing the approach of the enemy at night, and thus prevent night sur- prises. These few dogs turned out very useful, and no night attacks after their arrival were successful on the part of the enemy. The consequence of this has been that the French Army is now endeavor- ing to secure as many trained dogs as it can for their front. "I took out four ambulance dogs at the very commencement of the war and was attached to the Belgian Red Cross, but in the gen- eral retreat that followed we were overtaken. I was nearly taken prisoner myself, and my dogs fell into the hands of the Germans. The great demand, however, seems to be for sentry dogs. Numerous are the uses to which they can be put, but their chief usefulness is at night, as their intense keen watchfulness and hearing enable the sentries to keep a much sharper lookout." Under the heading "First Aid Dogs for Army," the Bulletin of the German Shepherd Dog Club of America says: "It is a matter of general knowledge that dogs are being used to locate wounded sol- diers who happen to fall in out of the way places by all the warring countries in the European conflict. Recently it became known that the United States War Department is arranging to buy and train dogs to be used for the same purpose. "The excellent work of the dogs in Europe only came to the notice of the army officials lately. In France the use of Belgian sheep dogs in seeking out the injured soldiers who were unable to walk or crawl to an open space where they could be discovered has resulted, according to army reports, in saving the lives of more than 2,000 men who might otherwise have died before they were found. "The dogs are trained not to bark when they find a disabled soldier. They are taught to disregard dead soldiers. Each dog has a box containing first aid remedies and appliances tied to its neck. Upon locating a helpless soldier the dog goes up close to him so that the box may be opened. The animal tears a piece of the uniform from the soldier and then returns to the kennel to which he is 26 Dogs in the European War attached. (The method of the Central powders consists, however, in training the dog to take the cap or else any article, each and every one of which has the name, and unit identification of the soldier attached, back to its base.—The Editor.) "The better trained dogs return to the kennel, bark and turn back in the direction from which they came to indicate that they have found an injured soldier. A corps of surgeons are attached to the kennels and they follow the dogs to the injured men. Many times soldiers are found at the bottom of deep ravines, and other sequestered places where only dogs with a keen sense of smell could locate them. Sometimes it takes a whole day to get a soldier he has found because of the hazardous work of carrying him to a road. "Behind the German lines the dogs are similarly trained to go to the aid of the injured. And the same is done in Russia. England has trained Airedales to hunt wounded soldiers. France has trained 2,000 sheep dogs for Red Cross w7ork. Germany has many more. The Germans also use the larger dogs to haul light machine guns. "The Italian army has trained dogs to carry light munitions over conspicuous passes in the mountains where men would be subject to fire from the Austrians. Then it asks: 'Doesn't the above fire most of us with the ambition to 'get ready?' Does it not put the enthu- siasm in us to show what America can do if we should need these dogs for such wTork?' "That France is doing her possible best with dogs is exemplified by a clipping from the 'Matin,' which states that 'for about ten or twelve years there has been much trading between German and French dealers but since the war the dogs have been sold with great diffi- culty even under the new name of 'Alsatian dogs.' On three German fronts as well as in the occupied countries over four thousand dogs are in use with the patrols, sentries, police and medical corps." The before-the-war demand for war-dogs could never be filled in France. Now the Societe Nationale des Chiens Sanitaires tries to fill the gaps by eight training and breeding kennels, from which already 255 dogs have been turned over to the army for patrol and sentry work. Were it not for the censor, great tales would delight us with the work man's best friend is doing to save his masters. That the German army is well equipped by dogs is admitted by the "Paris Temps," which reports: "On several occasions we have referred to the importance of the services rendered by our army dogs now at the front. Recently we have learned that our enemies have also taken very energetic measures for supplying themselves with a greater number of dogs for services in the field, either on the hospital and ambulance staffs or on guard and scout dutv. Dogs in the European War 27 "On the whole, the German methods are vastly inferior to those employed in the French army. What is most worthy of notice is that the German com- manders in the field have clamored very insistently of late for an early and adequate increase of the dog squads at their disposal." The limits of the usefulness of a dog are exceedingly broad as is shown by a dog owned by Budweiss, a city in Austria. This dog, named "Lotte von der Traun" had seen considerable police service before the war and on being turned over to the Red Cross, and after having received a short preliminary training, was sent to the front. In the short space of 'three months this dog saved the lives of twenty- three soldiers. Lotte is used in the mountains of the Italian front, where the scenery is wild and romantic, and where vast cliffs and steep brush-covered mountains abound. To hunt a badly wounded soldier here without a dog would be practically an impossibility. An illuminating article is given to the Bulletin by J. R. Morris, who, reporting on his trip to Europe during the war, says of the dogs in Holland as follows: "Through the courtesy of the army officer in charge of Holland's war dogs, I was allowed to see them work. They were truly wonderful. There are about 1000 dogs in the Holland army. The machine gun dogs are of a breed like the mastiff, strong, big chested, and with enormous legs. The am- bulance dogs were almost all Shepherds. These latter ranged over a field of some hundreds of acres and very quickly found and reported the men, sup- posedly wounded, who were hidden in the brush or behind obstructions. These war dogs are bred and raised in government kennels. The soldiers in charge live right at the kennels. The effects of early training were apparent, for when we walked through a yard in which there were numerous puppies of all ages, not one of the pups offered to jump on us. They showed all the lively interest a puppy does but no bad manners. I witnessed the turning out for exercise of at least 100 big fierce-looking dogs. Each dog as his or her door was opened, dashed out, crossed two lots and went through two gates on the run, until he reached the lot he knew was his playground. Imagine this bunch of dogs playing frantically with never a fight. 'We train our dogs,' as the inspector said." The esteem in which Army and Red Cross dogs are held by the authorities is, however, but a fragment of what the crippled soldiers think of them, those who are snatched, so to speak, from the edge of the graves, and often days of hunger, thirst and pain, by them. A wireless report from Berlin announced some time ago that conval- escent soldiers at Jena, in appreciation of the work done by the hos- pital dogs of the German army, have established there a hospital to care for the sick and wounded animals. It is estimated that 3,000 wounded soldiers have been saved by the aid brought them by hospital dogs before their comrades could reach them. This report was wire- lessed to the Bulletin by G. Ford and L. Swank. That this great nation, the Colossus, is awakening to the needs 28 Dogs in the European War of more and better dogs, is proved by the fact that Surgeon General W. C. Gorgas of the United States Army was in favor of procuring dogs for the hospital corps. In his hearing before the Congressional Committee for military affairs he said that Germany has 6,000 Red Cross dogs that have proved themselves invaluable in twenty months of war. The few dogs at present owned by the government in Fort Vermont are not a drop in the bucket to what we should have. An amendment will have to be made to our army regulation, he sug- gested, so that the army can keep and feed dogs as well as horses and mules, the only animals now allowed a standing. That General Gorgas wjll gain his point, we have no hesitation in declaring, for the people are alive to the fact that we must prepare and the very best preparation possible for meeting the danger is necessary. "Enroute with a Dispatch." "Bill von Rommelburg" of Hill Top Farm Kennels, Greenwich, Conn., with a return message to his patrol. Dogs In The Trenches "A French Officer tells of one night while on watch as a private in one of the front trenches," relates E. Hendrick in the "Red Cross Magazine," "when every dog became suddenly uneasy, continually growling and very excited. This was enough for the soldiers; they knew their army dogs and believed in them, so they telephoned to the main entrenchments for support. Fully twenty-five minutes after the reinforcements arrived, a German attack was made from the trenches opposite which was turned back because of the superior numbers that answered the telephone call. The distance of the Ger- man trenches oposite those of the French is not given, but that does not stand in the way of a very interesting question: By what sense did these dogs know of the approaching attack? Did they hear the enemy making ready or do we excrete under excitement, through the sweat glands, certain distinctive chemical bodies that indicate to the trained olfactory sense of the dog either fear or passion?" Again he relates an interesting incident from the Eastern front saying: "In the campaign on the Eastern front Lieutenant von Wieland led a party of men in an attack on the Russian trenches. Seeing the task hopeless on account of the Russian fire, he, wounded, sent back the men who had set out with him and lay there in the blood and muck and filth of the battlefield. The Russian fire was so murderous that no one dared bring him in. Presently a dark form bounded from the German trenches, rushed to Lieutenant von Wieland's side, grasped his coat between his teeth and, foot by foot, dragged him to safety. Once, but only for a moment, did he loosen his hold, and that was when a bullet 'creased' him from shoulder to flank. The blood gushed from the wound, but the dog took a fresh hold and finished his job at the edge of the trench where willing hands lifted the lieutenant down to safety. They had to lift the dog down, too, because just then a bullet broke both his fore-legs. "It was the lieutenant's dog Steif that, when his master's hour had struck, gnawed through his leash and rushed to him. There are evidences that Steif is partly of great Dane breed, partly mastiff and partly hound, but the rest of him is pure dog miscellany. "Man and dog were both taken to the hospital and the surgeons worked as hard over the one as they did over the other. Then one 30 Dogs in the Trenches day, when His Majesty made his rounds, they brought Steif in on a cot and placed him beside the lieutenant. The emperor had heard the story and as he came along he took from the supply that he carried with him, an iron cross, which he pinned upon von Wieland's bosom. Then, taking another iron cross, he tied it to the collar of the dog." "A French dog named Prusco, nearly white, that looks like a wolf, has a remarkable record. It is said that after one battle, alone, he saved the lives of more than one hundred men by seeking out those concealed by brush or depressions or who were too weak to make their location known. If it had not been for Prusco, they would have been left to die on the field. At another time, a French regiment, advanc- ing against the Germans, received a set-back and was forced to retreat, leaving many wounded. A hail of bullets was flying over them. Three Frenchmen, shot in the legs, were slowly dragging themselves toward a depression to avoid the fire of the rifles and machine guns. They had thrown off everything that hindered them, but they made very slow progress. Prusco saw them and bounded to the side of one who caught him by the collar, and was quickly dragged to shelter, Then he returned and brought along the other two in the same way. This accomplished, he waited until the wounded men had supplied themselves with first aid from the kit on his back, and then hastened off to render other aid where it was needed. Prusco has been honor- ably mentioned in the dispatches." Young German with a puppy, whose dam assisted him to gain the Iron Cross in doing valuable patrol work. The breed is the white German poodle, showing that any brainy dog, rightly trained will be able to "do his bit" The Red Cross Dog The Red Cross Dog is trained along the same lines as the general army dog. He goes through his obedience lessons, and after that up to the eighth field lesson, guiding reliefs to the wounded sol- dier. An illuminating description is given of the Red Cross dogs' training and work by E. Hendrick in the "Red Cross Magazine," who states, that "these Army or Red Cross or Sanitary dogs, as the Germans call them, are first trained to distinguish between the uni- form of their country and that of the enemy. Then the dog must learn the importance of a wounded man, as being his principal busi- ness in life. News of the wounded must also be brought to his mas- ter. He must not bark, because the enemy always shoots. There are various ways in which the dog tells his master of his discovery. One method is, if no wounded have been discovered, to trot back and lie down, whereas, if he has found a wounded man he urges his master to follow. United States Consul Talbot J. Albert of Brunswick tells of a method in use in the German army, in which the dogs have buckled to their collars a short strap, and they are trained, when they find a wounded man in hunting over the battlefield at night, to grasp the straps in their mouths and so return, thus signifying that there is a man in uniform alive out there. Then they lead the way back to him. This invention was necessary to overcome an evil that became evident among dogs taught to retrieve: that is, to bring back some piece belonging to the wounded man, his cap, glove, or something from the neighborhood, such as a piece of cord, a stone, or a bunch of grass. The trouble with the method was that the dogs, in their abun- dant zeal, never returned without something from the injured man, and usually they took that which first struck their eyes. This was most often a bandage, which the dog would tear off. If taught to bring back a cap and the soldier had none, the dog would very likely seize him by the hair. "Orders are orders, you know. But those trained to bring some- thing from the neighborhood would fail to do so where the snow was deep. "Dogs are never trained to scent out the dead. Their busi- ness is to assist the wounded. Each one carries a first aid package strapped about its back or neck and knows that when a wounded man is found he may take the package. "They are trained to carry letters from post to post and they learn to distinguish the various posts by name. They are also of aid to soldiers on the watch." "The Badly Wounded 'Neath the Shrapnel-Scarred Tree." "Bill von Rommelburg" and barks for stretcher-bearers. discovers the wounded The Missing Men The story of the missing men may here be told as an illustration of what is lost by the non-employment of dogs. It is indeed a sad story. These men went forth in all their glory, in the pride of their lives. 1 hey went into battle,—and they disappeared. Where are they? They were not taken prisoners, as the after-war records show that no enemy prison camp had them. They were wounded, no doubt, crawled into a thicket, and there died miserably. Let us hope that some peasant buried them quietly, when he returned later on to till his field again. That the missing men form a large percentage in all wars is amply shown by Dr. Ekroth's compilation, an extract of which is given herewith, and that the Red Cross Dogs can reduce this fearful percentage in future wars, we know. Not to employ the dogs in every hospital unit is a neglect of our opportunity to do justice to the men that went forward to battle for us. Missing. 1,000 4,000 Unknown 15,000 7,000 1,000 15,000 Unknown Unknown 1,100 700 4,500 1,700 9,000 276 5,619 6,000 1,373 2,096 372 21,000 702 June 14, 1800, Marenjro battle Oct. 14, 1806, Jena battle..... July 6, 1809, Wagram battle. . Oct. 16, 1813, Leipzic battle. . June 18, 1815, Waterloo battle June 4, 1859, Magenta battle. . June 24, 1859, Solferino battle. July 3, 1866, Sadova battle--- Aug. 6, 1870, Woerth battle. . . Aug. 6, 1870, Spicheron battle Sept. 1, 1870, Sedan battle... . 28,000 French . . 40,000 Austrians 40,000 French . 70,000 Prussians 140,000 French . . 90,000 Austrians 171,000 French . . 300,000 Allies . . , 120,000 French . 112,000 Allies ... 47,000 French . . 62,000 Austrians 124,000 French . . 163,000 Austrians 141,000 Prussians 150,000 Austrians 46,000 French . . 160,000 Germans 20,000 French . . 28,000 Germans 124,000 French .. 190,000 Germans Machine Guns and Dogs Mr. Hendrick in The Red Cross Magazine writes: "In the Belgian army dogs have largely displaced horses for rush- ing machine guns from one location to another, according to a correspondent of the Boston Post. Officers claim that under fire they are more dependable than horses and may be relied upon to keep the gun out of the hands of the enemy even though the entire escort be killed. And they can be kept in trenches safe from hostile bullets, which is impossible with larger animals. "In Russia dogs have been used to carry ammunition to the firing lines and by the quickness of their work, which was formerly done by crouching and creeping men, have kept the soldiers well sup- plied from the ammunition wagons which are always likely to be far in the rear of advancing files. "There are canine sentries on duty on both sides in the Great War, and dogs that are dispatch-bearers. Marquis, a French dog, fell dead from a bullet wound almost at the feet of a group of French soldiers to whom he bore a message across a shell-raked stretch of country. But the message was delivered! And there is Stop, of the Fifteenth Army Corps, the savior of many wounded, and Flora, of the Twelfth Alpine Chasseurs, merciful dogs of war with reputations for distinguished service. There are many Stops and Floras actively engaged in humanitarian service, and it is quite unfair for me to single out individual animals—a conference of dogs of war would doubtless so decide—except as a means of giving typical stories of what are everyday exhibitions of intelligence, devotion, and self-sacrifice on the part of dogs of numerous breeds in the vast zone of battle. "Other stories of the. heroism of dogs are likely to come to us when the war is over, and from them we may gain more wisdom about dogs. We are likely to become informed—but whether we learn it or not rests with us—that a chance for education and train- ing is important for a dog if it is to lead a useful life, and that in the economy of a better order of things there is a great deal of work for dogs to do. Qualifications Demanded of Army Dogs Paragraph 554 of the Infantry Drill Regulations of our army says: "The mounted scouts should be thoroughly trained in patrolling and reconnaissance. They are used for communication with neigh- boring troops, for patrolling off the route of march, for march out- posts, outposts patrols, combat patrols, reconnaissance ahead of columns, etc. Their further use is, in general, confined to escort and messenger duty. They should be freely used for all these purposes, but for these purposes only." This paragraph, if it was written for the army dog, and not for cavalry, could practically remain the same. It gives us an indication in what manner dogs would release troops for other work, and what we would have a right to expect from a dog. The material from which dogs can be selected for hard and exacting army work is limited. From the numerous breeds available but few can be said to have the necessary qualification for military purposes. Aside from the fact that the dog selected to endure the hardships of a campaign must be physically of a size and stamina to endure all kinds of weather under abnormal conditions, he must also be extra good in scenting powers and of a bright, discerning mind. True fidelity to his comrades in the ranks and suspicion against any- thing abnormal beyond the line and strangers are some of the lead- ing requirements in worth-while service dogs. When I say, that but few breeds have the necessary qualifica- tions to be available for military work, I do not mean to say, that none of the other dog tribes are fit to use, nor does it signify that every member of the few breeds specially good for sentry and Red Cross work will be found satisfactory. There are exceptions to all rules. The truth is, as one writer puts it, that "there is as great a range of character in German Shepherds as there is of speed in the standard-bred trotter, or milk-production of the dairy cow." For that matter he need not have confined his remarks to the Shepherd Dogs alone, for all breeds have their nincompoops,—dogs that have no brain, no vitality, no desire to be of service and no stamina to be, even if they had ambition to try. A large percentage of our best breeds, bred for show, have created a "black-sheep" blue-ribbon pull- 'Machine Guns drawn by Dogs." Belgian Carabiniers on the march Qualifications for Army Dogs 39 ing type, that is not fit to use in the open. As Servill says: Hark to the ewe that bore him: "What has muddied the strain ? Never his brethren before him Showed the hint of a stain." Hark to the tups and the weathers, Hark to the old gray ram: "We're all of us white But he's black as night, And he'll never be worth a damn." The officer looking for puppies to be used as military dogs, should lay special stress on the fact that he get them out of fully trained and worked parents. Beware of the shy, slinking, hide-away pup, who is afraid to see you, a stranger in daylight. Grasp the one that turns his hair up, that shows his mettle, the one that bares his teeth. That necessity has allowed all kinds of dogs to be used, and the fact, that many specimens of mixed blood have done really wonderful things for their units and masters, does not mean that we should con- tinue to employ them, but rather use them until we can have the best of our best breeds for military work perfected in sufficient numbers to replace the makeshifts. The pure breed bred for a purpose is what we must have. That all kind of dogs are used with effect and how wonderful is at times their devotion to duty, is amply shown by Ellwood Hen- drick in his article on "Merciful Dogs of War" in the "Red Cross Magazine." He says: "When war breaks loose we have to revise our ways and our doings. Values change concerning dogs as of other things. An Airedale terrier is not wanted for his blanket of black and the shape of it; the Airedale is wanted for his trained ability to find wounded soldiers and to come back and lead help to them. His black back is not cared for at all; the Red Cross and Army Medical CorrJs prefer to have dogs gray, for the same reason that this is the b'est color for uniforms. In the eyes of the show-dog men or women the Army Medical and Red Cross authorities are wretchedly reaction- ary^ they are not interested in a single prize-winning feature." The character of the leader selected for the patrol depends upon the importance of the work in hand. 608 I. D. R. Every patrol should be selected from the dog squad and the leader a trainer, who knows his dogs and their peculiarities. The dog squad should be specially trained in patrol work and reconnaissance. The good type of a German Shepherd Dog, as bred bv Elmview Kennels, Scranton, Pa. The German Shepherd Dog The German Shepherd dog as a breed is among the oldest, and as in the case of most of the old breeds the origin is somewhat obscure. There are many theories advanced as to its origin, some claiming that it goes back as far as the wild dogs of Europe, while another claim is that it is derived from a cross of the dog with the wolf. However true any of these theories are the writer does not feel that he cares to commit himself to the extent of advancing his own ideas nor of endorsing any of the explanations given by others. It is enough to say that the breed has been known so long that it is absolutely a true breed and as it stands to-day has no wolf blood in it and certainly has no blood of the wild dog in it. The point that most readers of this book want to know is about the dog as he is to-day; his appearance, qualities, temperament, dis- position and mannerisms; in this I will try to describe all of these characteristics in a clear unprejudiced way. In describing the German Shepherd dog, we might say that in general appearance he is about what we expect a wolf to look like. He is a trifle long in body, has erect ears, prominent eyes, rather long head, a coat of rather coarse short hair and a heavy undercoat; strong, oblique shoulders, strong back, medium wide but very deep chest, well sprung ribs, loins not too well "tucked up," strong hindquarters and wide flank; well bent stifles and hocks well let lown; a heavy boned tail, not feathered but covered with a heavy coat of hair similar to the tail of a wolf or coyote and always carried low in a graceful curve; when in motion moving with an even machine-like stride on a trot and gathering himself well together as a trained race horse on a canter or run. Taking up the details of the appearance of the dog we find that a male weighs between fifty-five and sixty pounds; while in a female it is permissable for her to weigh somewhat less; in height the male should stand from twenty-four to twenty-six inches, and again as in the weight the female may go a little under this. The head should be in proportion to the body, of medium width in skull, tapering a trifle in the forehead and running very slightly down from the skull to forehead. Nose or mask is long and tapering, but not so long or tapering 42 The German ShepherdJDog as to lose any strength in the jaw. To explain the above paragraph it will probably be well to make a comparison with the head of the modern bench show Collie, as prob- ably everyone is more or less familiar with the appearance of that breed. In the modern Collie the head is very long, being almost a straight and decided angle from the top of the skull to the end of the nose. This in the German Shepherd dog is wrong, as there must be quite a well defined stop or depression at the point where the forehead stops and the nose begins. Then in the Shepherd dog the skull should be decidedly broader from between the ears back than the Collie; also a good width between the eyes. Again unlike the Collie the ears of the Shepherd dog should be erect from base to tip, not drooping. They should be carried erect and opening to the front; the inside being covered with a light fine growth of hair. The eyes should be of good size, set well in the head, preferably dark in color, although a light dog or dogs with light markings about the head and eyes may have slightly lighter eyes. The expression of the eyes is quite important, as this denotes to a great extent the char- acter and disposition of the individual. The true German Shepherd dog expression of the eye is one of honest fearlessness, in fact a bold expression, but at the same time not one of aggression. There is too a deep, soulful look which is very appealing, especially when the animal is quiet and at rest. The lips are dry; by this it is meant the lips do not hang down below the'lower jaw, while the teeth are good size, especially the tusks, which are quite large and especially prominent when the mouth is open. The neck is strong, not overly long, and the coat about the neck generally grows in a way as to form%a sort of ruff running back onto the shoulder. The shoulder is heavy, broad and oblique, giving the appearance of great strength. The front legs are of a weight in proportion to the body but should be a trifle on the heavy side rather than on the light, and the bone covered with well-developed muscles. The pasterns must be straight and strong, but preferably slanting back a trifle rather than knuckling over. The feet are of good size and toes close together. A serious fault and one to be avoided is the open or splay foot. The chest is deep and of medium breadth, good spring of ribs, making a fairly broad back over the chest. The back is straight, strong and a trifle long, bringing out the The German Shepherd Dog 43 proportion called for in the standard for the breed, which makes the dog from one to two inches longer than he is high. The loins are not too well tucked up but are in proportion to the chest. The stern or tail is of heavy bone, set well up in the body and carried low in a graceful curve, except when in excitement; it is then permissable for the tail to be carried higher than the back, but must never be curled or twisted. The back legs, including hips, are as in the case of the front legs in proportion to the body but should be of full weight of bone. The stifle is bent in a graceful curve running down to the hock joints which are well let down, the appearance being when the dog is stand- ing properly of a hackney stallion, that is the hind legs standing back rather than under the dog. Feet same as front, close and round. Although the gait of the dog has been mentioned too much emphasis cannot be laid upon this. All that we have said in describ- ing the hindquarters of the breed are most important, as they are the units and factors that to a great extent govern the gait. We have also spoken of how the dog travels smoothly, and to emphasize it we repeat this, as a great deal of stress should be laid upon the gait. The gait of a well formed dog is quite remarkable. It should resemble a slink if one can picture a slinking dog with none of the characteristics of cowardliness attached to it. In other words you must picture the dog moving as quietly and smoothly as a slinking one but walking upright and showing no signs of fear. Then, as in the case of the gait, it is well to again call attention to the coat, which is fully as important as the gait, especially the undercoat, as on this depends the dog's power of withstanding any and all kinds of weather. In connection with the coat comes color, and to describe all the colors and combinations of them would fill a volume. Every color is permissable from black to white. The most common colors, however, are black, black with tan and all shades and tints of brown from light fawn and buff to almost a cream; then the ash grey and iron grey are quite common, also the sable, or, as it is commonly called by breeders, wolf sable. In other words color does not matter and almost any color is to be found. Enough has been said as to the appearance and physical points of the German Shepherd dog, and we will now take up the more interesting side of his makeup, showing a few of his characteristics, peculiarities, his mental capacity and his usefulness in many walks of 44 The German Shepherd Dog life and branches of work. First and foremost the German Shepherd dog is a shepherd dog in his native land. He has been used as a guardian for the flocks and as an aid to the shepherd for centuries. In this country he is used but to a very slight degree as a herding dog, there being but two or three cases on record where they are used for that purpose here. We know the dog in America first as a police dog, then as an army and Red Cross dog, while for several years he was generally known only by the name of a French Police dog. There is no breed of dogs in the world called police dogs and no dog is a police dog until he is trained for the work, and any kind of a dog that is trained for police work is a police dog. Let us bear this in mind and there will be less confusion in regard to just what a German Shepherd dog and a police dog really is. Now before going into an explanation of the work done by this breed, let us first learn something of the mental makeup of these dogs and of their characteristics. In disposition they are naturally very kind, very lovable, enjoy being petted, are demonstrative in showing their love for their master or mistress, are splendid with children and thoroughly enjoy the society of human beings. The above paragraph may surprise many who have never owned a dog of this breed, as unfortunately they are considered by some to be of a questionable dispositon and generally ugly. This, however, is not true. They are strictly a one-man dog but by this it is meant they care more for one person than all others, but at the same time they are as perfect in manners with those whom they know as any other dog, while with strangers they merely ignore them. In a house- hold, for instance, they will recognize their own master but enjoy all of the other members of the household, and when their master is not there they are perfectly willing to accompany some other one of the household and temporarily look up to him as their master. They have in general many peculiarities, for example every dog of the breed seems to have a large bump of curiosity. There is not a package that is brought to the house that is not thoroughly inspected by them, not a caller that is not subjected to the closest scrutiny, not a noise that is not investigated; in fact, everything unfamiliar to them must be explored and passed upon. A thousand and one other little things like this add to their attractiveness as a companion. In natural intelligence they probably have no equal in the canine world. Whether trained or not they "pick up" little tricks of their own accord that are surprising. They learn quickly the habits of their The German Shepherd Dog 45 master or of a household or wherever they may be located, and con- form their ways to the customs of their homes. The writer has had several dogs that could tell the sound of his motor when it passed the house, and no matter how many other cars were passing the house dur- ing the day the dog would invariably run to the door when his car passed or stopped. Another dog in the writer's house would nor only push the screen door open to get out, as mang dogs do, but when he wanted to come in reach up, take knob in his mouth, pull the door back and quickly stick his head in before the door swung back, and then pushing the door open, walk in. There are any number of other instances which could be told showing the unusual intelligence of the breed. Probably the best way to explain the intelligence of the breed is to tell exactly how this breed of dogs have come to be so generally used as police dogs. Although intelligence is not wholly responsible for this, at the same time it plays a most important part. Police dogs were first tried out and the idea seems to have originated in the town of Ghent, Belgium, the idea first being merely to have a dog accom- pany the officers on their rounds at night, probably more as a com- panion than anything else, although the dogs were trained to attack any one upon whom they were set by the officer. This was the beginning of the police dog. The movement was almost immediately taken up in Germany and throughout Belgium, and in a few years had developed to such an extent that several prom- inent men, seeing the possibilities, took up the work in a very thorough way with the idea of improving upon it. Naturally the first step toward improvement was to find the most suitable dog, and many Jo^s of all kinds were in turn tried. After a number of years of experimenting the Darwin law of the "survival of the fittest" ruled and the breeds simmered down to the German Shepherd dog, the Belgium sheepdog, Doberman Pinscher, Airedale Terrier and Rotweiler. Each breed had their advantages and each breed had their disadvantages, but on a whole the German Shepherd dog seemed to forge to the front and take the lead over all other breeds. It is interesting to note just why the German Shepherd dog should be superior to the other breeds, and will probably at the same time cxpla'n why this breed has come into such great popularity. In the first place the German Shepherd dog meets the require- ments for a police dog in regard to size, for he is large enough to demand respect yet is not so large as to be ungainly or slow of move- ment. This, of course, applies to all the other mentioned breeds. Field Trial Champion, 1916. "Bill von Rommelburg" owned by Hill Top Farm Kennels, Greenwich, Conn. The German Shepherd Dog 47 Next comes his wonderful power of scenting. This undoubtedly has had as much to do with his success as any one other trait. Although he may not be superior to the Bloodhound in this respect, he is undoubtedly the equal and far better than any of the above-mentioned breeds. Then, too, while on the trail of a human being he is far more apt to stay on the trail than the Airedale or Doberman, since being purely a shepherd dog he has not the hunting instincts of these two, and is not disturbed or does not leave the man trail when it is crossed by that of a cat, rabbit or other animal, this being one of the chief disadvantages in the trailing of the Airedale. Next in importance comes his intelligence and ability to learn easily and quickly. In this latter quality he is far superior. The Airedale and Doberman are intelligent, and whereas it is doubtful if they rank as high as the German Shepherd in this respect, for the sake of argument granting that they are his equal, it is a very well known fact that both of these breeds are particularly strong minded, or as it is generally expressed, very hard headed, the consequence being that they are far more difficult to train, and whereas they may as a finished product turn out as well in the end it is possible to train at least two, and possibly three, German Shepherds to one of the others. This latter, of course, is considerable of an advantage, especially in the training of war dogs, as generally when they are needed they are needed at once and most trained dogs must be turned out as soon as possible. Then, too, since they are easier trained, more people are found who can train them and this as a general rule is more difficult to find than the actual training of the dogs. Next and last in importance is the coat of the German Shepherd and his ruggedness. Due to the exceptional heavy undercoat, of which we have spoken before, the German Shepherd is protected to such an extent as to be able to withstand almost any and all kinds of weather. Water makes little or no impression upon his coat, and the writer has seen young puppies coated with a solid glare of ice, yet in perfect spirits and apparently enjoying everything in life a dog can or does enjoy. The protecting qualities of this coat probably has something to do with the ruggedness of the dog, but whether it has or not the fact remains that the German Shepherd is seldom sick, is able to withstand all kinds of abuse and unfavorable conditions without apparently any ill effects. In the foregoing comparison of the breeds for police and army work we have made little or no mention of the Bloodhound or of the Belgium Sheepdog, but have deemed it best to take these two breeds up separately. Champion "Minka Affolter" owned by Elmview Kennels, Scranton, Pa. The German Shepherd Dog 49 First, in regard to the Bloodhound, undoubtedly they are mar- velous trailers and it is doubtful if any dog is better than they are in this respect, but further than this the Bloodhound is useless. He can- not be trained to do anything but trail, and in a modern police dog or army dog trailing is but one of some sixty exercises that they must perform. Then as to the Belgium Sheepdog, a great deal that has been said of the German Shepherd dog applies to the Belgium dog, and we might add in a slightly less degree the Dutch Sheepdog. Both the Belgium and Dutch dogs are cousin varieties of the German dog. Primarily they were the same animal, but due to the difference in their native lands they have been bred on slightly different lines until to-day there is quite an apparent difference. The German dogs have had the advantage of systematic breeding and several specialty clubs to promote and regulate their breeding, the consequence being that they have been developed into larger, finer looking animals, wkh good dispositions. The Belgium and Dutch dogs not having the advantages of the German dog appear to-day to be a rather ordinary or smaller German Shepherd dog. He is probably as intelligent and as quick to learn but has a poor trailing nose and a snappy disposition, to such an extent that like the Doberman Pinscher it is only individuals which are safe enough to be permitted to run free and unrestricted. Nothing has been said of the varieties of the German Shepherd dog or of the Belgium, and little may be said, since so few except the short haired are ever seen. However, there are two varieties of both, the long haired and the short haired, the long haired German Shepherd dog varying from the short in the length of his coat, which is from three to four inches long, and on account of this length of hair has drooping ears about the same as an Old English Sheepdog. T4ie long haired Belgium, however, has another peculiarity which is his color and which is always black and having hair not so long as the German long haired dog, and therefore keeping the erect ears of the smooth dog. The French dogs, known as Gruenendales, are generally the black Belgian dog, but are often of mixed parentage of the German and Belgium dogs, and more often pure breeds of each. Now as to the use of these dogs, little will be said in this chapter, as in the following chapters of this book will be given their work in detail. Enough to say that as watch dogs, army dogs, sanitary dogs and police dogs the German Shepherd dog is par excellence. Other breeds have had individuals that were wonderfully successful, have on "Head High, Tail Low," the German Shepherd is a true guardian. By courtesy of Elmview Kennels, Scranton, Pa. The German Shepherd Dog 51 occasions won field trials over the German Shepherds, but as a breed with ninety-nine per cent, of the field trial winnings to their credit, the German Shepherd stands out above all others. The foregoing article by the well known Secretary of the Ger- man Shepherd Dog Club of America is highly illuminating. In order to give the trainers of the future all possible chances of success with their dogs, I reprint here what I deem of importance from my address delivered at the third annual banquet of the German Shepherd Dog Club of America in New York City in 1916: "We try to improve the dog so that he will become more and more a real assistance to us in aiding society, the human family, and its legal guardians; and all others, who aim rightly, to overcome the tendency of the unfortunate being opposed to order, law and the indi- vidual right to possession, or pursuit of happiness. "When the Shepherd Dog has found its solid footing in every strata of our national life, we can afford to go back and revise some minor sayings or points of the breed, but until then we should refrain from trying to 'forget the child while fussing over its bib,' as the saying is. I hope you will continue your astounding progress not only in numbers of dogs shown or kept, but in the quality of the gray matter in the skulls of those dogs, that you have held for future breed- ing. It is a good thing, sometimes, to be many sided, but in this case, if I had to have one thing in a Shepherd dog, and could not have anything else, I would ask for brains. I believe the gray matter in his head is of more value to you than his size, his courage, or his nose. Yes, it is of more value to you, and that even in cold dollars and cents, than his show record or his frame and his points. If you will build around the working brain of your dog all the other things so much thought of, you will have a dog that is a joy and fortune to any one anywhere. On the other hand, the best Shepherd dog without brains would be but a rose without the fragrance, a creature without a soul. "The name 'Police Dog' is not a new one. In fact, it is as old as dogs and men working together for a common good. Even prior to the formation of the German Empire police dogs were known, and some of them did noble work in their alloted field. I remember having seen, when in my teens, a surly policeman, employed as an aid to customs officers in Poland, who had a German Shepherd and Mastiff cross, that appeared to be the very incarnation of things for- bidding. Both the master as well as the dog, were hairy, strong and oozed out indomitable courage and scenting powers.^ Many a night thereafter did they appear to me in my dreams, wicked, cruel and sure, just as the law often may appear to those of the underworld. "Reconnoitering. Down-Danger." Sergeant Eltinge M. Smith and Corp. Chas. E. Marshall, 12th Co., Conn. Coast Artillery, N. G., with "Bill von Rommelburg" of Hill Top Farm Kennels, Greenwich, Conn. The German Shepherd Dog 53 "That policeman, and his dog, or rather that dog with his police- man to take the credit, unraveled many very intricate poaching crimes. Tyrass, that was the dog's name, was his master personified. I verily believed that there was mental communication between the two that disdained the use of words or hints. This desirable state had, of course, not been reached in a year or two, but in many years of con- stant companionship, every minute of which was really a lesson. How sadly do we now differ from that, trying to talk of trained dogs, often immature in general experience, having had a short three or four months' course and then are called graduates from a modern school. It is true, we are on the right road, we know what we want, but we have not taken the time to accomplish fully what we know we want and ought to have. How far more satisfactory would it be, if we would take the time to train our companions-to-be to perfection. "Dogs are in this respect like old wine, they improve with age, if the storing is right; but they spoil and go back in quality if we fail to build up their brains as they get older in years. Nature is not sta- tionary; if we do not advance, we go back. "The rule is now, and I do not think I will have many contra calls on this score, that a dog that has been hurriedly trained, because his owner needs him, or thinks he needs him, goes back on what he has been taught; and in a short time is worse off than he was before the training. It is not sufficient to give the lessons, but to continue the lessons, to review all past lessons, until they have become the sec- ond nature of the animals. When this is done, and not ere this, can »ve hope to go into the more intricate class training, i. e., if the dog has the grit and the nose and staying power to endure it. "Shepherd Dogs are dogs full of vigor and vim; they love to work and serve, hence our aim should be at all times to encourage them in this desirable characteristic. Let us guard carefully not to make their work drudgery. Just as long as we encourage the dog's ambition and teach him to expand along natural lines, we advance. Again, the minute we force him to do a certain thing, a thing he hates to do through natural disinclination, but is compelled to do through our superior mastery, we begin to dominate him without breaking, his spirit. Obedience is the greatest jewel a dog may own. We value it highly, but we must have a care that we do not sacrifice will-power and spirit in enforcing it. The natural value of Shepherd Dogs is their spirit, which in turn creates their ambition to work, to serve you, and in the performance of this service they are admirably aided by nature through a perfect physical body. A body that furnishes sus- tenance to an overgrown brain with a liberal excess left to allow for "The Infantry Patrol." German Patrol with four dogs for reconnoitering and dispatch bearing. The soldiers may not return but the dogs surely will, thus making the patrol effective. The German Shepherd Dog 55 physical expenses. "Training is a matter of the individual, it is not a simple rule to be followed off hand and repeated a certain number of times. I won- der if many of you have noted in your work with the dogs, how they in the course of a year or more shape themselves into your very being? "I found it so. A dog that is worth while, a dog that we have fussed over for a long time, becomes in the course of many months a second edition of our very being. Long association, which in itself prevents foreign influences more or less, will stamp on the good dog the stamp of his master's nature. Those of us, who have note,d and realized this, are on the right way to solve the mere routine of train- ing successfully. A good trainer, even if he had never seen a lesson book, ignorant as to how to proceed, might be successful, if he, the trainer, would only prove true to himself. That means, if the master would shun erratic actions, keep his temper and allow his daily rou- tine to continue normal. The dog, his master's shadow, would in that case learn, by instinct if you will, and soon begin to anticipate his master's wishes or aid in bringing about the usual things his mas- ter always does in the usual way. Such dogs are worth while, and will, if really taken in hand, prove the peers of their tribes. "What a really good trained dog can do, is shown by the letter of a customer, who bought a Doberman that was trained by me in na- ture's way, so that all his most human qualities came out. He wrote: "The dog developed unfailing good sense. His personal qual- ities are very remarkable. When a dog is reserved, without being ugly; amiable without being expansive; and when at the same time, he knows everything that is said to him and attends to those things that are important and politely ignores all that isn't, it seems to me that he has developed qualities that are uncommonly human and a great deal better than most humans possess, etc." "You see and will readily understand the value of such a dog. Let us try to train more such dogs, let us create more dogs trained in the spirit and not only in the flesh, into mere jumping jacks, waiting for the string to be pulled." If messages are to be sent back, the patrol must be strong enough to furnish the probable number of messengers without reducing the patrol to less than two men. 607 I. D. R. That a dog is the full equal of a man for messenger duty is known; that a dog thus releases men for more important work or rest, is seen. ■King Oorang II," considered the best utility Airedale in America, owned by Oorang Kennels, LaRue, Ohio Airedales At War By J. Horace Lytle. The great European War—in which America has also become entangled—has found new and very important uses for that great breed of dogs, the Airedale Terrier. He is more than playing his part in the world-wide, momentous struggle. Originally bred in England, in the valley of the Aire river, de- veloped with no end in view greater than utility, he is the ideal dog today for war duties. He has well been called "the most self-con- tained dog"—one of his most valuable traits when he is considered for purposes of war. He is never unduly excited or disturbed even under the greatest strains of terror. His sagacity, fidelity, nose and hardiness stand him in great stead. The Airedale was bred originally for a real working terrier— and he is actually all that has ever been expected of him. By instinct and training his senses have been developed towards the end of value. He is without a peer in the world of dogdom for intelligence. No dog can boast greater gameness, none has a keener nose, he fe supreme in the water, and his size, being the largest of all the terriers, stands him in good stead. He never seeks trouble—but is always ready for it when it comes. The Airedale is almost universally healthy, and his heavy double coat enables him to stand even the most severe climate. He adapts himself anywhere, from the equator to the North Pole, and from the home to the battle field. From the Otter Hound the Airedale inherits a nose as keen as any of the hound family. This valuable nose is backed up by a sense of'hearing that may boast no superior. In their native land experi- ments have been made at Scotland Yard which prove that the Aire- dale can detect sounds too far away by hundreds of yards for the A dog of mixed blood that has done valuable service for his master and comrades in Russia in leading detachments thru wooded and swampy lands. This dog, without assistance or encouragement, saved four badly wounded soldiers in one night by dragging them from "dead man's land" into shell craters. Airedales At War 59 most acute ear. In the English army they put this faculty into prac- tical ^er,ice: The Airedales are trained not to bark at strange sounds in trench warfare, especially at night, but to utter low growls—and in this manner give warning of the stealthy approach of the enemy. By both scent and hearing the Airedales can do this when the human ear would not enable the soldiers to detect the presence of danger. The degrees of the dog's growl indicate the nearness of the danger in these cases. They are trained to express themselves just a little more positively as the danger is greater, or otherwise. No other breed would lend itself to such subtle training. In the ambulance service the Airedale is also most valuable; he can tell, better than can any human, whether or not life is extinct. The dogs are taught to go about he fields of slaughter and single out those of the wounded in whom there are yet signs of life—and many of these are thus saved who would otherwise perish. A noble work for a dog, as you will agree! But what animal has ever done nobler work than man's greatest friend—the dog? The highest praise for the Airedale is given by those who have seen his work on the bloody fields of battle in Europe. He even thrives on the battlefield by reason of his gameness, quickness, and hardy constitution. He learns to actually love the sound of heavy gun firing. He can tell the English Tommy from the German regular, and in many hand to hand trench conflicts he has lent his aid and proved himself a fearful assailant. Besides his arms and ammunition, the patrol leader should have a compass, a watch, a pencil, a notebook, and, when practicable, field message blanks and a map of the country. 609 I. D. R. The dogs attached should have their message collar and tube or the small, leather-covered message tube, carried in their mouth, when ordered back to the unit. In close country, where surprise is possible, the troops must be held in close formation. The use of flank patrols becomes difficult. Occasionally, an advance party—never less than a squad, may be sent out. In general, however, such a party accomplishes little, since an enemy intent on surprise will permit it to pass unmolested and will fall upon the main body. 600 I. D. R. The advance squad and side patrols must have their dogs cover an additional mile and hidden forces cannot remain a danger to the main column. Custer would have lived to fight another day, if he had had dogs to warn him of the trap the Indians had laid. "Dispatch back to base." Sergeant Eltinge M. Smith, 12th Co., Conn. Coast Artillery, N. G., with "Bill von Rommelburg" of Hill Top Farm Kennels, Greenwich, Conn. Part II The Training Guide The Dog Squad and Trainer It takes patience and time to.train dogs, and the best trained dog can be ruined, if he is not handled at all times strictly according to the regulations. It is the duty, therefore, for company commanders to see to it, that the dog squad, under the command of a non-commis- sioned officer, who must be a natural dog lover, is selected specially for its fitness for the work in hand. Every company of infantry should have at least one dog squad, and if a dog could be given to each platoon, so much beter for the efficiency of this unit. The dogs are so-called one-man dogs. While they are the property of the com- pany and will come in touch with all members of the company more or less daily, a rule should be made, that no one fondle or coax them or try to distract their attention from whatever work they may have in hand. They should not be interfered with, even if not in train- ing at the time, or on duty. They must recognize in their trainer, and next to him in the few members of the squad, their only masters. When they have completed their training, it is time enough to teach them to obey any one, in case of need, belonging to that company and to transfer their fidelity to any soldier in the familiar uniform. A well trained dog will soon get the proper esprit de corps and will know and obey every member of the unit to which he is attached. Puppies, raised right, that is, having arrived at the age of from seven to ten months free from bad habits, and physically fit, can be taken in hand for the primary or obedience lessons. These lessons aim to teach the dog to subjugate his mind to that of his trainer, they show him that the free rompings and playdays are over, that his youth is past and the stern realities of life confronting him. Later on, when the young dog has comprehended the exercises and understands the commands, an assistant trainer, belonging to the same squad, should take the trainer's place temporarily. If the dog fails to shift his allegiance, the original trainer, being near, by repeating the command, 62 The Training Guide can quickly teach the dog that all men of his squad can be and are his masters. If the dog is taught to obey all members of one squad, soldiers that have become familiar to him, it is not a hard matter to have him later on recognize and obey any member in the platoon or company, dressed in the, by that time, familiar uniform. The value of such wTork, although often deemed too hard to teach to a dog, cannot be underestimated in war, where the original trainer and all soldiers, originally well known to the dog, may have fallen, and where strangers must try to get service out of him. The best army dog is not a one-man's dog, when fully trained. He owes alle- giance to an entire company and serves any one speaking the familiar commands of his training period. In this respect he is not like the police dog, who knows but one master. Another difference between these two leading groups of service dogs is in tongue-giving. While the police dog is always ready to announce a culprit through loud and incessant barking, the army dog should remain silent. He must be taught that barking is a nuisance. His future duties as a scout or message bearer require that he travel silently and screen his whereabouts. In the open field work he should be taught to avoid the higher land, to go over open spaces on a run and to advance just as a soldier would, always well covered. If the trainer will keep this forever in mind and avoid to lead or even exercise with the more advanced dog in exposed areas, the dog will soon realize, that to gain his aproval, he must hunt up the lower or protected and covered spots. The wide open fields that sometimes have to be crossed, should always be covered with trainer and dog at a run. The dog will do this as a matter of habit later on when the plain is fireswept and he carries a message of importance. The best time to train is early in the day, before the dog had his breakfast. A vacant room or shed, sufficiently large, where there are no noise or distracting sights, is the best place to begin training in. Never discontinue an exercise, if the dog fails to perform, but quit, so that he may rest, when he does it well. The breakfast to come should be his reward for exercises well done. First Obedience Lesson The dog is taught to follow his master at the heel. Command.—'To-heel." Aim of Lesson.—To teach the raw dog his first lesson of obedi- ence. He must understand that he is to follow his master closely at heel, even if not coaxed to do so; he further must be taught that any objection to the will of his master, expressed silently through the The Training Guide 63 leash and the spiked gag collar, causes pain. Method of Teaching.—Go to the kennel and apply the spiked gag collar, to which the leash is attached. With the exception of the command remain perfectly silent during this entire exercise. Take the dog to the training room. With your left hand firmly supported on your left hip, the leash is held, so that the dog is just able to turn his head comfortably while he is closer up to your left leg. Walk along the wall with your left elbow touching the same and have a tight hold of the leash, compelling the dog to follow. Walk slow and command "To-heel" while starting. Repeat this at various times, whenever you note a drag on the leash. If the raw dog whines or throws himself when the spikes hurt him, or when he pulls back, stop momentarily, but continue to pull on the leash in continuing your walk. Pay no attention to dog and start slowly, even if you are com- pelled to drag the dog on his haunches over the ground. Exert the slow and steady pull on leash at all times, and the dog will eventually give in to your will and follow you, a dejected looking and broken- spirited animal, that has comprehended his first exercise. Take care not to tire the dog in the beginning. Exercise for five minutes the first day, rest fifteen minutes and exercise again for five minutes. Quit for the day if the dog has willingly worked with you for a few times along the wall. Repeat this exercise and extend its durations daily, until the dog follows you willingly close at heel, without pulling back, even if you walk for thirty minutes. Give him a bite of fried liver, praise him, and always continue the work while he is doing good. The above being done well, take him again for a walk around the wall, your left elbow touching the same. The dog knows his work and acts fine. Now stop, praise him, and turn around, so that your right elbow is on the wall and the dog on the inside. Start the walk. The dog, not being held back by the wall and your own body, will try to get ahead of you. Do not pull him back. Hold the left hand firmly on your hip, but execute "left face" and if possible, step on the dog's toes. This will not injure him, if you wear soft-soled shoes or rubbers, but scare him back at once. He may howl consider- ably the first few times, because he is surprised, but pay no attention to it and continue walking. Should the dog, however, become unduly excited, ease him again by walking with your left elbow touching the wall. This exercise, being well drilled in, gives him confidence. Begin the walks with the dog on the inside whenever he appears nor- mal, and continue until he ceases to pull ahead. Execute "left face" whenever his head apears in front of your left knee. If you command "On the Trail." Red Cross Dog on the Warm Scent The Training Guide 65 "back" at the time you step on his toes, he will soon learn what "back" means. But- a better command is "back-to-heel" and the word "back" is left off when he responds readily. It should remain the rule in all training to use as few words as possible and have every command used to signify a certain clearly defined work or action. As soon as the dog is well broken in this preliminary lesson within enclosed walls, take him out in an open field, where there are more sights or noise to attract his attention. Doing well there take him into camp or on the street, where he should follow just as good and close no matter what may happen or interest him. When the dog is perfectly firm on the leash, use the long line, and see how he will act if he thinks he is not controlled. He should remain at heel even if entirely free from leash or line and subjugate all his wishes to the duty to remain close to his master's heels. Second Obedience Lesson Making "Down." Commands.—"Sit Down" and "Down." Aim of Lesson.—To further subjugate the dog's will power and to teach him an exercise that will give the trainer a perfect control over him for the future. Method of Teaching.—This is the continued first obedience les- son. With the dog on leash, following close at heel, walk several times around the training room and stop in the middle. Take hold of the leash with your right hand, holding it tight and upwards, and press the dog with your left in the short of his back while"command- ing 'sit down" until he obeys. He should remain in that position for a minute. Do not allow him to rise without the command "Here" given with a light pull on the leash. A blast on a whistle may be substituted for the command "Here." Repeat every ten minutes inter- changing it wTith walks around at heel. The dog well versed in this exercise should remain seated, even if you drop the line or walk away and around him. He must not turn his head to keep you in view. When this exercise has been wellexecuted for five or more days, take hold of the dog's front legs while he is sitting down, and straighten them out in front of him on the ground. This done, press down his head between them. Do this gently but firmly. Command "Down" and hold the whip over him or touch the parts that are itch- ing to rise up. Let him rest in that position for 30 seconds. Then command "Here" or whistle and walk around for ten minutes. Repeat. Always praise and pet after a well done exercise. The dog well versed in this exercise should not turn his head 66 The Training Guide or even rise up, though the trainer leaves him or steps behind him. "Down" is the greatest obedience exercise that a trainer has and for that reason it should be ground into the very being of the dog. A dog that will down upon the downward motion of the right hand hundreds of yards away as if he was dropped by a bullet can be said to be well taught. A whistle should make him come on at full speed and the right hand extended high, should make him again stop, its downward movement compel him to make down. , Dogs hate as a rule to "down," and for that reason it is a good check for any undue activities they may have. With "down" well taught, the trainer can be said to have his dog well in hand. Third Obedience Lesson The retrieving of articles. Command.—"Retrieve." Aim of Lesson.—To overcome the dog's objection to take hold of any object given to him and to hunt for anything indicated to him, through its scent or pointed out by the trainer. Method of Teaching.—In this exercise no whip should be used, nor the spiked gag collar applied. Try kindness and patience. Make the dog "sit down," drop the leash. Grasp the upper jaw of the dog with your left hand from the top, so that the fingers are on the left, your thumb to the right of his head. Raise the head until his lower jaw is in a horizontal position. Now press with the fingers and thumb of the left hand until he opens his mouth. Insert your right hand and keep it there for thirty seconds, while commanding, "Retrieve." On the command "Out" pull your hand back. This is a valuable exercise, as the dog will not bite or squeeze the hand of his trainer and thus prove later on a careful carrier of things retrieved. When he suffers the hand of his trainer to remain in his mouth for minutes, a light, smooth flat piece of wood can be used instead. Compel him to hold on to it by grasping his lower jaw with your right and his head with your left hand. He must not drop it or try to force it out until you command "Out." Increase the variety and weight of the articles in this exercise. If the dog is well trained and will hold an article several minutes and only give it up upon the command "Out," the article should be laid in front of him a few inches. Employ a low table or stand for this purpose, so that he can reach it without leaving the sitting down posi- tion. Command "Retrieve" and push the article towards him at first. From this on increase the distance but insist that he only goes to retrieve upon command. He should not run to fetch an article when The Training Guide 67 thrown away until the word is given. To make him hunt for an article, it is thrown into grass or behind a box if the work is done indoors, and finally tied to a string, which, dragged by an attendant, makes a trail that the dog should and will follow. The extent of this lesson is limitless and the careful trainer will find in it an incentive to make his dog perfect in discovering secreted articles as well as trailing a given scent. How Dogs May Be Employed Under the term army dogs we understand dogs attached to the actual fighting force of an army. Their duty may vary to some extent according to the arm of the service they are attached to. The Red Cross dogs again have different work from that of the general army dog, and dogs attached to artillery or cavalry must, of necessity, be trained somewhat different from dogs intended for service with infantry. The ground work of training, however, relies upon the same foundations. The infantry dog may be said to be a well trained general service dog if he performs the first five of the following requirements: 1) Guarding with pickets and sentinels. 2) Reconnaissance. a) From a base, held by a unit or sentinel. b) From a patrol, or with the advancing line in combat. 3) Communication or delivery of orders and reports. a) From the sentries to pickets or gros. b) From the patrol in front or flank to the commander. This may also include delivery of food or ammun- ition. 4) Pulling machine guns. 5) Guiding a squad to a known position. 6) Guarding prisoners of war and trailing escaped men. 7) Actual aid in overcoming the resistance of the enemy in a charge. 8) Carrying timed explosives into the enemy's trench prior to a charge. To train the infantry dog in the two last mentioned requirements would, scarce as the dogs will naturally be for some years to come, prove suicidal for the dogs interest. When the time arrives that we have a surplus of dogs and are unable to stand the losses naturally the result of using them is active fighting, we might consider such addi- tional services. I'lioto by A. K. Mulk'ii, Jr., Newark, N. J. The dog that "did his bit." The Blue Blood Kennels, Bergenfield, N. J., in breeding dogs to trail doers with brains, can be well proud of the fine specimen that here represents the typical Red Cross Dog. However cruel a war, merciful doctors and nurses and dogs make us again believe in better coming days. Field Training Lessons First Field Lesson Guarding advance posts and sentinels. The dog remains within sight or at heel of a sentinel, or slightly in advance of a post, guarding through his sense of smell, hearing and sight against the approach of an enemy or other person, either from front or rear. If the obedience lessons and that a dog should not bark, have been ground in thoroughly, the good dog will simply whine or slightly growl, thus indicating the danger. Command.—"S-sss, S-sss." This command and caution is only given in a whisper, and only when occasion requires, that is, if it is seen that the dog relaxes in his energies to discern the territory before us. Aim of Lesson.—To make the dog the best possible assistance, especially at night and if the wind comes from the right direction, to discover advancing enemies, thus to frustrate a surprise attack and possible destruction. Method of Teaching.—Take the dog with you to a selected spot, where, if possible, a thick woods reach within ten yards of the trial place, erect here your tent and advance post. Make it for a start a homelike affair, and in that way install into the dog the feeling of comfort and ownership, to be protected. A good dog will resent the approach of strangers, especially at night, as any watchdog will bark when his master's home is threatened. As soon as the dog seems to be perfectly familiar with his summer residence and content to be with his trainer—the sole inmate,— a con- dition that is usually established within a few hours, a stranger (soldier in strange uniform) should come at a specified hour during the day, preferably early in the morning, crossing the open field. The trainer expects him and watches for him, keeping his eyes on the dog. If the dog begins to growl independently and ruffles his body hair, it shows he is of the right stamp. Encourage it with "S-sss, S-sss," but avoid actual barking through extending your right hand as an indication of the command "Down" which also includes quiet be- havior. To keep the dog in the golden medium of growling without going to excess and barking is simply a matter of careful guidance at the start, and continuous repetition. 70 Field Training Lessons If the dog appears disinterested, make motion with left hand, un- seen by dog, to stranger, who will lie down flat and create in him sus- will generally arouse the interest of the dog and create in him sus- picion. Coax him to show his resentment by growling or whining. The assistant must not wear the uniform of the company, but may be disguised as tramp (or spy.) He should not come closer than 20 yards, or until it is plain that the dog tries to discover and does get his scent freely. In crawl- ing forward and hiding his face, which may be protected by a mask, the dog will get more and more interested. It is the trainer's duty to check noise and to be satisfied with snarling or better whining, as the dog returns to him—trainer being inside the tent—indicating plainly that there is something wrong. This should not be repeated more than three times the first day. The third repetition should be made after dark, and again at a specified hour, so that the trainer can watch over the actions of the dog. Should the dog prove disinterested, a low growling noise or unusual noise made by the assistant will bring the dog into life. When the assistant has come within twenty yards he should withdraw. The firing of a shot or two by the trainer at this time, followed by a quick running away of the assistant, again followed by praise of dog, often works wonders. In subsequent exercises the tent is removed, the location changed daily until the dog reacts on the approach of a stranger anywhere, even if he arrived with his master only a few minutes previously. Second Field Lesson Reconnoitering from a base held by an advance sentinel or post, also a good lesson for Red Cross work. Command.—"Advance." Aim of Lesson.—To enable a sentinel or officer in charge of an advance post to clear up with the aid of the dog the immediate terri- tory in front of the positon and to detect hidden or advancing enemies, thus avoiding surprise attack and possible destruction. Method of Teaching.—The dog who is perfect in his first field lesson is easily taught to skirmish ahead, especially if he has fire and temper. He is by nature anxious to get at the intruder, whom he scents, or discover one, where he reasons he knew one to be formerly. In this exercise the trainer walks, the dog following free on his heels, away from the post, to where, previously arranged, the former assist- ant lies secreted. When they arrive within scenting distance under wind, the trainer crouches down, uttering "S-sss, S-sss," thus spicing the dog's intelligence. The dog will try to discover what danger Field Training Lessons 71 the trainer seems to feel and sniff the air, finally getting the scent from the stranger, when he too will indicate his discovery by growling. As soon as this is noted by the trainer, he should run with the dog back to the base. Repeat several times, after one-half hour's interval. This exercise can be extended further, later on, by walking with the dog at heel in a zig-zag line over a field. Walk first to the right side of the field, then turn sharply to the left and indicate at each turn to the dog by a hand movement where to go ahead of you. The hand movement and the command "Advance" should be given at the same time. If this zig-zag walk is shortened more and more in the course of the exercises, the dog will alone finally execute it and cover a field just as a bird dog would. When the dog is free to go forward upon command, the trainer should tarry more and more and allow the dog independent actions, until he will go forward even if the trainer remains stationary at the post or tent. The dog must return at once when he discovers the assistant and show it in his actions. By again directing him back and shooting at the assistant, who then runs away, the interest is kept up. Third Field Lesson Reconnoitering with a patrol. Stretcher Bearer. Command.—"Advance." Aim of Lesson.—To enable a patrol going into no man's land before the front or toward the enemy's positon to discover hidden enemies or to avoid an ambuscade and loss. Method of Teaching.—The dog who has learned the previous lesson well finds in this lesson an incentive to do his best work. Some trainers prefer to teach this lesson in conjunction with the second lesson, but it is generally found advantageous if the rudiments of this lesson are first taught from a stationary post, which appears as a home to him. Take the dog and while advancing, avoid high ground and always cover your movements as much as possible. Should the dog fail at times to screen his movements, caution him with "Down" and that alone will suffice to bring the obedience lessons back to him. Advance in the same way as indicated in the second field lesson to where you know the assistant lies secreted. As soon as the dog indi- cates that he scents the hidden assistant or better yet, just before he does, incite him with "S-sss, S-sss," to try to discover the stranger. The dog must indicate it through growling and return to your side at once. If you then command "Advance" he should slowly and surely advance, indicating to you the direction in which he scents the hidden A Bull Dog that earned for himself and his master the Iron Cross. The dog saved the officer, though badly wounded and with both forelegs shattered by bullets. Field Training Lessons 73 stranger. This exercise must be repeated ad libetum, even with the perfect dog, so that his duties remain well defined between indicating and growling without actual barking. Fourth Field Lesson Reconnoitering from a base unsupported by a trainer. This lesson will strengthen the dog's confidence in his work. He should advance alone upon command and thoroughly search over a wide area in front of a post or advance patrol and show upon his return if he found anything out of the ordinary. If he comes upon a hidden stranger or meets an enemy's patrol, he must return at once and indicate it through his excited manner and growling. Command.—"Advance.'' Aim of Lesson.—To perfect the dog into a self-working unit for searching. Method of Teaching.—A dog well versed in the previous lessons will naturally come to learn the requirements of this one as it is but an enlargement of the former. The dog that works good in the third field lesson will not mind, if his trainer remains farther and farther behind him, and will advance, even if he is asked to search in front all alone. Should a dog loiter at any time, which can easily be seen, if the first exercises are made by daylight, he should be called back by a blast on the whistle, and having returned, must at once again be sent out. Under no circumstances must the dog be allowed to remain at the base when he has returned upon a whistle call for mistake or error, as this is not a call for rest, but the only call available to bring him again into action. Having returned, he must be again advanced at once with a sharply spoken command. Fifth Field Lesson Delivering a report from an advance post back to the company. Command.—"Report." Aim of Lesson.—To teach the dog to deliver a report from an advance post to any base that is familiar to him; this may be a picket in the narrower sense of the word, or the company or regimental commander, or even may mean any troops belonging to the same corps. Method of Teaching.—While leaving the company base for the advance post with the dog, as he is accustomed to do for several morn- ings, stop when thirty feet away, and by pointing back to the base, where an officer well known to the dog, stands in front of a tent rep- resenting headquarters, give the command "Report." This officer Red Cross Dog. Corporal Chas. E. Marshall, 12th Co., Conn. Coast Ar- tillery, N. G. with "Herta von Saarbrucken," of Hill Top Farm Kennels, Greenwich, Conn. Field Training Lessons 75 whistles at the same time for the dog, or even coaxes him, if the dog fails to respond at once. When the dog runs back to the officer, he should be compelled to "sit down," then be given a piece of fried liver and petted, and allowed to remain idle for a few minutes. The dog will naturally keep his eye on his friend, the trainer, and may try to folow him. This should be guarded against. He must remain with the officer until the command is again given "Report," when with a wave of the hand he is told to hunt his trainer up, who has in the meantime advanced a few feet. Having arrived at the trainer, he is again made to "sit down," given a choice morsel, petted and rested. Just as soon as the dog has done this back and forward, reporting upon command, apply the message collar, having the tube for the message, and open and read the paper, so that the dog sees it, insert another piece of paper, close the tube, and send the. dog back with "Report." The dog must be given a piece of liver or other choice morsel every time he reports, and after the message has been received. The idea of return and reward will soon become closely associated in his mind. In the repeating of this lesson, as the dog gets firm, the distance is increased, until the dog reports back upon command over several miles. Sixth Field Lesson Delivering a report from a moving patrol to the first line. Command.—"Report." Aim of Lesson.—To teach the dog to use his knowledge learned in the former lesson in making communication possible between a patrol moving somewhere in the area in front of the first line back to it or to headquarters. Method of Teaching.—His trainer accompanied by the usual number of men forming a patrol advance from the base, from where the dog has been worked for a few days, to the front. After having advanced about two hundred yards, the patrol halts and goes into hiding. The dog is sent back with a message as usual, and when out of sight of the patrol, the patrol moves on again. The officer at the base again dispatches the dog back with a message and the dog naturally runs back to where he knows he left his trainer. But there is no one there. The good dog will at once take up the scent of the patrol and follow them ; a weak charactered dog will turn back. The trainer should be nearby in hiding, so that he can watch the dog's movements and call him with a whistle in case the dog should show an inclina- tion to give up the search. Command, "Sit Down," reward him and Photo by E. A. Muller, Jr., Newark, N. J. On the Brink of Eternity. Found by the trained Red Cross Dogs of the Blue Blood Kennels, Bergenfield, N. J., bandaged and given nourishment, the stretcher bearers will now take him back to the base hospital. Mrs. Abbie Rubino, owner of the Blue Blood Kennels, the ideal nurse, patriotic to the core and versatile in all things pertaining to dogs, deserves well the reputation her dogs have attained. Field Training Lessons 77 repeat. The distance should be increased until the dog becomes self- reliant and will find his patrol no matter what the distance to traverse may be. In order to strengthen the dog in this, the officer at the base or first line should also increase the time of holding the dog back more and more, as this too will strengthen the dog's reliance in his scenting powers. Later on, strangers should be employed to shoot at and harass the dog from finding his way. The dog should run at full speed to escape them. Seventh Field Lesson To retrieve or fetch food, ammunition or other articles. Command.—"Report." Aim of Lesson.—To use the dog in case of urgent need to deliver food, bandages, ammunition or anything required by a patrol or first line isolated or far advanced. Method of Teaching.—As the dog has been well drilled into the obedience lesson of retrieving, and as he gets perfect in message bear- ing, the fact that he is made to take back with him a load, that must always be, however, within his power to carry, does, as a rule, not ruffle him. Start wTith a light bundle, to be carried in his mouth. From this go to the filling of the harness pockets, that an army dog should always be provided with until the dog delivers one-fourth of his actual weight upon command. Remarks.—The harness for an army dog should consist of a breast brace fastened on each side to a well padded but porous blanket, which hangs on two straps over neck and front shoulders. An addi- tional strap underneath the breast keeps it from flapping about and hindering his movements. It should fit like the collar on a horse and if care is used, it will not hinder the dog in any movement nor can it shift. On each side is a subdivided pocket, which may contain ammuni- tion, bandages, food or anything else desired. The contents cannot drop out as the pocket has a strapped-down flap. Eighth Field Lesson Guiding a relief detail of soldiers. Command.—"Report—Advance." Aim of Lesson.—To guide a detail of soldiers to the relief of a hard pressed stand, unknown to the base officer, somewhere in front. This presupposes that the patrol is surrounded and in danger and had the dog with them and have sent him back for succor. Method of Teaching.—The dog is sent back to the base as with a report. The officer reads the appeal for help and orders a squad out. 78 Field Training Lessons A man, if possible, one that is well known to the dog, takes him in leash, gives him a bit of meat, and orders him to "Report—Advance," but cautions him whenever he presses forward too fast by "Slow, s-l-o-w, my dog," until they reach the patrol and size up the situation. Care should be taken in this exercise that the dog trails back over his own trail and that he avoids as much as possible open country or higher land, although in reality most of these relief parties would be ordered forward at night. The trainer in grinding this lesson well into the dog in day time, while he can watch over him, has a good chance to make him a close trailing dog with the relief at night when danger really exists. This should be repeated time and again. As soon as the first • relief has been brought to within sight or hailing distance of the patrol in need of reinforcements, the leader of the reinforcements should again turn the dog back to the base with an order for another detail, so that the dog's feeling with the original patrol and trainer be destroyed as much as possible. An army dog, as he is nearing per- fection, will become more and more independent of his original trainer or certain men, and is not perfect until he obeys any officer or non-com- missioned officer and even privates. When a dog has arrived at this stage he can be said to be invaluable to the company that owns him. Ninth Field Lesson Guarding prisoners of war. Command.—-"Guard." Aim of Leson.—To aid in guarding transports of prisoners of war, to frustrate escapes and to re-capture escaped prisoners, also of overcoming actual resistance on the part of prisoners. Method of Teaching.—The lively dog that has thoroughly com- prhended his obedience lessons wil find this rather an interesting exer- cise, as it gives him a chance to show his fighting abilities. One should guard against the dog getting too rough with the supposed prisoner, who is, of course, amply protected through a training suit. The dog fighting the prisoner should cease the minute the prisoner stops his running away or resistance. The prisoner, protected by the training suit and face mask, lies flat on the ground, the dog is told to guard him. The trainer moves a little to one side, while the prisoner tries to rise. The dog does not know what to do. Tell him to "Guard" and the prisoner at the same time teases him, until the dog takes hold of his sleeve or leg. Encour- age the dog, if necessary, by taking hold of the sleeve yourself and pulling it backward and forward. Do this time and again, but always Field Training Lessons 79 check the dog when the prisoner again becomes quiet. This exercise having been continued until the dog is well versed in the same, the supposed prisoner, by this time of great interest to the dog, is found one day to run away, just as the trainer and the dog appear on the scene. With "Guard—Attack," the dog and trainer run after him at once. The dog is made to harrass the prisoner until resistance is over- come, when he is escorted back. Trainer leading on right, dog on left of prisoner. As soon as the prisoner makes an attempt to strike the trainer the dog should be again encouraged to take hold of the prisoner. Later on the prisoner has been told to make a trail a few minutes before the trainer and his dog cross a certain field. The exact spot is known to the trainer, who must see to it that the dog scents the warm trail. He should be made to follow it until he finds and stops the prisoner awaiting the return of his trainer. The actual wrork that can be expended in making the finishing touches to an army dog in the way of trailing and overcoming resist- ance goes too far for the narrow confines of this treatise. The possi- bilities are limitless. One cannot work too much or go too far in per- fecting this lesson. Some have asserted that the dogs should and could proltably be used in actual attacks, especially if they could be used in larger num- bers, to harrass the enemy or make them hors de combat or bring con- fusion to their ranks while the soldiers were charging. Others have held that dogs could carry timed explosives into the enemy's camp or trench and thus in giving up their own lives, carry destruction for- ward. Generally speaking, however, it will no doubt be found best under our present method of fighting, if we use dogs more as intelligence bearers or dispatch riders and as aids to sentinels and patrols than in the actual fighting. This being my view, I have not mentioned the possibilities of army dogs as actual destroyers of life. Irregular operations consist of actions against unorganized or partially organized forces, acting in independent or semi-independent bodies. They endeavor to win by stealth or by force of superior numbers, employing ambuscades, sudden dashes or rushes, and hand- to-hand fighting. 597 I. D. R. Such operation should not be undertaken hastily and without an ample number of fully trained dogs. The dog will take out of irregu- lar warfare the sting that it has always held for well mobilized troops. Photo by E. A. Mailer, Jr., Newark, N.J. One of Uncle Sam's Dogs discovering the missing man. "Blue Blood Faust," bred by the Blue Blood Kennels. Bergenfield, N. J., and owned by Mr. Chas. B. Este, Philadelphia. Pa., a fully trained Red Cross Dog has been given to the Government to serve his country in case of need. The Infantry Drill Regulations Show the need of Dogs as the following extracts indicate The support commander—must economize men on observation and patrol duty, for these duties are unusually fatiguing. He must practice the greatest economy of men consistent with the require- ments of practical security. 704 I. D. R. In such situations a dog is more than the equal of a man. A dog reconoitering ahead and between outposts allows several men to rest in reserve and for the men on duty to take their duty with a lighter heart. Each outguard is marched by its commander to its assigned sta- tion, and, especially in the case of a picket, is covered by the necessary patrolling to prevent surprise. 706.1. D. R. Surprising picket guarded over by good scenting dogs is a risky business by the enemy. Information gained by patrols is generally of no value unless received in time to be of use to the commander. Patrol leaders must therefore send back information as soon as it is gained. 615 I. D. R. The messenger dog will do it quicker and better than a man and be back in time for a second message. In hostile territory, either two men should go together or the message should be sent in duplicate by different routes. 618 I. D. R. In point of efficiency and quickness the following order prevails: Two dogs dispatched at a short time interval, one dog followed by one man, one dog alone, two men over different routes ai;d finally one man alone. 82 The Infantry Drill Regulations The formation and movements of the patrol must be regulated so as to render probable the escape of at least one man should the patrol encounter a superior force. 610 I. D. R. The superior force encountered is not able to annihilate or make prisoners of the patrol, if the dog accompany the latter has had his chance to announce their presence or coming. The distances separating the members of the patrol vary accord- ing to the ground. If too close together, they see no more than one man; if too widely separated they are likely to be lost to the control of the leader. 611 I. D. R. A dog patrol keeps the men close, while the animals do the recon- noitering of the far distances. The purpose of the artillery support is to guard the artillery against surprise or attack. 579 I. D. R. As the infantry always protects artillery in its neighborhood, so do dogs protect the infantry again as an artillery support. They enable the infantry commander to gain time in defense preparation or to send for reinforcements if need be. A patrol is a detachment sent out from a command to gain in- formation of the country or of the enemy, or to prevent the enemy from gaining information. 605 I. D. R. Scouting dogs attached to a patrol not only increase the effective- ness of the patrol, but they also increase the moral and confidence of the men. Machine guns must be considered as weapons of emergency. Their effectiveness combined with their mobility renders them of great value at critical, though infrequent, periods of :.n engagement. 537 I. D. R. Dogs of the larger type will increase their mobility and spare the energies and lives even of soldiers. The Infantry Drill Regulations 83 When necessary to supply the firing line, ammunition will be sent forward with reinforcements, generally from the regimental reserve. Men will never be sent back from the firing line for ammu- nition. Men sent forward with ammunition remain with the firing line. 552 I. D. R. Dogs can supply a firing line quicker and safer than men. When every man is needed, the dogs help is doubly appreciated. The mounted scouts should be thoroughly trained in patrolling and reconnaissance. They are used for communication with neighbor- ing troops, for patrolling off the route of march, for march outposts, outpost patrols, combat patrols, reconnaissance ahead of columns, etc. 554 I. D. R. Ambuscades are prevented, lives saved and reports sooner deliv- ered, if every mounted patrol has two dogs to every three horses. In reconnaissance scouts should be used in preference to other troops as much as possible. When not needed for mounted duty, they should be employed for necessary dismounted patrolling. 556 I. D. R. The best scouts will give better service with dogs as scout aids and messengers. On the defense, preparations to resist night attacks should be made by daylight whenever such attacks are to be feared. 568 I. D. R. The patrols that are pushed to the front after dark, have dogs with them and the first indication of the enemy attacking is reported back to the firing line by a dog messenger. ADVERTISEMENTS Dog Kennels of National Reputation and Kennel Neccessities worth while are here listed, so that the beginner may buy right and make his doggy ventures a success from the start. It will be at all times to your interest to say, when writing to any of the advertisers, that you saw their advertisement in "Scout, Red Cross and Army Dogs." They will try to serve you faithfully. 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Scranton, Pa. International Champion Apollo vcn Hunenstein A. K. C. 182499 S. Z. 31621 Austrian and Belgian Champion 1913 French Champion 1914 American Champion 1915 OSRANG Yon don't want just an Airedale —that'* not enough. You want an Oorang Airedale—that fa if you want the best for both show and utility purposes. Oorangs are hunted 366 days in the year. The ideal Airedale is usually an Oorang. These Six Famous Oorangs At Stud King Oorang II (Ch. King Oorang ex Stanley Prin- cess, by Ch. Prince of York) Major Oorang (Ch. Rockley Oorang exCologn Hel- en McGregor, by Ch. Lucky Baldwin) Black Prince Oorang (King Oorang II ex Mabervalle Mary, by Ch. Soudan Swiveller) Rex Oorang (Ch. K ing Oorang ex Baughfell Mis- tress, by Ch. Crompton Oorang) Torpedo Oorang (Ch. Rockley Oorang ex Solid Com- fort, by Tinturn Desire) Swiveller Oorang (Ch. Soudan Swiveller ex Soo Oor- ang, by Ch. 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HILL TOP FARM KENNELS Importers, Breeders and Trainers of n iShepherd ) ^ German{ Police lDogs Box P-6, Greenwich, Conn. All our Puppies are from trained dogs. AT STUD Pedigree Bill von Rommelburg FIELD TRIAL CHAMPION 1916 Stud Book No. 170642 Wolf Color. Breeder, Bruno Grunert, Hainichen, Germany Fully trained for Police and Red Cross STUD FEE $25.00 GRAND PARENTS GREAT GRAND PARENTS i Champion ( Heinz von Starkenberg SIRE ' Roland von Starkenberg < BelU Von S'^enberg Burgvoigh von Park I ( Pax von Brueztha ' Lora von Reussenstein ( Nelly II. von Esslingin ^Nero \ Hella von Klostermanfeld DAM J I Losse von Klossermanfeld Dame von Cozing ) \ Greif von Doben V Hella '( Minda von Doben SENECA FARM KENNELS Breeders of GERMAN SHEPHERD DOGS Puppies for sale of the working strains. Address: SENECA FARM KENNELS, IRONDEQUOIT, N. Y. 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