The Year Book 
OF THE 
OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER, 
A SYNOPSIS OF RESEARCHES AND DISCOVERIES IN 
CHEMICALS, OILS, Etc.. 
DURING 1873. 
Containing Biographical Sketches of Baron 
Liebig, C. H. Leonard, JLsher 
and David Moadley 
PUBLISHED BY 
WILLIAM O. ALLISON, 
42 CEDAR STREET. 
New York : 
THE REPORTER PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT, 
70 Maiden Lane. CONTENTS. 
T ,r t PAGK- 
Justus von Liebig Jas. C. Bnylis 9 
Chemistry— 
Artificial Formation of Organic Substances 19 
Sulphur, Sulphuric Acid, &c., from Gas Lime 20 
Action of Sulphurous Acid upon Insoluble Sulphides.. 20 
Sulphite of Soda as an Antichlor 20 
Solidification of Nitrous Oxide 21 
Manufacture of Alkaline Carbonates 21 
Action of Nitric Acid on Chromate of Lead 21 
A New Mode of Filtration g-j 
How to Clean Greasy Vessels 22 
Rapid Filtration 23 
Codeine 23 
Chrystalline, Mercurous Iodide 23 
Arsenic in Sulphuric Acid 21 
Fluorene 24 
Pure Sub-Iodide of Mercury 24 
Ozo-Benzinc Compound 25 
Purifying Carbonic Acid Gas 25 
Aniline for Printing Black 26 
Benzine Potassium 26 
Formation of Chrystalline Antimony 26 
Production of Furfurol 27 
Pr.paring Ammonia Salts. 27 
Tauro-Carbamis, a New Acid 28 
A Now Compound 28 
Determining Aniline Colors 28 
Anthracenamine 29 
A New Red from Aniline 29 
Freezing Points of Acetic Acid in Water 30 
Phosphoric Acid 30 
Determination of Manganese in Iron and Steel 30 
Test for Arsenical Colors on Wall Paper 31 
Composition for Gas 31 
Action of Ether on Iidides 31 
Dyeing Felt with Aniline Colors 32 
Hubidium from Beet Root 32 
Purifying Quicksilver 32 
Aurine 33 
Paraffine for Stoppers and Labels 35 
A Resinous Explosive 35 
Blue Dye from Carbolic Acid 36 
Recovering Fat and Co'ors from Wash Liquors 36 
Dyeing of Felted Fabrics 36 
Anthrapurpurine, a New Color 37 
Colors on Textile Fabrics..-. 40 
Dyeing Fabrics 40 
Improved Pencil Machinery 43 IV 
CONTENTS. 
Page. 
Chas. 11. Leonard .Geo. B. Bonnoy 43 
Htstort op Petroleum Geo. M. Thompson 53 
Cottonseed Oil—Production, &c 71 
Menhaden Oil 75 
Oils— 
Mineral Oils for Preset ving Iron 7?) 
Lining for Barrels 79 
Conveyance of Oil in Pipes go 
Glass Barrels for Petroleum 83 
Testing Olive Oil 80 
Purify ng Oil 81 
Spontaneous Ignition of Oil Waste... 81 
Rosin Oil Soap 82 
Alumina Soap 82 
Petroleum Used in Making Steel 8.3 
Purification of Lubricating Oil 83 
Analysis of Benzine 83 
Rosin Oil and its Uses 84 
Vulcan Oii 84 
Deodorizing Oil from Acid Tar 84 
Cleansing Guns with Petroleum 85 
Black Oil 85 
Oil Deposits of the West 80 
Fisher- Howe 89 
White Lead—Production of 98 
Paints— 
Preparation of Light Drying Varnish 100 
Zopissa 100 
Black Varnish for Zinc 101 
White Paint for Metallic Surfaces 101 
Paint on Iron Plates Ioi 
Waterproof Paint for Canvas 102 
Preparing Water Colors 102 
Lackers 103 
Woodstaining 101 
Flexible Varnish 104 
Parisian WOOl Varnish 101 
Clarifying Varnish 105 
Preparation of Alcoholic Lakes 105 
Plastic Compos'tion 103 
Polish for Furniture 1(5 
Indestructible Putty 105 
Manufacture of Zinc and Lead Pigments 105 
Manufacture of White Lead—new method .. 100 
Dull Varnish 100 
Vermilion Anhydrous Caprous Oxide 100 
New Process of Manufacturing White Lead 107 
Drying of Glue 107 
Graining. .* 107 
Rules of the Naval Store Trade 108 
David Hoadley 11. B. Turner 11l 
Opium Quotations, 1850 to 1873 120 CONTENTS. 
V 
Drugs— Page. 
Manufacture of Ether l-i 9 
Manufacture of Magnesia 150 
Adulteration of Wax 150 
Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid 150 
Testing Alcohol 151 
Bitter Apple as an Article of Food 151 
Manufacture of Chlorate of Potash 151 
New Method of Preparing Caustic Soda 151 
Hydrate of Magnesia 152 
Value of Imported Drugs, Chemicals, &c 153 
Customs Decisions Delating to Oils, Paints, Dbugs, &c 156 
Decisions of the Produce Exchange Arbitration Committee 165 
Importations of Oils, Paints, Drugs, Chemicals, &c., for 1813 213 
Exports of Oils, Paints, Drugs, Chemicals, &0., fob 1873. 226 
ELECTROYPED BY 
CRUM k BINGIiBB, 
NEW YORK. "W G. Jackmeoi. BARON JUSTUS VON LIEBIG. 
Among the honored dead whose names give an historical 
interest to the necrology of the year 1873, none stood higher or 
filled a more honorable position than Baron Justus Von Liebig. 
During a period of more than half a century he was an inde- 
fatigable laborer in the inviting field of organic chemistry, and 
his many and important discoveries and contributions to the 
current and standard literature of chemical and physiological 
science, entitle him to a rank only second to that of Humboldt. 
Probably the value of his labors will be more highly appre- 
ciated by future generations than by those which derive imme- 
diate benefit therefrom; but however this may be, later discov- 
eries will only prove how important and fruitful of benefits to 
mankind, were the investigations and experiments by which 
Liebig laid the substantial foundations of the science of organic 
chemistry, especially as applied to agriculture. The greater 
part of his long and useful life was devoted to the study of the 
forces and elements which sustain life in plants and animals; 
and, with the resources of a well appointed laboratory at his 
command, he was enabled to solve many problems which had 
before been considered beyond the reach of science. 
Justus Von Liebig was born at Darmstadt on the Bth of 
May, 1803. His father had chosen for him the profession of 
pharmacy, and, after receiving a rudimentary education in the 
gymnasium of his native town, he was placed in the shop of an 
apothecary. The profession was not distasteful to him, but he 
was for some reason dissatisfied with the duties assigned him 
by his employer, and after a few months he returned to his. 
father’s house, and prepared for a course of study at the Uni- 
versity of Bonn, which he entered in 1819. Completing the- 10 
JUSTUS VON LIEBIG. 
course at this institution, he continued his studies at Erlangen, 
and took a degree as Doctor of Medicine at the age of 19. In 
1822 he received a travelling stipend from the Grand Duke of 
Hesse-Darmstadt, and with this assistance—more wisely bestow- 
ed than is usual with royal favors—he was enabled to visit 
Paris, where he remained two years. Here he studied with the 
famous Mitscherlich, devoting himself chiefly to the science of 
chemistry. While thus engaged his attention was especially 
attracted to those acids composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitro- 
gen and oxygen combined with a base, known as fulminates. 
Whether the notice of the young chemist was directed to these 
dangerous substances by accident or by design, we do not know; 
but his experiments in this department of study doubtless 
shaped, in a great degree, his future life, as the elements he 
investigated, and with which he became so familiar in their 
natural combinations, are those with which organic chemistry 
chiefly deals. In after life he often alluded to his experiments 
with fulminates at Paris, as having furnished him a clue to the 
changes which the organic elements undergo in the compounds 
which form animal and vegetable tissues. These experiments 
were also more immediately beneficial to Liebig, for they 
brought him into notice as a young man of promise, and won 
him the favor and patronage of the greatest of contemporaneous 
investigators. In 1824 he was invited to read a paper on ful- 
minates before the Institute of France, and accepted the invita- 
tion. Among the audience gathered to hear him was an atten- 
tive listener who, at the close of the paper, sought an interview 
and engaged in conversation. He made some inquiries concern- 
ing subjects not especially treated in the paper, asked Liebig 
what were his plans and prospects in life, and invited him to 
dinner. The stranger was a man of rather uncommon appear- 
ance, and Liebig, fearing to give offence, did not ask his name, 
supposing he could learn it from the janitor. That official did 
not know him, however, and Liebig, concluding that his new 
acquaintance was a person of small consequence, either forgot JUSTUS YON LIEBIG. 
11 
or neglected the engagement. A few days after he met a friend 
who asked why he had not dined with Humboldt, when a party 
of eminent chemists and men of science had been especially in- 
vited to meet him. It was too late to do more than apologise for 
his failure to respond to the invitation, but the acquaintance 
thus formed ripened into a strong friendship which was of great 
benefit to Liebig. Humboldt introduced him to Gay-Lussac 
and other eminent French chemists, and was instrumental in 
securing his appointment as Extraordinary Professor of Chem- 
istry at Giessen in 1824. At the early age of twenty-one he 
entered upon these new and responsible duties, which he dis- 
charged with so much ability that, in 1826, he was made Ordin- 
ary Professor, and began the establishment of a laboratory for 
teaching practical chemistry. This was the first laboratory of 
its kind in Germany, and through it and its work the young 
chemist soon attracted the attention of scientific men through- 
out Europe. Here Hofmann, Will and Fresenius were educated 
for the great work they afterwards performed in promoting 
scientific progress, and here was founded the system of instruc- 
tion, combining theory with practice, which has since been 
adopted in nearly all countries. 
While thus engaged, Liebig began the series of contributions 
to the literature of science, which form so important a part of 
his life-work. In association with Wohler he began, in 1832, 
the publication of the Annalen der Fharmacie, a periodical 
still issued,, devoted chiefly to pharmaceutical chemistry. 
For many years Liebig was a frequent contributor to its 
columns, but of late years he was compelled to relinquish the 
work to other and younger hands. It was in 1832, also, that 
Liebig discovered hydrate of chloral, which, however, was not 
introduced to the medical profession until 1869, when Dr. 
Liebreich, of Berlin, first called attention to its value as a 
soporific. He was also the first to discover and describe 
chloroform, and one of the last acts of his life was to prepare 
a pamphlet establishing his claim to the discovery by incon- 12 
JUSTUS VON LIEBIG. 
testible proof. In 1838 ho visited England for the first 
time, and attended the meeting of the British Association 
for the Advancement of Science, at Liverpool. Here he 
read a paper on the composition and chemical relations 
of lithic acid, in which he announced Wohler’s great dis- 
covery of the composition of uria, and the method by which 
it might be artificially produced. It is evident from the tone 
of this paper that Liebig believed Wohler’s discovery the first 
step in a most interesting and hitherto unexplored path of 
science, which would lead to the formation of other organic 
substances and ultimately solve the problem of the chemistry 
of life. Liebig’s paper made a profound impression upon the 
British scientists, and their appreciation of his talents is shown 
by the fact that a vote was passed without a dissenting voice 
inviting him to prepare and read two papers at the next meet- 
ing, one on isomeric bodies, and the other on organic chemistry. 
The next meeting was held in Manchester, but Liebig was not 
there, and it was not until 1840 that he responded to the invi- 
tation in another way, in the publication of his great work on 
“ Chemistry in its application to Agriculture and Physiology.” 
In the preface to this work the author states that he has 
“ endeavored to develop in a manner correspondent to the 
present state of science, the fundamental principles of chem- 
istry in general, and the laws of organic chemistry in particular, 
in their application to agriculture and physiology; to the 
causes of fermentation, decay and putrefaction ; to vinous and 
acteous fermentation and to nitrification. The conversion of 
woody fiber into wood and mineral coal, the nature of poisons, 
contagions and miasms, and the causes of their action on the 
living organism, have been elucidated in their chemical rela- 
tions.” * From this brief resume of the scope of the work, it 
will be seen that Liebig ventured some distance into the realm 
of speculation, as many of the processes and phenomena which 
* Playfair’s translation. JUSTUS VON LIEBIG. 
lie claimed to have “ elucidated in their chemical relations,” are 
still unsolved mysteries. The work, however, was one of great 
interest and value, and did much to promote investigation and 
experiment in new directions. That portion of the work 
devoted to the action of poisons on the system is, perhaps, the 
most original and ingenious, and it shows throughout the 
power of a master-hand. He attributes the injurious action of 
poisons to two causes: First, by forming definite chemical 
compounds with the substances composing the flesh of the body 
poisoned, which render life impossible; second, by inducing 
chemical changes by contact, as is often seen in both inorganic 
and organic bodies. In the same wTay he explains the origin 
of the various forms of contagion, claiming that poisoning 
results from the introduction into the system of a substance 
capable of causing the solids and fluids of the body to assume 
a state of change similar to that in which the poisonous sub- 
stance itself exists. This work excited a great deal of profit- 
able discussion, the result of which was to show the author 
that wdiere he had availed himself of the labors of others less 
thorough and accurate than himself, he had reached some mis- 
taken conclusions; and in subsequent editions he made many 
and important changes. It was, however, instrumental in 
directing attention to the subjects it discussed, and in estab- 
lishing the important truth that the careful and intelligent 
study of the physiology of plants is the indispensible pre- 
requisite of progress in agriculture as an art. In 1855, Liebig 
published another work entitled “ Principles of Agricultural 
Chemistry, with Special References to the late Researches made 
in England.” Probably this is the most mature and complete 
work of this great student of nature’s laws, and contains the 
best presentation which has yet been made of the relations 
between chemistry and agriculture. 
In 1842, Liebig published his “Animal Chemistry, or Chem- 
istry in its application to Physiology and Pathology,” of which 
a third and greatly enlarged edition appeared four years later. 14 
JUSTUS YON LIEBIG. 
In this work he extended his researches to the laws of animal 
existence and development, and ventured the bold experi- 
ment of setting aside the hypothesis of a vital principle as 
accounting for the phenomenon of life—examining it as a 
physiological fact, the reason for which would be found by 
chemical analysis. By careful comparisons between that which 
is taken into the body and that which passes from it, he proved 
that the phenomenon of animal heat is the result of the com- 
bustion of carbon, and the group of proteinaceous compounds 
discovered by Muller were traced to their ultimate destiny in 
the production of animal tissue. It is impossible in the brief 
limits of a biographical sketch to enter upon the examination 
of the plan and scope of such a work. We can only say that 
it created a profound impression, and called out an amount of 
scientific research which has been productive of great and 
important benefits, and given us the science of physiology as 
we find it to-day—still with unsolved problems, it is true, but 
with a mass of truth based upon undoubted demonstration, 
which would never have been reached had a different method 
of study been followed from that begun by Liebig. 
In 1849 another important work made its appearance, entitled 
“The Chemistry of Food,” and the name of Liebig as its 
author secured it immediate and thoughtful attention. In this 
was given an account of his experiments on the changes which 
the tissues of the body undergo, and which result in the con- 
version of fibrine and albumen into gelatine and uria. In these 
experiments he demonstrated the universal presence in animal 
flesh of kreatinine, kreatine, lactic acid, phosphoric acid and 
inosinic acid; and of the existence of phosphate of soda in the 
blood, with the function of absorbing carbonic acid. He also 
called attention to the fact, not yet fully appreciated, that the 
proper cooking of food involves a correct understanding of the 
changes it undergoes in its preparation, and that with this 
knowledge a great improvement and economy is possible in the 
culinary art. Indeed, there is no department of human labor JUSTUS VON LIEBIG. 
15 
in which Liebig did not discover tire chance for more rapid pro- 
gress when chemistry shall have became a popular study. 
“ For my own part,” says he, in the preface to his “ Chemistry 
and its Application to Physiology, Agriculture and Commerce,” 
“ I do not scruple to avow the conviction that, ere long, a 
knowledge of the principal truths of chemistry will be expected 
in every educated man, and that it will be as necessary to the 
statesman and political economist, and the practical agricul- 
turist, as it is already indispensible to the physician and the 
manufacturer.” 
The great and varied services rendered by Liebig in the cause 
of scientific progress, naturally won for him honors of the kind 
which have been bestowed upon but few men with no -other 
claim to royal favor than their knowledge gave them. His title 
of hereditary Baron was conferred upon him in 1845, by the 
Grand Duke of Hesse. His other honors consisted chiefly in 
the invitations extended to him to occupy the chair of chemistry 
in the principal universities of Europe, all of which he declined 
until, in 1852, he was induced to accept the professorship of 
chemistry in the University of Munich, with the position of 
President of the Laboratory. Here he remained, pursuing his 
studies and investigations, until his death, which occurred on 
the 18th of April, 1873. 
In his personal and social relations Liebig was usually 
urbane and agreeable, but he could be severe and imperious 
when annoyed. He was especially intolerant of contradiction 
or criticism from ambitious men of small knowledge, who 
sought reputation by attacking him in the journals and in 
pamphlets, and when he consented to notice such criticism at 
all it was usually to come down upon the offender with crush- 
ing power. His severity in disputes made him to some extent 
unpopular, especially among the young men of the profession; 
but to any honest and industrious student of nature’s laws, 
who sought knowledge rather than notoriety, he was always 
ready to extend a helping hand. He was, preeminently, a man JUSTUS VON LIEBIG. 
of humane instincts, and liis labors in the introduction of 
extract of beef, and experiments with methods of silvering- 
glass had no other object than to procure a cheap and whole- 
some article of food for the poor and sick, in the one case, and 
in the other to rescue from disease and premature death the 
victims of mercury poisoning engaged in the manufacture of 
quicksilver mirrors. During the last few years of his life his 
mind was filled with benevolent schemes and projects, many of 
which he failed to realize. His knowledge was by no means 
limited to chemistry and kindred sciences. He was well read 
in the literature of the day, and could converse freely and 
intelligently on any topic likely to be a subject of conversation 
in the high circle in which he moved, and of which he was so 
bright an ornament. His principal recreation was found in 
playing whist—a game to which he was very partial—and 
every summer he would make up a party of distinguished 
scientists and savans, to pass a few weeks in some quiet vil- 
lage, where he would endeavor to escape all attention and 
devote himself to mental rest. Wohler, Clausius, Schoenbein, 
Andersen, and others of high rank in science and letters, were 
his companions on these pleasant excursions, front which all 
returned strengthened and refreshed to their congenial labors 
in promoting scientific progress. 
Brief and unsatisfactory as a sketch of this kind must neces- 
sarily be, it recounts, we believe, the principal events of Baron 
Liebig’s life, and it only remains to notice, in a general way, the 
practical results of his labors in the field of organic chemistry. 
The first and most important benefit of his discoveries was to 
direct attention to the importance of supplying to soil under 
cultivation the phosphates taken up by the plants. Against 
the system of farming which depends solely upon barnyard 
manure as a fertilizer, he waged relentless warfare, stigma- 
tizing it as “ vampire agriculture.” He not only pointed out 
the evil of thus impoverishing the soil, but he discovered the 
remedy, and was the first to suggest the use of bones rich in JUSTUS VON LIEBIG. 
17 
phosphates as fertilizers. Experiment having shown that these 
resisted decomposition in the soil, he devised the method of 
treating them with sulphuric acid, and thus opened the way for 
the establishment of the business of manufacturing superphos- 
phates. The results of this discovery was of immediate and 
permanent benefit. They doubled the turnip crop in England, 
and led to a rapid and sustained increase in the agricultural 
products of the Continent of Europe and the United States. 
Speaking of the employment of natural phosphates in Great 
Britain Liebig says: “ What a curious and interesting subject 
for contemplation ! In the remains of an extinct animal world, 
England is to find the means of increasing her wealth in agri- 
cultural products, as she has already found the great support 
of her manufacturing industry in fossil fuel—the preserved 
matter of primaeval forests—the remains of a vegetable world. 
May this expectation be realized, and may her excellent popu- 
lation be thus redeemed from poverty and misery.” He did not 
undervalue manures, but he considered them useful chiefly 
because of the mineral matter they contained, rather than 
because of their nitrogenous constituents. Notwithstanding 
this, he was a firm believer in the economy and advantage of 
utilizing sewage, and in more than one of his works on the 
chemistry of agriculture he draws a comparison between 
the thrift of China, supporting a dense population upon the 
products of her soil without importing any fertilizers, and of 
Holland and Alsace where the sewage is utilized ; and the- 
extravagance which necessitates the importations of vast quan- 
tities of fertilizing substances annually into England. In many 
other ways than those above noted his labors were productive 
of immediate benefit, but our space does not permit us to inquire 
in what directions, nor is the inquiry necessary to a just appre- 
ciation of the value of his life work. With him the end and 
aim of effort seems to have not only to do good, but to do it at 
once,—not only to be useful, but to be useful immediately. 
His works, especially those upon agriculture, were written for 18 
JUSTUS VON LIEBIG. 
the people, and not for the man of learning, hence the simplicity 
of his language and the clearness of his argument. That he 
had reached many erroneous conclusions in the course of his 
varied and extensive researches, none who are at all familiar 
with his writings need to be told; but he was always ready to 
acknowledge an error and admit the truth, when subsequent 
study showed him the one or revealed the other. In his attempt 
to base the science of organic chemistry upon the hypothesis of 
component radicals, he was notoriously at fault, as was shown 
by Laurent and others ; and in many other respects he was mis- 
taken in his earlier conclusions; perhaps, also, in some of those 
reached at a mature age. In this respect, however Liebig was 
not alone among the students of nature. “ Show me a man 
who makes no mistakes, and I will show you one who does 
nothing,” is an epigram which originated with Liebig many 
years ago, but which has been accorded to nearly every one 
else but him. Few of those who have ventured far into unex- 
plored realms of science have made so few and unimportant 
mistakes, and none have won a more permanent place in the 
hearts of the people of all the countries. Humboldt’s name is 
known everywhere, even in countries where few can tell upon 
what his fame rests; Mayer, Bunsen, Kirchoff, Helmholtz, 
Faraday and many others are known, but Liebig is remembered 
as a friend, and his writings and precepts will be kept in mind 
as long as man shall draw sustenance from the soil. SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
Discoveries and Improvements during 1873. 
THE ARTIFICIAL FORMATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. 
Br Dr. Henry E. Armstrong, F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry, Lon- 
don Institution.—From marsh-gas or methane, hy a series of operations 
similar to those whereby ethane is converted into ethyiic alcohol, an alco- 
hol is obtained which proves to be identical with methylic alcohol, or 
wood-spirit, one of the main products of the destructive distillation of 
wood. These alcohols serve as the starting-points for the preparation of 
other hydrocarbons and alcohols, bearing relations to each other similar 
to those which obtain between methane and ethane, and between methylic 
and ethyiic alcohols. Many of the alcohols, as prepared artificially, are 
identical with the alcohols which are obtained, together with ordinary 
alcohol, by fermenting saccharine substances, or which exist in the form 
of compound ethers in the ethereal oils extracted from various plants. 
A long series of products is obtained by the oxidation of alcohol. This 
is first deprived of a portion of its hydrogen and converted into aldehyde, 
which latter is then converted by direct assumption of oxygen into an 
acid—ethyiic alcohol, yielding acetic acid, the acid of vinegar. The other 
terms of the series of alcohols to which ordinary alcohol belongs are acted 
upon in like manner, and thus a series of aldehydes and acids is obtained. 
Many of these acids are identical with those which enter into the compo- 
sition of the natural fats. The aldehydes are extremely alterable com- 
pounds, and readily undergo change, almost spontaneously in fact, being 
converted into bodies of more complex composition. 
Formic aldehyde, the aldehyde of methylic alcohol, is probably formed 
in plants from the carbon and oxygen of the carbonic acid of the atmos- 
phere (whence, as is well known, plants derive their carbon), and the 
hydrogen from water. One of the simplest transformations of formic 
aldehyde is its conversion into sugar; this conversion, however, has not 
yet been effected artificially, although formic aldehyde has been converted 
into a substance closely resembling the natural sugars. The aldehydes 20 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
combine directly with ammonia, and the products readily part with the 
elements of water and are converted into alkaloids, one of which, that 
obtained from butyric aldehyde, is identical in nearly all respects with 
conine, the poisonous alkaloid of hemlock. 
A variety of interesting derivatives is also obtained from the acids of the 
acetic series, such as glycocine, leucine, glycollic and lactic acids, all of 
which are substances found in various mineral fluids. 
SULPHUR, SULPHURIC ACID, ETC., FROM GAS-LIME. 
Julius Kircher, of Hew York, states that sulphur, sulphuric acid, and 
the sulphurets of sodium and potassium may be obtained from gas-lime by 
heating it to 300° F. in a closed retort, and passing steam at GOtF F. over 
it, evolving sulphureted hydrogen, which passes to a leaden chamber, and 
is there supplied with air and ignited to produce sulphurous acid ; it is 
then mixed with nitric acid vapors, when the reaction produces sulphuric 
acid. The gas-lime is then mixed with clay, loam, or sand, and subjected 
to heat, when the silica or alumina unites with the lime and with oxygen, 
forming silicate of lime, etc., and liberating the sulphur. To produce the 
sulphuret of sodium or potassium, the gas-lime, etc., should be mixed with 
caustic soda or potassa, and allowed to stand until the reaction takes place. 
ACTION OF SULPHUROUS ACID UPON INSOLUBLE SULPHIDES. 
Langlois having proved that alkaline sulphites are converted into 
hyposulphites by the action of sulphurous acid, another chemist named 
Guerout has repeated the experiment with the sulphides of other metals, 
and finds that the sulphides of copper, silver, gold, platinum, and mercury 
are not attacked. The sulphides of manganese, zinc, and iron readily dis- 
solve in a .strong solution of sulphurous acid, being at the same time con- 
verted into hyposulphites. The sulphides of cobalt, nickel, cadmium, 
bismuth, tin, arsenic, and antimony are slightly' soluble, and undergo the 
same change into hyposulphites; varying quantities of sulphureted 
hydrogen are evolved, and sulphur separates. Further experiments, how- 
ever, indicate that the sulphides are not converted directly' into hyposul- 
phites, but are first converted into sulphites which are afterward changed 
into hyposulphites. 
This easy and rapid method of preparing hyposulphite of iron, zinc, etc., 
having been discovered, it remains to apply it to new and important uses, 
and such, we doubt not, will soon be found. 
The term antichlor, which applied originally to any substance employed 
to destroy the free chlorine remaining in fabrics bleached with it, is now 
almost entirely limited to hyposulphite of soda, Nna S2 03. During the 
SULPHITE OF SODA AS AN ANTICHLOR. SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
21 
reaction cf this salt upon chlorine, free sulphur is deposited upuii the 
fabrics, much to their detriment. The probable reason that this has 
never before been observed, is because its injurious effects have been 
attributed to over-bleaching. This finely divided sulphur, when deposited 
in the fibre of paper, gradually oxidizes to sulphurous and sulphuric acid, 
which renders the paper brittle, and, if written upon with iron ink, 
bleaches or fades it. This effect upon paper has sometimes been attributed 
to its containing too much wood-fibre. 
A larger quantity of active sulphurous acid can be obtained from a 
given weight of sulphite of soda, Nag SO3, than from an equal weight of 
the hyposulphite, and from this no sulphur is deposited, so that it ought 
most certainly to be preferred for use as antichlor on a large scale. Wc 
are informed by large manufacturers of chemicals that sulphite of soda can 
be made at a price not higher, in proportion to its efficiency, than the 
hyposulphite. 
SOLIDIFICATION OF NITROUS OXIDE. 
According to Wills, nitrous oxide may be easily solidified by causing a 
rapid current of air to pass through the liquefied gas. Differing in this 
respect from carbonic acid, nitrous oxide may be kept liquid for some time 
in open vessels. Carbonic acid solidifies as soon as it escapes from its con- 
taining reservoir, because the tension of the vapor of the solidified acid, 
even at the moment of its formation, is considerably superior to atmos- 
pheric pressure; while liquid nitrous oxide attains—133° Fahr. and solidi- 
fies at—l 46°, so that the tension of its vapor is weaker than one atmos- 
phere. The density of the liquid protoxide at 32° Fahr. is equal to 0.9004; 
its coefficient of dilatation is very considerable. It is insoluble in water. 
MANUFACTURE OF ALKALINE CARBONATES. 
Hector de Grousileiers, of Berlin, states that the alkaline carbonates 
may be manufactured from their haloid salts by introducing the latter, 
together with an alcoholic solution of carbonate of ammonia, into a closed 
vessel lined with lead and heated by steam, until a pressure of five atmos- 
pheres is obtained, whereby the alkaline carbonate is precipitated, the 
chloride of ammonia remaining in solution. 
ACTION OF NITRIC ACID ON CHROMATE OF LEAD. 
On treating chromate of lead with about double its weight of nitric 
acid, a solution of chromic acid is obtained, accordidg to M. E. Duvillier, 
containing but two per cent, of oxide oflead. It is considered that the 
nitric acid decomposes the chromate of lead into chromic acid and nitrate 
of lead, which precipitates itself on boiling in presence of the excess of 
nitric acid employed. SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
A NEW MODE OF FILTRATION 
By Isaac B. Cooke.—A 300 c.c. flask is fitted with a perforated india- 
rubber stopper, through which a narrow glass tube of about six inches in 
length is passed for a distance of one inch. The lower end of the tube is 
drawn out to a fine point, and the other is slightly enlarged in form of a 
funnel. Into this funnel-shaped mouth a small quantity of cotton-wool is 
gently packed for about half an inch, and the remainder of the wool is 
left outside in the form of a spreading brush. To utilize this arrangement 
some water is poured into the flask, and the air expelled from the latter 
by steady ebullition; the stopper is inserted at the right moment, and, 
when condensation begins, the flask is inverted and the tube with its 
brush of cotton-wool plunged into the liquid to be filtered, the latter being 
contained in a small porcelain dish of about two and a half inches in 
diameter. When nearly all the liquid has been drawn up, a stream of 
distilled water may be directed upon the precipitate to wash it, and the 
washing can be repeated as often as necessary. The cotton plug is subse- 
quently removed by forceps over the evapoi axing basin, and the end of 
the tube having been cleansed from adhering precipitate, the basin with 
its contents is dried over a lamp, ignited, and weighed. 
HOW TO CLEAN GREASY VESSELS. 
Dr. Walz has suggested a method for cleaning greasy beakers and 
photographic glass plates, which must at once commend itself to all prac- 
tical chemists and photographic operators. He takes a dilute solution of 
permanganate of potash (kept on hand in a large stock bcttle), to which a 
few drops of hydrochloric acid are added when used; and he pours in 
enough to wet the sides of the vessel to be cleaned. The greasy impurities 
are at once oxidized and removed. The method is preferable to the 
employment of bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid. The perman- 
ganate of potash solution can be saved and used repeatedly until, by the 
exhaustion of its oxidizing power, it ceases to act. 
RAPID FILTRATION. 
A simple contrivance, acting upon the same principle as Bunsenls filter, 
has been proposed by E. Fleischer. A wide-mouthed bottle is closed 
with a rubber cork twice perforated ; into one of the perforations a funnel 
is fitted, while a short glass tube, bent at a right angle, is inserted into the 
other, and lengthened by means of a piece of rubber tubing with spring- 
clamp attached. The filter is capped with a small filter, then inserted and 
well moistened so as to rest against the funnel; afterward, the liquid to be 
filtered is poured upon it, and the air in the receiving-bottle rarified by 
sucking through the rubber tubing, which is then closed by the clamp. SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
23 
CODEINE. 
This substance, which is also called codea, is beginning to find use in 
medicine, and some description of its properties as well as the method of 
its preparation may be of interest to some of our readers. Codeine, like 
morphine, narcotine, and several other alkaloids, occurs in opium. It was 
discovered by Robiquet in 1832. These alkaloids exist in opium in com- 
bination with certain vegetable acids, principally meconic acid. To obtain 
the codeine, it is first necessary to remove the meconic acid. An aqueous 
infusion of opium is evaporated to a syrup and mixed with a solution of 
chloride of calcium, which precipitates the acid as meconate of calcium, 
leaving the hydrochlorate of morphine and hydrochlorate of codeine in 
the solution, from which they crystallize if left to rest. These crystals 
are dissolved in water, and the solution, after purification with animal 
charcoal, is precipitated by ammonia, which separates the greater part of 
the morphine, leaving the codeine in solution. The filtered liquid is 
evaporated over a water-bath to expel the excess of ammonia, the mor- 
phine salt remaining in the solution being at the same time precipitated; 
the saline solution is concentrated and precipitated by caustic potash, and 
the precipitate of codeine is washed, dried, and dissolved in ether, whence 
it is deposited in crystals. From 100 lbs. of opium only six or eight 
ounces of codeine is obtained. Codeine is more soluble in water than 
morphine; it is also soluble in alcohol, ether, and ammonia, but it is quite 
insoluble in potash. It has a strongly alkaline reaction, restoring the 
blue color of reddened litmus, and precipitatmg the salts of lead, iron, 
copper, cobalt, nickel, etc. 
The physiological effects of codeine resemble those of morphine in 
many respects. According to Robiquet, a dose of 0.3 or 0.4 of a grain 
produces in 24 hours, especially in an excitable person, a sensation of 
comfort and repose and a refreshing sleep, and a dose of from 1.8 to 2 
grains produces heavy sleep with a feeling of intoxication after waking, 
sometimes also nausea and vomiting. More than three grains in 24 hours 
cannot be taken without danger of serious consequences. 
CRYSTALLINE MERCUROUS lODIDE. 
By P. Yvon.—By heating the required proportions of mercury and 
iodine in a closed flask on the sand-bath, at a temperature not exceeding 
250 deg., the author has obtained mercurous iodide condensed on the 
upper part of the vessel in well-defined rhombic crystals, of a magnificent 
garnet-red color, which become yellow on cooling. If carefully heated, 
the compound sublimes unchanged ; but if rapidly heated, the crystals 
melt at 290 deg. to a black liquid, which boils at 310 deg., mercury being 
given off, and a pale yellow crystalline sublimate obtained, which appears 
to be an oxyiodide. 24 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY, 
ARSENIC IN SULPHURIC ACID. 
Iron and copper pyrites (compounds of sulphur with the metal) are now 
extensively employed as sources of sulphur in the manufacture of sul- 
phuric acid, and both these substances always or nearly always contain a 
notable quantity of arsenic. In order to separate the sulphur from the 
metal and convert it into sulphurous acid, the ore is roasted in suitable 
kilns and the gaseous and volatile products carried over, by means of a 
line, into the leaden chamber where in the presence of other substances 
the formation of sulphuric; acid is completed. But arsenic, like sulphur, is 
set free from the ore by the action of heat, and passes ovei along with the 
latter into the leaden chamber. 
Arsenic is not only the most deleterious but the most difficult to remove 
of all the impurities of sulphuric acid. For medicinal purposes, therefore, 
and for use in certain medico-legal examinations, where perfect purity is 
required, an acid is employed made from pure sulphur, and even this has 
to be purified before it is fit for use. But in alkali manufacture, where 
immense quantities of the acid are consumed, that derived from pyrites is 
usually employed without previous purification, the products of the 
industry, such as hydrochloric acid, carbonate of soda, and sulphate of 
soda, being subsequently cleansed, when that is thought necessary. A 
recent writer on the subject, of much experience, Mr. H. A. Smith, 
strongly condemns this practice of first using an impure acid and then 
hunting up and removing the impurity after it has been distributed 
through a variety of products. “If the arsenic is to be removed at all ” 
says Mr. Smith, “everything points to the sulphuric acid stage as that in 
which the removal ought to take place. Sulphuric acid is the corner- 
stone of alkali manufacture ; cleanse it, and the whole is clean.” 
M. Berthelot announces, under the name of fluorene, a new and very 
fluorescent carburet contained in the portions of the tar of volatile oils 
between 300 deg. and 340 deg. C. 
FLUORENE. 
In order to extract the substance, instead of causing the portions of solid 
carburet which have passed the distillation between 300 deg. and 305 deg. 
C. to be crystallized in alcohol simply, a mixture of alcohol and benzine is 
used. By this means may be separated a small quantity of acenaphthene 
which remains in the mother liquor. The point of fusion of the mass, 
which is ordinarily 105 deg. C. after the first distillation and crystallization 
in,pure alcohol, increases to 112 deg. after crystallization in alcohol mixed 
with benzine. The remainder of the purification consists in redistillation 
and crystallization in pure alcohol. The carburet possesses a quite pro- 
nounced violet fluorescence, which, however, disappears promptly on its 
being exposed to the light. SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
25 
PURE SUB-lODIDE OF MERCURY. 
Lefort recommends the following method for preparing the sub-iodide 
of mercury free from iodine and from metallic mercury : 60 grains of pure 
crystallized pyrophosphate of soda are dissolved in 300 grains water, and 
30 grains acetate of the suboxide of mercury added. The solution requires 
several hours, during which it is frequently shaken. If the soda salt is 
chemically pure, the mercury salt dissolves perfectly ; but this is seldom 
the case, and the excess of alkali precipitates some oxide of mercury, so 
that the solution requires filtering. It is then still further diluted with 
water, and a solution of 30 grains iodide ol potassium in two ounces of 
water gradually added with constant stirring or shaking. This produces 
a precipitate which is at first a brownish green, but becomes a bright 
green, closely resembling oxide of chromium, and on settling acquires a 
yehow-green color. If the mercury solution contains any mercuric salt at 
the start, some biniodide of mercury is formed, giving the liquid a pinkish 
color; but this is easily avoided by adding a slight excess of iodide of 
potassium, which is so dilute as not to decompose the sub-iodide, while it 
is able to dissolve the biniodide. The precipitate is washed with cold 
water by decantation, collected on a filter, and dried with gentle heat in 
the dark. 
OZO-BENZINE—A YEW EXPLOSIVE. 
MM. Houzeau and Renard state that, by causing concentrated ozone 
to react upon pure benzine boiling at 178 deg. Fah., a solid body is formed 
of gelatinous appearance, to which the name of ozo-benzine has been 
given. The formula is CI2II6 (CaSIIe). Dried in vacuo, the substance be- 
comes solid, white, amorphous, and highly explosible. It detonates with 
violence under the influence of shocks or heat. A few grains exploded in 
the laboratory shattered the glass in the windows. It is very unstable, 
and when left either in air, carbonic acid, or even in a vacuum, it changes 
rapidly. Among the products of the aqueous decomposition of ozo- 
henzine, is noted the presence of acetic and formic acids, and also that of 
a solid acid, very soluble, becoming colored brown by potash or soda. 
Another composition is also fo med which has an agreeable odor and no 
acid reaction. 
PURIFYING CARBONIC ACID GAS. 
The impurities contained in carbonic acid gas when derived from the 
combustion of coke, coal, etc., may be removed, according to Asa P. 
Maylert, of New Britain, Ct., by passing the gas, as it issues frou the 
furnace, through or over a mixture consisting of deutoxide of lead held in 
suspension in water, or a weak solution of acetate of lead, or of some other 
soluble salt of lead. 26 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
The degree of purity of commercial aniline, says the American Chemist, 
is of the greatest importance in the manufacture of different colors, and 
especially of blue and black. As aniline black is developed by printers 
themselves and not bought ready for use, the following test wi.l enable 
them to determine the quality of the article they have to use : 
ANILINE FOR PRINTING BLACK. 
Any aniline oT which does not boil under 192 deg. C. must at once be 
rejected; and the nearer its boiling-point is to that of pure aniline, ISO 
deg., the finer rvill be the black color produced. For practical tests, 
several methods may be followed. Beaume’s areometer gives some indi- 
cation of quality. Any aniline of from 20 deg. to 30 deg. B. always gives 
a black color if not fraudulently adulterated. If heavier, it generally 
contains undecomposed nitro-benzol; if lighter, too much toluidine. 
Fractional distillation gives a more reliable result. The percentage of 
aniline distilling between 180 deg. and 185 deg. C, represents the true 
value of the article. Concentrated sulphuric acid diluted with three times 
its weight of water is also a good test. About one part of aniline is mixed 
with at least three parts or the dilute acid ; a thick paste of sulphate of 
aniline is formed, and more water is added to dissolve the salt, when any 
tarry impurities and also nitro-benzol collect at the top. 
The quantity of aniline oil used is enormous, being, in 1869, 3,500,000 
pounds, of about 10.000 pounds per day. Of this, Germany took two 
million pounds, and the rest was divided between Switzerland, England, 
and France. The quantity of coal which must be converted into gas to 
furnish sufficient benzol for 3,500,000 pounds of aniline is astonishing. It 
is estimated that 1,600 tons of coal will produce one ton of aniline. Three 
and a half million pounds or 1,600 tons of aniline require therefore 2,500,000 
tons of coal, which, in the first instance, would give 25,000,000,000 cubic 
feet of gas. 
BENZINE-POTASSIUM, A NEW EXPLOSIVE. 
By H. Abeljanz.—When benzine and potassium are heated together 
in a sealed tube to 210 deg.—2so deg., they combine and form benzine- 
potassium. It is a black mass which appears blue when viewed in thin 
layers. In the dry state it is very explosive, and it is decomposed violently 
by water. The gradual action of water on it gives rise to diphenyl. 
FORMATION OF CRYSTALLINE ANTIMONY. 
The antimony is deposited on copper from a hydrochloric acid solution 
of antimonious chloride. On removing it. and pulverizing it in a mortar, 
it detonates, and is changed from the amorphous to the crystalline condi- 
tion. The author has not observed if this result is produced by heat, as is 
the case with rhodium and iridium.—W. R. Dingl, Polyt. Jour., ccvii. 427. SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
27 
PRODUCTION OF FURFUROL. 
By C. Greeville Williams.—When fir-wood is heated with water in 
a closed vessel, and a pressure of 100 lbs. to the inch maintained for a con- 
siderable time, an acid liquor is obtained, from which, by repeated rectifi- 
cation, two principal products may be separated. These are methylic 
alcohol and an oil, (furfnrol,) the yield of the latter from 100 lbs. of wood 
being 10 ounces. 
A mean of four experiments showed that 100 parts of crude oil gave 
39.3 of furfuramide, corresponding to 42.3 per cent, of furfnrol. Hugo 
Muller corroborates the foregoing results. Having operated in a similar 
series of experiments with bamboo-wood, he obtained an appreciable 
quantity of a heavy oily liquid, Avhich exhibited all the properties of 
furfnrol, and produced, on the addition of ammonia, the well-characterized 
furfuramide. Muller does not think that the production of furfnrol is due 
to the action of the organic acids Avhich are simultaneously or previously 
formed ; at the same time he mentions that when the Avood is treated with 
causae soda-lye instead of Avater, the formation of furfurol does not appear 
to take place. 
Furfurol may also be obtained by the action of high-pressure steam 
upon Avood. The apparatus used consists of a vessel capable of Avith- 
standing a pressure of 500 lbs. to the square inch, within which is placed 
a cylinder of perforated metal filled Avith sawdust and standing on a 
perforated shelf ; the bottom of the vessel is covered Avith a layer of Avater 
not reaching to the shelf. The vessel having been tightly closed, is heated 
in an oil-bath to 198 deg. C. for three or four hours, after which it is left 
to cool till the pressure has completely gone down. It is then opened 
and connected with a condenser, and heated till about three-fourths of 
the Avater present has distilled over. The Avatery distillate thus obtained 
smells strongly of furfurol, and Avhen mixed Avith ammonia, yields crystals 
of furfuramide. 
It appears, then, that furfurol may be produced from Avood by the action 
either of Avater or of steam at high temperatures and pressures. The 
author finds, however, that it is not produced by distilling sawdust with 
Avater under the ordinary pressure. 
PREPARING AMMONIA SALTS. 
Bobrownicki. of Paris proposes to prepare ammonia salts from the 
ammonia liquor of gas-AVorks, by acidifying and then treating it Avith 
fluoride of silicon, chloride of silicon, hydrofluor-silicic acid, or an alkaline 
silicate. The silicon compounds cany down the suspended bodies, and 
those in solution, and hold them in a solid or half-solid form. Bobrow- 
nicki calls the precipitate a silicoid. It furnishes the crude material for 
preparing ammonia salts in the usual manner. 28 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
A NEW ACID TAURO-CARBAMIC ACID. 
By H. Salkowiski.—The author has already shown that when taurin 
is administered to the human subject, a portion passes unaltered into the 
urine. He now finds that the greater part of the taurin becomes trans- 
formed into an acid containing the elements of one molecule of taurin and 
one molecule of carbamic acid minus one molecule of water. 
The new acid, tauro-carbamic acid, CsHsNsSOf, is obtained by precipi- 
tating the urine with acetate of lead, removing the lead from the liquor 
by hydrosulphuricc acid, evaporating the filtrate, and adding alcohol to the 
concentrated solution. The crude sodium salt which then separates must 
be treated with animal charcoal and afterward decomposed by sulphuric 
acid. The crude acid may now be extracted by alcohol, which leaves it, 
on evaporation, in the form of a syrup which must be freed from sulphuric 
acid by means of barium hydrate, and from chlorine by means of silver 
carbonate. 
The researches of Schultzen render it probable that tauro-sulphamic 
acid is also excreted in the urine when taurin is exhibited, and the author- 
finds that normal urine contains a trace of tauro-carbamic acid. 
It has also been noted that a mixture of bicarbureted hydrogen and 
ozone detonates violently without the action of light, heat, or electricity. 
The ozone must be strongly concentrated. 
NEW COMPOUND OF BICHLORIDE OF MERCURY AND BRO- 
MIDE OF POTASSIUM. 
If to a solution of bromide of potassium be added an equivalent pro- 
portion of bichloride of mercury, in powder, the latter salt dissolves 
quite readily, and a solution is formed which, when evaporated, 
affords needle-shaped crystals, consisting, apparently, of a definite com- 
pound of the two salts; or it may be that an interchange of elements 
takes place, and that the new salt is composed of bromide of mercury and 
chloride of potassium. The solution deposits crystals of the same form 
even when evaporated to the last drop. These crystals are permanent in 
the air, and when just removed from the mother liquor are transparent, 
but, on drying, become white, with a nacreous appearance. The salt dis- 
solves readily in water. It gives with iodide of potassium, a scarlet pre- 
cipitate of biniodide of mercury; with nitrate of silver, a precipitate of 
bromide : with chlorine water, followed by chloroform, a solution of bro- 
mine in the latter liquid. 
DETERMINING ANILINE COLORS. 
The Chronique de Vlndustrie describes a new method, the principle of 
which consists in the fixing of the coloring matter to be tested on a plate 
cf glass, by means of collodion. The thin film thus obtained is compared 
with another of the typical coloring material prepared in the same manner. SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
29 
ANTHRACEN AMINE. 
By T. L. Phipson.—This new base may be obtained by adding anthra- 
cene in powder, in small quantities at a time, to ordinary nitric acid 
contained in a capsule which can be cooled if necessary, A soft reddish- 
brown mass is obtained which melts easily, and can be drawn out into 
long golden-yellow'filaments. This product contains a certain quantity 
of mononitranthracene, C14H9N02, soluble in alcohol, from which it crys- 
tallizes in small yellow needles. If the temperature is allowed to rise and 
the acid boils, several other products are obtained and much oxanthra- 
cene. The product is washed and placed in a flask with tin and hydro- 
chloric acid, diluted with its own volume of water and boiled quietly for 
an hour, then filtered. The filtered liquid contains chloride of anthra- 
cenamine and tin chloride; the base is extracted by excess of potash, 
which dissolves the tin oxide and leaves the anthracenamine. It is 
necessary io repeat the operation twice to get rid of ail the tin. 
Anthracenamine is a pale yellow powder, forming soluble and crystal- 
lizable salts with sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. It is very soluble in 
alcohol, but slightly soluble in water ; its odor is very slight, and its taste 
is hot, pungent, and persistent, very like that of the unknown substance 
•which exists in tbe arum maculatura. Its acid salts produce with potas- 
sium bichromate a characteristic emerald-green color, and finally precipi- 
tate a powder of this color which is soluble in alcohol. This solution 
presents no marked peculiarity when viewed in the spectroscope. The 
reaction is as characteristic of anthracenamine as the blue color produced 
in similar circumstances is of naphthylamine. It is not obtained, how- 
ever, with lead peroxide or with calcium hypochlorite, but it is obtained 
with concentrated nitric acid. 
Anthracenamine is easily decomposed; and from the percentage of 
nitrogen it contains, the author concludes that its composition may be 
represented by the formula, CI4HIIN. 
A NEW RED FROM ANILINE. 
By F. Hammer.—lf sulphur chloride be added to 20-25 grammes of 
aniline, with constant agitation, a red solid product is obtained almost 
immediately. On treatment with acetic acid and filtration, a red solution 
is produced, from which the coloring matter is deposited on evaporation 
as a black mass, soluble in acetic acid, alcohol, and ether. On addition of 
water to either of these solutions, a gray precipitate is thrown down. 
Artificial cryolite may be made by taking crude, or better, distilled 
hydrofluoric acid containing five per cent of anhydrous acid and half 
saturated with pure alumina. A solution of sodium chloride is then added 
until the mixture contains three equivalents of soda for one of alumina. 
The precipitate is artificial cryolite. 30 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
FREEZING-POINTS OF ACETIC ACID AND WATER. 
By E. Grimaux.—The addition of water to glacial accetic acid lowers 
the freezing-point down to a certain limit, beyond which the further 
addition of water raises it. The author has endeavored to ascertain this 
limit by experiment. He introduced mixtures of acetic acid and water 
(in proportions determined by weighing) into a small test-tube furnished 
with an alcohol thermometer, the zero-point of which was verified every 
day, and placed the arrangement in a freezing mixture. When the ther- 
mometer had sunk some degrees below the expected freezing-point of the 
mixture, the test-tube was shaken to cause solidification of its contents, 
and the highest point to which the thermometer rose at the moment of 
crystallization was read off1. The standard acetic acid employed solidified 
at 14.4 deg., and hence, according to Rudorff’s tables, contained 1.25 per 
cent, of water. 
The lowest freezing-point of the solution obtained was 24.1 deg. which 
corresponds to a mixture containing 37 or 38 per cent, of water, that is, to 
an acid represented by the formula C 211402 plus 2HaO. 
PHOSPHORIC ACID. 
The occurrence of phosphorus in combination with the ores of iron has 
long been an annoyance to iron manufacturers, and many rich ores are 
worthless from the phosphorus, which makes the iron brittle and useless. 
Julius Jacobi proposes a method of freeing iron ores from phosphorus, and 
at. the same time saving the phosphoric products for agricultural purposes. 
His process consists in roasting the ore and crushing it, and, after placing 
it in a proper receiver, submitting it to the action of water charged with 
sulphurous acid under pressure. The ore is then washed with water, to 
remove all the soluble products, and the phosphoric acid, precipitated from 
the water with fresh-burnt lime, is obtained as a neutral phosphate of 
lime. If effectual and not too expensive, the proposed method is very 
important, as rendering many ores available which are now regarded as 
worthless, and at the same time supplying a demand in agriculture which 
has heretofore been but imperfectly met. 
DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE IN CAST-IRONS AND 
STEELS. 
One of the main causes of the loss of manganese in these determinations 
springs from the employment of too large an amount of acetate of soda in the 
previous precipitation of the iron. The author finds that in a perfectly neu- 
tral solution 1 grm, acetate of soda suffices to precipitate completely 1.1 grm 
of iron in 500 c.c. of solution, and even in the presence of 1 grm. of acetic 
acid. When the determination of the manganese alone is required, he 
cools the liquid, makes up its volume to 500 c.c., filters through a dry filter, 
and determines the manganese in 250 c.c.—Kiesser. 31 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
TEST FOR ARSENICAL COLORS ON WALL PAPERS AND IN 
PAPER GENERALLY. 
Professor Hager recommends the following method for detecting 
this dangerous class of arsenical colors, which, we may remaik, are not 
confined to green alone, for even red sometimes contains arsenic : A piece 
of the paper is soaked in a concentrated solution of sodium nitrate (Chili 
saltpetre) in equal parts of alcohol and water, and allowed to dry. The 
dried paper is burned in a shallow porcelain dish. Usually it only 
smoulders, producing no flame. Water is poured over the ashes, and 
caustic potash added to a strongly alkaline reaction, then boiled and 
filtered. The filtrate is acidified with dilute sulphuric acid, and perman- 
ganate of potash is added slowly as long as the red color disappears or 
changes to a yellow brown upon warming, and finally a slight excess of 
chameleon solution is present. If the liquid becomes turbid, it is to be 
filtered. After cooling, more dilute sulphuric acid is added and also a 
piece of pure clean zinc, and the flask closed with a cork split in two 
places. In one split of the cork a piece of paper moistened in silver nitrate 
is fastened, in the other a strip of parchment paper dipped in sugar of 
lead. If arsenic is present, the silver soon blackens. The lead paper is 
merely a check on the presence of sulph-hydric acid. According to 
Hager, the use of permanganate of potash is essential, otherwise the silver 
paper may bo blackened when no arsenic is present. 
COMPOSITION FOR GAS. 
W. H. Sterling, of San Francisco, proposes the manufacture of gas by 
distilling in a retort blocks made as follows ; To crude petroleum or coal- 
tar add, in proportion to its richness or gravity, ten to twenty per cent, of 
water, and from one-half to two per cent, of caustic lime. Thoroughly 
agitate the whole to produce an emulsion, and then mix sufficient flnely- 
jmlverized ashes to make a plastic mass, which may be moulded into 
block suitable for placing in a retort. 
ACTION OF ETHER UPON lODIDES. 
By E. Ferriere.—When a concentrated solution of an iodide is mixed 
with starch-paste and then shaken with ether, part of the iodine is sepa- 
rated, and the starch is turned bine. If the solution is dilute, the bluing 
does not appear till after two or three hours, and in extremely dilute 
solutions, not till after two or three days. On filtering from the blue 
starch and adding more ether, a blue color is again produced, and so on, 
till at length all the iodine is removed from the compound. Mineral 
waters containing iodides exhibit, when thus treated, the same reactions 
as artificially prepared solutions. 32 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTEY, 
For the dyeing of felt hats, aniline colors can be used in every case. 
The coloring matter is used repeatedly to make the tint satisfactory. If 
the dyeing follows the ful.ing, the felt is not penetrated so easily, but the 
hair can be directly dyed and the dyed hair fulled. For this purpose, a 
solution of the dye is made in boiling water, then allowed to cool, and 
filtered. A pan with water heated to 30 deg. is prepared, and i >to this the 
necessary quantity of dye is introduced, stirred up, and the hair moistened, 
and inclosed in a basket is placed in the bath. The bath is repeatedly 
heated to 60 deg., and the basket agitated therein continually. Fresh 
coloring matter is introduced when the hair has absorbed a certain 
amount, the basket being for the instant removed. 
DYEING OF FELT WITH ANILINE COLORS. 
When the hair is fully dyed, the basket is removed and the hair allowed 
to cool, and it is then well rinsed. Mixtures of aniline colors may be used 
for particular tints with good effect. 
For brown, the by-products from fuchsine are employed, which are 
known in the trade as “cerise,” “merron,” etc. These give with indigo- 
carmine and picric acid, with addition of a little sulphuric acid, splendid 
brown shades. For the preparation of the favorite “ B'smarck,” a solution 
of Manchester brown can be used, which is toned down by addition of 
indigo-carmine, picric acid, and fuchsine. 
RUBIDIUM FROM BEET-ROOT ASH. 
By C. Pfeiffer.—The raother-’iquor left in preparing saltpetre from 
the ash of beet-root molasses is mixed with saw-dust and deflagrated, the 
charred mass exhausted with water, the solution evaporated, and the 
sulphates and chlorides allowed to crystallize out. This second mother- 
liquor is mixed with hydrochloric acid, heated, filtered from precipitated 
sulphur, etc., and boiled with nitric acid till all iodine and bromine are 
expelled. The rubidium is now precipitated from the diluted solution by 
platinum tetrachloride, and separated as usual. 
Direct experiment shows that one kilogramme of the beet-ash of 
Northern France contains 1.75 grm, of rubidium chloride, and that the 
rubidium chloride is to the sodium chloride and potassium chloride as 
1: 126 and 331. 
Mercury, when being manufactured, frequently becomes foul from the 
mixing with it of unreduced cinnabar the soot of the material employed 
in reducing it, and other impurities ; but it is stated by Messrs. Randol & 
Wright, of New Almaden, Cal,, that, by treating it under agitation with 
heated water and alkaline matter, the foreign matter will unite with the 
water, etc., allowing the mercury to be drawn off clean and bright. 
PURIFYING QUICKSILVER. SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
33 
AURINE. 
By R. S. Dale, B. A., and C. Sciiorlemmer, F. E. S.—Kolbe and 
Schmitt obtained in 1801 a red coloring matter by heating phenol with 
oxalic acid and concentrated sulphuric acid. Since that time, this color 
has been largely manufactured, and is found in commerce under the name 
of aurine, yellow coralline, or rosolic acid. The latter name, as is well 
known, was first given by Range to a red body which he obtained from 
coal-tar, and this name was afterward employed to designate all red com- 
pounds which may be obtained from phenol by different reactions. 
We refrain from giving a historical sketch of these red phenol-colons, 
because there cannot be any doubt that, according to the mode of prepara- 
tion, different compounds are formed. 
The analysis of the crystallized body, which Fresenius cabs coralline, 
gave numbers agreeing with the formula C 431T3gOn. We shall have to 
refer to Fresenius’s paper again, and will only for the present mention that 
his coralline is not identical with the compound which we have obtained, 
and for which we retain the name of aurine, 
Commercial aurine is a brittle, resinous body, having a beetle-green 
lustre, and yielding a red powder. 
The purification is easily effected by adding concentrated aqueous, or, 
better, alcoholic ammonia, to a cold, concentrated, alcoholic solution of 
crude aurine. A crystalline precipitate, a compound of aurine with 
ammonia, separates out, while the other bodies contained in the crude 
product remain in solution. The ammonia-compound was washed with 
alcohol by means of the filter-pump ; after drying, it forms a dark red 
crystalline powder with a bluish lustre. It is a very unstable body, losing 
its ammonia completely when it is exposed to the air for some time. 
By boiling it with dilute acetic acid or hydrochloric acid, aurine is 
obtained as a crystalline, brownish-red powder having a green lustre; it 
must be purified by repeated crystallization from acetic acid. 
By the first crystallization, it was generally obtained in small, dark red 
needles, with a steel-blue reflection; afterward it crystallized in larger 
needles or prisms, having the color of chromic acid and a brilliant diamond 
lustre, or of a darker shade showing a blue or greenish-blue reflection, and 
once we obtained it in small crystals having the beetle-green lustre of the 
salts of rosaniline. 
The finest crystals were formed by the spontaneous evaporation of an 
alcoholic solution containing acetic acid. We have analyzed these different 
specimens partly dried at 100 degs. and partly at a higher temperature, and 
although samples of the same preparation gave very concordant results, 
those of different preparations varied very much in their composition. 
We found that the reason for this was that aurine most obstinately retains 
water and acetic acid, which, however, as we believe, are not chemically 
combined with it. 34 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
From hot concentrated hydrochloric acid, aurine crystallizes in slender 
red needles, which, when dried at 110 degs., still retain a large quantity of 
hydrocloric acid. We tried to obtain the pure compound by precipitating 
a dilute alkaline solution of aurine with weak hydrochloric acid and wash- 
ing the precipitate with the filter-pump, but the product thus obtained also 
contained hydrochloric acid when dried at 110 deg. 
By the spontaneous evaporation of an alcoholic solution, aurine is 
obtained in dull red crystals with a green lustre, Avhich when dried at 110 
degs. do not contain any alcohol, but several per cent of water, which is 
given off only at a temperature above 140 degs. 
Au: ine, which has been repeatedly crystallized from acetic acid or 
alcohol, does not melt at 220 degs.; at this temperature the crystals assume 
a darker shade, which disappears again on cooling, without anv appearance 
of alteration in the substance. When more strongly heated it melts, emit- 
ting at the same time the odor of phenol, and solidifies again, on cooling, 
to an amorphous, beetle-green mass. Aurine dissolves readily in alkalies 
whh a magenta-red color, and is precipitated from this solution by acids 
as a crystalline powder. 
Aurine, crystallized from a mixture of alcohol and acetic acid, forms 
dark red crystals, moderately thick in comparison to length. 
A variety of substances derived from aurine when treated with other 
bodies are given fully described by the authors. 
When aurine is heated carefully in a combustion-tube, a reddish-colored 
oily liquid distils, and a large quantity of porus carbon is formed. The 
distillate is almost completely soluble in caustic potash, only a trace of 
a solid having the odor of diphenyl being left behind. The alkaline solu- 
tion was decomposed with hydrochloric acid, and the oil dried over 
calcium chloride. On distilling it, a small quantity of water first passed 
over, and the boiling point then rose rapidly to 184 degs., remaining con- 
stant until the last drop had distilled over; the distillate solidified to a mass 
of needle-shaped crystals, and consisted of pure phenol, no cresol being 
present, the formation of which might have been expected if this com- 
pound took part in the production of the color. 
We may, therefore, for the present assume that the aurine contained in 
the commercial product is identical with that obtained from pure phenol. 
It is known how easily one may be deceived by the apparent purity of 
crystallized coloring matters; only a short time ago. Wichelhaus has again 
called attention to this point in his beautiful researches on the oxidation ot 
phenol. 
When aurine is heated with aqueous ammonia to 140-150 degs., a new 
coloring is formed, dyeing on wool and silk a redder shade than aurine, 
and occurring in commerce under the name of “red coraline,” or 
“pseonine.” 
Another derivative of aurine, called “ azurine ” or “ azuline,” is pro- SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
cl need by treating it with aniline. An examination of this blue compound 
has so far yielded the following results. 
When aurine is gently boded with aniline and a little acetic acid, the 
solution soon assumes a pure blue color. On boiling the product with 
dilute hydrochloric acid, in order to remove an excess of aniline, a blue 
resinous substance is obtained, consisting of a mixture of different bodies’ 
which are partly soluble in alcohol and acetic acid, and partly insoluble 
hi them. 
By heating the above mixture on a water-bath, a blue solution is formed 
in 16-20 hours, which, however, also contains several bodies. A portion of 
the product is readily soluble in caustic soda with a purple color, and pre- 
ci itated by acid from this solution in blue flakes, which dissolve in 
alcohol and acetic acid. The portion which is insoluble in alkalies dis- 
solves completely in acetic acid and- alcohol, with a fine blue color, but 
ether takes up only a part of it, forming a dark red solution, which on 
evaporation leaves a blue resinous body behind. The portion not dissolv- 
ing in ether forms a dark blue powder with a golden reflection. 
PARAFFIN' FOR STOPPERS AND LABELS. 
Professor MArkoe states that the practice in Boston is, not to varnish 
a label for acid bottles, but to use paraffin instead. They had applied it 
to a large number of bottles in the college laboratory, and it answered 
perfectly. The only thing necessary was to brush the paraffin on as hot 
as possible, so as to get a thin even coating; it looked as well as varnish, 
and stood a great deal better. It saved a good deal of trouble in sizing 
and varnishing, and five minutes after the bottle had been brushed it was 
ready for use. It has been stated that the use of paraffin could be extended 
a great deal further; that instead of dealing the tops of bottles—sample 
bottles of bleaching-powder, and for other purposes—it was very conven- 
ient to have a small porcelain dish with paraffin always ready, which could 
be placed upon a lamp, and as soon as it was warm to dip the top of the 
bottle in it, and that gave as good a sealing as sealing-wax, or better, and 
caused very much less trouble. It had also been proposed to use stoppers 
made of solid paraffin for soda samples ; but he did not like this, because 
they broke so easily. What Dr. Lunge had found to answer perfectly well 
was to mb some heated paraffin upon the stoppers in place of tallow. He 
found it a great deal cleaner, and answering in every way for this purpose. 
A RESINOUS EXPLOSIVE. 
It is stated by Alfred Nobel, of Hamburg, that a powerful explosive 
that may be safely handled, and one which will burn without exploding 
if unconfined, may be made by mixing nitrate of soda and resin, or their 
equivalents, with or without a little sulphur, with sufficient mtro-glycerine 
to form a stiff paste. 36 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
BLUE DYE DERIVED FROM CARBOLIC ACID. 
The carbolic acid is mixed with eight or ten parts stannate of soda, to 
which is immediately added concentrated sulphuric or hydrochloric acid. 
By using- the former, a yellow substance is obtained, soluble in tartrate of 
soda and in the alkalies. By the addition of a large proportion of acid, 
the mixture becomes reddish brown, and all the carbolic acid dissolves. 
Combined with a large amount of water, the solution becomes red, and 
brown flakes, soluble in alcohol, are deposited. 
These flakes give to alkalies a blue coloring matter, which is not preci- 
pitated either by water or alcohol. It has not been isolated, except on 
the fabric. The red watery solution treated with alkalies becomes green 
on account of the formation of the blue dye and a yellotv substance. If a 
fabric of oiled cotton be plunged therein, it is rapidly colored orange, 
which tint, like the liquid, passes to green when acted upon with alkalies; 
but if the dyed material be finally left to the action of water, it becomes a 
sky-blue, which is almost unalterable by chlorine and the hypochlorites- 
RECOVERING FAT AND COLOR FROM WASTE WASH 
LIQUORS. 
A process for the above, suggested by Messrs. Thom & Stenhouse, of 
London, consists in treating the waste soap-liquor with a solution of 
muriate of lime and adding milk of lime until free lime remains in the 
mixture. After mixing thoroughly and settling, the supernatant liquor 
is drawn eft’. The precipitate, containing the fatty and coloring matter* 
is then treated with sufficient muriatic acid to decompose the fatty matter, 
but not the coloring; the whole is then strained through flannel, and the 
fatty and coloring matter left on the strainer are heated to melt and 
agglutinate the colored fatty substance, then cooled and pressed in bags 
to remove any watery solutions left by the first straining. The substance 
removed from the bag may be further heated to remove any remaining 
water, and the color combined with the flit may be separated by heat and 
pressure, or by treatment with hydro-carbons as a solvent. 
In making feltered fabrics of a mixture of animal and vegetable fibres, 
it is found difficult to dye them evenly, as the vegetable fibre does not 
take the dye equally with the remainder. To overcome this difficulty, 
J. T. Waring, of 'Yonkers, N. Y., proposes to neutralize the vegetable 
matter by subjecting the felted fabric to an acid bath of from G deg. to 12 
deg. Beaume, and then washing to remove the acid, after which, it is 
stated, the fabric will dye an even tint. 
DYEING OF FELTED FABRICS. SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
37 
ANTHRAPURRURINE—A NEW COLOR. 
By W. H. Perkin, F.R.S.—Commercial artificial alizarine, when in- 
troduced as a dyeing agent, was generally supposed to contain purpurine, 
owing to the pureness of the red colors it produced with alumina mor- 
dants; hut in a paper which I had the honor of reading before the Chemi- 
cal Society some time since, this idea was shown to be incorrect; in the 
same paper, however, the existence in this product of a coloring matter 
differing from alizarine was pointed out. 
To obtain th's substance, which 1 propose to call anthrapurpurine, from 
commercial artificial alizarine, I have tried various methods, amongst 
these repeated crystallization from solvents; but this has not enabled me 
to separate it perfectly from the alizarine and other products with which 
it is associated, although its solubility differs considerably from them. I 
was, therefore, obliged to have recourse to chemical processes for its 
separation. 
Instead, however, of converting the commercial alizarine into a lake as 
I previously did, and then treating it with an alkaline carbonate, I find it 
more convenient to dissolve the crude coloring matter in dilute sodium 
carbonate, and then well agitate the resulting solution with Poshly preci- 
pitated alumina, which combines with the alizarine, leaving the anthra- 
purpurine in solution. This is filtered off from the alizarine lake, heated 
to boiling, and acidified with hydrochloric acid. The coloring matter 
which is precipitated is then collected on a filter, washed and dried. The 
anthrapurpurine thus obtained is very impure. These impurities can be 
removed to a considerable extent by repeatedly boiling the product with 
alcohol, anthrapurpurine being but little soluble in that menstruum, I 
have usually performed this operation nine or ten times; but the residual 
product, after crystallization from glacial acetic acid, has not given very 
satisfactory results, although analyzed several times. To further purify 
it, I have found it best to digesc it with boiling alcoholic soda, and collect 
the difficultly soluble sodium compound which forms on a filler and wash 
it several times with dilute alcoholic soda. This is then dissolved in 
water, boiled, and the coloring matter precipitated with barium chloride; 
the purple barium compound thus obtained is collected on a filter, washed 
a few times with hot water, and then decomposed by boiling with sodium 
carbonate ; the resulting purple solution is filtered off, and the anthrapur- 
purine precipitated with hydrochloric acid. After this has been collected 
on a filter, it is well washed with water, dried, and finally twice crystal- 
lized from glacial acetic acid. 
Anthrapurpurine, when heated, at first fuses and then evolves orange- 
colored vapors, which condense as yellowish-red leaves or needles, but by 
far the largest quantity of the substance is carbonated. It is difficultly 
soluble in alcohol and ether, but rather more soluble in glacial acetic acid- 38 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
It is deposited from the boiling acetic solution on standing in small fun- 
goid-looking groups of minute orange-colored needles. These groups are 
generally not more than 2 or 3 mm. in diameter, and from the direction of 
the crystals generally appear lighter on the under side than on the upper- 
They can only he seen to advantage under the microscope. As this sub- 
stance dissolves but slowly in boiling glacial acetic acid, it is sometimes 
necessary to distill off part of the acid before the resulting solution can be 
made to deposit crystals. 
Anthrapurpurine is very slightly soluble in water, and may be removed 
from its aqueous solution by means of ether. When heated with pow- 
dered zinc, it yields a hydrocarbon in small quantities, which, when puri- 
fied, has the fusing-point and other properties of ordinary anthracine. 
Anthrapurpurine, heated under pressure with acetic anhydride in 
excess to a temperature of 150 deg. to 160 deg. for four or five hours’ 
entirely dissolves, and the solution, on cooling, deposits a large quantity 
of pale yellow scales ; these are easily purified by draining off the excess 
of acetic anhydride, and recrystallizing three or four times from glacial 
acetic acid. • For the preparation of this compound, I find it is not neces- 
sary to use pure anthrapurpurine, the crude product before treatment 
with alcoholic caustic soda answering very well; but in this case the new 
compound should be recrystallized until the mother-liquors are of a clear 
pale yellow color. 
Triacetylanthrapurpurine melts at 220 deg. to 222 deg. It is not very 
soluble in alcohol, but is moderately so in glacial acetic acid. It crystal- 
lizes from this latter solvent in beautiful pale yellow glistening scales, as 
already mentioned ; it decomposes when heated with alkalies. 
This substance is a triacetylanthrapurpurine. 
When added gradually and in small quantities at a time to nitric acid, 
sp. gr. 1-5, triacetylanthrapurpurine dissolves without effervescence, form- 
ing a dark yellow solution ; this, on being slowly added to a large quantity 
of cold water, deposits a pale brown precipitate, which, when collected and 
washed, dissolves in potash with a reddish purple color. This solution 
does not appear to give any bands when viewed by the spectroscope, but a 
considerable absorption in the orange and violet. The addition of acid 
causes the coloring matter to separate as an orange precipitate. This sub- 
stance dyes alumina mordants of an orange color, and weak iron ones of a 
reddish purple. 
On boiling anthrapurpurine with benzoyl chloride, hydrochloric acid 
is evolved, and the coloring matter quickly dissolves. The resulting pro- 
duct when cold becomes a viscid mass, and is purified first by repeated 
boilings with water, to decompose the excess of benzoyl chloride and 
remove a large quantity of the resulting benzoic acid, and then by crystal- 
lization from glacial acetic acid. This latter operation requires to be 
repeated, and, after a portion of the substance which at first separates as a SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY. 
39 
yellow powder lias been filtered off, the mother-liquor, or. being allowed 
to stand, gradually yields small groups of crystals of a dark yellow or 
brownish color in the form of rosettes. These, when viewed under the 
microscope, appear well formed and transparent. 
Tribenzoylanthrapurpurine fuses at 183 deg. to 185 deg. It is moder- 
ately soluble in boiling glacial acetic acid. Alcoholic potash decomposes it. 
The substance is tribenzoylanthrapurpurine. 
Anthrapurpurine forms metallic derivatives, most of which are insoluble 
or nearly so in water, except those of the alkali metals. 
Solutions of potassic and sodic hydrate dissolve anthrapurpurine, pro- 
ducing beautiful violet-colored liquids, which become blue in shade when 
heated. They are not so blue as those obtained with alizarine. The 
sodium derivative is difficultly soluble in alcohol. Anthrapurpurine also 
dissolves in solutions of the alkaline carbonates with a reddish purple 
color, from which it is precipitated by carbonic acid. A solution of sodic 
bicarbonate, if gently heated, dissolves anthrapurpurine more readily than 
alizarine. 
With the chlorides of calcium, magnesium, barium, and strontium, its 
ammoniacal solution gives purple precipitates. Specimens of the barium 
precipitate have been frequently examined after drying at 170 deg. to 180 
deg., but the results have not been satisfactory, the percentage of barium 
being about two lower than that required by the formula. With alumina 
it forms a red lake somewhat similar to that produced with purpurine. 
Cupric acetate when added to ah alcoholic solution of anthrapurpurine, 
changes it from yellow to a beautiful purple, which cannot be distinguished 
from that produced with alizarine under the same circumstances. 
When an ammoniacal solution of anthrapurpurine is heated to ICO deg. 
in a sealed tube for some hours, its purple color changes to indigo-blue. 
This solution, when acidified with hydrochloric acid, deposits the new 
product as a dark purple precipitate, which dissolves in ammonia and in 
sodium carbonate with a blue color, but in caustic alkalies with a red 
purple color. It dyes alumina mordants purple, and weak iron mordants 
an indigo-blue. 
Anthrapurpurine has about the same affinity for mordants as alizarine. 
The colors it produces are also analogous to some extent, as it produces 
red with alumina, purple and black with iron mordants. 
There is, however, a considerable difference in the shade of color pro- 
duced, the reds being much purer and less blue than those of alizarine, 
whilst the purples are bluer and the blacks more intense. The fastness of 
the colors against soap and light is quite equal to those produced with 
alizarine. 
When used to dye Turkey-red, it produces very brilliant colors of a 
scarlet shade, which are of remarkable permanence. 40 
SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTEY. 
COLORS OX TEXTILE FABRICS. 
By L. Gabba.—The author remarks that, although dyers can occasion- 
ally guess the nature of the coloring matter employed in dyeing a fabric, 
yet they are very likely to err, so that it would be much better to have a 
methodical process for determining the nature of the coloring matters, 
similar to that employed in inorganic analysis. Insoluble aniline blue is 
changed by soda to a brownish red, whilst the soluble blue becomes color- 
less ; azuline under similar circumstances changes to violet. In mixed 
vat and logwood blues, acids (other than nitric acid! destroy the latter 
and leaye the former unchanged. When mixtures of Saxony and 
Prussian blue are treated with hypochlorites, the former is destroyed and 
the latter left. A mixture of indigo and Prussian blue acquires a greenish 
shade when treated with soda, owing to the Prussian blue changing to 
yellow. Molybdenum blue is recognized by the ash of the fabric contain- 
ing molybdic acid and tin whilst ultramarine becomes colorless and 
evolves sulphureted hydrogen when treated with an acid. 
DYEING FABRICS. 
A new dyeing compound proposed by F. G. Graupner, of Evansville, 
Ind., consists of a base formed by dissolving and combining thirteen 
pounds of anvil dust (oxyduloid of iron) with twenty-four pounds of 
muriatic acid, evaporating the mixture to half its bulk, cooling, settling, 
and decanting the clear liquid. This base is added to quercitron water 
and extract of logwood, and the liquor boiled for fifteen minutes. The 
material to be dyed should be immersed in the boiling liquor for about 
twenty seconds, then wrung out and immersed in a vat containing about 
five hundred pounds of warm water, in which has been dissolved one 
pound of bichromate of potash, after which it is ready for starching and 
finishing. 
IMPROVED PENCIL MACHINERY. 
Orestes Cleveland, of the Dixon Crucible Company, of Jersey City, 
has introduced new machinery for the production of fine lead pencils, and 
the Company has been working very successfully for more than a year, 
turning the finest grades and styles almost without hand labor. The 
machines take the cedar, already sawed to size, plane it, cut the grooves 
for the leads, shape the pencils, apply the color, varnish and polish, them 
with a rapidity and perfection that would surprise the hand labor hereto- 
fore employed for such work. 
The varnishing machine, for instance, feeds itself from a pile of pencils, 
and turns them out, dried and finished at the rate of 10G per minute, with 
no attendant but a little girl 12 years old. ~W- (j.J ackman CHARLES H. LEONARD. 
Charles H. Leonard, second child of George and Cynthia 
Leonard, was born in Middleborough, Plymouth County, Massa- 
chusetts, September 23rd, 1813. Here he passed the first seven 
years of his life, and then removed with his parents to the 
neighboring town of Rochester. At the age of thirteen we find 
him again in Middleborough, attending school at the academy 
in that place. Long years of study were not then the privilege 
of many boys in the country towns in which his earliest years 
were spent, and he, too, at the early age of sixteen, left school 
and home to seek his fortune. Already there were developed 
in his character many of these noble traits that afterwards 
distinguished him as a man. One who knew him best, writes: 
“He was always the noble, generous boy, and the universal 
favorite of his companions; the younger and weaker found in 
him a sure defender, and parents and sisters a dutiful, helpful 
son and brother.” As in the case of the great majority of our 
successful merchants, his earliest experience of business was 
in the disciplinary school of clerkship, the first year of which 
wTas spent in the employ of a Mr. Beaurasso, of Wareham, 
Massachusetts, and the three or four succeeding years as a 
clerk of Mr. Alfred Gibbs, a commission merchant of New Bed- 
ford. And then another and a bolder step was taken. He, as 
so many other sons of New England have done, caught the 
fever of 'Western migration, and for more than a year had per- 
sonal experience of the opportunities and disadvantages of a 
pioneer life. Not satisfied with the inducements which the 
West held out to him, he returned to New Bedford; and it is 
at this point that his career as a merchant begins to open. 44 
CHARLES H. LEONARD. 
Not long after his return, an uncle, confiding in his integrity 
and skill, entrusted him with a quantity of oil to take to New 
York and sell. Day after day passed and the oil remained 
unsold, but through no fault of his, we may be sure. The 
market continued unfavorable; and regarding his undertaking 
as a defeated venture, he finally determined to take back his 
cargo to New Bedford, and fixed the day for his departure. 
But at the time appointed head winds set in; and the vessel 
by this circumstance was detained two days. Meantime his 
efforts to find a market were not abated, and within the period 
he was able to effect a most advantageous sale, which so 
elated and encouraged him that from that moment he deter- 
mined to try his fortune in New York; and he was often heard 
to say that “ his fortune as a business man was decided by a 
change of wind.” In 1838 Mr. Leonard started in the oil busi- 
ness in Front street, near Rosevelt street, New York. In 1840 
he and a cousin (Mr. Horatio Leonard) formed a business con- 
nection at number 140 Front street, and during that year estab- 
lished an oil manufactory at Brooklyn; but the undertaking 
was not a successful one, and at the end of three years the firm 
failed and was dissolved. A settlement with creditors was 
before long effected, and then Mr. Leonard started alone in the 
same place as a manufacturer and merchant in the sperm and 
whale oil trade; and as year succeeded year his business gradu- 
ally enlarged, his connections increased in number and import- 
ance, and his success became more and more assured, until at 
length he stood among the foremost in his branch of trade in 
the United States, which position he maintained for a number 
of years until his death. 
And here, in view of delinquencies too prevalent then and now 
among merchants of all classes, it is proper and pleasant to 
refer to a circumstance connected with his first unfortunate 
venture as a merchant in New York, to which reference has just 
been made. 
A voluntary settlement with creditors was effected soon after CHARLES H. LEONARD. 
45 
the failure, as we have said, by which he was enabled almost 
immediately to resume business, and, not long after, upon cer- 
tain partial payments being made, to obtain a complete dis- 
charge of all liabilities. But Mr. Leonard’s sensitive honor 
would not suffer him to forget his early obligations, and in 
1865 he astonished his former indulgent creditors by paying 
to them the whole balance of the old claims (which they them- 
selves had canceled and forgotten), together with more than 
twenty-two years’ interest. 
This incident is related chiefly for those who had no personal 
knowledge of Mr. Leonard. To intimate friends and acquaint- 
ances it would have seemed an anomaly had it not occurred, so 
closely associated with his honored name, in all their minds, 
was the idea of strictest fidelity. 
On October 13th, 1845, he married Elizabeth E., adopted 
daughter of Captain Robert and Anna Gibbs of New Bedford— 
a union which proved uncommonly felicitous, and to which by 
reason of its sympathies, its happy influence and encourage- 
ments, must be attributed no small part of the noble results of 
his life. 
Mr. Leonard’s career as a New York merchant was embraced 
in the period from 1838 to 1868 ; and within those thirty years he 
achieved a marked success in business, and a reputation for 
integrity and honor, which must have been far dearer to him 
than his wrealth. 
His principal field for business operations was, of course, 
the city of New York; but, after the first few years of initiative 
struggle, and when increase of business admitted and called 
for an increase of facilities, he established in New Bedford a 
factory for the manufacture of oil and candles, and there 
founded a most important agency. 
Probably no one enjoyed the confidence of business associates 
to a greater degree than Mr. Leonard ; and his responsibility 
and reputation becoming established, solicitations without num- 
ber were made to draw him into outside speculations and ven- 46 
CHARLES H. LEONARD. 
tures, or to induce him to lend his support to undertakings 
that presented no small array of reputable names. But he was 
unswerving in the course which his best judgment had marked 
out for him, which was to concentrate his energies upon his 
own legitimate business, and he refused all solicitations to 
deviate from it. In the earliest period of the petroleum excite- 
ment the most tempting offers were made to draw him into the 
ring of speculators, and immense sums were almost ready to be 
pledged to him if he would only lend his name to the schemers’ 
plans. But he was true to his conscience and his rule, and no 
bubble was by his countenance or assistance set afloat upon 
the world to burst in the hands of deluded purchasers. 
In all his dealings he was integrity itself. Every contract 
written or verbal was fulfilled not only in its letter but its spirit, 
and that, too, when his business operations had become very 
extensive, embracing many heavy contracts, which involved in 
their execution many intricacies of detail, and which to a man 
of weaker virtue would have presented many temptations to 
artifice and fraud—as witness his dealings with the govern- 
ment. 
For a number of years he was awarded the contract to furnish 
oil to the United States Light House Board, which in every 
instance was executed with the highest approval on the part 
of official inspectors; and no whisper of suspicion was ever 
heard that the government was at any time defrauded of a scin- 
tilla of its rights—a circumstance to be noticed in these latter 
days. 
Mr. Leonard was of such strict integrity that no one could 
have had dealings with him without discovering this trait of 
character. Ho detail was too insignificant to engage his atten- 
tion when another person’s interest was involved in it. He was 
conscientious in matters great and small. He held strict rule 
over himself in all his affairs, and was exceedingly sensitive to 
every call of duty, so that in dealing with him no one needed 
to be on guard to protect himself against even the slightest CHARLES H. LEONARD. 
47 
injustice or wrong. Had a mistake occurred, which it was 
Mr. Leonard’s duty to rectify, it would have been done at once, 
and without solicitation, cost what it might. Being thus strict 
with himself he expected fair dealings in others. There was a 
shrinking of his whole soul from any contact with a bad or 
untruthful person, though he was the last one in the world to 
harbor resentment. 
No better testimony to a man’s worth could be obtained than 
that of former employes, before whom he went in and out for 
many years, under the varying circumstances and conditions of 
active business life, and to whom ungenerous traits, if any there 
were, though masked and concealed from the outside world, 
would surely in time be revealed. Judged by this standard, 
Mr. Leonard’s character appears to have been of singular 
excellence. From confidential clerk to humblest servant, all 
speak of him only in terms of reverence and affection. His old 
porter who was in his employ for nearly thirty years, and who 
was remembered by him in his will, would gladly spend hours 
in dilating upon the single subject of Mr. Leonard’s goodness. 
Mr. Leonard was a man of excellent judgment, and in the 
management of business was sagacious and prudent, never 
yielding to the speculation mania of the day, but directing his 
course according to approved, conservative principles. He 
knew his business in all its details ; and he was attentive to ail 
the signs and movements of the day affecting his trade. While 
watchful of his own interests, he was equally mindful of his 
neighbor’s, and would rather suffer loss than do wrong. And 
there was such dignity and firmness in his rectitude, that he 
rarely had to repel the aggressions of others. 
He was never harsh in insisting upon his strict legal rights; 
and many a brother in the trade, we are told, less sagacious in 
reading the signs of the market, and less able to bear the con- 
sequences of a mistake, has been wholly released from the 
burden of his contract, or helped to execute it by Mr. Leonard’s 
yielding up half the profits of the bargain. His early struggles 48 
CHARLES H. LEONARD. 
for success had left a deep impression on his mind, and he knew 
how to sympathise with all who were in such a case. He could 
not see a young man in conflict with hard fortune but the old 
days would at once come back again, and his whole heart 
would go out to him in tender sympathy; and when oppor- 
tunity offered, he was always ready with encouraging words 
and a helping hand. 
He was also a man of great charity of spirit, and distributed 
his bounties with a most generous hand; but the best of his 
benefactions were such as no society or corporate body could 
take notice of, and are only recorded in the grateful hearts of 
the needy and deserving whom they reached and blessed. 
By profession of faith Mr. Leonard was a member of the 
Presbyterian Church, having united with the Mercer street 
church, New York, when under the pastoral charge of the Rev. 
George L. Prentiss, H.D. He was afterwards one of the most 
active and munificent of the founders of the Church of the 
Covenant of the same city, of which Dr. Prentiss became pastor; 
was elected one of its first trustees, and remained such until 
his death. 
In speaking of Mr. Leonard in connection with his business, 
we have said that it was his rule and practice to concentrate 
his energies upon that which came legitimately within its com- 
pass ; but when we come to consider him as a member of 
society we find that his sympathies were not limited, but were 
as broad as society itself. There was no important question of 
the day, whether of church, State, or society, in which he did 
not take a deep personal interest. 
But it is not as a merchant, or a member of society in respect 
to public questions, that those who knew him best in life now 
love most to dwell upon. It is the liberal-minded, unselfish, 
sympathetic, tender-hearted, generous and just man that we 
picture to our minds; he, who could not only endure but sym- 
pathise with another in an opinion not his own ; he, who was 
always ready with help when help was needed, and with such CHARLES H. LEONARD. 
49 
delicacy of ministration that its value was found as much in 
the manner as in the substance of it; he, whose sympathy could 
detect a sorrow before it had uttered a sigh, and the want that 
had never been confessed; whose friendship was constant- 
through sunshine and cloud; 
“ Who spake no slander ; no, nor listened to it.” 
Mr. Leonard’s life and activities were not confined to the 
city of New York; and they who knew him simply as the 
upright and successful merchant of Front street, or the respected 
member of New York society, will have had only a limited view 
of his excellent character, and that in which his most amiable 
qualities were not displayed. 
It was the writer’s privilege to know him intimately in New 
York, and also in the quiet town in Massachusetts where he 
had his country residence, and was accustomed to spend a con- 
siderable part of every year. It was in this place, probably, 
that his true character was best exhibited; and no one’s memory 
could be more lovingly and sacredly cherished than is Mr. 
Leonard’s to-day in Rochester. 
Here his benevolence reached every person and every institu- 
tion. He was the benefactor of the church; the academy was 
remodeled and rebuilt at his expense, and materially assisted 
in its support; and every worthy object and enterprise was 
sure of his encouragement and aid. And not only was his 
benevolence shown in response to others suggestions, but what 
is rarer to find, he was almost always the first to discover the 
want which his charity supplied or relieved. Besides this, his 
whole influence was so salutary through all that community, 
that, by precept and example, he moved and excited all others 
to greater kindliness of word and act. 
So reluctant was he to disclose his charities that but a small 
part of his good works will ever be known to the world ; and 50 
CHARLES H. LEONARD, 
such as now appear are due only to the thankfulness of those 
whom his kindness reached. 
The gratitude of the poor woman who, bed-ridden for years, 
was brought by him from Rochester to New York, placed under 
the care of skilful physicians, and there tended for months at 
his expense, would require much time and many words to 
express ; but it would tell the story of only one of his many 
beneficiaries. As an example of his peculiar benevolence the 
writer remembers an incident that was related to him when on 
a visit in Rochester, and then referred to as illustrating Mr. 
Leonard’s general habit. There had been one of the severest 
of New England snow storms; and, while the roads were still 
unbroken, and the scattered houses had become almost isolated 
by the depth of the snow, Mr. Leonard caused his horse to be 
harnessed, and, taking provisions in his carriage, forced his way 
through the drifts until he reached the house of a poor neigh- 
bor, nearly a mile distant, and there deposited his gifts. He 
had not heard that the family were then in actual want, but 
he knew their limited means, and the thought of their possible 
necessities would not suffer him to rest until this deed of 
mercy was accomplished. 
And thus example might be added to example, almost without 
end, illustrating the different traits of this truly good man; but 
the limit allowed us for this sketch has been passed, and we 
must now leave him to the love that cherishes his good name 
and to his works which follow him. 
Mr. Leonard died in Rochester October 24th, 1868, and there 
is his grave; and his memory, as of a just man, 
“ Smells sweet and blossoms in the dust.” CHARLES H. LEONARD. 
51 
The follo wing letter from Mr. Leonard’s old pastor and friend, 
the Rev. Dr. Prentiss, now Professor in the Union Theological 
Seminary in this city, will be here in place : 
jSTew York, Jan. 21,1874. 
George B. Bonnet, Esq. 
My Dear Sir : I have read your sketch of the life and character of 
the late Mr. Charles H. Leonard with great interest and satisfaction. 
It is a truthful picture, rather under than over-drawn, of one of the 
worthiest men I have ever known. How many pleasant memori s—not of 
him only, hut of New Bedford and Rochester, and of old friends now gone 
with him to the better country, its perusal revived ! The names of some 
of these friends are in my mind indissolubly associated with his. I cannot 
think of him, for example, as I knew him in New Bedford nearly thirty 
years ago, without at the same time thinking of Captain Robert Gibbs, that 
whole-souled, noble man, and of Mrs. Gibbs, that most kind-hearted and 
excellent woman, under whose roof he found the greatest earthly treasure 
and comfort of his life. 
My more intimate acquaintance with Mr. Leonard began at his mar- 
riage and it ended only at his grave. From the time of my settlement in 
New York in the spring of 1851, he was my parishioner as well as my 
friend ; and I had constant occasion to see him in all the varied and chang- 
ing phases of life. And I can say with truth, that I never saw him when 
he appeared in any way otherwise than as the quiet, modest, fair-minded, 
upright, amiable, high-toned gentleman. He united with the church under 
my charge in 1857, I think; and his religious character, as it unfolded itself, 
was marked by the same attractive and solid traits which distinguished 
him as a man. His piety was not demonstrative, it was rather of a shrinking 
and reticent temper; but it gave ample roof of its sincerity and power 
by the benign and excellent fruits that adorned its path. In all the move- 
ment which issued in the establishment of the Church of the Covenant 
and in the erection of its beautiful sanctuary, chapel and parsonage, Mr. 
Leonard’s counsels and influence were invaluable to me. He was one of 
the Trustees, served on one of the most important building committees, 
and was himseif, again and again, a liberal contributor to the object. 1 
have always regarded him as one of the founders of the Church of the 
Covenant. 
I shall not soon forget the day of his burial at Rochester. It is not very 
often that a country village witnesses such a scene, or follows to his grave 
one so beloved and esteemed as a friend, a neighbor, and a benefactor. The 
venerable fathers and mothers of that honored old town were there ; the 
strong men, who had grown up with him from boyhood, were there; the 
young men and maidens were there ; the poor were there ; the school and 52 
CHARLES H. LEONARD. 
the academy and the church were there ; representatives of the adventur- 
ous enterprise and wealth and social culture of New Bedford were there; 
and nobody was there who did not give evidence of the heart-felt respect 
and affection with which Mr. Leonard had been universally regarded) 
and of the deep unfeigned sorrow caused by his death. 
Believe me, my dear sir, 
Most truly yours, 
George L. Prentiss. PETROLEUM. 
Its Origin, Description, and History, 
Deuteronomy XXXI 1,13. And he made him to suck honey out of the 
rock, and oil out of the flinty rock. 
Job XXIX. 6. And the rock poured me out rivers of oil. 
Micah VI, 7. Will the Lord be pleased with thousands of rams, or with 
ten thousands of rivers of oil. 
ANTIQUITY OF PETROLEUM. 
Evidences of petroleum are to be found among the ruins of Xineveh, 
whose existence dates hack more than two hundred years before the 
Christian era. 
Plutarch describes the spectacle of a sea on fire, or lake of inflamed 
petroleum, near Echatana. 
There is a tradition in Venango County that the oil springs on Oil Creek 
formed a part of the religious ceremony of the Seneca Indians, who for- 
merly lived on these wild hills. 
The aborigines dipped it from their wells and mixed it with their war 
paint, which is said to have given them a hideous appearance, varnishing 
their faces, as it were, and enabling them to retain the paint for a long 
time, to keep their skin entirely impervious to water. 
The use of this oil for their religious worship is spoken of by the French 
commander of Fort Duquesne in a letter to General Montcalm: 
“ I would desire to assure you that this is a most delightful land. Some of 
the most astonishing natural wonders have been discovered by our people. 
While ascending the Alleghany River, fifteen leagues below the mouth of 
the Conewango, and three above Venango, we were invited by the Chief 
of the Senecas to attend a religious ceremony of his tribe. We landed and 
drew up our canoes on a point where a small stream entered the river.* 
The tribe appeared unusually solemn. We marched up the stream about 
half a league, where the company, a large band of Indians, it appeared, 
had arrived some days before us. Gigantic hills begirt us on every side. 
The scene was really sublime. The great chief then recited the conquests 
and heroism of their ancestors. The surface of the stream was covered 
with a thick scum, which burst into a complete conflagration. The oil had 
* The small stream spoken of was evidently Oil Creek, and that upon marching half a 
league above that stream, they have probably reached Rouseville, where the Cherry Eun 
flows into the stream, and where the largest oil wells have since been found.—Ed. 54 
PETROLEUM. 
been gathered, and lighted with a torch. At the sight of the flumes, the 
Indians gave forth the triumphant shout that made the hills and valleys 
re-echo again. Here, then, is revived the ancient fire-worship of the East; 
here, then, are the children of the sun.” 
Under diffeient names petroleum has been known for more than two 
thousand years, having been found in widely distant sections of the earth. 
The generic name by which we designate it is a Latin word compounded 
of petra, rock, and oleum, oil this name being given because of the fact 
that the fluid issues from rocky formations. Its natural composition is 
not fully determined though it consists chiefly of oily 7" hydro-carbons 
which hold in solution paraffine and bitumen, or asphaltum. In 
some scientific works fluid petroleum is described under the name of 
“naphtha” oil, while that which is less fluid and more impregnated with 
asphaltum is called “bituminous” oil. Petroleum has become one of the 
most valuable of the world’s products, and all its correlative parts, after 
refining, have a market value. Nothing except gas has greater illumin- 
ating power than the white oils. The gas from crude petroleum and from 
gas wells in the subterranean neighborhoods cf petroleum deposits has 
been utilized for the lighting of buildings and streets. Naphtha is one of 
the best and cheapest substances for cleansing woolen goods; and even by a 
mere mechanical process, without chemical combination, petroleum may be 
converted into a gas available for burning under certain conditions; and the 
solid residuum left after the first refining process is finally converted into 
paraffine. Benzine a line product of naphtha, has also been used as a 
substitute for turpentine. Petroleum has been used in toilet soap ; as a 
substitute for fish oil in tanning ; and as a medicine both internally and 
externally; and those who have given its properties the most philosophic 
consideration profess to believe that uses entirely novel and profitable 
will yet be found for it. 
Petroleum is mentioned by both the Greeks and the Romans. The 
latter called it “bitumen.” In Zante, an island of the lonian group, cele- 
brated chiefly for its immense production of currants, there is an oil spring- 
still flowing which was mentioned bjr Herodotus more than 2300 years 
ago. The ancient Sicilians used it in their lamps in preference to fish oil. 
The streets of Genoa and Parma, Italy, have been lighted with it for two 
centuries. At Baku, in the Caucassian province on the Caspian Sea, there 
are extraordinary manifestations of petroleum and gas, extending over an 
area twenty-five miles long and half a mile wide. The geological forma- 
tion there is of a porous argillaceous sandstone belonging to the tertiary 
period. Oil from this belt has been immemorially used in Persia for both 
the common and the sacred fires. The Burmese Empire, in India, has 
been for centuries supplied with petroleum from the Rangoon district on 
the Irrawaddy river, which yields annually 400,000 hogsheads from 520 PETROLEUM. 
55 
wells. It is there used as a medicine, as a burning oil, and to preserve 
timber from the attacks of insects; this oil is about the same color as the 
Pennsylvania oil, but of heavier specific gravity. Off the Cape de Verde 
Islands a species of petroleum may be seen floating on the ocean ; and to 
the south of Vesuvius a spring of it rises through the Mediterranean sea. 
Such is a summary of the principal facts concerning foreign petroleum, 
from which it will be seen that, instead of it having been introduced into 
trans-Atlantic countries from America, as many people believe, it was 
known and employed in various ways for many centuries before our 
country was discovered. 
It is, however, in North America that the largest and most valuable 
deposits of petroleum have been found. These exist in Northwestern and 
Southwestern Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, New York, 
Canada, Kansas, California, and to a certain extent in Michigan, Indiana, 
Illinois and lowa. Some geologists believe that petroleum originates in 
coal beds, while others assert that the coal is formed from the oil; but in 
view of the fact that the nearest coal beds in Pennsylvania are thirty 
miles distant from the source of the largest petroleum supply, and that no 
coal has ever been found in boring successful wells, it is entirely fair to 
assume that petroleum is not a coal oil. Another geological theory is 
that the oil has been distilled by some natural subterranean chemical 
agency from animal or vegetable matter, and that the supply must some 
day cease. Others, again, aver that, whether petroleum be the product 
of animal, vegetable or mineral matter, the process of distillation is con- 
temporaneous, and not of a past period, and that the supply is inexhaust- 
ible. The list named theory is the most probable, and receives strong 
apparent confirmation from the fact that the wells of Baku and Eangoon 
are as productive now as they were a thousand years ago. Old wells 
have given out there, as here, but new ones are continuously found, and 
the aggregate product of the Asiatic districts does not diminish. This 
fact necessarily tends to allay the apprehensions of those who doubt the 
continuity of the supply of American petroleum. 
Petroleum is sometimes traced to beds of lignite (that is, wood car- 
bonized to a certain degree, but retaining its woody texture), and some- 
times its source cannot be discoveied. In the United States and Canada 
the sandstone formations are the most productive of oil. In regard to the 
“ dip,” or downward course, of the American oil-bearing strata, in Penn- 
sylvania it is nearly southward, and in Ohio and West Virginia eastward 
of a southerly direction. It is in places which present appearances of 
upheaval, forming cracks and Assures in the rocks, that borers look most 
hopefully for oil in large quantities. It has been determined with approx- 
imate certainty that a “flowing” well of petroleum exists exclusively in 
cases where the oil-chamber has been struck before the gas-chamber in 56 
PETROLEUM. 
the earth. In this instance the oil flows spontaneously and sometimes 
with immense force until the gas-pressure is exhausted, when the oil must 
be pumped. If the gas-chamber is struck first the well never flows. 
When a flowing well is first struck, water almost always makes its appear- 
ance, in various proportions in different cases, until it has flowed for some 
days. The highest yield of a flowing well was 5,000 barrels per day, but 
this enormous product continued only for a few days. A few other wells 
have yielded between 2,000 and 3,000 barrels per day for a short time, when 
the gas-pressure subsided, and from flowing wells they became pump wells. 
The flowing wells run the lighter grades. The heavy oils require to be 
pumped. 
The oil of different districts varies materially in specific gravity, and 
consequently in value. The lighter oils are more valuable for making 
burning oil, provided they are not too light, and the heavier for lubricating 
purposes. The Pennsylvania petroleum, at the present time, runs between 
44 and 60 degrees specific gravity by standard hydrometer. The average 
of the West Virginia oil is about 38, and is used for lubricating. The 
heaviest terrene oil ever known was found at Mecca, Ohio. Its density 
was between 27 and 28 degrees, and none other ever equaled it as a lubri- 
cator, especially for heavy machinery. The wells there, however, 
virtually gave out some years ago. The refiners of the best oil for illum- 
inating purposes prefer crude oil of 44 degrees gravity, or somewhat lower 
than that, because gravities of oil for burning that scale upward to 44 
degrees usually yield those percentages of lamp oil, naphtha and residuum 
that most nearly meet the demands of the markets for the three products 
of petroleum. In regard to the depth at which oil is produced, it has been 
found, during twelve years of experience in our country, to vary between 
100 and 1,300 feet. The ki third sand rock” of the Pennsylvania geological 
series, in which the larger deposits of light oil are found, ranges at a depth 
of between 300 and 1,200 feet. The majority of productive wells there have 
been between 400 and 600 feet deep. The lubricating oils have commonly 
been found at depths varying between 70 and 180 feet. 
The existence of petroleum in the neighborhood of Oil Creek, Penn- 
sylvania, was undoubtedly known to a race superior and anterior to the 
Indians. In several parts of the Alleghany Valley the early settlers found 
pits of about twenty feet in depth and between six and eight feet in 
diameter, carefully walled around with timber which the petrolized waters 
had preserved from decay, and in.which were found notched logs which 
served as ladders, The Indians con’d give no account of these pits other 
than that they must have teen dug'by an earlier race. Oil is still found 
in these pits. In druggists’stores it was sold as a cure for rheumatism, 
and bore the name “ Seneca Oil.” 
In the year 1845 Mr. Lewis Peterson, Sr., of Tarentum, Alleghany PETROLEUM. 
57 
County, Penn., brought to the Hope Cotton Factory, at Pittsburgh, a 
sample bottle of what is now called petroleum. It came up with the 
water from his salt well, and was the source of much trouble therein. 
Mr. Morrison Foster, latterly of Cleveland, in conjunction with the 
manager of the spinning department of the mill, Mr. David Anderson, 
experimented with the oil, and soon learned that it could be combined 
with sperm oil in such a way as to form a better lubricator for the finest 
cotton spindles than the best sperm oil, which alone could previously be 
used for that purpose. The mixture cost about seventy cents per gallon, 
while the sperm oil alone cost one dollar and thirty cents. The saving 
was so great that a contract was made whereby Mr. Peterson was to 
supply two barrels per week, and for ten years this oil continued to be 
used at the Hope factory unknown to any except the proprietors. This 
is believed to have been the first practical use to which petroleum was put 
in America. From 1850 until 1855 it was extensively used in Pittsburgh, 
under the name of “ carbon oil,” for burning. 
It is now (1873) about twenty years since attention was directed toward 
petroleum with the view of developing it in sufficient quantities, and 
treating it in such a manner as to make a cheap and good light. A com- 
pany—the first ever organized—was formed by Messrs. Eveleth and Bissel, 
of New York, under the name of the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, 
Professor Silliman being at its head. Their operations were confined to 
collecting the surface oil until, in 1858, Colonel E. L. Drake, of New Haven, 
Connecticut—to whom belongs, undisputedly, the distinction of having 
devised the means whereby petroleum became of such immense commer- 
cial impoitance—was engaged to visit the Oil Creek'valley, where he set 
about sinking a well on Watson’s Flats, a mile and a half below Titusville. 
This was the very first attempt ever made to drill a well for oil and it was 
a failure. But the practicability ot boring a well through the hardest 
strata had been demonstrated, and that was a gain. Another attempt was 
made, and was a success. The drill probed an oil cavity at the depth of 
seventy-one feet, and, on the tools being withdrawn, the oil rose to within 
five inches of the surface. It was pumped off, and yielded at first four 
hundred, and afterwards a thousand gallons of oil per day. The result 
was the most intense excitement among the people of the valley, who 
immediately commenced sinking wells on their own account or leasing 
their lands to other parties who desired to sink them. A very small pro- 
portion of the wells were then successful, and the demand for oil was 
limited. Many people regarded petroleum as a mysterious and dangerous 
commodity, and the sale was relatively small. Still, several of the adven- 
turers were making fair wages, when the discovery of flowing wells sud- 
denly revolutionized matters. Pumping oil at the rate of five to twenty 
barrels per day was a discouraging process when, sometimes at not more 
than a hundred feet distant, oil was spontaneously running from another 58 
PETROLEUM. 
well at the rate of 500 to 2,000 barrels per day. The flowing wells glutted 
the market and reduced the price, at one time, to ten cents per barrel. 
Lessees of pump wells fled in despair, in many instances leaving their 
machinery behind them, and not stopping even to surrender their leases. 
Some of their abandoned wells have since been worked, and more would 
be but for the impossibility of reaching the lessees, and the consequent 
fear of undertaking operations from which, if successful, the legal con- 
troller of the ground might oust the operators. 
The first flowing well ever struck was on the McElhinney or Funk 
faim. It was called the Funk well, and was struck in June, 1861. It 
began flowing 250 barrels per day, and maintained that average for fifteen 
months, when Mr. Funk, previously very poor, found himself very rich. 
The next and a contemporary spring was the Phillips well on the Tan- 
farm, a few miles from Titusville. It flowed 2,000 barrels daily. While 
the Phillips was at the bight of its productive power the Empire was dis- 
covered, not far from the Funk well. The Empire flowed 3,000 barrels per 
day. It is virtually exhausted now, but its maximum capacity has never 
been equalled by that of any other well. In these “early days” (as oil 
men call them) of flowing wells, the supply of oil so far exceeded the 
demand, and it was so difficult to convert the property into money, and as 
coopers would work only for cash payments, it was impossible to get 
anything like a sufficient number of barrels to put the commodity in a 
marketable condition. The Sherman was the next flowing well. It was 
put down after the greatest financial difficulties, in 1862. At last, after 
almost every means of borrowing money and selling stock were exhausted, 
oil was struck and flowed at the rate of 1,500 barrels per day, and con- 
tinued at that figure for several months, when it declined to 700 barrels 
daily. It flowed altogether for twenty-three months, and then stopped. 
For the first year the low price of oil prevented the proprietors from 
making money, but during the last nine months they realized an immense 
fortune. It is now of very little value. In March, 1863, the Caldwell well 
was struck on the Foster farm, not far from the Sherman, and flowed 1,200 
barrels daily. Two months afterward the well since called the ISToble and 
Delamater, but then known as the Farrell, was found close to the Caldwell, 
and commenced flowing at the rate of 2,000 barrels per day. The fountain 
from this well was stronger than that from any other of which a record 
has been kept until the discovery of the “Cash-Up” well, October 21, 
1871, which for some weeks exceeded that of the ISToble and Delamater in 
both volume and sound—the sound resembling, in both instances, that of 
the escape of steam from a boiler through a three-inch pipe. From the 
year-1863 onward the discovery of a flowing Avell ceased to be considered 
extraordinary. Xo exact record of the spontaneous -wells of large pro- 
ductive capacity has been kept, but the men oldest to the business say that PETEOLEUM. 
59 
between 250 and 300 have flowed from 100 to 3,000 barrels per day between 
the date of the first well (above given) and the present time. 
In the early days of oil enterprise, and after the yield had become 
large, great difficulties existed in the way of getting the product to market. 
There was no available railroad transportation, and it had to be floated 
down Od Creek to the Alleghany river and thence to Pittsburg. The 
supply of flat boats on the creek and river was far too small for the 
requirements of the trade. When boats could not be had the oil barrels 
were formed into a raft and lashed together. Scarcity of barrels frequently 
occurred in early times. When this Avas the case the flat-boats were made 
oil-tight and the oil poured into them in bulk. At the shalloAV places— 
and they are numerous—in the creek large dams were made, and at 
an appointed time a pond-freshet swept boats and rafts down to the river. 
This process of getting oil to a market was frequently very amusing, but 
the amusement Avas A’ery expensive. Accidents would happen through 
the carelessness or lack of skill of certain boatmen, and Avhen the dam Avas 
cut away, the Avhole mass of boats, rafts, tank-boats, etc., Avould sometimes 
be broken and stranded and a large amount of property destroyed. The 
burning of these boats was not an infrequent occurrence. On May 12, 
1803, a very large number of tank-boats took fire on the creek above Oil 
City. The burning oil ran out on the rapid stream and set fire to every- 
thing combustible along its banks, and very nearly consumed the city 
itself. The Alleghany river and the creek at this date and for a few fol- 
loAving days had a line of fire almost unbroken for twenty miles. The 
bridge at Franklin Avas totally consumed. Gas Avells, floAving Avells and 
others frequently took fire and Avere extinguished with great difficulty. 
Certain places on the Alleghany river are lighted Avith gas from Avells. 
One of the most weird and beautiful sights in the world is to witness these 
immense gas torches—“ pillars of fire”—illuminating avast area co\7ered 
Avith snow. The effect is extremely impressive and sublime. 
EARLY PRICES OF PETROLEUM, 
The first market quotations of refined petroleum Avere given in the fall 
of 1860, and ranged from 70 to 75 cents per gallon, after which prices 
varied from GO to 80 cents during the remainder of the year. 
The first sales of crude oil Avere noticed in 18G1, and Avere at from 20 
to 25 cents, refined at the same time commanding GO to 70 cents, closing 
that year Avith sales at 15 to 21 cents, as to gravity, for crude, and 37)4 to 
50 cents for refined, as to color. The above quotations were in gold. 
In 18G2 crude opened Avith sales at 1G to 20 cents and refined at 30 to 40 
cents, gold. In May crude sold as loav as and 11 cents, as to gravity, 
and refined 19 to 25 cents, gold, as to color and test, 110 to 120 degrees. 
In September, 1862, the first sales of bonded refined petroleum were 60 
PETROLEUM. 
made at 31 cents, currency (gold 120%), for white; heat test, 120 to 125 
degrees. 
In October, 1862, commenced the speculative fever, which culminated 
in the third week of November, when sales of crude were made as high as 
55 cents, currency; refined, duty paid, $1 OS, currency, per gallon (duty 10 
cents), and 96 cents, currency, in bond ; and naphtha $l, currency, per 
gallon (gold 130%), all including packages. In the beginning of October 
1862, crude was quoted at 17 cents, currency ; refined, duty paid, 28 to 35 
cents, currency, and bonded refined at 30 to 32. cents, currency, and 
naphtha 23 to 30 cents, currency, per gallon (gold 123%). 
About the 20th of November, 1862, when almost everybody had 
invested in refined, and prices had attained their highest point, a sudden 
and violent collapse followed, involving speculators in heavy losses. The 
advance in November for ten days was 30 cents on crude, 41 cents on 
refined in bond, 45 to 48 cents on refined, duty paid, and 60 cents per 
gallon on naphtha. At this time several parcels of refined were taken out 
of ships and sold at a profit, which could not have been hoped for by its 
sale in Europe, and this fact contributed somewhat to the reaction which 
followed. 
At the close of 1862 crude sold at 25 to 27% c; refined in bond 44 to 50 
cents on the spot, and 40 to 42% c for future delivery; refined, duty paid, 
45 to 50 cents, rnd naphtha 30 to 35 cents, currency, per gallon, packages 
included, and gold at 133%. 
Crude petroleum at the wells sold as low as 10 cents, gold, per barrel of 
40 gallons measure in 1861, and as high as $lO 25, currency (gold 208%), 
per barrel of 40 gallons measure, ban-el $1 25 to $1 50, inclusive. 
Crude petroleum at 10 cents for 40 gallons was, for want of barrels, let 
run into deep holes dug into the earth, and thus allowed to waste for 
weeks; 
The foregoing is an accurate compendium of all the facts of interest 
relating to the early history of petroleum. From these we pass to the 
consideration of petroleum as a commercial property, the process of well- 
drilling and of refining, and the railroad and ocean transportation of oil, 
and the general statistics of the petroleum business. 
COMMERCIAL VALUE OF PETROLEUM. 
No absolutely accurate record exists from which to compile reliable 
statistics of the exact value of petroleum to our country; but a number 
of the oldest dealers, who have kept partial records of production and 
consumption since 1861, arc of the opinion that the net profit which we 
have made on petroleum, and which we could not have made from any 
other of our products, is $100,000,000. 
Fully 200 men and assistants are employed in our country as brokers in 
petroleum. The amount of brokerage varies according to the product PETROLEUM. 
61 
sold. On crude oil it is three cents per barrel; on refined oil and naphtha, 
packed or in bulk, it is one-half of one per cent on value ; on empty bar- 
rels three cents per barrel, and on residuum twelve and a half cents per 
barrel. 
The brokerage is almost invariably paid by the sellers, and the total of 
brokerages earned has been estimated, upon competent authority, at about 
$1,000,000 per annum. 
The consumption of petroleum in the United States is estimated at 
8.000 barrels per day between December 1 and March 1, and at 6,000 
barrels per day for the remainder of the year. 
Philadelphia ranks next to New York as the principal port for the 
exportation of petroleum, but considerable quantities are shipped from 
Boston and Baltimore. More than ninety per cent, however, of the total 
export of petroleum is done on account of principals and agents located 
in New York, and this has been the fact for twelve years. 
PORTS OP SHIPMENT—OCEAN TRANSPORTATION, 
The exigencies of the ocean transportation of petroleum are so numer- 
ous and so peculiar as to constitute it almost a special branch of marine 
service, and the exportation of it for the last four years has been so large 
as to have aided materially in effecting a permanent increase on all 
freight rates. Two ships, specially fitted with tanks to carry crude oil in 
bulk, have been built and operated. One of them sailed hence for Ant- 
werp with a cargo about three years ago, and was never heard from. The 
theory of her loss is that the gas from the oil found i:s way inside one of 
the signal lights at night (the danger of which is extreme, and necessi- 
tates in all vessels great precautions), and that the vessel was instanta- 
neously blown to pieces. The other ship safely made two trips, but the 
enterprise of carrying crude oil to Europe in bulk was then abandoned 
because, as the vessel could bring no freight back, the undertaking was 
found to be too costly in competition with ships that could bring b<?ck 
miscellaneous cargoes as 'well as carry away those of petroleum. 
A cargo of refined oil is comparatively. safe, but one of crude oil or 
naphtha—particularly the latter—involves great and continuous peril on 
account of the extreme liability of contact between the gas which crude 
oil and naphtha emit and the necessary ship’s lights, not to dwell on other 
shipboard fires. 
The derrick used for boring is a square frame of timbers, substantially 
bolted together, making an enclosure about forty feet high, and ten feet 
square at the base, tapering as it ascends. It is generally boarded up a 
portion of the distance to shelter the workmen. A grooved wheel or pul- 
ley hangs at the top and a windlass and crank are at the base. A short 
BORING FOB OIL. 62 
PETROLEUM. 
distance from the derrick a small steam engine is fixed and roughly en- 
closed. A pitman rod connects the crank of the engine with one end of a 
large wooden walking beam, placed midway between the engine and the 
derrick, the beam being pivoted on its centre, at about twelve feet from 
the ground ; a rope attached to the other end passes over the pulley, at 
the top of the derrick, and terminates immediately over the intended bore. 
A cast iron pipe, from four and a half to five inches in diameter, is driven 
into the surface ground, length following length until the rock is reached, 
tin the older wells the ground was dug out to the rock and a wooden 
tube inserted.) The earth having been removed from the interior of the 
pipe, the actual process of boring commences. Two huge links of iron, 
called “jars,” are attached to the end of the rope; at the end of the lower 
link a long and heavy iron pipe is fixed, at the end of which is screwed a 
drill, about three inches in diameter and a yard long. When all is ready 
the drill and its heavy attachments are lowered into the tube and the drill 
set in motion. With every elevation of the derrick end of the walking- 
beam the drill strikes the rock, the heavy links of the “jars” sliding into 
each other and thus preventing a jerking strain on the rope. The rock, as 
it is pounded into a pulverized condition, mixes with the constantly drip- 
ping water, forming a pasty mass. After a while the drill is hoisted and 
a sand pump dropped into the hole. The sand pump consists of a copper 
tube about five feet long, and is a little smaller than the drill, having a 
valve at the bottom, opening upwards and inwards. As the tube is pushed 
into the hole the pasty mass rushes into it through the valve and remains 
there. When this has been done several times the tube is hoisted and 
emptied, this operation being repeated until the hole is clear, when the 
work of drilling recommences. 
The diill is turned by the hand of the “borer” after each stroke, 
by which means a nearly circular hole is produced from the lirst. A 
“reamer” is then put down, which makes it perfectly round. 
As the wells get down to points where the first indications of oil are 
reached, the contents of the sand pumps are anxiously examined. The 
oil borers have a geological system of their own, the prominent points 
whereof are three layers of sandstone. The “first” lies immediately be- 
low the alluvial deposit. The “ second ”'is at a variable depth of 100 to 
300 feet, and here the primary indications of oil are commonly reached. 
Some wells—especially those bored between six and ten years ago—go no 
lower than the second sandstone, but the general plan is to proceed down- 
ward into the “third,” where the most continuous deposit of oil is usually 
found. 
It frequently happens that the <’rill breaks and becomes fixed in the 
hole. In such cases nothing can be done until the tool is removed. The 
upper portion of the boring instrument is taken off, and a pair of nippers PETROLEUM. 
63 
or clamps let down to grip and extract the broken drill. Some men for- 
merly made the extraction of tools a special business, and exhibited great 
ingenuity in their devices to overcome the difficulties. There are in- 
stances of wells having been abandoned on account of the impossibility of 
removing broken drills. 
When the hole has been sunk far enough to strike oil, the next thing 
is to tube the well. An iron pipe, with a valve at the bottom like the 
lower valve of a pump, is run down the entire depth of the well, the 
necessary length being obtained by screwing the sections firmly together. 
If the oil does not flow spontaneously, a pump box attached to a wooden 
rod, also made of sections screwed into each other, is inserted in the tube, 
and the upper end of the rod is attached to the walking beam. In boring 
for oil, springs of water are, of course, cut through and the water falls into 
the hole; being heavier than the oil, it lies at the bottom, and would en- 
ter the pump tube except for the very ingenious contrivance known as 
the “ seed bag,5' which is made of leather) resembling somewhat a boot- 
leg in shape, filled with flaxseed, and crowded down to the proper place 
with the iron pipe, where the seed swells and forms a water-tight packing 
between the tube and the rock. At times the seed bag slips or bursts, 
when the well fills with water and the tube must be pulled up for neces- 
sary repair and re-arrangement. The quickest time ever made in well 
boring through hard rock was four inches in five minutes. It sometimes 
happens that after a well has been yielding for months it stops and will 
not produce another drop. 
li such stoppage be not the result of the absolute exhaustion of the 
well, it is caused by the thickening of the paraffine matter usually at the 
bottom of the hole. In the latter instance nothing but the explosion of 
a torpedo at the locality of the obstruction is sure to restore its productive 
power. 
The total cost of furnishing the apparatus for working an oil well is 
about 4,000 dollars. The items are as follows: An engine with boiler, 
about 2,500 dollars ; derrick and walking beam, 150 dollars ; set of drill 
tools, 300 dollars; hawser, sand pump, drawing pipe, as well as miscella- 
neous tubes, 1,000 dollars. The contract price for well drilling averages 
between two dollars and two dollars and fifty cents per foot for the first 
500 feet. The total cost of sinking a well 500 feet deep may be estimated 
at between 6,000 to 9,000 dollars, according to the nature of the ground 
bored and the strength and careful handling of the machinery. The next 
following well, subject to parallel conditions, will cost about half as much 
if the same engine and tools are used. If a flowing well be struck the 
expenses of operating it are merely nominal. If it be a pump well, two 
engineers, one or two extra hands, and the fuel, will make the ordinary 
daily expenses ten to twenty dollars—a variation dependent in a large 
measure on the price of fuel. 64 
PETROLEUM. 
REFINING PETROLEUM. 
The process of refining is one which involves a flue combination of the 
principles o.f both chemistry and mechanics. The “scill” is made of the 
best iron, and the part of it which is exposed to the fire is made of steel. 
There are various forms of “stills”; the most generally used resembles a 
circular boiler. “Stills” vary between 100 and 1,000 barrels capacity, 
although the latter size is very rare. The still is set in brick-work, ar- 
ranged to secure a large fire surface and a strong draught. The latest 
improvement in still-setting presents to the fire half the circumference of 
the still itself, consisting of a single plate of steel, five-sixteenths of an 
inch thick. 
A quantity of crude oil commensurate with the capacity of the still is 
put into it and the fire lighted, which is kept burning until the three 
products of petroleum aie separated and drawn off. The still is then 
allowed to cool, after which a man enters and cleanses it for a new charge 
of crude oil. 
The larger the still-surface exposed to the fire the quicker the products 
come off. A strong alkali of spent caustic soda is put into the still 
with the crude oil for the purpose of deodorizing it. The first refined 
products that come off run for 200 feet or so through piping and a coil 
immersed in water, for the purpose of cooling them. The first product is 
vapor, which very soon condenses into a light fluid called naphtha or 
benzine, and is allowed to run off into a separate tank until its specific 
gravity reaches sixty-eight degrees, when it is cut off. From that point 
the product is regarded as refined oil (or kerosene) until the residuum 
begins to show itself. At this point the “ cut-off ” is again applied, and 
the tar (or residuum) is run into a third tank. The refined oil is then 
pumped into a large tank called the “agitator,” where it is thoroughly 
cleansed from all foreign substances by the steam application of sulphuric 
acid. After this it is washed with water and run off into a measuring 
tank, where it is ready for sale and use. 
The process of handling refined oil from the time it has left the receiv- 
ing tank until it is run into the settling or measuring tank is called “ treat- 
ing.” The treatment of naphtha is virtually the same as that of refined 
oil. The residuum requires no chemical treatment except such as it 
receives while in the still, as a constituent part of the crude oil. 
A refinery must be provided with tanks for holding crude oil: with 
pipes to connect the crude oil tank with the stills ; with pumps for draw- 
ing the crude oil from tank boats, for forcing it into the stills and for 
handling the different products while in process of treatment. Also be 
provided with tanks for receiving the refined oil and the naphtha when 
they first come from the still, with agitators for cleansing, and with set- 
tling or measuring tanks. Wherever feasible, all tanks are placed under- PETROLEUM. 
65 
ground as a measure of precaution against fire, or the spread of it, if fire 
breaks out above ground. 
In regard to the size of refineries as connected with the profits on then- 
products, it may be stated that it costs very little more for the necessary 
labor to refine 5,000 barrels per week than for that required to produce 
500 barrels of refined oil. 
The premium on insurance for refineries varies from 25 per cent down 
to 5 per cent, according to the chances of fire or spreading the same. A 
wide variety of considerations and a very close scrutiny are employed to 
determine what these chances really are. 
The average rate of wages paid in our country to a competent practical 
refiner is $l7 50 per week in currency. In Europe an equally competent 
refiner is paid $5 85 in gold. Notwithstanding this great disparity in 
labor expenses, however, and despite the other fact that great abilities 
and large capital have been employed to ship crude oil to Europe 
and to refine it there, the industry of refining does noc seem likely to pass 
away from American control, as many feared it would four years ago. 
The total quantity of crude petroleum produced in Pennsylvania 
between January 1 and December 31, 1873, was 9,807,000 barrels. 
In conclusion, it remains only to be noted that the production and stock 
of crude oil in the oi,l regions have never hitherto been so large as during 
the first ten months of this year; that the amount of refined oil in foreign 
countries was never previously so large as in November, 1873; that the 
stock of crude oil held by refiners was never before so small as at the date 
named. 66 
PETROLEUM. 
Appended is 
a table showing the amount of petroleum 
and its products shipped from Xew York to 
various foreign 
ports between 1861 (the first year of export) 
and 1873 : 
1873. 
1872. 
1871 > 
1870. 
1869. 
1868. 
1867. 
1866. 
1865. 
1864. 
1863. 
1862. 
1861. 
To 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Liverpool 
.. 5,382,539 
1,388,419 
1,866,538 
1,836,675 
877,667 
1,391,200 
1,363,043 
2,003,440 
1,605,302 
734,755 
2,156,850 
1,781,377 
187,254 
London 
.. 6,233,812 
1,372,263 
1,457,628 
2,047,118 
872,118 
947,311 
1,599,146 
2,835,747 
376,283 
1,430,710 
2,576,381 
1,133,399 
115,644 
Glasgow, &c 
.. 105,453 
4,189 
156,147 
368.402 
414,943 
24,181 
276,977 
Bristol 
.. 1,855,477 
556,261 
414,320 
248,132 
410,605 
184,070 
192,470 
155,389 
110,412 
23,124 
71,913 
Hull 
.. 407.069 
65,814 
392,919 
83,119 
Falmouth. E., &c 
.. 1,228,028 
1,021,079 
551,649 
367,233 
98,210 
133,933 
754,313 
509,815 
316,403 
633,176 
247 753 
Cork, &c 
.. 6,566,273 
3,441,436 
5,328,811 
4,689,213 
2,648,865 
2,273,534 
4,333,159 
5,879,803 
1,157,486 
3,310,362 
1,532,257 
299,356 
87 1fU 
105 
Havre, &c 
.. 7,394 593 
4,139,619 
2,832,134 
1,417,851 
4.275,096 
2,925,413 
936,274 
3,467,482 
604,330 
2.324,017' 
' 1,774,890 
794,221 
73,716 
Marseilles 
.. 3.109,258 
1,399,830 
2,549,793 
2,508,468 
2,410,308 
3,269,600 
1,930,181 
1.429,753 
1,333,752 
1,982,075 
1,167,893 
135,705 
1,CC0 
309,522 
1'9,450 
85,267 
100,135 
97,841 
143,646 
.. 449,501 
226.300 
108,743 
4 800 
80 
Dunkirk 
,. 1,434.649 
850,886 
762,369 
288,231 
831,398 
369,501 
223,277 
63,447 
110,099 
2a2,803 
2,700 
Bordeaux and Bayonne.. 
.. 2,168,797 
852,293 
557,639 
455,677 
428,306 
184,600 
104,413 
84,929 
.. 174.511 
229,828 
118,772 
346,458 
78,5.39 
120,453 
79 581 
46 000 
01 fi02 
Antwerp 
.10.518,941 
6,489,132 
4,747,197 
9,977,114 
8,202,931 
7052,177 
4,731,142 
4,220,860 
1,749,062 
4,119,831 
2,692,974 
833,090 
5,671 
Bremen 
.20.957,777 11,822.831 12,356,573 10,162,399 11,374,282 
8,578,026 
3,818,671 
3,127,562 
231,983 
971,905 
903,004 
452,523 
32,112 
. 190.504 
678,914 
77,841 
436 
Hamburg 
. 4,127.384 
5,776,354 
5,866,532 
4,456,226 
4,333,982 
2,438,557 
984,689 
1,603,484 
1,049,300 
1,186,080 
1,460,155 
259,384 
42,348 
Rotterdam, &c 
. 5,613,735 
1,987,546 
6,987,302 
5,305,299 
2,115,838 
3,695,235 
2,239,613 
537,814 
292,569 
532,926 
757,249 
16,938 
640 
. 1,457,413 
783,702 
. 6,627,830 
3,433,905 
5,997,383 
7,327,273 
4,163,320 
1,523,387 
. 527.647 
397,799 
216,047 
216,943 
150,028 
Konnigsberg and Stettin. 
. 8,177,785 
5,644,478 
5,650,978 
2,645,677 
4,594,363 
2,537,086 
143,864 
Lubec, &c 
. 612.931 
294,329 
186,260 
97,243 
138,570 
49,730 
33,813 
81,960 
Danzig 
. 3.782,660 
873,889 
1,177,776 
767,999 
810,593 
374,671 
724,121 
944,240 
891,389 
400,376 
88,000 
of Petroleum from York. PETROLEUM 
67 
Copenhagen,ElsTe,&c.. 
.. 2,943,388 
3,858,708 
2,967,345 
894,422 
341,572 
118,402 
Borga, Finland 
Sodortolje 
.. 303,426 
100,230 
Syria, &c 
.. 1,261,655 
490,520 
985,250 
287,500 
168,220 
129,253 
.. 651,570 
Venice 
Cadiz and Malaga 
.. 1,713.013 
1,063.555 
608,487 
1,101,049 
436,058 
380,581 
162,251 
198,538 
97,782 
58.474 
33,284 
Tarragon and Alicante.. 
. 364,625 
35,000 
50,760 
135,500 
66,038 
518,260 
37,014 
44,988 
16,823 
33,000 
Barcelona 
.. 707,333 
774,723 
786,685 
571,462 
530,029 
470,929 
86,808 
201,531 
5,128 
25,500 
Gibraltar and Malta 
.. 7,599,717 
8,023,509 
7,397.196 
7,982,173 
2,774,547 
4,289,017 
1,460,032 
835,301 
73,751 
69,180 
308,450 
157 
200 
.. 249,720 
74,590 
71,690 
210,759 
362,708 
251,704 
63,229 
89,144 
2B,2n5 
17,474 
2,339 
Naples and Palermo 
,. 1,677,075 
520,945 
870,113 
379,912 
1,064,943 
1,032,209 
210,006 
05,780 
22,615 
7,983 
57,115 
3,990 
Genoa and Leghorn.... 
. 2,843.463 
1,425,261 
3,159,142 
2,515,926 
1,774,223 
2.229,928 
915,253 
1 305,974 
666,611 
679,606 
599,674 
21,000 
02 
Trieste 
.. 2,332,951 
2,131,130 
2,601,290 
2,816,655 
1,413,743 
900,161 
246,309 
49,8:5 
66,371 
165,175 
3,000 
Smyrna, &c 
.. 1.3.8,741 
1,689,482 
1,463,812 
1.045,376 
748,494 
398,873 
202,930 
13,500 
,. 1,515,334 
911,532 
223,0C0 
35,776 
4,000 
Alexandi ia. Egypt 
.. 677,397 
310,302 
140,729 
451.582 
194,812 
43,194 
77,091 
165,983 
93,713 
167,195 
64,663 
. ...... 
58 
Canary Islands 
.. 140,934 
61,230 
187,865 
18,234 
16,353 
16,461 
21,000 
10,252 
5,244 
3,350 
5,135 
1,296 
Constantinople 
.. 2 683,030 
738,213 
1,492,905 
1,508,240 
602,180 
603,012 
60,060 
4,200 
Bilboa, Seville & Vigo.. 
.. 1,422,747 
1,335,671 
2,233,671 
2,138,551 
1,498,682 
417,210 
59,939 
73,888 
Palm-g Spain, &e 
.. 2,641,728 
1,138,408 
592.915 
935,207 
830,221 
199,163 
400 
430 
China and E. Indies 
.. 1,772,239 
1,353,080 
457,290 
451,610 
207,180 
120,300 
108,077 
216,551 
158,818 
2,500 
114,540 
Afriha '. •• 
.. 477,760 
169,990 
169,990 
99,272 
30,900 
24.560 
143,850 
96,031 
44,630 
34,338 
36,943 
3,970 
400 
Australia 
.. 2.303,760 
1,318,328 
1.794,993 
1,633,663 
619,649 
959,969 
8,000 
2,000 
.. 336,140 
183,820 
319,680 
43,680 
37,500 
153,065 
56,670 
17,090 
25,195 
12,330 
655 
445 
.. 228,948 
433,644 
337,280 
231.080 
139,280 
224,520 
1,795,542 
805,219 
735,891 
377,884 
394,166 
213,699 
168,365 
.. 1,936,744 
2,713 409 
1,036,943 
1,364,294 
835 299 
804,396 
96,000 
12,00!) 
14,880 
10,810 
5,500 
7,850 
.. 367,294 
382.542 
559,809 
243,022 
169,541 
155,573 
314,015 
213,329 
162.923 
97,8S0 
48,013 
113,750 
Cuba 
.. 1,734,980 
1,850,051 
1 534,751 
1,566,547 
1,144,378 
938,955 
410,166 
528,865 
291,752 
149,676 
160,152 
54,967 
5,882 
Argentine Republic.... 
.. 610 370 
828,573 
874,950 
396,403 
101,000 
169,200 
144,479 
310,645 
191,936 
112,985 
69,481 
18,616 
3,7(2 
Cisplatine Republic 
.. - £03,150 
529,779 
534,050 
417,580 
109,120 
91,000 
942,005 
1,078,716 
716,733 
418 134 
356,436 
213,686 
150,703 
.. 190,700 
270,750 
266,560 
174,884 
193 990 
168,090 
228,327 
184,790 
68,856 
20,260 
24,470 
7,390 
4,200 
.. 272,555 
233.490 
181,629 
305,673 
142,780 
233,956 
248,100 
212,550 
72,852 
78 553 
117,626 
13,227 
206 
British Honduras 
12,828 
12,462 
8,072 
5,049 
9,027 
4,250 
98,052 
90,670 
53,226 
92,550 
66,550 
17,800 
British Guiana 
92.365 
50,897 
37,150 
79,543 
36,106 
40,700 
240,706 
351,090 
110,840 
169,061 
256,007 
56,011 
Hutch Guiana 
11.322 
8,234 
3,817 
5,561 
2,052 
6,072 
440 PETROLEUM, 
1873. 
1872. 
1871 
1870. 
1869. 
1868. 
1867. 
1866. 
1865. 
1864. 
1863. 
1862. 
1861. 
To 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
British West Indies 
.. 671,192 
397,693 
489,227 
633,492 
298,997 
236,805 
10,500 
22,324 
5,800 
7,881 
15,104 
9,396 
3,035 
Br. N. Am. Colonies... 
93,309 
69,969 
34,930 
38,593 
54,221 
47,521 
157,291 
230,602 
116,941 
70,978 
60.931 
18,888 
3,^19 
Danish West Indies 
20,330 
27,121 
10,596 
18,058 
16,473 
12,255 
114,029 
242,182 
101,080 
28,902 
16,995 
2,948 
2,636 
Dutch East Indies 
.. 1,330,483 
277,517 
14,168 
14.680 
10,947 
8,463 
31,503 
4,102 
1,770 
Dutch West Indies 
54,011 
48,061 
19,823 
30,267 
40,698 
17,463 
24,882 
22,181 
18,369 
26,638 
12,143 
7,117 
French West Indies 
57,240 
14,600 
88,701 
88,600 
73,436 
77,260 
46,225 
57,731 
82,618 
16,020 
9,104 
2,332 
Hayti 
87,421 
19,377 
40,393 
19,634 
16,678 
8,066 
7,238 
14,690 
13,856 
7,088 
12,064 
4,856 
964 
Central America 
82,779 
15,465 
17,916 
8,273 
1,858 
2,846 
5,419 
2,566 
6,494 
993 
453 
1,764 
Venezueli 
.. 201,273 
132,764 
76.62C 
68, -.51 
77,263 
57,911 
76,570 
58,423 
39,794 
28,583 
15,455 
1,094 
610 
New Grenada 
.. 104.914 
110,478 
98,509 
78,186 
60,312 
61,219 
83,300 
90,718 
58.570 
57,490 
107,837 
37,058 
15,552 
Porto Rico 
.. 133.240 
103,379 
93,346 
46,934 
36,492 
34,228 
21,899 
25,203 
43,355 
20,026 
59.489 
20,244 
13.925 
Sandwich Islands 
3,000 
Total gals.. 145,691,935 90,027,726 94,955,850 87,667,299 65,933,690 52,803,202 32,799,120 34,470 061 
14,515,773 21,335,784 19,547,604 
6,720,973 
1,112,476 
of from [Jew York Continued. PETROLEUM. 
1873. 
1872, 
1871. 
1870, 
1869. 
1868. 
1867. 
1866. 
1865. 
1864. 
1863. 
1862. 
1861, 
Peos.— 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
Gals. 
New York... 
.145,691,935 
90,027,726 
94,955,850 
87,667,299 
65,933,690 
52,803,202 
33,834,133 
34,501,385 
14,623,090 
21,335,784 
19,547,604 
6,720,273 
1,112,476 
Boston 
.. 2,458,356 
1,717,689 
2,185,096 
1,790.271 
2,117,939 
2,410,114 
2,264,113 
1,591,694 
1,511,173 
1,696,307 
2.049,431 
1,071,100 
Philadelphia, 
..83,860,120 
56,421,900 
55,901,590 
49,889,736 
33,415,552 
40,505,620 
29,437,429 
28,811,853 
12,552,882 
7,760,148 
5,395,738 
2,800,978 
Baltimore 
.. 3,471,222 
1,995,104 
2,570,528 
1,731,321 
1,251,423 
2,587,707 
1,515,454 
2,483,419 
973,117 
929,971 
915,866 
174,830 
Portland 
705,107 
900 
12,100 
11,088 
70,762 
342,082 
120,520 
Cleveland 
159,528 
270,000 
Total 
237,481,633 
150,162,419 
155,613,034 141,233,155 
102,748,604 
99,281,750 
67,052,029 
67,400,441 
29,674,350 
31.592,972 
28,250,721 
10,887,501 
Eqnal to bids 
of 40gals.. 
.. 5,937,041 
3,754,060 
3,890,326 
3,530,068 
2,568,715 
2.842,041 
1,676,301 
1,685,011 
741,858 
789,824 
706,268 
272.187 
The annexed statistics of the average 
1868. 
Bbls, 
1869. 
Bbls. 
January 
January 
daily production of crude petroleum in 
February 
9,200 
February 
the Pennsylvania oil region, for 
each 
March 
8,621 
March 
April 
April 
month since September, 1867, are as com- 
May 
8,790 
May 
piled and published in the Pittsbm 
g Oil 
June 
June 
July - 
July 
Journal: 
August 
August 
September 
September 
1867. 
October 
October 
Bbls. 
November 
10,271 
November 
September 
9.700 
9,600 
November 
9,800 
Total product for 1838 
3,583,176 
Total product for 1869 
December 
10,400 
1 Average dailv product for 1868 
9,811 
Average daily product for 1869 
11,528 
The following- tnble shows the entire exports of petroleum from the United States between 1861 and 1873 : 
jSxpoßTs of Petroleum from the JJnited 
pAILY PRODUCTION OF j=)ETROLEUM, 70 
PETROLEUM, 
1870. 
Bbls. 
1872. 
Bbls 
Average 
Total 
January 
12,634 
January 
16,286 
daily product 
product 
February 
March 
11,917 
12,385 
February 
March 
17,012 
15,506 
in hh!s. 
m bids. 
April 
12.974 
April 
16,308 
'860 
1,320 
570,000 
May 
14,165 
May 
18.345 
1861 
5,803 
2,118,000 
June 
14,817 
June 
17,749 
1862 
8,373 
3.056,000 
16,969 
July 
18,513 
1863 
August 
17.777 
August 
18,816 
2,631,000 
Sept mber . 
19,489 
September 
16.561 
1864 
2,116,000 
October 
20,158 
October 
14,309 
1865 
2,497,000 
November 
18,012 
November 
23,275 
1866 
9,855 
3,597,000 
December 
15,214 
December 
22,054 
1867 
8,347,000 
3,588,110 
Total product for 1870 
5,673,19® 
Total product for 1872 
6,531,675 
1868 
9,818 
Average daily product for 1870 
.overage daily product for 1872— 
17,895 
1869 
4,210,720 
1871. 
January 
15,477 
1873. 
1870 
5,673,195 
February 
14,391 
January 
20,40, 
1871 
15,660 
5,715.900 
13,457 
21,725 
1872 
17 895 
6,531,675 
7,808,989 
April 
13,308 
March 
21,462 
1873 
May 
13,987 
21,384 
14,806 
25 044 
— 
17,261 
June 
2fi 450 
Average daily product of the 
August 
18,161 
July 
27 803 
September 
17,648 
October 
16,063 
irom me discovery or oe- 
31 800 
November 
16,651 
troleum to 
November 1, 
16,703 
1873 
10,753— 
Total product for first ten months of 1873.. .7,808,989 
Total product 
for the same 
Total product for 1871 
5,715,900 
Average daily product for the 
first ten 
Average daily product for 1871 
15,6611 
months of 1873. 
time 
53,385,589 
p AILY PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM CONTINUED, COTTONSEED OIL—ANNUAL REPORT 
We are able to present to our readers this year the most complete 
report ever given of the production of cotton seed oil, we having 
leceived returns from all the mills with but one exception. We must 
thank most of those to whom we applied for information for their prompt 
replies, and although we have had the figures from all the mills except 
two or three since before the first of December last, we have delayed our 
report, hoping to hear from the one still remaining. 
We are sorry not to find an increase in the production during the past 
year 1872-3, the total being 2,304,970 gallons against 2,363,083 gallons the 
previous season, or a decrease of 58,113 gallons, and an increase of only 
215,027 gallons over 1870-1. 
Our report of 1871-2 was from 24 mills, which either were or had been 
running that season, but at the close of the season now under review there 
were but 13 mills in operation, and only about three others have made any 
oil since our last report. Many of the smaller works that were not 
favorably located have been forced to suspend operations, and some of 
the larger ones have lost money and withdrawn from the business. Two 
factories have been destroyed by fire. 
It may seem quite remarkable that the production the past season 
has so nearly equaled that of the previous year, when there were 
nearly twice as many works in operation, but this is explained by the 
fact that some of the larger mills, particularly in New Orleans, have 
increased their facilities, and have the capacity for making more oil 
than they could a year ago. New Orleans and Memphis are still the 
largest producers. 
We do not know of any new uses found for the oil, but it is becoming 
more favorably known, and consumers are now willing to take cotton 
seed oil, for many purposes, where they were formerly satisfied that only 
lard or whale would answer. There is consequently less of it used for 
adulterating. 
Several new methods have been tried for extracting the oil from the 
seed by chemical means, but as yet, wTe believe none have been successful. 
There is said, however, to be a new process found for preserving hulled 
seed that it may be shipped to all parts of the world without danger of 
heating. The past season has not been a profitable one owing to the 
short supply of seed, particularly in those districts where the larger 
mills were located, making the cost very high on account of the expense 
of transportation, and prices tor other competing oils ruling so low that 
no advance could be obtained for cotton seed oil. 72 
COTTON SEED OIL. 
The following table shows the price of crude, summer and winter 
yellow for 1872 : 
Summer ■ Winter 
Crude. Yellow. Yellow. 
January 1 55 61 68 
January 13 53 60 65 
February 1 51 58 64 
February 15 50 56 63 
March 1 50 56 62% 
March 15 50 57 62% 
April 1 . 50 57 % 62% 
April 15 52% 51X 63% 
May 1 52X 59 65 
May 15 52 60 65 
June 1 53 59 65 
June 13 51 57% 64 
July 1 51 57 64 
July 15 50 56 63 
August 1 50 56 62% 
August 15 46 53% 61}£ 
September 1 45 55 64 
September 15 46 55 67 
October 1 44% 56 66 
October 15 47 54 65 
November 1 47 53 64 
November 15 47% 52 62% 
December 1 45 51 62% 
December 15 44 51 62% 
The following will show the price of oil on the Ist and 15th of each 
month during 1873: 
Summer Winter 
Crude. Yellow. Yellow. 
January 1 44 49 62% 
January 16 42% 49 60 
February 1 42% 49 60 
February 15 44 49 60 
March 1 43 48% 58 
March 15 43 48 51% 
April 1 42% 41% 57 
April 15 42% 49 57 
May 1 44 49 57 
May 15 45 49 57% 
June 1... 45 51 £8 
June lu 47% 54 60 
July 1 47 54 60 
July 15 45 54 60 
August 1 43 54 58 
August 15 46 56 60 
September 1 50 57% 60 
September 15 50 58 60 
October 1 45 50 60 
October 15 43 47% 60 
November 1 42 48 58 
November 15 39 41X 55 
December 1 40 48 54 
December 15 40 47% 53 COTTON SEED OIL. 
73 
The exports of Cottonseed oil have grown to be of considerable import- 
ance, our manufacture taking the preference in Europe, and commanding 
about £2 per ton more than that made from Egyptian seed. The first 
exports we note commenced July, 1871, and have continued up to the 
present time. The ports to which these exports have been made, and the 
quantity and value to each country are as follows: 
To England 14,953 gallons, valued at $8,931 
Scotland 12,510 “ “ 7,243 
Germany 15,329 “ “ 8,208 
N. G. Union 4,518 “ “ 2,250 
France 189 “ “ 138 
Spain 17,555 “ “ 8,778 
, 1871. , 
Total for year 65,054 $35,548 
, 1872. , 
To England 77,319 gallons, valued at 45,190 
Scotland 25,404 “ ‘ 14,320 
Germany 975 “ 487 
Netherlands 5,000 “ “ 2,580 
Belgium 456 “ •* 241 
France 664 “ “ 387 
Spain.. 8,679 “ “ ;4,364 
Cuba 12 “ 10 
Total for year 118,509 “ *■ $67,579 
, 1873. . 
To England 176,241 gallons, valued at $91,075 
Scotland 75,076 “ “ 39,303 
Italy 55,269 “ “ 29,308 
Netherlands 27,130 “ “ 13,437 
Austria 27,156 “ “ 14,054 
British Guiana 225 “ “ 124 
Total for year 361,097 “ “ $187,291 
The above totals show that the exports in 1872 were 53,455 gallons greater 
than the previous year, and the totals of 1873 show an increase of 242,588 
gallons over 1872. 
Statements of receipts and shipments of Cotton Seed and Produce at 
New Orleans, during the year ending August 31, 1873, compared with 
the previous years. 
1871-72. 1872-73. 
Cotton Seed bags. 547,678 893,716 
OilCake “ 82,514 10',549 
Oil bbls. 5,734 5,996 
Oil Cake Meal .bags. 729 2,479 
“ “ bhds. 59 42 
RECEIPTS. 74 
COTTON SEED OIL. 
1871-72. 1872-73. 
Cotton Seed, New York bags. 65 492 40 
Liverpool, (upland) “ 22,132 (Sea I) 69.’ 
Cedar Keys “ .... 1,000 
Vera Cruz “ 1 
SHIPMENTS. 
Total 87,624 1,734 
1871-72. 1872-73. 
Oil Cake, Liverpool bags. 119,007 *163,319 
“ London “ 33.390 35,176 
“ Glasgow “ 6,571 2,460 
“ Leith “ 4,928 
“ Barcelona “ 51 
“ Charleston, S. C “ 3,000 
“ New York “ 4,686 11,006 
“ Providence, K. I “ 647 
Total 171,633 1212,608 
1871-72. 1872-73. 
Oil—Liverpool bbls. 2,582 7,157 
“ London “ 350 
Barcelona “ 6,302 
“ Cadiz “ 25 
“ Genoa “ 20 125 
“ Havre . “ 205 
“ Havana “ 2 10 
“ New York “ 7,501 14,921 
“ Providence “ 5,498 12,061 
“• Boston “ 842 
“ Cincinnati “ 500 
“ Philadelphia “ 100 1,153 
Total 23,577 35,780 
1871-72. 1872-73. 
Cotton Seed Meal—Baltimore bags. 20 
“ Boston “ 4,148 6,691 
“ Providence “ 26,655 42,888 
Charleston “ 300 
“ Liverpool “ 1,011 hhds 75 
“ New York “ 5,925 850 
Philadelphia... “ .... 520 
Total 38,059 $50,949 
1871-72. 1872-73. 
Soap Stock—Liverpool . barrels. 35 
“ New York “ 790 451 
“ Havre , . “ 20 
Total 845 451 
* 400 bbls. 
1400 bbls. 
$75 hhds. MENHADEN OIL 
Meeting of Manufacturers—Production, Etc. 
Fifteen years ago M enhaden, or Por<ry oil, as it was then called, 
was scarcely known in the market. Since that time the manufacture of it 
has steadily increased, and to-day, in gallons, the production is about equal 
to the catch of whale oil in this country. And in value the Menhaden 
interest is ahead of the whale, for though the oil sells at a less price per 
gallon, for every barrel of oil, over three-quarters of a ton of scrap is made, 
which sells readily at $l5 per ton at the factory, as a fertilizer. 
At the first the oil was thick, of a dark color, and generally possessed 
anything but an agreeable odor. Vast improvements have been made in 
taking the oil from the fish, and to-day the oil is of a light straw color, 
perfectly sweet, and can be refined to a state ol the greatest purity. 
Menhaden oil cannot be used in its natural state for lubricating 
purposes, owing to its containing so much glutinous matter, but we are 
assured that a leading Eastern chemist has discovered a process whereby 
this gum can be separated from the oil, leaving an excellent article for 
lubricating purposes. What the expense of this treatment is we do not 
know, but with so many cheap lubricating oils in the market we should 
hardly think it would pay. 
Great improvements have also been made in the methods of taking the 
fish, as the following letter from a prominent manufacturer describes: 
u Since the commencement of the oil business in Narragansett Bay its 
extension has embraced many localities upon our bays and seacoasts, and 
many have been the improvements in the method of taking the fish. 
Originally only the drag seine was used for the purpose, and they could 
only be taken when near the shore, the great body of the fish keeping in 
the channel or in deep water. The drag seine is now entirely neglected 
by the fishermen, and is supplanted by the purse seine. The fishermen 
now not only resort to the bays and inlets for the purpose of taking their 76 
MENHADEN OIL. 
fish, but also to the ocean, where often in favorable weather they take 
them in large quantities. Our most enterprising fishermen follow them 
as far East as the coast of Maine, where the fish increase in flesh, and 
consequently yield a larger quantity of an extra quality of oil. • The fact 
of the passages having to be made around Cape Cod in open boats, and 
the fishing season upon the coast of Maine being interrupted with frequent 
calms and fog, it was extremely difficult for the fishermen to keep their 
boats together or even to get out to the fishing ground during the con- 
tinuance of the calm. To overcome such hindrances they have resorted 
to steam, which has almost done away with the old custom of open boats. 
Steamboats of from thirty to eighty tons are now generally used by such 
fishermen as intend to follow the fish along our coasts. The boats and 
tackle cost when complete from twelve to eighteen thousand dollars each. 
The steamers are generally owned by the oil manufacturers.” 
The question has been asked as to how long the fish will continue so 
abundant, and those who from experience ought to know if there was any 
likelihood of the supply becoming short say always, that this fish is the 
bait of the sea, and the young are to be seen in myriads during the fall, 
and that they will be able to catch fish after Petroleum ceases 10 come 
from the earth. 
At a meeting of the Menhaden Oil and Fish Guano manufacturers of 
Maine, Long Island, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Jersey, held in 
this city January 7th, an association was formed, to be known as “The 
United States Menhaden Oil and Guano Association,” and a Constitution 
and articles of association were adopted. 
The meeting organized with R. L. Fowler, of Guilford, Ct., as Chairman, 
and Luther Maddoeks, of Booth Bay, Me., as Secretary. After some dis- 
cussion a Committee on Statistics was appointed, with instructions to 
report as soon as possible. The Committee was as follows : Mr. L. Mad- 
docks, Maine ; Mr. Church, Rhode Island ; Mr. Price. Long Island ; and 
Mr. Fairchild, Connecticut. 
Mr. Fairchild, as Chairman, reported as follows: No. of factories in 
operation, 02; amount of capital invested, $2,388,000; No. of fishermen 
employed, 1,197; No. of men employed at factories, 1,109; No. of sailing 
vessels employed, 383 ; No. of steamers employed, 20; total number of fish 
caught, 1,193,100 barrels (250 fish to the barrel); total quantity of oil made, 
2,214,800 gallons; total amount of guano made, 30,299 tons; stock in hand 
of manufacturers, 484,520 gallons oil and 2,700 tons guano. 
The meeting then voted to appoint a Committee on permanent organiz- 
ation and to report a Constitution and By-Laws. This Committee consisted 
of Mr. J. G. Nickerson, Boston; Mr. Thos. F. Price, Greenport, L. I.; and 
Mr. H. L. Dudley, New Haven. Their report was accepted and the Con- 
stitution adopted, and the following officers chosen for the ensuing year: MENHADEN OIL. 
77 
President. Luther Maddocks, of Booth Bay, Maine; Vice-Presidents, 
Geo. F. Tuthill, Greenport, Long Island; and R. L. Fowler, Guilford, 
Conn.; Secretary and Treasurer, H. L. Dudley, Hew Haven. Executive 
Committee: Luther Maddocks, Booth Bay, Maine; David F. Vail, River- 
head, Long Island ; B. F. Brightman, Round Pond, Maine. 
CONSTITUTIOH AMD BY-LAWS. 
Hew York, Jan. 7, 1874. 
Whereas the manufacture of Menhaden Oil and Fish Guano has become 
identified as one of the important industries of this country, therefore 
Resolved, That we, the manufacturers, with the view of rendering to 
each other mutual aid and assistance, do hereby form ourselves into an 
association for this purpose, and to be governed by the following constitu- 
tion : 
Article 1.—This association shall be called the “United States Men- 
haden Oil and Guano Association.” 
Article 2.—The officers shall be a President, two Vice-Presidents, 
Secretary and Treasurer and Executive Committee. 
Article 3.—The President shall preside at all meetings of the association. 
In the absence of the President either of the Vice-Presidents may preside. 
In the absence of all these officers a President shall be chosen pro tem. 
Article 4.—The Secretary shall keep a faithful record of all business 
transacted at each meeting of the society, and shall notify members of all 
meetings by written or printed notice. 
Article 5.—The Treasurer shall have charge of all funds belonging to 
the association, and shall pay them out only by order of the Executive 
Committee. 
Article 6.—The Executive Committee shall consist of three, of which 
the President shall be one. They shall have power to raise money to meet 
the expenses of the association by an equitable assessment of each member, 
and shall have a general supervision of all the affairs and business ot the 
association, not otherwise provided for. 
Article 7.—The annual meeting of this association shall be held on the 
second Wednesday of January, annually. The place of meeting shall be 
determined by a majority of the Executive Committee, and a notice shall 
be mailed by the Secretary to each member of the association fifteen days 
previous to the time of meeting. 
Article B.—Special meetings of the association may be called at any 
time by the Executive Committee, and upon a written request signed by 
five members addressed to the President. Hotice of all such meetings shall 
be mailed by the Secretary to each member ten days previous to the time 
of meeting. 78 
MENHADEN OIL. 
Article 9.—Any person, or any member of any company, engaged in 
the manufacture of Menhaden Oil and Fish Guano in the United States 
may become a member of the association by subscribing to this Constitu- 
tion and these articles of association. 
Article 10.—Each Arm or company shall be entitled to but one vote 
at meetings of the association. 
Article 11.—The officers of this association shall be chosen annually by 
ballot, and shall hold their office for one year or until others are chosen. 
Article 12.—This constitution may be amended at any annual meeting, 
or special meeting called for that purpose, by a two-thirds vote of the 
members present. 
Article 13.—ISTme members shall constitute a quorum, but a less num- 
ber may adjourn. OILS. 
The use of heavy mineral oil as a preservative for iron is strongly 
recommended by the London Oil Trade Review, the substance referred to 
being-, we presume, one of the products of shale distillation, so extensively 
practiced in Great Britain. Whether a similar product can be obtained 
from our petroleums is a good subject for research. Our contemporary 
says: 
MINERAL OILS FOR IRON. 
The action of the oil is twofold. First, it is detergent when vigorously 
and freely brushed over an already rusted surface. It seems to loosen the 
bulk of the rust and it darkens that which remains. Secondly, it acts as a 
varnish if applied after the cleansing has been effected, or to new and 
bright work. Its superiority to vegetable or animal oils depends upon 
the fact that the bulk of the oil evaporates, and it leaves only a very flue 
film behind. If the oil is light and fully refined, it evaporates so com- 
pletely as to do but little good in this way; but if tinged or “once run’’ 
oil of sufficiently high gravity be used, the resinous or carbonaceous 
matter which gives the tinge to the oil remains behind and forms the 
thin protecting film of varnish. Ordinary varnish leaves far too thick and 
obvious a film, while the film of the once run oil does its work of protec- 
tion without displaying itself. As regards the density of the oil required 
for this purpose, we recommend that which stands between the burning 
oil and goqd lubricating oil; it is known, and sometimes sold, as “inter- 
mediate oil.” We are satisfied that a good trade may be done by anybody 
who will bring this before the public in a proper manner, and supply the 
article as required. For domestic purposes, for the cleaning of all kinds 
of household iron work, for the preservation of such things as mowing 
machines and other garden tools or exposed iron implements, the brown 
oil should be sold in small bottles at a cheap rate. For manufacturers of 
iron-work and for ironmongers, to whom it will prove invaluable, it must 
of course be supplied in larger parcels. At present, it can hardly be used 
at all, on account of the difficulty of obtaining it in retail quantities. 
Instead of taking glue which has already been dried and hardened, 
and then reducing it to a liquid state a second time, E. M. Leggett, of 
New York, proposes to line oil-barrels with the glue when it is first in the 
liquid form, before it has been hardened, and thereby save the expense of 
the usual drying and subsequent liquefaction of the ordinary process. 
LINING BARRELS. 80 
OILS. 
CONVEYANCE OP OIL IN PIPES 
The heavy charges for railway freights on crude oils, between the oil 
regions and the Atlantic seaboard, have led to the preliminary examina- 
tion of the feasibility of using iron pipes. 
The estimated distance trom Titusville, Pa., to Philadelphia, allowing 
40 miles for undulations of the surface, is 300 miles. The highest eleva- 
tion required to pump the oil is 1,300 feet. The summit could he reached 
by means of five pumping stations, each throwing the oil 300 feet high, 
and driving it eight miles. A six-inch cast-iron pipe is proposed. The 
capacity for delivery would be over 1,000,000 gallons, or 20,000 barrels per 
day. The estimated cost is $3,500,000, and the estimated net profits about 
the same amount, or 100 per cent on the cost. 
The piping for crude oil already in operation in the oil districts of 
Pennsylvania has a total length of 675 miles, inside bore 2 inches, and 
gathers the oil from the following points to various places of shipment on 
the Alleghany Yalley Railroad : 
Bb’s. 
Emlenton Pipe Company, from St. Petersburg to Emlenton--capacity per day 1,000 
Antwerp Pipe Company, from St. Petersburg to Fullerton—capacity 2,500 
Mutual Pipe Company, from St. Petersburg Dist. to Milford, Foxborough, and Clarion 
—capacity 10,000 
Union Pipe Company, from Parker’s Dist., etc., to Parker’s Landing—capacity. .. . 6,000 
Fairview Pipe Company, from Argyle, Petrolia, etc., to Brady’s Bend—capacity 5,000 
Butler Pipe Company, from Grease City to Butler—capacity 1,200 
GLASS BARRELS FOR PETROLEUM. 
So much loss has occured from evaporation and leakage in the trans- 
portation and storage of petroleum, and its products—benzine and gaso- 
line—that it is proposed to make barrels of glass, sufficiently heavy to 
stand the pressure and usuage. These, although much more costly at 
first, would never wear out, and could be cleaned and used for any other 
fluids indefinitely. An inventor has already obtained a patent for a thick 
jiece of glass inserted into one head of a barrel, and on the part next the 
bung-hole, to allow the quantity within to be viewed by the buyer. 
TESTING OLIVE OIL. 
Professor Palmieri, of Naples, has lately constructed an electrical 
apparatus of great delicacy and ingenuity, the object of which is to detect 
the admixture of other oils with that of the pure olive. The instrument 
is founded on the fact of the variability in the powers of conduction 
possessed by the various oils, olive being lowest in the scale. The wires 
of a battery are brought to a small elongated vessel containing the oil to 
be examined, and an electrometer being attached, the degree of conduct- 
ivity can be read off on a scale. The instrument, it is said, can detect any 
of the usual adulterants with the utmost nicety. OILS, 
81 
PURIFYING AND SEPAExVTING FATS. 
A method of separating the constituents of animal fat, suggested by 
Alfred Paraf and used by the Olemargarine Manufacturing Company of 
New York, consists in mincing the fat and introducing it, together with 
its own weight of water, into a wooden tank which is heated by a steam 
coil to from 100 degs. to 120 degs. F, and constantly stirred. After two 
hours, the oleomargarine and stearine separate from the scraps and are 
then allowed to cool, to separate from the water. They are then thor- 
oughly worked with two per cent of salt, put in bags, and subjected to 
pressure or centrifugal action in a temperature of 60 degs. F, which 
separates the oleomargarine from the stearine, as the latter is not affected 
by this heat, although the former is melted by it. After the oleomar- 
garine has again congealed, it may be worked a second time with salt, 
to separate the last trace of water. 
SPONTANEOUS IGNITION OF OILED COT PON OR SILK- 
WASTE. 
Major Majendie has communicated to the Royal Artillery Institution 
the results of certain experiments, instituted to ascertain the relative 
degree of risk accompanying the presence of oiled cotton waste and oiled 
silk-waste in buildings and stores. 
M. Galletly, who made the investigation referred to, read a paper at 
the Brighton meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of 
Science, on a series of experiments earned on by him, with a view of 
determining precisely the conditions under which 'spontaneous combus- 
tion takes place in cotton and other combustible material, when impreg- 
nated with animal or vegetable fatty oils. Mr. Galletly found that cotton- 
waste soaked in boiled linseed oil and wrung out, if exposed to a tem- 
perature of 170 degs., set up oxidation so rapidly as to cause actual com- 
bustion in 105 minutes in the case where the action is slowest. The 
quantity in this instance was sufficient to fill a box 17 inches long by 17 
inches broad, and 7 inches deep, but unfortunately it is by no means 
necessary that the waste should exist in any such bulk, a common lucifer 
match-box full igniting in an hour in a chamber at 166 degs. Fahr. 
Raw linseed oil ignited less rapidly. The experiment was made in a 
smaller case than the first one above mentioned. Active combustion 
took place in four or five hours. Rape oil, and Gallipoli olive oil ignited 
somewhat less readily, taking at least five hours, though generally a good 
deal more. Rape oil, in fact, took over six hours at 170 degs. The tem- 
perature of 130 degs. was employed in the case of the Gallipoli oil, and 
also in the following instances : Castor oil took over a day before ignition: 
lard oil took four hours , salad oil, one hour and forty minutes; and sperm 
oil refused to char the waste at all. 82 
OILS 
Mr. Galletly considers that the heavy oils from coal and shale tend 
remarkably to prevent the oxidation described, by protecting the tissue 
from contact with the air. It appears that the so-called spontaneous action 
of oiled cotton waste proceeds from the substance being exposed in a finely 
divided condition to the oxidizing action of the air. In point of fact, it is 
the same action that causes the bloom in some of the direct processes for 
the reduction of iron to revert to the oxide when exposed in a heated 
state to the air, and the still more remarkable action that is said to have 
taken place in the iron removed from the Mary Eose. which had lain in 
the bottom of the sea till it became eaten into a porous condition. It 
appears to have been hoped that silk-waste might have offered greater 
security, but this proves not to be the case. 
eosin OIL SOAP. 
One hundred pounds of rosin-oil and eighty pounds of lime slaked to a 
powder are agitated in an iron pot, and the mixture is heated with stirring, 
till a uniform paste is obtained, free from lumps and running from the 
stirring implement like syrup. With this rosin oil soap, all the different 
varieties of patent wagon grease are made as follows : 
Blub Patent Grease.-—5OO lbs. red rosin oil are heated for one hour 
with two lbs. calcium hydrate, and allowed to cool. The oil is skimmed 
off the sediment, and 10 to 12 lbs. of rosin oil soap are stirred in till all is of 
buttery consistence and of blue color. 
Yellow Patent Grease is prepared by adding six per cent, of tur- 
meric solution to the blue grease. 
Black Patent Grease.—Lamp-black is used to produce the black 
color. 
Patent Palm Oil Wagon Grease.—lo lbs. of rosin oil soap are 
melted with. 10 lbs. of palm oil; 500 lbs. of rosin oil are then added, and as 
much rosin oil soap to make the whole of the consistence of butter, and 
lastly 7 to S lbs. of caustic soda lye. 
Paraffine Eesidues.—The thick oil which remains in the paraffin-, 
manufacture is used as a lubricating oil, partly on account of its cheap- 
ness, and partly on account of its not soon solidifying by cold. 
In order to thicken, some lead-soap is melted with it. Mixtures of 
rosin oil or rosin oil soap and petroleum, with glycerine also, are often 
used as lubricants. 
ALUMINA SOAP. 
Besides being applicable to all kinds of material to be rendered* water- 
proof, this scap in solution may be used with advantage to coat metallic 
surfaces which have to withstand considerable heat. In the air, articles 
thus coated dry slowly; if exposed to a temperature of 50 degrees, more 
quickly. To prepare this soap, a solution of alum or aluminium sulphate OILS 
83 
is added to a dilute boiling solution of soap, so long as a separation of 
white hydrated alumina soap takes place. The white precipitate is washed 
with hot water to remove adhering saline solution, and is heated to remove 
water. By these means a transparent soap is obtained resembling glycer- 
ine soap, soluble in warm oil of turpentine in all proportions. The water 
may also be driven off by heating with oil of turpentine. When the 
solution becomes thick and transparent, the lake is ready. For making 
this alumina soap, a good yellow rosin soap is the best to use. 
PETROLEUM USED IN MAKING STEEL 
It is stated by J. G. Blunt, of Leavenworth, Kan., that steel maybe 
made from pig or cast-iron, by heating, melting, boiling, and puddling in 
the usual manner, and after being puddled sufficiently to decarbonize it 
and remove the impurities, the air-blast is turned off from the furnace, 
and sufficient petroleum vapor or gas is admitted into the oven to prevent 
the admission of air. Petroleum vapor is now forced into and through 
the mass of molten metal in a series of small jets, and by this direct intro- 
duction of hydrocarbon the metal can be carbonized to make any grade of 
steel desired, after which the mass is balled and treated in the usual 
manner with the squeezers, or hammers and rolls. 
PURIFICATION OF LUBRICATING OIL THAT HAS BEEN 
USED. 
We find the following details of a practical method for regenerating 
lubricating oils giver in an Austrian paper: A wooden tub holding 63 
quarts has a faucet inserted close to the bottom, and another about four 
inches farther up the side. In this apparatus is placed 7 quarts of boiling 
water, in which are then dissolved oz. chromate of potash, oz. 
carbonate of soda, oz. chloride of calcium, and 9 oz. common salt. 
When all these are in solution, 45 quarts of the oil to he purified is let in 
and well stirred for five or ten minutes ; after which it is left to rest for a 
week in a warm place, at the expiration of which time the clear pure oil 
can be drawn off through the upper stop-cock without disturbing the 
impurities and cleansing fluid at the bottom. 
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BENZINE. 
Commercial benzine often contains quite a large proportion of petro- 
leum, which leaves a disagreeable odor when the benzine is employed for 
the removal of grease. A small piece of pitch is placed in a test tube and 
the suspected liquid poured upon it. Pure benzine will readily dissolve 
the pitch, forming a tarry mass, while adulterated benzine will be less and 
less colored in proportion to the amount of petroleum contained in it. 
Coal-tar will dissolve easily in pure benzine, but forms distinct layers when 
impure material is employed for the solution. 84 
OILS 
ROSIN OIL AND ITS USES. 
Rosin oil is a product of the dry distillation of rosin. The apparatus 
used consists of an iron pot, a head piece, a condensing arrangement, and 
a receiver. In the distillation, a light oil comes over first, together with 
water. As soon as a cessation in the flow of the distillate occurs, the 
receiver is changed, and the heat is further raised, when a red-colored and 
heavy rosin oil comes over. The black residue remaining in the pot is 
used as a pitch. The light oil, called “pinoline,” is recti lied, and the 
acetic-acid water passing over with it is saturated with calcium hydrate, 
filtered and evaporated to dryness, and the calcium acetate obtained is 
employed in the manufacture of acetic acid. The rosin oil, obtained after 
the light oil has passed over, has a dark violet-blue color, and is called 
•‘blue rosin oil.” The red oil is boiled for a day with water, the evapo- 
rated water being returned to the vessel; next day the water is drawn off, 
and the remaining rosin oil is saponified with caustic soda lye of 36 deg. 
Beaume, and the resulting almost solid mass is distilled so long as oil 
passes over. The product obtained is rectified rosin oil, which is allowed 
to stand in iron vessels, protected by a thin layer of gypsum, whereby, 
after a few weeks, a perfectly clear oil is obtained free from water. The 
oil of first quality is obtained by a repetition of the foregoing operation 
upon the once rectified oil. The residues of both operations are melted 
up with the pitch. 
“ Vulcan Oil ” is the distillate of Virginian petroleum which passes 
over almost at the last, and has a specific gravity from 0.870 to 0.890. 
This, while warm, is acidified with 6 per cent, of fuming sulphuric acid in 
a lead vat, then drawn off from the acid, and washed with water to the 
complete removal of the acid. The pioduct is then mixed with 5 per 
cent, of rape oil. Also that oil which distills over in the petroleum distil- 
lation after the illuminating oil (until of specific gravity 0.860) passes 
over, is taken separately, until it solidifies when dropped upon a cold 
metal plate, and with this 5 per cent, of crude rape oil is mixed. 
VULCAN. 
Another .übricating oil from petroleum is the “ opal oil.” This oil, of 
specific gravity 0.850 to 0.870, is acidified like “ vulcan oil,” and mixed 
with 10 per cent, of rape oil. 
DEODORIZING OIL FROM ACID TAR. 
Richard Gaggin, of Erie, Pa., states that a good oil suitable for 
lubricating purposes, and for use as a substitute for linseed oil in the 
manufacture of printers’ ink. may be obtained from the acid tar of oil- 
refineries, by diluting it with benzine, then separating the acid by repeated 
washings, distilling, and next treating with milk of chloride of lime at a 
temperature not exceeding 140 deg. After the oil has been thus treated, OILS 
85 
the limy sediment is drawn off, and a caustic or carbonated alkali intro- 
duced to neutralize any of the remaining1 chlorides or chlorine. The 
alkaline sediment is next drawn off, and after the oil has been again washed 
with water, the process is finished. 
CLEANING GUNS WITH PETROLEUM 
Greasing- a weapon with fats and oils does not entirely protect it from 
rust; the so-called drying oils get gummy and resinous, while the non- 
drying oils become rancid; and by exposure to the action of the atmos- 
phere, acids are formed, and these attack the iron. These are some of the 
reasons why petroleum is to be preferred for this purpose. Petroleum is 
as great an enemy to water as are the fatty oils ; and hence when a gun- 
barrel is covered with a film of petroleum, it keeps the water away from 
the metal which forms the barrel; the water which rests upon this film of 
petroleum evaporates, but the oil does not, and hence no rust can be 
formed. It is very essential, however, that the petroleum or kerosene 
employed be perfectly pure, for impure oil, such as is often met with in 
commerce, attacks the metal. Care must also be taken not to allow it to 
come in contact with the polished stock. 
The gun is cleaned as follows : Each rifleman carries a tin flask of pure 
kerosene and a round brush, of stiff hog’s bristles, which fits the barrel of 
the gun. The brush is screwed to the ramrod. The gunner also carries 
some dry hemp or tow. When about to clean a gun, some tow is wrapped 
about the rod and enough petroleum poured upon it to thoroughly moisten 
it; it is then pushed in a rotary manner through the barrel and back 
a dozen times, and the hemp taken out and unrolled, and the upper and 
lower ends of the barrel rubbed with the clean part, after which it is 
thrown away. This removes the coarser portion of the dirt. The brush 
is then moistened thoroughly with petroleum and twisted into the barrel, 
running it back and forth at least a dozen times, thus loosening the dirt 
that is more firmly attached to it. The first operation is now repeated, 
except that the hemp or tow on the rod is left dry, and the rubbing with 
this must be continued in all directions as long as it comes out soiled. 
The use of wire brushes is objectionable for cleaning guns, as the numerous 
little steel points cut into the tube. Only soft tow, hemp, woolen rags, or 
the like, should be used, as the petroleum dissolves off the dirt sufficiently. 
BLACK OIL. 
This name is applied to a mineral oil produced chiefly in West 
Virginia. It is also called West Virginia oil, rock oil and lubricating 
petroleum. There is no branch of the oil trade in which there are larger 
single corporations, or greater capital employed than in West Virginia 
oils. The introduction of these oils on the market is comparatively 86 
OILS. 
recent, and the enormous amount, now produced and sold, pioves it to be 
a good lubricator. 
It is said that many parties formerly using only winter bleached sperm 
oil now use this oil and consider it quite equal in all respects. A great 
deal that is interesting might be written with regard to this oil. It may 
be well, however, to add that there are adulterations sold as pure West 
Virginia, composed chiefly of petroleum residuum. 
A well-informed correspondent in West Virginia sends us the follow- 
ing . The probable daily production of the Volcano region is about 150 
barrels of 30 deg. and heavier; about 225 barrels of to deg.; 
about 400 to 500 barrels from 303£ to 35 deg. Burning Springs produces 
about 150 barrels per day of 37 to 40 deg. The Cow Bun (Ohio region) 
about 200 bbls of 40 deg. and lighter gravity. All this territory embraces 
about thirty-five miles, but the regions are only from three to four miles 
square. 
OIL DEPOSITS OF THE WEST. 
About eight hundred miles west of Omaha, the line of the Union 
Pacific Eailroad crosses Green Kiver, and the approach to the river is for 
a considerable distance through a cutting of from 20 to 40 feet in depth, 
made in rock. During the construction of the road, some workmen piled 
together a few pieces of the excavated rock as a protection for a dinner 
fire, and soon observed that the stone itself ignited. The place thereafter 
became known as Burning Stone Cut. 
The general superintendent of the road, Mr. T. E. Sickles, has caused 
analyses and experiments to be made with this substance, which proves 
to be a shale rock, rich in mineral oils, which may be produced by distil- 
lation in abundant quantities, say thirty-five gallons to the ton of rock, at 
the cost of a few cents only per gallon. The oil thus obtained is of excel- 
lent quality, and comes over in two or more grades, one suitab'e for burn- 
ing and one for lubrication. Its abundance and cheapness of production 
is such as to render it certain that the markets of the Pacific coast, and all 
places west of the Mississippi will, ere long, be wholly supplied from 
these deposits. The oil can be distilled, delivered and sold at the points 
indicated at cheaper rates than the Pennsylvania and West Virginia oils 
can be transported to the Mississippi. 
The deposits in question are supposed to cover an area of territory one 
hundred and fifty miles long and fifty miles broad. They overlie the im- 
mense coal beds found in that region, and consist of sandstone impregna- 
ted with oil. They are supposed to have originated by the absorption of 
oil by sand, the oil having been expelled from the ancient vegetable 
growths by heat and pressure during the original process of coal 
formation. W. G. J ackman FISHER HOWE. 
New York City and Brooklyn possess some of the noblest 
religious and charitable institutions in the world. They have 
been organized, for the most part, within the last fifty years, 
and are the monuments of a class of men these cities have 
produced. In connection with the most intense devotion to 
business, many of the merchants of these two cities have given 
their time and wealth to the establishment of Hospitals, 
Asylums, Aid Societies, Seminaries and organizations for relief 
of all kinds. The title “ Christian Merchant ” has been given 
to them, because of their zeal in these two departments of com- 
merce and philanthropy. Without entering into politics or even 
gaining a wide personal reputation, they have yet been instru- 
mental in making our two cities an honor and a pride to us all. 
For the institutions of religion and education and philanthropy 
are, after all, the chief glory of any city or nation. 
Mr. Fisher Howe was a merchant of this class. He was 
emphatically a Christian man, and his life was devoted to 
efforts for the benefit of others. He was, also, like most men 
of this class, self-made, for he came to New York in 1820 with 
but $5O, and afterwards maintained himself and earned ins 
property, by his own endeavors. 
He was born in the town of Rochester, New Hampshire, 
September 3, 1798. His father, the physician of the place, died 
when he wms nine years of age, leaving his family, with their 90 
FISHER HOWE. 
widowed mother, to the care of his oldest son, James. To 
this brother the young boy Fisher was greatly indebted, and 
in after life, he made record of his gratitude, in these wTords; 
“To him, under God, I owe all that I am and have.” Soon 
after the father’s death, the family moved to Haverhill, Mass., 
where the lad Fisher was to begin his knowledge of mercantile 
life. He there entered the country store of his brother, James 
How. In this store, as was the custom of the time, he had 
to perform the menial services, and afterwards would often 
speak of being up early and late, and sweeping out the store, 
and making fires in those early days. He began, while in Haver- 
hill, to read books of a profound and serious character; a style 
of reading which always interested him. His mind wras particu- 
larly eager in its search after the knowledge of books, and it 
is evident from the taste he cultivated by his own efforts, that 
he would have made no ordinary scholar if he had been per- 
mitted a college education. But he was not able to go to 
college, and hardly able to obtain a district school education. 
In June, 1820, he started from Boston for Hew York, and 
on his arrival, rented a part of the store, 171 Pearl Street, at 
$375 a year, and engaged board and lodging at $3.50 per 
week. In August of the same year, he formed a partnership 
with his brother, Calvin W. How, and J. G. Ward, under the 
firm name of Ward, How & Co., for the transaction of the boot 
and shoe business. Mr. Ward soon left the firm, and Mr. David 
Wesson became associated with the brothers How, the new firm 
bearing the name C. W. How & Co. 
It is interesting to discover the following desire entered in 
his diary at the commencement of this business life: “ May 
I find that in all my connections and conduct, integrity and 
uprightness may preserve me.” This desire seems to have 
been his motto, for he was always remarkable for strict integ- 
rity and uprightness. 
Soon after coming to this city, Mr. How joined the Brick 
Church, then under the pastoral care of the Rev. Dr. Spring. FISHER HOWE. 
91 
He had not been long a member of this church before he was 
elected an elder. This position he filled at the early age of 
28 years. It is an evidence of the respect the stranger youth 
had won in the city that so influential a church as this should 
choose him to one of its most important offices. The health of 
his wife*, to whom he had been married since his coming to 
New York, obliged him in 1830 to leave his residence, No. 81 
White Street, and move to Brooklyn Heights. He there began 
the erection of a house in Willow street, which he occupied for 
forty years to a day,—moving in November 8, 1831, and dying 
there November 7, 1871. When he built the house, it com- 
manded an unobstructed view of New York, Staten Island 
and the Narrows. It was built •with the improvements then 
modern, and had the first arrangements of water, tank and pump, 
and also the first speaking tube used in the city. 
His wife died very soon after her removal to Brooklyn. 
In 1832 (Oct. 1) Mr. How was married to the daughter of 
David Leavitt, the well-known banker, who still lives hale and 
hearty, although more than four score years of age. At the 
time of his marriage he added the letter E to his name, and 
afterward wrote his family name Howe, instead of How. This 
he did in the belief that Howe is more in accordance with the 
early usage of the family than How. 
The Brooklyn White Lead Co. was organized under the 
Presidency of Mr. Leavitt, in 1825. Mr. Llowe’s connection 
with the Company dates from 1842. He then became its 
Treasurer and General Manager, a position which he retained, 
with a single brief interval, until the time of his death. As 
Manager of the Company, he gave shape and prosperity to the 
business, as though it had been his private property. He was 
always industrious, pains-taking and considerate of his associ- 
ates and employes. He invented and nut into operation a plan 
* Mr. H. was married to Matilda Saltonstal, daughter of Dr. Saltonstal, of Haverhill, 
Mass,, June 16, 1825. 92 
FISHER HOWE. 
by which the workmen in the lead works are protected against 
the poisonous dust, so fatal to health and life. He also did 
very much towards founding the organization, known as “ The 
Association of American Manufacturers of White Lead.” He 
was the President of the Association until the time of his 
death. The following minute was adopted by the Association 
when his death was announced; 
“We desire to record our high appreciation of his many virtues and 
the esteem in which he was held by us. 
“As our presiding officer, he Avas dignified and courteous; as our 
counsellor, wise and sagacious; as our associate, a Christian gentleman and 
friend. 
“ For his memory, we shall ever entertain feelings of the highest regard 
and affection.5' 
“ The Western Lead Corroders’ Association” passed the fol- 
lowing minute: 
*• It is Avith sincere regret that we have heard of the death of Fisher 
Howe, Esq., President of ‘ The American Lead Corroders5 Association,5 
a successful manufacturer of marked ability, an affable and courteous 
gentleman. We revere his memory, and shall strive to emulate his 
virtues. We desire, in this manner to express to his associates in business 
our sympathy for the loss of so able an adviser and friend.*5 
It is believed that the organization he formed has proved of 
great benefit to the White Lead business, by arranging the 
prices of lead, and creating a sympathy and acquaintance 
among members of the trade. 
When Mr. Howe left the lead business soon after he first 
became treasurer of the Brooklyn White Lead Company, he 
formed a partnership with Abijah Fisher and J. 0. Hamilton, 
under the firm name of Fisher, Howe & Hamilton, for the 
transaction of the jobbing and general commission business. 
They wrere agents for the famous New York Mills. This part- 
nership did not continue long, however, for soon he was wanted 
in his old place again. He went back as treasurer and manager, 
and remained in the position as long as he lived. Any one 
at all familiar with the lower part of Maiden Lane, these last FISHER HOWE. 
93 
ten years, will recall his venerable appearance and feeble step 
as he entered his office at about ten in the morning and left it 
by two in the afternoon. He was reluctant to give up his active 
life, and performed his duties long after his strength and health 
had failed. In 1849 Mr. Howe made a tour of Europe in com- 
pany with his wife and niece, and in the spring of 1850 they 
extended their journey to Syria and Palestine. He was a care- 
ful and observant traveller. His guide books ‘were always 
open, and very little escaped his notice. Twenty years after 
his return he wrote to a friend to visit certain localities in and 
about Jerusalem, and confirm his impressions of the formation 
of the hills. And the friend found that these impressions, 
twenty years old, corresponded with the general contour of 
those sacred hills. Mr. Howe was an enthusiast in Oriental 
exploration. He would lay aside almost any work to discuss 
some question of topography; and as he talked his eyes would 
brighten and his speech quicken and glow until he became 
fairly eloquent. When he came back in 1850 he prepared a 
volume and published it, entitled: “ Oriental and Sacred 
Scenes,” and just before his death he received from the press 
a smaller work he had written on “ The True Site of Calvary.” 
Engaged in his studies and in acts of religious duty and 
benevolence, Mr. Howe’s life passed very pleasantly and profit- 
ably. He acquired some knowledge of the Hebrew, Greek 
and Latin languages, and devoted much time to the study of 
the Sacred Scriptures. He was emphatically an admirer of the 
Bible. He read it constantly and never questioned its teachings 
nor hesitated to go where those teachings seemed to point him. 
His home in Brooklyn became a familiar resort to Christian 
missionaries, ministers and philanthropists. Many foreign mis- 
sionaries have sailed to their stations from his house, and they 
can remember how carefully he provided for the comfort of their 
voyages. He gave regularly and conscientiously to the various 
benevolent societies. When he 'went to Brooklyn ho connected 
himself with the First Presbyterian church in Henry street, and 94 
FISHER HOWE. 
was soon elected an elder there. He was called by his asso- 
ciates, in later years, “the beloved disciple,” on account of the 
amiability and gentleness of his disposition. 
As his infirmities increased, he was less frequently seen 
abroad; yet many of his fellow-citizens and friends sought his 
counsels at his home, and enjoyed his society there. 
On the 7th of November, 1871, at the ripe age of 73 years, he 
died. He was in full possession of his faculties to the last. He 
was in his own house. His wife and his children, with a single 
exception, stood about him. He was at peace with mankind 
and with God. His last words to those near him are perhaps as 
characteristic of his life as any could be : 
“ Let my children live in peace, and the God of peace will 
bless them.” 
It is, of course, impossible to estimate the results of a life like 
this of Mr. Howe. Passed in retirement, its actions are not 
noised abroad; yet by the multiplication of such lives and 
efforts our social, educational, and political, affairs are wisely 
regulated. 
As a merchant, Mr. Howe was remarkable for his integrity. 
He was emphatically an honest man. He labored industriously, 
yet never to the neglect of home pleasures and the cultivation 
of his mind. During ail the years of his business life he was 
accustomed to dine with his family at three o’clock, and after 
that to remain with them, either driving in the country about 
Brooklyn, or else enjoying the quiet of his own house. He did 
not covet public positions of mercantile trust. He served with 
fidelity and acceptance as a director’ in the American Exchange 
National Bank from June 3d, 1837, and was connected with the 
management of the Brooklyn City Railroad from its commence- 
ment. But he preferred his owTn business and his privacy to 
such official work. 
He was a cautious man, and even timid, in carrying out liia 
plans, which were sagacious and thoughtful. Perhaps this was 
owing to his feeble health, for he was always frail and delicate; FISHER HOWE, 
95 
and in the year 1842, when he spent the winter in Santa Cruz, 
no one thought that he would live long. 
As a citizen of Brooklyn, he was honored and beloved. He 
represented the first ward for one or two terms as alderman; he 
was a member of the Board of Education, and was always 
punctual and regular at the meetings of the Board and in the 
school visitation ; he lent his aid also to the founding of the 
city hospital. Says the Hon. C. P. Smith, of Brooklyn : 
“In the early organization of Greenwood cemetery the Trustees had 
contracted for a considerable tract of land, the most important for the 
cemetery. After a few years the Trustees found themselves greatly em- 
barrassed to meet the payments of the land, and stopped selling burial lots, 
and solicited the aid of the churches. Christ Church and the First Pres- 
byterian Church came to their aid. Christ Church responded by the 
purchase of about $2,000 worth of lots, and the First Presbyterian Church 
gave $6,000 by issuing their bond with interest, agreeing to confine the 
sale of lots to members of the congregation. The owners of the tract of 
land took the bond of the church and conveyed the land to the cemetery. 
In this movement Mr. Howe was active and very influential in bringing 
this about. He with me agreed to indemnify the church from loss. The 
Greenwood cemetery and the church have reason to be grateful to the 
memory of Mr. Howe.” 
Mr. Smith also adds, in speaking of Mr. Howe as a citizen: 
“He was intelligent, active and ever entirely reliable. He was con- 
nected with and active in all charitable and religious organizations in- 
tended for the relief of the ignorant and poor.” 
As a man, Mr. Howe was a Christian gentleman. He had the 
mind of a student, and the cultivation which books and travel 
and good society give. In his home he gathered pictures and 
flowers and curiosities from every land. He was quiet, pure- 
minded, and possessed of a singularly devout nature. The 
religious element seemed to predominate with him. As a con- 
sequence, he was best known in connection with the church and 
the works of the church. He was one of the founders of the 
Union Theological Seminary in New York, and took a lively 
interest in its welfare. He joined the Oriental Society, because 
he felt that it would assist the understanding of the Bible, and 96 
FISHER HOWE. 
for the same reason was an active member of our American Pal- 
estine Exploration Committee, 
The two books he published had the same design. His first 
volume, “ Oriental and Sacred Scenes,” is thoughtful, discrimin- 
ating and eminently reverent. Those who have made it a hand- 
book of Palestine travel know that it is most suggestive and 
accurate. His second and last book, “ The True Site of Cal- 
vary,” discusses the vexed question of the Holy Sepulchre of 
Jerusalem. Denying the correctness of the present site within 
the city walls, Mr. Howe asserts that we may look for the true 
site on the skull-shaped mounds over the cave of Jeremiah. 
This assertion he supports by arguments drawn from Scripture, 
from history, and from the topography of the country. Many of 
the first scholars of our country expressed their interest in this 
investigation, and Mr. Howe’s treatment of the subject, and not 
a few of them acknowledged that they were convinced of the 
correctness of his theory. 
It is not often that an ordinary merchant, without the ad- 
vantages of a college education, is able to lay before the public 
two volumes so valuable to the cause of truth. 
On the day of his death the Brooklyn Union contained this 
tribute to his worth : 
“ Thousands of our oldest citizens will be deeply pained to hear of the 
sudden death, this morning, of Fisher Howe, Esq., at his residence in 
Willow street, in this city. Mr. Howe has been a resident of Brooklyn 
for a period of nearly forty years; and has been, until recently, when 
health failed, one of the most active and useful men among us. He was 
consistent, liberal, devoted, and exemplar, as a church member; honest, 
faithful, and patriotic as a citizen; kind, affectionate, and devoted as a 
husband, father, and friend ; and, on the whole, was one of the most useful 
men in the city. He was always connected with our best and most prom- 
inent institutions, and was ever prompt and faithful in the discharge of his 
public duties. Mr. Howe was also a clear-headed, successful business 
man, and was a wise counsellor and a judicious manager in all financial 
matters. He was a man of culture, and of considerable literary attain- 
ments. He always took a deep interest in the dissemination of gospel 
truth in distant parts of the world ; was a devoted friend and liberal sup- EISHER HOWE. 
97 
porter of missions. He knew the held of missionary labor perhaps as well 
as any man living, disconnected with missionary institutions. 
“He was extravagantly fond of the beautiful in nature—of beautiful 
'fields, flowers, and of everything beautiful in art. pictures, statuary and 
architecture. 
“But his character as a Christian was most noticeable and most 
admired. He was firm, yet cheerful; modest, yet zealous. He was devoted 
to his church, to his pastor, to the whole congregation with which he so 
long worshipped, and he will be missed in death probably more than any 
other member connected with the First Presbyterian Church—Dr. Seaver 
—in Henry street. Good men, like Fisher Howe, are scarcer than gold 
in any community, and are worth more than fine gold and precious stones, 
wherever they are permitted to live and labor. His was a living example 
fbr good, known and read of all men with whom he came in contact, and 
although dead, his noble Christian example will long speak to his praise, 
speak to encourage the host of friends he left behind, and speak only for 
their best good, present and future.” 
Mr. Howe left a widow and six children and many grand- 
children to revere his memory and mourn his loss. WHITE LEAD. 
There is probably no country in the world where more of this paint is 
used, in proportion to the population, than in the United States. Most of 
the white lead used in this country is of home production, owing to a pro- 
tective tariff of three cents per pound. We import a considerable 
ouantity from England, and a little from Germany. The foreign lead is 
whiter, though the American has more body. The corroders of New 
York, Boston and Philadelphia use almost entirely imported pig lead, but 
the Western manufacturers use the American. The following is an 
estimate of the production by one of the most competent manufacturers 
in the trade: 
For 1873 I think the quantity of white lead made was about 29,000 tons 
east of the Alleghenies; 16,500 tons west of the Alleghenies; making 
45,500 tons of 2,000 pounds, equal to 91,000,000 pounds of dry white lead. 
To grind pure this would require about 10 pounds of oil to 100 pounds of 
lead, or 1,213,333 gallons of linseed oil, viz., pounds each—one mil- 
lion, two hundred and thirteen thousand, three hundred and thirty- 
three gallons oil. 
Dry le:id as above, - 91,000,000 pounds. 
1,213,333 gallons of oil as above, - 9,100,000 “ 
Strictly pure white lead in oil, - - 100,100,000 “ 
Had the different factories been pushed the whole year, a larger quan- 
tity could have been made—probably 10 to 15 per cent more. 
The process of making the white lead, though tedious, is not by any 
means a difficult and complicated one, and, what is perhaps singular, it 
has varied very little in many years. It consists essentially in exposing 
thin sheets of lead in gallipots to the vapors of diluted acetic acid, the 
gallipots being at the same time closely covered and surrounded with 
spent tan or some similar substance. In a few weeks the lead will be 
found to have been entirely converted into the carbonate (white lead of 
commerce), though the precise chemical reactions which take place are 
not very clearly understood. Another process has been proposed and 
used to some extent, though without satisfactory results, whereby the 
carbonate avhs obtained by subjecting litharge to the action of acetic acid, 
and then to a stream of carbonic acid gas. The old process is the one in 
use by our largest manufacturers. 
Either of the processes described furnishes dry lead, which has then to 
be ground with linseed oil before it can be used as paint. It is in this WHITE LEAD. 
99 
grinding that the lead is adulterated, the chief articles used for that 
purpose being the sulphate of baryta and zinc. These adulterations are, 
of course, well understood, and there does not seem to be any essential 
lack of honesty in them, though the larger companies prefer to make only 
pure lead, and to sell none other in oil. The dry lead is. however, bought 
by houses engaged in grinding only, and by them sold in brands of 
different purity and corresponding prices. 
It is stated by the dealers that while there is a large demand for the 
lower grades for frontier towns and newly settled portions of the country 
generally, the progress of a town in wealth and importance is invariably 
followed by a demand for a better quality of paint, so that in our large 
eastern cities the retail sales of adulterated lead are comparatively nomi- 
nal. The reason is obvious. For cheap work and temporary structures 
the adulterated paint is quite good enough, while more permanence of 
structure demands a corresponding improvement in all the articles used 
in building. PAINTS- 
Twenty-five pounds of pure linseed oil are poured into an enameled 
iron pot, which holds about forty pounds weight; the pot is then placed 
on a moderately strong charcoal fire, and the linseed oil heated for about 
half an hour to the boiling point. In the mean time four ounces of pure 
oxide of manganese are to be rubbed down in linseed oil. This mass is 
then put into a small vessel provided with a spout, and poured in drops 
into the boiling linseed oil, while being gently stirred with a wooden 
spatula. 
PREPARATION OF LIGHT DRYING YARNISH. 
During the rising and effervescence of the heated oil, the dropping in 
of the manganese preparation must stop. 
As soon as the oil has settled, the dropping in is continued to the last. 
The vessel is washed out with linseed oil, which is poured into the boiling 
oil. The varnish is now boiled slowly lor an hour, but if a stronger or 
more quickly drying varnish is desired, it should be boiled for half an hour 
or an hour longer. 
The finished varnish is then removed from the fire, covered with a clean 
plate, and left to rest for about twenty-four hours, then carefully poured 
off into clean vessels. The sediment and other residue are geneially used 
for ordinary ground colors. 
The pure linseed oil varnish poured into glass bottles can be perfectly 
bleached by selecting a suitable spot where the sunlight and moonlight 
penetrate. According to Dr. Gromann, moonlight bleaches quicker than 
sunlight. The clear bleached linseed oil varnish is used only for the finest 
white oil and lac colors, and for dissolving the copal lacs, as well as a 
drying medium for all fine oil colors. 
This is essentially a paint composed of boiled linseed oil, brown umber, 
lime water, sulphate of copper, Prussian blue, copperas, burnt clay, cal- 
careous silex, (whatever that may be.) litharge, asphalt, red-lead, gum 
animi, and turpentine. It was probably through mere modesty that the 
inventor stopped after adding these ingredients and did not continue 
through the drug shop. The paint is no better and no worse than one 
containing an impure oxide of copper for pigment, and linseed oil and 
asphaltum for the menstruum. It will no doubt protect the wood to 
which it is applied in sufficient quantities, from external action, so long 
as it lasts. 
ZOPISSA. PAINTS. 
101 
BLACK VARNISH FOR ZINC. 
Professor Bottge prepares a black coating for zinc by dissolving two 
pans of nitrate of copper and three parts crystallized chloride of copper in 
64 parts of water, and adding eight parts of nitric acid of specific gravity. 
This, however, is quite expensive ; and in some places the copper salts are 
difficult to obtain. On this account, Puscher prepares black paint or 
varnish with the following simple ingredients : Equal parts of chlorate of 
pota h and blue vitrol are dissolved in 36 times as much warm water, and 
the solution left to cool. If the sulphate of copper used contains iron, it 
is precipitated as a hydrated oxide and can be removed by decantation or 
filtration. The sine castings are then immersed for a few seconds in the 
solution until quite black, rinsed off with water, and dried. Even before 
it is dry, the black coating adheres to the object so that it may be wiped 
dry with a cloth. A more economical method, since a much smaller quan- 
tity of the salt solution is required, is to apply it repeatedly with a sponge. 
If copper colored spots appear during the operation, the solution is 
applied to them a second time, and after a while they turn black. As soon 
as the object becomes equally black all over, it is washed with water and 
dried. On rubbing, the coating acquires a glittering appearance like 
indigo, which disappears on applying a few drops of linseed oil varnish 
or “ wax milk,” and the zinc then has a deep black color and gloss. The 
wax milk just mentioned is prepared by boiling one part of yellow soap 
and three parts Japanese wax in 21 parts of water, until the soap dissolves. 
When cold, it has the consistency of salve, and will keep in closed vessels 
as long as desired. It can be used for polishing carved wood-work and 
for waxing ballroom floors, as it is cheaper than the solution of wax in 
turpentine, and does not stick o'1 smell so disagreeable as the latter. A 
permanent black ink for zinc labels is prepared by dissolving equal parts of 
chlorate of potash and sulphate of copper in 18 parts of water, and adding 
some gum arabic solution. The black polish above described is recom- 
mended as permanent and capable of resisting quite a high temperature. 
WHITE PAINT FOR METALLIC SURFACES. 
Dr. Sees says when oil paints are used for metallic surfaces that are 
subjected to heat, they turn yellow and brown from the burning of the 
organic portion of the paint. If, instead of oil, soluble glass be used, there 
will be no organic or combustible substance to brown it. Zinc-white 
mixed with soluble glass of from 40 deg. to SOdegs. 8.. to the consistency of 
ordinary paint, forms a beautiful and permanent color that will stand any 
required heat, without browning and blistering, and can only be removed 
by mechanical means. A not very large quantity should be mixed at one 
time, as a chemical change takes place and the paint hardens. 102 
PAINTS. 
PAINT ON WROUGHT IRON PLATES. 
This matter has been carefully investigated under the auspices of the 
Dutch State Railways, and the result was brought before the Society of 
Dutch Engineers by Yan Diesen. Of thirty-two plates, half the number 
were plunged in diluted hydrochloric acid tor twenty-four hours, then 
neutralized with lime (slaked), rinsed in hot water, and while warm, rubbed 
with oil; the other half were mechanically cleaned by means of scraping 
and brushing. Four plates of each kind were then prepared with one coat 
of red lead, two sorts of oxide of iron, and coal tar. This was done at 
Harkort’s works in July, 1867. The plates were then exposed to the 
influence of the weather for a period ol three years and re-examined, 
when it was found : 1. That the coating of red lead had stood well on 
plates of either method of preparation, therefore in this case no prefer- 
ence could be assigned. 2. That oxide of iron, by Kampand Soeten, gave 
better results on plates cleaned chemically than on those cleaned mechani- 
cally, the coat on the former being in as good a state of preservation as the 
red lead. 3. That oxide of iron by Anderghem gives as good results on 
plates cleaned chemically as the two previous materials, but is inferior to 
them if applied to scrubbed surfaces. 4. That coal tar is much inferior to 
any of the preceding; from scrubbed surfaces it had almost entirely disap- 
peared. 
WATERPROOF PAINT FOR CANVAS. 
The following is a cheap and simple process for coating canvas for 
wagon-tops, tents, awnings, etc. It renders it impermeable to moisture, 
without making it stiff and liable to break. Soft-soap is to be dissolved in 
hot water, and a solution of sulphate of iron added. The sulphuric acid 
combines with the potash of the soap, and the oxide of iron is precipitated 
with the fatty acid as insoluble iron soap. This is washed and dried, and 
mixed with linseed oil. The addition of dissolved india-rubber to the oil 
improves the paint. 
PREPARING WATER-COLORS. 
A convenient method of preparing water-colors for artistic and other 
uses, suggested by E. L. Molyneux, consists in preparing a sheet of card- 
board in such a manner that it will not absorb color, and then painting it 
with any desired oolor prepared with sufficient sizing. When one coat is 
dry, another is added, and so on, until a mass of sufficient thickness has 
been formed. These sheets are cut up and the pieces may' then be pasted 
on different sheets, each sheet containing as many different colors or 
pieces as desired. In using these tablets, the amount of color required may 
bo taken off with a brush moistened with water, thus dispensing with the 
use of the slabs or tiles usually required in grinding the cakes. PAINTS 
103 
LACKERS. 
Lackers are used upon polished metals and wood, to impart the 
appearance of gold. They are wanted of different depths and shades of 
colors. The following are recipes for their preparation : 
1. Deep Golden-Colored Lacker.—Seed-lac, 3 ounces; turmeric, 1 
ounce; dragon’s blood, 34 ounce; alcohol, 1 pint. Digest for a week, 
frequently shaking. Decant and filter. 
2. Golden-Colored Lacker.—Ground turmeric, 1 pound ; gamboge, 
1 ounces; gum-sandarac, 3% pounds; shellac, 34 pound (all in powder); 
rectified spirits of wine, 2 gallons. Dissolve, strain, and add one pint of 
turpentine varnish. 
3. Red-Colored Lacker.—Spanish annatto, 3 pounds; dragon’s 
blood, 1 pound; gum-sandarac, 334 pounds; rectified spirits, 2 gallons; 
turpentine varnish, 1 quart. Dissolve and mix as the last. 
4. Pale Brass-Colored Lacker.—Gamboge, cut small,! ounce; 
Cape aloes, ditto, 3 ounces; pale shellac, 1 pound; rectified spirits, 2 
gallons. Dissolve and mix as No. 2. 
5. Seed-lac, dragon’s blood, annatto and gamboge, of each 34 pound; 
saffron. ! ounce, rectified spirits of wine, 10 pints. Dissolve and mix as 
No. 2. 
The following receipes make most excellent lackers: 
1. Gold Lacker.—Put into a clean four-gallon tin 1 pound ground 
turmeric, 134 ounces of powdered gamboge, 334 ounces of powdered gum- 
sandarac, 34 pound of shellac, and 2 gallons spirits of wine. After being 
agitated, dissolved, and strained, add 1 pint of turpentine varnish well 
mixed. 
2. Red Lacker.—Two gallons spirits of wine, 1 pound of dragon’s 
blood, 3 pounds of Spanish annatto, 414 pounds of gum-sandarac, 2 pints of 
turpentine. Made as No. 1 lacker. 
3. Pale Brass Lacker,—Two gallons spirits of wine, 3 ounces of 
Cape aloes cut small, 1 pound of fine pale shellac, 1 ounce of gamboge, cut 
small, no turpentine varnish. Made exactly as before. 
But observe that those who make lackers frequently want some paler, 
and some darker, and sometimes inclining more to the particular tint of 
certain of the component ingredients. Therefore, if a four ounce vial of a 
strong solution of each ingredient be prepared, a lacker of any tint can be 
procured any time. 
4. Pale Tin Lacker.—Strongest alcohol, 4 ounces; powdered tur- 
meric, 2 drachms; hay saffron,! scruple; dragon’s blood, in powder, 2 
scruples; red saunders, 34 scruple. Infuse this mixture in the cold for 
forty-eight hours, pour off the clear, and strain the rest; then add pow- 
dered shellac. 34 ounce ; samlarac, 1 drachm ; mastic, 1 drachm ; Canada 
balsam, 1 drachm. Dissolve this in the cold by frequent agitation, laying 104 
PAINTS. 
the bottle on its side, to present a greater surface to the alcohol. When 
dissolved, add 40 drops of spirits turpentine. 
5 Another Deep Gold Lacker.—Strongest alcohol, 4 ounces; 
Spanish annatto, 8 grains; powdered turmeric, 2 drachms ; red saunders, 
12 grains. Infuse and add shellac, etc., as to the pale tin lacker; and. 
when dissolved, add 30 drops of spirits of turpentine. 
Lacker should always stand till it is quite tine before it is used 
WOOD-STAINING. 
1. Ordinary Black Staining.—Brazil wood, powdered gall-nuts, 
and alum are boiled in water until a black color is obtained; the liquid is 
filtered and spread upon the wood, which is then covered with a prepara- 
tion of iron filings heated for some days with vitriol and vinegar. It then 
becomes of a fine black color. 
2. Staining Fine Woods.—Applicable especially to app’e, pear, and 
walnut woods. Four ounces gall-nuts, one ounce powdered logwood, % 
oz. vitriol, and 34 oz. verdigris are boiled with water, and the solution, 
filtered hot, is applied to the wood, which is then coated with a solution 
of one ounce fine iron-filings dissolved in wine vinegar. 
Inlaid wood is treated with a liquid prepared by mixing 34 oz- sal- 
ammoniac with a quantity of steel-filings, adding vinegar, and leaving the 
mixture for fourteen days in a warm oven. In this liquid the wood is 
boiled, and then allowed to remain therein for three days; it is then 
similarly treated with a mixture of gall-nuts and Brazil-wood decoction. 
A CLEAR FLEXIBLE VARNISH. 
Puscher recommends a solution of alum soap in oil of turpentine as 
a specially advantageous varnish for metallic objects which are exposed to 
high temperatures. Such a varnish does not possess the brilliancy of 
damar varnish, but it has greate. flexibility and resists heat better. The 
alum soap is prepared by adding a solution of alum to a boiling soap solu- 
tion as long as a precipitate ensues, washing the latter, and drying. This 
alum soap is transparent, like glycerine soap, and soluble, in all propor- 
tions, in oil of turpentine.—Polyt. Ceniralbl. 
PARISIAN WOOD-VARNISH. 
To prepare a good varnish for fancy woods, dissolve one part of 
good shellac in three to four parts of alcohol of 92 per cent in a water 
bath, and cautiously add distilled water until a curdy mass separates out, 
which is collected and pressed between linen ; the liquid is filtered through 
paper, all the alcohol removed by distillation from the water bath, and the 
resin removed and dried at 100 degs. Centigrade until it ceases to lose 
weight; it is then dissolved in double its weight of alcohol of at least 90 
per cent, and the solution perfumed with lavender oil. PAINTS. 
105 
CLARIFYING VARNISH, ETC. 
A method of clarifying liquids designed by F. Kersting, of Washing- 
ton. by which it is stated that the time used in removing impurities from 
varnishes'by settling maybe reduced horn several months to forty-eight 
hours, is as follows: Mix with every ten gallons of varnish one half-pound 
each of powdered marble-dust and burnt oyster-shells. All the impurities 
in the varnish will, it is stated, be attracted by and adhere to the oyster- 
shell dust, and the weight of the marble-dust mixed therewith precipitates 
every floating particle to the bottom of the receptacle containing the 
varnish. This process may be also applied to the clarification of turpen- 
tine, oils, and molasses. 
PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLIC LAKES. 
By A. Morell.—Amongst the many spirit varnishes, the gold var- 
nishes are especially defective in not adhering firmly enough to a metallic 
surface. 
To remedy this, pure crystallized boric acid is dissolved in the varnish 
to the extent of half a part in 100 parts of the varnish. Thus improved, 
the varnish poured upon a plate forms a hard glassy coating, so firmly 
adherent and hard as to be impenetrable on scratching with the finger- 
nail. 
The above proportion of boric acid must be carefully adhered to, or 
the varnish loses its intensity of color. 
NEW PLASTIC COMPOSITION. 
It is stated by H. E. Shepard, of New Haven, Ct., that by mixing 
pounded fragments of mica with a proper proportion of shellac, a compo- 
sition is made that, when moulded into suitable forms, will present the 
appearance of shell on the surface, and will be much harder and tougher 
than other compositions of which shellac forms the basis. 
POLISH FOR FURNITURE. 
Eight parts of white wax, two parts of rosin, and half a part of Venice 
turpentine, are melted at a gentle heat. The warm mass, completely 
melted, is poured into a stone jar, agitated, and six parts of rectified oil of 
turpentine are added thereto. After 24 hour , the mass having the con- 
sistency of soft butter, is ready for use. Before using the paste, the 
furniture should be washed with soap and water and then well dried. 
INDESTRUCTIBLE PUTTY. 
Boil four pounds brown umber in seven pounds linseed oil for two 
hours; stir in two ounces of wax; take from the fire and mix in o>2 
pounds chalk and 11 pounds white-lead, and incorporate thoroughly. 
The latter operation is quite essential. 106 
PAINTS 
MANUFACTURE OF ZINC AND LEAD PIGMENTS. 
Franklin Osgood, of New York, states that by the following process 
the shimmings and dross made in zincing or galvanizing may be utilized 
in making zinc-lead : Take the zinc-dross or skimmings, mix with coal- 
dust and introduce into any suitable furnace. In another furnace, charge 
ores of lead, or lead-dross, or a salt of lead, mixing in coal in a like manner; 
or the metallic materials and the coal may be mixed and charged in one 
furnace. The fire is then kindled, and as the heat rises, the vaporized 
metals pass upward and are drawn through flues by an exhaust, the 
mixed vapors uniting and forming a combination which may be condensed 
in chambers or bags in chambers adapted for that purpose, forming what 
is known as zinc-lead. If the zinc skimmings are “* ammoniacal ” they 
should be first deprived of alkali. .Any of the known ores of zinc may be 
used in place of the skimmings or dross, if preferred, by first roasting the 
same so as to separate any acid. 
Edward Milner, of Warrington, England, manufactures white-lead 
by the following process : Mix Avith finely-ground litharge a solution of 
the chlorides of sodium, potassium, or ammonium, and keep the mixture 
thoroughly agitated for a tew hours. Next pass a current of carbonic 
acid and violently agitate the compound until it no longer gives an alka- 
line reaction, when the product will be found to be carbonate of lead of 
great body and capacity, which only needs washing (to free it from salts) 
and drying, to be ready for use. 
MANUFACTURE OF WHITE-LEAD. 
DULL VARNISH. 
A varnish which does not reflect light is prepared by mixing a solu- 
tion of resin with some liquid in which resin is insoluble. A mixture of 
three to five parts of sandarac dissolved in forty-eight parts of ether and 
two and a half parts of benzol, resembles ground glass Avhen dry. A solu- 
tion of dammar resin in benzol mixed Avith ether also gives a good dull 
varnish. Water renders the varnish semi-opaque. Alfred Hughes recom- 
mends the following receipt: Ether, 560 grammes ; benzol, 240 grammes ; 
sandarac, 40 grammes ; Canada balsam, 10 grammes. 
VERMILION ANHYDROUS CUPROUS OXIDE. 
By R. Bottger.—Two parts of potassium hydrate are dissolved in 10 
parts of water in a porcelain basin, one part of starch sugar is added, and 
then one part of cupric tartrate; the mixture is heated to about 60 deg. 
till it assumes a bright and deep red color, and then immediately poured 
into a considerable quantity of Avell-water previously de-aerated by 
boiling. PAINTS. 
107 
MANUFACTURE OF GLUE. 
To avoid the many difficulties experienced from the changes of the 
atmosphere in drying glue by the usual method, O. S. Follett, of Mont- 
clair, N. J., proposes the drying of the jelly by placing it in a close box 
or chamber containing a water absorbent, such as chloride of calcium, etc. 
MANUFACTURE OF WHITE LEAD. 
Instead of vaporizing the acetic acid by direct heat in the usual man- 
ner, A. P. Meyler , of New Britain, Ct., proposes passing the carbonic 
acid gas through the acid so as to compel a partial vaporization of the 
latter, and to carry over into the corroding-chamber only so much as can 
bo economically used, which, he states, possesses important advantages 
over the old process in the saving of cost of apparatus, fuel, and attend- 
ance, besides producing a better quality of lead. 
GRAINING. 
Mr. M asurt, in his book on graining, says : The best and cheapest and 
most convenient simple material for making grounds for light oak, maple, 
ash and chestnut, is pure raw Italian sienna, tinted with pure white lead, 
not the so-called sienna which is sold by most paint dealers under that 
name, but the genuine article, which can be, and should be obtained even 
at some cost and trouble, the said color being one of the most useful and 
indispensable articles in the paint shop. For maple ground, of course the 
smallest quantity is required, it being necessary only to change the white 
to the faintest suggestion of straw color. For ash, the ground should be 
but little darker. For light oak more of the sienna will be required, while 
for chestnut a decidedly yellowish tone is wanted. Care must be taken 
not to make the grounds too dark. Rather in the other extreme, for 
the reason, that there is a remedy for a too light ground, in the application 
of a greater quantity of graining color, as also in the glazing coat: while 
a ground too dark, cannot be made lighter. For dark oak, burnt Italian 
sienna with white will produce afar better ground than any other single 
color. The same caution must be observed, however, in obtaining this 
color as recommended in the case of the raw Italian sienna. The domes- 
tic so-called siennas will not prove substitutes for the genuine Italian 
pigments. 
The ground for black walnut may be the same as for light oak with the 
addition of a little burnt sienna and black. No two professed grainers. 
perhaps, will agree as to the exact tint of color for ground work, each one 
having some predilection for a particular tone. These instructions being 
offered, not to the expert, but to the uninitiated, we do not propose to run 
counter to any man’s prejudices, our object being as aforesaid, to simplify 
the matter to the last possible degree. 108 
PAINTS 
RULES OF THE NAVAL STORE TRADE. 
The Naval Store trade have adopted the following rules : 
All contracts for the purchase or sale of Spirits Turpentine shall, unless 
otherwise specified, be on the basis and at the rate of seven (7) pounds net 
weight per gallon. 
Spirits Turpentine barrels and their contents shall be weighed bj' 
pounds, and have their gross weight distinctly and conspicuously marked; 
while the actual tare of every barrel, after being properly glued, shall be 
cut or indelibly branded on one head. 
Rosin shall be bought and sold by the barrel of 280 pounds gross, shall 
be weighed by pounds, proper allowance being made for moisture and 
adhering dirt, and each barrel shall have its weight distinctly marked on 
one head. 
Buyers may examine and test, at their own expense, the accurraey of 
weights to extent of ten (10) per cent, of any lot, and any error thus ascer- 
tained shall be corrected by reweighing the lot by another weigher, at 
seller’s expense, or the average difference as ascertained, may by mutual 
agreement be made basis of settlement. ■W & Jackman. DAVID HOADLEY. 
We live in an age in which the moral tone of the business 
community is by no means high. Not to speak of flagrant 
acts of dishonesty, which startle and alarm us by their fre- 
quency, the general standard of what is fair and legitimate, in 
the dealings of man with man, is not such as to make us very 
proud of our Christian civilization. One need not be much of 
a moralist to see and deplore this. Sharpness and shrewd- 
ness, rather than perfectly straightforward dealing, too generally 
characterize the money-making man. People are beginning to 
doubt whether, after all, honesty be really the best policy 
whether a slight deviation occasionally from the perfectly straight 
path is not necessary to enable a man to compete with his 
neighbor on fair and equal terms. 
It is proposed to present the life of one against whose stainless 
probity and perfect truth no word of doubt was ever spoken, 
and yet who was one of our most successful business men. 
David Hoadley was born at Waterbury, Connecticut, on the 
13th day of February, 1806. The busy manufacturing town of 
to-day was then a small quiet New England village, with the 
industrious farmers, the white houses and red barns, and the 
meeting-house, with its tapering spire. His father was a man 
who needed a wider and more extensive field of labor, so that 
when the subject of this sketch was about eight years of age, 
he removed with his family to New Haven. 
Here the boy was able to enjoy much greater educational 
advantages than he could have received at his native place. 
The next following years were spent at school, and in the quiet 
of a home where his life was blessed by the influence, both in 112 
DAVID HOADLEY. 
precept and example, of a mother, whom he venerated and 
loved, and to whom he never occasioned a moment of sorrow or 
pain. 
He was carefully prepared for entering Yale College, it 
being at first the desire of his parents that he should study 
a profession. His mental attainments were of a high order, 
and his talents promised marked success. The last year which 
he spent in study was passed in Philips’ Exeter Academy, at 
Andover, Massachusetts, and he returned home almost if not 
entirely fitted for college. But just at this time his plan was 
frustrated. He was naturally of a frail constitution. Close 
and unremitting application to his books had impaired his health 
to such a degree that, greatly to the regret of his friends and 
himself, he was compelled to relinquish the sedentary life of a 
student, and to undertake some more active employment. He 
then became a clerk in the drug store of Messrs. Hotchkiss & 
Durant, in New Haven. This place was his training-school in 
business, and there he remained until the day of his attaining 
his majority in 1827. He then started for New York to seek 
his fortune, with a business capital of one thousand dollars, 
received from his father, and with undaunted courage and con- 
scious self-reliance. 
Messrs. Frisby & Ely were at that time carrying on a drug 
business in the lower portion of a building standing at the 
corner of Wall and Water streets, afterwards the site of the office 
of the Journal of Commerce. This building was burned in 
1835. Here the young man was received, and the firm became 
Frisby, Ely & Hoadley. But this partnership was of short 
duration. Scarcely more than a year elapsed before Mr. Ely 
died and Mr. Frisby retired. Mr. Hoadley, at 24, almost a boy 
in years, but a man in intellectual force and vigor, was left at the 
head of the house, the sole survivor. 
He then associated with himself Mr. George D. Phelps, who 
died about two years ago, the firm name being Hoadley & 
Phelps. The same store was occupied until the year 1833, DAVID HOADLEY. 
113 
when Mr. John W. Fowler was admitted as a partner, and the 
name of the concern was changed to Hoadley, Phelps & Co. 
The business was then removed to 142 Water street, where the 
firm continued for fifteen years in uninterrupted prosperity. 
Few houses in the city became better known than Hoadley, 
Phelps & Co. No firm excelled them in mercantile credit and 
integrity. They did a large business for those days, perhaps 
the largest of any house in their line. It was also a lucrative 
one. Mr. Hoadley, as the head of the house, acquired an envi- 
able notoriety. He was the popular man of the firm, and while 
he was known to be careful in business negotiations, he never 
permitted an appeal for a worthy object to pass unnoticed. 
He was emphatically a worker. It was that same nervous, 
active energy which showed itself in his very movements, 
especially in his quick decided step, which made him a success- 
ful man. His devotion to business was ardent and even enthu- 
siastic. He was ambitious to secure and maintain the place 
which he so long held among business men. His industry was 
indefatigable ; he never lost a moment, but applied himself, with 
all his energy, to whatever he undertook. His days of recrea- 
tion were rare, and he never failed to return to his work at the 
time and hour appointed. In fact business was his chief 
pleasure and pastime. 
His perception was acute, and his judgment excellent. In 
matters requiring prompt determination his quick decision 
rarely erred. He was remarkably systematic, and the influence 
of his care and order was perceptible in store and office. 
During Mr. Hoadley’s life as a drug merchant he built what 
was, for those days, a very fine house, at the corner of Houston 
and Mulberry streets, then a desirable place of residence. 
There he lived until, towards the close of his connection with 
that business, he removed to West Seventeenth street, near the 
Fifth avenue. 
About 1830 he married Miss Mary 0. Hotchkiss, daughter of 
Russell Hotchkiss, of New Haven. She died in 1837, and he 114 
DAVID HOADLEY. 
subsequently married Miss Elizabeth C. Tappan, of Pough- 
keepsie. 
Mr. lloadley was a warm and efficient friend of the worthy 
young man of merit. He was an active member of an institu- 
tion formed about 1835, called the Young Men’s Society (some- 
what similar in its objects to the Young Men’s Christian Asso- 
ciation of the present day), many of whose members are now 
among our most eminent merchants and lawyers. His partner, 
Mr. Phelps, was its President, and was succeeded by the Hon. 
Henry E. Davies. Mr. Hoadley’s sympathies never grew old, 
and the struggling young man obtained from him cheering 
advice and encouragement, and when there was need, more 
substantial aid. 
In 1848 Mr. lloadley retired from the drug business, and the 
firm sold their stock and good will to Messrs. Schieffelin 
Brothers & Co. He spent a year in settling up the affairs of 
the old concern, and then became Vice-President of the Ameri- 
can Exchange Bank, under that veteran financier, David Leavitt, 
who had early discovered his ability. But this position was not 
congenial to his tastes, and in 1853, declining the Presidency of 
the bank, he accepted that of the Panama Railroad. This 
office he filled with marked success, until, at the end of eighteen 
years, his failing health determined him to resign. 
A short account of the early history of the Panama Railroad 
may not here be out of place. The discovery of gold in Cali- 
fornia was followed by an extraordinary exodus of fortune- 
seekers from the older States, “ the Argonauts of 1849,” as a popu- 
lar writer has termed them, all anxious to reach the distant El 
Dorado. But the dangers and difficulties of the way were 
almost insurmountable. Two long ocean voyages, in crowded 
and unhealthy ships, were the least of the travelers’ discomforts. 
Transit across the Isthmus was effected only by great labor and 
expense, canoes being used from the mouth of the Chagres 
River to an Indian village named Cruces, a distance of thir- DAVID HOADLEY. 
115 
teen miles, from whence mules afforded the only means of car- 
riage, along a wretched bridle path, to Panama. 
It was at once considered as of the greatest importance that 
a railroad should be built, and a company was organized for that 
purpose. The first estimate for building the road was one mil- 
lion of dollars; but the natural difficulties were so great that 
when, on the 27th day of January, 1855, the last rail was laid, 
nearly ten times that sum had been expended. Only the 
undaunted energy and nndoubting faith of Mr, Hoadley and 
his associate directors carried the work to its completion. 
Tangled jungles, swamps almost impenetrable, fevers, malaria 
and poisonous reptiles and insects resisted every attack of the 
invading civilization. Scarcely was an obstacle overcome before 
another, equally or more formidable, arose to take its place. 
The number of laborers who died was greatly exaggerated, and 
stories with little foundation were freely circulated as to the 
fatal results which would surely follow the further prosecution 
of the work; but it is undoubtedly true that many lost their 
lives in the fatal and death-dealing swamps. Incessant rains 
moreover stayed and impeded the completion of the enterprise. 
Great difficulty was found in obtaining laborers for the work. 
Every possible means was employed for this purpose. Cana- 
dians, Irish laborers from New York, negroes from Jamaica, 
emigrants directly from Cork, natives of the Isthmus and of 
the adjacent countries, and coolies from China were all em- 
ployed. They were found to bear the hardships and the effects 
of the climate in the order in which they are now mentioned, 
the Canadians being rarely sick, and the coolies dying off in 
such numbers that the survivors were removed to Jamaica and 
other fields of labor. 
At no time did the prospects of the company seem more dis- 
heartening than in the fall of 1851, The funds had become 
exhausted, and only on the personal credit of the directors 
could more means be obtained. The stock wTas almost worth- 
less, and the enterprise seemed a hopeless failure. But just 116 
DAVID HOADLEY. 
at this time came the intelligence that eleven hundred passen- 
gers, who had arrived from New York in two steamers, had 
actually been conveyed over the road, on its gravel and con- 
struction cars, for a distance of some eight or nine miles, and 
that that portion of the road was available for transportation. 
The friends of the enterprise were inspired with new hopes, the 
steadfast upholders of the work were relieved from the doubts 
and anxieties which had almost overwhelmed them, and public 
confidence was restored. 
In July, 1852, twenty-three miles of the road were completed, 
being nearly one half of the entire distance, and in January, 
1854, it reached Summit Ridge, thirty-seven miles from the 
Atlantic terminus. The work was pushed on with great 
vigor, until, in February, 1855, through daily trains were run- 
ning from ocean to ocean. 
The character of the work is admirable. It has one hundred 
and seventy bridges and culverts, all of them of iron, and one 
of them six hundred and twenty-five feet in length. The road- 
bed is ballasted throughout with stone to the depth of eighteen 
inches, and the rails are laid on ties of lignum vitae,—a wood 
almost indestructible even in that wet climate. Probably a 
more substantial railway cannot be found in the world. 
Of the admirable management of the completed road it is 
needless to speak. Every one knows of its great success. It 
is enough to say that, under the efficient direction of its 
President, it more than repaid the wildest dreams of it origina- 
tors, until its great rival carried the California trade directly 
across the Continent. 
Mr. Hoadley was for many years an active trustee of the 
Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, and a member 
of its Finance Committee. Here his careful judgment and 
and discrimination were exceedingly valuable, and his counsel 
was, in perhaps every instance, followed. 
Mr. Hoadley possessed a peculiar power of inspiring personal 
affection. The perfect truth and sincerity of the man were DAVID HOADLEY. 
117 
always evident; his warm sympathy was ever on the surface; 
his kindly winning smile spoke of purity of thought and deed 
most difficult of attainment. Yet it was not the truth or the 
sympathy or the purity alone which won the hearts of those 
who knew him. The influence was peculiar and indescribable, 
yet all felt it; the presence was that of one who insensibly yet 
surely won your attachment without knowing it himself. 
Those who sawT him only in business life felt a peculiar attrac- 
tion—felt that he inspired something more than respect, akin to 
yet differing from reverence, scarcely less than love. 
He was the generous dispenser of charity. No worthy object 
for the improvement of his fellow-men ever appealed in vain to 
his open-hearted liberality; wherever there was suffering there 
his practical sympathy went; wherever there was grief he 
endeavored to assuage it; wherever want existed his aim was 
its relief. Benevolent societies found no surer friend, charitable 
institutions owed much to his active, earnest co-operation. 
For the last eight or nine years of his life, Mr. Hoadley 
resided at Englewood, New Jersey, attending daily to his busi- 
ness in the city. Even after his resignation of the Presidency 
of the railroad, his habits of work and application were such 
that he was almost daily in New York as usual. He delighted 
in his beautiful home, with its perfection of cultivation, and the 
glories of the distant view melting away to the West. No man 
was ever more universally loved and respected than he at the 
place of his suburban residence. 
He wras not old when he died. His quick, elastic move- 
ments, his nervous energy, his admirable judgment, and his 
unimpaired mental powers, indicated a man whose eye was 
not dimmed, or natural force abated. But an insidious 
and fatal disease had attacked him, and when it was hardly 
more than suspected, it had done its work. Quietly but surely 
it undermined a constitution never very strong. Everything 
was done for him which esteem and affection could prompt, but 
to no purpose. On the 20th day of August, 1873, in the quiet 118 
DAVID HOADLEY. 
rest of his country house, with friends and neighbors, one and 
all, regarding his loss as a direct personal sorrow, quietly and 
without pain he died. And thus we close the record of what 
one who loved him called “ a beautiful life, which faded away 
gradually, like a glorious sunset.” 
The large crowded church at his funeral told of the feelings 
with which he was regarded. Old men came from New York 
to show their esteem for the character of one whose prosper- 
ous career some of them had watched from its beginning. 
His business associates in large numbers evidenced their res- 
pect for their energetic co-laborer. And the residents of the 
village closed their stores, and suspended their daily duties, to. 
bow in reverent grief over the remains of one, whose familiar 
face they should never see again. 
Any sketch of Mr. Hoadley’s life which did not enlarge on 
the Christian grace and personal excellence of the man, would 
fail to give any true conception of his character. To him 
religion wTas a vital thing, entering into every duty of life, 
influencing every action, regulating every thought. What would 
seem, when spoken of most men, to be extravagant eulogy, is in 
his case the mere statement of simple fact. * 
He would himself Innvever have been the first to disclaim 
any such exalted character. Not the least conspicuorft of his 
virtues was humility. Looking at himself from within, with 
full knowledge of unspoken thoughts, of unexecuted desires, 
of germs which in most men would have borne their natural 
fruit, he humbly sawT his own imperfections and never 
appreciated the grandeur of his simple Christian life. To such 
a scrutinizing inward gaze errors and failings must have been 
sadly visible, for the best of us are human. But to those who 
saw him as he appeared to the wmrld, as the active church 
officer, the upright man of business, the upholder of every good 
work, the liberal dispenser of bounty, the pure and humble 
man of God, to them it seems difficult to give an adequate idea 
of the beauty of his character. DAVID HOADLEY. 
119 
Such men are sent as examples. Not alone in the family 
and in business circles is their influence felt. It goes out from 
them, whether they know it or not, pervading all who come 
within their influence, and touching all with a benediction. 
The moral of Mr. Hoadley’s life is not far to seek. Especially 
does it come home to business men, who can learn from his 
story that success is entirely consistent with perfect integrity ; 
nay, more, that the truest success depends upon integrity, and 
cannot be attained without it. And such a lesson our business 
meii, and especially the younger ones, will do well to study and 
ponder. REVIEW 
OF THE 
NEWYORK OPIUM MARKET 
DURING 1873- 
JANUARY. 
The New York opium market opened with a very heavy stock on 
hand, being, January Ist, 1873, 900 cases, against, January Ist, 1872, 350 
cases. In Smyrna at the same time the stock on hand January Ist, 1873, was 
2,150 cases, and in the interior January Ist, 1873, G5O eases. In London 
the stock on hand included, January Ist, 1873, 936 cases. 
The heavy stock on hand in New York was due to the high prices 
which ranged during 1872 in our market; and, encouraged by these favor- 
able advices, Smyrna holders of opium consigned their surplus stock to 
the United States. Upon good authority it was estimated that two-thirds 
of that heavy stock was consigned by Smyrna merchants and held for their 
account. Notwithstanding this heavy stock on hand, holders wore very 
firm, offering but little from first hands. 
Sales opened the new year with $6 12%, gold, for opium in bond 
advancing to $6 25, gold, at which prices bujrers refused to operate. On 
the 6th of January cable advices from Smyrna reported an advance there 
to 225 piasters, which was not generally credited here, and prices receded 
gradually to $6, gold, in bond. About the 10th of January cable advices 
from Smyrna reported rumors of damage to the growing crop, but these 
accounts had no effect whatever at first; a day or two afterwards limited 
sales were reported at $6 06% to $6 12%, gold, in bond. A lot of 10 cases 
which about that time was reported as sold on private terms, and for 
re-export, leaked out to have been made at $5 95, gold, and for shipment 
to London, weakened the already not too strong market down to |6, gold. NEW YORK OPIUM MARKET. 
121 
On the 13th of January several cables were received, all agreeing that 
prices in Smyrna were firm at 225 piasters, yet our market still remarred 
quiet and entirely nominal at $6, gold, in bond. About the middle of 
January holders were forced to submit to a further reduction, and a few 
isolated cases were offered and taken at $5 90, gold. On the 20th a cable 
from Smyrna reported a decline there to 216 piasters, and holders here 
reduced correspondingly their rates to $5 80, gold ; yet no buyers seemed 
willing to lay in heavier supplies than immediate wants would demand. 
On the 25th it was generally reported that the speculative movement 
which was set on foot the day before had induced holders to withdraw 
their stock from the market. The result was a better demand, and some 
225 cases changed hands on private terms, said to have been within $5 75 
and $5 80, gold. At the former price a few cases were bought for 
English account and shipped to Liverpool. Manufacturers of morphine 
bought some 75 to 100 cases, and the balance of about 65 cases were offered 
at $6, gold, of which only 20 cases found takers at that figure. Mo doubt 
the balance could have been placed also but for cable advices reporting a 
decline in Smyrna from 216 to 212 piasters, thus closing the month at the 
nominal price of $5 95, gold, in bond. 
FEBRUARY. 
The month of February opened rather quiet, with sales of five cases at 
$5 87%. gold, in bond. On the 4th of February a cable from Smyrna 
reported the market there weak at 210 piasters. This news depressed our 
market, and sales were made in consequence thereof at $5 75, gold, in 
bond. On the 7th of February a further reduction to 200 piasters was 
reported, and holders here, to meet the exigencies of the case, reduced 
their rates to $5 62)4, gold, at which rate only 15 eases found buyers. On 
the 10th of February a cable from Smyrna reported limited sales at 195 
piasters, upon which holders offered their stock more freely at $5 
gold, but without finding buyers. Three days later Smyrna advices 
reported the market weak at 180 piasters, and with a still further down- 
ward tendency, which soon proved true, for the next day a cable reported 
sales at 175 piasters. Here the market declined in one day from $5 02)4 
to $5 25, gold, with sales of 15 eases at $5 12)4, gold, prompt cash. This 
created an uneasy feeling, and several days passed before an explanation 
from Smyrna assured, holders that late low prices accepted were due to 
the extreme stringency of the Smyrna money market, and that the crop 
accounts were decidedly unfavorable, owing to the severe drought then 
prevailing all over Turkey, and the season altogether being adverse to all 
growing crops. This in itself restored confidence, and the decline in our 
market was effectually checked, with sales at $5 37%—a slight advance. 
On the 20th a cable from Smyrna confirmed previous reports of damage to 122 
NEW YORK OPIUM MARKET. 
quoted an advance to 200 piasters. This stimulated a more active 
demand, and prices rapidly advanced to $5 62%, at which rate some 70 
cases changed hands, closing with sales of smaller parcels at $5 75, gold. 
A few days later an intercepted cable from Smyrna reported a sale of 80 
cases at 195 piasters, a decline, and at the end of the month our market 
closed somewhat easier at from $5 70 to $5 75, gold, the latter figure being 
quite nominal. 
MARCH. 
The month of March opened rather dull, Smyrna prices having still 
further receded to 190 piasters, buyers refused to purchase except at a con- 
cession, which was promptly met on the part of holders, who reduced their 
rates to $5 62%, gold, for small parcels and of broken packages, while 
whole cases only found takers at $5 50, gold, in bond. On the 7th of March 
a cable reported prices down to 180 piasters and market weak, which brought 
New York prices down to $5 12%, gold. The following day a further 
decline was reported from Smyrna, with sales at 170 piasters. Here prices 
receded to $5, but even at that rate we heard of no sales for four days. 
On the 17th a cable from Smyrna reported a speculative feeling, with 
liberal sales at 175 piasters. This stimulated a better demand, and we 
noticed sales of 40 cases at from $5 to $5 06%, gold. About the 25th a cable 
reported a slight reduction in value in Smyrna, with sties at 170 piasters. 
Our market nevertheless did not respond, and we noted sales at $5, closing 
quite firm at $5, gold, in bond. 
APRIL. 
The month of April opened with advices from Smyrna of an advance 
from 170 to 174 piasters, and holders here withdrew some of their 
offers, which were $4 80 to $5, gold; at the former price some 70 cases 
and at the latter some 40 cases Sold; while 10 cases brought $5 06%, 
gold. On the 4th a cable from Smyrna brought reports of a short crop 
in prospect and sales at 175 piasters; our market therefore became firm 
at $5 12%, gold, at which rate 15 cases changed hands. About the 
middle of the month rumors from Smyrna reporting damage to the crop 
were freely circulated, also that prices had advanced there to 190 piasters ; 
neither was credited, and later letter advices reported sales at 183 piasters. 
Our market ruled steady at from $5 12% to $5 18%, with sales at the 
former quotation. On the 20th the same rumors were again reported 
by cable of damage to the growing crop; but the unsettled state of our 
money market prevented an advance in value. Strange to remark, 
notwithstanding reliable cable advices of sales at 185 piasters, our market 
receded from 12% c to 18% c, gold, and single cases were sold again at $5, 
gold. Up to the 25th the market ruled in favor of buyers, who laid in NEW YORK OPIUM MARKET. 
123 
stock, although to a limited extent only, at $5, gold, 30 days, cr the usual 
discount for cash. On that day a cable reported an advance from 185 to 
190 piasters, and the month closed here with a better feeling and sales 
at $5 12)4, gold, in bond. 
MAY. 
The month of May opened with a firm market and active demand; 
sales in Smyrna at 190 piasters and in London at 22s 6d. In our market 
37 cases changed hands at $5 12% to $5 25, gold. On the 6th of May a 
cable from Smyrna reported that rain was falling, it having been very dry 
up to that time, and that prices had slightly receded, with sales at 183 to 
185 piasters. Notwithstanding the above reports, prices here took an 
upward instead of a downward course, and we notice sales at $5 25, gold, 
with not a few holders asking $5 gold. On the 10th two cables 
were received, but both kept private, the knowing ones offering to se 1 
again at $5 25 and $5 20. On the 13th of May advices by mail, as compared 
with corresponding dates sometime previously received by cable, were 
conflicting, so far as the crop was concerned; prices here lost their ground, 
and we note small transactions at $5 Up to the 20th all cables were 
again kept secret; and holders offering their stock more freely, accepted a 
slight reduction ; this concession cleared a lot of 40 cases, which were in 
somewhat anxious hands to realize, and upon being withdrawn from the 
market prices closed on the 25th firm at $5 25, gold. On the 27th a 
cable from Smyrna reported sales at 183 piasters, with sales here in round 
lots at $5 25, gold, in bond. -On the 30th of May confirmation of previous 
cable advices reporting the prospects of a short crop, were received in this 
city and widely circulated all over the country, raising piices at the end of 
the month to $5 50, gold, with sales of 100 cases at from $5 25 to $5 
gold. On the 31st a cable from Smyrna reported sales of 200 cases at 
190 piasters. 
JUNE. 
The month of June opened feverish. The statement of the prospect of 
the new crop, which at first upon good authority was estimated to yield 
3,000 cases, soon was reduced to 2,500 cases. On the 2d a cable from Smyrna 
reported there a large speculative demand at 210 piasters, and parties 
here predicted on the strength of that that prices in Smyrna would reach 
before July 245 piasters. At from 205 to 210 piasters liberal sales were made 
in Smyrna, and our market immediately responded to the advance, with 
sales of 75 cases at $5 50 to $5 Soon upon this cables from London 
reported there important transactions at 23s to 245, gold, which induced 
holders here to ask a further advance, with sales at $5 75, gold, in bond. 
On the sth cf June cables from London reported sales at 24s to 255, a fur- 124 
NEW YORK OPIUM MARKET. 
ther advance which strengthened the views of sellers here, and we noted 
sales here of 10 cases at $5 §l%, gold, in bond; asking prices not in 
few instances $5 9) to |G, gold. On the 10th of June a cable from Smyrna 
reported transactions at 210 piasters, and closing with a firmer feeling at 
215 piasters. Upon those advices, sales were made here at $6, gold, in 
bond. On the 15th cables from .Smyrna quoted 213 piasters, and Lon- 
don 245, a slight reduction, which quieted our market; but we noticed no 
reduction in value. On the 20th 2 ) cases'were thrown upon our market, 
and to clear the same $5 87)4, gold, was accepted. Smyrna cable received 
towards night, and after the sale was made, reported a slight improve- 
ment in prices there with sales at 215 piasters. From that time on until 
the close of the month prices ruled steady with sales at SG, gold, and 
in bond. 
JULY. 
The month of July opened with cables from Smyrna at 217 piasters, 
which caused a better demand and sales of 75 cases at $G for spot, and 
10 cases August delivery at |6 25, gold. On the Bth a cable from Smyrna 
quoted 220 piasters, although in this market sales of G5 eases were made at 
from |6 12)4 to |G 25, gold. On the 11th another cable quoted 225 
piasters, which advanced prices here from $6 25 to $6 31%, gold. On 
the 15th a further advance in Smyrna to 227 piasters, with sales here at 
$G 31% for spot, and $0 50 for August delivery. On the 21st prices receded 
in Smyrna to 225 piasters, prices ranging here from $G 31% to $6 50, gold. 
The month of July closed less firm with sales of some outside lots at 
$G 25, although first hands were less inclined to yield to outside pressure. 
The quotations, although not based on actual gales, were $G 37)4, bond ; 
$7 40, gold, and $8 40, currency, duty paid. 
AUGUST- 
The month of August opened without cables from Smyrna, and prices 
slightly fluctuated in consequence thereof, opening with limited sales at 
|6 37%, and gradually declining to $6 25, gold ; and abouc the 10th a few 
cases changed hands at from $G to |G 25, gold, in bond, and $8 10 to $8 12)4, 
currency, and duty paid. On the 15th a cable from Smyrna reported 
sales at 205 piasters, and $G 12%, gold, was paid in our market. On the 
20th of August a sale of 10 cases reported within the limit of |6 to $G 12)4, 
gold. On the 22d cables from London reported sales there to a consider- 
able extent, and for shipment to China ; but, although that transaction was 
well known and fully credited here, prices were quite nominal at $6 12%, 
and the market very quiet. On the 2Gth a cable from Smyrna reported 
sales at 210 piasters, which strengthened the- views of holders, and the 
asking price reached $G 25, gold. The month closed with a sale of 5 
cases at $6 18%, gold, for spot, and $6 25, gold, September delivery. NEW YORK OPIUM MARKET. 
125 
SEPTEMBER. 
The month of September opened with cable advices of an advance to 
215 piasters, and sales here at $6 25, gold ; asking rate |6 gold. The 
advance in Smyrna was lost by the 10th, and no sales in bond recorded, 
owing to the almost nominal price then ruling here; a few cases changed 
hands at $7 25, gold, and $8 25, currency, and duty paid. The middle of 
the month still found prices ruling in favor of buyers, and duty paid; 
opium selling in small parcels at $8 20, currency. On the 20th a few cases 
sold at $6 25, geld, and broken lots at $8 30, currency, closing the month 
without cable dispatches, and prices entirely nominal, at $G 25, gold, in 
bond ; $7 25, gold, duty paid, and broken case lots at $8 20 to $8 25, cur- 
rency. 
OCTOBER. 
The month of October opened with a better feeling, influenced by 
more favorable advices from London and Smyrna; but already on the 
sth some forced sales of duty paid opium at $7, gold, duty paid, a decline 
of 25c, gold, in the face of better foreign advices, unsettled the market 
to some extent. On the 10th cables from Smyrna reported sales at 220 to 
225 piasters. A material advance was immediately demanded here, but not 
acceded to, and although $G 50, gold, was the ruling price for large lots, 
small lots from jobbers’ hands sold at f7 25, gold. On the 15th another cable 
reported sales in Smyrna at 230 piasters. Thirty cases sold for future 
delivery, buyers’ option, at $G 30, gold, which so demoralized a few holders 
that for prompt cash they parted with their stock at |6, gold, although 
the principal holders refused to sell on the spot below $G 50, gold. 
About the 20th several cables were said to have been received, but found 
no credence, tor the difference was from 236 to 230 piasters, and prices here 
became quite nominal in bond, varying at from $6 25 to $6 30, gold, clos- 
ing the month with limited demand and unimportant sales at $6 25? 
gold, in bond. 
NOVEMBER, 
The month of November opened with cables from Smyrna at 225 pias- 
ters, yet holders here conceded a trifle, asking $G 12%, gold, in bond, 
without sales; jobbing lots changed hands at SB, currency, duty paid. 
On the 8 h cable advices reported prices quite nominal at from 215 to 
220 piasters. Sales here to a very limited extent and within range of 
$6 gold. On the 15th prices receded in Smyrna to 210 piasters. No 
sales in bond were reported, and quotations entirely nominal at $6 12, gold, 
in bond. Duty paid opium felt the pressure, and jobbers accepted $7 
currency, a reduction of On the 19th a further decline to 208 
piasters was reported, which produced its effect on our market the next 126 
NEW YORK OPIUM MARKET 
day; duty paid declined from $7 12% to $7, gold. No sales in bond, 
although several parcels were offered at $6, gold. Towards the 24th a 
cable from Smyrna reported the market steady with a better demand for 
China, but buyers not willing to pay more than 200 piasters, at which rate 
some few orders were tilled. Here the month closed with an entire 
absence of all but small orders, and sales "for odd parcels were made at 
SG, gold, and in bond. 
The mouth of December opened dull, and values nominal at SG, gold. 
On the sth cables reported that the orders for China had been filled at 
from 200 to 203 piasters, and that holders were again asking 20G piasters. 
Our market here still flagged, and even SG, gold, was not obtainable. No 
sales of any importance took place during the whole month, and holders 
soon offered their stock at $5 95, gold ; still no demand, except in the job- 
bing way at $6 95 to $7 gold, duty paid. About the 15th a few cases sold 
in bond at |5 90, and soon after single cases changed hands at $5 87%, 
gold, in bond, and $6 gold, duty paid. Jobbing and broken case lots 
sold in a small way at $7 85, currency, duty paid ; closing the year dull 
and entirely nominal at $5 50, gold in bond; $7 70 currency, and Smyrna 
cable quoting 185 piasters. 
DECEMBER. OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
5 
January.—1867. 
Bond. Duty paid. 
Gold. Currency. 
Gold. 
134 
1 
July. 
Bond. 
Gold. 
$4 50 
Duty paid. 
Currency. 
$9 73 
Gold. 
139 
2 
January.—18-8. 
Bond. Duty paid. 
Gold. Currency. 
4 50 9 40 
Gold. 
134% 
n. 
9 07 
9 10 
134 
135 
8 
4 50 
9 73 
138 
4 55 
9 57 
9 72% 
137 
139 
19 
4 31 
15 
4 25 
9 41 
139% 
15 
4 62% 
26 
9 05 
134 
22 
9 50 
140 
22 
4 75 
10 12% 
14C 
February 
29 
4 50 
9 80 
140 
29 
4 80 
10 22 
140 
2 
8 98 
136 
August. 
February. 
9 
16 
23 
4 15 
• 4 12% 
4 50 
9 83 
140% 
140% 
141% 
10 S3 
10 25 
10 29 
10 63 
10 55 
142% 
141 
141 
141% 
140% 
139 
9 05 
9 13 
9 10 
138 
139 
133 
139 
139 
139 
134% 
12 
19 
9 65 
9 72% 
5 
(2 
19.. 
26 
6 
4 80 
4 
11 
18 
March. 
4 121/* 
9 20 
9 00 
9 00 
8 90 
26 
2 
4 50 
September. 
4 25 
9 94 
9 fa 
142 
144 
March. 
5 00 
9 
9 65 
143 
13 
5 00 
10 42 
25 
4 12% 
16 
23 
4 20 
9 57% 
9 57% 
113 
143 
20 . .. 
27 . .. 
5 00 
5 00 
10 47 
10 40 
140 
138% 
138% 
6 
13 ... . 
April. 
4 19 
9 00 
13 
30 
7 
4 25 
October. 
9 59 
9 61 
143% 
145 
2 . 
April. 
. 5 00 
10 38 
8 89 
133 
20.... 
27 
4 ... . 
11 
4 10 
14 
4 2C 
9 72% 
9 57 
9 50 
9 41 
■9 30 
144% 
144% 
142% 
110% 
140% 
140 
138% 
137 
9 
5 00 
10 31% 
10 33 
338 
8 93 
135 
21 
4 15 
18 
5 00 
138% 
139% 
140 
139% 
139% 
140 
139% 
4 00 
May. 
4 06 
8 90 
8 92 
9 00 
137 
136 
136 
28 
4 
11 
.. 4 12% 
November. 
4 20 
4 10 
23 
30...... 
7 
May. 
5 25 
10 50 
10 72 
10 81 
18 
25.... 
31 
4 15 
4 25 
4 30 
June. 
9 10 
9 28 
9 35 
136% 
137% 
1S7 
18 
25 
2 
4 00 
December. 
9 10 
9 00 
8 90 
14 
21 
28 
5 20 
5 20 
5 25 
10 72 
10 74 
10 81 
3 
9 55 
136% 
137 
138 
9 
4 00 
8 87% 
8 75 
8 67 
8 67 
136% 
133% 
133% 
133 
10 70 
10 48 
10 25 
9 97 
139 
139% 
140 
140 
10 
9 60 
16 . 
4 1ft 
11 
5 00 
17 
9 66 
24 
9 65 
137% 
33 
25 
J'Jew York Opium Quotations, 1867-1873. OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
129 
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OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
January—1870. 
J OLY. 
January.—1871. 
Bond. 
Duty paid. 
Bond. 
Duty paid. 
Bond. 
Duty paid. 
Gold. 
Currency. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Currency. 
Gold 
Gold. 
Currency. 
Gold. 
5 
12 33 
122 
6 
$8 37 
$12 16 
111% 
4 
6 37 
8 16 
110% 
12 
12 20 
122 
13 
7 75 
12 35 
120% 
11 
6 25 
8 02 
110% 
19 
7 25 
12 00 
121 
20 
7 75 
12 30 
120 
18 
6 25 
8 00 
110% 
26 
7 00 
11 50 
121 
27 
7 00 
11 59 
122 
25 
.... 6 25 
8 00 
110% 
February. 
August. 
February. 
2 
7 18* 
12 15 
121 
3 
6 50 
10 73 
118 
1 
6 12% 
7 95 
111% 
9 .. . 
7 37 
11 94 
121 
10 
9 95 
117 
8 
6 12% 
7 92 
111 
16 
11 99 
120 
17 
6 00 
9 95 
117 
15 
6 12% 
7 92 
111% 
23 
7 87 
11 95 
11834 
24 
6 75 
10 80 
116% 
22 
5 75 
7 52 
111/2 
March. 
31 
6 75 
10 80 
116% 
March. 
2 
8 00 
12 12 
111% 
September, 
1 
5 50 
7 21 
111 
9 
8 1 p, 
11 85 
111 
7 
10 55 
114 
8 
5 40 
7 IS 
111 
16 . 
. 8 25 
19 no 
14 
10 45 
113 
15 
... 6 25 
6 94 
111% 
23 
8 50 
12 20 
21 
7 00 
10 72 
112% 
22 
4 75 
6 36 
110% 
30 
8 75 
12 55 
1111/* 
28 
7 00 
10 67 
112 
29 
4 70 
110% 
October. 
April. 
6 .. . . 
7 87 
11 67 
5 
10 11 
114 
4 62 
6 20 
110% 
13 
7 87 
11 65 
112 
12 
5 75 
9 34 
113% 
12 
4 45 
6 03 
110% 
20 
7 87 
11 80 
113% 
19 
9 30 
113 
19 
4 25 
rrt 
00 
tU. 
111 
27 
8 00 
12 12 
115/2 
26 
6 00 
9 48 
HI/* 
26 
4 25 
5 85 
111% 
May. 
November. 
May. 
4 
7 62 
11 63 
115 
2 
6 12/* 
9 55 
110% 
3 
5 28 
111% 
11 . . 
. 7 62 
11 60 
9 
9 75 
111% 
10 
4 00 
5 70 
111% 
18 
7 62 
11 63 
115 
16 
6 25 
9 83 
112% 
17 
4 37 
6 02 
111% 
25 . 
. 7 50 
11 45 
23 
6 1214 
9 62 
111% 
24 ... 
4 50 
6 25 
111% 
June. 
30 
6 12% 
9 62 
111% 
31 
4 62% 
6 27 
111% 
1 
7 50 
11 35 
113/2 
December. 
June. 
8 
11 32 
11314 
7 
6 00 
9 44 
111% 
7 
4 25 
90 
15 
7 60 
11 45 
113 
14 
6 12/2 
9 55 
110% 
14 
4 25 
5 90 
112 
22 
... 7 75 
11 42 
112 
21 
6 12/2 
9 60 
111 
21 
4 50 
6 19 
112% 
29 
7 75 
11 48 
11‘2/2 
28 
6 25 
9 66 
IIO/2 
28 
4 50 
6 15 
112 
|Ntew York Ppium Quotations, 1867-1873.— Pontinued OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
131 
July. 
January—1872. 
July 
5 
4 62 
113% 
113J/8 
•j 
5 45 
109% 
109 
3 
4 95 
6 78 
7 39 
114 
114 
13 
4 62 
6 36 
10 
4 00 
5 45 
11 
19 
4 50 
6 17 
112% 
112% 
17 
4 00 
5 45 
109% 
1C9% 
109% 
18 
5 50 
7 39 
7 33 
114 
114% 
26 
4 00 
5 61 
24 
.. 4 00 
5 45 
25 
5 87 U 
August. 
31 
4 00 
5 48 
August. 
2 
9 
4 25 
5 89 
5 91 
113* 
112/2 
7 
Febeuaey 
4 25 
5 77 
109% 
1 
8 
5 25 
7 24 
7 ?5 
7 20 
115% 
16 
5 91 
112% 
14 
5 77 
109 
15 
110% 
115 
33 
30 
4 12 % 
4 12% 
5 77 
5 75 
112% 
112 
21 
28 
4 30 
4 50 
5 81 
6 21 
110% 
110 
22 
29 
6 96 
6 85 
113 
112 
6 
13 
September. 
4 12% 
3 95 
5 78 
5 64 
112% 
114 
7 
14 
Maech. 
5 00 
5 00 
6 61 
6 60 
110% 
no 
5 
12 
September. 
6 73 
7 00 
113 
20 
3 90 
5 52% 
114 
4 75 
19 
21. .. 
6 12 
110% 
no 
110% 
7 32 
7 36 
7 45 
115 
113 
114 
27 
4 
11 
3 87% 
OCTOBEE. 
3 90 
4 00 
5 59 
5 63 
5 73 
H43£ 
115 
114% 
114% 
112% 
38 
4 
Apeil. 
6 17 
6 28 
26 
3 
OCTOBER. 
18.... 
25 
4 00 
4 00 
5 73 
5 61 
11 
18 
25 
4 75 
6 35 
6 10 
6 19 
110% 
in 
H2% 
9 
16 
6 00 
7 62 
7 91 
8 20 
113 
118% 
113 
November. 
1 
....; 4 00 
5 57 
111% 
May. 
6 
November. 
ft 
.. 4 on 
5 52 
5 56 
5 40 
5 43 
111 
111% 
110% 
110% 
5 
4 5n 
fi 2.3 
112% 
8 29 
113 
.. 4 on 
12 
4 40 
fi 17 
13 
6 25 
8 35 
114 
113% 
22 
29 
3 90 
3 90 
December. 
. 4 87 
6 10 
5 98 
113% 
113% 
20 
7 91 
26 
June. 
27 
December. 
7 90 
113 
6 
5 35 
110% 
109% 
109 
6 
4 25 
5 99 
114% 
114 
4 
6 00 
7 87 
7 79 
7 84 
112% 
113 
112 
13 
3 70 
5 13 
13 
4 13% 
5 85 
11 . 
5 90 
20 
3 75 
5 22 
20 , .. 
... 4 40 
6 12 
113% 
18 
6 00 
27 
4 00 
5 46 
109% 
17 ... 
4 50 
6 27 
114 
27 
6 12% 
7 95 
113 OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
2 
January.—1873. 
Bond. Duty paid. 
Gold. Currency. 
.. fi 12U 8 00 
Gold. 
112 
2 
JULY'. 
Bond. 
Gold. 
6 00 
Duty paid. 
Currency. 
8 20 
Gold 
115 
2 
SMYRNA. 
January—1850, 
94 
8 
6 00 
7 84 
112 
9 
8 SO 
115 
9 
15 
7 84 
112% 
113>£ 
114 
16 
.. 6 25 
8 45 
116 
16 
93 
93 
91 
32 
7 75 
23 
.... 6 50 
8 70 
115% 
115% 
23 
29 
5 87% 
7 75 
30 
6 37)6 
8 58 
30 
“ 
5 .. 
February'. 
7 80 
114 
114% 
115 
6 
August. 
6 37% 
8 50 
115% 
6 
February. 
91 
92 
92 
94 
95 
97 
98 
100 
12 . 
... 5 50 
7 50 
13 
6 25 
8 40 
115)6 
13 
19 
26 
5 37% 
5 62% 
7 40 
7 80 
30 
27 
6 12% 
C 18)4 
8 25 
8 20 
115% 
115 
20 
27 
“ . 
5 
12 
March. 
5 50 
5 00 
7 50 
7 00 
115 
115 
3 
10 
{SEPTEMBER. 
6 25 
6 25 
8 40 
8 10 
116 
111 
■6 
13.... 
March. 
19 
5 12%' 
7 10 
115)4 
17 
6 25 
8 10 
111 
20 
26 
5 00 
April. 
7 00 
116 
24 
1 
October. 
8 12)6 
8 10 
112 
111 
37 
April. 
2 
, 5 00 
7 10 
117 
8 
6 25 
8 00 
110 
3 
102 
9 
' i 37% 
118 
6 37% 
10 
ii 
104 
16 
5 25 
7 40 
117)6 
5 
108% 
108% 
107 
107 
17 
102 
100 
95 
91 
90 
85 
81 
79 
81 
23 
5 00 
7 10 
117)4 
29 
5 
12 
6 35 
November.. 
6 12% 
7 <:o 
7 65 
7 65 
7 70 
24 
tt 
30 
7 
5 00 
May. 
8 10 
7 37% 
117 
117% 
1 
8.... 
May. 
14 
5 12% 
7 25 
110 
19... . 
... 6 00 
109 
15 
21 
5 06)6 
7 20 
117 It 
26 
6 0C 
7 70 
109 
22 
28 
4 
5 25 
June. 
5 75 
7 50 
8 30 
111; 
118 
3 
10 
December. 
6 00 
6 00 
7 70 
7 75 
109 
109% 
112 
29 
5 
June. 
11 
6 00 
8 3214 
117)6 
17 
7 85 
12 
18 
25 
£ 90 
8 20 
116 
24 
5 87% 
7 85 
110 
19 
if 
82 
83 
6 00 
8 31% 
115% 
■31 
5 5C 
7 70 
110% 
26 .. .. 
“ 
Smyrna Qpium Quotations, 1850-1873. OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
133 
July. 
January.-^1851. 
JULY. 
3 
85 
4 
90 
89 
87 
85 
5 
93 
10 
84 
11 
13 
93 
17 
,< 
86 
18... 
„ 
19 . 
u 
94 
24 
(C 
8c 
25 
S6.. 
<. 
95 
31 
« 
86 
7 
August. 
87 
1 
8 
February 
84 
83 
2 
9 
August. 
94 
£3 
87 
86 
85 
15 
<< 
82 
6 
“ 
92 
28 . 
23 
81 
23 
90 
89 
88 
4 
11 
September. 
84 
85 
87 
89 
1 
March. 
79 
79 
78 
77 
78 
30 
6 
September. 
Piasters 
18 
25 
15 
“ 
13 
20 
.< 
88 
90 
October. 
29 
27 
“ 
93 
2 
9 
16 
90 
91 
92 
5 ... . 
12 
April. 
77 
79 
85 
4 
11 
October. 
90 
89 
23 
30 
u 
92 
95 
19 
“ 
18 
25 
89 
88 
6 
November. 
94 
94 
93 
92 
26 
3 
May. 
87 
90 
1 
November. 
87 
10 
a 
90 
8 
■ •* 
87 
27 
17 
u 
15 
88 
December. 
9A 
23 
<< 
88 
31 
29 
<< 
90 
4 
91 
11 
“ 
92 
June. 
December. 
18 
.. . “ 
92 
7 
91 
6 
90 
27 
91 
14 
(( 
92 
13 
<( 
93 
92 
Highest price paid during 1850. . 
. 1C4 piasters, N. C. 
21 
93 
20 
Lowest “ 
. 79 
< 
38 
U 
93 
27. .. 
U 
91 OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
January.—1852. 
J ULY. 
Januarv—1853. 
3 
92 
3 
15 
3 
87 
10 
10 
(( 
88 
8 
(( 
85 
86 
85 
IT 
97 
17. 
.< 
93 
I • 
24 
.. 
99 
24 
95 
22 
« 
31 
4 1 
99 
31 
<< 
98 
29 
(I 
84 
87 
89 
92 
90 
88 
7 
February. 
..Piasters 
98 
7 
August. 
95 
February. 
14 
97 
14 
“ 
90 
12 
21.... 
« 
98 
99 
98 
95 
21 
“ 
87 
28 
6 
13 
March. 
28 
4 
11 
September. 
83 
83 
84 
26 
5 
March. 
it 
18 
83 
84 
85 
83 
83 
12 
89 
20 
96 
25.. 
19 
« 
87 
21 
3 
10 
April. 
97 
97 
95 
2 
9 
16 
October. 
26 
o 
9 
April. 
86 
8G 
85 
17 
95 
23 
<< 
82 
81 
83 
85 
83 
16 
24 
<• 
96 
30.... 
87 
1 
May. 
92 
6 
November. 
23 
30 
May. 
.. “ 
88 
89 
8 
15 
•“•**•*' 
91 
91 
20 
.... 
7 
14 
88 
87 
89 
90 
22 
« 
89 
8S 
27 
84 
29 
.. 
4 
December. 
85 
21........ 
28 
« 
June. 
11 
« 
85 
June. 
5 
18 
87 
89 
SS 
12 
‘i 
84 
27 
87 
C. 
11 
19 
U 
84 
83 
18 
26 
87 
87 
26 
.. “ 
Lowest “ “ 
81 
Ppium Quotations, Pontinued, OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
135 
July. 
January—1854. 
July. 
2 , 
86 
r>* ♦ 
1 
86 
8 
“ 102 
16 
“ 
87 
21 
U 
15 
23 
88 
28 
(l 
22 
30 
*• 
89 
29 
August. 
February. 
August. 
6 
00 
4 
91 
13 . . 
90 
11 
91 
12 
“ 103 
20 
<< 
£1 
18 
90 
19 
“ 104 
27 
<( 
91 
£5 
91 
26 
September. 
March. 
September. 
3 
00 
4 
92 
3 
m 
90 
11.... 
91 
10 . . 
“ Hi 
17 
91 
18 
92 
17 
“ 113 
91 
25 
« 
eo 
24 
“ 116 
October. 
April. 
October. 
i 
Piasters 
90 
1 
90 
1 
8 
90 
4t 
91 
8 
... . “ 121 
15 
“ 
89 
15 
.. . “ 123 
22 
** 
90 
22 
22........ 
..... “ 124 
90 
29 
91 
29 
92 
29 
126 
November. 
November. 
5 
Piasters 
89 
May. 
6 
12 
90 
6 
qo 
13 
“ 127 
19 
. .. 
89 
ii. 
91 
20 
“ 128 
2G 
** 
88 
•20 
93 
27 
“ 129 
December. 
* 
27 
96 
December. 
3 
88 
4 
10 
87 
June. 
11 
“ 132 
17 
88 
3 
95 
18 
“ 134 
24 
« 
90 
10 
97 
27 
•* 135 
Highest price paid daring 1H53.. 
. .92 piasters, N. 
C. 
17 
9S 
Highest i rice paid during 1854.. 
.135 piasters. N.C. 
Lowest “ “ 
‘‘ “ .. 
..84 
24 
99 
Lowest 
“ “ 
“ “ ... 
. 87 136 
OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
J ANUAEY.—1855. 
July. 
Januaet — 1856. 
6 
139 
7 
91 
5 
. Piasters 
104 
13 .. 
- *% 
137 
14 . 
ii 
93 
12 
103 
20 
“ 
1C 8 
21 
“ 
92 
19 
f 
.. 
103 
27 
“ 
137 
28 
.... 
93 
26 
102 
Febeuaey. 
August. 
Febbuaby. 
3 
..Piasters 
137 
4 
93 
101 
10 
136 
11 
“ 
92 
9 
101 
17 
134 
18 
“ 
91 
1fi 
tt 
100 
24 
.. 
130 
25 
“ 
91 
23 
i. 
99 
Maech. 
1 ... . 
Septehbee. 
92 
Maech. 
3 
129 
91 
3 
.. Piasters 
97 
10 
127 
15 
u 
93 
10 
“ 
98 
17 
124 
22 
<< 
94 
17 
“ 
98 
24 
123 
44 
24 
“ 
99 
31 
120 
OCTOBEE. 
31 
. 
100 
Apeil. 
6 
94 
Apeil. 
7.... 
120 
13 
“ 
93 
6 
101 
14 
119 
20 
92 
. 
j. 
w ~-v 
lo 
1U2 
21 
117 
27 
ii 
95 
20 
104 
23 
“ 
120 
Novembee, 
<t 
105 
3 
96 
May. 
May. 
5 
120 
5 
100 
12 
ii 
121 
17 
99 
12 
106 
19 
ii 
121 
24 
103 
19 
u 
107 
December. 
119 
105 
26 
108 
June. 
8 
108 
June. 
2 
in 
15 
io; 
2 
110 
9 
10o 
22 
it 
105 
9 . . 
it 
111 
16 
• i 
100 
29 
u 
104 
16.. 
« 
112 
23 
ii 
93 
C. 
23 
,4 
116 
SO 
.. 
92 
Lowest 
“ “ “ 
91 
118 
jSMYRNA ppiuM Quotations, 1850-1873 Continued. OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
137 
July. 
January.—,1857. 
J ULY, 
6 
120 
3 
124 
4 
13 
*< 
124 
10 
<( 
125 
11... 
“ 99 
20 
127 
17 
« 
123 
18 
“ 100 
27 
.« 
129 
24 
122 
25 
“ 102 
August. 
31 
121 
August. 
4 
130 
February. 
1 
11 
131 
8 
•' 105 
122 
132 
15 
“ 104 
25 
•« 
1S3 
14 
120 
22 
106 
21 
121 
September. 
28 
<< 
118 
29 
•' 108 
1 
131 
September, 
8 
133 
March. 
5 
15 
u 
126 
7 
115 
12 
“ 120 
22 
130 
14 
116 
19 
29 
.* 
128 
21 
« 
113 
26 
“ 139 
October. 
28 
111 
October. 
6 
128 
April. 
3 
13 
U 
127 
4 ... . 
110 
10 
20 
126 
u 
17 .. .. 
“ 189 
27 
■ < 
125 
tl 
24 
“ 135 
10? 
November. 
25 
“ 
106 
31 
3 
125 
November. 
10 
<< 
123 
May. 
r* 
17 
“ 
125 
2 
107 
14. 
129 
24 
«( 
124 
9 
“ 
108 
December. 
16 
“ 
109 
i 
124 
23 
110 
December. 
8 
125 
5 . 
15 
<• 
124 
June. 
12.. ., 
22 
123 
6 
107 
19 
28 
a 
124 
13 
105 
27 .. 
Highest price paid during 1850. 
. 133 piasters, N. C. 
20 
•• 
ICO 
Highest price paid during 1857. 
.139 plasters, N. C. 
Lowest “ 
“ “ ... 
. 97 
“ 
27 
96 
Lowest 
. 96 OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
2 .. 
January—1838. 
123 
3 
J ULY. 
130 
3 
January.—1859. 
. .Piasters 
159 
9 
122 
10 
132 
10 
ICO 
16 
<• 
124 
17 
“ 
131 
15 
.. 
164 
23 .. 
123 
24 
u 
133 
22 
‘t 
166 
30 
.1 
126 
3i 
<. 
135 
29 
167 
February. 
August. 
February, 
7 
139 
5 
10Q 
13 
125 
14 
141 
12 
168 
127 
21 
. “ 
143 
19... 
170 
28 
145 
20 
<< 
171 
March. 
4 
bEPTEMBER. 
150 
March. 
6 
123 
11 
u 
151 
5 
170 
18... 
a 
123 
154 
12 
172 
20 
121 
19 
<• 
171 
27 
<< 
121 
October. 
26 
<< 
172 
April. 
2 
156 
April. 
3 
120 
9 
154 
2 
170 
10 
127 
16 
“ 
152 
9 
168 
23 
“ 
150 
16 
100 
24 
u 
129 
30 
“ 
151 
23........ 
„ 
162 
November. 
30 
1S8 
May. 
6 
Piasters 
152 
i 
130 
“ 
150 
May. 
8 
•* 
132 
20 
151 
7 
150 
15 
131 
n 
14 
“ 
140 
22 
u 
133 
21 
121 
D tiC-L-IMU-LK. 
29 
135 
4 
Piasters 
153 
28 
124 
June. 
n 
155 
June. 
5 
131 
18 
... . “ 
156 
4 
. .Piasters 
128 
13 
a 
129 
<< 
158 
11 
a 
131 
19 
U 
127 
157 Biasters. N. C 
18 
.< 
136 
26 
.. 
129 
Lowest “ “ 
.121 
> 
25 
« 
139 
Smyrna Opium Quotations, 1830-1873 Continued. OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
139 
July. 
January—I860. 
July. 
2 
137 
135 
13° 
7 
152 
1 
Q 
14 
150 
8 
,, 
« 
153 
129 
•2ft 
.. 
156 
22 
“ 147 
SO 
131 
29 
“ 142 
August. 
4 
February. 
158 
August. 
6 
133 
11 
5 
13 
132 
161 
164 
12 
20 
134 
18— 
19 
“ 139 
136 
166 
27 
26.. . 
“ 140 
September. 
March. 
September. 
o} 
138 
4. .... . 
168 
10 
140 
11.... 
169 
17 
•< 
142 
18 
« 
171 
18 
24 
« 
140 
25 
« 
172 
1 ... 
October. 
140 
April. 
October. 
138 
137 
136 
138 
1 
177 
7 
8 
(( 
183 
14 
“ 141 
.< 
181 
21 
... . “ 140 
„ 
22 
« 
180 
28 
“ 141 
November. 
29 
« 
172 
November. 
5 
141 
144 
117 
119 
May. 
4 
11 
Piasters 141 
“ 140 
19 
“ 
6 
li 
160 
152 
18 
“ 142 
“ 141 
26 
20 
a 
141 
December. 
.7 
« 
140 
December. 
3 
150 
4 
10 
a 
148 
June. 
11 
“ 141 
17 
« 
149 
138 
136 
134 
18 
... “ 140 
27 
•* 
151 
25 
“ 139 
Highest price paid daring 1859.. .172 piasters, N. C. 
17 
Highest price paid during 1860.. 
.183 piasters. N.C. 
Lowest 
'• “ ...121 
“ 
l4 
132 
Lowest “ '• 
.132 OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
5.... 
January—1861. 
139 
6 
J ULY. 
131 
4 
J ANUARY.—1862. 
115 
12 
138 
13 
129 
11 
116 
19 . 
,, 
139 
£0 
u 
127 
18 
115 
26 
1ST 
27 
« 
123 
114 
February. 
,Q 
August. 
121 
February. 
2 
136 
136 
134 
10 
1 
113 
9 . . . 
120 
8 
112 
16 
“ 
17 
24 
u 
119 
117 
15.... 
“ 
113 
23 
135 
136 
135 
31 
3 
22 
114 
4 . 
March. 
September. 
118 
117 
29 
March. 
112 
n 
10 
119 
4 
111 
18 
25 
136 
134 
17 
u 
118 
119 
11 
109 
24 
» 
18 
no 
October. 
25 
108 
109 
110 
108 
in 
6 
13 
April. 
138 
139 
5 
12 
117 
118 
119 
117 
5 
April. 
20........ 
“ 
140 
26 
10 
2?.: 
“ 
142 
November. 
26 
May. 
2 
116 
4 
144 
9 
117 
115 
113 
3 
May. 
114 
11 
18 
145 
16 
10 
115 
30 
111 
17. . 
118 
25 
147 
31 
145 
2 
December. 
112 
114 
31 
120 
124 
June. 
9 
June. 
3 
140 
16 
« 
116 
3.. . 
127 
128 
10 
137 
27.. 
u 
115 
10 
IT 
135 
. C. 
17. .. 
24 
132 
Lowest “ 
“ ~ “ ....111 “ 
24 
.... 
131 
S/VLYRNA P PIU M QUOTATIONS, 1850-1873 j^ONTINUED. OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
141 
J ULY. 
January.-^1863. 
July. 
5 
,.. Piasters 
13o 
3 
155 
3 
12 
142 
10 
155 
10 
19 
.< 
17. 
« 
156 
17 
“ 139 
26 
.. 
153 
24 
155 
24 
“ 138 
31. 
>< 
154 
31 
140 
2 
August. 
155 
February 
August. 
9 
156 
155 
1 
8 
*'• 147 
16 
“ 
157 
14 
23 
_<■ 
155 
154 
15 
30 
152 
21 
28 
157 
22 
153 
29 
147 
6 
13 
September. 
.. .. Piasters 
150 
141 
7 
March. 
155 
5 
September. 
20 
<• 
142 
14 
154 
« 
144 
21 
154 
26 
28 
4; 
155 
4 
October. 
Piasters 
146 
April. 
3 
October. 
11 
142 
4 .. . 
154 
152 
154 
153 
10... ... 
18 
<< 
144 
11 
17 .. .. 
“ 145 
25 
145 
18 
24.... 
November. 
25 
“ 
31 
1 
Piasters 
147 
November. 
8 
... . “ 
149 
May. 
7 
152 
4 
150 
14 
•* 144 
22 
U 
154 
11 
« 
149 
21 
« 
155 
155 
155 
18 
“ 
147 
28 
December. 
25 
31 
„ 
146 
144 
5 . 
December. 
12 
June. 
12 
20 
6 
19 
27 
,< 
156 
13 
26 
.157 piasters, N 
C. 
20 
139 
Lowest 
“ “ “ “ 
108 
’* 
27 
“ 
138 
Lowest 
*• 'i it 
.142 142 
OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
2 
January—1864. 
144 
145 
147 
4 
July. 
142 
7 
January—1865. 
123 
16 
u 
11 
18.. 
141 
141 
140 
141 
142 
141 
140 
14 
122 
23 .. 
a 
147 
25 
21 
123 
30 
February. 
.. 
148 
i 
August. 
28 
February. 
124 
151 
8 
4 
125 
125 
126 
124 
7 
15.... 
11 
14 
21 
.. “ 
153 
153 
22 
29. . 
18 
25 
2S 
March. 
154 
5 
September. 
136 
135 
133 
March. 
P -1 Rt 
154 
155 
154 
153 
152 
152 
151 
150 
12 
4 
123 
14 
u 
n.... 
122 
21 
26 
18 
(( 
121 
119 
October. 
130 
25 
« 
April. 
3 
10 . 
128 
126 
1 
April. 
117 
116 
113 
111 
109 
17 
123 
8 
U 
24 
.< 
120 
15 
u 
31 
123 
22 
November. 
29 
May. 
7 
126 
127 
130 
2 
151 
14 
May. 
9 
li 
151 
21 
28 
6 
no 
110 
1ft 
152 
150 
23 
„ 
December. 
128 
20 
in 
1C9 
30 
« 
119 
5 
IO5 
27 
6 
Juke. 
149 
12 
19 
123 
122 
122 
June. 
. .Piasters 
13 
“ 
148 
26 
u 
in.. 
111 
20 
■* 
146 
Highest orice Raid during 1864 
155 piasters, N 
120 
. C. 
17 
27 
... 
142 
Lowest “ “ 
" 
24 
.. 
107 
Ppium. Quotations, 1850-1873 Pontinued. OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
143 
July. 
January—1866. 
J UI.Y. 
1 
105 
100 
7 
8 
13 
114 
14 
“ 133 
15 
23 
“ 
95 
93 
20... ... 
27 . 
• •• ;■ 
115 
113 
21 
28 
“ 135 
29 
5 
August. 
9fi 
98 
3 
10 
February. 
114 
113 
4 
11 
18 
August. 
“ 
13 
99 
17 
116 
“ 154 
19 
26 
.. 
100 
102 
24 
. 
118 
September, 
Sett ember. 
March. 
Piasters 
125 
l 
8 
“ 148 
102 
3 
4 
’l0 
128 
15 
“ 146 
n 
103 
22 
. “ 140 
18 
102 
17 
24 
4{ 
132 
136 
29 
“ 147 
25 
104 
October. 
“ 146 
October. 
104 
31 
April. 
134 
6 
13 
14 
“ 
105 
7 
133 
•20 
. “ 146 
21 
... . 
106 
14 
132 
27 
28 
106 
21. 
130 
128 
November. 
November. 
28 
3 
4 
107 
May. 
10 
“ 145 
11 
a 
108 
125 
120 
17 
24 
“ 144 
18 
“ 
109 
2 . .. 
25 
December. 
110 
19 
26... 
* 
121 
123 
1 
December. 
4 
lie 
June . 
8 
“ 141 
11 
18 
27 
110 
in 
113 
2 
9 
16 
124 
126 
127 
15 
22 
29 
“ 140 
“ 142 
“ 140 
Highest pi 
(i 
ice paid during 18G5.. 
.116 piasters, N.C. 
. 93 “ 
23 
129 
30 
“ 
131 
Lowest “ 
“ ~ “ ....113* “ 144 
OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
J ANUARY. —1867. 
J ULY. 
January.—.1863. 
5 
141 
6 
123 
4 
161 
12 
140 
13.... 
44 
120 
11 
44 
160 
19 
.. 
142 
•20 
145 
18 
.. 
161 
26 
144 
27 
44 
140 
•25 
(4 
162 
158 
155 
2 
February. 
144 
3 
August. 
135 
1 ... . 
February 
9 
143 
10 
130 
8 
17 
133 
16... 
142 
24 
15 
44 
152 
150 
23 
« 
14C 
182 
23 
,, 
31 
131 
4 
March. 
140 
3 
September. 
130 
29 
March. 
160 
11 
44 
133 
10 
129 
6 
163 
18 
<> 
135 
17 
129 
13 
159 
25 
“ 
131 
24 
October. 
126 
20 
27 
157 
155 
156 
6... 
13 
129 
127 
5 
12 
19 
129 
128 
129 
128 
5 
APRIL. 
20 
<4 
126 
13 
... “ 
160 
27 
4 
November. 
19 
(( 
May. 
123 
2 
9 
128 
128 
26 
May. 
170 
11 
18. . 
95 
121 
119 
US 
16 
23 
lt 
127 
128 
3 
0 
165 
157 
<< 
30 
127 
7 
150 
31 
“ 
119 
2 
December. 
126 
24 
31 
152 
145 
150 
149 
148 
3 
June. 
Piasters 
120 
9 
10 
132 
136 
7 . 
June. 
10 , . 
“ 
119 
33 
u 
139 
C. 
14 
17 
*< 
118 
Highest Dl'ice mid during 18P.7 . 144 masters "NT 
21 
24 
n 
120 
Lowest 
t< << *4 (4 4< 
u 
Smyrna ppiUM. Quotations, 1830-1873 Continued. OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
145 
July. 
January—1869. 
July. 
5 
145 
to 
360 
370 
242 
13 
149 
9 
10 
238 
19 
152 
150 
16 
23 .. 
30 
375 
380 
390 
17 
24 . 
225 
246 
2;55 
August. 
31 
.... 
o 
180 
August. 
9 
181 
February. 
7 
290 
16 
<■ 
183 
6 
8S0 
14 
275 
240 
225 
23 
180 
13 
ii 
37? 
21 
„ 
30 
September. 
188 
20 
27 
363 
360 
28 
September. 
6 
195 
March. 
4 
200 
202 
13 
205 
362 
363 
ii 
20 
213 
13 
18 
(t 
200 
27 
(( 
205 
20 
350 
4 
11 
October. 
200 
201 
37 
April. 
352 
2 
October. 
200 
201 
190 
223 
230 
18 .. .. 
25.... 
;; 
195 
198 
3 
10 
295 
296 
16 
November. 
17 
“ 
295 
30 
24 
294 
1 
205 
November. 
8 
220 
6 
Piasters 
224 
15 
260 
294 
295 
13 
229 
235 
22 
“ 
268 
8 
20 
>< 
29 
“ 
275 
15. 
,i 
300 
27 
ii 
270 
32.. . . 
« 
295 
December. 
6...... 
280 
29 
it 
282 
4... 
13 
300 
June. 
li. . . 
260 
80 
“ 
350 
18 
H 
264 
27 
.. 
355 
27 
i, 
270 
Highest mice naid dnrina 1868.. .355 Blasters. N 
. C. 
19 
265 
C. 
Lowest 
'* “ ...145 “ 
36 
“ 
255 
Lowest “ “ 
“ ~ 190 146 
OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
January—1870. 
July. 
January—1871. 
7 
260 
1 
258 
6 
215 
14 
ii 
255 
8 
ii 
265 
13 
212 
21 
“ 
248 
15 
.. 
245 
30 
.. 
215 
28 
<• 
243 
23 
d 
210 
j)" 
200 
4 
11 
February. 
242 
240 
248 
30 
5 
August. 
210 
200 
3 
10 
February. 
202 
SCO 
44 
13 
“ 
196 
17 
<< 
190 
19 
H 
185 
24 
192 
252 
26 
H 
230 
March. 
March. 
260 
September. 
o 
.. Piasters 
174 
4 
4 
231 
230 
ii.... 
•> i 
265 
ii 
10 
175 
18 
17.. . . 
170 
18 
278 
232 
230 
230 
210 
u 
285 
280 
277 
24 
“ 
165 
i 
8 
April. 
14 
October. 
31 
7 
14 
April. 
163 
162 
155 
135 
15 
283 
28 
44 
220 
21 
23 
29 
44 
284 
285 
November. 
28 
May. 
“ 
130 
May'. 
ii 
212 
5 
133 
135 
140 
150 
150 
6 
285 
18 
.. 
214 
12 
13 
.. *' 
279 
25 
« 
212 
19 
4 
20 
“ 
270 
December. 
44 
27 
June. 
265 
4 
11 
2G0 
205 
210 
June. 
3 
265 
18 
« 
in.. 
265 
260 
27 
il 
210 
16 
23 
150 
160 
158 
17 
« 
Highest price p 
id during 1870... 
.285 piasters, 
185“ 
N.C 
24 
255 
30 
“ 
Smyrna ppiim Quotations, 1850-1873 poNTiNUED. OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
147 
7. 
J ULY. 
150 
O 
January.—1872. 
140 
138 
1.38 
137 
136 
3 . .... 
J ULY, 
190 
195 
14 
ICO 
9 
10 
21 
“ 
145 
16 
<* 
17 
.< 
195 
28 
135 
23 
i6 
24 
(( 
1 F0 
August. 
30 
31 
180 
4 
132 
February. 
August. 
137 
7 
190 
18 
142 
G 
139 
14 
<< 
185 
25 
u 
150 
13 
140 
September. 
20.... 
140 
28 
4. 
180 
1 
147 
27 
145 
September. 
8 
. “ 
140 
March. 
4 
15 
138 
6 
11 
22 : 
140 
13 
18 
29 
137 
20 
u 
200 
October. 
27 
... “ 
160 
October. 
6 
137 
April. 
2 
200 
13 
145 
3.... 
159 
9 
200 
20 
142 
10.. 
16 
a 
205 
27 
. « 
139 
17 
23 
u 
November. 
24 
.. 
155 
30 
225 
3 
140 
November. 
10 
a 
140 
May. 
6 
17 
44 
130 
1 
153 
13 
24 
4. 
138 
8 
« • . . , 
154 
20 
n 
15. . 
*< 
152 
27 
220 
1 
138 
22 
150 
December. 
8 
U 
135 
29 
... “ 
147 
4 
15 
44 
132 
June. 
11 
22 
44 
140 
5 
Fia-J 
18 
23 
44 
138 
12 
Highest price paid during 1871. . .215 piasters, N. C. 
19 
“ 
155 
Highest price paid during 1872... .235 piasters. N 
C. 
.LOWCSt “ 
“ “ ....130 “ 
“ 
26 
170 
Lowest “ “ 
•4 « m 148 
OPIUM QUOTATIONS. 
January.—JS73. 
Mat. 
September. 
2 
220 
7 
185 
3 
915 
8 
225 
14 
180 
10 
210 
15... 
220 
21 
,, 
175 
17 
.4 
210 
22 
« 
216 
28 
183 
24 
44 
210 
29 
“ 
212 
October. 
June. 
1 
215 
4 
2.0 
8 
220 
5 
200 
ii 
215 
15 
« 
225 
12 
, ic 
195 
22 
(( 
19 
175 
25 
it 
215 
29 
225 
26 
200 
November. 
J ULT. 
5 
225 
5 
190 
2 
217 
12 
215 
9 
220 
19.. 
2(8 
12 
. *• 
170 
19 
U 
175 
16 
225 
26 
200 
44 
23.......... 
227 
December. 
30... 
<• 
22s 
3 
203 
APRIL. 
10 
205 
2 .., 
174 
August. 
17 
44 
9 
180 
6 
220 
24 .. 
16 
183 
13 
210 
SI 
185 
22 
>< 
185 
20 
*< 
205 
29 
(( 
190 
27 
210 
Lowest 
“ ...170 
jSmyrna ppiUM Quotations, 1850-1873 J^ontinued. DEXJG-S. 
ON THE MANUFACTURE OF ETHER. 
O. Suffengutii states that the best method of making large quantities 
of ether is by the continuous process. A retort, containing a mixture of 
nine parts sulphuric acid, of 6G degs. B. and five parts 90 per cent alcohol, 
is heated to 284 degs. Fahr., and alcohol allowed to flow in continuously, 
to keep the mixture at a constant level. Heretofore a direct fire has been 
applied under the copper or iron retort; but, owing to the inflammability 
and volatility of the ether, this is evidently dangerous; and, moreover, the 
direct fire soon destroys the retort, or at least dissolves the leaden lining. 
This is now entirely avoided by the use of superheated high-pressure 
steam for heating the retort. Even though this method is rather more 
expensive, it prevents igniting and exploding the ether vapor, which quite 
compensates for the cost. Another advantage is the ease with which a 
constant temperature is maintained, by regulating the pressure, so that 
the operation is no longer dependent upon the care and experience of the 
workmen. 
Various materials have been used for the retort or still; sometimes 
copper alone, sometimes copper lined with lead, and also iron lined with 
lead. Experience has proved that the last-named is not only tiie cheapest, 
hut will last the longest. If the operation is carefully conducted, 60 per 
cent of ether, of a specific gravity of 0-730, will he obtained. Half a pound 
of sulphuric acid makes 100 pounds of ether, and the apparatus is so con- 
structed that it can he refilled without interrupting the operation. Great 
attention to the regulation of the temperature and to the flowing in of the 
alcohol are the principal conditions for obtaining a large yield. 
The crude ether thus obtained is freed from the acid dissolved in it, and 
washed, after which it is rectified in a suitable apparatus. Attempts have 
been made to rectify it in the process of its manufacture, by conducting 
the ether-vapor into a vessel Avith double walls, the space betAveen the 
Avails being filled Avith water at a temperature of 35 deg. C., (95 deg. Fahr.) 
Here the water and alcohol are condensed; Avhile the ether passes up into 
a second vessel filled Avith pieces of quicklime, of the size of a man’s fist, 
Avhich take up the sulphurous acid. It is uoav warmed, and enters from 
beneath into a cylinder holding a leaden basket of dried wood-charcoal, or 
alternate layers of charcoal and pieces of coke soaked in a solution of soda 
and Avell dried. From here it is conducted, through a cooler, into the 
receiver. This continuous rectification is more difficult, and requires 150 
DRUGS 
greater attention on the part of the workmen than where the purification 
is a separate operation ; first, on account of the continual regulation of the 
temperature in the different parts of the apparatus ; and secondly, because 
the lime sometimes stops up the tube, or is carried off in the vapor. The 
operation never goes on regularly, nor is the product always pure. It 
seems to be better, in practice, to keep separate the two operations of 
making and of purifying the ether. 
THE MANUFACTURE OF MAGNESIA. 
The Washington factory, near Newcastle, England, manufactures the 
greater part of the magnesia used in the world. The principle of the 
process employed consists in treating dolomite with gaseous carbonic 
acid, under a pressure of five or six atmospheres. The dolomite is first 
dried, then finely pulverized, and afterward placed, with cold water, in a 
cylinder which constantly r wolves on its horizontal axis. The carbonic 
acid gas, formed by the action of hydrochloric acid upon carbonate of 
lime, is, by a powerful pump, driven into the vessel at the pressure above 
noted. The solution of bicarbonate of magnesia thus produced is carried 
into a vertical cylinder, and submitted to steam (the consequent elevation 
of temperature regenerating the neutral carbonate), and then led into 
canals beside the last-mentioned receptacle. Lastly, the substance is 
gathered into masses, from which are cut the parallelepipeds which, after 
dessication, are supplied to commerce. Caustic magnesia is obtained by 
heating the carbonate in red-hot muffled furnaces. 
By Hardy.—Wax floats in alcohol of 29 deg. By observing the 
strength of the alcohol in which the sample floats, the percentage of wax 
may be deduced. 
ADULTERATION OF WAX WITH TALLOW. 
If the alcoholometer shows 29 clegs, the wax contains 100 per cent wax. 
“ “ 39.63 “ “ “ 75 “ 
“ “ 50.25 “ “ “ 50 
“ “ 60.87 “ “ “ 25 “ 
“ “ 71.50 0 “ 
MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID. 
Instead of the lumps of coke or balls of earthy material usually 
employed in the towers in which sulphuric acid is condensed, Joseph 
Saunders, of Brooklyn, N. Y., proposes to use hollow balls of glass about 
six inches in diameter, arranged with their openings on the top in the 
tower, in which the gases descend, and the reverse in the tower through 
which the gases ascend. As these glass balls are not affected by the acid, 
the annoyances resulting from the friability of the materials previously 
employed are obviated. DRUGS 
151 
It is customary to obtain the percentage of absolute alcohol and 
water in mixtures of alcohol by taking the specific gravity with a hydro- 
meter especially adapted to the purpose and called an alcoholometer. 
When a liquor contains syrups and extractive matters, the specific gravity 
fails to indicate the amount of alcohol present. In such cases, it has been 
necessary to distill off the alcohol and then measure it. 
TESTING ALCOHOL. 
In these cases, and also where no alcoholometer is at hand, or the quan- 
tity of the liquid is too small to float one, Vogel’s method may be employed. 
He found that, when dry starch-paper was dipped into a solution of iodine 
in alcohol of 66.8 per cent or over, the starch was not turned blue. If the 
spirits contained less than 66.8 per cent absolute alcohol, the paper is 
immediately blued. To apply the test to weaker alcohols, it is only neces- 
sary to add absolute alcohol until the reaction no longer takes place. 
From the quantity added it is easy to- calenbite the percentage. If the 
spirit tested is above 66.8, water is added from a graduated measure until 
the starch-paper turns blue, and the percentage calculated from the quan- 
tity of water added. If potassium be thrown upon alcohol of specific; 
gravity 0.830, it takes fire; but with spirits of specific gravity 0.823 and 
under, it will not take fire. 
THE BITTER APPLE AS AN ARTICLE OF FOOD, 
By F. A. Flueckiger.—The bitter apple, bitter cucumber, bitter gourd, 
Oi bitter colocynth (Gitrullus Colcynthis Schrader) is a creeping cucurbi- 
taceous plat t which grows abundantly in the Sahara in Arabia, and on the 
Coromandel Coast, and is found in some of the islands of the FEgean Sea. 
The fruit, which is about as large as an orange, contains an extremely bitter 
and drastic pulp, from which colcynth is obtained. This pulp is said to be 
eaten by buffaloes and ostriches, but is quite unfit for human food. The 
seed-kernels, however, which contain but a very small quantity of bitter 
principle, are used as food by some of the natives of the African desert. 
For this purpose, the seeds are first freed from pulp by roasting and 
boiling, and subsequent treading in sacks, and then deprived of their coat- 
ings—which are also decidedly bitter—by grinding and winnowing. 
MANUFACTURE OF CHLORATE OF POTASH. 
To manufacture chlorate of potash on a large scale, it has been recom- 
mended by W. Hunt to adopt the following method: Milk of lime is 
made to trickle down over bracks placed in a tower, where it comes in con- 
tact with a continuous current of chlorine gas. Chlorate of lime is the 
chief product; and, by treating this with chloride of potassium, chlorate 
of potash is formed, which can be purified by crystallization. 152 
DRUGS 
NEV/ METHOD OF PREPARING CAUSTIC SODA. 
The crude lye is evaporated in cast iron boilers. At a certain heat, the 
cyanides contained in the pasty mass are decomposed, with escape of 
ammonia and decomposition of carbon. When this point is reached, the 
heat is raised to redness, and the mass becomes more fluid. A sheet iron 
cover is then fitted upon the boiler, provided with an opening through 
which enters an iron pipe. This is plunged into the mass, and air is forced 
in. The graphite which separates rises to the surface and may be collected. 
The mass is tested from time to time to see if the sulphur is perfectly 
oxydized. When this is the case, the blast is stopped, the mass allowed to 
become clear, and run off as usual.—M. Helbuj. 
MILK OF MAGNESIA. 
Every physician, and almost everybody else, knows the value of mag- 
nesia as a medicine, especially in cases of "sour stomach,” or, in more 
professional parlance, "indigestion”; but very few, even of the faculty, 
know how to administer it without creating more trouble than they 
relieve. The case has been that the only way of administering magnesia 
was in an almost insoluble powder, so that either children or adults were 
liable to be troubled with accumulations in the intestines of masses of the 
dried powder. Hence, notwithstanding its value as a medicine, magnesia 
has been ignored by physicians because they could find no certain method 
of giving it without trouble. The problem has at last been solved, how- 
ever, by Mr. Chas. H. Phillips, who has perfected what he calls a " Milk 
of Magnesia,” and what others may describe as a hydrate, perfectly soluble 
in water, and adapted to all the medical uses for which magnesia in any 
form is wanted. Many physicians have already tried it, and all coincide 
in endorsing the opinion we have expressed as to the merits of this 
preparation. DRUGS. 
153 
The following will show the value of 
some of the larger articles of drugs, 
chemicals, &c., imported during 1873 ; 
Article. Value. 
A„„ls $379,047 
Bark, Peruvian 986,989 
Barytes - 15’1C0 
Barytes’, su’.p 36’071 
Black salts 573 
Cuttlefish bone 3>093 
Dividivi 17 903 
Ergot of rye 3,538 
Extract of indigo 44,333 
Acetate of lime 30,254 
jAlknl' 40,915 
Extract o; safflower 15,08‘ 
4(h„mP, 135.417 
Brimstone 902,049 
Gambler 320,349 
\ Inn) 5,200 
r 1.850.790 
Gentian root 
150 088 
Ammonia, mur 11,417 
Cantharides.... 7’999 
Glucose 207,7C0 
Carmine 6’790 
Chamomile flowers 8>843 
Chalk , 37’903 
Chicory 77>490 
Arsenic 17,668 
Gum guiacum _ I,d“° 
‘ 1,090,891 
Gum sandarac 0,001 
Gum substitute ■4,U0‘ 
„ , , 28 459 
Cundurango 
3 Cutch 107/35 
Value of [mported pRUGS, Phemicals, pro. 154 
DRUGS. 
Article. 
25,541 
4,927 
Gum tolu. 
Oil carraway 
Oil thyme 
11,219 
Glycerine 
Oil cajenut 
Oil whale 
204,438 
Indigo 
Oil cinnamon 
1,373 
Oils unspecified 
8,580 
Iodine 
Oil citronella 
28,724 
Onium. 
906,142 
Iodine pot 
6,530 
853 
17,803 
Ipecac 
Oil cloves 
Orchilla liquor 
19,757 
Insect powder 
28,997 
44,938 
790 
Jalap 
Oil cod 
Orris root 
4,608 
Juniper berries 
Oil croton. 
1,163 
Oxide of zinc 
198,456 
Lac dye 
7,903 
1,129 
772,469 
Laurel leaves 
373 
18,733 
Leeches 
6,203 
478 
6,634 
Lavender flowers 
1,048 
Oil geranium 
534 
Phosphorus 
45,111 
Licorice paste 
198,137 
3,140 
395,017 
Licorice root 
347,287 
Oil juniper 
Potash, bich. 
169,393 
Locust beans 
1,770 
4,069 
148,434 
Madder 
91,610 
31,878 
. 136,789 
Manna 
8,910 
O 1 laurel . . 
394 
104,397 
Magnesia 
22,706 
933 
Manuring salt 
Oil rayrbane 
7,198 
. 104,643 
Mica 
15,836 
135,949 
Nitrate cf benzole 
682 
, 247,898 
61,331 
Nitrate of lead 
Oil opium 
57,812 
Rhubarb., 
23,603 
Nutgalls 
36,026 
Oil palm 
Saffron ' 
12,181 
Nux vomica 
3,425 
Oil rhodium 
Safflower 
Oils essential 
78,751 
26,678 
383,3:8 
Oil anise 
22,749 
995 
2,382 
Oil aniline 
39,773 
4,084 
1,619 
Oil amber 
180 
Oil seal 
16,042 
Sarsaparilla 
90,215 
Oil almond 
95,025 
14,130 
Oil bergamot 
191,560 
Oil sandalwood 
5,407 
Shellac ; 
275,136 
Yalue of Imported Prugs, Phemicals, pLTC' pONTiNUED, 155 
DRUGS, 
Smalts 
Soda ash 
Soda, arsenate of 
Soda, hi-carb 
2,206,593 Squills 
3,283 Sugar of milk 
793 
2,446 
423 
Varnish 
Vanilla beans 
Venice turpentine 
62,057 
230,609 
4,370 
14,770 
Soda, caustic 
275,525 
.... 64,028 
Soda, hypo, sulph 
43,731 
6,246 
Sodi, nitrate 
17,883 
Yellow ochre 
13,576 
Soda, sal 
149,790 
58,734 
Soda, silicate of .. 
Other ,. CUSTOMS DECISIONS. 
The following1 are the decisions and rulings of the Hon. Secretary of 
the Treasury during 1873 on all matters relating to Drugs, Chemicals, 
Oils, Paints, etc.: 
Certain so-called “ ivory or bone black,” commercially known as 
•‘ivory drop black,” which was claimed to be free of duty under the pro- 
vision of section 5, act June 6, 1872, for “bones burned, calcined, ground, 
or steamed,” was prope:ly classified for duty at the rate of 25 per cent, ad 
valorem, under the special provision therefor in section 10, act June 30, 
1864. 
IVORY DROP BLACK—DUTY OK; TUSCAN RED, FREE. 
Certain “Tuscan red” held to be exempt from duty, under the provis- 
ion of section 5, act June 6, 1872, for “colcothar dry, or oxide of iron.” 
—Letter to Collector at New York, January, 1873. 
CARBONATE OF BARYTES-DUTY ON. 
Carbonate of barytes, in a crude state, held not to be comprehended 
under the provision for “barytes,” or “sulphate of barytes,” in section 5, 
act July 14, 1862, it being the barytes earth, a raw and crude material from 
which the barytes of commerce is manufactured. 
The article in question should be classified as a mineral substance, in a 
crude state, not otherwise provided for, at a duty of 20 per cent ad valorem, 
under the provision therefor in section 20, act March 2,1861.—Letter to 
Collector at New York, January 1873. 
ARROWROOT—DUTY ON. 
The arrowroot of commerce, being in the form of a finely-pulverized 
starch, cannot be classified as exempt from duty under the provisions of 
section 5, act of June 6; 1872, for “ root flour.” It still continues to be duti- 
able under the special provision therefor in act of June 30,1864.—Letter to 
Collector at New York, January 1873. 
JAPANESE WAX—DUTY ON. 
Japanese wax, being essentially different from the several kinds of wax 
specially enumerated as exempt from duty in section 5, act of June 6, 
1872, cannot be classfied under such provision. The similitude clause of 
the act of 1842 does not operate to place an article otherwise dutiable on 
the free list. 
By virtue of said clause, however, it was held to be dutiable under the 
provisions for beeswax, at 20 per cent, ad valorem.—Letter to Collector at 
New York, January 1873. CUSTOMS DECISIONS. 
157 
SINEWS—DUTY ON. 
Sinews cannot be classified under the provision for “hide-cuttings” in 
section 5, act June 6, 1872. They are dutiable as a non-enumerated 
unmanufactured article at 10 per cent, ad valorem, under section 24, act 
March 2,1861.—Letter to Collector at New York, January, 1873. 
SIGNIFICATION OF TERM “ BLACK SALTS.” 
The enumeration “black salts” in section 5, act of June 6, 1872, held 
to be limited to crude potash.—Letter to collector at New York January, 
1873. 
CERTAIN PREPARED CLAY—DUTY ON. 
Certain so-called “prepared clay,” bearing a close resemblance to 
French chalk, and used for the same purposes as that article, and being 
manufactured into small pieces about an inch in diameter, of different 
colors, was held to be dutiable at 20 per cent, ad valorem, under the pro- 
vision for French chalk in section V), act of June 30, 1864, or as an un- 
enumerated manufactured article under section 24, act of March 2,1861, and 
not, as claimed, under the provision for “unwrought clay, pipe clay,fire 
clay.” &c., in said section, at $5 per ton, less 10 per cent, ad valorem, under 
section 2, act of June 6,1872.—Letter to Collector at New York, January, 
1873. 
CASTILE SOAP—DUTY ON. 
The Department holds that the provision of section 13, act June 30, 
1864, for “ all soap not otherwise provided for,” does not operate to repeal 
the special provisions for castile soap in sections 22, act March 2.1861, and 7, 
act July 14,1862. Neither is castile soap embraced in the kinds of soap 
specially enumerated in the act of 1864 as dutiable at ten cents per pound 
and 25 per cent, ad valorem. 
The article is consequently dutiable under the provisions above cited 
in the acts of 1861 and 1862 at 35 per cent, ad valorem.—Letter to Collector 
at New York, February, 1873. 
DUTY ON CERTAIN SO-CALLED “BROWN GREASE.” 
Certain so-called “ brown grease,” being an oily compound or grease 
obtained by pressure from wool-skins, and very similar to sod-oil used by 
tanners and curriers for stuffing the pores of skins in the manufacture of 
leather, held to be dutiable either as a non-enumerated manufactured 
article under section 24, act March 2, 1861, or as an animal oil under 
section 21, act July 14, 1870, at the rate of 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
The article in question not being such as is ordinalily fit for soap-stock, 
cannot properly be classified (as claimed) under the provision of section 5, 
act June 6,1872, for “ grease for use as soap-stock only, not otherwise pro- 
vided for.”—Letter to Collector at New York, February, 1873. 158 
CUSTOMS DECISIONS, 
WHITE LEAD NOT ENTITLED TO TEN PER CENT. REDUC- 
TION OF DUTY. 
White lead is not entitled to 10 per cent, reduction of duty under the 
provision of section 2, act June G, 1872, for manufactures of metals, or of 
which either of them is the component part of chief value,” it being held 
by the Department that such provision applies only where the metal 
entering into the composition of an article retains the physical form and 
properties of a metal.—Letter to Collector at New York, February, 1873. 
The original precedent for the above decision is dated August 30, 1872. 
DUTCH METAL AND BRONZE POWDER—DUTY ON. 
In conformity with the recent decision of the United States circuit 
court for the southern district of New York, in the ease of the United 
States vs. U iman, the Department decides that hereafter duty will be 
collected on Dutch metal and bronze powder at the special rates provided 
therefor in the act, March 2, 1861, less 10 per cent., under act of June 
6,lB72.—Letter to Collector at New York, dated March, 1873. 
CHINA CLAY ENTITLED TO TEN PER CENT. REDUCTION 
China clay is entitled to 10 per cent, reduction cf duty, under the pro- 
vision of section 2, act June 6, 1872, for “ fine clay.”—Letter to Collector 
at Philadelphia, dated March, 1873, 
OF DUTY. 
FREE ENTRY OF BARRELS EXPORTED WITH PETROLEUM. 
In pursuance of section 2, act March 3,1572, authorizing the free entry 
of barrels of American manufacture, exported filled with domestic 
petroleum and returned empty, the following regulation is prescribed to 
carry said section into efiect: 
A declaration under oath, of the shipper at the foreign port, made be- 
fore the United States consul at or nearest to such port, who shall certify 
thereto, if satisfied of the truth of such declaration, and authenticate the 
same by his consular seal, will be required, setting forth the fact that, to 
the best of his knowledge and belief, certain empty petroleum barrels 
[giving their number and description as far as practicable, or, if a copy of 
the invoice is annexed, stating, 41 described in the annexed invoice,”] are 
of American manufacture, and were exported from the United States 
filled with petroleum produced in the United States, and that it is intended 
to reship said barrels to the port of , in the United States, on bo ird the 
[here the name of the vessel] now lying in the port of . 
If such declaration is received by the collector of customs at the port 
of entry in the United States at the time the importation is made, and the 
party desiring to make entry shall, in addition, fLe his own affidavit with CUSTOMS DECISIONS. 
159 
such collector, setting forth that to the best of his knowledge and belief 
the barrels of which it is desired to make free entry [describing- them as 
far as practicable] and which were imported on the day of per 
in the United States, shall, if satisfied by examination of such barrels, 
that they arc of domestic origin, admit the same to free entry. 
If, however, such declaration of the foreign shipper is not received as 
aforesaid, and it shall appear from the affidavit of the parly desiring to 
make entry, accompanied by such other evidence as the collector may 
require, that it is temporarily impracticable to produce such declaration, 
and that the same can be produced if time be given for that purpose, a 
bond maybe taken from such party, with sufficient sureties, for six months, 
and in a penalty not less than the appraised value of the importation, for 
the-production of the sworn declaration above required. 
Upon execution of such bond and a compliance with the other portion 
of the-regulations, free entry will be allowed. 
These regulations will take effect on the 15th of June next, until which 
time customs officers will exercise such discretion in admitting such bar- 
rels to free entry as they may deem sufficient to protect the revenue.— 
Circular to Collectors, April, 1873. 
COD SOUNDS—DUTY ON. 
Cod sounds, in barrels, which it was claimed should be exempt from 
duty on the ground that they were imported for the purpose of being used 
in the manufacture of isinglass, were held to be dutiable at the rate of one 
and-a-half dollars per barrel, under the provision of section 10, act March 
2, 1861, for “ all other fish, pickled and in barrels,” by virtue of the 
similitude clause of the act of August 30,1842, 
The claim of the appellants in this case could not be sustained, it 
appearing that sounds like those in question, which Avere preserved in salt 
and packed in barrels, are generally used as an article of food, and in such 
salted condition cannot be used in the manufacture of isinglass without 
great loss.—Letter to Collector, Boston, April, 1873. 
PRUSSIAN BLUE—DUTY ON. 
Prussian blue, which Avas claimed by the importers to be dutiable 
at the rate of 25 per cent, ad valorem, under provision of section 5, act 
July 14,1862, for “paints and painter’s colors, * * * dry or ground in oil,” 
less 10 per cent., under the provision of the act June 6, 1872, for manufac- 
tures of metals, Avas held to be dutiable at 30 per cent, ad valorem, under 
the special provision therefor in section 11, act June 30,1864, Avithout the 
10 per cent, reduction of duty.—Letter to Collector, Ncav York, April, 
1873. CUSTOMS DECISIONS. 
The article in question was claimed by the importers to he “ licorice 
juice,” and, as such, primarily liable to duty under the special provision 
for licorice juice in section 5, act July 14,1862. 
JCORICE—DUTY ON. 
It appearing, however, from the appraiser’s return that the article is 
licorice in rolls, and that it is not in fact, nor commercially known as 
licorice juice, the Department held that it was dutiable under the special 
provision therefor in section 11, act June 30,1864, at the rate of 10 cents 
per pound, less 10 per cent., under section 2, act June 6, 187°, allowing 
that reduction on licorice paste.—Letter to Collector, New York, April, 
1873. 
Permanganate of poatssa, being a chemical salt, and used almost ex- 
clusively as a disinfectant, held to be dutiable at the rate of 20 per cent, 
ad valorem, under the provision of section 20, act March 2, 1861, for “ all 
other salts and preparations of salts not otherwise provided for.”—Letter 
to Collector, Philadelphia, May, 1873. 
PERMANGA.NATE OF POTASSA—DUTY ON. 
WHAT SHALL BE CLASSIFIED AS CREAM TARTAR UNDER 
THE TARIFF. 
Any article which is in fact and substantially cream of tartar, and is 
used without further process of refinement for purposes for which cream 
of tartar is used, should be classified as cream of tartar, whether known by 
that name in commerce or by other designations, such as pink cream, &c. 
—Letter to Collector, New York, May, 1873. 
STAN NATE OF SODA—DUTY ON. ' 
Stannate of soda, being a compound of peroxide of tin and caustic 
soda, the chief value being the peroxide of tin, and like tin crystals and 
other salts of tin, of which the peroxide of tin is the component of chief 
value, being used as a mordant in fixing colors, was held to be dutiable, 
under the provision of section 8, act July 14,1862, for “ salts of tin,” at the 
rate of 30 per cent ad valorem.—Letter to Collector, New York, dune, 
1873. 
VENETIAN RED—DUTY ON. 
Venetian red, although containing a percentage of oxide of iron, is not 
exempt from duty under the provision of section 5, act June 6, 1872, for 
“colcothar dry, or oxide of iron,” it not being known commercially under 
any other designation than “Venetian red.” The article is consequently 
dutiable under the special provision for “Venetian red,” in section 5, act 
July 14,1862, at the rate of 25 per cent, ad valorem.—Letter to Collector, 
Boston, June, 1873. CUSTOMS DECISIONS. 
161 
SEAL OIL NOT FREE OF DUTY UNDER THE TREATY OF 
WASHINGTON. 
Seal oil imported from Canada is not exempt from duty under the pro- 
visions of the Treaty of Washington, for the free entry of fish oil, the 
article in question having been genera'ly recognised in the tariff laws of 
the United States as a distinct article from fish oil, and not being in fact 
fish oil. Seal oil will, therefore, be subject to duty under the act of July 
14,1870.—Circular letter to Collectors, June 16,1873. Customs division. 
ENFLEURAGED OILS—DUTY ON. 
Enfleuraged oils, which are highly perfumed oils of different orders, 
although not essential oils, and are perfumed by the same process as that 
by which pomades and hair oils are perfumed, and are used in the condi- 
tion in which they are imported for the manufacture of perfumery, and 
for hair oil, were held to be dutiable under the provision for ‘’hair oils, 
pomades, hair dressings, * * * or other perfumeries or cosmetics by 
whatsoever name or names known, used or applied as perfumes,” in sec- 
tion 5, act July 14,1862, at the rate of 50 per cent, ad valorem.—Letter to 
Collector, New York, June, 1873. 
POWDERED PLUMBAGO EXEMPT FROM DUTY. 
Powdered plumbago, although it had undergone a process of refine- 
ment for the purpose of removing any iron, lime, or other foreign 
substances that might have been present in the crude article as taken 
from the mines, was held to be “ plumbago,” within the meaning of the 
provision therefor, in section 5, act June, 1872, and therefore to be exempt 
from duty. A similar rule was laid down in the case of pumice-stone 
bricks.—Letter to Collector, Ogdensburg, July, 1873. 
This article, being clippings or scraps of a manufactured article 
known as Dutch-metal, and not requiring manufacture, in the proper 
sense of that term, to render it fit for use, was held to he dutiable as a 
manufacture of brass not otherwise provided for, under the provisions 
therefor in the acts of 1.861 and 1862, at the rate of 35 per cent, ad valorem, 
less 10 per cent, under the act of 1872. 
For the reason above stated, the article cannot properly be classified for 
duty as old brass fit only to be manufactured.—Letter to Collector, New 
York, July, 1873. 
DUTCH-METAL SCRAPS—DUTY ON. 
POWDERED TALC EXEMPT FROM DUTY. 
The article in question, though reduced to a powder, is commercially 
known and recognised as talc, and is therefore exempt from duty under 
the special provision for talc in section 5, act June 6,1872.—Letter to Col- 
lector, New York, July, 1873. 162 
CUSTOMS DECISIONS. 
OIL OF COAL TAR OR NITRO-BENZOLE—DUTY ON. 
Oil of coal tar, also known as intro-benzole, oil of mirbane, artificial 
essential oil of almonds, or essence of mirbane, and being the product of 
a mechanical mixture of benzole and nitric acid, held to be dutiable as a 
non-enumerated manufactured article, under section 24, act March 2, ISGI. 
at the rate of 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
This article, though not an essential oil, is used for the same purpose as 
essential oil of almonds, by reason of which fact it was classified by 
Department decision of April 22, 1868, with essential oil of almonds, by 
virtue of the similitude clause of the act of 1842. 
Essential oil of almonds being now, however, on the free list (section 
5, act June 6, 1872), such classification under the assimilating clause of the 
act of 1842 can no longer be adopted. 
VICHY LOZENGES AND ASTHMA CIGARETTES—DUTY ON. 
Vichy lozenges and asthma cigarettes, intended to be used medicinally, 
but not being proprietary, or prepared according to any private formula or 
secret art, held to be dutiable, under theprovisions of the acts of 1861 and 
1862 for “medicinal preparations not otherwise provided,” at the rate of 40 
per cent, ad valorem. 
HAKE AND COD SOUNDS EXEMPT FROM DUTY. 
Hake and cod sounds, being the air bladder of the fish dried, and in 
fact fish glue, requiring only to be softened and rolled to be fit for use, as 
isinglass, held to be exempt from duty under the provision of section 5 
act June 6,1872, isinglass or fish glue.” 
This ruling does not conflict with that which relates to salted cod 
sounds. 
FREE ENTRY OF WHALE AND SEAL OIL CAUGHT BY CER- 
TAIN AMERICAN VESSELS NEAR PUNTA 
BUNDA, MEXICO. 
The Department regards whale and seal oil caught by American ves- 
sels of from ten to fifteen tons burden and licensed to engage in fisheries 
near Punta Bunda, Mexico, and near certain islands fifty to sixty miles 
off the coast of Mexico, as the product of American fisheries, and conse- 
quently free of duty, the parties engaged therein being American citizens 
and the vessels duly licensed. The fact that the vessels are under tonnage 
does not affect the right of the oil to free entry.—Letter to Collector, San 
Diego, Cal., August, 1873. 
BRITISH COLUMBIA NOT ENTITLED TO BENEFITS OF THE 
WASHINGTON TREATY. 
British Columbia not being a part of the Dominion of Canada at the 
time of the signing of the treaty between the United States and Great CUSTOMS DECISIONS. 
163 
Britain of May 8, 1871, is not entitled to the benefits of said treaty; and 
fish and fish oils, imported from that part of the Dominion of Canada, are 
not entitled to admission into the United States free of duty. 
ANGOSTURA BITTERS—DUTY ON. 
Angostura hitters held to be dutiable at the rate of $2 per proof gallon, 
under section 21, act of July 14,1870, relating to “bitters containing 
spirits,” every gauge or wine gallon to he counted, at least, as one proof 
gallon—this decision replacing the decisions of March 5,1868, and Novem- 
ber 16,1869, that such bitters were liable to a duty of 100 per centum ad 
valorem and 50 cents per proof gallon.—Letter to Surveyor, Port of St, 
Louis, September, 1873. 
BOTTLES CONTAINING COLOGNE WATER—DUTIABLE CHAR- 
ACTER OF. 
The Department decides that bottles containing Cologne water are not 
subject to a separate duty under the provision in section 17 of the act of 
March 2, 1861, for “all glass bottles or jars filled with sweetmeats, pre- 
serves, or other articles,” which provision is held to apply solely to bottles 
containing sweetmeats, preserves, or other like articles; but that they are 
dutiable, as forming an element of the dutiable value of the Cologne water 
under the 9th section of the act of July 28, 1868, it being subject to an ad 
valorem duty.—Letter to Collector of Customs, Baltimore, October, 1873. 
BREMEN BLUE-DUTY ON. 
Bremen blue, so-called, claimed by the importers to be dutiable at the 
rate of 25 per centum ad valorem, less 10 per centum, as a “painter’s” 
color, was held by the Department on the report of the appraiser that it 
was a mineral blue, to be liable to duty (under the special provision for 
that article in section 11 of the act of June 30,1864) at the rate of 30 per 
centum ad valorem, and without the reduction prescribed in section 2 of 
the act of June 6,1872. 
SULPHATE OP AMMONIA—RATE OF DUTY ON. 
Sulphate of ammonia, being specially enumerated and provided for in 
the sth section of the act of July 14, 1862, at a duty of 20 per centum ad 
valorem, and being capable of use for other purposes than manure, is not 
entitled to free entry (although it may bo intended for use as a fertilizer) 
under the provision in the 23d section of the act of March 2. 1861, for 
“substance expressly used for manure.”—Letter to Collector of Customs, 
New York, October, 1873. 
Alcoholado, so-called, which was ascertained to be not the bay rum of 
commerce, but a compound or preparation “of which distilled spirits are 
ALCOHOL ADO—DUTY ON. 164 
CUSTOMS DECISIONS. 
a component of chief value” (it being composed of alcohol, 92 degrees 
proof, and merely holding in solution a sufficient quantity of bay oil to 
give it an odor resembling bay rum), was held to be liable, by virtue of 
the Ist section of the act of July 28, 1860 (Heyl., 508). to a duty of $2 per 
gallon under the provision for “other spirits manufactured or distilled 
from grain or other materials and not herein otherwise provided for,” 
contained in the 21st section of the act of July 14, 1870.—Letter to Collec- 
tor of Customs, Providence, November, 1873. 
DUTCH-METAL CLIPPINGS—DUTY ON. 
Dutch-metal clippings made from copper held to be dutiable under the 
act of February 24,1869, as a manufacture of copper, at the rate of 45 per 
cent, ad valorem, less 10 per cent., under section 2, act June 6, 1872. 
This ruling does not affect Department’s former decision of July, 1873, 
on Dutch-metal scraps or clippings, the article in question in that case, 
though commercially known as “ Dutch metal clippings,” being made 
from brass, and not from copper. 
GLUE NOT ENTITLED TO REDUCTION OF DUTY UNDER SEC- 
TION 2, ACT JUNE 6, 1872. 
Glue is not entitled to 10 per cent, reduction of duty under the pro- 
vision of section 2, act June 6,1872, for “ manufactures of skins, bone, [or] 
horn,” although in point of fact manufactured from those articles, the 
distinct character of such materials, when entering into the composition 
of glue, being lost by their assuming an entirely different appearance and 
shape. 
The provision of law referred to applies only where the aitides manu- 
ractured from “skins, bone, horn,” &c., retain the physical properties and 
appearance of such component materials to such extent that the latter 
can readily be recognized from an inspection of the manufactured article. 
—Letter to Collector, New York, December, 1873. DECISIONS OF THE 
ARBITRATION COMMITTEE 
OF THE 
PRODUCE EXCHANGE 
RELATING TO 
PILS, Is!AVAL pTOH.ES, pTC., FOR tßj^. 
The charter of the New York Produce Exchange was passed by the 
Legislature April 19, 1862, under the tide of an Act to incorporate the 
New York Commercial Association, which act was amended February 13? 
1868, changing the name of the New York Commercial Association to the 
New York Produce Exchange. 
Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the charter provides. 
Sec. s.—The Board of Managers shall annually elect, by ballot, five 
members of the Association, who shall not be members of the Board, as a 
committee to be known and styled the Arbitration Committee of the New 
York Commercial Association. The Board of Managers may, at any time, 
fill any vacancy or vacancies that may occur in said committee for the 
remainder of the term in which the same shall happen. It shall be the 
duty of said Arbitration Committee to hear and decide any controversy 
which may arise between the members of the said association, or any 
person claiming by, through, or under them, and as may be voluntarily 
submitted to said committee for arbitration; and such members and 
persons may, by an instrument in writing, signed by them and attested 
by a subscribing witness, agree to submit to the decision of such com- 
mittee any such controversy which might be the subject of an action at 
law, or in equity, except claims of title to real estate or to any interest 
therein, and that a judgment of the Supreme Court shall be rendered 
upon the award made pursuant to such submission. 
Sec. 6.—Such Arbitration Committee, or a majority of them, shall have 
power to appoint a time and place of hearing of any such controversy 
and adjourn the same from time to time as may be necessary, not beyond 
the day fixed in the submission for rendering their award, except by 166 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
consent of parties; to issue subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses 
residing or being in the Metropolitan Police District . All the provisions 
contained in title 14, part 3d, chapter 8, of the Revised Statutes, and all acts 
amendatory or in substitution thereof, relating to issuing attachments to 
compel the attendance of witnesses, shall apply to proceedings had before 
the said Arbitration Committee. Witnesses so subpoenaed as a oresaid 
shall be entitled to the fees prescribed by law for witnesses in the Courts 
of Justices of the Peace. 
Sec. 7.—Any number not less than a majority of all the members of 
the Arbitration Committee shall he competent to meet together and hear the 
proofs and allegations of the parties, and an award by a majority of those 
who shall have been present at the hearing of the proofs and allegations 
shall be deemed the award of the Arbitration Committee and shall be valid 
and binding on the parties thereto. Such award shall be made in writing, 
subscribed by the members of the committee concurring therein, and 
attested by a subscribing witness. Upon filing the submission and award 
in the office of the Clerk ot the Supreme Court of the City and County of 
New York, both duly acknowledged or proved, in the same manner as deeds 
are required to be acknowledged or proved in order to be recorded, a judg- 
ment may be entered therein according to the award, and shall be docketed, 
transcripts filed, and executions issued thereon, the same as authorized by 
law in regard to judgments in the Supreme Court. Judgments entered in 
conformity with such award shall not be subject to be removed, reversed, 
modified, or in any manner appealed from by the parties thereto, except 
for frauds, collusion, or corruption of said Arbitration Committee, or some 
member thereof. 
Sec. B.—-This act shall take effect immediately. 
On February 3, 1873, there was a case heard before the committee 
.subject to the following agreement signed by the parties in dispute. 
AN AGREEMENT 
To submit to abide by the decision of the Arbitration Committee of 
the New York Produce Exchange. 
We, the undersigned, members of the New York Produce Exchange, 
hereby agree to submit and do voluntarily submit to the Arbitration Com- 
mittee of the New York Produce Exchange for their consideration and 
adjudication, a matter in dispute in reference to a contract for 2,000 bbls 
of Naphtha, dated November 6. 1872, made by R. W. Burke, and we 
hereby bind ourselves, heirs, executors or assigns, to abide by Such 
decision as the said Committee may render; and in the event of a failure 
to comply with such decision as the said committee may render, we herebv DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
167 
authorize and empower the said committee to assess and award the dam- 
ages arising therefrom, and we hereby further hind ourselves heirs, 
executors or assigns, to abide by such assessment and award as the said 
committee may render, and agree that a judgment of the Supreme Court 
be rendered upon the award made pursuant to this submission. 
Charles Pratt. 
Sinclair®: & Marvin. 
Signed in presence of 
New York, January 31, 1873. 
Henry H. Rogers. 
The case was stated by the plaintiff to be a failure in completing a 
contract made by R. W. Burke, to deliver 2,000 barrels Prime City Naphtha 
to Sinclaire & Marvin, as per following contract put in evidence. 
[Form G.] 
New York. November 6. 1872. 
Sold for account of R. W. Burke, Esq., to Messrs. Sinclaire & Marvin, 
two thousand (ten per cent, more or less) barrels prime city naphtha, made 
from petroleum, (of the the production of the United States) color to be 
prime white and sweet, gravity sixty to seventy-three at eighteen (18) cents 
for each five and three-quarters of a pound, net, and three cents per 
barrel rolling charge. Cash on delivery. No charge for package, tare to bo 
actual ascertainable as-per condition ; no account hereupon endorsed. To 
te delivered in prime shipping order in yard, where sea-going vessels can 
load, or to vessel, seller paying lighterage subject to the conditions 
printed, on the back of this contract. Suitable to buyers vessel with ten 
long days, from 10th to 25rh December, 1872. Barrels to be double glued. 
The three cents selling charge, to be refunded to shipper in case his vessel 
pays New York, or Brooklyn rates ot wharfage. Brokerage one-half of 
one per cent by seller. 
Babcock & Cox. Brokers. 
The plaintiff stated the goods were ready for delivery at the proper 
time, and no objection was made by the defendant on account of plaintiff 
assuming R. W. Burkes position in the delivery of the property, and they 
the plaintiffs asked defendants to send their vessel for goods as per con- 
tract, but the vessel was not sent, although defendant promised to do so, 
and finally on January 3,he refused to send vessel or receive the Naphtha, 
averring that the contract had expired, and that he was not obliged to 
receive it. The plaintiff further stated that it is customary in this branch 
of trade to exercise forbearance with each other in receiving and deliver- 
ing goods, and he claimed that the indulgence shown toward defendant in 
this case should not be emoloyed to deprive plaintiffs of their rights under 
this contract. DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
The defendants stated that the change of parties in the contract met 
no objection from them, hut they would show that they were leady and 
wished to receive these goods, having different vessels loading this kind 
of goods from November to latter part of December. On 4th December 
asked Mr. Pratt to furnish the naphtha, which he declined to do, as the 
time was not yet up. He, the deponent, was therefore obliged to purchase 
to complete vessel, and paid 17)4 cents. On 24th December ordered a 
vessel to Pratt’s yard, but it did not go, as the captain said that Pratt had 
two yards and he did not know which one to go to, so he went to neither. 
The matter received no further attention from him until the slh of 
January, when plaintiff came to him about it, when he, the deponent, 
told him that the contract had expired, and was of no further force ox- 
effect. They having failed to make any tender of the property, it was too 
late now to do so. 
The plaintiff, to show what is customary in the trade, presented Mr. 
Ackerman, of Messrs. Meissner, Ackerman & Co., as a witness, who stated 
that under a contract, buyer’s option, it was customary for the buyer to 
give notice when he would be readj to receive on his contract, and that 
the clause in regard to an order on warehouse constituting a delivery was 
intended as a mode of settlement when the transaction was for specu- 
lation, and should construe the meaning of this contract to be that the 
vessel could be furnished by buyers on any day between the IChh and 25th 
of December, 1872, and that the seller had ten days to deliver next follow- 
ing the day said ves el reported ready for cargo at the place designated in 
contract. 
Mr. Bunker stated that it is customary for buyer to give notice when 
his vessel is x-eady, but when parties are not known the seller would seek 
to effect a delivery and give notice, and it would be optional with a buyer 
to receive goods on a contract after it had expired, when no notice had 
been given by the seller. I should say this contract expired on 25th 
December. A seller would lose his rights in a contract if he neglected to 
make his claim at the expiration of a contract. The seller had ten days to 
deliver after the buyer reported his vessel ready for the goods. If the vessel 
reported on the 26th December, this contract would expire January sth. 
The plaintiffs further stated that they called upon the defendant on 
23d December for a vessel to take the naphtha which he promised to 
furnish, but he did not. Saw defendant again on the 2d of January and 
asked him to send vessel, but he replied that he had cancelled contract. 
On the sth of January he, plaintiff, took Mr. Burke with him and made 
demand on the defendant that he take delivery, which he refused, and 
they then mutually agreed to submit it to this committee for adjudication. 
The plaintiff claimed that by the evidence it had been shown that the 
contract did not expire until January 5, and he had made demand on that DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
169 
day tor tlie vessel to deliver the oil, which was refused, and we are still 
entitled to our rights under the contract. 
The defendant claimed the abrogation of the contract on the legal 
point that there being a difference in the terms of the two contracts the 
law holds that they are void. 
The evidence being all in, the committee present unanimously made 
the following award: 
Whereas a controversy between Mr. Charles Pratt and Messrs. Sinclaire 
& Marvin, members of the New York Produce Exchange, having been 
voluntarily submitted to the Arbitration Committee of the New York 
Produce Exchange for their decision by an instrument in writing bearing 
date the 31st of January, 1873, duly signed and attested, and whereas the 
proofs and allegations of the parties were heard at a meeting of a majority 
of ail the members of said committee, and a majority of those present con- 
curring in the following award : 
New York, Feb. 4. 1873. 
The said Arbitration Committee of the New York Produce Exchange 
do hereby award, order and decide that Mr. Charles Pratt, having failed to 
tender the naphtha on the expiration of the contract, cannot now compel 
Messrs. Sinclaire & Marvin to receive the same, and he must pay the cost 
of this arbitration, twenty-three dollars ($23), 
In witness whereof, we, members of the said Arbitration Committee, 
have hereunto subscribed our names. 
(Signed,) Frederick Sherwood, 
Edward Hincken, 
Walter F. Brush, 
Wm. Blanchard. 
Signed in presence of James Boughton. 
February 24, 1873. 
A case was heard before the Arbitration Committee this da*', being 
a matter in dispute in relation to sale of 215 tierces tallow, about 14th 
February, between Mr. G. M, Merrielees and Mr. D. Bauer, 
The plaintiff stated that on or about the 14th of February he purchased 
from the defendant a lot of 215 tierces tallow, at 8 9-16 c per pound, by a 
sample furnished by the defendant previous to the purchase, and when 
the defendant first mentioned this lot to him, it was with the idea of having 
him sell it for him as a broker. After trying for a while to do so without 
success, he proposed to take it himself. Some question arising in regard 
to the ownership, he, the defendant, said be would sell it himself to the 
plaintiff; and he, the plaintiff, knew no other party in the transaction. 
Having the sample, he took it and sold it to Mr. Heydeeker by the same 
sample, and Mr. Heydeeker immediately engaged freight for the same. 170 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
The plaintiff went to the defendant to get the delivery order. The 
defendant said the lightermen had it aboard lighter and would deliver it 
free on board, or he would give him an order to deliver it. 
On the following day being anxious to forward the delivery he called 
upon the defendant for an order, and he replied that he had given one 
order and did not wish to give another, but urging it, the defendant gave a 
written order, writing duplicate upon it, which was taken to the lighterman 
with vessel’s permit attached, and was left with him to deliver the property 
<>n board. On going to see if the tallow had been delivered, was told by 
the lighterman that the defendant had countermanded the order and had 
taken it away. Thus he had been prevented delivering the tallow to the 
party to whom he, plaintiff, had sold it, whereby he had sustained loss for 
which he now claims as per bill herewith. 
New York, February 14, 1873. 
Messrs. D. Bauer & Co. 
To G. M. Merrielees, Dr. 
To difference on 215 tierces tallow bought at 8 9-16 c, sold atB%c. Esti- 
mated weight 6,900 lbs, at 3-16 c, $129 39. 
The plaintiff further stated that as there may other damages arise, not 
llt this time known, he would give notice that further claims may be made 
if found to exist. 
The defendant lesponded by saying that he had notice from Theo. 
Hermann & Co., New Orleans, of the consignment of 215 tierces tallow, 
which they wished him to sell for them, and saw Mr. Merrielees to have 
him do it for them. A sample was drawn promiscuously from the lot and 
given to Mr. Merrielees, and he knew at the time that the property did not 
belong to the defendant. 
Subsequently, the plaintiff offered 8 9-16 c, which defendant accepted 
and sene sale note to the owners, and they demurred at the responsibility 
of buyer. The plaintiff offered to give another name in the person of 
Mr. Burnett, and lie then made mention of part of the lot having been 
rejected, to which defendant replied that the tallow was sold as a lot 
and could not be delivered in any other way, and he, the defendant, 
declined to deliver the tallow on those conditions, and went at once to the 
lighterman and recalled the order, as requested to do by the owners. 
Cross examinee : I gave the sample to plaintiff before the sale. The 
sale was based on the sample. The defendant did not know any more 
about the character of the tallow than plaintiff did. 
The plaintiff' further stated, that he bought the tallow for bis own 
account, and not to apply on a contract, and sold it at a profit of 3-16 c. per 
pound, which is the basis of this claim. 
The defendant said he sold it on his own account. DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
171 
The parties then retired, and the committee made the following award : 
Whereas a controversy between Mr. G. M. Merrielees and Messrs. D. 
Bauer & Co., members of the New York Produce Exchange, having been 
voluntarily submitted to the Arbitration Committee of the New York 
Produce Exchange for their decision by an instrument in writing, bearing- 
date the twentieth day of February, 1873, duly signed and attested, and 
whereas the proofs and allegations of the parties were heard at a meeting 
of a majority of all the members of said committee, and a majority of those 
present concurring in the following award: The said Arbitration Com- 
mittee of the New York Produce Exchange do hereby award, order and 
decide that Messrs. D. Bauer & Co. must pay Mr. G. M. Merrielees one 
hundred and sixteen dollars and fifty-nine cents, for non-delivery of lot of 
tallow sold by them to Mr. Merrielees, and also pay the cost of this arbi- 
tration, $2B. 
Signed by members of the committee. 
Meeting of Arbitration Committee held this day, at 3P. M. All com- 
mittee present. 
A case submitted being a matter in dispute in regard to the settlement 
of a contract dated November 21, 1872, for the sale by Mr. James B. Grant 
of Cincinnati, to C. C. Abel & Co., of New York, of 250 tierces choice 
kettle rendered lard, new or old, with all the questions in controversy or 
dispute arising under or growing out of said contract. 
The plaintiff stated that he bought through Mr. Morawitz, broker. 250 
tierces lard from the defendant, of Cincinnati, as per following memor- 
andum : 
New York, November G, 1873. 
Messrs. C. 0. Abel & Co 
Bought for your account from Mr. George Megrath, two hundred and 
fifty tierces (250) wooden bound choice Western lard, packing 1871-72, (new 
or old) at eight and three-fourths (8%) cents per pound, and to be delivered 
free on board buyer’s vessel, at seller’s option, during the first ten days of 
next month (December), tares to be actual. Terms cash. Seller privilege 
of drawing sight draft with bill of lading, less freight and 5 per cent; 
brokerage by buyer. 
S. Morawitz, Broker. 
The plaintiff stated that early in December he received notice of arrival 
of several lots of this lard, which had been bought for shipment to Europe, 
and as the steamer was to sail on December 12th, he applied to railroad 
company to deliver their lard, as per bill of lading, to the steamer, furnish- 
ing them at the time steamer's permit, but the railroad company declined 
to deliver it, as the whole lot had not arrived, and would not deliver until 172 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
they could deliver the whole consignment at once. On the 9th December 
lard had not all arrived, and, fearing the railroad would not deliver, the 
plaintiffs purchased 200 tierces lard for shipment by their steamer, and sent 
it aboard December 10, the day the contract expired. Having paid 
defendant’s drafts for about $6,000, plaintiff drew repayment for said 
amount, accompanied by bill of lading enclosed, he, defendant, having 
failed to deliver, as per sale note, on his. plaintiff's, call on last day of con- 
tract. Tne bill of lading and draft was returned to them unpaid. They, 
the plaintiffs, took possession of defendant’s lard and sold it for account of 
defendant, to reimburse themselves for their advance. They sold 200 
tierces of it on December 16 (50 having been lost in transit), as follows : 
119 to J. 11. Pool, the remaining 51 plaintiffs assumed, allowing defendant 
the market being at Bc. 
The defendant was not satisfied, and, Mr. Pool having the proceeds in 
his hands, it, was agreed to submit it to arbitration, and the plaintiffs sub- 
mit a claim of $6OB 87, as balance due them. 
Mr. Pool stated on 28d January, 1878, received notice from railroad of 
the arrival of 50 tierces laid marked D, and the defendant telegraphed it 
was for him, and he sold it, and has proceeds. 
Defendant stated he negotiated with plaintiff for settlement of said con- 
tract in case of failure to arrive in time by purchase of other lard, and have 
this sold at the market price. On the 9th, received telegraph from broker; 
Lard not arrived, bought 19 from Pool; you have to settle for. On the 10th 
telegraphed to broker: Let plaintiff replace all short and sell lard when it 
arrives, giving no limit. Received reply same day: Railroad will not 
deliver to-day ; have replaced one fifty for one-quarter ; will give for 
100. Defendant telegraphed : Will sell 100 behind at quarter; offer for 
some more. The broker was acting for plaintiff. Defendant objected to 
charges fo” delivery. Plaintiff having taken position that the contract 
became void by reason of non-delivery on the 10th December. He, 
defendant, having provided for fulfillment of contract, and broker’s tele- 
gram saying lard had been into fill it. I claim it should be settled by 
charging defendant with all necessary cost for same, and crediting him 
with the contract price of lard. 
Plaintiff further stated telegrams were unauthorized by him, and that 
the contract between them became void on 10th December, by reason of 
failure to deliver, and their charges were that of a consignee (which they 
assumed) for the care and sale of the property. 
Broker testified that he was not authorized to telegraph by plaintiff, and 
did not understand at the time that the purchase was to apply on defend- 
ant’s contract. 
The committee, after hearing the above evidence, decided that th j 
defendant must pay the plaintiffs five hundred and twenty-one dollars and DECISIONS OP ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
173 
thirty-seven cents in settlement of the account arising from the non- 
delivery by the defendant of two hundred and fifty tierces lard on his 
contract, dated November 6,1872, and also pay costs of this arbitration, $2; 
Signed by committee. 
Arbitration Committee meeting held this day, at 3 F. M., all the Com- 
mittee present. 
New York, May 7, 1873. 
Case of David Dows & Co. vs. John F. Cook. 
The plaintiffs stated that they sold to the defendants on April 16th, 250 
tierces lard, at 9 cents, deliverable in April, which they held up to 23d 
April, wiien they delivered 83 tierces, to complete the lot; and the defend- 
ant has paid for the same in part, but refuses to settle the balance of $ll 23, 
which is our claim. 
The defendant said the lard had been delivered to Of agin & Co., who 
refused to settle on account of a difference on the tare claimed by Wilcox 
& Co., to whom they delivered it, and claimed that he was only a middle- 
man, and would like to know if Mr. Wilcox occupies any different ground 
in this matter than I do, and if there be a difference, would like to know 
who is to pay it, and would like to have some decision made as to how 
such cases are to be adjusted. 
The plaintiff replied that he made the contract in accordance with the 
rules of the Exchange, and would refer particularly to Rule 6 as regards 
Weights and Tares. I made the contract with the defendant, and have 
nothing to do with any one else. I notified the buyer of the weigher, as 
can be semi by the orders. I tendered the lard on the 22d, and heard no 
objection to the weighing until the 2d of May, and meanwhile the lard 
had been taken from the place of delivery and put in other hands. 
The plaintiff said his claim was for a deduction of 3 3-20 pounds per 
tierce on 83 tierces lard. 
The parties then retired, and the Committee made the following award : 
That Mr. John F. Cook pay to Messrs. David Dows & Co. forty-one dol- 
lars and twenty-three cents ($11.23), and also the cost of this arbitra- 
tion, $25. 
New York, May 20, 1873. 
Arbitration Committee meeting held this day, at 3 F. M„ all the Com- 
mittee present. 
Case of Cragin & Co. vs. George Megrath. 
The plaintiffs stated that they sold, through a broker, to George Me- 
grath, 500 tierces Western lard, at cents, to be delivered in May in 
store. On the 12th we delivered him 73 tierces and gave him a warehouse 174 
DECISIONS OE ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
order for the balance of 250 tierces. On the 15th tendered him the other 250 
tierces, hut on the 10th the defendant refused to receive it or pay for the 
first 250 tierces. 
The defendant stated that the broker sold him 500 tierces of lard, and 
the only question is as to whether it is standard lard or not, and if the 
plaintiffs will give me a certificate that it was packed before March Ist, I 
will take it. I bought the lard and gave 1-10 cent per pound more for it 
on account of its being a desirable brand, and did not think it necessary to 
examine it, but on the next day heard that there was no such brand in the 
market. 
The plaintiff claimed that it was sold as a specific lot in store on the 
12th of May, and he had ample time to examine it, but on the 10th he 
refused it. and I claim that it was not sold under contract, and do not feel 
called upon to furnish a certificate. but so far as 1 know it is winter lard; 
and that it must be standard, I claim has nothing to do with the sale. 
The defendants here presented as witnesses Messrs. Kingar, Sinclair, 
Harrison, and Dally, who testified that under the sale note presented 
winter lard was called for, and that a person would not be justified in 
tendering anything but standard lard. 
The Committee, after hearing all the evidence, made the following- 
award : The first 250 tierces of lard have been accepted and delivered and 
must be paid for in full, and that Mr. Megrath must also receive the 
remaining 250 tierces of the 500 on being furnished by Cragiu & Co. with 
evidence that it is winter rendered, their own certificate to that effect to 
be deemed sufficient, and that Mr. Megrath pay the expense of this arbi- 
tration ($25). 
Arbitration Committee meeting held this day at 3 P.M. Committee all 
present. Case of J. T. Davies vs. Erie Railway Company. 
New York, June 20, 1873. 
The plaintiff presented Bill of Lading, dated January 25,1873, for 500 
tierces of lard marked F. & Bros., New York, to notify George Megrath. 
115 Broad street, order of W. S. Bentley, and stated that he had only 
received 258 tierces of it, and was short 242, and the only reply we ever 
received from the Railway Company is that it has been delivered, and our 
parties West informed us that it was in New York, and we then traced it to 
Fowler Bros., who admitted that they were long of lard in the same 
quantity as we were short, but refused to adjust the difficulty, and last 
April when I had contracts to fill was forced to purchase my own lard 
from Messrs. Fowler Bros., at 9%c per lb., the highest point of the market, DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
175 
and Messrs. Fowler Bros, knew that we were receiving lard from the same 
shipper and of the same mark, viz., F. & Bros. The excuse given by the 
railway company for not delivering our lard was that all lard was blocked 
up at Indianapolis, and during that time they were delivering lard to 
Fowler Bros. Ten days previous to March Ist our bill of lading was sent 
to Erie Railway, and 1 claim they should have notified George Megrath, 
as per directions in bill of lading. They offered me diamond M lard, 
which I did not take, as they wished me to guarantee them, which I did 
not care to do, as it was some one else’s property. My claim is as follows, 
being a loser to that extent: 
The Erie and Pacific Dispatch Co. 
To John T. Davies, Dr. 
To 212 tierces lard short delivered, on bill of lading dated St. Louis, 
January 25, shipped by W. S. Bentley, weighing 78,820 lbs., at 9%c., 
|7,783 48. 
The defendants admitted that they were indebted to the plaintiff for 
242 tierces of lard, but object to the claim as presented on account of 
price, and claim that they should pay plaintiff at price of lard at time of 
deliveiy, and if his bill of lading had been presented in time he could 
have got his lard. The way bill does not say who to notify, but simply to 
the order of W. S. Bentley, who is the shipper at the West, and we are 
receiving large quantities of lard from him with the same mark, all for 
Fowler Bros, and we had no way of knowing until we received plaintiff’s 
bills of lading, which was after we had delivered to Fowler Brothers, 
The fault is occasioned by shippers in the West, who ship a lot of the 
same mark, which is intended for different parties, but making no mention 
of that fact, and it is impossible for us to know. We were receiving a 
great deal of lard at the time for Fowler Bros., which was all marked F, & 
Bro., and we delivered to them all that came of that mark, as we knew 
them to be responsible parties, and we were guaranteed from all loss. We 
admit our responsibility to Mr. Davis, but claim that Messrs. Fowler Bros, 
are responsible to us, but we do not think we are responsible for more 
than the invoice price of the lard as price at time of delivery in New York. 
The delivery clerk, Mr. Antis, of the Erie Railway stated that the 
plaintiff did not show bill of lading until long after Fowler Bros, had 
received the lard, and there were no directions on the way bill to notify 
Geo. Megrath. As soon as mistake was known I did all I could to 
rectify it, and offered them diamond M lard, which they refused to take, 
and claimed Fletcher lard, which it was impossible for us to give them. 
Part of the lot claimed was way billed diamond M, and they could have 176 
DECISIONS OE ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
got F. & Bros.’ lard if they had presented bill of lading in time. At 
the end of the season we found 239 tierces had been over-delivered to 
Fowler Bros. 
The parties then retired, and the Committee made the following award: 
“That the Erie Railway Company pay the bill of Mr. J. T. Davies, as 
rendered, viz.: Seven thousand seven hundred and eighty-three dollars 
and fltty-eight cents, with interest from date of purchase, April 24, 1873' 
and also cost of this arbitration, $25. 
New York, June 23, 1873. 
Arbitration Committee met this day at 3 P. M.,, all present. 
The case of Erie Railway Company vs. Fowler Brothers. 
The plaintiffs, represented by Mr. Davis, stated that they made the 
award given by the Committee on the 20th in the case of J. T. Davies vs. 
Erie Railway as the basis of their claim against Fowler Brothers as what 
we owe J. T. Davies the defendants in this case owes us, as they took 
lard that belonged to Davies, which they had no right to do, and with the 
understanding that they would make it right if any mistake occurred. 
They were notified by us of their mistake, and Fowler Brothers’ man said 
he would deliver the same number of packages to Davies from the dock to 
make it right, which he did not do. Davies purchased from Fowler Bros, 
lard; if not the identical packages belonging to him, it was of the same 
brand, and Fowler Bros., by taking Davies’ lard, were able to fill orders at 
old prices, which he could not have done had he not taken the lard which 
did not belong to him, and we think we have a valid claim for the amount 
presented, viz., seven thousand seven hundred and eighty-three dollars 
and forty-eight cents ($7,783.48). A bill of lading being issued in the 
West, the cars are branded and each one has a way-bill, and if a way-bill 
like the one shown comes in we send out notice to the party receiving this 
brand of goods, and do not always require bill of lading when we know 
the parties are responsible, like the defendants; and it is also in order to 
accommodate them, and to have the freight removed as soon as possible, 
and when all is delivered the bill of lading is surrendered. Messrs. Fowler 
Bros, knew how much they should have received, and they should now 
make it right. 
Mr. Antis, Delivery Clerk, stated that they found out shortly after that 
he had delivered the defendants too much laid, and told their representa- 
tive, and he said he would make them (J. T. Davies) right. We delivered 
to defendant, without Bill of Lading, as we had faith in them, and a 
promise from them to guarantee us from any loss if occasioned by their 
getting too much lard. They have presented different Bills of Lading at DECISIONS OE ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
177 
different limes tor same Brand of lard, and we considered that all lard 
marked F.&B. was for them. About March Ist Davies presented Bill of 
Lading, which was after the defendants had the lard, and I tried all 1 could 
to rectify the mistake. The lard did not all come on one way bill, and 
500 tierces were way-billed diamond M, all to the order of W. S. Bartley. 
The plaintiffs further stated, through Messrs. Clark and Folejq that 
F. & Bros, brand was always considered to be Fowler Bros., and so anxious 
have defendants been to obtain lard that they would take it at times 
before notice was given, and before the freight was paid. We only claim 
•239 tierces lard, as we lost 3 on the way which we are willing to pay for. 
The defendants replied that at that time they were receiving a great 
deal of lard ot about six different marks, and of all that number we have 
not received one lot correct, being shoit on some and long on others, and 
not correct as to weight. We received notice to remove our goods which 
arrived in various lots in December, January and February, and it did not 
come as shipped, but two or three different brands being in a car, and we 
took it just as it came, and it was impossible for us to tell then whether we 
were short or long ot lard . 
Mr. Megrath asked me in May if I was long of lard, and our cashier 
informed me that we were long 233 tierces, this was in the middle of May, 
when we balanced our books, and I told Mr. Megrath that when we 
made up our stock list we would give him the proceeds and in June the 
Erie Railway Co., claimed to have traced 239 tierces to us, 3 having been 
lost on the way and we notified the Erie Railway Company that we were 
long in lard, and we offered to give them the price received on contract 
for the 233 tierces, or price of the lard on day on which the mistake 
occurred which they refused to accept. Up to March Ist we have received 
lard from Erie Railway that was shipped in December, and should have 
been here in 10 days. We are now short on diamond M lard, and have not 
been able to check a single invoice of our weights this season on 
account of the way in which the goods have been delivered, and would 
say that during the past season the Erie Railway Company have done their 
business in a most careless manner. We did not: nor give the authority 
to any one, to guarantee the Erie Railway Company against any loss that 
might occur. 
The defendants clerk testified that he receipted for the lard, and also 
had bills of lading for it, and had whatever quantity I received endorsed 
on the back, in one case the Bill of Lading was delayed, but 1 presented 
them before 1 took the lard away. The fault was in the West as some 
came Fowler Bros, to notify Fowler Bros,, and others F. Bros, with no 
instructions who to notify, and as we did not know of any one else 
receiving lard of the same mark we took it, and the Railway Company 
made no objections. I did not guarantee anything to the Erie Railway, 
neither did I agree to give Mr. Davies lard to make him square. 178 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
In March I saw that we were over and notified our cashier, and in Feb- 
ruary I heard of Mr. Davies’ bill of lading, but did not see it. When 1 
went to the railroad to take charge of our lard the man who had charge 
previously had been killed, and everything was in confusion, and it was 
impossible for me to know anything about the previous business. 
The Committee, after hearing the evidence presented, decide! that 
Messrs. Fowler Bros, pay Erie Railway for two hundred and thirty-nine 
tierces lard (239), seven thousand six hundred and eighty-seven dollars, 
($7,087); less expenses one hundred and nineteen dollars and fifty cents, 
($119,50), making seven thousand five hundred and sixty-seven dollars and 
fifty cents, ($7,567.50), with interest from April 24th, 1873, and cost of this 
arbitration, $25. 
New York, August 25, 1873, 
Meeting of the Arbitration Committee held this day at 3 F. M. 
Present: Messrs. Sherwood, Blanchard, Jewell and Dally. 
Case of C. Menelas vs. Butchers’Hide and Melting Associition in regard 
to purchase of 100 hogsheads tallow. 
The plaintiff stated that he bought from the defendants 100 hogsheads 
tahow as prime, through a broker, Mr. G. Vandenhove. The tallow was 
shipped to London, and was proven to be not prime tallow, but had a 
mixture of lard and pig’s fat in it, as stated in letters received from there 
(put in evidence). We had a sample sent to the Pharmaceutical Society 
of Great Britain, and had it analyzed by Prof. Redwood, whose statement 
is submitted, testifying that part of the one hundred hogsheads contained 
amixtuieof soft fat, such as lard. I claim $827 93 damages for inferior 
quality tallow sold me. I sent them a letter, dated July 9, requesting a 
settlement, to which they replied they would pay nothing. I have 
received letters this morning from the other side saying the tallow was 
not yet sold. 
The defendants stated that they sold to Mr. Menelas, through broker, 
the tallow in question, which wms tried by the broker, and it was all 
right. We do not make anything but prime tallow, and melt nothing 
but beef and mutton fat, right from the cattle, and never have any lard or 
pig’s fat in our place. When we have scorched tallow we never sell it as 
prime tallow. Mr. Menelas made a claim, which was placed before our 
Board of Trustees, and by their request I informed Mr. Menelas, through 
Mr. Vandenhove, the broker. 
The defendants’ foreman stated substantially the same as the preceding 
witness. DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
179 
The broker stated that he bought the tallow as prime tallow, sampled 
it and found it all right from his knowledge of tallow as a broker. If 
there was 5 to G per cent lard in it it could not be detected except by 
analysis, to which it is sometimes submitted at the buyer’s expense, if he 
desires it. 
The testimony being all in, the Committee made the following award 
That, according to the evidence submitted, Mr. C. Menelas has not 
established any claim against the Butchers’ Hide and Melting Association, 
and must pay the cost of this arbitration, $2O. 
Meeting of the Arbitration Committee held this day at 3 P. M. 
Present: Messrs. Sherwood, Hincken and Jewell. 
New York, October 15, 1873. 
A matter in dispute for a non-fulfillment of contract for delivery of a 
cargo of rosin between Messrs. Julius Hess & Co., as plaintiffs, and Messrs 
Barker Bros., as defendants. 
The plaintiff’s stated that they bought on' July 2, 1873, from the defend- 
ants (as per contract put in evidence) I,GOO barrels Wilmington strained 
rosin (10 per cent more or less), at $2 40 per 280 pounds, delivered free on 
board vessel “ Three Sisters” upon her arrival at Wilmington, at the price 
of 7s. sterling freight per 310 lbs. The vessel arrived in due time, and all 
they could put upon her was 1,289 barrels, which, according to our contract’ 
was 241 barrels short, and as we sold it upon the other side upon the same 
terms as we had bought it, and were obliged to cover ourselves in Ham- 
burg for what we were short at a loss to us of $5O 41, which we present as 
our claim, more as a matter of principle than for the amount of money 
involved. We obtained both the rosin and vessel from the 
and they represented she was to carry I.GOD barrels, 10 per cent, more or 
less. We have demanded fulfillment of contract from them, but they 
refuse to settle. 
The defendant stated that the intention was to sell a cargo for the 
“Three Sisters,” which we have delivered to them, and have put one 
hundred barrels on the deck in addition, and would have given her more 
if she would have held it. The words “as vessel may carry” are erased 
upon the contract, which was done without my knowledge, and muse 
have been done by the broker. We chartered the vessel and sold both 
together, and claim by giving her a full cargo we have fulfilled the con- 
tract. 
Mr. Halpin, the broker, stated that the defendant had the vessel Three 
Sisters,” and asked me to sell a cargo for her and named price < i vessel and 
rosin. The vessel was 146 tons, and we estimated 10 barrels to a ton and 180 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
thought we were safe, as we find small vessels carry more in proportion to 
their size than large ones. It was the intention lo sell a cargo hy the 
“Three Sisters,” and all I can say is that there was a mistake made in esti- 
mating, and it is the fault of the one making it. It would not have been 
a sale if the vessel had not arrived, and if rosin had gone down to $2 the 
defendant would have had no right to tender the plaintiff the 141 barrels, 
and if the vessel had held 2,000 barrels the defendant would not have been 
obliged to give them that amount, but only 10 per cent, more than the 
1,000 barrels. Ido not know who altered it, and cannot say why it was 
altered. 
The defendant further stated that he did not receive a copy of the con- 
tract from Hess & Co. until a week after it was signed. I have one con- 
tract for 2,000, on which I delivered I.G9G and nothing was said, and 
another contract for 1,100 on which I delivered 871, and the parties refused 
to take any more, and such things are happening every day. They claimed 
141 barrels with 7s. freight, and my contract says nothing of the kind, 
and I do not think it had that erasure on it when signed by us. 
The plaintiff stated that he had the clause (as vessel may carry) stricken 
out, and would not have received contract unless it had been stricken out, 
and I told them at the time I would claim the rosin if the vessel did not 
arrive, she being at sea at the time, which I hold under that contract I had 
a right to do. The reason of the contract not being signed was on account 
of the head of the house being away. 
The defendant's clerk testified that he signed the contract and it was 
not altered then, and it was afterward passed by Mr. Barker, and it must 
have been altered between the time it was signed and the time it was 
passed. 
The evidence being all in, the parties retired and the Committee made 
the following award : That, according to the evidence submitted, Messrs. 
Barker Brothers must pay the claim as presented by J. Hess & Co., for 
fifty dollars and forty-one cents ($5O 41), and also pay the cost of this 
arbitration, $l5. 
In witness whereof, we, members of the said Arbitration Committee 
concurring therein, have hereunto subscribed our names this 15th day of 
October, 1873. 
Frederick Sherwood, 
Edward Hincken, 
A. S. Jewell. 
Signed in presence of S. H. Grant, Supt. DECISIONS OE ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
181 
Meeting of the Arbitration Committee held this day at 3 P. M. 
Present: Messrs. Sherwood, Hincken. Blanchard and Jewell. Mr. Sher- 
wood in the chair. 
November 10, 1873. 
A matter in dispute in regard to the purchase of 400 tierces of lard 
between Messrs. W. J. Wilcox & Co. and Mr. Albert C. Oertel. 
The plaintiffs stated that on October 29th they sold to defendant 400 
tiercrs lard, through Mr. F. Schnitzspahn, broker, as per contract put in 
evidence. They delivered the lard according to contract, and presented 
the bill on the next morning with the receipts and demanded payment, 
which was refused, and, sooner than sell him out, we offered to carry it 
for him until the following Wednesday (this was on Saturday) upon 
payment of $l,OOO cash, free of interest, which he would not do. and we 
also offered to take his check, dated Monday, and in fact did everything 
we could to accommodate him. We offered to keep it open until Monday 
if Mr. Braun, to whom we sold it afterwards, would keep his offer open 
until that time; but Mr. Braun told us he could not keep it open, and we 
sold it to him on Monday noon at eight cents, which was the highest 
price paid for lard on that day, as we can prove by our sales to other par- 
ties. Mr. Braun was the only person who had orders for the Stettin 
steamer on that day, and we sold it to him, and it would have been 
a great sacrifice to us to have sold it in the open market. We claim a 
difference of one-quarter of a cent per pound o i 400 tierces, $315 53. We 
always collect on delivery of receipts. 
The defendant testified that it was a new business to him. and he was 
recommended to Mr. Schnitzspahn, the broker, and I gave him orders to 
purchase. He reported that he had purchased at a reasonable figure, and 
that, according to permit, plaintiffs would not ship it until Saturday, and 
payment would not be demanded until the following Wednesday. Plain- 
tiffs shipped the lard on Saturday and sent the bills and receipts to me on 
the same day about 12 o’clock and demanded monev, and I told them 1 
was not prepared to pay, as it was so difficult to sell exchange, and 1 had 
carefully forwarded my exchange with Duncan Sherman & Co., and was 
prepared to pay on Wednesday, according to agreement as made with the 
broker. Mr. Van Ingen, clerk of the plaintiffs, came to my office on 
Monday, and asked me what was the matter in regard to the lard, and I 
told him I would pay for it on Wednesday, and he then said he w uld 
sell at once, a buyer being then at the office. I told him of the agreement 
made with the broker, and he said ho did not care for any agreement 
made with him. I went and saw the plaintiffs, and they offered to carry 
it until Wednesday if I would put up a margin of $l,OOO, which I refused 
to do, as I was not obliged to put up any margin, and the plaintiffs further 
said that there was a man then waiting to buy the lard. They did not 182 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
sell the lard on Monday at 12 o’clock, as on that day between 4 and 5 
o’clock they sent to my office and asked me if I would pay on Wednesday, 
and I told him I would do what was right, and, if they had sold the lard 
on Monday, why did they send to me on the afternoon of that day. 
Tuesday, unfortunately for me, was a holiday, and I could not sell my 
exchange. When I was at plaintiffs’ office they said they could transfer the 
lard without any cost to me, and afterwards said they had sold it at B)^c. 
Mr. Van Ingen stated that the lard was shipped on Friday night, and 
the permit is dated October 31st. I demanded money on Saturday on 
delivery of receipts, and he refused to pay, and I told him we would exact 
payment before the steamer sailed or we would sell him out, and we 
offered to carry him until Wednesday upon payment of $l,OOO, and called 
upon him Saturday afternoon when he refused to pay, and 1 kept it open 
for him until Monday upon my own responsibility, and saw him on that 
day about 12 o’clock and to accept the receipts, and lie said he 
could not pay, and left me very abruptly. I also asked him if he would 
take care of it by Wednesday, but he would not promise, so I turned over 
the receipts and bill to Mr. Braun, and he paid me for the lard, and he 
was the only buyer that I knew of for lard for the Stettin steamer. 
Mr. Braun testified that he bought the 400 tierces on Monday at Bc, and 
received my receipts about 4P. M. I was offered this lard on Saturday 
at noon, but with the proviso that I wou'd have to wait until Monday 
before it could be definitely agreed upon. I bought 200 tierces from 
plaintiffs on same day at Bc, which was the highest price paid. 
The broker testified that he bought the lard and told the defendant that 
the money might be asked for on Saturday, and said nothing about his 
not having to pay until Wednesday, and am not authorized, and have 
never made any agreement outside of the contract. 
The defendant further stated that the money was not due until Wed- 
nesday, and plaintiffs had a right to keep (he receipts until the goods were 
paid for, and I told plaintiffs if the lard was delivered on Saturday I could 
not pay until Wednesday. 
The parties then retired and the following award was made by the 
committee: That in accordance with the evidence presented Mr. Albert 
C. Oertel must pay the claim of Messrs. W. ,T. Wilcox & Co-, as presented, 
for three hundred and fifteen dollars and fifty-three cents ($315 53), and 
also pay (he cost of this arbitration, $2O. 
In witness whereof, we, members of the said Arbitration Committee 
concurring therein, have hereunto subscribed our names this, 11th day of 
November, 1873. 
Frederick Sherwood, 
Edward Hincken, 
A. S. Jewell, 
William Blanchard. 
Signed in presence of William E. Fletcher DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
183 
Meeting of the Arbitration Committee held this day at 3 P. M. Present: 
Messrs. Sherwood, Hineken, Blanchard, Jewell and Dally. Mr, Sherwood 
in the chair. 
New York, November 25th, 1873. 
The chairman stated that this was a matter in dispute in regard to a 
difference with reference to the sale of petroleum tar or residuum between 
Messrs. Sone & Fleming and Messrs. Libby & Clark. 
The defendants stated that they were not ready to proceed with the 
case, as they required considerable testimony, there being a large amount 
of damage involved. We have foreign testimony to introduce which 
is necessary to establish our case, and do not wish to be understood by the 
committee that we ask for unreasonable time, and will be prepared to go 
on with the case after the 10th of December. The case is purely one of 
damages, and extends over a period of twelve months, and as Messrs. 
Sone & Fleming will claim a large amount, we think that we are only 
asking for reasonable time. 
The plaintiffs stated that they were prepared to go on, and would state 
their case in a few moments as follows : On the Bth March, 1873, we made 
two contracts with the defendants, they to take all the residuum made at 
our works (as per contracts put in evidence), one from March Bth, 1873, to 
October Ist, 1873, and one from October Ist, 1873. to March Bth, 1874. 
They took the tar for about two months, in all 4,280 barrels, and then 
rejected it, and we have since run all the tar at our works for their account 
at a loss to us, and estimate our damages to be about $30,000 to date, and 
as one of the contracts has not yet expired, we cannot tell what our total 
damages may be. We do not think foreign evidence has any bearing upon 
the case, and we claim fulfilment of the contract and refer to the rules of 
the petroleum trade, and would also call the attention of the committee to 
the inspector’s certificate attached to the contracts, among them certifi- 
cates of their own inspector, and we also have ten to fifteen more. I will 
present the affidavits of twenty-six of our men testifying that we have 
made residuum during the past year precisely as we have made it for the 
past twenty-two months. We have delivered this residuum as a merchant- 
able article to Meissner, Ackermann & Co., and other large shippers. We 
have sold defendants tar prior to this contract. The defendants replied 
that they had everything to prove, and required time to do it. We claim 
that we have not accepted any of this tar except under protest, and also 
propose to show that it is not tar. As to the rules of the petroleum trade 
to which the plaintiff refers, I will state that they were not in force at 
that time and have been adopted since the contract was made, and the 
plaintiff was one of the committee to make said rules. We have a very 
valid answer to all the plaintiff's statements. To shorten and simplify 
the case we will present lhe following paper (read) which, if the plaintiffs 
will sign, admitting certain points, it will go far towards shortening the 184 
DECISIONS OP ARBITRATION COMMITTEE, 
case. If we can demonstrate according to equity that we are entitled to 
reject the residuum, then we are entitled to damages, and if we cannot 
the plaintiffs are entitled to damages. 
By plaintiffs: We refuse to sign the paper read by the defendant. 
They claim that residuum is only used for one purpose—that of making 
lubricating oil. We claim it is not so, as there were a half million barrels 
of illuminating oil made from it last year, and it is also used in making 
aniline colors, gas. and for other purposes, if being but a small portion 
that is used for making lubricating oil; and, besides, we claim it is not 
our business to know what it is to be used for. There have been cargoes of 
it shipped to Liverpool lately, and we have never sold it to refineries until 
the market for crude oil became so low. 
By the defendant: The article the plaintiffs talk about our buying 
prior to this contract was bought for experiment, and sold to us under the 
name of 10 per cent tar., and we tried it and rejected it, and had no idea 
that such an article was to be tendered under this contract. We did not 
use a barrel of the tar. and we propose to prove what this article is by 
those who understand the qualities of residuum, and will have very 
elaborate proofs. There has been but very little shipped until this year, and 
it has but one use there as it has here. The United States Government 
decision says that under 20 gravity is tar, and over 20 burning oil; and, as 
a matter of fact, we shall demonstrate that other residuum is worth more 
than theirs, and that theirs is entirely unsuitable for our business. We 
have a great many witnesses, some of whom are out of town, and would 
ask to be allowed until the 15th December to obtain our evidence. 
By the plaintiffs: I will admit that a heavy gravity tar may be an 
advantage in making lubricating oil; but we do not specify gravity, and 
sell the residuum as it is, having never put a hydrometer in it. We make 
one-third of all that is made in New York and vicinity, and claim that it 
is worth 50 per cent more than any other. The market has gone down ; 
but if it had gone up, and I should have gone to the defendants and told 
them that 1 would not deliver them any more tar, as I had found out it 
was not suitable for making the article that they had bought it for, 1 
think they would have said we can ship it, and wish it delivered according 
to contract. We do not object to reasonable time being given the defend- 
ants, but we are running from 1,200 to 1,500 barrels of tar a week, which 
makes a great loss to us. 
The Committee, after consultation, stated that they were willing to 
give the parties all reasonable time, and would adjourn the case until 
Monday, December 15,1873, at 3 P. M., Messrs. Libby & Clark to pay the 
cost of this adjournment, $25, and they hoped the parties would come 
prepared to proceed with the case as rapidly as possible. 
On motion, adjourned. 
Wm. E. Fletcher, Secretary, DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
185 
New York, December loth, 1873. 
Adjourned meeting of the Arbitration Committee held this day at 3 
P. M. All the committee present. Mr. Sherwood in the chair. 
The chairman stated that this was an adjourned meeting of a matter in 
dispute between Messrs. Sone & Fleming and Messrs. Libby & Clark, in 
regard to a difference with reference to the sale of petroleum tar or resi- 
duum. 
The plaintiffs submitted two contracts as follows : one from March Bth, 
1873, to October Ist, 1873, and one from October Ist, 1873, to March Bth, 
1874. they both being similar with the exception of a difference of %c per 
gallon in price. 
CONTRACT. 
Sold to Messrs. Libby & Clark for account of Messrs. Sone & Fleming, 
all of the petroleum tar produced at their refinery, “Kings County Oil 
Works,5' from date to October Ist, 1873, at (6%) six and three-quarter cents 
per gallon in bulk, by guage. Tar to be free from water and coke. Sub- 
ject to inspection. Terms cash. To be delivered to lighter at sellers' 
yard in lots of not less than 200 barrels each. Sellers to furnish merchant- 
able order barrels for transportation, and buyers to take away the tar 
within five days’ notice from sellers, unless prevented by the elements or 
inability to procure lighters. Sellers reserving right to supply lighters at 
customary rates; buyers to return barrels of equal quality promptly, as 
required by seller, free of lighterage. 
New York, March Bth, 1873. 
Trxjmby & Beckwith, 
Brokerage by seller. Accepted. 
Brokers, 134 Maiden Lane. 
March 11th, 1873. 
Libby & Clark. 
Plaintiffs presented their claim for damage sustained on first contract, 
marked Exhibit 1, for $23,GG6 46. 
The defendants submitted their claim foi damages amounting to $40,000, 
marked Exhibit No. 2, and stated that they were prepared to prove that 
such damage was caused them by Ihe neglect of the plaintiffs in not 
furnishing us a merchantable tar. Petroleum tar is the heavy residuum 
left in the stills from the distillation of crude oil, and should be from 2% 
to 5 per cent, crude oil, and from 1G to 20 specific gravity, while the tar 
that the plaintiffs have tendered us is unlike petroleum tar, containing It) 
per cent, crude oil, and being from 22 to 2G gravity, and it should be 
properly classed as 10 per cent, tar, and which tar is totally unfit for our 
business of making paraffine oil and wax. ’i his tar was bought subject to 
our inspection, and all that we have accepted has been under protest, and 
have refused to receive any more at all, and it is for the committee to 186 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE, 
decide as to whether those rejections were honest or not. We are 
prepared to prove hy the unanimous testimony of the trade that petroleum 
tar chould not he more than 2% to 5 per cent, crude oil, and from 1G to 20 
degrees specific gravity, and as we are properly the plaintiffs in this 
matter, and have everything to prove, we will, with the consent of the 
committee and of the plaintiffs, now call Mr. H. H. Rogers, of the firm of 
Charles Pratt, to the stand as a Avitness. 
Mr. 11. 11. Rogers's statement: I have been a refiner of petroleum for 
years. (Contract shown, and question asked Avitness as to what kind of 
tar would be a fair tender on it.) Answer: I should say that contract 
means the customary tar Avhich is from 3 to 5 per cent, crude oil, not over 
5 per cent, and under 20 degrees specific gravity, and I should always be 
governed hy the gravity in selling tar. The lighter in body the less value 
it has, and 10 per cent, crude oil could not he caked tar, and if 10 per cent, 
crude oil Avas demanded from me on a tar contract, I would not admit my 
liability to deliver it; but as to whether I Avould deliver it, would depend 
greatly upon the price at the time. If I should tender a tar 8 to 10 per 
cent, crude oil and 20 gravity up, I would say that the defendants Avould 
he right in rejecting it, as it would he unsuitable for making paraffine oil. 
I Avonld consider it was sold subject to the defendant’s inspection, and avc 
have always acknowledged such inspection for coke, water and gravity. 
Cross-examined hy plaintiffs: If I had been making 10 per cent, tar lavo 
years previous to this contract, and the defendants knew it and had been 
receiving it, I Avould consider I Avas right in tendering it to them. They 
inspect all that is for shipment, and to such inspection as is customary 
from the defendants we would accept. 1 have refined petroleum West, 
and there is no general percentage for tar there, as it is all governed by 
the demand, but should say the average West is more than 5 per cent, 
crude oil. (Inspector’s certificates shown Avitness marked Exhibit ISTo. 4.) 
On these certificates I Avould say that according lo the gravity AA’here it is 
noted on them that it is all too high to apply on this contract, and Ave 
have had residuum rejected for coke and light gravity. Residuum is the 
heavy refuse left in the stills after the distillation of crude oil. If I had 
taken from you 200 barrels 10 per cent, tar for experiment and had 
rejected it, I Avould say that Avas sufficient notice to you that I did not 
Avish any more. If I had always been making 10 per cent, tar, and had 
made contracts, and tar went up instead of cloavii, I would not feel justified 
in running it cloavii to 4 per cent., but would deliver the same percentage 
as usnab 
Examined by the committee : 1 Avould say that if crude oil declines Ave 
leave more residuum in the stills so as to save our still bottoms. If 
residuum is Avorth eight cents and crude oil five cents Ave Avould try to get 
rid of as much residuum as Ave could, but if crude oil Avas higher, as it has 
been previous to this, avc Avould run it doAvn as low as possible, Avhen it DECISIONS OP ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
187 
would be more suitable for making paraffine oil. We have contracts with 
Libby & Clark, the same as plaintiffs have. 
Mr. R o eke fell ars’ statement: I am a refiner of petroleum, and our 
capacity is about 1,500 barrels a day. Petroleum tar is 3 to 5 per cent, 
crude oil, and 18 to 20 degrees specific gravity. (Contract shown.) On 
that contract, which is. just the same as we have with the defendants, I 
would not, under these certificates shown, consider it a proper tender, and 
the defendants would be right in rejecting it, as 10 per cent, crude oil 
and 25 gravity is not tar, and in fact I never heard of 10 per cent, tar untii 
this case came up. If it was tendered me under those certificates on that 
contract, and on same certificates the gravity is not noted, which is the 
most important point, and what I would want to know about, as I would 
not accept it if over 20 gravity. There is no established rule, although we 
always inspect for gravity, and above 20 and over 5 per cent. I do not con- 
sider to be a merchantable tar. 
Cross-examined by the plaintiffs : If we had always made a 10 per cent, 
tar, and tendered this, and they had received it, I should think the}r had 
no right to reject this. We have never made any residuum at our refinery 
ia Cleveland, and have never sold any West, as we use the whole product 
there ourselves. 
Jas. Donald; (Affidavit put in evidence. Exhibit No. 6. Contracts and 
certificate shown witness.) I think on that contract they would be justified 
in rejecting what has been tendered according to the certificates shown. 
In my own cass I would not expect it to exceed 5 per cent crude oil, but 
if 10 per cent, was demanded, I would tender it if it paid me best. 
Ci oss-examined by plaintiff: If it had been my custom to make 10 per- 
cent tar, and if they had been in the habit of accepting it, 1 would 
consider this a fair fender on that contract. 
If having made a contract for all my tar, I would not change my system 
of making it to suit a certain purpose of defendants, if I had been deliver- 
ing the same kind previously, and they had not objected to it. 
By the plaintiff: The defendants ship residuum, and when they made 
this contract they had all the residuum bought up. Cargoes have always 
been sold previous without any regard to the gravity, and under these 
inspectors’ certificates we claim it is right as tendered; as they are the 
recognized inspectors of petroleum and its products, and previous to this 
it was only inspected for coke and water. 
By Atchison Scott; Have been in the business of refining petroleum 
three years in Brooklyn, and at one time was an inspector for a manufac- 
tory, but never inspected for shipping (affidavit put in evidence, exhibit 
No. 7), 22 to 26 gravity is not tar but oil, and it could not be used for making 
paraffine oil. (Contracts and certificates shown). On these certificates it 
is above the ordinary gravity of tar, which should be from 3 to 5 per cent. 188 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
crude oil and 16 to 20 gravity. r|’he gravity lias never been taken until a 
short time ago, and I seldom heard it mentioned until this case came up, 
and as an inspector, judged from my knowledge of it, and inspected it 
tree from coke and water. 
The higher gravity the less heavy matter you have, and tar from 22 to 
26 gravity I would not accept on that contract. 
Cross-examined by plaintiff.—l have heard of residuum being used for 
making paraffine oil and wax. and a small percentage is used for making 
gas, and small refiners make heavy oil from it . 
By A. T. Smithes.—(Affidavit put in evidence marked exhibit No. 8.) I 
have refined petroleum, and I define tar to be not above 5 per cent, crude 
oil, and from 16 to 20 gravity. We never run tar 22 to 26 gravity, and it 
would not pay to buy 22 to 26 gravity tar to make lubricating oil from. 
We inspected residuum some times at the factory, but not for gravity, 
which was some years ago. We sold it to be a merchantable article free 
from coke and water, and when it was above 20 gravity and parties object- 
ed we would make it right with them, and when it is from 24 to 25 gravity 
would consider it an oil, and would not accept it on contract as it should 
not be over 20 gravity. 
Cross-examined by Plaintiffs—Tar is used for gas purposes, and for that 
purpose light gravity tar is most valuable, and also for making burning 
oil. Heavy tar or under 20 gravity is used for making lubricating oil. 
At this stage of the proceedings the paeeting adjourned until Wednes- 
day, December 17, 1873, at 3 P.M. 
W. E. Fletcher, 
Secretary. 
New York, December 17th, 1873. 
Adjourned meeting of the Arbitration Committee held this day at 3 P. 
M., to hear the case of Messrs. Sone & Fleming vs. Libby & Clark. All 
the committee present. Mr. Sherwood in the chair. 
The defendants stated that there was no difference between the plain- 
tiffs and themselves as to the gravity of this tar, and would impress upon 
the minds Of the committee that the inspectors named are not experts. I 
will present as a witness Mr. E. W. Burke. 
By Mr. Burke ; lam a petroleum refiner, and have been for the past 
ten or twelve years running three refineries (contracts and certificates 
shown), under my contract with defendants, which is the same as the 
plaintiffs. I have always delivered what is customary for me to sell. 
(Letter put in evidence marked Exhibit No. 9, and signature, acknowledged 
by witness). I have always made the percentage not over three or four per 
cent, and have delivered that percentage to defendants, and would not feel 
myself authorized to deliver them a larger percentage. There is no rule DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
189 
in regard to it, but, with one exception, we all refine it down to less than 
five per cent. Gravity of tar was first brought to my notice about two years 
ago, occasioned by the examination of some Canada tar, which was about 
20 gravity, and eight to ten per cent. Tar of 22 to 20 gravity would not 
be a fair tender. The term “ subject to inspection ” means subject to buy- 
er’s inspection, if he demands it. If ten per cent tar was demanded of me 
on a contract I would not deliver it unless I chose to. 
Cross-examined by the plaintiff: I have refined petroleum for four 
years in this State, and I do not know whether 22 to 26 gravity tar is mer- 
chantable or not, as I have never made any, and do not know the demand 
for it, and have never sold any cargoes of tar, neither do I know the value 
of 22 to 20 gravity tar. I have heard of tar being used for making lubricating 
oil, but for no other purpose. I have never drawn any ten per cent tar from 
my stills, and have never delivered tar of 25 gravity to the defendants. 
I will correct my former statement by saying that I have sold tar for the 
purpose of manufacturing gas. If I had sold 1,500 barrels of tar. my option, 
22 to 20 gravity, I would deliver the heavy. With crude oil at ten cents a 
gallon, I would not deliver 26 gravity tar at as low a price as I would 22. 
With crude oil at 6% cents, I could not say what I would do, as I have 
made no computation. The value of still-room for crude oil from March 
to October, 1873, was considerable, but cannot tell its exact valuation. I 
have never heard the gravity of tar stipulated on cargoes previous to May, 
1873, except in the case of the Canada tar mentioned, when the govern- 
ment stopped it from being imported as tar. I run about 8,000 to 9,000 
barrels of crude oil a week, making two to three per cent of tar. 
By A. H. Mumby ; I have been a broker in petroleum and its products 
for years. Our firm is Mumby & Beckwith, (Contracts shown). I made 
those contracts, and supposed I was buying the same as I had from other 
refiners under the same name. I do not know what petroleum tar is, but 
from hearsay I understand the gravity to bo from 16 to 20. The words 
‘‘subject to inspection ” mean a merchantable tar, subject to the buyer’s 
inspection. I did not know how much tar would be delivered. The seller 
may have said something at the time as to the quantity to be delivered, 
but I had the impression it would be large, judging by the size of the 
refinery. I have not heard of any one selling large quantities of petro- 
leum tar for account of plaintiffs previous to this contract. 
Cross-examined by plaintiffs : I forget as to whether you said anything 
to me about the quantity, but my impression was that it would be large, 
but nothing was said about quality or gravity. 
Examined by the committee: Nothing was said at time of purchase 
that it was intended for any special use, and I never knew of any difference 
in quality between this refinery and others. Defendants are large buyers, 
and they sometimes give us orders to buy right along at a certain price, 190 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
but iu this case I do not recollect if they gave us the order before I saw 
the plaintiffs or not, but I had no particular instructions. As a broker I 
was t yirg to make a sale. 
W. X. Day’s statement. I have been interested in petroleum and its 
products for some time. (Contracts shown.) I should say that that con- 
tract called for ordinary merchantable tar as made here. 
Examined by the committee: Merchantable tar I judge should not 
exceed five per cent, and , iy greater percentage should not be sold as tar. 
From 22 to 26 gravity, and eight to ten per cent crude oil, I should call an 
oil, and it would not apply on that contract. They would be justified in 
tendering it if the buyer would accept it. As to the buyer being bound to 
receive it 1 could not say, as there might be such a thing as eight to ten per- 
cent tar. An ordinary crude oil that yielded ten per cent would be a very 
large percentage, and 1 could not call it tar. 
By defendants: Petroleum tar has always been inspected for coke, 
water and gravity. The essential requirements are weight and body. We 
purchased from plaintiffs about two years ago 200 barrels of what was 
termed ten per cent tar. and it was represented to us as being more 
valuable for our business, and we paid two cents a gallon more for it. We 
took it to our refinery and got from it a light volatile oil that made it 
totally unfit for our business, and we reported it to plaintiffs, and up to the 
time of this contract we had received no more. We could not use it at our 
works without our knowledge, as it would not give the yield of wax or 
heavy oil. The first one or two deliveries from the plaintiffs were sent to 
our refinery and put in our tar tank, and from there into our stills. We 
were always testing the gravity and found the oil lighter than what we 
had received before, and not suitable for our purpose, and it stood in the 
tar tank at 24 instead of 18, as we had received for the past five years. I 
did not know where it came from, and inquired on ’Change, and submitted 
it to two or three refiners, and tlmy said they were not making light 
gravity tar. I saw the plaintiffs, and they said it was the best tar and 
suitable for our use, and that it was all right. After this we had each par- 
ticular lot inspected for the gravity, and then ascertained it came from 
them, and informed them of it, and asked them to make it a merchantable 
tar, and we received cue or two other lots under protest. We never- 
received anything similar from plaintiffs or any other refiner, because we 
could have detected it at once, and we could not have used it. Coke and 
water are no characteristics of tar. That clause only gives the buyer the 
privilege of rejecting it if it contains coke and water. Mr. Purdy has 
inspected our tar for the past five years, and no inspection of ours has been 
questioned. We have rejected it for body also for containing benzine 
and naphtha. We make heavy lubricating oil, and the heavier the tar the 
heavier the oil, and we rejected this tar for light gravity. Before this DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
191 
contract we did not inspect each lot, but since then we have made a gravity 
of our own, which we do to show the difference in quality. Previous to 
this contract shippers were not in the habit of buying by gravity because 
there was no such tar as plaintiffs on the market, which we say is a new 
article. We have bought the products of refineries at the request of the 
refiners, as they said their yield of tar was so small that they could not 
tell what it would be. 
Cross-examined by plaintiff: We sold 500 barrels of tar to Ackermann 
and put 500 on board the u Eden,” but do not know who inspected it. I 
think we have shipped tar without a certificate. The running capacity of 
our works now is from ten to eleven hundred barrels a week, and we are 
receiving about 1,000 barrels a week from refiners. I have conducted the 
business of making lubricating oil, but do not say that I can tell the gravity 
of tar by looking at it; but by puting a stick in it, I could tell in 
that way if it was lighter. I do not know as 1 could tell the difference 
between 22 and 24. 
Examined by the committee: The ten per cent tar when sold to us 
was represented to be an article different from others, and better for our 
business. A feAV months after this purchase and rejection we bought four 
or five lots from them, and it was different in character, and never knew 
they were running ten per cent tar until we discovered it at oar refinery. 
I cannot say how long it was after the receipt of it before we objected to 
it. We have tested the gravity of tar occasionally previous to this con- 
tract. We discovered this article about a week after the date of this con- 
tract, and at the time the contract was made we knew nothing of its 
gravity. 
Re-cross-examined by plaintiff: We notified you that the tar did not 
suit about Januaiy Ist, and told you I thought you had a good joke on us 
by making us pay two cents a gallon more for it when it was worth less. 
The defendants here rested their case with the right to call another 
witness, and also the right to put in documentary evidence. 
The plaintiffs presented as their first witness Mr. Lounesbury who 
stated as follows in answer to examination by the plaintiff: I have been 
acquainted with your system of manufacture in a general way, and know 
that two years ago you commenced to run your stills quick, and know that 
you have continued to do so. 
By Paul Babcock, jr.—We have bought tar for shipment for a number 
of years, and have never heard the gravity of tar mentioned previous to 
May. 1873. In buying we consider the lighter the more valuable, and 
always avoid buying a thick heavy tar. I have an order for 26 gravity 
tar, as shipper said heavy gravity tar would not do. We bought a cargo 
of light gravity tar from the plaintiffs on the 25th October at 8 cents for 
Mr. Simmonds, an English shipper (as per Exhibit ISTo. 11 put in evidence). 192 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
I consider light tar a merchantable tar strictly prime. There were but two 
sellers of tar in the market, and they controlled ic all. and about eight or 
nine months ago we tried to get some but could not. 
Cross-examined by defendants.—l understood you had contracts with 
all refiners up to Januaiy 1. We had a large order, and could not get the 
tar from plaintiffs, and we heard Lombard, Ayres & Co., had the kind of 
tar we wished, and they said they would deliver to us if you would give 
your permission, and I ottered 9 cents for it, (Contract shown.) I should 
say that that called for all the tar made at that refinery which is the residuum 
left in the stills after the distillation. (Certificates shown.) Question 
asked if they would apply on that contract. A ns.—Purdy’s does not 
specify coke and water which is necessary. Lockwood Bios. & Holly 
would apply. Edward Harrison’s would apply. J. B. Miller’s would 
apply. We believe tar is used largely by gas companies, and also by lubri- 
cating oil companies. We should call petroleum tar a heavy residuum 
left after distillation, which knowledge I obtained from having been in 
the business of refining oil. The percentage differs according to manu- 
facture ; as I made it, it was about 8 per cent. I would consider an article 
with 50 per cent of burning oil in it as petroleum tar. 
I have not sold any tar as mentioned previous to this year. We had 
not sold a cargo prior to this sale, but have tried to buy cargoes of that 
character for two years past, we did not buy by gravity, but because we 
thought it was the lightest in the market, and our buyers wanted a thin 
liquid tar. I have not heard of tar being i ejected on the other side on 
account of heavy gravity . 
Light tar has been rejected on account of heavy naphtha in it. 
Examined by the Committee.—l have bought tar in this market for 
8 years. The exportation has varied a great deal. The defendants by 
their operations have decreased it. I have no idea of the proportions of 
exports to the production of tar. 
Re-Cross examination by the defendants.—l think prior to this year 
there has been an average of two cargoes a year exported from this 
market. The amount of tar required for shipping creates an open market 
with a regular demand for it. 
Re-direct examination by the plaintiffs.—lt was a well known fact for 
the past two years that your tar was the best in the market. 
By Mr. Lawrie.—l have bought tar from the plaintiffs and considered I 
was buying a strictly merchantable article. (Certificates shown). I 
should say they called for tar or residuum free from coke and water. I have 
known of your making light gravity tar for about 2 years, having bought a 
cargo from you some two years ago. My orders when buying tar were 
not to have it heavier than IC, and our instruction to inspectors was to 
be free from coke and water, and no limit as to light gravity. DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
193 
Cross-examined by the defendants.—l think at the time the cargo was 
to be of a liquid quality. The plaintiffs told me that the lighter the gravity 
the more valuable it was. 
I stated at a meeting of the petroleum trade that the lighter the tar the 
better for export. I wanted the gravity from 16 to 20, and not so low as the 
defendants wanted it. 
I do not think now that for certain purposes the light tar is the most 
valuable. I bought a cargo of you for the Eden, did not know who made 
it. No gravity was asked; it was only to be a merchantable tar; it was 
shipped to Liverpool, and we did not hear anything about it until 
Mr. Kimball, partner of defendants, went there last summer, when 
we heard complaint. I am satisfied with the inspection of Lockwood 
Bros. & Holly, and I have purchased cargoes in Philadelphia, and accepted 
them on such certificates. 
1 have made a reclamation on such certificates before this committee, 
and if it had been from 16 to 20 gravity do not know as we would have 
had the trouble. I purchased a cargo from plaintiffs in September without 
the gravity being mentioned, but I supposed it to be about 26, and that 
cargo was accepted on the other side. I received orders afterwards for 
heavy gravity, and bought it from defendants. 
Ee-direct examination by the plaintiffs.—l have seen copies of the 
circular issued by Libby & Clark on the other side, which speak unfavor- 
ably of light gravity tar. 
By Mr. Bunker.—l have known that the plaintiffs have been making a 
light gravity tar for about two years, and they have claimed it to be superior 
for that reason. 
I have purchased this tar from them and think it to be a superior and 
merchantable article, and have not had any complaint. (Contracts and cer- 
tificates shown.) I should consider the certificates correct. I would have 
given as good a price for plaintiffs’ tar as for any other until recently, since 
the orders came for gravity. 
Cross-examined by the defendants.—l shipped tar in 1872, but did not 
know the gravity. Ido not think I over said a merchantable tar should 
be from 16 to 21 gravity. 
Examined by the Committee.—I have bought tar for lubricating and 
gas purposes, and always to ship, but never examined it. 
By Mr. G. F. Gregory.—I have refined oil about 5 years. I have never 
bought any tar, and never sold any except my own, and the highest I 
have ever delivered was Per eent* 
I have never heard gravity mentioned previous to May, 1873, and I do 
not think the gravity of tar could be told by looking at it. 
The certificates shown are all valid in authority ; 26 gravity tar is more 
valuable than 18, 194 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
Cross-examined by defendants.—Our tar runs from 3to 4 per cent. I 
do not know as I would be right in asking yon to take 10 per cent crude 
oil, and do not think I could be compelled to deliver 10 per cent. We 
say light tar is more valuable because it has more burning oil in it. I do 
not know how valuable it is for lubricating oil, as I never made any. 
Examined by the Committee.—l could not say what tar is meant on that 
contract, and it would depend upon the orders in the market at the time. 
If it contained 10 per cent crude oil it would be tar, but we never make it 
more than 4 per cent. The tar would depend upon the kind the plaintiffs 
were making previous to the contract, and if they had been making it for 
a year previous it would apply. Early in the fall I was told by the plain- 
tiffs’ foreman that they were making light gravity tar. 
By Mr. McGoey.—Examined by Plaintiff.—l have heard that yon were 
running from stills quick, and believe it is so, but have not seen it done. 
Cross-examined.—I have been a reliner 15 to 18 years, and there is a 
great difference in the running of the stills; we run them close. I would 
refuse to deliver 10 per cent., and could not be compelled to. 
On motion, the meeting adjourned to December 19, 1873, at 3 P. M. 
Wm. E. Fletcher, 
Secretary. 
New York, December 19,1873. 
Adjourned meeting of the Arbitration Committee held this day at 3 P. 
M., to hear the case of Sone & Fleming vs. Libby & Clark. All the com- 
mittee present. Mr. Sherwood in the chair. 
The plaintiffs called as a witness Mr. Abm. McCreery, their superin- 
tendent. 
By Mr. Abm. McCreery: lam superintendent for Messrs. Sone A 
Fleming, and have been ever since they commenced refining. I have 
refined petroleum about twelve years, and consider myself an expert in 
running and building a refinery. We have been running quick for over a 
year prior to March 8, 1873, three or three and a-half times in the seven 
days. I have kept a record in a book of the time the stills start, and the 
time they are off. We have produced about ten per cent of tar during the 
past twenty months, and our tar yields about eighty per cent of oil. There 
has been no change in our running for the year previous to March, 1873, 
and I would have known of any change had it occurred. The lighter the 
gravity the more valuable for general purposes. It is used principally for 
making illuminating oil, also lubricating oil, paraffine wax, gas and aniline 
colors. I first heard of the gravity of tar last April. We have not been 
idle during the past year at our refinery. 
Cross-examined by defendants . Petroleum tar yields about eighty per 
cent of burning oil, of which the best is run into burning oil, and a por- 
tion of it would make a heavy lubricating oil. about twenty per cent of it. DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
195 
Although I have not been in the lubricating oil business, I know the prin- 
ciple of it. I have tested the gravity at different times, but never found it 
above 25 nor below 23. 
Examined by the committee ; Tar has never been of uniform gravity. 
We u-ed to make it heavier prior to two years before this contract. I did 
not try the gravity, but judged it would bo heavier by the qu mtity. The 
gravities made in different refineries vary, as some have more tar in their 
stills than others, and the refineries that I have worked in have averaged 
about five per cent. 
Re-cross-examined : About twenty-two months ago we commenced to 
run ten per cent tar; previous to this it was about seven to eight per cent, 
and 22 to 23 gravity. The first twelve months that we made twelve per 
cent tar, we sold some cargoes prior to this contract, t think, but do not 
know its gravity. We did not endeavor to keep the making of it a secret, 
as we had no object in doing so. In 1872 we sold some to domestic buyers* 
It had some coke and water in it, for which allowance was made. It was 
sold to the defendants. It came from the bottom of the stills, and was 
dipped out by the still cleaners, and it contained about thirty-live to forty 
per cent coke. About ten per cent coke is left after we run off ten per 
cent tar. The coke that was in the tar that was scooped out was soluble 
coke. Ido not know as the tar would be any heavier. The coke might 
make it show heavier, but I never took the gravity of it. The variation in 
the gravity is on account of our stills not being covered, and when we 
have a rain storm it would keep them back, and there would be a few more 
barrels of tar in the stills, and the more tar left, the lighter the body, and 
the gravity would be according to the quantity, about 25 to 20, The per- 
centage of heavy oil in ten per cent tar is about thirty per cent. 
•T. Lombard, Jr.’s, statement: lam an oil refiner, and we made seven 
to eight per cent tar when we run our large still, which was all our 
refinery except our tar stills. I never thought of the gravity, but con- 
sidered it a merchantable tar. We have delivered some of that tar to 
defendants at following times: December 5, 1871,79 barrels, and during 
the year 1872, 1.700 barrels of the same tar, and there was never any com- 
plaint made direct to us by defendants prior to complaint on this contract. 
We made other sales, 400 barrels to R W Burke, 300 to Stuben & Manger 
and no complaint was made of either. The latter party I believe used it 
for making illuminating oil. The gross amount sold in 1871 was 1,480 
barrels, and in 1872 over 2,000 barrels. The plaintiffs told about running 
their stills quick about two years ago. 
Cross-examined by defendants: The crude oil used when we made 
seven per cent tar was not heavier than usual at that time, but it is heavier 
than what is used now, and eight per cent of it would be heavier then than 
it is now. I never tried the gravity. A delivery of 400 barrels made to 196 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
yon was put on a schooner for Boston, which was part of a lot of 700 bar- 
rels sold yon. We sold you 500 more delivered in four lots, and 500 more 
delivered to you in four lots. They were from crude oil of a gravity of 45. 
(Letter put in evidence with certificate attached, Ex. No. 12, da'-ed August 
12,1873, signed Lombard, Ayreo & Co.; also one dated November 29,1873, 
Ex. No. 13). All crude run heavier when we were making those deliveries 
than now. The tar would be heavier, but how much I could not say. It 
would not be of as light gravity as ten per cent of the crude oil is now. 
(Contract shown and witness examined by the committee.) We should 
deliver on that contract the same tar as we were making at that time. 
(Certificates shown.) I should consider the tar that we had been making 
a proper tender on that contract, if they had been receiving the same kind 
previous. I never knew of any rate of gravity at the time. We run our 
stills about the same as the plaintiffs, and have no regular percentage in 
the stills. We run down our large stills to a low figure, but not so as to 
burn our still bottoms, and when it did not pay to sell tar we put it in small 
stills and made refined oil out of it. We would call it tar when we put it 
in tar stills, which were only used for running tar, and we considered it a 
merchantable article when we put it in our tar still, it being seven to eight 
per cent of the large still, which we could not run down any closer on 
account of its shape. Previous to this year we paid no attention to gravity, 
and, Avhen we did so, it was on account of hearing that the defendants 
would not take any tar from us over 22 gravity; but we did not do it, 
because we thought the tar delivered previously was not merchantable. 
When we put tar in the tar stills we run it down to coke, which is all that 
remains. 
Re-direct examined ?. We made seven or eight per cent tar; you made 
ten per cent, and all others made about five per cent. There was no rule 
as regards the percentage; it was all a matter of profit. 
Re-cross-examined by the defendant: I would not consider I had a 
right to tender fifteen per cent on a tar contract,but it should be governed 
by the trade previously in New York, which custom was to deliver five per 
cent, with exception of the plaintiffs and ourselves. 
The plaintiffs here presented and read a number of affidavits of 
employees marked Exhibits Nos. 14, 15, 16,17, 18,19, 20 and 21. Letter 
from Phoenix Petroleum Works, signed Malcolm Lloyd. Ex. No. 22. 
Letter from Imperial Refining Co., Oil City, signed by John Grade. Ex. 
No. 23. From T. A. Allen, Corry, Pa. Ex. No. 24. Contracts with 
Robert Norman. Ex. Nos. 25 and 26. Letter from Sinclaire & Marvin. 
Ex. No. 27. Still book put in evidence showing when they are put on and 
when they are taken off. Ex. No. 28. 
By the defendant. The letter presented by the plaintiff from the 
Downer Kerosene Oil Co. is not from the manager but from the book- DECISIONS OE ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
197 
keeper, as I will prove by a letter from Mr. F. Habershaw, the Mew York 
manager (put in evidence), also a letter from Samuel Downer himself 
marked Ex. Mo. 29. (Affidavit of F. ITabershaw put in evidence. Ex. 
Mo. 30. Letter from Roll's & Co. to Robert Norman put in evidence. 
Ex. Mo. 31.) 
L. Y. Louis’ statement.—Our capacity varies from 8 to 10 thousand 
bbls a week, sometimes it goes over 10 thousand. It was the same at the 
time of making contract as it is now with the exception of 8 new stills 
that started the day before yesterday. I stated that we ran one-third of 
the crude oil at one time that was run in this market, and at the time of 
the making of this contract we did, but there are two refineries now nearly 
as large as ours is. We began to run 22 per cent tar about 22 months ago, pre- 
vious to that time our tar was like most other refiners as we had small stills. 
(Statement was here presented by defendants showing their receipts from 
plaintiff since they were in business). We did not take the gravity of 
tar previous to this contract. In 1872 our tar was light. 
I could not tell you the difference in lots of tar made as I did not take 
the gravity. I think the lighter the tar the more valuable for making 
lubricating oil under a proper system. 
The heavier the tar the better for making heavy lubricating oil, but 
there would be more less in coke, and 1 believe light tar is the best for 
your purpose. I consider that the 60 per cent of oil which you obtain 
from dis filing our tar to be worth almost as much as crude oil, and I paid 
defendants nearly the same price for all that was offered us, giving them 
3>£ cents a gallon for it, when crude oil was worth 5 cents. 
We are willing to pay that price even if other refiners refuse it, and 
can prove by our books that it is worth it to us. We always take heavy 
oil and heavy naphtha together at crude oil price. (Defendants here pre- 
sented a sketch representing a section of a still. Exhibit Mo. 32.) 
We transfer our 10 per cent tar direct to the tank, and pump it from 
there; it is a Western process, and we never endeavored to keep it a secret 
and the lots spoken of as scooped out were taken out of the still below 
the tar pipe. In 1872 we utilized our tar. We sold 2.000 bbls from the 
time we commenced to make 10 per cent tar up to the contract which 
includes what was delivered to defendants, about 550 bbls. 
We sold to Sinclairc & Marvin 600 bbls, and delivered it on February 7 
and 10,1872; 1,000 gallons to R. W. Burke ; 10,000 gallons to defendants on 
February 12 ; 750 bbls to Sinclaire & Marvin on March 14. We delivered 
to Mr. Baily one of the four lots that were taken by defendants. When it 
is to our interest we make illuminating oil from our tar, and the reason 
that Mr. Babcock, the former witness, did not get any tar was because he 
would not give us money enough for it. We could not leave 15 per cent 
in our stills if we wanted to, as we would then have refined oil in. From 198 
DECISIONS 07 ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
October, 1872, to October, 1873, we made about 40,000 bbls of this tar 
from which we made burning oil. The difference in the gravity of the 
tar is on account of the oil running freer at one time than at another, and 
the stills will run closer, and we will have storms that will keep the stills 
back, and there will be more tar left in the stills, and the average per- 
centage will vary about 2 per cent. We have drawn off tar of about 14 
to 15 per cent crude oil, but we would not be justified in sending it on a 
contract, and would not. About four-fifths of refiners outside of New 
York make G to 10 per cent tar. 
We do not repudiate Mr. Purdy’s inspection, and do not know as we 
ever had any 22 gravity tar, but if we did it might be G or 7 per cent as 
well as 10. We might have 100 to 250 bbls 22 gravity come from a still. 
In 1872 we might have made 50 to 70 bbls of 22 gravity; it might be more, 
as it is impossible to get a uniform gravity of tar. I would prefer to sell 
the heavy gravity tar, as it would not make illuminating oil. I do not 
think the deliveries in 1872 could all have been like the lot of 22 gravity 
delivered on May 19. The tar is no heavier, only the coke gets mixed 
with it and it i- slushy. 
I do not know the gravity of the 150 bbls spoken of as delivered in 1872. 
I have not tried to influence any refiners to make this tar, and have 
made no statements to any one that defendants were violating their con- 
tracts with other refiners, and have not heard of it before. I have not 
tried to influence a single broker by promising to give them business. 
I have offered you heavy oils on one or two occasions, and might have 
been in your office, but do not remember of hearing you say that the 10 
per cent tar was unsuitable for your purpose. 
Examined by the plaintiff.—l could have sold this tar for shipment at 
the time we made contract with defendants, but we did not for the reason 
that we might avoid delay in procuring vessels, and also in selling in pro- 
duct as in case of afire our deliveries would cease and we could have 
obtained one cent a gallon more for cargoes. 
Examined by the committee.—The broker came to me and asked me 
if I would sell tar, but nothing was said about gravity or quality, nor any 
reference made to the 10 per cent tar sold previously, aqd he did notask 
what percentage we were making. 
He gave the name of the buyer, but did not say what it was to be used 
for. The only talk we had was about the return of the empty barrels, but 
nothing else was said different from the contract. 
Cross-examined by the defendant.—We could not run our stills down 
close, and deliver you a smaller quantity. If we transferred our 10 per- 
cent tar to our small stills and distill off 50 per cent, it would not be the 
production but would be pitch. 
Examined by the committee.—lf I distill 10 per cent tar and take oil DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
199 
50 per cent, 7 to 8 per cent would be gis, and the oil would be nearly 
worth the price of crude oil or the same as defendants paid us cents a 
gallon for. We sold them the ‘2OO bids of what they call 10 per cent tar, 
but do not know as I told them it was our product at that time but the trade 
all knew it. When we sold them the 200 bbls we were building our tar 
stills and could not use it, and felt as if we were sacrificing it in selling 
it, but do not know as we told defendants this, but we mentioned it to 
several buyers. We claimed a specialty for it, and it was known to the 
trade previous to this contract. 
Cross-examined by defendants.—l do not at the time I sold you the 
200 bbls tar recollect that I represented that it contained more oil and 
was better for your business. The 2 cents a gallon extra price was charged 
on account of its light gravity. 
Re-direct by plaintiff.—A proposition was made to me during the 
existence of this contract to settle it for $1 ,000, which offer was in June, 
a d I refused it, as we had sustained more damage. I was requested to 
call on defendants a number of times, and I finally said that if they would 
pay us $O,OOO, which was less than our damage, and receive our tar to 
September Ist, I would cancel balance of contract. 
By defendants.—We admit having one or two interviews in regard to a 
settlement of this matter. There was no settlement made, and we did 
not make any such offer as plaintiffs say. They made us an offer which we 
did not accept, and everything that passed at that meeting was to be kept 
secret, and not to be mentioned in this case. 
At this stage of the proceedings the case was adjourned to Monday, 
December 22, 1873, at 3 P. M. 
Wm. E. Fletcher, 
Secretary. 
Adjourned meeting of the Arbitration Committee held this day at 3 
P. M. Case of Sone & Fleming vs. Libby & Clark. All the Committee 
present. 
Mew York, December 22, 1873. 
By the defendant: I will now offer in evidence a letter received from 
Mr. Lombard since the last meeting in regard to the question 1 asked 
him, if it would not be possible that the tar delivered us in 1871-2 from 7 
per cent crude oil might not have been 22 gravity. (Letter read dated 
22d December, Ex. 33. Letter from Lombard, Ayres & Co., dated 
December ID, put in evidence. Ex. Mo. 34.) I will also present an affidavit 
(Ex. Mo. 35) from Wm. O. Allison, Esq., editor of the Oil, Paint and 
Drug Reporter, with schedules marked A and B, showing the export of 
residuum, and in explanation I will say that in 1871 there were 4,447 
barrels exported, and in 1872 6,980 barrels. In 1873. up to December 1, 200 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
14,900 barrels from this port. Our contract was made with plaintiffs on 
28th March, and by noting the figures contained in this statement it will 
be seen that we could not have possibly bought tar for export instead of 
for use. I will put in evidence letter from Samuel Downer, of Boston, 
dated December 2,1873, Ex. No. 3G. Letter from Mr. Samuel Downer to 
Mr. Ilabershaw, December 21, Ex. No. 37. I would say that Mr. Downer 
is the pioneer of the petroleum trade in this country. I will offer in 
evidence our correspondence, which will show that we protested against 
this tar as soon as we discovered what it was, and that we were willing at 
anytime to receive a merchantable article. (Letter from Libby & Clark 
to Sone & Fleming, April 1, put in evidence. Ex. No. 38.) The protests 
previous to this were verbal. (Letter from Libby & Clark to Sone & 
Fleming, May 19. Ex. No. 39. Reply from Sone & Fleming, May 19, 
Ex. No. 40, which is their first reply. Reply by Libby & Clark, May 20, 
Ex. No. 41, showing that they, Libby & Clark, ottered then to submit tne 
case to arbitration on 500 barrels delivered. Letter from Sone & Fleming, 
May 24, tendering 300 barrels. Ex. No. 42. Letter from Libby & Clark, 
May 24, icfusing tender. Ex. No. 43. From Sone & Fleming to Libby & 
Clark, May 27. Ex. No. 44. From Libby & Clark to Sone & F.eming, 
May 28. Ex. No. 45. No answer was received to this. Copy of an order 
to Mr. Purdy to inspect 1,000 barrels; also letter indorsed from Libby & 
Clark to Sone & Fleming, upon which we have our reduction. Ex. No. 
4G.) We received delivery orders every day for the same lots of goods as 
we had previously rejected. (Order June 23 for 1,000 barrels and reply by 
Libby & Clark. Ex. No. 47. Order for 1.000 barrels June 30, and reply 
attached from Libby & Clark. Ex. No. 48. Invoice from Sone & 
Fleming, with reply from Libby & Clark attached of July 7. Ex. No. 49. 
First notice received of any petroleum tar that was s Id lor our account 
dated July 28. Ex. No. 50.) The notice of sale gives no names, and we 
think it was to try and show that tar was not worth more up to July 28 
than the contract price, and we will show that it was worth more. Order 
received for I,4'K) bar. els about this time, to which we replied by letter 
dated 291h July. Ex. No. 51. Order on September 3 for 1.500 barrels, 
with our reply dated September G. Ex. No. 52. We sent an inspector 
to their yard upon receipt of every notice, and will present the inspector’s 
affidavit very soon. Order received September 13 for 1,000 barrels, and 
reply sent to Sone & Fleming. Ex. No. 53. We did not care to send an 
inspector to examine the same goods over and over again, so we sent our 
young man and asked if it was the same lots, and they said they did not 
know, but we could send and find out, as they had no time to write 
'letters. We received another tender on September 17 for 1,200 barrels, 
and sent reply attached marked Ex. No. 54. Notice of second sale 
received on September 17 for 1,800 to 2.500 barrels. Ex. No. 55. Order 
for delivery of 2,000 barrels, October 11, and our reply attached. Ex. No. DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
201 
SG. Notice of sale of 550 barrels, October 11. Ex. No. 57. Notice of sale 
of 500 barrels, October IG. Ex. No. 58. We received frequent notices 
to go np and inspect tar. On October 28 we received notice and replied 
October 29. Ex. No. 59. From tfone & Fleming- to Libby & Clark, 
November 15. Ex. GO. Order for 2,000 barrels November 15. Ex. No. 
Gl. Statement of a sale on October 25. Ex. No. G2. Statement pre- 
sented showing all the sales made for our account. Ex. No. 63. Letter 
from Sone & Fleming, with paper attached November 15. Ex. No. 64. 
Mr. Purdy, when he found any additional tar, he put it on certificate. 
(Affidavit of Robert Stewart, with memorandum attached, dated December 
11. Ex. No. 65.) The first tender of tar was made before May 17. Wo 
will put in evidence statement from Custom House at Buffalo, dated 
June 2G, Ex. No. GG, to show that all above 20 gravity is rated as oil and 
all below 20 as tar. There is a specific duty of 20 cents a gallon on oil and 
an ad valorem duty of 20 per cent on tar. The business in illuminating 
oil was large at that time, and it was to make the duty on it prohibitory, 
but it does not indicate the value. We introduce this to show the Gov- 
ernment standard, and it has reference to Canada tar. (Affidavit of T. T. 
Parsons put in evidence. Ex. No. 67. Statement read. Ex. No. GB, 
showing that defendants have kept their contracts in good faith, signed 
by all the refiners in New York. When we found out the gravity of the 
tar we were receiving from plaintiffs it was pumped from the tar rank 
and sent out of store. (Affidavit of John Plunkitt read, marked Ex. No. 
69. Letter from James Goldsmith read. Ex. No. 70. Affidavit of George 
Sommers. Ex, No. 71. Affidavit of Win. A. Byers. Ex. No. 72. Affi- 
davit of R. T. Burt. Ex. No. 73. Letter from C. Huron & Co. Ex. 
No. 74. Affidavit of S. Jenny, Jr. Ex. No. 75. Affidavit of E. G. 
Kelly.) These affidavits and letters, with the testimony of the witnesses 
we have presented, is the expression of every producer of tar in New 
York and vicinity. 
Mr. H. H. Rogers, of the firm of Chas. Pratt, was here recalled by the 
plaintiff, and stated as follows:—If defendants had been receiving this 
tar previously in quantities they would be bound to receive it on this con- 
tract. 
Cross-examined by defendants,—If you had been receiving this 10 
per cent tar previous to this contract without protest you would be bound 
to accept it on this contract. Ido not think they had a right to tender 
10 per cent tar on this contract, but if you had been receiving it and pro- 
testing I do not think the plaintiffs would have a right to continue to 
tender it.. If 10 per cent tar was put in small stills, and 50 per cent dis- 
tilled off that remaining would be tar of about 15 gravity. If plaintiffs 
had been delivering 10 per cent tar all along, I do not think it would be 
right for them +o run it down if the market went against them, Ido not 
known of any difference between Ist and 2d distillation of tar. DECISIONS OP ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
Mr. Clark, one of the defendants, here read his own affidavit marked 
Exhibit 70, and stated that the plaintiffs had put in evidence letters from 
the parties west, which left the impression that nine-tenths of the refiners 
in the United States made 10 per cent tar. I will put in evidence letters 
from Standard Oil Company (Exhibit No. 77), who run nearly one-third of 
all the crude oil in the United States. 
By plaintiff.—l included the Standard when I spoke of the amount 
run per day. 
By the defendants.—We will put in evidence affidavits from paraffine 
oil companies in Cleveland (exhibit No. 78), letter from J. B. Merrian 
(exhibit No. 79), letter from E. S. Thayer & Co.. Boston (exhibit No. 80), 
affidavit Mr. Lincoln, Boston (exhibit No. 81). We are the only parties in 
New York who make paraffine oil and wax, with one small exception, and 
we have made in our two factories this year 00,000 bbls. Last year we 
only had one factory running, and we made from 25,000 to 30,000 bbls. 
By the plaintiffs.—We submit our contract which we stand on, and they 
must say why they have not fulfilled it. I will read letters from Mr. 
Donners, manager (exhibit No. 25). This man buys the tar and sells the 
oil and draws the checks, and the defendant has presented a letter which 
states he was only a bookkeeper. I have telegraphed him, and he replied 
as follows (exhibit No. 82), I have also received two telegrams stating 
ho is Mr. Donners1 manager. (Exhibit No. 73.) I will also read exhibits 
Nos. 2 and 3 again, also the letter from Mr. Donners1 manager (exhibit 
No. 25). Letters from Mr. Andrews, at Cleveland, put in evidence (exhibit 
No. 85), and explanation given in regard to the signature. 
By Mr. Affley.—l have been in the employ of the plaintiffs about two 
months, but do not know anything about tar. I had never met any of 
the gentlemen before who gave me the letters which have been produced 
here. They all answered my questions, and gave me the letters volun- 
tarily. I saw them all written but Mr. Andrews. Mr. Gracir put the 
postscript to his letter when 1 told him he had omitted the percentage. 
I saw Mr. Allen, of Donner & Co., and he seemed to want to impress upon 
my mind that defendants and themselves were on most friendly terms as 
far as their business relations were concerned. Mr. Allen showed me the 
books where they had made restrictions on tar, where it was below the 
gravity of 20 deg. I did not see Mi. Andrews, and wrote to him, and asked 
him to answer my question as concisely as possible, as I could not get to 
Cleveland until late Saturday night, and left early Sunday morning. 
Cross-examined by defendant.—l do not know for what purpose the 
tar is used by the Donner Oil Co., or how they use it or where they 
use it. 
By defendant.—We withdraw whatever we have stated in regard to 
Mr, Allen, as Mr. Habershaw must have been wrong. DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
203 
By plaintiffs.—The defendants in the correspondence did not read the 
first letter before the rejection (exhibit No. 85). They have never taken 
away from our yard one-half of their production, and always wanted us 
to let it remain, and we had to cooper it, and that accounts foi the cooper- 
age bill (exhibit No. 86). 
By defendants.—We admit that we were taruy in taking it away, and 
we are under obligations to plaintiffs for the favors granted us by them. 
1 will put in evidence a condensed statement showing all the oil taken in 
contract (exhibit No. 87). 
The plaintiff read a letter dated April 7 (exhibit No. 85). Letter of 
April 7 from defendant (exhibit No. 88). 
By the chairman.—By the statement of defendants it appears that 
2,555 bbls. were taken after April Ist, the time when plaintiffs received 
protest. 
By defendant.—l think that 4,655 bbls were received after the con- 
tract before positive refusal; but it was all received under protest. The 
letter of April Ist is the first written protest. 
B3" plaintiff.—-About a week before this written protest defendants 
asked ns to make the tar heavier, and we said it was impossible, and that 
we could not change our sytem of manufacture. After having taken 500 
barrels and written they would take no more, they took 2,555 barrels be- 
tween April 1 and the final rejection. In our statement of loss we propose 
to allow defendants crude oil price for the heavy oil which is about 80 per 
cent. We bought 550 barrels from defendants, and we said we would take 
all the rest they bad ; we received 800 barrels of it, and gave them a 
gallon for it, and it showed by that accumulation that the tar they were 
running was making some light oil. 
By defendant; This tar had been accumulating for some time in our 
difte.ent warehouses, and we did not know how much we had of it until 
we turned it out. Some of the heavy tar produces some light oil, some 
about 25 per cent, yours produced 60 per cent. 
By plaintiff: The amount of our claim is $32,c00 to $33,000 for damages. 
It is made up by crediting the defendants with tar they have taken and 
paid for, also with tar sold for their account, also tar run for their account 
not being able to sell it, allowing them 80 per cent, and giving them crude 
oil price for it. We debited defendants with total production, and the 
cost and money expended, also lighterage, cooperage and charges in mak- 
ing the sales. (English publication put in evidence showing the price of 
our tar. Exhibit No. 89.) We were the largest refiners in New York up 
to ash rt time ago, with the exception of Pratt and Rockefeller. A year 
ago we ran nearly one-third of the crude oil that was run in New York. 
Our system is different from other refiners here, and we think there is 
more money in it. We cannot make tar refiners of ourselves, and cannot 204 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
run our works to .suit our waste. (Illustration given by plaintiff to show 
why they could not comply with defendants request and make tar heavier.) 
We claim our stills were $1 .CO a barrel or., all the crude oil we ran, and we 
tried to run all the crude oil we could. 500 barrels run off a still in 2 
days which gives us 250 barrels a day. The 50 barrels of tar left in the 
still is worth $135, and it would pay us better to let that run in the creek 
sooner than lose the use of our stills a day. They all know how we were 
running our stills, and we will prove the value of them at the next meeting. 
The committee then adjourned to December 27. 1873, at 3 P.M. 
Wm, H. Fletcher, Secretary. 
New York, December 27, 1873. 
Adjourned meeting of the Arbitration Committee held this day at 3 P, 
M., to hear further testimony in the case of Sone & Fleming vs. Libby & 
Clark. 
The plaintiffs presented additional certificates of inspection of tar cover- 
ing lots defendants inspected, Ex. No. 90. Letters from shippers stating 
price paid defendants for tar bought from them, which was accepted by 
defendants on this contract. One, December 24, from Messrs. Ackerman 
& Co., Ex. No. 91, and one from Sinclaire & Marvin, December 20, Ex. 
92. Affidavit ot Mr. C. Page presented, Ex. No. 93. The object of pre- 
senting these is to show that they purchased more tar than they could use, 
and bought ours with the intention of cornering the market, and to also 
prove that they were shipping tar. 
The broker, Mr. A. H. Mumby, was here recalled, and stated as fol- 
lows; 
My partner and I made the contract together, and with the plaintiff, I 
think. We have to find out who has tar for sale, and go to them and try 
to buy it. No one asked us to go to plaintiffs. I knew they had it for saie 
but did not know anything about the quality. I supposed the quantity 
would be large. I sold it to defendants, and think my partner saw them. 
1 saw the plaintiffs, and he saw defendants. I have been buying tar for 
years; sometimes we have an order and sometimes we solicit. In this 
case we found the tar and offered to defendants, and all I recollect in 
regard to the sale is only what is expressed in the contract. We have 
bought tar for defendants from the plaintiffs before, and nothing was said 
about gravity or density, nor percentage of the still, nor reference to any 
part of the transaction. I knew of no difference between this tar of 
plaintiffs and other refiners, and expected it to be the same, except a 
larger quantity, on account of the size of their factory. 
Examined by the defendant: I expressed surprise at the time the first 
tenders were made as to the quantity and the gravity in conversation with 
Mr. Purdy. At the time of buying this tar I had no conversation as to DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
the gravity, and had no idea I was buying a different article than from 
other refiners. 
Examined hy the committee : The gravity of this tar was higher than 
I expected tar was from what I had heard, but did not think that it did 
not comply with the contract. I had heard inspectors say that some 
refiners’ tar was as low as 15 and others was as high as 19 to 20. It was 
new to me at the time, and had been brought to my notice by a lot of tar 
having been sold here and rejected on account of the gravity. Prior to 
that time, which was before this contract, about two years ago, 1 knew 
nothing of the gravity of tar, and the gravity of the tar then spoken of 
was Canada tar. The knowledge of this gravity did not effect the trade, 
as they went on buying as usual without regard to the gravity. There has 
been preference expressed by customers for different kinds of tar; some 
liked the Oleophine best, and others expressed their preference for other 
refiners, as some had more or le=s coke in it, yet it was all bought as mer- 
chantable tar. I have heard from the inspectors that all the refiners ran 
it from 1G to 20 gravity. They commenced to inspect for gravity at the 
time this case came up, and have continued to do so ever since. 
Examined by defendant: My firm made that contract, which was for 
merchantable tar, and always when sold to domestic buyers it is specified. 
“ subject to inspection.” 
Examined by the committee ; The tar, according to contract, was to be 
a merchantable tar, free from coke and water; the percentage and gravity 
was a new question. As to what a merchantable tar, I think a 
refiner’s opinion would be better than my own, as I never saw tar run from 
a still but once, and do not know anything about it. It is always subject 
to inspection, and sold in that way. Ido not know what is merchantable 
tar now and did not then. I expected plaintiffs to deliver the same as tluy 
had before without any reference to any particulars; that has been my 
habit in making contracts. The buyers, in conversation, have only 
required clean and nice tar, free from coke and water. 
Examined by defendant; I supposed for the past few years tnat you 
required a heavy gravity tar. 
Examined by committee: They never to mo .nsisted upon having a 
heavy gravity tar. I knew they had a preference for some grades of tar, 
for which they would pay a full price. 
Examined by defendant; Previous to this contract I never heard of 
petroleum tar being over 20 gravity. 
Examined by plaintiff: Previous to this contract I never heard of the 
gravity of tar at all, with the exception of the Canada tar, as previously 
stated. I have never specified gravity at all in any contract either before 
or since this contract. 1 do not recollect if Messrs. Lombard, Ayres & 206 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
Co.’s tar was light or heavy, as it now is a long time since I have sold 
any. 
By plaintiff; I will offer in evidence contracts for sale of tar for 
account of defendants to shipping merchants. Ex. No. 92. Also offer 
as evidence Rule of the Petroleum Trade. Ex. No. 93. 
By defendant: I object to the rule as evidence, as it was formed after 
this contract was signed. 
By plaintiff: It was simply a continuation of the old rule, and defend- 
ants opposed it; but it was adopted by the trade by a vote of ten to one. 
(Affidavit of L. Y. Sone put in evidence. Ex. No. 94.) 
By Mr. Sone: We admit the defendants saw us and asked us to make 
heavier tar, and we said we could not; that it was impossible under our 
system of manufacture, and their saying it would not suit for making 
paraffine oil was not, in our opinion, a protest. ( Vflidavit of E, E. Fleming 
presented. Ex. No. 95.) In the letter of defendants of May 19, I would 
call your attention to ‘-We enclose you inspector’s returns for 590 barrels’. 
We accept 150 and reject the balance.” They did not take the 150 barrels, 
and have never sent for it, and further on in the letter say, We have 
tried to dispose of what has been tendered us since that elate, not a barrel 
being suitable for our purpose. (Letter of May 19 put in evidence. Ex. 
No. 39. Inspector’s certificates, order bill and guager’s return, dated May 
19. Ex. No. 9G.) We offer also in evidence the minutes of the Complaint 
Committee and of the Board of Managers. Exs. Nos. 97 and 98. Empty 
barrels account showing price of empty barrels. Ex. No. 99.) We offer 
in evidence all of our books for examination by the Committee. Ex. No. 
100. (Letter from defendants read dated May 20. Ex. No. 41.) We 
refused to bring the case of suo barrels before the Committee to be arbitrated 
upon, as if they gained that they would gain the whole contract; but if 
they lost it they would goto law about the balance, and we wanted the 
whole contract brought before the Committee. When they first i njected 
it we tried to have it arbitrated, and Mr. Clark agreed to come here and 
sign the book the following Monday, as his partner was out of town. I 
signed it, and the following Monday was the first time 1 had knowledge 
that they were not going to arbitrate. I put in a complaint to the Com- 
plaint Committee, and 23 hours after we received a summons of a suit 
dated June 12. The case came in August, and we answered it and put in 
a counter claim, and when the second contract came up we brought a 
suit against them in Brooklyn, and within a month’s time we were notified 
here by Mr. Fletcher, the Secretary, that they had finally agreed to arbi- 
trate ; and you can see that we have been trying all the time to have them 
arbitrate, and they told the Complaint Committee when the3r were before 
them that they would not arbitrate, as there were legal and technical 
points in it. and their lawyers had advised them to bring it before the 
courts, and wanted to read a letter from their lawyers, but the Committee DECISIONS OP ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
207 
would not hear it, and they referred the case to the Board of Managers, 
where they were again asked to arbitrate, which they refused to do for 
the same reasons, and were thereupon suspended from membership of 
this Exchange. When they put it in their lawyers’ hands, of course, 
we had nothing to do but to see our counsel, and we think that their 
lawyers told them that in the Court of Appeals on one decision there had 
been ten references. We have been trying to have this-matter settled in 
a business way like business men. I will now offer in evidence three 
letters from defendants to us, May 19, 20, 24. Exs. Nos. 39, 41, 43. Also 
balance of stock. Ex. No. 101. We sold this tar with the market at 8% 
cents for crude oil. After we had been delivering tar the market went 
up as high as 11 cents, and we were then urging them to take the tar, and 
they did not take over one-half of it. Exhibit No. 102 will show the price 
of crude oil, and at the rise of the market we did not cut down our per- 
centage of tar. (Copies of letters presented from plaintiffs to defendants 
showing how they urged them to take the tar.) 
By defendants: Chemical analysis put In evidence marked Exhibit 
No. 104. Affidavit of R. B. Stewart, Exhibit No. 105. Affidavit of 11. 
Patterson, Exhibit No. 106. We will now put in evidence a bill of sale. 
Exhibit No. 107, rendered us by Mr. T. C. Baily at the time we purchased 
the oil works from him on June 25, 187 A two months previous to making 
this contract, in which bill of sale of 200 barrels oi plaintiffs’ tar is included, 
which ,we will prove by following affidavits was tar from 19 t022 deg. 
gravity. Affidavit of T. C. Baily, Exhibit No. 108. Affidavit of John 
Plunkitt, Exhibit No. 109. We will present affidavits of brokers who 
have soli domestic tar. Affidavit of W. A. Townsend, Exhibit No. 110. 
Affidavit of 11. N. Curtis and Jeremiah Crowell, Exhibit No. 111. We 
have testimony from shippers to show that at the time contract was 
made gravity was not specified, and they said then that light tar 
was best, but they have changed their minds since. Affidavit of Peter 
Jones. Exhibit No. 112. Letter from Whitman Bros., Exhibit No. 113. 
Gravity scale presented showing the difference between this (Am.) 
scale, and the English scale. Exhibit No. 114. Copy of letter from 
Henderson, Cooper & Co., Glasgow. Exhibit No. 115. Also a contract 
made by us with Messrs. Sinclaire & Marvin on the 23d of October, 1873 
(exhibit No. 116), when they said light tar was the best, but since then 
they have changed their minds, and have paid 30 per cent more for a 
heavy tar, even with the decline in crude oil. I should not say that a 
chemical analysis was conclusive if we had to depend upon that entirely. 
By Mr. Libby : We have now presented all our evidence, and if the 
committee so desire it I would be pleased to go on the witness stand, and 
answer all questions they feel disposed to ask. 
By plaintiffs: We will present in evidence our claim for damage on 208 
DECISIONS or ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
the second com met marked Exhibit No. 117, from October 1, 1873. for nine 
thousand one hundred and fifty-three dollars and fifty-nine cents 
($9,153 59); also, balance of our damages to date, December IG, marked 
Exhibit No. 118, for seven hundred and thirty-one dollars and twenty-five 
cents ($731 25). We would call the particular attention of the committee 
to the testimony of ours contained in letters and affidavits from all the 
leading brokers in this city, and of nine-tenths of the refiners throughout 
the country. Additional evidence presented marked Exhibit No. 119. I 
will also read an extract from a letter from F. W. Simonds dated Liverpool. 
October 14, 1873, Exhibit No. 120. I will read the business card of 
defendants, on which it says they have cargo lots of residuum for ship- 
ment, showing that it was not all bought for manufacturing. 
By defendant: That card was made at the time Mr. Kimball went to 
Europe, which was after we had refused to receive the residuum. 
The evidence all being in. the parties stated that they would be ready to 
sum up on Monday, and on motion of the committee adjourned to meet 
on Monday. December 29,1873, at 3 P.M. 
Wm. E. Fletcher, 
Secretary. 
Adjourned meeting of the Arbitration Committee held this day at 3 
P.M. All the committee present. Mr. Sherwood in the chair. The Chair- 
man stated that the meeting was held for the purposes of hearing the 
summing up of the case of Sone & Fleming vs. Libby & Clark. 
New York, December 29, 1873. 
Mr. Sone for the plaintiff's summed up his case by reading from manu- 
script a complete review of it from beginning to end, and concluded by 
apologising to the committee for the trouble that they had occasioned 
them and thanked them for their kind attention. 
Mr. Libby for the defendants replied to Mr. Sone in a long and 
exhaustive review, explaining the points of his case in detail and thanked 
the committee for the attention given in this long and tedious case. 
The parties then retired, and the committee after discussing the case 
agreed to adjourn until Friday, January 2, 1874, at 3 P.M., when they 
would make their final award. 
W. Fletcher, 
Secretary. 
The committee, after having discussed the case, made the following 
unanimous award : 
Whereas, a controversy between Messrs. Sone & Fleming and Messrs. 
Libby & Clark, members of the New York Produce Exchange, having 
New York, January 2, 1874. DECISIONS OE ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
209 
been voluntarily submitted to the Arbitiation Committee of the New 
Produce Exchange for their decision by an instrument in writing bearing 
date the seventh day of November, 1873, duly signed and attested, and 
whereas the proofs and allegations of the parties were heard at a meeting 
of a majority of all the members of said committee, and a majority of 
these present concurring in the following award : The said Arbitration 
Committee of the New York Produce Exchange do hereby award, order, 
and decide that after careful examination of the evidence Messrs. Libby 
& Clark have been justified in refusing the residuum so far tendered them 
by Messrs. Sone & Fleming and rejected on the contracts dated Ma,ch 8, 
1873, and that Messrs. Libby & Clarxhave not established any claim against 
Messrs. Sone & Fleming for damage upon the same, and that Messrs. 
Libby & Clark must pay the cost of first session $25, and balance of $175, 
each must pay SB7 50. 
In witness whereof, we, members of the said Arbitration Committee 
concurring therein, have hereunto subscribed our names this 2d day of 
January, 1874. 
Frederick Sherwood, 
A. S. Jewell, 
Samuel Dally, 
Edward Hincken, 
Wm. Blanchard. 
Signed in presence of 
Wm. E. Fletcher. 
Arbitration Committee meeting held this day at 3 P. M. Present: 
Messrs. Sherwood, Hincken, Blanchard, Jewell and Dally. Mr. Sherwood 
in the chair. 
New York, November 12, 1873. 
The chairman stated that it was a matter in dispute with reference to 
a cargo of residuum, per hark “ Norwood,” from Philadelphia to Liverpool, 
between Messrs. Sinelaire & Marvin and Messrs. Warden, Frew & Co. 
The plaintiffs stated that in January last they bought a cargo of resi- 
duum from the defendants at Philadelphia and shipped it to Liverpool, 
and it proved satisfactory. We received an order to buy another cargo of 
the same kind, and gave the order to the same broker to purchase it, 
which he did from the defendants (as per contract put in evidence, dated 
May 24,1873), it to be free from coke and water, at the rate of 10 cents per 
each seven and one-half pounds. We sold the cargo on the other side at 
the rate of £9 per ton, cost, freight and insurance, and upon its arrival it was 
rejected, as it was.not residuum, and not at all like the previous cargo, and 
we have received a certificate of its analysis, proving that it is not resi- 
duum. We landed the cargo and put it up at public auction, but failed 210 
DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COMMITTEE. 
to get a bid on it, and afterwards sold it for £8 ss, which was a very good 
price for it, but making a very large loss to us of £953 16s lOd. We have 
asked the defendants to pay us the damages, and they said they would 
look into it, and we have finally brought it here for settlement. The 
authorities on the other side ordered its removal as dangerous, which 
proved it was not residuum ; and I will prove by witnesses what residuum 
is, and will now call Mr. Libby, of Libby & Clark. 
Mr. Libby stated that they dealt very largely in residuum, and con- 
sidered himself competent to judge what residuum is, and would say that 
it is the residue of crude oil after the heavy oil is removed by distillation’ 
and it should not contain mote than from two and a half to four per cent 
volatile matter, and from 1G to £1 degrees gravity, free from naphtha, and 
thick like tar. Merchantable residuum should stand flash point at 300, 
and would not consider it pure residuum if it would burn in average 
atmosphere. I would not call this sample shown merchantable residuum, 
but it may be called residuum. It should vary about four degrees, from 
17 to 21. We have found it as low as 14 and as high as 25. We buy it 
subject to inspection, and upon inspection, if it is not satisfactory, we 
reject it; and previous to May last the inspection required was to be free 
from coke and water. 
Mr. Bunker, the broker, testified that he bought the cargo in January 
last, and also this cargo, which was to be the same as the previous one. 
and free from coke and water, and if it was merchantable residuum it 
would not flash at average temperature. We bought it subject to inspec- 
tion, and nothing was said about the gravity of it. It is subject to buyer’s 
inspection, and if he took it without inspection it would be at his own 
risk. 
Mr. Bowring, of the firm of Bowring & Archibald, stated that they 
bought a cargo of residuum from the same parties about the same time, and 
contract was similar to this one, it to be free from coke and water and 
foreign matter, and upon its arrival at the other side it was rejected, as it 
contained spirits and other matter which it should not. We were not 
allowed to land it, and if it had been ordinary residuum we would not 
have been prevented. By examination here it contained 20 per cent of 
naphtha and at London 15 per cent. We had a sample taken of it, but 
did not inspect it, relying on the good name of Messrs. Warden, Frew 
& Co. 
Mr. Lawrence, broker, testified : I have made a great many contracts 
for residuum during the past eight years, and it is the refuse from crude 
oil after first distillation, and should be thick like tar. I would not call 
the sample shown a merchantable residuum. 
Mr. Wheeloek, inspector, testified: We received instructions from 
Messrs, binclaire & Marvin to inspect this residuum, and it was not to DECISIONS OP ARBITRATION COMMITTEE, 
211 
exceed 950, and to be free from coke and water. I made a test and found 
it from 880 to 885, and telegraphed to Sinclaire & Marvin, and they replied 
by letter to ship it. I should say this residuum contained naphtha, and 
would not accept it now, as at that time we did not know anything about 
gravity, and had no experience at the time, having onlv inspected one 
cargo previously. I supposed it was a merchantable article at the time, 
but do not now think it is. 
The defendants replied that they tilled this contract as they fill all 
others, and it was made up from three different refineries, and it was not 
all inspected on our wharf, yet they report it was all the same quality, 
which seem; very strange; for if one refinery made a poor article, it is 
not at all likely that they would all make the same at the same time. Our 
work is not done in the dark, and our refinery is open for inspection ♦; 
all hours, and all we put in our tanks is water to raise the contents up, 
which operation is done in the presence of every one there and done 
every day. We would not be likely to put naphtha in it, when naphtha 
is worth 25 per cent mote. We sold this in New York for a good article, 
and they came down and inspected it, and put it in their own vessel, and 
it was all done under their own supervision, and we have filled the order 
according to contract. 
The plaintiffs further stated that they did not think the defendants 
put anything in it knowingly, but it is in there, and how it came there we 
do not know. 
After the presentation of the above evidence, the Committee made the 
following award: That, according to the evidence presented, Messrs. 
Sinclaire & Marvin have failed to establish any claim against Messrs. 
Warden, Frew & Co., and they must pay the cost of this arbitration, $25. 
In witness whereof, we, members of the said Arbitration Committee 
concurring therein, have hereunto subscribed our names this 18th day of 
November, 1874. 
Frederick Sherwood, 
A. S, Jewell, 
Edward Hincken, 
Samuel Dally, 
Wm. Blanchard. 
Signed in presence of Wm. E. Fletcher,  
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs, 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs, 
Aconite Boot, bales 
27 
5,129 
Agaric, pkgs 
6 
827 
3 
‘ ‘ Leaves, pkgs 
8 
1046 
Albumen, pkgs 
444 
107,951 
Ammoniac, Sal., ck 
446 
459,859 
“ Herbs, bale 
1 
115 
“ pkgs 
402 
2 
“ Rad, bales 
2 
482 
“ Black, pkgs 
111 
“ Carb., cs 
1080 
605194 
Acid, Acetic 
1 
20 
“ “ bgs, 
50 
11,200 
“ Mini, cks 
237 
168,732 
‘ ‘ Arsenic, pk 
174 
137101 
“ Blood, bgs 
508 
111,928 
Phosphate of, bbls.. 
6 
2271 
“ “ Crude, cks 
7 
11,285 
“ pkgs 
121 
“ Sulphate, cks 
620 
700192 
“ Boracic, tcs 
571 
633,963 
“ Egg, cs 
121 
24,865 
Analina, cks 
27 
22,988 
“ Benzoic, cs 
2 
“ “ cs 
44 
1789 
106,373 
“ CS 
10 
293 
1 
34 
“ Citric, pkgs.. 
810 
88,458 
Alizarine, cks 
220 
89,799 
“ Seed, bbls 
24y2 
“ Carbolic, cs 
621 
“ cks 
38 
“ “ bbls 
10 
46944 
“ “ CS... 
237 
35,978 
1192 
1,456,703 
300 
“ Fluoric, cs 
4 
“ Refined, pkgs 
161 
204,590 
10 
1552 
“ Lactic Medicinal, cs. . 
11 
450 
Alkaline Blue, cs 
9 
547 
14 
“ Medicinal, cs 
6 
281 
“ Colors, cs 
12 
770 
“ Arsenate of, cks. ... 
24 
16,150 
“ Not specified, cs 
9 
Alkanet, bis 
2 
822 
“ Brown, pkg «... 
1 
“ Oxalic, cks 
812 
534,763 
“ Root, bales 
71 
15,579 
“ Cake, cs 
3 
“ I’yrogallic, cs 
8 
125 
Aloes, pkg 
1029 
77,991 
“ Crude,cks 
10 
3,774 
I'icric, pkgs. . 
19 
207 
66,985 
21 
“ “ cs 
53 
11,206 
Althea Root, cks 
20 
“ Colors, pkgs 
729 
59,982 
“ Tartaric, cs 
37 
7.552 
“ ck 
1 
621 
Dye, pkgs 
358 
83,995 
“ Phosphoric, cs .. 
3 
336 
Aluminous Cake, pkgs 
1435 
1,138,763 
Aniseed, bags 
742 
27,672 
“ Rosolic, pkgs 
46 
10,533 
Alum, ck 
352 
215,017 
“ bags 
823 
“ Sulphuric, cs 
1 
56 
“ cake, cs 
115 
72, *92 
110 
13,998 
Adhesive Plaster, cs 
“ burn), ck 
181 
Antichlor, cks 
53 
The following is a complete list of the imports of Oils. Paints and Drugs entered at the ports of New York and 
Boston. (In cases where weight cannot be correctly stated, the number of packages alone be given): 
IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
NEWYORK. IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
213 
Antimony, Sulph., ck 
1 
250 
Bark, bales 
62 
Berbery, Ex. of, pkg 
18 
6528 
“ cks 
50 
30000 
“ Buckthorn, bale 
1 
200 
Bergamot Paper, cs 
1 
110 
“ Crocus, kegs 
10 
1250 
“ Mezereon, bale 
11 
2588 
9 
1300 
13,027 
452 
600 
“ Kegulus, cks 
182 
33 
93100 
“ Bittersweet, bale 
1 
. 23,787 
50 
Belladonia Leaves, bales.... 
Belladonna Root, bales... . 
Belladonna Herns, bales.. , 
.. 75 
3 
3 
Archill, pkgs 
64 
17,062 
“ “ pek 
. 11,979 
1,440566 
“ pkgs 
53 
“ “ Had, pkgs... 
“ Calisaya, cer 
6 
600 
25 
4,700 
204.516 
*• Extract cks 
40 
18089 
Berries, Yellow, bgs 
751 
“ “ cks 
“ “ cer 
476 
94,000 
Binoxalato, cks 
31 
8 680 
“ Liquor., cks 
182 
100,379 
“ Quilla, bales 
15 
Bismark Brown, pkg 
1 
112 
“ Paste, cks 
4 
“ Columbia, bales 
“ Quinine, pkg 
500 
41800 
Bismuth Metallic, cs 
2 
4400 
“ Weed, bgs 
145023 
. 1,096 
“ “ kgs 
2 
“ “ pkg 
38 
76739 
17 
4496 
2000 
Argols, pkgs 
.. 2590 
2,152,307 
*• Cascarilla, pksrs 
230 
29,849 
Bitter Sweet Root, bales... 
“ Crude, cks 
., 2907 
1,934,229 
“ “ pkgs 
BitterSweet Stems, bales.. 
4 
400 
“ part Eef’d, cks 
.. 1389 
1,249,431 
“ Loxa. bales 
24 
2275 
Bitter Wood 
2,000 
Arnica Flowers, bales 
156 
30,407 
“ Frankular, bags 
500 
Black Powder, pkgs 
30 
3,69® 
“ bales 
67 
Barium, Chlorate of. bbls... 
37 
19600 
Black Paste, ck 
1 
1780 
008,167 
25,977 
50000 
33 
22074 
27,043,448 
“ Crude cks 
Barytes, cks 
.. 1034 
938,883 
Bleach, pkgs 
*• Phosphorus cs., 
Arrowroot, pkg 
1 
“ crude, cks 
22 
20261 
.. 20 
5100 
1608 
.. 1229 
102,8?9 
chlor, cs 
1 
Blue Yerditer, ksrs 
14 
“ bbls 
to# 
“ Sulphate of, cks... 
.. 5160 
2,819,686 
Bombay, Ext’s, bbls 
2 
918 
Assafcetida, cs 
44 CS 
513 
70 
107,092 
“ Carb, cks 
“ Nitrate, kgs 
1042 
769,440 
500 
Bone ash, pkgs 
0 
692 
Asphaltum, pkg 
'• crude 
475 
345,947 
1008000 
“ MurL.bbls 
Bath Brick, cs 
86 
4350 
53,101 
“ cks 
12716 
A urine, pkgs . 
Balsam, cs 
254 
39,513 
875 
Bay Leaves, bales 
Beans, Iguatus, bgs 
10 
1638 
44 CS 
22 
4.095 
696 
299,000 
Peruvian, ck 
1 
“ Calabar, pkgs 
4 
564 
Brazil etto Wood 
44 CS 
77 
7940 
“ Tonca. pks 
ISO 
66,392 
44 pieces .. . 
1311 
“ Capivi, pkgs 
411 
46,024 
“ St. Johns, bales 
100 
Bremen Black, cks 
3 
400 
“ Capaiva, cs. 
‘* Tolu, cs 
111 
102 
11221 
“ Vanilla, cs 
124 
42 
10096 
“ Blue, cs 
2569 
64,712,400 
Bark, bales 
542 
5295'; 
“ Locust, bags 
10 
2236 
Brimstone, IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Bronze Green, pkgs 
10 
1338 
Cassia Fistula, bale 
38 
2220 
Cochineal, pkgs 
5992 
899744 
“ Powder, cs 
50 
4938 
“ Buds, cs 
50 
8333 
“ pkgs.... 
2449 
Buchu Leaves, hales 
179 
57,353 
Capivi, cs 
6 
“ Teneriffe, cks 
5 
5759 
“ “ hales 
49 
44 CS 
235 
“ Cake, ck 
1 
350 
39,430 
35,717 
7,511 
, 4 
511 
1 
220 
Bnttonlac, chts 
148 
1 
2 
70 
. 3 
409 
9 
1508 
Calaminous, ck . 
1 
463 
Century Minor, bales 
15 
2210 
Colchicum Seed, cks 
4 
1050 
Calomel, cs 
39 
2400 
Chalk 
10546853 
“ Root, pkg.; 
6 
1166 
“ Pkgs 
3 
Chalk Block 
22,467,000 
“ Wine of, cks 
4 
403 
Camphor, cs 
.. 4084 
397,643 
“ French, pkgs 
155 
Colchi Root hales 
8 
1,008 
44 CS 
5419 
273 
39,2C8 
1734 
154,308 
“ Crude, hxs 
394 
69,747 
“ cks 
128 
“ pkgs 
284 
Camwood, 
226000 
13 
21 
4666 
Canabis Indicus, cs 
15 
1614 
Chinese Blue, pkgs 
IS 
2454 
“ pkgs 
8 
Canary Seed, pkg 
. 7.031 
1755551 
Chiretta, hale 
2 
342 
Colombo Root, bales 
259 
22800 
Pkg 
.. 1470 
Ohio. Ilydrat, cs 
16,269 
Colors, pkgs 
1523 
337,403 
Cantharidcs, pkg 
43 
8 218 
Ch'or. Kalinin, cks 
8 
4258 
“ pkgs 
264 
Caraway Seed, pkg 
., 1091 
Chloride of Calcicum. cs 
20 
11192 
“ Dry, cks 
9 
4613 
4595 
295210 
ll 
“ “ cs 
3 
1 
331 
14,310 
4 
13 'A 
11190 
“ Painters’, cs 
12 
2515 
Cardamons, cs 
128 
Chrome Yellow, pkg 
48 
“ Nnpthaiine cs 
4 
400 
Carmine, pkgs 
9 
u 44 CS 
4 
Coloring, cks 
5 
261 
“ pkgs 
160 
“ Green, pkg 
8 
1017 
Coltsfoot Herbs, bale 
i 
100 
110 
1254 
1 
103 
110 
23 
20,330 
500 
Coriander Seed, bales 
.. 1105 
183.313 
50 
50 
Cosmetics, cs 
2 
“ of Indigo, pkgs.. 
ii 
753 
Clay China, pkgs 
6720 
4,883,166 
Copper, Acetate of, cs 
3 
596 
“ Lead, cks 
5 
55 
2,492 
4733 
44 CS 
.. 2396 
121 
2,358 631 
Copperas, cks 
79 
76.078 
25 
0 
33 
3,303 
24028 
Cream Tartar, pkg 
.. 1507 
1729319 
“ Scarlet, keg 
i 
92 
Coceulus Indicus, bales 
441 
Cremnitz White, pkgs 
6 
New York Importations Continued. IMPOETATIONS, 1873. 
215 
Cremnitz White, cs 
2 
500 
84 
1 
25 
“ Yellow, pkgs 
2 
2 
220 
Crocus Powder, cks 
10 
5000 
Dyewood, pkgs 
277 
5 
219 
Crystals, part refined, cks... 
6 
5,84C 
Dyes, cs 
17 
1275 
“ CS .... 
3 
“ Yellow, cs 
100 
107 
10 
Cubehs, bgs 
648 
210,543 
95 
22000 
10 
Cudbear, pkgs 
358 
222087 
100 
2 
200 
Cummin Seed, bgs 
453 
56,873 
Emerald Green, cks. 
15 
10 
Cnndurango, bales 
186 
Emery Flour, cks 
25 
5454 
Extract Barbary, bbls 
10 
4510 
Cntch, pkgs 
.. 14,536 
2366121 
Ergot, pkg 
27 
5,051 
“ Cuba, cks 
75 
33,157 
“ hxs 
“ cks 
2 
“ Cuba.bbls 
Cuttlefish Bone, pkg 
23 
Ergot of Eye, pkg 
114 
16,807 
“ of Elaterinm, ck 
1 
oz 100 
pkg 
3C9 
19,063 
Essence Maravillosa, cs 
20 
gross 120 
“ Chcsnut, bbls 
9578 
Dandelion Flowers, bales.. , 
4 
SOO 
‘ ‘ Lavender, cs 
33 
2700 
1 ‘ Belladonna, cs 
2 
156 
Dandelion Root, bales 
18 
3733 
“ “ Pkgs 
13 
“ Calabar, cs 
60 
84 
“ Red Thyme, cs 
•102 
. . 1 
a 
1410 
“ Thyme, pkgs 
5 
50 
2 
357 
44 CS 
16 
1218 
16 
21 *21 
Disinfecting Powder, cks... 
2 
224 
“ Rosemary, cs 
8 
225 
“ Tannic, bbls 
10 
4441 
DiviDivi, bgs 
.. 7398 
8527.008 
“ pkgs.... 
4 
Fennel Seed, bales 
266 
56,017 
1 
200 
“ Rose, cs 
1 
113 
100 
29 
3,345 
“ ,4# CS- 
2 
2 
Dried Roots, bales 
13 
3,900 
“ Lemon.cs 
19 
“ Bladders, bbls 
187 
Drop Black, pkgs 
804 
75,827 
“ “ cs 
99 
2188 
Filling up, pkgs 
115 
20850 
“ cks 
265 
“ Pepsin, cs 
2 
500 
Flake White, cks 
6 
3441 
Drugs, etc., pkgs 
£7 
“ “ cs 
3 
Florentine Lake, cks . 
3 
“ Crude, cks 
35 
8131 
“ Orange, cs 
27 
677 
Finer Spar, cks 
17 
7;oo 
(C 
17 
“ not specified, cs 
114 
Fuller’s Earth, hgs 
1628 
Dry Herbs, bales 
“ 
45 
2653 
Fustic 
9,895,187 
“ pkgs 
6 
720 
“ Geranium, cs 
i 
22 
44 pieces 
315 
187,793 
“ Bergamot, cs 
14 
31 
3232 
“ “ cs 
20 
411 
‘ hgs 
278 
59,883 
6 
“ Eomarin, cs 
4 
230 
“ pkgs 
39 
6,910 
“ Neroly, pkus 
1 
oz 35 
Frankfort Black, cks 
122 
66756 
“ Liquid, cks 
10 
“ Origanum, cs 
10 
450 
pkgs 
44 216 
IMPORTATION S, 1873. 
French Green, ck 
Lbs. 
1 
Pkgs. 
211 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
929 
Gum, Myrrh, bales 
Lbs. 
108 
Pkgs. 
15,160 
Galangal Root, Dales 
100 
333 
Guaza, bales 
36 
3,116 
“ Sandrac, cks 
52 
19,212 
3 
3,400 
11,166 
“ Senari, cs 
13 
4,014 
Galls, bgs 
121 
31,517 
Gum, 
Pkgs 
831 
“ Senegal, bgs 
213 
44,611 
Galls, 
40 
“ 
pkgs 
405 
“ Shellac, chts 
50 
10,561 
7,521 
2,079 
(( 
7 
1,145 
13,641 
“ “ CS 
10 
'• hales 
980,021 
a 
Animi, cs 
25 
“ Substitute, cks 
39 
40,115 
17“ 
18,105 
5,121 
306 
2,638,645 
981 
421,044 
“ bxs 
25 
u 
“ pkgs 
“ “ kgs 
200 
Garancine, pkgs 
9“ 
i i 
“ siftings, pkgs.. 
201 
104,380 
“ . “ Siftings cks 
30 
19.814 
“ cks 
5,162 
1,320,198 
a 
Assafoetida,, cs 
30 
1,9.1 
“ Tragacanth, cs 
216 
4,4051 
Gentian Root 
508 
126,883 
u 
Bark, bags 
8 
2,599 
“ Yellow, cs 
10 
3,145 
“ bales 
5 
»( 
Benjamin, cs 
0 
1,458 
Gypsum, cks 
3,106 
1,190,385 
218 
(t 
3 
110 
Hartshorn Shavings, bales.. 
Hellebore Root.bales 
1 
2,910 
139 
11,992 
61,301 
42,784 
« 
1,039 
1,431 
11 
292 
11 
2,400 
' 2.012 
,, 
295,542 
32,252 
Hemp Seed, pkgs 
1,638 
1 
3 
313,461 
“ White, pkgs 
215 
359 
“ 
Damar, bxs 
“ pkgs 
Herbs, Cicutac. bales 
“ Centaur, bales 
1,300 
625 
“ Jamaica, bbls 
145 
15,141 
(( 
Floras, cs 
2 
401 
Horehound, bales 
5 
991 
2,016 
860,668 
104,000 
1,139,541 
(( 
2 
460 
Horehound Leaves, bales.... 
3 
525 
it 
181 
85,56 i 
1 
100 
Glucose, cks 
4,584 
Guiac, pkgs 
50 
Hyasciamus, bales 
15 
3,930 
265 
“ pkgs ... , 
Guiacuim, bbls.... . 
21 
3,258 
3 
1,168 
Glycerine, pkgs 
2,415 
838,638 
21 
Indian Red, firkins 
10 
“ cs 
253 
“ 
Kino, cs 
13 
2,144 
“ cks 
4 
5,005 
*• Crude, cks 
10 
12,186 
Kowrie. pkgs 
10,085 
2,652,551 
Indigo, pkgs 
. 4,355 
681,163 
Gogo, bales 
20 
4,104 
“ CS 
. 3,594 
“ Pkgs 
449 
42 
3 
959 
133 
12,110 
493 
28 
18,528 
106,920 
“ Paint, Bronze Powder, cs 
“ 
Mastic, cs 
5 
*• Extract, cks 
222 
Grape Sugar, cs 
29,368 
2,111,056 
“ 
“ bbls 
2 
“ “ pkgs 
39 
Grease, cks 
42 
13,400 
“ 
Mogadore, bbls 
20 
8,158 
“ Paste, cks 
235 
135,029 
New York Importations Continued. Indigo, Paste, pkgs 
35 
Lavender Flowers, hales... 
152 
44,057 
Magenta Crystals, cs 
1 
100 
Indigotine, pkgs,. 
2 
5676 
Lead, Nitrate of, pkgs 
414 
848,017 
“ Lake 
2 
264 
1 
200 
1 
81 
9,804 
708 
63,603 
21,519 
Leaves, bales 
. . 20 
24 
Iodine, pkgs 
234 
Lemon Juice, pipes 
57 
gals. 12,711 
“ Calcined, pkgs 
174 
17,624 
81 
15,936 
lO1^ 
1,041 
124,023 
10 
20 
4,743 
45,933 
“ Green, cs 
11 
920 
Licorice, not spec,, cs 
387 
“ Oxide, cks 
15 
750 
Ipecac, pkgs 
92 
8,544 
“ Juice, kegs 
71 
15,450 
Manganese Borate, cks 
2 
Ipecacuanha, cer 
136 
17,504 
“ Paste, cs 
.. 5,864 
1,492,509 
“ Oxide of, cks 
28 
4,257 
Isinglass, pkgs 
878 
107,580 
“ “ kgs 
92 
Manna, cs 
133 
21,103 
“ Pgs 
.. 230 
“ Root, pkgs 
.. 57,207 
7,999,655 
“ CS , . 
30 
Ivory Black, pkgs 
33 
6,319 
“ pkgs 
... 4,451 
Maravillosa, cs 
10 
18 
“ Sticks, cs 
565 
66,936 
506,000 
2,600 
. 34 
6,374 
1,383 
50 
17,902 
Lima Wood 
11 
“ hales 
OO 
Lime Muri, hhls 
4 
Marigold Flowers, bales... 
1 
Japanese Brown, ck 
1 
“ Acetate of, cks 
... 1,045 
947,202 
Maruhis Herbs, bales 
2 
.425 
Juniper Berries, hales 
591 
Carbonate of, cks 
4 
2,600 
Mazerion Bark, bales. . .. 
1 
281 
“ bgs 
680 
89,147- 
“ Chlorate of. pkgs 
100 
80,600 
Medicinal Bark, bale. 
1 
“ Juice, ck 
1 
165 
“ Juice, phns 
14 
“ Berries, cks 
5 
649 
Kaiaet. hags 
500 
110,236 
“ Sulphate of, cks 
10 
6,114 
“ Extracts, cs 
8 
1,098 
Kaolin e, cks 
10 
12,568 
“ Vienna, ck 
. . 1 
“ Flowers, cs 
179 
27,412 
Kremm, White, cs 
33 
6,627 
Linseed, hgs 
.. 597,929 
nish 6834950 
“ Herbs, bales... • . 
. 33 
6,532 
Kreosote, cs 
20 
1,995 
Litharge, cks 
74 
17,764 
, “ Leaves, pkgs 
85 
18,149 
Lac Dye, pkgs 
129 
22,612 
Litharge Flake, cs 
10 
5,000 
“ Preparations, cs ... 
7 
107 
37 
244 
80 
45,305 
Lake’s, pkgs 
34 
7,501 
Logwood, cs 
48,452,343 
do bales 
LakeWood, cks 
7 
3,130 
“ Extract, cks, 
110 
36,248 
“ Seed, bales 
13,445 
Lampblack, cs 
2 
16i 
Lycopodium, cs 
27 
6,642 
Melilotti Flowers, bales. 
54 
0,045 
“ pkgs 
28 
“ Seed, cks 
10 
1,833 
Mellet Seed, bags 
15,000 
25 
6,034 
8,557 
11,736 
575 
826,899 
5 
20 
. 155 
15 
1,000 
1,200 
Laurel Berries hales 
41 
“ Extract, kegs 
248 
167,241 
Milors Green, cks 
“ Leaves, hales.. .. 
213 
65,120 
“ “ pkgs... 
11 
Mineral Blue, bbls 
6 
599 
Lavender Essential, cs.... 
3 
Manganese, cks 
30 
72,632 
“ “ cks 
20 
IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
217 218 
IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
Ids. 
Pkgs. 
ids. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs- 
8 
150 
13975 
- 
3 
74 
28028 
2 
28 
“ Earth, eks 
ISO 
67200 
“ “ CS 
21 
“ Citronella.es 
222 
9406 
“ White, cks 
16 
11774 
“ sweet, cs 
8 
800 
“ Pkg 
oz 56886 
Morphine Sulph, cs, 
2 
oz 360 
“ “ bitter, cs 
2 
40 
“ “ pks 
421 
.2 
650 
“ Amber, cs 
13 
1191 
17 
Munjeet, bales 
10 
“ “ rectified, cs 
2 
450 
“ Coal Tar, cs 
2 
300 
Musk, boxes 
12 
273 
“ Aniline, cks 
282 
129,578 
“ Coal Tar, pkgs 
3 
“ CS 
2 
"■ Crude, pkgs 
39 
92755 
“ Cocoanut 
712 
gal 9027S8 
5 
“ Animal, ck 
2 
643 
163 
Mustard Seed, pkgs 
.. 2771 
§93447 
“ Aniseed, cs 
33 
“ Codfish, cks 
25 
gal 1,450 
li U 
240 
bush 1331 
“ “ pkgs 
87 
6398 
704 
*« n 
440 
“ Star boxes. . 
20 
1332 
454 
galls 28419 
Mvrabolane, bags 
20 
“ “ “ CS 
60 
Cologne, cs 
1 
2 
500 
“ Ansie, German, cs 
1 
5 
C( (( 
1 
10 
1 
100 
“ Aspic, cs 
1 
5 
Naples Yellow, pkg 
1 
“ Balsam Capivi, cs 
1 
10 
“ “ CS 
2 
300 
Napthaline, yellow, keg 
1 
50 
“ Bergamot, pack 
1105 
53210 
“ Cottonseed, cks 
6 
gal 256 
17 
1650 
“ t< U 
144 
Natron Garb, cks 
1 
140 
“ Cajeput, bbl 
34 
“ Cummen, cs 
3 
38 
Nitro Benzoli, cs 
47 
7200 
“ “ CS 
20 
729 
Nutgalls, bgs 
807 
163414 
“ Calamus, cs 
1 
6 
128 
7335 
Nux Vomica, bgs 
94 
“ Camphor, cs 
5 
42 
“ t>gs 
... 1691 
117260 
*■ Capivi.cs.. , 
1 
50 
“ Eucalyptus, cs 
. . i 
112 
Oak Stain, bx 
3 
500 
“ “ CS 
1 
1 
Ochre, cks 
20 
“ Cassia, cs 
202 
13393 
“ Fennel, cs 
. . 8 
400 
“ cks 
.. 2473 
1783492 
“ - pkg 
729 
“ Fennel Seed, cs 
1 
10 
“ powdered, cks 
11 
11636 
“ Castor, cs 
252 
gal. 5,238 
“ Fish 
40,000 
“ Golden, cks 
25 
13200 
“ Caraway, cs 
83 
5455 
11 
“ Golden, cks 
11 
“ Ceder.cs 
3 
101 
“ Fusil, cs 
4 
gal 32 
'* Itadan, cks 
2 
900. 
“ Chamomile, cs 
i 
2 
“ Gallipoli, cks 
7 
gal 533 
JMew York Importations Pontinued. IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
219 
12 
271 
19 
11000 
Oil, Valerian, cs 
1 
20 
Ginger Grass, cs 
1 
25 
“ Palmarosa, cks. .. 
1 
“ Violet, cs 
1 
41 
" Haarlem, cs 
199 
“ Patchouly, cs 
2 
28 
“ Whale, cks 
1010 
237466 
10 
108 
It It 
5 
202 
“ Jasmine, cs 
2 
191 
“ Peppermint 
1 
4 
*• Wormwood, cs 
1 
4 
48 
4209 
20 
1 
1-3 
“ “ pkgs 
7 
5 
1662 
110 
“ Juniper Berries, cs 
11 
812 
“ l> pkgs 
6 
Opium, cs 
1124 
167405 
21 
2304 
“ Portugal, cs 
10 
586 
440364 
“ Kagn Patch, cs 
4 
Rapeseed, cs 
7 
1327 
“ Mineral, pkgs 
542 
264746 
70 
32 
1768 
113 
“ “ do 
171 
15176 
Rhodium 
3 
120 
“ Peel, bales 
135 
24738 
23 
2,180 
1 
12 
.. 1925 
51627 
1 
50 
Oris Root, Gao 
123 
50209 
136 
17 
07,. 8182 
16 
1833 
“ Lemongrass, cs 
8 
oz 4682 
“ “ pack 
6 
“ cks 
15 
“ “ cs 
178 
“ Rosemary, cs 
49 
4664 
Ldto Rose, cs 
29 
314 
“ Linseed raw, pkgs 
70 
gal 14834 
“ Rye, pkg 
15 
“ “ CS 
4 
“ Linseed boiled, pkgs ., 
3 
gals 40 
“ Salad, hx 
Oxalate Cerium, cs 
1 
oz 10 
1 
20 
5 
142 
27170 
“ Mirbane, cs 
271 
28850 
r 
“ Sandelwood. cs 
28 
1644 
“ Pkgs 
122 
“ *• cs, 
37 
Sassafras, cs 
2 
158 
“ in oil, pkgs 
54 
8360 
“ Moon, ck 
1 
360 
“ Savine, cs 
3 
206 
“ Colbalt, cs 
3 
230 
“ Neroli, cs 
3 
14 1-5 
“ Seal, cks 
153 
galls 20157 
Oxydizing Paste, kgs 
108 
13315 
2 
64 
168 
23,951 
12 
“ Olive, pkg 
16094 
galls 144,282 
“ “ hhls 
28 
gal ‘.404 
Paints, cks 
62 
31223 
tt <( a 
19975 
“ “ CS 
“ pkg 
105 
233 
3362 
91 
gal 20208 
25 
313 
8008 
47 
10 
“ “ Pkgs 
16 
“ Sperm, cks 
82 
gal 16886 
“ Imperial Green, cks... 
10 
6677 
“ *• bitter, pack. 
22 
487 
“ Sweet, pkgs 
4 
“ Patent, pkgs 
47 
20117 
31 
914 
2700 
5 
2 
46 
128 
10160 
40 
4100 
“ Palm cks 
2 
“ CS 
“ Tubes,cs 
5 
“ ‘‘ CS 
33 
gal 6350 ! 
“ Valerian, cs 
1 
.... 
*■ White, pugs 
300 
54019 220 
IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
Lbs. 
1 
Pkgs. 
299th, 
L’s. 
40 
Pkgs. 
2594 
Lbs. 
i 
Pkgs. 
“ “ cks 
78 
Porchouli Leaves, bales 
2 
2 4C 
Lead,pgs 
713 
84,756 
Pareira Brava, pkgs 
8 
535 
Portland Cement, cks 
1977 
Pkgs 
30 
Paris White, cks 
.... 3306 
3,100,975 
“ bbls 
300 
107000 
“ Liquor, ck 
1 
217 
“ Green, pkgs 
4 
666 
Potash, Chlo, pkg 
4,701 
672,994 
“ Saunders Wood, pkgs .. 
94960 
“ “ bbls 
7 
“ Bich, cks 
1274 
1,000,176 
RhatanyRoot, bales 
19 
1921 
2 
15 
3000 
342 
53,826 
“ Barley, cks 
10 
“ Iodide of, cs 
25 
1450 
“ bxs 
132 
“ Dryer, cks 
467 
269431 
Muri, bgs 
38,346 
8,541,670 
Rosemary Leaves, bbls 
5 
1109 
“ Medicines, cs 
3 
“ Premangrate, cs 
1 
12 
Rose Leaves, pkgs 
3 
203 
Patros Galls bags 
28 
3900 
222 
103552 
2 
1 ep p ermint Herbs 
12 
130C 
“ Prussiate Yellow, cks. 
211 
118,139 
“ Pink, cks 
295 
79.302 
Pepsin, cs 
1 
32 
50636 
65 
Persian Red, pkg 
'• “ cks 
104 
17 
3507 
“ Sulphate of, bgs 
“ “ pkgs 
1,128 
1,347 
314272 
“ water, cs 
Root Flour, bxs 
56 
25 
6000 
“ Berries, bgs 
24 
Printing Black, cks 
4 
Roots pkgs 
4 
723 
Persian Berries, bags . . 
5 
800 
Pumice Stone, cks 
180 
121767 
Roth Lake, cs . 
1 
Phosphorus, pkg 
602 
6844f 
Purple Flowers, bxs 
1 
28 
Rotten Stone, cks 
22 
100000 
Picric Crystals, cks 
2 
533 
Powdered White, bbls 
10 
8,087 
SRBowcr, bales 
153 
38,910 
Pigment, cks 
S 
Prussian Blue, pkg 
48 
7407 
Extract of, pkg 
38 
55,556 
44 CS 
1 
1,120 
Pyrethri Flowers, bales 
15 
2,229 
4* 44 CS 
245 
“ Brown cks 
13 
7637 
Quaker Green, pegs 
5 
711 
• 4 4 4 cs 
5 
gall 125 
“ Green, cks 
18 
7541 
Quercitron, bbls 
10 
Saffron, pkg 
39 
8378 
“ Orange, pkg 
7 
Quicksilver, bottles 
600 
Sage Leaves, bales 
215 
20301 
“ “ cks 
23 
12308 
-i 
375 
245 
68,505 
Plumbago, bbls 
... 20,173 
9,123,557 
Quinine, cs 
319 
719 J 
“ cks 
265 
44 CS 
ee 
4% CS 
29 
“ Flowers bags 
975 
Ponceau, cs. 
16 
1100 
Qivinoy Seed,biles 
1 
117 
Salacetos, cks 
1 
224 
Poppy Heads, cs 
28 
4,000 
RadtaraxerRoots, bales. 
4 
800 
Salts, Aniline, pkg 
59 
16,69£ 
“ bgs. 
5 
Rape Seed, sacks 
657 
141386 
44 *4 CS 
4 
Poppy Seed, pkg 
87,720 
Redwood.. 
5190C 
“ Glauber, ck 
1 
364 
yORK ‘J M.PORT ATIONS j^ONTINUED. IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
221 
Salts, Black, pkg 
177 
45,59*5 
Sienna Earth, cks 
.. 340 
156670 
Styrax. bbls 
9 
1641 
“ “ kegs 
25 
“ cks 
12 
Styrax Liquid, cks 
4 
1332 
“ Chemical, pkg 
76 
38071 
Size, cks 
63 
66533 
bbls 
i 
“ Crude, pkg 
to 
3,493 
Smalts, cks 
84 
Strontia Nitrate, pkgs, 
. 2791 
827,600 
“ Epsom, bbls... 
90 
34,363 
cks 
2210 
“ “ cks 
10 
Manuring, pkgs 
. 12439 
2138349 
Soap, Castile, pkg 
. 61304 
£014518 
“ Mineral Crude 
5 
1500 
501 
1674 
858G7 
19 
5707 
4 
180 
38 
1 
280 
“ Washed, bgs 
492 
“ Root, sks 
Sulphur Lae, bbls 
6827 
20 
12106 
Soda cks . ... 
5408 
41811 
5481096 
6 
13157 
“ Ash, pkg.,, 
.. 51695 
77338726 
.. 16217 
Saltpetre, pkg 
.. 28713 
5603158 
“ Arsenate of, cks,, 
60 
77189 
“ Extract, cks 
508 
18S164 
.. 23772 
2359680 
... 83753 
9913987 
400 
100,000 
“ “ pks 
11 
“ Binarseniate, cks 
18 
9752 
Talc, bgs 
981 
“ Refined bbls 
200 
22400 
■ “ Bisulphate, cks 
4 
5665 
‘' cks 
137452 
Sal Soda, pkg 
63013 
19411187 
“ Caustic, dms. 
.. 27488 
17402666 
Tapioca, bgs 
421 
2 
73 
1 
486 
68050 
Santoinine, cp 
5 
£50 
“ Hypo. Pulvia. cks .. 
70 
33,158 
Taraxica Rad, bales 
4 
968 
Sanan Wood 
509881 
“ “ cks 
60 
Tartar Part Refined, cks.... 
13 
12,200 
Sapanwood, piece? 
468 
“ Hypo. Sulph. cks 
135 
150,346 
“ bags 
20 
Sanan wood, extract, cks... 
10 
4576 
“ “ “ CS 
1 
“ cks 
16 
19830 
.. 3004 
396803 
367189 
114 
61,467 
1918 
603 
.. 63942 
59925094 
5 
Satin White, cks 
45 
33615 
“ “ bgs 
... 29673 
*• Refined, cs 
10 
11341 
Scammony, cs 
3 
*• Silicate of, cks 
39 
25994 
Taxicum Root, bgs 
3 
1 
5C 
“ “ pkg 
29 
1 
' 283 
2623055 
Secale Root, pkgs 
1045 
“ Stanate of, cks 
17 
13638 
Terra Alba, pkg 
.. 2748 
Sedlitz Powdered, cs 
Selery Seed, bales 
12 
1 
3360 
115 
Snonges, cs 
Square Black, cks 
2 
4 
900 
“ cks 
Terra Umber, cks 
. 1699 
50 
Senna Leaves, bales. 
58 
18637 
324 
61,736 
31 
21,119 
3141 
“ bales 
50 
St. Joi-ii’t Bread, cks 
105 
53160 
Thyme, bales 
17 
Senna, pkg 
631 
172 408 
“ “ bbls 
120 
Tilia Flowers, pkg 
1 
92 
“ burnt, cks 
5 
2403 ' Sterine Candles, pkgs 
£4 
7111 
Tin Crystals, pkgs 
26 
12952 
Shellac, cs 
. 4394 
756460 
Sticklac, cs 
223 
21,805 
Tin Muriate, ck 
1 
730 
“ pkgs.. 
“ cs 
62 
Tonsrua Butter 
1 
1 IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lis. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Tripoli, cks.. 
29 
Vanilla, bx 
1 
White Lead, in oil, bbls 
350 
53404 
Tuduline, cks 
2 
547 
Varnish, cs 
482 
gal15554 
“ Pkgs 
78 
Tumeric, pkg 
. 2,952 
390,528 
“ CS 
85 
“ not specified, pkg 
13942 
4554615 
“ kgs 
. 1,000 
Vegetable Wax, boxes 
157 
“ “ “ 
862 
Turpentine, bbls 
20 
gal 235 
Venetian Red, bbls 
9992 
3193950 
Wither! e, cks 
160 
80000 
TT 1 TV 
38 
56002 
55 
6347 
7 
634 
Weed Lake, cks 
50 
17738 
20 
58 
6P396 
“ pkgs 
33 
Ultramarine, pkg 
. 3436 
1021029 
Verdegris, cs 
5 
Worm Seed, bales 
232 
46929 
11 
4169 
26 
“ “ bales 
107 
Umber, cks 
140 
76642 
482 
81085 
Zaffer. cks 
18 
1985 
“ Burnt, cks 
24 
8,530 
Wash Blue, cs 
260 
Zinc, Oxide, bbls 
13299 
2931509 
38 
8073 
28 
(M62 
10 
10800 
Valerian, Reel, bales 
7 
1784 
Washing Powder, cs 
2 
500 
“ Drop Skimmings, pkgs.. 
369 
Valenan Root, bales 
63 
81389 
Water Colors, cs 
119 
“ Lactate, pkg 
1 
Van Dvke Brown, ck 
31 
22777 
“ bbls 
22 
4606 
“ Sulphate of, cks 
47 
31458 
“ cks 
23 
White Lead, dry, bbls 
359 
227744 
“ WThite, pks 
60 
6600 
BOSTOX. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Acid Citric, kgs 
7280 
Alizarine, cks 
5 
6520 
Ammonia Sal, cks 
5 
498 
174598 
“ Sulph, cks 
10 
“• Oxalic, cks 
212 
175304 
“ Cake, pkgs 
220 
148590 
“ “ cks 
24 
13070 
8 
1512 
58338 
4 
“ Phosphoric, cs 
3 
300 
Alumina Sulphate, cks 
22 
24846 
“ Liquor, cs 
1 
“ Tartaric, cks, 
2 
1120 
Ammonia, pkgs 
115980 
“ Paste, cs 
I 
Adhesive Plaster, cs 
1 
100 
“ Liquid, bbls 
15 
1440 
Aniline pkg 
1 
666 
29 
6530 
45 
“ Marrow, ck. 
1 
“ Blood, cs 
. . 11 
2405 
“ Mini, cks 
13 
13395 
“ Soda, ck 
1 
710 
“ “ pkgs 
12 
*• Garb, cks 
13 
7323 
Argols, pkgs 
7133 
587249 
jBosTON Jmportations. IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
223 
Argols, Crude, cks 
•201 
196210 
Crystals Washings, cs 
68 
Gum Bengal, bgs 
86396 
Arsenic, cks 
204 
391822 
Cuhebs bgs 
208 
24239 
Gum Shellac, cs 
41 
10033 
13 
250 
6 
13464 
58 
3.323 
33416 
ii 
Ashes, Eefmed, cks 
133 
103942 
Cutch, bgs 
.. 4382 
1759875 
Green Galls, hags 
413 
Alkali, cks 
72010 
Dextrine, cs 
33 
44157 
Hempseed, bgs 
50 
8487 
A luminous Cake, pkgs 
549 
393583 
Divi Divi 
67200 
Indigo, pkgs 
.140 
125 
Drop Black . 
5 
500 
351 
103137 
856 
311667 
1 
6 
5209 
“ bgs 
201 
“ Lavender, cs 
3 
“ Netural, cks 
12 
6875 
Binoxolate, cks 
101 
22736 
“ Lemon cs 
1 
“ Paste, pkgs 
44856 
Bleach, cks 
.... 1081 
8460798 
Extract of Brazil, cks 
2 
Indian Red, kgs 
20 
2000 
41 
3962 
22 
iodine, cs 
2 
200 
Brazil wood 
254000 
of Dyewoocl, cks 
3 
“ Green, cs 
2 
200 
Brimstone 
10,136,107 
Extract of Hemlock, cks 
213 
145276 
“ “ Crystals, cs . . 
5 
500 
Buchu Leaves, hales 
10 
Filling up, pkgs 
.. 115 
21.850 
Isinglass, cs 
34 
6725 
Camphor 
2000 
Fustic 
1941384 
Jalap, hales 
5 
1006 
“ bxs 
167 
. 29951 
5823158 
29 
6902 
Camwood 
57227 
“ bales 
Lead Mtrate of 
16870 
Canary Seed, cks 
50 
Garancine 
Lignumvite 
75040 
“ “ VUS 
, . 50 
8975 
“ 
237 
237354 
3 
Carmine, cs 
1 
Gelatine, cks 
113 
Linseed, pkg 
. 15075 
45600 
Celestial Blue, kgs.. 
35 
4522 
“ cks ,. 
. . 10 
1027 
Linseed, pugs 
Chilk, cks 
2 
595 
Ginger, bgs .. 
307115 
Lime, Chloride, cks 
156 
152705 
Chemical Salts, cs 
8 
4480 
Glycerine, pkg. , 
4 
67200 
Cuihineal, bgs 
50125 
Gum Arabic, cs 
135 
32479 
Litharge, cks 
50 
Colcothar, kgs 
170 
22,975 
“ “ ser 
75 
10 
1470)4 
“ Assafoetida, cs 
12 
Colors, cks 
33 
“ Benzoic, cs 
109 
241G 
“ Extract, cs 
3 
13 
“ drv, cs 
1 
50 
“ Copal, cs 
,. 2429 
368005 
Conium Extract, cks.. ... 
1 
“ Damar, cs 
43543 
“ cs 
15 
680 
Copperas 
6372 
“ Guiac, cs 
366 
20756 
“ Calci, pkgs 
1 
224 
3919 
“ “ CS 
100 
3720 
Copper PercipitaU - s 
12 
14947 
“ Kowrio, cs 
118 
22874 
“ Citrate, cks 
Cream Tartar, cks 
129 
94540 
“ Myrrh, cs . 
53 
14584 
“ Citrate, hbs 
250  
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Magnesia Sulphate, cks. 
5 
47C0 
Oil, Lemon, pkas 
98 
Patent Blue, cs 
2 
Manganese, ck 
... 2 
607 
311 
78757 
Medicinal Prenarations, pkgs 
7 
“ Nutmeg, cs 
9 
Pigment Green, cks 
Mineral Red, pkgs 
30 
5503 
1 
8 
8581 
“ White, cks 
50 
29792 
“ Olive, pkgs 
990 
“ Brown, cks 
4554 
Musk, cs 
1 
oz 40 
“ “ Pkgs 
. . 50 
2533 
“ Orange, cks 
Myraborlan, bgs...... 
43 
8400 
“ Orange, cs 
4 
Potash Garb, cks 
224 
89701 
Nutgalls, hags 
105 
25763 
“Palm, pkgs, 
4106 
gal 596293 
“ cks 
62 
42804 
3 
2500 
1160 
75 
7840 
Ochre, cks 
5 
2563 
“ Patchouly, cs . 
12 
“ Iodine, cs 
3 
212 
Ochre. Green, ens 
2 
1190 
“ Rape, bbls 
Plaster of Paris, cks 
10 
3360 
1 
1 
309 
Redwood, pcs 
.... 15261 
42564 
4 
2874 
33 
3050 
Red Lead, kgs 
.. . . 106 
Ochre Paint, cks 
18 
22639 
“ Sperm, cks 
318 
63538 
“ Pkgs 
10074 
49 
5287 
220 
Rhubarb, pkg... 
1 
64 
Oil Almonds, cs 
5 
Orange Leact, pkg 
'CWO 
Safflower, Ext. of, cs 
5 
125 
“ “ CS 
6 
1025 
“ Mineral, cks 
6 
Sago Pearl, pkgs 
428 
79600 
6 
153 
400 
13440 
1 
612 
“ “ cs 
12 
Oxy dising Paste, cks 
7 
Sal Soda, cks 
9068 
1335195 
“ CitroneLa, cs, 
108 
oz 59520 
“ “ kegs 
8 
881 
Saltpetre, bgs 
1079 
277 
93 
116004 
“ “ cks 
192 
gall 7580 
“ Pkgs 
- 164 
35227 
Sapan Wood, cks 
373453 
“ Cocoanut, cks 
5 
.... 
Paint Lead, cks 
49 
23417 
“ •* peices 
“ Colors, cs 
24 
... 
“ Black, cks 
5 
560 
Scarlet Poneeau, keg.. . . 
1 
Dog, bbl . 
1 
“ “ kegs 
10 
37 
11743 
“ Essential, cks 
1 
“ Green, cks 
82 
13481 
Senna Leaves, hales 
2 
5216 
“ Gallepole, cks 
19 
.... 
“ Orange, cks 
7 
4085 
Shellac, chests 
175 
33957 
“ Gioza, cks 
18 
“ Patent, cks 
Size, cks 
21 
23850 
“ Lavender, cs 
o 
29 
“ White, cks 
83 
S929C 
“ cks 
14 
*• Lemongrass, cs.. ... 
7 
oz 5038 
Paint Yellow kgs, 
110 
18578 
Soda, cks 
170 
76191 
“ Lemon, cans 
7 
301 
Paris White, cks 
34444 
13145079 
IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
Boston Importations Continued. IMPORTATIONS, 1873. 
225 
Soda, Arsenate of, cks 
7 
13636 
Tartar, cks 
11 
4336 
Varalosi 
5 
1236 
“ Bi-carb, pkgs 
10226 
1744833 
“ Sal, cks 
10 
5314 
It 
gals 384 
993 
1191 
208586 
11 
“ Carbonate, kgs 
... 2522 
282446 
“ bgs 
765 
Vegetable Yellow, cs 
1 
“ Caustic, pkgs, 
.... 2267 
1390591 
Terra Alba, cks 
590 
320509 
Venetian Red, bbls 
900 
568800 
941 
136406 
67 
“ “ cks 
216 
90326 
“ pkgs ; 
182 
Vermilion, cks 
2 
1030 
“ Nitrate of, bags 
.... 21883 
1986918 
Ultramarine, pkgs 
155 
50901 
Water Colors, cks 
li 
“ Silicate of, cks 
.... 45 
63449 
Umber, cks 
59 
8813 
White Lead not specified, pkg 
1194 
252743 
“ Stanate of, cks 
326 
455262 
“ cks 
102 
dry, pkgs 
21237 
75 
67857 
11 
9931 
36087 
... 16725 
3133986 
2 
258 
Superphos Lime, cks 
7 
6720 
Vanilla Beans, cs 
1 
Zinc Oxide, cks 
20 
7544 EXEORTS FOR 1873. 
The following is a complete list of the exports and re-expoits of Drugs, Oils, Paints, Chemicals and Dyestuffs for 
the year 1873. In instances where the weight cannot be correctly stated the number of packages alone will be given, 
and also in a few cases where we have been unable to ascertain the number of packages, we give the pounds only. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Acid, Acetic 
4 
Antimony 
93 
22912 
Bark Liquor 
9 
1 
51 
1061 
120954 
6 
568 
6 
2 
“ Muriatic 
221 
“ Salts 
2 
292 
“ Quercitron 
12487 
2753264 
35 
6 
a a 
1081 
“ Not specified . 
... 3246 
Arrowroot 
. 268 
“ Quilla 
15 
5953 
. . 2 
1 
10 
984 
400 
3 
815 
1 
50 
“ Sulphuric; 
297 
1 
5 
“ Tartaric 
13 
“• powdered 
1 
232 
Berries, Juniper 
1 
108 
“ “ powdered 
8 
Ashes 
128 
77687 
Beeswax 
573 
142608 
Alcohol, hhls 
U 
16S00 
<< 
10 
10118 
21 
16S0 
« 
17927 
7 
1 
11 
2138 
Aloes 
5 
3126 
6 
2189 
14 
Q71 fi 
Alum 
446 
8692 
“ Peru 
40 
4440 
Blue V.triol 
i 
856 
354 
1525 
159,59 
112 
122318 
Aniline Colors 
8 
4C5 
104 
2703 
414316 
Aniseed 
652 
99' 52 
“ Barberry 
103 
74 
54 
“ Elm 
1 
106 
4 
1455 
Anthracene, tcs... 
1 
90 
6 
“ pkgs 
46633 
“ Liquor 
226 
318 0 
Bromine 
6035 
EXPORTS OF DRUGS, OILS, PAINTS, CHEMICALS, Etc. EXPOETS POE 1873. 
227 
Calabar Beans 
1 
24 
Extract Flavine ...'. . .. 
50 
2000 
Isinglass... 
5 
1 
20 
“ Fustic 
49 
2578 
Lac Dye 
283 
Camwood, tons.. 
toy2 
“ Hypernia 
1 
53 
Lam .black 
704 
230269 
11470 
.... 7 582 
4616112 
“ 
225 
i 
Lr vender Flowers 
2 
200 
10 
*• Madder 
. . 81 
19120 
Licorice Paste 
.... 1260 
275817 
25 
213 
Lime, Phosphate of 
11450 
Carbon Black 
13 
1344 
“ Quercitron 
1075 
59284 
“ Superphosof 
6 
1500 
215 
<t H 
100 
Linseed 
50 
10148 
25 
2700 
532 
37540 
. . 4 
250 
331 
Lobelia Herb.... 
3 
1C5 
1 
15 
2750 
543 
Chrome Green 
4 
206 
Flors Sulphur 
5 
“ tons 
“ Yellow 
26 
1802 
■ ulicrs Earth 
5 
“ Liquor 
1 
gal 49 
Coculus Indicas 
161 
17190 
Fustic, tons 
240 
Lycopodium 
1 
20 
3 
440 
n 
51 
Mace Paste 
3 
300 
.. . 1607 
Madder 
14 
14012 
. . 29 
714 
111361 
Magnesia 
204 
8184 
30 
2 
Cream Tartar 
83 
73141 
Glue 
169 
19802 
“ Carb 
27 
2152 
n t» 
5 
26 
13 
Cummin Seed 
86 
9752 
Glycerine 
1 
50 
Maiden Hair 
2 
400 
it -i 
3 
27 
Manganese 
113 
73960 
2 
243 
6C8 
4 
1 
“ Damar 
2 
416 
Manna 
. ... 2 
180 
. 13227 
75 
Mercury 
1 
76J4 
585 
80 
12793 
Earth Paint. 
172 
64750 
“ Myrrh 
10 
2381 
Ochre 
67 
8362 
<( U 
40 
1 
41 
31 
1240 
“ Thus 
60 
9125 
Oil, Almond 
132 
9092 
“ Bay leaves.. ... 
4 
300 
.. . 20 
82 
4 
200 
10463 
“ Anise 
29 
1633% 
5 
gross 10 
41 
5601 
“ Cajeput 
34 
2 
2 
“ Castor 
998 
gal 20129 
“ Spruce...... 
1 
. 
Isinglass 
58 
“ “ EXPORTS FOE 1873. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs. 
Pkgs. Lbs. 
Pkgs. 
Lbs- 
Oil, Cod Liver 
17 
gals 166 
Oil, Peppermint 
174 
Potash, Bromide 
21 
*< 
285 
1 
69 
4« 
516 
<< 
4 
Potash. Chlorate ... 
12 
1344 
44 
Cotton beed, bbls .... 
. ... 7£81 
gals 331795 
“ “ bbls 
.... 1185 
347650 
“ 
Cvanide 
<4 
It it it 
1664 
1 
Iodide 
f 
25 
44 
Fish, bbls 
1083 
33 
3495 
*- 
Salt 
95 
10120 
gals 45 
4 
.. .. 12 
“ bbls 
328 
1 
45 
Sulnhate 
5 
600 
« 
Lard, “ 
... 2768 
gals 113072 
Ml Q o-nls 4H90S5L 
Prussian Blue 
. . 15 
512 
“ cases 
498 
gals 4980 
196 
Qucrcitrine 
100 
5411 
“ 
“ bbls 
... 1512 
“ Spruce 
2 
gals 91 If 
Quicksilver 
213 
21008 
64 
1363 
201 
25 
« 
425 
gals 9084 
84 
14634 
Quinine 
32 
<< 
85 
51 
<< 
13 
“ 
Lubricating, bbls 
... 12584 
gals 420706 
“ Whale 
gals 74926 
Red Lead 
138 
14744 
“ cases 
748 
6584 
44 44 
153 
Roots. Cohosh 
1 
113 
<4 
SI 
1 
50 
U 
2 
165 
“ bbls 
. . 1252 
3 
ii 
1 
156 
Menhaden 
. , 513 
gals 24792 
288 
70848 
122 
21733 
Mineral, cs 
. . 35 
“ 350 
.... 938 
133052% 
it 
. . 6 
1 
120 
... . 16 
tt 
3 
“ 
Neatsfoot 
148 
gals 625 
Paraffine, Wax 
1571 
463495 
(4 
Madder 
59545 
“ gals 
62 
24849 
44 
163 
36366 
u 
Nut 
20 
2400 
11 
1122 
(4 
Pink 
2 
Olive 
263 
gals 1808 
. . 3 
1551 
264300 
a 
168 
337 
79137 
875 
Palm 
69 
110238 
57 
529 
45784 
a 
2 
... 2 
252 
35 
“ 
Paraffine 
... 2726 
gals 117014 
Potash 
.... 1032 
554043 
Snake 
11 
774 
a 
156 
503 
44 
1 
“ 
Peppermint. 
290 
7808 
“ Bromide.. 
22 
2017% 
Soap 
423 
190000 
j7 EW York Exports pONTINUED. EXPOETS FOR 1873. 
229 
Safflower 
Soda Ash 
12 
Ultramarine 
10 
2240 
718 
120989 
569 
70289 
Vanilla Beans 
20 
1805 
6 
12 
Salts, Epsom 
445 
9101 
“ Caustic 
.... 1383 
397194 
Varnish 
2233 
gals 32353 
U il 
63 
<( <( 
115 
. .. 10 
2340 
2 
1 
128 
“ Rochelle 
2 
250 
“ Sal 
145 
73832 
Verdigris 
2 
66 
“ Tartar 
... . 11 
118614 
“ Sulphate 
1 
122 
V crmilion 
2 
86 
Sapanwood, tons .... 
122 
Spanish White 
1 
336 
Wax 
9 
438 
4 
379 
2’39 
154518 
2 
1 
.... 1470 
107 
13S09 
“ Croton 
2 
250 
Spirits Nitre 
1 
ozs 72 
Whalefoots 
125 
66395 
52 
6i42 
Sugar Lead. 
2 
1327 
63993 
(( (( 
35 
9 
1788 
948 
36985 
2 
379 
6 
62 
Senna Leaves 
14 
3144 
Sumac 
200 
91148 
Whiting 
14 
4728 
13 
1185 
70 
Zinc 
41941 
7 
2 
4480 
Sienna 
10 
1660 
Turpentine, Venice 
4 
599 
“ Oxide of 
271 
108684 
Soda Ash 
279 
264251 
Turmeric 
1 
216 
“ White 
9400 GEO. F. GANTZ * CO., 
176 DUAISrE STREET, 
ESTABLISHED) I GEO. F. GANTE. 
V NEW YORK. ■< JOHN M. JONES. 
1549 ) /ENOS F. JONES. 
IMPORTERS, 
SHIPPING AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
CHEMICALS, OILS, DRUGS, 
AND 
AMERICAN- PROD XJ O 
References ; 
BROWN BROTHERS & CO., Bankers, New York. 
DUNCAN, SHERMAN & CO., 
MORTON, BLISS & CO., 
NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC, “ 
DAVID TAYLOR & SONS, London. 
ARTICLES TO WHICH ATTENTION IS GIVEN: 
Soda Ash, Hypo. Sul. Soda, Pot and Pearl Ashes, 
Caustic Soda, Bleaching Powder, Indigos, 
Sal Soda, Castile Soap, Cocoa Nut Oil, 
81-Carh Soda, Cream Tartar, Essential Oils, 
Cutch, Argols, Terra Alba, 
Gambler, Chlorate Potash, Senna. 
GEORGE F. GANTZ & CO., 
176 DUANE STREET, NEW YORK.  
DIXON. 
ESTABLISHED, 
1827. 
PARIS, 1867. VIENNA, 187 a 
Oldest House in the Trade in the Country. 
Graphite, 
Plumbago, 
Black Lead, 
IN ORIGINAL PACKAGES FOR THE FINEST USES. 
DIXON’S CRUCIBLES. 
w&maGsaassm. 
DIXONS 
CARBURETSSGROHE 
STOVE POLISH 
DIXON’S 
Graphite Pencils 
A NEW LEAD PENCIL in live grades of Leads for office use, and ten grades for 
artists, from the softest up to the hardest, all of one uniform quality, mounted in round and 
hexagon cedar, beautiful in many styles. 
Patent rubber safety attachment to prevent them from falling from the pocket. 
These were lire only pencils awarded the GRAND IVEDAL EOR PROGRESS at 
VIENNA, 1873. 
For descriptive lists of our various productions, and for sample of pencils sent by 
mail without charge, address 
THE DIXON CRUCIBLE CO., 
ORESTES CLEVELAND, President. 
OFFICES AND WORKS:—233, 235, 237, 239. 241 and 243 Railroad Avenue, 
and 246, 248, 359, 253. 934 and 258 Wayne St., JERSEY CITY, 
N.J CHAS. PRATT & CO., 
REFINERS AND DEALERS IN 
PETROLEUM AND ITS PRODUCTS. 
Proprietors of the celebrated brands 
“ASTRAL” AND “RADIANT.” 
Special attention given to the lighter products 
Benzine, Naphtha and Gasoline, 
OFFICE, 108 FULTON STREET, N. ¥. 
Works, Brooklyn, E. D. 
F. LB. MATHEW A CO., 
Successors to CHAS. 11. LEONARD, 
MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 
OILS AND CANDLES. 
Sperm, Whale, Elephant and Lard Oils. 
SPERM, PATENT SPERM, PARAFFINE, 
WAX AND ADAMANTINE CANDLES. 
Pure Bleached Beeswax, Crude and Refined Paraffine. 
140 FRONT STREET, 
New York. MEDAL OF 
SPECIAL 
AWARD. 
O. H. PHILLIPS, 
tok 
Mi of Magnesia, 
1873. JL 
A Mixture of Pure Hydrate of Magnesia and 
Pure Water. 
The risks from using the Calcined Magnesias, on account of their 
tendency to form concretions in the bowels, giving rise to inflammation 
and death, have been often demonstrated, and hence various “Fluid 
Magnesias,” consisting of solutions of Magnesia by means of Carbonic 
Acid, have been put on the market, but all have proved too unstable for 
general use. From their weakness, too, they have required to be given 
in such large doses as to give rise to serious trouble, especially in the case 
of infants. 
This preparation, a mixture of Pure Hydrate of Magnesia with Pure 
Water, obviates all these difficulties. Its liquid form and freedom from 
Carbonic Acid establish its claim to be the only safe Magnesia. Its 
agreeable taste and milk-like smoothness render it valuable iu infancy and 
derangements of the digestive organs of adults. It will be found as an 
antacid or remedy for heart-burn much superior to the Bi-Carbonates of 
Potass and Soda, it having been proved that their use is attended with 
serious disorders to the coats of the stomach. This Magnesia prevents 
the food of infants souring on the stomach. It is invaluable in complaints 
of the bladder; regulates the action of the bowels, and is peculiarly 
adapted for infants as a mild aperient, and for women. In the ordinary 
of Gout and Gravel this solution forms soluble combinations with 
the uric acid salts, counteracting their injurious tendency when other 
alkalies and even solid Magnesia have failed. It is a pleasing aperient, and 
in cases of irritation of the stomach, from excess of eating or drinking, 
speedy and gentle in removing acidity, relieving and settling that organ 
in n very short time. 
It is esteemed by the profession, and should be kept in all families 
where there are young children, as they require no persuasion to take 
it; and for adults it is an agreeable aperient and antacid, removing 
headaches, from sourness or acidity of the stomach. 
AND SOLD BY ALL DRUGGISTS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES, CANADA 
AND THE WEST INDIES. 
DANIELL & CO., General Agents, 
(by a new process.; 
THIS MAGNESIA IS PREPARED ONLY BY 
C. H. PHILLIPS, New York, 
IN BOTTLES, HALF PINTS 50 CENTS; LARGE BOTTLES, $l. 
58 Cedar Street, New York.