COMMUNICATION FROM F. I. A. BOOLE, CITY INSPECTOR, TO THE COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE TO WHOM LHE METROPOLITAN HEALTH BILL WAS REFERRED. NEW YORK: EDMUND JONES & CO., PRINTERS TO THE CORPORATION, No. 26 John Street, 1864. COMMUNICATION FROM F. I. A. BOOLE, CITY INSPECTOR, TO THE COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE TO WHOM TRE METROPOLITAN HEALTH BILL WAS REFERRED. NEW YORK: EDMUND JONES & CO., PRINTERS TO THE CORPORATION, No. 26 John Street, 1864. COMMUNICATION FROM THE CITY INSPECTOR. New York, February, 1864. Gentlemen of the Committee- Inasmuch as there is a bill before your Honorable Body to abolish the Department over which I have the honor to preside, and create in- stead thereof " A Metropolitan Health District," of which the city of New York shall constitute a part, to the latter, I, in connection with many of my fellow-citizens, do most seriously object, and for good and sufficient reasons. This is no new matter ; it, or a similar propo- sition, has been before the Legislature, each session, for the last seven or eight years, except 1863. The fact, however, that it was not to accomplish any public good, nor called for by the citizens of the district, became so apparent before the close of the legislative term, in every instance they have been doomed to defeat. In some cases the opponents of the bill considered it necessary in order to counter- act the numerous misrepresentations made to many members who have not had the opportunity of being able to judge for themselves, either as to the will of the people of the city of New York, its sani- tary condition, or the mortality, that petitions of remonstrance were circulated among our best and most intelligent citizens and medical men, who signed it by hundreds. In 1862 one single paper or roll contained the names of over two hundred of the most eminent physi- cians in the city, ten of whom were Professors in our medical colleges. Many others could have been obtained-in fact, were anxious to enter their protest against such uncalled-for legislation. I assert fearlessly of truthful contradiction that neither the sanitary condition nor the mortality of the city of New York is such as to require any special legislation at this time, and also that the laws regulating the 4 public health are ample and sufficient for every emergency, as I will endeavor to show you hereafter. I would, however, mention in this connection that an amendment so as to empower the City Inspector and the attaches of the office, to arrest and punish by line and imprisonment, one or both, all persons throwing garbage, &c., in the streets, would be commendable, indeed is necessary ; but as to the gigantic legislation proposed here, it is wholly without any public necessity or demand, and is prompted purely by selfish motives, and could not be otherwise, should it be- come a law, than disastrous to the city and its citizens, for their ideas are wholly visionary and impracticable, and thousands upon thousands of dollars would be spent in useless experiments with various disinfectants, etc., etc.; for in all the bills that have been be- fore the Legislature, and the various arguments presented to the com- mittees and others, not one practical common-sense reform has been presented by them. By an examination of the measures calculated to promote the public health of the city of New York, it will be seen that a very large amount of it is mechanical, and that men skilled in the various trades are the persons calculated to carry them out. This bill, for example, contemplates appointing physicians as Health Wardens; this may all appear very well at first sight, but when the duties of these officers as prescribed by law are made known, a Doc- tor, in my judgment, is the very last person to attend to them. They, for example, are : " It shall be the duty of each Health Warden to report immediately all dead horses, and other animals, which may be found in the street or elsewhere * * * to prevent the throwing of garbage, vegetables, decayed substances, offal, or filth of any kind into the streets, alleys, ways, side-walks, yards, sinks, or cess-pools, and to report such violation to this office. ****** It is the duty of the Health Wardens to cause all putrid and un- sound beef, pork, fish, hides, or skins, and every putrid, offensive, unsound, or unwholesome substance found in the streets, or on any premises in this city, to be forthwith reported to this office, and when 5 directed, to see the same is promptly removed. It shall also be the duty of the Health Wardens to examine the sink, privy, or cess-pool of each and every house in their respective Wards, and to report every sink, privy, or cess-pool, the contents of which shall have risen to within two feet of the surface, and all such as may in their judg- ment require to be emptied ; also to examine and measure every neivly-constructed sink in their respective Wards, and to ascertain if the same is or shall have been constructed in accordance with the requirements of the law, and to report all violations relative to the constructing of the same. Also to report every instance which shall come to their knowledge of any person having caused any sink or privy to be only partially cleaned out, or the said sink covered over before cleaning the same, or causing the contents of any sink to be drawn off into any hole or place made to receive the same, or cause the same to be " tapped or bled," and the contents to be removed in any manner contrary to law-also the improper use of " tubs " being used for privy purposes, or of the contents of such tub being permitted to rise within three inches of the top. The Health Wardens will also be required to report and give their especial attention, and exercise constant supervision over all Sunken Lots, Cow~stables, Hog-Pens, and the keeping of Swine, Slaughter-houses, Manure-heaps, Bone and Offal boiling, Horse-skinning, and all establishments and factories, when the business of the same is or may become detrimental to the public health. Also, all damp, wet, or filthy cellars or yards, which may come under their observation. Also, all tenement houses, with the number of families, and of persons in each family, and the number of rooms occupied by each family and the means of ventilation of, and the condition of the premises as relating to cleanliness and health. AH the places and premises above described, likely to become dangerous to the health of the occupants, or of the community, from neglect, should receive frequent visits from the Health Wardens." If these obligations are in keeping with the occupation that requires a diploma from a medical college, then I am misinformed ; and I think still that a butcher is a better judge of the quality of meat than a doc- tor, and that any person can take the dimensions of a privy and measure 6 its contents ; also know whether the law regarding the construction is violated. I cannot conceive how a physician ' can reconcile the dig- nity of the profession he has chosen, with the business of examining cow-stables, hog-pens, manure heaps, bone-boiling, horse-skinning, and the numerous similar duties (as is shown) he by law is required to perform. There are, however, occasionally certain cases where a medical opinion is required, and for your information I would most re- spectfully inform you that I have always one or two regularly educated physicians appointed as Health Warden, and detailed to attend to all these matters in the different parts of the city, where such advice is is deemed requisite; and as to the present health laws, they are infi- nitely superior to those proposed in this bill; and what evidence is there that by a change of men (for that, after all, is the real object) that the laws would be any better executed ? Are not the persons, or most of them now in office, quite as well informed in the matters with which they are dealing, as those that are by this bill to take them in charge ? I unhesitatingly affirm that many of them, by knowledge and energy, have established a reputation for efficiency that cannot be blotted out of sight by the darkest designs of the oldest and most unscrupulous of these office-seekers ; and so far as it relates to your humble servant, I have been a member of the Board of Health for eight years previous to entering upon my present duties, and a member of the Commissioners of Health feeling fully assured, from practical knowledge of the laws governing, and the duties devolving upon the department thus gained and founded upon experience, that the present laws, as above intimated, are " ample, full, and explicit," and believing that any alteration thereof can only be productive of mischievous and perhaps disastrous results ; and I will add, as to the medical gentlemen now connected with the Health Department, they can claim a perfect equality with those mentioned in bill as it regards medical attainments, and vastly superior in practical knowledge. This bill proposes to cast aside all this experience and to put men in office with no practical information whatever. One of them is a man of some reputation as a surgeon, but this does not by any means prove that he knows anything practical 7 of sanitary matters ; indeed, there is good grounds for a supposi- tion that he has never given the subject even a casual examination, for no man can attend to a large private practice, visit hospitals, and dis- charge the duties of a professor, and have time to investigate matters of this character sufficiently to be of practical utility ; for the requisite information is not obtained without much labor and long experience, whereby to test the results of various theories, and particularly, when so much of it is not connected with his profession. The fact that a surgeon can amputate a limb with dexterity does not guarantee that he could suggest a remedy calculated to protect the public health ; and as for some of the other medical gentlemen named, and are to hold office under this bill, it is a well known fact that they have been office-seekers for years; and further, one of them occupied the office of City Inspector, and you may search in vain for even a suggestion made for the pro- tection of the public health ; and it will be remembered that it was at this period when so large a number of emigrants were landing in New York, many of whom were attacked with Typhus or Ship fever, and upon mingling with the community, of course, spread the con- tagion throughout the city, thus endangering the lives of thousands. There were two hundred and fifty or more deaths by Typhus fever, per annum, when he was in office; this is more than double the number, in proportion to the population, there were in 1863, while the number of emigrants were less than one-half. So preva- lent was this fever then, and a few years subsequent, that it became a matter of medical record. This being the case, ample opportunities were offered, indeed, it was his imperative duty, as one of the guardians of the public health, to inaugurate some method of protec- tion. The only thing that is left upon record to show that he ever occupied the office is, his name upon the pay-rolls. The Board of Health is composed of the Mayor and Common Council, and by an Act of the Legislature, passed April 10, 1850, conferred upon them full power and authority to make and pass all such by-laws and ordinances as they shall from time to time deem necessary and proper for the preservation of the public health in said city, and also for the abatement of all and every nuisance in said city. 8 and for compelling the owner or owners of the lot or lots upon which the same may be, to abate and remove the same. (Sec. 2, Title 3, Act 1850.) It further provides, that the expense of any necessary action to abate a nuisance shall constitute a lien upon the premises from which such nuisance shall be removed. Thus it will be seen that the legislative power to preserve the public health and " abate and remove all and every nuisance in said city" is full and explicit, as above stated-indeed, is unlimited, and as absolute as the decrees of an emperor. § 5 It shall be the duty of the Board of Health- 1. To cause any avenue, street, alley or other passage whatever, to be fenced up, or otherwise inclosed, if they shall think the pub- lic safety requires it, and to adopt suitable measures for pre- venting all persons from going to any part of the city so inclosed. 2. To forbid and prevent all communication with the house or family infected with any contagious, infectious, or pestilential disease, except by means of physicians, nurses, or messengers, to carry the necessary advice, medicines, and provisions to the afflicted. 3. To adopt such measures for preventing all communication be- tween any part of the city infected with a disease of a pestilen- tial, infectious, or contagious character, and all other parts of of the city, as shall be prompt and effectual. 4. To procure suitable places for the reception of persons sick of any pestilential, infectious, or contagious disease, and, in all cases where sick persons cannot otherwise be provided for, to procure for them proper medical and other attendance and provision. 5. To publish, from time to time, all such regulations as they shall have made, in such manner as to secure early and full publicity thereto. 9 G. To'issue warrants to any constable or police officer in said city, to apprehend and to remove such person or persons as cannot otherwise be subjected to the regulations by them adopted; and whenever it shall be necessary so to do, to issue their war- rant to the sheriff of the city and county of New York, to bring to their aid the power of the county; all which warrants shall be forthwith executed by the officers to whom the same shall be directed, who shall possess the like powers, and be subject to the like duties in the execution thereof, as if the same had been duly issued out of any court of record in this State. § 6. The Board of Health, or the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health, when they shall judge it necessary, may cause any cargo or part of cargo, or any matter or thing within the city, that may be putrid or otherwise dangerous to the public health, to be destroyed or removed; such removal, when ordered, shall be to the Quarantine ground, or such other place as the Board of Health shall direct; such removal or destruction shall be made at the expense of the owner or owners of the property so removed or destroyed, and the same may be recovered from such owner or owners, in an action at law, by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of said city. § 7. The Board of Health may send to the Marine Hospital, or such other place as the Board of Health may direct, all aliens and other persons in the city, not residents thereof, who shall be sick of any infectious, pestilential, or contagious disease. The expense of the support of such aliens or other persons shall be defrayed by the Cor- poration of the city of New York, unless such aliens or other per- sons shall be entitled to be supported by the Commissioners of Emi- gration. § 8. The Board of Health shall have power to take possession of, and occupy for temporary hospitals, any building or buildings in the said city, during the prevalence of an epidemic, if in their judgment the same may be required, and shall pay for private property so taken, a just compensation for the same. 10 § 12 THE BOARD OF HEALTH MAY, FROM TIME TO TIME, APPOINT SO MANY VISITING, HOSPITAL, AND CONSULTING PHYSICIANS, AS THEY MAY DEEM NECESSARY, DESIGNATE THEIR DUTIES, AND FIX THEIR COM- PENSATION. ARTICLE I. § 10. It shall be the duty of each and every practicing physician in the city of New York- 1. Whenever required by the Board of Health, or the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health of said city, to report to the City Inspec- . tor of said city, at such times, in such forms as said Board may • prescribe, the number of persons attacked with any pestilential, contagious, or infectious disease attended by such physician for the twenty-four hours next preceding, and the number of per- sons attended by such physician, who shall have died in said city during the twenty-four hours next preceding such report, of any such pestilential, contagious, or infectious disease. 2. To report in writing to the City Inspector, the Board of Health, or to the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health, every patient he shall have laboring under any pestilential, contagious, or infectious disease, and within twenty-four hours after he shall ascertain or suspect the nature of the disease. 3. To report to the City Inspector, when required by the Boa.rd of Health, the death of any of his patients who shall have died of disease, within twenty-four hours thereafter such death shall have occurred, and to state in such report specific name and type of such disease. § 9. It shall be the duty of the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health, from time to time, to communicate to the Board of Health all reports that shall be made to them, or either of them, under the pro- visions of this law ; and it shall be the further duty of the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health, and each of them, so to communi- cate all information in their power that may the better enable the Board of Health to preserve the health of the city. ARTICLE II. 11 Should it be at any time necessary to employ physicians-be it for vaccination, or for any other purpose or duty-the power is given to the Board of Health. (See Section 12.) ARTICLE IV. § 14. The Mayor of the city of New York may issue his procla- mation, declaring any place, where there shall be reason to believe a pestilential, contagious, or infectious disease actually exists, to be an infected place, within the meaning of the Health Laws of the State § 15. Such proclamation shall fix the period when it shall cease to have effect; but such period, if they shall judge the public health to require it, may, from time to time, be extended by the Board of Health, and notice of such extension shall be published in one or more of the newspapers of the city. § 16. After such proclamation shall have been issued, all vessels arriving in the port of New York from such infected place, shall be subject to a quarantine of at least thirty days, or until the period when such proclamation shall cease to have effect, as provided by the last preceding section, and shall, together with their officers, crews, passengers, and cargoes, be subject to all the provisions, regulations, and penalties of this Act in relation to vessels subject to quarantine. § 17. The Board of Health may, in their discretion, prohibit or regulate the internal intercourse, by land or water, between the city of New York and such infected place ; and may direct that all per- sons who shall come into the city of New York, contrary to their prohibitions or regulations, shall be apprehended and conveyed to the vessel or place whence they last came ; or, if sick, that they be conveyed to the Marine Hospital, or such other place as the Board of Health shall direct. From the foregoing, it will be perceived that the Board of Health, which, being composed of the Mayor and Common Council, it is sup- posed has a full knowledge of the necessities of the public health, and has ample powers to meet any requirement to guard against the 12 spread of " any contagious, infectious, or pestilential disease," and " to prevent communication with any family or person afflicted with any such disease," " to cause any avenue, street, lane, alley, or other passage whatever, to be fenced up or otherwise inclosed," " to make regulations," &c., &c. Certain powers are vested in the Commissioners of Health-a body constituted by the Act of 1850, Title 1, as follows : " § 19. The President of the Board of Aidermen, the President of the Board of Assistant Aidermen (Councilmen), the Health Officer, the Resident Physician, the Health Commissioner, and City Inspector, shall be the Commissioners of Health." In the organization of this Board, it will be seen that both branches of the legislative authority are represented by their presi- ding officer- the external health authorities, by the Health Officer- the internal, by the Resident Physician and Health Commissioner, and the executive by the City Inspector. " §21. The Resident Physician shall visit all sick persons reported to the Board, or to the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health, and shall perform such other professional duties as the Board of Health shall enjoin. " § 22. The Health Commissioner, under the direction of the Board of Health, shall assist the Resident Physician in the discharge of his official duties. " 23. In the discharge of their duties, the Mayor and the Com- missioners of Health shall meet daily at the office of the Board of Health,* during such part of the year and at such hours of the day as the said Board shall designate." ° See Minutes-they show not only that this part of the law is complied with, and that during the prevalence of the yellow fever, that Dr. Jones, the Health officer of Brooklyn, and Dr. Munday, Health officer of Richmond county, meet with the Com- missioners of Health daily in the Mayor's office, so that of the nine gentlemen thus meet- ing in regard to public health, five were physicians. 13 From the foregoing, it will be noticed that three members of the Commissioners of Health are members of the medical profession- " graduates of a regularly chartered medical college,"-it is to be presumed. It is further to be noticed, that upon these officers devolves the duty of visiting all sick persons reported to the Board, or to the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health, and " to perform such other professional duties as the Board of Health shall enjoin." To meet any requirement for professional advice, on the part of the Board of Health, or of the City Inspector, it is provided, " By § 5. IT SHALL BE THE DUTY OF THE MAYOR AND THE COMMISSIONERS OF HEALTH TO RENDER THEIR ADVICE TO THE BOARD OF HEALTH, AND TO THE CITY INSPECTOR OF SAID CITY, IN REGARD TO ALL MATTERS CONNECTED WITH THE PUBLIC HEALTH THEREOF." §11. Every person keeping a boarding or lodging-house in the city of New York shall, whenever required by the Mayor and Commis- sioners of Health, report in writing to the City Inspector, the Board of Health, or the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health, the name of every person who shall be sick in his house, within twelve hours after each case of sickness shall have occurred. § 12. Every master, owner, or consignee of a vessel, lying at a wharf, or in the harbor of the city of New York, shall make a like report, and within the same period, of the name of every sick person on board such vessel; and no person shall be removed therefrom without a written permit for that purpose from the Board of Health, or the Mayor, or one of the Commissioners of Health. § 13. It shall be the duty of each Commissioner of Health, and of each visiting, hospital, and consulting physician, to make an imme- diate report to the Board of Health, of the name of every practising physician by whom he shall have reason to believe the provisions of the tenth section of this title have been violated ; and if such physi- 14 cian shall neglect or refuse to perform his duty, the Board shall sus- pend him from his office, and he shall, moreover, be liable to such further penalty as the said Board shall prescribe. § 27. Every practising physician, who shall refuse or neglect to perform the duties enjoined on him by the tenth section of this Title, shall be considered guilty of a misdemeanor ; and shall also forfeit for each offense the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars, to be sued for and recovered by the Board of Health. § 28. Every keeper of a boarding or lodging-house, and every master, owner, or consignee of a vessel, who shall refuse or neglect to obey the orders and directions of the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health, as provided in the eleventh and twelfth sections of this Title, shall be considered guilty of a misdemeanor; and, on convic- tion, shall be fined for each offense in a sum not exceeding two hun- dred and fifty dollars, or be imprisoned for a term not exceeding six months. Having thus shown how extensive the powers of the Legis- lative authority (as vested in the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common- alty) are, and also given extracts illustrative of the powers and duties of the Board of Health, and, in part, of the Commissioners of Health, inclusive, among the last, of the requirement, that the Resident Physician and Health Commissioners shall visit the sick, and perform such other professional duties as the Board of Health shall enjoin, fc., and it being made further, " the duty of the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health to render their advice to the Board of Health,* and to the City Inspector of said city, in regard to all matters connected with the public health thereof" " § 27. There shall be an executive department, known as the ' City Inspector's Department,' the chief officer of which shall be ° Are (in connection with their other duties) indeed the medical counsel to the legis- lative authorities, and as it will be seen, are in full possession of all the requisite knowl- edge, as all physicians in this city are under heavy penalties, should they omit to perform the duties enjoined upon them by section 10. 15 the 'City Inspector,' and shall have cognizance of all matters affecting the public health, pursuant to the ordinances of the Common Council, and the lawful requiremet of the Commissioners of Health, and of the Board of Health. There shall be a bureau in the City In- spector's Department, to be called the ' Bureau of Sanitary Inspec- tion and Street Cleaning? under the control of an officer named the ' Superintendent of Sanitary Inspection,' and who shall render such services as by ordinance may attach to said Bureau, in cleaning the streets and in the abatement and removal of nuisances, detrimental to the public health in said city. * * * TITLE III. §1. The City Inspector of the city of New York shall have power, " 1. To appoint by and with the advice and consent of the Board of Aidermen of said city, from time to time, all and so many Health Wardens and other officers as the Common Council or the Board of Health shall direct, to carry into effect the provisions of, this Title, and the rules and regulations of the Board of Health, the laws and ordinances of the Common Council of said city, and the laws of this State, relating to the public health. Such Health Wardens and officers shall be subject to the supervision and control of the City Inspector. " 2. To authorize such officers, at such times as he shall think fit, to enter into and examine in the day time all buildings, lots, and places of every description within the city, and to ascertain and report to the Mayor and the' Commissioners of Health the condition thereof, so far as the public health may be affected thereby. " 3. It shall be the duty of the City Inspector, on complaint being made to him, or whenever he shall deem any business, trade, or pro- fession, carried on by any person or persons in the city of New York, ARTICLE I. 16 detrimental to the public health, to notify such person or persons to show cause, before the Board of Health, at a time and place to be specified in such notice, why the same should not be discontinued or removed, which notice shall be a notice of not less than three days (except in case of epidemic or pestilence, the Board of Health may, by general order, direct a shorter time, not less than twenty-four hours), and may be served by leaving the same at the place of busi- ness or residence of the parties to be affected thereby. Cause may be shown by affidavit, and the order of the Board of Health shall be final and conclusive thereon. "4. The said City Inspector to give all such directions, and adopt all such measures for cleansing and purifying all such buildings, lots, and other places, and to do, or cause to be done, everything in rela- tion thereto, which, in the opinion of the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health of the city, shall be deemed necessary. Every person who shall disobey any order of the City Inspector, or of the Board of Health, which shall have been personally served upon them, to abate or remove any nuisance in the manner and at the time described in such order, shall, on complaint of the City Inspector, or of the person serving such order, before the Mayor or any Police Justice of said city, be liable to arrest, and summary punishment by fine, not exceed- ing one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. " 5. To adopt such prompt measures, to prevent the spreading of any contagious, infectious, or pestilential disease, as shall be directed by the Mayor and the Commissioners of Health, when it shall appear to the Mayor and Commissioners of Health that any person within the city is afflicted withany disease of that character." It would seem that these extracts should be enough to establish the executive nature of the duties of the City Inspector. To this short sketch of a portion of the present health laws, I will quote in addition thereto a part of the duties of the County Clerk, in regard to the public health, by a perusal of which you will 17 perceive that not only is every precaution used as regards contagious and infectious diseases, but the transaction of legal matters, etc., etc : (Extract from Revised Statutes, 5th Ed., Vol. Ill, Title II.) Duty of County Clerk in City and County of New York, when Infectious or Contagious Disease mat prevail in SAID CITY, IN RELATION TO KEEPING A REGISTRY OF NAMES of Persons and Firms, removing from infected district. § 12. Whenever the Board of Health of the city of New York, or any other competent authority, shall, by public notice, designate any portion or district of said city as being the seat of any infectious or contagious disease, and declare communication with such portion or district dangerous, or shall prohibit such communication, it shall be the duty of the clerk of the said city and county, during the continu- ance of such disease in such district, to provide and keep in his office a book for the purpose of registering, in alphabetical order, the names, firms, and places of business of any inhabitant of the city, who shall desire such registry to be made. (Laws 1826, p. 12, § 1 and 2.) § 1 3. It shall be the duty of all persons and firms usually resident or doing business within such infected district, to register in the book so provided by the said clerk, their names or firms, with the place or places out of such infected district, but within the county of New York, to which they may have removed the transaction of their busi- ness, or to which they may desire any notices to be sent or served, or any notes, drafts or bills to be presented for acceptance or for pay- ment. The sum of twenty-five cents may be claimed and received by the said clerk for every such registry ; bnt the book in which the same shall be entered, shall be at all times, during office hours, open to public examination, free of all charges. (Same.) § 14. During the continuance of any such disease in such infected district, all drafts, notes, and bills, which, by law, are required to be presented for acceptance or for payment, may be presented for such 18 purpose at the place so designated in such registry; and all notices of non-acceptance, and of non-payment of any note, draft, or bill, or of protest for such non-acceptance or non-payment, may be served bv leaving the same at the place so designated. {Same.) § 15. In case any person or firm, usually resident or doing busi- ness within such infected district, shall neglect to make and cause to be entered in the book so provided, the registry herein required, all notes, drafts, or bills, which by law are required to be presented to such person or firm, for acceptance or for payment, maybe presented to the said clerk of the city and county of New York, during the con- tinuance of such disease, at any time during office hours ; and de- mand of acceptance or payment thereof may be made of the said clerk, to the same purpose and with the same effect as if the same had been presented, and acceptance or payment demanded, of such person or firm, at their usual place of doing business. {Same.) § 16. In case of the omission to make the registry herein required, all notices of the non-acceptance or non-payment of any note, draft, or bill, or of protest of such non-acceptance or non-payment, may be served on any person or firm usually resident or doing business within such infected district, by leaving the same at the post-office for the said city of New York, which service shall be as valid and effectual as if the notices had been served personally on such person, or one of such firm, at his or their usual place of doing business. {Same.) § 17. Whenever proclamation shall be made, by the Board of Health or other proper authority of the city of New York, that an infectious or contagious disease in any such infected district has sub- sided, it shall be deemed to have subsided, for all the purposes con- templated in this title. {Same.) Now, as to the Metropolitan or territorial feature of the bill, I would remark that there are now in existence general laws that are ample for every emergency, and further, that this bill is antagonistic to the great principle of self-government, as founded upon the doc- trine that every state, etc., shall have the privilege of regulating their 19 own local matters as seems best to themselves. If Brooklyn and Staten Island, one or both, desire to have their health-laws amended or altered in any way, let them do so, and attend to their own affairs. New York, I feel confident in saying, can, if left to its own choice. The law, as it regards the quarantine, holds the same relation to Brooklyn that it does to New York ; the same safeguards are thrown around its commerce, as to landing and communicating with vessels, etc.; the protection applies equally to both and all territory bordering on the Bay ; and further, there is a law regulating the erection or carrying on any business detrimental to the health on boundary lines, not only in those counties, but even Westchester is protected, as is seen by the following : LAWS OF 1851-CHAPTER 415. IN RELATION TO NUISANCES ON OR NEAR THE BOUNDARY LINES OF THE COUNTIES OF NEW YORK, WESTCHESTER, AND QUEENS. Section 1. Whenever any nuisance shal be erected or continued, on or near the boundary lines of the counties of Few York, Westehes- ter, and Queens, the same, and the persons by whom such nuisance shall have been erected or continued, may be indicted in either county injuriously affected thereby ; and thereupon the same pro- ceedings shall be had and taken, and the sentence of the court may be enforced in the same manner as if the said nuisance was situated within the county in which the indictment was found. Sec. The record of any conviction under this act shall be filed in the Clerk's office of the county in which such nuisances is located; and thereupon process shall be issued to the sheriff of such county to abate such nuisance in the same manner as if the conviction was had in the county in which the record was filed (a). (a.) See U. S. 5th edition, vol. iii. page 1019, Title 4, Art. 2. 20 In addition to this there were a Sanatary Police district created by a law, passed April 10th, 1860, which extends over these coun- ties. This Sanatary Police Company or companies, have a captain or sergeant, who assigns to each company such special duties, by the rules and regulations as may be publicly advantageous, and are empowered to " visit and make inspection of all ferry-boats, manu- factories, slaughter houses, tenant houses, and edifices suspected of, or charged with being unsafe, and to take all necessary legal measures for promoting the security of life or heatlh. ***** If they find anything prejudicial to the public health, their duty is to report it, and are empowered at once to remove it, section 70 of this law is as follows : " The Board of Police shall, at all times, cause the ordinances of the cities of New York and Brooklyn, not in conflict with the pro- visions of this Act, to be properly enforced ; (a) and it shall be the duty of said Board, at all times, whenever consistent with the rules and regulations of the Board, and with the requirements of this Act, to furnish all information desired. I feel justified in presuming that you will agree with me in say- ing, that if there were no other laws than those quoted, ample protection would be afforded ; but you have not been presented with one-half, and for a more full and complete knowledge of the same you are most respectfully referred to the " Statutes " as well as the various ordinances created from time to time by the Common Council. And as to the mortality, it is no greater than is common in large cities ; indeed it is much less than Paris, and about the same as Lon- don. As for the cities of this country, the vast difference in the population, the incorrectness of the returns of death in them all (except New York and the small city of Providence), renders a cor- (a) See §§ 29, 30 of this Act. 21 rect comparison impossible. Again, there is not a city in the world where so many immigrants land as in New York, nor such an immense floating population. I see some of the public prints estimate that over a quarter of a million of persons have come to reside in the city of New York since the commencement of the war; as a proof of this, it is next to impossible to get even a part of a house to hire at any price, and according to the reports of the Department of Un- safe Buildings, several thousand new houses have been built during that period, all of which are full to overflowing; the same is the case with all the hotels and boarding-houses. Now, is it not reasonable to expect that the number of deaths would be increased ; yet, if you will examine the following tables you will perceive that there are not a corresponding increase. The excess in 1863 is almost totally due to the extreme hot weather of last summer, the riot, and the thousands of sick and wounded soldiers brought here from all parts of the coun- try, many of them in a dying condition. As a proof of the latter, almost the total increase in the mortality were adults, as will be seen by the following tables. With these exceptions, there are but a slight differ- ence in the number of deaths for several years. And the vast increase of our population must, in making comparisons, always be con- sidered. In 1855 the State census returns were 627,000, and by the United States, in 1860, 814,619. All agree that at the pres- sent time there are 1,000,000 or more persons residing in the city of New York ; that is, 400,000 more than in 1855. Surely, there must be a difference in the mortality. There has been an increase in all the cities throughout the country; this excess therefore in 1863 is not ocnfined to New York alone. And inasmuch as the advocates of these bills have heretofore persisted in comparing the mortality of this city with Providence, I will make a few extracts from the Health Officer's Report of that city for 1863. He says, " The number of deaths in Providence, in 1863, was onethousand two hundred and fifteen, an in- crease of nearly thirty-three per cent, over 1862. The deaths in 1863 were more than in any year since 1854. In December there were one hundred and nineteen deaths, thirty-two more than in December, 1862, and forty-two more than the annual average for seven years; 22 also, in January, 1864, the increase over the annual average for seven years, was thirty-four. The following statistics are authentic, and entitled to implicit confidence; they were prepared by a physician who was appointed to take charge of the Bureau of Records and Statistics solely for his professional attainments, upon the recommendation and request of medical men of the first standing in the city, twelve of whom are Pro- fessors. And as a proof of the additional importance attached to the mortuary statistics of New York, for the explicit and correct manner in which they have been arranged and classified since they have been under the charge of Dr. Ramsay, we are in the receipt of requests almost daily from authors and statisticians in all parts of the country for copies of the annual repotr, who regard them as invaluable and vastly superior to anything of the same character either in Europe or America. I mention this, in order to remove, should there be any doubt in your mind, in regard to their authenticity, as statistics have heretofore been presented that conflicted with those that were cor- rect. AGE. There were the deaths of 13,266 males, and 11,930 females re- corded, of whom 10,596 were adults, and 14,600 children-that is, persons under twenty years of age. The following table is a comparison of the deaths of adults and children, from 1850 to the present time. 23 A Table, showing the total Deaths from 1850 to 1863, both inclusive, also the number of Adults and Children who died in the same period. Il Year. Deaths. Adults. Children. Children j UNDER 1 Year. i 1851.. 21,748 7,775 13,973 6,891 1852.. - - • 20,296 8,002 12,294 6,351 | 1853.. 21,137 8,124 13,003 6,661 I 1854* 26,953 10,681 *16,271 7,551 1855.. 21,478 7,289 14,189 6,771 ; 1856.. 20,102 6,769 14,889 6,437 1857.. 21,775 7,558 14,217 6,905 1858.. 22,196 8,091 14,105 7,109 1859.. 21,645 8,182 13,463 6,599 I860.. 22,710 8,752 13,958 6,087 1861.. 22,117 8,503 13,614 6,189 1862.. 21,244 8,618 12,626 5,720 1863.. 25,196 10,596 14,600 6,118 ! This table shows a very large diminution in the mortality of children in 1863, when compared with 1850, i. e., when the vast increase of population is considered, it being twice as great in 1863 as then, yet the number of deaths is nearly the same in the two periods, and but little variation in any year except the Cholera year. * Cholera. 24 A Table, showing the Population in each Year, from 1849 to 1864 ; the Increase per annum; also the number of Deaths in each year, and the number that would have died, had the Mortality in creased in thesame ratio as the Population, in the city of New York. YEAR. Population in each Year. Increase Population per Year. Deaths per Year. Number of Deaths THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN HAD THE MOR- TALITY INCREASED j WITH THE POPULA- | TION. 1850 515,550 1851 536,400 20,850 21,748 1852 558,412 21,712 20,296 22,637 1853 581,018 22,606 21,137 23,548 1854 604,614 23,596 26,953 24,504 1855 627,000 24,386 21,478 25,493 1856 656,654 27,654 20,102 26,613 1857 638,404 31,750 21,775 27,871 1858 724,808 36,404 22,196 29,346 1859 766,392 41,584 21,645 31,031 1860 813,699 47,885 22,710 32,900 1861 866,280 52,000 22,117 34,227 1862 923,200 57,000 21,244 35,542 1863 1,000,000 76,800 25,196 38,560 ; ' 25 Mortality of Adults, and Children under One Year of age, in the Months of July and August, from 1855 to 1864. Months. Year. Adults. Children UNDER 1 Year. July 1856 603 1,128 a 1857 576 884 u 1858 605 1,302 u 1859 682 1,047 Ci I860 703 840 ii 1861 679 936 u 1862 727 880 U 1863 868 959 August 1856 572 1,173 u 1857 672 1,270 a 1858 679 1,262 IC 1859 759 1,037 CC 1860 783 840 cc 1861 751 903 cc 1862 852 869 cc 1863 1,263 1,029 26 In the above, and four or five of the following' tables, I have compared the infantile mortality of 1863 with the most healthy year (1856) since 1850, and it will be seen that the number of deaths were actually much less in 1863, though a difference in the population of at least 350,000. This pleasing intelligence should be gratifying to all persons having charge of the public health. Such diminution is not to be found in any city in the world. 27 DEATHS INFLUENCED BY SEASON. A Table, showing the Mortality of Adults and Children in the Months of June, July, and August, from, 1857 to 1863. Months. Year. Total Deaths. Adults. Children. June 1858 1,655 670 985 1859 1,515 551 964 1860 1,463 617 846 U 1861 1,695 663 1,032 1862 1,493 663 830 It 1863 1,752 769 1,019 July 1858 2,878 605 1,987 ll 1859 2,418 682 1,736 It 1860 2,096 665 1,411 ll 1861 2,345 679 1,666 ll 1862 2,274 727 1,547 ll 1863 2,682 868 1,814 August 1858 2,878 679 2,199 ll 1859 2,754 759 1,995 « 1860 2,413 756 1,657 " 1861 2,444 751 1,693 « 1862 2,527 852 1,675 ll 1863 3,417 1,263 2,154 28 DEATHS INFLUENCED BY SEASON. A Table, showing the Mortality of Adults and Children in the Months of June, July, and August, from 1857 to 1864. Months. Year. Total Deaths. Adults. Children. Children under 1 Year. June 1858 1,655 670 985 575 H 1859 1,515 551 964 505 ll 1860 1,463 617 846 363 ll 1861 1,695 663 1,032 445 ll 1862 1,493 663 830 376 ll 1863 1,752 769 983 407 • July 1858 2,878 605 1,987 1,302 ll 1859 2,418 682 1,736 1,047 ll 1860 2,096 665 1,411 815 ■ 1861 2,345 679 1,666 936 <* 1862 2,274 727 1,547 880 1863 2,672 868 1,814 959 August 1858 2,878 679 2,199 1,264 14 1859 2,754 759 1,995 1,037 ll 1890 2,413 756 1,657 888 ll 1861 2,444 751 1,693 903 ll 1862 2,527 852 1,675 869 ll 1863 3,417 1,263 2,154 1,029 29 A Table, showing the Mortality in the Summer Months, in each year, from 1850 to 1864. Months. 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 June 1717 1790 1906 1931 1553 1489 1462 1655 1515 1463 1695 1493 1752 July 2521 2470 2333 4124 2515 2413 2021 2592 2418 2096 2345 2274 2682 jAugust 2155 2260 2814 4187 2614 2633 2821 2878 2754 2413 2244 2527 3417 DEATHS BY CHOLERA INFANTUM IN THE SUMMER MONTHS, IN EACH YEAR, FROM 1857 TO 1864. Months. 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 June 36 132 51 39 42 48 July 534 502 369 399 409 546 August 665 461 478 487 528 694 Total 1235 1095 898 925 979 1288 DEATHS BY DIARRHCEA IN THE SUMMER MONTHS IN EACH YEAR, FROM 1854 TO 1864. Months. 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 J une 25 30 15 31 28 22 21 43 36 July 141 114 78 131 119 78 96 78 133 : August 219 139 157 148 174 108 122 117 200 Total 985 283 250 310 321 208 239 238 369 30 DEATHS IN JUNE, of tach year, from 1853 to 1864, l>y the following Diseases: 1854 1855 1856 1851 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 Totals 1931 1553 1487 1462 1655 1515 1463 1695 1493 1752 Males 1063 809 792 804 881 852 773 918 846 922 Females 868 744 695 658 774 663 690 777 647 830 Adults 810 484 503 492 670 551 964 661 663 769 Children. 1121 1069 984 970 985 964 846 1034 830 983 Children under 1 year... 598 524 556 538 575 505 358 465 376 407 1 ' I Apoplexy 33 13 20 13 19 22 1 22 27 24 Bronchitis 16 22 13 10 21 19 20 28 13 26 Cancer 12 22 20 18 13 19 20 19 11 17 Consumption 238 154 160 184 228 252 215 238 234 260 Croup 38 39 32 56 16 32 28 10 30 15 Cholera Infantum 58 36 43 17 36 502 51 39 42 48 Convulsions, Infantile .. 156 144 109 102 152 221 106 117 98 168 Diarrhoea 53 25 30 15 31 119 22 21 43 36 Dropsy of Head 73 71 67 62 80 91 50 67 51 57 ! Drowned 30 20 16 28 21 22 29 28 18 31 Delirium Tremens 15 6 4 4 11 8 7 11 5 8 Dysentery 27 28 15 10 11 56 6 10 9 15 Erysipelas 9 13 9 11 11 9 2 12 6 7 Marasmus 113 76 76 95 91 195 105 96 85 96 Measles 27 40 46 16 16 45 10 83 8 27 ' Puerperal Fever 5 8 16 10 14 11 13 13 8 7 44 Convulsions 1 1 2 1 1 Scarlet Fever 22 90 73 85 57 54 152 114 63 87 | Scrofula 20 13 5 11 12 13 7 8 4 5 Small-pox 23 10 38 34 53 9 18 78 15 13 Suicide 5 8 4 8 10 3 7 4 3 4; ; Heart, Disease of 13 20 17 16 38 46 33 15 21 23 Hooping Cough 18 16 8 10 15 25 12 10 10 7 1 1 2 ■ Inflammation of Bowels . 26 24 25 24 21 42 24 29 44 38 " "Brain... 28 34 29 39 31 43 36 43 34 55 " " Lungs.. 62 60 47 52 66 59 66 92 68 78; " " Stomach 6 5 7 3 5 14 5 14 15 111 " "Throat.. 6 3 3 4 3 5 2 5 3 & । Insanity 1 1 1 3 1 1 11 1 Old Age 10 18 14 7 15 17 11 17 19 22 I Typhoid Fever ... 10 7 12 8 12 18 16 13 48 33l Typhus Fever 29 24 12 13 2 8 4 16 13 46 31 DEATHS IN JULY, of each year, from 1853 to 1864, by the following Diseases: 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 Totals 4124 2515 2413 2021 2592 2418 2076 2345 2274 26X2 2229 1380 1315 1114 1374 1347 1115 1223 1205 1456 Females. 1895 1135 1098 907 1218 1071 961 1122 1069 1226 Adults 1610 614 1017 576 605 682 665 679 724 868 Children. 2514 1901 1396 1445 1987 1736 1411 1666 1550 1814 Children under 1 year... - 1401 1204 714 884 1302 1047 815 936 880 959 Apoplexy 29 23 17 16 8 22 28 28 10 28j Bronchitis 15 17 10 17 26 19 17 23 21 12 Cancer 19 15 15 18 21 19 10 10 18 15 Consumption 239 202 162 190 248 252 241 211 272 248! Croup 34 27 28 36 18 32 24 19 26 26j Cholera Infantum 550 416 483 225 534 502 369 399 409 5461 Convulsions, Infantile .. 356 277 173 150 230 221 173 154 172 199 Diarrhoea 200 141 114 78 131 119 78 96 78 133| Dropsy of Head. 149 no 81 86 109 91 76 101 88 921 Drowned 25 28 29 21 31 22 24 30 31 501 Delirium Tremens 17 10 6 9 10 8 17 10 11 16| Dysentery 157 81 65 30 51 56 30 42 19 43 Erysipelas 11 3 7 8 11 9 6 10 7 7 Marasmus 207 174 155 162 206 195 173 190 161 174 Measles 40 32 64 32 16 45 18 50 16 321 Puerperal Fever 12 7 9 6 13 11 4 10 7 3 4 3 5 4 1 Scarlet Fever .. 27 69 73 69 27 54 89 88 67 67 Scrofula 24 7 11 13 16 13 10 9 5 3 Small-pox . 14 14 23 15 22 2 21 73 13 6 Suicide 12 9 8 2 7 3 4 4 4 4 Heart, Disease of 19 18 21 24 29 46 23 21 21 29 Hooping Cough 26 31 18 15 25 25 12 9 18 5 6 5 2 3 1 Inflammation of Bowels.. 38 37 39 24 35 42 33 55 63 54 " " Brain... 65 44 48 47 58 43 40 60 51 * " "Lungs... 47 28 26 51 58 59 59 77 00 791 " " Stomach 12 9 14 13 16 14 19 11 19 10 " "Throat.. 8 5 1 3 1 5 7 14 14 2' Insanity 3 o 1 1 1 2 li 1 Old Age 16 15 15 20 8 17 16 16 22 ■30 Typhoid Fever 9 7 7 8 9 13 13 15 49 56 Typhus Fever - 40 8 19 6 11 8 11 16 7 41 32 DEATHS IN AUGUST, of each year, from 1853 to 1864, try the following Diseases: 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1659 I860 1861 1862 1863 | Totals 4187 2614 2630 2821 2878 2754 2413 2444 2527 3417 Males 2175 1379 1355 1539 1443 1444 1272 1314 1324 1800 I Females 2012 1235 1275 1282 1435 1310 1141 1130 1203 1617: l| Adults 1555 554 563 779 759 751 852 1273 | Children 2632 2060 2067 2149 2099 1995 1657 1693 1675 2144 1 Children under 1 year... 1318 1168 1173 1270 1262 1037 888 903 869 1029 Apoplexy 21 15 9 23 20 27 22 17 24 46 i Bronchitis 11 12 12 23 13 11 11 17 36 19 Cancer 11 14 15 16 19 19 15 12 25 26 1 Consumption 216 202 196 230 229 308 271 249 270 310 j| Croup / 36 21 19 24 18 34 99 21 36 19 ' Cholera Infantum 597 451 588 623 665 461 478 487 528 694 , ' Convulsions, Infantile.. 239 184 149 194 106 189 185 144 183 219 1 Diarrhoea 286 219 139 157 148 174 108 122 117 200 ' Dropsy cf Head 132 100 112 101 113 109 97 91 98 91 Drowned 36 28 24 30 22 20 23 31 '>5 40 |l Delirium Tremens 15 5 10 8 6 11 15 4 5 10 1 Dysentery 205 146 117 78 93 53 43 61 41 83 I ' Erysipelas 9 8 4 7 4 11 5 8 4 9 Marasmus 289 267 271 293 286 290 205 267 204 247 h Measles 30 29 36 43 19 60 21 32 19 21 i Puerperal Fever 6 3 6 9 9 7 17 12 8 " Convulsions. 5 3 1 1 1 1 2 ■1 Scarlet Fever 12 41 42 42 20 59 88 56 42| ■1 Scrofula 16 14 19 12 23 11 7 5 8 Q [ 1 Small-pox 16 5 28 11 23 2 32 42 10 7 Suicide 1 3 3 5 8 5 7 2 6 I b Heart, Disease of 20 20 17 15 36 34 29 22 27 40 i Hooping Coup'll 52 83 36 32 63 56 14 16 28 13 Hip. Disease of 3 1 2 1 1 2 ! Inflammation of Bowels.. 37 26 40 42 36 30 27 56 61 63 " " Brain. .. 68 35 23 40 50 44 63 67 66 101 " "Lungs... 50 31 33 59 64 46 52 57 45 90 " " Stomach 9 9 18 19 14 14 19 13 16 20 " "Throat.. 4 4 9 2 3 12 6 12 4 3 Insanity 1 1 1 1 1 1 Old Age 17 15 19 17 12 21 32 20 28 20 . Typhoid Fever 9 11 12 15 23 21 22 16 48 54 | Typhus Fever 38 15 25 15 16 13 13 28 7 51 | 1 33 DEATHS of Adults, in each week, from 1853 to 1864. WEEKS. 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 186 3 1st 160 212 113 147 169 159 171 154 163 143 2d 195 142 111 140 151 149 .89 190 151 182 3d 190 164 99 140 141 174 .82 172 168 227 4th 162 153 130 153 144 190 i 66 164 166 194 5th 165 172 109 153 154 161 183 163 165 178 6th 156 150 115 149 139 178 159 145 163 160 7 th 193 194 121 146 181 148 192 162 185 219 8th 173 188 127 159 151 142 206 157 196 165 9th 178 222 113 145 156 146 154 189 168 179 10 th 157 183 145 167 166 169 188 163 .202 182 11th 149 179 128 148 183 170 156 156 196 182 12th 176 175 129 140 174 153 158 168 177 222 13th 188 188 155 154 173 170 161 168 165 201 14 th 192 139 138 152 155 159 168 181 186 165 15th 159 166 150 157 160 158 189 155 172 224 16 th 165 165 129 140 184 193 169 175 189 195 17th 178 119 139 140 165 148 230 185 175 227 18th 159 160 127 178 154 137 190 168 176 173 19th 183 150 122 148 169 148 202 194 207 205 20th 143 179 127 169 163 165 156 179 167 233 21st 129 141 118 140 177 166 177 . 176 186. 197 22d 179 139 91 176 198 145 141 172 149 170 23d 189 121 118 159 155 141 146 151 156 162 24th 187 106 102 129 166 150 171 159 151 190 25th 187 94 116 127 144 126 143 163 159 158 26th ; 201 99 130 108 144 183 166 196 160 187 27 th 303 176 131 107 192 147 164 131 141 174 28th 305 105 102 141 146 167 162 166 192 168 29th 336 142 140 138 133 160 146 175 177 257 30th 478 149 156 126 127 158 153 156 141 229 31st .. 441 153 174 192 162 160 176 172 165 192 32d 416 113 140 151 150 184 222 229 170 386 33d 317 139 124 137 161 189 161 151 281 328 34th 298 106 126 183 147 163 159 161 175 237 35th 283 136 124 151 154 152 167 147 174 240 36th 306 120 138 163 159 191 178 172 163 199 37 th 259 121 136 155 162 164 167 157 193 198 38th 223 114 122 159 141 166 185 139 151 195 39th 235 109 140 159 159 139 200 130 173 210 40th 192 127 121 144 171 205 196 166 158 219 41st 196 130 134 179 159 167 180 155 193 206 42d 182 126 146 143 149 172 189 158 148 191 43d 44th 194 130 141 133 149 161 158 150 i 13 169 173 173 165 146 144 230 159 185 152 ' 208' 45th 172 101 139 158 190 145 166 158 216 46th 132 114 125 157 157 177 168 169 168 222 1 47 th 131 121 138 129 176 192 160 172 141 220 1 48th 153 116 137 173 166 143 195 150 156 248 I 49th 166 149 139 179 151 167 162 165 143 207 1 50th 147 118 153 147 165 170 172 189 161 177 | 51st 132 121 125 136 145 162 174 194 147 245 | 52d 169 114 129 147 183 127 157 157 169 209 4 - 34 WEEKS. 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1st 321 959 254 •?82 261 939 9,86 923 2] 9 177 2d 288 271 203 285 236 217 213 235 219 151 3d 339 303 225 321 284 237 334 242 245 240 4th 280 984 945 315 079 941 314 239 99,5 •'76 5th 326 339 226 338 300 262 287 204 224 245 6th 340 333 262 288 298 272 296 221 259 256 7 th 344 SaA 256 999 Ogn 315 047 o]8 919 8th 311 .. .333 260 291 822 . 230 334 233 201 -290 9th 306 310 967 303 278 327 914 256 247 10th 296 308 249 28'* 299 265 321 235 254 259 11th 331 336 308 339 239 270 241 °39 260 12th 337 281 232 319 290 266 256 244 240 213 13th 248 305 266 291 303 256 285 238 241 244 14th 316 302 278 259 291 219 275 253 ■'69 264 15th. 296 313 283 281 243 97d 29Q 221 247 16th 263 314 258 257 282 212 253 243 206 251 17th 299 --•5 23:: 253 234 218 261 202 290 18th 242 333 216 '74 258 230 215' 218 225 19th 251 281 242 244 261 231 270 216 206 217 20th 252 278 235 261 240 198 246 202 202 258 21st . . . 229 253 204 243 99^ 200 245 240 218 240 22d 230 260 196 249 244 212 226 219 191 177 23d 229 235 219 248 219 219 189 224 159 188 24th 242 247 2J7 234 248 189 228 184 216 25th 306 228 208 207 206 226 188 190 182 232 26th 242 242 216 202 266 196 259 201 220 27 th 459 371 262 204 310 267 262 198 99.9! 28th 512 392 280 283 296 430 240 399 361 299 29th 579 449 391 236 420 454 350 409 406 30th 520 475 315 480 458 351 374 358 455 31st 707 423 572 409 536 440 321 413 292 530 32d 629 479 487 400 529 477 432 469 398 584 33d 601 494 527 499 534 521 311 397 404 531 34th 539 479 441 617 491 469 390 361 345 426 35th 541 412 438 462 503 429 357 307 362 383 36th 426 381 367 512 423 367 336 266 366 37th 426 382 340 516 426 317 307 290 336 289 38th 275 282 339 450 300 320 295 235 257 272' 39th 372 246 291 401 274 281 213 217 237 237 40th 324 248 268 298 249 295 236 232 212 229 41st 306 256 221 279 271 199 205 223 193 214 42d 265 215 224 267 211 194 225 228 205 230 43d 284 231 233 266 198 203 217 236 196 208 44th 240 222 252 243 218 188 211 245 177 220 45th 233 193 219 215 226 212 176 251 151 212 46th 212 229 270 225 194 239 176 223 176 231 47 th 226 229 257 191 207 207 209 225 172 223 48th 215 219 273 231 210 238 274 182 196 231 49th 288 219 258 234 200 244 176 220 177 193 50th 238 228 289 207 200 250 200 212 190 230 51st 239 208 248 215 200 279 203 235 183 258 52d 274 217 278 246 217 222 199 202 199 272 DEATHS of Children, in each Week, from 1853 to 1864. 35 DEATHS of Children under 1 Year, in each Week, from 1853 to 1864. WEEKS. 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1st 164 14° 124 130 144 130 115 90 78 54 2d 149 134 96 133 124 130 113 102 90 91 3d 159 161 119 145 142 133 124 105 94 92 4th 157 159 114 159 139 119 111 104 84 100 5th 180 179 129 187 152 157 108 89 93 181 176 137 147 144 152 117 98 114 100 7th 176 184 149 150 134 136 122 108 88 105 8th 168 171 142 147 160 130 131 99 78 109 9th 168 155 144 163 177 114 113 88 111 98 10th 154 158 129 138 168 144 121 94 124 106 11th 170 169 145 162 157 148 92 94 110 101 12th 200 133 111 140 140 136 94 110 110 86 13th 168 154 141 151 154 135 97 92 114 87 14 th 151 165 145 132 171 137 . IM. - » 103 116 112 113 15th 160 152 145 149 146 128 106 87 95 74 16 th 157 141 124 144 157 117 88 102 89 85 17 th 158 100 107 125 114 116 89 106 93 113 18th 132 161 113 133 121 107 76 90 95 108 19 th 152 133 128 122 140 117 95 90 97 100 20th 141 131 121 138 119 95 90 67 97 87 21st 113 120 99 119 119 99 98 96 104 99 22d 117 128 IO? 153 187 128 79 88 81 91 23d 125 120 121 127 115 117 56 83 73 73 24th 128 117 115 126 156 132 61 95 75 80 25fh 188 103 118 117 110 117 75 103 92 88 26th 166 133 136 118 104 146 91 112 88 100 27th 289 203 161 122 156 200 150 132 93 103 28th 295 219 180 156 174 276 172 226 195 140 29th 317 289 243 157 274 295 206 195 239 220 30th 372 345 288 200 317 292 230 225 219 254 366 269 349 254 304 300 191 242 163 294 32d 321 274 298 254 332 274 225 275 206 306 33d 303 289 311 311 319 318 160 226 246 263 34th 275 278 2561 319 273 215 196 168. 187 200 35th . 257 225 2481 244 274 188' 188 153 177 180 36th 198 195 159 286 248 147 154 145 161 149 37th 193 206 153 271 226 125 124 133 176 122 38th 170 149 140 241 145 121 144 100 111 113 39th 187 135 156 224 145 90 85 82 103 93 40th 150 122 148 154 127 141 98 107 88 98 41st 154 126 124 163 149 98 105 93 97 93 42d 124 110 117 151 105 82 108 116 88 83 43d 144, 129 132 141 116 90 100 123 98 95 44 th 116 115 128 124 117 84 91 110 • 76 74 45th 109 96 112 115 78 74 108 57 88 46th 107 96 139 126 117 76 76 100 70 86 47th 128 121 127 103 108 83 78 105 58 81 48th 103 106 126 121 117 88 94 72 84 95 49th 138 118 129 121 118 108 76 96 70 69 50th 116 109 133 102 115 106 93 97 65 90 51st 123 106 117 115 107 102 90 100 72 102 52d 137 112 138 116 118 92 72 75 73 94 36 DEATHS, hy Diarrhaa, in each Week, from 1853 to 1864. - • •' - - - - - - - WEEKS. 1854 1855 1856 1851 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1st . 10 13 4 3 8 3 2 4 6 2d . 8 12 2 3 2 3 4 3 1 4 3d . 14 14 6 2 9 2 3 5 4 5 4th. 7 10 4 2 6 3 2 4 4 8 5th. 8 10 3 2 5 2 3 2 5 7 6th. 11 10 2 6 4 5 2 1 2 5 /th 16 10 4 6 6 2 6 2 1 3 8th. 8 9 o 1 4 2 3 4 8 9th. 3 8 1 6 4 4 7 2 3 2 10th. 6 6 4 1 4 5 2 3 6 11th. 5 14 4 2 3 5 3 2 5 3 12th. 6 10 4 3 3 1 5 3 13th. 5 3 6 1 1 2 2 1 6 4 14th. 9 4 4 4 4 1 1 7 5 15th. 8 5 2 3 6 6 9 3 4 8 16th. 10 8 3 3 6 2 3 5 3 3 17th. 10 3 3 1 3 4 6 6 2 6 18th. 9 8 2 6 8 6 1 2 5 19th. 12 9 4 4 4 5 5 1 4 20th. 11 8 3 3 5 1 3 4 1 7 21st . 5 3 2 3 4 1 4 7 6 12 22d . 7 5 3 2 4 1 5 7 23d . 11 6 6 4 4 4 4 7 6 4 24th. 6 7 1 2 6 5 3 8 4 7 25th. 11 7 7 4 3 10 2 4 20 9 26th. 23 8 8 4 9 8 3 6 3 6 27 th. 34 10 16 5 14 12 7 6 14 10 28th. 41 2:', 14 5 9 25 17 26 15 17 29th. 47 38 30 6 35 35 20 28 21 37 30th. 75 50 27 21 29 34 17 22 20 28 31st . 70 48 41 34 41 25 19 11 37 32d.. 65 46 29 37 43 29 19 34 30 66 33d . 44 62 29 39 42 43 19 39 20 50 34th. 55 48 35 37 34 42 18 22 26 37 35th. 69 46 39 29 31 31 27 12 34 37 36th. . . . 51 41 36 36 24 21 13 20 27 34 37th. 41 31 . 19 34 27 16 20 21 20 37 38th. 27 29 19 27 19 21 16 22 15 25 39th. 35 21 15 22 19 17 17 12 20 26 40th. 31 18 16 24 19 6 11 8 9 12 41st. 30 14 7 18 11 6 15 6 16 13 42d . 28 11 6 15 14 5 15 7 15 19 43d . 25 15 11 15 4 9 6 13 10 19 44th. 20 14 8 9 7 2 6 12 7 17 45th. 46th. 11 'To"' 4 4 5 COCO 5 1' 1 4 CO'<N .12- 8 " 6 " _ 6 9 47 th. 9 5 5 10 2 2 4 3 7 48th. 14 1 3 5 6 1 7 2 8 8 49th. * 10 4 2 6 5 2 3 4 5 9 50 th. 7 5 3 1 3 1 7 7 51st. 8 1 2 5 1 1 6 4 11 ! 11 1 4 4 4 1 9 4 2 7 37 WEEKS. 1854 1855 1856 1851 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1st ' 6 5 3 6 6 2 2d 2 6 2 2 4 1 2 1 6 3d 9 4 2 5 3 4 4 1 4 4th 2 7 5 4 2 4 1 3 5th 7 10 4 1 1 3 1 2 6th 8 5 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 7th 4 10 3 5 5 1 1 1 4 3 8th 5 9 1 5 2 1 1 9th 4 7 5 3 1 1 10th 4 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 11th 7 7 11 3 2 2 1 1 12th 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 6 1 13th 6 5 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 14th 4 3 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 15th 3 5 4 1 6 6 1 2 16th 7 8 2 2 8 1 2 1 17th 3 2 4 2 2 2 1 o 2 2 18th 6 11 2 2 4 1 1 1 19th 2 5 1 2 3 5 1 3 3 1 20th 7 6 1 2 2 4 1 1 2 21st 9 5 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 22d 16 6 4 2 1 1 3 23d 7 10 2 3 4 1 2 5 5 24th 2 3 5 4 3 5 1 1 3 3 25th 5 7 3 1 2 4 2 3 2 3 26th 10 7 6 4 2 7 3 5 27 th 20 14 5 1 3 7 2 2 28th 29 12 8 2 8 13 6 12 . 4 29th 36 22 13 8 9 12 5 14 5 6 30th 42 25 21 10 11 11 9 7 3 11 31st 65 22 28 11 17 10 9 13 3 16 32d 44 36 22 14 29 20 13 13 8 20 33d 33 34 27 18 20 8 11 16 15 22 34th 44 30 30 13 . 2 / 7 11 10 11 35th 43 35 24 29 23 11 5 12 6 16 36th v.... 39 28 35 21 21 14 10 17 9 17 37 th 34 25 23 28 8 6 7 12 10 6 38th 30 12 28 14 15 13 12 6 9 14 39th 30 20 18 22 19 9 6 10 9 11 40th 33 23 12 8 15 7 7 10 4 8 41st 21 20 8 11 10 6 8 6 3 10 42d 21 7 14 9 5 5 8 7 11 43d 20 13 15 7 6 5 5 3 7 44th 17 7 10 9 3 3 1 4 3 8 45th ; 12 3 4 9 3 4 4 7 4 46th 10 4 5 2 4 5 2 3 4 47 th 8 4 4 7 2 3 4 1 4 3 48th 3 7 5 5 3 2 3 4 49th 20 6 8 3 2 1 7 3 50th 9 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 51st 4 3 4 3 2 5 2 2 4 1 52d 5 4 3 6 1 2 1 6 1 DEATHS by Dysentery, in each Week, from 1853 to 1864. 38 CAUSE AND NUMBER OF DEATHS REGISTERED IN NEW YORK IN EACH OF THE THIRTEEN YEARS-1851-1863, Table No. I. Diseases. 1851 1852 1861 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1861 Abscess (various) 72 68 44 80 64 59 89 66 67 64 73 57 51 Albuminaria (Bright's Dis.) 40 73 79 48 134 117 139 147 163 195 255 Amputation 1 1 2 3 4 2 8 6 2 1 6 2 Anemia Aneurism 17 22 13 7 9 7 9 6 21 7 17 8 22 8 8 14 10 11 7 11 of the Aorta.... 6 17 13 11 13 26 13 11 25 20 16 " " Heart.... Angina " Pectoris Apoplexy 38 43 3 16 7 10 2 12 3 14 5 21 4 11 58 1 37 16 2 2 64 657 653 1 253 4 285 '"201 "'194 5 211 3 134 309 5 299 5 194 41 304 383 Asphyxia 26 17 20 42 15 3 4 28 82 45 77 55 76 Asthma 41 50 37 54 52 35 32 29 48 51 33 27 41 Bleeding " from the Bowels... 5 50 30 21 25 19 18 22 63 40 45 30 56 2 ...... 12 10 14 14 12 4 13 7 13 9 7 " " Liver.. . 3 1 2 1 1 " " Lungs.... 49 35 56 70 65 50 51 61 53 35 57 59 63 " " Umbilicus 9 11 16 6 19 5 8 10 9 14 " " Stomach.. 5 12 13 13 12 12 8 9 4 1 5 " " Womb.... 11 10 13 33 27 35 27 30 19 24 15 7 22 Bowels, Disease of 32 43 28 13 13 5 Brain " " Bronchitis 254 230 231 26 290 30 168 18 193 31 360 45 343 30 310 336 424 320 6C5 406 Burned or Scalded 98 87 93 94 84 119 108 112 135 154 154 127 132 Cancer 90 91 77 107 147 154 187 189 198 180 173 160 207 Carbuncles 4 173 6 9 2 5 5 6 3 3 14 4 Casualties 179 216 191 71 144 138 130 266 298 324 254 355 Caries 6 2 17 3 Catarrh Chlorosis Cholera 11 374 4 20 19 4 2509 20 2 19 10 2 8 1 11 25 3 5 23 9 9 2 17 10 3 12 16 1 9 11 4 9 " Infantum 721 915 522 1525 1135 1381 1308 1579 1364 1669 1207 1280 1525 " Morbus 102 238 51 301 39 50 42 51 62 79 73 84 112 Chorea Cirrhosis of the Liver 1 22 1 7 29 5 27 3 30 3 53 59 1 44 4 46 2 69 1 71 4 Colica Pictonum 51 48 27 24 22 25 16 17 14 6 2 2 1 Compression of the Brain. 15 36 10 28 17 14 22 21 19 Concussion of the Brain ... 9 9 58 19 22 22 36 15 17 13 9 4 Constipation of Bowels 5 11 7 19 11 11 8 17 9 Congestion 16 13 8 3 10 5 6 5 5 3 2 1 " of the Bowels... " " Brain.... " " Heart.... 406 10 581 18 469 1 11 374 2 11 463 2 8 476 1 8 489 1 495 2 464 7 427 " " Kidneys.. 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 3 " " Liver.... 3 ...... 1 6 11 13 11 12 9 7 12 19 " " Lungs.... 185 256 244 242 304 241 307 302 217 283 369 279 Consumption 2374 2487 2068 3032 2635 2478 2814 3046 3239 3186 3025 3170 3485 Convulsions 1702 1680 1374 2183 1895 1472 1589 1799 1816 1650 1480 1496 1752 " Puerperal 23 27 38 34 35 10 9 4 17 Croup 462 595 502 637 639 550 560 478 622 599 460 685 908 Cyanosis 39 30 39 55 47 53 41 46 56 49 56 37 41 Debility 429 468 322 374 377 388 444 468 425 522 443 528 539 Delirium Tremens 118 118 112 119 86 74 93 99 82 139 97 89 104 Diabetes 6 2 6 6 11 11 8 15 7 4 7 9 9 Diarrhoea 743 567 420 1108 781 494 550 598 502 420 456 473 739 Diphtheria. 350 2 5 53 422 453 594 981 Dropsy 382 234 288 253 228 248 239 214 322 347 317 355 " in the Chest 69 68 66 84 64 51 80 61 60 62 49 53 47 " " Head 791 882 686 1080 947 843 935 982 907 792 826 769 811 " " Heart 3 3 33 27 23 11 13 14 11 14 20 35 " " Ovaries 13 5 7 2 3 3 4 4 2 Drowned 162 169 165 183 186 141 164 161 165 185 204 182 260 Dysentery 1193 774 498 859 568 427 321 344 258 198 233 182 286 Dyspepsia 4 8 4 9 6 2 6 5 9 8 7 7 5 Enlargement of Heart " " Liver 48 64 62 43 76 53 14 36 47 62 60 5 8 * 11 11 12 7 4 6 7 13 10 " " Prost. Gland 3 2 4 2 1 1 1 " " Spleen 1 2 2 1 1 4 Epilepsy 48 47 29 49 42 46 49 53 57 69 73 49 55 Eruption - 3 13 22 11 12 12 12 1 1 2 _____ 39 Table No. I.-{Continued.} Diseases. 1851 180 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 Erysipelas 205 156 114 147 140 114 139 156 141 107 130 131 124 Exposure 11 9 2 9 8 14 12 3 6 8 9 6 9 Fatty Heart 7 2 2 7 9 4 6 8 12 33 u Kidneys 1 4 2 2 4 4 4 1 2 2 u Liver 2 3 1 2 6 10 18 17 21 19 23 Fever 147 172 74 50 56 37 IK 38 6 24 " Bilious 41 26 37 41 20 37 26 16 12 3 36 14 102 u Cbagres and Panama. " Congestive 36 "22 13 18 22 23 10 17 4 23 4 8 2 22 2 6 1 16 1 5 1 13 2 1 " Gastric 2 10 8 5 5 6 5 3 7 u Hectic 4 10 12 14 7 8 8 15 9 8 5 8 u Intermittent 16 10 16 34 23 33 28 22 19 4 12 12 16 u Miliary 4 4 3 1 1 4 3 1 5 u Nervous 31 51 29 53 33 25 14 35 12 20 13 13 " Puerperal 165 155 98 141 131 130 111 173 168 164 151 115 53 u Remittent 112 79 72 73 102 70 62 45 33 30 26 li Scarlet 627 613 392 517 1052 1283 1325 668 840 1927 1278 928 903 11 Ship 2 7 3 4 5 u Typhoid 125 96 101 136 139 133 141 176 206 212 232 401 531 11 Typhus 11 Yellow 977 662 1 313 2 383 6 436 2 227 13 171 126 5 169 3 198 2 191 136 420 Fistulo in Ano 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 Fracture 5 8 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 2 1 " Skull 27 29 7 39 64 26 38 35 14 19 ► 11 12 " Leg 7 8 2 10 10 11 9 2 2 3 14 " Thigh 1 2 1 11 6 4 4 0 3 2 u Spine 4 2 11 15 13 2 3 1 2 2 1 Gout 4 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 Gravel 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 Hanged 5 1 4 1 1 1 2 Heart, Disease of 273 276 182 246 247 243 232 306 435 375 299 281 378 " " Rheumatic. u 11 Valvular.. 10 13 24 28 6 19 24 33 40 21 23 15 8 " Ossification of 8 4 4 1 1 2 5 Heat, Effects of .. 24 16 7 9 1 86 Hip, Disease of 1 7 17 16 13 13 19 10 4 3 4 8 6 Hooping Cough 114 187 113 340 377 248 270 347 353 217 160 255 127 Hydrophobia Hysteria 4 1 1 4 3 2 2 5 1 3 1 5 4 4 2 2 1 1 Inflammation. 35 13 11 15 8 4 24 12 4 4 4 1 " of Bladder.... '' " Bowels .... " " Brain 10 537 418 15 432 442 8 309 354 14 367 450 4 351 299 8 332 278 14 350 418 14 332 504 27 335 468 28 336 533 33 427 601 46 528 512 39 540 683 u 11 Chest 52 20 14 14 13 13 6 5 16 27 5 3 u li Ear 4 2 2 3 2 2 u 11 Eyes 1 1 1 3 " " Heart " " Kidneys... il " Liver 21 25 110 37 28 120 41 23 86 62 14 70 58 17 70 67 15 49 50 13 56 46 9 47 25 33 55 32 44 94 49 29 82 46 44 88 43 " " Lungs " " Spine *• "Stomach... " " Throat u il Tonsils 1263 3 1062 857 1 1137 7 1123 10 ^6 1093 2 1218 7 1167 3 1299 9 1252 2 1100 2 1713 182 53 122 50 93 107 102 118 23 92 64 13 120 50 8 112 71 15 112 70 15 157 111 4 171 132 111 101 150 68 152 49 u u Veins 2 5 8 8 4 4 7 91 15 16 8 8 11 " " Womb Inanition 21 77 20 36 18 33 14 72 10 5 19 2 5 20 22 50 32 41 34 25 Influenza. 3 4 3 9 8 6 6 3 2 3 3 Insanity 4 12 9 15 12 10 17 18 61 10 7 4 4 Intemperance 48 66 36 68 21 116 124 120 118 131 84 12 117 Intussuscept'n of Intestines Jaundice 8 38 7 34 5 24 11 37 8 44 11 36 2 30 10 33 7 33 5 29 13 40 5 31 5 ' 36 Kidneys. Disease of .. 17 23 12 30 22 21 2 52 Knee Joint. Disease of 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 Liver, Disease of 39 46 58 40 35 32 1 214 Lues, Venerea 39 29 29 48 45 49 50 63 58 53 54 60 68 Lungs, Disease of 33 9 16 20 20 Malformation 44 57 41 92 87 32 37 14 23 8 29 11 16 u of the Head 4 4 1 2 11 11 11 Heavt. 21 28 20 19 10 6 )7 " " Lungs. - ...... 8 10 13 1 2 1 40 Table No. I.-(Continued.) Diseases. 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 Malformation of the Spine. ii 6 13 4 i Marasmus 1691 1007 819 1711 1563 1447 1662 1626 1471 1512 1500 1308 1479 Measles 320 246 113 362 383 330 322 392 261 197 376 128 215 Mortitlcation 3 41 33 65 52 29 48 41 36 35 28 22 28 Mumps 2 4 7 6 3 3 5 4 2 3 1 Murdered, or Killed Neuralgia 15 18 21 32 25 30 13 47 28 22 21 52 127 1 2 5 O 6 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 Old Age 179 160 111 180 213 182 204 180 258 294 284 263 307 Palsy 132 138 92 124 142 117 118 135 257 207 206 219 237 Parturition, Difficult 7 3 36 26 16 23 26 2 4 3 Piles 1 1 5 Pleurisy. 42 33 38 72 64 47 53 61 51 44 47 57 67 Poison 29 12 11 20 16 25 13 20 11 25 13 10 13 Polypus c 2 3 4 3 2 2 . . . . . Premature Birth 220 225 251 435 374 387 459 397 374 247 315 271 264 Quinsy Retention of Menses 4 5 4 10 2 1 3 6 " " Urine 10 5 2 3 8 1 1 Rheumatism 36 29 28 38 32 43 35 40 37 54 49 57 Rupture " of the Aorta 29 31 9 2 5 5 15 9 2 7 6 9 1 3 4 2 1 4 2 3 4 " " Bladder 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 " Heart 2 2 1 3 1 2 3 5 2 6 " " Intestines... 9 17 28 3 10 17 3 2 2 " Liver 1 3 3 3 2 1 •••••• 2 " " Lungs o 1 1 6 1 " " Navel 1 1 2 1 " " Spleen " " Urethra.... 1 1 2 1 1 I 2 " '• Womb 7 16 1 8 6 10 8 6 7 12 8 5 6 Scirrhus 6 3 21 20 8 6 3 16 16 3 Scrofula 101 100 117 182 129 116 117 181 91 98 85 69 65 Scurvy 2 32 25 19 20 28 4 2 7 5 5 Smallpox 562 497 5oi 611 101 388 423 492 60 274 599 2'8 73 Softening of the Bones " " Brain 1 2 2 6 3 1 5 8 2 i? 29 £0 31 39 43 43 40 23 40 32 " " Stomach.. Spinal Disease 27 30 14 15 26 22 21 13 10 13 15 18 16 14 18 13 14 26 1 17 Sprue 78 33 43 90 66 49 36 56 21 15 25 27 14 Stone " in the Gall Bladder.. 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 Strangulation 4 2 3 2 2 2 2 7 12 4 3 Stricture 7 3 6 3 5 2 2 3 Suffocation 61 24 27 6 10 15 19 25 26 66 57 55 41 Suicide 34 37 50 59 63 62 7.' 75 56 62 44 43 49 Stomach. Disease of 3 15 5 8 6 4 Sunstroke 31 15 211 34 27 14 34 5 12 15 44 133 Suppression of Menses.... " " Urine 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 4 4 4 4 5 4 1 1 Teething 151 177 117 146 129 360 327 143 290 122 140 72 90 Tetanus ... 29 24 13 49 37 35 36 21 37 27 37 33 35 Tumor 13 19 10 19 17 10 15 22 34 56 22 29 23 Tape Worm 1 Ulceration 13 11 19 31 25 17 22 15 6 5 5 2 " of the Throat.... 5 20 5 12 10 7 7 7 19 17 7 25 " " Intestines 1 19 13 32 48 38 25 23 15 18 15 13 20 " " Stomach.. 3 3 6 5 8 10 14 6 21 6 8 7 " " Womb.... 21 2 4 2 4 1 2 1 Unknown 1 166 90 55 37 73 38 48 20 40 63 45 48 Varioloid 24 19 18 13 6 8 11 13 2 15 17 1 5 White Swelling 7 2 Womb, Disease ol 2 5 4 4 4 Worms 4 11 4 14 7 16 10 10 '2 4 2 1 1 Wounds - 4 2 1 2 1_[ 41 TYPHUS FEVER IN ENGLAND AND LONDON, ALSO NEW YORK, FROM 1844 TO 1864. YEAR. ENGLAND. LONDON. NEW YORK 1845 13,460 1,333 175 1846 19,701 1,851 262 1847 33,604 3,232 948 1848 40,102 3,614 720 1849 27,610 2,515 415 1850 15,374 1,967 396 1851 17,930 2,404 977 1852 18,641 2,209 662 1853 18,554 2,701 313 1854 18,893 2,715 383 1855 16,470 2,374 436 ' 1856 16,182 2,674 227 1857 19,016 2,203 171 1858 17,883 1,902 126 1859 15,877 1,796 169 1860 13,012 1,392 198 1861 17,960 1,754 191 1862 17,101 1,641 136 1863 420 42 By examining this table you will perceive that the mortalty by this disease was very great in England, including London, and also in New York during 1847, 1848, 1849, in 1851-2 and 1853 ; and further, it will be seen that the mortality by it is much greater at all times in London than New York, in proportion to the population, it being as 3 is (in London) to 1 (in New York). The following table shows that these Fevers are the common pre- vailing diseases of Sweden. They do not keep full pace with the population, yet a considerable portion of the annual mortality is by these maladies. It will be noticed, also, that they occur in the form of fearful epidemics at almost stated periods of from ten to fifteen years. This is an exceedingly valuable table, as it shows the statistics of this disease in this country for more than a century, a circumstance that is scarcely to be found in any country, and speaks well for the vigi- lance and enterprise of these people in that remote period. 43 Population and Deaths by Typhus and Typhoid Fevers in Sweden, from 1749 to 1855. - From Typhus) and Typhoid Fever. - - - - Year. Population at the end of the year. Year. Population at the end of the year. FromTyphus and Typhoid Fever. Year. Population at the end of the year. From Typhus and Typhoid Fever. 1749 3,948 1785 2,149,773 6,785 1821 5,853 1750 3,581 1786 6,989 1822 5,141 1751 1,785,727 3,398 1787 6,500 1823 2,687,457 4.166 1752 2,857 1788 5,858 1824 3,903 1753 3,126 1789 14,226 1825 2,771,252 3,962 1754 1,837,314 3,505 1790 2,158,232 11,408 1826 2,805,350 5,294 1755 3,609 1791 3,259 1827 2,828,568 7,871 1756 4,320 1792 4,226 1828 2,848,062 9,847 1757 1,870,372 5,502 1793 4,533 1829 2,864,831 9,264 1758 5,566 1794 4,476 1830 2,888,082 7,353 1759 5,413 1795 2,281,137 5,010 1831 2,901,061 6,303 1760 1,893,248 5,339 1796 3,853 1832 2,922,845 4,610 1761 4,753 1797 4,141 1833 2,959,257 3,560 1762 6,022 1798 4,737 1834 2,983,144 3,710 1763 1,940,011 8,342 1799 4,928 1835 3,025,439 4,101 1764 7,350 1800 22,347,303 5,872 1836 3,061,533 4,670 1765 6,120 1801 5,594 1837 3,080,538 4,340 1766 1,981,600 5,445 1802 5,634 1838 3,096,794 14,700 1767 5,132 1803 6,265 1839 3,115,169 15,000 1768 4,054 1804 6,860 1840 3,138,887 5,640 1769 2,015,127 4,499 1805 2,427,408 6,023 1841 3,173,349 5,101 1770 4,555 1806 7,179 1842 3,207,141 5,610 1771 5,983 1807 8,065 1843 3,237,180 5,740 1772 2,032,516 12,846 1808 12,527 1844 3,275,864 5,600 1773 / 20,137 1809 1 21,171 1845 3,316,536 6,310 1774 * 4,947 1810 2,377,851 9,193 1846 3,343,556 5,400 1775 2,020,847 4,920 1811 7,430 1847 3,363,330 4,100 1776 5,358 1812 8,058 1848 3,399,341 15,301 1777 4,439 1813 6,261 1849 3,443,803 16,540 1778 4,337 1814 5,555 1850 3,482,541 5,610 1779 «,959 1815 2,465,066 5.325 1851 3,516,889 5,360 1780 2,118,281 3,394 1816 4,590 1852 3,541,399 5,400 1781 4,137 1817 5,789 1853 3,562,462 5,200 1782 5,046 1818 6,359 1854 3,606,987 4,300 1783 5,464 1819 7,210 1855 3,639,332 8,201 1784 6,494 1820 2,584,690 5,877 - - - 44 The temperature of the atmosphere during the year has been above the average for several years. In the months of July and August, the mean average (seventy- five) was one degree above the average for the last ten years, and on several occasions the thermometer rose to ninety-four, and remained nearly at that point for sixteen hours together; in one instance it reached ninety-five degrees. This, with the unprecedented humidity of the atmosphere, and to this, more than all circumstances com- bined, as regards the condition of the weather, is due the increase of the mortality, for when the atmosphere is diluted with hydrogen to the extent it was in July and August, sweating only places a person in the precise candition he would be if in a hot bath-instead of the perspiration cooling him, as it does when the air is dry and warm, it tends to prostration. The average of saturation was about seventy degrees, the complete saturation being one hundred, that made it very trying to delicate constitutions and persons predisposed to dis- ease, and also to wounded and disabled soldiers, not only in the hospitals, but in private houses. Our whole comnunity might, almost all intents, have been in a vapor-bath for sixteen hours or more, at one time, upon more than one occasion during the summer of 1863 ; any person who has ever experienced the effects of a bath of this character when they remained in it an undue time, needs no explanation as to its depressing influences. That extremes in the temperature, &c., of the atmosphere influ- ences health and produces death, is so well known that I deem it unnecessary to dwell upon the subject, but will present the varia- tions in the mortality influenced thereby, for a certain number of weeks, in different years, in London and New York. As to the rain-fall for the year, it has been excessive ; the depth was fifty-one and a half inches, and the number of damp days in the last three years were as follows : METEOROLOGY. YEAR. 1861 DAMP DAYS, 103 1862 92 1863 L33 45 Deaths occurring in each Week, in the city of London, for the years 1860-61-for the first nineteen weeks of each year. WEEK. YEAR. Difference. 1860. 1861. First 1281 1707 Increase 426 Second 1344 1707 44 363 Third 1297 1926 u 629 Fourth 1386 1783 44 397 Fifth 1389 1544 44 155 1 Sixtli 1442 1459 44 17 Seventh 1454 1328 Decrease 126 Eighth 1500 1318 u 182 Ninth 1442 1238 u 204 Tenth 1397 1279 u 118 ! Eleventh 1563 1226 44 337 Twelfth 1611 1214 14 397 Thirteenth 1708 1236 44 472 Fourteenth 1439 1220 44 219 Fifteenth 1407 1209 44 198 Sixteenth 1284 1210 44 1 74 Seventeenth 1268 1182 44 86 Eighteenth 1205 1261 Increase 56 Nineteenth 1111 1241 44 130 The increase of deaths in the above table, in 1861, were attri- buted to the intense coldness of the weather. 46 Deaths in each Week, in New York, in 1862 and 1863, from the twenty-seventh to the forty-second. WEEK. YEAR. Difference. 1862. 1863. Twenty-eighth 553 467 Twenty-ninth 588 668 Increase 80 Thirtieth 568 684 " 116 Thirty-first 685 722 " 37 * Thirty-second 520 970 " 450 Thirty-third 536 859 " 323 Thirty-fourth 530 663 " 133 Thirty-fifth 520 623 " 103 - Thirty-sixth 408 565 " 147 Thirty-seventh 410 487 " 77 Thirty-eighth 499 467 Decrease 32 Thirty-ninth 457 447 " 10 Fortieth 370 448 Increase 78 1 Forty-first 386 420 " 34 The excess of the mortality in this table was produced by the unusual heat of the weather, and the unprecedented amount of mois- ture in the atmosphere. Deaths under this head are those that result from accident, vio- ence, &c. The number recorded was 2,103, an increase of 3G0, when compared with 1862. Could the correct number be ascertain- ed, the difference in the two years would be vastly greater than it appears. For example, the excess of 1863 alone, from sun stroke (effects of heat included) and killed in the riot, exceed by 24 the total increase here presented. The causes of these discrepancies have already been alluded to elsewhere. EXTERNAL CAUSES. - YEAR. Sun-stroke. Heat, Effects of. Killed or Murdered. Killed. Casualties, Various. 1854 24 32 191 1855 34 16 25 71 1856 27 7 30 144 1857 ' 14 63 138 1858 34 9 47 130 1859 5 1 28 260 I860 12 22 298 1861 15 21 324 1862 44 52 254 1863 133 J 86 . 127 .... 355 Deaths, by twelve classes of fatal diseases, in cities and in country districts 'in England. CITIES COUNTIES- Population 3,553,161 3,500,750 Epidemic, endemic, and contagious diseases 12,776 6,405 Sporadic Diseases. Of the nervous system 7,705 3,607 u respiratory organs 12,619 7,847 organs of circulation 590 309 u digestive organs 3,476 1,832 urinary organs 219 161 a organs of generation 460 265 a " locomotion 262 154 " integumentary system 62 55 Of uncertain seat 4,396 3,730 Age 2,924 3,102 Violent deaths 1,370 925 Not specified 1,104 1,657 Total 47,953 29,692 48 It will be seen by the foregoing table, that the concentration of the population in cities doubles the deaths from the first two classes of disease, the ratio of deaths having been as 1 to 2.11, and 1 to 2.13, and largely augments others. Dr. Letheby says: " In all England the expectancy of a man's life at 2p is to 60 years ; in the city it is only to 51.5. At the age of 45 the expectancy of life in England is to 68.3, but in the city it is to only 62 ; and at 65 years of age a man in the west of England might expect to live to 76, whereas, in the city he will reach to only 73. The mean lifetime of adult females in England is only about one year more than that of males, but in the city it is, at different periods of life, from 4 to 6 years greater, showing that the unwhole- some influences operate most severely on the males ; indeed, the con- clusion from all this is, that the circumstances of a city life are peculiarly trying, for they increase the death-rate from a normal standard of about 17 in the 1,000 to nearly 23; they double the mortality of the infant population, and shorten the period of adult life from an average age of 60 to 51." I have adopted this mode of presenting to your Honorable Body for consideration an abridged copy of the present health laws of the city of New York, and the total mortality for a number of years, in order that you should at all times have reliable reference before you. I am, with great respect, Yours, &c., F. I. A. BOOLE, City Inspector. Typhus fever has decreased rapidly for the last fifteen years. In 1851 the deaths were 977, while in 1858 there were but 126 deaths. Since that period it has been slowly on the increase, reaching, in 1863, 420. This is due, in a great measure, to the increase of emi- gration, for it is among this class that we find this disease most preva- lent. It bears a great proportion to the number of emigrants in former years, as is seen by the following table: - Tear. Typhus Fever. Number of Immigrants LANDED IN EACH YEAR. 1847 948 129,062 1848 720 189 176 1849 415 220,791 1850 396 212,796 1851 977 289,601 1852 662 300,992 1853 404 284,945 1854 390 319,223 1855 439 136,233 1856 227 142,342 1857 171 183,773 1858 126 78,589 1859 169 79,322 I860 198 104,900 1861 191 65,529 1862 136 76,306 1863 420 156,529