Efficiency Through Hygiene THE purpose of this booklet is to show as simply as possible what can be practically accomplished in the direction of furnish- ing the most important elements in factory equipment, namely: proper light, air, heat, sanitary conveniences, water and effective machine safety devices. The booklet is descriptive of the system which is in actual operation at the plant of the United Shoe Machin- ery Company at Beverly, Massachusetts, every working day in the year. The company finds that it is a practical paying investment. The plant at Beverly comprises sixteen buildings of reinforced concrete construction with floor space of more than twenty-one acres. The manufacturing buildings are 1120 feet long, 60 feet wide and four stories in height. A trip through the plant involves a seven-mile walk. The cover of this booklet illustrates the interior of a typical building drawn in exact mathematical proportions. The diagrams contained in the booklet, together with the accompanying illustra- tions, will show how simply and easily in such a large plant satis- 1 Emergency Hospital. 2 factory conditions can be brought about. As to the result, Horace D. Arnold, Dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Medicine and State Medical Director of Savings Bank Insurance, has said: " I have found here the best industrial conditions that I have ever seen anywhere for people in a manu- facturing plant." In our opinion manufacturers in general are anxious to provide these wholesome essentials which contribute to their own profit while ministering to the health and contentment of their employees; and we hope that this description illustrative of a system which is in practical operation will prove of value not only to them, but also to those everywhere who are concerned about the common welfare of employers and employees. What has been done in a large plant can be done with equal effectiveness in smaller plants; and there is no better way to dem- onstrate that the interests of employer and employed are truly reciprocal. 3 Wash Rooms containing individual Sanitary Basins. Automatically filled and emptied. Tempered water is used. Ventilated metal Lockers. Each employee has his in- dividual locker and key. "Centenarians have usually been persistent followers of some rule or rules of rational hygiene even though unconsciously.'' -Metchnikoff, The Prolongation of Life. 4 Toilets and Urinals of most modern type are installed in light, airy rooms. There is a supplemen- tary system of ventilation which would artificially change the air every twelve minutes. 5 "Man is more dependent upon the atmosphere than any other environmental factor. His body is bathed in air and his most vital function, respiration, depends upon it."-Professor Irving Fisher, Report on National Vitality. Most modern types of Shower Baths located throughout the buildings. Always at the dis- posal of employees. "Psychologists are learning nowadays that it is impossible to treat the mind and body as if they were really distinct. They have discovered that the two are so closely bound up together that nothing affects one without affecting the other in a greater or less degree." - Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, Physical Director, New York City Public Schools. 6 Wash Rooms, Toilets and Baths for female employees. ". . . One strong point in praise of this work is the spirit shown by the company, which provides these improve* ments BECAUSE IT IS RIGHT. Your employees are treated as human beings in that the equipment provided in connection with the welfare features is the best." -Secretary, Welfare Department, National Civic Federation. 7 TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN SHOWING SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS AND SYSTEMS OF HEATING AND VENTILATION. In the lower or basement plan is shown the detail of heating, ventilating and drinking systems of main buildings. In the wings of this plan are shown locations of fan rooms, toilet rooms, wash rooms, locker rooms and shower baths. The locations of these arrangements being different on the first, second and third floors of wings, are shown separately in upper plan. THE VENTILATING SYSTEM FOR MAIN BUILDINGS. In each of the wings, A, B, C and D, are two air shafts running from roof to basement through which cool, fresh air is drawn. The air passes into an enclosure containing steam-heated coils and is made warm ; an adjacent fan draws this hot air from around the heated coils and discharges it through- out the building. The passage of air is indicated by arrows in plan of basement, passing from fan room to air duct under basement. The vertical columns of the building are hollow and each is con- nected by a small passage to the air duct, permitting entrance of hot air. On each of the floors is an opening in the column through which the air is discharged to the work rooms. At each air shaft is an opening of nine square feet providing for the expulsion of foul air. There are four such openings on each floor. VENTILATING SYSTEM FOR TOILET ROOMS, WASH ROOMS, LOCKER ROOMS AND SHOWER BATHS. This system is shown in detail in wing D of upper plan. Hollow columns, running from roof to basement with openings on all floors, are connected at the top by ducts to the roof house containing suction fan. The suction fan is of such size and speed as to change the air every twelve minutes. "There is nothing more important for the preservation of health than an abundant supply of fresh air at all times and under all circumstances. " - Professor Irving Fisher, Report on National Vitality. 8 W77GG-31. WJIGG-JB. WING-C. VCJJ\TG~D. MHOWEM sssms. 'MMSMEMT Qf VMZTZ- EESTJOM EOE WJiSfi WZ MCEEEEOOME eoom OTOILET eoom TOJZE7& O7rz,av3a EzoozeM LOCKER ROOM EOOM TO7EET MOOET MOQM JBOQMO MZOM JgOOM 1MEM-E0 J?OQM iSHOWtt? 7=>7'.Fl7\r om J7's^j *3-^ WZZVtz'-.S. T'JZN'Cj-Ct W.HVG'-.D. S-UT-LDTWc? -LOCKED -jSTje JTvnaTCE to. -jam jtvtjikz ysj-je fro i . _s>' VH3SHJKXM Ta7Z,ET JWO 5.WW.ERS! bJ=i0IiEg4 I jwo UE'OQre' jeooM: -QT.LET SWZ) Tpoar-i _/3TR JSOO-KT _B JVUMr.aW5 77Kr TUTT? DUCT UTTDCET THOWJNG DJTDTTO TTTTTCTTL TTOTTG'TCT -O.&Q J'T. JEXktttZSZ' 9o7<, of CEE/3S GfZEgs /7 J\7 7=?/=1^7:^7^TF'.'Nr 9 Typical Floor Plan showing Sanitary Arrangements and Systems of Heating and V entilation. 10 Fan Room of Ventilating System. " The prime factor in environment is the atmosphere. Originally man was doubtless an outdoor animal. Civilization has brought him an indoor environment, and with it tuberculosis" - Professor Irving Fisher, Report on National Vitality. 12 [ J57VZ2 I QE J3Z2? INTAKE. .eoqm SJg'ZVEtVjay- zJ5Lv Detail Plan of Apparatus for Air Intake and Heating. Distribution shown in Plan of Basement on extended sheet. 13 "Preservation of life or limb, to an operative, very often means the saving of a bread-winner to a home of little ones. " - James B. Lakeman, Senior Metropolitan Inspector of Factories, England. 14 Specimen Safety Devices. 15 "It costs no more to 'raise ' a man capable of living for eighty years than it does to 'grow' one who has not the capacity for living to be forty years old. " - T. S. Lambert, " Sources of Longevity. " The question of drinking water has been given careful attention. Water from the reservoirs in Beverly is used, being cooled by a system of ammonia refrigeration. The compressor employed is capable of giving refrigeration equal to the melting of ten tons of ice in a period of ten hours, or cooling 5,000 gallons of water through a range of 30 degrees in an equal period of time. This water is constantly kept at uniform temperature, between 38 to 40 degrees. In connection with refrigeration is installed a water circulating system forcing the cool water to all parts of the plant. At convenient locations on all floors are located sanitary bubbling drinking fountains. This svstem insures cool water uncontaminated by ice. 16 16 ' 'A primary necessity for hygienic living is good drinking water. ' ' - Report on National Vitality prepared for the National Conservation Commission. Showing Ideal Lighting Conditions. "Closely connected with air hygiene is the hygiene of light. ' Where sun and air enter seldom the physician enters often. ' " - Professor Irving Fisher, Report on National Vitality. 18 . One of the criticisms sometimes erroneously made of welfare work is, that it takes the place of wages. This is clearly disproven in your case, since Beverly has been held the first industrial place in Massachusetts regarding average yearly earnings since 1908."- Secretary of Welfare Department of National Civic Federation. The cover design of this booklet illustrates in exact proportion the interior of a typical building of the United Shoe Machinery Factories at Beverly, Mass.