Journal Wle graph. 
VOL. XXIV. 
NEW YORK, MARCH 20, 1891 
WHOLE NO. 452. 
QUARTERLY REPORT OF THE WESTERN 
UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY, FOR THE 
QUARTER ENDING MARCH 31st, 1891. 
THE UNITARY SCIENCE THE SCIENCE 
OF THE FUTURE. 
part of it of which we have immediate cogniz- 
ance, viz., our own solar system. The bonds 
which bind the celestial host, as well as the 
forces in action therein, are the same that act 
and retroact before our very eyes in the affairs 
of our own system. 
The basis of this Unitary Philosophy con- 
sists of four great cardinal principles, viz.: 
1st. The Unity or Identity of all so-called 
Forces. 2d. The Conservation of Force. 3d. 
The Substantial Character of Force; and 4th. 
The Identity of Constitution of all Celestial 
Worlds. No fact is now known to man which 
controverts either of these fundamental prin- 
ciples. They stand immutable. Any theory, 
therefore, which is found in harmony with 
these cardinal principles must be accepted as 
true, and any explanation of the phenomena 
of the universe found antagonistic to either of 
these, must be rejected as false. 
1st. All Force is One. The law of unity or 
identity now stands accepted by science. But 
one single force pervades and governs the uni- 
verse of matter, Aristotle, by a prophetic in- 
tuition, divined the source, or cause, or foun- 
tain of this universal force. He conceived that 
all force is due to motion. He believed every 
requirement to be met in "the impulse of the 
motions of the heavenly bodies." Humboldt in 
his Cosmos tells us, that in the works of Aris- 
totle he found this idea constantly recurring, 
fondly cherished and fostered, but never dis- 
closed with absolute distinctness and certainty. 
Aristotle could not in his time prove this con- 
ception to be true, since the facts necessary for 
its demonstration were then undiscovered. 
To-day, however, the data for that purpose are 
abundant, clear, and satisfactory. All that now 
remains to be done is simply to make a prac- 
tical application of such facts as are already 
well understood and accepted. That and noth- 
ing more. 
It is well known that the earth is a magnet. 
It has a magnetic axis, with a north or posi- 
tive-pole, and a south or negative-pole. The 
sun also is a magnet with axis and poles. Its 
axis has an inclination of 74 degrees. Its north- 
pole is directed towards the earth in Septem- 
ber and its south-pole in March. Inferentially, 
all celestial worlds are magnets. 
Since the sun, earth and the whole celestial 
host are magnets, filled to repletion with this 
marvelous power, it therefore becomes manifest 
that magnetism is the most vital and funda- 
mental constituent of each and every stellar 
world. It is reasonable to suppose that the 
millions of dynamo-magnet stars, "polarized 
in immensity," are endued with such mighty 
powers for actual use. This being self-evident, 
(Read before the Chautauqua Society of History and Natural 
Sciences, March 18th, 1891.) 
Executive Office, 
Western Union Telegraph Company, 
New York, March 11, 1891. 
The following statement exhibits the condition of 
the Company at the close of the quarter ended De- 
cember 31st, 1890: 
Surplus October 1st, 1890, as per last Quarterly- 
Report$10,733,882 59 
Net revenues, quarter ended December 31st, 
1890 1,729,022 18 
$12,462,854 77 
From which deducting for- 
Dividend of 1J4 Per cent, paid 
January 15th $1,077,401 52 
Interest on bonded debt 223,458 25 
Sinking funds 20,000 00 1,320,859 77 
Left a surplus January 1st, 1891, 
of$11,141,995 00 
The net revenues of the quarter ending 
March 31st, instant, based upon nearly 
completed returns for January, partial re- 
turns for February, and estimating the 
business for March, will be about $1,500,000 00 
Add surplus January 1st, as above 11,141,995 00 
$12,641,995 00 
From which appropriating for- 
Interest on bonds$223,458 00 
Sinking funds 20,000 00 243,458 00 
Leaves a ba'anca of$12,398,537 00 
It requires for a dividend of 1J4 Per cent, on 
the capital stock 1,077,400 00 
Deducting which, leaves a surplus, after pay- 
ing dividend, of$11,321,137 00 
The gross revenues show a handsome increase 
over the corresponding quarter of the previous 
year; but the increased expenditures incident 
to the damage to our main building by fire, 
and especially for maintenance on account of 
the unusually stormy season, have exceeded 
the increase in revenues. The net earnings 
are, therefore, somewhat below the estimate. 
In view of the preceding statements, the 
Committee recommend the adoption by the 
Board of the following: 
Resolved, That a dividend of one and one- 
quarter per cent, on the capital stock of this 
Company be hereby declared payable on and 
after the 15th day of April next, to stockholders 
of record at the close of the transfer books on 
the 20th day of March, instant. 
Resolved, That for the purpose of the divi- 
dend hereby declared, the stock books of the 
Company be closed at three o'clock on the 
afternoon of the 20th day of March, instant, 
and be re-opened on the morning of the 1st day 
of April next. 
Respectfully submitted, 
NORVIN GREEN, 
President. 
By Henry Raymond Rogers, M.D., Dunkirk, 
N. Y. 
The discernment of the ultimate principle 
of the universe is the aim of human reason, 
the goal of the Unitary Philosophy. 
The conception of a universe of worlds and 
atoms controlled by one principle, or essence, 
or soul, dates back to an early period. 
Aristotle, the so-called * ' Father of Science," 
was fully possessed with-this idea, and prophet- 
ically asserted the same 2,300 years ago. And 
Humboldt's grand endeavor was to combine 
all cosmical phenomena into a single principle 
of nature. The distinguished Agassiz made 
this prophecy: 
" When the Unitary Science comes into the 
world it will be something so entirely aside 
from our fixed habit of thought that it will 
find its first appreciation probably among men 
of enlarged general culture rather than among 
specialists in science. " 
The change in the system of philosophy of 
the universe thus forecasted ages ago by vast 
scientific intellects, has now become a necessity. 
The present theories of explanation of great 
physical phenomena can satisfy no longer. 
According to those great lights in science, 
Aristotle, Humboldt, Agassiz, as well as innu- 
merable others, the distinguishing feature of 
the coming philosophy will be Unity, or all 
force, all worlds, all life-one vast whole. 
The scientist of the present period, while 
strongly impressed with the fact of such a 
unity, has done but little towards its actual 
realization. Though such a system has not yet 
been even outlined, or skeletonized, its early 
advent is assured, both by reason of an abund- 
ance of data drawn from recent discoveries and 
inventions, and from the present disposition 
to apply to all subjects clearer and more logi- 
cal processes of reasoning. 
It is very apparent that we are now entering 
upon a new era in the history of science and 
substituting critical exactness and accuracy for 
the vague fancies and guesses of the past. Old 
stereotyped traditions and superficial appear- 
ances are doomed to give place to positive 
demonstration. Scientific theories need no 
longer be based upon the imagination, for we 
have already in our possession the key to a new 
and grander philosophy. 
And first of all, the principle of unity com- 
pels us to interpret the whole universe by that 34 
JOURNAL OF THE TELEGRAPH. 
[March 20, 1891. 
it becomes one of the most momentous facts in 
the whole realm of science, since, consequently, 
the whole subject of physics must now of 
necessity be transferred to the field of electri- 
cal science. In this electrical field, all physi- 
cal phenomena become interpretable, leaving 
in doubt no element in the problem of the uni- 
verse . 
The powers of the celestial dynamos cannot 
be employed upon the empty space in which 
they move, therefore they must reach out to, 
and include in their operations, all celestial 
neighbors. In this fact is found the grandest 
kind of a unity, viz., a positive electrical inter- 
relationship, a true bond of sympathy between 
all worlds. 
If the power of a magnet may be judged by 
its dimensions, what must be the magnetic 
force of the earth, containing, as it does, 250,- 
000,000,000 cubic miles of matter? Again, the 
power embodied in a mass in motion is esti- 
mated by multiplying its velocity in feet per 
minute by its weight in pounds. The force of 
the universe is abundantly accounted for upon 
the foregoing principles. As electricity is not 
a self-existent entity, it may be asked, what is 
the source from whence the celestial host draw 
their electrical or magnetic supply, and how 
such powers are transmuted into every con- 
ceivable form of activity? An abundance of 
data furnishes the answer to these queries. 
Faraday says: ' ' Electricity and magnetism 
are identical as far as experiment can show." 
Electricity is essentially the same in source, 
mode of development, and operation, whether 
on the grandest or minutest scale, whether on 
the scale of the universe or of the atom. It is 
a fundamental principle that electricity is 
evolved from the motion of contiguous bodies. 
This is illustrated on a small scale by the follow- 
ing experiment of the late Jacob Rees, of Pitts- 
burg, Pa. From a sheet of thin soft iron, or 
steel, he cut a circular disc forty-two inches in 
diameter. Fitting this disc to an axis and 
causing it to revolve with great velocity he 
quickly cut off bars of hardened, polished steel 
three inches in diameter. The revolving disc 
at no time touched the bar of steel which it 
severed, and it was not raised in temperature, 
though sparks flew about and drops of liquid 
steel fell from the cut. Those drops of steel 
were not hot. The atoms of the bar of steel 
became freed by the action of the superior 
electrical force generated in the motions of the 
disc and contiguous bar in opposite direc- 
tions. 
Faraday says: ' ' The rotation of all bodies 
opposite to magnets induces circulating electric 
currents. " Upon the principle of such reciprocal 
action of motion and magnetism is constructed 
the dynamo-electric machine with which we are 
now so familiar and which furnishes us with our 
electric light, heat and power. This machine 
is constituted essentially of two parts: 1st, a re- 
volving armature, and 2d, stationary magnets. 
The armature, revolving with great velocity 
near to but not touching the magnets, develops 
electricity ready to be carried from the machine 
by wires on its mission of light production and 
other work. 
Those masters in this field, Guericke and 
Volta, experimentally demonstrated that: 
" Every movement of one body near another 
disturbs and puts in motion the electrical cur- 
rent in both bodies. " Extending this principle 
from the terrestrial to the celestial field, we 
reach the legitimate inference that the starry 
worlds, whirling with inconceivable velocity in 
space, evolve between them electrical currents 
in Great Cosmical Circuits-, that the sun and 
earth revolving on their axes and in their orbits 
become actually vast electrical machines, or 
batteries, through the action of which currents 
pass instantaneously and incessantly to and fro 
between those bodies. If proof of such instan- 
taneous and incessant electrical inter-action 
were needed, we find it in the following clear 
and exact data: 
In 1859, observers in widely separated locali- 
ties saw two bright spots-even brighter than 
the sun itself-instantaneously appear upon the 
face of the sun, and simultaneously with their 
appearing violent electrical effects were ob- 
served at the earth. In Norway, a telegraph 
operator was stunned and his instrument 
set on fire; operators in our country also 
were stunned and self-regulating magnetic 
machines were disturbed over both continents. 
This is proof of actual and instantaneous 
retro actions between the sun and earth and, 
inferentially, between all worlds. 
In the northern regions, where the tempera- 
ture of the surrounding atmosphere was far 
below zero, Dr. Scoresby converged the sun's 
rays to a focus by means of a lens made of ice, 
and set fire to combustibles, exploded gun- 
powder, and even melted lead. Similar experi- 
ments with an ice lens were made by Metins 
nearly 300 years ago with like results. To 
prove that those rays were electrical we have 
only to state the fact that by rendering electri- 
cal rays parallel, and sending them through a 
lens of ice, we produce the identical effects ob- 
tained by Dr. Scoresby with the rays of the 
sun. Mr. Tyndall tells us that the rays from 
a lamp-flame give the same results. 
The distinguished scientists Zantedeschi and 
Barlocci demonstrated that magnets both ac 
quire and lose strength as their poles are rela- 
tively exposed to the direct rays of the sun; 
gaining strength, even more than doubling it, 
when the north-pole is exposed, and losing 
strength when the south-pole is exposed. These 
effects were intensified by the use of a lens. To 
produce such effects it is clear that the sun's 
rays must be electrical, or magnetic, as the sun 
could neither add to, nor take from, the power 
of a magnet except its rays were of a like char- 
acter. 
Though the sun is separated from the earth 
by the distance of 93,000,000 miles, yet elec- 
trical currents traverse that immensity of space 
with as perfect facility as if those bodies stood 
side by side. Thus, space becomes virtually 
annihilated, and vacuum proves to be the most 
favorable condition for electrical transmission. 
To this terra-solar circuit is due all physical 
phenomena manifested at the sun or earth; or 
as expressed by a distinguished writer in this 
field, Wm, H. Preece, London's Electrician; 
" All physical phenomena, every form of force 
without a single exception, may be traced 
to the mere transformation of the electrical 
energy." 
Since electricity is thus the essence, or soul, 
of all force and all worlds, and since neither 
force, worlds, nor even life itself, could exist for 
a moment except through the operation of the 
electrical principle, therefore, electricity must 
be accepted as the operative principle of the 
universe; in other words, electricity is the 
Universal Force. Thus, all force is one. 
The second cardinal principle in the Unitary 
Philosophy is Conservation. Force can be 
neither lost, wasted, nor diverted. Waste and 
Conservation are contradictory terms. Waste 
can have no part in any true system of philoso- 
phy, yet, involved in every system 
hitherto known. By all systems the sun is 
represented as scattering heat and light in all 
directions and to all distances into space-the 
most stupendous wastefulness which science 
permits us to contemplate. This fact alone, 
therefore, is sufficient to determine the fallacy 
of every cosmical system ever yet advanced. 
We have seen that electrical currents instan- 
taneously and incessantly come from sun to 
earth, and, according to both the law of electri- 
cal action and the law of conservation of force, 
such currents must as instantaneously and 
incessantly return from earth to sun in equal 
volume and power. The sun and earth thus 
form constituent parts in a grand cosmical 
circuit. 
Through electrical polarity all celestial 
dynamo-magnet-worlds are held in their mutual 
relations. It is simply and solely through such 
polar action that the elliptical pathway of the 
earth is determined. Thus, about the 20th 
of December the sun's polarity and the earth's 
polarity are in such relations that those bodies 
are then drawn into their closest proximity 
through electrical attraction. About the 20th 
of June the mutual relations and the polarities 
of those bodies are found reversed by reason of 
the earth's movement in its orbit, and, conse- 
quently, repulsion takes the place of attraction, 
and they are then found at their greatest dis- 
tance apart. Thus tlie grandest manifestation 
of force in nature is purely electrical. The 
gravitative powers of attraction and repulsion 
are nicely adjusted and equal. There is no 
waste in this field. 
Resistance is a fundamental element in the 
electrical philosophy. It is resistance to the 
electrical current which wakes up the carbon 
point and platinum coil to heat and light. 
The electrical currents which constitute the 
great cosmical circuits pass invisible and free 
through the utter darkness and inconceivable 
cold of space. It is only when those currents 
meet resistance on the part of atmospheres that 
they are transformed into heat and light. In 
such retro-actions on the scale of the universe 
we find a most perfect exemplification of the 
law of conservation of force. 
The third cardinal principle in the Unitary 
Science, viz., the Substantial Character of 
force, is no less essential in its import than 
either of the others. This new and higher 
philosophy of the universe clearly demonstrates 
the fact that the power which holds under its 
control all celestial spheres, and the atoms of 
which they are constituted is a substantial en- 
tity. That force is mater wl, has not yet been 
sufficiently recognized by science. " The law 
of conservation of force proves, as certainly as 
it proves anything, that all force is substantial. 
Nothing can be conserved or preserved, unless 
it be something which exists; and it seems to be 
an axiomatic truth that nothing can have an 
existence unless it be a substance of some kind. 
If force in one form may be converted into 
(Continued on page 41.) JOURNAL OF THE TELEGRAPH. 
March 20, 1891.] 
41 
TRANSFER SERVICE. 
Executive Office, 
Western Union Telegraph Company, 
New York, March 18th, 1891. 
to be consistent, must be found in entire har- 
mony with that fact. They must alike possess 
the same general and special elements, condi- 
tions and necessities. The sun as the vastest 
storehouse of energy, and so dispensing more, 
in return receives more; in this it may be rec- 
ognized as chief, but its "ways and means" 
are the same as the others. The sun's demand 
for indispensable heat and light must be met 
in identically the same manner as that in which 
the earth receives its supply, i. e., through the 
action of great electrical circuits. The atmos- 
phere of the sun, therefore, must offer the same 
resistance to electrical currents returning sun- 
ward, and with the same results, i. e., that of 
awakening the sun's atmosphere into heat, light 
and life-giving effects. The sun is related to each 
and every one of its satellites by just such a 
circuit, and through the combined action of all 
those circuits the sun receives an exact and 
adequate supply of the same vital elements. 
As neither heat, light, nor power is possible 
at the earth, except such as becomes developed 
through the medium of such inter and retro- 
actions, so neither heat, light, nor power is 
possible at the sun, except they be developed 
through the same action. No waste is found in 
this process of heating and lighting the universe 
of stars, and holding each in its own invisible 
pathway. In view of the abundance of demon- 
strated facts and rational inferences, it may 
be justly claimed that All Worlds are Consti- 
tuted Alike. All Life is One. Life is a force 
and, therefore, must be studied as a manifesta- 
tion of the universal electrical force. In every 
endeavor to explain life in its infinite variety 
of forms-animal, vegetable, and mineral-no 
account has been taken of its essential electri- 
cal character and relationships. Life in man 
and the higher animals has its initial inception 
through the medium of a purely frictional elec- 
trical act, and fecundation in every form of ani- 
mal life occurs through the erotic impulse or 
passion. Inferentially, therefore, we are led to 
suppose that the origin and development of vital 
energy in all its forms, vegetable and mineral 
as well as animal, are due to electrical action. 
That electrical power which is the embodiment 
of the universal activities, that electrical power 
which pervades, animates and governs all worlds 
and all atoms, that same electrical power is so 
essential to life, that life in none of its forms 
can be perpetuated except through its instru- 
mentality. Thus all force, all worlds, and all 
life are alike dependent upon the electrical prin- 
ciple for very existence. In the study of the 
subject of life, its genesis, development and 
phenomena, this fact should be accorded its 
full value and significance, since it is most 
fundamental in its teachings. 
The human body, the highest form of animal 
life, is a walking, thinking, talking battery. 
The stomach with its acids and ingesta consti- 
tute as perfect a " cell" as that of a Leclanche 
battery. Unlike any battery of man's con- 
struction, this living, human battery is multi- 
ple in its operations. The processes of digestion, 
assimilation, respiration, circulation, muscular 
action, etc., all contribute to the development 
of its electrical forces, and the brain with its 
convolutions-its storage motor. Digestion is a 
chemico-electrical process of great power. In 
the act of respiration the lungs are constantly 
drawing upon that vast storage reservoir, the 
atmosphere, and appropriating its electrical 
constituent to the wants of the system. The 
guiding spirit of this wonderful electrical 
machine is not considered by science. 
Vegetable life, so to speak, makes one great 
respiratory act every twenty-four hours. This 
fact is most strikingly exemplified in one of its 
fields by the action of electrical plants. This is 
shown in the case of the Phytolacca Electrica, 
of Central America. The first period of the 
respiratory act of this plant, that of inspiration, 
ends at 2 o'clock p. M. From morning up to 
that hour this plant is taking in a continuous 
draught of the electrical constituent of the air, 
and is then found most electro-positive; and at 
2 o'clock A. M., at the end of its expiratory act, 
the plant is found powerless, or electro negative. 
At 2 o'clock p. M., it attracts the needle of the 
compass at the distance of twenty or thirty 
feet, and its power over the needle increases 
with closer proximity, and if the compass be 
placed in its center the needle flies rapidly 
around. The hand that breaks a leaf from it 
receives a powerful shock, and no one ever sees 
a bird or insect alight upon it. 
From the action of this little vegetable magnet 
we draw one of the most important lessons in 
science, viz., the explanation of the earth's 
axial rotation. Like unto this little plant, the 
surface of the earth, at 2 o'clock P. M., be- 
comes most electro positive. During the night 
this magnetic condition changes, and at 2 o'clock 
A. M., becomes most electro-negative. Thus, 
at 2 o'clock p. M., the great sun current on the 
one part, and the earth's surface on the other 
part, being in like electrical conditions, viz., 
electro-positive, mutually repel each other, and 
the consequent push moves the earth in revo- 
lution . The revolving earth turning eastward, 
is continually carrying its negative condition 
of the night into the field of the positive sun 
current, and a mutual attraction takes place, 
with a consequent pull upon that side. Thus 
is generated the process of incessant aWracfwn 
on the east side and repulsion on the west side, 
giving to the earth its axial rotation. Like the 
little Phytolacca Electrica, the whole earth 
has its diurnal electrical changes. 
Even metals, rocks, and crystals, have then* 
periods of life, death and decay. Cohesion is 
purely an electrical phenomenon. Decom- 
position in animal, vegetable and mineral sub- 
stances is simply the separation which takes 
place between constituent atoms and this elec- 
trical life force by which they are held in their 
mutual and characteristic relations. Life, 
death and decay, therefore, are electrical phe 
nomena. 
In fine, all Force is One, all Worlds are as 
One, all Life is One, all Creation a Unit. 
A new and complete Philosophy of the Uni- 
verse cannot be given in an hour, but during 
the past hour have been presented a basis, a 
philosophy of construction, and materials for 
the building up of a cosmical system equal to 
the requirements of the highest and most ex- 
acting science. 
While not attempting to point out the origin 
of the universe of worlds and the initial impulse 
through which they received their motions, yet 
we have explained the process by which the 
Universal Force is being incessantly evolved, 
through the medium of those motions. We 
have explained the philosophy of operation of 
that universal force as applied to all worlds and 
all atoms alike. We have shown that 50,000,000 
To AU Transfer Agents and Offices: 
The transfer service has been resumed at 
Newton, Kas., and temporarily discontinued at 
Lancaster, Pa. 
On April 1st, Colfax, Wash., will be added to 
the list of Class B transfer offices in J. Mc- 
Robie's district. 
On April 1st, a new Transfer Agency will be 
established at Memphis, Tenn., and placed in 
charge of E. Howard. Memphis, Tenn., now 
in Jas. Compton's district, will be transferred 
to the new district, and all transfers for such 
office will on and after April 1st be addressed 
to E. Howard, at Memphis, Tenn. 
NORVIN GREEN, 
President. 
The Unitary Science the Science of the 
Future. 
(Continued from page 34.) 
force of another form, then all force, in whatever 
form it may be exerted, is substance, since it is 
impossible to conceive of the conversion of one 
thing into another thing, and neither thing be 
anything substantial." (A. W. Hall). 
That electricity is actual matter, finds its 
demonstration in the fact that it is capable of 
being amassed, condensed and rarified-mass, 
condensation and rarefaction being properties 
inseparable from matter. Electricity is there- 
fore matter-subtle, swift, powerful, manifold 
in its operations and with a power of the most 
multiform transformations. It passes as a sub- 
stantial thunderbolt or fireball at one moment, 
and at the next is diffused into almost infinite 
tenuity; in its most tenuous form it does not cease 
to be matter. It passes through the solid earth 
with the same freedom as wind through a grove 
of trees. Electricity, therefore, answers every 
requirement necessary to constitute it the long 
and hitherto unsuccessfully sought for " Fourth 
Form of Matter." Thus all force is demons- 
trably substantial. 
And the fourth cardinal point in this philoso- 
phy is the Identity of Constitution of all Stellar 
Worlds. No rational and satisfactory system 
of philosophy can be framed, which does not 
include this as a fundamental constituent. 
Why any longer should the sun and stars be 
supposed to have a different physical constitu- 
tion from that of the earth? It is a natural 
inference that all star-suns and their satellites 
are constituted the same as the earth, with in- 
habitants, mountains, oceans, streams, fields 
and atmosphere the same. As to the question 
of life upon other celestial bodies, it can be 
perhaps neither proved nor disproved; but it is 
more agreeable to the mind and more in accor- 
dance with the progress of science, to believe 
that intelligent beings enjoy the splendors of 
the distant capitals of space, than to think 
them barren and tenantless, mere spectral 
lights amid the "Saharasof Creation." This 
identity of constitution of the starry worlds is 
becoming more and more firmly established as 
a fundamental principle in science. 
If the sun, moon and stars are constituted 
alike, then any explanation of their phenomena, 42 
JOURNAL OF THE TELEGRAPH. 
[March 20, 1891. 
and more giant dynamo-magnet-worlds and 
their contents are held by one power, and that 
all celestial, inter and retro-actions, operate in 
perfect harmony and sympathy throughout the 
immensity of space. Our explanations are not 
found in conflict with any known law of mat- 
ter, motion, or force, and they have been fram- 
ed in entire accordance with the highest reason 
and the fitness of things. 
In fine, as a result of the practical teachings 
of this Unitary Science a new source of supply 
of heat, light and power is opened up to man- 
kind-a source at once available, unlimited 
and free, a source hitherto ignored and disre- 
garded, viz., the direct electrical sun currents. 
In the early future this blessing will find its way 
to every household through coming inventions. 
A picture drawn in accord with the Uni- 
tary Science is clear and bright; harmonious 
and sympathetic in all its outlines, details and 
blendings, and good to look upon. It reveals 
all worlds as one, all star-suns and their satel- 
lites as inhabited and teeming with life, intelli- 
gence and beauty. 
Let us now turn to the old-established 
science-that science which is universally held 
to-day-and estimate its actual value by the 
foregoing standards. 
According to the teachings of that system, 
the sun is constituted essentially of a homo- 
geneous mass of incandescent vapors, or gases. 
It asserts that this solar mass of white-hotness 
incessantly moves with inconceivable velocity 
through space, the temperature of which is 
variously estimated at from hundreds to mil- 
lions of degrees below zero [Fahr.], and that, 
too, without being cooled thereby. It asserts, 
also that, notwithstanding this astounding 
coldness of space, the sun sends its gentle rays 
as actual heat in all directions and to all dis- 
tances around it. Such is the present scientific 
(?) theory of sun-heat. 
But it is very plain to the common mind that 
the sun, moving with inconceivable velocity 
through space, surrounded by such an intensity 
of cold, would quickly become frozen to its 
very center if it were dependent for its supply 
of heat upon its own unaided resources. With 
such surroundings no particle of heat, as heat, 
could leave that body in any direction. Yet 
the earth never fails in its supply. 
The highest conception which science has 
yet attained to in this field is, that "heat is a 
mode of motion. " But this expression does not 
define heat; it does not explain the essential 
nature of heat; and since it defines nothing and 
explains nothing, it must be regarded as simply 
a platitude. 
Science proves itself neither more rational 
nor more successful in its explanation of sun- 
light. Mr. Tyndall tells us that scientists have 
never even considered, much less answered, the 
question, What is light? What a confession 
for this, the 19th century ! Indeed, science 
makes no pretence of explaining how sunlight 
is practicable at the earth by other means than 
actual transmission from the sun. 
That light diminishes in the direction of the 
sun in the same ratio as heat, is shown by the 
following facts: Capt. Abney, of the Royal 
Society, England, demonstrated by actual 
measurement that the light of the atmosphere 
at the altitude of one and one-half miles, is but 
from one-tenth to one-twentieth as great as at 
the surface of the earth. At a little over three 
miles the sun appears no brighter than our 
moon; and at four miles, according to Croce 
and Spinelli, the sun's rays are too weak to 
produce the rainbow-colors of the solar spect- 
rum. At that elevation only the yellow is 
seen, and that, too, without lines. " Outside of 
the atmospheric envelope of all spheres, there 
is only the black of infinite space." (Flam- 
marion). The foregoing facts are very sug- 
gestive to the spectroscopist. 
Sun-heat and sun-light being purely atmos- 
pheric phenomena, are developed solely in our 
very midst ; therefore neither time nor any 
hypothetical agency can have part therein. 
We cannot say that heat and light come, but 
rather that they are. While no ray of light 
can penetrate the abyss of space, nevertheless 
science asserts all the same that the sun sends 
rays of actual light through such impenetrable 
darkness and such inconceivable distances, and 
lights up the earth and the whole solar system 
with dazzling brilliancy. Most astounding, 
absurd and even puerile assumption ! Thus 
our cherished science utterly fails to explain 
the essential nature and mode of development 
of sun-heat and sun-light. 
In the whole realm of physical science 
there can be found no such commingling of 
truth and fallacy, of reason and vain imagin- 
ings, and such downright misconception and 
misrepresentation as in the field of gravity. 
To Newton is accorded the title of The Father 
of Gravity, yet no person could be more essenti- 
ally misunderstood and misrepresented than 
Newton. 
Science asserts that the gravitative force is 
inherent in atom and mass of matter, and upon 
this principle-inherence-is founded the pres- 
ent cosmical philosophy. But Newton in the 
most emphatic manner disclaimed this theory. 
He denounced it as a fallacy in Epicurus, who, 
he tells us, held it 2,300 years ago. In writing 
to a friend, he said: " I beg you will not attri- 
bute innate gravity to me." What Newton did 
believe and teach was as follows, viz.: "The 
ultimate particles of matter are endued with 
inherent forces, or powers of attraction and re- 
pulsion." Scientists not comprehending the 
two last words of this sentence, viz.: " and re- 
pulsion," wholly ignore them, and thus falsify 
Newton's teachings. This sentence, thus mutil- 
ated and perverted, now stands for Newton's 
theory of gravity. What a mockery of science! 
But mark well, hereafter the principle repulsion 
must have equal share with attraction in a true 
theory of gravity. Gravitative attraction and 
repulsion being equal and antagonistic, such 
contrarieties cannot exist together inherently, 
in atom and mass of matter. If the sun, 
earth and all stars are magnets, held in 
their exact relations through electrical polarity, 
then the present theory of "mass" and "dis- 
tance " becomes superfluous and of no account. 
Newton believed gravity to be due to the 
operation of "an electric or elastic spirit;" 
so ends the mechanical portion of his Prin- 
cipia. 
The theory of gravity as now universally 
taught shows a most unaccountable ignorance in 
regard to the history of gravity; and that, too, 
notwithstanding the fact that the pages of that 
history are wide open to inspection, and are 
not ambiguous in their teachings. 
What stupendous consequences hang upon 
those two words of Newton, viz.: " and repul- 
sion. " Indeed, nothing less than a change of 
front in the philosophy of the universe. 
We have endeavored to present a few of the 
differences between the old, or standard science 
and the new, or Unitary Science, and have 
found those differences as high as the heavens, 
as broad as the universe, and irreconcilable. 
The Unitary Science, founded upon infallible 
and immutable principles, built up through the 
application of positive data and the most 
rational philosophy known to cosmical science, 
harmonious in all its relations, consistent in all 
its details, symmetrical in all its proportions, 
and incontrovertable, must stand while the 
heavens are. 
The Duration of Telegraphic Cur- 
rents.-A recent issue of the Zeitschrift fur 
Elektrotechnik gives some interesting particu- 
lars on the duration of currents employed in 
telegraphic transmission. According to this 
journal the currents from a Morse instrument 
have a mean duration of O'125 seconds; with 
the Hughes from 0'04 to 0'05 seconds; with the 
Meyer multiple 0 007 seconds; with the Delany 
multiple 0 002 seconds, and with the Wheat- 
stone automatic 0 0018 seconds, at the rate of 
600 words per minute, giving 33,600 currents 
per minute. 
WHY DON'T YOU LEARN SHORTHAND? 
There is a demand for stenographers who 
are telegraph operators, and the demand is 
growing. Operators who are stenographers 
can get better pay than they now do. I can 
give instruction by mail which is entirely satis- 
factory, and have about 100 operators taking 
lessons by mail at the present time. Send 
$5.00 for books, paper, and first six lessons, and 
commence immediately. Send for circular to 
AV. Gr. Chaffee, Oswego, N. Y., who is the best 
authority on shorthand of anybody in this 
country, and who don't make great promises 
simply to get pupils.-Adv. 
THE 7th EDITION JUST OUT. 
INCLUDING THE 
Railway Station and Express Service. 
Acknowledged the best and only Hand-Book instructing in 
a thorough and practical manner the duties in the service. 
Price, postpaid, $2.00. Descriptive circular sent on appli- 
cation. Address, J. P. ABERNETHY, Supt. Telegraph, 
Cleveland, O.