Extracted from the American Journal of the Medical Sciences for July, 1882. 
DISSECTION OF A HUMAN OTOCEPHALIC CYCLOPS 
MONSTROSITY. 
15 Y 
ROBT. MEADE SMITH, .M. D., 
M DEMONSTRATOR OF PHYSIOLOGY, 
AND 
Andrew j. parker, m. d., 
PROFESSOR OF ZOOLJXiY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. For description ot' Case I., see page 9. [Extracted from the American Journal of the Medical Sciences for July, 1882.] 
DISSECTION OF A HUMAN OTOCEPHALIC CYCLOPS MONSTROSITY. 
By ROBT. MEADE SMITH, M.D., 
DEMONSTRATOR OF PHYSIOLOGY, 
AND 
ANDREW J. PARKER, M.I)., 
PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
At the request of the Mutter Museum Committee of the College of 
Physicians of Philadelphia, who obtained possession of the specimen, we 
were able to dissect the Cyclops monster, described as Case I. in the pre- 
ceding article. 
We find it necessary to make very few additions to the description there 
given of the external appearances, though dissection enabled us to correct 
several errors which were unavoidable with the exterior alone for a guide. 
We find that the monster belongs to the group of otocephala of St. Hilaire, 
and to the division of this group which he calls edocephala, characterized 
by the tendency to fusion of the external auditory apparatus beneath the 
head, the rudimentary condition of the lower jawr, absence of mouth, and 
presence of a rudimentary nasal apparatus, in the form of a proboscis, 
above a single eye placed in the centre of the face. 
The specimen referred to us for description was that of a female foetus, 
probably, from the undeveloped condition of the larynx and finger-nails, in 
the eighth month of gestation. The only abnormality was in the develop- 
ment of the head, and our description, therefore, will be confined to that 
region :— 
The general shape of the cranium is normal, with the frontal region at 
first sight apparently well developed, no suture being perceptible between 
the frontal bones. The frontal protuberances are represented by two marked 
prominences at the line of union of the frontal and parietal bones; although, 
therefore, really malformed, the general appearance of the frontal region is 
that of a normal skull. The circumference of the head over the frontal pro- 
tuberances is 26.3 centimetres. The occipital and parietal prominences are 
well developed, and the occipital and frontal fontanelles occupy their nor- 
mal positions ; the latter, however, being triangular in shape, with the base 
anterior, instead of quadrangular. Situated 4 cm. behind the frontal 
f'ontanelle, and 1 cm. in front of the occipital fontanelle, in the line of 
the sagittal suture, there is an oval defect in development of the parietal 
bones, 2 cm. in diameter laterally, and 15 mm. in antero-posterior diameter. 2 
Situated immediately below a quasi glabellum, 15.1 centimetres from 
the occipital prominence, there is a fleshy, flexible, trumpet-shaped pro- 
boscis, 2 centimetres in length, 1 centimetre in diameter at its free end, 
and 5 millimetres in diameter at its point of attachment. It is covered 
throughout with integument, continuous with that of the frontal region, 
which, at its free extremity, is involuted to form a single blind pouch 3 
millimetres in depth and in diameter. 
Immediately below this rudimentary nasal apparatus, and overhung by 
it, is situated a single eye, placed in the median line, in a bony orbit of 
nearly circular outline, the diameter of the palpebral fissure being 1G mil- 
limetres. The upper and lower eyelids are feebly developed, and meet at 
each side in a shallow groove or furrow, extending outwardly 3 milli- 
metres ; the upper lid is circular in outline at its margin, and freely sepa- 
rated from the eyeball to the depth of 3 millimetres ; eyelashes are well 
marked, and, although the frontal region is covered with faint downy hair, 
there is no indication of an eyebrow. The lower eyelid has a crescentic 
emargination in the median line, where it is attached to the eyeball, the 
remainder of the lid being free from the eyeball 1o the depth of 3 milli- 
metres, as in the case of the upper lid. From the feeble development of 
the eyelids the eyeball is left considerably exposed. 
Below the single orbit the superior maxillary bones are easily detected ; 
they are narrow and more flattened laterally than is normal. Below the 
inferior margin of the superior maxillary bone there is a second fleshy 
prominence, closely resembling in general outline a normal chin ; no signs 
of an inferior maxillary bone can, be detected. At the summit 
of this tuberosity, which is about 3 centimetres in diameter, and 2 cen- 
timetres in height, there is situated a circular opening, 3 millimetres in 
diameter, communicating with a blind pouch 23 mm. in depth, and of the 
same apparent breadth. 
The neck is somewhat flattened antero-posteriorly. On its upper por- 
tion, displaced below the base of the skull towards the median line, are the 
external auricles, the external auditory meati being represented by two slit- 
like openings, 23 millimetres apart, occupying their normal relations to the 
auricles, inclined downward and toward the median line. A probe can be 
readily passed through these openings into the pharynx. The helix and 
anti-helix are moderately well-marked, and the anti-tragus and lobe of 
both ears are present; the tragus is not discernible. 
On removing the calvaria it was found that the brain did not completely 
fill the cranial cavity. The cerebrum was found incompletely divided into 
two hemispheres, anteriorly no separation having taken place ; posteriorly, 
however, the cerebral sac diverging into two lateral masses. The frontal 
lobes of the hemispheres were represented by a single mass, containing the 
conjoined lateral ventricles; the temporal lobes were normally developed 
as regards their form and position, and separated from the common frontal 
lobe by a distinct fissure of Sylvius ; the posterior lobes were absent, there 
being no posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. The posterior divergence 
of the cerebral sac completely exposed the thalamencephalon, mesencepha- 
lon, and cerebellum. 
The dura mater and pia mater were tightly adherent to the surface of 
the cerebrum ; the cerebral falx was absent, unless it be represented by 
the two diverging folds of dura mater, which enveloped the diverging late- 
ral cerebral masses. The tentorium was represented by two crescentic 
folds, extending out a short distance from the petrous ridge. The longi- 3 
tudinal sinus was, of course, entirely absent; there existed, however, two 
venous channels originating at the point of divergence of the cerebral lobes, 
whilst posteriorly they followed the divergence of the lobes to empty into 
the lateral sinus at the position of the jugular foramen, instead of at the 
normal position opposite the internal occipital prominence. 
The dura mater was firmly attached at a point corresponding to the 
crista galli, which was, however, not developed. 
The pia mater followed the dura mater, and the velum was represented 
by a distinct fold, which did not, however, extend into the lateral ven- 
tricles. 
With the exception of the fissure of Sylvius, there were no signs of fis- 
sures or convolutions, the surface of the cerebral sacs remaining entirely 
smooth ; the cerebellum, however, exhibited faintly marked transverse 
fissures. 
From the disorganized condition of the brain we were unable to deter- 
mine completely the structure and relative position of many of its parts, 
but we present the following as perhaps of interest: The lateral ventricles 
were represented by a single cavity, of a horse-shoe shape, its limbs 
passing backwards into the diverging cerebral sacs; the septum lucidum, 
fifth ventricle, fornix, and corpus callosum were entirely absent. No cor- 
pora striata were observed, though, from the disorganized condition of the 
brain, it is possible that they escaped identification. The conjoined lateral 
ventricle communicated by a large opening, twelve millimetres in diame- 
ter, representing the foramen of Monro, with the third ventricle. The 
optic thalami, pineal body, and infundibulum were present, but no trace 
of the pituitary body was found. The mesencephalon was normally devel- 
oped, the Sylvian aqueduct passing from the third to the fourth ventricle, 
having above it the quadrigeminal bodies and valve, and below the cere- 
bral peduncles. Nothing abnormal was noted in connection with the 
cerebellum, medulla, pons, or fourth ventricle. 
On removing the brain from the cranial cavity, it was found that the 
olfactory lobes were absent, as were also the optic tract and chiasm ; the 
latter being represented in the cranial cavity by a single nerve, which 
passed through a single optic foramen. The remaining cranial nerves 
appeared to be normal. 
A few observations were made upon the muscles of the face and head. 
The occipito-frontalis was well developed; the auricular muscles were 
normal. Rudimentary fibres were found arising from the temporal fossa, 
great wing, and pterygoid process of the sphenoid and from the zygomatic 
arch, representing from their origin and direction the temporal, masseter, 
and pterygoid muscles; from the absence of the lower jaw they were 
naturally not normally developed. The fatty cheek-pad was well formed, 
but was situated upon the squamous portion of the temporal bone. An 
orbicularis palpebrarum encircled the single eye. With regard to the re- 
maining facial muscles, nothing definite could be determined. 
The blind pouch, situated below the superior maxillary bones, described 
above as communicating with the exterior by a small rounded aperture, 
proved to be a rudimentary mouth (stomodieum), lined with mucous mem- 
brane, and presented upon the alveolar ridge of the superior maxillary 
bone distinct prominences which were found to be produced by the teeth 
pertaining to the superior maxillm; that is, four molars and two canines, 
the incisors being absent. The salivary glands were not present. 
A microscopic examination of the nasal trumpet revealed the following 4 
facts: Externally it was covered with integument, which passed into 
the blind sac situated at the free extremity, without exhibiting any ten- 
dency to become converted into mucous membrane. Numerous sebaceous 
and hair follicles and rudimentary muscular fibres were found. In the 
interior the lateral nasal cartilages were represented by a truncated, hol- 
low, cartilaginous cone, compressed laterally, notched at the apex, and at 
the base of the inferior margin showing a tendency to inversion. In the 
interior of this cone was a nearly circular cavity lined with mucous mem- 
brane. This cavity was separated from the blind integumental pouch 
by a partition about three millimetres thick. No cartilaginous or bony 
septum could be discovered, either in the proboscis or at its point of at- 
tachment to the frontal region. 
The eyeball was exposed in situ by the removal of the roof of the orbit. 
The levator palpebrte was represented by a single well developed fan- 
shaped muscle, supplied by the occulo-motor nerve, arising normally from 
the apex of the orbit, to be inserted into the superior tarsal cartilage. On 
dividing this muscle, two straight muscles, lying at equal distances from 
the median line, were found arising from the apex of the orbit and inserted 
into the anterior portion of the eyeball; these represented either two 
superior recti or a single rectus and a superior oblique. The absence 
of any intermediate tendinous portion and their similarity in origin and 
insertion, as well as the points hereafter described with regard to the in- 
terior of the eye, incline us to the former view. A single inferior rectus 
and a lateral rectus on each side were found; the right lateral rectus was 
joined at its anterior third by a band of muscular fibres, probably repre- 
senting a single inferior oblique, arising from the left inferior wall of the 
orbit. An ophthalmic ganglion was found situated between the right 
lateral rectus and the optic nerve. This, together with the relations of 
the inferior oblique muscle, would indicate that the single eyeball corre- 
sponded with the right, whilst the left was undeveloped. 
The sclerotic was well developed ; the cornea, iris, and pupil circular ; 
a single lens of normal shape with no signs of a groove or fusion of two 
lenses. The vitreous humour and ciliary processes were normal, and the 
choroid present as a separate tunic. 
The retina was detached and too friable to admit of accurate study. On 
removing the retina, two coalesced cribriform spots were found, as if the 
optic nerve had partially subdivided at this point, although outside of the 
eyeball not a trace of division could be detected. On cross-section of the 
optic nerve at its point of passage through the sclerotic, it was found that 
the apparent fusion of two cribriform spots was associated with an attempt 
at subdivision of the optic nerve at that point, two central retinal arteries 
being detected, which, outside the eyeball, united to a common trunk. 
This was the only sign present of any attempt at subdivision, or indication 
of fusion in the eyeball, though no study could be made of the retina. 
On examining the auditory apparatus, the two external auditory canals 
were found to communicate directly with the pharynx, their entrance being 
surrounded by two tympanic bones separated by an interval of 17 mm.; 
there was no sign of tympanic membranes. Lying between the tympanic 
bone and the periotic capsule (hyo-mandibular cleft) were found the mal- 
leus, incus, and stapes of each side. The handles of the two mallets were 
directed downwards, forwards, and inwards, and the head of each articu- 
lated with an incus; the processus gracilis of each malleus turned inwards 
towards the median line, and was united by a slender splint-like bone 5 
with its fellow of the opposite side. This probably represented an unde- 
veloped lower jaw. The stapes and anvil were partly surrounded by an 
imperfect bony canal formed by the tegmentum tympani, representing an 
imperfect middle ear. The two processes of each incus were directed 
upwards, outwards, and backwards, the long process of each articulating 
with the stapes whilst the short process was attached to the roof of the 
imperfect tympanic cavity by a distinct ligament. The stapes articulated 
with the oval window, and was somewhat deformed. The chain of ear 
ossicles was, therefore, directed from within outwards instead of the normal 
reversed condition. 
The larynx and trachea were normally developed, the two plates of the 
thyroid cartilages being ununited. The epiglottis and hyoid apparatus were 
present, but there was no trace of a tongue. The muscles below the posi- 
tion of the hyoid were found in their ordinary condition, but above there 
was an indistinct unditferentiated muscular mass which represented the 
undeveloped muscles of the floor of the mouth. The pharynx was 
attached to the base of the skull and ended in a cul-de-sac above, sepa- 
rated from the stomodajum by a partition 1 cm. in breadth, no commu- 
nication existing between the pharynx and the nasal cavity already de- 
scribed. 
With regard to the skull, the following may be noted : The occipital 
segment is normally formed, consisting of the basi- supra- and ex-occipi- 
tals. The parietal segment has a well developed basi-sphenoid, two 
alisphenoids or greater wings, and is completed by well developed parie- 
tals. The frontal segment is, however, somewhat modified, the presphe- 
noid is absent, whilst the orbito-sphenoids, or lesser wings, have been 
displaced backwards, uniting with the basi-sphenoid posterior to the 
origin of the alisphenoids. They have also approached laterally towards 
the median line where they have coalesced, presenting in the centre a 
single optic foramen. The appearance of the combined orbito-sphenoids 
is, therefore, that of a triangular splint-like bone, having its base resting 
on the internal upper edges of the approximated alisphenoids, not articu- 
lating with the orbital plates of the frontal, and its apex co-ossified 
with the basi-sphenoid ; as a result of this, there is no pituitary fossa, but 
instead a bridge of bone leaving a space of about 3 mm. between it and 
the base of the skull. As a consequence, also, of this union of the orbito- 
sphenoids and absence of the presphenoid, the sphenoidal foramina are 
represented by a single opening situated between the internal edges of the 
alisphenoids, and beneath the bridge-like orbito-sphenoid. 
The pterygoid processes are small and not well developed. 
The frontal bone is represented by a single bone in which, however, a 
distinct sutural line can be detected. It is greatly malformed, having 
only about one-half the breadth and two-thirds the normal height. No 
frontal prominences can be detected, the glabellum and internal angular 
processes are entirely absent, the supra-orbital ridges of the two sides 
meeting in the middle line form a single ridge bounding the orbital 
cavity above. The external angular processes are well developed, and 
articulate with the malar bones below. There is a single orbital plate 
with a large deficiency in the centre corresponding to the ethmoidal 
notch : posteriorly it articulates with the alisphenoids instead of the orbito- 
sphenoids. The ethmoids are entirely absent. The temporal bone has all 
of its elements represented, the petromastoid presenting its normal appear- 
ance and relations, with the exception that a thin plate of bone has been 6 
given off inferiorly to insheathe an imperfect tympanic cavity, taking tlie 
place, to a certain extent, of the tympanic bones which we have described 
above as being displaced to an abnormal position at the base of the skull. 
The squamosal element has likewise been displaced inwardly so that at 
the base of the skull they are but five millimetres apart instead of five 
centimetres, which is about the space normally separating them in a foetal 
skull of the same age. There is also no trace of a glenoid cavity or fis- 
sure, unless the latter be represented by a wide gap lying between the 
squamosals and the thin plate of bone already described as given off by 
the petromastoids. 
The face is in an exceedingly rudimentary condition, but few of its 
bones being developed. The ento-pterygoids are present, but have not 
united with the pterygoid process of the sphenoid, being, indeed, situated 
posteriorly to them. The palate bones are likewise feebly developed, being 
represented by two small plates of bone lying between the pterygoid pro- 
cessess. Of the two superior maxillaries, only the bodies are developed, 
and of these, the alveolar borders form the greater part, the palate plates, 
parts bounding the nasal cavities, tuberosity, infra-orbital ridges, and pre- 
maxillary portion and nasal spines being entirely absent. A small orbital 
surface, formed by the conjoined plates of the two bones, exists, how- 
ever, and the two infra-orbital ridges are well marked. 
The malar bones are normally formed, but owing to the arrested devel- 
opment of the superior maxillary bone, they approach one another and are 
separated in the median line by a distance of five millimetres instead of 
four centimetres, the normal intermalar space. On this account they form 
almost entirely the inferior and external boundaries of the orbit. A dis- 
tinct zygomatic process is present, but it does not unite with the zygomatic 
process of the squamosal. 
Of the remaining bones of the face, the lachrymals, nasals, turbinates, 
and vomer, are entirely absent, whilst the inferior maxillary is only repre- 
sented by the small splint-like bone previously described. 
The single orbit is formed by the following bones ; Above by the orbital 
plate of the frontal, posteriorly by the orbital surfaces of the alisphenoides, 
inferiorly and laterally by the malars and conjoined orbital plates of the 
superior maxillaries. The elements absent that enter into the normal 
construction of the orbit are the orbital surfaces of the ethmoid, the lach- 
rymal, orbito-sphenoids, and orbital plates of the palate bone. The shape 
of the orbit does not differ widely from the normal form, and has entering 
into it the following apertures: A single optic foramen, a single sphe- 
noidal fissure formed by the union of the right and left, two rotund fora- 
mina, and two spheno-maxillary fissures. 
The nasal cavities are entirely absent. 
The chief interest to be derived from the study of monstrosities, such 
as described above, lies in the explanation of the causes which have led 
to the various deviations from their normal development. AVhile we have 
found accounts of numerous monsters which, from their general appear- 
ance, probably resembled, in many points, the one described, the narrow- 
mindedness of custodians of museums, who are satisfied with a general 
description of the exterior and are then content to suspend the specimens 
in jars for the amazement and instruction of the curious, has greatly inter- 
fered with a scientific knowledge of the laws of teratology. Without a 7 
thorough dissection of the internal parts nothing, as to the causes pro- 
ducing deformity, can be determined. 
A study of the monstrosity described above shows that all the devia- 
tions from the normal type can be explained by the modification or non- 
development of certain parts. 
Normally, the brain develops in the following manner: The anterior end 
of the primitive medullary tube dilates into three cerebral vesicles; of these 
the first remains as the thalamencephalon j sending off anteriorly two pro- 
sencephalic buds to form the hemispheres. These, in their turn, send otf 
each a secondary bud, the rhinencephalon, or olfactory lobe. In the case 
before us, however, the thalamencephalon has been normally developed, 
but instead of sending off a pair of prosencephalic buds, but a single bud 
was formed, which, however, partially divided posteriorly into two. The 
reason for considering that but a single bud was given off, rather than 
that fusion occurred between two primitive buds, lies in the absence of any 
partition wall between the homologues of the two lateral ventricles. No 
secondary buds, or rhinencephala, were given off, hence the entire absence 
of olfactory lobes. 
In the same manner, we believe but a single optic bud appeared ; hence 
the median position of a single eye. 
The explanation ordinarily given for the approximation of two eyes, or 
the presence of a single eye in the comparatively well-described group of 
simple cyclops monstrosities, is that two primitive optic buds have con- 
verged and coalesced in the median line ; in many cases this may be the 
correct explanation ; but where, as in the present instance, but a single 
eye has appeared, or where there is a close coalescence of two eyes, it 
appears to us much more probable that but a single median primitive 
optic bud has been given off from the thalamencephalon, and that this 
bud either remains entirely single, thus producing but a single eye as in 
this case, or that in those cases which present an apparent fusion of two 
eyeballs and optic tracts, the primitive median optic bud has subdivided 
more or less completely into two. It is difficult to conceive that after 
the coalescence of two primitively distinct optic buds, the mesoblastic 
tissues, which go to form the tissues of the eyeball, should be able so to 
adjust themselves as to produce a single perfect and normally developed 
eye. 
Owing to this development of a single optic bud, or it may be the con- 
vergence and coalescence of two primitively distinct buds, the molecular 
arrangement of the embryonal cells situated at the base of the skull is so 
disturbed that we find in all these cases of cyclops that the fronto-nasal 
process fails to develop. As a result of this follows the entire absence of 
all the bony parts, developing normally from this process, viz., the eth- 
moid, nasals, lachrymals, vomer, and pre-maxillary bone, and hence the 
presence of the eye beneath a nasal proboscis belonging only to the skin. 8 
The absence of the lower jaw and malformation of the auditory apparatus, 
an arrangement which, so far as we have been able to learn, is entirely 
unique, may be explained as depending upon defective development of the 
first visceral arch. Normally from the base of the primitive cartilaginous 
cranium we have given off on each side two cartilaginous ventral rods, 
which pass down into the anterior visceral arches. From the first of 
these we have given off the palato-pterygoid plate, which passes out into 
the maxillary process, to form the basis of the upper jaw, whilst the con- 
tinuation of the rod extends downwards, under the name of the cartilage 
of Meckel, into the mandibular arch and forms the basis of the lower jaw. 
The second cartilaginous rod forms the hyoid series. In the higher ver- 
tebrates the proximal element of the mandibular arch is converted into 
the malleus, the homologue of the quadrate bone of lower forms, whilst 
the proximal element of the hyoid arch is converted into the incus, the 
homologue of the hyo-mandibular. The remaining auditory ossicle or 
stapes is formed, according to most authorities, from a part of the periotic 
capsule. 
In the present case, the deviations from the normal form have been 
produced by the irregular development of the cartilages of Meckel. These, 
instead of passing downwards, turned inwards towards the base of the 
skull, to meet in the median line. Hence, therefore, the lower jaw, which 
consists of a pair of membrane bones developed in the tissues surrounding 
the cartilages of Meckel, is represented by a small, slender, splint-like 
bone, lying at the base of the skull, at a point corresponding in position 
with that attributed above to the irregularly developed cartilages of 
Meckel. From this arises also the displaced position of the ear ossicles, 
which occupy a position at the base of the skull corresponding closely to 
their normal position in an early stage of development of the hyomandi- 
bular cleft. 
The hyomandibular cleft, or space between the primitive mandibular 
and hyoid visceral arches, remains in the higher vertebrates as the external 
auditory meatus, tympanic cavity, and Eustachian tube. Owing to the 
approximation of all the parts towards the median line, this canal has been 
in this specimen very much shortened ; the tympanic cavity exists, as we 
have already described, in an imperfect condition, bounded by the petro- 
mastoid and squamosal elements of the temporal bone alone, the tympanic 
bone, from its displaced condition, not entering into its construction. As 
a result of this, we find that the portion of the canal corresponding to the 
external auditory meatus is quite short, and enters the pharynx below 
the position of the middle ear, though communicating freely with it. A 
Eustachian tube does not exist, since the ear ossicles are not entirely 
closed within the petro-mastoid bone, the malleus lying entirely within 
the cavity of the pharynx. The internal ear was normal. 9 
Case I. Cyclopian Monster}—Dr. D. W. Richardson was called, on 
the evening of Dec. 7, 1881, to attend Mrs. D., a multipara, in labour, but 
did not reach the patient until the child was born. According to the 
father’s statement the child lived ten or fifteen minutes after birth. On 
inquiry, the doctor could not find anything abnormal in the labour, only 
an excessive amount of the liquor arnnii. 
The next morning he came in possession of the child; and brought it 
to my office for examination. 
It was a female, born at term, weighed four pounds, and body well 
developed. It had but one eye, of normal size, situated in the middle of 
its face, and a little above where the mouth should have been. 
The nose consisted of a mere conical fleshy semi-tube, starting out by 
its smaller end, immediately above the eye; its dimensions being a little 
over an inch in length, and about half an inch in diameter at its free 
extremity. It contained no cartilage, and, instead of two anterior nares, 
there was but one small, round opening, or canal, about one-fourth of an 
inch in depth. It was quite soft and flexible, and hung loosely over the eye. 
The maxillary bones were united, and no line between them could be 
determined. The mouth consisted of a small aperture, and situated under 
a small fold of skin, immediately beneath the symphysis of the inferior 
maxillary bone. A probe could be passed through this small opening into 
the throat. 
Fig. 1. 
Fig. 2. 
Cyclopian monster. Head flexed. 
Cyclopian monster. Head extended. 
The ears were of normal size, but situated much lower, and approaching 
each other. 
There were apparently no external auditory canals, but, instead, there 
were two small depressions. 
1 Reported by M. A. Koogler, M.D., in the American Journal of the Medical 
Sciences, for July, 1882. 10 
The ears were symmetrical, and the lobes and the cartilages below the 
tragi and anti-tragi were absent, and in their place, running inwards and 
approaching one another, were two slit-like openings, about one-third of 
an inch in length. These openings communicated with the larynx, and a 
probe could be passed in the one and out of the other. The father stated 
that during the time it lived, “its breathing was through these openings.” 
The appearances of the monster are well shown in the accompanying 
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of the undersigned. 
HENRY C. LEA’S SON & CO., 
TOO <fe 708 8ANSOM ST., PHILADELPHIA.