A NEW 
SCHOOL PHYSIOLOGY. 
BY 
RICHARD J. DUNGLISON, A.M., M.I)., 
Author of “Tiik Practitioner’s Reference Rook,” Editor of 
Dcnglison’s ‘‘Medical Dictionary,” “History of Medi- 
cine,” Secretary ok the American Academy 
of Medicine, etc., etc. 
ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN 
ENGRA VINOS. 
PORTER & COATES, 
PHILADELPHIA. “ It frequently happens that, for general school purposes, physicians are 
asked the title of a good text-book. The work now under notice is a first-rate 
one for such a purpose.”—Virginia Medical Monthly. 
The spocial attention of medical men, who may be members of school boards 
or otherwise interested in education, is called to this work, which is acknowl- 
edged by the medical and educational press, and by school teachers and the 
medical profession generally, as 
THE BEST WORK ON SCHOOL PHYSIOLOGY YET PUBLISHED. 
Although but very recently issued, it has already been 
Adopted by the Boards of Education of New York, Philadelphia, 
Trenton, and other cities, 
and by a large number of private schools in different sections of the country. 
Price, $1.50. Sample copy sent on receipt of One Dollar. 
PORTER & COATES, 
Publishers, 
PHILADELPHIA. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
209 
Fig. 84.—The Great Sympathetic Nerve. 
1, 2, 3, ganglia in the neck ; 4, spinal ganglia; 5, branches in neck and chest going 
to heart; 6, nerves to heart; 7, nerves about diaphragm; 8, nerve to digestive 
organs; 9, semilunar ganglion ; 10,11,12, masses of nerves to abdomen ; 13, small 
nerves going with arteries to brain. Dotted lines indicate the position of a, the 
heart, and 6, the diaphragm. CIRCULATION 
151 
lungs. The right auricle 
receives the blood, and 
sends it into the right 
ventricle, which Jbrwards 
it to the lungs. The left 
auricle receives the blood 
from the lungs, and the 
left ventricle propels it 
into large vessels, called 
arteries, to be distributed. 
As a rule almost without 
exception, the vessels that 
carry blood to the heart 
are called the veins; those 
which carry it in an oppo- 
site direction the arteries. 
The left side of the heart, 
having a greater amount 
of work to perform in the 
propelling of the blood 
through the whole sys- 
tem, has much thicker 
walls than the right side. 
The muscular walls of 
the ventricles on both 
sides are thicker than 
those of the auricles, as 
the duty of the former 
is to propel to a greater 
distance. 
The Greater and Lesser 
Circulation.—The right 
heart, from its containing 
Fig. 57.—The Heaut a.no its Cavities. 
(Showing lesser and greater circulations.) 
a, right auricle; b, right ventricle, communi- 
cating through auriculo-ventricular opening; 
c, pulmonary artery, showing lira riches to each 
lung; (I, capillary vessels of lesser or pulmonic 
circulation ;e, pulmonary veins;/, left auricle, 
and g, left ventricle, communicating through 
left auriculo-ventricular opening; h, aorta; 
i, arteries ; k, upper vena cava, bringing blood 
from upper portions of body to right auricle; 
l, arch of aorta; m, its descending portion; 
n, arteries of stomach and intestines; o, capil- 
laries of intestines; p, portal canal; g, capil- 
laries of portal system in liver; r, veins of 
liver; t, lower vena cava, bringing blood to 
right auricle from abdomen and lower por- 
tions of body; t, capillaries of greater or sys- 
temic circulation. RESPIRATION. 
131 
diaphragm, which is attached around the base of the chest, 
and when relaxed forms an arch, the middle of which is 
opposite the lower end of the breast-bone. All the muscles 
of the chest and also those of the abdomen take part in 
respiration, and, when breathing is rapid and excited, those 
which raise and lower the ribs are especially called into 
play. 
The Lungs.—The lungs are so arranged as to give a very 
1 pulmonary vein; 2, pulmonary artery; 3, main artery from heart; 4, vein; 5, 
carotid artery; 6, jugular vein ; 7, windpipe; 8, larnvx; 9, coronary artery; A, It, 
C, D, heart; E, F, lungs; G, diaphragm. 
Fig. 49.—Lungs, Heart, and Diaphragm in position. 
large surface for the contact of the blood and the air, and 
to do this to the best advantage each of the very small 
bloodvessels is completely surrounded by air. The lungs 
are divided into smaller portions, called lobes—the right DIGESTION. 
81 
a larger quantity is poured out. It was found by experi- 
ment on horses that 400 parts of saliva were mingled with 
every 100 parts of hay, but only 50 parts of saliva were 
furnished when 100 parts of green stalks and leaves were 
taken. The saliva softens and moistens the food, and eon- 
Fig. 22.—Salivary Glands 
1, parotid gland; 2, sublingual gland; 3, submaxillary gland; a, nerve; c, J, e, 
muscles of face and neck ; /, lower jaw ; g, artery. 
verts the starchy matter contained in it into a gummy sub- 
stance called dex'trine,and afterward into grape-sugar. This, 
being soluble, is more easily absorbed. It seems that this 
power depends on the admixture of the mucus of the mouth 
with the saliva. Perfect mastication, or division of the 
food, and perfect insalivation are necessary to ensure per- 
fect digestion in the stomach. The structure of the salivary THE BONES, JOINTS, AND MUSCLES. 
31 
ivory bulls be suspended by strings parallel with one an- 
other, and the last one of the series be raised and allowed 
to fall against its neighbor, the shock will be communicated 
through all the balls, and the first one in the row will fly 
off at a tangent. If, 
however, one, or per- 
haps two, porous balls 
be placed in the row, 
and the last ivory ball 
be again brought into 
contact as before, the 
force of the blow will 
be so greatly broken 
that the first ball will 
probably remain sta- 
tionary. The elastic 
cartilages between the 
spinal bones yield so 
much to pressure dur- 
ing the day that a per- 
son is actually shorter 
in stature at night 
than he is in the 
morning after a night’s 
rest has restored them 
to their natural con- 
dition. 
The relative posi- 
tions of the spinal column, the skull, and the chest are 
seen in Fig. 6. It will be noticed also that the spinal 
column is firmly planted between two large and irregu- 
larly-shaped bones, called the pelvic or nameless bones, 
because they have no special resemblance to any familiar 
•Skull. 
Vertebra of the 
neck. 
Collar- 
bone. 
loulder-blade. 
Breast- 
bone. 
Dorsal vertebra. 
Vertebra; of the 
loins. 
Pelvis. 
Fig. 6.—Skull, Spine, etc. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
“ This work of L)r. Dunglison's is the best and freshest of all the school phys- 
iologies yet issued. It is written in a plain and pleasing style, and presents 
the subject in the light of the most recent discoveries.”—Louisville Medical 
Herald. 
“ Dr. Dunglison has produced a model work. It is practical, contains as few 
technical terms as possible, and will become popular in all institutions of learn- 
ing. The name of the author is a guarantee of its accuracy.”—Country Prac- 
titioner. 
“ A book of this nature from the son of Kobley Dunglison seems peculiarly 
fitting, and, for the purposes intended, the work is worthy of the genial author. 
The plan of the work is common sense, and reminds one of Lewes’ Physiology 
of Common Life, which is perhaps the highest praise we can give. To resem 
ble that peer among physiologists is a credit indeed, and speaks volumes in favor 
of the good sense of the author in giving such a book as even children can un 
derstand. It only remains for us to say that we endorse this as the best work on 
human physiology foi* common schools which we have met with in the English 
language.”—The Monthly Review of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
“ Considerable experience as lecturer on Physiology in the Grammar Schools of 
this city, and acquaintance with the books prepared heretofore for popular use 
in our schools, enable us to speak with confidence in regard to Dr. Dunglison’s 
book. The arrangement, the cuts, the questions on the text, and the style, 
are all admirably well suited for the purpose the book was intended. As 
such we heartily commend it to all those engaged in teaching the young who 
are sufficiently advanced to receive intelligent ideas of the structure and func- 
tions of their bodies, as in every way worthy the important subject on which it 
treats.”—Independent Practitioner. 
“ Dr. Dunglison gives great prominence to the principles of Hygiene, and 
his chapters upon digestion, the proper kinds of food and their suitable prepa- 
ration, are of great merit. The entire arrangement of the work is well adapted 
for school use. The cuts are admirable.”—New England Journal of Education. 
“ A New School Physiology, by J. K. Dunglison, M. D., as might be expected, 
is a careful and judiciously prepared work, adapted to the understanding of 
y mng students, and presents tlie subject in a more interesting manner than is 
usual in scientific text-books. It is profusely illustrated.”—Poston Transcript. 
“We are glad to see this work. If physiology is taught in our common 
schools, and there are good reasons that it should be, it must of necessity be 
limited to outlines mainly, and Dr. Dunglison seems to be the inan to write a 
text-book for the purpose. In this expectation we are not disappointed in 
looking over the book. The author has certainly succeeded in giving a brief 
sketch, and withal including every important subject of physiology as under- 
stood -at the present day. The language is plain and easily comprehended. 
In short, it is the best book for the purpose it has been our good fortune to 
examine.”—Kansas Medical Index.