What Vivisection Has Done for Humanity W. W. KEEN/ M.D. PHILADELPHIA DEFENSE OF RESEARCH PAMPHLET XIV SECOND EDITION Issued by the Council on Defense of Medical Research of the American Medical Association "The humanity which would prevent human suffering is a deeper and truer humanity than the humanity which would save pain or death to animals."-Charles W. Eliot. CHICAGO American Medical Association Five Hundred and Thirty-Five North Dearborn Street 1920 WHAT VIVISECTION HAS DONE FOR HUMANITY * W. W. KEEN, M.D, LL.D. PHILADELPHIA In 1905 I had made all my arrangements to do an operation on a Thursday morning. Among my assis- tants was Dr. C. On Wednesday morning he telephoned and said he was not feeling very well and that I had better engage some one to take his place. This I did, giving no special thought to the matter, supposing it was an unimportant passing illness. At ten o'clock that same night I was startled by a telephoned message that if I wished to see Dr. C alive I must come at once! In a few minutes I was there, but he was already un- conscious. As I sat beside him and his weeping young wife, who soon expected to become a mother, how I longed for some means by which the hand of death could be stayed; but he died in less than thirty-six hours from the time that he was seized with cerebro- spinal meningitis. On June 16, 1909, Charles E. Hughes, Jr., son of the governor of New York State, and president of his class, was graduated at Brown University. A few weeks earlier he had been suddenly seized with a violent at- tack of the same disease-cerebrospinal meningitis. When some of the fluid around his spinal cord was re- moved by "lumbar puncture"-that is, puncture of the spinal canal in the small of the back by a hypodermic needle-there settled to the bottom of the test-tube a half inch of pure pus ("matter"). No medical man familiar with this terrible disease would have thought it possible that he could recover when such a condition existed. But in 1907, midway between the death of Dr. C. and the case of young Hughes, Drs. Flexner and * Reprinted, by permission of the Editor, from the Ladies' Home Journal, April, 1910. 2 Jobling, of the Rockefeller Institute, had discovered by researches on animals alone a serum against this disease. Three doses of this serum were administered also by "lumbar pucture" to young Hughes. Within twenty-four hours after the first dose his temperature fell to normal. The pus disappeared after the second dose and he soon recovered and was able to take his degree in the presence of his proud father. The trag- edy in the case of Dr. C. was averted, a useful life was spared, and a family made happy. GREAT DECREASE IN MORTALITY FROM CEREBROSPINAL MENINGITIS. In discovering this serum Dr. Flexner experimented on twenty-five monkeys and one hundred guinea-pigs. Many of these animals themselves had been cured by the use of the serum. Having, therefore, found it effective in animals he proceeded to test it on human beings. Before the introduction of the serum, medi- cine was almost helpless. Whatever treatment was adopted seventy-five to ninety patients out of one hun- dred were sure to die. In two years this serum has been use in this country and in Europe in about one thousand cases. In these one thousand cases the mor- tality has dropped to thirty, twenty, ten, and even to seven in a hundred. If we take the mortality of the days before the serum treatment was used at 75 per cent., and the mortality since it was discovered at 25 per cent., there is a clear saving of 500 human lives! Not only have 500 human lives been saved in these first one thousand cases, but for all time to come in every thousand 500 more human lives will be saved. Moreover, we must not forget that these thousands who would die were it not for Dr. Flexner's serum had families and friends who would have been filled with sorrow, and, in case it was the breadwinner of the fam- ily whose life was lost, would have had to suffer the deprivations and pangs of poverty. Let me now put a plain, straightforward, common- sense question. Which was the more cruel: Doctor Flexner and his assistants who operated on twenty-five monkeys and one hundred guinea-pigs with the pure and holy purpose of finding an antidote to a deadly disease and with the result of saving hundreds, and, in the future, of thousands on thousands of human lives; 3 or the women who were "fanned into fury" in their op- position to all experiments on living animals at the Rockefeller Institute, "no matter how great the antici- pated benefit"? If these misguided women had had their way they would have nailed up the doors of the Rockefeller In- stitute, would have prevented these experiments on 125 animals, and by doing so would have ruthlessly con- demned to death for all future time 500 human beings in every one thousand attacked by cerebrospinal menin- gitis ! If your son or daughter falls ill with this disease to whom will you turn for help-to Flexner or to the anti- vivisectionists ? Of these one hundred and twenty-five animals, as a rule those which died became unconscious in the course of a few hours and remained so for a few hours more till they died. They suffered but little. When they died they left no mourning families and friends. They left undone no deeds of service or of heroism to either their fellows or to the human race, as the human beings whose lives were rescued by their death may do. But these deluded women had their minds so centered on the sufferings of these one hundred and twenty-five animals that their ears were deaf and their hearts steeled against the woes and the sufferings of thousands of human beings, their families, and their friends. Is this common-sense ? Are not human beings "of more value than many sparrows" ? EXPERIMENTS IN SEWING BLOOD-VESSELS END-TO-END. Less than two years ago their first baby was born to a young doctor and his wife in New York City. Scarcely was the child born before it began to bleed from the nose, the mouth, the gums, the stomach and the bowels. It was a case which we known as "hemor- rhage of the newborn," which attacks about one baby in every thousand. It is very frequently fatal, and in treating it up to that time physicians practically groped in the dark, trying one remedy after another, but, alas, too often in vain! The bleeding continued. This poor little baby soon showed the pallor which accompanies severe loss of blood. It lost all appetite, was suffering from high 4 fever, and, finally, by the fourth day the physician in attendance told the parents frankly that the child could live only a few hours. Then, in the dead of the night the father wakened Dr. Carrel, one of the assistants in the Rockefeller Institute. The father lay down along- side of his firstborn. The artery of the pulse in the father's arm was laid bare and sewed end-to-end to a vein in his baby's leg, and the blood was allowed to flow from father to child. The result was most dramatic. A few minutes after the blood began to flow into the baby's veins, its white, transparent skin assumed the ruddy glow of health, the hemorrhage from every part of the body ceased instantly and never returned, and, as Dr. Samuel Lambert, who reports the case, puts it, there was no period of convalescence; immediately before the operation the baby was dying; immediately after the operation it was well and strong and feeding with avidity. That baby to-day, after two years, as I know personally, is a splendid specimen of a healthy child. Perhaps my readers may see nothing very wonderful in this, but we surgeons know that it is one of the most remarkable recent achievements in surgery. For many years we have been trying to devise a method by which we could sew severed blood-vessels end-to-end without danger to the patient. The difficulty has always been that, no matter what were the methods employed, the blood nearly always formed clots at the roughened ring where the two ends of the divided blood-vessel were sewed together. These clots passed up to the heart and into the lungs of the patient and produced pneumonia, so that the old methocl of transfusion of blood has been practically abandoned for years. Dr. Carrel worked out his new method on the blood-vessels of dead human beings, and, when it seemed to him to be satisfactory, put it to the proof on two living dogs, and then used it in living human beings. It is now in use everywhere. Moreover, Dr. Crile, of Cleveland, who has so splen- didly enlarged our means of coping with disease, has used the same method in another way. When patients come to him too weak to be operated on and ordinary tonics and food do not strengthen them, he has trans- fused the blood from husband, father or son, and thus given the patient sufficient strength to bear the opera- tion. He has used even a more striking method. For 5 example when a woman has to be operated on-say for cancer of the breast-and is so weak that the shock, the anesthetic and the loss of blood would probably turn the scale against her, he has had the husband lie down alongside of her, has sewed the artery of the pulse of the husband to a vein in his wife's leg and allowed the blood to flow. In a few minutes, when she has become strong enough, he has etherized her and proceeded with the operation, starting or stopping the flow of blood according to the varying needs of the patient. At the end of the operation, through the new life-blood that has been given her, the patient has been in better con- dition than when the operation began. These methods, too, are now in successful use by other surgeons. Let me again put the plain, straightforward, com- mon-sense question: Who is the more cruel: Dr. Car- rel, in devising this life-saving method of transfusion of blood by experimenting on two living dogs, and sav- ing through himself and other surgeons scores of lives already, and even thousands in the future; or the women who would shackle him, shut up the Rocke- feller Institute and thrust these poor patients into their graves? Does not the whrk of Drs. Flexner, Jobling and Carrel and their assistants not only justify the ex- istence of the Rockefeller Institute, but also bid us tell them Godspeed in their mission of mercy, and give them and those engaged in similar blessed work all over the world our confidence, encouragement and aid ? Is it just, is it fair, is it Christian to call such an insti- tution a "hell at close range," as the Rockefeller Insti- tute is called in a pamphlet written by a woman and distributed by antivivisectionists ? ANTISEPTIC EXPERIMENTS WERE FIRST TRIED ON ANIMALS I suppose that in this day of general intelligence scarcely any person, if he or she had to submit to an operation, would be willing to have it done by a sur- geon who did not use antiseptic methods. These methods we owe to Lord Lister of London, still living in his eighty-third year. Few of my readers, however, know how enormous the contrast is between the days before Lister's discoveries and the present. I was grad- uated in medicine in 1862. The antiseptic method was adopted by various surgeons, we may say roughly, be- 6 tween the years 1875 and 1880. Prior to 1876 I prac- ticed the old surgery, but ever since then the new anti- septic method. I passed through the horrible surgery of the Civil War, when blood-poisoning, erysipelas, lockjaw, hospital gangrene and all the other fearful septic conditions were every-day affairs. In five hun- dred and five cases of lockjaw during the Civil War four hundred and fifty-one patients died. In wounds of the intestines the mortality was ninety-nine out of a hundred. In sixty-six cases of amputation at the hip-joint fifty-five patients died. In one hundred and fifty-five cases of trephining ninety-five patients died. After the war for some years I was an assistant of Dr. Washington L. Atlee. A more careful surgeon I never saw, but two out of every three of his patients died. There are now many surgeons who can show series of hundreds and even thousands of cases of ovariotomy and other abdominal operations with a mortality of only five in a hundred, and some of only one in a hun- dred. After "clean" operations-that is, with no "mat- ter" present-blood-poisoning, lockjaw and erysipelas are well-nigh unknown, and I have not seen a single case of hospital gangrene in the thirty-five years since I adopted the antiseptic method. One of the most common operations is amputation of the breast for cancer, in which now we do far more extensive operations than formerly. These operations are followed by permanent cure in more than one-half of the patients operated on early, and rarely more than one or two women in every hundred die. Recovery also follows in a few days and not seldom with but little pain, instead of several weeks or even months of great suffering as before the days of antisepsis. All of this wonderful improvement we owe to Lord Lister and the new science of bacteriology which treats of "bacteria" or "germs." Both Lister's work and that of the bacteriologist are and must be absolutely founded finally on experiments on animals. The laboratory was of use, but, in order to be absolutely certain that he was right he had to experiment on a few animals-the only possible way of achieving positive knowledge. Who, I ask, are the more humane: Lord Lister and other surgeons who have made these life-giving, pain- saving experiments on animals, or those who-if they had succeeded in the past in prohibiting such experi- 7 ments-would have compelled surgeons in 1910 to con- tinue to use the same old, horrible, dirty methods of surgery as in the days before Lister, and thus to offer up hecatombs of human lives to the Moloch of antivivi- section ? Which method will any man of common sense or any woman with a human heart choose ? HOW THE SCOURGE OF MOTHERHOOD HAS BEEN BANISHED Even in surgery it is doubtful if a more wonderful improvement has been realized than in our maternity hospitals and in private obstetric practice as a direct result of the work of Pasteur and Lister. Well do I remember as a young man every now and then an out- break of that frightful and fatal puerperal or "child- bed" fever in our maternity hospitals. Almost every woman who then entered such a hospital was doomed to suffer an attack of the fever, and its mortality some- times ran up to seventy-five, or even more, out of every hundred mothers. Often such hospitals had to be closed till the then unknown poison disappeared. Not a few obstetricians had to quit practice entirely for weeks because every woman they attended fell ill of the disease and many, many died. Finally Pasteur appeared on the field. In 1878, in a discussion on puerperal fever at the Paris Academy of Medicine, after a member had eloquently discussed various al- leged causes of these epidemics, Pasteur interrupted him and said: "All this has nothing to do with the cause of these epidemics. It is the doctors who trans- port the microbe from a sick woman to a healthy woman." When the speaker responded that he feared they would never find this microbe Pasteur immediately advanced to the blackboard, drew the picture of what we know as the "streptococcus" and said: "This is the cause of the disease." This recognition of the strepto- coccus as the cause of puerperal fever and the conse- quent adoption of antiseptic methods have practically abolished puerperal fever and reduced the mortality in maternity cases to less than one in a hundred. All this we owe absolutely to experiment on animals. Nothing else could have given us the knowledge. Even the horrible experiments that were being made by doc- tors who were ignorantly spreading the poison all around them, even these were not sufficient to open our 8 eyes to the real cause of the disease. The laboratory test-tubes and experiments on animals were the chief means by which this scourge of motherhood has been banished. ANOTHER GIFT TO MOTHERHOOD A small gland at the base of the brain in man and animals is called the pituitary gland. Formerly its function was wholly unknown. Now we know that it is essential to life. One remarkable use of the gland first tested on pregnant animals is that it gives greatly increased power to the uterus to expel the child. Not seldom the muscular power of the uterus to give birth to the child is wholly unequal to the task. The extract of this pituitary gland gives the muscular wall of the womb unwonted strength and the child is soon born. Would not that alone justify the sacrifice of a few dogs when many times as many children in the future will not perish but be born, to the joy of the parents and the good of the whole world? EXPERIMENTS ON MAN HAVE VANQUISHED YELLOW FEVER In addition to all these another fearful disease, yel- low fever, has also been abolished by experiment which was necessary for the final convincing proof. I need not repeat at length the frightful ravages of this ter- rible pestilence in days gone by. Cuba was never free from it for nearly two centuries until the American Commission showed how to get rid of it. The Panama Canal Zone had perhaps the worst reputation in the world as a graveyard for strangers, and now for four years not a single case of yellow fever has originated there! Colonel Gorgas has made the Panama Canal a possibility. I wish that every one might read that most interest- ing little book, "Walter Reed and Yellow Fever," by Dr. Howard A. Kelly, and see the wonderful methods by which this scourge of humanity has been abolished. When one thinks of the enormous difficulties of the problem the wonder is that it was ever solved. There are about 400 varieties of mosquito. Only one of them carries the poison of yellow fever. Of this variety only the female carries the poison, and this female mosquito must have bitten a patient sick with yellow fever dur- ing the first three days of his illness, or she could not 9 become infected. Moreover, after the infection, the poison, whatever it is, does not develop in the body of the female mosquito for about twelve days. These facts were thought to be true, but there was no posi- tive proof. A very large number, perhaps the ma- jority, of yellow-fever experts still believed that the disease was carried in clothing, bedding, etc. To dis- prove this experiments were tried first of all by doctors on themselves. They slept in the beds in which yellow- fever patients had died, and in their very clothes, night after night-clothes solied with their black vomit, urine and feces. At other times doctors have actually swal- lowed the black vomit, tried to inoculate themselves by putting some of it into their eyes, by hypodermic injec- tions, etc., in the vain attempt to discover the cause of the disease and the means by which it was spread, hop- ing in this way to discover the means of preventing it. Surely self-sacrifice could go no further. Yes, it could go further. One more step was requisite. The only way to give the absolute final proof was for a well man to be bitten by a mosquito known to be infected. Dr. Carroll, of the United States Army, was the first one who offered himself. Other meh followed-doctors, soldiers and others. Several lost their lives, among them Dr. Lazear at the beginning of a most promising career. His tablet in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, in the fine words written by President Eliot, records that "With more than the courage and the devotion of the soldier he risked and lost his life to show how a fear- ful pestilence is communicated and how its ravages may be prevented." It is often said that such experimental work brutal- izes men. Let us read a letter from Dr. Reed to his wife, remembering, also, that the same high and holy purposes animate Doctors Flexner, Carrel, Crile and other experimenters: Quemado, Cuba, 11:50 p. m., Dec. 31, 1900. Only ten minutes of the old century remain. Here have I been sitting, reading that most wonderful book, "LaRoche on Yellow Fever," written in 1853. Forty-seven years later it has been permitted to me and my assistants to lift the impenetrable veil that has surrounded the causation of this most wonderful, dreadful pest of humanity and to put it on a rational and scientific basis. I thank God that this has been accomplished during the latter days of the old century. 10 May its cure be wrought out in the early days of the new! The prayer that has been mine for twenty years, that I might be permitted in some way or at some time to do something to alleviate human suffering, has been granted! This prayer of Reed-that its cure might be wrought out in the new, the twentieth century-has been abun- dantly realized and yellow fever is now a vanquished foe. Lately it has been found possible to inoculate yellow fever in some of the lower animals and Noguchi, the remarkable Japanese on the staff of the Rockefeller Institute, has discovered the germ of yellow fever. Hence he has been able to make an antitoxin which has cured the animal and has now been tried successfully in man. General Gorgas expects to abolish yellow fever all over the world. Has there ever been such a triumph over a disease in the history of the world? WHY MODERN SURGERY IS SUCCESSFUL IN BRAIN DISORDERS A few years ago I was called to Annapolis to see a young man who had been injured in a football game. He was evidently swiftly going to his grave. He had certain peculiar symptoms, which, in the light of cere- bral localization-that is, the fact that certain definite portions of the surface of the brain have each a certain definite function-I believed to be due to a clot of blood inside of his head above his left ear. There was a bruise, not above the ear, but at the outer end of the left eyebrow. Before 1885 I should have opened his skull under the bruise-apparently the almost certain point of injury-would have failed to find the clot, and he would surely have died. Instead of this I made a trap-door opening 3 inches away from this bruise removed nine tablespoonfuls of clotted blood, closed the wound so that his skull was as firm as ever, and he recovered, continued his studies, was graduated from the Naval Academy. Lately he has heroically given up his life at the call of duty. Had it not been for experi- ments on animals which had definitely fixed certain spots in the brain as the centers for movements of the hand, arm, shoulder, head, face, etc., it would have been utterly impossible for me to save his life. This is but one of hundreds of similar cases in which modern sur- gery deals with tumors of the brain, hemorrhage inside 11 of the skull and many other disorders, and deals with them successfully. HYDROCEPHALUS (WATER ON THE BRAIN) Dandy of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, by a most brilliant series of experiments has discovered the cause of hydrocephalus. I operated for years on many such patients and always without final success. Dandy, by his experiments on dogs, has pointed out the way to success and has actually attained it in a number of human beings who otherwise would be hopeless wrecks of humanity. If we can operate very early we cannot only save their lives, but if the disease has not already gone too far we can restore their mental and physical health and make them self-supporting, and even restore them to their places in their college studies. What an extraordinary success! And all purely by experiments on dogs and only dogs. THE GREAT BLESSINGS OF ANTITOXIN IN DIPHTHERIA I have heard the following pitiful story from one of my colleagues.- He and a young mother stood by the bedside of her only child. The child, in the throes of diphtheria, was clutching at its throat and gasping vainly for breath. Suddenly the mother flung herself on the floor at the doctor's feet in an agony of tears, entreating him to save her child. But alas! it was im- possible. Had this case occurred a few years later, however, when the blessed antitoxin for diphtheria had been discovered (solely by animal experimentation), this remedy would have been given early; and almost certainly within a few hours the membrane would have softened and disappeared, and that life, precious be- yond rubies, might have been saved. In those early dreadful days the only comfort we could give such distracted mothers-possibly some of them may read these very lines-was that "it was God's will." Yes! Then, possibly, it was God's will; but now, thank God, it is not His will. One might as well say it is God's will that thousands should die from smallpox when vaccination will protect them; that other thousands should die from typhoid fever when a pure water-supply and the banishment of the fly will prevent it; that thousands of women should die from 12 puerperal fever when sterile hands and sterile instru- ments will save them! Let me give a table of some official reports showing in nineteen American and European cities the mortality in every 100,000 inhabitants from diphtheria in 1894- that is to say, before the use of the antitoxin of diph- theria-and in 1905, when its use had become general. Being official and from nineteen cities in America and Europe, its accuracy can hardly be assailed. TABLE OF MORTALITY FROM DIPHTHERIA New York Per 100,000 1894 158 Inhabitants 1905 38 Philadelphia 128 32 Baltimore 50 20 Boston . 180 22 Brooklyn 173 43 Pittsburgh 64 26 London 66 12.2 Paris . * 40 6 Vienna 114 19 These nine and ten other large cities taken together average as follows; in 1894, 79.9, and in 1905, 19, per 100,000 inhabitants-that is to say, in these nineteen cities the average death rate in 1905 was less than one- fourth of the rate before the introduction of the serum treatment. VIVISECTION IS NEVER UNNECESSARILY CRUEL The alleged atrocities so vividly described in antivivi- section literature are fine instances of "yellow journal- ism," and the quotations from medical men are often misleading. Thus, Sir Frederick Treves, the eminent English surgeon, is quoted as an opponent of vivisection in general. In spite of a denial published seven years ago the quotation still does frequent duty. I know per- sonally and intimately Horsley, Ferrier, Carrel, Flex- ner, Crile, Cushing and others, and I do not know men who are kinder and more lovable. That they would be guilty of deliberate cruelty I would no more believe than that my own brother would have been. Moreover, I have seen their experiments, and can vouch personally for the fact that they give to these animals exactly the same care that I do to a human being. Were it otherwise their experiments would fail and utterly discredit them. Whenever an opera- tion would be painful an anesthetic is always given. 13 This is dictated not only by humanity, but by two other valid considerations: first, long and delicate operations cannot be done properly on a struggling, fighting ani- mal any more than they could be done on a struggling fighting human being, and so again their experiments would be failures; and second, should any one try an experiment without giving ether he would soon dis- cover that dogs have teeth and cats have claws. More- over, it will surprise many of my readers to learn that of the total number of experiments done in one year in England 97 per cent, were hypodermic injections and only 3 per cent, could be called painful! If any one will read the report of the recent British Royal commission on Vivisection "he would find," says Lord Cromer, "that there was not a single case of ex- treme and unnecessary cruelty brought forward by the Antivivisection Society which did not hopelessly break down under cross-examination." EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IS OUR DUTY In view of what I have written above-and many times as much could be added-is it any wonder that I believe it to be a common-sense, a scientific, a moral and a Christian duty to promote experimental research ? To hinder it, and still more, to stop it would be a crime against the human race itself, and also against animals, which have benefited almost as much as man from these experiments. What do our antivivisection friends propose as a sub- stitute? Nothing except clinical-that is, bedside- and post-mortem observations. These have been in use for two thousand years and have not given us results to be compared for a moment with the results gained by experimental research in the last fifty, or even the last twenty-five years. Finally, compare what the friends and the foes of research have done within my own professional life- time. The friends of research have given us antiseptic surgery and its wonderful results in every region and organ of the body; have abolished, or nearly abolished, lockjaw, blood-poisoning, erysipelas, hydrophobia, yel- low fever; have taught us how to make maternity al- most absolutely safe; how to reduce the mortality of diphtheria and cerebrospinal meningitis to one-fourth and one-third of their former death-rate, and have 14 saved thousands of the lower animals from their own special diseases. What have the foes of research done for humanity? Held meetings, called the friends of research many bad names and spread many false and misleading state- ments. Not one disease has been abolished, not one has had its mortality lessened, not a single human life has been saved by anything they have done. On the contrary, had they had their way, puerperal fever and the other hideous diseases named above, and many others, would still be stalking through the world, slay- ing young and old, right and left-and the antivivisec- tionists would rightly be charged with this cruel result. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH SERIES Pamphlet I.-Vaccination and Its Relation to Animal Experimentation, by Dr. J. F. Schamberg, Philadelphia. 56 pages. Illustrated. Pamphlet II.-Animal Experimentation and Tuberculosis, by Dr. E. L. Trudeau, Saranac Lake. 16 pages. Pamphlet III.--The Role of Animal Experimentation in the Diagnosis of Disease, by Dr. M. J. Rosenau, Boston, 8 pages. Pamphlet IV.-Animal Experimentation and Cancer, by Dr. James Ewing, New York. 12 pages. Pamphlet V.-The Ethics of Animal Experimentation, by Prof. J. R. Angell, Chicago. 8 pages. Pamphlet VI.-Animal Experimentation: The Protection It Affords to Animals Themselves and Its Value to the Stock Industry, by Dr. V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y. 20 pages. Pamphlet VII.-The History and Prevention of Rabies, and Its Relation to Animal Experimentation, by Dr. L. Frothingham, Boston. 16 pages. Pamphlet VIII.-Importance of Animal Experimentation in the Develop- ment of Knowledge of Dysentery, Cholera and Typhoid Fever, by Dr. M. W. Richardson, Boston. 8 pages. Pamphlet IX.-The Fruits of Medical Research with the Aid of Anes- thesia and Asepticism, by Dr. Charles W. Eliot, Boston. 16 pages. Pamphlet X.-Animal Experimentation in Relation to our Knowledge of Secretions, Dr. S. J. Meltzer, New York. 32 pages. Pamphlet XI.-Animal Experimentation in Relation to Protozoan Tropi- cal Diseases, by Dr. Harry T. Marshall, Charlottesville, Va. 20 pages. Pamphlet XII.-Modern Antiseptic Surgery and the Role of Experiment in Its Discovery and Development, by Dr. W. W. Keen, Philadelphia. 20 pages. Pamphlet XIII.-Animal Experimentation in Relation to Practical Medical Knowledge of the Circulation, by Dr. Joseph Erlanger, Madison, Wis. 40 pages. Pamphlet XIV.-What Vivisection Has Done for Humanity, by Dr. W. W. Keen, Philadelphia. 16 pages. Pamphlet XV.-The Relation of Animal Experimentation to Our Knowl- edge of Plague, by George W. McCoy, San Francisco. 12 pages. Pamphlet XVI.-Medical Control of Vivisection, by Dr. Walter B. Cannon, Boston. 8 pages. Pamphlet XVII.--Immunology: A Medical Science Developed Through Animal Experimentation, by Dr. Frederick P. Gay, Berkeley, Calif. 20 pages. Pamphlet XVIII.-Obstetrics and Animal Experimentation, by Dr. J. W. Williams, Baltimore. 35 pages. Pamphlet XIX.-Some Characteristics of Antivivisection Literature, by Dr. Walter B. Cannon, Boston. 16 pages. Pamphlet XX.-The Value of Animal Experimentation as Illustrated by Recent Advances in the Study of Syphilis, by Dr. John W. Churchman, Baltimore. 24 pages. Pamphlet XXI.-Animal Experimentation in Relation to Epidemic Cere- brospinal Meningitis, by Dr. C. H. Dunn, Boston. 28 pages. Pamphlet XXII.-Animal Experimentation and Diphtheria, by Dr. W. H. Park, New York. 19 pages. Pamphlet XXIII.-Animal Experimentation and Its Benefits to Mankind, by Dr. Walter B. Cannon, Boston. 24 pages. Pamphlet XXIV.-The Influence of Antivivisection on Character, by Dr. W. W. Keen, Philadelphia. 43 pages. Pamphlet XXV.-Antivivisection Legislation: Its History, Aims and Menace, by Dr. Walter B. Cannon, Boston. 11 pages. Pamphlet XXVI.-The Charge of "Human Vivisection" as Presented in Antivivisection Literature, by Ricltard M. Pearce, M.D., Philadelphia. 31 pages. Pamphlet XXVII.-Animal Experimentation in the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Diseases of Children, by Richard M. Pearce, M.D., Philadelphia. 20 pages. Pamphlet XXVIII.-Biological Research: Its Value and Dangers, by Prof. Samuel S. Maxwell, Ph.D., University of California. 18 pages. 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