OFFICE OF CIVILIAN DEFENSE 
PROTECTION BRANCH 
ASSISTANT CHIEF OF BRANCH 
for 
MILITARI INTELLIGENCE 
INTELLIGENCE & RESEARCH UNIT 
* BE FBKMLR3D AffiTMflT OHRUTrAi. AIR pA-XP ATTACKS1* 
Kybishev, Russia 
19a 
’Translation from Russian) 
TRANSLATION Bis 
tfps* Marie Grimes 
Civil Air Patrol 
Office of Civilian Defense 
APPROVED hi 
A* Gibson, Col.# CNS 
Assistant Chief of Branch 
for Military Intelligent I 
xrrRCJucnos 
The Soviet peoul? carry on a dust nations! war trainst the attacks of 
the bloodthirsty fascists. 
laving broken basely and treacherously all treaties, Hitler threw his 
wild fascist hordes into a new adventure, "©thing scored exists for tfcsse 
gangsters. Their aim is to ansi*?*' all peoples * to rob and to kill, 
uitler9« hordes lnvrd*d Soviet fuss la in order to re-Vlenlsh their 
depleted stores, Hitler wants to tak* away the land from our 
the factories plants from our workers, and he is upon the des- 
truction of our cities* he wants to make us hie slaves. !?ut this shall 
never happen? 
The iron hand of our 200 million Soviet people will straasfle th* mad 
fascist monster- This war with the insolent enemy must be carried on by 
the satire country, by every Soviet cltIren, young and old., This is a 
national war, a deadly war against a vile enemy? 
Sy a decree of «luly 2, 19**1* th® Soviet of Hueslan Commissars charged 
the Ccoavlakhlm - a mass defense organization of Soviet patriots • with 
the organisation and combat preparation of all Soviet workers, from lf> to 
60, against air raids and chemical warfare. 
The entire population of Soviet 3uasia must be organized and prepared 
to repell the attacks of enemy aircraft, <*o th*t the work in our factor as 
and plants may go on uninterrupted, T*very of the Soviet TTnloa 
must realize his responsibility and must an active mart la th- anti- 
aircraft defense of his countj^r 
CHAPT<S X 
I 
PROTSCaXO! AC-:isc.i* ;»r> •*.:•!* Tin; ;.. .-Sal BC!3S 
Action of XSewolition rnd t ion Aerial Tombs 
Semolition bombs *ro used for the demolition of building* and construc= 
tionsfi and also for the destruction of the population-. 
Charged with a specific type of explosive#,. * demolition bcilb 1« more 
pestructlve the more explosive* it contains the heavier its weight is. 
In modern warfare* demolition bomb* used for bobbing email y yrlghX between 
50 and 250 kilograms* In tove heavier demolition mlfcht 
hu used. 
The explosion of a bomb l« caused by a racial me chan lets or. 
demolition bombs usually here s d«lr fuse, that i« th« fuse causes 
the explosion only - fter tbs bomb has ©netrated a building or fallen to 
the ground Som types of demolition bomfes explode only r aay or two -■ fter 
"spdi'hg, or area longer.-. Raving penetrated into a building, a demolition be* mgr go throw* 
several stories end explode inside, causing great Senega. If a Semantic* 
bo* strikes tbs ground* it creates a crater, a deep pit, end a mas of 
earth. • tease, duet end bo* epllateru are thrown up. 
As explosion of sa aerial demolition bomb it ecconpeniod by a tre- 
mendous blast wars, the velocity end striking force ef which any bring 
about great destruction. 
Demolition boabe explode into very few fragments, but those are 
usually very large, red-hot, ant coming late contact with iaflanmable 
materials areata fires. Usually a fire starts directly where the bo* falls. 
In eons oases, together with demolition boabe are used fragmentation 
bombs, *1* aba ter into mmoy fragments — each a source of danger to 
the population* fhe splinters from a fragmentation bomb fly with a sharp, 
whining sound and ore active at a distance of 90 to 60 meters from the 
place where the bo* bee exploded, fhe fragments do not penetrate brick 
and heavy timber walls, fhe weight of fragmentation bombs is from 6*10 
to 90 kilograms. 
SHELTERS 
Protection against aerial demolition and fragmentation bombs can be 
found in bonb shelters. Bomb shelters are special com- truetioaa which 
are safe Ikon demolition, should a bomb explode over them or fall nearby; 
they are not penetrated by splinters trou fragmentation bombs (and not 
even by bombs of certain weight, if the shelter ie securely constructed); 
they are also safe from Instantaneous fires. 
Ter loos basement end underground places are adapted as shelters, or 
they are specially constructed underground. - Shelters in a dwelling are 
usually provided In the basement according to instructions from the local 
air raid protection organisation (PTO) 
fhe shelters are used in accordance with strictly laid down rules. 
k shelter warden with several assistants from among the occupants of the 
dwelling enforce these rules and see that a shelter is not overcrowded 
Buies for using the shelter are; 
I, Strict order at entering the shelter and at proceeding into one 
of its eoupartfciente, following the Instructions from wardens. 
2* Carrying out orders given by the warden and his ass is tents as to 
conduct in the shelter and helping then with work in eerring the shelter. 
3. Refraining from unnecessary walking through the shelter or its 
compartments. 
4* Rating only in designated places in order to keep the shelter 
clean; removing left-over food. 
9. When lights go out. remaining quietly in assigned places, waiting 
for orders from shelter warden. 
FP-5434 The rubberized cover is broken along its length and the bandage, wrapped in 
parchment paper, is removed. The bandage is opened and unfolded at the 
place where the second pad is adjusted* Then the bandaging can be started. 
Bandaging a Wound* 
»*■ ■ I \rnm fcw M—.I «» - 
For bandaging a wound the following rules must be observed* do not 
touch the wound with your hands or anything else; do not wash the wound; 
do not atteinpt to remove splinters. 
Before the actual bandaging takes place, (before the unwrapping of the 
bandage) It is necessary to uncover the wound, removing the vlctim*8 clothes 
In such a way as not to hurt the victim* If clothes and shoes are hard 
to remove. It may be necessary to cut them - If possible, along the seams,. 
Having uncovered the wound and unwrapped the bandage, this is what 
has to be done? 
Holding the bandage in the right hand, and the end of the bandage In 
the left, move the second pad with the right hand at such a distance from 
the first that one pad le at the opening of the wound and the other at the 
extreme end of it; if the wound has only one opening, both pads are put 
over this opening, one on top of the other* 
Dp_not touch the side of the pad that goes directly over the wound,. 
On the reverse side of the pad runs a red thread which indicates the side 
to be used for moving the pad. 
When the second pad la adjusted at the right distance from the first 
(in a double wound), each pad ie put directly over the corresponding wound 
opening. The pads are fastened with a roll of bandage which is rolled with 
the right hand, unwinding from the righto 
Do not bandage the wound too tightly, as the bandage may press upon the 
wound* Hor should one apply the bandage too loosely, as the bandage may 
roll off* The bandage should be tight only when there Is much bleeding. 
The free end of the bandage Is fastened with a safety pin* If. no pin 
is available, the end of the bandage Is split and tied* 
After bandaging a victim, arrange the wounded part of his body In a 
comfortable position! a wounded arm is eased by means of an am sling;: 
unuer a wounded head or leg is placed a coat or some other soft object.. 
When no individual first aid packet is on hand., one can use plain 
bandages, gauze and absorbent cotton sold In drug stores,. 
Stopping Arterial Bleeding., 
If the blood is from an artery (bright red a<*d comes In spurts); It Is 
necessary to stop the bleeding before the wound Ip bandaged 
To e top the bleeding from an arr or from a leg. a touraiouet is applied 
FP-54U by oe/tne of a piece of so'pe, a handkerchief, a leather belt or a towel. 
The arm or leg is tiea jus t above the bleeding part , and tma stops* the 
flew of blood tc the woiuid. 
Ir order not to bruise the skin, a pad or florae soft material le 
ulaced under the tourniouet. 
Placing on the wounded arm (or leg) a handkerchief used for a 
tourumuat, wrap it around the limb several limes, tie the ends, place 
a small stick within the tie and twist It to one side until the bleeding 
stops, After this the wound can be bandagod the regular way.. A. tourni- 
quet should not be left on for wore than two hours, cr the limb goes dead.. 
One should be very careful removing the tourniquet 
II nothing is available for a tournicuet, the blooding must be 
stopped by pressure against the artery which supplies blood to the wo:»nc« 
The artery can be located by Its pulsation, At the shoulder the pressure 
Is applied from the Inner side, in the cavity between the muscles; at 
the thigh, from the in side9 not far from the groin, > 
While applying pressure, one mu- t look around for a piece of rope or 
a handkerchief to use as a tournlouet, because it is impossible to ap'oiy 
pressure with the fingers for a long tune. 
If It is not nosslbla to make a tourniquet cr apnly pressure, an 
ordinary bandage, can bo used, binding It tightly, 8oai> to press down on 
live blood vessels In the wound* Before bandaging, it I? advisable to 
raise the wounded arm or leg and nut something under it; thii sometimes 
lessons the bleeding considerably. 
If the blood from the wound runs slowly and evenly, not in spurts, 
then the bleeding can be stooped with an individual packet bandage. 
Ami that is necosgar.' 1« to press the pads down tightly over the w'unl 
and bind it securely* 
As a result of a fall or a severe blow, the victim uay have a frac- 
ture, The victim sulfers great pain at the least movement, the broken 
limb often changes Its shape, and where the bone is broken the ends can 
be felt moving under the skin. 
In giving first aid to a victim with fractured bones, remove his 
clothes; stop the bleeding if it is present, and bandage the wound; then 
make the. victim coitfortable and have hi lie quietly until medical nelp 
arrives, 
T ranepgrta* * on of Victims 
Mctinj ■ r* « t ' ■ re : 
■hquaC « ;• 'V;' r r i- uiM f> t'her f fur lh.- t ' ur »>••»*>, • r.J t el'll feeds who 
.1 > I. v I •. - ‘ , :>r M 2 *«;l 1. I 1 V - ( «, • ■ . ,g)S ; t • -Hit VICU a 
s. * V; -• ■■■ I.r ! It i i-**: t i t; t. ; ( - . pf th• 1* Two people kneel on one knee at the side of the victim lying 
on the ground (cr floor); one man passes his hands under the victim’3s 
back, the other under the victim'5s knees and calves; the victim puts 
hia arm around the neck of the nearest bearer, 
2, One man stands at the head of the victim and passes his hands 
under the victim’s armpits, careful not to press on hie chest; the other, 
turning his back to the victim, takes hold of the vlctlmfis legs below 
the knees (4B); this method is best for carrying an unconscious victim, 
30 Two men interlock hands and form a seat for the victim,, 
CHAPTER II 
PROTECTION PRO;: INCENDIARIES 
Incendiaries are charged with incendiary materials which ignite upon 
impacto The burning of incendiaries may vary depending upon the chemical 
agents contained in the bomb, and its detonation, 
A bomb that is used most often 1b the thermite bomb - a mixture of 
powdered aluminum and iron oxide* When It burns, the mixture produces a 
temperature which reaches 3000°at this temperature Iron is 
melted and burnt through. 
With the thermite bomb electron is often used - an alloy of aluminum 
mixed with several other metals* 
The temperature produced by burning electron is the same as produced 
by burning thermite* There is also an electron thermite incendiary bomb, 
the case of which is made of electron and the charge of thermite. 
Some incendiaries are filled with inflammable liouids, yellow phosporue 
and other substances (sometimes in combination with thermites), Fhosnhorus 
and some other inflammable liquids Ignite spontaneously when exposed to the 
air. 
Dropped on a building, incendiaries penetrate through the roof and 
spread fire in the loft* Some bombs, depending upon their weight and 
striking velocity may penetrate several stories, especially if the bombs 
have solid front parte. 
Upon lumact, the chemical agents in a thermite or in on electron- 
thermite bomb ignite, burn, and liberate the molten Iron* If the case is 
electron, that, too, burns and melts, 
A thermite burns with a bright yellowish flame, and gives off a small 
nuantlty of Light snoke. 
An electron-thermite burns at first like a thermite (when chemical 
agents of the thermite are burning), then a blue flame appears with heavy white *a>ska which covers ta» waci* place with a white deposit islfectroa 
is bur a lag) , 
A snail thermits or sisotron thsrnits boab teas fron J k 5 alnutee 
During thin time it nay Ignite seen aa^Hui. 
Ksltad thermite and electron will bum the roof and calling throng 
and penetrate into the lower at ox-1 ss of a bonding*, creating fi5S9c 
Saosadiazy protestlies of '?ha themits type a?« also used In 
nedsm warfare • these consist of a long rod with a thermits arrangsasnt 
The weight of various aerial incendiary boabs differs, but the eiieay use* « st'iy 
Mali laoandla?lat< weighing from 1 to Z kilo*?-* * 
HO* *0 paOT-OS TOtm HO*:B JTSGM fTSX 
Dosing an air raid fires =a*y start simultaneously m aany plan®*?, 
city and district fir® brigades oa&not cep# with ail the fires, they 
viU first taka oars of the aost dangerous conflagrations The popular 
tloa Itself most organise to fight firs* caused by ineendiariesc 
t». order to prevent «aass fires, it is ImperatIre to take precautionary 
measures at one* and immediately extinguish starting fires Tbs Firs 
started by a boab should be tacen oars of first*, and not the bo»b itselfi 
otherwise* trying to extinguish the bomb* one nay loss control over the 
firs. Of course, if possible, both fires should be extinguished siaral-* 
tanaously 
The population itself will find it possible to eope with fires* if 
precautionary Measures are carried out and simple fire-fighting equip* 
sent Is available C& supply of in barrels* buckets, sot..*, sand end 
ashes in boxes6 fire extinguishers., suction pumpssot )0 
The oivllian defense observation squads which go Into actlor at th# 
•'Air Bald Warning* signal cannot always detect and extinguish all inoen«* 
diaries., It is important., therefore, that tb* occupants of a building 
be Gained in fighting f 1 r-t e. Pares f--y bs’caused not only by i&eendia *-f 
but also by explosive bombs , And there also sight be arson caused by snsay 
sabotage. 
AH this demand unremitting vigilance and responsibility on th© park 
of every citisea, who sadist become familiar with all aehhods of fir* fight® 
lag, and who amst carry eat faithfully all rule* and regulations for 
preventions of fires, prescribed by the fire departsent 
?aiaraTm against rm$ 
The fir9% rule in fir® prevention it the Q|i$nM« at «,Uio«» 
stairways. corridors, entrances and courtyards of Inflaawau,** objects and 
■alertsil?v and of all unnecessary trash »© pantries or storerooas a?* aliowec on s airways, :-5 corridor? and %x ms sagas* It Is u.nor c-nrtt *o 
reme-oer. th t. ob*orv it.ion of all these n-ea? ires will leaser the d mger 
from fires, ensure fireaer nuicker entrance into the builoin/g r-ru 
■permit safer evacuation of occupants in case of flro, 
titles art the ; <o* 1 dangerous source of fire, <irul, therefore, the 
clearance of the attic .mist get special attention* Windows In an attic 
should be glazed to braver, t drafts. Doors in art attic must fit tightly 
and at the same time open easily In case of incendiary bou-b danger. 
To nrevent Instantaneous fires, attic floors should be covered 
either with sand ($ ctn, in thickness) , or with slag (10 cir*)t but the 
additional weight should not be too excessive, or It may cause a cave-ln* 
Doors in apartments, and on landings must not be boarded* 
At the signal “Air ha id Danger*1, all inf laraicable objects (clothing,, 
tablecloths, rus?s mats, mattresses, bedclothes, books,curtains and window 
shades) must be removed and put away in closets and boxes out of the way. 
This measure is compulsory for all apartments on the three upper stories 
of tail building* and for all houses no taller than three stories« 
Drying of laundry in attics is forbidden „ 
Heating stoves and chimneys must be in good condition,- Prescribed 
rule* for the heating of stoves roust be carried out, and also rules for 
the use of heating and lighting acuaratue — the latter must be turned 
off when leaving the house. 
Inflammable agents (kerosene, benzine) should not be stored In 
dwellings In large quantities* The amount allowed by the fire ae-par tr.ien t 
should be kept in a met&l container anu closed tightly* 
Electric connections must be kept In good order, sc that there be 
no missing plurs and insulators or broken wires. 
Fire plugs in the building must be kept free frou5 encumbrances 
and in good condition. It is desirable to have a fire extin/pi is her on 
each landing. 
Barrels, buckets ana tubs filled with water and boxer with sand 
and ashes must be placed in attics and on all landings in apartment hou»#». 
rJ2THOD Or FUirmo IKCaiDX/UtlSS Al.t TH- IlSSI/LTIdd F’livKS 
: .eons and methods for fighting fires and incendiaries avails tie to 
the r.r.rul ":t lonp vary., Such method, separately or In cbrablnatton. with 
other?, las as Its rjur oH? the prevention of mass fires * One should be 
trained not only to know the right methods, but alvo t detect tin lire 
quickly. to dpe 1 ,ed lately fire fighting eval nnent „ and to attack the 
fire bravely- and with determination-.,/ 
it- -■ ..•■ - ■ ■■ : v ; - ; ■'■■-.• 
I : J* r ■ ■ I ‘ 9 
and fire hydrant?, as they survnly a steady strea of water.. In fighting 
incendiary bombs, the stronger the pressure of the water,, the quicker a . 
tomb If extinguished, ror phosphorus a spray of water is nore ef- 
fective.. and it 1b produced by putting a finger to the nozzle of the 'water 
hose., 
• 
When no fire hydrants and pur.pe arc available, water can be supplied 
by means of buckets passed an by e •’chain* of people« 
The most useful enuipnwnt for fir© fighting in dwelling? and ©stab- 
lishmente is the fire-plug, a branch fron the rain waterplp©., supplied 
with a valve»lock and screw with which a firehose cm bo attached to the 
Plus* 
Hules for using a fire-plug are very slrples one man holds the 
trunk of the firehose and approaches the fire* another can turns the 
valve and lets the water flow into the hose* It Is not practical to 
direct a stream of water frou a distance; it is advisable to work as near 
as possible to the flre> 
A stream of water from a distance of 6 to 10 meters fron the,fire-plug 
will extinguish a large incendiary; the water should be played first upon 
the burning objects nearby and under the bomb, and then, into the melting 
opening of the bomb Itself,, 
Small incendiaries can be beet extinguished by the use of hand-pumps 
(hydropult bucket., hydropult crane),, with which the fire sound in a 
building Is supplied. The technique is the same ae in using a fire-plug, 
only one must get nearer to the bomb (from 2 to 4 meters)6 using for 
protection a doer or a wooden shield with a handle (picture 5)* etc* The 
stream of water must be even and uninterrupted« If explosions occur which 
indicate the presence in the bomb of electron and metallic oxides, a good 
method is to flood everything in the vicinity of the bomb, thus preventing 
the flying sparks from starting new fires. 
Burning gaps should be flooded with buckets of water (or by water 
pumped with a fire fighting equipment)„ making certain that no hidden 
danger of fire remains,. 
SAND (and also soil* ashes and powdered clay) can also be used 
successfully In fighting thermite and electron** thermite bombs* especially 
for putting out fires caused by inflammable bomb substances like benzine, 
kerosene* naptha* •te0, and for localising *nd extinguishing email fires. 
The incendiary agents In thermit© and electron-thermite bombs cannot be 
extinguished by «andc but sand can tenrporarlly minimize and localize the 
burning area* The thermite continues to burn underneath the sand (as It 
can burn without oxygen)* but since it Is isolated from everything around 
It* it cannot cause more fires-, 
Sand should be dry and without lumps and dirt* It is best to keep 
sand In boxes containing about 50 kilograms and use It by means of shovels 
Sand is also used to fill bags containing from ? to 5 kilograms, with the 
contents of these bags it is possible to smother a bomb from u distance* . 
th ing t safety shield, one also can easily smother « ?.>1 fire v; th 
* -v. aiding' nor© sand now and them tmere It <>eg\nt to ?/*c>lt When sand is used In fighting thermite and electron-thermite* In- 
cendiaries, the surface underneath the bombs cannot always be protected, 
The incendiaries may burn the floor and fall through to the ceiling on 
the lower floorc Sand spread under the borab helps to eliminate this 
dangerc For this, several layers of sand (from 3 to 5 cm, thick) are 
piled up near the bomb* and, with a shovel or a pitch-fork* it can be 
pulled or rolled onto the sand and then ©mothered with more sand while 
It is burning itself out. 
Sand,, soil and ash©* are also good as a spread when llould contents 
escape from a borab which got stuck in a roof or In a ceiling* 
FIRE KXTXEGUISIIERS • portable and hand operated - can be used suc- 
cessfully in fluting fires. Hand operated extinguishers can be brought 
Into action instantaneouely and swiftly* thus being very helpful In ex- 
tinguishing small fires* They discharge either a fire extinguishing foam 
or ft fire extinguishing powder* 
foam extinguishers are very good In cases when naptha, kerosene or 
benzine are Inflamed* These 11 Quids are lighter than water and do not 
mix with water* therefore * they continue to burn on the surface of the 
waterf The foam* however, being lighter titan the Inflarmable liquids* 
covers the burning surface* cool it off and cuts off the supply of oxygon 
necessary for burning* That la why foam extinguishers are successfully 
used in eliminating fires caused by benzine * kerosene* etc** discharged 
from bombs. 
Powder extinguishers are safe for extinguishing burning electric 
equipment; unlike water* they are not electric conductors and will not 
cause shock* 
Immersing Incendiaries in Water. 
The method le s approach swiftly the burning Incendiary * pick it up 
on a pitchfork or shovel., or take It by the stabilizer and toss it into 
h bathtub, barrel* bucket or vathtub, filled with water* 
' e sovi r • indenoiar i ■;* 
To remove fro* inslcie a builcin-*' an i.vsendi ary (not over 10 cilo rains) 
...O'- 1 7.1 ted , ot only Jus t ignit*. 1, or' thu rexa • . or a b- :r,of pit/, it -op 
with a pitchfork* iron shovel* iron tongs or hook and throw it into the 
street,, n fireproof landing* a fireplace, a sand box or a bucket lined with 
a b-6 cm* thickness of clay* 
The scattered burning particles left behind by an incendiary must be 
carefully cleared away.- A bomb thrown into a sandbox or a bucket must 
be watched until it has burned itself out. In ail instances where lncen- 
diaries have been removed* It la necessary to have them under observation; 
unburnt particles mus t be pickedup with shovels, deposited into buckets 
and taken outride (it Is best to bury them la the ground).. 
*.*5434 11 
PREVENTION JfROi, BUiu'o WHEN HAl.DUNO INCRIiDlAHlES 
Hands irrust be protected by taroaulln glove? moistened with water* 
When no tarpaulin clothe? are available, null ted pants, jackets and 
boots should be worn. Eyes should be protected with special glasses 
and the rest of the face with a wet handkerchief * A. gas mask is good 
protective ecuipmento A trained terson who knows how to use a gas mask 
and a protective (Wooden)shield docs ,not need any other protection* 
General Rules for fighting Fires 
If it Is Impossible to extinguish an Incendiary bomb and the re- 
sulting fire* and the occupants of a building cannot the:'«elves cope with 
the situation, the district or city fire brigade la called out either by 
telephone or by a messenger (through the staff of the local air raid defen-: e 
organization)6 indicating place* scope of the firey location and the correct 
address* 
Up to the arrival of the firemen* occupants of the building must do 
everything to limit the danger of the fire by carrying out general male?1 
try citizen must know the following rules? The basic parts of the 
building vails and girders • must be protected first to prevent cave-ins 
la the same order com© passages and corridors where people must pass through.. 
It is best to start fighting a fire from a place (or position) where 
the fir© can be prevented from spreading* facing the fire* if possible. 
One must also provide for a safe exit* If much smoke Is present* one should 
bend to the floor and even crawl* 
Cutting off the influx of fresh air into a burning place will prevent 
the spreading of ths fire* 
If the building has a fire-plug and a firehose, to insure time 
and correct user (jflar stream of water must be directed above the burning 
object, so that the water, streaming down, will cover a larger burning 
surface* ' 
Gas and electricity must be shut off* If electric wires are on fire * 
the flame should be smothered with sand, dry clothing or covers* No 
water should be used on live electric wires* 
Sand or soil can also be used to extinguish fires on landings, caused 
by kerosene and benzine* It Is best to smother the fire with felt covert 
or blankets or any other thick materials, in order to cut of f the supply 
of air to the fire* Covers can also be used to extinguish small burnin, 
objects* 
WHAT TO DO FOR INJURIES CAUSED BY BUKiiS 
Burning clothing on a parson must be extinguished at once* When a 
personas clotne? are on fire*a blanket or a coat should i>e thrown over 1 
oven the nerson should be thrown to the ground* if necessary,, in order 
beat out thu flames. 
If there is no on© to help* a person whoso clothes are on fire must lie down on the floor orgro'd and rolling try himself to extinguish 
the flamesc Under no clrcuitancee should a person whose clothes are 
on fire, run; running will f. the flames and cause more serious injuries. 
f/hen the flames are put ut, thi vie tic. should be ctiw -» with 
water and carefully undresset . If clothing sticks to the burned places, 
do not tear It off, cut It ol. 
When heavy bump with charing occur, bind the wounds with sterilized 
bandages and send the vicUn: > hospital. 
If the burns arc not tco frlous, but the skin is swollen and blistered* 
apply compresses moistened In soda solution (a tablespoon of drinking 
soda to a glass of water) b«fo> \,he victim Is sent to a medical post . 
Good, also, are compresses of ery strong tee which contains tar.nlnu or 
of manganese acids of potassli., Blisters must not be opened by anyone 
but the medical personnel. 
In light cases, burns cat* a reddening, swelling and acute pain, ail 
of which pass nulck)y. To allvlate the pain, vaseline, fats, or butter 
(unsnlted) are used* 
for eye burns, thu lower Ids are pulled down and cotton dipped in 
melted butter (unsalt d) is app ied0 The eyes then are washed with a 
solution of soda* 
Burns caused by phosphorus ?hould be immersed in water; If this is 
not possible, comprises of water or of a weak solution of manganese aclde 
of potassium .my b' applied 
CHAFm Hi 
PROMOTION JthOh WAR GASi£ 
aCTXO: Gif’ WAR GASAll) TUGIR DKT 'XJTIOI. 
War gaae* are up.ed In air raid attache by means of aerial bombs and 
special devilep in order to contaminate entire Areas and expose to ga* 
the unprotec ed population and anlmalsr. 
Ghemlca; brents in aerial bomos ni*e either liquids or solid?, When 
a bomb exolol s, the chemical Agents a;re dissemlnated In the air arid be- 
come either jol'on gas or smoke or van ore; the sprayed chemical substances 
form droolers as they fall to the ground and gradually evaporate. 
Chemical agent. which when .release*d fully or almost fully, < X 
the air and evaporate <n a comparative!;; short time, ere called aonpersls tent 
yasepi those which ev»po-ate elovly and retain their combat properties for 
a long time are caLle< por.:latent gases* 
Partis tent guess art; »id* ,*.ecs to contaminate an area which, with 
the various objects ci ! , c *?• < the to urcfc of conta filiation to unpio— 
tor i<‘d people and an og, 1 According to their effect on the humn body, chemical a/pmts are 
usually divided Into four groups j choking gasesirritants,, blister 
gases and rtall Poison out*rt (nerve and blood poisons)* 
OHOKlhG CAS (phosgene) acts mostly on the breathing organs and, 
in serious cases, causes flooding of the lungs* 
lHhlTANTb(adani8i te, chloracetophenone) cause extreme irritation of 
the mucous membrane of the nose and nasal oaerages, and also of the 
throat and bronchial tubes * Some gases irritate the eyes and cause copious 
weeping • these are called tear gases. 
BLISTER (JACKS (mustard gas, lewisite) affect the skin, eyes and the 
breathing organs* 
The HALL-POISO^NOHS1’ gases (hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide) 
r.enetrate through the breathing organs into the blood and effect the 
entire human system* 
The above mentioned properties ihdlcnto only special characteristics 
of the various groups of war gases., It is Important to remember that 
many of the war gases, according to circumstances, may exert different 
effects, and this depends upon the length of time war gas'has been inhaled,, 
the amount that penetrated into the system, the concentration (gas vapor, 
smoke, spray), and from a variety of many other causes* .*any chemical 
agents, by their very nature* may give rise to different effects* As 
for instance, the basic property of mustard gas and lewisite Is skin in- 
fection, yet they affect the respiratory organs and eyes and nay poison 
the entire system* 
The effect of blister gas upon the skin is that of reddening. Itching 
and burning - In lighter in more serious cases blister and wounds 
appear which require prolonged medical care; if large surfaces of the skin 
have been infected, death may follow* 
Blister gas is most effective in liouid form - when liquid gas comes 
in direct contact with the human body* The vapors of blister gas, too, 
are dangerous if the skin is exposed to then a long time, especially 
during hot summer weather* 
. In effecting damage to the respiratory system, blister gas vapors 
give rise to hoarseness and dry cough. In serious cases suppurative in- 
flammation of the mouth, larynx and lungs results and may cause death. . 
In eye infection, reddening and swelling of lldr or> e?-r, also & 
feeling of rtsand" In the eyes and fear of light; then mucous and pus, in 
many cases blindness* 
Contaminated food and water cause cramps, vomiting and, sometimes, 
diarrhea. 
Analyst ing the properties of chemical agents, U U Important to 
remember that the energy nay use some new chemical nrents or-some novel 14 
combinations. However, the danger fror new chemical agents end new devices 
must also not be overestimated* As the experience of the '.orld ’.’ar hr.s 
shown, antl-chenical defence organizations ern oulckly perfect the »ioani 
of defense. 
There might, however, be occasion? when the signal "Air Kald Warning11, 
for one reason or another, has been given too late* as when, for Instance, 
there has been a sudden night attack, or when a camouflaged chemical air 
attack has taken place, or when chemical agent? have been sprayed from a 
great or when the observation sentry has been mortally wounded or 
killed. Or a person nay suddenly find himself in the sphere of war gas 
dissemination, as he nears a contaminated area. In all such caccs it is 
Important to don a ga® y?iask Immediately, not waiting for a signal, and 
warn others of the chemical danger<, 
In an air attack, every citizen oust observe the following rule;, if 
a suspicious odor is detected, not usual for the given place, or if sus- 
picious drops and smoke are present, the gas mask miist be r>\xt on Immediately* 
A gas mask Is the basic individual protective imam* against war gases, 
that is, it protects every person individually; while wf weans of pro- 
tection like shelters protect simultaneously groups of people, 
A gas mask protects the respiratory organs and the eyes of a person 
fron war gases; the rubber nask (helmet), covering the face protects 
it from gas vapors and from the danger of direct contact with liruld war 
gas, For individual protection of the whole body from blister gases, 
there are different kinds of protective clothing and shoes, For giving 
first aid to blister gas cases special chemical kits are available* 
The most prevalent gas masks are those of the filter type. In 
Soviet Union the filter gas mask BH is widely used* These masks come in 
a variety of types (picture 6), 
The action of a filter gas mask is based, upon the clearance of war 
gas properties from the contaminated air. The filtering process takes 
place In the gas mask proper every time the person wearing the mask breathes* 
GAS iASKS 
PROTECTIVE PhOPEJKTXr£ OF CAS *.ASK BH 
In the gas mask Bii the air is cleared of all known wax gas properties 
which my be disseminated in the air in the form of ga?, vapor, or smoke* 
The only exception is carbon monoxide from which It is necessary to seek 
protection by way of special (insulated) gas uaskf, or by attaching to the 
filter mask supplementary sockets with special absorbers, 
The protective capacity of a BH gar mask, as in all filter type casks, 
depends upon roany factors* The protective strength of a filter gas mask 
Is determined first of all by the type of war gas It h»s to eliminate from 
the air and by its concentration. The absorbers anti the filter of a gas 
mask react differently to different types of war gas * ■BH filter gas mask protect? from phosgene uninterruptedly for tho 
duration of several hours; It is also very successful with mustard gas 
ASSKJiLY AhJ US : OF GAr wASK hM 
If a gas mask has not yet been used, the hotter, of the canister la 
tightly closet with cardboard, and if the canisters are kept separately 
frcTti the face masks, the neck of the canister is screwed with a metal cap. 
This prevent* damage to the absorbers when gas masks are stored. The 
cardboard and the cap are removed when the gas is used. 
In order to connect the canister with the coiled tube, the screw frou 
the tube is screwed on to the neck of the canister as far as it goes, 
so that when the tube Is lowered>£he eye lenses of th<* mask will face the 
side tr which the seam of the canister is turned.. 
To check it, the canister is taken in the right hand, bottom up, and 
the coiled tube with tho gas mask lowered freely. 
The canister is olaced on the left side of the carrier bag with Its 
ieair to the partition; if the canister Is placed on the right side, the 
seam should face the right part of the bag (In majority of bags the part 
for the canister is to the left, that Is, it is placed on the left side 
of the bag when carried on the left side), 
Kew face masks are nowdered with talc* which prevents the rubber from 
deteriorating. The inside of a face mask should be wined out with cotton 
or a clean cloth* otherwise the talc may irritate the eyes. 
If the gas mask has been used* it la necessary to ascertain If It 
has been disinfected, For disinfection, the inside of the face saek and 
the valve chamber are cleaned with cotton dipped in denatured alcohol. 
When a gae mask Is issued* it is imper tant to select the right size 
of the face in&sk,, The size is Indicated on the face mask proper - on the 
tape extortion at the temple. To determine the necessary measureaienls 
(Picture 7), the head of the person le measured with a tape (a) at the 
curved line passing over the chin, cheeks and highest ooint of the head, 
(b) st the line connecting the ear openings ar>d passing over tho eyobrows-c 
if combined measurements are 95 cm* car a little above, then Size 1 face 
mas1' Is required* if the combined figures Is from o t ' ca«» sli« 
i is required, fron. 99,5 to X03o5 cm,, size Z is reouireU; .and if combined 
figures are 104 era,, then size 4 is required.. 
Having selected the right size of the face mark, it should be fitted 
snugly to the fac : and head by adjusting the buckler on the taua* The 
n-Ask must fit well cr. the face, but not pres? upon it* 
The le tees of the gar mask must first be wiped with a cloon cloth 
or a n and kerchief to a transparency and then worked th aepeciol anti- 
1 ...in «poncil-, making a few streaks on the surface of eaeft glas•» 
(r .nan ft ure III).; then one breathe; ou the glacse« *u.d • 11h n t >all 
piece of flannel or with the soft part ol a clean finer rubs the streaks 
to a soft film, cover in#: the entire s or face evenly, Af te. tn« f , :>n t again 
br<.a.they on t!t‘. lensess If the U.-naer br.ve benn correctly treated they 
re u', iu tr nKpax cnt. Then the strao of the carrier bag must be adjusted to one’s height 
For this one adjusts the strap over the right shoulrer (the ba" on the 
left side with the lock outside) and either shortens or lengthens it In 
such a way th*t the uwer side of the carrier bar- on the level with 
the belt (waist band). 
CARE OF TH *1 ,WISK 
A gas mask should be kept in good condition, as It will give pro- 
tection fro:.i war gases only if it functions correctly, 
A flag mask must be protected from sharp Impacts and concussions to 
prevent bending of the metal parts of the gas task, breaking of the lenses, 
and the displacement of the absorbers, 
Gas unsks deteriorate from dampness and fror; extre e temperatures, 
Dai.Tpne«H wll rust the canister and other metal parts of the gas mask and 
cause the colled tube to mould, Extreme heat or cold will deteriorate 
the rubber, Therefore, a gas must bo kept In a dry place, but not 
near a central heating radiator or a stove. It is best to hang a gas mask 
by its buckle or to put It on a shelf * 
If the carrier bag for some reason has become damp or wet (rain), 
the gas mask should bo taken out and the bag dried. 
Nothing but the gas mask should be placed into the carrier bag, as 
the gas mask, the face mask especially, may got damaged, 
KUL2S Jr OH WSARIiJG, PUTT DIG 0 U AID GAS i ASK. BH 
A gas mask Is worn In one of the following three positions "On the 
Parch11 — from the very moment of an ’"Air Raid Danger1* signal, but when 
no immediate danger is yet present; "in readiness1*, if there ijs Immediate 
darp:©r, and "combat action" — when a chemical air raid attack is taking 
place (Picture 8), 
Far wearing a gas mask in oosition "on the march", the shoulder strap 
of the carrier bag is nut over the right shoulder, on too of one*s clothing; 
the carrier bag with the gas mask I* nlaced on the left side, valve up and 
closed; the urper part of the carrier bag on the level with the upper part 
of belt (waist band) — the belt should be adjusted with the help of the 
buckle. If this has not been dons before* 
In position "In readiness", tne gas mask is adjusted at the signal 
"Air Raid Warning", 
At this signal, it is necessary; 
I* To unfasten the lock of the carrier bag 
2* To take the cord cut and pul it around one’s waist, lastening it 
by its right ring 
?. To have head gear ready for removing and the- ear cape partially 
loosened 
t.ffn eo ' M - ' j transparency), if If For"combat action", the gas mo si* it ad Jus tec at the signal of chemical 
danger or at the warning "GASI** or If one detects war gas* In order to 
out the gnc mar on (Picture 9), one should follow this procedure t 
lo Stop breathing 
20 Open the bag and take the face mack out (helmet), holding it by 
the thicker sides of the chin part in such p way that the thumbs renaln 
outside and the rest of the finhere are inside., 
3„ Bring the face mask \r to the face* putting chin out forward and, 
not changin ’* the position of finger*., r>lace the inner chin part next to 
the chin. 
4* Put the face mask on, moving fingers under the lower tape? (in 
the helmet - at its aides) from the bottom'up; when fingers reach up to 
head gear, raise it by the peak with thumb and Index fingers, and with 
the rest of the fingers pull tapes (head harness) to the back of the head* 
If head gear has no peak, take It off before putting the mask on and place 
it alongside, or thrust in under the tapes of the carrier box, or put it 
between knees, etc, 
5a Put head gear on* 
£<, JBxhale and breath normally*. 
Immediately following position "on th© march", the gar mask is out 
on in the same sequencet only the cord is fastened last, 
When the face mask is put on correctly, the lenses are right in front 
of the eyes, the sides of the mask fit snugly to the face, but the frar.es 
of the lenses and the rubber must not press; there should be no tangled 
tapes in the head harness * 
A gas mask must be put on quickly (in 5 seconds), but never at the 
expense of accurate procedure.. One must learn to perform long hours of 
work in a gas mask by way of systematic training* 
In a gas mask one must breathe through the nose, quietly, evenly and 
deeply, 
A gas mask should be taken off G> when ordered by the PVO (anti- 
aircraft defense) leader}, according to the following methods; 
1. Raise the head gear with your right hand and with the left grasp 
the outlet of the face mask in such a way that' the thumb and index fingers 
are around the neck of the mask (Picture 10); 
2« Pulling mask slightly down, free chin and take mask off with an 
upward movement of the hand. 
Put the head gear on. 
After this , turn r asr inside out, dry with a handke chief or a cloth 
and leave it out for some time for complete drying. 
Gas .ask is folded in the folloving way, 
1, Take .nf c by the frnnes of the lenses wit) right hand, arcs hold 
the fie;«d harness with the left; pi put :.-av • on the/ p«I. uf th * left hand, 
2. Jfolc ■-.Task alongside, covering right l«n tuoi across covering 
' 
outward. 3. Pressing the folded mask to the outlet with the right hand, 
take the colled tube at the middle with the left hand and place it 
at the bottom of the carrier bag in such a way that the exhaust valve is 
turned to the left and the chin part of the face mask is on top; this 
insures oulck and correct taking out of mask from the bag when the gas 
mask is to be used. 
hass protection war oases 
OAS SHELTERS 
Many people, because of poor health or age (old people, small children) 
cannot use gas masks; others might have no gas macks, In such cases the 
only protective means from war gases Is gas shelters - specially eculpped 
places, insulated from war gases. 
Taking in consideration the fact that the enemy may use both chemical 
and explosive bombs, gac shelters are combined with bomb shelters. The 
protection from war gas In these shelters is made possible by sealing the 
shelter hermetically and by equipping it with a filter ventilation system. 
Sealing a shelter hermetically consists In closing up all openings 
and crevices and in special construction of entrances and exits. 
The entrance into such a shelter is constructed by way of a small 
corridor with special doors. These doors prevent the penetration of war 
gates into the interior of the shelter and also protects it from bomb 
fragments, fire and the striking force of explosions. 
In all shelters equipped for protection from war gases the rules of 
conduct must be strictly observed as given in Chapter I (Shelters and 
Trenches), Special attention is paid to the upkeep of hermetic conditions 
and the purity of the air. 
The greatest need for gas shelters arises when there is danger of mass 
contamination by blister gases, like mustard gas for instance. Any closed 
building can be used for protection from gas sprayed from aircraft, 
PRKVWTIVE iu3ASUhliS US'~D li PASSIM TllhOUuJ! A COtiT ANIMATED AKEA 
There might be occasions after an air raid when a part of the popula- 
tlon may be compelled to leave homes and even shelters - for instance, when 
a fire breaks out or when a demolition bomb causes much destruction, etc. 
In some cases It may be necessary to pass through contaminated areas, and 
all necessary precautions must be carried out according to issued rules end 
regulations. 
The population is evacuated from attacked areas in an orderly and or- 
ganized manner under supervision of air raid wardens and members of civilian 
defense groups. These souads prepare passages on the contaminated area 
beforehand to prevent people from coming in direct contact with war gases 
(walking on contaminated sidewalks, roadways, etc,). 
Designated passages are covered with planks, layers of plywood, etc. 
Sand, sawdust and other granular materials, and snow in the winter can oe used instead of planks, Passages can also be decontaminated with chloride 
of line, 
Juvery person who must through an area contaminated by persistent 
blister gases must take the following precautions? 
1, Put a gas mask on at oncep If it has not been done before* 
2, Put on overshoes, rubber shoes. If the©© are not available, to 
protect shoes with plywood bound to the soles or with sack cloth or other 
heavy material wound around the shoes. 
3, Wear a rubberised overcoat, a leather coat or some other over- 
clothing; women are recommended to wear slacks, or else they must fasten 
the skirts around their legs; it Is best to wear a skiing outfit, raising 
the collar and winding a scarf around it; hands should be protected with 
gloves, 
During passage through contaminated areas every person -mst follow 
strictly directions and orders from leaders In char*e of the evacuation. 
One must move swiftly but not run and not go outside the safety of the 
past-age, Care must be taken that ones clothing does not come In direct 
contact vlth walls, fences, hushes, etc. 
Upon leaving the contaminated area It is necessary* 
I* To remove galoshes or anything else worn for protection cf shoes * 
not touching them with unprotected hands and carrying out instruction© given 
by leaders, 
2o To rub shoes carefully with chloride of lime specially provided 
at the end of the passage; when chloride of lime Is not available, soil Is 
used* 
3, To remove coat and other outer clothing said keep it separately 
from galoshes or anything else worn for protection of shoes* 
4C To remove gloves and gas mask and treat hands by means of the 
anti-chemical kit, finishing off with a thorough washing of hands with 
soap and water. 
If leader advises, one must depart for treatment to the decontamlnatio 
post* 
Face* eyes and other parts of body must not be touched until hands have 
been decontaminated. 
Clothing and shoes left by the evacuating citizens are gathered 
decontaminated by special sounds of FVO (after which all Is returned to 
own-rs)* 
FIRST A.1D FOR WAR GAS CASUAJwTIKS 
Promptly and correctly administered first ala (self-help and mutual 
help) In conditions when the enemy has used war gases is- iraportnntc -.very 
oerson who has breathed poisoned air* who has passed through areas contam- 
inated by persistent gas, who has cone In direct contact with contaminated 
objects., or who has been sprayed by gas must be considered n casualty of on 
or another degree* It must be remembered that some gases (phosgene) do not at first cause any symptoms or that the symptoms are very light and pass 
quickly — only to return later with a greater intensity. 
Therefore, when there is any suspicion of gas contamination, even 
when no direct symptoms are in evidence, it is necessary at once to take 
precautionary measures, by means either of self help or mutual help (first 
aid). These measures may not only prevent or lessen the danger of con- 
tamination, but may even preclude it. 
FIRS" AID (SELF HELP AND .UTUAL HrJLP] 
HfiASUHKS FOR CAS CASUALTIES 
Ho matter what type of gas has been used by the eneuy, a gas casualty 
in a sphere of contamination »nust be immediately helped to put on a gas 
mask, and, at the first opportunity, he should leave by himself or be 
removed into fresh air (into a shelter). 
If a person has become a gas casualty having a gas mask on, then the 
gas mask is probably not adjusted right or is faulty; the fault should be 
corrected or a new gas mask provided. 
RBEOVIKG A CAS CLOTHING 
V/hen a gas casualty has been assisted or brought in from a contaminated 
sphere or from a contaminated area, his clothes should be removed at once, 
if they have been permeated with war gas, for they will cause contamination 
of the air and, penetrating through the Tlctim#s clothes, may affect his 
skin. The same may happen If mustard gas permeates shoes. Clothing and 
shoes should be removed carefully, so as not to contaminate unprotected 
parts of the body, and then sent away for decontamination in a special 
chamber. 
FIHST AID (SJSLF HHLP AND hUTUAL HELP) JXi CASHS 
WHHH PKHSI5TEUT CAS AFFECTS THE SKIN 
It is necessary to remember that liquid mustard penetrates underthings 
in 30 to 40 seconds; thin cloth — in I to 2 minutes; thick woolens (over- 
coats) - in 4 to 5 minutes; top boots - in 6 to 7 minutes; leather soles - 
in 15 to 20 minutes. Clothing permeated with mustard gas vapors also may- 
cause serious skin injury. Having all this in mind and removing clothing 
in time, one may prevent injury of skin or, at least, lessen it. 
Persistent gases that have come in direct contact with the skin should 
be removed quickly and rendered harmless before they have penetrated into 
the skin (beet, during first 10-15 minutes after contamination). 
Complete removal and decontamination of persistent gases from the skin 
is done at special decontamination points where victims should be directed., 
However, taking in consideration the urgency of immediate decontamination 
when drops of war gas come in direct contact with open parts of the body, 
it is important that at least preliminary stens in decontamination should 
be taken at once by way either of self help or mutual help. 
Drops of war gas are removed from the skin by means of gauze and 
cotton, taking care not to smear and not to rub them into the skin. Then 
the contaminated skin Is washed with tampons (balls made of gauze and cotton) dipped in kerosene and 'benzine* 
Kerosene, benzine (and also turpentine) dissolve mustard gas and 
lewisite and are good for removing war gases from the skin, Tampons 
dipped in kerosene, benzine or turpentine are used for twenty minutes, 
taking care to change the used up tampons for fresh ones every now and 
then, after which the skin iswaahed with warm water and soap. 
The used tanpone are dangerous, since dissolved mustard gas retains 
Its properties. Therefore they should be destroyed (burned). 
It is most convenient in first aid (self help or mutual help) to 
render mustard gas and lewisite harmless V* the skin by using the individual 
anti-chemical kit. 
Individual Anti-Chemical Kit (Picture 11) is a email box containing? 
1. Gauze balls (Picture 11) with small boxes inside containing special 
liouid for rendering mustard gas and lewisite harmless. 
2o Ampoules to be used for inhaling when respiratory system is af- 
fected by choking gas (Picture 11). 
30 Gauze for washing infected eyes (Picture 11). 
Some anti-chemical kits (small metal boxes) have large ampoules 
instead of the gauze balls. Each kit (of whatever type) has instructions 
with rules for using it. 
The balls are used thus? a ball is held over the contaminated skin 
and squeezed tightly In the flsto With the tip of the fingers pressure 
is applied to the center of the ball in order to crush the small box it 
contains. •If this does not succeed, the box is punctured with a small metal 
wedge provided in the kit - (Picture 11)c 
The squashed moist ball is then used, carefully and quickly, to wipe 
off the contaminated skin surface (2-3 times); then the thread holding the 
ball is broken on one side, the gauze is unfolded, the remains of the box 
removed and the gauze used to cleanse the skin until the gauze is dry. 
Bach contaminated part should be cleansed 2-3 minutes. If the gauze dries 
before that (it usually dries in minutes), another ball should be used 
in the same way. 
The liquid should hot be rubbed into the skin, but applied with easy 
and careful motions. The balls should not be used for the eyes; when 
using it on the face, care should be taken not to spray it into the eyes. 
The ampoule for inhaling, used when the respiratory system is affected, 
is used in the following ways the end of the ampoule closed with a gauze 
cap is squeezed with two fingers—the liquid will run out and saturate 
the gauze. It should be inhaled for 1 to 2 minutes. If the pain does not 
abate, or if it returns, another ampoule can be used in 5 to 10 minutes; 
and yet a third in another in 5 to 10 minutes. 
Por washing the eyes, gauze is dipped in clean water or in a solution 
of boric acid (a teaspoonful in a glass of water). If eyes are irritated, 
under no circumstances must they be rubbed with the hand or a handkerchief. FIRST AID WHEN RDSPJLnATOKY ORGANS ARK AFFECTED 
A nerpon who has inhaled nhosgene should not walk even if there are 
nc immediate after-effects* Correlate rest and warmth ahc.uld be provided 
fer hir.„ At the firrt opportunity, he should Inhale oxygen (fro? an 
oxygen pillow); he should drink hot tea and coffee* Sooklnr, of course, 
is out of the question* 
i’lHST AID FOH INACTION BY NERVE AI.D BLOOD POISONS 
The symptoms are dizziness, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath* 
The victim should be placed on his back, bis clothes loosened, his chest 
and other parts of the body massaged with or without alcohol; cold com* 
presses should be applied to forehead and temples* 
If breathing has stopped, artificial respiration should be applied by 
those who have had training in it* If vomiting has occurred, the victim*s 
mouth must be cleaned with gauze rolled on a stick or on the index finger* 
/ 
Artificial respiration (if it does not give positive results) should 
not be stopped until there is adequate proof that the victim is dead* 
It is important to remember that artificial respiration should not be 
given to a phosgene victim whose breathing has become labored, as it will 
cause more harm than good* 
All war gas casualties should be sent to hospitals after first aid has 
been rendered* 
CHAPTER IV 
DUTIES OF CITIZENS AND REGULATIONS FOR THEIR 
CONDUCT DURING AIR RAID WARNING SIGNALS 
When night falls, all buildings using electricity must be carefully 
blacked out. For this purpose blackout shades should be used. They can be 
bought in stores or they can be made by the occupants themselves from solid 
materials or from blankets, rugs, paper pasted in several layers ana 
blackened on the inside with soot, etc. They should be wade tc fit the 
windows and must be kept in a state of readiness. In basement apartments 
and on lower floors well fitted outside shutters which do not let the light 
through can be used instead of blackout shades* These shutters may also 
protect (to some degree) from bomb splinters* 
It should be remembered that sources of light not blacked out will 
disclose to the enemy important objectives upon which he con exercise a 
dire-.t hit* However, under no conditions must blackout arrange non ts be 
left m during the day and electricity used, as this would cause needless 
waste if electricity. 
CIVILIAN DEFENSE UNIT 
A building may be damaged as a result of air re ids * In order to cope with the situation, each building must have a specially trained unit of 
civilian defence workers. 
A civilian defense unit Is ort;»nized In four sounds, from 5-9 people 
In each, that is a unit should have no less than 30-40 people. The unit 
it headed hy a unit commander and each sound has a squad leader. There is 
also in each unit a property warden. 
In very large huildin s the personnel of the squads and, therefore, of 
the unit itself must be enlarged. Small buildings, where there are too 
few occupants to form a unit, combine with neighboring houses; in this 
case one civilian defense unit takes care of several small buildings. In 
apartment houses, civilian defense units and air raid wardens1 posts are 
mad© up from occupants whose ages ares women - from 18 to 50; men - from 
16-60. To this unit also belong porters, janitors, stove-tender«, char- 
women and electricians. 
The unit commander and the squad leaders must get special training in 
schools or take the air raid protection courses given by Ocoaviakhlm — 
(civilian defense). 
Each souad has its sDedal work. Observation and protection squad is 
used by the unit commander to supervise other sounds and for liaison work 
with the district air raid defense and with other neighboring units. This 
squad has an observation post which keeps the commander of the unit in- 
formed as to what is taking place in the building during an air raid. The 
same souad warns occupants of a building of chemical danger. 
For keeping order on its territory this squad posts guards at the en- 
. trance doors of a building and in its shelter. Members of this squad 
enforce blackout rules, direct people to shelters; assist people from 
burning homes; protects the property of citizens who were compelled to 
leave their homes and property taken out from burning apartments; rope 
off and protect attacked areas, etc. 
The fire fighting squad extinguishes fires in the building. For the 
detection of fires 6n time, this squad posts guards on attics, on landings 
and in other places which may prove dangerous when a fire breaks out. If 
necessary, the entire personnel of the unit and all able-bodied occupants 
of the building take part in fighting the fire. The fire fighting squad 
assists the regular city fire brigades to fight big fires. 
Decontamination work in a building is done by the decontamination squad. 
If the enemy has used war gas 9 this snuad makes a reconnaissance of the 
contaminated are*, marks it off and carries out Immediate decontamination 
work in the building. 
Passages for the evacuation of occupants are decontaminated first. 
When the district decontamination unit arrives, the souad assists with the 
work. 
First aid to victims of an air raid Is given by the medical sanitatior 
souad. (This squad is trained by the Red Cross and by the Red Half-Moon 
organizations; when "Air Raid Danger" signal is sounded, this squad is 
Included In the personnel of a civilian defense unit). Members of this squad on duty at sanitation points and at sanitation posts assist and carry 
out victims from attacked areas, direct war gas casualties to decontamination 
points and take active part in the work of medical sanitation units which 
arrive at tho attacked area. 
Beside these four souads a civilian defence unit may also have a 
damage repair crew to carry out necessary repairs when water pipes, sewerage 
and electric wires are damaged in an air raid. This snuad consists of 
plumbers. Jointers, locksmiths who either work or live in the building. If 
the building is demolished, this crew does rescue work under the supervision 
of the unit commander and with the assistance of all able-bodied occupants 
of the building. 
A civilian defense unit in a building is then the 
basic unit of the Air Raid Defense (PVO) organizations* Civilian defence 
units are first among all other Air Raid Defense organizations (R70) to 
come to the assistance of the population when the enemy has struck from the 
air. 
The combat functioning of a civilian defense unit in a building does not 
exclude, on the contrary it enhances the necessity of mass preparation of 
occupants in active civilian defense work. Occupants of a building are 
recruited for clearance work after an air raid, as for instance, to help in 
extinguishing fires, in demolition work, etc. Members of a civilian defense 
unit (air raid wardens) must train occupants of a building in this work* 
The civilian defense unit, under supervision of the Air Raid Defense (PVO) 
commander of a building must carry out all practical work in preparation 
against air raid danger. 
HULKS FOR CONDUCT DURING AIK BAID SIGNALS 
Order and details for the conduct of the population during air raid 
warning signals, just as the order of giving the signals, cannot be the same 
for all inhabited places * It depends to a great extent upon conditions in 
a given inhabited place. 
It is necessary, therefore, to study r-ir raid instructions and regular 
tl n* riven both by local organs of the Soviet, government anc I ’ loo el or gsn* 
of the Air'Raid Defense. 
Below are given tynical rules. In order to present a general picture 
of air raid duties on the part of the population. 
«AIH RAID DANGER** 
In connection with the rising danger from air raid and in order to 
mobilize completely and effectively all available means and methods of the 
Air RaldDefense, “Air Raid Danger** signal is given in many populated places. 
nAir Raid Danger** warns the population that the threat of an air attack on 
the given populated place has become real. 
When a state of danger has been announced in a populated place, all 
dwellings, establishments and enterprises, and all schools are organized for 
a R4-hour air raid defense duty. This is necessary for keeping order, en- 
forcement of blackouts and timely warning of air raid danger. The person on duty has at his disposal the xiee of one~of the telephones In the building 
If electric lighting inside and outside the building must be shut off 
all through the evening a*?d night at the danger signal, then the men on 
duty take turns at the switches. 
Loud speakers and radio transmitters are used on :x 24-hour basis, as 
the radio transmitters carry air raid defense Instructions and air raid 
signals. 
When a "state of danger" is announced, every citizen must carry out the 
followin' ruless 
16 Have his gas mask, individual first aid kit and anti-chemical kit 
always with him, 
2„ Follow carefully announcements, orders and air raid warning signal 
and carry out instructions given to the whole population; memorize air raid 
warning signals (Plctuie 12K 
3, Those who belong to civilian defense or Air Haid Defense (PVO) 
units should be ready at the air raid warning signal to present themselves 
at the assembly point of the unit on the area of which the air raid signal 
finds theme 
4, Before switching the lights on In the evening, black out windows 
with blackout shades and check from the outside to see if light shows; on 
leaving apartment always put lights out - remember that the least violation 
of blackout rules will endanger the safety of the city (offenders who 
violate blackout rules are subject to criminal prosecution according to 
f*t- Ime laws)» 
5„ Be vigilant. Enemy agents will try In every way to violate black- 
out rules In order to help the eneqy; expose the vicious panic monger®, 
instigators and disguised enemies and turn them over to the militlar 
6, Store up water (in buckets, watering cans, etc,) and also store 
sand In boxes and bags for fighting fires, and carry out strictly all fire 
prevention rules; Inflammable substances (kerosene and benzine) should be 
cut down to one day9s supply; drinking water must be kept In a covered 
container and changed every day* 
7, Strengthen window panes with crossed strips of material In order t 
lessen force of explosive blast wave and prevent danger from flying glass 
(according to Instructions given by local Air Raid Defense (PVO), 
"AIR HAIL WARNING" 
Announcement of "Air Raid Danger" doe* not yet u.ean that the enemy in 
the air Is already on the way to the given populated point- 
Immediate air raid danger 1* announced by the signal *Air Raid Warning• 
The signal "Air Raid Warning- Is given by meant of powerful electric 
sirens and Intermittent factory and engine whistles. The signals are carried 
on the radio transmitters with the announcement "Citizens, Air Raid Waraleu 
To duplicate the signals in establishments and enterprises pre*arrang/ 
means are used, as for Instance, the electric bell system, etc. 
At night, occupants of apartments, are warned of air raid danger by tha build in-' wardens. 
At the signal "Air Haiti Darning", the entire population of a city 
arid all air raid defense organizations are warned of the necessity to 
take immediate air raid defense measures and bring int" combat reaoiness 
all available means, 
i'irst and basic rule is to observe calmness, order and discipline. 
People overtaken by the air raid warning in the streets, with the 
exception of persons carrying out air raid defense duties, most take cover 
in the nearest shelters and protected places to which they arc directed by 
the militia and by wardens from observation and protection posts. 
Gas masks, everywhere, are adjusted in position "in readiness", 
Members of Air Haid Defense and civilian defense units must immediate] 
report at the assembly point of the unit on the area of which the air raid 
signal finds them, and, having completed preparations, take their places a 
observation, fir© fighting or other posts. 
The entire population takes cover in bomb shelters, gas shelters of If 
other protected places. Gas shelters are occu;>led by children, invalids 
end by all those who cannot wear masks, 
Before leaving apartments for shelters and protected places it is 
necessary to extinguish fires in heating and cooking stover (ranges); to 
turn off gas and electricity; to put out kerosene and primus stoves; to 
close tightly al; doors, windows, shutters. 
In establishments and enterprises work stops and all workers and em«» 
ployees go to shelters and protected places. In those enterprises where 
work does not stop all workers must observe strictly prescribed rules for 
conduct during an air raid. 
School lessons are interrupted. Students are assigned to shelters an< 
protected places. 
Persons who find themselves In stores, dining rooms or other such 
places during air raid signals must obey orders given by the management o 
the place. These orders are displayed by way of special instructions for 
public information. 
All transportation Is stopped except for vehicles with special perml 
Lif-hts are turned off, passengers leave and seek shelter with other 
people overtaken by the air raid signal in the streets.. 
Air Kaid Defense units* fire brigade*, medical and technical units, 
an.ci also transports with special permits are allowed to move on in all 
directionsa 
kvery citizen must carry out instructions given by wardens of the air 
Raid Defense organization (HVO), 4CHBHICaL DANGER* 
Beside air raid danger signals there are the chemical danger signals 
for which every populated place must be on the alert (in case the eneny 
uses war gas), and the • All Clear4 (to notify the population that air raid 
danger is over). 
Chemical danger signals are given by observation posts when they see 
explosions of chemical bombs or war gas drops sprayed by enemy aircraft. 
Neighboring posts take up the alarm only if the war gas spreads in their 
direction. 
In this way, the chemical danger alarm, unlike the air raid alarm, 
remains local, that it, it affects only the district threat end with chemical 
danger and not the whole city. , 
The signal is given by repeated strokes against a metal disk or rail, 
or by some othar prearranged sound effect, different'by the character of 
its sound from air raid alarms. 
On hearing the signal of chemical danger, all those who are not In 
shelters must Immediately don their gas masks (change to the **eombat 
action4 position) and not take them off until air raid defense wardens 
announce that danger is over. 
At the chemical danger signal doors in shelters close hermetically 
and the filter ventilation Is brought into action. 
After chemical danger signal has been given, entrance into and exit 
from shelters as a rule, end<£ty&~alIowed only in exceptional eases 
when permission has been given by those in charge of the shelter. 
Svery one who detects war gas or suspicious smelling substances must 
immediately use available meant of anti-chemical protection without waiting 
for the signal of chemical danger. He also must at once notify the 
nearest civilian defense or air raid defense unit. This unit, upon 
ing the presence of war gas, will sound the chemical alarm. 
•RUL'S i\)R CONDUCT AWKi THK •ALL CUfiAH” SIGNAL 
When the immediate danger of an air raid la over, the signal of "All 
Clear*1 is given. The •All Clear** is announced on the radio transmitters; 
•Danger of air raid is over. All Clear*. In dwellings, establishments 
and enterprises the "all clear4 is announced through Air Raid Defense 
wardens on duty. 
If a city has not suffered from the air raid attack, normal life is 
resumed all through the city. If the enemy has succeeded in striking an 
objective, normal life is resumed only in those sections which have not 
suffered from the attack. 
Clearance work is immediately begun in the destroyed sections of the 
city. Rules for conduct of the population In those sections are designated 
by the officer in charge of the worko 
In sections where clearance work and fire fighting is taking place, all able-bodied citizens mist help with the work and carry out Instructions 
given by PVO (Air Bald Defense) wardens* 
Attacked areas are encircled by militia and by PVO observation and 
protection unite, and no outsiders are allowed there. 
All casualties are listed and given necessary medical aid. 
The population of the districts which have not been attacked resume 
normal life, not forgetting, however, the possibility of repeated air 
raids and the necessity of being in a state of readiness to ward them off. 
We must not forget that the vile eneqy will try repeated bombings* 
hoping to find me unawares. 
The German fascist bandits have cruelly refined their blood-thirsty 
methods in their fight against the peoples they have already conquered. 
But as an answer to one blow on Soviet cities, they receive a crushing 
triple blow. 
Ours Is a Just fight. The enemy shall be crushed. Victory will be 
ours S 
But now — all out for the fight with the blood-thirsty fascist robtersl 
FP-5434 29 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
Picture 1 A closed trench shelter* 
Picture 2 Using an individual first aid bandage 
Picture 3 Tourniquet* 
Picture 4 Transportation of a victim. 
Picture 5 The use of a wooden shield In extinguishing an Incendiary 
Picture 6 Gas mask BH 
a) face mask; 2-3~4~6) tapes of head harness; 6) exhaust 
waive; 7) Inlet Valve; 8) activated coal; IX) spring, 
12) smoke filter; 13) bottom of canister; 14) shoulder 
strap; 15) antl~dlsmlng pencil; 16) ring to fasten the 
tape of the guard; 17) compartment for the 
kit; compartment for protective cape; 19) spring-prop; 
20) lock of carrier bag; 21) tape with guard; 22) guard* 
• e 
Picture 7 Head measurements for face mask* 
Picture 8 ' Gas mask in ••combat position*. 
Picture 9 Putting on a gas mask. 
Picture 10 Removing a gas mask* 
Picture 11 Individual anti-chemical kit* 
Picture 12 Air raid and chemical danger signals. 
Fp-5434