R E P () Ii T 
0 
ON 
MEDICAL LEGISLATION. 
PRESENTED TO THE 
MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE STATE OF 
• PENNSYLVANIA. 
BY 
R. LOWRY.D., 
CARLISLE, PA. 
At its Annual Meeting held at Altoona, May, 1880. 
REPRINTED PROM ITS T R A\J S ATBJCJ O N S . 
PHILADELPHIA: 
COLLINS, PRINTER, 705 JAYNE STREET. 
1880. REP OR T 
OK 
MEDICAL LEGISLATION. 
PRESENTED TO THE 
MEDICAL SOCIETY’ OF TIIE STATE OF 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
BY 
R. LOWRY SIBBET, M.D.f 
CARLISLE, PA. 
At its Annual Meeting held at Altoona, May, 1880. 
REPRINTED FROM ITS TRANSACTIONS. 
PHILADELPHIA: 
COLLINS, PRINTER, 705 JAYNE STREET. 
1880. REPORT ON MEDICAL LEGISLATION. 
The Committee on Medical Legislation beg leave to report that 
the bill pending in the legislature at the time of our last meeting 
was defeated on final reading in the House of Representatives, after 
it had passed the Senate without opposition. This bill was intended 
to take the place of section three of the Act of 1877, which is im- 
perfect. It required registration of all practitioners of medicine by 
the prothonotaries of the several counties of the State, as the means 
of obtaining important information which cannot be secured in any 
other way. It has been stated in former reports and in memorials 
that registration, uniform and thorough, of physicians, druggists, 
and dentists, is practised in all European countries; and that it is 
the oidy solid basis upon which the medical profession can rest in 
any country. It has also been stated that registration is practised 
by the legal profession in all countries as the essential feature of 
the means made use of to secure competency in our courts of justice. 
And it is still the opinion of your committee that the registration 
of medical practitioners, which has been commenced in our State, 
should be continued under the imperfect section referred to, and in 
accordance with the forms adopted by this Society, until further 
legislation can be obtained. In the mean time it is proposed to 
point out some of the obstacles in the way of medical legislation, 
and to indicate the means which it is our privilege to use under a 
republican form of government, and which we must use, if we would 
secure for our profession a higher standard. 
In a more centralized form of government in which the institutions 
of the country are given to the people by the higher classes, the 
regulation of the practice of medicine is very simple. A certain 
number of boards of examiners are constituted by law to examine 
all candidates for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and no one is 
permitted to practise who has not obtained this degree. These 
boards of examiners, as they exist in foreign countries, are, of 4 
course, connected with the departments of higher education, but 
they are in no way interested in the number of candidates whom 
they examine or recommend for degrees. 
In the United States it is altogether different. The less intelli- 
gent classes of our people are virtually the lawmakers, and we 
must accept what they give us. Our government is a republic of 
independent States, each of which claims absolute control over its 
own institutions, including medical schools. The Federal govern- 
ment cannot limit their number, or interpose restraints of any kind, 
and just here we find the chief obstacle in the way of efficient legis- 
lation on this subject. Concert of action between the States is 
impossible. As a result, rival institutions of low grade spring up 
everywhere. The courses of study are abbreviated; degrees are 
prostituted ; diplomas become articles of merchandise. 
The degree of Bachelor of Arts is conferred by our higher literary 
institutions after six years of faithful study, but it may also be 
obtained from other institutions after three years of study. The 
degree of Doctor of Medicine may be obtained on almost any terms. 
These degrees have therefore no uniform or fixed value in our 
country; and the latter has frequently been conferred upon igno- 
rant pretenders. 
What effect this policy, indorsed again and again by our State 
legislatures, may have upon our literary institutions and upon the 
other professions, it is not for us to predict; but it is certain, in 
the near future, to bring disgrace upon our medical schools and 
upon our profession, if it has not done so already. We have in the 
United States three times as many medical schools as Germany, 
four times as many as Great Britain, and ten times as many as 
France. New York has 13 or 14,’ Ohio has 12, Missouri has 8, 
Pennsylvania has 7. These institutions, eighty-live in all, are of 
course chartered by the legislatures of the several States in which 
they are located; and some of them, as is well known, are exceed- 
ing pretentious and corrupt. They are 'not unfrequently called 
universities, even when their doors are closed eight months in the 
year. In a few instances they have well deserved the opprobrious 
epithets applied to them by the press, such as “diploma mill” and 
“doctor factory.” All this has grown out of the fact that our 
government is a republic of independent States, without power to 
limit the number of medical schools or to restrict them in the exer- 
cise of their proper functions. 
But there is another obstacle in the way of efficient legislation 
to which wre invite the attention of the profession. We refer to the 
existence of the sects in medicine. These are an American product. 5 
They have grown up in our midst during the last forty years. 
Popular government has given them a legal form and shape. In 
no other country has there ever been a chartered medical school 
calling itself homoeopathic, eclectic, hydropathic, vitopatliic, or 
hygeio-fherapeutic. The seed of sectarian medicine was first sown 
in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York, and to-day we are 
reaping a harvest of bitter fruit. There are at present twenty-one 
or twenty-two such institutions in our country, and we know that 
most of tliem are engaged in the diploma traffic. A few weeks’ 
attendance upon what are dignified as medical lectures in rented 
buildings, or it may be a few dollars sent in an envelope to the 
dean of the faculty, and the candidate has conferred upon him the 
degree of doctor of medicine. It is well known that the agents of 
these institutions have.canvassed our country from one end of it to 
the other, and that many persons are in the possession of diplomas 
who have no proper claim to them. The members of this Society 
know best; but your Committee have reason to suspect that there 
are persons in every county in Pennsylvania who have obtained the 
degree of Doctor of Medicine in this irregular manner. These 
agents have even ventured abroad, and are now supplying the de- 
mand for American degrees in foreign countries. In Europe, in 
.Asia, in Australia, in the Canadian provinces, and in the South 
American States these diplomas are found by our ministers and 
consuls. In no department of industry have we so far outstripped 
other nations as in the manufacture and sale of medical diplomas. 
And although in most cases they are not valuable to the dupes 
who have purchased them, the disgrace attaches itself to our 
country and to our profession; and it is our duty, as a Society, to 
wash our hands clean, and to recommend such legislation as will 
save, at least, the commonwealth of Pennsylvania from further 
disgrace. 
In this connection, it may be stated that the medical schools in 
foreign countries, as well as the greater part of the profession in 
the United States, are not in any proper sense of the term sectarian, 
either in their teaching or in their practice. There has never been, 
in any country, a chartered medical school calling itself allopathic, 
and it is not likely there ever will be. This term—whatever it may 
mean—is ignored by all to whom it is usually applied, as unscien- 
tific, and, like the other high-sounding adjectives just given, is cal- 
culated to bewilder and deceive the people. It is the invention of 
theorists, who insist that every practitioner shall have a name, 
whether he is willing to recognize it or not. Rational medicine has 
no need for such bombastic titles to commend it to the favor of the 6 
people. Whilst it allows the greatest liberty in the discussion of 
theories, it at the same time permits and urges the use of all means 
that experience has shown to be useful in the treatment of diseases 
From these remarks, forced upon us by the circumstances which 
surround us, it becomes apparent that sectarian medicine has 
created an additional obstacle in the way of efficient legislation in 
the United States which does not exist in other countries, and 
which is not easily removed or overcome. The course of action 
which your Committee recommend will be considered further on. 
We come now to a subject which we can no longer keep in abey- 
ance, because it touches upon our honor as citizens of a great com- 
monwealth, and as members of a noble profession. Thus far we 
have kept silent as a society, lest we should appear to become the 
persecutors of institutions in our midst, whioh are known to be only 
whited sepulchres. And even now we prefer to use the arguments 
of others outside the profession, and to give to them the credit of 
bringing to light what many good people are unwilling to believe 
can exist. 
The following is extracted from the Legislative Journal of the 
State. 
“ Mr. Randall, from the special committee appointed in pursuance 
of a joint resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives to 
investigate the facts concerning the alleged corrupt issuing of medi- 
cal diplomas by any medical college existing under the laws of this 
State, made the following report, which was read and adopted:— 
“ The undersigned members of the committee appointed pursuant 
to a resolution of January 24, 1872, to investigate the facts concern- 
ing the alleged corrupt issuing of ‘ medical diplomas’ by any medi- 
cal college existing under the laws of this State, beg leave to submit 
the following report:— 
“Your committee met on the 31st day of January, A. I). 1872, 
and organized by electing A. M. Martin clerk ; and being profoundly 
impressed with the importance of the subject committed to their 
charge, have prosecuted what they believe to be a thorough and 
searching, as well as a fair and impartial investigation of the 
charges referred to. 
“ The sessions of your committee have alt been held in public in 
the cities of Philadelphia and Harrisburg: the proceedings have all 
been published, and the faculty and trustees of all the institutions 
have had full liberty to furnish any evidence, either exonerating 
themselves, or implicating others ; thus, as your committee believe, 7 
adopting every precaution to protect the innocent, and neglecting 
no proper means to expose the guilty. 
“The institutions in regard to which inquiry has been made are, 
the University of Pennsylvania, the Jefferson Medical College, the 
Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery, and the Eclectic 
College of Medicine, all of which are located in the city of Phila- 
delphia. 
“ In regard to the two first named institutions, the University of 
Pennsylvania and the Jefferson Medical College, your committee 
feel bound to report that a full and careful inquiry has developed no 
cause for suspicion Jhat either the trustees or faculty, or any member 
thereof, have in any way been concerned in the unlawful issue of 
medical diplomas, or the improper issue of what are termed ‘Hon- 
orary Degrees.’ On the contrary, the concurrent and uncontra- 
dicted testimony shows conclusively that persons connected with 
these institutions have, from tiie commencement of this nefarious 
traffic in diplomas, used all proper means both to expose and pre- 
vent the same, thus justifying the high estimate placed upon 
these institutions, and affording new proof of their just title to pub- 
lic confidence and esteem. 
“ The other institutions, which at present are known by the names 
of the Eclectic Medical College and the Philadelphia University of 
Medicine and Surgery, seem to owe their corporate existence to 
some very complicated and mysterious legislation. The legislative 
authority under which they seem to act is, first the Act of February 
25, 1850, by which the ‘Eclectic College’ was incorporated, and the 
Act of February 20, 1853, by which the American College of 
Medicine in Pennsylvania was incorporated. By the act of Feb- 
ruary 20, 1853, the word ‘eclectic’ was stricken out of the act of 
February 25, 1850, the original act. By the act of February 15, 
1800, the American College of Medicine in Pennsylvania, and tlie 
Eclectic College of Philadelphia, were hereafter to be known by the 
title of the Eclectic College. 
“ By the act of 1807, the American University of Philadelphia 
was incorporated, and by the terms of its charter has no power to 
confer medical degrees, except upon persons who have passed 
through the ordinary clinical course of study. By an act approved 
March 21, 1805, we have the first appearance of the Philadelphia 
University of Medicine and Surgery, and this appears to arise from 
a merger of the Eclectic Medical College and the American College 
of Medicine. 
“ An examination of many witnesses has convinced your com- 
mittee that the Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery, 8 
tinder the management of Dr. William Payne, and the Eclectic 
Medical College, under the management of Dr. John Buchanan, 
have for a long time openly engaged in the sale of diplomas to per- 
sons who had not attended even a practical collegiate course, and 
who in many instances were without any medical or scientific attain- 
ments whatever. 
“ It is in evidence that Dr. Payne made an agreement for the 
sale of diplomas, for the consideration of two hundred dollars, con- 
ferring the degrees of M.D. and LL.D. upon a person of whom 
he knew nothing except the name, and that in pursuance of this 
arrangement said diplomas were regularly made out and signed. 
The person named in this instance is said to have been an infant 
but two years old. It was also proved that Dr. Payne entered into 
an agreement with other parties to furnish diplomas for sale. In 
many instances there was positive proof that he had issued the 
diplomas of the University of Medicine and Surgery, for a conside- 
ration, to persons who had never attended any course of instruction, 
and to others who had only attended a few lectures in the course, 
and almost invariably without requiring an examination of the per- 
son so graduated or the writing of a thesis. In a number of cases 
witnesses testify to having received meritorious degrees in medicine 
without study, examination, or even payment. An examination of 
the books of the Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery 
disclosed the fact that many honorary degrees from that institution 
Avere disposed of for money, the entries stating specifically the 
amounts paid for such degrees and the names of the persons to 
whom they were sold. 
“The testimony concerning the illicit traffic in diplomas by the 
Eclectic College of Medicine, under the management of Dr. John 
Buchanan, developed some most astounding facts connected with 
this institution. It appears to be notorious that the sale of 
diplomas by this college Avas carried on openly and systematically. 
Diplomas from this college, in regular form and signed by the faculty, 
have been granted to Avomen avIio could not even tell the location of 
the college, and there is abundant evidence of the sale of degrees to 
persons who never attended an}” of the lectures of the course or re- 
ceived any medical instruction whatever. One of the faculty testi- 
fied before the committee that during the time he filled an important 
chair in this college he visited a distant part of the State for the 
purpose of ascertaining Avho among the practising physicians of 
that locality were without diplomas, with the intention of selling 
them degrees for whatever sum could be obtained. 
“Your committee feel bound to report that this illicit and dis- 9 
graceful traffic in diplomas by the two colleges above named has 
brought the medical profession of the State into disrepute, and has 
done great injury to the character and standing of the University 
of Pennsylvania and the Jefferson Medical College. Several mem- 
bers of the faculty of these institutions testified that they are con- 
stantly in receipt of letters from distant parts of the country and 
from England, inquiring upon what terms and conditions diplomas 
could be purchased, and a number of these letters were produced 
before your committee, copies of which will be found among the 
notes of testimony herewith submitted. It seems to have been the 
design of those engaged in the nefarious business to create the im- 
pression that they really represented the University of Pennsylvania 
at Philadelphia, and hence their endeavors by frequent legislation 
to obtain such names as would be likely to be mistaken for it. It 
is certain from the testimony adduced that both the Eclectic Col- 
lege and the Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery, sold 
many scholarships to persons who supposed they were purchasing 
the scholarships of the University of Pennsylvania, and that in no 
instance was the error corrected when the student discovered the 
mistake. 
“In view therefore of the clearly established fact that both the 
Eclectic College of Medicine and the Philadelphia University of 
Medicine and Surgery have abused the trust confided in them by 
the Legislature, by their several acts of incorporation, selling 
their degrees to persons who had not attended the regular course 
of instruction, or were in any manner entitled to hold diplomas 
from a chartered college, and that their existence as incorporated 
medical institutions is productive of great disgrace to the medical 
profession, therefore your committee urgently recommend the pas- 
sage of a law repealing all former laws incorporating said institu- 
tions. 
“All of which is respectfully submitted. 
WM. M. RANDALL, 
J. M. WEAKLEY, 
B. B. STRANG, 
D. A. NAGLE, 
M. S. HUMPHREYS, 
D. W. CRAWFORD, 
E. BILLINGSFELT.” 
It is only necessary for your committee to state that bills were 
introduced, passed by the Legislature and approved by the governor, 
repealing the several acts by which these institutions were incor- 
porated ; but an appeal was made to the supreme court, and it was 10 
decided that an act of incorporation can 011I3' be annulled by judicial 
procedure. 
We next present an abstract from a letter written by Hon. An- 
drew D. White, our minister at Berlin, to Secretary Evarts of the 
State Department at Washington, and forwarded to Mayor Stokley 
of Philadelphia. It is only one of numerous complaints that have 
reached us through our ministers and consuls relating to the 
chartered medical schools of Pennsylvania, and we think it should 
be given to the profession as part of our report (see Philadelphia 
Record, Mar. 31, 1880). It reads as follows :— 
“Some weeks since a Mr. Pappenheim brought me a diploma, 
engrossed on parchment in very handsome style, and issued nomi- 
nally by ‘ The American University of Philadelphia’(of 514 Pine 
Street , conferring the degree of Doctor of Medicine upon one Chris- 
topher Schnetz, living, as I understand it, at Leipzig. It would 
appear that the diploma was offered to Schnetz upon the condition 
that he would pay a sum of money for it. It bears the signature of 
a number of persons claiming to be professors in the aforesaid 
university, at the head of them being the signature of John Bu- 
chanan, M.D. Schnetz desired the Legation to give him a declara- 
tion of its genuineness and value, which I refused to do. One 
peculiar feature of the diploma was that, although evidently entirely 
new and recently issued, it was dated 1872. 
“About ten days ago another and more serions case was brought 
to my notice. The judicial authorities at Prenzlau forwarded a 
cop3r (which I inclose) of a diploma issued by the same alleged 
institution to Paul Christopf Erdman Yolland, and signed by the 
faculty, at the head of which appears the same name John Buchanan, 
M.D. The authorities at Prenzlau asked the Legation regarding 
the genuineness of the diploma and standing of the institution, it 
being with them a question whether Yolland could be allowed to 
practise his profession under such a diploma. 
“After looking through the correspondence on record in this 
legation, and seeking in vain for the name of the institution in the 
list of colleges and universities published by the Bureau of Educa- 
tion in the Department of the Interior at Washington, my answer 
was unfavorable to Yolland’s claim. 
“You will observe among the papers accompanying the diploma 
of Yolland something much more serious than the diploma itself, 
and that is the authentication of it by Philip A. Cregor, or Gregar, 
notary public of Philadelphia; and I bring this matter especially 
to the notice of the Department, hoping that something may be 11 
done to prevent officials in Pennsylvania lending themselves to wlmt 
is undoubtedly a fraud, whether under the forms of law or not. 
“That such cases as these have brought disgrace upon the Ameri- 
can system of advanced education, and upon the American name in 
general, is certain. This has recently been revealed to me inci- 
dentally in a curious way: In a very successful play now running 
at the Royal Theatre in this city, a play written strangely enough 
by a judge of one of the higher tribunals in the Empire, one of the 
characters, in casting a reflection upon another who is dignified with 
the title of Doctor, declares a belief that the latter had simply 
bought his degree in America; and in a recent novel of a popular 
author here, the scoundrel of the book, having escaped justice in 
Germany, goes to America, and is at last advices very comfortably 
settled and practising medicine with a diploma which he had bought 
for money. 
“All this, of course, is of no special significance in this case, 
save that it shows that the fair name of our country has been and 
can be injured in the minds of a large number of people by such 
contemptible transactions as those herein referred to.” 
W e come next to consider very briefly the means which it is our 
privilege and duty to use for the elevation of our profession and for 
the protection of the people. 
The first of these is legislation, direct and unequivocal. It is 
plain from what has been stated that the profession in Pennsylvania 
is in much the same situation as it is in France, or Great Britain, or 
any other independent government, with this exception, that we 
have in our midst sectarian medicine to make legislation more diffi- 
cult. AVe can, however, even in the peculiar circumstances in which 
Ave are placed, consider the profession as composed of two classes 
of practitioners. 
1st. Those who have obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
from institutions in our own State; and 
2d. Those who propose to settle in our midst, pretending to have 
obtained this degree from institutions in neighboring 
States or foreign countries. 
This division of the subject is simple and natural. It grows out 
of the independence of the State. It implies the right which we 
have to protect ourselves. In all European countries, legislation is 
based on this principle, and we cannot do better than adopt it. Our 
first duty is therefore to establish a standard of qualifications in the 
profession, and afterwards to protect ourselves from imposition by 12 
those who come from other States or countries, with insufficient 
attainments or with bogus diplomas. 
It will be difficult to conceive of a standard of qualifications which 
would be creditable to our State, without an Act of Assembly, re- 
quiring those who matriculate in our medical schools to have passed 
through certain courses of preliminary study. In the Canadian 
provinces the matriculate is required to have an academic degree, 
or to submit to an examination in the following branches of study, 
namely, English Language (Grammar and Composition), Arithmetic, 
Algebra, Geometry, and Latin as far as the Orations of Cicero ; and 
in one of the following studies, namely, Greek, French, German, or 
Natural Philosophy. In this particular we cannot afford to be be- 
hind our neighbors. In the Harvard Medical School, and in the 
University of Michigan, the equivalent of this has been adopted. In 
most of the counties of our State, if not in all of them, the student 
of law is required to pass a preliminary examination before he is 
allowed to place himself under the care of a preceptor, provided he 
has not obtained an academic degree; and the same examination or 
degree might be required of those who desire to enter upon the 
study of medicine; and to escape the prejudices arising out of the 
sects in our profession, the examination might be conducted by the 
same committee of legal gentlemen. 
The registration of all practitioners of medicine has been referred 
to; and informer reports we have advocated it, as the foundation 
of history for our profession. This view of the subject has been 
presented in memorials, before our legislature, but without obtain- 
ing the full benefit of an efficient law. We now ask you to consider 
it as a means, which has long been used in other countries, to pre- 
vent imposition and fraud. Our profession, our people, as well as 
our respectable medical schools, need protection. AVe ought to have 
a standard ; but how shall the profession or the people know that 
the practitioner who comes from a neighboring State has the qualifi- 
cations to practise medicine ? How shall any one know that the 
practitioner who comes from a foreign country is not a pretender? 
A stranger merely suspected cannot be arrested with impunity, or 
required in a court of justice to give evidence against himself. The 
burden of proof rests upon the commonwealth. But the individual 
who proposes to practise medicine may be required in the presence 
of the prothonotary of the county to give his name, his native 
country, the institution that conferred upon him the degree of Doc- 
tor of Medicine, and the year in which it was conferred. All this 
may be required, under oath or affirmation, not only as the basis of 13 
history for the profession, but as an important means to prevent 
imposition and fraud. 
Intimately connected with registration is the organization of a 
Hoard of Examiners. It is right to have a standard; it is also 
right to require registration; but there are some things which 
neither of these can secure to the profession or to the people. How 
shall we know that the stranger who comes into our midst has not 
bought his degree for money ? or has not erased the name of a de- 
ceased relative from an old diploma and inserted his own? Medical 
institutions arc numerous; degrees are cheap ; diplomas are some- 
times counterfeited. An itinerant, several years ago, was known to 
exhibit on the corners of the streets and wherever he went three 
diplomas from as many medical schools in the United States. 
Against such abuses how shall our profession protect itself? Expe- 
rience has shown that it can only be done by efficient acts of legis- 
lation, faithfully executed. As in other independent States, a Board 
of Examiners has become a necessity for Pennsylvania. A State 
Board of Health, as in Illinois, might be the proper depository of 
such power, composed in part, as it should be, of individuals repre- 
senting other professions and occupations. 
But there is another means for the elevation of the profession 
which your committee desire to present for consideration, namely, 
the judicious use of the press. This we believe has become a ne- 
cessity in the United States. Congress can do very little for the 
profession, except to exclude sectarian medicine from the army and 
the navy ; and the legislatures of the States left to themselves are 
not likely to rise to an intelligent appreciation of the subject. In- 
deed, it would appear, from the report of the investigating commit- 
tee which we have just read, that the Legislature of Pennsylvania 
by frequently granting charters to uneducated and irresponsible 
parties for the purpose of founding institutions of learning—preten- 
tious universities and colleges—has brought disgrace upon our com- 
monwealth and upon our profession. How to correct an evil of this 
kind, which touches upon the prejudices of the people at so many 
points; and how to prevent its recurrence in the future, though the 
courts confer now the charters in Pennsylvania, are questions that 
belong to this Society, more perhaps than to any other association, 
to consider. There may be some difference of opinion in the profes- 
sion, but your committee are unable to discover any better remedy 
than the judicious use of the press. The people must be educated; 
but who will engage in a work of this kind unless the profession 
volunteer? and how can it be done except by the use of the press? 
The importance of thorough preparation for professional work 14 
should be advocated not only in memorials sent up to our legisla- 
ture and in reports of committees, but in frequent contributions to 
our leading magazines and newspapers in our State. The duty of 
supporting medical institutions of irreproachable character should 
be clearly stated. Rational medicine should be taught, as opposed 
to every species of deception and fraud. Sanitary science should 
be proclaimed on the housetop, that the annual mortality of the 
people might be reduced to a minimum. The value of statistics 
should be explained in every community, including especially the 
registration of births and deaths. And lastly efficient legislation 
should be advocated. The people should be informed that every 
honest practitioner of medicine desires to be placed under the pro- 
tection of law, and to be governed by it; that the charlatan and the 
abortionist alone protest against the restraints of wholesome legis- 
lation. 
In concluding this report, your committee desire to speak encour- 
agingly of the future. The Act of 1871 has already produced good 
results. The tramp doctor does not make his appearance so fre- 
quently. The non-graduate engages in practice at the risk of prose- 
cution and a fine of two hundred dollars; and the profession and 
the people are beginning to understand the importance of the 
subject. 
All of which is respectfully submitted. 
TRAILL GREEN, 
JOHN L. ATLEE, 
BENJ. LEE, 
J. L. STEWART, 
C. A. RAHTER, 
R. L. SI 13BET.