DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR-U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
J. W. POWELL, DIRKQTOR 
T PI PC 
NATURAL MINERAL WATERS 
OF 
THE TTNTTED STATES 
BY 
A. C. PEALE 
EXTRACT FROM THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, 1892-93 
WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1895 U.S. GEO LOGICAL SURVEY. 
FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PL 111. 
U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
J.W. POWELL.DIRECTOR . 
Mineral Spring Resorts 
OF THE 
V UNITED STATES 
a.c.pealf: 
1892. 
JULIUS BIEN 4 CO. LITH N Y U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
FOURTEENTH annual report PL. IV 
U .S . G EO LO G I CA L SURVEY 
J.W. POWELL DIRECTOR. 
Mini;hal Springs 
OK TIIK 
\ tnitkd status 
tup: wait: ns ok which ark uskd commkkciauy 
A.C.PEALK. 
1892. 
JL'LIUS BlEN * CO. LITH Nr NATURAL MINERAL WATERS 
OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 
BY 
A. G. PE ALE. 
14 ueol7 pt 2 4 CONTENTS. 
Page. 
Introduction 53 
History 54 
Definition 56 
Origin of mineral springs 58 
Flow of mineral springs 59 
Source of mineralization 61 
Geological position 62 
Classification 64 
Thermal springs 68 
Chemical composition and analysis 69 
Geographic distribution 73 
Utilization of mineral waters 80 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
Page. 
Plate III. Map showing mineral spring resorts In pocket. 
IV. Map showing springs whose waters are used commercially... In pocket. THE NATURAL MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED 
STATES. 
A. C. Peale. 
Aside from the geological interest attached to the subject of mineral 
waters the facts that within the limits of the United States there are 
between 8,000 and 10,000 mineral springs, and that the waters from 
nearly 300 are annually placed upon the market to the extent of over 
21,000,000 gallons, at a valuation of nearly $5,000,000, show plainly 
that the subject is also one of considerable economic importance. That 
this importance is an increasing one is evident when a comparison of 
these figures is made with the figures for 1883, the first year they were 
compiled. The production then was 7,529,423 gallons, with a valuation 
of $1,119,003, and the total number of springs known to be utilized for 
commercial purposes was only 189. 
Dr. John Bell was one of the first to write about the mineral springs 
of the United States, and when he made his list of them in 1831 he 
enumerated 21 in all. To-day the list of commercially used waters 
drawn from our mineral springs is nine times greater than the total 
number then known. 
When individual localities are considered and comparisons are made 
between the present conditions and those of a relatively few years 
ago the same advance in importance and interest is evident. At 
Saratoga Springs, for instance, a place that has given its name to 
many mineral spring resorts from one end of the country to the other, 
40 springs have been discovered in addition to the High Rock spring, 
which, first known to white people in 1767, had been known and util- 
ized for its medicinal virtues long before that by the aboriginal inhab- 
itants of the country. In Saratoga to-day we have a spa that rivals 
the best in Europe, where attention has been devoted to the subject 
of mineral waters for centuries. In Virginia and West Virginia, also, 
which together now have at least 150 known mineral springs, there 
were in 1831 only 7 springs catalogued. Of these the Bath Mineral 
spring, now Berkeley Springs, named after the celebrated English 
watering place, was known and slightly improved as a resort in 1777; 
INTRODUCTION. 54 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
and the Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs, generally known simpiy 
as the “White Sulphur Springs,” date their first improvement lrom 
the year 1778. These places are the prototypes of mineral spring 
resorts now found in almost every State of the l nion. 
Much remains, however, to be done before the scientific use of our 
mineral waters can be defined with that careful regard to their chem- 
ical composition and their therapeutic value which is so much to be 
desired. 
HISTORY. 
Inasmuch as the history of our country reaches back only to a com- 
paratively recent date the written history of its mineral springs must 
of necessity also be a rather short one. Although many of our best 
known mineral waters were known to the Indians from earliest times, 
and traditions of their virtues were transmitted to their white suc- 
cessors, the time of the latter was too much occupied to allow of much 
attention being paid to them. 
The history of mineral springs in general, however, dates from the 
most remote periods. The Egyptians, Arabians, Mohammedans, Greeks, 
Romans, and, in fact, all nations, have used mineral waters for 
medicinal purposes from time immemorial. Hippocrates, Aristotle, 
Herodotus, and even Homer wrote of them; temples dedicated to 
iEsculapius, the god of medicine, were erected near them; and they 
were made the sites of hospitals, medical schools, baths, and resorts 
for the diversion of the sick. 
Pliny, in his Natural History, says of these waters: “They spring 
wholesome from the earth on every side, and in a thousand lands, the 
cold, the hot, the hot and cold together, as at Tarbellum (Dax), in 
Aquitania, or in the Pyrenees, where they are separated only by a 
small interval, or yet the warm and tepid, announcing relief to the 
sick, and flowing from the earth only for man, of all living things.” 
For five centuries mineral waters were almost the only medicines 
used in Rome. In their conquests of northern and western Europe 
the Romans sought the springs of the countries, and in the names 
Acqui, Aix or Aachen, Dax, etc., derived from the Latin aqua, we 
have testimony of the former celebrity of these towns as watering 
places. The reputation of many of them has descended to our own 
time. Among the Romans warm bathing was indulged in to excess, 
and at one time there were 800 therm® in Rome. Many traces of these 
ancient Roman baths remain. They were buildings of great archi- 
tectural beauty, grand and magnificent, adorned with statuary and 
mosaics, and among them the baths of Diocletian and the baths of 
Caracalla were the most celebrated. 
In our practical day we have shorn the springs of the superstitions 
of the ancients, and the busy habits of modern times do not permit us 
to spend the time and elaborate preparation upon the bath that was PEALE.J 
HISTORY. 
bestowed upon it in the luxurious days of imperial Rome. Although 
we no longer depend upon hearsay as to the efficacy of springs in 
the cure of disease, but have chemists analyze the waters, still the 
period of true scientific investigation of their properties reaches back 
only a few hundred years, and the therapeutic study, especially in our 
own country, will require many more years of patient labor. 
The first work upon the quality and use of water that was printed 
in America treats of it from a therapeutical standpoint. It is entitled: 
The Curiosities of Common Water, or the Advantages thereof in Cur- 
ing Cholera, Intemperance, and other Maladies, by John Smith, C. M. 
It was reprinted at Boston, Massachusetts, from the London edition of 
1712, for Joseph Edwards, at the corner shop on the north side of Town 
House, in 1725. It calls special attention to the excellency of water as 
a drink, and enumerates its therapeutical attributes as follows: “It 
cures gout and hypochondriac melancholy; it benefits gravel and stone 
in the bladder; it makes the child grow strong in the womb, and 
increases the mother’s milk; it stays hunger; for there was a certain 
crack-brained man who, at Leyden, when I)r. Carr resided in that 
university, pretended he could fast as long as Christ did; and it was 
found that he held out the term of forty days without eating any food, 
only he drank water and smoked tobacco.” “Water is also of great 
use to strengthen weak children; it prevents swelling from bruises, 
sickness of the stomach, shortness of breath, and vomiting; it cures 
fluxes, consumption, Hushes, colic, smallpox, etc.” Although written 
one hundred and eiglity-one years ago this is not excelled by the pre- 
tentious claims of any modern mineral spring circular. 
Dr. John Bell was perhaps the first to write anything like a treatise 
on the mineral springs of the United States. In his Baths and Mineral 
Waters, published in 1831, part ii is devoted to “a history of the 
chemical composition and medicinal properties of the chief mineral 
springs of the United States and Europe.” He enumerated 21 locali- 
ties for the United States, which list was increased to 181 in The 
Mineral and Thermal Springs of the United States and Canada, which 
he published in 1855. Dr. J. J. Moonman, in his Mineral Springs of 
North America and How to Reach Them, published in 1873, refers to 
or describes 171 springs. This was preceded by his Mineral Springs 
of the United States and Canada, published in 18G7, and by several 
books relating to the Virginia springs published in 1837, 1846,1855, 
1857, and 1859. Dr. George E. Walton’s Mineral Springs of the 
United States and Canada, etc. (third edition), published in 1883, 
mentions for the United States 279 localities. Drs. William Pepper, 
H. I. Bowditcli, A. X. Bell, S. E. Chaille, and Charles Dennison, as a 
committee of the American Medical Association, in 1880 made a very 
complete compilation, which included about 500 localities. Dr. A. N. 
Bell’s Climatology and Mineral Waters of the United States, pub- 
lished during the latter part of 1885, enumerated 173 localities. Bui- 56 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
letin No. 32, published by the U. S. Geological Survey in 1880 (compiled 
by the writer), included 2,822 mineral spring localities (and 8,843 
individual springs), 634 of which were utilized as resorts and 2-3 as 
sources of commercial mineral water. One of the most recent enumer- 
ations is £>y Dr. Judson Daland in the list appended to Gould’s New 
Medical Dictionary. An examination of the many works relating to 
the springs of the separate States oi individual spring resorts is not 
in place here. 
What is now needed most in relation to our own springs is, first, a 
careful chemical examination of all our mineral waters. This examina- 
tion should be made upon one plan for all the waters, if not by the same 
chemist in all cases. We have analyses to the number of a thousand or 
more made upon almost as many plans as there are chemists who made 
them. Many of the analyses also were made long before the spectro- 
scope was known, and the waters should be examined in the light of 
recent advances in chemical knowledge. Until this is done we have no 
way of accurately comparing them with each other or with the well 
known waters of other countries. 
We need, secondly, a careful therapeutic and clinical study of 
our mineral waters. Until more study is devoted to this subject our 
physicians will continue to send patients abroad, because they know 
that at the foreign resorts the patient is at once put under the care of 
one who has made a study of the effects of the waters and has mas- 
tered all the details of its use in the treatment of disease. There has 
been a great improvement, however, in this respect, in the sanitaria 
of the United States in the past ten years, and before long it is hoped 
that none will be obliged to go abroad for treatment at a mineral spring 
resort. Until that day we shall have to rely upon the comparison of 
our waters with those of foreign countries where the study of their 
effect has been carried on for years. This comparison, of course, is 
facilitated by our knowledge of the chemical composition of the waters. 
It is an interesting fact that mineral waters were used by the ancients 
for the same diseases to which they are applied to-day. 
DEFINITION. 
The definition of a mineral water will depend upon the point of view, 
whether it be tha of the chemist, or that of the physician or dealer. 
In the strictest sense water, being an inorganic body, that is, a com- 
pound of definite chemical composition, is itself a mineral. Common 
usage has restricted the term to those waters that contain appreciable 
quantities of foreign matter. 
As water may be considered the universal solvent, all waters in a 
certain sense must be mineral waters from a chemical standpoint. 
Even glass is to a small extent soluble in water. Absolutely pure 
water is a product of the laboratory alone, and rain water, which is the feale.] 
DEFINITION OF MINERAL WATERS. 
purest natural water, acquires in its passage through the atmosphere 
small quantities of solid organic and inorganic matters, as well as 
ammonia, carbonic acid gas, and other gases. 
As Daubeuy says,1 “the term mineral water in its most extended 
sense comprises every modification existing in nature of that univer- 
sally diffused fluid, whether considered with reference to its sensible 
properties or to its action upon life.’1 
From the standpoint of the physician a mineral water is any water 
that has an effect upon the human system, no matter how feebly min- 
eralized it may be; that is, it is any water that possesses medicinal 
virtues, whether they be due to the presence of organic, inorganic, or 
gaseous contents, or to the principle of heat. This is the definition 
found in most works on mineral springs. Under this definition, there- 
fore, would be included many waters that, from a chemical standpoint, 
might be considered very pure or chemically indifferent. Many of them 
are less highly mineralized than the ordinary potable waters of a great 
many localities; yet the fact that they have some specific effect from a 
medical point of view entitles them to consideration as mineral waters. 
From the standpoint of the dealer in bottled mineral waters the defi- 
nition has of course a very wide range. From his point of view all 
waters put upon the market for sale in bottles or barrels or in any other 
way, come under the head of mineral waters, and in collecting the sta- 
tistics of the commercial aspect of the subject it has been found impos- 
sible to draw any definite line, either according to the mineralization 
of the water or the uses to which it is put. A number of the waters 
included, and of importance commercially, would be considered indiffer- 
ent when viewed in the light of their chemical composition, but it must 
be remembered that some very pure waters have an undoubted thera- 
peutical effect, and that chemical analysis, which is absolutely reliable 
only in its estimation of basic salts and acids, will not always explain 
the medicinal effect of a water, and that small quantities of some con- 
stituents are often more effective as remedial agents than others that 
are present in larger quantities. It is an undoubted fact that many 
springs which, upon chemical analysis of their waters, are found to be not 
so highly mineralized as the majority of potable waters, have acquired, 
and rightly, too, great reputations for their medicinal value. That 
their medicinal value is thus recognized and that they are sources of 
profit to their owners and also indirectly an addition to the wealth of 
their localities, seem sufficient reasons why they should be included 
under the head of mineral springs, from this commercial point of view. 
1 Sixth Report, British Association for the Advancement of Science 1836, p. 1. 58 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
ORIGIN OF MINERAL SPRINGS. 
One of the first questions that presents itself is: whence comes the 
great quantity of water that is poured forth by mineral springs and 
seems to be unfailing in its supply, changing but little in most cases 
from day to day and from year to year. It is an undisputed fact that 
the water of all springs, mineral or otherwise, is meteoric in its origin 5 
but for a long time, in fact for ages, the origin of springs was a puz- 
zling question and a fruitful subject of debate by ancient philosophers. 
Aristotle taught that there were large cavities in the interior of the 
earth filled with air and that this air condensed to water on the cold 
ceilings and made its way to the surface through fissures. Vitruvius 
believed that springs were due to an accumulation of rain and melted 
snow in subterranean reservoirs. Descartes imagined that the sea 
was the source of the water which flowed into subterranean caverns, 
was vaporized, and afterwards condensed, finally escaping to the surface 
through crevices in the rocks. 
The water of mineral springs, as of all other springs, is now, however, 
recognized as no new creation, but it is well known that the spring is 
only one of the phases of an aqueous circulation which begins and ends 
in the clouds that envelope our globe. Falling through our atmos- 
phere as rain, after it reaches the earth the water ever seeks lower 
levels, and while a large part passes directly to the ocean through the 
lakes and streams, a very considerable portion sinks into the earth 
through the crevices in its rocks, and issuing later as a spring in some 
lower and more favorable level, eventually reaches the ocean, whence 
by evaporation it once more becomes a part of our cloudy envelope- 
In the latter part of the seventeenth century, Mariott, a French phys- 
icist, and Halley, the eminent English astronomer, independently of 
each other, the one by physical methods and the other from an astro- 
nomical point of view, demonstrated that the evaporation from the 
ocean is sufficient to account for the supply of water to all the springs 
and lakes and rivers that supply water to the sea. Buffon later demon- 
strated the same theory by selecting a lake without an outlet and 
proving that the evaporation from its surface was equal to all the 
water that was poured into it. It was anciently believed that all the 
rain water that fell upon the earth either ran off or was absorbed by 
the surface strata a short distance below the soil; but the constant 
dripping of water from the roofs of mines and tunnels proved this 
view to be incorrect. In Misnia, in Saxony, water forms in drops on 
the roofs of mines 1,000 feet below the surface, and when the railroad 
tunnel through Mount Cenis was cut into rock hard enough to turn 
the best steel, that rock was found to be so filled with water that 2 
canal had to be built through the center of the tunnel to carry it away. 
Prof. T. Sterry Hunt estimates that a square mile of sandstone 100 feet 
in thickness will contain water sufficient to sustain a flow of a cubic PE ALE.] 
ORIGIN AND FLOW OF MINERAL WATERS. 
59 
foot a minute for more than thirteen years. The water reaches the 
surface through springs in several ways. Sinking below the surface it 
penetrates the strata to a greater or less depth and is frequently sub- 
jected to an enormous hydrostatic pressure as it reaches lower levels; 
and when a favorable opportunity occurs through a crevice in the rocks, 
this pressure forces it to the surface, or boring for an artesian well 
gives it the necessary outlet. Many springs, however, find their way 
out naturally, as they flow from high altitudes to lower ones, and some 
waters, especially in the case of hot springs, are forced to the surface 
by an accumulation of steam, or exist as geysers from the very fact of 
their higher temperature. The accumulation of gas is also effective 
in the case of many cold springs, or in some springs that alternately 
throw out gas and water. The great majority of springs, however, 
reach the surface quietly either along the base of mountain ranges, 
or in valleys, or at the coast line. Their supply area is the higher 
mountain region that receives the water as rain. This, then, ordi- 
narily sinks until an impervious stratum is reached, along which it 
flows until it emerges at the first favorable opportunity at the lower 
level, either as an ordinary spring, as a mineral spring if the rocks 
through which it passes are favorable, or as a hot or warm spring if it 
penetrates to a great depth or comes into contact with heated rocks 
before issuing at the surface of the earth. 
FLOW OF MINERAL SPRINGS. 
To those who have only casually considered, the subject, the outflow 
from springs is somewhat surprising in amount. Le Coq says that of 
500 springs in central France, 231 have been gauged and yield 2,028,000 
gallons each every twenty-four hours. This, however, is small compared 
with the “Orange Spring,” in Florida, which is said to pour out over 
5,000,000 gallons per hour. During the eruptions of the Excelsior 
geyser, in the Yellowstone National Park, enough water is thrown out 
to double the volume of the Fire Hole river, upon whose bank it is 
situated. The river at this point is from 2 to 3 feet in depth and nearly 
100 yards in width. 
Very few observations have been made as to the permanence of flow 
of our springs, but mineral springs coming from considerable depths 
are not liable to the fluctuations seen in surface waters. The following 
is a list of our mineral springs that have a flow of 1,000 gallons or 
more per hour: 
Name of spring and location. 
Flow 
per hour. 
Oallons. 
1,800 
2,000 
2, 280 
2, 000 
1, 000 
1,250 
Allandale Springs, Massachusetts 60 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Name of spring anil location. 
Flow 
per hour. 
Gallons. 
3, 000 
7,660 
4, 000 
1 250 
2,000 
1,000 
1,000 
30,000 
2, 500 
1,000 
12, 000 
2, 400 
7, 680 
2, 700 
5.400 
30, 000 
1,278 
360, 000 
3,000 
2,000 
1,860 
48, 000 
3, 800 
90, 000 
3, 700 
1, 500 
1,500 
3,000 
1,200 
84, 000 
1, 200 
73,920 
3,000 
5,055, 000 
148, 000 
1, 200, 000 
1, 250 
3, 100 
3, 600 
7.200 
12, 000 
6,000 
12, 200 
2, 800 
1, 200 
1,700 
2,000 
2,160 
1,675 
9, 000 
20,100 
12, 800 
7,000 
1,600 
21, 600 
1.200 
1, 100 
375,000 
6, 600 
1,100 
1,100 
1, 800 
18, 000 
1,500 
3, 000 
2,000 
3,620 
4,200 
45, 000 
1, 500 
2, 200 
1,000 
1, 200 
10, 000 
18, 000 
8.400 
1,000 
2, 000 
6.400 
30, 000 
2, 000 
1,100 
4.000 
Akesioh Springs, Missouri PE ALE.] 
SOURCE OF MINERALIZATION. 
Name of spring and location. 
Flow 
per hour. 
Blue Lick Springs, Missouri 
Gallons. 
3,000 
10,200 
5,000 
18, 000 
1,000 
3.400 
2,000 
15, 400 
1,000 
32, 903 
6, 500 
5, 000 
16, 980 
2, 000 
1,000, 000 
7, 000 
1,000 
6, 000 
91,000 
35, 000 
28, 000 
4,000 
4, 200 
5.000 
11,000 
1,000 
18, 000 
1,500 
8,000 
1.400 
50, 000 
5, 700 
4, 000 
2,000 
20, 000 
3,000 
20, 000 
1,260 
1,640 
Boiling Spring, Benton county, Missouri 
Union"Springs, Kansas City, Missouri 
Utah or Bear River Hot* Springs, Utah 
Whelan’s Wliite Sulphur Springs, Nevada 
Warner’s Ranch Springs, California 
SOURCE OF MINERALIZATION. 
What is the source from which are drawn the various gaseous and 
solid constituents of mineral waters H This is a question easily answered 
when the solvent power of water is remembered in connection with its 
penetration of the rocks that enter into the composition of the earth’s 
surface. The disintegrating effect of fairly pure water upon rocks is 
well known, but when it is remembered how vastly it is enhanced by 
the presence of carbonic acid gas, acquired in the passage of water 
through the atmosphere and the soil, wre need not look very far for the 
source of the constituents of mineral waters. They are derived from 
the decomposition of the rocks through which the waters pass in their 
downward course. Carbonic acid may accumulate in considerable quan- 
tities, and, besides favoring the solution of calcium, magnesium and 
iron, it may be held in solution in excess in the water. Sulphates may 
be reduced to sulphides and yield hydrogen sulphide. Organic matters 
also play an important part. In addition to chemical action, high 
temperature may assist in the breaking down of the rocks, and water 
under great pressure, without the aid of heat or with chemical action 
alone, may dissolve out not only the more soluble constituents of rocks, 62 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
but others not usually considered so, as silica, which is very sparingly 
soluble. 
In passing through the sedimentary rocks many of the previously 
deposited salts are redissolved, and in these and in the constituents 
of the metamorpliic and igneous rocks maybe found all the solid con- 
stituents that we find in mineral waters. They may be rearranged in 
the mineral waters after solution by chemical action, but there is no 
difficulty in accounting for the presence of any of the elements that 
are found upon chemical analysis. 
GEOLOGICAL POSITION. 
Inasmuch as mineral waters derive their solid constituents from the 
rocks through which they pass on their way down and up before their 
emergence as springs, there must be an intimate connection between 
them and the geological structure of the country. A comparison of 
the geological map of the United State with a map of its mineral 
springs is very instructive in this respect. In regions where the older 
or inetamorphic rocks constitute the surface formation, or are near to 
it, the waters as a rule contain a much smaller percentage of solid con- 
tents than in those regions where the water, to reach the surface, must 
come through sedimentary rocks which are not only more readily 
affected by the solvent powers of the water on account of their struct- 
ure, but naturally contain a larger proportion of readily soluble salts. 
Again, it will be seen that thermal springs in the eastern United States 
are limited mainly to those regions where there has been more rugged 
mountain corrugation. The hot and warm springs of Virginia and 
the warm springs of North Carolina and Georgia are found within the 
limits of the Appalachians, and in Arkansas the hot springs are found 
in connection with the Ozark mountain uplift. When the eastern sec- 
tion of the country is compared with the western half, which includes 
the Rocky mountain region, the great preponderance of hot springs in 
the latter is at once apparent, and the contrast between the two sec- 
tions in this respect is striking. It is true that in Florida most of the 
springs are slightly thermal, and that in the Mississippi valley there 
are a number of artesian wells whose water is also thermal, but in both 
cases this increased temperature is probably due to the greater depth 
from which the water comes. In the Rocky mountain region and other 
parts of the far west, in addition to the mountainous character of the 
country, which is also of recent origin compared with the Appalachians, 
we have a region of more recent volcanic disturbance and one in which 
rocks of igneous or eruptive origin cover extensive areas. It has 
long been a well known fact that the lines of junction between the sedi- 
mentary rocks and the older formations, especially along the bases of 
mountain ranges, are localities favorable for the occurrence of warm PE ALE.] 
GEOLOGICAL POSITION. 
63 
and hot springs. Daubeny pointed out the connection of hot springs 
with fissures and lines of elevation, and Prof. James D. Forbes,1 in 
1835, confirmed Daubeny’s views and pointed out the fact that the 
springs of the Pyrenees in almost every case were situated “just at 
the boundary of the granite with the stratified rocks.” 
These lines of junction are naturally weak points, and feel the stress 
of an uplift first, and they are therefore the points at which the great- 
est number of fractures and fissures occur and give the best egress to 
the water. When two or three axes of elevation cross each other the 
disturbance is greater, and as at Aix in France, and Leuk in Switzer- 
land, and at Mont Blanc, it is not a matter of surprise to find thermal 
springs. 
Prof. W. B. Rogers has pointed out the connection of the warm 
springs of Virginia with the faults and anticlinal axes of the Appala- 
chian mountains. In almost every country the connection between 
thermal springs and mountain ranges is readily recognized, and just 
as apparent is the connection between hot and warm springs and the 
occurrence of volcanic rocks the world over. Mr. G. K. Gilbert some 
years ago called attention to the fact that the hydrothermal contrast 
between the eastern and western portions of the country is in accord 
with the geological conditions, and he referred the greater heat in the 
latter to local uprisings of the geiso-thermal planes, together with pro- 
gressive corrugation, the intensity of the phenomena being heightened 
by the intrusion or extrusion of iava. 
The western States may be divided into four great divisions, viz, the 
Rocky mountain region, the Plateau region, the Great Basin, and the 
Pacific coast. In the Rocky mountain region mountain corrugation 
is probably the primary cause of the hot springs, although in many 
places it is associated with the occurrence of igneous rocks, as, for 
instance, in the Yellowstone National Park, where the latter are 
undoubtedly the cause of the geyseric phenomena. 
On the Pacific coast we find a similar association of the two causes, 
the uplifts of the Sierras and Coast ranges having been accompanied 
with volcanic outbursts, which in Alaska become a striking feature, 
the activity there being a thing of the present. All of the Alaskan 
mineral springs so far as known are either warm or hot. 
In the Great Basin mountain corrugation is subordinate to the dislo- 
cation of strata due to profound faulting. Prof. I. C. Bussell describes 
the region as follows: “The whole immense region lying between the 
Sierra Nevada and Rocky mountain systems has been broken by a mul- 
titude of fractures having an apparently north and south trend, that 
divide the region into long, narrow orographic blocks.” With the faults 
thus described by Russell are associated hot springs, and a map of the 
hot springs of the Great Basin would be to a great extent a map of 
’On the temperature and geological relations of certain hot springs, particularly those of the 
Pyrenees. Philosophical Transactions, 1836. 64 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
its displacements, just as a map of the hot springs of the world would 
be a very good map of the lines of volcanic disturbance ot the globe. 
With the faults of the Great Basin volcanic rocks are also frequently 
associated. 
In the plateau region a similar association of faulted strata and the 
former outpouring of lavas is noted. 
Thermal springs are not the only mineral waters found in connection 
with faulted strata. The disturbance accompanying the formation of 
faults is the most efficient cause of cracks and fissures through which 
waters can find their way to the surface. The springs of Saratoga are 
a notable instance of the association of cold mineral springs with pro- 
found faulting. In this case, however, there is no connection with 
igneous rocks and the water which has its source primarily in the 
mountains to the eastward of Saratoga is probably tapped at a com- 
paratively short distance from the surface, and hence has not acquired 
the temperature that other deeper springs get from the normal down- 
ward increase of temperature of the earth. This increase of tempera- 
ture, as given by different authorities, ranges from 1° F. in every 23 
feet descent to 1° F. in 08 feet. Recently Dr. Wm. Halloek of Colum- 
bia College, New York, as the result of observations on the deep well 
at Wheeling, W. Va., states that down to 3,200 feet the gradient is 
1° F. for every 81-5 feet, Avhereas the last few hundred feet show an 
increase of 1° F. for about every GO feet. 
CLASSIFICATION. 
That a classification of the various mineral waters is desirable is a 
proposition from which no one dissents, and many writers have pre- 
sented schemes. 
Systematic arrangement is necessary for a comprehensive view of 
the subject, no matter what the standpoint, and is naturally made in 
some shape or other by everyone. The universal use of water for 
drinking purposes led men at first to divide waters into potable and 
nonpotable (or drinkable and nondrinkable), but mineral waters were 
very early differentiated, and divided into classes according to their 
predominant characters or the qualities which appealed most strongly 
to the senses of taste and smell. In the time of Aristotle they were 
classified according to the vapors or gases they contained, and Pliny 
in the first century divided them into acidulous, sulphurous, saline, 
nitrous, aluminous, and bituminous. Many of our classifications of 
to-day have advanced but little beyond this early scheme. If they are 
in any sense chemical, they are generally based upon properties that 
are not analogous, terms denoting gaseous contents being made equiva- 
lent to those referring to the solid constituents. Usually, however, PKALE.] 
CLASSIFICATION. 
65 
there is a mixture of chemical and therapeutic classifications with 
other characteristics referable to physical sensations, which are all 
considered in these schemes as coordinate. Thus the terms alkaline, 
purgative, thermal, and sulphur waters, are found in most classifica- 
tions as divisions of the scheme, each one of equal value so far as the 
classification goes. 
Any classification must, from the nature of the case, be somewhat 
arbitrary, inasmuch as nature herself is an evolution, and wTe find that 
waters so shade into each other that it is difficult to draw hard and 
fast lines; but it is certainly not necessary to adopt a scheme based on 
such diverse properties as the contained gases, the therapeutic effect, 
the solid contents, and the sensation of heat, all jumbled together. 
The thermal waters may be alkaline, sulplmreted, or purgative, and so 
purgative waters may be sulplmreted and alkaline waters may be car- 
bonated or sulplmreted. A German classification divides the waters 
into I, alkaline; n, Glauber salt; in, iron; iv, common salt; v, Epsom 
salt; vi, sulphur; vn, earthy and calcareous; viu, indifferent. Class iv 
is divided into 1, simple; 2, concentrated; 3, with bromine and iodine. 
This subdivision corresponds to the proportion of sodium chloride con- 
tained in the water, and with Class vii can be just as well expressed 
by arranging the waters according to the amount of salt contained, 
beginning with the weakest or with the strongest. 
A classification, as already indicated, maybe either geographic, geo- 
logic, therapeutic, or chemical. The first two, however, in view of the 
uses to which mineral waters are put, are of little practical value. A 
therapeutic classification would be most desirable, but the conditions 
at present, in this country especially, are such as to render it impossi- 
ble. A chemical classification naturally precedes one based upon 
the application of the waters to the treatment of disease, even if we 
were not reduced by the necessities of the case to a scheme based 
mainly upon the predominance of one or more of the ingredients of the 
water. Minor constituents must be ignored to a certain extent, but 
the chemical composition can be relied upon with a reasonable degree 
of certainty for the therapeutic indications, as certain well defined 
effects, resulting from the probable combinations of the elements found, 
may be looked for. It is the more reliable from the fact that we have 
the results of the experience of those who have made a study of the 
well known European mineral waters and can compare our analyses 
with theirs, confidently expecting the same results from similar waters. 
The scheme of classification briefly outlined below’ is applicable not 
only to our own mineral waters, but to all, no matter from what part 
of the world they may come. Any truly scientific scheme ought to be 
broad enough to include any mineral water that may hereafter be 
analyzed. 
•This scheme is described by the writer in detail in the Transactions of the American Climatological 
Association, May, 1887, pp. 156-166. 
14 GEOL, PT 2 5 66 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
The following is the 
SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION 
Group A. Nonthehmal. 
Group B. Thermal. 
Class 1, Alkaline. 
Class 11, Alkaline-saline .. 
1. Sulphated, 
2. Muriated. 
.. Sulphated, 
!. Muriated. 
Class hi, Saline 
Class iv, Acid 
1. Sulphated. 
2. Muriated. 
Sulphated 
Muriated. 
[3. Siliceous . 
Any spring belonging to one of the above classes in any of its sub- 
divisions may be characterized by the absence of all gases (that is, 
may be nongaseous) or, by the presence of carbonic acid gas, sulpliu- 
reted hydrogen, etc., when it is designated by one of the following 
terms, viz: 
1. Nongaseous (free from gases). 
2. Carbonated (containing carbonic acid gas). 
3. Sulphureted (containing hydrogen sulphide). 
4. Azotized (having nitrogen gas). 
5. Carbureted (having carbureted hydrogen). 
There may be a combination of gases, which is indicated by the com- 
bination of the terms, as sulphocarbonated, etc. 
The classes may be further subdivided according to the predominant 
solid constituent as follows: 
1. Sodic. 
2. Lithic. 
3. Potassic. 
4. Calcic. 
5. Magnesie. 
0. Chalybeate. 
7. Aluminous. 
Here also there may be a combination which can be indicated by a 
combination of the terms, as caleic-magnesic, etc. 
A few words of explanation may be necessary as to the classes out- 
lined above. 
The alkaline waters (Class 1) include all those which are character- 
ized by the presence of the alkaline carbonates, as the carbonates of 
the alkalis, the alkaline earths, alkaline metals, and even of iron alone, 
although the latter is usually associated with other carbonates. Gen- 
erally these waters are characterized by the presence of free carbonic 
acid—the acidulous springs of some classifications—and would there- 
fore be additionally designated as carbonated. There are carbonated 
acid sulphated springs (i. e., springs with free carbonic acid, free sul- 
phuric acid, and sulphates) and to call them acidulous acid springs 
would be awkward to say the least. Nearly one half of the alkaline 
springs of the United States are calcic-alkaline—that is, with calcium 
carbonate or bicarbonate as the predominant ingredient. PE ALE.] 
CLASSIFICATION. 
67 
The saline Waters (Class III) include those in which sulphates or 
chlorides predominate. They are probably one-third more numerous in 
the United States than are alkaline waters. Almost all of the springs 
usually classified as purgative or aperient saline would fall under the 
head of sulphated salines. Thus a sodic-sulphated water and a mag- 
nesic sulphated water could hardly be mistaken for anything else than 
purgative waters. Under the head of muriated salines all the brines 
would fall, as they are characterized by the presence of sodium chlo- 
ride. Any of the salines maybe sodic-sulphated,or sodic-muriated,or 
calcic-sulpliated, calcic-muriated, etc. The sodic-muriated springs con- 
stitute 88 per cent of the muriated saline waters of the United States. 
The alkaline-saline waters (Class n) include all in which there is a 
combination of alkaline carbonates with the sulphates or chlorides, and 
they are divided just as the saline waters are, and may be still further 
subdivided in the same way into calcic, chalybeate, magnesic, etc., and 
are characterized still further, as are the other classes, by the absence 
or presence of gases. They are about one-third as numerous in the 
United States as the saline waters. 
The acid class (iv) takes in all the waters that contain free acid, 
whether it be silicic acid, sulphuric acid, or hydrochloric acid. The 
sulphated acid springs contain free sulphuric acid and also sulphates 
of various salts. The muriated acid springs have free hydrochloric 
acid as their predominant constituent, with various chlorides; and the 
siliceous acid springs are characterized by the presence of silicic acid 
in great quantity, and are still further divided into sulphated and 
muriated, according to the presence of the sulphates or of the chlorides 
in addition to the silicic acid. 
To illustrate the applicability of the scheme three cases will suffice. 
The High Rock spring and most of the other springs at Saratoga 
would be described as carbonated sodic-muriated alkaline-saline springs, 
i. e., the water contains free carbonic acid gas, its predominant solid 
constituent is sodium chloride, but it also contains alkaline carbon- 
ates. It belongs to Group A, as no temperature is given, it being a 
cold spring. 
The water of the Gilroy hot springs of California would be described 
as a hot sulpho-carbonated sodic-muriated saline water, i. e., it con- 
tains both free carbonic acid gas and sulphureted hydrogen, and its 
principal solid constituent is sodium chloride. It belongs to Group B, 
as it is a hot water. 
A third example is the Hot Springs of Virginia. The water of 
the Boiler springs, one of its many springs, may be described as a hot 
carbonated calcic-alkaline water, i. e., it contains free carbonic acid 
gas, the principal solid ingredient is calcium carbonate, and it belongs 
to Group B (thermal waters). 
The designation of a minera l water according to this scheme enables 
any one, be he physician or layman, at once to get a definite idea of its 68 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
general chemical composition and to obtain a clew to its probable thera- 
peutic effect, and qualifies him to pick it out as a water probably suitable 
for certain cases, after which a more careful study of its analyses will 
enable him to determine whether or not it meets all the requirements 
for the individual and particular case. 
THERMAL SPRINGS. 
A few words may be added upon the subject of thermal springs, as 
we have divided mineral springs into two groups according to their 
temperature. Strictly considered, all springs whose mean annual tem- 
perature (no matter in how small a degree) is above that of the mean 
annual temperature of their localities is a thermal spring. There is a 
variation, therefore, according to their geographical position. Thus, 
springs in Alaska or Siberia, where the ground is constantly frozen 
to the depth of several hundred feet, which have a temperature 
between 32° and 42° F. and never freeze, are warm springs, while the 
same springs in the East or West Indies or under the equator would 
be cold springs. For practical purposes we must draw an arbitrary 
line, and it has been found most convenient to consider all springs 
with temperatures above 70° F. as thermal springs; those whose 
waters have temperatures between 70° and 98° F. are called tepid or 
warm; and all over the latter temperature are designated as hot. All 
the thermal waters (Group B Of the classification) are subdivided, as 
are all the nonthermal waters (Group A). They may be carbonated, 
sulplmreted, etc., or alkaline, saline, alkaline-saline, etc. It has gener- 
erally been supposed that they are less highly mineralized than non- 
thermal waters. A priori, hot water is a better solvent than cold 
water, and if sometimes a thermal water is less highly mineralized, it 
is probably because it comes from a greater depth, where the rocks are 
of such a character as to be less readily acted upon. Other things 
being equal, there is no reason why a thermal water should not 
contain the same ingredients that a nonthermal water has. The fact 
that a spring is thermal is dependent largely upon its geological 
position, qs already indicated. The rocks in which they originate are 
usually not so readily disintegrated, as are the more soluble sedi- 
mentaries. Where the two groups of springs occur in the same geo- 
logical position we find little, if any, difference in regard to the quan- 
tity of solid contents that is to be seen. At the Hot Springs of 
Virginia one of the springs, with a temperature of 78° F., has 18-09 
grains per gallon of solid contents, while another, with a temperature 
of 110° F., has 33-30 grains per gallon. At the Bath Alum springs, in 
the same region, with a temperature of 00° F., the total solid contents 
are found to be 45-44 grains per gallon (Spring No. 1), which does not 
differ materially from the results noted at the Hot Springs. At the 
California geysers the coldest spring, with a temperature of 70° F., 
has 7-12 grains per gallon, while the hottest, at 212° F., contains 290-4 
grains per gallon. PEALE.] 
THERMAL SPRINGS. 
69 
As stated under the head of “geological position” (pages G2-64), 
the' cause of the heat of thermal springs is to be found in their prox- 
imity to, or their source in rocks of volcanic or igneous origin; in 
their occurrence in areas of mountain corrugation or of profound dislo- 
cations; or, if they come from great depths, in the normal downward 
increase of the temperature of the globe. Chemical action as a source 
of heat plays little, if any, part as a cause. The downward increase of 
heat is not the same at all places, and one can not tell, with any cer- 
tainty, the depth of the spring from its temperature. The question of 
the permanency of the heat is an interesting one. Usually it is very 
persistent, especially where it is due to the temperature of the earth 
itself. In regions where there are active volcanic manifestations and 
earthquakes, fluctuations of temperature in springs have been very 
common. Prof. Forbes, in his study of the hot springs of the Pyre- 
nees in 1835, compared his observations with those taken nearly one 
hundred years previously, and in many cases found a remarkable uni- 
formity in the temperatures taken at different times throughout the 
period. In the case of our own springs, the data are insufficient for the 
making of careful comparisons in respect to changes of temperature. 
In one case, however, viz, the hot springs of Salt Lake City, a con- 
siderable variation in temperature has been noted. Ordinarily these 
springs have a temperature of 122° F., but in 1889, for one month, 
June to July, and at irregular intervals in preceding years, the springs 
became as cold as 50° F. 
A comparison of the temperatures of the hot springs of Virginia, 
North Carolina, and Arkansas, taken recently, with those taken years 
ago, shows little change, most of the differences noted being due prob- 
ably to variation in the thermometers, so that the comparative obser- 
vations have little value. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANALYSES. 
The fact that we are narrowed down to the chemical composition 
of mineral waters as a basis for their classification makes it very 
important that the analyses, if not made by the same chemist in all 
cases, should be made upon some one definite method and be stated 
with some degree of uniformity. As a matter of fact, the analyses of 
mineral waters have been made upon almost as many plans as there 
have been chemists making the analyses. An inspection of about a 
thousand analyses of mineral waters of the United States shows 
that at least forty-two methods of stating the results have been 
employed. They range from parts per hundred to parts per million; 
from grains per cubic inch to grains per pint; and from grains per pint 
of various kinds through grains per quart to grains per gallon. Two 
or three scales were frequently found in the same table. Some gave 
only the elements actually found, and others only the probable combi- 70 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
nations. Under such circumstances, a comparison of the different 
analyses is obviously impossible. 
Bergman, the Swedish chemist, was the first to outline a systematic 
scheme of water analyses in a paper published about 1788. He began 
with the examination of the physical qualities, and distinguished the 
matters held in solution from those mechanically suspended. He also 
succeeded in manufacturing artificial mineral waters by combining- 
elements similar to those found in well known mineral springs. Dr. 
John Murray, in 1816, still further systematized the plan for water 
analyses, and published a general formula for the analysis of mineral 
waters. He took the ground that the salts existing in the water need 
not be exactly the same as those obtained upon its evaporation, recog- 
nizing the fact that salts deemed incompatible may coexist in a state 
of weak solution, and though he combined the acids and bases deter- 
mined, according to their solubility, into what he supposed was their 
most probable combination in the water, he held that the analysis con- 
sisted in the determination of the several acids and bases. Berzelius 
contended that, everything beyond the mere statement of the acids and 
bases being matters of hypothesis, nothing should be set down but 
their respective weights. This alone, however, is not sufficient, for 
while it might satisfy the chemist or the geologist, it would not be 
enough for those who are mainly concerned in the use of the water, 
viz, medical men. They wish the analyses to be so stated that the 
probable effect upon the human system may be determined, and there- 
fore it is necessary for a clear comprehension of these points that the 
probable composition be also given. If at the same time the elements 
actually found are also given there can be no cause for complaint from 
anyone. It is, of course, impossible to ascertain the exact arrangement 
of the elements found upon analysis. In a solution of sodium chloride 
and potassium sulphate, both sodium sulphate and potassium chloride 
will be found in addition to the two original salts; and when in addition 
other substances by their presence render the conditions more complex, 
the impossibility of determining the exact arrangements of the elements 
in the water is very ai:>parent. Other things being equal, however, it 
is probable that the strongest acid will always unite with the strongest 
base, and to obtain an idea of the medicinal value of the water, even if 
only approximate, it is desirable to state the probable combination. 
From these statements it can readily be seen how vastly more valuable 
the results of our mineral water analyses would be if this combining of 
the elements into their probable combinations were in all cases made 
upon a uniform plan. 
Although nearly all of the modern works upon chemistry and chem- 
ical analysis present schemes of water analysis and give usually very 
complete instructions, very little is said as to the method of stating the 
results. Henry Noad, in his Manual of Chemical Analysis, advises 
that the electro-negative and electro-positive ingredients be arranged PEALE.] 
CHEMICAL ANALYSES. 
71 
as established by direct experiment into binary combinations in the 
ratio of their mutual affinities, the strongest acid being combined with 
the strongest base, attention being paid to the fact that the force of 
affinity is considerably modified by the degree of solubility of the salts. 
He also says that the direct results should be given, and the total 
amount of the final constituents must agree with the joint amounts of 
the several ingredients. Such examples as he gives are expressed 
in grains to the imperial gallon. Nearly all of the forms in which 
analyses are expressed can be reduced to one or another of the follow- 
ing methods of expression: 
(1) In grains per English or imperial gallon (277 cubic inches or 10 
pounds, 70,000 grains of pure water). 
(2) In grains to the United States or wine gallon (231 cubic inches, 
58,372 grains of pure water). 
(3) On a decimal basis as parts per 100, 1,000, 1,000,000, etc. This 
is usually the form adopted in Germany and France, also in the reports 
of the Fivers Pollution Committee of Great Britain, and in the United 
States by the National Board of Health, and by many State boards of 
health. 
(4) As so many milligrams to the liter, which would be the same as 
parts per 1,000,000 if the liter always weighed exactly 1,000 grams. 
The variation of the specific gravity in the case of ordinary potable 
waters would be of little account, but iu the case of most mineral 
waters, especially of those that are highly mineralized, the difference 
between parts per million and milligram per liter is too great to be 
disregarded, and precludes in the same analysis the use or combination 
of measure by weight and measure by volume if the analyses are to 
be exact and mutually comparable. The following recommendations 
were made by a committee of the Chemical Society of Washington 
in February, 1886. 
(1) That water analyses be uniformly reported in parts per million 
or milligrams per kilogram, with the temperature stated, and that 
Clark’s scale and all other systems be abandoned. 
(2) That all analyses should be stated in terms of the radicals found, 
whether elementary or compound. 
(3) The constituent radicals should be arranged in electro chemical 
series, the positive radicals first. 
(4) The combinations deemed most probable by the chemist making 
the analyses should be stated both by symbol and by name. 
By “terms of the radical found” is to be understood the immediate 
results of the actual analysis, so that any one examining the analytical 
results will have the same facts as the chemist making the analysis. 
Thus, if ammonia is found it should be stated as ammonia (NH4), if 
nitrogen (N) alone it should be so stated. The use of symbols was 
'Bulletin No. 2 of the Chemical Society of Washington, 1887, p. 44. Report of committee (A. C 
Peale, W. H. Seaman, C. H. White) on method of stating water analyses. 72 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
recommended to do away with any obscurity as to the compounds, as, 
for instance, in the case of the salts of iron. 
It is generally supposed that the statement “grains per gallon” pre- 
sents to nonprofessional people a more definite idea than parts per 
million. Yet investigation will show that outside of chemists and 
pharmacists the idea as to what a grain of any particular substance 
means is very vague. A gallon of water also varies according to tem- 
perature, and besides, grains per gallon are incommensurable quan- 
tities, whereas parts per million, per hundred, or per thousand can be 
readily understood by anyone. 
It is frequently desirable to convert an analysis from one form to 
another, and a few words on this subject may not be out of place here. 
As the weight of the same volume of water differs according to its 
density and its temperature, the value of a gallon, even if it is a wine 
gallon, is somewhat indefinite unless these factors are stated. The 
following table compiled from Oldberg will show how this varies: 
Apparent weight of water at different temperatures.' 
Temperature of air 
— 62° F.; temper- 
ature of water = 
39-2° F.; 1 cubic 
inch = 252-761 
grains. 
Temperature of air 
■= 62° F.; temper- 
ature. of water = 
59° F.; 1 cubic 
inch = 252-554 
grains. 
Temperature of air 
— 62° F.; temper- 
ature of water = 
62° F.; 1 cubic 
inch = 252-48843 
grains. 
Temperature of 
air=71-6°F.; 
temperature 
of water = 
71-6° F. 
One liter 
One United States 
or wine gallon .— 
One imperial or 
English gallon 
Grams. 
999 -512 
3, 783 -466 
4, 540 -820 
Grains. 
15,424 -831 
58, 387 -855 
70, 075 -500 
Grams. 
998 -695 
3, 780 -371 
4,537 T99 
Grains. 
15,412-215 
58, 340 -Oil 
70, 018 -111 
Grams. 
998 -435 
3,779 -387 
4,535-926 
Grains. 
15, 408 -204 
58, 324 -827 
70,000 
Grams. 
997 -5 
3,776 
4,532 
Grains. 
15, 393 
58,270 
69,934 
1 From Oldberg’s Manual of Weights, Measures, and Specific Gravity, etc., Chicago, 1885, pp. 
167-171. 
Oldberg recommends the temperature of 71*6° F. as the best for all 
practical purposes in pharmacy, as it is probably the most common 
room temperature. 
According to the Century Dictionary the United States gallon con- 
tains 231 cubic inches, and is equal to a cylinder 7 inches in diameter 
and 6 inches high, and is taken at the value of 8*3389 pounds avoirdu- 
pois of water at its greatest density weighed in air at a pressure of 
the barometer of 30 inches, and a temperature of G2° F. It is equal 
to 3*7853 liters. Prof. Paul Schweitzer of the Missouri state geological 
survey, using this statement in connection with the values published 
by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures (T. C. Mendenhall, 
superintendent, Washington, D. C., 1890), makes the following state- 
ment: “In view of the differences in the weight of the same volume 
of water, each one of which seems to rest upon an equally secure basis, 
and in further view of the fact that the liter flask, as made and sold by 
dealers in chemical apparatus, is intended to discharge 1 kilogram of 
water at 15*5° C., the value commonly employed in such calculations, rEALE.] 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
73 
viz, 3*785 liters to the gallon and 15*432 grains to the gram, are 
employed; they make 1 gram per liter equal to 58*410120 grains per 
gallon, the value adopted.” tZrt&rtrS 
He gives the following table for the reduction orgi-jiiiiiw in the liter 
to grains United States gallon: 
per liter. 
Grains per 
United States 
gallon. 
1 
58 -41 
2 
116 -82 
3 
175 -23 
4 
233 -64 
5 
292 -05 
6 
350 46 
7 
408 -87 
8 
467 -28 
9 
525 -69 
Tlie following conversion table is given by Leffinarm & Beam in their 
book on the examination of water for sanitary and technical purposes, 
Philadelphia, 1889: 
Parts per 100,000 x0'7=grains per imperial gallon. 
Parts per 1,000,000 x0-07=grains per imperial gallon. 
Parts per 10,000 x0'583=grains per United States gallon. 
Parts per 1,000,000 x0-058—grains per United States gallon. 
Parts per 1,000,000 x0-00833=number of pounds per 1,000 United States gallons. 
Grain per imperial gallon, 0-7=parts per 100,000. 
Grain per imperial gallon, 0-07=parts per 1,000,000. 
Grains per United States gallon, 0‘583=parts per 100,000. 
Grains per United States gallon, 0-058=parts per 1,000,000. 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
The geographical distribution of the mineral springs of the United 
States (see l’ls. m andiv)is of course connected with the consideration 
of their geological position, and as already indicated, a map of the ther- 
mal or hot springs shows that they are most numerous in the western 
part of the country. A map upon which all the mineral springs were 
indicated would show that no state or territory in the Union is without 
some spring that is utilized either for commercial purposes or as a place 
of summer resort or a sanitarium. A map (see PI. iv) upon which only 
the springs whose waters are used commercially are platted at once 
shows that the majority of such springs are found in the eastern United 
States and in the Mississippi valley. West of the one hundred and 
first meridian they are largely confined to the Pacific coast. In Idaho, 
Colorado, New Mexico, and Montana we find altogether barely a dozen 
springs so used. This is not because the total number of springs in 
the east is so much greater than in the west, but is mainly because the 
former is the seat of the greatest population and consequently it is 
more thoroughly developed as to the utilization of its resources in 
the matter of mineral waters. A map of the mineral spring resorts 74 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
(see PI. hi) presents a much larger total number of springs and a 
more equitable distribution over the country, for many of our most 
improved and best known resorts are now found in the middle west, 
and in the Pocky mountain region. They in no respect suffer in com- 
parison with those in the east or with those on the Pacific coast. 
There are in some sections of the country waters commonly used for 
drinking purposes which if located elsewhere might be considered 
mineral waters. This is because all of the waters of those sections are 
mineralized, as in certain alkali regions of the west, and the people 
gradually become habituated to their use. 
So far as tlie general geological features of the North Atlantic States 
are concerned they might be divided into the sections so long recognized 
in our older school geographies, viz, the New England and the Middle 
States. In the former the older rocks form a large part of the surface, 
which accounts for the fact that, as a rule, the mineral springs of that 
section are somewhat less highly mineralized than are those of the 
Middle States. No thermal springs occur in the section. The springs 
of Maine are slightly alkaline-saline and chalybeate. A few are car- 
bonated and some are sulphureted. They range in temperature from 
40° to 4C° F. The solid contents range usually from 3 to 31 grains per 
gallon, the Lubec Saline spring being the only exception, the solid 
contents of its water reaching the total of 322 grains. In New Hamp- 
shire, chalybeate waters are the most common, and in respect to their 
total amount of solids they range from 2 to 15 grains per gallon. In 
Vermont also the conditions are much the same, except that sulphu- 
reted springs are more numerous. Massachusetts is not remarkable 
for its mineral springs. Chalybeate waters are common throughout the 
State, occurring in nearly every town. A mineral spring near Williams- 
town, in the northwest portion of the State, is said to be very slightly 
thermal, but it is hardly a warm spring. Very much the same state- 
ments may be made for Connecticut and Phode Island as for Massa- 
chusetts. Many of the mineral springs of the New England States are 
utilized both for commercial purposes and for places of resort. In the 
Middle States we find a much larger number of mineral waters that are 
utilized, and the total number of springs is also greater. New York 
stands at the head of the section in regard to the total number of 
springs, and has more commercially used waters than any other State in 
the Union. There is also a very large production of salt from the salt 
springs of New York, in what are known as the Onondaga and Warsaw 
districts. New York has also one of the most celebrated acid springs 
in the country in the Oak Orchard spring, which contains free sulphuric 
acid. The Lebanon Thermal spring, with a temperature of 75° F., is 
the one spring of the group in this State, and Pennsylvania possesses, 
in the Perry County Warm spring, a very slightly thermal spring which 
has a temperature of 66° to 70° F. Bedford Springs is one of the old- 
est resorts in the latter State. Chalybeate springs outnumber all others PEALE.] 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
75 
in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. In the latter, the 
Schooley mountain spring is the best known resort. 
In their general geologic features the South Atlantic States are not 
unlike the Middle States, and naturally the springs are of the same gen- 
eral character. Thermal springs are, however, more numerous. Dela- 
ware lias never had but one spring resort—the Brandywine Chalybeate 
spring—and this is now practically abandoned. Maryland has a fair 
number of resorts and several well known commercial waters; but Vir- 
ginia is par excellence a mineral spring State, occupying among South 
Atlantic States the same position that New York does in the North 
Atlantic section, being second only to that State in the number of 
springs that are utilized commercially, and exceeding it in the number 
of resorts. The Hot Springs of Virginia are among the most cele- 
brated in the country. The literature relating to the mineral springs 
of Virginia is very extensive. West Virginia is equally noted for its 
springs, having two of the oldest resorts in the United States in Berke- 
ley springs, at Bath, and the Greenbrier White Sulphur springs. The 
general character of the springs in Virginia and West Virginia is the 
same, saline sulpliureted waters being most numerous, although alka- 
line, chalybeate, and acid springs are found, both hot and cold. North 
Carolina also enjoys the distinction of possessing hot springs. In most 
respects the springs are not unlike those of the Virginias. Georgia, 
in the Warm Springs of Meriwether county, has an important thermal 
spring, and the State ranks with North Carolina and Virginia as a 
mineral spring State. Florida is remarkable, as already noted, for the 
great size of its springs, the flow from some of them being sufficient 
to float steamboats of considerable size. These springs are generally 
deep seated in their origin and are all slightly thermal and mostly 
sulpliureted. 
111 the Southern Central States the saline springs outnumber all 
others, and the thermal springs are relatively few. A large part 
of the area is occupied by comparatively recent formations. Yet 
in the northern and western portions of the section, Carboniferous 
rocks with the underlying formations are well developed, and they are 
usually prolific of mineral spings. Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, 
and Texas are the important mineral spring States of the section. • The 
Hot Springs of Arkansas occupy a first place among the thermal 
waters, not only of that State but of the entire country. The springs 
of Kentucky and Tennessee have had considerable attention paid to 
them by geologists and chemists, and they have many well known 
resorts. Texas is noted for its springs, among which are a number of 
acid springs containing free sulphuric acid. In the western part of the 
State there are also many hot springs. In Alabama, Mississippi, Louisi- 
ana, and Indian territory there are a great many mineral springs, but 
they apparently have had little attention paid to them and we find 
that fewer of them have been improved than in the other States of the 
section. 76 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
The broad areas of Carboniferous rocks with underlying Devonian 
and Silurian strata that enter so largely into the surface formation of 
the Northern Central States, especially in the more southern portions, 
would lead us to expect in this section a development of mineral springs 
similar in general character to those of the Southern Central States, and 
this we find to be the case. Calcic springs are naturally numerous, while 
thermal springs are inconspicuous, most waters of this group being 
derived from artesian borings. In Ohio, calcic waters are especially 
abundant. In the belt of black Devonian shale that traverses the 
State from the Ohio valley to Lake Erie, nearly all the springs issuing 
from the base of the formation carry iron and are snlpliureted. Out of 
the hundreds of springs that actually exist, only a few are utilized for 
medicinal purposes. In other parts of the State the waters come from 
the drift and underlying beds of bog iron ore, and they are therefore 
strongly chalybeate. The brine springs of Ohio have not been included 
in the list of mineral waters, as they are the source of one of the most 
important industries of the State, and have been considered from an 
economic standpoint elsewhere very fully. The Pomeroy or Ohio 
valley district is the most important in this respect, its salt wells being 
the most prominent in the State. The brines carry a small amount of 
sulphates and considerable iron, and, like all the Ohio brines, are rich 
in bromides. 
The conditions in Indiana are similar to those of Ohio, and conse- 
quently the springs are much the same. Sulphureted and chalybeate 
springs predominate. The brines of Indiana are not so numerous as 
those of Ohio, and the production of salt is of comparatively little 
account. A fair number of the springs are utilized commercially, and 
in the total number of springs and the number of resorts the State 
ranks next to Missouri, which is first on the list for this section. 
Illinois differs little from neighboring States, the same classes of 
springs being found within its borders that are seen in Indiana and 
Missouri. 
Missouri is a State rich in mineral springs, and they are of great 
value in its economic resources. Nearly every county possesses min- 
eral springs of wide local reputation, and many are well known beyond 
the State limits. The production of salt from salt wells was at one time 
a considerable industry. The Sweet Springs, of Saline county, are 
perhaps the best known, but there are many other well known health 
resorts, and the State holds average rank as a producer of commercial 
mineral waters. The springs are mainly saline and chalybeate, and 
many are slightly sulphureted. 
Kansas derives a considerable portion of its mineral waters from 
ordinary wells and artesian borings. The waters are mostly saline, 
and are generally sulphnreted. Chalybeate waters are abundant in cer- 
tain sections of the State. In the eastern part sulphates of lime and 
magnesia are found in the hard waters of shallow -wells, and as deeper PE.YLE.] 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
77 
strata are penetrated, the sulphates decrease in amount and the chlo- 
rides increase. Nebraska is slightly developed so far as its mineral 
springs are concerned. Its known mineral waters, however, do not 
differ materially from those of Kansas. 
Returning to the eastern part of the section, we find that Michigan 
derives its mineral waters largely from artesian wells, which are locally 
called mineral springs. These borings are mainly in the Corniferous 
limestone and the Huron group of the Devonian. The waters are well 
mineralized, and are popularly supposed to be magnetic. Sulphureted 
saline waters predominate. The brines of the State are very impor- 
tant, the salt industry dependent upon the salt wells being of large 
proportions. 
In the northern part of the northern central section, Avhere there are 
very considerable areas of metamorphic rocks, the springs are some- 
what like those of the New England States in general character, espe- 
cially in not being so highly mineralized as those of the States lying to 
the south of them. 
The mineral springs of Wisconsin are particularly valuable, and the 
springs of Waukesha have a wide reputation. In the production of 
mineral waters for commercial purposes the State outranks all the 
others, as it does also in the value of the production. In the number 
of springs so used it is third upon the list. The springs are mainly 
calcic, alkaline, and chalybeate. 
Minnesota and Iowa contain numerous springs whose waters are 
much like those of Wisconsin in respect to the comparatively small 
quantity of contained solids, and in their general character. The 
occurrence in Iowa of acid springs is interesting. So far as known, 
Minnesota has few mineral spring resorts. Iowa has several resorts 
and a number of its waters are bottled for sale. 
In the Dakotas the recent development of these new States has 
resulted in little attention being paid to their mineral spring resources. 
In South Dakota many wells are known to be highly mineralized, and 
near the Black Hills we have in the Dakota hot springs the one thermal 
spring locality of the section. 
In a general survey of tlie Western States the first thing to attract 
attention is the inequality in the development of the mineral spring 
resources. Another noticeable point is the far greater prevalence of ther- 
mal springs. Very naturally we find that California has made the great- 
est advance in mineral spring development. This is due to the fact that 
it has been longer settled, and has more time to devote to the mineral 
springs of which it has so large a number. Other States are beginning 
to appreciate the importance of a careful study of their mineral springs, 
and we find more and more attention being paid to them from year to 
year. The Western States (i. e., those west of the one hundred and first 
meridian) include a little more than 39 per cent of the total area of 
the country, and yet we find that they contain more than SO per cent of 78 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
its known thermal springs. This great preponderance is likely to be 
increased in the future. It cause has been stated and described under 
the head of thermal springs. When we consider the number of indi- 
vidual springs contained within the limits of the Western States, the 
contrast with the Eastern sections is even more striking; not only is 
the number greatly in excess in the former, but the thermal phenomena 
are overwhelmingly greater in intensity. The Yellowstone National 
Park is the seat of thermal manifestations not equaled in any other 
part of the country, and in fact not excelled in any part of the world. 
The proportion of improved springs in the Western States is, how- 
ever, necessarily less than in other sections on account of the compara- 
tively recent settlement of most of the country in and beyond the Rocky 
mountains. 
California, as we have said, stands at the head of this section so far 
as the improvement of the springs is concerned, both in respect to the 
number of resorts and of its commercially used waters. Its mineral 
waters are of all classes and they are not confined to any one section of 
the state, but are found from one end to the other. With the exception 
of Wyoming, which includes the Yellowstone National Park, California 
contains a greater number of mineral springs than does any other State. 
Of the Pacific coast States Oregon comes next to California in the 
number of its mineral spring resorts. The waters of several of these 
are bottled and sold. 
The State of Washington, in its Medical lake, presents one of the best 
known mineral waters of the West. This water is condensed and bot- 
tled, and the evaporated salts, put up in packages, arc extensively sold. 
Nevada is probably better off in respect to springs than in regard to 
streams of running water. Hot and cold mineral springs are found in 
every county, the former outnumbering the latter. Steamboat spring 
is probably the best known locality. Salt springs, soda springs and 
lakes, and borax lakes abound, and the ordinary potable waters in 
many parts of the State are strongly alkaline. In Arizona and New 
Mexico alkaline and saline waters, many of them carbonated and sul- 
phureted, are so numerous that they attract but little attention. 
Frequently they are more common than pure waters. Many of the 
springs are thermal, and many were utilized by the Franciscan and 
Dominican friars when they first traversed the country, and also by 
the Indians long prior to the advent of Europeans. Saline springs are 
most abundant in Arizona, while both alkaline and saline springs are 
numerous in New Mexico. Several springs in New Mexico are utilized 
for commercial purposes, and Las Vegas Springs is one of the finest 
mineral spring resorts in the country. 
Colorado, sometimes called the Switzerland of America, lias had con- 
siderable attention devoted to its springs, and there are now within 
the limits of the State many well known resorts, of which perhaps 
Manitou, near Colorado Springs, is most widely known. A number PEALE.] 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
79 
of waters are also used commercially. Hot and cold spriDgs are both 
found; many are alkaline, others chalybeate, and saline springs are 
numerous. They are sulplmreted and carbonated in many cases. 
In Utah the presence of mineral springs, both hot and cold, was 
noted by all the early explorers and travelers who were obliged to 
cross the territory on their way to the Pacific. The hot springs near 
Ogden and those at Salt Lake City are the best known and most used. 
They are thermal, as are most of the mineral springs of the territory. 
Salt lake itself is one of the most highly mineralized bodies of water 
in the world. 
The mineral springs of Idaho have secured very little attention, but 
it is well known that warm and hot springs are of frequent occurrence, 
especially in the granitic and igneous rocks of the mountainous por- 
tions of the State. “Hailey’s hot springs” and the “Soda springs” 
of Bear river are the best known localities. The latter were first 
described by Fremont, who called them the Beer springs, and from 
one of the cold springs of this now well known resort is drawn the 
Idanha mineral water, which is extensively sold throughout the west. 
Wyoming, with the immense number of springs in the Yellowstone 
National Park, easily stands at the head of the list for the entire coun- 
try when we consider the total number of springs, as there are more 
than two thousand individual springs within the limits of the Park 
alone. The Yellowstone Park is, of course, the greatest spring resort 
in the country, and it is deservedly so, not only from the presence of 
its geysers but also on account of the great variety in its springs, 
which will one day undoubtedly be more highly prized for their medici- 
nal virtues than they are now. 
The proximity of Montana to the National Park is the principal reason 
why its numerous and important mineral springs have not received the 
attention and development that they undoubtedly deserve. Many of 
them have been known since the days of Lewis and Clarke’s famous 
expedition across the mountains of Montana from the head of the Mis- 
souri river to the Pacific. Most of the springs in the State are thermal, 
and a number of them have been improved and are used to a consid- 
erable extent as resorts. The White Sulphur springs, Hunter’s hot 
springs and Ferris’s hot springs are well known locally, while the Broad- 
water hot springs near Helena are scarcely excelled anywhere, especially 
in respect to their improvements. The plunge bath there connected 
with one of the hotels, is one of the largest in the world. The springs 
of Montana present a great variety in their composition, and the water 
of one of the cold springs in the valley of the Yellowstone is almost 
identical with the celebrated Apollinaris water from Prussia. 
Last of all, in Alaska we have a hot spring territory that has few 
equals. Little is known as to the mineral contents of the springs, but 
their number is very large and they are often found in contact with 
glaciers. So far as a cursory examination goes the springs are mainly MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
saline and most of them are sulphureted. There are many cold 
springs that never freeze and that are therefore in a strict sense 
thermal. The geysers or warm springs near Sitka, having a tempera- 
ture of lo3£° F., were used as the site of a hospital by the Russian 
authorities before our purchase of the country. Many of the hot springs 
have been used by the Aleuts from time immemorial for cooking pur- 
poses, while others are used as bathing places. Our knowledge of the 
Alaskan springs is due to scattered notes of travelers and explorers 
who usually have not the means of making careful scientific examina- 
tions, and we have no analysis of any of the waters. 
The following table gives the rank of the States according to com- 
mercial statistics of 1802. 
Rank of States according to commercial statistics. 
Rank according to 
springs used 
commercially. 
Rank according to 
number of gal- 
lons produced. 
Rank according to 
value of pro- 
1 duction. 
Rank according to 
springs used 
commercially. 
J Rank according to 
number of gal- 
lons produced. 
Rank according to 
value of pro- 
duction. 
12 
36 
23 
15 
35 
28 
11 
32 
31 
15 
38 
39 
4 
15 
10 
13 
7 
3 
Colorado 
8 
11 
9 
New Jersey 
15 
37 
38 
11 
34 
24 
12 
29 
34 
13 
23 
18 
1 
2 
2 
15 
19 
14 
6 
17 
15 
8 
18 
20 
7 
6 
6 
7 
22 
33 
6 
5 
4 
11 
25 
26 
14 
16 
32 
9 
3 
8 
13 
30 
11 
31 
36 
15 
26 
30 
15 
39 
37 
10 
21 
22 
10 
9 
13 
5 
14 
21 
11 
27 
25 
12 
24 
19 
8 
8 
12 
2 
10 
7 
8 
4 
5 
13 
20 
11 
15 
12 
27 
10 
33 
29 
12 
13 
17 
3 
1 
1 
Missouri 
7 
28 
16 
THE UTILIZATION OF MINERAL WATERS. 
The principal use to which mineral waters are put is of course their 
application in the treatment of disease, and in this respect the mineral 
waters of the United States are no exception. The mineral spring circu- 
lars issued for the purposes of advertisement abundantly prove the 
. statement. In many States salt springs are used as the source of common 
salt and thus add largely to the economic resources of their localities. 
Mineral waters are also utilized for the manufacture of borax, bromine, 
and carbonate of magnesia^and the waters of certain Western lakes are 
the sources of large quantities of soda. The mere mention of these facts 
is sufficient in this place. Returning to their primary use, that is, as 
remedial agents, the waters are utilized, first, at the springs both for 
drinking and bathing purposes and, secondly, they are bottled or other - PE ALE.] 
LIST OF AMERICAN MINERAL SPRING RESORTS. 
wise put up for sale and thus rendered available in the market at a 
distance from their source. 
The discussion of the therapeutic application of mineral waters does 
not come within the scope of the present article. It is a medical question 
and lies without the province of the geologist or economist. The mineral- 
spring resorts of the country have never been very thoroughly studied 
from a statistical point of view, although there is scarcely a state in the 
Union that has not its mineral spring resorts, even if only locally 
important, or its sanitaria erected usually in connection with mineral 
springs. Many springs are utilized both as resorts and as sources of 
water for commercial purposes. 
LIST OF AMERICAN MINERAL SPRING RESORTS. 
ALABAMA. 
Bailey springs. 
Bladen springs. 
Blount mineral springs. 
Butler springs. 
Chandler’s springs. 
Cullom’s springs. 
Healing springs. 
ARIZONA. 
Castle Creek springs. 
Hooker’s hot springs. 
ARKANSAS. 
Hot springs. 
Cluster springs. 
Eureka springs. 
Dove Park springs. 
Fairchild’s potash sulphur springs. 
Mountain Valley springs. 
CALIFORNIA. 
Adams springs. 
iEtna springs. 
Aguade Vida springs. 
Alum rock springs, near San Jose. 
Anderson mineral springs. 
Byron hot springs. 
California seltzer springs. 
Campbell’s hot springs. 
Coronado mineral springs. 
El Paso de Robles springs. 
Felts mineral spring. 
Fulton wells. 
California geysers. 
Geyser spa spring. 
Litton seltzer spring. 
Gilmore Glen spring. 
Gilroy hot springs. 
Glen alpine springs. 
Gordon’s mineral springs. 
Harbin springs. 
Highland springs. 
Howard springs. 
Klamath hot springs. 
Lane’s mineral spring. 
Carnelian hot springs. 
Madrono mineral springs. 
Mark West springs. 
Matilija hot springs. 
Monticeto hot springs. 
Napa soda springs. 
Newsome’s Arroyo Grande springs. 
Paraisa spring. 
Pacific congress springs. 
Piedmont white sulphur springs. 
Rubicon soda springs. 
San Bernardino hot springs. 
Santa Barbara hot springs 
Santa Rosa springs. 
Santa Ysabel springs. 
Seigler’s springs. 
Skaggs’ hot springs. 
Summit soda springs. 
Tuscan springs. 
Tolenas springs. 
Upper soda springs. 
Ukiah vichy springs. 
Upper soda springs, Siskiyou County. 
Saint Helena white sulphur springs. 
Witters’ springs. 
Wilbur springs. 
14 GEOL, PT 2 G 82 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Douglas springs. 
Canyon City springs. 
Siloam springs. 
Idaho springs. 
Poncho springs. 
Ouray mineral springs. 
Manitou springs. 
Liberty hot springs. 
Rock Creek springs. 
COLORADO, 
Trimble springs. 
Steamboat springs. 
Glenwood springs. 
Pagosa springs. 
Seltzer mineral springs. 
Hot springs of Middle Park. 
Cottonwood springs. 
Hey wood springs. 
Mineral springs of Pueblo. 
CONNECTICUT. 
Oxford chalybeate spring. 
Stafford mineral springs. 
FLORIDA. 
Magnolia springs. 
Turner springs. 
Orange springs. 
Tarpon springs. 
Benson’s salt springs. 
Wakulla spring. 
Green Cove springs. 
Blue springs. 
Newport sulphur springs. 
Wesson’s iron springs. 
Suwannee sulphur springs. 
White sulphur springs. 
GEORGIA. 
Beall’s springs. 
Daniels’ mineral spring. 
Franklin springs. 
Bowden lithia springs. 
Chalybeate springs. 
New Holland springs. 
White sulphur springs. 
Watson’s springs. 
Porter’s springs. 
Catoosa springs. 
Hughes mineral springs. 
Indian springs. 
Magnolia springs. 
Warm springs. 
Powder springs. 
Ahlfor’s springs. 
Elliott’s springs. 
Easbly springs. 
IDAHO. 
Hailey hot springs. 
Guyer hot springs. 
Soda springs. 
Alcyone springs. 
Glen Flora springs. 
Silver spring. 
Diamond mineral spring. 
Green Lawn springs. 
Peoria magnetic artesian well. 
ILLINOIS. 
Ki rkwood springs. 
Perry springs. 
Hygienic western Saratoga springs. 
Illinois litliia springs. 
Moonlawn springs. 
Okawville mineral spring. 
INDIANA. 
Ash iron springs. 
Cameron springs. 
French Lick springs. 
Hosea saline sulphur springs. 
Trinity springs. 
Lithium springs. 
Avoca springs. 
West Baden springs. 
Central springs. 
Greencastle springs. 
Saint Ronan’s well. 
Spring Beach springs. 
Kickapoo magnetic mineral springs. 
Cartersburg magnetic springs. LIST OF AMERICAN MINERAL SPRING RESORTS. 
PE ALE.] 
83 
IOWA. 
Ottumwa mineral springs. 
Cberokee magnetic mineral springs. 
Black Hawk mineral springs. 
Lake View medical springs. 
Lin wood springs. 
Siloam springs. 
White sulphur springs. 
KANSAS. 
Iola mineral well. 
Blaging’s artesian mineral springs. 
Arlington mineral springs. 
Great Spirit springs. 
Jewell County litliia springs. 
Geuda springs. 
Mound Valley springs. 
Providence mineral well. 
Topeka mineral wells. 
Wichita mineral springs. 
Louisville springs. 
Anita springs. 
Allen springs. 
Bedford springs. 
Blue Lick springs. 
Crab Orchard Springs. 
Cerulean springs. 
Forrest springs. 
KENTUCKY. 
Drennon springs. 
Buena Vista springs. 
Hardin springs. 
Kentucky alum springs. 
Rock Castle springs. 
Saint Patrick’s well. 
White sulphur springs. 
LOUISIANA. 
De Soto mineral springs. 
White sulphur springs, 
Abita springs. 
Chiuchula spring. 
Castor sulphur springs. 
Ocean springs. 
Claiburn spring. 
MAINE. 
Addison mineral springs. 
American chalybeate springs. 
Auburn mineral springs. 
Barker mill spring. 
Cold Bowling spring. 
Hartford cold spring 
Lake Auburn mineral spring. 
Lnbec saline spring. 
Keystone spring. 
Old Point Indian spring. 
Poland spring. 
Rosicrucian springs. 
Seal Rock springs. 
Scarborough mineral spring. 
Underwood springs. 
Wilson springs. 
MARYLAND. 
Bentleys springs. 
Carroll springs. 
Chattolanee mineral springs. 
Flintstone mineral springs. 
River springs. 
Spa spring. 
Strontia mineral spring. 
Takoma park spring. 
Windsor sulphur springs. 
Allandale springs. 
Beckster soda springs 
Bethlehem spring. 
Belmont Hill springs. 
Belmont natural springs. 
Commonwealth mineral springs. 
MASSAC 11USETTS. 
Echo grove spring. 
Everett crystal spring. 
Sheep rock springs. 
Simpson spring. 
Undine spring. 
Vishnu springs. 84 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Alpena mineral well. 
Amerieanus well. 
Cascade spring. 
Eastman springs. 
Butterworth magnetic spring. 
Eaton Rapids magnetic springs. 
Bethlehem magnetic mineral springs. 
Erie sulphur springs. 
Flints magnetic springs. 
Grand Haven mineral spring. 
Hubbardston magnetic well. 
Leslie magnetic well. 
Midland magnetic well. 
MICHIGAN. 
Mount Clemens original mineral spring. 
Moorman well, Ypsilanti. 
Otsego mineral springs. 
Riverside mineral spring. 
Salutaris springs. 
Sprudel well. 
Spring Lake mineral springs. 
Shawnee mineral springs. 
Saint Clair mineral springs. 
Saint Louis magnetic spring. 
Zauber Wasser springs. 
Ypsilanti mineral springs. 
MINNESOTA. 
Geissinger springs. 
Inglewood spring. 
Artesian springs. 
Belmont spring. 
Brown’s wells. 
Castalian springs. 
Godbolds mineral well. 
MISSISSIPPI. 
Juka mineral springs. 
Lafayette springs. 
Stafford mineral springs. 
White’s springs. 
Winston springs. 
MISSOURI. 
Arkoe springs. 
Blankenship medical springs. 
Blue Lick springs. 
Belcher’s artesian well. 
Boon’s Lick springs. 
B. B. springs. 
Barnard mineral well. 
Clinton artesian white sulphur well. 
Denver mineral spring. 
Eldorado springs. 
Elk Lick springs. 
Electric springs. 
Excelsior springs. 
Fair Haven springs. 
Fair View springs. 
Forest springs. 
Greenwood springs. 
Greene springs. 
Haupt’s mineral well. 
Glasgow mineral springs. 
Harris springs. 
Jordan artesian well. 
Indian springs. 
Jamesport mineral springs. 
Jerico springs. 
Lanandreths springs. 
Lebanon springs. 
Landreth’s mineral well. 
Monegaw springs. 
Montesano springs. 
Moundsville mineral springs. 
McAllester springs. 
Paris springs. 
Randolph springs. 
Reiger springs. 
Reed springs. 
Rogers springs. 
Spaulding springs. 
Siloam springs. 
Sweet springs. 
Windsor medical spring. 
Young’s medical well. 
Vichy springs. 
Panacea springs. 
MONTAKA. 
Alhambra springs. 
Allan’s mineral springs. 
Boulder hot springs. 
Ferris’ hot springs. 
Helena hot springs. 
Hunter’s hot springs. 
Lou Lou hot spriugs. 
Mill Creek Apollinaris spring. 
Puller’s springs. 
Pipestone springs. 
Warm springs, Deer Lodge valley. 
White sulphur springs. 
Ryan’s hot springs. FEALE. ] 
LIST OF AMERICAN MINERAL SPRING RESORTS. 
NEHRASKA. 
Victoria mineral spring. 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
Amherst soda springs. 
Birchdale springs. 
Bradford mineral spring. 
Londonderry lithia spring. 
Ponemah springs. 
Unity springs. 
White Mountain spring. 
Yacum springs. 
NEW JERSEY. 
Kolium springs. 
Spa spring. 
Schooly’s Mountain spring. 
Warwick spring. 
NEW MEXICO. 
Hudson hot springs. 
Ojo Caliente. 
Baca springs. 
J ernes hot springs. 
Aztec springs. 
Coyote soda springs. 
Las Vegas springs. 
Adirondack mineral springs. 
Avon sulphur springs. 
Ballston Spa springs. 
Cairo white sulphur springs. 
Cayuga springs. 
Crystal springs. 
Columbia springs. 
Chittenango white sulphur springs. 
Clifton springs. 
Dansville springs. 
Deep rock springs. 
Darien mineral spring. 
Dryden springs. 
Doxtater’s mineral well. 
Excelsior spring and Chlorine spring, 
Syracuse. 
NEW YORK. 
Florida springs. 
Franklin springs. 
Lebanon thermal spring. 
Nunda mineral springs. 
Oak Orchard acid springs. 
Oneita springs. 
Richfield springs. 
Saratoga springs. 
Sharon springs. 
Slaterville magnetic springs. 
Miller’s Geneva mineral spring. 
Verona mineral springs. 
Victor sulphur springs. 
Massena springs. 
Ried springs. 
Empire Seneca spring. 
NORTH CAROLINA. 
All-healing springs. 
Ashleys bromine and arsenic springs. 
Barium springs. 
Black Mountain iron and alum spring. 
Cherokee springs. 
Cleveland spring. 
Creswell’s white sulphur spring. 
Ellerbe springs. 
Blackwell's white sulphur spring. 
Haywood white sulphur springs, 
Jackson springs. 
Lemon springs. 
Lincoln lithia springs. 
Millenheimers sulphur springs. 
Minnekahta springs. 
Panacea springs. 
Parks alkaline springs. 
Piedmont spring. 
Seven springs. 
Shaws healing springs. 
Thompsons bromine arsenic spring. 
Mount Vernon mineral spring. 86 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Adams county mineral spring. 
Bellbrook magnetic spring. 
Crystal mineral spring. 
Cedar springs. 
Devonian mineral spring 
Electro-magnetic springs. 
Lenape spring. 
Howland springs. 
Knisely’s springs. 
Greene mineral spring. 
OHIO. 
Magnetic and saline spring. 
Marquis mineral spring. 
Ohio magnetic springs. 
Rex mineral water. 
Ripley bromo lithia spring. 
Stryker mineral well. 
Sulphur Lick spring. 
Sulphur spa. 
Williamsport sulphur spring. 
Yellow springs. 
OREGON. 
Belknap hot springs. 
Foley springs. 
MacAlister’s soda springs. 
Sodaville springs. 
Wagner soda spring. 
Wilhoit spring. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
Allegheny spring. 
Bedford springs. 
Black barren Mineral spring. 
Blossburg springs. 
Carlisle White Sulphur spring. 
Corry artesian fountain. 
Cresson springs. 
Doubling Gap springs. 
Ephrata spring. 
Eureka mineral springs. 
Frankfort springs. 
Gettysburg Katalysine spring. 
Kingsland spring. 
Minnequa springs. 
Parker’s magnetic mineral spring. 
Pavilion spring. 
Perry county warm spring. 
Pulaski mineral spring. 
Roscommon springs. 
Saltillo springs. 
Sizerville magnetic spring. 
Susquehanna spring. 
Wildwood springs. 
Yellow springs. 
York sulphur spring. 
RHODE ISLAND. 
Darling’s mineral spring. 
Holly springs. 
Ochee mineral and medical springs. 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
Glen springs. 
New springs, near Spartanburg. 
Reedy creek springs. 
West springs. 
Ambler’s mineral spring. 
Charleston artesian well. 
Cherokee springs. 
Chick’s springs. 
Garrett springs. 
Dakota hot springs. 
SOUTH DAKOTA. 
Wessington springs. 
TENNESSEE. 
Alleghany springs. 
Austin springs. 
Beersheba springs. 
Black sulphur springs. 
Bon Aqua springs. 
Cascade springs. 
Castalian springs. 
Clarkstown springs. 
Dandridge springs. 
Draper springs. 
Estill springs. 
Galbraith springs. pkale.] 
LIST OF AMERICAN MINERAL SPRING RESORTS. 
Oliver’s springs. 
Park’s sulphur spring. 
Patterson’s springs. 
Pettigrews springs. 
Primm’s springs. 
Red boiling springs. 
Rhea springs. 
Tate’s Epsom spring. 
Wayland springs. 
White Clift’ springs. 
White creek spring. 
White sulphur spring. 
Glover’s springs. 
Graham’s springs. 
Hager springs. 
Hinson springs. 
Howard springs. 
Idaho springs. 
Jordan’s springs. 
Ivlippert’s springs. 
Melrose springs. 
Mineral Hill springs. 
Montvale springs. 
Nashville sulphur springs. 
Bell mineral well. 
Boston chalybeate spring. 
Burdetts sour wells. 
Capp’s well. 
Dalby springs. 
Duffau’s wells. 
Elkhart mineral wells. 
Georgetown mineral wells. 
Glenmore sulphur springs. 
Hancock springs. 
Hughes springs. 
Hynson’s Iron mountain springs. 
Mineola mineral wells. 
TEXAS. 
Mineral wells. 
Montvale springs. 
Overall mineral well. 
Page’s well. 
Richards wells. 
Roxboro springs. 
Sharp’s springs. 
Slack’s well. 
Sulphur springs. 
Texas sour springs. 
Tioga mineral well. 
Wisner’s springs. 
Wooten wells. 
VERMONT. 
Albaugh sulphur and lithia spring. 
Brunswick white sulphur springs. 
Clarendon springs. 
Guilford springs. 
Highgate springs. 
Middletown mineral springs. 
Missisquoi mineral spring. 
Montebello springs. 
Plainfield spring. 
Weldon spring. 
Wolcot springs. 
VIRGINIA. 
Alleghany springs. 
Bath alum spring. 
Bear lithia springs. 
Buckingham white sulphur springs. 
Buffalo lithia springs. 
Cedar Bluff springs. 
Chase City chlorine spring. 
Chilhowie sulphur springs. 
Clifton springs. 
Cold sulphur springs. 
Cove lithia water. 
Coyner’s sulphur springs. 
Elk lithia springs. 
Farmville lithia springs. 
Grayson sulphur springs. 
Harris antidyspeptic and tonic spring. 
Healing springs. 
Hot springs. 
Huguenot springs. 
Hunter’s Pulaski alum springs. 
Jordan alum springs. 
Jordan white sulphur spring. 
Kimberling springs. 
Massanetta springs. 
Millboro springs. 
Osceola springs. 
Otterburn lithia springs 
Paeonian springs. 
Powhatan springs. 
Rawley springs. 
Roanoke red sulphur springs. 
Rockbridge alum springs. 
Rockbridge baths. 
Rock Enon springs. 
Rockingham springs. 
Seven springs. 88 
MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Virginia arsenic bromine and lithia 
springs. 
Wallawhatoola alum springs. 
Washington springs. 
Wolf Trap lithia springs. 
Yellow springs. 
Sharon springs. 
Shenandoah alum springs. 
Stafford springs. 
Steep Hill springs. 
Stribling springs. 
Sweet chalybeate springs. 
Valley View springs. 
WASHINGTON. 
Yakima soda springs. 
Cascade springs. 
Medical lake. 
WEST VIRGINIA. 
Berkeley springs. 
Blue sulphur springs. 
Capon springs. 
Columbia sulphur spring. 
Floding springs. 
Greenbrier white sulphur springs. 
Hart mineral well. 
Irondale springs. 
Parkersburg mineral well. 
Red sulphur springs. 
Salt sulphur springs. 
Shannondale springs. 
Sweet springs. 
Triplett springs. 
WISCONSIN. 
Allouez magnetic springs. 
Almanaris springs. 
Arcadian springs. 
Arctic springs. 
Ashland springs. 
Bethania mineral spring. 
Bethesda spring, Waukesha. 
Black Earth mineral spring. 
Clysmic spring, Waukesha. 
Crescent spring, Waukesha. 
Darlington mineral spring. 
Fort Crawford spring. 
Fountain spring, Waukesha. 
Gihon springs. 
Glen spring, Waukesha. 
Heuk mineral spring. 
Horeb mineral spring, Waukesha, 
Hygeia spring, Waukesha. 
Iodo magnesian springs. 
Jacobs artesian well, Milwaukee. 
Lebenswasser spring. 
Lethian spring, Waukesha. 
Mineral Rock spring, Waukesha. 
Nee-ska-ra spring. 
New Saratoga spring. 
Palmyra springs. 
Saint Croix mineral spring. 
Salvator springs. 
Shealtiel mineral springs. 
Sheboygan mineral spring. 
Sheridan springs. 
Siloam spring, Waukesha. 
Silver Sand spring. 
Sparta mineral wells. 
Vesta spring, Waukesha. 
Vita mineral spring. 
White Rock spring, Waukesha.