Armored 
Medical Research Laboratory 
Fort Knox. Kentuckv 
PROJECT NO. 20 - STUDIES OF COLD WEATHER CLOTHING 
Report On 
Sub-Project No, 20-2, The Insulation Provided by Windbreaks 
(OQHG Test No. 57 - II) 
INFORMATION COPY 
Action copies have been forwarded to Require- 
ments Section, AGP for approval and execut^orij 
Project No, 20-2 
1 June 1944 ARMORED MEDICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 
Fort Knox, Kentucky 
Project No. 20-2 
727 SPMEA 
1 June 1944 
1. PROJECT NO. 20 - Studies of Cold Weather Clothing. Report on 
Sub-Project No. 20-2 - The Insulation Provided by Windbreaks, (.OQMG Test 
No, 57-ll)o 
a* Authority - 2nd Ind. u/G AGF, 450 Jan 44) GNRQT 
11/69428, 
b. Purpose - To determine the relative influence upon overall 
insulation of windproof overgarments made of materials having different 
wind permeabilitiese 
2. DISCUSSION 
a. The contribution made by outer garments of low air permeability 
to the overall insulative value of cold weather garments and to the comfort 
of is uncertain, although no one doubts either the value or the 
necessity of an outer windproof layer. It has been suggested that the degree 
of windproofing necessary depends upon the relative permeability of the under 
lying layers. The thicker and the more permeable the under garments, the 
greater is the necessity for a good windproof since the increased heat losses 
which occur with wind arise primarily from air exchange within the clothing. 
If the layer most immediate to the windproof outer garment offers some re- 
sistance to air movement, the possible increase in heat loss by convection 
and air exchange with wind is consequently diminished. This can be illus- 
trated by comparing thermal experiences under the two conditions of use of 
the alpaca-mohair pile garments of the Arctic issue. If the pile is placed 
outside, next to the windproof garment, greater heat losses occur with wind 
than if the backing of the pile is worn adjacent to the outer garment. 
b. Since the prescribed manner of use of the pile garment in the 
Arctic zone issue is to wear the backing next to the windproof layer, the 
extent to which the insulation value of the assembly can be improved by 
altering the, permeability characteristics of the windproof outer cloth is 
perhaps questionable. 
c. Tests have been conducted on both men ; nd on a copper cylinder 
dressed in Arctic issue clothing altered only by the substitution of outer 
windbreak garments, the air permeability of which varied from zero (,0) to 
twenty (20j cubic feet per square foot per minute, Results are presented 
in Appendix A. Lists of clothing and comments thereon are given in 
Appendix B and 
3. CONCLUSIONS 
a. No differences were apparent between the four types of wind- break materials at zero (0) wind velocity„ 
b. The herringbone twill assembly broke down when tested in 
wind velocities of five {5,0) and nine and six tenths (9.6; miles per hour. 
c. The remaining three windproof garments proved essentially 
satisfactory under conditions of rapid air movement and only minor differ- 
ences were observed between them. 
4. KECOMKSNDATIONS; 
a. That windproof garments be made from fabrics having an air 
permeability of at least 10 cu. ft./sq.ft./min,, which provides satisfactory 
protection from winds up to and six tenths (9.6,) miles per hour. 
Submitted by: 
Steven Mo Horvath, Captain, SnC 
APPROVED, 
WILLARD MACHLE 
Colonel, Medical corps 
Commanding 
InclSo 
#1 Appendix A 
#2 Tables 1 to 4 
#3 figures 1 to 5 
#4 Appendix B 
ft5 Appendix U APPENDIX A 
I. PROCEDURES 
These experiments were conducted in the cold room for the most part at 
an environmental temperature of -10°F (-23.3°0)o Other temperatures were 
0°F (-17.B°o) and -33°F (-36°C), Previous experience with the Arctic issue 
at 0°F had demonstrated that men sitting quietly can remain in comfort for 
periods of four to five (4 to hours. However, exposure at an ambient 
temperature of 0°F would necessitate rather long experimental periods and 
other factors such as hunger, boredom, etc. might become the deciding ele- 
ments of the tests. It was also known that the Arctic issue offered 
adequate protection for two to three (2 to 3j hours at -20°F, Therefore it 
was felt that an intermediate temperature of -10°F would enable differences 
to be detected without any of the disadvantages of the lower or higher temp- 
eratures. 
A tunnel 18 feet long, 7 feet high and 5 feet wide was constructed in the 
cold room. Six fans were so placed that in blowing air through the tunnel 
turbulence was reduced to a minimum. The tests were conducted at three wind 
velocities; 0 mph, 5 mph, and 9.6 raph. 3y placing two subjects on tables, 
four men could be exposed simultaneously to an uninterrupted air stream. In 
all of the tests a copper cylinder, clothed in the four layers of the com- 
plete Arctic issue, was suspended in the midst of the subjects from the roof 
of the tunnel and the rate of cooling of the contained water was measured. 
Ten (10) representative subjects were selected from a group of fifty (50j 
men whose subjective responses to cold had been previously determined, 
uriginally we had selected as the four (4j subjects.for detailed study, two 
men who were classified as resistant and two [2) as susceptible to cold. 
Unfortunately, considerable difficulty was experienced in outfitting the men, 
owing to discrepancies between the stated and actual sizes of the garments, 
so that we finally had to employ three [3) men who had been tentatively 
classified susceptible and only one (lj resistant. During the progress of 
the test, however, it became evident that the classification of relative 
resistance is somewhat uncertain and was subject in the majority of cases to 
considerable daily variation so that the failure to have equality at the 
outset in number of resistants and susceptilles was not very important0 
A standardized procedure was followed prior to each day’s test. The men 
arrived at 0645 hours, ate a standard breakf ist, and then rested until they 
dressed for the test which began at 0830 hourt. Tests were conducted both 
morning and afternoon but only those data obtained during the morning runs 
are presented here since the subjects’ reactions differed somewhat from 
morning to afternoon. 
Skin temperatures were obtained on chest, upper arm, thigh, calf and 
dorsal surface of the foot; in some cases tei [10) thermocouples were worn. 
On two subjects, continuous measurements of xygen consumption were made,one 
- 1 - with an open circuit and the other with a closed circuit apparatus* Hectal 
temperatures were obtained by clinical thermometer. 
The clothing worn by the subjects is listed in Appendix JB, ror convenience, 
the clothing v;orn and the basic layer principle of the Arctic zone issue are 
illustrated in Figure 1. Owing to improper fit in certain garments and the 
availability of only a single nylon windproof suit of small size, a complete 
set of tests on all subjects in each of the windbreaks was impossible. Never- 
theless, a sufficient number of tests were made on all four of these clothing 
items (Figure 2), with at least two subjects wearing each of the items, so 
that general conclusions may be drawn. 
II. KESULTS 
a• effect of wind upon insulation. 
In table 1 are presented data on the insulation value of the 
standard Arctic assembly, including the sateen outer garments having an air 
permeability of 5 cu, 'ft./sq.ft./min0 Hourly do values, determined by the 
standard procedure, are presented in the table together with the average do 
values for the second and third hours. The do values as determined from the 
third hour metabolic rate and the predicted equilibrium temperature, ©e 
are also given fpr the five subjects. All values ar corrected for the insu- 
lation of the surrounding air, during the three {3) hour exposure, the 
apparent insulation of the Arctic issue was changing, it appears to have in- 
creased with under ‘’still air conditions,, This was true to a lesser ex- 
tent at 5 mph wind but not at all with a velocity of 9.6 mph. After the 
first hour there was a fairly consistent decrease in insulation value vvith 
increasing wind velocity. 
The insulation afforded by the Arctic assembly with outer garments of 
four degrees of air permeability is shovm in Table 2. At zero wind velocity 
no material differences were observed between these garments. This was not 
unexpected since the insulation values obtained with and without any windbreak 
garments are almost identical, ror example, tests on two individuals at zero 
wind velocity gave the following do values for the Arctic assembly with and 
without the sateen windbreaker; 5.3 and 5.2 and 4.0 and 4.4, respectively. 
When the wind velocity was increased to 5.0 and 9.6 mph, the do 
values decreased in all cases except with the nylon outer garment. The high 
average insulation at 9.6 mph in this case, however, resulted from an extreme 
value (7.0) on one of the two subjects, while in the other the insulation 
value was lower than at 5.0 or 0 miles per hour. The greatest loss of insula- 
tion with wind occurred with herringbone twill, the do value dropping from 5.3 
to 3o6« 
The decrease in the apparent insulation value of the clothing assembly 
with increasing air movement results no doubt from the interference with the 
stability of the bound air layer. Insulation of clothing is essentially de- 
termined by the thickness and stability of the air bound between fabric layers 
and within the fabrics themselves. There is a possible Uiree-fold variation in the insulation from a completely static air layer to one within which 
there is free convection. At high wind velocities two factors may be 
operating to alter the insulation; circulation within the clothing and 
internal circulation plus air exchange with the outside; both may result in 
real increases iA heat transfer. 
b. Fffect of wind qn cooling rate. 
Neither the values of the cooling constant, K, the mean skin 
temperature at the end of the exposure period nor the predicted equilibrium 
temperature Oe, exhibited great change with the type of outer garment being 
worn. However, slight trends in the average data relative to wind velocity 
were observed. The median values for the last mean skin temperatures re- 
corded were 26,0°C, 25.2°(j and 24.8°(j at wind velocities of zero (.0), 5*0 
and 9.6 miles per hour, respectively. The predicted equilibrium mean skin 
temperatures followed this same pattern but were approximately 1,2°C lower. 
The median values for K, the cooling constant, were 0.720, 0.755 and 0,835 
for the three wind velocities. These differences are not significant. 
c, Relation of permeability of outer garments to metabolic rate. 
Of greatest interest in showing the effect of ’wind permeability of 
the outer garment was the changes in metabolic rate with continued exposure. 
Table 3 presents such data for the sateen outer garment. The metabolic 
response of the subject under these experimental conditions is approximately 
the same for the first hour at all wind velocities, During the second and 
third hours, however, a marked stimulus for extra heat production is evident. 
The higher the wind velocity, the sooner developed is the stimulus to extra 
heat production and the greater the response. In this connection it is 
interesting to note that as a rule the greatest changes in stored heat occur 
during the first hour. Variable but generally much smaller demands on this 
heat supply were made during the next two hours. Neither the absolute amount 
nor the rate of the heat loss from storage appears to be correlated with the 
stimulus to extra heat production. 
Men dressed in the nylon, sateen, or khaki twill windproof garments 
had similar metabolic responses to increased air movement and duration of 
exposure. The herringbone twill garments offered less protection against 
wind, however, and the extra heat production of subjects dressed in this 
garment was greater than with the others, the hourly metabolic rates being: 
42,93 and 79 cal/M2/hr, 
d. Subjective responses. 
The subjective responses of men are significantly altered when they 
are exposed to cold and wind (.Figures 3,4 and 5), Subject He,, Figure 3, was 
the most resistant subject in this study. When he wore adequate outer wind- 
proof garments (.sateen or nylonJ he did not become uncomfortable even at the 
highest wind velocity. The herringbone twill outers, however, failed to 
maintain comfort at 5*0 mph and with a wind velocity of 9.6 mph was 
definitely inadequate. For less resistant subjects the herringbone twill was equally inadequate at 5»0 mph wind. In Figure U are recorded the 
subjective sensations for Subject Gr. in the two best windproof outer 
garments, sateen and nylon. He remained relatively comfortable at zero wind 
velocities but with 'air movement his subjective sense of discomfort increased. 
He appeared to be less comfortable when wearing the nylon than with the sateen 
outer garment. This is in striking contrast to the subjective experiences of 
subject He shown in Figure 3. Comparisons of subjective experiences of 
subject Va dressed in sateen and khaki twill outers arc presented in Figure 
5. Slightly better protection appears to be offered by the sateen garments 
Exposure of men to rapid air movements diminishes the time from 
initial exposure to the appearance of sensations of discomfort. Although 
general body comfort, as evidenced by time of onset of shivering, appears to 
be most readily influenced by wind, the onset of discomfort in the extremities 
does not lag very far behind. Shivering, continued for any length of time, is 
a distressing experience, fatiguing and distracting. Fine muscular control 
is almost impossible and concentration is difficult, one thought dominating - 
the desire for termination of shivering. Under such conditions the general 
overall efficiency of a soldier is impaired and the necessity for good wind- 
proof garments is quite clear. 
Ill, SUMMARY 
No differences were apparent between any of the windbreakers at zero (0 J 
wind velocity, when the wind velocity was increased to five (5.0J and to nine 
and sloe tenths miles per hour, evidences of some breakdown were apparent 
in all of the garments, unly one, the herringbone twill, could be considered 
to have failed completely. The differences between the other windproof gar- 
ments was of such small magnitude as to make impossible the drawing of,any 
conclusions as to their respective superiority. Un the basis of present infor- 
mation it would appear that garments made of any material having an air per- 
meability of 10 cu, ft./sq.ft./ min. or less would offer adequate protection.* 
Because of the factor of high heat losses from the extremities in present 
clothing the relative importance of permeability of windproof garments cannot 
be fully demonstrated-, 
The need for adequate protection for mechanized troops is clearly indicat 
ed by this study, duch personnel are continually exposed to local air streams 
or general wind and subjectively and objectivelj they may be in more strigent 
straits than their fellow soldiers walking along the road. The necessity for 
providing them «ith ".he best windproof protection is obvious0 
* Men dressed in these four windproofs have walked for periods of from one 
half hour to two hours prior to quiet sitting. ho appreciable differences 
were noted in either the thermal insulation of the garment assembly or the 
subjective.sensations experienced by the subjects vnether their sitting 
exposures vyere tr were not preceded by activity. TABLE 1 
INSULATION VALUE ON THE STANDARD ARCTIC ASSEMBLY 
IK RELATION TO WIND VELOCITY 
Subject 
i 
Wind 
Velocity 
raph 
Insulation 
Clo Units, by standard 
method 
Clo Units. 
b? ee 
First 
Hour 
Second 
Hour 
Third 
Hour 
Average of 
2nd and 3rd 
hours 
’ * 
0 
3.1 
3.4 
f— 
3.4 
5.2 
Go. 
5 
4.3 
3.9 
5.5 
4.7 
5.0 
9.6 
2.7 
3.1 
4ol 
3.6 
4.0 
0 
3.5 
5.7 
3.8 
4.7 
5.3 
He. 
5 
2*9 
4.3 
3.2 
3.8 
4.5 
9.6 
2.7 
3.8 
2.8 
3.3 
3.7 
0 
4.8 
4.1 
4.3 
4.2 
4.9 
Gr. 
0 
3.4 
4.4 
5.9 
5.1 
4.9 
$ 
3.6 
4.2 
4.4 
4.3 
4.2 
9.6 
3.3 
3.5 
2.8 
3.2 
3.7 
o' 
3.8 
5.0 
4.8 
4.9 
5.0' 
Va. 
« 5 
3.2 
5.0 
3.8 
4.4 
5.2 
9.6 
3.5 
4.5 
4.3 
4.4 
5.5 
0 
2o5 
4.3 
3.0 
3.7 
3.9 
Ba„ 
5 
2o3 
4.8 
4.2 
4.5 
4.1 
9.6 
5.2 
• 2.9 
i 
3.7 
3.3 
4.1 
Average 
for all 
subjects 
0 
5 
9.6 
3.5 
3o4 
3.5 
4.5 
4.4 
3.5 
4.5 
4.2 
3.5 
4.5 
4.3 
3.5 
4.9 
4.6 
4.2 TABLE 2 
INSULATION VALUE OF STANDARD ARCTIC ISSUE IN 
RELATION TO THE AIR PERMEABILITY OF THE OUTER GARMENT LAYER 
Average Values From Two to Six Subjects 
In Clo Units, Calculated from 6e 
Arctic Issue with outer 
garments of the following 
windproof materials 
i 
Wind Velocity, Miles Per Hour 
0 
5c0 
9.6 
Nylon* 
5o3 
4.3 
5o8 
Sateen-9 oz0 
4o9 
4.6 
4.2 
Khaki Twill 
5.4 
5.2 
4o7 
Herringbone Twill 
i 
3o4 
4.3 
3.6 
* Two Subjegts TABLE 3 
HOURLY METABOLIC RATES- IN RELATION TO WIND VELOCITY 
STANDARD ARCTIC ASSEMBLY WITH SATEEN OUTERS 
AVERAGES EOR SIX SUBJECTS 
0 Mo P. H. 
5.0 M. P. H. 
9o6 m.P. H 
Cals/M2/ Hr, 
Per Cent 
Increase 
Cals/M2/HK 
Per cent 
Increase 
Cals/M2/Hr. 
Per Cent 
Increase 
First Hour 
3813 
j 39cO 
39.4 
Second Hour 
42o7 
11 
45o2 
16 
63.6 
61 
Third Hour 
51o3 
34 
60.1 
54 
67.8 
73 
* M-(E+A) TABUS h 
WEIGHT AND WATER RETENTION OF VARIOU, 
TYPES OF 'INDBREAKS 
Type 
Windbreak 
Weight (grams) 
$ Water Heraoved after 
Before Drying-5 
After Drying 
24 hr, drying 
141 hrs drying 
Parka 
950 
90? 
2o9 
4,4 
Sateen 
Trousers 
737 
695 
3*8 
5.7 
Parka 
468 
425 
3.0 
9.0 
Nylon 
Trousers 
400 
340 
0,0 
14c2 
Parka 
933 
908 
3o0 
3o0 
Herringbone 
Twill 
Trousers 
7,0 
634 
8.0 
10o0 
Parka 
Twill (8,2 oz.j 
933 
850 
4.5 
9.0 
Trousers 
bBO 
634 
602 
6,2 
a.. 
* Al1 clothing was left for 72 hours at 75°f and 50% relative humidity prior 
to being placed in even to dry. Project No. 20-2 
The Arctic Zone Issue As Worn, Illustrating The Layer Principle 
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ro FIG. 3 
SUBJECTIVE REACTIONS OF SUBJECT HE. EXPOSED AT - 10° F TO 
VARYING WIND VELOCITIES WHILE DRESSED IN 
ARCTIC ISSUE AND DIFFERENT WINDBREAKERS 
0 MPH 
WINDBREAK-SATEEN 9 01. 
5.0 MPH 
9.6 MPH 
WINDBREAK - NYLON 
WINDBREAK-HERRINGBONE TWILL 
DURATION OF EXPOSURE UNTIL ONSET OF STATED SENSATION, HOURS 
- KEY - 
F = ONSET OF PAIN IN FEET 
H = ONSET OF PAIN IN HANDS 
S = ONSET OF SHIVERING 
EXTENSION OF LINE TO 3 HRS. 
INDICATES NO STATED SENSAT Oh 
DURING EXPOSURE 
FIG. 3 FIG. 4 
SUBJECTIVE REACTIONS OF SUBJECT GR. EXPOSED AT-10°F TO 
VARYING WIND VELOCITIES WHILE DRESSED IN ARCTIC ISSUE CLOTHING 
MODIFIED BY TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF WINDPROOF GARMENTS 
WINDBREAK - SATEEN 
0 MPH 
5 MPH 
9.6 MPH 
WINDBREAK - NYLON 
DURATION OF EXPOSURE UNTIL ONSET OF STATED SENSATION. HOURS 
- KEY - 
F = ONSET OF PAIN IN FEET 
H = ONSET OF PAIN IN HANDS 
S = ONSET OF SHIVERING 
EXTENSION OF LINE TO 3 HRS. 
INDICATES NO STATED SENSATION 
DURING EXPOSURE 
FIG. 4 FIG. 5 
SUBJECTIVE REACTIONS OF SUBJECT VA. EXPOSED AT - 10° F TO 
VARYING WIND VELOCITIES WHILE DRESSED IN ARCTIC ISSUE CLOTHING 
MODIFIED BY TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF WINDPROOF GARMENTS 
WINDBREAK - SATEEN 
9.6 MPH 
WINDBREAK-CLOTH, UNIFORM TWILL 8.2 OZ 
DURATION OF EXPOSURE UNTIL ONSET OF STATED SENSATION, HOURS 
- KEY - 
F = ONSET OF PAIN IN FEET 
H = ONSET OF PAIN IN HANDS 
S = ONSET OF SHIVERING 
EXTENSION OF LINE TO 3 HRS. 
INDICATES NO STATED SENSATION 
DURING EXPOSURE 
FIG. 5 APPKNuLX. B 
Control clothing worn by subjects in this test was as follows: 
Drawers, Wool, 50/50 
Undershirts, Wool, 50/50 
Shirt, flannel, 0.D, 
Trousers, field. Wool, u.D. 
Trousers, field. Pile 
Trousers, field, ootton, o.U. Sateen, 9 oz.) 
Parka, field, uctton, U.D, Sateen, 9 oz.) 
Parka, File 
Shoe, Arctic, felt 
Socks, Wool, ski (2 pairs) 
Socks, Wool, cushion sole il pair) 
Mittens, insert. Trigger finger M-1943 
Mittens, Shell, Trigger finger M-1943 
Mufflers, Wool 
Wristlets, Knit, 
The following items were not worn; 
Cap, Field, Pile 
Mask, Field Chamois 
The cap, field, pile was not included because it was found too bulky 
to wear under the parka hoods. The men complained of their heads being un- 
comfortably hot and perspiring freely. The mask, field, chamois was very' 
unsatisfactory since it was wet and clammy in less than thirty minutes and 
so became a potential frosting danger. The eye piece cutouts were poorly 
placed and the mask slipped around the face and impaired the visual field. 
The men preferred to do without this item,, It has been previously recommended 
that this mask be dropped as an item of issue,* 
Four types of windbreak materials were used in this test 
(a) Nylon - air permeability of U cu. ft,/sq.ft./min. 
(b) Sateen, 9 oz. w air permeability of 5 cu.ft,/sq.ft./rain, 
(Thit *is identical to the material used in the control 
parka and trousers, field, u.D.) 
o 
(c) Twill,*8,2 oz* - Air permeability of 10 cu.ft./sq.ft./min. 
{d) Herringbone Twill - Air permeability of 20 cu.ft,/sq,ft./min. 
Some physical characteristics of these garments are presented in Table 
4» 
* Project NOc 11 - Test of Clothing, cattle. Four Zone, Cold and Arctic 
Issues - sept ember 30, 1943® APPENDIX C 
During the progress of tests on the Arctic assembly a number of 
minor defects in the garments of this issue were observed. It is believed 
that attention to these defects would materially increase the usefulness 
of the assembly.. 
1. The fur trim of the pile parka does not appear to serve any useful 
purpose in its present form.. The inferior quality, poor cut and haphazard 
attachment of the fur piece to the garment may be seen in several of the 
illustrations in this and other reports0 The guard hairs protrude in every 
direction - primarily into the eyes and face. In addition to being annoy- 
ing, there is considerable interference with vision. Irritation of the 
skin from rubbing by wet fur frequently occurs. 
2, The mask, field, chamois is definitely an inferior item. Comments 
have been made previously. 
3„ Knee protection is still a source of difficulty. Knees frequently 
have become unbearably cold in our sitting subjects. The fabrics over the 
patellar area are compressed with consequent loss of protection over an 
area having poor circulation, A number of methods can be used to eliminate 
this difficulty,, The Canadian procedure of inserting a diamond shaped 
piece into the garment at the popliteal area may offer a solution. 
4. Draw strings on the outer parka, due to breakage of wooden balls 
on the cords, are fre/.uently lost or one end is pulled within the channel 
and cannot be recovered. Tacking the cords in the center of the back would 
solve this problem. 
5. Tie shoes, felt, Arctic should be made two or three inches higher. 
There is cite:'. a gap between the top of the shoe and the pile trousers. The 
suggested rccification would not only provide increased insulation above 
the ankle hit -,cula prevent snow from getting into the boots* 
6. Hy opening of the Pile Trousers needs attention. At present when 
a man stoops ever, a decided gap appears in the fly. It continues to stay 
open or tushes up when the erect position is resumed. 
7, y'lt cf the pile parka around the body has been a frequent source 
of complalrt. The coolness in the small of the back has been attributed to 
the loose tit of the inner parka, A possible solution for seated men may 
be the insertion of a draw string so that the bottom of the garment can be 
tied down vAen required. 
8, liorfetriction and binding of the pile jacket across the back and 
under the arys has been mentioned in a previous memorandum from this labora 
tory. This iy be due to the pile having been added as a liner in a jacket 
pattern designed to be rrade without a lining. 
creesiV of pile garments is still a serious defect „ When men are working the resulting bunching of the pile and underlying garments is 
decidedly uncomfortable and interferes with the performance of the 
job at hando 
10. Incorrect size labeling was a major problem with the garments 
sent to the laboratory. (Generally, garments one or two sizes larger 
than those usually worn by the men had to be issued. However, in a few 
cases smaller sizes than those required fitted the men very well. The 
importance of proper sizing in fitting out large number of men should 
not be A good deal of the present difficulty with 
garments issued is a size problem and to increase the supply sergeants 
difficulty by improper sizing of garments will make’the proper fitting 
of troops just that much more unlikely. The problem here appears to be 
a simple case of carelessness in marking since the same size mark was 
found on a wide range of actual sizes0