From G. F. B. Contributions front % Jjjmsiologiml ynboiittorjj of |TitIe College. II. ON THE INFLUENCE OF MENTAL ACTIVITY ON TIIE EXCRETION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID BY THE KIDNEYS. (SILLIMAN PRIZE THESIS.) By LUTIIER IIODGES WOOD, Ph.B., M. D. [From the Proceedings of the Connecticut Medical Society, 18G9.J ACHROMATIC MICROSCOPES. WILLIAM WALES, Optician, • • of Fort Lee, New Jersey, Devotes his entire attention to the construction of Achromatic Object-Glasses for the Microscope, for which he has received the SILVER MEDAL from the Paris Expo- sition ; also the FIRST PREMIUM from the American Institute. PRICE LIST. Objectives. Aperture. Price. 3 inch, 12° $15.00 1| “ 22° 17.00 | “ 30° 20.00 TV “ 75°, 90° or 110°, 40.00 l “ 135° to 140°, 40.00 £ “ 145° 45.00 Ttj “ 175° immersion, 60.00 “ 175° “ 75.00 “ 160° “ 120.00 Higher powers made to order. Wales’ patent extra Back supplied for $15.00 with the | and £ inch object-glasses, correcting the lens for Photographic purposes; it is also very fine when objects are to be viewed with oblique light. SMITH’S PATENT ILLUMINATOR, and Smith's ,11 ECU,INI C,IE FINGER made to order. W. Wales also furnishes ZENTMAYER’S MICROSCOPE STANDS at the manufacturer’s prices. Zentmayer’s Army and Hospital Microscope, with two eye-pieces, Camera lucida, Bull’s-eye Condenser, Stage Microm- eter and Case, with Wales’ § inch, and £ inch Objectives. Price $135.00. Zentmayer’s GRAND AMERICAN MICROSCOPE STAND, with three Eye-pieces and Case, $212.00. I fit up these instruments with my own objectives. Address WILLIAM WALES, Post Office Box No. 2704, New York City, or Fort Lee, New Jersey. [From the Proceedings of the Connecticut Medical Society, 1869.] RESEARCHES ON THE INFLUENCE OF MENTAL ACTIVITY UPON THE EXCRETION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID BY THE KIDNEYS.* I / BY LUTHER HODGES WOOD, PH.B., M.D., OF NEW HAVEN. In July, 1867, Dr. T. R. Noyes presented to the Examining Committee and Faculty of this College an Inaugural Thesis upon the Excretion of Urea.f In that paper he described certain experi- ments instituted to ascertain the effect of sleep on this excretion. Among other results he found that the urine of the day was uni- formly alkaline, and that of the night as uniformly acid; and this, even when the diet consisted of two precisely similar meals taken twelve hours apart. To account for this fact he suggested “ that the causes of acidity were operating in both periods, and that the great increase of alkaline phosphates in the daytime overbalanced the acid reaction thus produced.” It was to confirm or refute this hypothesis of Dr. Noyes, that the following investigation of the subject was undertaken. The experiments here enumerated were all made upon myself, aged 21, weighing 56 kilograms, and in a good state of health. It is evident at the outset that the difficulties to be overcome in order to change perfectly the mental condition from activity to inactivity, are necessarily very great; and hence, that the results of such experiments are liable to many sources of error. In fact, it is difficult to obtain a state of complete mental inactivity; since * [The writer of this Thesis received the Silliman Prize of Fifty Dollars at the Examination for Degrees at the Medical Institution of Yale College, January 14tht 1869, and the thesis was, by the Examining Committee, recommended for publication in the Proceedings of the Connecticut Medical Society. An abstract of the thesis was read in the Convention, May 25th, 1869, by Prof. G. F. Barker, M. D., and its publication was directed by the Convention.—M. C. W., Sec. Conn. Med. Soc.] f American Journal Medical Sciences, October, 1867. 2 the mind must always be more or less active during waking hours. By removing as much as possible all the causes for mental exertion, however, on the one hand, and by actively engaging in study, on the other, the mental condition in these experiments has been very greatly varied. But on taking into consideration the many diffi culties in the way of a satisfactory result, we thought it best to make three separate series of experiments, each somewhat differ- ent from the others in detail, while we endeavored in all to obtain the extremes of brain work. The phosphoric acid (P205) was estimated by a standard solu- tion of uranic acetate as proposed by Neubauer.* This process is based upon the fact that uranic phosphate is insoluble in a solution containing sodic acetate and acidified by acetic acid. The minut- est amount of the solution of uranic acetate in excess, gives, when a drop of a solution of potassic fcrrocyanide is added to a drop of the solution, a reddish brown precipitate of uranic fcrrocyanide. This process admits of very great delicacy—a sin- gle drop of uranic acetate added in excess to 50 cubic centimeters of urine being sufficient to give the color distinctly. After determining the total phosphoric acid, the earthy phos- phates in a second portion of the urine were precipitated by ammo- nia. The precipitate was washed as usual, and the washings added to the filtrate, which of course contained the alkaline phosphates. The phosphoric acid in the latter was then estimated in the man* ner described for the total phosphoric acid. The difference be- tween the amount of total phosphoric acid and that estimated as alkaline phosphate gives the amount existing as earthy phosphate. The solids were computed from the specific gravity according to the formula of Christison. The excess of density above 1000 multiplied by 2.33 gives the amount of solids in 1000 parts of the urine. Then, by a simple proportion we obtain the amount of solids in any given amount of this fluid. The quantity of urine is given in the Tables in cubic centimeters; the amount of phosphoric acid excreted per hour is expressed in milligrams. The amount of phosphorus is given as phosphoric acid (P205) whether it be excreted in combination with alkalies, alkaline earths or both together. In the experiments of the first four Tables, the twenty-four hours were divided into four periods: two of six hours each for the day, and two periods of four and eight * Analyse des Haras, by Neubauer & Yogel. 4th Edition, 'Wiesbaden, 1863, p. 148. 3 hours respectively for the night. In the 5 th and 6th Tables the twenty-four hours were divided into four equal periods, each being, six hours. The last two experiments were made upon the urine of the day and of the night as a whole, making but two periods of twelve hours each. During the first period of seven days the diet was an ordinary mixed one, and the amount of study moderate. The results are given in Table (1). During the second period the amount of study was the same as in the first, but the diet was a stated one. Two meals a day were taken, at a. m. and p. m. ; each meal con- sisted of— Bread 1-J- oz. = 42.45 grams. Beef 1£ “ = 42.45 “ 2 Eggs “ = 99.05 “ Butter i “ = 7.08 “ Potato li “ = 42.45 “ Water 12 “ = 339.60 “ oz. = 573.08 grams. The results of this period are given in Table (2). The change from an ordinary mixed diet, consisting of three meals a day, of the first week, to a diet of but two meals, twelve hours apart, though alike both in quantity and kind of food taken, during the second week, produced a slight feeling of malaise, and some constipation. This stated diet was continued during the periods given in Ta- bles (3) and (4) but the amount of study was varied. First, it was increased about four hours a day above the amount in the previous periods ; the result of this change is given in Table (3). Then, both study and recitations were entirely discontinued, and various means of recreation, requiring little or no mental effort, were sub- stituted. The effect of this diminished study is given in Table (4). In September the experiments upon the influence of mental la- bor were repeated; and as before, a regular diet, consisting of two meals a day, twelve hours apart, was adopted. Each meal now consisted of— Beef 4 oz. = 113.2 grams. Bread 4 “ = 113.2 “ Beets 1 “ = 28.3 “ Water 16 “ = 452.8 “ 25 oz. = 07.5 grams. 4 During the first period—the results of which are given in Table (5) —the time of study was greatly increased above the accustomed amount. During the second period—given in Table (6)—all study was abandoned, and the time spent in recreation. This experiment was again repeated in November. Table (7) gives the excretion during the period of greatest mental activity. I was at that time attending lectures and recitations during six hours each day, and was engaged in hard study for an average of three hours a day in addition. The last four days were taken as vacation and the time was devoted to pleasure and rest from study. The effect of this period is given in Table (8). Table (9) is a summary of the averages of the whole series of ex- periments; the day being divided into two periods of twelve hours each, thus making the whole average agree with the last experiments. On comparing Tables (1) and (2), in which the amount of study was essentially the same, but the diet was different—being the ordi- nary one of three meals a day in the first, and in the second, consist- ing of two precisely similar meals taken twelve hours apart—it ap- pears that there is in each a considerable variation in the amount of phosphoric acid excreted from day to day; and this whether the quantity be considered as a whole, or viewed as separate por- tions in combination with alkaline or with earthy bases. In the first period the alkaline phosphates are most abundant in the afternoon, and steadily decrease till the morning, when the average appears to be less than in any other portion of the day. The earthy phosphates are present in the greatest quantity dur- ing the hours of the forenoon, and are least during that portion of the night which is spent in sleep. In the second period, the alka- line phosphates average rather more during the forenoon than dur- ing any other part of the day. This seems to be an exception to the general rule, however, for in each of the other periods] this ex- acerbation appears later in the day. The earthy phosphates are in largest quantity during the evening, and least during the hours of sleep. The excretion of phosphoric acid appears to be much more reg- ular when the diet is regular, than when it is subject to the varia- tions of the ordinary mixed diet. The results, when the amount of time spent in hard study was much increased above the amount usually so employed, are given in Table (3); the diet being the same as in Table (2). While in Table (4), the opposite condition was present—all study and other causes of mental exertion being avoided. 5 Comparing these two Tables, it will be noticed that the alkaline phosphates are in larger amount when the study is increased, the difference being about 15 per cent; this increase taking place in the daytime, while during the night the average is rather less. The amount of earthy phosphates is greatest when there is no study, the increase being about the same day and night, and amounting to about 20 per cent. The total phosphates do not differ materially in the two Tables; though their amount is somewhat more in the one in which there is most study. Tables (5) and (6) represent essentially the results of the same conditions as the two which precede it, Table (5) being the period of mental labor, and Table (6) the one of mental relaxation. The earthy phosphates, as in the preceding experiments, are increased during the period of mental relaxation; though the difference is greater than before, the increase being about 40 per cent during the day, and about 20 per cent during the night. The amount of exercise taken wTas about the same in each of these periods ; as also was the amount of sleep, which was about eight hours in the twenty-four. The only difference in the condi- tions was the amount of study. During the periods of greatest mental work, six hours were devoted to hard study and two hours to recitation each day, while during the periods of rest, all study and recitation were abandoned, and the time, which had been be- fore given to these, was spent in recreation and amusement, thus producing much difference in the activity of the mind. In both instances, increased work diminished the excretion of earthy phosphates. The alkaline phosphates were increased in the first period of study, and not altered in the second. Thus making the total amount of phosphoric acid excreted about the same, whether the mind be active or not. The experiments recorded in Tables (7) and (8) were conducted upon an ordinary mixed diet. During the first four days, Table (7), six hours each day were spent attending lectures and recitations, and an average of three hours more devoted to hard study. The last four days, Table (8), were during vacation, and the time was spent in amusement and recreation, the amount of sleep, as befox’e} being eight hours. By thus diminishing the mental labor, the earthy phosphates are increased 20 per cent, during the day, and 12 per cent, during the night, While under these conditions, the alkaline phosphates are diminished 15 per cent, during the day, and remain the same during the night. 6 Comparing the last six tables, which give the results of the three series of experiments, with each other, they are found to have the following results in common: 1st, The amount of earthy phos- phates excreted is smallest during the periods of study, the differ" ence being from 20 to 40 per cent, during the day, and from 12 to 20 per cent, during the night. 2d, The alkaline phosphates do not follow so constantly the same law in each case, yet they always vary in the same direction. They increase on increasing the amount of study in the first and third series, and in the second series are not altered, as the increase during the first part of the day is made up during the afternoon ; and as the increase during the evening equals the decrease of the night. The average in- crease is about 15 per cent, during the day; but no change appears during the night. The total amount of phosphoric acid is irregular, being some- times more and at others less, during the periods of study; this amount being evidently the mean of the variations of the alkaline and earthy phosphates. The most marked result obtained in these experiments, is the great increase of earthy phosphates whenever mental activity is diminished. This fact is constant in the whole series. Both nervous and cerebral tissue are rich in phosphorus, and this when oxidized will yield phosphoric acid ; hence, coeteris paribus, most phosphoric acid will be found in the blood, and consequently in the urine, when these tissues are most rapidly undergoing oxida- tion. From this it follows that if increased activity of the organs containing these tissues, gives rise to increased disintegration and oxidation of them, the products of this oxidation would be in- creased in the urine; and hence, that the total phosphoric acid would be thus increased. But *on the contrary if this activity consists in a more rapid growth and less decay of these tissues, then there would be found less phosphoric acid in the urine. The total amount of phosphoric acid excreted, however, does not appear, in these experiments, to be altered by changing the men- tal condition, sufficiently to draw any positive conclusions; but when it is separated according to whether it is combined with alka- line or with earthy bases, we find it to be greatly varied by chang- ing the amount of brain work. If we assume that the alkaline phos- phates result from this metamorphosis, then, since they are increased by study, the disintegration of nervous tissue would be correspond- ingly increased ; while if the earthy phosphates have this origin, 7 then, as they are diminished under these circumstances, there must be less oxidation of these tissues when the mind is actively engaged. Consequently it would follow that the same law which the researches of Dr. Noyes and Dr. Parkes have shown to be true of muscular tissue, namely, that it grows during a state of active exercise, is true also of nervous tissue. Now, inasmuch as the alkaline phosphates are not increased in any proportion to the amount of increase of mental labor; while the earthy phosphates are diminished in a very much greater pro- portion by the same means; it seems probable that the latter of these hypotheses—that mental labor diminishes the amount of earthy phosphates excreted, and consequently that nervous tissue grows when in a state of activity—is the true one. Dr. W. A. Hammond has published in his “ Physiological Me- moirs ” the results of a series of analyses undertaken to determine the law of the excretion of phosphoric acid. He finds that the amount which is excreted is greatly increased on increasing the amount of study; though he only estimated the total amount of phosphoric acid, without distinguishing it according to the bases with which it was combined. Moreover his determinations were made by Liebig’s method, with ferric chloride. From the results of his experiments he argues* that “ the brain is seen to follow the same general law which governs the other structures of the body—increased use promotes increased decay,” “intense mental labor, by accelerating the metamorphosis of the cerebral tissue, necessarily requires a renewal of that tissue, and thus the nutrient elements of the food are diverted from those parts of the body by which they would ordinarily be appropriated to that organ which so imperatively demands them.” It will be seen, from what has been already stated, that my results do not agree with those of Dr. Hammond, though all the series here given agree well among themselves; indeed so far as any inference can be drawn, they prove just the opposite. Mosler also, has made some experiments on the same subject,f in which he separated the phosphates of the earths from those of the alkalies. He found that increased study increased the total phosphoric acid one half, the alkaline phosphates less than one quarter, and the earthy phosphates one third; though how the former * Hammond’s Physiological Memoirs, Philad., 1863, page 23. f Inaug. Diss., Giessen, 1853, 8 fact can be derived from the two latter and constituent facts, does not appear. It is possible that in the experiments of Hammond and of Mosler, the mental exertion was carried to the point of fatigue, which is not true of any of the experiments recorded in this paper. If that were the case, the fact would be another link in the chain of evidence that nervous tissue follows the law governing the action of muscular tissue ; and that, just as the latter, as Dr. Noyes has shown, produces an increased amount of urea in the urine only when exercised beyond the point of fatigue, so the former gives under the same conditions only, an increased excretion of phosphates. In regard to the question whether the alkalinity of the day- urine is due to the presence of alkaline phosphates as was sug- gested by Dr. Noyes, it is evident that the fact that this alkalinity is found uniformly in the forenoon when the amount of alkaline phosphates is less than in any other period of the day, a fact established by my analyses, proves this conjecture to be unfounded. This fact, however, does not throw any light upon the real cause of the alkalinity. Why should it appear only in the urine passed at 1 p. m., the period which immediately follows the concentrated acid urine of the night ? And this when the quantity of solids is least in proportion to the quantity of water ? Moreover, why should not the urine passed at 1 a. m., a period of the day corresponding in all respects with the former, be also alkaline? Does not the fact seem to point to a tissue change either destructive or assimilative, which takes place during sleep, the products of which are excreted a few hours after rising ? The results obtained in the foregoing research may be thus summed up:— 1. The amount of urine excreted varies at different periods of the day, even on a fixed diet; the day-urine exceeds the night- urine in the ratio of 3 to 2. The largest amount is excreted during the forenoon, the next largest in the afternoon, then comes that of the latter part of the night, and lastly that passed in the early part of the night. 2. The density of the urine varies inversely as the amount of urine passed ; the morning-urine having a higher specific gravity than that excreted at night. 3. The total amount of solids excreted is greater during the day than during the night by nearly 50 per cent.; thus showing that 9 the density is not diminished in proportion to the amount of urine passed. 4. The reaction of the day-urine is uniformly alkaline, that ot the night-urine acid; while however, acid urine is excreted during both periods of the night, it is the morning-urine only that is alkaline, that of the afternoon being acid. 5. The total phosphoric acid excreted per hour on an ordinary diet, is largest during the day, rising highest after the principal meal; while on a fixed diet, the excretion is greatest at night, the maximum being reached during the first half of the night, the amount diminishing in the afternoon; it is less still at 7 a. m. and least at 1 p. m. 6. The alkaline phosphates, when an ordinary diet is taken, are greater by day than by night; on a fixed diet the reverse is true. 7. The earthy phosphates, on the other hand, are largest in amount during the day, both on ordinary and fixed diets. 8. The total phosphoric acid is very greatly affected by the amount and kind of food taken. 9. The variations in the amount of phosphoric acid, considered as a whole, are not sufficient to afford any indication of the pre- vious mental condition. 10. The alkaline phosphates are only slightly increased on in- creasing the amount of mental labor. 11. The earthy phosphates are diminished under the same con- ditions, by an amount varying from 20 to 40 per cent. 12. No such increase of phosphoric acid as would be required by the theory of the disintegration of nervous tissue during action, was observed in these experiments. 13. The alkalinity of the day-urine is not due to the presence of alkaline phosphates in excess. The results given in figures in the tables, are plotted in a series of nine diagrams appended to this thesis. They are intended to illustrate more clearly all the variations in the excretion of phos- phoric acid,—whether considered as a whole, or divided accord- ing to its combination with alkaline and earthy bases,—which I have observed as a result of my analyses. On the margin of these diagrams, the day and hour at which the urine was voided, are indicated. The number of milli- grams excreted per hour, is given at the left-hand margin, the scale beginning at 0, and extending to 100. The line which re- 10 presents the excretion differs for the diflerent forms under which the phosphoric acid existed; the alkaline phosphates being indi- cated by a straight line, thus : : the earthy phosphates by a broken line : while the total phosphoric acid is denoted by an interrupted line like this: : Two important facts are made apparent upon studying these diagrams. One is the great variation in each of the lines from one period to another of the same day; from which it is evident that the analyses should be made upon urine taken at equal intervals during the day. A second fact is that the variations in the total phosphoric acid, being the sum of the variations of its two forms of combination, do not at all indicate the amount of the va- riation of these latter; and hence that the analyses should include the determination of both alkaline and earthy phosphates. The effect produced by changing the mental condition is ex- hibited more markedly in the ninth diagram, which shows the variation in the excretion for each week during each of the three series of experiments. In conclusion, I would express my sincere thanks to Prof. George F. Barker, M.D., for many valuable suggestions, made during the progress of these researches in the Laboratory of the Medical College. 11 r _A "\ r V cS t-H d .2 O GO “ o CS '£< OQ K. <3 _c3 cr C r2 __ ‘o GO ■esS t-H* d .2 U o m m cS o A O* GO L. W M M o tal acid. go f® p 1 pi O’ A m o LL LL LL 62.6 19.5 82.2 11.74 28 475 1014 LL Yellow. 38.6 33.7 72.3 12 3 240 1020 LI LL 55.6 17,4 73. 11.18 29 200 1025 LL Reddish-yellow. 26.5 25.5 52. 11.65 95 1032 Alkaline LL LL 60. 15. 75. 6.98 30 215 1020 LL Yellow. 21.8 20.2 42. 10.02 165 1030 Acid LL LL 91. 9. 100. 10.53 31 200 1023 LL LL 45.5 25.8 71.3 10.72 200 1029 U LL A 41. 24.5 65.5 13.51 Average. 280 1021 Alkaline Yellow. 39.3 24.7 64. 12.45 176 1027 Acid Reddish-yellow. 54.7 16.5 71.2 10.52 11 P. M. V A. M. May 25 “ 26 85 1022 Acid Reddish-yellow. 50.8 17.5 68.4 'ft 4.35 365 1013 Acid Yellow. 44.8 7.6 52.4 9.49 105 1022 LL LL LL 38.8 16.8 55.6 5.38 357 1009 Light-yellow 36.9 9.7 46.6 6.48 “ 27 140 1025 A LL LL 59.4 19.8 79.2 8.16 375 1015 LL Yellow. 29.8 10.4 40.2 11.25 “ 28 75 1027 U LL LL 12.6 13. 25.6 4.72 170 1022 (t Reddish-yellow. 46.6 6.4 53. 8.71 “ 29 90 1030 LL l L A 39.2 23. 62.2 6.29 175 1025 LL Yellowrish-red. 34.4 19.4 53.8 10.19 “ 30 155 1030 “ tl A 67.4 25.3 92.7 10.83 240 1023 LL Yellow. 46. 20.3 66.3 12.85 “ 31 70 1030 U LL LL 66.4 17.3 83.7 4.89 145 1028 LL Reddish-yellow. 44. 7.8 51.8 9.46 Average. 103 1029 Acid Reddish-yellow. '47.9 18.9 66.8 6.37 261 1019 Acid Yellow. 41. 11. 52. 9.77 TABLE No. 1.—ORDINARY MIXED DIET, MODERATE STUDY. 1 P. M. 7 P. M. 12 r 6 p Quantity. Sp. Gr. i Reaction. Color. § 8 O^. m . Total. Phos. Acid. Total Solids. Quantity, j Sp. Gr. Reaction. Color. i _ ® 2 o 05 A mQ. o . GO O O hfl Ph Ph W Total Phos. Acid. Total Solids. - June. > tillisram Per hour Grams. Hilligrair Per hour 3 Grams. 1 420 1023 Alkaline Reddish-yellow. 66.8 3.2 70. 21.50 105 1030 Acid. Reddish-yellow. 34.6 28.4 63. 7.34 2 440 1022 II Yellow. 82.1 13.4 95.5 22.55 110 1030 a a a 63.2 8.4 71.6 7.69 B 200 1027 U Reddish-yellow. 58. 18. 76. 12.58 115 1030 a a a 76.5 5.5 82. 8.04 4 215 1025 U Yellow. 57.4 17.2 74.6 12.23 90 1030 a a a 60.6 13.4 64. 6.29 5 260 1025 a a 61.4 16. 77.4 15.14 140 1026 a a a 68. 10.3 78.3 8.48 Average. 306 1024 Alkaline 11 Yellow. P. M. 65.1 13.6 78.7 16.80 112 1029 Acid. Reddish-yellow, 7 A. M. 58.6 13.2 71.8 7.57 June 1 55 1031 Acid Reddish-yellow. 51.7 6.3 58. 3.97 180 1030 Acid Reddish-yellow. 71.8 11.6 83.4 12.59 “ 2 75 1036 II Yellowish-red. 76.7 17.9 94. G 8.29 120 1031 a a a 60.6 7.2 67.8 8.67 “ 3 90 1032 U Reddish-yellow. 69.7 19.8 89.5 6.71 130 1029 a Yellow. 62.1 5.2 67.3 8.78 “ 4 85 1032 U a a 53. 26. 79. 6.24 145 1030 a Reddish-yellow. 61*2 4.3 65.5 8.14 “ 5 70 1035 It Yellowish-red. 51.4 16.3 67.7 5.7 120 1030 a Yellowish-red. 54. 6.7 60.7 8.39 Average. 75 1033 Acid Reddish-yellow. 60.5 17.3 77.8 5.78 139 1030 Acid Reddish-yellow. 62. 7. 69. 9.31 TABLE No. 2.—REGULAR DIET, MODERATE STUDY. 1 P. M. 1 P. M. 13 Date. Quantity. Sp. Gr. Reaction. Color. g g “is CO w Ctf CO 0'S ° 9.,°5 Total Phos. Acid. Total Solids. Quantity. f4 CS si m Reaction. i Color. GO m o CS P2O5 as Earthy Phos. Total Phos. Acid. Total Solids. JUD8 c.c. 1 ililliffram s Grams. i rlilligram Per hour S Grams. 8 355 1021 Alkaline Yellow. 40.2 21.8 62. 17.37 160 1030 Neutral Reddish-yellow. 58. 16. 74. 11.18 9 250 1023 ll ll 37.8 13. 60.8 13.39 150 1026 Acid ii ii 49 5 16.8 66.3 9.09 10 135 1027 Acid Reddish-yellow. 44.4 14.8 59.2 7.49 100 1030 ll ll ll 49.7 17.3 67. 6.99 11 280 1023 Alkaline Yellow. 39.5 8.2 47.7 15.08 150 1033 It ll It 54.3 16.7 71. 11.53 12 240 1023 ll ll 27. 15.4 42.4 12.86 130 1026 Slightly acid Yellow. 58.2 9.7 67.9 7.87 13 235 1024 ll ll 26. 20. 46. 13.14 110 1032 Acid Reddish-yellow. 55. 16.6 71.6 8.20 Average. 247 1023 Alkaline 11 Yellow. P. M. 35.6 15.7 51.3 13.22 133 1029 Acid Reddish-yellow. 7 A. M. 54.1 15.5 69.6 9.14 r June 8 70 1032 Acid Yellowish-red. 58.7 17.5 76.2 s 5.22 125 1029 Acid Yellowish-red. 56.4 7. 63.4 8.45 “ 9 110 1030 ll ll ll 48.3 11.7 60. 7.69 75 1030 ll ll ll 41.9 7.8 49.7 6.21 “ 10 65 1034 “ u u 53.2 17.5 70.7 5.15 140 1026 ll ll ll 52.2 3.2 55.4 8.48 “ 11 85 1036 a Reddish-yellow. 54.4 27.6 82. 7.13 110 1031 ll Reddish-yellow. 43.5 6.4 49.9 7.94 “ 12 90 1033 ti 1 ll 49.1 9.6 58.7 6.92 110 1025 ll ll ll 40.7 5.1 45.8 6.41 “ 13 60 1030 ll It ll 76. 18.3 94.3 4.19 125 1028 ll ll 59. 11. 70. 8.15 Average. 80 1033 Acid Yellowish-red. 56.6 17. 73.6 6.05 114 1028 Acid Reddish-yellow. 48.9 6.8 55.7 7.61 TABLE No. 3—REGULAR DIET, INCREASED STUDY. 1 P. M. 7 P. M. 14 r c5 4-J a P Quantity. cb A m Reaction. 1 ' Color. m « s Sa go . io5s o 9. *£ Total Phos. Acid. Total Solids. Quantity. cb fi m Reaction. 1 1 I Color. * GO k. c3 • lO O 0 Total Phos. Acid. Total Solids. j June Millifrran S Grams. ililligrams Grams. 15 175 1025 Alkaline Reddish-yellow. 21.2 23.8 '45. 10.19 85 1030 Acid Reddish-yellow. 36.9 11.6 48.5 5.94 16 170 1026 ll u a 29.4 8.3 37.7 10.30 150 1026 , ll ll 44. 21.2 65.2 9.08 17 190 1023 • < Yellow. 20.2 13.5 33.7 10.18 90 1020 ll ll ll 48.1 9.7 57.8 6.29 18 190 1027 It < l 30.6 15.7 46.3 11.95 115 1028 ll ll ll 49.7 31.5 81.2 7.30 19 205 1026 u ll 37.6 23.4 60.0 12.42 115 1032 ll ll ll 35. I 21. 56. 8.57 Average. 146 1025 Alkaline Yellow. 27.8 16.9 44.7 11.01 111 1029 Acid Reddish-yellow. 42.31 19.4 61.7 7.43 11 P. M. 1 A. M A r June 15 65 1032 Acid Reddish-yellow. 70.2 11.9 82.1 4.84 120 1027 Acid Reddish-yellow- 36 6 9.9 46.5 7.55 “ 16 84 1027 ll a ii 50.3 8.3 58.6 5.28 125 1025 ll ll 50. 5. 55. 7.28 “ 17 75 1028 (1 a ti 47. 7.9 54.9 4.89 95 1027 ll Yellow. 42.5 5.5 48. 5.97 “ 18 95 1028 a ll ll 78.3 13.3 91.6 6.19 150 1030 ll Reddish-yellow. 56. 23. 79. 10.48 “ 19 75 1034 u u u 59.7 30. 89.7 5.94 100 1034 “ 11 11 66.3 29.7 96. 7.92 Average. 79 1030| Acid Reddish-yellow. 61.1 14.3 75 4 5 43 118 1029J Acid Reddish-yellow. 50.3 14.6 64.9 7.84 TABLE No. 4.—REGULAR DIET, NO STUDY. 1 P. M. 7 P. M. 15 r Sept. 7 “ 8 “ 9 “ 10 “ 11 “ 12 Average. > ® CQ S H H H ►§ aq to h o co co -j S- ' [ Date. h-* t-* CO -JO CD O CJ CO O O d O O d H M M UJ bo to P O —I CO —T 00 CO CD O tO Cl O Cl O O Cl * | Quantity. i t—. i_j h-* t—* H-* h-* h-* O O O O O O O wwwwwww M o to to H o CO HhHMMhH o o o o o o o to to to to to to to —00 —T —3 00 CD Ol Sp. Gr. f> ~ - l> o - - - - ~g. pi pi t> > o. - - - - . o# Pu ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ pi h-» Reaction. pi pi a> CD P P P .. .. . .. ~ P X CO & O o o - - - - - £f 3 " 3 1-d W pd Kj 1 • $. a - f—j 2; r. - - Pj - o- S' ~ ~ S’ ~ p- p" • ® ® o o f f *■ Color. M H W W #• H H -5 CO 03 CO © GO to 03 A '-J to CSi "to OS W W bi 03 DJ (D CJb © CO 00 00 CO © A co 03 go bs ’-r tD- . P 2 0 5 £iS Aik. Phos. >—* t-—* ►—1 h—1 ® W o p o -a * go as to to H-S M co to co c© kt ps 03 A © bs to A " bsg§ P20s as Earthy Phos. 00 CO Cn to ►—1 -J to CO O P 00 05 J ►—i ' 4X Ol Cl rfx co 4x 4x M Cl CO GO GO Cl © H Ul CD ’ —J —T ‘ Total Phos. Acid. 05 -I -T 03 *- tfj. bo Jfj- P CD to CD m tD Cl 03 111- CD to Grams. 15.44 14.24 11 74 11. 11.32 11.42 12.53 Total Solids. J > h-i ►—* I—* t—1 1— t—* O GO *—* i—1 o o o CO o cn OI O' on o i- i- P O CD CD CD o CO O CO Cl O Cl Ul Cl Cl • Quantity. o o o o o o o to to to to to to to CD CO CD CO 00 CD CO MHHHHHH o o o o o o o CO CO CO CO CO co CO —1 O O CO o 1—1 o Sp. Gr. > - D. ■ C D D SO_ P pi >* >• 9. r - - - - 2. pj £1 Reaction. Pi pi CD CD P P P .......... P 02 - - - — — QQ* P- ® CD e £2 o ----- o f "3 W Pi ® ffi p p • T fp* M V) CD CD p Oeo-osO f f tColor. ► co co ci co co co to CD to o -4 05 Ol CD GO H —4 OS OS rfJ. Ifj. Ol os l-J esc KJ ifK to 03 bs " ’ bo ’ csi A P205 as Alkaline Phos. M MH tO ►—1 CD tO tO —T —T tO Cl CO 00 —T CO CD CO *2 CD £2 >-i f—1 ODHpotpoapc” t© 03 A Cn 03 03 A g p P205 as Earthy Phos. Oi rfx GO Cl Cl CO (X> Cl CO —T Cl —T £»* ci a to ci oo -cr to — © Ul M M CO co H H Total Phos. Acid. O Cl —T C5 -T C2 CD —T —■T CO O —JT O -j cx CO C5 J O t—* *i p C5 < O < O' g C0 05 Vo CO H-* Cl CD 5 H CD O CO GO >4 • Total Solids. - TABLE No. 5.—REGULAR DIET, INCREASED STUDY. 1 P. M. 7 P. m. 16 r— © 03 P Quantity. | CtJ d. m Reaction. Color. g 8 02 03 . ri “n+3 o s* p_i Total Phos. acid. Total Solids. Quantity. Sp. Gr. | Reaction. Color. g s i/3 P-| c3 . rQ GO o q Total Phos. acid. 1 Total Solids. i Sept. ] fill!gram s Grams. Milligram S Grams. Per hour. Per hour. 14 150 1026 Acid. Reddish-yellow. 17. 12.9 29.9 9.08 105 1031 Acid Reddish-yellow. 19.8 14.8 34.6 7.58 15 240 1025 il U U 30.5 13.2 43.7 13.98 150 1029 a a a 30.9 16.5 47.4 10.23 16 185 1028 il u u 41.9 8.7 50.6 12.07 165 1028 u n a 48.2 3.9 52.1 10.76 17 245 1026 (C u u 37. 6.8 43.8 14.84 235 1025 a u a 52.5 9.7 62.2 13.68 18 185 1026 it <4 u 41.3 7.6 48.9 11.21 150 1030 a a a 47. 25.6 72.6 10.48 19 175 1027 a a a 24. 16.9 40.9 11. 175 1028 a a a 43.9 22.3 66.2 11.41 Average. 197 1026 Acid Reddish-yellow. 32. 11. 43. 12.03 163 1028 Acid Reddish-yellow. 40.4 15.4 55.8 10.69 11 P. M. 7 A. M. Sept. 14 110 1031 Acid Reddish yellow. 30.2 14.4 44.6 7.94 95 1026 Acid Reddish-yellow- 27.7 6.9 34.6 5.75 15 95 1032 U U 11 39.2 15. 54.2 7.08 110 1030 a it (( 41.9 13.5 544 7.69 16 125 1030 u a a 30.1 13:3 43.4 8.74 120 1028 a a a 27.2 10.3 37.5 7.83 17 140 1028 a a u 42.3 10.6 52.9 11.20 100 1029 a u a 31.6 8.2 39,8 6.75 18 100 1034 a a u 32.6 9.3 41.9 7.92 95 1032 a a u 38. 12.9 50.9 7.08 19 130 1031 u a a 31.3 23.6 54.9 9.39 120 1028 a u a 25.2 13.6 38.8 7.83 Average. 117 1031 Acid Reddish-yellow. 34.3 14.4 48.7 8.71 107 1029 Acid Reddish-yellow 31.9 10.9 42.8 7.16 TABLE No. 6.—REGULAR DIET, NO STUDY. 1 P. M. 7 P. M. 17 Date. Quantity. Ph K3 Reaction. 1 Color. m OT o 03 *CL| 03 . ci . O O js A Total Phos. acid. Total Solids. Quantity, 'j Sp- G-r. 1 Reaction. Color. oa “ o’* 3 0§f4 Total Phos. acid. Total Solids. Nov. 12 c.c. 300 1022 Acid Reddish-yellow. Milligram! Per hour. 21.11 20.4 48.1 Grams. 15.38 435 1025 Alkaline- Reddish-yellow. 38.1 Milligrams Per hour. 26.21 64.3 Grams. 25 34 13 305 1023 44 44 (( 35.1 11.3 52.4 16.34 380 1026 “ .4 44 28.4 29 1 51.5 23.02 14 205 1030 44 Yellowish-red. 28.9 14.1 43. 14.33 400 1025 44 4 4 44 35. 21 4 56.4 23.30 15 165 1032 (4 44 4 4 34.5 13.1 41.G 12 30 280 1028 “ 4 4 4 4 35.6 15.9 51.5 18.26 Average. 244 1021 Acid Reddish-yellow. 31.5 16.2 41.1 14.59 314 1026 Alkaline. Reddish-yellow. 34.3 23.1 51.4 22.48 f r Nov. c.c. | 23 160 1035 Acid Yellowish-red. 35. 17.5 52.5 13.05 350 1030 Alkaline. Yellow. 34.5 21.5 56. 24.46 24 245 1032 It Reddish-yellow. u n 24.1 15.5 39.6 18.27 345 1031 Slightly acid Reddish-yellow. . 21.1 23.6 45.3 24.92 26 210 1026 It 23.4 16.5 39.9 12.72 275 1027 Alkaline. Yellow. 19.9 21.3; 41.2 17.50 26 410 1028 u u u 43.6 26.9 70.5 26.75 555 1022 It 41.5 37. 78.5 28.45 Average. 266 1030 Acid Reddish yellow. 31.5 29.1 50.6 17.7 381 1028 Alkaline. Yellow. 29.4 25.8 55.2 24.33 TABLE No. V.—MIXED DIET, HARD STUDY. 1 A. M. 1 P. M. TABLE No. 8.—MIXED DIET, NO STUDY. 1 A. M. V P. M. Table. Quantity. u O si m Reaction. Color. _ 03 5 o 03 A •r>CL Onq o a J P-. Total Phos. acid. | Total Solids. Quantity. i Sp. Gr. Reaction. Color. 03 d tri o O hn OQ V. o3 >-> . jz! m o Total Phos. acid. Total Solids > 1 456 1024 Alkaline Reddish-yellow. 47. lilligram ?er hour. 20.6 S 67.6 Grams. 22.97 364 1024 Acid Reddish-yellow. ft 44.5 [illigram Per hou 14.9 P. 59.4 Grams. 16.14 2 438 1026 Alkaline Reddish-yellow. 61.8 13.4 75.2 24.37 214 1031 Acid Reddish-yellow. 61.2 12.2 73.4 15.18 3 380 1026 Alkaline Reddish-yellow. 44.8 15.6 60.4 22.36 194 1030 Acid Reddish-yellow. 52.7 11.9 64.6 13.66 4 257 1027 Alkaline Reddish-yellow. 35. 18.1 53.1 18.44 197 1029 Acid Reddish-yellow. 55.7 14.5 70.2 13.23 5 305 1029 Acid Reddish-yellow. 36.3 8.9 45.2 19.84 191 1030 Acid Reddish-yellow. 32.1 10.6 42.7 13.40 6 360 1027 Acid Reddish-yellow. 36.2 13.2 49.4 22.72 224 1030 Acid Reddish-yellow. 33.1 12.7 45.8 15.87 7 374 1026 Alkaline Reddish-yellow. 34.3 23.1 57.4 22 48 244 1027 Acid Yellowish-red. 31.5 16.2 47.7 14.59 8 381 1028 Alkaline Yellow. 29.4 25.8 55.2 24.33 256 1030 Acid Reddish-yellow. 31.5 19.1 50.6 17.7 TABLE No. 9.—AVERAGE OF EACH WEEK FOR THE WHOLE SERIES. 7 P. M. 7 A. M. Uo.l. ORDINARY MIXED DIET MODERATE STUDY. No.2 REGULAR DIET, MODERATE STUDY No 3. REGULAR DIET, INCREASED STUDY No.4. REGULAR DIET, NO STUDY Ho 5. REGULAR DIET, INCREASED STUDY No 6. REGULAR DIET, /NO STUDY Yo7MXED DIET, HARD STUDY Ho 8.MIXED DIET,DO STUDY. 1STo 9. AVERAGE OE EACH "WEEK EOR THE 'WHOLE SERIES. Medical Institution of Yale College. The Winter Session for 1869-70, being the Fifty-Seventh Annual Course of LECTURES, begins on Thursday, September 16th, and con- tinues seventeen weeks. The Summer Session for 1869, commences Wednesday, February 11th, and continues five months and a half, with a Vacation of one week in May. During the Summer Session recitations and familiar lectures are conducted daily, Practical Chemistry is taught by systematic work in the Laboratory, and Histology and Pathology by the use of the Micro- scope. Clinical Instruction, both Medical and Surgical, is given regularly throughout the year. An Examination is held and Degrees are conferred at the close of each Session. While each of these separate courses is independent and complete in itself, each stands in most intimate and important relations to the other, and in no way can the student more easily and naturally acquire a clear, exact, practical and comprehensive knowledge of medical science, in its present advanced position, than by taking both these courses in connection. FACULTY. THEODORE D. WOOLSEY, D. D., LL. D., President. BENJAMIN SILLIMAN, M. D., Professor of General and Applied Chemistry. STEPHEN G. HUBBARD, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. CHARLES A. LINDSLEY, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. FRANCIS BACON, M. D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery. MOSES C. WHITE, M. D., Professor of Phatliology and Microscopy. LEONARD J. SANFORD, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. CIIAS. L. IVES, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. GEORGE F. BARKER, M. D., Professor of Physiological Chemistry and Texicology. Wm. L. Bradley, M. D. Demonstrator of Anatomy, and Curator of the Museum. Lecture Fees for the Winter Session, $97.50 ; Matriculation, $5.00 ; Demonstrator’s Ticket, $5.00 ; Graduation Fee, $25.00. Fees for the summer Session, $60.00; Contingent expenses for chemicals and apparatus in the Laboratory, $10.00. Payment for each Session is required in advance. Annual Circular giving full information in regard to both Winter and Summer Sessions, sent on application. C. A. LINDSLEY, M. D., Dean. New Haven, Conn.