TIIE 
ROCKS OF KANSAS, 
K X 
G.- C. SWALLOW ANI> F.< HAWN; 
W 1 T H 
Inscriptions 
e>v 
NEW PERMIAN FOSSILS, 
B * 
G. C. SWALLOW, 
Ext. from Trans. Acad. Setn St. Louis, Vol. U No. 2, 
ST. LOUIS, MO, 
GEO. KNAPP & CO., PRINTERS, 
1858, THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
BY G. C. SWALLOW AND F. HAWN. 
[Read Feb. 22, 1858.] 
In presenting the following paper to the scientific world, 
we feel it incumbent upon ourselves to state that it was pre- 
pared in great haste, in the midst of other pressing duties; 
and that the specimens, in many cases, are very imperfect, and 
would not permit us to determine with certainty all of the 
specific characters. Where we have represented them as 
identical with species heretofore described, the proofs of iden- 
tity are conclusive ; where there have been any slight differ- 
ences, these have been fully stated. Some of those specimens 
so imperfect that it was impossible to determine whether they 
are or are not identical with European forms, have, in consid- 
eration of the interest which will be felt in knowing all the 
relations of these new rocks, been deemed worthy of a place 
in our paper; and we have stated what seems to us to be 
their most obvious relations to well known European forms, 
as it is never safe or advisable to form new species on imper- 
fect specimens. 
Whatever defects may appear in our descriptions of new 
species, the characters given can be relied upon as true to the 
original specimens. 
The great importance of these rocks to scientific and prac- 
tical men* has induced us to present the results of our first 
hasty examinations, with the promise that we will, at an early 
day, give our conclusions more in detail, when we have com- 
pleted the examination of all the collections which will be in 
our possession. 
Our Geological Map of Kansas will show a large develop- 
ment of the Permian Rocks of that Territory, and the still 
wider range of those beds between the Permian and the Cre- 
taceous, which we suppose may prove to be Triassic. 
The following section gives the rocks of Kansas as observed 
by Maj. Hawn during his lineal surveys in that Territory. 
* The many beds of gypsum which these rocks contain, will enable the 
farmer to convert the vast sandy plains of Central Kansas into the most 
productive regions of the West, and fill that wide wilderness with a teem- 
ing happy people. These beds will also supply the commercial demands 
of the Mississippi Valley. 4 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
No. 1—150 feet Bluff, the same as in Missouri—2d Ann. Rep. Mo. Survey. 
“ 2— 4 feet white clay—2d Ann. Rep. of Mo. Survey. 
“ 3— 15 feet local drift. 
169 feet of Quaternary. 
SYSTEM I.—QUATERNARY. 
No. 4—45 feet light gray crystaline limestone.* 
“ 6—27 feet slope strewn with light gray calcareous concretions.* 
72 feet of Cretaceous. 
SYSTEM II.—CRETACEOUS. 
SYSTEM III.—TRIASSIC. (?) 
No. 6—12 feet light gray arenaceous limestone. 
“ 7—10 feet blue pyritiferous clay. 
“ 8—15 feet dark brown ferruginous sandstone. 
" 9— 8 feet, like No. 7. 
“ 10—18 feet flesh-colored quartzitic sandstone. 
“ 11—14 feet variegated, red and white, clay. 
“ 12— 8$ feet white granular gypsum. (Local.) 
“ 13—12 feet, like Nos. 7 and 9. 
“ 14—20 feet dark brown ferruginous sandstone. 
“ 15—13 feet variegated, white and red, clay. 
“ 16—50 feet soft, coarse, buff'sandstone. 
“ 17—30 feet pyritiferous clay. 
“ 18—10 feet yellowish brown argillaceous sandstone. 
“ 19—10 feet thin silico-calcareous strata, containing fragments of trees. 
“ 20— 3 feet brown impure lignite. 
“ 21—10 feet black pyritiferous clay, containing numerous stellated crys- 
tals of selenite. 
“ 22—60 feet gray, blue and brown clay, with thin seams of fibrous selenite, 
and flesh-colored nodules of gypsum. 
“ 23—75 feet soft, crumbling, brick-red sandstone. 
“ 24—17 feet white clay, with soft concretions of oxide of iron. 
“ 25—15 feet conglomerate of coarse sand and small brown pebbles. 
420i feet of Triassic. (?) 
SYSTEM III.—PERMIAN. 
UPPER PERMIAN. 
No. 26—100 feet brown and yellow, cellular and brecciated limestone, 
alternating with brown, blue and white pyritiferous clay, con- 
taining a bed of white granular gypsum, 5 feet thick. 
“ 27— 18 feet conglomerate, of angular, water-worn fragments of lime- 
stone, cemented with white argillaceous matter. This bed is 
local, and may not have its true position. 
“ 28—15 feet, resembling No. 26, but more compact. 
“ 29—60 feet dark brown, silicious limestone, alternating with coarse, 
impure, brown clays, containing crystals of chalcedony and 
agatized quartz. 
“ 30—25 feet dark buff, compact limestone. 
“ 31—45 feet red clay. 
LOWER PERMIAN. 
No. 32—25 feet brown shale, containing geodes whose drusy cavities are 
filled with crystals of quartz, and reniform nodules of varie- 
gated white and red quartz, often agatized. 
* Major F. Hawn's section of Messrs. F. B. Meek and F. V. Hayden’s communica- 
tions to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philad’a. (See Proceedings, May, 1867.) SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
5 
No. 33—30 feet gray limestone and flint, with beds of brown clay. 
“ 34—25 feet massive, cherty, magnesian limestone and brown clay; the 
lower magnesian beds contain angular fragments of jasper. 
“ 35—20 feet of brown clay, fossiliferous. 
“ 36—18 feet red clay. 
“ 37—60 feet silicious, yellow, magnesian limestone, with heavy beds of 
brown clay. 
41 38—10 feet massive bed of flint and limestone. 
“ 39—25 feet gray and yellow limestone, containing small globular and 
pear-shaped nodules of chert, and geodes with crystals, altern- 
ating with beds of brown and blue clay. 
44 40—75 feet brown magnesian limestone, alternating with beds of 
brown, olive-green and red clays. 
“ 41—25 feet light buff amygdaloidal-magnesian limestone and chert. 
44 42— 8 feet heavy-bedded yellow, magnesian limestone. 
44 43— 3 feet blue fossiliferous slate. 
44 44—15 feet brown slate. 
44 45—10 feet brilliant yellow, magnesian limestone. 
44 46—17 feet dark brown limestone, with numerous joints of large 
crimidal columns. 
44 47— 4 feet light yellow silicious limestone. 
44 48—30 feet red clay. 
“ 49— 8 feet silico-calcareous slate. 
" 50— 5 feet olive-green clay. 
44 51— 4 feet red clay. 
“ 62—10 feet dark gray limestone. 
44 63— 6 feet olive-green slate. 
44 64— 8 feet dark blue slate. 
44 65— 6 feet buff limestone. 
44 66—16 feet brown slate. 
44 57— 3 feet dark blue slate. 
44 58—13 feet gray clay. 
44 69— 3 feet compact, light buff limestone. 
44 60— 5 feet brown clay. 
44 61—15 feet blue shale, fossiliferous. 
44 62— 3 feet compact, drab, silicious limestone, with small nodules 
of chert. 
44 63— 4 feet brown limestone. 
“ 64— 3 feet soft, light brown clay. 
44 65—15 feet soft, olive-green clay, with a band of red clay, one foot 
thick. 
44 66— 4 feet gray oolitic limestone. 
44 67— 4 feet bright olive-green clay. 
44 68— 6 feet dark, buff, oolitic limestone. 
44 69— 5 feet dark blue slate. 
44 70— 7 feet drab limestone. 
Total, 820 feet of Permian Rocks. 
SYSTEM IV.—CARBONIFEROUS. 
1073 feet coal measures, a continuation of, and probably above, the Upper 
Coal Series of Missouri. (See 2d Mo. Rep. Part I., p. 78.) 
Note.—The data for the above section, were obtained amidst onerous 
duties connected with the lineal surveys of the Territory, confining my 
observations to arbitrary lines and localities ; this, together with a want of 
conformability in the strata near No. 26 of the foregoing section, renders 
some parts of it hypothetical, but I believe it is sufficiently accurate 
for general illustration. 
F. HAWN. 6 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
CATALOGUE OF FOSSILS 
Obtained from the Permian Pocks of Kansas. 
NAMES OF SPECIES. 
COAL MEASURES. 
LOWER PERMIAN. 
s 
a 
« 
a 
a 
a 
a 
a 
p 
C“- 
Q 
GO 
CO 
< 
3 
H 
LOCALITIES. 
PLANTS. 
A trilobate leaf of an unknown 
exogenous plant 
# 
No. 14(?) of the forgoing sec- 
tion. 
ZOOPIIYTA. 
Stenopora crassa, Lonsdale 
Stenopora spinigera, Lonsdale • • • • 
* 
# 
•• 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Rock Creek, Santa Fe road. 
Chsetetes, three species, (undeterm- 
ined) . • 
• • 
* * 
Valley of Kansas,west of Fort 
Riley. 
BRYOZOA. 
Fenestella flabellata (?), Phillips •• 
* 
Near Council Grove. 
Synocladia virgulacea ("?), King•• 
Thamniscus dubius, Schlotheim • • • 
* 
• • 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
* 
• • 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Acantliocladia anceps (?), Schlot- 
heim • 
. . 
* 
• • 
• . 
Near Hay’s Ranch. 
Phyllopora Elirenbergi, Geinitz - • 
•• 
# 
•• 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
ECHINODERMATA. 
Archaeocidaris Yerneuiliana, King 
.. 
# 
, # 
Near Lost Spring, S. Fe road. 
Cyathocrinus ramosus (1), King ■ ■ 
* 
•• 
Near Council Grove. 
ANNELLATA. 
Serpula (Spirorbis) valvata, Gold- 
Near Smoky-Hill Fork. 
fuss ■ 
• • 
* 
* 
. . 
Spirorbis orbiculostoma, Swallow• 
•• 
* 
•• 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
CRUSTACEA. 
Phillipsia, species not determined • • • 
* 
•• 
•• 
Near Council Grove. 
BRACI-IIOPODA. 
Productus Calhounianus, Swallow, 
.. 
* 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Productus semireticulatus, Martin, 
Productus Rogersii. Norwood 
* 
* 
;; 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Pratten • • 
* 
South Fork Cotton-wood. 
Productus aequicostatus, Shumard, 
* 
.. 
Valley of Kansas, W.Ft.Riley 
Productus Norwoodii, Swallow • • ■ 
* 
• • 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Spirifer cameratus, Morton 
* 
Rock Creek, Santa Fe road. 
Spirifer planoconvexa, Shumard • • 
# 
# 
•• 
•• 
Valley of Cotton-wood. SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
7 
NAMES OF SPECIES. 
W 
M 
Cs 
r. 
< 
W 
R 
A 
-< 
o 
o 
LOWER PERMIAN. 
UPPER PERMIAN. 
c-» 
O 
Uj 
GO 
◄ 
P$ 
H 
LOCALITIES. 
Spirifer pectinifera (?), Sowerby •. 
* 
* 
Valley of Big Blue. 
Chonetes Flemingii, Norwood <j~ 
Prattcn • • 
* 
. • 
. • 
Near Council Grove. 
Orthisina umbraculum, Buck .... 
* 
* 
.. 
Generally diffused. 
Orthisina Shumardiana, Swallow • 
* 
.. 
Red Water and Cotton-wood 
Orthisina Missouriensis, Swallow • 
* 
* 
Red Water. 
lthynchonella Osagensis, Swallow, 
* 
* 
• • 
Valley of Big Blue River. 
Terebratula('?) subtilita, Hall •••• 
* 
• * 
Generally diffused. 
ACEPHALA. 
Monotis speluncaria(?), Schlotheim, 
# 
. # 
Monotis “ var. Americana, 
Avicula gryphseata(?), Munster • • 
., 
* 
. . 
Near Smoky-Hill Fork. 
Pecten Cleavelandicus, Swallow 
.. 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Mytilu* (Myalina) Permianus, 
Valley of Kansas. 
Mytilus (Myalina) concavus, 
White Water. 
Mytilus (Myalina) squamosus, 
Sowerby • • 
.. 
* 
. . 
• « 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Mytilus (Myalina) rectus, Shumard 
# 
# 
•. 
Valley of Verdigris. 
Myalina subquadrata, Shumard .. 
* 
* 
.. 
Valley of Verdigris. 
Myalina Kansasensis, Shumard •. • 
* 
* 
. . 
Near Council Grove. 
Bakevellia pulchra, Swallow 
# , 
# 
• • 
Valley of Kansas. 
Edmondia gibbosa, Swallow 
.. 
* 
. . 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Edmondia Otoensis, Swallow 
•. 
. . 
.. 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Edmondia semiorbiculata, Swallow 
* 
. . 
.. 
Council Grove. 
Nucula (Leda) Kazanensis, Vern. 
•. 
* 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Nucula speciosa('i), Munster 
# 
No. 18 of foregoing section. 
Nucula, (species not determined). 
Solemya liiarmica(?), Verneuil•. • 
.. 
* 
• • 
Valley of Kansas. 
Solemya, (species undetermined) • •. 
# 
.. 
Smoky-Hill Fork. 
Cardiomorpha rhomboidea, Steal. 
* 
Council Grove. 
Cardiomorpha Kansasensis, Swal. 
* 
.. 
.. 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Cardinia subangulata, Swallow • . • 
. . 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Cardinia, (species undetermined). 
Cardinia Listeri(?), Sowerby 
Pleurophorus('?) Permianus, Swal. 
.. 
* 
• • 
• • 
Smoky-llill Fork. 
Schizodus obscurus, Sowerby .... 
•• 
* 
•• 
•• 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 8 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
NAMES OF SPECIES. 
COAL MEASURES. | 
LOWER PERMIAN. | 
UPPER PERMIAN. | 
r>- 
o 
m 
cn 
5 
H 
LOCALITIES. 
Schizodus triangularis, Swallow •• 
Schizodus Rossicus, Verneuil • • • • 
* 
* 
•• 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Smoky-Hill Fork. 
Lyriodon (Myophoria) orbiculare, 
Goldfuss • • 
.. 
. . 
* 
No. 18 foregoing section. 
Allorisma lanceolata, Swallow • • • • 
Allo-risma curta, Swallow 
* * 
* 
* 
Near Council Grove. 
Near Council Grove. 
Allorisma Minnahaha, Swallow • • • 
* 
* 
" 
Near Council Grove. 
GASTEROPODA. 
Murchisonia subangulata(l), Vern. 
Murchisonia Kansasensis, Swallow 
, , 
No. 26 foregoing section. 
# 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Murchisonia perversa, Swallow • • • 
Loxonema fascia ta, King 
* 
* 
•• 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Valley of Kansas. 
Macrocheilus spiratus, McCoy 
* 
Valley of Kansas. 
Naticopsis Pricei, Shumard 
Valley of Kansas. 
CEPHALOPODA. 
Nautilus Permianus, Swallow • • • 
* 
Smoky-Hill Fork. 
Nautilus occidentalis, Swallow • • • 
Valley of Cotton-wood. 
Orthoceras Kickapooense, Swallow 
Cyrtoceras dorsatum, Swallow • • • 
* 
* 
• ► 
Smoky-Hill Fork. 
Smoky-Hill Fork. 
FOSSILS OF THE PERMIAN ROCKS OF KANSAS* 
PLANTS. 
A trilobate leaf of an exogenous plant, is the only fossil plant 
in the collection belonging to the beds above the Permian. 
ZOOPHYTA. 
Stenopora crassa, Lonsdale, Ge. Rus., Yol. I., p. 632, pi. 
A, fig. 12. 
Calamopora Mackrothii, King, Per. Fos., pi. hi., figs. 3-6. 
Chaetetes (?) Macrothii, Kdioards and Ilaime, Brit. Fos. 
Corals. 
Whatever may be the generic and specific relations of the 
above corals, I will not pretend to decide among the conflict- 
ing opinions; but our specimens agree with Lonsdale’s in ev- 
* Descriptions of the following species read, Feb. 22, 1858: — Monotos Halli, 
Pecten Cleavelandicus, Murchisonia Kansasensis, M. perversa, and Nautilus occi- 
dentalis; the others read March 8, 1858. SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
9 
ery particular indicated in his figures and descriptions. They 
do not show the mural foramina of King’s figures. 
Stenopora splnlgera, Lonsdale, Ge. Pus., Yol. I., pi. A, fig. 
11. 
Stenopora columnaris, King, Per. Fos., pi. hi., figs. 7-9. 
Our specimens agree with those delineated by Lonsdale 
and King, except they are not “incrusting” like some of 
King’s. 
Both of the above species of Stenopora are from the Lower 
Permian rocks in the valley of the Cotton-wood, associated 
with Monotis Ilalli. 
Chaetetes. Three undetermined species, probably new. 
All of these corals were obtained in strata supposed to be 
Lower Permian of Kansas Territory. They are very abund- 
ant in some of the beds. 
BRYOZOA. 
Fenestella flabellata (?), Phillips, Ge. York, Pt. II., 
pi. I., fig. 7-10. 
Our specimen presents the striated surface only; all the 
characters displayed are like those delineated by Phillips. 
Lower Permian strata, near Council Grove, K. T. 
Syxocladia virgulacea (?), Phillips, Trans. Ge. Soc. Lon. 
2d Series, Yol. III.., pi. xil, fig. 6, p. 120; and the Ency- 
clopedia Metropolitana, pi. in. 
Synocladia virgulacea(?), King, Per. Fos., p. 39, pi. iv., 
figs. 1-8. 
It is impossible to tell whether our specimens are identical 
with those figured and described by Phillips, as cited above; 
but they differ from King’s in having but two or three rows 
of cellules, generally two. His species is described as having 
from “ three to five” rows of cellules. Whether the specific 
characters should be so extended as to include those speci- 
mens with two rows only, as seems most reasonable, is left 
for others to decide. S. biserialis would be a good name for 
our species, unless it be included in the virgulacea. 
From the Lower Permian strata in the valley of the Cot- 
ton-wood, K. T. 
Thamxiscus dubius, Schlotheim. 
Gorgonia dubia, Goldfuss, Pet. Ger., p. 18, pi. vil, fig. 1. 
Thamniscus dubius, King, Per. Fos. p. 44, pi. 5, figs. 7-12. 
There can be no doubt of the identity of our fossils with 
those figured and described by Goldfuss and King. 10 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
From the Lower Permian strata in the valley of the Cot- 
ton-wood, K. T. 
Acanthoci.adia anceps (?), Schlotheim. 
Gorgonia ancbpb(7), Goldfuss (?), Pet. Ger. p. 98, pi. xxxvi. 
fig. 1. 
Acanthocladia anceps (?J), King (?), Per. Fos. p. 48, pi. v., 
figs. 13-18. 
Our specimens differ in having the rows of cellules diago- 
nal to the axis of the stem, instead of longitudinal, as repre- 
sented by King, and on ridges like that figured by Goldfuss; 
they are less regularly branched, and not so distinctly pinna- 
ted as those delineated by Goldfuss and King. Should these 
differences entitle our fossils to a specific distinction, Ameri- 
cana would be a good name. 
Lower Permian strata in the valley of the Cotton-wood, 
K. T. 
Phyllopora Ehrenbergi, Geinitz. 
Phyllopora Ehrenbergi, King, Per. Fos., p. 43, pi. v., 
figs. 1-6. 
Phyllopora Ehrenbergi, Pictet, Tra. Palffl., pi. xcil., fig. 16. 
Our specimens from the Lower Permian strata in K. T. 
seem to be perfectly identical with the specimen figured and 
described by King and Pictet. 
ECHINODERMATA. 
Arceleocidaris verneuiliana, King, Per. Fos., pi. vi., figs. 
22-24. 
Archjeocidaris aculeatus(?J, Shumard, Trans. Acad. Sci., 
St. Louis. 
Our specimens seem to be identical with those delineated 
by King. 
Near the junction of the Upper and Lower Permian strata 
west of Council Grove, K. T. 
Cyathocrinus rahobus (?), King, Per. Fos., pi. vi., figs. 15 
-21. 
We have one plate and several internodes from near the 
junction of the Upper and Lower Permian rocks, west of 
Council Grove, which are very analogous to the above fossil 
described by King, but probably specifically different. 
ANNELLATA. 
Serpula (Spirorbis) yalvata, Goldfuss, Pet. Ger., p. 225, 
pi. 67, fig. 4. SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
11 
This species from the Muschelkalk seems to be identical 
with one of our species from the Upper Permian strata of 
K. T. 
Spirorbis orbicttlostoma, Swalloio. 
Shell small; spire elevated; volutions about three; convex 
on the free side and marked with transverse rugae; aperture 
oblique, sub-orbicular, not modified by the preceding volu- 
tion ; umbilicus small. 
Our shell differs from the S. valvata. of Goldfuss, which it 
most resembles in the number of volutions and the transverse 
rugae; and from S. helix of King, (Per. Fos., p. 54, pi. vi., figs. 
10-11,) in the form of the aperture. 
Maj. Hawn’s collection from the Permian Strata of Kansas, 
attached to Nautilus Permianus and N occidentalis. 
CRUSTACEA. 
Phillipsia. Species not determined. 
From the Lower Permian strata, on a slab with Thamnis- 
cus dubius and Acanthocladia-anceps (?). 
BRACHIOPODA. 
Productus Calhounianus, Swallow. 
Shell, large, sub-hemispherical; sinus, narrow, extending 
from the visceral region to the anterior border of the dorsal 
valve; beak, small, recurved beyond and within the cardinal 
border; ears large, triangular, strongly arched, curving towards 
the cardinal border, ornamented with numerous tubular spines, 
those on the cardinal border somewhat regularly arranged in 
parallel rows; cardinal border, as long as the greatest width of 
the shell, the extremities somewhat reflexed towards the visceral 
region of the dorsal valve; dorsal valve, regularly arched, with 
a curve constantly increasing from the anterior border to the 
beak, ornamented with numerous, somewhat irregular, longitu- 
dinal costae, narrow and prominent towards the beak, but 
broader and more flattened towards the anterior margin, their 
number increased by insertion and subdivision; the whole 
surface ornamented with tubular spines, which are more nu- 
merous towards the borders and on the ears, and usually 
spring from the costae; visceral region, for a short distance 
from the beak, marked with irregular, concentric, waving, 
more or less prominent rugae; ventral valve, strongly arched, 
slightly flattened on the visceral region and towards the an- 
terior margin, ornamented with costae and rugae, like the op- 12 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
posite valve; mesial ridge, corresponding to the dorsal sinus; 
internal surface of ventral valve garnished with a prominent 
trifid cardinal process, fortified at its base with three diverg- 
ing ridges, two extend laterally nearly parallel to the cardinal 
line and become obsolete on the ears; the third or the mesial 
ridge, extends perpendicularly from the cardinal border to the 
middle of the valve, where it becomes prominent and sharp; 
on each side of the last, and in the angles between it and the 
two former ridges, are the oval rugose scars of the adductor 
muscles ; vascular impressions, ovate, nearer the anterior and 
lateral borders, connected by recurved sinuses to the anterior 
part of the mesial ridge; central portion of the visceral region 
punctate and marked with longitudinal costse; around the 
anterior border is a zone, ornamented with tubes, those on the 
inner portion large and prominent, while those nearer the 
border are small, depressed and more numerous. Interior of 
dorsal valve marked with oblong, elliptical rugose adductor 
muscles, separated by a deep, narrow, longitudinal sinus. 
Length from beak to anterior border, 1.65; breadth, 2.25 ; 
height of dorsal valve, 1.15. 
The Calhounianus, so far as observed, is confined to the 
Lower Permian. 
The variety Kansasensis ranges down to the base of the 
Carboniferous System. They were found very abundant by 
Major Hawn in Kansas. 
By request of Major Hawn, this magnificent species is 
named in honor of Gen. John Calhoun, Surveyor General of 
Kansas, whose liberal official policy enabled Major Hawn to 
make the Geological survey of that Territory. 
Pboductus (Strophalosia?) Norwoodii, Swallow. 
Shell thin, of medium size, hemispherical, somewhat de- 
pressed, ornamented with indistinct concentric rugas and nu- 
merous small tubular spines; dorsal valve arched, curve regu- 
larly increasing from the anterior margin to the beak; mesial 
sinus well defined in some specimens, obsolete in others; car- 
dinal margin slightly curved, less than the greatest width of 
the shell; cardinal line sub-linear, expanded beneath the beak 
into a narrow area, which is divided by a small deltoid aper- 
ture ; ears of medium size, sharply defined, triangular, arched, 
rugose, ornamented with numerous spines inclined towards 
the posterior lateral angles, which are well defined, and vary 
but little from right angles. Ve)itral valve, sub-orbicular, nar- 
rowed towards the posterior border so as to present an ovate 
form, truncated by the cardinal margin, slightly concave, with 
a semi-circular depression parallel to the anterior margin; 
ears rugose, separated from the visceral region by a ridge more 
or less distinct; trifid cardinal process curves uj:> under the SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
13 
beak and closes the aperture; in front of the cardinal process 
is a flat, narrow area. Both valves are ornamented with irregu- 
lar, indistinct, concentric corrugations or lines of growth, 
which rarely assume the form of thin, scaly laminae; they are 
most distinct near the beak and the anterior margin; numer- 
ous small, unequal, depressed tubular spines are developed on 
all parts of the surface, even to the point of the beak; their 
attachments make the shell appear as if marked with small, 
rounded, interrupted, longitudinal costas; they are smaller on 
the ventral valve. In some specimens there are indications of 
an effort to range them in concentric lines, particularly near 
the margins; but usually there is no perceptible order, which 
together with the narrow area of the dorsal valve, and other 
characters, gives the shell strong affinities with the Productus 
horrescens of Verneuil. 
Length of dorsal valve, 1.08; greatest width, 1.11; height, 
0.55; length of cardinal line, 0.87; length of ventral valve, 
0.91; width, 1.07. 
The P. N’orioooclii may be distinguished from the P. hor- 
rescens of Verneuil, by its entire beak and smaller area; and 
from the P. Pogersii, JV. & P., which it faintly resembles, by 
the want of large concentric ridges, and by the smaller size 
and greater number, and irregular arrangement of the spines. 
The Strophalosia Morrissiana, King, has a larger area. 
Maj or Hawn’s collection from the Lower Permian Rocks, 
in the valley of the Cotton-wood, where it was associated 
with Thamniscus dubius, Productus Pogersi, and Monotis 
Halli. 
Orthisina Siiumardiana, S'walloic. 
Shell depressed, transverse, sub-orbicular, each valve marked 
with about ten irregular, broad depressed, rounded, radiating 
plications, which become obsolete towards the beaks; the 
whole surface is ornamented with prominent, nodular, round- 
ed, radiating strife, and by smaller concentric lines, which are 
themselves finely striated; the concentric stria? most obvious 
between the radiating lines ; the latter are increased by im- 
plantation. Porsal valve semi-conical, highest at the beak, de- 
pressed in the center, and in a circular zone parallel to the 
anterior margin; beak pointed, semi-conical, often slightly ob- 
lique ; area triangular, vertical, base the longest side, decus- 
sate with fine stria?; aperture elongated, sub-deltoid, closed 
with a convex, transversely rugose deltidium. Ventral valve 
convex, gibbous towards the beak, depressed near the junc- 
tion of the lateral and cardinal margins, forming small, flat, 
obtuse ears, flattened towards the ventral margin, giving in 
many specimens a slight mesial sinus; very much incurved 14 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
towards the beak, which is small and curved beneath the del- 
tidium; area, very narrow or obsolete. 
Length, 0.94; breadth, 1.25; thickness, 0.62; height of area, 
0.28; width of area and length of cardinal line, 0.64. 
Our shell differs from the O. Missouriensis in being less 
gibbous; area and deltidium wider, and not so high; ribs 
more depressed; radiating lines regular and continuous from 
the beaks to the margins. It also may be distinguished from 
the O. eximia Ver. (Ge. Rus. pi. XI. fig. 2, p. 192,) in the 
markings, although the two shells present the same general 
characters. M. Verneuil says of the eximia: “ La surface est 
ornee de stries doliees, filiformes, deux ou trois fois plus etroites 
que les intervalles qui les separent,” which is not true of 
our shell; and, besides, ours has concentric strife. 
Major HaAvn’s collection from the Lower Permian Rocks, 
in the valley of the Cotton-wood, K. T., where it is associa- 
ted with Thamniscus dubius, Monotis Halli, and Monotis 
variabilis. 
ACEPHALA. 
Pecten Cleavelandicus, Swallow. 
Shell of medium size, orbicular, oblique, with a deep, rounded 
sinus between each ear and the adjacent sides; cardinal bor- 
der long, slightly curved. Left voice very convex, flattened to- 
wards the margins, particularly on the posterior slope, orna- 
mented with broad, rounded, radiating costce, crossed by fine 
concentric strife, which are nearly obsolete on the ribs, large 
and more numerous towards the margin, increased by incan- 
tation ; anterior wing large, triangular, marked with from 
eight to twelve radiating costfe, and coarse, transverse strife, 
parallel to the anterior margin; posterior wing longer and 
narrower, marked with eleven radiating costfe, which are 
crossed by strife parallel to the posterior border; beak pointed, 
depressed, extending nearly to the cardinal border. Light 
valve, plane or concave, marked like the one opposite, but the 
costfe are not so prominent; posterior wing nearly smooth, 
with a few fine rugfe parallel to its posterior border; ante- 
rior wing convex, strongly wrinkled parallel to its anterior 
border. 
Length, 0.95; height from beak to base, 1.63; length of 
posterior wing, 0.48; length of anterior wing, 0.38. 
Collected by Major Hawn, in the-valley of South Cotton- 
wood, K. T., where it is associated with Monotis Halli, Nau- 
tilus occidentalis, Spirorbis orbiculostoma and Mgtilus sqxia- 
mosus. 
Pecten ringens, /Swallow. 
Shell transversely elongate, ovate; left valve convex, with a SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
15 
rounded ridge extending from the beak to the middle of the 
ventral margin, and convex towards the posterior side; ventral 
margin angular in the middle, depressed towards the sides with 
which it forms obtuse angles; lateral margins nearly straight, 
converging to the beak; anterior icing triangular, separated 
from the body by a well-defined convex margin; a wide sinus 
separates it from the anterior lateral margin; beak small, de- 
pressed, projecting slightly beyond the cardinal margin. 
Our specimens are imperfect, and show no surface markings, 
save a few irregular corrugations. 
Height from beak to ventral margin, 0.95; length, 0.70; 
depth of left valve, 0.16. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the valley of the Cotton-wood, 
in Permian strata. 
Pecten acutialatus, Swallow. 
Shell small, depressed, polished, inflated part of the left 
valve orbiculo-cuneate, rounded on the ventral margin; ante- 
rior icing long, narrow, acuminate, separated from the side 
by a deep, rounded sinus, and a sharply-defined boundary 
from the sinus to the back; posterior wing separated by a 
deep, narrow sinus; cardinal border as long, or longer, than 
the length of the shell; no surface markings seen, save some 
faint indications of wide, depressed, radiating costae on the 
inflated part of the left valve. Our specimens have no ’well- 
preserved surfaces. 
Length, 0.74; height from beak to ventral margin, 0.76. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Permian Rocks in the 
valley of the Kansas. 
Monotis Hallt, Swallow. 
Shell ovate or sub-orbicular, somewhat oblique, inequilateral, 
irregularly plano-convex; left valve gibbous on the middle 
towards the beak, flattened near the lateral and basal margins, 
ornamented with radiating costse; costae smaller, or entirely 
obsolete near the beak, larger and more niimerous towards 
the margin, unequal, usually two or more small ones between 
the larger, all armed with vaulted and tubular scales, which are 
larger, more prominent and numerous towards the margin; 
beak prominent, depressed or incurved, extending to or be- 
yond the cardinal border; posterior wing of medium size, flat, 
sub-costate or rugose, sometimes spinose, outer angle obtuse; 
anterior wing thin, flattened, extending down into the sinus, 
impressed on the anterior margin of the convex part of the 
valve, marked with numerous sharp, sinuous wrinkles; right 
valve sometimes irregular, sub-orbicular, nearly plane, orna- 
mented with costs; similar to those on the opposite valve, but 16 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—TIIE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
usually more numerous and more densely set with vaulted and 
tubular scales ; anterior wing narrow, lingulate, marked with 
irregular rugae, separated from the valve below by the deep, 
bissiferous notch; aperture for bgssus deep, funnel-form, with 
two semi-cylindrical channels, one extending out and upwards 
to the cardinal margin under the beak, the other obliquely 
down to the anterior margin; posterior wing obtuse, rugose, 
extending down to the sinus, depressed in the posterior bor- 
der of the valve. On both valves the stages of growth are 
marked with concentric, scaly, crenulated laminae, which are 
most numerous at the margin; they are crenulated, and seem 
to form the vaulted scales and spines on the cost®. 
A large ovate specimen measured in inches:—Length, 2.00; 
breadth, from beak to ventral margin, 2.38; length ol cardi- 
nal border, 0.85; depth of left valve, 0.38. Length of a small 
orbicular specimen, 2.00; breadth, 2.04; length of cardinal 
border, 0.85; depth of left valve, 0.48. 
Our specimens are very nearly allied to the M. Garforthen- 
sis, King, (Pei\ Fos. pi. xm., figs. 24-25) ; but ours have very 
unequal radiating costae; the right valve is very distinctly 
costate on the inner side; its anterior ear is long, longitudi- 
nally rugose, with sides nearly parallel. It is also very dis- 
tinct from Ostrea spondyloides, Schlot., as represented by 
Goldfuss, which Mr. King says, resembles his shell. 
Our species is found in both divisions of the Permian Rocks 
of Kansas, in the valley of the Cotton-wood, and near Coun- 
cil Grove, associated with Nautilus occidentalism Monotis spe- 
luncaria, Monotis variabilis, and Pecten Cleavelandicus. 
Monotis speluncaria, Schlotheim. 
Monotis speluncaria, Ping, Mon. Per. Fos., p. 155, pi. XIII., 
figs. 5-21. 
Var. Americana,* Nobis. 
I am unable to detect any specific differences between our 
specimens and those described by Mr. King. The fossil is very 
variable, and with a few specimens one might be disposed to 
make several species. They differ nearly as much from each 
other as they do from those figured in the Monograph of Per- 
mian Fossils. But there appear to be two points of distinc- 
tion which are constant. The left valve of the Kansas fossils 
is not so elevated, and the inside of the right is marked 
with depressed, radiating costae. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the upper division of the 
Permian strata, near Smoky-Hill Fork and Council Grove. 
* Since the above was written, Mr. Meek has published this shell under 
the name M. Hawni. SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
17 
Monotis radialis, Phillips, Enc. Met. 
Monotis radialis, King, Per. Fos., p. 157, pi. xm., figs. 
22-23. 
Our specimens are identical with those figured and described 
by Messrs. King and Phillips. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Upper Permian strata, 
near Smoky-Hill Fork, K. T. 
Monotis variabilis, Svmlloiv. 
Shell variable, oblique, inequilateral, transversely elongate, 
ovate; left valve more or less gibbous, regularly arched, or- 
namented with fine, radiating and concentric striae; on the 
ventral and lateral margins are variable, radiating spinose, 
and scaly costae extending from one-fourth to one-half of the 
distance from the margin to the beak, where they entirely 
disappear; beak small, pointed, depressed, extending to the 
border or a little beyond; the whole surface is marked with 
concentric lines of growth; cardinal margin oblique, poste- 
rior part more so than the anterior, slight sinus below the an- 
terior wing. Right valve not seen. 
This species is very easily distinguished by the peculiarity 
of its markings, by the smooth, finely-decussated visceral re- 
gion, and the coarsely costate and spinose or scaly marginal 
zone. It is very variable in fonn. 
Length, 0.88; height, from beak to the anterior margin, 
1.31. 
It most resembles the M. radialis, Phillips, in form ; but it 
is larger and very differently marked. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Lower Permian Rocks, 
in the valley of the Cotton-wood, K. T. 
Mytilus (Myalina) Permianus, Swallow. 
Shell elongate, sub-quadrilateral; anterior margin long, con- 
cave, depressed, so as to produce a somewhat flat or concave 
plane nearly as wide as the thickness of the shell; cardinal 
margin rather short and straight, meeting the anterior bor- 
der at an angle of about 58°, and the posterior by an obtuse 
angle or abrupt curve; posterior margin long, convex, par- 
allel to the anterior border for more than half of the length 
of the shell, curved rather abruptly towards the base, meeting 
the opposite slope in an abrupt curve nearer the anterior 
margin. Each valve is marked with an angular ridge extend- 
ing from the beak to the opposite extremity; these ridges are 
very angular and parallel to the anterior margin for more than 
half the length of the shell, forming a sharp ridge between 
the flat anterior surface and the convex cardinal and posterior 
slopes; but they diverge from the line of the anterior margin, 
become rounded and depressed as they approach the basal ex- 18 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OP KANSAS. 
tremity; beaks sharp, terminal, curved in and forward. The sur- 
face is marked with numerous imbricating lines of growth, 
sub-parallel, but most distant on the posterior basal slopes; on 
the flat anterior surface the lines of growth appear like fine 
striae, slightly diverging towards the basal extremity; punctate 
under the magnifier. 
Height from the beak to the basal extremity, 1.96; width 
from the anterior to the posterior margins, .86; thickness, .72. 
Our shell differs from the M. rectus, Shumard, in having a 
concave anterior margin; beaks curved forward, posterior mar- 
gin parallel with the anterior, and a more abrupt curve or 
angle between the cardinal and posterior margins. M. vetus- 
tus, Goldfuss, (Pet. p. 169, pi. 128, fig. 7,) from the Muschel- 
kalk, is less curved on the anterior margin, not so thick and 
the extremity of the base not so near the anterior margin. 
Maj. Hawn’s collection from the Permian (?) strata in K. T. 
Mytilus (Myalina?) concavus, Sxcallow. 
Shell short, triangular, marked with sub-imbricating laminae 
or lines of growth, which are concentric on the posterior car- 
dinal slopes, but straight and slightly diverging on the concave 
anterior surface. Anterior margin concave, nearly as long as 
the shell; cardinal margin long, straight or slightly convex ; 
posterior basal margin regularly curved from the cardinal to 
the anterior margin, with both of which it forms angular junc- 
tions ; anterior slopes so flattened as to present a sharply de- 
fined, even, concave surface as long as the anterior margin, and 
as wide as the thickness of the shell; cardinal and posterior 
slopes slightly convex, forming sharp edges on the correspond- 
ing margins; the ridges bounding the anterior surface are 
sharp, well defined and parallel to the anterior margin ; beaks 
pointed, curved in and forward. 
Height from beaks to base, 1.07; width from anterior to the 
posterior margins, 0.60 ; thickness, 0.40. 
This shell may be distinguished from the M. Permianus by 
its shorter triangular form, longer cardinal, and shorter, more 
convex posterior margin, and by the more sharply defined and 
regularly concave anterior surface. 
Maj. Hawn’s collection from the Permian (?) strata in the 
valley of the Kansas, K. T. 
Mytilus squamosus (?), Sow. 
Mytilus HausmanniO), Goldfuss, Pet. Ger., p. 168, pi. 138, 
fig. 2. 
Mytilus squamosus, King, Per. Fos., p. 159, pi. xiv., fig. 1-7. 
Our specimens are like the smooth variety mentioned and 
figured by King. 
Lower Permian, valley of Cotton-wood, K. T. SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
19 
Bakevellia antiqua, Munster. 
Avicula antiqua, Goldfuss, Pet. Ger., p. 126, pi. cxyi., fig. 7. 
Avicula antiqua, Verneuil, Geo. Rus., pi. xx., fig. 13. 
Bakevellia antiqua, King, Per. Fos., p. 168, pi. xiY., figs. 
28-34. 
This fossil has a wide range; it is found in the Bunter 
Sandstein of Germany, the Permian strata of Russia and Eng- 
land, and the Upper Permian Rocks near Smoky-Hill Fork, 
Kansas Ter. 
Bakeyellia(?) pulciira, Swallow. 
Shell rather large, polished, elongate, depressed, with a ridge 
from the back to the posterior ventral angle, where it becomes 
obsolete, marked with indistinct concentric plications or lines 
of growth and a few radiating costae on the jiosterior cardinal 
slope; cardinal margin oblique, long; posterior icing narrow, 
two-thirds as long as the shell, with a deep sulcus parallel to 
and near the cardinal edge; ventral margin slightly curved; 
posterior extremity oblique, most prominent near the ventral 
margin. 
Length, 0.81; height at the beak, 0.32. 
Lower Permian Rocks, in the valley of the Kansas. 
Avicula geypiu-eata(?), Munster. 
Avicula grypeleata(?), Golclfuss, Pet. Ger., pi. 116, fig. 10. 
We have a cast from the Upper Permian (?) of Kansas 
which very much resembles this species. 
Edmondia gibbosa, Sicallow. 
Shell gibbous, sub-equilateral, marked with regular concen- 
tric costae, and very indistinct striae; valves regularly convex 
or flattened toward the ventral margin, with rounded ridges 
from the beaks to the anterior and posterior ventral angles; 
beaks very large, gibbous, strongly incurved, approximate, sub- 
central ; cardinal margin depressed, shorter than the shell; 
extremities narrow, posterior the longer, flattened near the 
end, rounded; anterior rounded, forming an angle with the 
cardinal margin; lunule and escutcheon broad and depressed; 
ventral margin regularly curved. 
Length, 0.77 ; width, 0.48 ; thickness, 0.46. 
Maj. Hawn’s collection from the Lower Permian Rocks, in 
the valley of the Cotton-wood, K. T. 
Edmondia Otoensis, Swalloic. 
Shell small, sub-orbicular, oblique, gibbous, inequilateral, or- 20 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
namented with regular concentric costae and striae; beaks 
large and strongly incurved. 
Maj. Hawn’s collection from the Lower Permian Rocks, in 
the valley of the Cotton-wood, K. T. 
Edmondia semiorbiculata, Swallow. 
Shell elongate, sub-elliptical, inequilateral, slightly convex, 
regularly curved at the extremities; posterior end, the wider 
marked with regular concentric plications with sharp promi- 
nent edges. Beaks sub-central of medium size, slightly in- 
clined forward; cardinal border sub-rectilinear; valves regu- 
larly convex, flattened at the posterior cardinal border. 
Length, 0.55 ; width, 0.39; thickness, 0.33. 
Maj. Hawn’s collection from near Council Grove, K. T., in 
Lower Permian Rocks, with Monotis Halli. 
Our specimens very much resemble the Edmondia Murchi- 
sonia, King, (Per. Fos., pi .xiv., figs. 14 & 15,) but the plica- 
tions are larger, the beaks more prominent and central, and 
the posterior margin more regularly convex. 
Nucula (Leda) Kazanensis, Verneuil, Ge. Rus., Vol. II.,pl. 
xix., fig. 14. 
Upper and Lower Permian in Valley of Cotton-wood and 
near Smoky-Hill Fork, K. T., where it is associated with 
Monotis Halli, Monotis speluncaria, Schizodus Bossicics and 
Schizodus triangularis. 
Nucula speciosa(?), Munster. 
Nucula speciosaCO* Goldfuss, Pet. Ger., p. 152, pi. cxxiv., 
fig. 10. 
"We have an imperfect cast which resembles the above fossil 
of Goldfuss from the Muschelkalk. 
It is from No. 18 of what we suppose may prove to be Tri- 
assic. 
Nucula—species not determined—from the Upper Permian 
strata, K. T. 
Solemya Biarmica(?), 'Verneuil, Ge. Rus. 
Solemya BiarmicaO?), King, Per. Fos., p. 178, pi. xvi., fig. 7. 
Our specimens are imperfect casts, but so far as the charac- 
ters are shown they agree with this species from the Permian 
of Russia and England. 
From the Upper Permian strata, near Council Grove. 
Solen(?) Permianus, Swallow. 
Shell small, cylindrical, narrowed and flattened towards the SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OP KANSAS. 
21 
posterior extremity, marked with fine distinct concentric strife 
and large irregular lines of growth; cardinal line straight, or 
very slightly convex; anterior extremity rounded. 
Length, 0.68; width, 0.44. 
From the Upper Permian strata, near Smoky-Hill Fork, 
K. T. 
CaRDIOMORPHA (?) RHOMBOIDEA, SlOOlloW. 
Shell inequilateral, transversely elongated, oblique, ovate, 
rhomboidal, gibbous from the beaks to the ventral posterior 
angle, flattened on the posterior slope, anterior and ventral 
margins regularly curved from the beaks to the posterior mar- 
gin, ornamented with about twenty large concentric costae or 
laminae parallel with the ventral and posterior margins; car- 
dinal margin nearly straight, forming with the posterior an 
obtuse angle; beaks prominent, approximate, recurved, inclined 
towards the anterior margin. 
Length, 0.55; longest diameter from the beak to the pos- 
terior part of the ventral margin, 0.71; length of cardinal bor- 
der, 0.42; thickness, 0.39. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Lower Permian strata, 
near Council Grove, K. T. 
Cardiomorpha Kansasensis, Swallow. 
Shell elongate, ovate, oblique, gibbous from the beaks to- 
wards the posterior extremity, flattened near the posterior 
and ventral margins; ornamented with large, flattened, con- 
centric costas and small concentric and radiating striae, ren- 
dering the surface finely tuberculated; regularly curved from 
the beak around the ventral margin to the posterior; cardi- 
nal margin nearly straight; beaks large, terminal, incurved, 
approximate. 
Length, 1.83 ; height, 1.23 ; thickness, 1.05. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Permian Rocks in the 
valley of the Cottonwood, K. T. 
Cardinia cordata, Swallow. 
Shell oblong, inequilateral, ovato-cordate, sparingly convex, 
marked with regular prominent, concentric costas ; beaks large, 
pointed, incurved, inclined forward; presenting in profile a 
margin regularly convex from the beak to the posterior ex- 
tremity of the ventral margin, and a concave border from the 
beak to the anterior margin, which is short and rounded; ven- 
tral margin convex and regularly curved; posterior margin 
obsolete. 
Our specimens are casts, and show no surface markings. 22 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
Length, 0.92; breadth, 0.67; thickness, 0.38. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Lower Permian Rocks, 
in the valley of the Cotton-wood, Iv. T. 
CARDINIA (?) SUB-ANGULATA, SwalloiC. 
Shell oblong, sub-oblique, inequilateral, sub-pentagonal, 
marked with strong, irregular, concentric ribs or plications, 
slightly convex, flattened towards the margins. Beaks 
large, prominent, incurved, inclined forward and approxi- 
mate ; a profile view gives a line slightly convex from 
the beak to the posterior margin, and a very concave line 
from the apex to the anterior margin; cardinal border nearly 
as long as the shell, and sub-rectilineal; posterior ventral 
margin convex, rounded at the anterior extremity and sub- 
angular at the posterior; anterior margin short, oblique, con- 
vex, forming a well-defined right angle with the cardinal bor- 
der ; posterior extremity oblique, sub-truncate. 
Length, 0.83; greatest breadth, 0.58; thickness, 0.42. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Lower Permian Rocks, in 
the valley of the Cotton-wood, K. T. 
Cardinia, species undetermined, but similar to C. fascicxdaris 
JSuviqnier, as given by JPicteL Tra. Pal., pi. lxxix., 
fig. 7. It is like the 
Cardinia Listeri (?), Soicerby, Min. Con., p. 123, pi. 154. 
Our specimens are very similar to this fossil from the Lias 
of England; I should scarcely think of separating them if 
they were from the same formation. Specimens from Eng- 
land and Kansas together in my cabinet do not appear out 
of place. 
Pleuropiiorus (?) Permianus, Swalloxc. 
Shell elongate, inequilateral, gibbous, posterior end broad, 
angular at the extremity, anterior end short, contracting rap- 
idly to the rounded extremity, flattened towards the anterior 
ventral angle; the cast shows the impressions of concentric 
laminae and radiating costae on the posterior cardinal slope, 
and a rounded ridge from the beaks to the ventral posterior 
angle. Beaks elevated, inclined forward near the anterior 
extremity; cardinal line appears oblique, two-thirds as long as 
the shell; posterior margin very oblique, slightly curved ; ven- 
tral margin strongly curved at the ends, meeting the anterior 
and posterior slopes near the middle of the extremities. 
Length, 1.55; greatest width near the posterior extremity, 
0.87; thickness, 0.75. SWALLOW AND IIAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
23 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Upper Permian Rocks, 
near Smoky-Hill Fork, K. T., associated with Monotis spe- 
luncaria, M. radialis, and Schizodus Hossicus. 
SCHIZODUS TRIANGULARIS, Swallow. 
Shell small, sub-triangular, inequilateral, marked with fine, 
concentric strise. Both extremities are acuminate and rounded 
at the points; the anterior a little broader and more rounded; 
beaks large, prominent, incurved, approximate, nearer the an- 
terior extremity; posterior cardinal slope rounded, slightly 
less convex than the anterior; both sharply carinated; ven- 
tral margin arched, curve increasing about equally at each 
extremity. 
Length, 0.49; width, 0.36; thickness, 0.21. 
It most resembles the Schlotheimi, Geinitz, from the 
Upper Zechstcin of Germany, and the Permian of England. 
The triangularis is more nearly equilateral, and is not trunca- 
ted at the posterior extremity, and is more elongated. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Lower Permian Rocks, 
associated with P. Calhounianus, Cardinia suibangulata, on 
the waters of the Cotton-wood, K. T. 
Schizodus obscurus, Soicerby, Min. Con., Yol. IV., p. 12, pi. 
314. 
Schizodus obscurus, King, Per. Fos. p. 189, pi. xv., figs. 
23-24. 
We have but one cast of this fossil. It is very similar to 
Sowerby’s figures, and King’s figure No. 23 is as much like our 
specimen as an engraving can well be made to the original. 
This fossil is found in many localities in the Permian Rocks of 
England and in the Lower Permian strata of Kansas with 
Monotis Malli. 
Schizodus Rossicus, Verneuil, Ge. Rus., Yol. II, p. 309, pi. 
xix., figs. 7—8. 
Schizodus rotundatus, Ming, Per. Fos., p. 190, pi. xv., 
fig. 30. 
0) Axinus rotundatus, JBroion, Man. Ge. Soc., Yol. I. 
Our specimens are evidently identical with the Hossicus of 
Verneuil from the Permian Rocks of Russia, and there is 
scarcely a doubt of its identity with King’s rotundatus from 
the Permian of England; but there is more doubt about Mr. 
Brown’s rotundatus, which he says is smooth. All the other 
specimens are striated, including those from Kansas. 
In the Upper Permian strata, near Smoky-Hill Fork, asso- 
ciated with Mucula Kazanensis, JBakevellia antiqua and Mo- 24 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
notis speluncaria. Our specimens present tlie varieties men- 
tioned by M. Yerneuil as occurring in Russia. 
Allokisma lajStceolata, Swallow. 
Shell elongate, lanceolate, with a well-defined, rounded 
ridge from the beaks to the ventral posterior angle, marked 
with large, regular, prominent, concentric costte, strongly re- 
curved toward the cardinal margin; it is also oraamented 
with nodular, concentric, and radiating strite; the radiating 
strite most obvious on the posterior extremity; beaks small, 
pointed, recurved forward to, or beyond, the anterior margin; 
lunule ovate, depressed. 
Length, 1.30; width, 0.G7; thickness, 0.42. 
Major Hawn’s collection from Permian Rocks in the valley 
of the Cotton-wood, K. T. 
ALLORISMA (?) CURTA, Swallow. 
Shell short, transverse, sub-rectangular, inequilateral, gib- 
bous, broad at the anterior extremity and narrower at the pos- 
terior; marked with large, rounded, concentric costre and 
small striae, which are parallel to the costae, and more promi- 
nent in the depressions between them; beaks large, depressed, 
approximate, sub-terminal; anterior margin rounded; lunule 
short, depressed, extending down the anterior slope; cardinal 
margin as long as the shell, straight. 
Length, 0.97 ; width at beaks, 0.64; thickness, 0.56. 
This species resembles the lata; but it is more gibbous, and 
the dorsal margin is not curved down towards the posterior 
extremity. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Permian Rocks, near 
Council Grove, K. T. 
Allorisma (?) Mixneiiaha, Sivalloio. 
Shell elongate, inequilateral, trapezoidal, tumid, with a 
strong diagonal ridge from the beak towards the posterior 
ventral angle, where it becomes obsolete; marked with irregu- 
lar longitudinal costae and striae, parallel to the ventral and 
posterior margins, forming an acute angle at the posterior ex- 
tremity of the ventral margin; the costce becoming narrower 
and more crowded and sometimes obsolete as they approach 
the cardinal margin ; posterior extremity wide, tumid, gaping, 
obliquely truncate, and marked with fine, nodular, radiating 
strke, nearly parallel to the diagonal ridges; anterior extremi- 
ty short, narrow, rounded; beaks large, pointed, strongly in- 
curved, approximate, nearly terminal; lunule ovate, depressed, 
extending down the anterior slope; escutcheon or suture SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
25 
nearly as long as the cardinal border, depressed, bounded by 
the obtuse ridges of the dorsal margin; lunule and suture di- 
vided by a longitudinal elevated ridge, in the cast; valves 
flattened towards the ventral margin where they meet at an 
obtuse angle, rounded and depressed on the dorsal border; 
posterior margin straight, oblique; ventral elongate, arched; 
anterior short, rounded; dorsal short, depressed, and strongly 
curved up at the posterior extremity; external ligament nearly 
as long as the cardinal border. 
Dimensions of a large specimen:—Length, 2.31; greatest 
breadth at the posterior extremity of the cardinal border, 
1.26; greatest thickness near the middle, 1.11; thickness at 
posterior extremity, 1.02. 
Missouri State collection, from the Middle Coal Measures, 
near Lexington; and Major Hawn’s collection from the Per- 
mian rocks, in the valley of the Cotton-wood, K. T. 
Lyrodon (.Mgophoria?) orbiculare (?), Goldfuss, pi. 135, 
fig. 10, p. 196. 
Our specimen is a cast, and it agrees in size and form with 
the cast figured and described by Goldfuss from the Muschel- 
kalk of Germany. 
From No. 18 of the Triassic (?) System, K. T. 
GASTEROPODA. 
Murchisonia (?) Kansasensis, Sioallow. 
Shell elongated, with from eight to nine convex volutions; 
volutions marked with six nodular, spiral costae. 
Length, 0.19; diameter of anterior whorl, 0.07 ; spiral 
angle, 13°; sutural angle, 98°. 
Collected by Major Hawn, in the valley of the Cotton- 
wood, K. T. 
Murchisonia (?) perversa, Swallow. 
Shell minute, elongated, sinistrorsal, with from six to seven 
convex volutions which are marked with fine, spiral, nodular 
costae. 
Length, 0.12; diameter of anterior whorl, 0.06; spiral angle? 
27°; sutural angle 59°. 
From the valley of the Cotton-wood, K. T. 26 
SWALLOW AND HAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
Murchisonia subangulata (?), Verneuil, Ge. Rus., p. 
340, pi. xxii., fig. 6. 
Our specimens are very imperfect, but they resemble this 
more than any other species. 
From the Cellular Limestone of the Upper Permian strata, 
K. T. 
Loxonema fasciata, King, Per. Fos., pi. xvl, fig. 30, p. 209. 
Lower Permian strata, K. T. 
Macrocheilus spiratus, McCoy, Brit. Pal. Fos., p. 549, 
pi. 3H., figs. 1-2. 
I am unable to see any specific distinctions between our 
specimens from the Lower Permian and that described and 
figured by McCoy, from the Carboniferous Limestone in 
N orthumberland. 
CEPHALOPODA. 
Nautilus Permianus, Sioalloio. 
Shell of medium size, discoidal; spire formed of two or 
three rapidly increasing sub-hexagonal volutions; dorsal mar- 
gin broad, flattened, slightly concave along the middle of 
some specimens; sides flattened; interior lateral slopes con- 
vex; internal margin concave, as modified by the succeeding 
whorl; umbilicus large, showing all the volutions; septa 
convex, sub-reniform, curved forward from the centre of the 
dorsal and ventral margins to the lateral, direct on the lateral; 
siphuncle large, sub-central, a little nearer the dorsal margin; 
last chamber large, enlarging rapidly toward the aperture, and 
becoming less angular; aperture transverse, reniform, slightly 
modified by the succeeding whorl. Surface markings not 
seen. 
Diameter, 2.68; width of aperture, 2.25; length of aperture 
in middle, 1.64. 
Major Hawn’s collection from the Permian Rocks, near the 
Smoky-Hill Fork, K. T. 
Nautilus occidentals, Swallow. 
Shell of medium size, discoidal, tapering gradually, ornament- 
ed with six longitudinal rows of nodules, rendering the spire 
heptagonal; the two dorsal rows, separated by a deep concave 
channel, have each a large nodule on every chamber, one on SWALLOW AND IIAWN—THE ROCKS OF KANSAS. 
27 
the anterior and the other on the posterior side; those on the 
dorso-lateral angles have one nodule on every alternate cham- 
ber ; the nodules around the umbilicus are smaller and less 
numerous. Septa very concave, periphery curved back on the 
dorsal and lateral margins, forming a rounded sinus in the 
dorsal channel, and a more obtuse curve on the flat lateral sur- 
faces ; siphuncle large, sub-central; umbilicus large; aperture 
small, sub-ovate. 
Our specimens are imperfect casts of the last volution, from 
which we can not determine the surface markings or the num- 
ber of volutions; but it may be easily identified by the ar- 
rangement of the nodules and septa. 
Maj. Hawn’s collection from the valley of the Cotton-wood, 
where it was associated with Monotis Haiti and Pecten 
Cleavelandicus. 
Ortiioceras Swallow. 
Shell elongate, conical, tapering gradually, sub-cylindrical, 
slightly flattened on the side next to the siphuncle; septa 
convex, distant less than one-third their smallest diameter; 
periphery sub-elliptical and slightly curved in the direction of 
the major axis; siphuncle small, eccentric, one-third of the 
diameter from the flattened side. Surface markings not seen. 
Maj. Hawn’s collection from the Upper Permian Pocks, 
near Smoky-Hill Fork. 
CvRTOCERAS DORSATUM, Swallow. 
Shell short, ventricos«, conical, tapering rapidly toward the 
posterior extremity, strongly curved, depressed on the dorsal 
and ventral surfaces ; last chamber large; aperture elliptical, 
dilated, somewhat irregular and corrugated on the inner mar- 
gin ; siphuncle cylindrical, touching the dorsal margin; septa 
convex, elliptical, oblique, distant on the dorsal margin less 
than one-third of the least diameter, approximate on the inner 
margin, periphery slightly sinuous, curved forward from the 
back to the sides and back on the sides. Surface markings 
not seen. 
Major axis of the last septum, 1.26; minor axis, 1.01; dis- 
tance between the last and penultimate septum on the outer 
margin, 0.31. 
From the Permian Rocks of Kansas, near Smoky-Hill Fork, 
associated with Nautilus Permianus and Sjnrorbis orbicu- 
lostoma. NOTE BY MAJ. F. HAWN. 
The very extraordinary note of Mr. Meek, appended to his paper on 
Some Organic Remains, “indicating the existence of Permian Rocks,” 
demands a few words in reply, that the subject may he fully understood. 
In 1855, I commenced my explorations of the Geology of Kansas in con- 
nection with other duties. I wished to have the opinions of others respect- 
ing the rocks ("as I do not profess to have any extensive knowledge of 
Pakeontology). I sent the fossils (which I supposed to be) of the Coal 
Measures to Prof. Swallow and the Cretaceous to Mr. Meek, and a portion 
of the Smoky-Hill fossils to each, as I did not know where to place them. 
Mr. Meek was at liberty to use any of the information furnished as he 
might think best, and Prof. Swallow had the same privilege, save that he 
was not to interfere with the Cretaceous rocks. It appeared to he Prof. 
Swallow’s desire to make a connection between the Coal Measures of Mis- 
souri and the Cretaceous rocks of Kansas, as he questioned the existence 
of Lower Carboniferous rocks in Eastern Kansas, as represented by several 
of our most distinguished Geologists, and as my own observations seemed 
to indicate. 
It seemed to be the desire of Mr. Meek to show the relations of the Cre- 
taceous group of the Northwest with Mr. Marcou’s sections in New Mex- 
ico, etc. 
In June of 1857, I sent Prof. Swallow the first fossils which passed out of 
my hands from the Smoky-Hill Pork and localities in the Coal Measures. 
On the 15th of September following he acknowledged the receipt of them, 
and added : “Prom the hasty glance I gave them, I am satisfied that all the 
fossils, which I remember as Carboniferous, have been found in the Coal 
Measures in this State ; and I am now, as before, inclined to the opinion that 
all the Carboniferous rocks from which you have sent me fossils are Coal 
Measures.” 
I sent the first fossils (Smoky-Hill) to Mr. Meek in July, 1857, stating 
my supposition that they might be Cretaceous. This box was delayed, and 
Mr. Meek feared Prof. Swallow might use those sent to him from the same 
locality. I then wrote to him, as stated in his note, on August 21st, that 
Prof. Swallow would not interfere with him in this matter (meaning the 
Cretaceous fossils), as no mention had, up to that time, been made by Mr. 
Meek of any formations but the Cretaceous and Carboniferous. 
September 3d, he writes :—“ The fossils from Smoky-Hill are of a rather 
suspicious character; that is, they lead me to think these beds may be, 
after all, Triassic or Permian, though they may belong to the Upper Coal 
Measures.” 
Mr. Meek’s next letter of importance in this connection was dated Dec. 
15, 1857. In this he speaks of his numerous engagements as preventing 
him from taking up my fossils (as I had desired him to do) of the “ Coal 
Measures” and Archimedes Limestone, which I had mentioned; but noth- 
ing of the Permian. He also spoke of his desire to help Dr. Hayden exam- 
ine his “ fine collection,” etc. 
In reply to this letter, which seemed to indicate that he could not attend 
to my work as soon as I would need it for my book, I wrote to him in sub- 2 
stance that I had collections from the various formations in Kansas; that I 
would start with them to Columbia in a few days to get Prof. Swallow to 
assist me in making up the results for publication; but if he could not, or 
would not, I should go on East and get him (Mr. Meek) to do it.* 
Nor is it strange that I did not tell him in particular that I should ask 
Prof. Swallow to examine the “new formation,” for I did not suppose Mr. 
Meek had any exclusive claim to any but the Cretaceous fossils. After 
this note was sent, I received his note of the 21st Dec.,t saying : 
“If you do not intend to come on this winter, you would oblige me by 
sending on the new collections you have made from the Cellular limestone. 
I do not pretend to say that they are Permian, but that some of them look 
suspicious. They may, however, belong to the Coal Measures.” 
This was the last letter received from Mr. Meek before Prof. Swallow 
had determined the existence of Permian fossils in beds far below those of 
Smoky-Hill Fork, and the above quotation is the strongest intimation of 
Mr. Meek’s opinion that any of the Kansas rocks were Permian; and this, 
according to his request, was not even hinted to Prof. Swallow until he had 
expressed his determination to announce the discovery. 
When we commenced the classification of the fossils (of which more than 
nine-tenths were Carboniferous), by the request of Prof. Swallow those 
from Smoky-Hill Fork, and all which I supposed to be from the same 
formation, were put away in drawers.! 
An arrangement was then made between Prof. Swallow and Dr. Shu- 
mard to take up and describe the Coal Measure fossils of Kansas and Mis- 
souri in a joint paper. While prosecuting this labor, Prof. Swallow’s sus- 
picions were excited by the resemblance of the Productus Noriuoodii to the 
P.horrescens ofVerneuil. He next identified the Thamniscus dubius; the 
Monotis HaUi, Stenopora crassa, Fenestella rectiformis(?), etc., followed. He 
then declared his firm conviction that the rocks in the valley of the Cotton- 
wood, under consideration, were Permian (although filled with well known 
Carboniferous fossils), and his determination to publish the same forthwith. 
He was at this time informed of Mr. Meek’s opinion of the Smoky-Hill 
fossils, which were then hastily examined for the first time and pronounced 
Permian, though very different from those in the valley of the Cotton-wood; 
as the Monotis speluncaria (Hawni of Meek), Monotis radialis, Schizodus Ros- 
sicus, Balcevellia antiqua and Nucula Kazanensis were identified, and only one 
known Carboniferous species. 
Prof. Swallow was then urged to describe the Smoky-Hill fossils, as I 
was anxious to get the results for my work, and, fearful lest the discovery 
would be made by others, I urged this the more as Mr. Meek’s engage- 
ments were numerous, and his opinions too indefinite (as I judged from the 
last he had said on the subject, as above quoted) to incite him to the an- 
nouncement and the completion of the matter; for it seemed rather hard, 
after sending my collection to two friends, that I should lose the benefits of 
my labor through the numerous engagements of one, and the too punctili- 
ous scruples of the other. I could but feel that I had spent too much time 
and money in the examinations to lose the benefits of the immediate re- 
sults ; and besides I did not imagine Mr. Meek had any better claim upon 
the fossils under consideration than Prof. Swallow, to whom they were 
first sent. 
On the 18th Feb., Prof. Swallow wrote to the St. Louis Academy of Sci- 
ence announcing the discovery; it was read at the regular meeting on the 
22d, and published in the Missouri Republican of the next day. 
* I have no copy of this letter, but feel confident it was my design to express to Mr. 
Meek my intentions in going to Columbia. 
f It should be born# in mind that the mails in Western Missouri, during the winter, 
are very irregular. I have this day received a letter mailed at Weston twenty days 
siice. 
I Prof. Swallow refused to examine these fossils, as a part of them had been sent to 
Mr. Meek with permission to describe the same. 3 
On the 2d of March, eight days after, Mr. Meek’s announcement was 
made in the Albany Institute. 
As to Dr. Shumard’s opinion, quoted from my private letter, it is hut 
justice to the Doctor to say, that he had never examined the Smoky-Hill 
fossils, as they were not in the collection when his attention was called to 
it; and the question then in his mind, as I am assured, was, whether there 
were any Lower Carboniferous fossils with those from the Coal Measures, 
and not as to the existence of later forms. He did not hesitate to pronounce 
them Coal Measures rather than Lower Carboniferous, as all the known 
forms recognized had been found in the Coal Measures of Missouri. But 
the question with me and Mr. Meek was entirely different, and the word I 
carelessly used, Carboniferous, expressed the Doctor’s opinion in distinction 
from the Permian, just as well as Coal Measures, the word used by Dr. 
Shumard. 
The foregoing facts and those stated in Mr. Meek’s note seem to warrant 
the following conclusions: 
1st. Mr. Meek first suggested the Smoky-Hill rocks “ may be, after all, 
Triassic or Permian, though they may belong to the Coal Measures,” in his 
note of Sept. 8d. 
2d. On the 16th of February, Prof. Swallow wrote to the Journal of Sci- 
ence his discovery of well known Permian fossils among his Carboniferous 
specimens from Kansas Territory. 
3d. Prof. Swallow’s announcement that "the rocks are Permian,” was 
read in the St. Louis Academy on the 22d of February. 
4th. Mr. Meek’s paper, “Existence of Permian Rocks,” was read in the Al- 
bany Institute, March 2d. 
5th. Mr. Meek had the fossils from July to March with full liberty to an- 
nounce his conclusions. 
6th. Prof. Swallow was informed of Mr. Meek’s opinions after he had de- 
termined to announce what he supposed was his exclusive discovery, under the 
impression on my mind that he should not be permitted to proceed further, 
ignorant of Mr. Meek’s opinions. 
7th. All the rights which Mr. Meek could possibly claim from the fact 
that I have sent him the fossils and other information with full liberty to 
use them as he pleased, and my promise that Prof. Swallow should not in- 
terfere with the Cretaceous, were carefully guarded by Prof. Swallow and 
myself. 
8th. If Mr. Meek has lost any thing hy not announcing the matter first, 
he alone is responsible for it. 
In conclusion, I can but say I regret exceedingly any misunderstanding 
with a gentleman of Mr. Meek’s honorable bearing. Nothing but the duty, 
which I have no right to neglect, to defend myself against the unjust im- 
putations of Mr. Meek’s note, could have induced me to quote private let- 
ters, and use the names of mutual friends in a note connected with a scien- 
tific paper. In my ignorance, I had imagined the pure walks of Science 
free from all such matters. 
F. HAWN.