A 
LABORATORY GUIDE 
IN 
URINALYSIS AND TOXICOLOGY 
R. A. M.D. 
BY 
PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS IN THE MED. DEPT. UNIVERSITY OF THE 
CITY OF NEW YORK ; PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY IN THE MED. 
DEPT. UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT ; PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOL- 
OGY IN THE MED. DEPT. UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO ; PROFESSOR OF PHAR- 
MACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY IN THE DEPT. OF PHARMACY, UNIVERSITY 
OF BUFFALO ; CHEMIST TO THE CITY OF BUFFALO ; CHEMIST TO 
THE N. Y. STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER ; MEMBER OF THE 
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, AND OF THE CHEMICAL 
SOCIETIES OF PARIS AND BERLIN, ETC., ETC. 
WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY 
57 & 58 Lafayette Place 
NEW YORK 
1886 Copyright by 
WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. 
1886. 
PRESS OF 
STETTINER, LAMBERT & CO., 
129 & 131 CROSBY ST., 
NEW YORK. CONTENTS. 
General Rules 1 
Qualitative Analysis of Urine 8 
Physical Characters 8 
Quantity 3 
Color 3 
Odor 3 
Reaction .... 4 
Specific gravity 4 
Chemical Characters. Composition 5 
Mineral and organic substances 6 
Chlorides 7 
Phosphates 7 
Sulphates 7 
Urea 8 
Uric Acid 8 
Proteids 8 
Filtration 9 
Albumin 11 
Paraglobulin , 13 
Mucin 14 
Peptone 14 
Glucose 15 
Blood 18 
Bile 19 
Quantitative Analysis of Urine 22 
Reaction 22 
Chlorides 25 
Phosphates 26 
Sulphates 28 
Urea 29 
Uric acid 30 
Albumin 32 
Glucose 33 CONTENTS. 
IV 
Urinary Deposits 34 
Unorganized deposits 35 
Organized deposits 38 
Analysis of Calculi 41 
Detection of Poisons 48 
Volatile Poisons 43 
Phosphorus 44 
Hydrocyanic acid 45 
Alcohol 46 
Chloroform 46 
Chloral 47 
Carbolic acid 48 
Mineral Acids and Alkalies. 49 
Sulphuric acid 49 
Hydrochloric acid. 50 
Nitric acid 50 
Potash 51 
Soda. . 51 
Ammonia 53 
Metallic Poisons. 53 
Arsenic 55 
Antimony 60 
Bismuth 61 
Copper •• • 63 
Lead 63 
Mercury 64 
Barium 66 
Zinc 66 
Vegetable Poisons 67 
General reactions 69 
Morphine 69 
Meconic acid TO 
Strychnine T1 
Atropine T3 
Oxalic acid T3 URINALYSIS AND TOXICOLOGY. 
1. There is a place for everything;, into which it must he 
put immediately after use. 
GENERAL RULES FOR WORKING. 
2. The reagent bottles must be kept upon the shelves 
in the order of their numbers, and with the labels out- 
ward. 
3. In replenishing reagent bottles from stock, fill them 
only half full. 
4. If the reagent in any bottle become cloudy, filter it. 
5. Do not lay the stopper of the bottle upon the table. 
Remove it from the bottle by grasping it between the little 
and ring fingers of the left hand, and hold it there, point- 
ing outward from the back of the hand, until replaced in 
the bottle. 
(i. In liquid tests, use about two cent, of the liquid 
to be tested in a test-tube; not more unless so directed. 
7. Add the reagent in small quantity at first, and stop 
when the desired end is attained. 
8. Prevent the last drop adhering to the lip of the bot- 
tle from flowing down its side, by catching it upon the 
stopper or upon the clean lip of the test-tube. 
9. A separate portion of the original substance or liquid 
is to be used for each test, except when otherwise directed. 
10. Before trying a reaction, read the description 
through, and then follow the directions literally. Should 
the result not be that described, ash for an explanation. 2 
Abbreviations, 
11. Let each piece of apparatus he clean before being 
put into its place, and let everything be in its place before 
you leave. 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
The following abbreviations are used in the text, and will 
be found convenient by the student in taking notes; 
ppt. = precipitate pt.—pts. = part—parts 
pptn. = precipitation dil. = dilute 
sol. = soluble cent. = centimetres 
insol. = insoluble gtt. = drops 
soln. = solution sp. gr. = specific gravity 
cc. = cubic centimetre con. = concentrated 
L. = litre gm. = gram. 
The formula of the reagent always applies to its solu- 
tion, except where otherwise specified. 
Metric weights and measures, and the centigrade ther- 
mometric scale are used throughout. 
One decimetre. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF 
URINE. 
PHYSICAL CHARACTERS. 
Quantity. 
1. Collect all urine passed by the patient during twenty- 
four hours, and measure in a cylindrical 
graduate (Fig, 1), divided into cubic centi- 
metres. 
Normal = 1,000 to 1,500 cc. 
All examinations of urine should he made 
with samples of the mixed urine of twenty- 
four hours, unless otherwise directed. 
Color. 
2. Put 100 cc. urine (filtered if cloudy) 
into a beaker of 0 to 7 centimetres diameter; 
look through it at the light from a window, 
and compare the color observed with the 
color plate. Record this, by using the num- 
bers of the colored squares, as free color. 
Add 5 cc. HCI to the urine; stir, let stand 
four hours, compare color as before, and re- 
cord as total color. 
Odor. 
3. FFote whether the odor is natural or 
“urinous,” or “ ammoniacal,” “'like vio- 
lets,” or otherwise peculiar. 
Fig. 1. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF UEINE. 
4. Put some of the urine into a porcelain capsule,' dip 
into it a piece of red and a piece of blue litmus paper. If 
the blue paper turn red, the reaction is acid. If the red 
paper turn blue, the reaction is alkaline. If the colors 
remain unchanged, the reaction is neutral. 
Reaction. 
5. If the reaction be found to be alkaline, it remains to 
determine whether the alkalinity is due to fixed or volatile 
alkali, to carbonates or phosphates. These determina- 
tions must he made with the urine so soon as possible after 
it has been voided, and, preferably, with the morning 
urine. 
6. Moisten one-half of a piece of red litmus paper with 
the urine, and hang it up to dry. If, after drying, the 
paper retain its blue color, the alkalinity is due to fixed 
alkali; but if the paper return to its original red, to volatile 
alkali (ammonia). 
7. To a portion of the urine in a test tube add a slight 
excess of HCI, and warm, if necessary; if effervescence 
ensue, the alkalinity is due to carbonates; if not, to phos- 
phates. 
Specific Gravity. 
8. Test the urinometer (which should not be smaller 
than 12 centimetres in length, and divided into single 
degrees) with the solutions of known specific gravity 
furnished in the laboratory for that purpose, making the 
readings as directed in § 9, and note the error in different 
parts of the scale. The differences from the true readings 
are to be noted on the box, and added or subtracted, as 
the error is minus or plus, in all subsequent readings. 
9. To use the urinometer ; The cylinder should be of 
the shape shown in Fig. 2, without pouring-lip, of such 
depth that the urinometer may he completely immersed, CHEMICAL CHARACTERS. 
5 
and of a diameter double that of the wide part of the mano- 
meter. 
Hold the cylinder in an inclined position, and pour into 
it urine to within 2 centimetres of the 
top. Set it upright, float the urino- 
meter in the urine, and add more urine 
until the level “ heaps ” above the 
rim of the cylinder. How bring the 
eye to about the level of the top of 
the cylinder, and, seeing that the uri- 
nometer does not touch the wall of 
the cylinder, read off the specific 
gravity at the highest point where the 
liquid, drawn up by capillary attrac- 
tion, cuts the graduation of theuriuo- 
meter (A, Fig. 2). 
10. The temperature at which the 
gravity should he determined is 60° 
F. (= 15°.4 Cent,). If the urine he 
of a different temperature, cool it by 
immersing the vessel in cold water, 
or warm it until 60° is reached. 
Corrections for variations of tem- 
perature cannot be accurately made 
in the case of a liquid of such com- 
plex and varying composition as the 
urine. 
Fig. 3. 
CHEMICAL CHARACTERS—COMPOSITION. 
Normal Constituents. 
IST. B.—Obviously a qualitative examination of the urine 
for its normal constituents is never practised by the phy- 
sician. The student is required to test for the more im- 
portant of these substances, partly that he may be able to MINERAL AND ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. 
6 
recognize them elsewhere, but principally to afford practice 
in the methods of manipulation and observation. 
Mineral and Organic Substances. 
11. Heat a slip of clean platinum foil in the flame until 
it ceases to color the latter yellow. Place upon the foil a 
fragment of chalk, and heat in the flame. The chalk does 
not blacken or volatilize. Chalk is a fixed mineral sub- 
stance. 
12. Place a fragment of NH401 in the bottom of a dry 
test-tube and heat it cautiously. It does not blacken, but 
volatilizes, and is deposited in its original form upon the 
cool part of the tube. Ammonium chloride is a volatile 
mineral substance. 
13. Heat a fragment of starch upon a slip of clean plati- 
num foil; it blackens (after burning), and on continuing 
the heat the coal gradually disappears, and nothing is left. 
Starch is a fixed organic substance. 
14. Place a fragment of benzoic acid in the bottom of 
a dry test tube and heat it cautiously. It does not 
blacken, but volatilizes, and is deposited in its original 
form upon the cool part of the tube. Benzoic acid is a 
volatile organic substance. 
15. Heat a piece of dry albumin upon the slip of plati- 
num foil; it burns, blackens, and also gives off an odor of 
burnt horn. Albumin is a nitrogenized, colloid organic 
substance. 
16. Heat a fragment of urea upon the clean platinum 
foil; it neither burns nor does it give an odor of burnt 
horn, but fuses, gives off an odor of ammonia, and 
finally disappears. Urea is a crystalloid, nitroge7iized or- 
ganic substance. 
IST. B.—lt will be seen from the above that organic and 
mineral substances which are not capable of volatilizing CHLORIDES PHOSPHATES SULPHATES. 
unchanged may be distinguished from each other by the 
blackening and burning of the former when heated. Vo- 
latile organic and mineral substances cannot, however, be 
distinguished in this way. The albuminoid substances 
may be further recognized by the odor which they emit on 
burning, while many other nitrogenized organic substances 
give off ammonia when heated, and behave precisely as do 
certain ammoniacal salts. 
Chlorides. 
17. Put some of the liquid to be tested into two test- 
tubes,* add to each gtt. 5 AgN03—a white ppt.f is pro- 
duced. To one of the test tubes add VH4HO and agitate 
—the ppt. redissolves completely. To the other test-tube 
add HV03 and agitate—the ppt. does not redissolve. 
18. Add AgN03 to the liquid in two test-tubes—a yellow 
ppt. is produced. Add hTH4HO to the liquid in one test- 
tube and N03H to that in the other, and agitate—the ppt. 
in each redissolves. 
Phosphates. 
19. Add magnesia mixture J—a white, crystalline ppt. is 
formed. Add IT Cl—the ppt. redissolves. 
Sulphates. 
20. Add BaCl2—a white ppt. is formed. Add HCI to 
strongly acid reaction—the ppt. does not redissolve. 
* The student is referred to the General Rules, p. 1, which he 
should hold in mind, 
f See abbreviations, p. 3. 
X Made by dissolving 11 pts. MgCl2 and 38 pts. NH4CI in 130 pts. 
NH4HO, adding 70 pts. dil. NH4HO and filtering after two days. ABNORMAL CONSTITUENTS. 
8 
Urea. 
21. To a moderately concentrated cold soln. of urea in 
a watch glass add colorless HH03 in equal volume—im- 
mediately, or after a few moments, crystals of nitrate of 
urea (Fig, 3) separate. 
22. To a few drops of a soln. of urea upon a watch glass 
add a few gtt. of Millon’s reagent,* and heat—a yellow 
color, changing to red is produced. A somewhat similar 
appearance is produced with albumins. 
23. Heat a fragment of urea in a dry test-tube until, 
after having fused, it is con- 
verted into an opaque, white 
solid; let cool; add about 1 
cent. KHO and gtt. 2 of a very 
dilute soln. CuS04—a pale rose- 
red color. This test, known as 
the “hiuret reaction,” pro- 
duces a similar appearance with 
peptones. See § 39. 
Fig. 3. 
Uric Acid. 
24. Moisten the solid in a porcelain capsule with a few 
gtt. HH03; heat on the water bath until dry; cool; add 
NH4HO— a brilliant red color appears, which fades after a 
few moments. This is known as the “ murexid test.” 
Abnormal Constituents. 
Before testing for albuminoids, the urine must be sep- 
arated from all solid particles, must be rendered perfectly 
PROTEIDS—ALBUMINOIDS. 
* Made by dissolving 1 pt. Hg. in 2 pts. strong HN03 over the 
water bath, dilating with 2 pts. H2O and decanting after four 
hours. FILTRATION. 
9 
clear and transparent; this is accompli shed by the process 
of 
Filtration. 
The apparatus required for this purpose consists of a 
funnel and support for the same, a vessel to receive the 
filtrate (i. e., the liquid which passes through the filter), a 
wash bottle, stirring-rod, and filters. 
The funnel (Fig, 4) should be selected by testing with a 
piece of card-board cut with an angle of 60° (a Fig. 4), 
which should exactly fit it, and should have the point of 
the stem ground off at an angle. 
Fig. 4. 
Fig. 5. 
Fig. 6. 
The filters are discs of porous paper manufactured for 
the purpose (filter paper). The radius of the disc selected 
should be somewhat less than the length of the sloping 
side of the funnel from rim to shoulder (b-c Fig, 4), The 
filter must not project above the rim of the funnel. 
25. Take a filter (a, Fig. 5) of suitable size and fold it 
across a diameter (h, Fig. 5), fold it again over a radius at 
right angles to the first diameter [c, Fig. 5), open the 
paper out into a conical bag by separating one thickness 
of the paper from the other three [cl, Fig. 5). The filter 
is then adjusted in the funnel and pressed against its side 
with the dry finger until it fits closely. Now, holding the. FILTRATION. 
10 
filter and funnel so that the nail of the fore-finger is 
pressed against the upper end of one of the folds (-Fig. 
6), moisten the paper by directing upon it a jet of water 
from the orifice a of the wash bottle (Fig. 7), produced by 
blowing gently into the tube h. 
26. Support the funnel containing the wetted filter over 
Fig. 7. 
the vessel destined to receive the filtrate (if a flask or test- 
tube be used for this purpose, no other support is needed), 
and pour the liquid to be filtered into the filter, allowing 
it to flow along the stirring-rod, held as shown in Fig 8, 
in successive portions until it has passed through; never, 
however, adding liquid in greater quantity than to within 
two to three millimetres of the edge of the filter. ALBUMIN. 
11 
27. It frequently happens that urine does not yield a 
clear filtrate by simple filtration. When this is the case, 
Fig. 8. 
add to the turbid filtrate enough KUO to communicate 
a distinctly alkaline reaction, and a fewgtt. of magnesia 
mixture, warm slightly and filter again through a fresh 
filter. 
Albumin. 
28. Heller’s test.—Pat about 2 cent, HK03 into a 
test-tube. Pill a pipette with the filtered urine. Hold the 
test-tube at a small angle to the horizontal, and allow the 
Fig. 9. ALBUMIN. 
12 
urine to flow sloivly from the pipette (whose upper end 
has been roughened by the file) upon the surface of the 
nitric acid (Fig 9). Remove the pipette, turn the test-tube 
cautiously into the vertical position, and examine the point 
of junction of the two liquids. In the presence of al- 
bumin a milky zone, whose upper and lower borders are 
both sharply defined, is seen at the point of junction of 
the acid and urine (Fig. 10 a). If no reaction be observed, 
set the tube aside and exajnine it 
again in half an hour. 
29. Repeat the testing, as in § 
28, with a non-albuminous urine. 
A band of deeper coloration is ob- 
served at the point of junction of 
the two liquids; this is not to be 
confounded with the milky zone 
observed with albuminous urine. 
30. Repeat the testing, as in § 
28, using a urine containing an ex- 
cess of urates, but no albumin. 
A white zone is observed above the 
point of junction of the liquids, 
whose lower border may be sharply 
defined, but whose upper border 
fades olf gradually into the layer 
of urine, the whole of which may 
become turbid (Fig. 10 b). 
Fig. 10. 
31. Heat and Nitric Acid test.—Determine the reaction 
of the urine. If it be alkaline, add acetic acid cautiously un- 
til it shows a faintly acid reaction with blue litmus jiaper. 
Fill a test-tube to within 2-3 cent, of the top with the 
acidulated urine, and, holding the test-tube by the bottom, 
heat the upper portion of the liquid nearly to boiling. An 
opalescence, cloudiness, or coagulum is formed, according PAEAGLOBULIN. 
13 
to the amount of albumin present. Now add slowly 15 to 
30 gtt. of concentrated HN03; the ppt. does not dimin- 
ish (it may increase) in amount. 
32. Apply heat, as in § 31, to a sample of the alkaline 
albuminous urine, without acidulating. No reaction is 
observed. 
33. Apply heat, as in § 31, to another sample of the 
urine, to which an excess of acetic acid has been added. 
No reaction is observed. 
31. Apply the test, as directed in § 31, to a sample of 
urine containing no albumin, but containing an excess of 
earthy phosphates. An appearance similar to that ob- 
served in the case of the albuminous urine is obtained; but 
on addition of HN03, the ppt. redissolves and the liquid 
becomes transparent. 
31a. Picric Acid test.—Float some of the clear urine on 
acetic acid as in Heller’s test. If any cloudiness be ob- 
served at the junction of the two liquids, treat a larger 
quantity of the urine with acetic acid to acid reaction, and 
filter. Pour about 7 cent, of the clear filtrate, or of the 
clear urine, which gives no cloudiness when floated on 
acetic acid, into a test-tube; float upon its surface about 
2 cent, of a saturated solution of picric acid and warm the 
point where the two liquids come together. A cloudiness 
at this point, which does not disappear when heat is ap- 
plied, is evidence of the presence of albumin. 
A cloudiness which does disappear on the application 
of heat may be produced by alkaloids, urates, etc. 
Para globulin. 
35. Dilute the filtered urine, slightly acidulated with 
acetic acid if necessary, with water to sp. gr. 1.002, and 
pass through it a current of carbon dioxide. A cloudiness. MUCIN PEPTONE. 
either on dilution or after treatment with C02, indicates 
the presence of paraglohulin. 
Mucin. 
36. Pour about 2 cent, of acetic acid into a test-tube, 
and float the clear urine upon its surface. A cloud, which 
usually appears only after standing a time, just above the 
line of contact of the liquids, shows the presence of mucin, 
provided it does not disappear on the application of heat. 
Peptone. 
37. Add soln. of neutral lead acetate to 500 cc. urine, 
until the ppt. no longer increases; filter. To the filtrate 
add acetic acid and a few gtt, of ferrocyanide of potassium 
soln.; if any cloudiness be produced, continue the ad- 
dition of ferrocyanide soln. until the precipitate no longer 
increases, and filter. 
38. To a portion of the last filtrate obtained as in § 37, 
add one-fifth its bulk of acetic acid and then an acid soln. 
of sodium phosphotungstate.* A cloudiness immediately, 
or after a few moments, indicates the presence of peptone. 
39. To the remainder of the filtrate, § 37, add half its 
volume of strong HOI, and then phosphotungstate soln. 
to complete precipitation. Collect the ppt. on a filter as 
rapidly as possible, wash with 5$ H2S04 until the filtrate is 
colorless. Transfer the ppt. to a capsule and mix it thor- 
oughly with powdered barium hydrate; add a little H2O; 
warm fifteen minutes on the water bath, and filter. Add to 
a portion of the filtrate in a test-tube KHO soln. to strongly 
* The phosphotungstate soln. is made by adding phosphoric acid 
to a boiling soln. of sodium-tungstate to acid reaction, cooling, 
adding acetic acid to strongly acid reaction, and filtering after 
twenty-four hours. GLUCOSE. 
15 
alkaline reaction, and then 1 gtt. of a dil. soln. of CuS04 
A reddish-violet color indicates the presence of peptone. 
See § 23. 
Glucose—Diabetic Sugar.* 
40. If the urine contain albumin, this must be re- 
moved before testing for sugar. If the urine he not al- 
ready acid, acidulate it with acetic acid. Heat the acid 
urine in a flask or beaker, and when it begins to boil, add 
2 gtt. acetic acid and boil for half an hour, or until the 
albumin, which was at first disseminated throughout the 
liquid, has separated in flocks. Filter, and apply the fol- 
lowing tests to the filtrate: 
41. Urine containing sugar is usually of high sp. gr., 
pale in color, abundant in quantity, and sometimes has a 
sweetish odor. 
42. Moore’s test.—To the urine in two test-tubes add 
one-half bulk of KHO. Boil the contents of one tube for 
about a minute, and then compare its color with that of 
the other tube. A darkening of the boiled sample indi- 
cates the presence of sugar. 
H. B.—-In boiling a liquid in a test-tube, hold the tube 
by its upper end, between the thumb and forefinger, the 
mouth pointing over the forefinger and away from the 
person. Hold the bottom of the tube in the flame until 
small bubbles begin to rise through the liquid, then, and 
so long as the heating continues, prevent “bumping” of 
the contents by an oscillation of the tube, produced by 
rapidly alternating slight motions of pronation and supi- 
nation of the hand. 
* Glucose is considered as an abnormal constituent of the urine 
for clinical convenience. Strictly speaking, it is a normal constit- 
uent. It is constantly present, but in such minute quantity, that 
the tests, as usually applied, fail to reveal its presence so long as 
the quantity remains within the normal limits. GLUCOSE. 
16 
In cases where prolonged boiling is necessary, the tube 
may be beld in a wooden clamp, or by passing around its 
upper part a folded strip of strong paper, whose ends are 
then grasped between the thumb and forefinger. 
43. Trammer’s test.—To the urine in a test-tube add 
3 gtt. of a saturated soln. of CuS04 and a volume of KHO 
soln. equal to half that of the urine. Observe that the 
liquid is blue and transparent. Heat until the liquid 
begins to boil. The formation of a yellow or red ppt. in- 
dicates the presence of glucose. 
44. Apply the test as described in § 43, using a urine 
containing a large amount of sugar. The liquid changes 
in color from blue to yellow, but no ppt. is produced. 
45. Repeat the testing of the highly saccharine urine, 
adding gtt. 6 in place of gtt. 3 CuS04 soln., and allow 
the liquid to stand after boiliug. The yellow or red ppt. 
is produced. 
46. Repeat the test with the urine used in § 43, adding 
gtt. 6 CuS04 soln., and boiling for a longer time. A black 
or dark colored ppt. is produced. 
N. B.—Trommer’s test only shows that sugar is present 
when a distinct yellow or red ppt. is formed. A mere 
change of color, or the formation of a ppt, different from 
that described is not sufficient evidence of the presence of 
sugar. Therefore, in applying this test in practice, use 
only a small quantity of CuS04 soln. at first, and if in a 
first testing a change of color be observed, but no ppt., 
make a second testing, using an increased amount of 
CuS04. 
47. Boettger’s test.—Render the urine strongly alka- 
line by dissolving in it powdered ]STa2C03. Put into two 
test-tubes about 3 cent, of the alkaline urine. To one 
test-tube add a very minute quantity of powdered subni- 
trate of bismuth, to the other as much powdered litharge. 
Boil the contents of the two tubes. If sugar be present, GLUCOSE. 
17 
the bismuth powder becomes first gray and then black. 
The litharge is not blackened. 
48. Repeat the test as in § 47 with a urine containing a 
sulphide or an organic compound containing sulphur, but 
no sugar. Both subnitrate and litharge are blackened. 
49. Mulder-Neubauer test.—Dissolve in 2 cent, of 
the saccharine urine in a test-tube enough powdered 
Ua2003 to give it a strongly alkaline reaction, and then 
enough solution of indigo-carmine to communicate a dis- 
tinctly blue color. Heat the liquid to boiling with as little 
agitation as possible. The color changes from blue to 
green, to wine-red, to yellow. Allow the contents of the 
tube to cool, close the opening of the tube with the thumb, 
and agitate; the color changes back through wine-red and 
green to blue. 
50. Fermentation test.—Take three beakers of about 
70 cc. capacity, and label them A, B, and C. Till A with 
the urine to be tested; B with a solution of glucose, and 
0 with water. Put into each beaker some brewers' yeast, 
or some compressed yeast, and stir well. Fill a test-tube 
completely full from A. Close the opening of the tube 
with a cork of suitable size fastened on the short limb of 
a wire bent at right angles, in such a way that no air bub- 
bles are inclosed. Immerse the end of the tube with the 
cork into the liquid in A, and remove the cork by means 
of the wire, taking care that no air enters the tube. Re- 
verse test-tubes similarly filled from B and C in each of 
those beakers. Set the three beakers and tubes in a place 
whose temperature is about 25°, and after six hours ob- 
serve whether gas have collected in any of the tubes. If the 
test-tubes A and B contain gas above the liquid, and C 
do not, the urine contains sugar. If A and C do not 
contain gas, and B do, the urine does not contain sugar. 
Under any other circumstances the yeast is unfit for use. BLOOD. 
18 
The purpose of A is to test the urine; that of B and C 
to guard against sources of error from the yeast itself. 
51. Fettling’s test.—Put about 2 cent, of Fehling’s 
solution (see § 88) into a test-tube, and heat it to boiling. 
Examine the liquid carefully—standing with your back to 
the light, and, if possible, holding the tube in the direct 
rays of the sun—for any red specks or reddish reflections, 
which appear usually at the lower, curved part of the tube. 
If any red color be observed, the test solution has deterio- 
rated and must be replaced by some which has been freshly 
mixed. 
52. If the test solution have been found to be in proper 
condition, add to it 2 to 3 gtt. of the urine to be 
tested, and boil again. If no red color be now observed, 
add a further quantity of urine, and boil again. Continue 
this alternate addition of urine and boiling until a red or 
yellow ppt. is formed—in which case sugar is present—or 
until a bulk of urine equal to that of the test solution 
used has been added, without the appearance of a red ppt.— 
in which case-sugar is absent. 
N. B.—Fehling’s solution is recommended as affording 
the most manageable and reliable test for sugar, provided 
the precautions mentioned in §§ 51 and 40 are observed. 
When the amount of sugar present is very small, the liquid 
retains its blue color; but when it is poured out of the 
tube, a red film is seen attached to the glass. If the quan- 
tity of sugar be great, the copper is completely precipi- 
tated, and the liquid decolorized. 
Test-tubes which have been used for Fehling’s and 
Trommer’s tests may be cleaned with a little HJST03. 
Blood. 
53. If the urine be alkaline, render it family acid with 
acetic acid. Heat to near boiling. The urine becomes 
lighter in color, and a dark colored coagulum is formed. EILE. 
19 
54. Add KHO to distinct alkaline reaction; heat nearly 
to boiling (do not boil). A red ppt. is produced. 
55. To a few drops of the urine in a test-tube add a 
drop of freshly prepared tincture of guaiacum and a little 
ozonic ether (ether to which oxygenated water has been 
added) and agitate. The ether, which rises to the sur- 
face, is blue. 
Or, shake together oil of turpentine and tincture of guai- 
ac, add the urine in volume equal to that of the emulsion, 
shake gently, and allow to separate: a blue or greenish-blue 
color in the upper layer. 
Bile. 
Biliary Salts. 
56. Petten’kofer*s test.—Add to the urine in a test-tube 
1 gtt. of a solution of cane-sugar (1 : 3); hold the 
tube in an inclined position, and add H2S04 in such a way 
that it forms a layer below the urine. In the presence of 
biliary acids, the urine becomes turbid, and immediately, or 
after a time, a purple-red band is formed at the junction of 
the two liquids, which gradually diffuse into one another, 
forming, after four to five hours, a homogeneous dark- 
purple liquid. The acid and urine must not be mixed. 
57. Repeat the test, as in § 56, with urine containing al- 
bumin, but no biliary salts. The same reaction is pro- 
duced. 
58. Repeat the test, as in § 56, with urine containing 
morphia, but no biliary salts. The same reaction is pro- 
duced. 
50. As albumin, morphia, and a number of other sub- 
stances produce the same appearances with Pettenkofer’s 
test as do the biliary salts, it becomes necessary to apply 
the test in such a way as to exclude these sources of error. 
For this purpose the urine, about 50 cc., is evaporated to BILE. 
20 
dryness oyer the water bath. The residue is extracted 
with strong alcohol, 5 cc.; the alcoholic solution is filtered 
and mixed with 50 cc. anhydrous ether. The ppt. formed 
is collected on a small filter, and, after having been washed 
with ether, is dissolved in Ito 2 cc. H,O. To the aqueous so- 
lution so obtained, PettenkofePs test is applied as directed 
in § 56. 
60. Oliver’s Peptone test.—The reagent required is 
made by dissolving 2 gm, of pulverized peptone (Savory 
& Moore) and 0.27 gm, salicylic acid in 248 cc. of HaO, 
and adding 2 cc. acetic acid. Filter till perfectly clear. 
Dilute the urine to sp. gr. 1.008; pour some into a test- 
tube, and float upon its surface some of the reagent. An 
immediate cloudiness at the line of junction of the liquids 
indicates the presence of biliary salts. 
Biliary Pigments. 
61. Urine containing biliary pigments is always dark in 
color. 
62. Gmelin’s test.—Pour 3 cent. HN03 into a test- 
tube, add a piece of wood (1 cent, of the butt end of a 
match) and heat until the acid assumes a yellow color. 
Pour off the acid into another test-tube and cool it by im- 
mersing the tube in cold I120. When the acid is cold, float 
about 3 cent, of the urine to be tested upon its surface 
from a pipette. If biliary pigments be present, a green 
band is formed at the junction of the two liquids, which 
gradually rises higher and higher, and is succeeded from 
below by blue, reddish-violet, and yellow. The green 
color is much more distinctly marked than the others. 
63. Shake the urine with ether. On standing, the ether 
separates as a yellow layer over the urine. Pour off the ether 
and float it on the surface of dilute bromine water in an- BILE. 
21 
other test-tube. The ether gradually changes in color 
from yellow to blue. 
61. Paul’s test.—Add a few gtt. of a solution of methyl- 
violet to the urine. A ring of intense carmine color is 
formed on the surface. With normal urine a blue ring is 
formed. 
The reaction is only produced with icteric urine, not 
with normal urine to which bile has been added. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF 
UEINE. 
Reaction. 
Alkalimetry and Acidimetry. 
65. To determine the degree of acidity or alkalinity of 
the urine, solutions containing known quantities of oxalic 
acid and of caustic soda are required. 
66. Weigh out 6.3 gms. of pure, crystallized oxalic acid 
(C204H2 + 2Aq = 126). Transfer it without loss to the 
measuring cylinder (Fig. 1, p. 3.); add H2O to the 1,000 
cc. mark, and agitate until solution is complete. The 
liquid so obtained is a “ Decinormal solution of oxalic 
acid,” each cc. of which contains 0.0063 gm. of oxalic 
acid, equivalent to 0.004 gm. NaHO. 
67. Weigh out 4.5 gm. of caustic soda. Dissolve in 
60 cc. H2O; add a lump of quicklime; boil about fifteen 
minutes; filter into the measuring cylinder; dilute to 900 
cc, with H2O, and mix. 
Measure oft 10 cc. of the decinormal oxalic acid solu- 
tion with a pipette (Fig. 11); transfer it to a small beaker, 
and add to it 2 gtt. of an alcoholic solution of phenol- 
phthalein (1 gm. in 100 cc.). Fill a burette (Fig. 12) with 
the soda solution to the 0 mark. Add the alkaline solution 
to the liquid in the beaker until the latter remains faintly 
red after stirring. Bead the number of cc. of alkaline so- 
lution used from the graduation of the burette. This, 
multiplied by 100, gives the number of cc. of the solution 
containing 4.0 gms. of NaHO, Remove soda solution from 
the mixing cylinder until there remain exactly the number QUANTITATIVE REACTION, 
23 
of cc. containing 4.0 gms. NaHO; add H2O to the 1,000 cc. 
mark, and mix. 
The solution so obtained is a “ Decinormol solution of 
caustic soda; ” eachcc. of which contains 0.004 gm. hJaHO, 
Fig. 11. 
Fig. 13. 
equivalent to 0.0063 C2O ,H2 + 2 Aq. The acid and alkaline 
solutions, therefore, neutralize each other, volume for 
volume. 
The alkaline solution must be kept in glass-stoppered QUANTITATIVE REACTION. 
bottles, the stoppers and necks of which have been coated 
with paraffin, and must be exposed to the air as little as 
possible. 
68. To determine the degree of acidity in the urine, 
place two portions of 50 cc. each in two beakers, and add 
to each 4 gtt. phenolphthalein solution. Fill a burette to 
the 0 mark with the decinormal soda solution. Add por- 
tions of the alkaline solution to the contents of one of the 
beakers until a red color is produced, which persists on 
stirring. Fill the burette again to the 0 mark, and from 
it add 1 cc. less soda solution to the second beaker than 
was added to the first. The liquid in the second beaker 
should be yellow, without any tinge of red, Now continue 
the addition of soda solution to the second beaker, drop by 
drop, until a faint red tinge persists on stirring. 
The number of cc. of decinormal soda solution used 
(the last burette reading), multiplied by 0.0063, gives the 
acidity of 50 cc. in grams of oxalic acid; from which the 
total acidity is determined by multiplying by the quantity 
of urine in twenty-four hours and dividing by 50. 
Example. Quantity of urine in 24hours = cc. 
Decinormal soda solution used 14.6 cc. 
14.6 x 0.0063 = 0.09198 = acidity of 50 cc. urine. 
0.09198x1350 „,Q . Q/l , . . 
— =2.48 = acidity of 24 hours in grams of 
oxalic acid. 
69. To determine the degree of alkalinity, proceed as in 
§ 68, using the decinormal oxalic acid solution in place of 
the soda solution in the burette; and adding the acid solu- 
tion to the contents of the second beaker until the red 
color just disappears. The number of cc. of acid solution 
used, multiplied by 0.004, gives the alkalinity of 50 cc.; 
from which the total alkalinity is calculated as in § 68. 
Example. Quantity of urine in 24 hours = 1,350 cc, QUANTITATIVE—CHOKIDES. 
Decinormal oxalic acid solution used = 7.4 cc. 
7.4x0.004 = 0.0296 = alkalinity of 50 cc. urine. 
50 0.80 = alkalinity of 24 hours in grams of 
caustic soda. 
70. The normal acidity of twenty-four hours of the 
urine is equal to two to four grams of oxalic acid. 
71. The solutions required are: 1. A standard solution 
of silver nitrate, made by dissolving 29.075 gms. of pure, 
fused, and recrystallized AgN03 in 1,000 cc. H2O. This 
solution must he kept in bottles of amber glass. 2. A so- 
lution of neutral potassium chromate ; 10 gms. to 100 cc. 
H.20. 
Chlorides. 
73. To conduct the determination, 5 cc. of urine are 
placed in a platinum basin, 2 gms. of UaN03 (free from 
chloride) are added. The whole is evaporated to dryness 
over the w'ater bath, and the residue gradually heated un- 
til a colorless fused mass remains. This residue, after cool- 
ing, is dissolved in H.,0, the soln. transferred to a small 
beaker, treated with pure, dil. HN03 to faintly acid reac- 
tion, and neutralized with powdered CaC03; 2 gtt. of the 
chromate soln. are now added, and finally the silver soln. 
from a burette (previously filled with AgU03 soln. to the 
0 mark), during constant stirring of the contents of the 
beaker, until a faint reddish tinge remains permanent. 
Each cc. of the AgN03 soln. used represents 0.01 gm. 
UaCl (or 0,0607 gms. Cl) in 5 cc. urine; from which the 
UaCl in twenty-four hours is calculated. 
Example. Urine in 24 hours = 1,260 cc. 
Silver soln. used =6.7 cc. 
X1,260 = 16.88 gms. NaCl in 24 hours. 
o QUANTITATIVE—PHOSFH ATES. 
N. B.—This process cannot be used during administra- 
tion of bromides or iodides. 
73. The amount of Cl voided by a normal male adult, 
upon normal diet, is about 10 grams in twenty-four hours, 
equivalent to 16.5 gms. NaCl. 
Phosphates. 
-74. The solutions required are: 1. A standard solution 
of disodic phosphate, made by dissolving 10.085 gms. of 
crystallized, non-effloresced disodic phosphate (Na2HPO4 + 
12 Aq.) in H„0, and diluting the solution to 1 litre. Fifty 
cc. of this soln. contain 0.1 gm. phosphoric anhydride 
P205. 2. An acid solution of sodium acetate, made by dis- 
solving 100 gms. Na02H302 + 3 Aq. in 100 cc. H2O, adding 
100 cc. glacial H02H302, and diluting with II20 to 1,( 00 cc. 
3. A solution of potassium ferrocyanide ; 10 gms. in 100 cc. 
H2O. 4. A standard solution of uranic acetate. To obtain 
this soln,, a soln. of approximate strength is first made by 
dissolving 33 gms. of yellow uranic oxide in glacial acetic 
acid, and diluting with H„0 to 900 cc. in the mixing cyl- 
inder. Solution JSTo. 1 serves to determine the true 
strength of this soln., as follows: 50 cc. of soln. 1 are 
placed in a beaker, and 5 cc, of soln. 2 are added. The 
mixture is heated on the water bath, and the uranium soln. 
gradually added from a burette until a drop of the liquid, 
taken from the beaker on a stirring-rod, produces a brown 
color when brought in contact with a drop of soln. 3. At 
this point, the reading of the burette, which indicates the 
number of cc. of the uranium soln., corresponding to 0,1 
gm. P205, is taken. This reading, multiplied by 50, gives 
the number of cc. uranium soln. equivalent to 5 gms. P205. 
Remove uranium soln. from the mixing cylinder until 
there remain the number of cc. which have been found 
to be equivalent to 5 gm. P206; add H2O to the 1,000 cc. QUANTITATIVE PHOSPHATES. 
27 
mark, and mix. The uranium solution so standardized is 
of such strength that each cc. is equivalent to 0.005 gm. 
PA- 
75. To determine the total phosphoric anhydride in the 
urine: 50 cc. are placed in a beaker, 5 cc. sodium acetate 
soln. are added, and the mixture heated on the water bath. 
When warm, the standard uranium soln. is added from a 
burette until a drop, removed from the beaker with a stir- 
ring-rod, produces a faint brown tinge when brought in 
contact with a drop of ferrocyanide soln. The burette 
reading taken at this point and multiplied by 0.005 gives 
the amount of P205 in 50 cc. urine; and this, multiplied 
by the amount of urine eliminated in twenty-four 
hours, gives the daily elimination in grams of P205. 
Example. Urine in 24 hours = 1,180 cc. 
Uranium solution used = 24.3 cc. 
24.3 X.005 = 0.1215. 
1.180x0.1215 0Q„ n . 0/( , 
= 2.87 = grams P205 in 24 lionrs. 
76. To determine the phosphoric anhydride correspond- 
ing to earthy phosphates, 100 cc. of the urine are rendered 
alkaline with J7H4HO.and set aside for twelve hours. Col- 
lect the put. on a filter, wash it with dilute ammonium 
hydrate soln. (1 ; 3). Perforate the point of the filter, 
and wash the ppt. into a small beaker; dissolve in as lit- 
tle acetic acid as possible; make up the solution to about 
50 cc. with H2O, add 5 cc. sodium acetate soln., and titrate 
as in § 75. 
hi. B.—ln standardizing (§ 74) the uranium soln., and 
in using it (§75, § 76), time will be saved by taking two 
quantities of 50 cc. each of the phosphate soln. or urine. 
Make an approximate determination with one beaker, by 
adding to it 15 cc. of the uranium soln., and then further 
quantities of 2 cc. each until the red color is obtained QUANTITATIVE SULPHATES. 
28 
with ferrocyanide. Then add to the second beaker an 
amount of uranium soln. equal to that which last failed to 
respond to the ferrocyanide soln. in the first sample, and 
continue the addition of uranium soln., drop by drop, un- 
til the final reaction is obtained. 
77. The normal amount of phosphoric anhydride in 
twenty-four hours is 2.5 to 3.5 grams, of which 0.8 to 1.2 
grams are in combination as earthy phosphates, and 1.7 to 
2.3 as alkaline phosphates. 
Sulphates. 
78. To 100 cc, of the urine add 5 cc. HCI; heat to near 
boiling; add BaCl2 soln. in slight excess; let the beaker 
containing the mixture stand on the water bath until the 
ppt. has subsided; decant the clear liquid through a small 
filter without disturbing the ppt.; add hot water to the 
beaker; let the ppt. settle again, decant as before, and 
continue this washing by decantation until a portion of the 
filtrate no longer becomes cloudy on addition of dil. H2S04. 
Transfer the ppt. to the filter by the aid of the wash bottle 
(Fig. 7, p. 10), and dry in the water oven. Burn the filter 
in a weighed platinum crucible until white. Weigh the 
crucible, ash, and BaS04, and from this weight subtract 
that of the crucible and filter ash. The difference, multi- 
plied by 0.421, is the weight of sulphuric acid, H2S04 in 
100 cc. urine; and this, multiplied by TJ-¥ of the quantity 
in twenty-four hours, is the amount of H2S04 eliminated in 
twenty-four hours. 
Example. Quantity of urine in 24 hours = 1,320 cc. 
Weight of platinum crucible, filter-ash, and BaS04=17.8932 
“ “ “ “ and filter-ash =17.4863 
Weight of BaS04 = 0.4069 
0.4069 X 0.421 = 0.1713 = grams HaS04 in 100 cc. QUANTITATIVE UEEA. 
0.1713 X 13.20 = 2.36 = grams H2S04 in 24 hours. 
79. The normal daily elimination of H2S04 is from 2 to 
2.5 grams. 
Urea. 
80. Urine containing an excess of urea has a high speci- 
fic gravity, while that which is deficient in urea is of lower 
specific gravity than normal. 
81. Take two watch glasses. Into one put 5 gtt. of the 
urine, into the other 10 gtt. Evaporate the latter over the 
water bath until it has been reduced to the volume of the 
former. Cool the contents of 
both watch glasses to about 
15° and add to each 3 gtt. of 
cold, colorless, concentrated 
HN03. If, after a few mo- 
ments, crystals of urea nitrate 
appear in both watch glasses, 
the urine contains an excess 
of urea; if crystals do not form 
in either watch glass, the 
proportion of urea is deficient; while if crystals appear in 
one and not in the other, the amount of urea is about 
normal. 
Fig. 13. 
This method is only capable of showing roughly an in- 
crease or a diminution in the proportion of urea. Two 
precautions are to be observed in its use: 1. The amor- 
phous deposit produced in albuminous urine is not to be 
mistaken for the crystalline urea nitrate. 2. The process 
can be applied as described above only when the quantity 
of urine in twenty-four hours is about normal. If it be 
greater or less than normal, a modification is necessary. 
If, for instance, the quantity of urine in twenty-four hours 
be half the normal, two samples of 5 gtt. each are to be QUANTITATIVE—UEIO ACID, 
taken, one of which is to be dilated with 5 gtt. HaO. If 
the quantity in twenty-four hours be double the normal, 
two samples are to be taken, one of 10 gtt., the other of 
20 gtt., and both reduced to 5 gtt. by evaporation. 
82. Foivler’s method.—Determine the sp. gr. of the 
urine and the sp. gr. of some liq. sodas chlorinates (Squibb) 
at the same temperature. Mix one volume of the urine 
with seven volumes of the liq. sod. chlor. After the vio- 
lence of the reaction has subsided, shake the mixture from 
time to time during an hour. Determine the sp. gr. of 
the mixture at the same temperature at which the former 
observations were made. Add once the sp. gr. of the 
urine to seven times the sp. gr. of the liq. sod. chlor., and 
divide the sum by eight. From the quotient so obtained 
subtract the sp. gr. of the mixture after decomposition, 
and multiply the difference by 0.7791. The product is the 
amount of urea in grams in 100 cc.; from which the 
elimination in twenty-four hours is obtained by multiply- 
ing by T-J¥ of the quantity in twenty-four hours. 
Example. Quantity of urine in 24 hours = 1,240 cc. 
Specific gravity of liq. sod. chlor. = 1,042 
“ “ “ urine = 1,020 
“ “ “ mixture = 1,036.2 
1,042 X 7 + 1,020 _ x Q39 25. 1,039.3 - 1,036.2 = 3.1 
8 ' 
0.7791 X 3.1 X 12.40 = 29.95 = grams of urea in 24 
hours. 
83. For accurate determinations of the quantity of urea, 
one of the modifications of the Knop-Hiifner process is 
recommended (see “Manual,” p. 193, and Charles’ 
“Physiological Chem.,” pp. 350 et seq.). 
Uric Acid. 
84. Acidulate 200 cc. of the filtered urine with 10 cc. 
HOI, and set it aside in a cool place for forty-eight hours. QUANTITATIVE URIC ACID. 
31 
Wash a small filter with dil. HCI, dry it, inclose it between 
two watch-glasses, held together by a brass clamp, and de- 
termine the weight of the whole. Collect the crystals 
which have formed in the acidulated urine upon the 
weighed filter, detaching such crystals as adhere to the 
wall of the vessel by rubbing with a small section of rubber 
tubing, slipped over the end of a glass rod, and washing 
the deposit on to the filter with portions of the filtrate, 
AYhen the ppt, is all on the filter wash it by the successive 
addition of small portions of H2O, until the filtrate is no 
longer acid. The filter and contents are now dried, in- 
closed between the watch-glasses, and weighed. This 
last weight, minus that first determined, is the weight of 
uric acid in 200 cc. urine; and this, multiplied by -g^¥ the 
amount of urine in twenty-four hours, is the amount in 
twenty-four hours. 
The amount of wash water used should not exceed 35 cc. 
If more should be used, add 0,043 mgm. to the weight of 
uric acid in 200 cc. urine for every extra cc. of wash 
water. 
Example. Urine in 24 hours = 1,230 cc. 
Weight of watch-glasses, clamp, filter, and uric 
acid 36.3275 
Weight of watch-glasses, clamp, and filter 36.1948 
Uric acid in 200 cc. 0.1327 
Correction for wash water 0.0004 
45 cc. wash water used .*, .043 XlO == 0.43 mgm. 
Uric acid in 200 cc. corrected 0,1331 
0.1331 X 1,230 n QIQK • •i • qii 
— = 0,8185 = grams uric acid in 24 hours 
200 8 
85. The normal elimination of uric acid in twenty-four 
hours is from 0.5 to 1.0 gram. QUANTITATIVE ALBUMIN. 
32 
Albumin. 
86. Esbach’s method.—For this method a tube 1.5 cent, 
in diameter and 15 cent, long, graduated into grams, and 
haying two marks, one near the middle, the other near 
the top, is required; also a reagent made by adding 50 cc. 
acetic acid to 950 cc. of a solution of picric acid containing 
10 gms. to the L. 
If the urine be alkaline, render it acid with acetic acid. 
If the urine he of less sp. gr. than 1.008, fill the tube to 
the lower mark with it; add the reagent to the upper mark; 
close the opening of the tube with the finger and turn it 
upside down several times. The tube is now allowed to 
remain at rest twelve hours, after which time the amount 
of albumin is read oif on the graduation. 
If the sp. gr. of the urine be above 1.008, it is to be 
diluted with water, the degree of dilution being considered 
in the final result. 
Results roughly approximate. 
87. Gravimetric method.—Place 100 cc. of the clear 
urine in a beaker of 200 cc. capacity; if alkaline, acidulate 
with acetic acid. Heat the beaker over the water-bath, 
m . . 
add 1-2 gtt. acetic acid, and heat to boiling; continue boil- 
ing gently until the diffuse ppt. has collected in lumps. 
Have ready a small filter whose weight, with that of watch- 
glasses and clamp (see § 84), has been determined; collect 
the coagulated albumin upon the filter, wash with II20 
containing a little ]STH4HO, then with boiling II20 until the 
filtrate no longer forms a ppt. with AgIST03, then with alco- 
hol, and finally with ether. Dry the filter and contents in 
the air oven, and weigh between the watch-glasses. The 
difference between this last weight and the one first deter- 
mined is the weight of dry albumin in 100 cc. urine, which, 
multiplied by the quantity in twenty-four hours, gives 
the elimination of albumin in twenty-four hours. QUANTITATIVE—GLUCOSE. 
33 
If the urine be highly albuminous, it is best to oper- 
ate upon 20 or 50 cc., diluted with 80 or 50 cc. H2O, and 
multiply to obtain the final result by -gV or fa the amount 
of urine in twenty-four hours. 
88. Fehling’s method.—The solution is made as follows: 
Glucose. 
I. Dissolve cupric sulphate 51.98 grams, 
in water to 500.00 cc. 
11. Dissolve Rochelle salt 259.9 grams, 
in sodium hydrate soln. sp. gr. 1.12 to 1,000 cc. 
When required for use, one volume of I. is to be mixed 
with two volumes of 11. The copper contained in 10 cc. 
of this mixture is precipitated completely, as cuprous 
oxide, by 0.05 gram of glucose. 
89. To determine the quantity of sugar, place 10 cc. of 
the mixed soln. in a flask of about 250 cc. capacity; dilute 
with II20 to about 30 cc. and heat to boiling. On the 
other hand, the urine to he tested is diluted, and thor- 
oughly mixed with four volumes of 1I20 if it be poor in 
sugar, or with nine volumes of H2O if highly saccharine, 
and a burette filled with the mixture. When the Fehling 
soln. boils, add a few gtt. NH4HO and then 5 cc. of the 
urine from the burette, boil again, and continue the alter- 
nate addition of diluted urine and boiling of the mixture 
until the blue color is quite faint. Now add the diluted urine 
in quantities of 1 cc. at a time, boiling after each addition 
until the blue color just disappears. Have ready a small 
filter and, having filtered through it a few gtt. of the hot 
mixture, accidulate the filtrate with acetic acid, and add to 
it 1 gtt. soln. of potassium ferrocyanide. If a brownish 
tinge be produced, add another cc. of dil, urine to the 
flask, boil and test with ferrocyanide as before. Continue tmiNAEY DEPOSITS. 
34 
this proceeding until no brown tinge is produced. The 
burette reading, taken at this point, gives the number of 
cc. of dilute urine containing 0.05 gm. glucose, and this, 
divided by 5 or 10, according as the urine was diluted 
with 4or 9 volumes of H.20, gives the number of cc. of 
urine containg 0.05 gm. sugar. The number of cc. urine 
passed in twenty-four hours, divided by 20 times the num- 
ber of cc. containing 0.05 gm. glucose, gives the elimina- 
tion of glucose in twenty-four hours in grams. 
Example. Urine in 24 hours = 2,436 cc. 
Uehling’s soln. used = 1U cc. 
Urine diluted with 4 vols. H2O 
Burette reading =18.5 cc. 
18.5 
3.7 = cc. urine containing 0.05 gm. glucose. 
3 = 32.92 = grams glucose eliminated in 24 hours. 
URINARY DEPOSITS. 
1)0. Shake the urine to be examined, fill a conical glass 
(Fig. 14) with it, cover the glass with a watch-glass or glass 
plate, and set it aside until any solid particles 
have subsided to the bottom. 
Crystalline deposits settle in a few hours, but 
if the urine have been found to contain albumin, 
and casts are consequently to be looked for, twelve 
hours must be allowed to elapse to insure complete 
deposition. 
After the deposit has collected at the point of the 
glass, some of the sediment is removed with a pipette. Hold 
the pipette in such a manner that its upper opening is closed 
by the forefinger, and bring the point down into the layer 
of sediment, free the upper opening for an instant, close 
it again, and withdraw the pipette. Transfer a small 
Fig. 14. UNORGANIZED DEPOSITS. 
quantity of urine and sediment from the pipette to a glass 
slide, upon which a ring of cement has been made and 
allowed to dry, put on a clean cover glass, remove the ex- 
cess of liquid from the slide with bibulous paper and exam- 
ine with the microscope. 
Unorganized Deposits. 
91. Uric Acid,—Deposits of uric acid occur in acid 
urines; are always crystalline, of the forms shown in Fig. 
15, of which h are exceptional forms, and a of common 
Fig. 15. 
Fig. 16. 
occurrence; almost invariably of a color varying from light 
yellow to dark red or brown. Frequently they are of suf- 
ficient size to be visible to the unaided eye. Deposits of 
uric acid respond to the murexid test, § 24, and dissolve 
when warmed with NaHO soln. 
92. Amorphous, acid urates consist principally of 
acid sodium urate, accompanied sometimes with much 
smaller quantities of the potassium, calcium, and ammo- 
nium salts. The deposit is amorphous, composed of 
minute granular particles, sometimes colorless, but fre- 
quently yellow or red (“brick dust” or “ lateritious ” sedi- UNORGANIZED DEPOSITS. 
36 
fnent), produced in acid urine. Urine cloudy from the 
presence of amorphous urates becomes clear when heated. 
93. Crystalline urates. —Acid sodium urate some- 
times crystallizes from the urine undergoing acid or in- 
cipient alkaline fermentation, in the form of prisms 
arranged in stellate bundles (Fig. 16, a). Later in the 
fermentative process, when ammonia is produced, the 
highly colored spherical crystals, with or without spines 
(Fig. 16, h), of acid ammonium urate are produced. 
9-t. Calcium oxalate is observed sometimes in acid 
urine, accompanying crystals of uric acid, sometimes in 
Fig. 17. 
Fig. 18. 
alkaline or neutral urine, along with crystals of triple 
phosphate. These crystals are usually very minute octa- 
hedra (Fig. 17, a), and occasionally in “dumb-bell ” forms 
(Fig. 17, h). 
95. Ammonio-magnesian phosphate triple phos- 
phate—occurs in slightly acid or alkaline urine, particu- 
larly of the shapes shown in Fig. 18, sufficiently large to be 
visible as shining specks when the vessel containing the 
urine is rotated in sunlight. Occasionally it forms stars 
shaped groups of feathery crystals. 
96. Calcium phosphate is deposited under the same 37 
UNORGANIZED DEPOSITS. 
conditions as amnionic-magnesian phosphate. The de- 
posit is usually amorphous, and increases on the applica- 
tion of heat, but disappears on the addition of a mineral 
acid. Occasionally calcium phosphate crystallizes from 
the urine, either in wedge-shaped crystals, arranged in 
rosettes, their points uniting (Fig. 19), or in spherical 
crystals, or, more rarely, in dumb-bells. 
Fig. 19. 
Fig. 21. 
Fig. 20. 
97. Leucin and tyeosin always occur together, and 
are found only in urines containing biliary pigments. 
The former substance forms yellow, highly refracting 
spheres of varying size, marked with radiating and concen- 
tric striations (Fig. 20, a). Tyrosin crystallizes in bundles 
of delicate hair-like crystals, arranged in brush-like groups 
(Fig. 20, h). 
98. Cystin is of rare occurrence. It appears as a yel- ORGANIZED DEPOSITS. 
38 
lowisli deposit in pale, acid, or alkaline urine; which, 
when examined microscopically, is found to consist of 
hexagonal plates, either colorless or pigmented (Fig. 21). 
It dissolves in NHJIO and crystallizes out again an evapo- 
ration of the solution. 
Organized Deposits 
99. Mucus or pus corpuscles are rounded, granular 
cells, larger than blood-corpuscles, containing one or more 
nuclei (Fig. 22). Water causes them to swell up and lose 
Fig- 23. 
Fig. 24. 
their granular marking; the nuclei become more distinct, 
and the body of the cell gradually becomes invisible. Dilute 
acetic acid (20$) produces the same changes more rapidly. 
Fig. 23, 
100. Epithelium.—The epithelial cells met with in 
urine are: 1. Round epithelial celU, from the convoluted 
tubes, the pelvis of the kidney, the bladder, and the male 
urethra; are rounded granular bodies, larger than pus- 
corpuscles, containing a single nucleus (Fig. 23, a). 2. 
Columnar or conical epithelial cells, from the pelvis of the 
kidney, the ureters and urethra, are elongated, conical 
bodies, granular, and containing a single nucleus near the ORGANIZED DEPOSITS. 
39 
middle (Fig. 23, b). 3. Flat epithelial cells, from the 
bladder and vagina, are large, irregular, scale-like bodies, 
faintly granular, and containing a single nucleus (Fig. 
23, c). 
100. Blood-corpuscles appear in urine as rounded 
bodies, whose centres and peripheries alternate in light and 
shadow as the objective is moved toward or away from the 
slide (Fig. 24, a). If the urine be dilute, the blood-discs 
lose their concavity, swrell up, and no longer show alterna- 
tions of light and shadow (Fig. 24, b); finally they become 
invisible. If the urine be concentrated, their concavity 
becomes greater, they shrink, and finally assume a crenated 
form (Fig. 24, c). 
Fig. 25. 
101. Casts are moulds of the uriniferous tubules, of 
which the following varieties occur: 1. Epithelial casts 
are clear, cylindrical bodies, in whose surfaces epithelium ORGANIZED DEPOSITS. 
40 
from the tubules is imbedded (Fig. 25, «). 2. Blood casts 
are casts marked with granules and having blood-corpuscles 
imbedded in them (Fig. 25, h). 3. Hyaline casts are per- 
fectly clear, transparent cylinders, wuthout any markings 
(Fig. 25, c) which, being of about the same index of refrac- 
sion as the urine, may be readily overlooked if the exam- 
ination be not very carefully made. Their detection is 
facilitated by adding a drop of a solution of fuchsin to the 
deposit before putting on the cover glass. 4. Granular 
casts are marked by granules resulting from the disinte- 
gration of epithelium and blood-corpuscles. They are either 
Fig. 26. 
Jiighly granular (Fig. 25, d), moderately granular, or 
faintly granular, as they contain more or less granular 
matter. 5, Fatty casts, or oil casts, contain oil globules 
(Fig. 25, g). 6. Waxy casts are somewhat similar to hyaline 
casts in appearance, but more dense and somewhat resem- 
bling wax (Fig. 25, e). 7. Mucous casts are very long, 
frequently branching, transparent bodies (Fig. 25, f). 
102. Spermatozoa are minute, tadpole-like bodies 
(Fig. 26), which, when present in urine, do not exhibit 
the vibrating motion with which they are endowed during 
life. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF URI- 
NARY OALOULT. 
103. If the calculus be large, and if it is to be preserved, 
saw it in two with a hack-saw and use the saw-dust for 
analysis, keeping that portion of the dust which is pro- 
duced while sawing through the centre of the stone sep- 
arate from the other. If the calculus be small, break it; 
separate the nucleus, if there be one, powder the nucleus 
and a portion of the body of the stone separately, and 
make an independent analysis of each. 
104. In using the following scheme, take a separate por- 
tion of the powder for each operation unless otherwise di- 
rected. 
SCHEME OF ANALYSIS. 
1. Heat on platinum foil until colorless: 
a. It is entirely volatile 2 
b. A residue remains 5 
2. Moisten with HN03; evaporate to dryness over 
the water bath; add NH4HO: 
a. A red color is produced 3 
b. No red color is produced 4 
3, Treat with KHO, without heating: 
a. An ammoniacal odor is produced. 
Ammonium urate. 
b. No ammoniacal odor is produced.,. Uric acid. 
4. a. The HNOs soln. becomes yellow when evapo- 
rated; the yellow residue becomes reddish-yellow on ad- 
dition of KHO, and on heating with KHO, violet red, 
Xanthin. UEINAEY CALCULI. 
42 
b. The HN03 soln. becomes dark brown on evapo- 
ration Cystin. 
5. Moisten with HNOs, evaporate to dryness over the 
water bath; add NH4HO: 
a. A red color is produced 6 
b. No red color is produced .. 9 
6, Heat before the blow-pipe on platinum foil: 
a. Fuses 7 
b. Does not fuse 8 
7. Bring into blue flame on clean platinum wire: 
a. Flame colored yellow Sodium urate. 
b. Flame violet when observed through blue glass. 
Potassium urate. 
8. The residue from 6: 
a. Dissolves in dil. HCI with effervescence; the soln. 
forms a white ppt. with ammonium oxalate. 
Calcium urate. 
b. Dissolves with slight effervescence in dil. H2S04; 
the soln. neutralized with NH4HO gives a white ppt. with 
Na2HP04 Magnesium urate. 
9. Heat on platinum foil: 
a. It fuses: Ammonio-magnesianphosphate. 
b. It does not fuse 10 
10. The residue from 9, moistened with H2O, and tested 
with red litmus paper, is: 
a. Alkaline 11 
b. Not alkaline Tricalcic phosphate. 
11. The original substance dissolves in HCI: 
a. With effervescence Calcium carbonate. 
b. Without effervescence Calcium oxalate. DETECTION* OF POISONS. 
105. The identification of any of the accessible poisons 
when unmixed with other substances does not present any 
serious difficulty. When, however, the poison is mixed 
with a large proportion of foreign substances, as in an ar- 
ticle of food, in the contents of the stomach or in the vis- 
cera, the reactions upon which we depend are masked or 
modified to such a degree that no reliance is to be placed 
upon them. Consequently, in searching for a poison in 
organic mixtures the first step, preliminary to the actual 
testing, is the separation of the poison from other sub- 
stances in a condition as pure as possible, and with as little 
loss as may be. 
106. Analytically, poisons are divided into three classes, 
according to the methods used in their separation from or- 
ganic mixtures: 1. Volatile Poisons. 2. Mineral Poisons. 
3. Organic Poisons. 
VOLATILE POISONS. 
107. Those poisons which may be separated from the 
materials under examination by the process of distillation 
are included in this class. The most important are: Phos- 
phorus, Hydrocyanic Acid, Alcohol, Ether, Chloroform, 
Chloral, Benzol and its derivatives, including Carbolic 
Acid. 
108. To separate poisons of this class, the contents of 
the stomach (or other substance to be examined), diluted 
with H2O if necessary, are slightly acidulated with dilute 
HBS04 and placed in a flask, which should be only half PHOSPHORUS. 
44 
filled; the flask is then connected with a conden- 
ser and heated over a sand hath. The distillation is con- 
tinued until two-thirds of the liquid have distilled over, 
and the distillate is collected in three separate portions. 
The distillates are then to be tested for individual poisons 
by suitable reagents. 
Phosphorus. P. 
109. The material gives ofi an odor of garlic, and (al- 
cohol, ether, and oil of turpentine being absent) is lumin- 
ous when shaken in the dark. 
no. it is advisable in cases of 
suspected phosphorus poisoning to 
spread the suspected material out 
on a clean plate, and examine it 
in a dark room for any luminous 
points. It must not be forgotten, 
however, that muscular and other 
animal tissues may be phosphores- 
cent in absence of phosphorus. 
111. If the presence of phos- 
phorus be suspected, the process, 
§ 108, is to be somewhat modified. 
It is to be conducted in a dark 
room with a screen interposed be- 
tween the condenser and the source 
of heat. If no luminous ring (§ 
112) be observed when one-third 
Fig. 37. 
of the liquid has distilled over, remove the condenser and 
substitute for it the apparatus shown in Fig. 27, charged 
with AglSTOg soln., and continue the distillation while a 
current of CO, is passed through the entire apparatus. 
If phosphorus be present, the AgN03 soln. blackens. If 
this occur, collect the black deposit formed and introduce HYDROCYANIC ACID. 
45 
it into an apparatus in which hydrogen is generated, and 
ignite the escaping gas at a platinum jet. In the presence 
of phosphorus, a bright green core appears in the flame. 
113. During the distillation, § 111, a luminous band is 
observed at the point of greatest condensation in the con- 
denser. If, however, the liquid in the flask contains al- 
cohol or ether, this luminous hand does not appear until 
after one-third of the liquid has been distilled. If oil of 
turpentine be present, the luminous hand does not appear 
at all. 
113. Examine the distillate for globules of P, which 
are recognized by their yellow, waxy appearance, their 
odor, their luminosity in the dark, and the bluing of 
paper moistened with iodide of potassium and starch when 
exposed to the vapors which they give off. 
114. Antidotes.—No chemical antidote known. Re- 
move unabsorbed poison with stomach-pump, ZnS04 or 
apomorphia. Old French oil of turpentine. Prohibit fats 
and oils, which favor absorption. 
Hydrocyanic Acid—Prussic Acid (HCN). 
115. Note the odor of bitter almonds, or peach blossoms 
1 l(j. Add AgN03 to the soln.; a dense white ppt. Col- 
lect the ppt. on a filter, and warm a part with HN03; the 
ppt. dissolves. Treat remainder of ppt. with KCN soln.; 
it dissolves. 
117. Add NH4HS to soln. and evaporate to dryness on 
water-bath; add Fe2Cl6 to residue; a deep red color. 
118. Add KHO, and then an old soln. of EeS04; a 
greenish ppt. Add HCI; the ppt. dissolves partly, form- 
ing a deep blue soln. 
119. Add dil. soln. of picric acid, heat, and allow to 
cool; a deep red color. 
120. Moisten a piece of filter paper with a freshly pre- ALCOHOL CHLOEOFOEM. 
46 
pared alcoholic soln. of guaiacum; dip the paper into a 
very dilute soln. CuS04, and hold it over a vessel from 
which vapor of HON is given off; the paper turns bright 
blue. 
121. Antidotes.—A mixture of ferrous and ferric sul- 
phates dissolved in H2O and alkalinized with KHO is a 
chemical antidote. The action of the poison is usually so 
rapid, however, that it is of little service. Stomach pump, 
cold affusion, artificial respiration, galvanism, inhalation 
of ammonia, of chlorine (?). Atropine hypodermically (?). 
Alcohol. C2H6HO 
122. Heat with a small quantity of a cooled mixture of 
H2S04 and aqueous soln, of potassium dichromate; the 
liquid turns green, and the peculiar odor of aldehyde is 
given off. 
123. Dissolve in the liquid a small quantity of iodine, 
add KHO soln. guttatim until the liquid is just decolorized, 
and warm; a yellowish crystalline ppt. immediately or 
after a time, and the odor of iodoform. 
124. Add HNOg and warm; odor of nitrous ether. Add 
soln. mercurous nitrate with excess HK03 and heat; a yel- 
low-gray ppt. Collect ppt., wash, and dry; explodes when 
struck with hammer. 
125. Mix slowly with an equal volume H2S04; add some 
powdered sodium acetate, and heat; odor of acetic ether. 
Chloroform. CHCI3. 
126. Add a few gtt. aniline to 3 cc. alcoholic soln. of 
KHO, and then 2 cc. of the liquid to be tested, and heat. 
In the presence of chloroform, an intense, disagreeable, and 
characteristic odor, due to the formation of isobenzonitril, 
is produced. CHLORAL. 
127. Dissolve about 0.01 gm, of /? naphthol in a small 
quantity of KHO soln., warm, and add the suspected 
liquid: a blue color is produced. 
128. Place the liquid to be examined, which should be 
faintly acidulated with II2S04 if not already acid, in a flask. 
Fit the flask with a cork through which pass two right- 
angled tubes, one of which dips to near the bottom of the 
flask. Connect this longer tube with a bellows or gasome- 
ter, from which a slow current of air is made to pass 
through the apparatus during the process. The shorter 
tube is connected with about a foot of Bohemian tubing, 
whose other end communicates with a right-angled tube 
dipping into a solution of AgHOb, or with a bulb apparatus 
filled with AgH03 soln. Heat the flask over a water-bath, 
and heat about six inches of the Bohemian tube to bright 
redness. In the presence of CHC13 a white ppt. of AgCl, 
soluble in HH4HO, insoluble in lIH03, is formed in the 
AgH03 soln. 
129. Antidotes,—Ho chemical antidote is known. 
Cold douche, galvanism, fresh air, artificial respiration, 
inhalation of ammonia. 
Chloral—Trichloraldehyde. C2HCI3O. 
130. The substance to be examined is first treated as in 
§ 128. If no ppt. be produced in the AgH03 soln., the 
liquid in the flask is rendered alkaline with KHO soln., 
and the process continued. If now a ppt. be formed in 
the AgH03 soln., the flask is connected with a condenser 
and more strongly heated. Portions of the distillate are 
then tested according to §§ 126, 127 for chloroform, 
resulting from the decomposition of the chloral by the 
alkali. 
131, Antidotes.—Ho chemical antidote. Stomach- 
pump, tea, coffee, galvanism, artificial respiration, cold 
douche, ammonia by inhalation. PHENOL. 
48 
132. Odor of carbolic acid. 
Phenol—Carbolic Acid. C6HsHO. 
133. Mix with one-quarter volume NH4HO; add 1-2 
gtt. sodium hypochlorite soln. and warm: a blue or green 
color. Add HCi to acid reaction: turns red. 
134. Add 1-2 gtt, of the liquid to a little HOI, mix; add 
1 gtt. HN03: a purple-red color. 
135. Boil with HN03 as long as red fumes are given off. 
Neutralize with KHO: a yellow, crystalline ppt. 
136. Add a few gtt. FeS04 soln.: a lilac color. 
137. Float liquid to be tested on H2S04; add powdered 
KN03; violet color. 
138. Add excess of bromine water: a yellowish-white 
ppt. 
139. Antidotes.—Emetics, white of egg, stimulants. MINERAL POISONS. 
MINERAL ACIDS AND ALKALIES. 
140. These substances are corrosives rather than true 
poisons, as their deleterious effects are produced by de- 
struction of or injury to important viscera with which they 
come into immediate contact, while the true poisons act 
only after absorption into the circulation. 
141. The presence of strong acids or alkalies in the 
stomach is indicated by corrosion or even perforation of 
the viscus, and by a strongly acid or alkaline reaction of 
the contents. It must not be forgotten that the contents 
of the stomach may have been rendered alkaline after the 
ingestion of acids, or acid after alkalies have been taken, 
by the administration of antidotes. 
142. In all cases of corrosion by mineral acids or alka- 
lies (except nitric acid) a quantitative analysis should be 
made, and the amount found compared with that normally 
present, as sulphates, chlorides, and salts of sodium and 
potassium are normal constituents of body. 
Sulphuric Acid. H2SO4. 
143. With BaCh a copious, white ppt., insoluble in 
HCI. This reaction does not prove the presence of free 
sulphuric acid, as it is also observed with soluble sul- 
phates. 
144. Add powdered lead chromate, boil, filter; add KI 
and carbon bisulphide, and agitate. The CS2 is colored MINERAL ACIDS. 
violet. Agitate another portion of the liquid with CS2 
after addition of Kl: no violet color should be produced. 
145. Dissolve 3 per cent of cane-sugar in the liquid, 
moisten a piece of filter paper with it and dry: the paper 
turns brown or black. 
146. Moisten a little veratria with the liquid, and evap- 
orate over the water-bath to dryness: a crimson color. 
Hydrochloric Acid. HCI. 
147. Add AgN03: a white ppt soluble in NH4HO, 
insoluble in HNO,,. Observed also with chlorides. 
148. Add mercurous nitrate: a white ppt., which turns 
black on addition of NHMO. Observed also with chlo- 
rides. 
149. Heat the liquid with powdered black oxide of 
manganese (Mno2): chlorine is given off; recognizable by 
its odor, its yellow color, and by its power of turning paper 
containing starch and potassium iodide blue. 
Nitric Acid. HNOs. 
150. Float upon the liquid a soln. of ferrous sulphate: 
a brown band appears at the junction of the liquids. A 
nitrate only responds to this test after addition of H2S04. 
151. Moisten a crystal of brucine with the liquid: a 
bright carmine-red color. Nitrates respond to this test 
after addition of H2S04. 
153. Dissolve 353 pts. of cyanide of mercury and 366 
pts. KI in H2O, evaporate to crystallization; separate, and 
dry the crystals. A crystal introduced into nitric acid 
turns black. 
153. Acidulate the (colorless) liquid with HCI, and add 
1-3 gtt. indigo-carmine soln.: the blue color is discharged. 
154. Antidotes foh Minekal Acids.—Magnesia usta, 
suspended in water, or, failing this, soap. Neither the MLNEEAL ALKALIES. 
51 
carbonates of the alkalies, chalk, or carbonate of magnesia 
should be used, as the gas liberated from them may cause 
serious distention of the weakened walls of the stomach. 
The stomach-pump should never be used. It will fre- 
quently be necessary to sustain life by nutritive enemata. 
Opium to allay pain. 
Caustic Potassa—Potassium Hydrate. KEO. 
155. Add HCI and then PtCl4501n.: a yellow crystal- 
line ppt. A similar ppt. is obtained with ammonium 
chloride. 
156. Concentrate the soln., render it neutral with 
Na2C03 if acid, and add concentrated soln. of tartaric 
acid: a white ppt. A similar ppt. with ammonium salts. 
157. Add soln. of hydrofluosilicic acid : a white, gelati- 
nous ppt., insoluble in HCI. A similar ppt. with sodium 
salts. 
158. Add perchloric acid: a white crystalline ppt. 
159. Introduce a platinum wire, to which a portion of 
the substance adheres, into the colorless flame of a Bunsen 
burner, and observe the flame through a bit of blue glass: 
the flame is colored violet. 
IST. B.—The above reactions show the presence of potas- 
sium, which may be present as the hydrate, or as one of 
the salts of the metal. In cases of fatal corrosion by KHO, 
or of poisoning by the K salts, a quantitative determina- 
tion is necessary. 
Caustic Soda—Sodium Hydrate. NaHO, 
In testing for the sodium compounds, the solutions must 
be concentrated. 
160. Add hydrofluosilicic acid: a white gelatinous ppt. 
161. Dissolve some potassium pyroantimoniate in boil- 
ing water, and filter. Add a portion of the filtrate to the METALLIC POISONS. 
52 
liquid under examination (which must not contain metals 
other than K and Li): a white ppt., which becomes crys- 
talline. 
162. Colors the Bunsen flame yellow. Owing to its 
great delicacy, this test is of little value in ordinary work, 
as all substances examined contain sufficient Na to color 
the flame. 
N. B. —The above reactions merely indicate the presence 
of Na without determining the form of combination. In 
cases of fatal corrosion by NaHO, a quantitative analysis is 
called for. . 
Aqua Ammonise—Ammonium Hydrate. NH4HO, 
163. The characteristic odor of ammonia is given off 
by the hydrate and carbonate, but not by other ammonia- 
cal salts. 
164. Heat the liquid. Hold over it a strip of moistened 
red litmus paper; it turns blue. Now hold over the heated 
liquid a glass rod moistened with HCI; white fumes are 
given off. These appearances are produced with ammonia- 
cal salts other than the carbonate only if the liquids have 
been previously rendered alkaline with KHO. 
165. With 1101 and PtCl4: a yellow crystalline ppt. A 
similar ppt. with K salts. 
166. Dissolve chloride of lime and carbolic acid in 
water, filter; add the liquid to be tested to the filtrate: a 
green color. 
167. Antidotes to the Alkalies.—Dilute vinegar 
or lemon juice, milk. Under no circumstances should the 
stomach-pump be used. Opium to allay pain. Nutritive 
enemata if necessary. 
METALLIC POISONS. 
168. Preliminary to the separation of mineral poisons 
from the tissues or contents of the stomach, the organic METALLIC POISONS. 
53 
matter must be destroyed by oxidation, as completely as is 
possible, without risk of loss of the substances sought for. 
This is best effected by the method of Frezenius and Yon 
Babo. The substances under examination, hashed if solid, 
are diluted with water. About 50 cc. HCl* and a small 
quantity of powered potassium chlorate are added, and the 
whole heated over the water-bath. Small portions of 
KCI03, and more HCI, if necessary, are added from time to 
time, until the mass is reduced to a yellow liquid on 
whose surface floats a layer of oil. The decomposition is 
accelerated by stirring and crushing any solid particles 
with the flattened end of a glass rod. When decomposi- 
tion is complete, the liquid is allowed to cool, and filtered, 
If the filtrate smell of Cl, it is heated over the water-bath 
and treated with CO2 until free of Cl. The liquid is now 
treated with II2S for periods of an hour at a time, at intervals 
of twelve hours during two or three days; the flask contain- 
ing it being kept corked during the intervals. A ppt. is 
always formed if a portion of the body has been operated 
on. This ppt. is collected on a filter and the filtrate (0) 
preserved. The ppt. is slightly washed and treated on the 
filter with yellow NH4HS, concentrated at first, afterward 
dilute, so long as anything is dissolved. Any solid matter 
remaining undissolved on the filter is subsequently exam- 
ined (B). The filtrate is evaporated to dryness in a porce- 
lain capsule. To the residue 25 cc. H2O, 2 cc. HOI, and a 
little KCI03 are added, and the whole heated over the 
water-bath. The liquid is stirred until hot, small quanti- 
ties of KClOg are added from time to time, and the mix- 
ture stirred until all is dissolved, except a little sulphur. 
The liquid is then treated with CO2 over the water-bath till 
* Hydrochloric acid cannot be bought sufficiently pure for this 
purpose. It must be made in the laboratory from pure NaCl and 
arsenic free H2SO4. METALLIC POISONS. 
free of Cl, filtered, cooled, and treated with H2S as be- 
fore, The ppt. is collected on a filter and washed with 
H2O, containing a little H2S, until the washings, after 
boiling with HN03, fail to give any cloudiness with AgN03. 
The ppt. is now dissolved off the filter with NH4HS, the 
solution evaporated in a porcelain capsule, the residue 
moistened with fuming HN03, dried over the water-bath, 
moistened with H2O and dried two or three times, and 
finally fused with a mixture of NalS[03 and Na3C03 until 
it is colorless, or only contains a black powder. After 
cooling, the fused mass is dissolved in H2O, treated with 
CO2, and the solution filtered; the ppt., if any, on the 
filter (A) is examined as below. The filtrate is treated with 
excess of H2S04 and heated, first over the water-bath, and 
afterwards at a higher temperature, until copious white 
fumes are given off; after cooling, the residue is examined 
for ARSENIC. 
The ppt. A contains any Sb, Sn, or On (part) that may 
have been present. It is first, if black, treated with hot 
dil. HN03. The soln. so obtained is examined for copper. 
If the solu. from which it was filtered was turbid from the 
presence of a white material, the filter with adherent mat- 
ter, insoluble in dil. HlSr03, after having been washed, is 
dried and burnt in a porcelain crucible, a srmdl quantity of 
KCH is added to the ash, and the mixture fused for about 
ten minutes. After cooling, the contents of the crucible 
are treated with H2O, and washed with ILO by decanta- 
tion, so long as anything is dissolved. The remaining me- 
tallic particles are treated with dil. HOI, the liquid sep- 
arated, after warming on the water-bath, and tested for 
tin. If any undissolved metallic particles remain, they 
are dissolved in hot concentrated HCI, and the soln. is 
tested for antimony. 
If the portion B, insoluble in NH4HS, be white, it ARSENIC 
55 
contains no poisonous metal. If it be colored, it is heated 
with HlSr03 so long as red fumes are given off, more HH03 
being added if necessary, evaporated nearly to dryness, a 
little dil. H2S04 added, allowed to stand for a time, and fil- 
tered. The filtrate is tested for bismuth and copper. 
The residue, if any, is treated with tartaric acid, and then 
with excess of ISIH4HO, boiled, and filtered. The filtrate 
is tested for lead. The residue, if any, is dissolved in 
aqua regia, the soln. evaporated, the residue dissolved in 
H2O, acidulated with HCI, and tested for mercury. 
The liquid 0 contains any barium, chromium, or zinc 
that may have been present in the substances examined. 
Arsenic. As. 
169. Heat a small quantity As203 in a reduction tube.* 
Minute octahedral crystals of As.2Os, which present bril- 
liant reflections when the tube is rotated in sunlight, are 
deposited above the heated portion of the tube (Tig. 28, 
p. 58). 
170. Heat a small quantity of Paris green in a reduc- 
tion tube: crystals of As203 are formed, as in § 169. 
171. Heat a small portion of elementary As in a long 
reduction tube: a brilliant steel-gray, brown, or black 
metallic-looking band is formed. 
172. Cut off the bottom of the tube used in § 171; heat 
the band, holding the tube in an inclined position: the 
metallic band disappears, and above the point which it 
occupied, a crystalline sublimate of As203 is deposited. 
173. Put a small quantity of As203 into a long reduction 
tube, and above it a splinter of charcoal. Heat the char- 
coal first, then the As203: a metallic band as in § 171 is 
* A glass tube, 3-4 mm. in internal diameter and 8 cent, long, 
closed at one end, AESENIO. 
56 
formed. Out off the bottom of the tube, and heat as in 
§ 172: crystals of As203 are formed. 
174. Acidulate soln. H3As03 with 2 gtt. HCI and pass 
HaS through the soln.: a yellow ppt. of AsaSa is formed. 
Warm the contents of the tube, agitate, collect the ppt. on 
a filter, and wash. Divide the ppt. into four parts on four 
watch-glasses. 
175. Add JSTH4HS to one watch-glass: the ppt. dis 
solves. 
176. Another portion of ppt. § 175 is treated with 
NH4HO: it dissolves. 
177. Another portion of ppt. § 175 is treated with HCI: 
it does not dissolve. 
178. Mix the remaining portion, after drying, with po- 
tassium ferrocyanide, and heat a portion in a long reduc- 
tion tube : a metallic band is formed. Cut off end of 
tube; heat as in § 172: crystals of As203. 
179. To soln. H3As03 in a test-tube add KHO to alkaline 
reaction, and treat with HS: no ppt. is formed. Add 
HCI: a yellow ppt. is formed as in § 175. 
180. Acidulate soln. H3As04 with HCI, and treat with 
PUS: the liquid first turns yellow and cloudy, but the yel- 
low ppt. of As2S3 only begins to form after a time. 
181. Put 5 cc.li2o into a porcelain capsule, add 1 gtt. 
NH4HO, and then CuS04 until the ppt. formed no longer 
redissolves. To the liquid so obtained add about 1 cc. of 
the liquid under examination: a green ppt. Stir the mix- 
ture and transfer it in about equal portions to two test- 
tubes. To one tube add HNO„: the ppt. dissolves, and 
the liquid becomes colorless. To the other test-tube add 
fSTH4HO: the ppt. dissolves, forming a blue soln. 
182. Put 5 cc. H2O into a porcelain capsule; add 1 gtt. 
NH4HO, and then AgN03 soln. until a permanent ppt. re- 
mains. Add 1 cc. H3As03 soln: a canary-yellow ppt. If AKSENIO. 
the ppt. do not appear, test the reaction of the contents of 
the capsule, and render neutral by the cautious addition 
of very dil. HHOs or HH4HO. Transfer to two test-tubes, 
and add HHOg to one, NH4HO to the other: both clear to 
colorless solutions. 
183. Repeat the test as in § 182, using a soln. of H3As04 
in place of H3AsOa: a brick-red ppt., which also dissolves 
in HHOgand in NH4HO, 
I*4. Reinsch’s test.—To 5 cc. in a test-tube add 0.5 cc. 
HCI and a slip of sheet Cu 2 mm. wide and 2 cent, long ; boil 
about five minutes, adding H2O to supply loss by evapora- 
tion. If the Cu remain perfectly bright, the materials 
are pure; if the Cu become even faintly dimmed, the ma- 
terials (Cu or HCI) are impure, and others must he substi- 
tuted. 
Having proven the purity of the reagents, put about 5 cc. 
of the liquid under examination into a test-tube, add 0.5 
cc. HCI and a slip of Cu, and boil. The Cu becomes 
gray, then black. Remove the Cu, wash it in H2O, dry 
between filter paper, taking care not to detach the black 
deposit. Place the Cu strip in and about 3 cent, from 
one end of a glass tube about 3 mm. in internal dia- 
meter and 15 cent. long. Warm the tube cautiously, 
holding it at an angle of 45° to the horizontal, until all 
moisture is driven off, then hold the tube at the same an- 
gle in the flame, so that the Cu is heated to bright redness. 
A white band is formed above the point at which the Cu 
was heated. Rotate the tube in the sunlight; brilliant, 
diamond-like reflections are seen. Examine the white 
band with a magnifier; it is found to consist of octahedral 
crystals of As2Og (Fig. 28) (see §§ 192, 207, 237). 
185. Marsh’s test.—Place some granulated zinc in a 
flask of 100 cc. capacity; fit the cork carrying a funnel 
tube and right-angled tube (a. Fig. 29). Connect the right- AESEJSTIO. 
58 
angle tube with the drying tube b, filled with fragments of 
CaCb or CaO between loose pings of cotton, and connect 
this in turn with the Bohemian tube c. Pour dil. HaS04 
through the funnel tube in small quantities at a time, so 
that a moderate evolution of Ha 
results. After twenty minutes, 
light the burner d, and the gas 
escaping at e, and, after another 
half-hour, examine the tube at 
c. If the tube be perfectly clean, 
the Zn and H.SO, are free from 
*2 4 
arsenic; but if any deposit have 
formed at c, the reagents contain 
As and must be discarded. 
Fig. 28. 
Having thus proved the purity of the chemicals, intro- 
duce the liquid to be tested, strongly acidulated with 
H2S04, through the funnel tube in small portions at a time, 
and at such a rate that two hours would be consumed in 
Fig. 29. ARSENIC. 
59 
adding 25 cc. If As be present, a black or brown, single 
or double, metallic “mirror ”is produced at c. After the 
mirror has become quite distinct, the tube c may be dis- 
connected from b, another tube fitted, and a second mirror 
collected. Now extinguish the burner, and hold a short 
section (about two cent.), cut from the bottom of a test- 
tube, over the flame at e, and, after a few moments, re- 
move and examine it. If As be present in sufficient quan- 
tity, the brilliant octahedral crystals of As203 will be 
found deposited on the glass. Next hold the cover of a 
porcelain crucible in the flame at e for a short time; a 
brown stain is formed on the porcelain. Collect several 
similar stains on porcelain, and examine them as follows: 
1. Moisten one with sodium hypochlorite soln.; it dissolves 
instantly. 2. Moisten with NH4HS soln. and warm; it 
dissolves slowly. 3. Evaporate the soln. 2to dryness; a 
yellow residue remains. 4. Obtain three residues as in 3. 
Moisten one with NH4HO, the other with HCI; the former 
dissolves, the latter does not. 5. Moisten the third resi- 
due 4 with HNOs; it dissolves. Evaporate to dryness; a 
white residue remains. Moisten with AgNOa soln.; it 
turns brick-red. 
Lastly, take one of the tubes c in which a mirror has 
been formed, cut oft the bent portion, and, holding the tube 
at an angle of 45° to the horizontal, cautiously heat the 
mirror: it disappears, and above it a white ring is depos- 
ited, consisting of the brilliant octahedral crystals of 
As203. 
Marsh's test is the most delicate and reliable of the tests 
for arsenic. Great caution is, however, required that the 
chemicals used do not themselves contain arsenic. 
186. Antidotes.—Emetics, stomach-pump, dialyzed 
iron, ferric hydrate. The last-named is made by adding 
excess of aqua ammonias to liq. ferri tersulphatis, collecting ANTIMONY, 
60 
the ppt. in a piece of muslin, and washing at the tap until 
the washings do not smell of ammonia. It is to be given 
moist, and in quantities at least twenty times as great as 
the amount of As203 to be neutralized. 
187. To 5 cc. of the soln. to be tested add 2 gtt. HCI: 
a white ppt. of Sb203, if the soln, be not too dilute. Con- 
tinue the addition of HCI: the ppt. redissolves. 
Antimony. Sb. 
188. Treat the soln. from § 187 with HaS: an orange- 
red ppt. Collect the ppt. on a filter; wash with H2O and 
place portions in three test-tubes. 
189. Add UH4HS to a portion of the ppt, from § 188: 
it dissolves. 
190. Add UH4HO to a portion of the ppt. from § 188: 
it does not dissolve. 
191. Add HCI to a portion of the ppt. from § 188, and 
warm: it dissolves. 
192. Apply Reinsch’s test as directed in § 184; a stain, 
like that produced by arsenic, is formed upon the Cu. Upon 
heating the Cu in the glass tube, a white band is produced 
as in the case of As, but this band coiisists of amorphous 
material (Sb2Os). not of crystals. 
193. Apply Marsh’s test as directed in § 185. A metal- 
lic mirror, closely resembling that consisting of As, is 
formed in the tube c, fig. 29; it differs, however, from the 
arsenical mirror in being situated nearer to the heated por- 
tion of the tube, in disappearing less rapidly when heated 
in the tube through which a current of air is passing, and 
in yielding an amorphous, in place of a crystalline subli- 
mate when so heated. The stains produced on porcelain 
differ from those consisting of As, in that: 1. They are 
insoluble in sodium hypochlorite soln. 2, They dissolve 
quickly in UH4HS. 3. The residue of evaporation of the BISMUTH. 
61 
soln. from 2 is orange-red in color, is soluble in warm HOI, 
and insoluble in HH4HO. 4. The residue of evaporation 
of the soln. from 2, when dissolved in warm IiUST03 and 
evaporated, leaves a white residue which does not become 
colored on addition of AgH03. 
IST. B.—lf the method described in § 168 have been fol- 
lowed, As and Sb will have been separated, the latter hav- 
ing been precipitated from the soln. before the liquid is 
introduced into the Marsh apparatus, and, consequently, the 
two elements cannot be mistaken for one another. 
194. Antidotes.—Warm water to produce emesis if it 
have not occurred, stomach-pump, tannin (decoction of oak 
bark, cinchona, nutgalls, tea). 
195. Dissolve Bi in HH03, and dissolve the white, crys- 
talline residue in dil. HOI. Divide the soln. into two 
parts. 
Bismuth. Bi. 
196. Treat half the soln. obtained in § 195 with II2S, a 
brownish-black ppt. is formed. Divide the liquid and sus- 
pended ppt. into three portions in three test-tubes. 
197. To one test-tube, § 196, add ]STH4HS: the ppt. does 
not dissolve. 
198. To another test-tube, § 196, add KHO; the ppt, 
does not dissolve. 
199. To another test-tube, § 196, add, after decanting 
as much as possible, HH03: the ppt. dissolves. 
200. Add ]STH4HS to a portion of the second half of the 
soln., § 195: a brownish-black ppt., having the same prop- 
erties as that formed in § 196, is formed. 
201. Adda small portion of the soln., § 195, to a large 
quantity of H2O; a milkiness is produced (if the amount of 
HCI in the soln. be not too great), which clears on addi- 
tion of HOI and application of heat. COPPER. 
62 
202. Add KHO, NaHO, or KH4HO to a portion of soln., 
§195: a white ppt. 
203. Add strong sodium acetate soln. to part of soln., 
§ 195, and then"potassium chromate soln.: a yellow, floc- 
culent ppt. Divide the ppt. into two parts in two test- 
tubes. 
204. To one test-tube, § 203, add KHO: the ppt. does 
not dissolve. 
205. To the other test-tube, § 203, add HK03 in excess: 
the ppt. dissolves. 
206. Add potassium ferrocyan de soln. to part of soln., 
§ 195: a yellowish ppt., insoluble in HCI, 
207. When Reinsch’s test is applied to a soln. contain- 
ing Bi, the Cu becomes stained as with As and Sb, but 
no sublimate is formed when it is heated in the glass tube. 
Copper. Cu. 
208. Treat with H2S: brownish-black ppt. Collect the 
ppt. on a filter, and wash with H2O containing H2S, keeping 
the funnel covered with a glass plate. Place some of the 
ppt. in four test-tubes. 
Add KHO to a portion of ppt.: it does not dissolve. 
Add NH4HS to a part of ppt.: it does not dissolve. 
Boil part of ppt. with dil. H2S04: it does not dissolve. 
Boil part of ppt. with dil. HNOs: it dissolves. 
209. Add KHO: a pale blue ppt. Boil the liquid: the 
ppt. contracts and turns black. 
210. Add 2 gtt. dil. KH4HO: a greenish-blue ppt. Add 
a further quantity of KH4HO: the ppt. dissolves, forming 
a dark-blue soln. 
211. Add potassium ferrocyanide soln: a brown ppt. 
Add acetic acid: the ppt. does not dissolve. 
212. Add a few gtt. H2S04, and immerse in the soln. a LEAD. 
63 
piece of bright Fe wire: the wire is coated after a time 
with a non-adherent film of Cm 
213. Moisten a loop of Pt wire with the soln., and hold 
it in the lower portion of the Bunsen flame, which is then 
colored green. 
214. Antidotes.—Stomach-pump, albumen. 
Lead. Pb. 
215. Treat with H..S: a black ppt. Wash the ppt. with 
H2O, containing H2S, and place portions of it in four test- 
tubes. 
Add KHO to one test-tube: the ppt. does not dissolve. 
Add NH4HS to another test-tube; the ppt. does not dis- 
solve. 
Add dil. HK03 to another test-tube, and boil: the ppt. 
dissolves. 
Add strong HK03 to another test-tube, and boil; the 
black color of the ppt. is discharged, and a white insoluble 
material remains. The PbS has been oxidized to PbS04. 
216. Add HCI: a white ppt., if the soln. be not too di- 
lute. Heat the liquid : the ppt. dissolves. Allow the 
liquid to cool; the PbCl2 separates in crystals. 
217. Add NH4HO: a white ppt., insoluble in excess. 
218. Add KHO; a white ppt. Add excess KHO and 
heat: the ppt. dissolves. 
219. Add dil. H2S04: a white ppt. 
220. Add KI: a yellow ppt. Wash the ppt., suspend 
portion in H2O; boil, and filter hot: on cooling, the soln. 
deposits brilliant yellow crjvstals. 
221. Add potassium chromate: a yellow ppt. Collect 
the ppt., wash, and place portions in two test-tubes. 
To one test-tube add KHO: the ppt. dissolves. 
To the other test-tube add acetic acid: the ppt. does not 
dissolve. MERCURY. 
64 
222. Suspend apiece of Zn. in the soln.: crystals of 
metallic lead separate after a time. 
223. Antidotes.—Magnesium or sodium sulphate ; 
stomach-pump; emetics. 
Mercury. Hg. 
MERCUROUS (Hg2) 
224. Heat a small quantity of calomel in a reduction 
tube: it does not fuse, hut turns yellow and sublimes. 
225. Add HCI to soln. Hg2(N03)2: a white ppt. Add 
KH4HO: the ppt. does not dissolve, but turns black. 
226. Add KH4HO to soln. Hg2(lSr03)2: a black ppt., 
insol. in excess. 
227. Add KHO to soln, Hg2(lSr03)2: a black ppt., insol. 
in excess. 
228. Add KI to soln. Hg2(N03)2, without excess of 
HJSTO,: a greenish ppt. 
MERCURIC. Hg. 
» 
229. Heat a small portion of corrosive sublimate in a 
reduction tube: it turns yellowish, fuses, and sublimes. 
230. Add HCI to soln. HgCl2: no ppt. is formed. 
231. Add HH4HO: a white ppt., sol. in solns. of NH4 
salts. 
232. Add KHO: a yellow ppt., insol. in excess. 
233. Add 2 gtt. KI to soln. Hgo1t: a salmon colored 
ppt., which turns red rapidly. Add excess KI: the ppt, 
dissolves, forming a colorless soln. 
MERCUROUS AND MERCURIC. 
234. Treat with H2S: a ppt., which is first white, then 
orange, then brown, and finally black. Collect the ppt. MEECUEY. 
65 
on a filter, wash until the washings are free from Cl, and 
place portions of the ppt. in three test-tubes. 
Add strong HCI to one test-tube, and boil: the ppt. does 
not dissolve. 
Add strong HHOa to another test-tube, and boil: the 
ppt. does not dissolve. 
Mix the contents of the two tubes, and heat: the ppt. 
dissolves. 
Add hTH4HS to the remaining tube, and warm: the ppt. 
does not dissolve. 
235. Dissolve a fragment of Sn in HCI with the aid of 
heat. Add a few gtt. of this soln, to 1 cc. soln. HgCl2: a 
white ppt. Add more SnCl2 soln.: the ppt. turns gray. 
Boil the liquid, decant as much of the liquid from the 
ppt. as possible, add HCI to the ppt., and boil: the ppt. 
unites into globules of metallic Hg. 
236. Pour dil. Hh[03 on a copper cent. When the Ou 
has become bright, pour off the acid, wash the coin with 
water, and immerse it in soln. HgCl2, acidulated with HCI: 
after a time the Cu is covered with a gray film. Rub the 
surface of the coin with the finger: it assumes a silvery 
lustre. 
237. Apply Reinsch’s test to a soln. of HgCl2: the Cu is 
stained as with As, Sb, and Bi, but when heated in the glass 
tube it yields a sublimate consisting of minute globules of 
Hg. 
238. Immerse a bar of Zn, around which a strip of den- 
tists gold foil has been wound, so as to leave exposed alter- 
nate surfaces of Zn and An, in dil. soln. HgCl2, acidulated 
with HCI. The An is covered with a silvery film and, 
when heated in a glass tube, yields a sublimate consisting 
of globules of Hg. 
239. Antidotes.—White of egg, followed in a few mO' 
ments by an emetic, or stomach-pump. BAEIUM ZINC. 
66 
Barium. Ba. 
240. With (NH4).2C03, a white ppt., sol. in acids. 
241. With dil, H2S04, or CaS04 soln., a white ppt., 
insol. in acids. 
242. With HC2H302 and K2Cr04, a yellow ppt., sol. in 
warm HC2H302. 
243. On Pt wire, colors Bunsen flame yellowish-green. 
244. Antidotes.—Magnesium or sodium sulphate. 
Zinc. Zn. 
245. Add JSTH4CI and NH4HO to alkaline reaction, and 
treat with H2S: a white ppt. , Transfer the liquid and sus- 
pended ppt. to three test-tubes. 
To one tube add N114HS: the ppt. does not dissolve. 
To another tube add H02H302: the ppt. does not dis- 
solve. 
To the third add HCI: the ppt. dissolves. 
246. Add KHO in small quantity: a white ppt. Add 
excess of KHO: the ppt. dissolves. Add H2O and boil; a 
white ppt. again separates. 
247. Add potassium ferrocyanide: awhile ppt., insol. 
in HCI. 
245. Antidotes,—Milk, white of egg, tea, tannin. VEGETABLE POISONS. 
249. In this class are included the alkaloids, glucosides, 
and vegetable acids. Their separation from organic mix- 
tures, contents of stomach, organs, etc., is best effected by 
a combination of the Stas-Otto and Dragendorff methods. 
The substances to be examined, hashed if solid, are 
placed in a flask and covered with twice their weight of 
alcohol,* alcoholic solution of tartaric acid is then added, 
during agitation, until the contents of the flask are dis- 
tinctly acid. The mouth of the flask is closed with a cork, 
through which passes a glass-tube of 8 mm. internal 
diameter and about a meter long, open at both ends, and 
the flask warmed over the water-bath about two hours. 
The contents of the flask are allowed to cool, filtered 
through a filter moistened with alcohol, and the insol. por- 
tion washed with alcohol. The alcoholic filtrate and wash- 
ings are evaporated in a porcelain capsule at a temperature 
of 35° 0., until the alcohol is removed. The aqueous 
liquid remaining is cooled, filtered, and the filtrate 
evaporated to the consistence of syrup. To the syrupy 
residue a few gtt. absolute alcohol are added and the mix- 
ture thoroughly stirred. The addition of absolute alcohol 
in small portions, during constant stirring, is continued so 
long as any precipitate is formed. The alcoholic liquid is 
filtered off and the residue washed with alcohol. The fil- 
trate and washings are evaporated to the consistence of 
* Alcohol for this purpose must be purified by dissolving in it 
tartaric acid to strongly acid reaction, and distilling over the 
water-bath. VEGETABLE POISONS. 
68 
syrup, and the residue dissolved in ILO. The distinctly 
acid aqueous soln. is transferred to a bulb funnel (Fig. 30) 
in which it is agitated with different solvents as follows: 
The acid, aqueous liquid is agitated with petroleum 
ether, the ethereal layer separated, aud evaporated. This 
treatment, like all of the subsequent agitations, is repeated 
so long as the solvent dissolves anything. The petroleum 
ether leaves a residue, Residue 1., which contains 
principally fatty, resinous, and pigmentary sub- 
stances. 
The acid, aqueous liquid is next agitated with 
benzol, which is evaporated in several watch glasses. 
This, Residue 11., may contain colchicin, digita- 
lin, and small quantities of veratrine and physos- 
tigmine. 
The acid, aqueous liquid is then agitated with 
chloroform, which is evaporated on watch glasses, 
yielding Residue 111., which may contain picro- 
toxin and digitalein and traces of brucine, narco- 
tine, physostigmine, and veratrine. 
The acid, aqueous liquid is again agitated with 
petroleum ether to remove CHCla, the ether separ- 
ated, and the aqueous liquid rendered alkaline 
with NH4HO. 
The alkaline, aqueous liquid is agitated with 
petroleum ether, which, on separation and eva- 
poration in watch glasses, leaves Residue IV., 
which may contain coniine and nicotine, and traces of 
brucine, strychnine, and veratrine. 
Fig. 30. 
The alkaline, aqueous liquid is next agitated with ben- 
zol, which is evaporated, yielding Residue V., in which 
atropine, hyoscyamine, narcotine, strychnine, aconitine, 
brucine, physostigmine, and veratrine may be found. 
The alkaline, aqueous liquid is then agitated with chloro- GENERAL REACTIONS OF ALKALOIDS MORPHINE. 
69 
form, which, or evaporation, leaves Residue VI., which 
may contain the opium alkaloids in small quantity. 
The alkaline, aqueous liquid is lastly agitated with 
amylic alcohol, from which Residue VII., in which mor- 
phine will be found if present in the substances examined, 
is obtained by evaporation. 
Finally, curarine, if present, will remain in the aqueous 
liquid, which may also contain oxalic acid. 
General Reactions of Alkaloids. 
250. Add to an acidulated soln. of an alkaloid a soln. of 
potassium iodhydrargyrate, made by dissolving 13.546 
gms. HgCla and 49.8 gms. KI in IL. H2O; a white or yel- 
low ppt. 
FT. B.—This reaction, like the subsequent ones, is best 
performed by placing a drop of the liquid under examina- 
tion and one of the reagent near each other on a slip of 
black glass and bringing the two together with a pointed 
glass rod. 
251. Add to an acidulated soln. of an alkaloid, a soln. 
of phosphomolybdic acid: a white or yellow ppt. 
252. Add to an acidulated soln. of an alkaloid, soln. 
of phosphotungstic acid: a white, flocculent ppt. 
258. The following reagents also produce ppts. in faintly 
acidulated solns. of alkaloids: lodine in potassium iodide, 
brown; tannin, white or yellow; platinic chloride, yellow- 
ish, usually becoming crystalline; auric chloride, yellowish; 
phosphoantimonic acid, white; iodide of potassium and 
iodide of cadmium, white or yellow; picric acid, yellow. 
Morphine. 
254. Moisten a crystal withHN03: a red color, chang- 
ing to yellow. 
255. Moisten with H2S04: the alkaloid dissolves, form- MORPHINE—MECONIC ACID. 
ing a colorless soln. Let stand twenty-four hours, and 
add a trace of HK03: the liquid turns pink. Warm, cool, 
dilute with H2O and add a small crystal of potassium 
dichromate: a mahogany color. 
256. Dissolve a few crystals of iodic acid in II20, and 
shake a part of the soln. with CHC13, the latter should not 
he colored. 
Add to a soln. of a morphine salt a few gtt. of the iodic 
acid soln, and agitate: the liquid assumes a yellow color. 
Add a few gtt. CIICl3, and agitate: the CIIC13 which 
separates at the bottom is colored violet. Float some dil. 
NiLHO on the surface of the liquid: the test-tube will 
contain different colored layers; violet below, then yellow, 
dark yellow or brown, and faintly yellowish. 
257. Moisten a crystal of morphine, or add to a neu- 
tral soln. of one of its salts, a neutral soln. of Fe2Cl6: a 
blue color. 
258. To a crystal of morphine add a soln. of molybdic 
acid in li2S04 (Frohde’s reagent): a violet color, changing 
to blue, dirty green, and faint pink. Water discharges 
the color. 
259. Add KH4HO to AgK03 soln. until the ppt. begins 
to remain undissolved, filter, add soln. of a morphine salt 
and warm: a gray ppt. Filter off the liquid and add to it 
HK03: a red or pink color. 
260. Antidotes.—Stomach-pump, wash out stomach 
with H2O, holding powdered charcoal in suspension, or 
with infusion of tea, ZnS04. Keep patient awake. Atro- 
pine ? 
Meconie Acid- 
261. To portions of the acid in three watch glasses add 
Fe2016 soln: a red color is produced. To one watch glass 
add dil. HCI: the color is not discharged. To the second 
watch glass add HgCl2 soln.: the color is not discharged. STRYCHNINE. 
71 
To the third watch glass add sodium hypochlorite soln.: 
the color is discharged. 
262. Add Fe2Cl0 soln. to a sulphocyanate in a watch 
glass: a red color, similar to that with meconic acid, is 
produced. Add HgCl2 soln.; the color is discharged. 
Strychnine. 
263. Place a minute drop of a soln. of a strychnine salt 
on the tongue: a persistent, intensely bitter taste. 
264. Add H2B04: the alkaloid (or its salts) dissolves, 
forming a colorless soln. Draw through the soln. a frag- 
ment of a crystal of potassium dichromate: it is followed 
by a streak of color; at first blue (very transitory and fre- 
quently not observed), then a brilliant violet, which slowly 
changes to rose pink, and finally to yellow. 
265. Evaporate a drop of soln. of a strychnine salt on a 
slip of Pt. foil, moisten the residue with concentrated 
H2S04, connect the foil with the 4- pole of a Grove cell, 
and bring a Pt. wire, connected with the pole in con- 
tact with the surface of the acid: a violet color on the sur- 
face of the foil. 
266. Moisten a fragment of strychnine with a soln. of 
iodic acid in H2S04; a yellow color, changing to brick-red 
and then to violet-red. 
267. Let an assistant hold a small frog by the hind legs. 
Raise the skin of the back at the root of the legs with a 
forceps, make a small incision with a scissors and allow a 
few gtt. of a very dilute soln, of a salt of strychnine to 
flow into the lymph pouch. Place the frog under a glass 
shade: within ten minutes the animal has violent tetanic 
spasms, with opisthotonos or emprosthotonos, increasing 
in frequency, and provoked on the slightest touch, or by 
blowing upon the surface. 
268. Add a few gtt. of a dil. soln. of potassium dichro- ATROPINE—OXALIC ACID. 
mate to a soln. of a strychnine salt: a yellow, crystalline 
ppt. Collect the ppt. and moisten it with cone. H2S04: a 
play of colors as in § 264. 
269. Antidotes.—Stomach-pump, wash out stomach 
with infusion of tea. Chloroform, chloral. 
Atropine. 
270. Dissolve a fragment of potassium dichromate in a 
few gtt. H2S04, warm, add a fragment of atropine and two 
gtt. H2O, and stir: an odor resembling that of orange 
blossoms. 
271. Drop a few gtt. of a dil. soln. of a salt of atropine 
into the inner canthus of the eye of a cat, after a few mo- 
ments hold the animal so that the light falls equally upon 
both eyes: the pupil of the eye operated upon is widely 
dilated. 
272. Add a five-per-cent solution of HgCl2 in fifty per 
cent C„II00, and warm gently; a brick-red ppt. 
273. Dissolve the substance to be tested in alcohol. 
Heat some mercuric cyanide in a short test-tube, fitted with 
a cork and bent glass tube. Pass the gas evolved from 
the Hg(CH)2 into the alcoholic soln.: it assumes a blood- 
red color. 
274. Moisten the solid alkaloid with cone. HN03, dry 
on the water-bath, cool, add a drop of an alcoholic soln. of 
KHO: a violet color passing to a brilliant red. 
275. Antidotes.—Emetics, stomach-pump, wash out 
stomach with infusion of tea. Morphine ? 
Oxalic Acid. 
276. Add HH4HO to neutral or faintly alkaline reac- 
tion, then a soln. of (JaCl2: a white ppt. Add HCI: the 
ppt. dissolves. 
277. Add AgH03: a white ppt. Boil the liquid: the OXALIC ACID. 
73 
ppt* does not darken. Divide the ppt. and liquid into 
two portions; to one add HN03, to the other NH4HO: the 
ppt. in each dissolves. 
278. Add Pb(OaH3Os)a: a white ppt. if the soln. be not 
too dilute. Divide the liquid and ppt. into two parts, to 
one add HND3 : the ppt. dissolves; to the other add 
HC2H302: the ppt. does not dissolve. 
279. Antidotes.—Slacked lime, magnesia usta, sus- 
pended in a small quantity of water. Give as little liquid 
as possible, and do not use stomach-pump if symptoms of 
corrosion are observed. INDEX. 
Abbreviations, 2 
Acidimetry, 22 
Albumin, 11, 82 
Albuminoids, 8 
Alcohol, 46 
Alkalimetry, 22 
Alkaloids, 69 
Ammonia, 52 
Ammonio - magnesian phos- 
phate, 36 
Antimony, 60 
Arsenic, 55 
Atropine, 72 
Barium, 66 
Bile, 19 
Bdiary pigments, 20 
salts, 19 
Bismuth, 61 
Blood, 18, 89 
Burette, 23 
Calcium oxalate, 36 
phosphate, 36 
Calculi, 41 
Carbolic acid, 48 
Casts, 39 
Chloral, 47 
Chlorides, 7, 25, 50 
Chloroform, 46 
Color, 8 
Copper, 62 
Cystin, 37 
Decimeter, 2 
Diabetic sugar, 15, 33 
Epithelium, 38 
Filtration, 9 
Funnels, 9 
Glucose, 15, 33 
Hydrochloric acid, 50 
Hydrocyanic acid, 45 
Lead, 63 
Leucin, 37 
Meconic acid, 70 
Mercury, 64 
Mineral substances, 6 
Morphine, 69 
Mucin, 14 
Mucus, 38 
Nitric acid, 50 
Odor, 8 
Organic substances, 6 
Organized deposits, 38 
Oxalic acid, 73 
Paraglobulin, 13 
Peptone, 14 
Phenol, 48 75 
INDEX. 
I'hosphates, 7, 26 
Phosphorus, 44 
Pipette, 28 
Poisons, 43 
metallic, 52 
mineral, 49 
vegetable, 67 
volatile, 43 
Potash, 51 
Proteids, 8 
Prussic acid, 45 
Pus, 38 
Quantity, 3 
Reaction, 4, 22 
Rules, 1 
Soda, 51 
Spermatozoa, 40 
Strychnine, 71 
Sugar, 15, 33 
Sulphates, 7, 28 
Sulphuric acid, 49 
Test, biuret, 8 
Boettger’s, 16 
Esbach’s, 32 
Fehling’s, 18, 33 
fermentation, 18 
Fowler’s, 30 
Gmelin’s, 20 
Test, Heller’s, 11 
Marsh’s, 57 
Moore's, 15 
Mulder’s, 17 
murexid, 8 
Neubauer’s, 17 
Oliver’s, 20 
Paul’s, 21 
Pettenkofer’s, 19 
Reinsch’s, 57 
Trocnmer’s, 16 
Triple phosphate, 36 
Tyrosin, 37 
Unorganized deposits, 35 
Urates, 35 
Urea, 8, 29 
Uric acid, 8, 30, 35 
Urinary deposits, 34 
Urine, color of, 3 
composition of, 5 
odor of, 3 
quantity of, 3 
reaction of, 4 
specific gravity of, 4 
Urinometer, 4 
Vegetable poisons, 67 
Wash bottle, 10 
Zinc, 66