HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATING TO THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE HISTORY OF MEDICINE DIVISION NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 1971 "Every library should try to be complete on something, if it were only the history of pin-heads, I don't mean that I buy all the trashy compilations on my special subjects, but I try to have all the works of any real importance relating to them, old as well as new." --Oliver Wendell Holmes, Poet at the Breakfast Table 1 LIBRARIANS AND DIRECTORS 1870 - 1895 Colonel John Shaw Billings 1896 - 1897 Colonel David Low Huntington 1898 - 1902 Major James Cushing Merrill 1902 - 1902 Major Walter Reed^ 1903 - 1904 Brigadier-General Calvin DeWitt 1904 - 1913 Brigadier-General Walter Drew McCaw 1913 - 1918 Colonel Champe Carter McCulloch 1918 - 1919 Brigadier-General Francis Anderson Winter 1919 - 1919 Colonel Paul Frederick Straub 1919 - 1924 Major-General Robert Ernest Noble 1924 - 1927 Colonel James Matthew Phalen 1927 - 1932 Colonel Percy Moreau Ashburn 1932 - 1936 Major Edgar Erskine Hume 1936 - 1944 Colonel Harold Wellington Jones 1945 - 1946 Colonel L. Lc Gardner 1946 - 1949 Colonel Joseph H. McNinch 1949 - 1963 Colonel Frank Bo Rogers 1964 - Dr. Martin Mo Cummings Major Walter Reed had told F. H, Garrison that "it was the highest ambition of his life to succeed Colonel Billings as Librarian of the Surgeon General's Office." Billings selected Reed for this position, but Reed died one week after his appointment. (Edgar E. Hume, "Garrison and the Army Medical Library, 1891-1930," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 5 (1937), 342) 2 FIRST BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE - 1957 Ex officio members: Dr, Leroy E, Burney, Surgeon General, Public Health Service Major General S< B. Hays, Surgeon General, U.S. Army Rear Admiral B. W. Hogan, Surgeon General, U.S. Navy Major General D. C. Ogle, Surgeon General, U.S. Air Force Dr. William S. Middleton, Chief Medical Director, Veterans Administration Dr, John T. Wilson, Asst. Dir. for Biological and Medical Sciences, National Science Foundation » Dr. L, Quincy Mumford, Librarian of Congress Appointed members: Term expiring 1958: Dr. Worth B. Daniels, Georgetown University (elected Chairman) Dr, Benjamin Spector, Tufts University Term expi: lag 1959; Dr, I. S. Ravdin, University of Pennsylvania Miss Mary Louise Marshall, Tulane University Term expiring I960: Dr. Basil G. Bibby, University of Rochester Dr. Jean A. Curran, William Bingham, 2nd, Trust for Charity, Boston Dr, Champ Lyons, Medical College of Alabama (elected Vice-Chairman) Terra expiring 1961: Dr. Michael E. Deßakey, Baylor University Dr. Thomas Francis, Jr., University of Michigan Dr. Ernest H. Volwiler, Abbott Laboratories 3 CHRONOLOGY 1836 - Origin of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office with collection i of books in the office of Surgeon General Joseph Lovell. 1840 - First listing of books in library: "A Catalog of Books in the Library of the Surgeon General's Office." This was a manuscript catalog. 1864 - Library issues first published catalog. The work listed 1,365 volumes, divided into 9 classes, and included the place and date of publication. 1865 - John Shaw Billings received or assumed nominal charge of the collection 2 of books known as the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office. 1866 - Library housed in Ford's Theater (513 Tenth Street, NOW<,)« 1876 - Specimen Fasciculus of a Catalogue of the National Medical Library issued. 1876 - Dr. Robert Fletcher joins library staff. It is probable that this office was located in the Vevan house on G Street, N.W. (Washington, D.CO), but exact location has not been identified; Lovell was Surgeon General from 1818 to 1836, The first request for monies for the library appeared in the 1836 estimate of expenses of the Surgeon- General’s Officeo Of the total estimate of $2,400 for the Office, $l5O was for "Medical Books." Regarding the origin of the Library, however, "the seeds t were sown well before 1836." (Schullian-Rogers, "The National Library of Medi- cine," 3-4). John S. Billings on the subject "who founded the National Medical Library?" writes: "For many years there was a small collection of medical books and journals in the Surgeon-General’s office at Washington, which collection was commenced by Surgeon-General Lovell prior to 1836(The Medical Record 17 (March 13, 1880), 298-299) 1 2 * Under the direction of Dr. Billings and with the support of Surgeon- General Joseph Ko Barnes the library grew substantially. "At the commencement of the [Civil] War this collection amounted to between three and four hundred 4 1879 - First issue of Index Medicus; a Monthly Classified Record of the Current Med lea1 Literature of the World, compiled under the super- vision of John S. Billings and Robert Fletcher. Published until 1926 (except 1900-02). 1880 - John S. Billings suggests that statistical data be recorded on cards 3 ' and that a machine be invented for sorting and tabulating. 1880 - Publication of volume I (A-Berlinski) of the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office0 1883 - Surgeon General Robert Murray consolidates the Army Medical Museum and the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office into Museum and \ Library Division., J. S. Billings in charge of both units. volumes. . , 0 When the library came under my [Billings’] charge, in the fall of 1865, it contained . . , about 1,800 volumes." In 1871, the library had 13,000 volumes; by 1873 the holdings included 25,000 books and 15,000 pamphlets; and, in 1880 ..he library contained 50,000 books and 60,000 pamphlets. (The Medical Record, 298-299; Scheirer, Notes on the Army Surgeon General’s office in Washington, 1818-1948, p. 36) ln 1880, Billings had charge of vital statistics in the Tenth Census and suggested to Herman Hollerith, a Special Agent of the Census Office, that cards could be used to record individual data and that a machine could do the mechanical work of tabulating, Hollerith studied the problem, told Billings that he thought he could work out a solution, and asked him if he wanted to join the project, Billings declined the offer--"his only wish was to see the problem solved," By 1884, Hollerith had developed the first tabulating machine and the cards on which to store data. According to Garrison, Billings sug- gested that statistical data "might be recorded on a single card or slip by punching holes in it, and that these cards might then be sorted and counted by mechanical means according to selected groups of these perforations." (Garrison, John Shaw Billings; A Memoir, p. 343) Virginia Hollerith, daughter of the inventor, writes; Dr. Billings suggested "using cards with the description of the individual shown by notches in the edge of the card and a device something like a type distributing machine." (Virginia Hollerith, Biographical Sketch of Herman Hollerith, in Modern Manuscripts Collection, National Library of Medicine) 5 1885 (March) - President Chester A. Arthur approves new building for library,^ 1887 - Library housed in newly constructed brick building on the Washington Malic5 1891 (March) - Fielding H. Garrison joins library staff as a clerkc 1895 - John Shaw Billings leaves library to join Department of Hygiene of the University of Pennsylvania. 1895 - Volume XVI (W-Zythus) of the Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office is issued and concludes First Series. The first series of the I-C contained 176,364 author and 168,557 subject entries for books and pamphlets, and sxibject entries for 511,112 journal articleso The library at this time held 116,847 books and 191,598 pamphlets. 1903-27 - Index Medicus, Second and Third Series, published under patronage of the Carnegie Institution. 1913 - Fielding H. Garrison publishes An Introduction to the History of Medicine. The work went through four editions. That "a brick and metal fireproof building, to be used for the safekeeping of the records, library, and museum of the Surgeon-General’s Office of the United States Army 0 . . be constructed upon the Government reservation in the city of Washington, in the vicinity of the National Museum and the Smithsonian Institution,” at a cost not to exceed $200,000. (Quoted in Schullian-Rogers, 99) Between 1865 and 1887 the Surgeon General had his office over the old Riggs Bank. Here, among other official business, books and pamphlets and other materials, were accessioned and cataloged, and then sent to the Library Hall in the Ford's Theater building on Tenth Street, The amount of money, *-$200,000, appropriated for the Mall structure was found to be insufficient by $50,000 and changes in the plans had to be made. Even at the time the building was completed some people considered it too small and inadequately fireproof for the valuable works it contained. 6 1922 - The Library of the Surgeon General's Office becomes the Army Medical Library (Army Regulations 40-405, 10 January 1922), 1927 - Index Medicus merged with Quarterly Cumulative Index to become Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus. Published under joint sponsorship of the library and American Medical Association through 1931, and thereafter by the American Medical Association, through 1956. 1937 - The Annual Report of the Surgeon General contains its first mention of bibliofilmsc The Bibliofilm Service of the Department of Agriculture sent a man to the Library two or three times a week to operate a microfilm camera furnished by Dr. Atherton Seidell„ 1938 - Congress authorizes land and a new building for the Army Medical Library (Act of 15 June 1938; 52 Stat. 684). The proposed location was East Capitol Street, bounded by Third, Fourth and A Streets, S.EC, neax the Folger Library, the Supreme Court, and the Library of Congress, 1938 - Congress passes bills authorizing a new building for the Library and f fi Museum at a cost not to exceed $3,750,000. 1941-59 - Publication of Current List of Medical Literature. The work was orig- inally issued under the auspices of the Friends of the Army Medical Library and (from 1942-45) the Medical Library Association. 1942 (June) - Photoduplication service incorporated into library operationse ln June, 1940, Congress appropriated $130,000 for plans for the new building. In 1941, an amendment authorized an additional million dollars for acquisition of a site on Capitol Hill. World War IT suspended further action on the project. (Schullian-Rogers, 112) 7 1942 - Cleveland Branch of the Army Medical Library established. 1943 (January) - Decision Is made to supply microfilm without cost to all government agencies and to all individuals connected with accredited O institutions. 1943-44 - Survey of Library, financed by Rockefeller Foundation and carried out q under auspices of the American Library Association. 1944 - First meeting of the Association of Honorary Consultants to the Army Medical Library. 1948 - Department of Defense Committee on Medical and Hospital Services (Hawley Board) recommends that the name of the Library be changed to Armed Forces Medical Library, Space problems, the danger of fire, building deterioration and the pos- sibility of air attack were all factors in *:he decision to move numerous valuable items from the Washington building to Cleveland,, The materials were housed in the Allen Memorial Medical Library and between August, 1942 and January, 1943, a total of 20,167 rare items were transferred. The presence of a bindery at the Cleveland Library facilitated the restoration and binding of many valuable items shipped to Cleveland. (The National Medical Library; Report of a Survey of the Army Medical Library. Chicago; American Library Association, 1944) g uThe Library recognizes that microfilm copying is a service which publicly supported reference libraries may well perform on an equal basis with that pro- vided for readers and by interlibrary loans. In the pursuance of such a policy, microfilms will be sent without charge in lieu of the loan of books to those who prefer them or where books or journals cannot be loaned." (Quoted in Schullian- Rogers, 111) The surveying committee consisted of Keyes D. Metcalf, Janet Doe, Thomas P. Fleming, Mary Louise Marshall, L. Quincy Mumford, and Andrew D. Osborn. The report studied and evaluated all facets of library operation and enabled the library to "reorganize upon a firm and rational basis and one in accord with the most advanced principles of library science." (NLM, Annual Report, 1944) 8 1948 - Library issues its preliminary edition of Army Medical Library Class - i ifications. In 1951 the Classification was published and subsequent revised editions of the work appear regularly. When the National Library of Medicine Act was passed the title was changed to National Library of Medicine Classification, —i — ■— > 1948 - The Surgeon General appoints a committee of consultants on medical ... 10 indexing. 1949 - Armed Forces Medical Advisory Committee (Cooper Committee) recommends that the Library be declared a civil function of the Department of the Army and that a new building be acquired. 1950 - A Catalogue of Incunabula and Manuscripts in the Army Medical Library, prepared by Dorothy M. Schullian and Francis E. Sommer, published for the Honorary Consultants by Henry Schuman, 1950 - Library issues its first annual catalog: the Army Medical Library Author Catalog, 1949. The work included a subject index. In 1955 a cumulative Catalog (1950-54) was issued in six volumes and con- tained 180,000 entries for books and serial titles. 1950 - Johns Hopkins Research Project under the direction of Dr, Sanford V. Larkey studies problems of medical bibliography with emphasis on the possible application of machine methods. The project was established at the Welch Medical Library and supported by the Army Medical Library. 10 Consisting of twelve members, with Dr. Lewis H. Weed, Chairman, the committee's instructions were to "study the indexing requirements of modern medical science and the. publications of the Army Medical Library as devices to satisfy those requirements„" Four subcommittees--on need, use, techniques, and scope--were established. (NIM, Annual Report, 1949) 9 1950 - The Current: List of Medical Literature, previously published weekly, is revised under the editorship of Seymour la Taine and issued monthly. 1950 Decision is made to cease publication of the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General’s Office. 1951 - Association of Honorary Consultants to the Army Medical Library, Inc, 12 is dissolved. 1951 - National Research Council (Corner Committee) reports to the Secretary of Defense on the proper location of the Library in the government structure, 1952 - Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett signs directive converting the Army Medical Library into the Armed Forces Medical Library, a joint agency of the three military departments. 1952 - Friends of the Armed Forces Medical Library organize with purpose "to promote knowledge of, and interest in, the functions, resources, and services of the 0 . . Library, and to support programs for its development.11 A committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Lewis Weed, and later Dr, Chauncey D. Leake, studied the problem for almost three years before reaching this conclusion. Concurrently with this study, Dr, Sanford V. Larkey surveyed the field of medical periodicals, subject-heading principles, and utilization of machine methods in medical Indexing. Because of the change in the Library's status it became impractical to continue the Association. At the eighth annual meeting of the Honorary Con- sultants a resolution was passed to terminate the corporate existence of the Association, Dr. Wilburt C, Davison, retiring president of the group, invited the members to join in the formation of a group to 'be known as the Friends of the Armed Forces Medical Library, 10 1953 - Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson issues memorandum regarding i planning, budgeting, design and construction of a new library building. 1954 - Hoover Commission (Task Force on Federal Medical Services of the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government) begins hearings on the Library situation. The report was issued in February, 1955, and recommended the creation of a National Library of Medicine and the transfer of the Armed Forces Medical Library thereto.. 1956 (March 13) - Senator Lister Hill and Senator John F. Kennedy submit to Congress Bill S.3430: "to promote the progress of medicine and to advance the national health and welfare by creating a National Library of Medicine. 1956 - The Armed Forces Medical Library Advisory Group holds last meeting. During the four years of its existence the Advisory Group proved its excellence as an adjunct to the Library administration. In a sense, it served as a prototype for the Board of Regents which succeeded it. •JO On May 29, 1956, the Senate Committee reported the bill out favorably, amending it to provide for operation of the Library by the Public Health Service (Senate Report 2071 [B4th Cong., 2d Sess.3, May 29, 1956). On June 11, 1956, the Senate passed 5.3430, as amended. Hearings in the House indicated a difference of opinion as to the site of the new library. On July 19, 1956, the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce submitted House Report No. 2826, reporting favorably on 503430, with an amendment which left the decision as to location of the new building up to the Board of Regents of the National Library of Medicine. On July 23, the bill was passed by the House and on July 24, the House version was concurred in by the Senate and sent to the President. 11 1956 (April) - Symposium on the "acquisitions policy of the National Medical Library, 1956 (August 3) - National Library of Medicine Act (5.3430) signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower as Public Law 941, 84th Congress (70 Stat. 960), 1957 - Friends of the Armed Forces Medical Library disband. 1957 (April) - The Board of Regents of National Library of Medicine desig- nates a ten-acre tract on the National Institutes of Health reservation in Bethesda, Maryland, as the site for the new library building. 1957 (September) - Library adopts new loan policy consisting of (1) all individual requests have to be channeled through another library and (2) interlibrary loan service and the photoduplication service are considered as two phases of the same plan with the Library fur- nishing photocopies in lieu of the original works whenever possible, taking into account copyright restrictions, length of the item requested, costs, and other pertinent dataQ Participants were Frank B. Rogers, Verner W. Clapp, Benjamin Manchester, Homer W. Smith, Richard H. Shryock, Frederick G, Kilgour, Arthur E. Bestor, and Keyes D. Metcalf. Proceedings were printed by the National Library of Medicine in 1957. With the passage of the National Library of Medicine Act, the Friends of Armed Forces Medical Library felt that their major objectives had been achieved. Action was taken to disband the organization and the $767.35 remaining in the Friends' treasury was presented as a gift to the National Library of Medicine. (NIM, Annual Report, 1957) 12 1958 - Formal library intern training program initiated„ 1960 - The Current List of Medical Literature and the Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus are superseded by the mechanized monthly Index Medicus, new series, and the annual Cumulated Index Medicus, published by the American Medical Association, With volume 6 (1965) the Cumulated Index Medicus was published by the Department of Health, Education? and Welfare, 1962 (April) - Library begins operation in its new seven million dollar building in Bethesda,^ 1964 - MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) becomes operational, and is first used to produce the Index Medicus for January, 1964. The issue for August, 1964, was the first to be produced on GRACE. 1964 - MEDLARS Demand Search Service instituted. 1965 (October 22) - Medical Library Assistance Act (Public Law 89-291) signed 17 into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. 16 August, 1956: National Library of Medicine Act passed with authoriza- tion for new building -- April, 1957: NLM Board of Regents selects building site -- June, 1957: design contract awarded to O'Connor and Kilham, Architects -- July, 1958; construction funds appropriated -- February, 1959: final review of building plan and specifications -- May, 1959: construction contract awarded to Arthur Venneri Company -- June 12, 1959: groundbreaking ceremony -- June 17, 1959: construction begins -- December 14, 1961: dedication ceremony -- April, 1962: History of Medicine Collections returned from Cleveland -- May 11, 1962: the slip from the Hippocrates plane tree on the island of Cos planted on library grounds. 17 The new law created broad responsibilities for the Library to help the Nation's medical libraries provide vital services to medical education, research and practice. A Regional Medical Library network consisting of eleven libraries 13 1965 ~ Library issues the first of its "Recurring Bibliographies." Although Cerebrovascular Bibliography was the first bibliography produced through GRACE, the Index of Rheumatology was the first recurring bibliography processed by MEDLARS from inception to retrieval. 1965 - In order to provide continuing "current awareness" on specific subjects, the Library inaugurates "Recurring Demand Searches.” Sixteen were being distributed during the first year. \ 1966 - Bibliography of the History of Medicine, No. 1, 1965, published. 1966 - Current Catalog appears as biweekly with quarterly and annual cumula- tions, produced through MEDLARS, replacing the annual catalog published since 1950. 1966 - National Bureau of Standards report on specifications for microfilming, prepared for NLM. 1967 - Publication of A Catalogue of Sixteenth Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine;, compiled by Richard J. Durling. 1967 - Library begins Research and Development Program. 1967 - First Regional. Medical Library (Countway) established. 1968 - NLM is made a Bureau of the National Institutes of Health. was brought into existence as a result of this law; the last two libraries being selected in fiscal year 1970. The current extramural program of the Library owes its inception to this legislation. 14 1968 (January 9) - Department of Health, Education and Welfare establishes new organization for NIM which includes audiovisual programs, incorporating activities of the National Medical Audiovisual Center. 1968 (August 3) - Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications established (Public Law 90-456). 1968 - Directors of the Library of Congress, the National Agricultural Library, and the National Library of Medicine meet in order to provide policy and guidance to the U.So National Libraries Task Force on Automation and other Cooperative Services. 1970 - A new MEDLARS publication. Abridged Index Medicus, is published to serve the smaller hospital libraries and individual practitioners. 15 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1, Adams, Scott, "Sources of acquisition,” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 36 (1948), 178-183. 2. Adams, Scott and Seymour Taineo "Searching the medical literature; information retrieval (MEDLARS) at the National Library of Medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association 188 (1964), 251-254. 3. Austin, diaries J. MEDLARS 1963-1967„ Bethesda: National Library of Medicine, 1968. viii, 76 p. (Public Health Service Publication No. 1823) 4, Billings, John Shaw, "The conditions and prospects of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office, and of its Index Catalogue," Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 6 (1891), 251-257. Also in: The Medical News (Phila.) 59 (1891), 350-353, and J. S. Billings, Selected Papers, compiled by Frank B. Rogers ... pp, 226-231. 5. Billings, John Shaw, Selected Papers. Compiled, with a life of Billings, by Frank B. Rogers. Chicago: Medical Library Association, 1965. / vi, 300 p. (M. L. A. Publication No. 2) 60 Bishop, David. "Control and dissemination of information in medicine," ppo 45-102 in Melvin J, Voigt, ed. Advances in Librarianship, Vol. 2 (1971). 7. Blake, John B. and Charles Roos. Medical Reference Books, 1679-1966; A Selected Bibliography. Chicago: Medical Library Association, 1967. viii, 343 p, (M. L. A. Publication No, 3) See entries for U.S. National Library of Medicine, U„S. Armed Forces Medical Library, etc. 16 8. Brodman, Estelle, "Contribution of the Army Medical Library to the bibliographic control of medical literature," Special Libraries 43 (1952), 48-54, 73-76. 90 Brodman, Estelle, "Memoir of Robert Fletcher," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 49 (1961), 251-290. 10, Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, Vol. 5, No. 4 (April, 1937)0 The "Fielding H. Garrison Memorial Number." 11, Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, Vol. 6, No. 4 (April, 1938). The "John Shaw Billings Memorial Number." 12. Cambell, Helen H. "The picture collection in the Army Medical Library," Bulletin of the Medical. Library Association 37 (1949), 52-58. 13. Cummings, Martin M. "The role of the National Library of Medicine, in the national biomedical library network. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 142 (1967), 503-512, 14, Cumming£ Martin M. and Mary E. Corning. "The Medical Library Assistance Act: an analysis of the NLM Extramural Programs, 1965-1970," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 59 (1971), 375-391, 15. Dittrick, Howard, ,fclhe Association of Honorary Consultants to the Army Medical Library," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 33 (1945), 141-143, Editorial. 16. Doe, Janet, "A National Library of Medicine; statement of representative of [Medical Library] Association at Senate Hearings, U,S, Congress, April 10, 1956," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 44 (1956), 370-373. 17 o Doe, Janet. "The Survey and after," Bulletin of the Medical ijibrary Association 49 (1961), 361-368, 17 18, Douglass, Carl D. "The Regional Medical Library Grant Program of the National Library of Medicine," Bulletin of the Medical Library Asso- ciation 56 (1968), 49-51. 19, Falk, Leslie K. and Samuel Lazerow. "Comprehensive collecting--then and now," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 49 (1961), 434-442, 20. Garrison, Fielding Ho JohnSh aw Bllling s; AMe mo ir. New York: G, P. Putnam's Sons, 1915. ix, 432 p. 21. Hawkins, Miriam. "Questionable medical literature and the library; a symposium: the National Library of Medicine," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 51 (1963), 475-479. 22. Hume, Edgar E, "The world's largest medical library: the Army Medical Library of Washington," Johns Hopkins Alumni Magazine 24 (1936) 107-135 o 23, Jones, Harold W. "The Army Medical Library: its history and its future obligations," Journal of the American Medical Association 122 (1943), 1074-1079. 24, Jones, Harold W. "The photoduplication service of the Army Medical Library," Journal of Chemical Education 21 (1944), 342-343, 25. Karel, Leonard. "Selection of journals for Index Medicus," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 55 (1967), 259-278. 26. Karel, Leonard, Charles J0 Austin, and Martin M. Cummings. "Computerized bibliographic services for biomedicine," Science 148 (May 7, 1965), 766-772. I 27. Kilham, Walter H., Jr. "Housing the library: the new building," Bulletin of the. Medical Library Association 49 (1961), 403-410. 18 28. Langner, Mildred Co "National Library of Medicine's services: initial observation on indexing, interlibrary loan, and reference," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 55 (1967), 31-37. 29, Larkey, Sanford V. "The Welch Medical Library indexing project," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 41 (1953), 32-40, 30, McCulloch, Champe C. "Classification and arrangement of books in the Library of the Surgeon General's Office," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 6 (1917), 60-700 31. Mac Donald, Mo Ruth, "Cataloging at the Armed Forces Medical Library, 1945-1952," Journal of Cataloging and Classification 9 (1953), 58-78. 320 Metcalf, Keyes Do "Housing the library: the old building," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 49 (1961), 396-402, 33. The Military Surgeon, Vol. 80, No, 1 (January, 1937). Papers on the centenary of the Amy Medical Library, 34, National Library of Medicine„ "The National Library of Medicine Index Mechanization Project, July 1, 1958-June 30, 1960," Bulletin of the / Medical Library Association, published as Part 2, Vol, 49, No. 1 (1961). 35. National Library of Medicine. Survey of the Interlibrary Loan Operation of the National Library of Medicine, by William H. Kurth. Washington, D„C.: U.S. Public Health Service, 1962, viii, 49 p. 36, Olch, Peter D. "Oral history and the medical librarian," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 57 (1969), 1-4. Oral history program at NIK. 37. Rogers, Frank B. "Cataloging and classification at the Army Medical Library," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 39 (€.951), 28-33. 19 38. Rogers, Frank B. ’’The loan policy of the National Library of Medicine,” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 45 (1957), 486~4930 39, Rogers, Frank B. and Scott Adams. "The Army Medical Library's publication program,” Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine 8 (1950), 271-300. 40* Scheirer, George A. Notes on the Army Surgeon General’s Office in Washington, 1818-1948, [Washington, DoC.] Privately printed, 1948. 56 p. 41. Schullian. Dorothy M* "Adams Jewett and John Shaw Billings, partners in acquisition,” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 49 (1961), 443-449. 42, Schullian, Dorothy M. Windsor, benefactor of the Army Medical Library," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 38 (1950), 135-144. 43, Schullian, Dorothy M. "Unfolded out of the folds," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 40 (1952), 135-143. Quotations from manuscripts in the historical colicetion. 44. Schullian, Dorothy M. and Frank B„ Rogers, "The National Library of Medicine," Library Quarterly 28 (1958), 1-17, 95-121, 45* Taine, Seymour I, "Bbibliographical data processing at the National Library of Medicine," pp, 109-132 in Herbert Goldhor, ed. Proceedings of the 1963 Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing, held at the University of Illinois, 1963, 46, Taine, Seymour I. "The medical literature analysis and retrieval system," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 51 (1963), 157-167. 47, Taine, Seymour I. "New program for indexing at the National Library of Medicine,’’ Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 47 "(1959), 117-123. 20 48. Viets, Henry R, "Letting substance into texture," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 41 (1953), 125-129. Presented at the organization meeting of the Friends of the Armed Forces Medical Library. 49. Weiss, Irvin J. and Emilie V. Wiggins, "Computer-aided centralized cataloging at the National Library of Medicine,” Library Resources and Technical. Services 11 (1967), 83-96. 50. Wilson, Marjorie P., Carl D. Douglass, and David Fo Kefauver. "Extra- mural programs of the National Library of Medicine: program objectives and present status," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 54 (1966), 293-310.