ITEM NO. 24 
1NLE 1ilO. XXVII • 32 
COPY NO. 2 J 
RESTRICTED 
A SERIES OF INTERVIEWS WITH MEMBERS 
OF GERMAN MEDICAL SCHOOLS, RESEARCH 
INSTITUTES AND HOSPITALS 
RESTRICTED 
COMBINED INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES 
SUB - COMMITTEE RESTRICTED 
A Series of Interviews with Members 
of German Medical Schools, Research Institutes 
and Hospitals. 
$ June - 10 July 1945. 
Reported by. 
Captain Charles L. McCarthy (UC)USUR. 
Captain Hans Schluraberger M.C. 
Captain Eugene E. Schwarz M.C. 
1st Lt. Thomas L. Bucky M.C. 
All of Office, of the Chief Surgeon, Hq. ETOUSA. 
CIOS ITEM 24 
MEDICAL 
COMBINED INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES SUB-COMMITTEE 
G-2 Division, SHAEF (Rear) APO 413. 
RESTRICTED RESTRICTED 
TABLE. OF CONTENTS 
Sub.'ect Page No. 
I. Introduction ' ' 3 
II. Medizinische FakultRt, Tubingen 3 
III. IJedizinische Fakultit Vienna 26 
IV. University'Medical School, Innsbruck 27 
V. Medizinische FakultUt, Marburg 27 
VI• Medizinische Fakultat, and Veterin&rmedizinische 
Fakultlt, G:essen. 32 
VII. Medizinische Fakultat, Munich 33 
VIII. Medizinische Fakult|lt, Wtirzburg 35 
IX. Medical Research Institute, Garmisch-Parterldrchen. 3S 
X. Heserve-Lazarett, Horsching, Austria 39 
XI. Neurosurgical Institute of Berlin AO 
XII. William G. Kerckhoff Institute, Bad Nauheim 41 
XIII. Interrogation of Oberstabsarzt Wilhelm Mohr, 
Chief of Internal Medicine of the Stadtkranken- 
haus of Hof. ' 46 
RESTRICTED EfiSIEieTED 
I. Introduction. This report is a consolidation-of information 
obtained as the result of the interrogation of faculty members of 
several German medical schools and of the members of the staffs 
of various research institutes and hospitals. The interrogations 
were conducted separately by the several investigators listed on 
the title page. The heading of each section of the report ind- 
icates the investigator responsible for its preparation. 
It must be noted that this report does not represent the results 
of exhaustive investigation of the targets discussed, but is rather 
in the nature of an evaluation. It was felt that grouping of the 
numerous original brief reports would result in greater general 
utility especially since the information obtained from certain of 
the targets was inadequate to justify publication of a separate 
report, 
II. Medizinische Fakult&t, Tubingen (Captain Schwarz). 
A. Generali The report on this medical schodl consists of 
a series of interviews with members of the faculty. 
B. Prof. Dr. Bennhold. Director of the 
Medical Clinic. Prof. Dr. Bennhold has been the director of the 
medical clinic.since 1942. The hospitals connected with it are 
in excellent condition and well equipped. Connected with the 
medical clinic was the "Marine&rztliche Akademie" (Navy Medical Acad- 
emy) which was under Flottenarzt (Navy Doctor) Greul. The former 
Marinestabsarzt (Navy Doctor) W. Borgard, who worked at the Navy 
Academy, is now assistant of Prof. Bennhold. The Naval Medical 
Academy ceased functioning about six (6) months ago. 
Prof. Bennhold is interested in the serum proteins and their 
reactions, the protein bodies of the blood plasma, about which he 
wrote a book which became the outstanding publication in thi s 
field in Germany. It was published in 193S-. Co-authors were 
Prof. Dr. E. Kylin, Director of the Medical Clinic in Jfcnkbping 
(Sweden) and Prof .Dr .St. Rusznyak, Director of the University 
Medical Clinic Szeged (Hungary). The book deals in detail first with 
the more common physico-chemical facts of the blood and the blood 
proteins. Then it gives a detailed description of the physiological 
data of the plasma protein bodies. Another chapter deals with the 
origin of the plasma proteins and methods to determine- them 
qualitatively and quantitatively. The osmotic and colloidal qualities 
are discussed in detail. 
Bennhold is most interested in the vehicle function ("vehikel 
funktion" as he calls it) of the plasma proteins. Just as the 
erythrocytes carry oxygen or carbonic acid, the blood proteins carry 
specific substances or act as "carriers'*• For instance, bilirubin is carried by the albumins, cholesterol by the globulins. Acid 
dye staffs are always carried by the albumins. Altogether about 100 
different substances and the vehicle relation to them of the plasma 
proteins were examined. He established that prontosil and atebrin 
are carried by the albumins, karotin and several other vitamins by 
the globulins. Others like calcium are 11 free" and not carried by 
the proteins. 
The question of how these different substances are bound to 
the'protein ca. not be answered at present. It is assumed that 
physical (adsorption) and chemical processes take place. 
Bennhold then examines the question of whether the organism can 
adjust this vehicle apparatus to the necessities that arise in 
certain pathological conditions. He finds an albuminseria in 
cases of lo¥/ered cholesterol. 
Certain studies with acid dye stuffs (congo-red) led Bennhold to 
the discovery of the congo-red test in amyloidosis. Originally 
he tried to examine the disappearance of congo red from'the 
circulating blood in several different diseases. In a of 
anyloid nephrosis he found that the whole dye stuff had disappeared 
from the blood after Sixty (60) minutes (instead of only thirt 
{30%) per cent as in normal patients)• When an autopsy of this 
patient was performed, it was found that the amyloid substance in 
the different organs had bden dyed red. The congo red is absorbed 
by the amyloid in vivo and in vitro. The congo red method^for the 
dying of amyloid has been generally accepted today and also serves 
as a diagnostic test for amyloidosis in vivo. 
Internal secretion is another field of special interest of 
Prof. Bennhold. He is mainly interested in the physiology and 
pathology of the pituitary gland. He has publi shed one monograph 
on Cushing's syndrome. Several cases with the typical organic and 
emotional changes are described. Bennhold discusses all. therapeutic 
possibilities, x-ray of the pituitary, gland, reseatisn of the sup- 
rarenal glands or including removal of the anterior lobe of the 
pituitary gland. He comes to the conclusion that all these measures 
are of very doubtful or no value. He tkinks that following hormon 
(Progynon B) five (5) mg twice weekly, combined with small doses 
o£ thyroidin, promise the best, results. 
The first mass experiments with Periston were carried out by 
him. Periston was synthesized by bio-chemist Weese of the I.G. 
Farbenindustrie. Bennhold found that it hds physical and colloid 
chemical properties very similar to blood serum and that its 
"vehicle properties" are almost identical. More than 4-0,000 
cases have come to his attention without any untoward effect. It 
always increases the sedimentation rate* a phenomenon which is not 
sufficiently explained as yet, ; C. Prof. Pr. Willy W*i. Director of the Surgical Clinic. 
Prof. Usadel has been the Director of the Surgical Clinic in TDbingeh 
for the last eight (8) years. He is a disciple of the famous 
German surgeon, Kirschner, and became his successor when the latter 
died. He has been consultant surgeon of an army and whs released 
one year ago* He then became consultant surgeon of the Wehrkreis 
V, Stuttgart* His own surgical clinic has been taken over by the 
French and he now does his Mark at the Gynecological Clinic. 
He is a specialist in abdominal surgery. He is at present work- 
ing on a test of cardiac function and circulation (kreislauffunktioas 
test) for the surgeon. He thinks that surgical shock is caused by 
a direct nervous impulse, arising from the surgical injury or trauma 
and reaching the brain like any other nervous impulse. This creates 
at first a "tonic reaction" which can change into the atonic phase 
at any given moment. He believes in this nervous theory for the 
following reasons: Whenever he did abdominal surgery under spinal . 
anesthesia and after anesthetizing the vagus and sympathicus nerves 
(bloc) no shock or shock-like reactions occurred because the”trau- 
matic impulses" could not reach the brain. 
His research on the blood supply of the stomach and its use in 
intestinal plastics is the bas::c irork in this field. It brought 
him to the attention of the Rockefeller Foundation, which granted 
him generous financial support. 
In technical respect Prof. Usadel, is very much interested in 
operations for cleft palate. He.modified the classical "Axhausen" 
method, 
The most important war surgical problem was infection. He 
thinks that rest is the most important procedure after any injury 
and the wounded should not be transported until infection is checked. 
About German foreign body locators, he was very unenthusiastic. 
None of them is any good. He still relies on stereoscopic x-rays. 
In amputees the Sauerbruch prothesis is still the method of 
choice. He knows Dr. Henschke in Garmisch and thinks highly of his 
work. 
He has worked with Prof. Keuntscher in Kiel on his method of 
nailing fractures (Marknagelung-bone-raarrow nailing)• He has given 
this method up completely for two (2) reasons: 
1. It can only be used in fractures where no fragmentation has 
occurred. 
2. The method is dangerous from the standpoint of bone marrow 
infection, Retzius u. v. Redwitz have proven, that the bone marrow Prof* Albrecht has been the head of the clinic for eleven (ll) 
years. He is primarily interested in the problem of deafness, the 
hereditary factors involved and the pathological changes that take 
place. On these problems he worked together'with Prof. Davenport 
in America, He published several articles on disease of the ear 
which are either caused or influenced by hereditary factors. The 
close pathological study of all cases permitted him to draw certain 
conclusions regarding hereditary and acquired deafness. 
He is strictly against indiscriminate tonsillectomies. He 
thinks that the tonsils have a purpose but has no clear conception 
what it consists of. The genefal observation that the body has a 
tendency to form new lymphatic tissue on the walls of the pharynx, 
after the tonsils needs this protective lymphatic barrier. The 
size of the tonsils is no criterion of their condition, A large 
tonsil can be perfectly normal, a small one severely diseased. The 
only indication for tonsillectomy is a status of chronic purulent 
Inflammation. If the tonsil contains evil-smelling pus, it must be 
removed. Sulfonamides have become the best therapeutic weapon of 
the ear, nose and throat specialist. They should not be given 
indiscriminately. In cases of tonsillitis, they act only if given 
early. Once the fever has reached its peak, they are worthless. 
In otitis media they should be used under close clinical supervision. 
Local applications of sulfonamides in pathological conditions of the 
oral cavity or the throat are of no value. Sulfonamides are 
considered as excellent in meningitis. He has tried them out in 
several cases of thrombosis of the cavernous sinus (Gibazol). It 
should always be used in combination with surgery. Results are 
doubtful and not enough cases have been observed. 
Prof. Albrecht has done research on the genesis of genuine chol- 
esteatoma, He believes, that the presence of embryonic tissue in 
the recessus is the cause or the "conditio sine qua non" for the 
development of genuine cholesteatoma. 
F. Prof. Dr. August Mayer. Director of the Gynecological Clinic, 
The clin5c in which Prof. Mayer works is completely intact and 
at present he has about 200 female patients, either surgical or / 
obstetrical cases. Prof. Mayer is seventy (70) years old and has 
been the director of the Gynecological Clinic in Tubingen since 1918. 
From several of his statements it appears that he is anti-Nazi and 
eager to talk. 
He is especially interested in what he calls "Pfcychogynecology", 
(The psychological therapy of women in contrast to the organ-therapy). 
He knows Alfred Adler, but does not know anything about Freud or 
Helen Doutsch. His method is not psychoanalytical and does not 
follow a certain, specific scheme. It is based primarily on common 
sense, confidence of the patient in the advising physician, discussion 
of the individual problem. Prof. Mayer thinks, that many of the more. common gynecological ailments such as dysmenorrhea, metro and metro- 
rrhagia, pruritis vulvae and many forms of leukorrhea have a psychic 
origin. 
i 
Gynecology and constitution has been another field of interest• 
He thinks that the proper study of a woman’s constitution is of 
great importance in evaluating*her physical status or the existing 
ailment. It is important for surgical and obstetrical indications 
and prognoses. He thinks that we have too much confidence in the 
"scheme", without hicwl&g the proper regard for the jndiwldual woman, 
her psychological and physical make up. 
Hormone research was carried out by Prof, Mayer as early as 
.thirty(30) years ago. This was based on the following observations: 
■hen he injected blood of.pregnant women into other pregnant women 
suffering from herpes gestationis, the herpes disappeared within a 
few days. This lad him to the conclusion that the blood of pregnant 
women ordinarily contains a substance the absence of which will 
cause herpes. He treated about fifty (50) cases of this type of 
herpes and cured most of them with injections of pregnant womens1 
blood. Animals (frogs and young guinea pigs) showed characteristic 
changes on their, ovaries after blood from pregnant women had been 
injected. Today we know that this is based on a hormone effect and 
that small doses of progesterone cure herpes gestationis. 
Cancer problem - Prof. Mayer states that cancer is on the 
increase in Germany* He has observed (and this has been confirmed 
by other medical schools) that young women between the ages of 
twenty (20) to thirty (30) years are affected more often than ever 
before. Here the operates immediately and very radically. In older 
women he is more conservative and prefers x-ray and radium, at least 
as a procedure. A great number of women die from 
peritonitis/operations for cancer. The peritonitis often resulted 
from infected and putrefied cancer. The mortality- after abdominal 
operations was as high as sixteen (16%) per cent. After previous 
x-ray treatment the mortality rate dropped to about four (A%) per 
cent, ,because the preliminary x-<ray treatment checks the infection 
and creates better conditions for surgery. The surgical technique 
has not materially improved within the last few years. The 
"class Wertheim" method is still applied and as much as possible 
of the surrounding lymph-tissue is removed. 
Sterility is treated in the same way as in the U.S. If there 
are no gross pathological findings after the woman!s husband 
has been examined, the‘woman gets a Rubin test. If this is begative, 
follicular hormones can be tried but Prof. Mayer doubts their value 
Artificial insemination should be tried two (2) weeks after the 
last menstruation but failures are numerous. % Prof• Mayer thinks 
that in many cases sterility has a psychological cause. A deep 
seated unconscious aversion to the hudband can create spastim 
conditions in the genital tract which prevent conception or lead to 
abortion. Here’ only psychological treatment will help. G. Prof. Dr* Erich Letterer. Director of the Pathological Institute. 
The institute is completely intact and has suffered no bomb 
damage. Prof. Letterer is forty-six (46) years old and a disciple 
of the famous German pathologist, M.B, Schmidt in Wftrzburg. He has 
been the director of the institute since 1938. 
His main field of interest centers around amyloidosis, its 
origin, contributing factors and prevention. The results of this 
research have been laid down in one publication* "Studien ttber Art 
tlnd Entstehung des Amyloid,. Letterer succeeded in creating amyloi- 
dosis in white mice by injecting nuclein subcutaneously. A sterile 
absoc* formed at the site of the injection, in turn produced amyloid- 
osis within from three (3) to six (6) weeks. Letterer thinks that 
amyloidosis occurs whenewer the mechanism of antibody formation of 
the organism is paralysed. This leads to a precipitation of protein 
bodies within the cell with resulting amyloidosis. He found that 
this antibody formation depends to a large extent on the type of 
food that the test animals get: 
1. When he feeds his mice with proteins only, they developed 
amyloidosis very quickly, 
2. When he fed them fats only it took two (2) to three (3) 
months, the longest time he ever observed. 
3* Carbohydrates alone are better than proteins, but not as 
good as fats. 
He concludes that fat prevents amyloidosis because it supports the 
antibody formation, whereas protein accelerates amyloid formation. 
Kuczynski succeeded before him in producing amyloidosis hy feeding 
mice pot cheese excessively, Letterer produced amyAoid in white 
mice by injecting sodium casein and later produced it in 100$ of 
his animals by Jnjecting casAin. It was always the spleen that was 
affected first, then the liver and then the kidneys. The cholesterol 
level in the blood stream does not seem to affect the amyloid form- 
ation. 
The most important points and results of the amyloid researcch 
are; 
1. Daily injections of sodiwm-casein or five (5) per cent 
solutions of casein produces amyloidosis in mice. 
2. The congo-red dying method of amyloid (Bennhold) is based 
on the alkali addition to the dye, not the protein addition as 
originally described by Bennhold, 
3* The anyioid substance contains between two (2) and five 
(50 per cent cholesterol, which originates from the blood serum.  4. Concentration and dosage of the casein solution have no 
influence on the production of amyloidosis. The casein is not* 
specific. Every protein body if given parenterally can lead to 
amyloidosis. 
5. The sterile implantation of tissue pieces of, the same 
species can lead to amyloidosis. 
6. Colloidal sulfur and selenium if given parenterally can 
cause amyloidosis whereas iron in the same form has no such effect. 
\ 
7. The combination of these injections with reduction of 
the water intake of the test animals increases the number of amyloid 
cases. 
8. Intercurrent infections have no distinct influence on 
the number of positive cases. 
9* There are important reasons of a chemical and experimental 
nature to globulin as the mother substance of the 
amyloid• 
10. Hyperglobulinosis is the cause of amyloidosis. 
Letterer carried out extensive research on the pathological 
anatomy of the lipoidosis. The results of this work have been laid 
down in his publication, "Allgemeine Pathologic und Pathologische 
Anatomic der Llpoidosen11. (General pathology and pathological 
anatomy of the lipoidoses)• This publication appeared in 1939. 
It was especially Niemann-Pick disease (Hepatosplenomegaly) 
which attracted his interest. He comes to the conclusion that it 
is a growth disturbance. The disease itself is characterized by 
the formation of large lipoid containg cells, the latter having been 
analysed as sphingomyelin. Gauchers disease has been studied and 
was considered a disease of the reticulo-condothelial system. 
Further information received by Prof. Letterer i The out- 
standing tumor research man in Germany today is Prof. Leupold, form- 
erly of the Cologne Medical School. Leopold has succeeded in 
creating cancer in all his test animals by disturbing-the ion 
equilibrium of the cells in certain organ sectors. His.work has 
not been published yet, but seems to open completely new roads 
in tumor research. It approaches the problem from a new angle, 
which is partly physiological-chemical, partly physical. Prof. 
Leupold (according to Letterer) was in Cologne until 194-3. When 
his institute was destroyed he went to a small town near Plauen 
where his father-in-law had a farm* Letterer assumes that he 
might have returned to Cologne as Plaueh is in Russian territory. H. Prof. Dr« Franz Knoop. Director of the Institute for 
Phyai ological Chem:stry. 
The Institute is completely intact and has suffered no bomb 
damage. Prof. Knoop is■seventy (70) years old, speaks English fairly 
well and has visited the UnHed States three (3) times# In 1913 he 
wax asked to open and equip the Physiological Chemistry Department 
of the Rockefeller Institute, where he worked with Welsh and Smith. 
In 1929 he visited the International Congress of Physiologists in 
Boston. In 1930 he held the Dunham lectures in Boston. He has 
been a member of the Tiibingen faculty since .1928 and a co-writer of 
the "Bio-chemical Lexikon", 
He has become best known through his research on intermediary 
metabolism which led hi . to the discovery of the B-oxydatiom of 
fatty acids. The results of thfcs research have been laid down in 
his monograph, "Der Abbau aromatischer Fetts&uren im TierkBrper" 
(The metabolism of the aromatic fatty acids in'the animal organism). 
Knoop considers his analysis and synthesis of certain amino- 
acids as the greater and more important discovery but it brought him 
less fame than the B-oxydation research. His momograph, "Ueber die 
Stickstoffbindung bei der Eiweiss-synthese in der Natur und das 
Interesse der Biologic an den physiologischen Oxydations reaktionen 
und Hirer Umkehrbafckeit11 (about N-Absorption in the protein synthesis) 
is the result of this research; it describes in detail protein syn- 
theses from non-protein substances. "The reversibility of physiologic 
reactions" is a further explanation of physiological chemical reaction 
in the metabolism of animals. 
• Research carried out at present deals with the citric acid 
cyclus, but has not led to any definite results. 
I. Prof. Dr. Otto Stick!. Director of the Hygiene Institute. 
Prof. Stick! is at present Rector of Tfib ingen University and 
Director of the Hygiene Institute. He was appointed Rector by the 
French authorities because of his political reliability. The inst- 
itute is undamaged, the electron microscope that was installed here 
has been removed and an ultra-centrifuge was in the process of being 
removed. The institute houses most of the research laboratories of 
the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Bio-chemistry, which was evacuated 
from Berlin to Tubingen. The director Prof. Butenandt has his office 
here. 
Combined with the Hygiene Institute is the socalled "Medizina- 
luntersuchungsamt" (Medical research and test laboratories!"! This 
place>performs hygienic, bacteriological and pathological examinations 
and is considered the highest authority in this field within the state. (Im this case, Wftrttemberg}• It corresponds to the laboratory in 
each Wehrkreis, only that it serves civilian needs only. 
Lately the effect of the different sulfonamides on bacteria 
and their structure was studied. Sulfonamides have primarily an im- 
peding effect on bacterial growth, endo- or exo toxins are not 
affected by it. It is therefore of primary importance to give the 
sulfonamides as early as possible in infectious diseases, before 
the bacteria increased too much in number. 
The effect of sulfonamides on intestinal bacteria and their 
antagonists was studied. Two (2) preparations, "Globucid” and 
"Pyrimal'1 (Sulfapyridine) , were being used. It was found, that both 
preparations had a good effect against dysentery and typhus abdomln- 
alis (typhoid) . In both diseases twelve (12) grain was given in 
twenty-four (24.) hours* 
Research was carried out with hepatitis epideraica which Prof. 
Stickl states was the most important military medical problem. 
They tried to transmit hepatitis to birds, especially canaries and 
mice, by directly injecting bile extracts and dilutions into these) 
animals. Here they did not succeed in creating true hepatitis dr 
even liver pathology. Prof. Stickl believes that he succeeded in 
Creating true hepatitis in y/hite mice through the inhalation method. 
Bile from hepatitis patients was taken by duodenal tube. Different 
dilutions in sodium chloride solution were prepared and these sprayed 
with an atomizer into the cage of the mice. The mice became sick 
after two (2) to three (3) weeks. They died or were killed after 
five ($) to six (6) weeks. The liver showed similar changes to those 
in true human hepatitis. Certain kinds of virus were cultivated, 
but they have not succeeded in cultivating or isolating one specific 
hepatiitis virus. Stickl does not know anything about the existence 
of pure cultures. Research in this field has not continued since 
the electron microscope was removed. 
Other research problems dealt with the effect of all common 
and new disinfectants on th$ structure of bacteria. This work 
has not been finished and has not been published yet, again for the 
lack of the electron-microscope. 
J. Prof. Dr, Felix Haffner. Director of the Pharmacolog3cal 
Institute. 
Prof, Haffner has been the director of the Institute for Pharm- 
acology for the last twenty (20) years. He is sixty-one (6l) years 
old, speaks no English. He impressed this investigator as being a 
•sick man, reluctant to speak, not because he does not want to speak, 
but because it is a physical effort for him. His institute, which * 
is physically intact, has partly been taken over by French i.Iilftary 
Authorities, who operate an army laboratory in it. 
Prof. Haffner did research on the metabolism of the cell 
and substances that damage the cell or disturb its raetabol?* sm. N6 
practical results were obtained.’ In 1942 the "Reichsanstalt ffe* Wasser und Luftgfcte" asked him 
to do some research on the purification of water andllarge water 
sources (lakes and rivers) which had been contaminated with arsenic 
containing war gases. The Ger;:ian "Reichsanstalt fBr Wasser und 
Luftgtite" (Reichslhstltut* for later and Air Purity) was a depart- 
ment within the Ministry of the Interior, responsible for the 
supervision of German water sources (mostly lakes and rivers) and 
air, so that no contamination took place from mines, industries, etc. 
The Germans had found tremendous stores of mustard and lewisite in 
Russia and feared that the Russians would eventually resort to gas 
warfare and rely on contamination of German water supply sources* 
Seventy (70%) per cent of all drinking water in the eastern part. 
of Germany comes from lakes. The Germans wanted to be prepared 
against this eventuality. It was to be examined whether the usual 
amounts of chlorine, which were being used for the disinfection of 
water also had a detoxifying affection the chemical warfare agents. 
Haffner found that ten times as much chlorine was necessary to det- 
oxify water that had absorbed the maximal dose of mustard. Water 
will only absorb a certain amount of mustard or lewisite. Once this 
maximal concentration ten times as much chlorine would be needed as 
is ordinarily needed for purification of the water, this makes it 
impotable and it must be dechlorinated again. All reports on Prof. 
Haffnerfs research in this field have been turned over to a CWS 
Team which visited him several days before this investigator. 
Means for the conservation of foodstuffs and medicines were 
tested. This represented another war problem. Nothing new \.as found. 
The best conservation substance for solid food is still fermalde- 
hyde (paraform), for semi-solid and liquids, potassium or sodium 
bisulfite. 
The mechanism of the sulfonamide effect was investigated. Former 
findings, that the sulfonamides impede mitoses and therefore the 
increase of bacteria but do not kill those that are present already, 
were confirmed. 
Tests were carried out with frog eggs, of which it was known, 
that they prevented milk from getting sour. (The old folk knowledge 
to put frog eggs into milk was taken up again.) Haffner proved that 
frog eggs Can actually destroy lactic acid bacteria*. The skin of 
frogs has even" a stronger effect on lactic acid bacteriae* He 
has not tried other organisms yet but thinks that the skin of frogs 
produces a substance which has a strong anti-bacterial effect. 
He has not succeeded in crystallizing the substance and has no idea 
as to his chemical structure. Research in this field is eentlnued 
at present, 
K. Professor Dr. Adolf Butenandt, President of the,. Biochemical 
Institute, Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft, fieriin-Dahlem, now at the 
Hygiene Institute, TISbingen. (Captain Schwarz) . •The Bio-Chemical Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft 
of which Prof Butenandt was the director was evacuated from Berlin 
in the summer of 194-3 in part and the rest in early 1945. Prof. 
Butenandt was its director since 1937 when* he was only thirty-four 
(34) years old. He was honorary professor of th6 Berlin Medical 
School but has actually studied chemistry. 
Prof. Butenandt has been interrogated several times before by 
American scientists besides others by Prof. Fieser of,the Harvard 
Medical School and by the bio-chemist Bowmann who has visited all 
institutes in Tubingen and received copies of Butenandt's publicat- 
ion. 
Prof. Butenandt is forty-two (42) years old now and speaks 
English fairly well. . He was in the United States for three (3) 
months in 1935 on invitation from the Rockefeller Foundation. Ho 
was the first one to crystallize the male and both female sex hormones 
(cirpus. luteum and follicle hormone). He then analyzed their chem- 
ical structure and succeeded in synthesizing all three (3) hormones 
out of cholesterol (sterines)• For this work he won the Nobel prize 
in 1939. When he had succeeded in crystallizing and analyzing these 
substances it turned out that they had a very close chemicall. relation- 
ship to cholesterol (sterine) from which they were subsequently 
synthesized. His co-workers were Ulrich Westphal, and Kurt 
Tscherning. Of these, Westphal is the best known (he is also a 
Nobel prize winner) and is at present at St. Johann. He was a 
member of the German Military Medical Academy. 
Cancer Research - Prof. Butenandt has done extensive research 
on the question and relationship of cancerogenous substances and sex 
hormones. The original idea was that sex hormones might be changed 
or. transformed into cancerogenous substances, and all sex hormones 
and related chemical compounds were submitted to extensive tests 
on whether they could produce cancer. None of these substances were 
found. The theory that the follicular sex hormone can cause cancer 
holds only true in those mice generations that were "stigmatized" 
before, meaning that breast cancer jlready existed in their owner 
previous generations in these mice. Tremendous dosages of follicle 
hormone (about 2,000,000 units) were necessary to create cancer in 
these mice. The normal mouse that had not been ■stigmatized" would 
never get cancer, no matter how much follicular hormone is injected. 
Prof. Butenandt is at present working with different hydro- 
carbons which in their clinical structure are similar to sex hormones 
and he is trying to find ijrhether they have a cancerogenous effect* 
No definite results have been obtained yet. All these experiments 
are carried out with mice* 
Research on Physiology of the Chromosome of Insects. - It has 
been found that each chromosome or-gene, the, normal carrier of here- 
ditary factors, produces a certain effective substance (Gen Wirkstoff), 
which in turn creates the specific hereditary effect which was ordin- arlly attributed to the chromosome or gene* Experiments were carried 
out with two (2) species of flower moth (the black eyed and red eyed 
species. 
In the black eyed moth the chromosome produces the effective 
substance. (Prof Butenandt called this stuff "Gen Wirkstoff A"). 
It has been found that this is a derivative (oxydation product) of 
tryphtophan called keynurenin. If this is now injected into the red 
eyed species, they too get fclack eyes. Since keynurenin is obviously 
identical with the Gene Wirkstoff A (gained from body extracts .of 
the black eyed rabth) both substances will produce the same effect 
in the red eyed spetcies. Prof. Butenandt thinks that the change from 
tryphtophan into keynurenin is caused by a ferment which in turn is 
produced by the chromosome or gene and is specific for it. 
Similar experiments have been carried out with the drosophila 
fly. The drospphila fly has a characteristic, multifaceted eye. 
The number of facets is characteristic for the different species of 
drosophila. If certain body extracts of the species with the greater 
number of facets are injected into a species with a smaller number 
of facets, the eye in the latter will change and the multifaceted 
species will be the final result. 
• 
All these tests have lead Prof. Butenandt to the conviction 
that' the gene produces a certain substance which is specific for it 
and which in turn produces a specific hereditary effect. This 
research has been carried out together with Prof. Ktthn, Director of 
the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology, which is at present located 
in Hechingen, the latter doing the biological and Butenandt the bio- 
chemical part of the research. 
In no case have they succeeded in crystallizing this specific 
substance. They know that it is basic, water soluble and that it 
influences mitosis. 
Virus Research. - Virus research was carried out under Prof. 
Butenandtfs supervision with the tobacco mosaic virus and mutation 
wariants. They worked especially on the chemical constitution of 
virus and have found that it is-a protein (nucleo protein) which, 
as they think, is an integral part of all viruses. The recent 
removal of the electron-microscope has made it impossible for Prof. 
Butenandt to continue this type of research. 
At present Prof, Butenandt is interested in an entomologlc 
problem, about which no publications have appeared. The problem in- 
volved is about as follows: It has been known that m6st insects, 
especially butterflies and oths, can attract the opposite sex over 
great distances and it has been-the subject of the theoretical scientific discussions, how this is accomplished. At times electric 
waves, sound waves or certain glandular products affecting the 
olfactory sense have been held responsible for this phenomenon. 
Prof, Butenandt has worked with silk moths, removing thousands 
of abdominal glands from these insects and then making benzine extracts 
from these glands and even in dilutions from 1 to 1,000,000 this 
substance is extremely effective and attracts all males which are 
ordinarily lazy-and do not move. When he dipped a glass rod into 
this solution he could actually draw all the males after him. The 
stuff is so strong that after working with the material, even the 
clothing attracted all males. They have not succeeded' in crystalizing 
or analyzing it, it will be easy to synthesize it for every specific 
species. He thinks that they are all chemically related to each other. 
Prof. Butenandt thinks that this invention would revolutionize the 
whole problem of the fight against insects* since they could easily 
catch all the males and eliminate the species within a short time. 
The following additional information was received from Prof. 
Butenandts 
That the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics is at present at 
Hechingen and its director is Prof. Dr. Heisenberg, 
That the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry is at Tail- 
fingen and its director is Prof, Dr. Hahn, According to Prof. But- 
enandt, both directors were removed from their Institutes by a 
group of American scientists and he assumes that they are both in 
America. 
L* „ff. finrftlhardt» Ptopfor ttis Sfria QUitis- * 
The skin clinic is in good physical condition and well 
equipped, It has altogether 1$0 beds, of which seventy are occupied 
at present. According to German custom, the skin department also 
houses the clinic for venereal diseases and the skin specialist was 
at the same time the specialist for venereal diseases. Prof, 
Engelhardt has been the director of the clinic since 1937. He is 
not a party member and eager to talk. He is a disciple of Jadassohn, 
one of the more outstanding dermatologists of the past era. 
Engelhardtfs special field of interest are the mycoses, but he states, 
that nothing actually new has been found in regard to these skin 
affections. 
Two new reined-es against scabies have been tested by Prof, 
Engelhardt. They are not being mass-produced yet, but have passed 
the research stage. 
1, Krttzemittol Sch 51A is manufactured by "Bayer"'I.G, Farbenlndustrie in Leverkusen. It was sent to Engelhardt from the 
I.G. and he was asked to test it for its therapeutic qualities. It 
is a water colored heavy liquid with an oily consistency and a 
slightly aromatic smell. The formula is kept secret and Prof. 
Engelhardt states that he does not know whdt it contains, also that 
he does not know the name of the chemist, who made it. If brought 
on the skin, it leaves an oily film and has a tendency to wrinkle 
the skin slightly. 4 200 cc sample of this new substance was 
obtained and will be sent forward under separate cover. (See 
reports on I.G. Farbenlndustrie Elberfeld and Leverkusen). 
2. The second new scabies remedy is Scabisitia. manufactured 
by "Chemische Fabrik“ Klinke in Hamburg. Formula and chemist who 
made it are unknown. The substance is white, has a semi-solid gel- 
atinous consistency and a slight aromatic and sulfur oder. It seems 
to have a tendency to form a fungus on its surface. A 250 cc, bottle 
of the substance was obtained from Prof. Engelhardt and will be 
forwarded with the first sample. 
Comments of Prof. Engelhafdt on these two preparations; 
1 Sch 514 was used in 140 cases of scabies with excellent 
results. The original claim by I.G. that one application should 
be sufficient for a cure must be modified; three to four applications 
are necessary to eliminate the scabies. In adults no uirboward 
symptoms were observed; in babies or young children, it irritates 
in twenty (20%) of t-he cases, pausing erythema, which sometimes needed 
treatment. Prof. Engelhardt thinks that 514 is an organic sulfur 
preparation. 
2, Scabisitin was tried in seventy (70) cases, is not as good 
as 514> but never irritates. Six to eight applications were necessary 
to check scabies. Its heavy consistency is a disadvantage from a 
practical viewpoint. It does not stain the cloth, however, it can 
easily be removed with water and soap. 
Further problems discussed with Prof. Engelhardt: 
1. Venereal diseases have increased 400$ in the Tubingen area 
within the last three months and are still on the increase. Gonorrhea 
is the major problem. It is treated with sulfathlazole, if it is 
avmilable, hut local treatment always is given in addition. Here 
the usual silver,protein solutions, like targesin, albargin or pro- 
targol are being used. Syphilis is the lesser evil, but Prof. 
Engelhardt told this investigator that he sees an average of three 
to four cases of fresh, primary syphilis daily whereas in former 
years he sometimes had to wait a month before he sa» a case. Lues 
is treated with neo-salvarsan- as follows: Seronegative cases receive 
twelve injections of 0.3 to 0,45 gm neo-salvarsan within six weeks, 
so that the patient receives five to six gm within that period. Two 
injections are given weekly. At the snm® time he receives one inaction of 1 cc of bismegonenal intramuscularly with each neo- 
sal varsan injection. iLfter five to six weeks, he receives a second 
course of treatment with the same dosage. In seronegative casefe 
three such courses are being given. After that time a spinal tap 
is done and if the spinal fluid is negative, the patient is con- 
sidered cured. In sero-positive cases five to six such courses 
of treatment are necessary over a period of from eighteen to 
twenty-four months. Late syphilis cases receive fever therapy, 
sometimes combined with salvarsan-bismuth therapy. 
2. Prof. Engelhardt did not know anything about the exist- 
ence of new remedies against heat-rash. 
3. Several new remedies exist against erythema solaria. 
a. Dibemzalazin or "Lichtschutz substanz #6653* manu- 
factured by Merck and Co, in Darmstadt. The substance consists of 
small, slightly yellowish crystals without any specific odor. It 
is soluble up to five (5$fr per cent in the usual vegetable oils 
that are used for cosmetic purposes. The exact chemical formula is 
a secret. It is most likely a derivative of gumarin, belonging 
into the class of the umbelliferons. {See report on E. Merck)« 
b. The second preparation is "Heliopan", manufactured 
by Schimmel and Co. (Location not known)• Chemical formula 
unknown. Strong but pleasant smell, oily solution containing aeth- 
eric oils. Distillation tests make it probable that it contains 
geranium oil. No samples were obtained of these two preparations 
aind. Prof. Engelhardt could give no information as to their qualities. 
Following is a translation of a report on them* "Excerpt copy from 
Heeres - Sanit s-Inspektion 37 r S Ph Ha Nr. 116/44- of 25 May 
1945. 
Re* Instructions for the pharmaceutical service No. 31. (Collective 
instructions)• 
Dibenzalazin (Manufacturer* Merck) and 
Heliopan (Manufacturer* Schimmel & Co.). 
Reddening of the skin and tanning are caused by ultraviolet light* 
especially by the ultraviolet radiations of the wavelengths around 
298 mm, 380 mm, and to a slighter extent by rays with wavelengths 
around 380 and 408 mm. Skin burns are caused by an overdosage of 
ultraviolet rays with wavelenghts around 298 mm (depending on the 
sensitivity of the skin in question)• Thus the skin must be protected 
primarily against the excessive effect o£ the ultraviolet rays 
situated around $98 11,111 • 0*® attempt to insert a filter into 
the course of the radiations, which weakens or completely stops the 
nokious ultraviolet radiations with a wavelength around 296 mm, 
whereas it permits the other light rays to pass. One may, for example, produce such filters by covering the skin with a layer- 
forming fluid, $.g. oil or cream, in wh5ch a substance is evenly 
distributed which reflects or5absorbs the ultraviolet rays in the 
noxious range. The application of o51 or cream alone may protect 
only to a very slight extent against excessive ultraviolet radio- 
tions. Attempts were made to obtain effective protection by 
introducing large quantities of pigments, such as zinc oxide or 
titanium white. These pigments, to be sure protect the skin, as they 
allow almost no light to pass, but the use of these ointments is not 
pleasant, A certain progress was made by the use of such substances 
as filters, which in dissolved form absorb ultraviolet light, 
but which permit other light to pass. For this purpose, quinine 
salts were formerly used extensively, esp. quinine - bisulfate• 
However, the -quantities of quinine salts for an effective protection 
against the ultraviolet rays must by necessity be very large. Unde- 
sirable properties of the quinine compounds nay become apparent 
in the application of such preparations. Also other preparations, 
recommended frequently in literature, such as phenylsalicylate, 
must be applied in very high concentrations. 
Muck better in their absorptive effect are the gumarin 
derivatives which were later recommended as ultraviolet filters: 
the first of these, aesculin, prepared from the bark of the horse- 
•chcstnut tree, swas used widely. Also the water-soluble preparations 
(by Merck) B urnbelliferon acetic acid and the light-protection 
substance "3575“, belong to this group of light-protection substances. 
Even in slight concentration these preparations possess excellent 
absorption of the noxious ultra-violet rays. 
Oil, however, is much more successful in forming a uniform and 
sufficiently durable film upon the skin, than the aqueous substances. 
For this reason the two abovementioned substances are still no ideal 
light-protection substances. A good solution was obtained by the 
discovery of the oil-soluble ■light protection sub stance" 6653". 
This substance presents "Diben2alazinn, required for the light- 
protection emulsion. The tsubstance consists of small, pale 
yellow, practically odorless crystals, which dissolve readily with 
stirring and slight heating in vegetable oils for cosmetic use in 
quantities of up to about 5$. Stable solutions may also be prepared 
in mineral oils and many oil-like solvents. 
The exact chemical composition of the preparation "Dibenzalazin" 
is not known and is kept secret by the industry; it is probably 
a gumarin derivative of the urnbelliferon class. 
The preparation "Heliopan" of the firm, Schimmel & Co., 
unites likewise in oily solution good ultraviolet-light absorption 
and greatest possible skin protection. The firm does not furnish 
any closer derails concerning the chemical composition-; these are 
kept secret. There are, however, ethereal oils with strong 
'characteristic odor. Distillation experiments allow one to assume, among other things, the presence of geranium oil, 
, Dr. H.Hlllstrung is the Oborarzt of Prof. Engelhardt. He is 
a syphilogist and has acquired a good reputation in Germany. 
About three months ago the I.G. Farbenindustrie in Hochst approached 
Dr. Hlllstrung with a request to test a new antiluetic, that had 
been synthesized in the laboratories in Hochst. Dr. Hlllstrung 
stated that the bottle was marked TJK., that it was a yellow solution, 
that was Injected intravenously and was supposed to represent a new 
arsenical, effective especially against seroreslstant and cerebro- 
spinal syphilis. The cheihist who synthesized it is unknown to him. 
Hlllstrung did not disclose any more at first. After a lengthy 
interrogation Hlllstrung produced a paper, which prepresents a 
preliminary report on the new substance. It discloses that the 
new substance is called Snlrotrvpan. It is an arsenobenzol con- 
taining sulfbr. It is prepared in aqueous solution, which is 
supposed to contain two (2%) per cent arsenic and 0.43% sulffcr. 
This combination is supposed to have a high avidity and to kill 
trypanosoma species, which have acquired a high degree of resistance 
against the ordinary arsenicals. Dr. Hlllstrung has tested spiro- 
try£an on 41 patients, with different types and stages of lues (lues 
cerabrospinalis, progressive paralysis, Lues II and I). He comes 
to the conclusion that Spirotrypan penetrates faster in proportion- 
ally larger concentration into the blood than ether arsenicals and 
that it therefore represents an advance in the treatment of all forms 
of lues of the cerebro-spinal system. 
HIILLSTRUNG, H. (Author) 
Summary of the Article: 
On the (Question of the Permeability of Organic Arsenical 
Into the Cerebrospinal Fluid. 
The question concerning the permeability of the blood-liquor 
resp. blood-cerebral barrier for organic arsenicals, esp. for salvar- 
san, has been the subject of several thorough investigations whose 
results contradicted each other. The qualitative and quantitative 
methods used in these were at first purely chemical, such as the 
determination of the arsenic Content itself (Vonkennel and Kiramig, 1) 
and others), then the ability of the primary amino-group in salvarsan 
to react, in which after diazotization and coupling with a phenol 
(Abelin, Hill strung and Nordmeycr, 2) Hlllstrung and Schllzke3) f 
or after a combination with p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde (Ehrlich) 
there occurs a color reaction whose intensity may be determined 
colorimetrically. Arsenobenzoles which do not contain a free 
aminogroup are thus not covered by these reactions. Arsinic acids 
arsinoxides, on the other hand, will react just as salvarsan 
as long as they bear free aminogroups, although their biological 
properties differ greatly from the arsenobenzoles. Thus these 
chemical methods do not offer any information on the type of combin- ation in which the arsenic preparations appear in the liquor. 
Hawking and his collaborators therefore extended several 
years ago the chemical arsenic determination in the liquor by a 
new biological method, according to which they determined the 
trypanocidal properties of a liquor after administration of arsenic 
compounds in vitro. Their method is based on the fundamental works 
primarily of Voegtlin and Smith 5) om the mechanism of the effect 
of aromatic arsenical, according to which the arsenobenzoles are 
changed in the organism into the corresponding are inoxides by 
means of oxidation, and the arsinic acids are chared into the 
corresponding form of oxide by means of reduction. 
Evidently these oxides exert in vivo the pronounced trypanocidal 
and spirochetocidal effects. As a proof for their theory these 
authors stated that the arsenobenzoles and arsinic acids required, 
in contrast to the arsinoxides, a certain peroid of latency to 
develop their full effect. Moreover they pointed out that only 
arsinoxides are able, even in greatest dilutions, to kill trypanos- 
oma in vitro, whereas arsenobenzoles -and arsinic acids are almost f 
ineffective in vitro. In regard to the question of the liquor 
permeability it is further of significance that the arsin-oxides 
diffuse more readily through the coll membranes because of their 
smaller molecules, than the semicolloidal arsenobenzoles. 
Although the successful clinical application of salvarsan is 
possible in syphilitic affections of the central nervous system 
(saturation therapy acc. to Schreus), it holds generally true that 
the commercial arsenobenzoles have no unequivocal and lasting efftect 
in those forms of spirochete and trypanosoma diseases which have 
already affected the central nervous system. 
It has not been explained' whether the slight effect of the 
known arsenobenzoles of commerce in the central nervous system is 
only the result of the size of their molecules and their semi- 
colloidal character which decrease their ability to penetrate, or 
whether the oxides, assumed to be the effective fragments, are 
ineffective in the central nervous system. In any case, there arises 
the question: 'Are there arsenobenzol compounds which possess an 
improved ability to penetrate into the liquor, or whose split prod- 
ucts are even effective in presence of weyve tissue? 
Some time ago the I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G., Werk HSchst, 
contacted the present author with the request that he should 
examine for its penetrability an arsenobenzole which was selected 
according to a new point of approach and which was made available 
under the name * Spiro This preparation and the knowledge of 
the new biological test method in the modification of the American 
authors were cause for the resumption.of the authorfs liquor 
investigations in patients. Kawkin and collaborators agree with Voegtlin in the assumption 
that the arsenicals appear in the cerebrospinal fluid predominantly 
as oxides and display their effect there. Therefore they compared 
in vitro the trypanocidal concentration limits of the liquors 
after previously treating the patients with arsenobenzoles or arsinic 
acids, concomitantly with the trypanocidal titer of an arsinoxide of 
analogous composition in order to eliminate the changing resistance 
of the trypanosoma and the fluctuations of the nutrient medra. 
As a standard arsinoxide they used in their investigations 
with arsinic acids the arsinoxide of tryparsamide which had been 
treated'with thioglykolic acid. Special value they attached to'a 
nutrient solution which permitted their strain of trypanosoma (strain 
Rhodesiense of Barringtom Yorke) to survive as long as possible. 
For this a Locke-scrum sQlution appeared suitable to which 0,2% 
glucose had been added. In this the trypanosoma survived normally 
for up to 48 hrs. If one adds to this suspension of trypanosoma 
in Locke-serum-glucose-solution (LSTr) the liquor of patients who 
had undergone treatment with certain arsenicals,.the trypanosoma arc 
killed after a shorter or longer period either by the cerebrospinal 
fluid itself or its dilutions. In this manner one may establish 
a trypanocidal titer for every sample of cerebrospinal fluid. After 
treatment with certain arsenicals this titer began to rise after 
14. hrs.; after 30-40 hrs. it attained its maximum; and after about 
80 hrs. dropped to zero. 
After suitable familiarization and slight modifications, 
Hawking's method also appeared very usable in the author's laboratory. 
The only changes were an increase of the glucose content of the 
Locke-serum solution to the use of inactivated bovine serum, 
and the maintenance of a constant pH of 7.4 to 7.6 The blood of a 
mouse or a rat, highly infected with Tryp. Rhodesiense in centrifuged 
after addition of citrate, and the supernatant membraneecontaining 
the trypanosoma is poured off. This suspension of trypanosoma is 
washed with a Locke-serum-glucose solution and, after renewed, centr- 
ifugation adjusted in such a manner that 1500-2000 trypanosoma are 
contained in each cc. In preliminary experiments it was shown that 
survival of the trypanosoma could be maintained with certainty for 
24 hours, sometimes even for 48 hours in the LSTr-solution. For 
the liquor tests themselves, 1 cc cerebrospinal fluid was treated 
with 1 cc LSTr-solution and 1 drop of trypanosoma suspension and 
additional dilutions 'Were obtained by previous pipetting- into 1 cc 
LSTr-solution in each case. In the cerebrospinal fluid of 
patients who had received no arsenicals for weekvS previously it 
appeared likewise that after 24 hours trypanosoma 
survived, even in the dilution 1 : 2. (The count was taken in a 
Thoma-Zeiss counting chamber). After this prelimiary work the author turned to the actual 
problems: 1. Which trypanocidal effect does the liquor have after 
the addition of Spirotrypan, in comparison to neo-salvarsan? 2. 
May one determine any differences in the efficacy of cerebrospinal 
fluid in different forms of syphilis? 
According to the data furnished by the manufacturers, Spiro- 
trypan is a new, sulfur-containing arsenobenzole; in the form 
available to the present author it is in aqueous solution in which 
it is adjusted in such a manner that the solution contains 2% arsenic 
and 0.4-3% sulfur. The compound is said to be characterized by high 
avidity and thus able to kill strains of trypanosoma which have a 
maximal resistance against certain arsenicals. The following 
impressive illustration illustrates this point: A patient 
(syphilis II), whose numerous moist papules were not affected by a 
combined salvarsan-bismogenel treatment (5*25 gm 
neosalvarsan,became free of clinical symptoms after Spirotrypan- 
bismogenol treatment. 
The author’s own investigations were performed on 41 patients 
in various stages of syphilis (Lues cerebrospinalis, progressive 
paralysis, syphilis II, syphilis I). Each of these patients 
received 3 cc Spirotrypan intravenously, resp. neosalvarsan in the 
dosage of 0.3 or 0.4.5 gm intravenously. For the patients 
had received no organic arsenic compounds. Ther various liquors were 
taken in a period that varied from 11 to 64. hours after treatment, 
and they were tested Immediately for the trypanocidal effect. At 
the same time Ahe number of cells was determined. To lower the 
abovw-named sources or error, a control test was performed in each 
case with that arsinoxide which contained the chemical grouping 
on the benzol nucleus which is characteristic for spirotrypan 
and which the Hfthhst laboratories had furnished especially for 
this purpose. This arsinoxide killed the Trypanosoma Rhodesiense 
even in a dilution of 1 : 200 - 600,000,000, depending on the res- 
istance of the causative agents and the quality of the nutrient media. 
When it was found that in the same Experiment the liquor was 
effective in a dilution of 1 : 4 and the arsinoxide with a dilution 
1 : 400 000 000, there was calculated for the undiluted cerebrospinal 
fluid by .biological means an arsinoxide concentration of 1 : 
100 000 000. For the comparative experiments with neosalvarsan, 
at first the arsinoxide of Spirotrypan was used, but it proved to 
be more correct to undertake a comparison of the liquor titer after 
neosSLlvarsan with the arsinoxide of neosalvarsan itself, which was 
likewise at the author’s disposal. The results of the preliminary 
experiments and of the principal tests are contained in several tables 
which will be published elsewhere”). At this point only a short 
summary can be presented which shows the determined trypanocidal 
titers for the various liquors and their arsinoxides contents. Thao 
arsinoxide contents is calculated as the quotient from the trypan- 
ocidal titer of the arsinocide used Cor comparision and that of the 
liquor used as the basis of the calculation, a superficial calcul- 
ation shows that the trypanocidal titer of the cerebrospinal fluid after Spirotrypan is located at a mean of 1 j 54-, after neosalvar- 
at about 1 \ 2,5; i.e. the liquor is more effective after 
Spirotrypan. 
Patient 
Trypanocidal titer Trypanocidal titer of Calculated arsinoxide 
of the liquor 
arsinoxide Of Spiro- 
concentration of 
trypan 
liouor 
G*V. 
11:2 
1 : 500 adllion 
1 : 250 million 
GBB. 
1 : 16 
1 : 500 « 
1 : 31 " 
E.X. 
1 : 16 
1 : 500 * 
1 : 31 tt 
F.Sch 
1 S A 
1 : 300 « 
1 i 75 « 
W.D. 
1 i 8 
1 i 400 ■ 
1 i 50 " 1 
W.M. 
1 : A 
1 : 500 ■ 
1 : 125 11 
F.O. 
1 : A 
1 : 200 « 
1 : 50 « 
A.D. 
1 : A 
1 : 500 " 
1 : 125 " 
F.W. 
1 : A 
1 : 500 " 
1 : 125 " 
k.Bn 
1 : 2 - 1 s A 
1 : 400 ■ 
1 : 150 " 
A.K. 
1 s A 
1 * 400 « 
1 : 100 " 
K.M. 
1 s 2 - 1 : A 
1 : 500 B . 
1 : 187 n 
L.H. 
1 : 2 
1 : 400 ■ 
1 s 200 « 
F.B. 
1 : A 
1 : 600 " 
1 * 150 " 
K.F. 
1 : 2 - 1 : A 
1 s 400 •• 
1 : 150 « 
F.J. 
1 : A 
1 i A00 « 
1 : 100 ■ 
M.St. 
1 : 2 - 1 : A 
1 I 500 ■ 
1 j 187 " 
A.K. 
1 : A 
1 s 300 " 
1 : 75 ,f 
H.V • 
1 s 2 - 1 : A 
1 : 500 ■ 
1 i 187 “ 
R .Sch. 
1 s A 
1 : 500 « 
1 2 125 n 
A.W. 
1 : A 
1 » 300 " 
1 2 75 " 
K. 
1 : 8 
1 J ADO ■ 
1 2 50 " 
H.U. 
1 : A 
1 : 400 " 
1 ; 100 ■ 
F.J. 
1 : 8 
1 : 400 11 
1 : 50 tt 
B. 
1 s A 
1 : 500 ■ 
1 2 125 " 
B«P. 
1*2-1 i L 
1 : 500 ■ 
1 t 187 " 
Mean arsinoxide concentration 
1 2 117 n 
- e.00085 /cc 
In the calculation of the arsinoxide concentration after 
neosalvarsan the numbers of the first neosalvarsan- patients were 
ommitted, since they had been determined with the arsinoxidos of 
Spirotrypan and oily those concentrations were calculated in 
which the arsinoxide of neosalvarsan hdd been used as a comparative 
substance. With this limitation one obtains a mean arsinoxide content 
of the liquor after Spirotrypan with a concentration of 1 * 117 
million ( = 0.00085 /cc), after neosalvarsan with 1 : 200 million 
(- 0.0005 /cc). The arsinoxide content after Spirotrypan thus is 
on the average about 70$ higher than after neosalvarsan. TrTDano 
■1 ntravenouslvl. 
Patient Dosage 
in gm. 
Trypanocidal Trypanocidal ti- Calculated arsin- 
titer of liquor .ter of arsinoxide oxide concentration 
of neosalvaraam of the liauor 
J.M. 
0.3 
1 i 2 
H.V.. 
0.45 
1 : 4 
• 
M.G. 
G.T. 
0.45 
0.45 
1 : 4 
1 : 4 
F. 
0.3 
1 x 4 
AJi. 
0.45 
1 : 2 
R.C. 
0.3 
1 x 2 
1 s 500 000 000 
1 « 250 000 000 
A.D. 
0.3 
1 x 2 
1 * 400 000 000 
1 x 200 000 000 
E.F. 
0.45 
1 x 2 
1 x 400 000 000 
1 x 200 000 000 
J.K. , 
0.45 
1 i 2 
1 I 400 000 000 
1 x 200 000 000 
R.A. 
0.45 
1 x 2 
1 * 200 000 000 
1 X 200 000 000 
O.K 
0.45 
1 i 2 
1 x 500 000 000 
1 x 250 000 000 
ThJC 
0.3 
1:2 
1 x 200 000 000 
1 i 100 000 000 
Mean arsinoxide concentration! : 200 000 000 
£ . 0.0005 /cc) 
# 
Any rule as to a relation between trypanocidal efficacy and form 
of syphilis as well as specific changes of the liquor (increased 
cell count) was not to be determined, likewise not between the 
various times when the liquor was taken and the trypanocidal 
values obtained• 
These tests should have furnished the proof that also arseono- 
corapdunds or their split products'may penetrate into the cerebro- 
fluid through the blood-liquor barrier, Spiro trypan evidently 
better than neosalvarsan, and it may be assumed that the sub- 
stance in the liquor, demonstrated by the trypanocidal reaction, 
represents a decomposition product of the arsenobenzole, presum- 
ably the corresponding arsinoxido. The road to synthesize new 
arsenobenzoles taken by the manufacturers of Spirotrypan in view 
toward a better penetration into the liquor seems to be promising 
even though in Spirotrypan examined by the present authgr the 
trypanocidal effect is still lower than in the arsinic acid 
compounds tested by Hawking, 
LITERATURE 
1. Vonkennel and Kiramig, Klin, Wschr, 1937, p. 603; 1938, p, 1840. 
2. Hftllstrung and Nordmayer, Klin, Wschr. 1938, p. 824. 
3. Hfcllstrung and ScWBlzke, Klin, Wschr. 1939, p. 1621. 
4. Hawking, Hennelly, and Quastel, J of Pharm. and Exp, Then. 
1937, 59: p.157 
5. Voegtlin and Smith, J. of Pharm. and Exp. Ther. 1920, 15: 
p. 475, 1921, 16: p. 456. 
6. Httllstrung, H., Zschr. f. gee. ,exp, Med., in print. Ill !.iedi»inische Fakult&t. University of Vienna. (Captain Schlumfcerger ) 
* » 
A. General.- The medical Faculty of the University of 
Vienna has been dispersed rather widely. Many members are located 
in the lake regions of Upper Austria, chiefly at Strobl, Bad 
Ischl and Gmunden. The following faculty members were contacted. 
B, Dr. Ernst Petrovsky, recently returned to civilian status, 
was in charge of the Viennese Laboratory of Bacteriology and Sero- 
logy. His research has lately centeiyabout the technique of fluor- 
escent microscopy and its application in the clini cal laboratory* 
He believes that it' is the most, satisfactory method for discovering 
tubercle bacilli in the sputum. He is familiar with the Folien 
test of Dr. Eyer fot typhus but considers it of only emergency value. 
Dr. Petrovsky stressed the fact that during the sudden reverses in 
Russia and Rumania, when large numbers of louse infested people 
poured into Vienna and its environs,, the anticipated epidemic of 
typhus did not occur. He believes that the danger of serious epid- 
emics of typhus following dissemination of the. infecte lice by 
displaced persons has been exagerated and that, particularly 
during the spring and summer, the probability of their occurrence 
is small. Dr. Petrovsky is a quiet mild-mannered individual who 
seems to be trustworthy. He wished to set up a bacteriological and 
serological laboratory for civilian use in Gmunden. He has received 
permission from the burgomeister to use the Landrathaus pending 
American military approval. 
of 
C. Dr. Joseph Palugyay, was professor/roentgenology at 
the University of Vienna. He states' that the 36 ram photographs of 
the fluoroscopic image of the chest leave much to be desired and 
he prefers the 6 x 6 cm photograph. (However, Dr. Woidinger, Chief 
of a German army hospital for the treat t of tuberculosis located 
in nearby Alt Aussee, uses the 36 mm photo). Besides the routine 
anterior-posterior view for chest films, Dr. Palugyay. takes one 
with the tube at an angle of 23° from the vertical. Thus he 
obtains a good view of the lung apices without Interference of the 
clavicular shadows. In infarts he uses a similar procedure but 
directs the tube from ’below. This permits examination of the left 
hilius and hilar«fl.ymphodes which in the conventional A-P view are 
hidden by the heart shadow in children. 
D. Dr. Hans Kutschera was professor df internal medicine at 
the University of Vienna and consultant to Wehrkreis 17. He has 
been interested in the efficacy of intracuteous inoculations of 
virulent tubercle bacilli-in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 
particularly those showing hematogenous dissemination. He claims 
that the immune response set up by the dermal tuberculosis thus 
induced helps to halt the progresss of the pulmonary lesion and 
eventually leads to recovery. The skinj preferably of the thigh, 
is sacrificed once monthly and tubercle bacilli introduced into the j abrasion. At present he as treated over 600’ civilians and 193 
soldiers by this method and claims excellent results- (Med. Welt 
p 34-3, 1939> fieri* klin, Wehnsbhrift, 1944). He admits that for 
a time he was forbidden to use the method on orders from Berlin, 
but subsequently it was revoked. He demonstrated charts and X-rays 
of a single case; the results were dramatic - but, this was the 
only case for which recoras were available. 
.# 
Buerger’s disease is treated by the slow injection of 30 
• mgm of acetylcholine into the femoral artery once weekly. After 
ten (10) Ifecks the pAtlekts have recovered (sic) • Dr, jKjaetschera 
clairas that the method enhances development of a collateral 
circulation, and, that it has also been found useful in the treatment' 
of frostbite of. the extremeties. 
£. Dr* Emil A* Wessely, was professor of otolaryngology at 
the University of Vienna. He states that .there were few cases of 
aero-otitis in the German airforce* He attributes this to the fact 
that a widely patent Eustachian tube was a requisite fof admission 
into tlie Luftwaffe. All intra-nasal deformities such as septdl spurs 
or deviations, hypertrophied turbinates, or enlarged adenoids were 
corrected before the candidate was accepted for the Luftwaffe. In 
the first year of the war many cases of chronic otitis occurred 
in,the Wehrraacht, resulting in the loss of many man-hcurs of work. 
These formerly resistant conditions yielded rapidly to treatment with 
a 3% alcoholic solution of sulfqthiazole. Gauze was soaked in the 
solution and then inserted deeply into the external’auditory canal. 
Dr. Wessely is inventor of the Relaskop which permits binocular 
vision in the examination of the nasopharynx; he is also author of 
a widely used text on diseases of the ear, nose and threat.. 
F* Dr. Antoine, was ordinarius of the Gynecological Clinic. 
He assumed this position in 1938 when the Nazis came Into Austria 
and his pred.eces*sor, Prof. Weibel ms not found to be politically 
acceptable. Dr. Antoine had previously been assistant to Prof. 
Weibel and had enjoyed an excellent professional reputation. 
The interrogation of Dr. Antoine did not reveal anything of 
intelligence value. He is very much interest in the cancer 
problem, but he states that nothing basically hew has been developed 
in the treatment of cancer of the uterus or the bladder. Radical 
Surgery (Modified Werthcim Method) is still the treatment of choice, 
followed by extensive x-ray treatment. Dr* Antoine has developed 
a new surgical method for the treatment of atresia vaginalis, using 
part of the colon for the formation of an artificial vagina. To 
this investigator this did not seem like any new method since at 
least a similar method is described in most of our own books on 
Gynepological Surgery. Im former times Dr. Antoine has been well 
known for his numerous and skillful operations for hymenal'plastics, 
made from the nucous membranes\of the vagina. University I.iedical School. Innsbruck. Austria. (Captain Schwarz). 
The medical school of Innsbruck played only a minor role in 
the chain of German schools. The student body was relatively small. 
All the former institutes and hospitals were intact. The following 
members of the teaching staff were present and interrogated! 
Prof• Breitner Surgery 
Prof.. Sieglbauer Anatomy 
Prof. Scherminski Physiology 
Prof. Jarisch Pharmacology 
Prof. Seef elder Ophthalmology 
Prof. Jagic Medicine 
t 
All these men performed teaching and hospital activities 
without offering anything outstanding or new# 
It was noted that research activities in this school were 
carried out only on a very small scale. It seems that the medical 
school of Vienna was the Austrian research center. Prof. Jagic is 
a member of the Vienna faculty and confirmed this. The latter was 
very much interested in the problem of field nephritis# He thinks 
that several factors contribute to its existence: focal infection 
and exposure. He has also worked on hormones and their effect on 
muscle and general fatigue. * \ 
Prof. Scherminski is interested in Nerve-muscle physiology. 
Prom a practical military medical viewpoint only this statement seems 
important: He thinks that no decrease in the action current of a 
nerve muscle stump occurs, if the amputee starts to exercise his 
stump as soon as possible after the amputation. This is important 
from a practical viewpoint since these action currents could be used 
as a source of power for the later prothesis. In an older amputee, 
where the amputation was done several years ago (unless he exercises 
continuously) the current decreases markedly or disappears altogether 
when a degeneration of the nerve takes place. 
V. Medlzinische Fakultlt Philips Universlt&t. Marburg*.figrjaagy. 
Cist Lt. Bucky) . 
A. General: Except for the partial destruction of the 
surgical and ophthalmological buildings and the looting of some of 
the laboratories, the medical school is undamaged. The dean of the 
medical school is Prof. Dr. Ernst Kretschmer, a well known constit- 
utional psychologist. Information supplied by him and by other key 
personnel appear in the following paragraphs. 
B. Prof. Dr. Ernst Kretschmer. Dean of the medical school 
e>yjef of Neuro-psvchiatrv: 
Dr. Kretschmer is working on the following research projects, 
study of which commenced during the present war. These studies are oil the whole incomplete, and he hope# to continue toward their com- 
pletion . 
1. Dr. K* has found a difference in the reactions of the 
• various body types (pyknic, asthenic, etc.) to Jnjected hormones and 
sympathetic drugs. He has found that the blood sugar curve follow- 
ing insulin injection varies with body type. The blood pressure curve 
following the injection of apinephrine is also different in the 
pyknic than in the asthenic. He believes he has found a marked 
difference in the tonus of the circulatory system in the varl<us 
constitutions. Another observed fact. Dr. K. gtatefi, is that the 
disposition of the various body types to certain diseases (e.g. 
pyknics to coronary thrombosis) may be explainted by this experimental 
study, 
2. The study of the antibody formation to foreign proteins, as 
it varies in the different constitutional types. (In conj. 
with Dr, Bersin) Formation of antibodies in the normal person, 
and their constitutional differences. 
3. Research on intermediate protein metabolism (In conj. 
with Dr. Bersin) This study, which had been undertaken for the 
Wehrmacht, not completed, and interrupted by the allied occupation 
concerns the following* Constitution and total blood proteins 
in cases of true exhaustion in soldiers, and methods of therapy 
of such exhaustion states. 
A. Constitution and Criminality. A statistical study of 
the histories of habitual criminals, constitutional diagnosis 
and prognosis of the psychopath; the course of criminality in 
the various body types (i.e. leptosomes have greatest incidence of 
criminality in youth, pyknics the greatest incidence at climact- 
eric) ; the constitutional psychopath in the army. 
5. Constitution, Efficiency and Productivity (not published, 
lacomplete study) The maxima of productivity of th various const- 
itutional types, in ordinary life; the maintainance of maximum 
efficiency of production in industry and in the military. 
6. Psychoneurosis, and Psychotherapy thereof. The diagnosis 
and therapy of the war neurosis; the alteration of the present 
methods of hypnosis from the sudden to the more gradual (see 
below); disturbances of puberty and their relation to the neuroses. 
7. Clinical Neurology and Psychiatry. Diagnosis and 
therapy of the disemminated encephalomyelitides. 
Dr. Kretschmer was also interrogated as to psychiatry in 
the Wehrmacht. He stated that in the Hitler Army, the method 
of therapy and prophylaxis was brutality. The psychoneurotic 
would be in Constant fear of exhibiting symptoms, such as motor 
symptoms, etc. Instead he would withdraw, become a mechanical soldier, hebephrenoid and apathetic in type. He would thus be diff- 
icult to recognize, however, serving only as ballast to his company. 
Both psychopathic personalities and rmnffest psychoneurotics were 
threatened with disciplinary i easurcs such as pun:? shment-labor 
battalions. Psychoneuros: s was quite rare in the beginning of the 
war, but appeared in great numbers towards the end, and during the 
Russian campaign. The German army had some rest centers for the 
inception of combat fatigue on a similar basis to that of the American 
array, however, th's was never on a great scale, and never highly 
organized. 
Dr. Kretschmer!s opinions on the therapy of combat neurosis 
varied with those of the Nazi state. He was, however, given free 
hand to treat the cases in his institution as he pleased. • He 
generally followed an outline as follows* 
1. An individual psychotherapeutic session with the 
patient. Dr. K. stresses the importance of this first interview. 
He believes that many patients can be*cured" in this first inter- 
view. It should therefore never be short, even if it lasts for 
two hours or longer. ' 
2, The first interview failing, Dr. K. resorts to 
hypnosis. This should be brought about in stages. At the first 
sitting the patient shall be brought into only a light trance, 
and the depth of hypnosis shall be gradually increased in each 
subsequent meeting.- Radical attempts at suggestion should ,not be 
done, especially in the earlier hypnotic states. 
3* Group therapy as convalescent care. 
C. Prof. Hans Schmidt - Schleicher. Chief of the Departments 
of. Serology and Bacteriology and Director of Research. Inatitut fttr _ 
Experiementelle Therapie of the Behrung Werka. 
Dr. Schmidt is at present conducting research in the following 
fields. While many are still in progress, he is handicapped by lack 
of animals and the internment of several of his collaborators. 
1. In collaboration with Prof. Otto Westphal of Goettingen, 
Dr. Schmidt is attempting to obtain in its pure form an anti blood 
group 0 agglutinin. 
2, In collaboration with Dr. Peter Weger, formerly of 
Riga, Latvia, Fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation, Dr. Schmidt 
has purified several bacterial pyrogens to such an extent that a 
few milligrams of such a pure pyrogen extract will cause a marked 
fever reaction. * \ A. Together with Dr.‘ Vierthaler, he has produced 
bacterial exotAxins of typhoid baccilli- by extraction of the serum 
of the body cavity of a guinea pig* He is now at work on the 
production of a diphtheria gravis antiserum. Prof, Vierthaler is 
now at work on the production of a diphtheria graves antiserum* 
Prof. Vierthaler is now in Bad Nauheim, and it has been requested 
thru the military government that he be transferred to Marburg to 
assist Dr. Schmidt in his work. 
5. Th* chemical composition and the synthesis of the 
7/assermann reaction antigen. (Dr. Schmidt hopes to synthesize this 
antigen so that a more controlled Wassermann reaction may be 
performed. 
6. 6. He has been supervising the production of typhus . 
vaccine at the Behring Werke in Marburg. He prefers the egg to the 
louse intestine and rabbit lung types. There used bo e an institute 
for the production of the vaccine at Lemberg, Poland. This instit- 
ute was moved from Poland to Marburg where it is now in function. 
Dr. Mans, who used to be in charge of this work, is now a prisoner 
(he is a former SS man), Work in this direction is now at a 
minimum, however, may be restarted on short notice. 
7. He has done some early research work with penicillin 
which was produced at Hfcchst. He would like some samples of 
American penicillin for purpose of standardizing his German made 
drug. He considers penicillin antiquated because he considers a 
new synthetic antibiotic much more effective than penicillin. 
This drug has been developed*by Prof. Richard Kuhn, Kaiser Wilhelm 
Institut, Heidelberg. Tt is a bacteriostatic, acting in similar fash- 
ion as the sulfonamides and penicillin; it is supposed to have few 
side reactions, and is supposed to be easily synthesized. (His 
enthusiasm is premature. The drug or rather group of drugs is the 
Salicil group discussed in several other reports)• 
C* Prof. Dr. Hans Gremels. Professor of Pharmacology. 
Prof. Gremels has done extensive research in the field of 
metabolism. He is interested in the metabolism and energetics of 
the organism as it is controlled by the autonomic nervous system 
and thru the endocrine glands and their secretions. He has studied 
the various chemical transmitters of the autonomic system, ray means 
of heart-lung-kidney preparations. He has studied the laws govern- 
ing the function of striate, smooth and cardiac muscle, their 
oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and metabolism. Also 
studied was the factor of nutrition to metabolism, the specific 
dynamic action, amino and monosaccharide absorbtion and digestion. 
His research for the Wehrmacht Included the problem of therapy 
in cases of lung edema due to chemical warfare agents. He studied the advisability of using morphine in a case of lung edema. He 
believes morphine not to be contraindicated because even though 
it depressed respiration somewhat; it has great influence in reduc- 
ing the edema, and*its sum total of effects is thus to advantage. 
He knows of no new anti-raalarials, sulfonamides or othef 
drugs. (Questioning on these drug types yielded no new information. 
He has studied the effect on the Warburg respiratory cycle of 
cyanide gasses. 
D« Prof. Dr. Alfred Benninghof. Professor of Anatomy. 
This anatomist is interested in the function of anatomical 
structures. He has devised a means for the demonstration of stress 
lines in human bones. Hese he can show by means of injecting a dye 
into the lines of cleavage of a decalcified bone specimen (such as 
in a Spalteholz preparation) . He has thus studied the more 
important weight bearing bones and the skull. This work is of course, 
of dynamic-orthopoedic importance. Wotk in this direction is 
still in progress. 
Another interest of his is in tissue cultures. He has 
studied various aspects of tissue culture, its relation to its 
media, etc. This work has been discontinued at the present 
because of destruction of his laboratory, and the lack of laboratory 
animals. 
E. Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Grueter. Ophthalmologist. 
Dr. Grueter is the discoverer of the herpes virus, and has 
occupied himself almost entirely with virology with particular 
application to ophthalmology. Besides careful study of the herpetic 
conditions of the eye. Dr. Grueter has undertaken some research in 
the allied field of the encephalitides, and the relation of the 
two diseases to the prevalence of virus carriers. For the purpose 
of demonstrating the results of his research, Dr. Grueter has 
constructed a special stereoscopic camera, to take pictures of the 
eye in color. Treatment of herpes of the eye is based largely on 
thorough lavage with tincture of iodine. During the war, and for 
the Wehrmacht, he has performed many operations of* traumatic 
cataract of the eye. His clinic has been the center for operations 
of this kind. 
• 
P. Prof. Dr. Uffenorde. Otolaryngologist. 
This otolaryngological surgeon, who has served in the Wehrmacht 
as Lieutenant Colonel, is now a prisoner in his hospital, to which 
he has been confined. He is at present in full research and 
practical work. His main interest at present is on the theme of 
seosis following angina. He uses the sulfonamides but stresses the importance of proper surgical therapy. Another interest of his 
is the origin of deafness in children, due to sub-clinical infections 
which have point of entrance thru the labyrinthine windows. 
VI. liedizinische Fakult&t and Veterinarmedizinische Fakultflt. 
Ludwigs Universitflt. Giessen. 
A. The medical school was badly damaged by bombing. Nearly 
ai T the buildings were more or less completely destroyed but some 
have been salvaged by building new roofs or repairing lower floors 
so that portions of the buildings may be used. Nearby homes and 
schools have been requisitioned so that most of the clinics are 
operating and 800 of the former 1600 hospital beds are in use, 
B. Prof. Dr. Georg Herzog. Dean. Dr. Herzog has done 
extensive research and published several volumes on neoplasms, 
especially tumors of bone. He has visited America on many occasions 
and has worked with both Geschickter and Copeland, as well as 
Ewing. He has worked extensively with tissue cultures in connection 
with his work on tumors, and otherwi.se. He collaborated-with Fisher 
of Copenhagen on the pathologic and. morphologic studies of such 
tissue cultures. Together with his son, he has studied Dupuytren’s 
contractures in the Wehrmacht and published a paper thereupon. 
C. Prof. Dr. Kurt Vott. Professor of Internal Medicine. 
Dr. Voit has been interested in the metabolism of the cell and has 
studied the nucleic acids in the blood. In the Wehrmacht, Dr. Voit 
has studied the problem of field nephritis. He believes that its 
etiology definitely is not of a infectious nature. He thinks 
that a great factor in its inception is climate, coldness and damp- 
ness. Therapeutically he orders nothing p.c. for 3 days, until 
blood pressure falls, followed by a light carbohydrate diet. He 
has seen many cases of field nephritis in Russia, 100 cases in one 
ward at one time. 
He has seen many cases of pappataci (sand-fly, phlebotomus) 
fever in the Caucauses. Because it is so benlgh, it presented no 
problem other than that of diagnosis. 
D. Prof. Dr. F. Bernhardt. Chief of Surgery. Dr. Bernhardt’s work 
has concerned itself both in civil life and in the Wehrmacht with 
the surgery of the chest and the oesophagus. He has performed 100 
100 theracoplasties following war injury «fith only a 3% mortality. 
He is also specialist in aneurysmal and gall bladder surgery. 
He is enthusiastic about the Kuentscheer nai}. which has been 
described in several other reports. No new information was obtained 
from him on any surgical subjects. 
E. Prof. S+andfuss. Dean of the veterinary school, skated 
that the school, although damaged, was capable of continuing its 
work. Its main departments include that of veterinary anatomy . • 
/(Prof. Schauder, POW), veterinary physiology (free), the Veterinary 
Hygiene Institute at which Dr. Seller (formerly of Ankara) is 
conducting virus studies. Other departments are the Institute tPT 
Veterinary Nutrition, and the Staatl. Veterinarisches Untersuch- 
ungsamt, both under the direction of Prof, Standfuss, and both 
concerned with food inspection, bacteriologic and serologic testing. 
Dr. Standfuss has done much research in the field of paratyphoid and 
he has published a voluminous literature on that subject. He is at 
present stjidying tuberculosis in the cows of Germany, which he says 
is very prevalent. He is at present studying of hoof and mouth 
disease but has achieved nothing definite. 
VII. Medizinische Fakultit, University of Munich. (Captain Schlura- 
berger). 
All the buildings of the University of Munich School of Medi- 
cine and its associated clinics have been damaged by fire and high 
explosive bombs. 
Since most of the students were drafted into the Wehrmacht at 
the outbreak of the war, regardless of the number of semesters they 
had completed, many will return to finish their courses. Only a 
few were sent back during the war years for this purpose. Some 
attempt was made to keep the students in touch with the medical 
school by means of pamphlets mailed to them at intervals. These 
contained accounts of recent advances in medicine, or even basic 
pre-cllnical instruction. 
Dr. Karl Bauer is acting head of the department of anatomy. 
He spent some time at the Rockefeller Institute in New York working 
with tissue culture methods and the organ perfusion apparatus of 
Carrel and Lindbergh. At present he is carrying out extensive mor- 
phological studies on the cerebral cortex. In this he believes to 
have demonstrated the continuity of glia fibers with the ncurofibrils 
of the neive cells. He is of the opinion that the increase in mass 
and complexity of the "ground substnace" between the ganglion cells 
is the source of the greater functional capacity of the human brain 
as compared with that of the lower animals. 
Dr. Richard Wagner is director of the department of phys- 
iology. His most noteworthy recent achievement is the invention of 
an apparatus for making continuous blood pressure records without 
the necessity of opening an artery. This method may prove very 
useful for experimental blood vascular studies in patients. During 
neuro-surgical or other operative procedures where a permanent 
continuous tracing of the patient’s blood pressure is often desirable 
it may prove of value. 
Dr. August Forst, chief of the department of pharmacology, 
has been working on the pharmacodynamic proof of V.R. Hess* theory that sleep is the result of parasympathetic stiunulrtion of the sleep 
center in the hypothalamus. Forst found that the sleep-inducing 
effect of parasympatho-mimetic drugs and the reverse effect of sym- 
pathomimetic drugs lends support to the theory of Hess. To obtain 
an objective record of the sleep inducing effects of these drugs 
he devised an apparatus which records the activity of the experi- 
mental animal. At present he is making a study of the active 
pharmaceutical agents in plants commonly thouglt to have medicinal 
properties. 
Dr. Karl Kisskalt is director of the institute of hygiene, 
founded by the renowned Max Pettenkofer. The institute includes not 
only sanitation and hygiene, but the department of bacteriology as 
well. During the war Kdsskalt published an article on the selection 
and purification of drinking water of which the Sanitfttsinspektion 
printed several thousand copies and distributed them to sanitary 
officers in the Wehrmacht. 
Dr. Oswald Bumke is head of the neurological and psychiatric 
institute. Ke agrees with the statements of other German psychiat- 
rists that during the early years of the war neuroses were very un- 
common in the Wehrraacht. the gastric neuroses, which 
in the later years became more common, so closely simulated organic 
gastric disease that their diagnosis was placed in the hands of 
internists. In comparing the neuroses of the present war with 
those of World War I he agrees with the statement of Schaltenbrand 
that their site had passed from the striated to the smooth muscles. 
The severe bombing of Munich was unaccompanied by any apparent 
increase in the incidence of neuroses or psychoses among civilians. 
Dr, Emil K. Prey is director of the surgical clinic. During 
the war he supervised the construction of two emergency operating 
rooms in the basement of the surgical clinid. Although the supers- 
tructure of this building, was almost wholly destroyed by fire and 
near-misses of bombs, the* operating rooms and temperary quarters 
in the basement remained intact. The equipment and ventilation of 
these rooms does not differ from that ordinarily found in hospitals. 
In 1926 Frey and Kraut isolated what they claim is a specific 
substance (Hormone?) from the pancreas and salivary glands. This 
produces a marked vase-dilation and an associated fall in blood 
pressure. Frey declares that the product, marketed as "Padutin* by 
Bayer is of value in hastening the development of a collateral 
circulation in early Buerger’s disease And in overcoming the arter- 
iolar spasm of Raynaud’s disease and that of the collateral coronary 
circulation often found in coronary occlusion. The substance appears 
in the medical literature of Germany as ’’Kallekrein” • Dr* Karl Vossschulte is assistant to Dr. Frey. With the 
latter he has employed the technique of, theracoplasty as intro- 
duced by Mauser (Acta Helvetica ca. 194-0-42). This is performed 
in two stages. In the first stage the third and fourth ribs as 
well as the accompanying intercostal nerves are sesected. The 
periosteum is treated with 10% formalin to prevent new bone format- 
ion. After two weeks or more, depending upon the condition of the 
patient, the second operation .is carried out. The first and second 
ribs and intercostal nerves are resected, the scapula is mobilized 
and its inferior tip inserted anterior to the fifth and sixth ribs, 
though still covered by the overlying pleura. This position of the 
scapula increases considerably the subsequent degree of pulmonary 
collapse. Both surgeons have obtained excellent results in the 
treatment of unilateral tuberculosis by this method. 
Another means of obtaining obliteration of pulmonary cavities 
that they have used is the suction drainage of Monaldi. Suction 
is obtained by the use -of gravity flow similar to that employed in 
the Wangensteen apparatus. A rubber tube is inserted through the 
chest wall into the Inferior medial portion of the cavity and per- 
mitted to remain there for several weeks. Obliteration of even large 
cavities has been achieved with this technique. 
Drs. Frey and Vossschulte use the rubber sponge drain for 
nil cerebral abscesses* Besides its excellence as a relatively non- 
plugging drain, the rubber sponge-prevents prolapse of brain sub- 
stance by means of the gentle uniform pressure which it exerts. 
The* cisterna magna is completely drained before operation and da31y 
thereafter for a period of 8 to 14- days. The sponge may be changed 
daily, though this is not always necessary. 
Dr. Alfred Schittenhelm, chief of the division of internal 
medicine, and Prof. Alfred Wiskott, dean of the medical school and 
chief of the pediatric clinic, are being held for questioning by 
the CTC. 
e 
VIII. Medizinische Fakultlt, University of Wlrzburg (Captain Schlum- 
berger). 
The Luitpold Hospital, teaching center of the University of 
Wurzburg Medical School, was severely damaged during the incend- 
iary and high explosive bomb raid ofi 16 March 194-5. However, parts 
of several buildings still contain patients and it is the hope of 
the dean, Dr. Karl Hoede, that these may be used for teaching 
purposes. Capt. Edwin Rosner, IC, of the military government, is 
furthering this plan. The physics, anatomical, and physiological 
laboratories in another part of the town were also partly destroyed. 
The remaining University buildings are burned to the ground. In 
the physics laboratory Roentgen*s room and relics are intact. Dr. Karl Hoede, now acting dean of the medical school, is 
' on the CIC black list because of his activities in the Nazi party. 
His specialty is dermatology and venereal diseases, in which fields 
he has carried out several investigations. He contributed the 
section on heredity in skin diseases for Just's Handbuch der Erbiol- 
ogie des Menschcn", Berlin, 1939-40• Dr. Junt was also on the 
faculty of the University, but at present Is under surveillance 
because of his interest in the eugenic aspects of heredity. Dr. 
Hoede agrees with other German physicians that the intramuscular 
injection of 2cc of 4£$ oil of turpentine accompanied by the oral 
administration of sulfa drugs at the height of the induced fever is 
an excellent means of curing resistant cases of gonorrhea. Although 
he admits that the method is very painful, he insists that other 
methods of producing "artificial" fever have.not been as satisfact- 
ory. It is also a good prophylactic measure, for certainly the 
patient will not carry away the idea that gonorrhea is no more than 
a bad cold. 
Dr, Hans Rietschel, professor of pediatrics, states that 
vitamin deficiency diseases among the children of Germany are 
extremely uncommon. He is skeptical of the so-called hjpovitaminoses 
or "sub-clinical" avitaminoses, though with the onset of actual 
starvation during the coming winter he expects a sharp rise in all 
nutritional deficiency diseases. Although the diphtheria morbidity 
was high in Wurzburg during the war, and was often accompanied by 
a polyneuritis, the mortality was only about 5%. A tive immunizat- 
ion is proving very effective in this respect. of diarr- 
hea are on the increase, in infants as well as in children and 
even adults. Dr. Rietschel attributes this to the general decline 
df hygiene standards due to scarcity of soap and hhe absence of an 
adequate water supply. 
Dr. Erich Grafe is professor of internal medicine, with a 
special interest in metabolic disturbances• His book, "Metabolic 
Diseases and Their Treatment" was translated by Eugene Dubois and 
H. Richardson and was published in the US in 1933. Dr. Grafe 
states that during the war no new methods or agents for the treatment 
of diabetes were discovered in Germany. 
Epidemic hepatitis first appeared among troops stationed 
in the Caucasws, then rapidly spread throughout the Wehrmacht. 
During the height of the epidemic, which began about April 1941 and 
lasted a year, several hundred thousand cases were reported. At a 
meeting held in Berlin during the winter 1943-44, the foremost 
German clinicians expressed their views on the etiology,course, 
and treatment of the disease. 
Dr. Grafe believes that "Kriegsnephritis" is not identical with 
acute glomerulonephritis. Like other German physicians, he emphas- 
ized the onset with massive edema, elevated blood pressure, and frequent cardiac failure in the absence of azotemia. Grafe 
disagrees with the statement of Dr. Mehr of Hof, that 90% of the 
cases show complete healing. Rather, he placds the figures at 
about 7%9 the rest continue to show blood, albumen casts in 
the urine. The ultimate fate of these patients has not yet been 
determined. Thesdisease was so common that a special lazarett was 
set up at Michelfeld, west of Bayreuth, where over 2,OCX) cases were 
treated• As consultant to the Sanitatsinspektion he had the opport- 
unity to examine many of these patients. No specific illness such 
as sore throat or upper, resplr&tory tract infection was associated 
with the renal lesions. However, these, patients may develop 
typical signs and symptoms of epidemic hepatitis; occasionally the 
rewerse occurred. 
The belief that the disease is not identical with acute 
. glomerolo nephritis gains some support from the histological exam- 
inations of Dr, T. Fahr, the well known pathologist in Hamburg* 
Fahr!s son, Ernst Fahr, is resident pathologist at the Luitpold 
Hospital and possesses several microscopic sections of these 
kidneys that had been examined by his father. The characteristic 
wide spread inflammatory changes in the glomeruli are absent; in 
their stead is a low grade interstitial inflammation with marked 
edema* Fahr Sr. calls the lesion a "serious interstitial inflamma- 
tion" • 
Dr* Georg Schaltenbrand, professor of neurology and oberstab- 
sarzt in the Wehrmacht, is at present in the POW lazarett in Merge- 
sheim. He is author of a monograph on multiple sclerosis (194-3) 
and during the war was particularly interested in the neuritides. 
Schaltenbrand studied 100 cases of post-<liphtheritic polyneuritis 
occurring on the Russian front; of these-, about 30 were wound 
•infections. Most interesting was the relatively frequent finding 
of polyneuritis in cases of Wolhynian (trench) fever. The 
neuritis begins when the fever is at its height, most frequently 
involves the legs, and may resemble a Landry*s paralysis. The para- 
lysis may not clear up for over a year. Sensory disturbances are 
most makfced in the lumbar rather than in the sacral segments. 
During the six years of war Dr* Schaltenbrand found eight 
cases of Guillain - Barre polyneuritis. The spinal fluid shows a 
characteristic elevation of albumen associated with a low cell count* 
The nerves and nerve roots are infiltrated with neutrophils, but 
most noteworthy is the intense hyperemia.and edema of these structures. 
The extra-renal syndrome of Nonnenbruch - (renal insufficiency without 
morphological changes in the kidney) is often found in this disease. 
As noted in a previous report, this form of polyneuritis has also 
been-observed in German soldiers ty Dr* Meggendorfer of the University 
of Erlangen. Stabsarzt Erich Mueller was a resident pathologist at the 
Luitpold Hospital before beginning service in the Luftwaffe; he is 
now in the PW lazarett in Mergesheim, Earlier experiments had shown 
that animals such as guinea pigs remained alive from one to several 
hours when carried to elevations of 12,000 meters without an oxygen 
supply. However, German aviators died when they were without oxygen 
for periods as short as five minutes at an altitude of 7,000 meters. 
Histologically the most important findings were vacuolization and 
degeneration of the cytoplasm in the liver cells, adrenal medulla, 
and heart muscle. Studies on the changes in the central nervous 
system have not been completed. 
Sudden death following apparent recovery after a relatively 
short exposure to cold and immersion was frequently observed. For 
example, 104 men were rescued four hours after their torpedo boat 
had been sunk in the English Channel in April 1943. Of these 80 
died quite suddenly at different tines during their convalescence 
with symptoms of acute cardiac collapse. These patients, as well 
as others having a similar history, had a fever up to 40°C. for 
about two days after their rescue; there was no evidence of 
pneumonia. Cardiovascular signs were limited to hypotension and 
extra-systoles, with coldness and cyanosis of the extremities often 
accompanied by petechiae. Death followed upon slight exertion, e.g., 
during a game of cards. Histologically the adrenal cortex was wholly 
depleted of lipoids, the glycogen content of the heart muscle was 
low, and many fat-free vacuoles wwe found in the cytoplasm of the 
acinar cells of the pancreas. The machanism of these deaths is not 
yet clear, though Dr. Mueller believes it is related to a disturbance of 
the cellular oxidation-reduction mechanism, 
IX Medical Research Institute, Garmisch-Partenkirchen. (6aptain 
Schwarz)• 
This institute has carried out research in extremely varied 
fields (It has been visited by many teams of investigators and 
doubtless will be the subject of several reports). From the medical 
viewpoint the work on "Eye Prothesis" appear to be the most inter- 
esting ones. 
1. In the case of the forearm prothesis the procedure is 
as follows! A light aluminum ring is put around the remaining stump. 
To this ring is attached a small contact which can be closed by 
contracting the remaining muscle stumps. This contact in turn 
closes or disconnects the current from a regular flash light battery. 
Once the current is closed it activates a small electro-magnet 
which can easily he housed in the fore arm prothesis. The electro- 
magnet in turn pulls a small spring and the contraction or release 
of this spring closes or opens the hand. 2, The leg prothesia is based on a similar principle us lag 
■one action current of the sciatic nerve as a source of power 
multiplied, of course, by a special apparatus housed in the prothesis. 
3. The eye prothesis is based on the principal of photo- 
electronics. Cut out letters are slowly passed through a given 
of light creating different effects in photoelectronic cells which 
changes these light impressions into sound with the result that 
one has to be trained to this particular sound and he can that way 
■fead" each letter with his ears. 
X. Eeserye-lazarett. Horschlag. Austria (Captain Schlumberger) 
This installation presented no new or outstanding features. 
However, one member of the staff, Stabsarzt, Felix Otto Horing, 
has had extensive field experience lx malaria control in Greece and 
North Africa. The following information supplied by him merely 
confirms previously acquired facts as to standard German practice 
in malaria control and therapy. 
1. The Wehrmacht had eight (8) teams that traveled through 
the* malarious districts giving lectures to the medical officers and 
troops, as well as instituting sanitary measures such as spraying 
ponds, draining swamps, etc. Each team consisted of one medical 
officer, one entomologist, one technician, and four enlisted men. 
Transportation was provided by a truck (which contained the labor- 
atory) and a passenger car. 
2. Prophylactic treatment consisted of one 0.06 gm tablet 
of atabrin daily,or an 0.1 gm tablet twice daily, twice weekly. 
This method proved sat Horing states that it never 
prevented contraction of the disease, but merely restricted clinical 
manifestations to no more than 10% of the troops at one time. 
3. The standard treatment of malaria wasi 0.1 gm atabrin 
t.i.d. for seven days followed by 0.01 gm plasmochin t.i.d. for 
three days. In very severe infections, particularly with P. 
falciparum, 0.3 gm of a -abrin was given intramuscularly b.i.d. for 
two or three days. To pre ent lengthy hospitalization, recurrences 
were treated with 6.1 gm of atabrin six times daily and 0.01 gn of 
plasmochin three times daily for the first two days. On the third 
day 0,1 gm of atabrin and 0.01 gm of plasmochin were.admlnistered 
t.i.d., on the fourth and fifth days only 0.1 gm of atabrin was 
given t.i.d. Koring claims that these massive doses seldom led to 
gastric upsets and denies that there was any evidence of liver 
damage. Recurrences were noted in 30-35% of the cases infected with 
P, vlvax; Hiring does not believe that plasmochin prevents- these. <HE. Neurosurgical Institute of Berlin, (Captain Schlumberger) 
a f. 
A. General: In Becember 194-3 the Neurosurgical Institute of 
the University of Berlin and the Luftwaffen Lazarett Berlin (Forsch- 
ungsstelle fBr Hirn-Ruckenmark-und Nervenverletzungen) were moved 
to Bad Ischl in Upper Austria, These were, and still are,, under 
the direction of Generalarzt Prof. Dr. W. Tennis, now supervised by 
the Third US Arnjy. Dr. T8nnis is editor of the Zentralblatt ffa* 
Neurochirurgie and has an international reputation among neuro- 
surgeons. With the outbreak of the war in 1939 the Institute 
began an intensive program for the study of brain, spinal cord, and 
peripheral nerve injuries. Besides the development of operative 
techniques, extensive investigations were carried out on the effect 
of cerebral injury upon the basal metabolic rate, respiration and 
blood pressure, as well as on the altered structure and function 
of other viscera. Data were kej5t on the course of all patients 
after their discharge from the hospital and at present records of 
several thousand such patients are available, In many instances 
these histories cover a three (3) year period. About two (2) months 
ago 8,000 to 9,000 of these cases records were moved in the care of 
OberStabsarzt Muller of the Luftwaffenlazarett in that city. Whether 
they have since been moved to the Neurosurgical Clinic of Dr. Hugo 
Kraycnbuhl in Zurich,' Switzerland is unknown. Along with the same 
histories were sent statistical analyses, kodachrome as well as black 
and white photographs, motion picture films of operative procedures, 
a technical library, and physiological apparatus. 
B. Organization. If the institute, as set up by Dr. TBnnis 
at Bad Ischl, will be allowed to continue the function, the material 
now'at Isny should be returned that the data therein contained may 
be studied. The institute at Bad Ischl is set up as follows! 
1. Neurosurgery: 200 beds in Hotel Kaiserkrone under 
direction of Stabsarzt Brich Fischer-Brugge. 
2. Neurology: 300 beds in Hotel Mukcher H'of; director 
Stabsarzt W. Ruskcn. Another similar 300 beds were 
moved to Isny; director, Stabsarzt Rchwald. 
3. Peripheral Nerves: 200 beds in Haus HeliCs; director, 
Stabnarnt H. Cordel. 
4-. Internal Medicine: 120 beds in Elizabeth Haus; 
director, Stabsarzt E. Dworacek. 
5. Otolaryngology: Hotel Kaisexkrone; director 
Stabsarzt Kunz. Special emphases on maxillo-facial 
and sinusoidal injuries complicating cerebral wounds, 
6, Ophthalmology: Hotel -Kaiserkrone; director, 
Stabsarzt Blank, Ocular disturbances after brain 
injury. Roentgenology: Hotel Kaiscrkrone; director* 
Stabsarzt Spaar. 
S Electroencephalography: Haus Bauer; director 
Dr. Gruttner. 
9. Pathological Anatomy; Elizabeth Haus, autopsy 
room in Hotel Kaiserkrone; director, Stabsarzt 
W. Krucke. 
10* Bacteriology and Serology: Kaus Eden, director, 
Obersarzt H. Peter. 
i 
11. Statistical Section* Stabsarzt R. Franckenstcin. 
Since these hospital units were set up in former hotels 
they lack many desirable conveniences; nevertheless, they are quite 
adequate under the circumstances. 
After this survey had been nearly completed a CICS team 
headed by Major Alexander appeared for the purpose of interrogating 
Dr. Tonnis. Because Major Alexander is himself a neurologist, a 
technical evaluation of the work of the Institute will be omitted 
since it will form the subject of his report. 
HI William G. Kerckhoff Institute. Bad Nauheim (Captain McCarthy) 
A. Description of the Target. 
The target consists of one (1) large building, 250 x 50 feet, 
three (3) stories high. It is beautifully built of sand atone and 
closely resembles an American university building of the more modern - 
type. It was built by the private funds of the late W.G. Kerckhoff, 
a German who suffered with heart disease for many years. His wife, 
who still lives in Los Angeles, California, endowed it heavily with 
a large sum. In 193B the Board of Directors voted to remove the 
capital sum ffcom the U.S. to Germany. These funds have gradually 
diminished until all monies ceased to be paid into the Institute 
about a year ago. For the past year it has been running a diagnostic 
and treatment x-ray department and a clinical laboratory in order 
to make expenses. 
The Institute was created for research and study of diseases 
of the circulation and the heart. Within the past six (6) months 
it has opened its doors to receive four bombed-out university 
research departments. Its activities are now divided into five (5) 
sections: 
1. The Department of Electrophysiology. , (This is the largest 
and most important section. 
2. Statistical Mathematics. 
3. Radiology. A. Clinical Laboratory for Special Tests, 
5. 
a. Pharmaceutical Institute from the University of 
Giessen. 
b. Physiological Institute from the University of 
Danzig 
c. Anatomical Institute from the Un-versity of Giessen. 
d. Psychological Institute from the University of 
Danzig. 
The Institute 5s completely intact except for twc (2) snail 
rooms, formerly,used as part of a museum, that were gutted by an 
incendiary bomb in December 1944. It contains many unusual laboratory 
instruments used to study the nervous mechanism of the circulatory 
system. Many,of them Were built b, the Director, Prof. Hans Schaefer, 
and exist in no other laboratory. At the time of my visit research 
and clinical work was going on in all sections 'of the Institute. 
The Institute is completely equipped and aside from its need 
for three (3) 100 volt batteries it has sufficient material and 
personnel to carry on, No coal will be needed for experiments. This 
Institute will be heated next winter from a central heating plant 
which heats all the German hospitals at present in operation at 
Bad Nauheim. 
5. Personnel. 
Dr. Gttrtel, the well known x-ray man was and still is the real 
Director of the Institute although he fled to America in 1934 and 
is now practicing in New York. 
Prof. Dr. Hans Schaefer has been the actual d:rector for the 
past five (5) years. He is thirty-nine (39) years old, speaks 
English rather well and was very cooperative. After a five (5) 
hour interview with him I came away with the impression that he was 
an extremely capable and energetic man with extraordinary research 
capabilities. He is a physiologist specializing in electrophysiol- 
ogy of the circulation only. Certain facts disclosed during this 
interview convinced me he had been anti-Nazi during his term as 
director. Only a very small amount of research in war med:‘cine was 
done by him or his assistants. He is the author of a two (2) volume 
work on “Electrophysiology** well known in America and a large number 
of scientific articles. 
Under Schaefer!s direction Fraulein Dr. Geppert conducts a 
department of Statistical Mathematics. This department was created 
to gather large numbers of statistics on electrocardiographs, basal 
metabolism tests, etc, which would serve as a basis for research on 
the circulation. She has two (2) other medical assistants, Dr. Her- 
bert Gftpfert and Dr, Magdalene Kahn carrying on special phases of 
this work. There are also ten (10) specially trained female tech- 
nical assistants. * Br- Hubert Lessen, former assistant of Dr, Gftrtel, is in 
’charge of the department of radiology. He is said to be one of the 
leading radiologists in Germany and was connected with the University 
of Frankfurt before being bombed out. He spends two (2) days a week 
in a temporary clinic in Frankfurt. 
Prof. Dr. Fritz Hildcbrant, director of the Pharmaceutical 
Institute at the University of Giessen. 
Rudolf Thauer, director of the Physiological Institute 
of the University of Danzig. 
Prof, Dr. Ferdinand Wagenzeil, director of the Anatomical 
Institute of the University of Giessen. 
Prof. Dr. Walter Bhrenstein, director of the Ppychological 
Institute of the University of Danig• 
The latter four (A) men In addition to carrying on their own 
research are collaborating with Prof. Schaefer in various phases of 
his work. 
C. Research completed in the last five (5) ve^rsi 
This has been almost entirely devoted to the electrophysiology 
of the circulation with only a few works on war medicine. They are 
listed as followsl 
1. Studies on Tetanus with reference toi 
a. Alterations in muscle fibers. 
b. Alterations in the motor end plates. 
c. Changes in the sensory organs of the muscles. 
\ 
2. Possibility of using intravenous oxygen therapy. - It 
was found not possible by this method to increase the ©xygen of the 
blood because of the formation of bubbles in the vessels resulting 
in the blocking of the vessels. Methemoglobin occurred and the 
oxygen content of experimental animals was actually lowered. 
3. Studies on the electrophysiology of the heart muscles in 
five (5) phases. 
a. Polarization of heart muscles (Progs, Turtles, Guinea 
Pigs) 
b. Investigation of the origin of the heart beat simult- 
aneous, E.C.G. tracings of sinus node, auricles' and ventricles. 
c. A study of our physical knowledge of the origin of the 
potential in the heart muscle. 
d. Demonstration of. monophasic electrocardiogram recorded 
with micro instead of macroclectrodes. This investigation proved 
that the "difference" theory is correct. e• Same as d but "done with experimental animals under 
influence of anoxemia. The Luftwaffe was interested in this work and 
it was done under their auspices. It was found that different parts • 
of the heart react in different degrees to anoxemia. Transmission 
of impulses is delayed and this delay can be measured with the E.K.G. 
Research on the centripetal, impulses, i.e, sensory impulses 
from heart to brain. There were found to be several forms of 
impulses. 
a. Those synchronous with the heart beat. 
b. *Those synchronous with the respiration. 
c. Undefined impulses known as the Jarisch-Bezold reflexes. 
Animals given Veratrin will show the (c) impulses and eventually go 
into collapse. 
5. Influence of certain drugs and anoxemia on these impulses by 
experiments using cross circulation in two (2) dogs which allows a 
differentiation between effects of a central and peripheral anoxemiAa 
6. Influence of "Blacking Out" on Jarisch-Bezold reflex and 
results of giving calcium and yohimbin using guinea pigs as experi- 
mental animals. 
7. Same experiments as in (6) but done on men, i.e. a study 
of the calcium content of the blood and susceptibility to black-outs. 
There was found no correlation between the two although calcium is a 
cardiac depressant and has a strong action on the vegative nervous 
system. Such results were contrary to expactations but agreed with 
those done on guinea pigs. The investigators felt that there was 
nothing wrong with the technique. Perhaps the fact’that the experi- 
ments were done only on thirty (30) men might account for discrepancy 
in the expected result. 
8. Studies on technique in clectrophysiologic research. See 
reprints. 
9. Further studies in tetanus with reference to muscle meta- 
bolism. 
D* Current Research Problems. 
1. Extensive research with various drugs to study their 
effect on visual acuity and the raising or lowering the threshold 
of vision. One substnace known as Pervitin (a benzidrine-like 
substance) used for some time in the Luftwaffe and in the Infantry 
Branch of the Wchrgemacht, was studied extensively. As a result of. these studies its use wa* discontinued. It was found to be habit 
forming; it excited the whole human organism and lead to frequent 
collapses. Sirailiar information re Pervitin was obtained and will 
•be reported as a result of the interrogate on of Prof. Dr, Ferdinand 
Flury, director of the Pharmaceutical Institute at the University 
of Wurzburg. Accounts of this wdrk as soon as they were finished 
were turned over to the German Army Medical Service. 
2. Studies on resporation and circulation in burns due to 
radiant heat like that which occurs from incendiary bombs. Conclus- 
ions drawn from these studies to date indicate. 
a. .There is no increase in histamines. 
b. Great increase in fermentative substances that act 
on smooth muscle fibers, leading to collapse. This work is being 
continued. 
3. Studies on the action of fermentative substances (hista- 
mine, potassium, acetylcolin, adrenalin, etc.) on smooth muscles. 
A, Studies on basal metabolism. 
a. Influence on the B.M.R, 
b. Alteration of hemoglobin due to hunger. 
5. Continuation of study of the measuring of impulses from 
the nerves of the heart. 
6. Influence of certain drugs with an exciting effect on 
the nerves of the muscles in the circulatory system. 
7. Various physiological studies on the circulation carried 
on in collaboration with the bombed out departments from Danzig 
and Giessen mentioned above. 
£• Secret Research Work Done at Rechlln. 
Dr, Schaefer went to the large Luftwaffe research station at 
Rechlin an Mftritz See, just north of Berlin. He experimented in 
dogs on the results detonation and concussion. He found that 
they producedi 
1, Air-embolism of lungs and coronaries .of the heart. 
2, A real anoxemia of the blood was produced by oedema of 
the lungs duo to the concussion. 
F. An outline of the _cl5 nical work done at the Institute.. 
1. X-ray Department. This department under Dr. H. Lessen, 
does the 'diagnostic work for all civilians of Bad hauheim and its 
environs. It does deep therapy for Bad Hauheim and Giessen and Frankfurt since the latter two cities \.ere bombed, 
2. Clinical Laboratory. This department does B.M.R. tests 
and the more difficult types of laboratory work for all civilians 
in this area. It also does E.K.G.s and histopathological studies 
of autopsies done on civilians in this area. 
G, Activities of th Phar.-aaceut3.cal Laboratory of the University 
Its director is Prof, Dr. I*itz Hildebrant aged 5S, well known 
for his work on the action of digitalis and the synthesis of cardiazol 
known to us as Metrasol. Working for the Knoll Chemical Company he 
made the standardizing tests on practically all the digitalis used 
in Germany. Although he brought a large part of his apparatus from 
Giessen only a fraction of it is in use today. Two to three months 
by expert workmen will be needed before it can.all be repaired. 
The following projects are underway at ‘present, 
1. Effect of drugs especially digitalis and strophantin upon 
the circulation. 
2. Studies of adrenal substances used to combat circulatory 
failure, 
3* Effect of strychnine on the circulation. 
4, Action of spasraotics on bronchial muscles. 
5, Influence of drugs on the coronaries especially adrenal 
cortex. 
The remaining three (3) laboratories mentioned above has not yet 
begun to function due to need of repair lack of per- 
sonnel, etc. The directors of these departments were absent trying 
to locate their families; 
XXIX Interrogation of Oberstabsarzt Wilhelm Hohr . Chief of 
Internal Medicine of the Stadtkrankenhaus of Hof. (Captain Schlumberger) 
Oberstabsarzt Wilhelm Mohr has been chief of the section 
on internal medicine in the Stac.krankenhaus of Hof since 1931, The 
hospital has a bed capacity of 450, of which 200 are now used for 
the care of wounded soldiers'. Dr. Mohr was interrogated with a 
view to obtaining information on the incidence and therapy of 
diseases in the civilian and military population of a small community. 
So-called "Kriegsnephritis1* has occurred in epidemic 
form among troops, but Dr. Mohr was unable to cite figures. Though 
most common on the eastern front it has also been observed elsewhere; 
bears no relation to the season of the year; and is not proportional 
to the incidence of upper respiratory infect ions. Mehr agrees with 
the view of other physicians and pathologists that the lesion is 
an acute glomerulonephritis of virus origin. It differs from the usual type, however, la its sudden onset with severe generalized 
edema, elevated blood pressure, and absence of azotemia. Early 
cardio-vascular collapse is a prominent symptom and may have a fatal 
outcome within 2-3 hours; hence, Mohr treats all cases with stro- 
phanthim from the outset. If all transportation is avoided, and 
the patients are kept without food or water for an initial period 
of eight days, fully 90% recover; very few pass into the subacute 
or chromic phases of glomerulonephritis. 
Dr, Mohr is unfamiliar with the "crush syndrome" char- 
acterized by urinary insufficiency with plugging and damage of the 
distal renal convoluted tubules. This often follows crushing in- 
juries and was first observed in England during the "blitz". 
Epidemic hepatitis occurred in all theaters, but was most 
severe in Russia, the Balkans, and Africa. Up to 12 to 15% of 
the troops in a given area were affected at one time. In the wiv- 
ilian population Mohr observed the disease most frequently among 
children, several in the same family were often affected in success- 
ion. He had no deaths among these. 
Diphtheria increased markedly during the first three years 
of the war - both in number and severity. Over 50% showed muscular 
paralyses, while almost 90% gave evidence of myocardial damage, 
often with heart block. However, the cardiac muscle appeared to 
recover rather rapidly; the vasomotor center suffered more lasting 
damage. Frequently anti-toxin, even when employed early in the 
disease, was of little value. Vaccine prophylaxis is now widely used, 
though it is not compulsory. 
Dr. Mohr had about 80 casfs of typhus with Only three 
deaths; these were in patients 74-, 62, and 51 years old respectively. 
The other patients were under 37 years of age. He has used Eycrfs 
Folien Agglutination test in most instances and regards it as a 
decided and convenient aid to diagnosis. Mohr believes that his 
good results were in part due to the use of barbituric acid, 
which he administered t,i.d, in doses of 0,05, 0.’05, and 0.1 Gm, 
He learned the method from a Russian professor of medicine at the 
University of Minsk who had used the treatment during the typhus 
epidemic in Moscow in 1923. 
Gonorrhea is treated with various sulfa compounds. If 
resistant to this therapy in intra-gluteal injection of 2 cc of 
uGlobintin" (£0% oil of TUrpentine) is given. This provokes an 
acute inflammation with an accompanying elevation of temperature 
to 39.5 C for about five completion of the treatment, 
if the urethral smears are n?- ethe^patient is given an intra- 
venous injection of 2 cc of gonococcal vaccine. If this does not 
invoke a flare-up of the disease he is discharged as cured. During the war there has been a decided increase in the 
incidence of gastric ulcers in civilians as well as in the military 
personnel. These are often surprisingly large, so that the 'name 
‘'Riesengeschwtir11 has been applied to them. The cause for this in- 
crease is sought for in the emotional tensions which have also 
called forth a marked increase in gastric neuroses; as well as 
in the faulty diet.