ITEM No. 24 ' 
FILE No. XXVII—1 
COPY No. 
RESTRICTED 
NEUROPATHOLOGY AND NEUROPHSIOLOGY, 
INCLUDING ELECTRO-ENCEPHALOGRAPHY, 
IN WARTIME GERMANY 
RESTRICTED 
COMBINED INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES 
SUB-COMMITTEE RESTRICTED 
NEUROPATHOLOGY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, INCLUDING ELECTRO- 
ENCEPHALOGRAPHY, IN WARTIME GERMANY 
Reported by 
LEO ALEXANDER 
Major,MC.,AUS 
Hq. ETOUSA 
20 July 1945 
CIOS ITEM 24 
MEDICAL 
Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee 
' G-2 Division SHAEP (Rear) APO 413. TABLE OF CONTENTS 
SUBJECT 
PnGE HO. 
1. The anatomical and general pathology section 
of Dr. Hugo Spatz., of the Kaiser Wilhelm 
Institut ftir Hirnforschung. 4 
2. The special pathologic section headed hy Dr. 
J. Hallervorden, of the Kaiser Wilhelm 
Institut ftir Hirnforschung. 14 
3. The physiologic and electroencephalographic 
section headed hy Dr. A.E. Kornmtlller of the 
Kaiser Wilhelm Institut ftir Hirnforschung. 22 
4. The physiological Institute of the University 
of Gottingen, headed hy Professor Dr.Friedrich 
Hermann Rein. 36 
5. The Luftfahrtmedizinisches Forschungsinstitut 
des Reichsluftfahrtministeriums, formerly in 
Berlin, now evacuated to the Physiological 
Institute of the University of GBttingen, 
directed hy Professor Dr. med. et phil. 
Huhertus Strughold, Cherstarst (Colonel) der 
Luftwaffe, and professor of physiology with 
teaching appointment in aviation medicine at 
the University of Berlin. 37 
6. The department of serology, experimental 
therapy and spirochaetal research of the 
Deutsche Forschungeanstalt ftir Psychiatric, 
Kaiser Wilhelm Institut, in Munich, headed 
hy Dr. F. Jahnel. 41 
7. The genealogic section of the Deutsche 
Forschungeanstalt ftir Psychiatric, Kaieer 
Wilhelm Institut, in Munich, formerly 
headed hy Dr . E. Rtldin. 42 
8. Conclusions 43  NEUROPATHOLOGY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, INCLUDING ELECTROENCEPH- 
ALOGRAPHY IN WARTIME GERMANY. 
This report is based on investigation of the Kaiser 
Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research, formerly at Berlin- 
Buch, parts of the Deutsche Porschungsanstalt ftir Psychia- 
trie (Kaiser Wilhelm Institut) in Munich, the Physiological 
Institute of the University of GBttingen, and the Luftfahrt- 
medizinisches Porschungsinstitut of the Luftwaffe,formerly 
at Berlin. 
The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research, 
formerly in Berlin-Buch, v/as dispersed to three points ; 
(1) Munich, where the section for anatomy and general path- 
ology headed by Dr. H. Spatz is housed on one floor of the 
Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fttr Psychiatric; 
(8) Dillenburg in Hessen-Nassau, where the section for 
special pathology headed by Dr. J. Hallervorden is located 
in the Schloss Hotel, and 
(3) Gflttingen, where the neurophysiologic and electroence- 
phalographic section headed by Dr. A.E. Kornnrflller is 
housed in a series of rooms in Dr. P.H. Rein*s new Insti- 
tute of Physiology at the University of GBttingen Medical 
School. The genetic section, under Dr. N.W. Timof&eff- 
Ressovsky, remained in Berlin-Buch. The director of the 
entire organization of the Brain Research Institute is 
Dr. H. Spatz, who succeeded its founder, Dr. Oscar Vogt, 
before the war. Dr. 0. Vogt himself, after his retire- 
ment from the Institute, built a small Institute for him- 
self in Neustadt im Schwarzwald, where he is said to 
continue his research work with much of his old vigor 
unaffected by his present old age. During the war, the 
facilities of the Institute were in part taken over by 
the Army and Luftwaffe Medical Corps; some of the pro- 
fessional personnel were commissioned either* in the Luft- 
waffe or the Array, and after brief assignments elsewhere, 
in part designed to acquaint them with the military pro- 
blems of their specialty, in part due to administrative 
error, were, in 1940, directed back to the Institute as 
its military-medical staff. This system pervaded all the 
departments of the Institute. These military sections of 
the Institute were integrated as the ‘Uuissenstelle ftlr 
Gehirnforschung des Luftfahrtmedizinischen Porschungs- 
instituts der Luftwaffe”, under Oberfeldarzt Dr. H.Spatz, 
Air Force, and the ”Aussenstelle der MilitMrMrztlichen 
Akademie zur Erforschung der Kriegsschftden des Zentral- 
nervensystems”, under Oberfeldarzt Dr. Patzig, Array 
Medical Corps. However, Army and Air Force doctors were 
represented in all departments. In the electroencephalo- 
graphic department, for instance, Kornmttller was commissioned in the Array, Noell in the Air Force. The German 
pathologist, Oberfeldarzt Professor Schflrraann (who was 
killed in action) is credited with having worked out this 
system of utilizing existing scientific institutions hy in- 
filtrating them with military personnel, and leaving the 
former civilian directors in charge. Additional personnel 
on short or long assignments was added from the Array and 
Air Force. In 1940 the medical-scientific personnel of the 
Institute numbered 16, of whom 14 were members of the per- 
manent staff. Three of these worked for the Luftwaffe, 5 
for the Array, and 6 continued their civilian projects. 
There was a gradual growth until 1943, when the total medi- 
cal-professional personnel numbered 26 (16 of them permanent 
staff members); of these 10 were Air Force personnel, 6 
Arny personnel, and 10 civilians. From 1943 on, personnel 
diminished again. The names represented in this turnover 
of personnel are listed in Appendix 1. There was, in 
addition, a large technical and secretarial staff, some of 
whom were supplied by the Array and Air Force. The total 
annual expenditure, including salaries, amounted to 300,000 
Reichsmarks, most of which came from the original endowment 
of the Institute (275,000 Reichsmark per annum). These 
figures do not include the personnel and the expenditures 
of the genetic section, the administration of which was 
separate from the rest of the Institute. 
The brain of any member of the Luftwaffe, on whom an 
autopsy was performed, or who was killed from whatever 
cause with the exception of anoxia, anywhere within the 
jurisdiction of the German armed forces, was sent to Dr. 
Spats1s section, while the other organs were sent to 
Professor Bllchner at the Pathology Institute of the 
University of Freiburg. The brains of those who died-from 
anoxia were likewise sent to Btlchner. This policy was 
carried out, of course, within the natural limitations of 
feasibility and convenience. In actual practice, the 
relative number of autopsies performed in fatal casualties 
and the number of brains sent for examination declined from 
the latter part of 1942. Similarly the brains from the 
Army1s autopsy material were sent to Dr. Hallervorden1s 
special pathologic section, while the other organs went to 
the Militkrftrztliche Akademie in Berlin. There was a 
policy of liaison and exchange of material and information 
between all these echelons, which in practice, however, 
existed only on a very limited scale. 
1• The anatomical and general pathology section of 
Dr. Hugo Spatz, of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut ftir 
Hirnf orschung. 
The present staff of Dr. Spatz, in addition to a small 
technical and secretarial staff, consists of two of his associates. Dr. R. Lindenberg, Stabsarzt der Luftwaffe, and 
Dr. Link, likewise Stabsarzt der Luftv/affe. Dr. Spatz and 
his associates were very cooperative in giving information 
and in demonstrating the material in their possession. 
During the war Dr. Spatz and his associates studied 5,338 
brains from Luftwaffe sources; 1,982 were closed blunt 
injuries, 1,356 open wounds, such as gunshot wounds and 
wounds from high explosive missiles. While all were care- 
fully studied and described in the gross, not all were 
studied microscopically. Nevertheless the microscopic 
study of a considerable number has been completed. Part 
of the remaining gross material was not evacuated to 
Munich but remained in Berlin. Dr. Spatz not only dis- 
cussed and demonstrated his findings in detail, but also 
placed at my disposal a collection of reprints and a com- 
plete index, arranged according to subject matter, of his 
own publications and those of his associates, as well as 
unpublished summaries of the results of his studies and 
research, which had been submitted to the Air Force 
authorities, and a set of representative illustrated 
protocols. The unpublished papers include the following 
typewritten manuscripts :- 
(1) ”?rinzip der Organization der Porschungsarbeiten am 
Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fttr Hirnforschung, Berlin-Buch, 
wtthrend des Krieges**. 
(2) "Pathologische Anatomic der gedeckten und offenen 
Gehirnverletzungen, 17-5-1944. Richtlinien. Oberfeldarzt 
Prof. Spatz. 
(3) *’Vortrag auf der Arbeitstagung der Beratenden Arzte, 
17.5.1944: Die pathologische Anatomic der gedeckten und 
offenen Hirnverletzungen**. Von Oberfeldarzt Prof.Spatz. 
(4) wIm Gehirn liegt die Ptthrung: 30 Jahre Kaiser-Wilhelm 
Institut fttr Hirnforschung**, von Professor H. Spatz, 
Direktor des Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes fttr Hirnforschung. 
(5) **Aus deni Gebiete der Gehirnpathologie mit besonderer 
Berttcksichtigung der Luftfahrtmedizinischen Belange. Pttr 
die Festschrift fttr den Chef des Wehrmachtsanittttswesens, 
22.9.1944, Oberfeldarzt Prof. Spatz. 
(6) **Von dem Zielen des Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes fttr 
Hirnforschung, Berlin-Buch, Denkschrift an die General- 
verwaltung der Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft”• 
Microfilms of these papers will be turned over to the 
C.I.O.S. secretariat. 
Of the findings obtained by Dr. fipatz and his colla- 
borators, the following are of interest: 
The group of closed blunt injuries are characterized by 
a relatively low velocity and a relatively broad plane of impact, which is therefore transmitted to the contents of 
the skull. Careful study of the location of the centre- 
coup injuries thus produced showed that they involved 
particularly those parts of the brain which were near the 
bone and poorly covered by the spinal fluid cushion, i.e. 
especially the basal parts of the brain* 
Prom these findings Dr. Spatz (Appendix 2, No.1,and 
unpublished material) and his co-workers concluded that in 
these types of injury the impact probably displaced spinal 
fluid underlying these areas. It was felt that this spinal 
fluid could only be displaced toward and through the 
foramen magnum. They further concluded that this dis- 
placement of spinal fluid on its way to the foramen magnum 
produces a compression wave which in passing exerts pres- 
sure on the brain stem. Dr. Spatz and his group accept 
this chain of events as the probable cause of the symptom 
complex commonly known as "cerebral concussion" or "commo- 
tio cerebri". This compression wave usually leaves no 
anatomical traces in the brain stem, but may cause some 
disturbances due to traceless changes ("spurlose Vorgftnge"). 
Duretf8 haemorrhages were not constantly observed. 
Dr. Spatz stressed that fact that in cases of post - 
traumatic syndrome, "brain stem symptoms" frequently 
manifest themselves clinically, without demonstrable 
brain stem lesions being found at autopsy. To him this 
fact emphasises the existence and importance of traceless 
events in the brain caused by trauma, ("spurlose Vorgfinge"), 
that is, changes for which no anatomical substratum has 
yet been found with present day methods. 
Stress is laid on the frequency of lesions at the 
basal aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, particularly 
of the orbital part of the frontal lobes following such 
blunt injuries. One of his co-workers, Welte, found 
remnants of basal contusion of the brain in of 2,000 
cases derived from consecutive autopsy material of a 
civilian neuropsychiatric hospital. Such old injuries woe 
occasionally found as accidental findings in flying 
personnel, and may have to be considered as a possible 
cause of aircraft accidents, such as for instance, in a 
pilot who died from severe internal injuries after his 
aircraft suddenly crashed from 100 metres altitude for 
unexplained reasons. In this case extensive cortical 
scars at the basal surface of the left temporal lobe 
were found (Pigs la and lb). These scars were sustained 
in an automobile accident three years earlier, which had 
caused obvious disturbance of only 6 weeks duration. 
The group of open penetrating injuries are charac- 
terized by the fact that they were inflicted by high speed (To -page 6) 
Figure la. 
Case Luk 28 - 40. 
View of "brain 
from below. Note 
extensive 
'cortical scars 
at "basal surface 
of left temporal 
lobe • 
Fi gure Ik. 
Case Luk 28-40. 
Detail view of 
traumatic scars 
of left 
tempera! lobe. missiles of sharp cutting or shattering type, which acted 
with relatively great velocity upon a relatively small plane 
of impact. Thus an intense impact is exerted upon a 
relatively small area. For this reason the damage usually 
remains localized and is not transmitted to any large ex- 
tent, so that contrecoiip injuries do not usually occur in 
this type of injury. 
The injuries produced by blunt force were roughly 
divided into 6 groups, depending upon the location from 
which the blunt force originated: 1. from behind, 2.from 
the front, 3.from the left, 4.from the right, 5.from above, 
6.from below. By grouping these injuries according to 
these categories, it was found that the distribution fre- 
quency differed from that of injuries suffered in times 
of peace. While in peace most head injuries from blunt 
force are inflicted from behind, and only S/o from the 
front, in war-time Luftwaffe material 75,o of the injuries 
were inflicted from the front, because of the crash of 
the head against the aircraft instrument-bcard in accidents. 
Consequently basal orbital lesions are more frequent in 
this material. These lesions, although causing no patho- 
logical neurological signs and symptoms apart from 
olfactory disorders, are bound to give rise to personality 
disorders of the orbito-frental type. Dr. Spatz said 
that Dr. TCnnis, the neurosurgeon, had a clinical material, 
amounting to several hundred cases, with character changes 
produced by bilateral frontal injuries. The various 
morphologic types of lesions caused by these injuries from 
the front were specially reviewed by Peters (Appendix 2, 
No.5). 
In blunt closed injuries from the right the contrecoup 
injuries are usually on the left; therefore organic symp- 
toms especially those referable to the speech areas are 
more frequent in this group than in the group of blunt 
closed injuries from the left. The lesions in the group 
of injuries sustained from above are similar to those 
from behind. In the group of injuries sustained from 
below, cerebral cortical contusions are very rare, 
■because the convexity of the brain, which is the site of 
the contrecoup impact in this type of injury, is amply 
cushioned by spinal fluid. 
As to the histopathologic development of the 
both in the closed and open groups, the haemorrhages were 
considered to have developed immediately under the in- 
fluence of the impact itself, and are not regarded as in 
any way necessarily connected with subsequent vascular 
disturbances such as had been assumed by Ricker. How- 
ever, it was found that underlying the original direct 
lesion, within 2 days after the trauma wedge-shaped areas To 
Page 8. 
Pig. 2a. 
Pig. 2b. 
Figure 2. 
Case Luk 48-40. 
Extensive basal 
skull fractures 
(2a and 2b),and 
subarachnoid 
haemorrhage 
over the 
convexity (2c). 
Pig. 2c. T° $ 
(•page 81 
Figure 5. 
P i gr -5 • 
Case Luk 48 - 40. Note punctate haemorrhages within 
the basal ganglia and temporal lobes. 
Pig.4. Case Luk 48 - 40. Note absence of haemorrhage 
among the extensive cortical tears at base of 
frontal lobes, caused by bone splinters 
("Kirnzerreissung"). of additional necrosis develop* Peters (Appendix 2, No.6), 
was able to reproduce similar areas in animal experiments* 
Spatz and his co-workers do not consider even these as 
wholly due to vascular disturbances, but likewise in part 
to a mechanical factor, which Hallervorden described as 
"Thixotropic” (Zbl.Neurochirurgie, 6: 37 - 42, 1941)* 
Hallervorden, and likewise Spatz and his group, feel that 
the blow causes an immediate alteration of the state of 
the protoplasm in these areas, comparable to the liquefac- 
tion of gels* Owing to irreversible alteration of the 
state of the protoplasm, this focus of contusion then 
gradually degenerates* Its wedge-shaped form is explained 
entirely by mechanical factors associated with the con- 
volutional pattern of the brain since it is of different 
shape in the brain of lissencephalic animals* It is re- 
garded as important that the area of accessory necrosis 
caused by the blow is not outlined until two days have 
elapsed, because in open injuries this area of additional 
necrosis may become a source of infection* 
In studies of the final results of the traumatic 
lesions, the following topographic and morphologic 
characteristics were regarded as iniicative of the trau- 
matic origin of a given lesion; 
1. The location of the lesion at the summit of the 
convolution, while the valleys are spared* 
2. The wedge-shaped form of the underlying accessory 
necrosis• 
3* In large foci concrescence with the meninges. 
Among the traumatic brain changes encountered in this 
material, one new group stands out; it is characterized 
by extensive brain tears caused by bone splinters ("Him- 
zerreissung", Peters Appendix 2, No*5), which are 
characterized by the curious fact that they never bleed* 
This was illustrated to me by an instructive case of a 
19-year old enlisted man who died in an aircraft crash. 
There were extensive fractures of the skull, especially 
of the base (Pigs 2a and 2b), and v/hile there were ex- 
tensive subarachnoid haemorrliages (Pig 2c) and punctate 
haemorrhages within the basal ganglia and the temporal 
lobes (Pig 3), no haemorrhages were seen within the 
extensive traumatic lesions caused by the bone splinters 
at the base of the frontal lobes (Pig 4)* Spaiz and his 
co-workers stated that they convinced themselves that 
these tears occurred ante mortem. One of the collaborators 
Krtlcke, in a paper in press at present (Appendix 2,No.21), 
found fat embolism of the lungs in 31/i> of fatalities due 
to'aviation accidents, and fat embolism of the brain in 25%. * Unilateral oedema of the brain, a complication, par- 
ticularly, of open head injuries with infection or haemorr- 
hage, was found to express its presence clinically by 
dilatation of the homolateral pupil (mydriasis) .(E.Welte, 
Appendix 2, No.11), which was found to be due to com- 
pression of the homolateral oculomotor nerve by the swollen 
uncus hippocampi. Pigs 5, 6 & 7 illustrate this fact in a 
representative case of a soldier injured by a shell fragment 
in the right parietal area, (Pig.5) which caused depression 
of bone fragments and severe haemorrhage into the right 
parietal lobe (Pig 6). There was no prolapse because the 
opening of the skull was obliterated by impacted bone 
fragments; but marked oedema of the right hemisphere 
developed (Pig.6), which is seen to flatten and compress 
the right oculomotor nerve. (Pig.7). The soldier died 
on the sixth day following the injury. Clinically, there 
were motor aphasia and marked dilatation of the pupil, 
later increasing drowsiness and slight stiffness of the 
neck. His right leg had to be amputated because of an 
additional injury. 
In 75$ of those patients who died from penetratiig 
wounds of the skull, meningitis was found. Noetzel 
(Appendix 2, No.8), states that this figure is identjoal 
with that obtained in representative sauries during the 
last war, which varied between 70$ - 80$. He adds that 
during the last war 54.7$ of all cases of penetrating 
wounds of the brain developed meningitis, with death 
resulting in 37.7$. According to figures given by Tbnnis 
(see report on German military neuropsychiatry and neuro- 
surgery) in this war only 15$ developed meningitis, causing 
death in 12%. Noetzel (Appendix 2, No.10), also studied the 
extension of superficial inflammatory lesions into the 
brain,(abscesses, encephalomyelitis, pyocephalus internus) 
in human traumatic material as well as in experimental 
material in animals. A special study of 400 cases revealed 
that ventricular infection was frequently secondary to 
the surgical intervention. In 50% of his meningitis cases, 
Noetzel found subdural empyema which was found to be 
secondary to subdural haemorrhage (Appendix 2, No.9). In a 
number of cases these subdural empyemas were of extremely 
large size (Pig.8) 
The problem of subdural haemotoma was reinvestigated 
by Link, who made a valiant though unconvincing effort to 
differentiate between traumatic subdural haematoma and 
presumably non-traumatic pachymeningitis haemorrhagica 
interna in 1,000 cases. 
On the whole a close liaison with Dr. TBnnis1 neuro- 
surgical organization was maintained since 1937. Dr.TBnnis , (To page 9). 
Injury of right parietal 
lobe due to shell 
fragment. 
Figure 5. Case L 199. (To . page 9) 
Figure 6. Case L 199. 
Note depressed bone fragments 
and haemorrhage in lesion of 
right parietal lobe, and 
edema of right hemisphere. To 
(Page 9) 
Figure 7. 
Fig.7. 
Case L 199. 
Note flattening of right oculomotor 
nerve due to compression by swollen 
uncus hippocampi of right hemisphere. (To page 9) 
Figure 8a. Case L 152. 
Large subdural empyema 
compressing the right 
hemisphere of the 
brain. (To page 9) 
Figure 8b, Case L 152. 
Histologic section 
through the empyema 
and the underlying 
compressed brain. professor of neurosurgery at the University of Berlin 
before the war, was also a part-time member of the Kaiser 
Wilhelm institute fttr Hirnforschung, as director of its re- 
search sub-department on brain tumors, and experimental 
pathology of the brain. During the war this collaboration 
was extended to TBnnis’ neurosurgical organization within 
the Air Force Medical Corps. 
The availability of histologic material derived from 
closed and open injuries of the brain was also utilized 
for still- unpublished studies on the differences between 
the symptomatic type of inflammation which occurs as a 
reaction to closed injuries of the brain, and the true 
infectious inflammation which occurs in open infected 
injuries of the brain. 
' The traumatic meningitides were also compared with a 
series of odontogenic meningoencephalitides (Lepp, 
Appendix 2, No#12). The problems of oedema and in- 
creased intracranial pressure were studied in a series 
of morphohistologic and physical-chemical studies 
(Zttlch, Appendix 2, No.14; Ferret, Appendix 4, No.10; 
Selbach, Appendix 4, No#18; and Ferret & Selbach 
Appendix 4, No.11). 
In addition to these studies in connection with war 
problems, studies concerning civilian problems were 
carried on. Dr. Spatz himself published a review of the 
histopathologic findings in mental diseases (Appendix 3, 
No.14). He and a co-worker continued research on the 
system atrophies of the brain, especially Pick*s atrophy 
(K.v.Bagh ,Appendix 3,No.13; see also H.Spatz: "Uber 
die Systematrophien und die Ficksch Rrankheit im Rahmen 
dieser Gruppe”, Gegenwartsprobierne der psychiatrich - 
neurologischen Porschung, C.H. Roggenbau, Ed.,Berlin 
1938). In addition, there were investigations of 
encephalitis problems as well as other types of paralysis 
agitans and the' Parkinsonian group of illnesses (Klaue, 
Appendix 3, No.12), and a new group of illnesses on the 
border line between inflammation and tumor formations, 
(Blastom - Encephalitis and ependymitis blastomatosa), 
as v/ell as a group of related gliomata (Schttpe,Appendix 3, 
No.8, T.HazenjSger, Appendix 3, Nos. 6 and ?). 
Abnormalities and changes of the carotid arteries, 
especially in Buerger’s disease, were studied by Dei Poli 
and Sucha (Appendix 3, No.10) and by Charlotte Krttcke 
(Appendix 3, No.11), who jnade an interesting observation 
by finding ossified thrombi in 5 cases of thrombosis, 
four due to Buerger’s disease. T. Ltters prepared an 
inclusive study of the cerebral fom of Buerger’s disease, (Appendix 3, No.18). Becker (Appendix 3,No.5) 
carried out a study on the tissue changes produced by 
experimental occlusions of arteries and veins* Lange- 
Cosack (Anpendix 3,No*19) presented a thorough study of 
the clinical and anatomical findings in a case of a 
special form of anenoejhely in which both cerebral hemis- 
pheres were reduced to thin walled vesicles, and for 
which she coined the term Hydranencephaly (Blasenhirn) • 
Reproduction of this pathologic picture in experimental 
animals by intraarterial paraffin injections was attempted. 
Dr* Angel Pentscheff, a Bulgarian neuropsychiatrist 
and head of the department of psychiatry at the Univer- 
sity of Sofia, studied cases of "Kernicturus11 followed 
clinically by athetosis. He coined the name "encephalO- 
pathia posticterica" for this group of cases. 
Dr. Spatz and his co-workers performed a series of 
experiments on rabbits, aimed at finding the center 
regulating sexual functions. They believe to have 
localized it in theftuber cinereum (Appendix 3, Nos.83 and 
24). Among these co-workers there was a Dutch neuro- 
pathologist, Dr. Diepen, who studied the normal anatomy 
of the hypothalamus of the rabbit. A French medical 
officer, Dr. Jean Gruner, who was a prisoner-of-war in 
Berlin, used to come to the laboratory once or tv/ice a 
week for 6-9 months in 1944, but did not carry out 
any particular research work. 
Dr. Spatz and his associates, all of whom had spent 
varying times at the various war fronts, were also 
questioned concerning certain general problems of neuro- 
psychiatric interest and about the work of other members 
of the institute, as well as that of related specialists 
in other organizations. 
Concerning the neurosurgical organization they 
stated that the directing and policy-making powers lay - 
for the Luftwaffe - in the hands of Dr. Tttnnis, and for 
the Army in the hands of Dr. Peiper, both of whom had 
comnissions in the Air Force and Army respectively, and 
that they integrated all activities extending from the 
front line areas to the rear. At the front the work was 
carried out by small neurosurgical units (Sanitfttabereit- 
schaften), which consisted of a chief neurosurgeon, 2-3 
younger neurosurgeons, 1 neurologist, 1 ear, nose and 
throat surgeon, and one maxillo-facial surgeon, as well 
as a varying number of junior medical officers, all 
together usually 6-12 physicians in addition to nurses. 
These units usually functioned 50 kilometers behind the 
front, and received all injuries of head and spinal cord 
directly from the first aid stations. About 30 small planes 01 the Stork type were assigned to them, by which 
they could carry out air evacuation to the rear. However, 
tliis was frequently difficult due to shortage of gasoline 
and ilying personnel. In the rear, the neurosurgical 
cases were segregated in large centers, of which Dr.TBnnis1 
center in Berlin, which Included the Olympic Stadium as a 
rehahiiitation center, was the largest. After the s*ep-up 
o. the air attacks against Berlin and the approach of the 
Russians, it was evacuated to Bad Ischl in Austria. 
uno large center was at Tutzing on the Starriberger Lake 
where it is still situated at present. 
Electroencephalographic examinations for Army and 
Luftwaffe were carried out by Drs. Kornmilller and Noell, 
ydio are at present at the Physiological Institute of the 
University of GBttingen. The practical utilization of 
electroenceplialography was found useful in the differen- 
tiation of organic and nonSorganic illnesses, with par- 
ticular reference to the flying fitness+of air personnel 
following head injuries. Dr. Spatz added that Dr.Korn- 
niuller, in addition to his other duties, also carried out 
comidential work on an analyzer. Tliis was the only 
confidential or secret work carried out at the Kaiser- 
Wilhelm Institute. Administratively the Luftwaffe section 
of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute was under Luftgau 3,which 
was that of the 20 German Luftgaue, which included Berlin 
and surroundings. 
In regard to Dr. Hallervorden*s section, Dr. Spatz 
added that most of his records were taken to Schleswig- 
Holstein by Dr. Patzig, especially all the records on 
gunshot wounds of the brain in the German army. Dr.Patzig, 
before the evacuation of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute from 
Berlin, was, in addition to his duties at the Institute, 
in charge of a military hospital for gunshot wounds of the 
head in Berlin-Buch. In addition to the material on brain 
injuries in the German army. Dr. Hallervorden, and par- 
ticularly one of his assistants. Dr. Eicke, also inves- 
tigated a great many brains from cases of typhus. In Dr. 
Spatz's opinion, it is the largest collection of brains 
from cases of typhus ever accumulated. 
No work concerning military selection was carried 
out in the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute. Of outstanding men 
responsible for selection for the Army and Luftwaffe 
respectively, Dr. Spatz named Oberregierungsrat Simoneit- 
Berlin, Dr. Wolfgang Hochheimer - Berlin, and Dr. Luxem- 
burger, now at the Luftwaffe Hospital in Possenhofen on 
the Starnberger Lake. 
+F00TN0TE; Apart from flying status, the main categories 
of duty status in the German Army and Luftwaffe, were:k.v. 
i.e.kriegsverwendungsf&hig (fit for combat duty),g.v.or 
garni sons verwendungsfdliigv fit for garrison duty) and a.v. 
MarbeitsverwendungsfMhig (fit for labor duty). k As to the treatment of post traumatic disorders of 
the brain, Dr. Spatz stressed the fact that the best results 
were obtained with early therapy by means of work and ath- 
letic training. Tttnnis had a particularly good set-up in 
regard to athletic training, competitive sports and gymnas- 
tics, since his hospital in Berlin-Reinickendorf included 
the former Olympic Stadium, with its facilities for water 
sports etc. Some of the experiences from Tennis1s clinic 
were published by H. Pittrich, !,Troungsbehandlung Hirnver- 
letzter" (Zbl.Neurochirurgie 7; 44-55, 1942). 
As to the functional complaints, especially the 
neuroses. Dr. Spatz states that for therapeutic reasons 
the term "fatigue states" (dberanstrengte") was preferred. 
Such patients were not supposed to be ill, but merely 
fatigued. The leading personalities in the treatment of 
these functional disorders were Irarao von Hattingberg and 
Dr. J.H. Schultz in Berlin. Dr. Spatz was impressed by 
a report concerning their methods of treatment pre- 
sented at a special military medical meeting. Dr.Lehmann, 
of whom Spatz thinks very highly, investigated these 
fatigue states from the viewpoint of work physiology 
("Arbeitsphysiologie"). For the Luftwaffe, Dr. Spatz 
named Dr. Strughold in G8ttingen and Dr. Luxenburger at 
Possenhofen as the main authorities on this subject . 
Spatz stated that there was no limitation of combat 
tours in the Luftwaffe, and that the amount of combat 
flying required of any individual aviator varied indi- 
vidually according to the stability of his nervous system. 
Dr. Spatz feels that suicides in the German armed 
forces were fairly frequent, and he referred to Dr. 
Luxenburger, who, he thought, had written a paper about 
it. 
Dr. Spatz and his associates were then asked 
whether any new diseases of the central nervous system 
had been observed by them during the war. They denied 
that question, but stated that a new syndrome was obser- 
ved recently in patients who died from methylalcohol 
poisoning (most of them liberated Russian slave-workers, 
who mistook stores of industrial fluid containing 
methyl-alcohol for a potable beverage). In those cases 
that survived for a sufficient length of time, a 
selective bilateral symmetric necrosis of the putamen 
was observed, frequently with haemorrhagic admixture. 
When Dr. Spatz demonstrated these specimens to me,they 
appeared reminiscent of the bilateral necrosis of the 
putamen found by Woods and Pendleton in patients who 
had eaten decomposed, partly fermented corn during a 
famine in China. Dr. Spatz and his associates encoun- 
tered no cases of epidemic encephalitis during the war.  As for brains l>om the killing centers of the insane, 
Dr. Spatz denied that he or any other member of his Institute 
ever had received any. He added that the killing of the 
insane v/as done in deep secret, that nobody was supposed to 
know about it except SS personnel (although of course it 
did leak out), that consequently no scientists or scienti- 
fic institutions could be contacted in order to undertake 
neur©pathological studies, and that thus invaluable 
pathologic material was lost and remained unutilized.(This 
statement was later revealed to be in part inaccurate,when 
Dr. Hallervorden, who was a section chief right in Dr. 
Spatz’s own institute, admitted having received and exam- 
ined 500 brains from the killing centers of the insane)f 
As stated above, the genetics department of the 
Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute in Berlin-Buch had remained in 
Berlin. Its director is Dr. Timof&eff - Resspvsky, whose 
book "Experimentelle Mutationsforschung in der Vererbungs- 
lehre”, T.Steinkopff, Dresden & Leipzig, 1937, I-X, 1- 
181, is well known. 
2. The_Special_Pathologic Section headed by Dr. J. 
Hallervorden,._of the Kaiser Vilhelm Institute fttr Him- 
forschung. 
Dr. Hallervorden* s laboratory was visited on 14 and 
15 June 1945. The laboratory was found remarkably well 
equipped and in full activity despite its improvised 
quarters. The success of the improvisation was apparently 
due to the fact that it was evacuated early in May 1944 
because of the air bombardment of Berlin. The vast bulk 
of the extensive collections of histopathologic prepara- 
tions, including the late Dr. Bielschowsky*s collection 
had been brought here without mishap and are easily 
accessible in well ordered collection cases. The entire 
set-up was reminiscent of the original Kaiser-Wilhelm 
Institute in the Magdeburgerstrasse, Berlin, before it 
was removed to the sumptuous quarters in Buch. The 
collection consists of more than 110,000 specimens derived 
from 2,800 cases, in addition to several thousand speci- 
mens from the State Hospital in Garden, Dr. Hallervorden* s 
previous location where he was succeeded by his pupil. Dr. 
Eicke, in addition to uncounted military cases, consisting 
mainly of gunshot wounds, cases of typhus, poliomyelitis 
etc. which had been collected since 1939. As stated 
above. Dr. Hallervorden’s laboratory v/as integrated into 
the army as the "Sonderstelle zur Erforschung der Kriegs- 
schftden des Zentralnervensystems**, and ffrom 1939-1943,Dr. 
Hallervorden held a position as civilian consultant of 
the array (Senderftlhrer) with an assimilated rank of 1st Lieutenant, under the military command of Oberfeldarzt Patzig 
who headed the army organization at the Kaiser-Wilhelm 
Institut. While Dr. Hallervorden has an ample technical and 
secretarial staff at his disposal in Dillehberg, only one of 
his professional associates has remained, namely Dr.Charlotte 
KrHcke (Dr. Wilhelm Krttcke's wife). His two other associates, 
Dr, Hugo Noetzel, Stahsarzt der Luftwaffe, and Dr. Eduard 
Welte, Oberarzt der Luftwaffe, were arrested as prisoners of 
war on 4 April 1945. Dr. Hallervorden was very cooperative 
in discussing all his findings, demonstrating his superb 
histological preparations under the microscope, and turning 
over a complete bibliography of all papers published from 
his section by himself and his collaborators. Copies of 
special reports which he made to the army medical authorities, 
covering the years 1940-1941, and 1941-1942, and carbon 
copies of 5 unpublished papers were placed at my disposal. 
Dr. Hallervorden and his co-v/orkers have carried out 
a great deal of research during the war and he has kept up 
his high standards as a thorough, accurate and ingenious 
observer. His publications and those of his co-workers, 
listed in Appendix 5, cover a wide range of highly interes- 
ting neur©pathologic subject matter, namely; the late 
changes produced by cerebral oedema (Appendix 5, No.l), 
circulatory disturbances as the cause of congenital mental 
deficiencies (Appendix 5, No.2), the central demyalinizing 
diseases (Appendix 5, No.4), athetosis and paraballism 
(Appendix 5, No.5), the mucoid degeneration of peripheral 
nerves (Appendix 5, No.6), intracerebral calcifications and 
Sturge-Weber1s disease (Appendix 5, No.7), histopathologic 
sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage (Anpendix 5, No.8), 
microcephaly in twins (Appendix 5, No.9), Hallervorden- 
Spatz* disease (Appendix 5, No.io), myoclonus epilepsy 
(Appendix 5, No.ll), the cerebral changes subsequent to 
attempted strangulation (Appendix 5, No.12), the above 
mentioned problem of MThixotropic" (Appendix 5, No.13), 
chronic Progressive Chorea (Appendix 5, No.14), Wilson- 
Pseudosclerosis without cirrhosis of the liver (Appendix 5. 
No.15), paramyloidosis of the brain (Appendix 5,No.16), 
oedema and serous inflammation of peripheral nerves 
(Appendix 5, No.17), histopathology of neural muscular 
atrophy and its relationship to hypertrophic neuritis and 
neurofibromatosis (Appendix 5, No.18), cerebral changes 
caused by Trichinosis (Appendix 5,No.19), on the patho- 
logic changes of the central nervous system in typhus 
(Appendix 5, No.20), on the special pathology of the sub- 
stantia nigra (Appendix 5, No.21), on the general pro- 
blems of encephalitis and polyneuritis (Appendix 5.N0.23), 
and on fetal encephalomeningitis (Appendix 5,No.24). The 
latter was based on the study of two twin fetuses, who 
died two hours after their premature birth during the seventh month or pregnancy* The "brains - which had origin- 
ally "been removed in order to complete an embryologic 
collection — allowed disseminated encephalitic changes* The 
mother, who at one time had had a gonorrheal infection 
suffered from no known illnesses during her pregnancy apart 
from several mild attacks of sore throat• 
Of particular interest are Dr* Hallervorden1s 
aI*n*1al reports* Because of their length they are not 
included in the appendices to this report, hut they will 
he available as microfilms through the C.1.0.S.secretariat. 
In the report of 1940-1941, Dr* Hallervorden discusses his 
findings in typhus, on the whole along the lines of his 
published paper (Appendix 5, No.20). Among other infec- 
tious illnesses he mentioned a peculiar illness which he 
found in a French prisoner-of-war, who, in the course of 
an illness lasting three weeks, suffered paralysis of all 
extremities and became somnolent. After his death, 
degeneration of the entire anterolateral tract of the 
spinal cord and of the anterior roots was found, but the 
grey matter of the spinal cord and the posterior columns 
had remained intact* The brain showed marked proto- 
plasmic glial proliferations and lymphocytic infiltra- 
tions throughout the parenchyma, as well as lymphocytic 
infiltration of the meninges* Another case is an 
astrocytoma of the medulla oblongata* Another interesting 
case is one of thrombosis of the left carotid artery which 
occurred in an arteriosclerotic individual who had died 
presumably of fright during an air raid alarm* Two other 
cases are sudden deaths during physical exercise, one 
while carrying out punitive drill, another during a march 
with full pack. The former had been inoculated against 
typhus the day before, and on autopsy shov/ed unilateral 
odema of the brain. The latter showed mild perivascular 
infiltrations about the intracerebral blood vessels and 
signs of chronic meningitis. 
Of particular interest was the examination of 
scars of peripheral nerves, which revealed amongst degen- 
erative changes, two new types of findings, namely; a 
peculiar mucoid degeneration, and in older scars peculiar 
vascular changes which were reminiscent of those found in 
neuraljmuscular atrophy, hypertrophic neuritis and von 
Recklinghausen's disease. 
The total number of specimens studied during the 
year was 679. This includes 247 biopsies from brain 
tumors obtained as brain cylinders from punctures. 
The report for 1941 - 1942 includes a detailed 
report of tliree cases of African sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis), in two negroes from southern Prance, and 
■one German soldier. The latter had never been to tropical 
Africa. He was an aviator, aged 32, who had been 
stationed in Prance. Dr. Hallervorden points out interes- 
ting differences between trypanosomiasis and dementia 
paralytica, which otherwise are histopathologically very 
similar. These differences are mainly, that in trypano- 
somiasis the involvement of the white substance of the brain 
is more marked than the involvement of the cortex, while the 
reverse is the case in dementia paralytica; and that among 
the enormous infiltrations in trypanosomiasis plasma cells 
are far in excess of other infiltrative cells. The 
clinical history of the third case', the German aviator, is 
interesting in that the disease, which began with a con- 
vulsive seizure followed by temporary hemiplegia, was first 
diagnosed as hysteria, then as brain tumor. He died a few 
days after his clinical picture changed into a state of 
somnolence with rigid gaze, bulbar speech and Parkinsonian 
rigidity. The latter was explained by the intensive 
involvement of the brain stem, the pons and the medulla 
oblongata found on neurohistologic examination. 
Another case brought up the problem of differential 
diagnosis between disseminated encephalomyelitis and 
poliomyelitis. 
A curious case is one in which the brain of a 
patient who died from endocarditis showed, in addition to 
small abscesses and softenings, another single lesion 
which exhibited all the characteristics of a focus of 
multiple sclerosis. Careful search of the brain revealed 
no other similar focus. In view of his rejection of the 
vascular theory of multiple sclerosis, Dr. Hallervorden 
comes to the conclusion that this must have been a rare 
case of a single isolated lesion of "multiple sclerosis", 
this postulating that two diseases co-existed in this 
patient• 
In 30 cases of tetanus, of.which studies of 14 
only were fully completed, only one case with morphologic 
abnormalities of the brain, consisting of slight lympho- 
cytic meningitis was found. In four eaae?, the peri- 
pheral nerves showed slight neuritic changes. In 11 
cases of arsphenamine reaction, the usual oedema and 
punctate haemorrhages were seen. Dr. Hallervorden pointed 
out the differences in this type of reaction from those 
found in genuine encephalitis. 
180 cases of blunt cranlo-cerebral injury were 
studied. These cases were divided into four groups; those 
in which death occurred within the first two hours; those in which death occurred between 2-5 hours;those in which 
death occurred between 5-36 hours, and those in which death 
occurred after 36 hours- It was found especially in the 36- 
hour and 3-day groups that the degree of tissue reaction 
found in different cases of identical duration varied a great 
deal- When these differences were correlated with the 
general state of the patient, it was found that the tissue 
reactions were less marked in those cases in which there was 
the most severe degree of shock, especially associated with 
fat embolism of the lungs, multiple fractures, rupture of 
the liver with intra-abdominal haemorrhages, of with marked 
blood loss of other etiology- The conclusion was arrived 
at that the intensity of tissue reaction on the part of 
glial and mesodermal elements in the brain depended upon the 
general physical condition of the patient. 
226 cases of gunshot wounds of the brain were examin- 
ed- These cases were likewise divided into four groups! 
those in which death occurred during the first two hours; 
those in which death occurred between 2-12 hours; those 
in which death occurred betv/een 12 hours and 5 days, and 
those in which death occurred between 5 days and 31 months. 
The first and second groups included those in which there 
was the most intensive destruction of brain substance, and 
in which the destruction of brain substance and its 
immediate after-effects were the main cause of death. 
Meningitis as cause of death appears ih the third group, 
and abscesses were already observed on the fourth day. 
The first necroses were found 14 hours, and the first 
softening two days after the injury. In the fourth group, 
meningitis predominates as the cause of death- Only in 
two cases, were prolapse and cerebral oedema without 
meningitis fatal. Other causes of death were subdural 
haemorrhage, internal haemocephalus etc- 
Among the 52 open penetrating lesions of the spinal 
cord encountered among 98 cases of spinal cord lesions 
examined, only 50>j showed histological evidence of infec- 
tion- Dr. Hallervorden regards this finding as interes- 
ting because it contrasts with his experience in open 
lesions of the brain, in almost all of which there was 
histologic evidence of infection, and in the vast 
majority was the cause of death- 
Furthermore, 118 cases of meningitis, 17 cases of 
gas infection, 11 cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, and 
58 cases of brain tumors, were examined- 
At Hie end of his report Dr. Hallervorden makes 
the observation that while pathological material of the 
nervous system was supposed to have been sent to him from all army pathological services, he noted t in actuality, 
only certain army groups availed themselves of his services, 
while other armies did not, Tims his material is represen- 
tative of that encountered in certain armies only, of which 
he named the 6th, 17th and 2nd. 
Dr. Hallervorden demonstrated microscopic preparations 
of his recent work to me, and discussed them with me. He 
stated that he had examined a total of 500 brains of 
patients who died from typhus. 200 of those came from 
the Jewish hospital in Warsaw. On the whole, he confirmed 
Spielmeyerfs findings on the cerebral changes in this 
condition. The cortical degenerative changes found were 
early ones,f,rather in the stage in which they can be 
predicted than at the stage in which they are fully 
developed”• His material included no cases in which real 
softening of the brain had occurred. Neither did his 
cases include any that had shown clinical signs of 
Parkinsonian type during life; although he has never seen 
brains from such cases, he considers them as probably due 
to vascular changes. The changes which Dr. Hallervorden 
saw in his brains consisted of the well known perivascular 
nodules, sometimes with necrotic center, which he inter- 
preted as possible reactions to diapedesis of blood and 
plasma, similar to those found in cases of fat embolism 
in the white substance. In typhus, however, they occur 
in the grey matter exclusively. After the patient 
recovers from the disease these small granulomas dis- 
appear without leaving a trace, not even a glial scar. 
One exceptional recovered case showed a connective tissue 
scar. However, Dr. Hallervorden re-emphasized that no 
cases with neurologic residuals (especially Parkinsonian 
residuals) had come t o histological examination. He 
denied that he ever received cases from concentration 
camps. Dr. Hallervorden at present has only the histo- 
logical sections at his disposal. The gross specimens 
of the brains have remained in Berlin-Buch. 
One of his collaborators, W. Volland, attempted to 
solve the question whether the parainfectious (peri- 
venous) encephalitides are due to virus infection or due 
to allergic reaction. By comparing the findings in 
these encephalitides with those in known allergic 
reactions Volland, and Hallervorden himself, who super- 
vised his work, came to the conclusion that their 
causation by direct virus infection is more likely. 
Publication of the paper was blocked by the German army 
because vaccirial encephalitis had been mentioned in the 
title. The paper had been completed on 26. 4. 1944 
(Appendix 5, No .28). A microfilm reproduction of the 
summary of this paper will be available through the C«fI#0#S. secretariat# 
In a study by W#J • Eicke (Appendix 5, No#89), meningitis 
was lound to be the cause of* the destructive brain damage in 
of 50 consecutive cases of early infantile degenerative 
cerebral Illnesses, only the minority of which had given a 
clinical history of miningitis. A summary of this paper is 
likewise available in microfilm. 
Two cases of a special type of pseudotumor, which was 
revealed histologically as an infectious granuloma and 
named "Blastomencephalitis" (Hallervorden Appendix 5, No.26) 
were studied. The first occurred in the c ourse of an unex- 
plained infectious disease, the second in a case of 
sinusitis. When I examined the preparations, it occurred 
to me that the distribution and certain aspects of the 
histopathologic nature of the lesions were similar to 
Eastern equine encephalitis, with similar topographic 
predilection of the pons. 
Dr. Hallervorden had obtained 500 brains from the 
killing centers for the insane# These patients had been 
killed in various institutions with carbon monoxide gas. 
Dr. Hallervorden himself initiated this collaboration. 
As he put Its MI heard that they were going to do that, 
and so I went up to them and told them ’Look here new, 
boys, if you are going to kill all these people, at least 
take the brains out so that the material could be utilized.’ 
They asked me; ’How many can you examine?’ and so I told 
them an unlimited number - the more the better. I gave 
them the fixatives, jars and boxes, and instructions for 
removing and fixing the brains, and then they came bringing 
them in like the delivery van from the furniture company# 
The ”GemeinnHtzige Krankentransport Gesellschaft” (the 
’’Public Ambulance Society”) brought the brains in batches 
of 150 - 250 at a time.” The man who organized this 
service was Dr. Hegener, a pediatrician from Berlin, whom 
Dr. Hallervorden remembers as a ”crazy and arrogant 
fellow, who talked all the time about himself”. ’’There 
was wonderful material among those brains, beautiful 
mental defectives, mal-formations and early infantile 
diseases. I accepted those brains of course. Where 
they came from and how they came to me was really none 
of my business”. Dr. Hallervorden went on to say ’’this 
thing was a beautiful mess”. In addition to all the 
material lie wanted, all kinds bf other cases we re mixed 
in, such as patients suffering from various types of 
Parkinsonism, simple depressions, involutional depres- 
sions, brain tumors, and all kinds of other illnesses, **including psychopaths who had been difficult to handle. 
*"These were selected from the various wards of the institu- 
tions according to an excessively simple and quick method. 
Most institutions did not have enough physicians, and what 
physicians there were were either too busy or did not care, 
and they delegated the selection to the hurses and atten- 
dants. Whoever looked sick or was otherwise a problem 
patient from the nurses1 or attendants* point of view,was 
put on a list and was transported to the killing center. 
The worst thing about this business was tliat it produced 
a certain brutalization of the nursing personnel. They got 
to simply picking out those whom they did not like, and 
the doctors had so many patients that they did not even 
know them, and put their names on the list.” Of the 
patients thus killed, only the brains were sent to Dr. 
Hallervorden; they were killed in such large numbers 
that autopsies of the bodies were not feasible. Tliat,in 
Dr. Hallervorden1s opinion, greatly reduces the scienti- 
fic value of the material. The brains, however, were 
always well fixed and suspended in formalin, exactly 
according to his instructions • In looking back upon that 
time, Dr. Hallervorden stated that he always felt slightly 
nauseated when another batch arrived. He was also 
offered brains of schizophrenics and epileptics, but 
these he refused - not from moral indignation - but 
because he felt nothing of.significance would be found in 
them. He thinks tliat the cause of psychiatry was 
permanently injured by these activities, and that psychia- 
trists have lost the respect of the German people for ever. 
Still there were interesting cases in this material. One 
was a case of a severe athetoid disorder which had deve- 
loped in the child of a mother who suffered accidental 
carbon monoxide poisoning when she was 5 months pregnant. 
Autopsy of the brain of the child showed bilateral 
necrosis of the pallidum and microgyria of the cortex. 
This is the only case on record in which the character- 
istic bilateral necrosis of the pallidum was produced by 
carbon monoxide poisoning of a fetus. The mother her- 
self had suffered no lasting ill-effects from the carbon 
monoxide poisoning. The material also included very 
interesting cases of microgyria and pachygyria, as well 
as an unusual lipoma of the corpus callosum. The most 
interesting cases among this material, however, were 
two cases of brain tumor, both of oligodendroglioma, 
which developed in what appears to be direct causal 
connection with severe cranio-cerebral trauma. One was 
found in a 40-year old epileptic woman who had suffered 
a severe head trauma at the age of 3 years. Beneath 
the old skull fracture and the meningeal scar which still contained cellulose fibers implanted by the trauma 
through the open skull fracture, and attached to them, was 
the oligodendroglioma* The old scar and the underlying 
attached tumor involved the right occipital lobe near the 
pole* The other case was that of a boy who suffered a 
severe head trauma at the age of years* One year later 
he developed petit raal attacks, later grand mal attacks* 
He was killed in one of the killing centers at the age of 
13 years* Autopsy showed an oligodendroglioma which 
involved the splenium of the corpus callosum and an ad- 
jacent part of the left ammons-horn. This tumor lay 
underneath a meningo-glial scar, which still contained 
blood pigment in scavenger cells* The original injury 
which is supposed to have given rise to the adjacent 
tumor formation was obviously a contusion of that part 
of the brain against the adjacent falx and tentorium* A 
copy of the manuscript of this important paper 
(Hallervorden, Appendix 5 No.25), which is still unpub- 
lished, will be available in microfilm at the C.I.O.S* 
secretariat* Other cases in Dr* Hallervorden’s 
collection included three new cases of Hallervorden- 
Sfcatz disease with involvement of the substantia nigra 
and the pallidum, a case of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher’s disease 
with calcifications that involved the blood vessels, a 
case with multiple oligodendrogliomata, and a number of 
striking cases of encephalomyelitis concentrica of viiich 
excellent stained specimens had been prepared* Dr* 
Hallervorden has written a new paper on the general 
problems of multiple and concentric sclerosis on the 
basis of these new cases (Appendix 5, No.27), the full 
paper being available in microfilm* Other new findings 
include an atypical case of diffuse sclerosis with 
giant cell infiltrations, and another case of diffuse 
sclerosis with amyloidosis of the larger intracerebral 
blood vessels. 
3. The Physiologic and Electroencenhalographlc 
Section headed by Dr * A.E. Kornmtiller of the Kaiser 
Wilhelm Institut fttr liirnforschunp:. 
Dr* Kornmttller’s laboratory was visited on 16 June 
1945* I prepared myself for this visit by the study 
of Dr. Kornmttller’ s recent book (Appendix 6, No.26), 
which had been put at my disposal by Dr. Spatz in Munich, 
and by the study of two confidential reports covering 
the period 1940 - 1941 and 1941 - 1942, which had been 
submitted to the Army and Luftwaffe authorities, and 
copies of which I had found in Dr. Hallervorden’s files; 
as well as of a review of the activities of the physio- 
logical and encephalographic section submitted to the army authorities by Kornrattller1s collaborator, Dr*Noell, 
which had also been shown to me by Dr. Spatz. Copies of 
the book, as well as the three Reports will be available 
in microfilm at the O.I.O.S. Secretariat. 
In studying the book, my particular attention was 
aroused by a chapter on fatigue (pages 36 - 42) which 
describes findings which were new to me. Ghoppiness and 
discontinuity of alpha waves as well as of 
slow waves in the frontal lobes were regarded as 
characteriStic in acute and in chronic states of fatigue. 
The remainder of the book, which is well written and well 
illustrated, contains findings which were in principle 
not new to me because similar ones had been obtained in 
independent studies by the leading American and British 
electroencephalographers• 
The annual report 1940 - 1941 stated that t lie total 
number of electroencephalograms examined during the year 
was 583. Dr. Kormrrflller claimed that he was able to 
demonstrate electroencephalographic correlates of the 
symptoms of fatigue and easy fatigueability complained 
of by patients suffering from post-traumatic syndromes. 
The characteristic signs were discontinuity of alpha- 
rhythm*slow waves, and upon opening Hie eyes, not the 
usual inhibition, but activation of the alpha waves. 
In closed traumatic lesions with focal symptoms, he 
found focally circumscribed areas of reduction of 
alpharhythm, one at the site of Hie original trauma, 
but usually a more marked one at the diagonally opposed 
region of the head, presumably the site of the contre coup. 
This was quite characteristic in patients who had 
suffered cerebral contusion. In cases who had suffered 
open injuries of the brain, the electroencephalographic 
abnormalities were restricted to the region of the scar 
and its immediate surroundings. In these cases 
abnormally low frequencies were most striking. Low fre- 
quencies were found generalized over the entire brain 
after severe injuries. In those cases in which such 
generalized disturbances of cerebral electroactivity 
were found a long time after an injury they were re- 
garded as indicative of internal hydrocephalus or 
other increase of intracranial pressure* 
The frequent finding of slow waves over the frontal 
lobes in post-traumatic states was core idered as being 
actually caused bv a traumatic disturbance in the brain 
stem (inter-brain)• This finding usually suggested an 
increased proneness to seizures, but it v/as also 
frequent In patients who complained about dizziness. Iff ’ 
Causes of traumatic epilepsy were specially studied and 
divided into three groups; those in which the constitutio- 
nal "basis was paramount; those in viiich exogemiouu damage 
had caused a purely focal epileptogenic region at the site 
of the injurjr; and those in which there was a combination 
of these two factors, usually combined, in addition, with 
functional disorders which were presumed to be due to 
disturbance of the hypothalamus* 
Dr* Kornrattller makes the statement in this report that 
he regards the electroencephalographic examination as 
important in the appraisal of patients in whom no other 
objective changes can be demonstrated, not only in cases 
of brain injury but also in other nervous illnesses 
occurring in the armed forces. Of particular interest 
was a series of re-examinations of patients with brain 
injuries which he performed together with Dr. GBtze of 
the Luftwaffe-Lazarett, Berlin. The following signs of 
improvement were found; 1* The disappearance or reduction 
in size of the focal areas of reduction of alpha activity; 
2; the return of the slow frequencies to normal, and 3; 
a resynchronization of previously asymmetric discharges, 
especially in the frontal lobes. Dr. Kornmttller states 
that it is considered possible that electroencephalogra— 
phic examination could be helpful in the differential 
diagnosis between cerebral contusion arxi cerebral con- 
cussion* 
Another set of studies concerned the changes of the 
brain waves produced by acute severe anoxia, and he 
considered the possibility that the individual differen- 
ces encountered in the varying resistance of the brains 
of different individuals against the effects of anoxia 
could be made into a test for the selection of flying 
personnel, particularly for high altitudes. Dr. Korn- 
mttller's report ends with a practical suggestion, 
derived from a study in which he found that the cerebral 
-Isturbance caused by anoxia is further increased by the 
simultaneous lack of COq leading to an additional 
hypocapnia. Based on this observation. Dr. Kornmttller 
makes the suggestion that at high altitudes not pure 
oxygen9 but Og - C0? mixtures should be administered. 
The report of 1941-1942 stated that during that year 
a total of 747 electroencephalographic examinations had 
been made, and that the electroencephalographic examin- 
ations of patients was utilized for diagnosis and for 
the evaluation of the duty status of patients. With 
regard to his findirg s concerning fatigue-states. Dr* 
Kornmflller was more outspoken than he had been the 
previous year. He stated that patients suffering from post traumatic states, and also other patients with certain 
"vegetative disturbances11 without previous trauma, usually 
presented a characteristic electroencephalographic picture. 
This picture consisted firstly in symmetric slow waves over 
the anterior parts of the brain. Furthermore, such cases 
were characterized by the fact that the disturbances caused 
by brief hyperventilation outlasted the hyperventilation 
for some time. Dr. Kornmttller added, tliat he has made 
therapeutic trials with inhalation of COg in those patients. 
Dr. Kornmttller came to the following definite conclusion; 
"The fatigue states which occur frecently following head 
trauma, as well as the fatigue states and over-fatigue 
states of aviators (flying fatigue) are characterized by 
well defined electroencephalographic findings.” 
In certain cases following head trauma, Kornmttller 
found abnormal discharges similar to those in epilepsy 
which were interpreted as an incipient increased prone- 
ness to seizures, and an indicative sign of developing 
traumatic epilepsy. A special chapter in the report 
dealt with the "paradoxical effect of oxygen adminis- 
tration”, a phenomenon occurring in certain predisposed 
individuals, on which studies were later published by 
Noell, Kornmttller, Gremmler, Schneider and Boeder, 
(Appendix 6, No.20; Appendix 7 No,l; Appendix 7,No.8). 
Independently, during the war, this "paradoxical effect” 
had been observed also by American and British experts 
and designated "recovery effect". (I do feel, hov/ever, that 
the name "paradoxical effect of oxygen re-administration” 
is better and should be adopted). 
Dr. Noell1s report: "ffber den Einsatz der hirnelek- 
trischen Untersuchungsmethode in der Luftfahrtmedizin, 
Festschrift fttr den Chef des Wehrmacht-sanittttswesens”, 
Dr* Noell states that electroencephalography is a 
valuable aid in the examination of patients who have 
suffered injuries of the brain, and for the appraisal 
of fitness after head injury or after states of exhaus- 
tion, especially if subjective complaints persist in 
spite of the fact that abnormal neurological findings 
are absent or slight. Electroencephalographic examin- 
ation can ”objectivize" these complaints, and cam 
furthermore allow an estimate as to the degree of 
damage. In addition, electroencephalographic examin- 
ation may uncover a focal injury, especially at the 
site of contrecoup, which, in view of the widespread 
presence of mute zones in the brain, cannot be done by 
clinical neurological examination, at least not with 
any degree of certainty. Electroencephalographic 
examination may also unwover an epileptogenic focus or at least a focus of increased seizure proneness for which 
.the term ”pre-epileptic focus” is being used* Furthermore, 
the report goes on to say that in most cases of fatigue 
state and ”vegetative crisis”, the electroencephalogram 
usually shows definite changes. Dr. Noell feels that 
even the degree of fatigueability can be determined by 
special tests in conjunction 'with ttlie electroencephalo- 
gram* Further uses of the electroencephalogram include 
the localiz atiOn of brain tumors, and clarification of 
the action of anoxia, and changes in temperature 
upon the brain* Anoxia is defined electroencephalo- 
graphically as a state of increased irritability with a 
simultaneous decrease of certain rhythmic activities. 
The final state of paralysis produced by anoxia is asso- 
ciated with an increased lability of those elements which 
still react; this Is the canvrialse stage. The opposite 
changes are produced by an increase of COg. A decrease 
in COg, however, for instance by hyperventilation, 
eauses changes similar to those of anoxia* Lowering of 
body temperature causes a characteristic state of 
excitation of the cortex with increased proneness to 
seizure, similar to that produced by certain convul- 
sive poisons, for instance eserin and strychine (see also 
C.I.O.S. report on ''Treatment of shock from prolonged 
exposure to cold, especially In water”, which includes 
an interview with Dr. Noell on this subject), but unlike 
the electroencephalographic pictures in anaesthesia, as 
may have been expected from the clinical appearance. 
This is probably the reason for the contraindication of 
analeptics in shock from exposure to cold. In hyper- 
thermia, on the other hand, the electroencephalographic 
picture is similar to that of anoxia. 
In a special study of the effects of anoxia upon 
the various echelons of the optic system, it was found 
that the cells of the retina were much more resistant 
to anoxia than any other parts of the optic system. Some 
of these differences in resistance to anoxia were con- 
sidered as due to differences in capillarization. The 
importance of the circulation apart from its oxygen 
supply was illustrated by experiments which tested the 
effects of anoxia with and without interruption of 
circulation. It was found that if the circulation is 
interrupted completely for IB - 20 minutes, recovery of 
the brain becomes impossible, while a marked degree of 
recovery takes place within a few hours if the inter- 
tuption of circulation is only of 3 - 4 minutes duration. 
If anoxia, however, is produced without simultaneous 
interference with circulation (as for instance by local 
cyanide intoxication), these periods are significantly 
longer; recovery becomes impossible only after 40-60 minutes of anoxia without interruption of circulation. Noell 
ifeels that if anoxia leads to actual collapse from mountain 
sickness, additional damage is caused by the disturbance of 
circulation incidental to such collapses. 
On my visit to the laboratory. Dr. A.E. Kornmttller, who 
holds the rank of Stabsarzt in the Army, and his associate 
Dr. W. Noell, who holds the rank of Qberarzt in the Luft- 
waffe, were very cooperative in discussing and demonstrating 
their findings, opening their files for inspection, and 
showing a very instructive teaching film. Their published 
papers deal with the following subjects ; 
Epilepsy (Appendix 6,No.11, & No.17)$ anoxia and altitude 
sickness (Appendix G, Nos 15, 18 and 24); the action of 
COo(Appendix G, Nos.19 and 23); the paradoxical effect of 
oxygen administration (Appendix 6,No.20, and Appendix 7, 
Nos 1 & 7); a general review of the interpretation of 
electroencephalography (Appendix 6,No.21); on pre-epileptic 
signs in the electro-encephalogram (Appendix 6,No.22), and 
on the influence of CCAupon the effects of anoxia (Appendix 
6, No.25). The post-hypoxemic proneness of the heart to 
fibrillation was studied by Noell & Schneider (Appendix 7, 
No.9), and the inter-relationships between hypoxemia, the 
epileptic seizure and the convulsions of high altitude were 
studied by Gremmler (Appendix 8,No.7). An interesting 
series on cerebral blood-flow under the various conditions 
of anoxia, hypoxia, lowering of blood pressure, COg etc. 
has been contributed by Noell and his collaborators (Appen- 
dix 7, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5,6,10,11 & 12). All these papers 
will be available in microfilm at the C.1.0.3.secretariat• 
The routine work of Dr. Kornmflller and his collaborators 
during the war has consisted in carrying out electroence- 
phalographic examinations for military hospitals ("Lazaretto”) 
of all parts of the armed forces, and fbr "Sichtmngsstellen 
fttr erkrahktes fliegendes Personal” (examination centers 
for sick flying personnel), especially that at Halle-DBlau. 
Furthermore, Dr. Kornnrflller was a staff member of the 
"Aussenstelle fttr Gehirnforschung(Professor Spatz) of the 
Luftfahrtraedizinisches Porschungs-Institut (Professor 
Strughold)". In the latter assignment he and his collabo- 
rators carried out experimental research. Apart from Dr. 
Noell, his collaborators were Dr.Joseph Grammler, Oberarzt 
der Luftwaffe, and until 1943 also Dr. Reinhold Grtlttner, 
who later was assigned to Dr. TBnnis* neurosurgical center. 
The teaching film which Drs. Kornmttller and Noell showed 
me was well arranged. The first section showed the usual 
phenomena produced by opening and closing of the eyes, 
hyperventilation and anoxia. The second section showed 
clinical examples such as narcolepsy, focal traumatic lesions and petit mal epilepsy. Colonel Vright, of USSTAF 
had seen the film and had been given a duplicate copy which 
should be available through USSTAP. A special film was 
shown which illustrated the "paradoxical effect of oxygen 
administration" (our "recovery effect"). In discussing 
their findings on the "paradoxical effect”, Drs. Hiller 
and Noell stated that a quick change is made from 
hypoxia to oxygen, about 3% of all people have a momentary 
seizure-like reaction, rarely with complete loss of 
consciousness, but with changes of tonus and some psycho- 
motor signs of confusion of a cataplectic - narcoleptic 
typ<* , which begins after EBG evidence of cerebral anoxia 
has passed. In some individuals similar attacks could be 
produced by pressure on the carotid sinus. This "para- 
doxical effect" is absent in these individuals if oxygen 
is brought back gradually. This phenomenon is obviously 
based on a constitutional peculiarity found only in 
certain persons. 
lue electroencephalographic effects of cold tempera- 
ture were discussed then; they have already been reported 
in a previous report (see above). 
Dr. Noell carried out special studies on survival 
and revival times of the brain in anoxia, as well as on 
the comparison of the electroencephalographic changes 
produced by cyanide with those produced by anoxia. All 
this work was done on rabbits. The papers are in press 
in the "Archiv fur Psychiatric". As to the technique of 
measurement of the survival and revival times. Dr. Noell 
stated, that for instance if after 20 minutes of arterial 
clamping, during which artificial respiration had been 
given continuously, opening of the clamps produced traces 
of cerebral electro *-activity, this was 
interpreted as meaning that the survival time was 20 
minutes. After 3 minutes of clamping, however, perfect 
revival could be obtained• Dr. Noell stressed that the 
actual functioning of the cortex in its full complexity 
is, of course, more sensitive than its mere cerebral 
electro -activity. The survival time 
after mere local anoxia by cyanide application with intact 
circulation was found to be 40 minutes. According to Dr. 
Noell, cyanide poisoning is equal to anoxia from the 
electroencephalographic point of view, except that respir- 
ation is affected earlier than cortical function in 
cyanide intoxication, while the reverse is true for anoxia. 
Special attention was paid to the survival times of 
the various parts of the brain. Following clamping of all 
cerebral vessels no differences were found in survival 
times between the various echelons of the optic system, 
namely the quadrigemenal plate, the geniculate bodies and 
olfiertparta0Fore8^verlirminufes?S f0Und t0 8Ur‘ (To page 89) 
TABLE I• 
Random sample of 400 cases of military personnel examined 
electroencephalographically at the Aussenstelle fflr G-ehirn- 
I forschung in Berlin-Buch by Dr. A.E. Kornmttller and iiis 
Is 
Clinical Problem 
/UX J-wUUX a uUi Q t 
Electroencephalograph 
ic findings 
Negative EEG 
(normal) 
Slight abnor- 
malities in 
EEG 
i/iarked abnor 
nalities in 
EEG 
Cranial trauma, 
closed, blunt: 
Concussion, 
Contusion 
Closed impression 
fractures 
54$ 
44$ 
28$ 
28$ 
GSW (open injuries) 
15$ 
13$ 
37$ . ... 
50% 
Tumor suspects 
_ . 6$ 
20$ 
_ 30$ 
50$ 
Epilepsy suspects 
5$ 
15$ 
80$ 
Ketirotic Complaints 
_ -. 4% 
75$ 
20$ 
. —5$. _ . 
Fatigue syndromes 
Q% 
after head injury 
without head in.lurv 
5$ 
30$ 
"Fatigue pic- 
ture w, i.e. 
chopped alpha 
rhythm and 
6-8 per sec. 
activity 
which dis- 
appears on 
sensory 
stimuli 
(knocking): 
95$ 
Other neurological 
and psychiatric 
cases 9% 
not graded as to findings obtained Concerning his routine work. Dr. Kornmttller stated that 
since 1939, five thousand clinical patients were examined 
electroencephalographically in his laboratory, of whom 95;o 
were members of the Army or Air Force. In addition, he 
examined l,fiOO normal human beings in connection with anoxia 
studies and other research, especially on fatigue, and on 
the effect of pervitin (benzedrine, amphetamine sulfate) in 
normal individuals. Among the patients, repeat and follow- 
up examinations were performed in 18;o. Dr. Kornmttller had 
not completed his statistical survey of his findings in the 
military personnel that he had examined. At my request he 
did a spot-dieck statistical analysis of a random sample 
of 400 consecutive cases (see Table 1). It is of interest 
to see in this table that among the open injuries of the 
head the largest group of EEGs showed severe changes,while 
the largest group of EEGs following closed head injuries 
has remained normal. It is likewise interesting that 75% cf 
the patients with neurotic complaint s (which are given as 
constituting 4# of the entire group) had normal EEGs .This 
group does not include the "fatigue syndromes”. The electro- 
encephalographic "fatigue picture” (”Ermttdungs-Bild"), is 
defined as consisting of "chopped” alpha rhythm, and of 
associated 6-8 per second activity which disappears in 
response to sensory stiraull(such as making a noise by 
knocking)• 
Although Dr. Kornmttller classifies the fatigue picture 
as a slight abnormality of the EEG, yet he feels certain 
that it is a significant abnormality. He went on to em- 
phasize that he never made a clinical diagnosis on the 
basis of his electroencephalographic study of the patient, 
but merely described the phenomena as he observed them and 
submitted them to the clinician in charge of the case, who 
was to integrate the information supplied into die clinical 
picture as a whole. Dr. Kornmttller then placed his file of 
routine reports, which also included clinical summaries and 
follow-ups supplied to him, at ray disposal for investi- 
gation and study. I came away from the s tudy of these 
reports with a definite feeling that the very restraint used 
by Dr. Kornmttller in evaluating the clinical significance 
of his findings must have been confusing to the clinician, 
unless he happened to be an accomplished electroencephalo- 
grapher himself, which, however, none of them seemed to 
have been. Dr. Kornmttller’s reports merely described brain- 
wave pictures without attempting to evaluate the clinical 
significance of the changes described. The consequence was, 
as is quite obvious from the letters accompanying patients 
coming for re-examination at later dates, and the follow-ups 
supplied by the clinicians on those occasions, that the medical officers in charge of the patients eagerly seized 
any opportunity to utilize any degree of electroencephalo- 
graphic abnormality reported as a justification to dispose 
of the patient as a case of organic and presumably irre- 
mediable brain damage, in preference to placing him into 
the therapeutically and administratively troublesome category 
of psychoneurosis. It becomes obvious to the reader of the 
routine report file, that a good many obviously quite neu- 
rotic patients were simply disposed of as cases of organic 
brain damage, and simply reassigned to lighter duties, e.g. 
ground duties without any further treatment, which other- 
wise would have been available, particularly in Dr. Von 
Hattingberg* s psychotherapeutic department at Halle-Ddlau 
whence most of the patients came, simply because some 
abnormal 6-8 per second activity of their frontal lobes 
was found. With all reject to Dr. Kornmtiller*s wide 
experience, demonstration of the actual brainwave records 
themselves by him still left me unconvinced that the 
occasional and slight slow wave activity which he regarded 
as characteristic of the chronic fatigue states had any- 
thing to do with the clinical syndromes found in these 
patients, especially as Hill and others have found similar 
sporadic 6-8 per second activity to be a not infrequent 
constitutional abnormality, especially in young people and 
in individuals with psychopathic trends. This, of course, 
in no way detracts from the validity and significance of 
the appearance of a significant degree of slow wave 
activity which occurs in severe acute fatigue states 
approaching sleep, and in acute anoxia. The point which I 
seriously question, however, is whether an analogy between 
these sporadic frontal slow wave patterns and the signi- 
ficant diffuse slow wave activity of' severe acute fatigue or 
anoxia can be drawn. When this point was argued with Dr. 
Kornnrflller, he himself admitted that although he personally 
felt certain about the justification of this analogy, proof 
convincing to Others may still not yet be at hand; and he 
again re-emphasized the point that after all he never com- 
mitted himself in his reports as to the definite clinical 
significance of these findings. In practice, however, it 
is quite obvious that without actually saying so his 
description of Hie slow waves and the other aspects of the 
,,Ermttdungsbildu sufficed to make the medical officer who 
received the report regard the case as a purely organic 
problem and to prevent any further psychotherapeutic mea- 
sures being brought to bear on the patient. Dr.Kornmttller 
turned over to me three sample reports which I considered 
characteristic and which I shall review briefly^ 
Case 1; Lt. G.S., born 1915, a fighter pilor who had flown 
172 combat missions, was injured on 15 May 1940, when his 
plane - which had had its landing gear shot off - turned 
over during the crash landing. He suffered lacerations of the head and contusions of the left shoulder. He did not 
lose consciousness, did not vomit, hut was unahle t o move 
and had pains in his chest and neck. There were haemorr- 
hages and suffusions about the eyes corresponding to his 
aviator’s goggles, and some discharge of blood from the 
left nostril. Spinal fluid was normal and so were X-ray 
examinations of the skull. The left arm remained weak for 
a number of weeks, the pattern of weakness being that of 
a radial palsy. There were no sensory changes. He was 
treated with lightcradle, massage and galvanic electricity 
which caused fairly rapid improvement of the left arm. He 
was transferred to a hospital near his home a month later. 
After a considerable period of further hospital treatment 
and convalescent care, under which his physical complaints 
improved, he began, in April 1941, to complain of in- 
creasing inability to concentrate and of disturbance of 
memory, although he did not feel fatigued. For this rea- 
son he was referred for electroencephalographic examina- 
tion on 14 February 1942. When reporting for this 
examination he also complained about easy fatiguability, 
in addition to his inability to concentrate and loss of 
memory* Furthermore, he said he had become intolerant 
of solar heat. Now he also complained of sensory 
disturbance in the tips of the fingers of his left hand. 
The basal metabolic rate was increased by 23#. A test 
of circulatory efficiency performed by letting him step 
30 times on a chair (obviously a test of the type of the 
Schneider test), produced extrasystoles. Electro- 
encephalographic examination showed, in addition to 
normal waves, a number of groups of waves of lower 
frequency and amplitude, of which each burst 
lasted a few secoids. Hyperventilation did not increase 
the frequency of these abnormal discharges. On 17 April 
1942, the patient was again referred for re-examination. 
In the meantime he had been hospitalized in a Luftwaffe 
hospital where he c omplained of constant headaches which 
were increased by any change of temperature, such as 
occurred when he left his room to go outdoors and returning 
to his room, by warmth, by exposure to sun rays, and by 
mental effort. Slight excitement, such as receiving a 
decoration, caused dizziness, vertigo and marked pallor. 
Frequent change of color of the face was observed. He 
stated that his ability to concentrate had improved and 
also his memory, byt that slight physical effort such as 
that incidental to firing an airgun or playing table 
tennis, caused marked/tremor of knees and hands. He also 
complained of irritability. Electroencephalographic 
examinatibn showed exactly the same findings as before, 
namely groups of waves of lower frequency and increased 
amplitude. Once the appearance of such a group of ab- 
normal waves was synchronous with a feeling of absent- mindedness on the part of the patient. On 8 July 1942, the 
’patient was sent for his third electroencephalographic 
examination, after he had been for six whole weeks at air- 
force rest homes in Carinthia and at the W5rher-lake, 
where he engaged in hunting, hiking and fishing. His head- 
aches had improved and they were now only elicitable by 
prolonged sojourn in the sun. He still sweated easily 
but he felt much better and freer. The brainwaves 
remained as reported before. After further hospital treat- 
ment he was referred again on 9 November 1942. His head- 
aches had become rare, and normal mental activity tended 
to bring them on much more rarely than previously. 
However, headaches could still be produced when he was 
suddenly startled or frightened. In spite of that he ex- 
pressed his belief that he was ready to return to combat 
flying duty; but he added than whenever he flew, even at 
low or medium altitudes, headaches would appear. He 
stated that he felt a rather constant thirst. There was 
still marked vasblability of the face. He still seemed 
somewhat forgetful, and kept notes on everything he wanted 
to do. He felt very well as long as he did not have to 
do things outdoors. He could still hardly stand the sun 
or heat. He had become a bit more sensitive and moody 
than he used to be. The brainwaves at this fourth 
examination showed essentially the same findings as before. 
Brain waves of "lowered frequency" were found, "although 
perhaps somewhat less frequently and less definitely than 
before". They were regarded as "the expression of a 
general (vegetative?) disturbance". The control of his 
vegetative disturbances by Bellargal was recommended. 
Following this examination the patient was given a ground 
job. When he was re-examined on 15 February 1943, he 
had been doing well on ground duty, although he felt some- 
what fatigued and had to put in extra rest periods. His 
memory had improved. He stated that when he flaw in an 
airplane as a passenger on one occasion he developed head- 
aches, and that at night he became easily startled and 
frightened when he heard the telephone ring anywhere in 
the building, which' regularly produced an intense stab- 
bing sensation in the head which caused a severe 
generalized headache for the next 5-10 minutes. His 
irritability was improved. The electroencephalographic 
findings were similar to those obtained at the previous 
examinations, except that this time hyperventilation 
caused a ready apd persistent increase of the abnormal 
wave patterns. Immediately after a burst of abnormal 
patterns the patient said when asked how he felt "I just 
felt like dropping off to sleep". The report concluded 
that there was electroencephalographic evidence of brief 
states of reduced clarity of consciousness. The patient * who had been in the meantime promoted to the rank of Captain 
, stayed on ground duty. The patient was examined for the 
sixth time on 17 November 1943. His complaints had greatly 
improved, the only residual complaint being easy fatiguabilf 
ity. This time the electroencephalogram showed only 
occasional waves of lowered frequency which could be in- 
creased slightly by hyperventilation. Dr. Kornmttller con- 
cluded that “the findings at this examination were not as 
marked as before (improvement? )M • The patient was sent 
back to his ground job. 
Case 2: This patient, K.B. was a sergeant pilot who 
had been shpt down several times in a series of very harro- 
wing combat missions, with severe damage to his aircraft 
and narrow escapes* However, he never hurt his head in 
crashing and never suffered concussion. Since January 1943 
he had occasional severe headaches on the ri$it, especially 
under physical strain, long railroad journeys, etc.,but no 
dizziness although he was easily startled and slept poorly. 
He lost kilos in weight, and did not respond to a 
period of rest at an Air Force rest home in Kitzbtliol. He 
sweated profusely, always had moist hands and blushed 
easily. He was referred for electroencephalographic 
examination on 20 April 1943 because of easy startle and 
fright reaction, headaches and sleeplessness. The head- 
aches were more severe on the right. Neurologic examin- 
ation was normal. There was no history of concussion. In 
this case the electroencephalogram was completely normal. 
Case 5: Captain E.S. This patient had lost 30 lbs 
during the stunner of 1942 in connection with a dysentery- 
like febrile illness complicated by jaundice. However, 
he continued to do duty until October 1942, when he broke 
down and was hospitalized. He developed disturbance of 
memory and concentration and whenever he became excited, 
a tight feeling above the eyes which sometimes spread 
backwards to the neck. He was easily excited, sweated 
profusely, and had a general feeling of uncertainty and 
insecurity. He gave a history of head injuries suffered 
in 1936 and 1937, hut there had been no unconsciousness 
and he had not vomited. These episodes of head trauma 
were not followed by significant complaints. It was 
considered that this patient was suffering from a slight 
depression which occurred after over-exertion incidental 
to a dysentery-like illness. There was disturbance of 
concentration, and irritability, but physical findings 
were otherwise normal. The electroencephalographic 
report of 15 May 1943 reads as follows: "In the: anterior 
parts of the brain occasional waves of lowered frequency (8 - 6 per second), were observed bilaterally. On sensory 
stimulation sometimes no inhibition, or merely an incomplete 
inhibition of alpha activity occurred, such as is observed 
in fatigue*. 
There is no doubt in my mind that the correlation of 
these slight changes in the electroencephalogram with the 
clinical findings in, and the complaints of, these patients 
is doubtful, or unproven at best. Although the 
resulting labelling of this highly heterogeneous clinical 
material as *organic* appears to have been eagerly seized 
on by the medical officers in charge of these patients 
because it facilitated disposition and reduced the number 
of cases to be included in the disliked diagnostic category 
of psychpneurosis, it certainly prevented utilization of 
such psychotherapeutic facilities as were available by 
those patients involved, and also made the understanding 
of the nature, etiology and therapy of these fatigue states 
difficult by introducing a variable which is not necessarily 
etiologically significant, or rather the significance of 
which in connection with these fatigue states!s not proven. 
On the other hand. Dr. Kornmttller is a man of vast experience 
in electroencephalography, and while his approach to the 
electroencephalographic correlates of the fatigue s tates 
has not progressed beyond a certain hunch, still there 
may be something in it which is worth further investigation. 
However, even then the simple labelling of the fatigue state 
as organic should not be the end of the story, as was 
obviously the practice in the German army and Air Force 
hospitals, but en the contrary should lead to an investi- 
gation how such obviously psychological and psychobiologlcal 
factors could be operative in modifying brainwave patterns. 
Whatever the Hfatigue pattern* in the electroencephalogram 
may be, it is probably not the product of an organic injury 
but something that is alive, changeable and modifiable, 
even possibly by psychologic and other therapeutic measures. 
This is definitely a problem for future investigation. 
Dr. Koramttller was then asked whether he had succeeded 
in constructing an analyzer. He replied that he had given 
considerable attention to this problem and had succeeded in 
constructing three models: Analyzer No.l. functions like a 
screen, a sieve, or a filter. Dr. Kornrattller calls this 
analyzer the *KBG filter*. It filters out specific frequen- 
cies that are being sou^it. 
Analyzer No.2 was constructed on the principle of 
mechanical resonance. This analyzer signals frequencies 
lover than 10 pdr second, either by flashing a light or a 
knocking sound. It can be adjusted to any frequencies looked for; for instance it can signal all frequencies 
lower than 8 per second, or lower than 6 or 3 per second, 
or any other given frequency. It does not write a spectrum; 
signals appear in the form of a knock or, on tlie graphic 
recording, in form of a spike. While the principle of 
resonance used is similar to that employed by Gray Walter 
for his analyzer. Dr. Kornmttller’s analyser is definitely 
not able t o recordfa full spectrum of cerebral electro- 
activity. When 'these differences were discussed with 
him. Dr. Kormndller appeared slightly hurt at the impli- 
cation that I considered Gray Walter’s analyzer superior 
to his, and hasted to add - "something that I originally 
had not intended to say because nobody else asked me 
about itw, - namely, that the purpose of his analyzer was 
entirely different from that of Gray Walter. Dr. Korn- 
mllller emphasized that he was not interested in construc- 
ting an analyzer that would give a complete spectrum for 
research purposes, but that he was after something 
intensely practical that would provide a signalling 
machine which could signal whenever a man became ineffi- 
cient either because of anoxia or becauseythe effects of 
severe acute fatigue approaching sleep, which would 
express itself in a significant deviation of cerebral 
electroactivity. Dr. Kornrrrtlller feels that he has 
solved the problem of obtaining a workable apparatus of 
this type in his third analyzer, the size of which was 
reduced to that of a cigar box. The technical aspects 
of this intensely practical piece of apparatus were 
developed by an oscillograph engineer by name Prast, 
who is employed by the firm of Phillips, an oscillograph 
firm in Frankenstein, Vogtland. This is a small village 
located about two thirds of the way between Chemnitz and 
Freiberg, the map coordinates being N51/K86, GSGS 4346, 
Germany 1:250,000. This vil3.age is at present occupied 
by the Russians. All information regarding the apparatus 
and its whereabouts has been given to USSTAP authorities 
who have declared their interest in obtaining the appara- 
tus and picking it up. Dr. Kornmttller and Mr.Prast 
thought that this apparatus could be used as a means of 
automatic signalling of "dangerous low frequencies" 
caused by anoxia, fatigue, or sleep in pilots of air - 
craft or drivers of automobiles. The device is set to 
signal all frequencies lower than 8 per second, irres- 
pective of exact frequencies, and the apparatus is so 
designed so as never to respond to frequencies above 8 
per second. This is indeed an ingenious device which 
has wide applicability. In large bombing aircraft,for 
instance, a signalling device could be installed on the 
instrument board which would inform the pilot whether 
any member of his crew, who could be hooked up to a central apparatus "by one lead each from their flying helmets, 
was falling asleep or becoming anoxic. This would allow the 
pilot to have complete awareness of the state of alertness 
of his gunners and other crew members. On the other hand, 
in peacetime the apparatus could be used to prevent the 
driver of an automobile on a long cross-country run from 
having a serious accident because of his falling asleep. 
As soon as the brainwaves slowed down at the approach of 
sleep, the apparatus could set off an alarm system which 
would succeed in waking him up. 
M 4• The Physiological Institute of the University of 
Gottingen, headed by Professor Dr# Friedrich Hermann Rein. 
Dr# Rein, who has been the chairman of the Departmentof 
Physiology at Gottingen since 1938, was very cooperative 
in giving information on a variety of subjects, which in- 
cluded the physiology of reaction to low temperatures, 
the organization of medical teaching before and during 
the war, etc. which are embodied in separate reports 
(see reports on "The treatment of shock from prolonged 
exposure to cold, especially in wdtcr ", and "The medi- 
cal school curriculum in Germany"). Of neurophysio- 
logical interest is his work on pain (Rein, P.H: Zur 
Physiologic des Schmerzes. Schmerz. Narkose.An&sthesie 
5: 199 - 139, 1939).According to br. Rein, pain 
sensation is transmitted in separate pain-conducting 
fibers. The adequate stimuli for the pain receptors 
are of a chemical nature, and these pain receptors 
behave in every way like chemoreceptors. In fact, 
they are chemoreceptors. They consist in non-myelinated 
fibers which enter into the tissue cells. Their adequate 
stimulus is any disturbance of the metabolism of that 
cell, and their function is merely nociceptive in the 
sense of Hansen. Whenever simple reflex regulation 
becomes inadequate in controlling metabolic distur- 
bances, pain sets in, which is transmitted by special 
afferent vegetative fibers. The conformity of the 
physiology of pain to van't Hoff's law proves that the 
specific physiologic stimulus which produces pain is a 
chemical one • The different degrees of sensitiveness 
to pain exhibited by the various organ systems can be 
understood in the light of this fact. Muscle tissue, 
for instance, is not very sensitive to pain, peristeum 
is very sensitive. Muscle is richly vascularized, and 
any deviation of its metabolism from the 
by automatic reflex vasooDDtotr regula- 
tion, which allows quick removal or correction of the 
offending metabolites. Therefore, muscle pain occurs 
practically only in atoxic muscle. Periosteum, on the vother hand, is poorly vascularized. Interference with cir- 
culation causes pain in any organ system. 
3 
5. The Luftfahrtmedizinisches Porseiningsinstitut 
des Relchsluftfahrtministerlums. formerly in Berlin, now 
evacuated to the Physiological Institute of the University 
of GCttlngen. directed hy Professor Dr. med.et phll. 
Hubertus Strughold. Otoerstarzt"(Colonel) der Luftwaffe.and 
professor of physiology with teaching appointment in 
aviation medicine at the University of Berlin. 
Dr. Strughold was interviewed in G8ttingen. He 
was very cooperative, and members of his staff assured me 
that lie was very eager to cooperate to the limit with 
American authorities, because he felt that any assistance 
rendered to the United States in accelerating its victory 
over Japan would be in the ultimate interest of Germany. 
He added that his only Japanese disciple, a Dr. Miura, 
was probably sunk in a U-boat on his way back to Japan 
during the latter part of 1942, and Dr.Strughold appeared 
so impressed with the high quality of the teaching offered 
at his institute, that he regarded this event as a severe 
blow to Japanese aviation medicine. He expressed the hope 
that his only Chinese pu$il, Dr. Ch’ang Tzu Teh (a nephew 
of Dr. Kung) is alive and active. 
Dr. Strughold then went on to explain the 
organization of the German aviation-medical research 
institutes. The Surgeon General of the Air Force (Chef 
des Sanit&tswesens der Luftwaffe), who recently was 
Generaloberstabsarzt Professor Schrader, assisted by his 
Chief of Staff, Oberstarzt Kanth, headed two major depart- 
ments; (l) Organization and personnel, and (2) Medical 
procedure and research. The latter was under Dr.Becker- 
Preysing, who held administrative command over the seven 
medical research institutes of the Luftwaffe. These were: 
1: Luftfahrtmedizinisches Porschungsinstitut Berlin (Dr. 
Strughold), with its "Aussenabteilungen" at Schloss 
Welkersdorf, Berlin-Buch (brain research), GBttingen 
(Physiological Institute) and Branneriburg am Inn; 
2: Institut fttr Luftfahrtpathologie, in Freiburg i.B. 
(Professor Bttchner); 3: Institut fUr Luftfahrtmedizin 
Mttnchen(Dr. Weltz) (see report on shock from exposure to 
cold); 4: Institut fttr Luftfahrtmedizin Hamburg(Dr 
5: Sanitftts-Versuchs- und Lehr-Gruppe Jttterbog (Professor 
Knotte); 6; Plugphysiologische Abteilung der Erprobungs- 
stelle Rechlin (Dr. Benzinger); 7: Institut fttr Plug- 
physiologie der Deutschen Versuchsanstalt fttr Luftfahrt 
Berlin~A 11ershot (Dr. Puff). In his own institute. Dr# Strughold was assisted by 13 
collaborators, who were in charge of the different special 
branches of aviation medicine# They were: l.Dr# H.J. 
Clamann: mechanical effects of altitude, experiments on 
sudden increase of pressure corresponding to falls from 
high altitudes (uDrucksturzversuchen), low pressure cham- 
ber construction, high pressure cabin, high pressure suit; 
2# Dr#U.Luft; Adaptation to high altitudes,supervision of 
low pressure chamber experiments,breathing devices, diet 
for high altitudes; 3. Dr.E. Opitz: acute anoxia, 
adaptation to high altitudes, physiology of the coronary 
system; 4# Dr.P#Palme: electroencephalography, chemo- 
receptors; 5# Dr.O.Gauer: research on the effects of 
acceleration, construction of large centrifuges (one at 
Berlin-Tempelhof airfield, one at 35 Scharnhorststrasse, 
Berlin); 6 .Dr .Hanson: physiology of nutrition, especial- 
ly in relation to high altitudes; 7#Dr. Desaya: problems 
of air raid protection; 8.Dr. SchMfer: chemistry; 
9. Dr.Rose: spatial perception, night vision; lO.Dr. 
Ingeborg Schmidt: color vision; 11#Dr.Denser (zoologist): 
comparative physiology, micro-low-pressure chamber; 
12. Dr.Autrum (zoologist): electroretinography, metho- 
dology of quantum and nuclear physics, atomic physics; 
13. Dr.Suchalla; (geneticist): problems concerning 
experimental animals. He supervised the breeding of 
250,000 white mice and of 70,000 rabbits, 2000 - 3000 of 
which were fanned out to every air force station 
(Pliegerhorst)• 
Dr. Strughold*s own interest included selection of 
flying personnel especially in regard to color vision ad 
night vision. Furthermore, he carried out various 
studies in the low pressure chamber, especially on the 
behavior of the postural and muscular reflexes, on re- 
action time, on the capacity to estimate time, on the 
problem of nutrition in relation to flying at high 
altitude, and on reaction time in special relationship 
to acceleration. Dr# Strughold is in the process of 
finishing a paper on the latter subject. However, he 
regarded as his main job during the war the dissemina- 
tion of information on the fundamentals of aviation 
medicine to the medical officers of flying personnel, 
as well as to the manufacturers of aircraft. He wrote a 
series of teaching letters (Lehrbriefe). He gave pne of 
his last jpies of these teaching letters to Colonel 
Vrigit, USSTAP. In addition, in collaboration with Dr. 
Ruff, he published a book on aviation medicine: 
RUPP, Siegfried, and STRUGHOLD, Hubertus: "Sundries der 
Luftfahrtmedizin; 2nd edition, Leipzig, J.A. Barth*1944. 
At present Dr. Strughold is preparing a report on his scientific and educational activities during the past 10 
years. His educational activity, or, as he put it, “the 
translation of the scientific results into practical use- 
ful knowledge for the use of aviation physicians”, was 
his main preoccupation during the war. He estimated his 
report will he ready in 4 weeks. When asked about the 
problem of flying fatigue (referred to in Germany as 
”abgeflogensein” which freely translated means ”to be 
through flying”, or ”to be finished as a flier”), he 
stated that it occurred more frequently among fighter 
pilots than among other flying personnel. For this 
reason it was thought that one of the causes for this 
condition was t o be found in the fundamental personality 
of the fighter pilot who was supposed to be different in 
personality make-up than other types of fliers. A Dr . 
Skawran had written a book about it entitled ”The Psy- 
chology of the Fighter Pilot” (”Die Psychologic des 
Jagdfliegers”), which was banned and withdrawn from 
publication as one of the Luftwaffe’s consulting phy- 
sicians, Dr. Anthony,disapproved of it because of its 
possibly adverse psychological effect upon fliers who 
might read it. In Dr. Strughold’s opinion ”the book 
was not bad; it was interesting”. Dr.Strughold happens 
to know that one existing copy is available in a monas- 
tery in Tepl, near Marienbad in Czechoslovakia. The 
psychological treatment of fliers with fatigue states 
was in Hie hands of the psychotherapist Professor von 
Hattingberg in Halle-D01au. 
Dr. Strughold then went on to generalize on certain 
major aspects of aviation-medical problems as lie saw them 
developing during the war. He stated that the war could 
be divided into three phases. In tlie first phase the 
problem of the Germans was long distance flights, as 
against the short, rapid ascents of the British, 
explains different avenues of aviation research in the 
two camps during that phase of the war. In the second 
phase of the war, the medium heavy medium-distance bomber 
was the problem on both sides. In Hie third phase of the 
war the Germans iiad to cope with the problem of rapid 
rise and descent during short flights incidental to the 
interception of bomber formations at high aItitude, while 
the British and Americans had to solve Hie problem of 
long distance flights. In his opinion the present 
problem of American ailation in the Far East is that of 
long distance flights at jgreat heights, which includes the 
problem of aero-embolism. -He went on to say that in this 
recent last pliase of German aviation medicine, research was 
focussed on the problem of nutrition in relation to physiological adaptation to rapid ascent and descent. These 
problems were carried out in experiments by Dr. Hanson, who 
is nowin Salza, Camp Dora, near Nordhausen. 
Of Dr. Strughold* s collaborators, Dr. Ingeborg Sclimidt 
and Dr. Franz Palme, were interviewed. Dr. Ingeborg Sclimidt 
devised an apparatus for the testing of color blindness. As 
to the problem of dark adaptation she stated that she did 
not think much of the "radium adaptometer" which was at one 
time widely used in the German Air Force. Dr. Schmidt went 
on to say that the principle of this adaptometer was unsatis- 
factory because it did not include a test of visual acuity. 
However, visual acuity is of special importance in form 
perception during dark adaptation. Furthermore, she thinks 
that it is impossible to devise a universal instrument 
which is equally good for testing the early and late phases 
of dark adaptation, and that the important problem is not 
only that of perceiving traces of light in the dark, but 
also that of recognizing contours, which requires visual 
acuity. She did feel that Comberg*s Nyktometer is a good 
instrument for testing the first two minutes of dark 
adaptation. 
Dr. Franz Palme, who was a scientific civilian expert 
employed by the Luftfahrtmedizinisches Institut, specia- 
lized in work on chemoreceptors and on electroencephalogra- 
phy, especially in regard to the problem of anoxia during 
rapid descent similar to descent by parachute from high 
altitudes. Dr. Palme feels that the critical level of 
oxygen pressure in the venous blood is 19.8. Adaptation 
to lack of oxygen is presumably possible mainly by 
dilatation of capillaries. He stated that he could dis- 
tinguish three different stagesof deterioration of cerebral 
function as expressed in the electroencephalogram. The 
first errors in the writing test, while the individual is 
subjected to anoxia, occur when 3 per second waves in the 
brain make their appearance. By these correlations he 
attempted to objectivize the states of deterioration of 
cerebral function as produced by anoxia. Palme observed 
that if patients suffering from states of "abgeflogensein** 
(flying fatigue states) are exposed to anoxia, slow rhythms 
appear earlier than in normal controls. Palme, like 
Kornm&ller, convinced himself that in states of fatigue 
and related vegetative instability, 6 per second activity 
occurred. These findings were published by A. Bonk&l6 
and R. Grtlttner, Archiv fttr Psychiatric, 111: 652,1940; 
but Palme added that these studies concerned themselves 
with severe acute fatigue and not with chronic fatigue 
states of the "abgeflogensein1* (flying fatigue) type. 6 • The Department of Serolopy. Experimental Therapy 
and Spirochaetal Research of the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt 
fur Psychiatrie, Kaleer Wilhelm Institute inlvlunlch. headed 
'b.v F» Jahnel. 
Dr. Jahnel is now, in addition to hisfother duties, 
director of the entire Porschungsanstalt, as Dr. RMdin fled 
on the arrival of the Americans. Dr. Jalmel stated that 
the special chemical department of which Dr. Page had been 
in charge until he returned to the United States, had dis- 
continued operation after his departure and tliat the 
histological section under Professor W. Scholz is at 
present at Schloss Oberbrunn, Post Pittenhart, which is on 
the railway line Endorf-Obing-Chiemgau, in the vicinity of 
the Chiem lake. He stated tliat Dr. Scholz had been par- 
ticularly interested in anoxia, but that only very few 
brains had been sent to him (Jalmel thought only three 
altogether), because the Luftwaffe sent the vast majority 
of them to Dr. P. Bttchner in Freiburg. 
As to his routine work. Dr. Jalmel carried out sero- 
logic examinations for military and civilian hospitals, 
including examinations of blood and spinal fluid. The 
annual turnover of his examinations varied somewhat but 
the period from 1 April 1944 to 1 April 1945 appears 
representative. During this period examinations of 7,750 
cases were performed, of which 5,000 were members of the 
armed forces, 170 prisoners-of-war , and the remainder 
civilians. In examining the blood the follov/ing sero- 
logical tests were usually performed; Wassermann reaction; 
Me ini eke-IQ. Mr ungs reaction II; Kalin test; MMller Ballungs 
reaction; Lentochol (Sachs-Georgi reaction), and the 
Citochol reaction (Sachs-Witebsky reaction). In examin- 
ing the spinal fluid the following reactions were per- 
formed: Cell Count per cu.mqj.; determination of cell 
type; Wassermann reaction; Meinicke KlMrungs reaction 
No.2, MMller Ballungs reaction; Nonne test; Pandy test; 
total albumin according to Kafka; Globulin/albumin 
ratio; sugar in percent, furthermore, the 
Normomastix reaction and the Goldsol reaction. 
Of scientific investigations Dr. Jalmel was parti- 
cularly interested in the non-specific positive syphilis 
reactions occurring in non-syphilitic illnesses, the so- 
called "false positives*1, which occurred, for instance, 
after injection with horse serum, immunization for 
diphtheria, in and after malaria, and in other conditions 
(Nos. 1-5, Appendix 9). Furthermore, Dr. Jalmel wrote 
reviews on the pathology, serology and therapy of the 
syphilitic diseases of the nervous system (Appendix 9, 
Nos. 6 & 7). Apart from these published papers Dr.Jahnel reported preliminary results of confidential work which he 
married out for the Wehrmacht, and which were concerned with 
the serological tests for malaria based on Henry’s reaction 
with iron albuminate (unpublished paper, Appendix 9, No.8). 
Another confidential report concerns immunological and sero- 
logical studies of relapsing fever. In these studies he 
transmitted seven different strains of North African 
relapsing fever through mice and cultures. They came from 
seven cases which occurred in thh Africa Corps. These 
cases had originally been mistaken for malaria, but blood 
tests revealed Spirochaeta re cu rr e ns. He found that 
several of these strains were highly neurotropic• 
(Unpublished paper. Appendix 9, No.9). 
In concluding the interview, certain general prob- 
lems of psychiatric interest were discussed with Dr.Jahnel 
(who had been a general neuropsychiatrist before he 
specialized in serology). Regarding the handling of 
neurosis problems. Dr. Jahnel feels that in the first 
world war one had confronted this problem in a helpless 
manner. He feels this problem has how been solved by 
means of suggestive treatment with the aid of painful 
electric currents, as well as by the policy of not letting 
the patients attain the goals which the illness served. 
In the last war, the patients definitely felt that they 
could attain things by their illness, whilej/this war they 
could not• : ' 
7. The Genealoglc Section of the Deutsche For- 
schungsanstalt fflr Psychiatric. Kaiser Vilhelm Institut. 
in Munich, formerly headed by Dr. E. RtLdln. 
On visiting Dr. Mdin’s department I found that he 
had fled, presumably because of the part that he had 
played in the program of killing the insane. He felt 
that some of the relatives of the killed patients might 
exact retribution from him because in the course of tills 
program not only were incurable defectives killed 
, but also patients suffering 
from remedial illnesses, such as depressions or brain 
tumors. Spot-checking of Dr. Raidin’s files failed to 
produce any of the material on the organization of the 
killing centers. I was told that he had destroyed all 
damaging evidence. However, among the files deeding with 
international meetings, interesting material was found in 
three of them. One was a file containing all reports, 
including confidential ones, concerning the International 
Neurological Congress and the International Congress for 
Psychotherapy held in Copenhagen in 1939. This included 
two confidential reports, one by Professor Kretschmer, 
the other by Professor Mauz, containing comparisons of xhe status and personnel of German psychotherapy with those 
of other countries, which will he discussed in another 
report, to he prepared hy me, on German military neuro- 
psychiatry and neurosurgery* Other files, such as those 
concerning the European Congress on Mental Hygiene held in 
Prague in August 1938, and the meeting of the International 
Union for the Scientific Investigation of Population Pro- 
blems held in Paris in August 1937, contain material vhich 
is of interest for a third report in preparation, namely: 
"Measures concerning public mental health, including 
sterilization and execution of the insane, in Germany"• 
The report on the Congress in Paris also contained a 
confidential mimeographed manuscript, entitled "Kongress- 
wesen und Hohe Politik" (International meetings and 
foreign politics), which contains an interesting set of 
rules and methods hy which participants in International 
Congresses were supposed to serve the interests of Nazi 
Germany. This leaflet and associated material from the 
reports will he made the subject of a special small 
report entitled: "Method s for Influencing International 
Scientific Meetings, as laid down hy German Scientific 
Organizations", 
8* Conclusions* 
The work of a number of scientific organizations in 
the field of neuropathology and neurphysiology, with 
special regard to electroencephalography, was reviewed. 
Among those who worked up the vast material of gunshot 
wounds of the brain and of other open injuries inflicted 
by missiles, preoccupation with the problem of infection 
is striking. This is probably due to the fact that 
penicillin was unknown or not available in Germany 
during the war. 
In the field of neurophysiology, the electroencephalo- 
graphic correlates of anoxia and severe acute fatigue 
states approaching sleep, were thoroughly studied by 
Kornmttller and his staff. However, the correlation of 
the findings obtained in severe acute fatigue states 
with the far less striking and sporadic findings found 
in the chronic fatigue states of military personnel, 
especially of aviators (flying fatigue - "abgeflogensein"J 
which was postulated by KornircHller and others, is hot to 
be considered as proven yet; nor is it a convincing 
hypothesis that these findings in chronic fatigue states 
represent an actual structural and irremediable organic 
change of the brain. Palme’s related finding that under 
conditions of experimental anoxia, slow rhythms can be 
elicited earlier in patients suffering from flying 
fatigue than in normal persons, are far more convincing in that they allow an interpretation of the picture in terms 
of functional deviation rather than of static alteration. 
The survey reported in this paper unearthed one new 
invention of great practical interest: namely a signalling 
apparatus for dangerous slowing of the cerebral electro- 
activity, such as brought labout by anoxia or by intense 
fatigue approaching sleep. This apparatus is of small 
convenient size. It was developed by Dr.Kornmttller and 
Mr. Prast, the latter an oscillograph engineer employed 
by the Riillips Oscillograph Company, at present in 
Prankenstein-Vogtland, N51 K86, GSGS 4346, Germany Is 
250,000. The apparatus is at present in the hands of Mr. 
Prast, and should be obtained from him. The promising 
potentialities of great practical usefulness of this 
apparatus are discussed in the body of this report on 
pages 35 and 36. 
LEO ALEXANDER 
Major, M.C. APPENDIX 1, 
I. Luftwaffe (Air Force) 
(Aussenstelle ftlr Gehirnforschung des Luftfahrtmedizinisches 
Porschungsinstitutes) 
1. Oberfeldarzt Prof. Spatz 10. Oberarzt Dr .Gremmler 
2. Stabsarzt Dr. Llndenberg 11. Stabsarzt Dr.med.habil. 
3. Stabsarzt Doz. Dr.Peters Link 
4. Stabsarzt Dr.med.habil.Noetzel 12. Oberarzt Doz.Dr.Noell 
5. Stabsarzt Dr .med .habil .Krficke 13. Stabsarzt Dr.Klaue 
6. Oberarzt Dr.med.habil.Welte 14. Stabsarzt Dr. Lepp 
7. Oberarzt Dr. Seele 15. Stabsarzt Dr.Knflll 
8. Stabsarzt Dr. Dinkelmeyer 16. Oberstabsarzt Dr. 
9 • Sonderftthrer Dr .phi 1«Grtft tner Rotter 
17. Stabsarzt Dr.Ortimer 
II. H e e r (Army) 
(Aussenstelle der Milit&rMrztlichen Akademie zur Erforschung 
der Kriegsschflden des Zentralnervensystems). 
18. Oberfeldarzt Dr. Patzig 
19. Prof. Hallervorden 
20. Stabsarzt Dr. Kornmttller 
21. Obscarzt Dr.med.habil.Eicke 
22. Stabsarzt Dr. Friedrich 
23. Oberarzt Dr. Janzen 
24. Stabsarzt Doz. Dr.Volland 
25. Stabsarzt Dr. Will 
26. Stabsarzt Dr. Graber 
HI • Civilian Sec t.p_,r. 
27. Dr. Kflpf 35. Dr. Herta Lange-Cosack 
28. Dr. Charlotte Krflcke 36. Dr. Vera Gaupp 
29. Doz. Dr. Zttlch 37. Doz. Dr. Irslgler 
30. Doz. Dr.Selbash++ 38. Dr. Gerlach 
31. Dr. Bustamante (Madrid) + 39. Dr. Germain Voldet (Genf)+ 
32. Dr. v.Bagh (Finland) + 40. Dr. Gruner 
33. Dr. Welsschedel ++ 41. Dr. Diepen (Amsterdam) 
34. Dr. The a Lfters 42. Prof. TBimis 
+ = Stipendiaten der Alexander v. Humboldt-Stiftung 
++ = Stipendiaten der Deutschen Porschungsgemeinschaft. Appendix 2.. 
Pathological-anatomical papers on closed and open Injuries 
of the Central Nervous System from the Auasenabtellung ftfr 
Gehirnforsc5img~de8 Luftfahrtmedizlnischen ForschungsInsti- 
tutes (formerly Gehirnforschungsstelle der Luftwaffe.) 
(Letter; Oberfeldarzt Prof* S pa t z) and from the Kalser- 
Vllhelm Institut fur Hlrnf or schung. 
- from - 
1940 to 1945. 
I# Published papers: 
1) H. S p a t z: Gehirnpathologie im Kriege. Von den 
Gehirnwunden, Zentralbl. Neurochirurg. 6: 162-212(1941) 
2) H.H. D 1 nk(e 1 me y e r: Der innere Prellschuss des 
fiehirnschadels, Nervenarzt 16;110 - 120 (1943). 
% «» 
3) P.J. Irsigler; Uber den Heilverlauf experimen- 
teller Hirnwunden bei offendr und verlegter Knoc- 
henUlcke, Zbl. Beurochirurgie 7: 1 - 43 (1942) 
4) Irsigler und S H d h o f sExperimentelle Unter- 
suchungen €ber die Infektion von Hirnwunden, Zbl. 
Neurochirurgie 8: 32 - 106 (1943). 
5) Die Gehirnver&iderungen bei stumpfer 
Gewalteinwirkung von vorn (auf die Stirn), Luft- 
fahrtmed. 7: 344 - 379 (1942). 
6) 0.Peters: flber gedeckte Gehirnverletzungen 
(Rindenkontusion) im Tierversuch, Zbl. Neurochirugie 
8: 172 - 207 (1943). 
7) ff. Pe t er s und H. Selbach: flber die Neutral- 
ise! ionsfllhigke it des Hirngewebes und ihre Beziehung 
zu den histopathologischen Verftnderungen nach 
experimentellen Hirnkontusionen, Arch.Psychiatr.116: 
531 - 552 (1943). 
8) .H. Noetzel : ftber die pathologische Anatomie der 
traumatischen Meningitis bei Hirnschussverletzung, 
Arch. Psychiatr. 115; 392 - 418 (1943). 
9) Noetzel : Zur Kenntnis und Abgrenzung des 
subduralen Erapyems, Zbl. Allg.Path.u.Path.Anat.81: 
3-10 (1943). — 
10) .H. Noetzel: Die Mitbeteiligung des Gehirns bei 
der traumatischen Leptomeningitis, Arch .Psychiatr. 
117: 275 - 308 (1944). 11) Waite X: Zur fonnalen Genese der traumatischen 
Mydriasis. OculomotoriuswurzelschMdigung durch 
einsaitigas Vorquellen das Uncus hippocampi, 
Zbl. Neurochirurgie 8: 217 - 254 (1943) 
12) H. L a p p s Uber odontogene Meningo-Encephalitis mit 
subdural em Kmpyem, Dtsch.Zahn-,Mund- u.Kiefer- 
heilkinde 379 - 400 (1943). 
13) K*H. L i nk : Traumatische subdurale Blutung - Pachy- 
meningitis haemorrhagica, Monographien a.d. 
Gesamtgebiet d.Konstitutions- u.Wehrpathologie 
5£: 1 - 120 (1945). 
14) K.J. Z H 1 c h s Die Entstehung das Hirndrucks, 
insbaBondere das Prolapses bei der Hirnwunde 
und ihren Polgezustlnden. Zbl.Neurochirurgie 
6: 212 - 232 (1941) x 
II • Papers in Press : 
15) R. Klaue : ftaer die indirekten Brhche der vorderen 
Sch&delgrube beim SchUdelschuss, Zbl. Neurochirurgie. 
16) R. K 1 a u e : Beitrag zur pathologischen Anatomic der 
Kriegsverletzungen des Rflckenmarkes mit besonderer 
Berllcksichtigung der Ruckenmarkskontusion. Ein 
Vergleich zwischen Rttckenmarks- und Gehirnverlet- 
zung. Arch. Psychiatric. 
17) E. I e 1 t e; ZusammenhMnge zwischen anatomischem 
Be fund und kiiinlschem Bild bei den Rindenprell- 
ungsherden nach stuxnpfem Schftdeltrauma, Arch. 
Psychiatr. 118: 800 - 267 (1945). (Der bereits 
fertige Drucksatz wurde bei dem Luftangriff auf 
▼flrzburg vernichtet)• 
18) H# S p a t z: Aus dem Gebiete der Gehirnpathologie 
mit besonderer Berttcksichtigung der Luftfahrt- 
medlzinischen Belange. Festschrift fttr den Chef 
des Vehrmacht-Sanititswesens. 
19) H. Spatz; Kopfverletzungen. HandwBrterbuch der 
Luftfahrt-Medizin. 
80) K.H. Link; Zur Unfallbegutachtung der subduralen 
Blutung und der Pachymeningitis haemorrhagica. 
Zbl. Neurochirurgie• 
81) A. Krttcke; Die Pettembolie des Gehirns, besonders 
nach Plugzeugunfillen• Luftfalirtmedizin. 
x: Aus der Abteilung fte experimentedle Pathologic (Prof. 
TBnnis) des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institutes fflr Hirnforschun*;. * II 
22). R. Lindenberg : Uber indirekte Erweichungen 
bei offenen Verletzungen des Grosshirns und ilire 
Bedeutung ftlr das klinische Bild.Arch.Psychiatric 
118. 
83). K.J. Z ft 1 c h; Die Konturschtlsse des Schftdels. 
Militftrarzt. 
III. Papers nearly completed 
24) G.Peter s und H. Spa t z: Die Rindenprell- 
ungsherde bei stuinpfer SchHdelverletzung. Hire 
Entwicklung und ilire differentialdiagnostische 
Bedeutung. Vorgesehen fttr Ziegler’s Beitr&ge 
zur anatomischen Pathologie. 
25) H. N o e t z e Is iiber den dusseren Prellschuss des 
HirnschMdels (Impressionsschuss oime Duraver- 
letzung mit Hirnverletzung). Vorgesehen fllr 
Zbl. Neurochirurgie. 
26) K.H. Link: Die Infektion der inneren Liquorrftume 
bei 200 Pftllen von Schussverletzungen des 
Zentralnervensystems• 
27) R. L i nd enb er g und ¥. N o e 1 1: Verttn- 
derungen des Gehirns nach Strangulationltbeim 
Plugzeugttberftchlag und das Problem der Uber- 
lebenszeit. Uber die Bedeutung der Klasmato- 
dendrose der Neurq^ia. 
IV. Investigations in progress 
28) E. f e 1 t e und K. K 1 o o s: Zurn Problem der 
ttfdlichen Commotio cerebri. 
29) Die Hirnstamriiblutung bei stuinpfer 
Gewalteinwirkung auf den Schfldel. 
90). E. ¥ e 1 t e : Anatomisch nachgewiesene Hirnkon- 
tusion als Nebenbefund. 
31) H. S p a t z: Commotio cerebri und Contusio cerebri 
auf Grund anatomischer Befunde. 
32) H. S p a t z : Die pathologische Anatomic der gedec- 
kten und offenen Verletzungen des Zentralnerven- 
systems. 
33) und H. S p a t z; Das Schicksal 
der Nekrosen bei der Hirnschussverletzung. 34) W. R o t t e r; Encephalitis traumatica. 
V# Investigations planned: 
35) Die Markblutungen bei stumpfer Gewalteinwirkung auf 
den Schidel# (Peters und Welt e;. 
36) Die offened Verletzungen des Rttckenmarks. (K 1 a u e 
und S p a t z). 
37) Der traumatische Hirnabscess (Link)# 
38) Die Entstehung der traumatischen Hirncysten (Link) wwri -r APPENDIX 3 
PUBLICATIONS FROM THE ANATOMISCHS ABTEILUNG DES KAISER-WIIilELM-lNS TITUTES 
* 4 fttr HIRNFQRSCHUNG (PROF. SPATZ) 
- From - 
1939 to 1945 
1. Published papers 1939 
1. SPATZ. H. : Pathologisoho Anatomic dar KraislaufstSrungan das Gakirns, 
Z. Naur. 167, 115 - 171, 1939. 
2. LINDENBERG. R. und SPATZ. H.j TTber die Thromboandartoritis obliterans dar 
Hirngofisso (Carabrala Form dar v. Winiwartar-Buerger’sohen 
Krankhait), Virchows Arch. 305, 531 - 557, 1959. 
2. DRIGGS. J£. und SPATZ. E. t Pubartas praaoox bai eiaar hyporplaatisohan 
Missbildung das Tuber olnaraum, Virohows Arch. 505, 567, 1939 
3. WELTE. E. : Dio Atrophia das Systems das BruokanfBssos and dar uataran 
Olivcn, Aroh. Psyohistr. 109, 650-698, 1939 
4. WELTE.E. 1 Methode dar Hirnsaktion uad makroskopisoha Diagnostik, 
Zbl. Allg. Path. u. Path. Anst. 67, 590-400, I9S9 
5. BEXKEH, E. : Exporimentalla Vorsohlftsse von Artarian and Vanon das Gahirns 
uad ihra Eiawirkuag auf das Gaweba, Z. Naur. 167, 546-553, 1939 
6. HASENJjiGER. Hi. s Ubar saitaavontrikalnaha Glioma als eina baaondara Gruppa 
untar dan Groashirngosohwulstan, Aroh. Psyohistr. 110, 570-604 
1939. 
7. HASENJiGER. TH.» tlbar dia Bpandymitis blastomatosa bai vantrikalnahaa 
Gliomon, Aroh. Payohiatr. 110, 605-632, 1939 
8. SCh'SPE. M. : Zur Fraga ttBlastom - Encephalitis”, Aroh. Payohiatr. 109, 
755-784, 1939 
1940. 
9. SPATZ. H. : Oskar Vogt sum 70 Goburtstag, Dar Narvanarzt 15, 145-154, 1940 
10. Dai POLI.G. und ZUCEA. J. 1 Beitrigo zur Kanntnis dar Anoraalien und dor 
Erkrankungon dar Arteria oarotis interna, Zbl. Nouroohirurg. 
5/6, 209-238, 1940 
11. KRBCKE. OH,, ubar das Vorkomman von Knoohangawobo in Gohirnartorien, Aroh. 
Payohiatr. Ill, 233-250, 1940. I" 
12* ILAUE. R.j Parkinson'soho Krankhoit (Paralysis agitans) und posten- 
ocphalitisohor Parkinsonismus, Vorsuoh oinor klinisoh- 
anatomisohon Difforontialdiagnose, Arch, Psyoh, 111,261-321, 1940. 
1941 
13, Bagh. K. v.j Bbor anatomischo Bofundo boi 30 Ftllon von systomatisober 
Atrophia dor Grosshirnrinde (Picksohor Krankheit). Eino 
▼orlfcufigo Mittoilung, Aroh, Psyohiatr. 114, 68-70 1941. 
1942 
14« SPATZ. H. * Grundriss dor pathologisohon Anatomic dor Goisteskraakhoiton. 
Lohrbuch d, Goistoskrankhoiton von 0. Buako, 5. Aufl, 1942 
15. BUSTAMANTE. M., SPATZ, H, und 1HEISSCHSDEL, E.i Dio Bedoutung dos Tutor 
oinoroum dos Zwisohonhirns fiir das Zustandokommen dor 
Goschloohteroife, Dtsch. Mod. Wschr, 1, 289, 1942. 
16. WEIS3CHEDEL. E, und SPATZ, H. : Ubor dio gonadotropo Wirksamkoit dos 
Tuber oinoroum boi Ratten, Dtsch, Mod. YTschr, 1121, 1942. 
1943 
17. BUSTAMANTE. M. s Experiment©Ho Untorsuohungon Ubor dio Loistungen dos 
Hypothalamus bosondors bozttglioh dor Gosohloohtsroifung, 
Aroh. Psyohiatr, 115, 419-468, 1943. 
18. LUERS. TH, : Woitoro Mittoilungon zur Klinik und Anatomio dor oerebralon 
Form dor Thromboandangiitis obliterans,, (v. Winniwartar- 
Buargar*soho Krankhoit), Aroh. Psyohiatr. 115, 2. H., 319-348 
1943. 
1944 
19. H, i Dio Hydranonoaphalio (Blasonhirn) als Sondorform dor 
Grosshirnlosigkoit, Aroh. Psyohiatr, 117, 1-51 und 595-640 
1944. 
11, Papors in press; 
20. BAGE. K, t, i Klinisoho und anatomisoho Studion an 30 FEllon von Umsoh- 
riobanor Atrophia dor Grosshirnrinde (Piok'sohor Krankhoit), 
Monographion a.d, Gosamtgobiot f. Psyohiatr. u, Nourologio, 
(Beim Lt»fitnngriff auf Leipzig zorstfcrt) 11. SPATZ. H.s Wbar dan Entzflndungabagrlff In dar Haurologia. Ansspraohe 
turn Raf. R 8 a « 1 a 1 s,Verhandlung d. Dautsohen Pathologischon 
Geaellaohaft in Breslau 1944. 
22. GER1ACH. J.jWiar die Gahirxiantvrioklung bai dan Salachiarn. 
23. SPATZ. H.,GAUPP V. und WEISSCHEDEL. E.x Zwiaohanhirn und Sexualfunktioncn, 
Aroh. Payohiatr. 
24. SPATZ. H.,DIKPEN. RL und GAUPP.V.i Beitrag rur normalen Anatomic daa Tuber 
oinaraum und daa Infundibulum bairn Kaninchan. Zur Frage dar 
Varbindung ewiaohon hypothaland schem Saxualzantrum und Hypo- 
phyaa, Aroh. Payohiatr. 
111. P«p»r» In progreag; 
25. KSiZ. H#: Baobaohtung ftbar Folgazustende naoh intrauterincr Kohlenoxyd- 
▼ergiftung (Fall Sohcunert) 
(zusamman mit Prof. O.V o g t ). 
26. GAUPP. V.#und GRUNER J.t pbar dan Sitz doe Sexualzantrums im Tuber cinor- 
eun dee Kaniachens. 
27. DIEPEN. R.i Vergleiohend anatomiacha Untersuchungon ftber das Tuber oiner- 
eum. 
28. IANGE-COSACK• H. i Waiters BaitPaga *ur pathologisohan Anatomic dor 
Pubertas praooox. 
Ji9. spaTZ* H. i Wage und Ziala dar Hirnforaohung. APPENDIX 4 
i * ' 
MISCELLANEOUS RELATED PUBLICATIONS FROM OTHER DEPARTMENTS OF THE tatsto, 
WIIflEIM INSTITUT FUft HIRNFQRSCHUNG 
i 
- From - 
1939 to 1945 
Published papers 1939 
!• TDNNlS. W. uad GRIPONISSIOTIS. B.: Zur oporativoa Bohandluag dor post- 
traumatisohon Spitopilopsie. 
Arab. f. Klin* Chirurgio 196, 515-633, 1939 
2. T&NNlS. W. uad ZftLCH. K.J.i latrakraniollo Gaaglioazollgoaohwftlsto (mit 
auaffthrlichor Boaohrolbuag eiaer oiahoitliohon Gruppo im 
1 Groaahira)-, Zeatralbl. Nouroohirurgio 273-307, 1939. 
5,. WEBER. E.j Dio Teratome uad Teratoid* des Zeatralaorvonaystoms, Zeatralbl. 
f. Nouroohirurgio JI, 47-67, 1939* 
4. RIESSNER. R. uad ZftLCH K.J.: tlber die Formvorandoruagon do« Hires (Masson- 
▼orschiobungoa, Zisteraoavorquolluagoa) boi raumboongondoa 
Prozosson, Dtsoh. Zoitsohr. f. Chirurgio 253, 1-61, 1939 
5. ZttLCTI. K.J.* Dio Goftfssvorsorguag dor Gliomo,Zoitaohr. f. d. gos. Nourolgie 
u. Psychiatr. 167, 585-592., 1939* 
6. ZULCH. K.J.s Zur Klassifikatioa dor Eirntuiaoroa, Payohiatr. -aourolog. 
Woohonsohr. 41. Jahrgang, Z, 1-5,1939. Fostauagabo aus 
Anlass des Eintritta diosor Faoh-Woohonsohrift ia ihr 5 
Lebeaajahrzehnt• 
7. ZUl£K. K.J.j ttbor dio Pathologio dor Gliomo, Fortsohritto d. Nourologio 
Payohiatr. zl. Jahrgang, H. 5, 121-137, 1939 
8. ZflLCE. K.J.: ttbor dio goaohiohtlioho Eatwioklung und doa houtigoa Stand 
dor Klassifikatioa dor Eirngcsohwfllato fuator bosoaderor 
Borbokaiohtiguag dor .Gliomo). . 
Zontralbl. f. Nouroohirurgio 4/5, 251-335 1939 — — 1940 
t 
9• ANDERS* H*S* uad KICKS* W*J*t Die Hiragefiaae boim Eoohdruok, 
Aroh. Payohiatr. 112, 1-4, 1940 
10* FERRET. G* : Kxpe rime ate lie Uaterauohuagea iiber Maasoaveraohiebuagea 
uad Formverhaderungea dea Gehiraa bei Volume* zuaahme 
duroh Oedem odor Sohwelluag. 
Aroh. Payohiatr. 112, 385-408, 1940 
11* FERRET. G* uad SELBACH* H.t Chemiaohe Uatorsuohuagon bei experimeatellen 
Maaseaversohiebuagen uad Fonnvorlnderuagea des Gehiraa, 
Aroh. Payohiatr. 112, 441-468, 1940. 
12. SELBACH. H.i Phyaikalisoh-ohemiaoho Uaterauohuagea zur Frage der Hiravolua 
eavermehruag (Eirnsohwolluag uad Hirnoodon). 
Aroh. Payohiatr. 112 409-440, 1940. 
13. Zftloh. K.J.t Daa Moduli obi as tom vom pathologiaoh-anatomiaohoa Stand** 
puakt aua, Aroh. f. Payohiatr. 112, 343-367, 1940. 
14. ZtJLCH. K.J.* Dio Pathologic dor Hiragesohwftlato (iasboaondors der 
Gliome) uad ihro Bodoutuag fttr die Klinik. 
Wiener Klin. Wohsohr. Jahrg. 53, 25, S. 498, 1940 
15. ZtJLCE* K.J.t Morphologiaohe Befuade bei Hirnschwellung, 
Zeatralbl. f. Nouroohirurgio, 5. Jahrgang 4, 166-175, l94(A 
16. ZttLCE. K.J.* Hiragoaohwulsto im ougeadaltor. 
Zeatralbl. f. Nouroohirurgio, 5* Jahrgang 5/6, 238-274 
1940. 
1942 
1. ittJNIS. W* : Riob*t;lini«n fur die Behandluag der Schussverletzungen 
dos Gehirns uad dio Bourteiluag ihroro Folgezustllndc, 
1-73, J.F# Lehmann Mbaohen 1942 
1943. 
1, STENDER A. uad ZflLCH* K.J.: Tiber die Ventrikoltunoren bei tuboroser Sklarose 
Zeitsohr. f.d. Ges. Neurol, u. Psyohiatr. 176, 556-578 
1943. 
2. ZUtCH. K.J.* Hirnoeden und Hirnschwollung, Virchows Arch. 310, S 1-58 
1943. APPENDIX 5 
INDEX OF PUBLICATIONS FROM DR. SPECIAL PATHOLOGIE SECTION 
* Or T HE KAISSH WILHELM INSTITUT FUR HIRNFORSCHUNG * 
- From - 
1959 to 1945 
1939 
TT Tiber SpHtfolgen von Hirnsohwellung uad Hirn5dom,namentlioh bei Schwaohs- 
innigen mad Idioten. 
VorlMufige Mitteilung, Psychiatr. -neurolog. Wsohr. £, 1939. 
( Kreislaufstbrungen in der Xtiologie dos angeborenen Schwachsinns. 
Vortrag in der Bonliner Path. Ges. 12. 1. 1939. ) 
( Hydrocephalus infolgc von atrophischer Dogenerationsprozessen. Vortrag 
in der Berliner Gosellsohaft fbr Kinderhoilkunde. 17. 2, 39) 
2. Kreislaufstorungen in der 'Xtiologie des angeborenen Schwaohsinns ,Z*. Hour. 
167, 527. 
S* tlber die Biariohtung von Prosekturen in Heil- und Pflegeanatalten. 
Referat fur don Ausschuss ffir prakt. Psychiatric in der Geaollschaft 
der Neurologen uad Psychiater. Wiesbaden 1939, Z. Psych. Hyg. 12, 121, 
4. liber zentrale Entmarkungskrankheiton. Ref. aufl dor 64. Wandorversanm- 
lung der sb.dwostdoutschen Nourologon-und Psychiater in Baden-Baden. 3. 
6. 39., Dtsch. Z. f. Nervenhcilk. 150, 201, 1940. 
5. Balthassar, Tiber die Boteiligung des Globus pallidus bei Athetose und 
Paraballisinus, Dtsch. Z. Nervonheilk. 148, 243. 
6. KrUcke. W. Die mukoide Degeneration dor peripheren Norver, Virchow's 
Archiv, 304, 442, 
1.940 
Tl Volland. W, liber intraoerebrale Gofilssvorkalkungens Die idiopathischo 
Form mit vorwiogend oxtrapyramidalem Krankheitsbild aobst Bemerkungen 
zur Sturge-Wobersohon Krankheit, Arch. Psychiatr. Ill, 5 
tt etzel H. Diffusion von Blutfarbstoff in der inneren Handzone und 
Oberfl&cho des Zontral nervonsjstoms bei subaraohnoidalor 
Blutung, Arch, ?ftr Psychiatr. Ill, 129 
9. Laubenthal. F. uad Hallervorden. J. Tiber ein Geschwisterpaar mit eiaer 
oigeaartigon frtihkindliohen Hirnerkrankuag, und seiner Sippe, Arch. fUr 
Psychiatr. Ill, 712, 
. All munbered publications ,ro available in microfilm through CIOS Secretariat. 10* Eicke, W.J. Meue Beobaohtung fiber die Hal levordeo«»Sp attache Krankheit 
▲rob* Payohiatr. 111,514 
11, Ammerm&nn, laolierte Soh&digung der unteren Olire bei Myoklonusepilepslee 
« Aroh. Payohiatr. 111, 215. 
12. Lent, Eirnver&nderungen naoh einem 10 Mooate vor den Tode vorgenom- 
menen Erhlngungaverauoh. D. I, Berlin 1940 
Nekrolog Oakar Rein, Payohiatr, Neurol. Waohr. 35, 1940 (not available) 
1941 
15. Elrnerachutterung und Thixotropic. Zbl. Neurochir. 57, 1941. 
14* Birnbaua, Chroniaoh progressive Chorea nit Kleinhimatrophie, Aroh. 
Payohiatr. 114, 160 
16. Eiolce. W.J. Wilaon-Pseudoakleroae ohne Leberoirrhoae, Aroh. Payohiatr. 
114, 214 
16. GBtze. W, und Kr&oke. W. Eber Paramyloidoae mit beaonderer Beteili- 
gung der peripheren Her von und granulUrer Atrophie dea Gehirna, 
Arohiv. fEr Payohiatr. 114, 183 
17. KrBoke. W, Odem und aerBse Entzundung i» peripheren Nervea, 
Virchows Arohiv , 508 
1942 
18. Krhoke. Zur El apooatho logic der neuralen Uuakelatrophie,der hyper- 
trophlaohen Neuritis und der NeurofibroBatoae, Aroh. Payohiatr. 116,180 
19. Volland. W. Beltrag zur Kenntnia der Gehirnaoh&den bei Trichinoae, 
Aroh. Payohiatr. 116, 349 
20. Die pathologiaoh anatoadaohen VerKnderungen in Zentralvervenayateia 
belli Fleokfieber, MilitErarzt 8, 26 
(Hirnaohldlgung naoh Kohlenoxydvorgiftung in liutterleib. Yortrag in 
der Neurol ogiach-Payohiatriaohen Geaellsohaft in Berlin. 14.12.42.) 
not available. 
1943 
21. Eicke. W.J. Beltrag zur Pathologic der Aubatantla nigra, Arohiv 
Payohiatr. 116, 649 
22. Nekrolog Franz Sohob, Aroh. Payohiatr. 116, 547 
23. Encephalitis und Polyneuritla, Norvenarzt 16, 417 
24. Eioke. W,j, rud Frage der fctalen Encephalitis, Meningitis und ihrer 
Folgeeracheinungen, Aroh. Payohiatr. 116, 568 1944/46 
26. Oligodendrogliom nach HirntrauMa. Ir oh. f. Payohiatr. T 
26* Seltenere Fomen enoephalitiaoher Erkrankungent Infedtibae Granuloaae 
und blaatoaenoephalitia. Beitrag *ur Festaohrift fbr Handloaer (aicht 
gadruokt) 
27. tfber Multiple und konsentriaohe Skleroae. Vortrag in der med. natur- 
wiasenachaftl. Gea. in Jena 16.11.44 (wird aptter in den Sohrlften der 
Geaellaobaft eraoheinen). 
2B Von Bau und Leben dea Gehirna. bffentlioher vortrag Dillenburg. 5.2.46 
not arallable 
Wilke. bber eigenartige entsfindliehe Erkrankungen ier Sentrainerren> 
ayatenst Infektibae Granulosa dea Gehirna. Zugleiah ein Beitrag aur 
Frage t Blaatcan-Enoephalitia. (Vortrag 20.5.44 in der Payohiatr. 
Gea. in Berlin) Soli in Virohcara Arohir eraoheinen. not aTailable. 
28. Volland. W. Zur Frage der parainfektibaen (perirenbaen) Enoephalitia 
(lapf- und Haaernenoephalitia). Viruainfektion Oder allergiaohe 
Krankheit? Druokgenehmigung veraagt. Ein Vortrag gleiohen Inhaltea 
auf der Pathologiaohen Geaellaobaft in Brealau. Juni 1944. 
29. Eioke. W.J. GefSaaveranderungen bei Itoningitia und ihre Bedeutung 
fbr die Pathogenaae frbhkindlioher Eirnaohtden. Habllitationaaohrift 
a oil in Virohoira Aroh. eraoheinen. APPENDIX. 6 
PUBLICATIONS LI Eh. A.E. KOPJWULLEK AND NTS SQL!AEORATORS. 1939-19A4 * 
1. E. JA.N2LN und A.E. KOKNMDLLL1.. Crtliche Unterschiede hirnbioel- 
ektrischer Erscheinungen vcn kranken Menschen tel Ableitung durch 
die Kopfschwarte, Arch. f. Psychiatr. IQ9, 247 1939 
2. R. JANZEN und A.E. KQhNM^LIER. Einige Erforsckongen liber die 
Anwendung der hirnbicelcktrischon Lokaldiagnose kortikaler 
Frczesse bei Ableitung durch die Kopfschwarte des Menschen, 
Psychiatr. neur. Wschr. £1, 5> 1939 
3. A.E. KORNMQLLER und R. AMZIN. Die Methodik der lokali sierten 
Ableitungen hirnbioelktrisober Erscheinungen von der Kopfschwarte 
des - enschen, ihre Begrftndung und Begrenzung, Z. Keur. 166. 287; 1939 
A. R. JaNm: und A.5. KCRhMfSLIiLR. Hirnbioelektrische Erscheinungen 
bei JLnderungen der Bewustseinslage, Dtsch. 2. Nervenheilk. 1L9. 
74, 1939 
5. A.E. und R. JANZEN. Cber die normalen bioelektrischen 
Erscheinungen des menschiichen Gehirns. (Gleichseitig eine krit- 
ische Stellungnahme zu den bisherigen Anschauungen auf Grund 
neuer Befunde an Gesunden und Kranken), Arch. f. Psychiatr. 
no, 224, 1939. 
6. A.E. Neuere Ergebnisse der hirnbioelektrischen Unter-, 
suchungen an gesonden Menschen. 
Vortr. Berl. Ges. f. Psychiatr. Neur. Sitzung vom 10,V.1939, 
ZB1. Neur. 
7. A.E. KCHNMILLER. Einige Voraussetzungen der hirnbioelektrischen 
Untersuchung des Menschen, Dtsch. med. Yischr. 1601, 1939 
8. A.B. KORNKELLER. Weitere Ergebnisse Rber die normalen hinnbicelek- 
trischen Erscheinungen des Menschen bei Ableitung durch die 
Kopfschwarte. Einblicke in den Mechaaismus der corticalen 
ErregungsablSiufe und in die regionale Gliederung der Hirnrinde, 
2. Neur. 168, 248, 19A0 
9. a.E. i-ORNMULLEI:. tJber einige bei Willkurbewegungen und auf 
Sinnecreize auftretende bioelektriache Erscheinungen der Hirn- 
rinde des Menschen, 2. Siruiesphysiol. 68, 119, 19^°. 
10. A.E. KQRNMBL3LRR. Voraussetzungen und Grezcn der Erf as sung him - 
bioelektrischer Erscheinungen des Menschen mlt Hilfe lokalisierter 
Ableitungen von der Kopfschwarte, Ber. 111. Jnternat. Neurol,- 
Kongr. Kopenhagen August 19393 
-M- The publications marked by asterisks are available in microfilm 
form through the CTOS Secretariat. 11# 4*— Einige welter® Erfahrungcn Tiber die Lokallaation yon 
rianoren und anderen herdfftrmigen Erkrankungon des Gehirns mittols dor 
nimbioeloktrischen Lokaliaatiooamethodik, Zbl. Neurochir. 5. Je. Nr 2 
76, 1940 —* 6 9 
JANZEh und A.E. KQRNMftLLER. Hirnbioolektriaohe Untersuohungen an 
Kranken mit aymptoaatisober Epilepsio, Dtaoh. Z. Norrenheilk. 150. 283 
1940 
A.E.KOPUMflUER. Die hirnbioolektriaohe Untersuohung doa Meneohen • I. Dio 
Grundlage der Mothodik und das Verbal ten doa Geaunden, Fortachr. Hour, 
etc. ill, 193 1940 
A. E. K ORltMJLLER und R. Jan ten* Hirnbioolektriaohe Untersuohungen bei 
genuiner Dtaoh. Z. Norvenhoilk. 152, 78, 1941 
15* A.E. KORNMflLLER, F> Paine und H. Strughold. Tiber Ver&nderungen der 
Gehirnaktionsatr8®e in akutem Sauoratoffmangel, Luft. Med. 5, 161, 1941 
16* A.E.KORNMttLLER. Hans Berger, Mlinoh. Med. Wschr. 32, S. 889, 1941 
• A.E.KQRyMttLLER. Zur Fathenogeneae dor genuinen Epilepsio und anderer 
Anfallakrankheiten auf Grund hirnoloktrisober Befundo, Aroh. f. Payohiatr. 
114, 26, 1941 
18 • A.E.KORNMULLER,F. PAUIE und H. STRUGEOLD. Die Ableitung der Gobi rnakti on- 
es trfcxno. Bine Method® tur Untersuohung dor fifthenkrankhoit, 
Kli. Wo. 21,5-8. 1942 
Jb. Luft. Med. 
19. A.E. KORNMttLLER. Die Wirkung der Kohlensaure bei Epilepsio und Sohix- 
ophi:enio auf Grund himeloktriaoher Befvnde, 
Mlinoh. Med. Wsohr. , No. 2, SO, 1942 
20. NGELL, KORNMULLER und Grounder i Uber den P&radozeffekt der Saueratoffgab©, 
Aroh. f. Payoh. 116, 3, Heft, S. 394-416, 1943 
21. A.E.KORNM&LLEE. Die klinisohe Bewertung der Elektronkophalogranme, 
Aroh. f. Payoh. U6, 4, Heft, S, 608-647, 1943 
22. A.E.KORNMftLLER, Gronalert Praoepileptiache Zeiohen in Elektrenkephalo- 
graaanon Ton Kopfrorletxten, 
Kli. Wo. 153, 22-23, 1944 
23. A.E. KOBNMDtiLER.u. W.NOElXt Uber den Einfluas der Kohlonslurespannung 
auf bioelektriaohe HimrindenphKnonene, 
Pflugera Aroh. 247, Band, 6. Heft, S. 660-684 1944 24. W. NOELL u. A.E. K0RKMPLI£R. Zut Saueratoffmangelwirkung auf die Eirn- 
rinde, PfIfeger* Aroh. &47, Band, 6*. Heft, S, 6B6-712, 1944 
i 
25. A.£.KORUMI}tXER u. W. WCELL. Zur Frage der Eeinfluasung der Sauer*toff- 
mangelwirkang duroh fcohlen*fture, Pflftgers Aroh* 247. Band, 6. Heft. S. 
2_6. A.E. KQRHMttLUSRi Klini*ohe Elektrenkephalographi*, J.F. Lehmann* Verlag 
1944, Monographic, 1-147 APPENDIX 7 
Additional physiological papers from the Auasenabteilung fflr Gehirnforeohunfi 
dei kuftfahrtmedi slnisohen Forschungsinstitute 
- Fro® - 
1941 to 1945 
Publiihed papers 1941 
NOELL. W*,& SCHNEIDER *M*> Die Gehirndurohblutung bei Sauerstof flange1 
laid bei frbergang ron Sauerstoffmangel auf reinen OB und auf OB/COB.- 
gemisohe, tuftfahr-toedisin. 5, 254-250, 1941 
2# N0ikLL«W« & SCHNEIDER* M*i Uber die Nirkung der Kohlens&ure auf Blutdruok 
Gehirndurohblutung im Sauerstofftaangel, Luftfahrtaedi sin. 6. 251-252 
1941 “ # 
1942 
3. N0ELL*W* t tJber die Wirkung dee Theophylline uxlO der rersohiedenen 
LBsungSTemittler auf die Gehirndurohblutung, Zeitsohrift fftr die 
gesamte experimentelle Medisin. 110, 589-600, 1942 
4. NOELL. W* & SCHNEIDER M* s bber die Durchblutung und die Sauerstoffrer- 
• orgung des Gehirns im akuten Sauerstoffmangel, 1. Mitteilungi Pflftgers 
ArohiT 246i 181-200, 1942. 
5* NOELL.W. & SCHNEIDER* M*s Bber die Durchblutung und die Sauerstoffrer- 
■orgung des Gehirns im akuten Sauer stoffmangel, 11* Mi tie i lung s Der 
Ilgnmrdruok, Pflftgers ArohiT. 2461 201-206, 1942 
6* NOELL*** & SCHNEIDER M*> t)ber die Durchblutung und die Sauerstoffrer- 
sorgung des Gehirns im akuten Sauerstof ftoangel, 111* Mitteilungi Die 
arterio-Ten&se Sauerstoff mangel und Kohlens&uiedifferent* Pflftgers 
ArohiT, 246, 207-249, 1942 
7* GREMKLER* J*t Die Besiefcungen der Hypoxlmie sum epileptisohen Anfall 
und su den HBhenkrampfen* Der NerTenarst 15, 467-476, 1942 
1945 
8* NOELL* W» und ROEDER.W, : Zur Erholung aus Sauorstoffmangelinsbesondere 
Rber der Paradozeffoot der Sauerstoffgabe* Luftfahrtmedisin* 559-556, 
1945 
9, HOELL.W* A SCHNEIDER*Mt Uber die Flimserbereitsohaft des Hersens in der 
Erholung naoh sohwerstem Sauerstoffmangel,Zeitsohrift fftr die gesaate 
experimentelle Medisin* 115* 270-281, 1945 9* NQELL.W. & SCHNEIDER .M«; tfber die Flimmerboroitsohaft dea Heraons in 
Erholung naoh aohweratoai Sauers toff mangel, Zeitaohrift fiir die gesamte 
experimental!© Modiain, 113: 270-281, 1943 
10* NQELL.W. & SCHNEIDER. M.; flbor die Durohblutung und die Sauerstoffrer- 
aorgung dea Gehirns, IV, Mitteilung: Die Roll© der Kohlens&ure, Pflhgors 
ArohiT 247: 514-527, 1943 
11* NCELL. w. tJber die tKirchblutung und die Saueratoffreraorgung dea Gehirna 
V. liitteilung: Einfluas der Blutdruokaankung. PflUgers ArohiT. 247, 
528-552, 1943 
12. NQELL. W. tfber die Durohblutung und die Saueratoffrersorgung dea Gehirna 
VI. Mitteilung: Einfluaa dor Hypoi&ure und Analiure, 247, 555-575, 1943 
Papers in preaa 
13. NQELL. W» Wiederbelebenaseit und Bberlebenaaeit des Gehirna bei Anoxie, 
Aroh. Psyohiatrie. 
14. NQELL.W.i Uber die Bluasaurewirlrang auf daa Gahirn im Vergloioh rur Hypox- 
Smie, Aroh. Psyohiatrie. 
15* NQELLE. W, : Der Einfluas too Kalte und Warme auf daa Liektrenkephalogramm, 
Aroh. Psyohiatrie. 
16. KQRNMUfLER. A.E. t "Eloktrenkophalographie"• Handworterbuoh d. Luftfahr- 
medisin. 
17. NQELL.W: "Hbhonkrampfe". "Paradoxeffekt der Sauerstoffgabo." Handwftrterbuoh 
der Luftfahrtmedirin. 
18. NQELL.W.: Uber den &insats dor hirnelektrisohen Unterauohungsmethod© in 
der Luftfahrtmedisln. Festschrift fdr den Chef des Wohrmaohtasanit&tswesens 
19. GRttTTNER. R» Uber das Verhalton dea optokinetisohon Nystagmus bei akuten 
Sauerstoffmangel. 
111. Studies in progress: 
20. NQELL.W.: Dio Sauers t of fmangelwirkung auf auboorticale Systeme auf Grund 
elektrenkephalographisober Untersuohungen. 2<1« KORMMOLLER. A«E» und NQELL. W» tJber die Vulnerabilit&t rersohiedener 
Hirngebiot© bei Hypoxknde. 
a H 
22, KOHNMttLLER A.£» und NOELL.W. t Uber die bioelektrtsohen Ph&nomene bei 
Hyperventilation undihre Abhingigkeit von der Sauerstoffversorgung. 
23, HQELL.Wt Uber den Einfluss der Liquordruokateigerung auf die Durohblutung 
des Gehirns. 
24. GREMMLBR* J> Hirnelektriaohe Untersuohungen bei Krankon mit Commotio 
oerebri. 
25. KORNMttLLER A«E«: Hirnelektriaobe Untersuohungen bei Folgexuatiindon naoh 
GehirirrerietiuBg. Appendix 8. 
List of reprints by Dr. F. Palme and co-workers. in Dr. 
Strughold1s Laboratory 
BEIGEL,A, HAARSTRICK,R. ,and PALME,P: Untersuchung der Hir- 
naktionsstrome nach Sauerstoffatmung in versch- 
iedenen Htthenlagen, Luftfahrtmedizin, 7; 305 - 
318, 1942. 
BEIGEL,A. HAARSTRICK,R . , and PALIVE,P; HBhenumbtellung 
(HirnaktionsstrBme) nach Unterbrachung der 
Sauerstoffzufuhr, Ibidem,?; 319 - 334, 1941. 
DUNKER ,E. , and PALME,P; Die Bedeutung verschiedener Pormen 
v/illkttrlicher Hyperventilation bei normaler und 
herabgesetzter Sauerstoffspannung in der 
Einatmungsluft, Ibidem, 8; 381 - 403, 1942. 
OPITZ,E ., and PALME,P: Darstellung der HBhenanpassung 
in Gebirge durch Sauerstoffmangel,III Mitt.: 
Graduierung der Hflhen Krankheit durch das 
Electroencephalogram, Pl'ldgers Archiv fttr die 
gesamte Physiologic des Menschen und der 
Tiere, 248: 330-375, 1944. 
f 
GRPTERINC,P, OPITZ ,E . and PALME,F: Darstellung der Hdhen- 
anpassung im Gebirge durch SauerstofPmange 1, 
IV.Mitt•;Steigerung der alveolaren HBhen- 
festigkeit untersucht am Schrlftbild, Pflflgers 
Archiv fdr die gesamte Piiysiologie des Menschen 
uhd der Tiere, 248: 376 - 386, 1944. Appendix 9, 
Idsrb of Serological and Immunological Papers by Dr.F. Jahnel 
A. papers : 
1). JAHNEL P; Ueber das Vorkommen positiver Wassermann- und 
Plockungsreaktionen im Serum afcscheinend 
gesunder Haxnmel, Zeitschrift ftlr Immunitats- 
forschung, 98; 506 - 314, 1940. 
8). JAHNEL P; Ueber positive Luesreaktionen im Rinder- 
serum. Zeitschrift ftlr Immunitfitsforschuncr 
98; 453 - 462, 1940• 
3) JAHNEL P; Stark positive, nicht auf syphilis beruliende 
Luesreaktionen im Blute bei einer Bestimmten 
Erkrankung der Atmungsorgane und ihre Prak- 
tische Bedeutung, Klinische Wochenschrift, 
20; 1089 - 1093, 1941. 
4) JAHNEL P; Ueber positive Luesreaktionen in Blut und 
Liquor nach Einspritzung von artfremdem 
Serum, Mttnchener medizinische Wochenschrift, 
Nr. 30; 828. 1941. 
5) JAHNEL P; Ueber das Vorkommen positiver Luesreaktionen 
im Serum yon Pferden, Zeitsclirift ftlr 
Immunitdtsforschung, 99; 451 - 459, 1941. 
6) . JAHNEL P; Neuere Untersuchungen ttber die Pathologic 
und Therapie der syphilogenen Erkankungen 
des Gehirns und Rttckenmarks (Lues cere- 
brospinal! s, Lues cerebri, Lues spinalis. 
Tabes), Portschritte der Neurologic, 
Psychiatric und Hirer Grenzgebiete; 15; 
375 - 398, 1941. 
7) JAHNEL F; Die progressive Paralyse und die syphili- 
itischen GeistesstBrungen, Portschritte 
der Neurologic, Psychiatric und Hirer 
Granzgebiete, 15; 99-130, 1943. 
B. Unpublished reports; 
8) JAHNEL P: Serologische Besonderheiten des Malaria- 
blutes, Porschungsauftrag, Tgb. Nr.5077/44. 
Bezug; HSJn/44 WIGJbbv. 5. 9. 44. 16.9.44. 
9) JAHNEL P; Erforschung der verschiedenen Eigenschaften 
von Rtlckfallf ieberstMmmer(zwecks Gewinnung 
nMherer Einsicht indie Genese des Rtlck- 
fallfiebers und anderer SpirochMteninfek- 
tionen, Porschungsauftrag,Tgb.Nr.5977/44. 
Besug; HSJn 5913/44, WIGJbbv. 5.9.44. 
16 September 1944.