The Science of Wealth. 
By Dr. J. T. Scholl. 
Written at Ozaukee, Wis., Feb. 1873. 
Printed April, 1876, by Albert Scholl. 
Wealth is the embodiment of days of labor. $1,000 
dollars will represent 1000 days of labor performed; say 
three years of labor. $10,000 would hence represent 30 
years of labor. A man beginning to earn at 20 years of 
age could at the end of 50 years have a possession equal 
to 10.000 dollars. 
100.000 dollars represent 300 years, and one million 
dollars represent three thousand years. A man's work- 
ing life we will call thirty years, therefore it would take 
one thousand men working thirty years before their u- 
nited savings would amount to one million of dollars. 
Or three thousand men for ten years. 
10,000 dollars could be made by thirty years saving 
but no more; hence in order to obtain wealth the labor 
of other persons, or their equivalent, has to be called into 
requisition. One. man lias also to control the labor of a 
great many and thus it is that the person wishing to gain 
wealth must be brought up to and able to govern. 
Government is also an important element in obtain- 
ing wealth; without this no wealth can be secured. Gov- 
ernment may be effected by a despotic rule, or by inter- 
est in the affair. Self-interest may be the most power- 
ful stimulus to the wise and aged, while despotic rule 
may be in connection with interest the best means for 
youth and ignorance. 
The labor of others is at all events necessary. But 
these labors must bear the stamp of production over and 
above consumption. A family consumes value, it should 
therefore reproduce an equivalent to its consumption. 
Labor should consequently be apportioned to the men- 2 
tai or physical abilities of the individual. The effort to 
be made must not be in excess of the capacities of the 
individual, if the laborer can accomplish the task, plea- 
sure and satisfaction will be the result. 
Happiness lies only in accomplishing, in conquering, 
that is in the satisfaction of our desires by moderate not 
excessive labor. Every laborer ought to have this grant- 
ed him. Hence the man of wealth has to understand 
the wants of his subjects. He must understand hu- 
man nature and must positively but with mildness 
govern by despotic rule and interest as the case may be 
and see them carried out. In every subject a sphere of 
independence should be created; though subject still, that 
in this sphere he will labor without supervision. Su- 
pervision must not be relaxed until the labor has be- 
come a habit with the person. Still an occasional un- 
thought of supervision is absolutely necessary, in order 
to let the subject know that it is still necessary to be 
wary. Laborers have also their diseases and it may some- 
times be difficult to heal them. The great dissatisfac- 
tion shown at the present day in the numerous strikes 
points clearly to this. 
A bodily disease is cured by making a very powerful 
impression on the nervous system, when the will is laid 
dormant (Albert A.) and then letting said power slowly 
come into play again. 
The horse is cured of his tricks by being com- 
pletely overcome by the dextrous application of, the 
lingers. So strikes are cured by the 
approach of starvation. Every action produces an 
effect, so a diseased motion will set up a tendency to dis- 
eased motion and the liability to a return of the disease 
is very strong, remember this, the tendency will ever re- 
main and make a conquest. Every action, even if re- 
butted will make a conquest. No action can be fruitless 
and if sufficiently continued will lead towards success. 3 
Th© right place is a necessary element of success1. 
This may be nature's favor, but often has to be hunted 
like the diamond. Where a produce or a service is 
wanted there it will be worth the most. A place in- 
creases in value by age in consequence of an increase of 
population (giving rise to increased demand) just the 
same as with real estate. Buying a place now in this 
Town would be cheaper than some years ago, paying the 
same price. - A good place represents capital, be- 
cause it took capital to obtain it, and this capital will 
bear interest in the degree of the demand; the same as 
in real estate. What we gain in this case is the gain of 
our capital, not the gain of our labor. 
Learning a Profession takes capital, hence the pro- 
fessional man earns no more than any other, but it is 
the capital he uses that he has a profit on. We will say 
a physician studies five years, that would be an equiva- 
lent to: $15,00. 
Boarding at three dollars per week. 7,50. 
Tuition and Books. 7,50. 
This would constitue a total capital of $ 3,000. 
dollars to start with. 
This capital alone would also be worth at starting 
$ 300 income, after one year $330; after 2 years $ 363; 
after 3 years, $ 4 )0; after 4 years $440; after 10 years 
$ 850; after 12 years $ 1,000. The income alone ought 
to be worth also without any further earnings $ 1,000 a 
year. A 1 ding the whole income to the principle we have 
after 10 years, $ 9,4)(), and after 12 years, 11,375 dollars 
worth of property. 
Now my unite 1 effects do not equal that amount. ' In. 
order'for a business to be profitable there ought to be a de- 
mand for its productions and that demand must be; re- 
newed at short intervals. Three thousand acres of Pep- 
permint would supply the whole world, it could hence 
not be a very profitable business. The more imperative 4 
our wants are, the more profitable it is to supply them. 
In a primitive people are primitive wants, hence their 
.wants are more circumscribed and it is less profitable tb 
supply them than when people have arrived at a stage of 
civilization. Food, Warmth and Society are the most 
primitive wants. Food, drink, warmth, clothing, decoha- 
tipn, health and exhilaration will do for a primitive 
people, while literature, food, health and decoration of 
the mind are additionally necessary for the civilized 
world. Thus we have Producers, Manufacturers, IXIer- 
chants, Bankers, Governors, Priests, Physicians, Teach- 
ers, etc.. 
An Industry in order to be prosperous must spring 
up in a congenial clime and fertile soil regarding itself. 
There must be natural advantages, as to the people, thp 
communication, the locality, the ease with which raw 
materials may be obtained and the cheapness of labor. 
Whether male or female labor is required. Whether 
great intelligence is necessary or not. Whether the 
right people to consume the article live near or within 
reach. Iowa where corn is cheap would be the place for 
making Grape-sugar. Where boys are cheap the place 
for making glycerine. In Wisconsin Potatoes might be 
used for sugar. Beets of course could be raised in Wis- 
consin as well as anywhere and since land is cheap it 
might pay. 
A Beet root Sugar Manufactury would answer in 
any agricultural district where labor was not too high 
and where there was communication with the world as 
well as a fertile soil. This we have in Wisconsin just as 
well as any where in the world. Iowa might indeed 
present some more favorable conditions but labor might 
bp cheaper in Wisconsin. 
Carrara is the worlds market for marble, from nature. 
So is. Pennsylvania for coal and iron. Lake Superior 
.for iron and popper. California and Australia for Gold- Peru and Mexico for Silver. - Port Washington has 
its clay for bricks, and its limestone for lime, its building 
stone is rather lying too deep. Waubeka might have its 
lithographic stone. Our advantages are consequently a 
cheap production of beets, potatoes and hogs, hops did 
not pay. Barley will do only for malt. Corn cannot be 
raised enough for any purpose. Further we have only 
clay for bricks. Dolomite for making magnesia would 
not pay. The iron at Decker's would not pay when it 
Can be got in Lake Superior with far less trouble. Lime- 
stone is not a great building stone therefore it will hard- 
ly pay. There is no coal, no salt, no metals here hence 
the produce of the farm must establish the manufac- 
ture, especially a manufacture where the raw materials 
cannot be transported, as beets etc., When carriage would 
entail an extra expense. New York or Massachusetts 
could not claim such a manufactory. The weight of the 
article is here a natural projection and so is its bulk. 
In order to carry on a manufactory fuel is necessary. 
We must also have cheap wood or coal. The coal would 
evidently be too dear, we must also hold on to our 
swamp for wood. Manufactories can also never be car- 
ried on to a great extent because Wisconsin has no coal 
and its wood is being cut down, its manufactories come 
too late. 
The natural advantages of Ozaukee are hence very 
small since only manufactures requiring little fuel can 
be tolerated. 
Here we may class the manufacture of Alcohol 
from potatoes, also Vinegar, also artificial Wine and 
Mustard. Barrels could be got cheap as yet. -- 
Patent medicines cannot be successfully made, because: 
1. The bottles have to be got from Pittsburgh. 2. The 
labels from New York, and last but not least, the enor- 
mous advertising necessary to sell. Such medicines 
could only be made locally to advantage. To the gen- 
5 6 
eral Market New York would give great advantages. Of 
course for a local market the respective locality will al% 
ways retain the advantage; because the bottles are. 
brought empty into said locality, cost also less freight. 
A Chemical Manufactory would pay only in regard to 
certain products. Chloroform could not be made since 
we have no black oxide of manganese. No sulphate of 
iron, since we have no pyritis. Concentrated Remedies 
like Keith's, or fluid extracts like Steam's might be made 
here to advantage. Extract of malt or ale could be made 
here as well as anywhere. Perfumery would not pay 
for our own population, it would have to be prepared 
for outside consumption, in this case it is too cold. Kan- 
sas would answer better. Mignonette and roses could 
be raised. 
The Southern States presented natural advantages for 
raising sugar and cotton so ^s to become the world's 
Market. Slave-labor was cheap and the soil and temp- 
erature most favorable. Iowa might compete now with 
its Surgham. Wisconsin was insuccessful. 
In order to take hold of a Manufacture we must ask, 
will it pay the best? Is it something what has been tried 
in other places or is it only experimental ? Are all the 
conditions within one's reach ? It would be a culpable 
speculation to commence something on a large scale en- 
tirely experimental; where the labors of others could 
not be taken as a guide. In order to insure succes it 
takes a great many failures, let others make those fail- 
ures. Where one will-win, ten will lose, it is only many 
failures that insure success. My ink for example. A- 
gain it would be very imprudent to undertake anything 
when one is not master of the situation, trusting to oth- 
ers will soon bring ruin at the door. (Brabender and 
the swamp.) 
It takes a thousand experiments before success 
can be counted on, and then the advance in what has 7 
been done is only very slight. In my ink it is the cit- 
trute and acetate of Alumina. Strike into the beaten 
track and. keep this in mind when looking for a more' 
propititious bye-way. The proto sulphate of iron, galls 
and gum are an example. 
Galvanoplastic manufactures might probably be con- 
duc|ed as cheap here as anywhere else, of course one 
has to look for a different market than Ozaukee County; 
and in other places there may be a supply. 
The most profitable manufacture in this place would 
be the manufacture of Aluminium direct from clay by 
means of electricity, produced by bringing together dif- 
ferent conducting mediums, or mediums of different tem- 
peratures, say ice and the deep ground, or by turning 
steam or caloric into electricity for the purpose of de- 
composing the clay. Such is only a speculation. 
The waves of the lake might possibly be used cither 
by their lifting power or their propelling power for driv- 
ing-machinery. 
W i n d will also do some work here in Ozaukee as 
well as elsewhere. The cold of winter would answer 
very well for freezing wine for the purpose of clarifying 
the same, throwing down the bitartrate of potassa, forcing 
crystallization also of many other things as carbolate of 
potassa, etc.. 
Ice might be used as a filter; also for keeping butter, 
eggs, and preserves. Ice is a natural and plentiful sub- 
stance of Ozaukee and might be used in manufacture 
successfully. In the selection of an industry we must 
look fo the Natural Advantages of the Local- 
ity- ■ . 
Artificial Sugar. 
vegetable celhjs undoubtedly the laboratory;., of 
sugar, so is the liver cell. The material it is made, from 
can be nothing else than water and carbonic acid in lire 
presence of acids and may be ferments. Why cannot these same conditions be supplied with- 
out tli,e intervention of living cells ? Suppose we take 
feuljphide of carbon and water and submit the same to 
great pressure ? Or heat the same in the presence of i- 
ron to abstract the sulphur leaving the carbon at liberty 
to combine with the water ? 
8 
Evaporation should be carried on in such a wTay that 
the product would come out finished at one end of the 
apparatus while it is passed in at the other. 
Aluminium. 
Scientific American, vol. 1, page 5, 1865. A more vol- 
atile chloride than the chloride of Aluminium is that of 
Antimony, Arsenic, Cyanogen, Mercury, Zinc and Tin, 
therefore these metals will reduce the chloride Alumi- 
nium. M. Basset uses 4 parts of Zinc to 1 of chloride of 
Aluminium. 
S. A. vol 2, p. 154, 1864. Chloride of Aluminium is 
reduced by Zinc in the presence of chloride sodium. 
S. A. vol. 2, p. 130,1864. The double chloride of A- 
luminium and soda is first formed, then reduced by so- 
dium using cryolite as a flux. 
S. A. vol. 2, p. 202, 1863. Aluminium Bronite, 10 A- 
luminium and 90 copper. 
S. A. vol. 2, 1861. Working Aluminium. Melts a- 
bove Zinc. 
S. A. vol. 1, p. 345, 1860. Prepare the sulphide of A- 
iuminium by passing sulphide of Carbon over red 
hot Alumina. Take sulphide of Alumina and such 
a proportion of sulphate of Alumina as will form sul- 
phurous acid when heated which volatalizes leaving 
the Aluminium. Or pass hydrogen over the heated 
sulphide of Aluminium. 
Druggists' Circular, page 137, 1866. Aluminium and 
Alumina. 
D. C. p. 34, 1867. Aluminium is a metal in its passive 9 
state while sodium is in its active state. 
D. C. 1869, page 84-91-102. 
" " 1870, page 75. To soft solder add one third, 
one fourth, or one-eight of Zinc amalgam and you can 
colder Alumina. - 108. Working alumina. Take 
80 parts of Zinc, 4 of copper and 8 of alumina for a sol- 
der. 
Manufacturer and Builder, page 216, 1872. Alumini- 
um is four dollars a pound, is not manufactured here. 
Melts at 1500 degrees. 
M. B. page 1 9, 1872. Separating silicate of Alumina; 
fuse with bisulphate of Potassa to form alum. Would 
bisulphate of iron do ? 
Experiments to be instituted. 
No. 1. Heat clay, ashes, and limestone to get an alu- 
minate of Potassa and silicate of Potassa. If done un- 
der pressure carbonate of Potassa might be formed by 
the carbonic acid of the lime and the silica set free as 
well as the alumina. We might have carbonate of Po- 
tassa, Silica, Alumina and Lime. 
No. 2. Chloride of Alumina might result by sub- 
jecting clay, silicate of Alumina when heated, to chlor- 
ine. The chloride of alumina subliming leaving the sil- 
ica behind. ' ■ 
No. 3. For Preparing Aluminium, it might be tried 
to subject common clay, in company with fluoride of 
calcium, common salt and charcoal, to a high heat, and 
thus obtain the double fluoride of ^Uuminium and so- 
dium. 
Pursuit of Wealth. 
At first conies the hypothesis. A project is to be made 
taking favorable con junctions of circumstances into ac- 
count. 2. The application of the Experimental method 
(no other way is sure, all others may lead to failure). 10 
Every step must be examined and proved to be remun- 
erative. 
1 3. A most frugal expenditure, (a husbanding of all 
resources). Expenditure must be made for necessary 
and most improved tools. Tools that find application. 
A tool or building must be in proportion to the actual, 
not possible or even probable use to which it may be ap- 
plied. My lathe does not pay, and so it is with my 
watch. My lathe being a speculation it may in the end 
pay by the instruction imparted. The watch will never 
pay, as a tool might pay Left re erecting an extensive 
•factory, on an expensive scale, and the faulty arrange- 
ments of which might lead to ruin. Mistakes made in 
selling the sewing machines. 
The extra dozen was bought on the recommendation 
of Brabender and Obladen. Brabender is a man of no 
veracity, Obladen a man of loose principles. Their 
bilk may sound very alluring but their achievements in 
acquiring the comforts of this world, stamp them as not 
to be depended on. 
Obladen does not pay his debts, why trust him for 
more? Brabender does no better besides he may lie and 
cheat. He did so going with the auctioneers in Town 
Twelve. Why trust him to oversee the wood business? 
A man that is not religious and has also no honor, has 
nothing for dependance left. A man of loose habits 
may mean well at first, but after he gets involved he 
gradually acquiesces and excuses his weakness, his honor 
sinks, and his promises are no longer kept. In this case 
we did not oversee the business ourselves and trusting 
to Brabender and Obladen we were cheated. Further 
by letting these men have the machines on credit even 
by telling them that the credit was only for a few days 
we became involved. Where a man comes short of his 
engagements at the very start he surely cannot be trust- 
ed. Bad habits are a second nature and there is no use 11 
in attempting to reform such a person except at a loss : 
Obladen has been prevailed upon a number of times to 
reform but he is the same drunkard to day. Poverty 
even is not able to cure him, much less anything else ! 
.Pw's honesty must be nearly shipwrecked, having clerk- 
ed with dishonest traders, having acquiesced in foul 
dealings and falling off in the observance of religious cus- 
toms. 
4. We ventured too much on a business not yet es- 
tablished. 
We did not feel our way, we were not cautious enough. 
We trusted to the first excitement of an inflated or arti* 
ficially created selling, what must fall off again as soon as 
extra exertions are left off. The first excitement must 
.be let pass before the true state of an affair can be told. 
There will also be a reaction against such or any un- 
dertaking if it only clashes in the least with the interest 
of others, such men will run it down, as Young did; 2nd 
leaving off strenuous exertions, 3rd. The excitement of 
the people passing off. People are very forgetful, the 
excitement must be slightly varied but renewed some 
way or other. - Be sure what you do that it is right 
and best. Not too much need be said at once before the 
people but they want to be kept in a waking condition 
ail the time. 
4. A mistake was, ordering a dozen machines to save 
freight, that is trying to have a large profit. As the busi- 
ness was not established it was imprudent to aim at a 
large profit. It is always best to pay the insurance mo- 
ney as long as there is risk. 
Now, our principle ought to be, to cut our losses short, 
and close up the business. The large machines wrere 
got as a competition (be very guardful of the cause there 
is danger ahead of failing as soon as the passions become 
aroused). One machine only ought to have been bought 
and the the necessary examinations made. -. A clerk 12 
must possess honesty, industry and a bright intellect. - 
Money. 
Money is the counterpart of all values in life. Power, 
knowledge and virtue seem at this day to find practical- 
ly a balance in money. Knowledge, if it produces no 
value, is worth nothing at all. The current acceptation 
seems to be "whatever is expedient and profitable is 
right, and the Almighty Dollar is king." Very few per- 
sons there are at present that will do athingjustbecauso 
it is right, and in spite of it being unprofitable to them. 
Behold the editors of to day how they fill their papers 
with advertisements of a most shameful character, de- 
frauding the people of their money, health and morals; 
just for pay. 
It is natural and in accordance with the law of self- 
preservation to strive to attain as much as possible of 
this equivalent of values. Every body craves his per- 
sonal aggrandisement and money is an equivalent to it. 
- Money is made by supplying the wants of other 
persons, these wants may be divided into wants of the 
body and wants of the mind. Or into wants which fur- 
ther our existence; as food and drink, house and cloth- 
ing and protecting us against disease and violence, and 
secondly into wants which further our enjoyments; as, 
learning, position, love and warding off disappointment, 
ill success, anger and enmity. 
These wants have to be supplied from an extraneous 
source, a source outside of man; nature has therefore to 
be attacked and whatever can be got, appropriated. Man 
has also to combat the word outside of him. One man 
subdues the forces of nature and the inferior animals, as 
is done in agriculture and manufacture, while the other 
man subdues his like by pressing him into his service, 
by enslaving him or by paying him his livelihood, or by 13 
jmbduing him through the powers of his mind, as is 
done in preaching and the learned profession. The first 
method is physical, the second mental. The most hon- 
erable way of human dealings where a man returns 
more value to his subject than he takes from him. What 
is called profit is a species of robbery. Advantage is 
taken of the wants of others and the inability or ignor- 
ance to supply these wants, and a profit is taken for tho 
knowledge or power imparted more than its real value. 
Thus one man lives at the expense of another, and al- 
though the picture is less disgusting than we behold in 
the depths of the sea, it is nevertheless, none the less 
real. Pro fi t is accordingly an equipoise of ignorance 
and inability. Ignorance paying the larger part of pro- 
fit. Selling goods to people the real value of which they 
do not understand would be a species of cheating, com- 
monly practiced at this day; and for a transaction to be 
honorable, the buyer must receive, at least to him, an e- 
quivalentto the money value paid. 
- Ignorant people, though they have but few de- 
sires, have the desire to get rich in common with 
people in general and thus they get duped in this direc- 
tion, in buying what they do not understand, expecting 
a great profit but which turns out to their loss in the 
end. One man's loss is another man's gain. This is 
strikingly illustrated in the case of John Dr buying 
the quarry. Had he known the real condition of the 
'quarry and the labor and expense connected with it be- 
fore he could hope to make a cent, he would have re- 
coiled from it with horror. 
- We see further in the case of the Factory of 
Schuhmacher & Johnson how crazy ignorant people are, 
and how anxious to get rid of their money when a large 
shadow of profit is held out to them. Fools and their 
money are soon parted. After the people had been 
swindled by the Railroad, and by the Factory, they would still subscribe $ 30,000 for the Lake shore road, 
which put the rope of perdition around the neck of Port 
Washington. Any other enterprise could readily be 
started here in Port Washington, provided the gold was 
alloyed with plenty of copper, the shadow must be made 
gigantic although the merit be but small. A really good 
thing cannot flourish among the ignorant classes because 
they expect too much and when something great, al- 
though small, is presented to them they are readily al- 
lured and drawn away. The acute swindler manages 
better than the concientious teacher of wisdom. 
- To supply the wants created by our bodily cxis- 
tancc would be an easy affair, and require but little of 
our time, but the wants created by the corporate body 
called society, and of which we are a member, other and 
and greater jvants are brought into play, to supply 
which, we have to mgj<e use of the greatest exertions 
man is capable of. Our physical, moral, intellectu- 
al and social nature, each have tlieir wants and bear 
heavy on the present generation. 
14 
To succeed in an undertanding the same rule must bo 
observed as when drilling a hole in a rock, that is keep- 
ing the drill in one spot. 
Gold and Silver is a species 
of barter; while Notes represent the credit of the people 
or the ability of the people to pay. The people issue 
the Notes by some kind of Stock contribution, which 
they hold themselves ready to pay when called on, 
through the Agency of the Government. 
The people have to pay their stock when they pay 
taxes. Although they pay these taxes in the same kind 
of Notes, the Notes represent days of labor when in the 
hands of the people. People can only get them by giv- 15 
ing days of labor or their equivalent in exchange.^ , 
I could issue Notes where I would promise to pay on 
demand fifty cents or one dollar in medicines or services 
.to the bearer of said Note, receiving therefore money or 
labor which I might put on interest. My Notes bring- 
ing no interest. 
The people could pay me thus with my Notes. I 
might also issue delivery tickets which people migljt 
buy in advance and thus secure my services. 
My Policies are really a species of money, based op 
my ability to do services. If I would issue my delivery 
tickets for fifteen dollars and have them sold by my a- 
gents for ten dollars cash, there might be an induce- 
ment for people to buy readily. To sell such Notes 
readily would be to have them inflated sufficiently and 
then sold below par. 
Now here I ought to have a bank where these Notes, 
Tickets and Policies could readily be bought even at a 
considerable discount. The Ticket System of the 
Chicago Wunderdoctor demands consideration. 
Cesundheits Bund. 
(Health-league.) 
.1874. 
Creation : 
Creation has first the Will, the Embryonic stage and 
finally the delivery or birth. After birth the object re- 
quires great nurturing; to be protected from evil influ- 
ences, and to be subjected to those that are beneficial. 
Here are two sides to be guarded. The enemies have to 
ba fought and annihilated, the friends to be encom;aged, 
protected and increased. Tinis everything has in reality 
two sides, there is also in the nature of everything a 
Duality. Nothing new can be originated,except from a 
duality of circumstances. A Heterogenous medlv, is ne- 16 
eessary to the development of anything new. If every- 
thing was a homogeny then nothing could arise. 
The birth of a thing is of great importance, if it is 
4)orn too soon, the infant may not be viable, or if viable, 
' be sickly and will not thrive. It is necessary that the 
new creation should be well matured so that it may be 
able to stand the shock of delivery and the new influ- 
ence of temperature it is subjected to. In delivery I 
have to manipulate cooly, carefully and tentative from 
one side to the other, still bent on my purpose of a di- 
rect result, I have to move the forceps to one side and 
then to the other and it is only by repeated efforts that 
the final result is obtained. No direct and forcible im- 
pulse will do, otherwise an injury will be the result. The 
injury results tv the object to be born. 
The object to be attained may be sacrificed by the use 
of violence. 
• It takes time before an impression is felt. It takes 
time even for the mind to perceive what the eye be- 
holds, that the effect of an impression is not immediate- 
ly felt. There is no immediate result because the im- 
pression was not felt, not comprehended, not heeded. 
After the impression is felt we make an impression on 
the other side and wait until it is felt, this will positive- 
ly establish what was impressed on the first side, now 
we make an impression on the first side, and wail for an- 
other impression, and so we continue, slowly, g e n t- 
1 y, a 11 e r n a t e 1 y and p e r s i s t a n 11 y to work and 
we will finally have the pleasure of having accomplished 
our end. We may add another element in the plan, 
'namely progression, that is after a. certain effect 
• has been attained then we may somewhat change our 
tactics in making more rapid impressions and larger 
movements, as the ease with which they may be effected 
becomes apparent. To be successful also in any crea- 
tion whatever, it is necessary to adopt the following aidf 17 
as friends of the creation, without them nothing will 
succeed; they are:- Time, Geutility, Alter- 
nacy, Persist ancy, and Usury. - Usury ia 
Using the capital on hand to obtain more; Money to ob- 
tain interest; friends to obtain influence or popularity; 
the powerful for obtaining dominion. - Let yOUF 
profits run on, cut your losses short. We must ap- 
pease our enemies if they have our mastery; we can quell 
their efforts by a powerful and exposing opposition. 
Life is a battle. 
The creation of a thing has a propitious and unprop- 
itious time, the first will tend to foster the creation, the 
latter will oppose it. 
Regarding the Health-Union. 
No Dr. but me and H going off would be propi- 
tious for establishing it, but at present money is scarce. 
If the advantages of the present could be conjoined with 
the advantages of time then the whole would be com- 
plete. 
With a person of good understanding I could take a 
note and thus induce him to join far more easily. Per- 
sons can be induced most easily by small increments. 
Time: - 
To make impressions it takes time, but one impression 
is really evanescent. An article in writing will last no 
longer than one week or a month at most, then the im- 
pression will be forgotten, others will have taken their 
place. Persons that responded to my call were remind- 
ed repeatedly by their ills of the need of my services, 
thus the impression created was constantly kept up and 
renewed. If patients did not have the coal on their foot 
no one would come. There is also a general backward- 
ness, a shortcoming, inertia of matter or "Tragheit der 
Materie." Every effort is a beat, a pulsation, to make a 
slight impression, soon to be forgotten and to take the 
place of another pulsation. 18 
Gentility. 
A horse cannot be made to pass an object it is afraid 
pf, better than by letting him examine it. It does not 
know the object, it is afraid, but if after an examination 
it finds there is no danger, then it ventures a little fun 
ther. Everything new may be considered on the same 
basis as vice is at present, and the same saying, applies 
to it. "Vice is a monster, etc.;"/ ; •( 
Not much ought to be demanded of the people, aftei 
that is obtained, then a further advance can be made and 
probably a greater demand put forth. Roughness will 
not, do, this might close the door behind us and that we 
must by all means endeavor to keep open. After a man's 
favor is once lost it is impossible to regain it fully. We 
may be perfectly right, but to toll that a thing is right 
takes a process of reasoning, which process is not devel* 
oped in most persons at all, it is also not through a pro* 
cess of reasoning that people can be reached, it must be; 
baser sentiments that can be prevailed upon. - 
A11 e r n a c y . 
* Right and Left. - Motion and rest. The pendule 
moves to one side and then to the other. It is motion 
both ways, but opposite motion. Anything not in a 
state of rest implies then two motions. Where there is 
potion there, is a-disturbance. • Motion tends to rest, the' 
asperities on either side will soon wear off. This zigzag' 
will imply a direct motion. A ship moving to the left 
ruj 1 ^hen to the. right will imply an advance on .its way. 
is ,yi the delivery of a child, traction to one side and 
thqn to t!,)p other will surely produce an advance, and a' 
qjost determinate advance. By so doing we move but a 
sjnall.portion of the child's head in advance, and after 
everything has acquiesced, then we move, the other side 
qf the head in a similar way, the two motions combined 
produce a direct advance of the head of the child, al- 
though the motions were in opposite directions, appar- 19 
ently nonproductive of benefit Ent the case is other- 
wise^ ..... ' .• 
The principle of alternacy, from side to side motion, 
not direct or. open but hidden and obscure, not evident 
to the uninitiated. How can I apply this to the develop- 
ment of my plan ? By promises and threats. By prom- 
ising.to those that will mind, and by threatening them 
that will not mind. But the real object tor be obtained 
ought if possible be kept out of sight. A skillful general 
must-keep his own secrets. But these threats and prom- 
ises must be repeated, a single oscillation would, only 
count a minute and soon be forgotten in the ocean of 
time. *- > . ■ 
Wo must persist, one stroke will fell no oak, but a sin* 
gle drop a minute will -wear a deep hole into a rock-, 
though tach one will make but little impression. The 
falling of one drop leaves the possibility of the falling of 
another drop, so'it is, the impression made must have 
been made gently so that not a revolution resulted., 
Persistancy implies also Time, Gentility and Alterna* 
cy. '.That what has life has more persistancy,than that 
what is dead; an Agent is heeded far more than a letter 
from Eskuche, it appeals more to the senses, there- 
fore letters appealing .to the different sentiments may do, 
but a living being cannot so easily be put off, to the liv- 
ing wo have to answer, to the letter we can k^ep silent. 
A variety of means should be employed in appealing td 
tire-senses of-the people. 
Pers istan cy. 
Usury. 
Here we must put on interest the capital we have 
made, a friend gained to the cause must be- made the 
centre of action in one's behalf. The Chicago Insurance 
Agent recurs to my memory, who was trying to estab- 
lish a No:, $ay 10, of little centres of action allowing to 
ev^ centre a percentage of, say three dollars, for evefy 20 
member enticed; thus his idea was to get influential 
help, and if he failed to get the influential help, he at 
least attained the heads. For his help however he did 
not offer to pay any money but store pay, that is he of* 
fered a deduction on the insurance and this may have 
been sufficiently high to cover a light deduction; though 
he failed in this Town he succeeded in others, and tho 
principle may be good. 
If I would consequently employ some good talkers en« 
joined to secrecy to act«as Agents? would it pay to have 
say ten such men in every Town? This would be bor* 
rowing money to put out on interest, while the first is 
putting money on interest that is your own. In the 
first you hire your friends and pay them, in the latter 
you gained them first by paying them or working for 
them and now they pay you back. 
The employment of friends, agents, clerks and servants 
becomes a necessity, money put away without interest 
will never result in riches, so a man depending solely on 
his own efforts will never become rich because he has 
no money on interest. 
The force of number is very great, many people that 
would refuse the demands of one person readily yield 
when there are several together. This principle is well 
understood even among the savages. 
I want a good personelle, an effective force to carry 
out my projects, if not by persuasion, by force, persons 
want to be compelled, without compulsion nothing can 
be effected. 
Compulsion may be divided into: 
Compulsion by money or fine. 
" " loss of health. 
" " being regarded as inferior. 
Persuasion and Compulsion 
alternately employed will conduce to success. This 21 
principle seems to be deeply rooted in human nature. 
The Expectation of heaven, the dread of hell. 
Show and preparation for carrying out the threats must 
be complete and ample. 
Solidare Haft. 
I might have every person in the Bund responsibla 
for 10 dollars in case of loss from ''bad pay" so that in 
reality a share for belonging to the Bund would be 20 
dollars of which 10 only would have to be paid right 
down. ' 
Notes. 
I might take a note for five dollars or more and have 
him pay the interest on it, but in case that sickness 
should demand much medicine then the whole of the 
Note could be collected, or so much as should be neces- 
sary according to Rock's plan. 
Insurance. 
Could not things be arranged with my customers that 
they would subscribe for a certain share of 50 or 100 dol- 
lars, paying five dollars and then be entitled to a profit 
on the investment. If a man could have ten per cent on 
his investment he would have no reluctance. 
Medical Relief Society. 
I might call into existence a society where every 
member would have to pay a certain contribution per 
month, and out of this fund have the doctor paid. 
are caused by acting adverse to the well being of others, 
the sense of right or wrong is not taken into account by 
the a'd verse party. My blows on the Credit System of- 
fended a good many although they have been owing me 
for years, this sets them at variance with me. On the 
other hand persons are put at variance by being called 
on for money, especially in advance, and money when 
they are not in need. 
People pay readily when they are in a pinch, when 
Enmities 22 
they are in danger of losing a child or a wife; they hate 
to pay when the danger is past, when the bread is eaten, 
or when they are well, and not counting on getting sick/ 
and not thinking of being in need of calling in a physi- 
cian. To pay money in advance for what they think 
they might not be in need of, seems hard to them. 
Therefore it is best to get persons for the Bund when 
they are sick* 
• To get persons into the Bund, it would be well to try 
it at the bed side when suffering is fresh in their minds,' 
or such as have been deceived by quacks so that their 
Buffering is still apparent. 
Persons joining the Bund belong to one of the follow- 
ing classes. 
1. Those that are sick, and not expecting to get well 
quick: - 
Hartley and Schuhmacher. 
2. Those that are a little sick but think that in the 
end they might use more medicine than the amount of 
ten dollars. 
Dondelinger. 
3. Such as think that my services are indispensable 
come time and that the then higher charge would make 
up for what they have to pay now for the Bund. 
Bartol and Hommes. 
4. A small class who really want to know where to 
go in case of sickness, also such as love a quiet mind. 
Nelson, Jacobson and Anderson. 
5. Those that have had a sore experience with dis- 
ease and quacks in former times: - 
Gantner. 
Persons that will not go into the Bund may belong to 
one of the following classes: - 
1. Such as are not sick much or such as have been 
squeezing along by using a few dollars worth of Patent 
Medicines, and think ten dollars rather an unjust extor- 23 
tion: - Turner. 
2. Such as are indebted, and on being called on to 
pay up feel a sense of rebellion, and thus feeling them- 
selves assailed they grasp at everything as a weapon fet 
fight: - Such as say my letters are compulsion. Smith. 
3. Such as are dishonest. They don't want to come 
out with the money, therefore they resort to fight. Dreis. 
4. Such as are out of the pinch at present: - 
Bisch and Buehler. 
5. Such as think it a humiliation. Meyer and Dix. 
Health and pride may keep them out. 
Sickness and humiliation may make them go in. 
Every person, whether he goes into the Bund or not, 
is acting selfish, he consults his own interest, not mine. 
Some look at the gross and immediate interest, others 
look not at the present, but at a more distant interest. 
Therefore self-interest is the ruling passion of the 
people of this world. There is no other principle. 
May the 1st. 1876. 
The Gesundheits- bund counted about 100 members, 
some of which were "dead heads," a few had very little 
fortheir money, while others had about three times its 
value in medicine. On the whole it did not prove satis- 
factory to the people, nor to myself and was on this ac- 
count discontinued. Two or three persons wished to be 
admitted to the Bund a second time, but these were 
such as had no hopes of ever bettering their condition. 
Thus we see a scheme inaugurated for the benefit of the 
people, and involving the best principles of human na- 
ture, dbme to a discontinuance. 
The reason of this unfortunate issue was: 1. The ig- 
norance of the people, in not being able to read, and 
most of them that were able to read could not under- 
stand. 2 The jealousy of my enemies, scattered lies 24 
and nonsense broadcast, and these were accepted by the 
people in preference to the contrary which they could 
see in print. The people seem to be more ready to ac- 
cept ready opinions, than to construe them themselves, 
from a written document with a little trouble. If I had 
expounded the meaning of the Bund to some great talk- 
ers and painted the same in vivid colors etc. - what I 
could not be made to do, since I thought it dishonorable, 
then the Bund would have enjoyed a more illustrious 
future. Another reason was, that mean people who were 
not consulted, thought the thing too good to be true, 
while others thought that they might get along without 
it. The Bund was an experimental success to show mo 
the character of the people I am living amongst, but in 
a financial way it must be considered a failure. 
The Bund may be classed as an experimental specu- 
lation and is good in its way, since it feels its way in the 
world and prepares for other speculations to be brought 
to success. - It is to be classed with the sewing ma- 
chine speculation, the mine speculation, and the sugar- 
making speculation. Going further back we have the 
gravitation clock for detecting lead ores, the electric ma- 
chine as a moving power, the life boat patents, and the 
button-hole invention, being of the same nature. All of 
them were of a speculative turn, and cost a nice tuition 
fee, which was sometimes a nice little sum, but always 
so well guarded as not to become ruinous. Whether 
the money paid out thus in acquiring money will ever 
prove remunerative, time will tell. All knowledge to 
carry out a speculation successfully, can only be obtain- 
ed by the experimental method. Many experiments are 
neccessary for establishing a new principle, so in this 
case. He is a wise man that determines great specula- 
tions with costless experiments, so that ruin will not p- 
vertake him, as in the case of J. D . 25 
The Centennial Exhibition 
at Philadelphia 1876. 
By Dr. J. T. Scholl. May 1st, 1876. 
The idea of the exhibition is due to the Franklin In- 
stitute. A Board of Commissioners was constituted by 
the Governor of every State nominating one individual, 
to be appointed by the President of the United States. - 
The Centennial Board of Finance was next chartered to 
proceed in raising 10 Millions of dollars upon the sale of 
stock. A mass meeting, held on Washington's birthday 
(Feb. 22, 1873) induced the subscription of three Mill- 
ions. In April, 1873, the Board of Finance was comple- 
.ted by electing 25 Directors from the stockholders. To 
induce foreigners to participate, it became necessary for 
the President to give his invitation in the name of the 
United States. The location is west of Phila- 
delphia at a place called Fairmount Park, commencing 
at the junction of 41 street with elm avenue. The whole 
is embraced in a northern semicircle of 2J0) feet radius, 
between machinery hall and the main exhibition build- 
ing being the centre, where the Pennsylvania Railroad 
ill enter. Elm Avenue forming the base line and run- 
ning parallel to the Machinery hall and Main building 
in a northwesterly direction. * 
From the central point, 1000 feet to the east of north 
east will strike the Memorial hall or Art gallery, 1000 
feet to the north north west, will strike the crossing of 
Fountain and Belmont avenue. A semicircle of 1300 feet 
will strike to the north to Horticultural hall, to the north 
north west, on the /right side the Womans pavillion, on 
the left side the United States Government building. 
The length of the Main building measured to the north 
west will bring us at the left to the State buildings of 
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wis- 
xjonsin, North Carolina, Connecticut, Massachusetts and 26 
Deleware, in a southwesterly row. To the right of thia 
point in a north east direction is the Kansas State build- 
ing, and 500 feet east will strike the. corner of Agricul- 
tural hall. Half a mile will cross the Schiiykill at the 
east, approach the Belmont waterworks, strike the north 
west corner of Agricultural hall; at the south north west 
the 24th Reservoir and west St. George's hill. 3000 feet 
will touch Mantica Station at the south east and the Co- 
lumbia bridge at north north east. 
Buildings. The Main exhibition building is as many 
feet in length as we write years after Christ, 1876, and 
its width is about one-fourth of this, 464 feet, covering 21 
acres. In a line with this in a west direction, 440 feet 
off, commences the Machinery hall covering 14 acres,. 
1402 feet long and 360 feet wide, being the number of 
degrees contained in a circle; it carries an addition a- 
butting with Elm Avenue forming the base line. At 
the farthest end of the Machinery hall stands the foun- 
tain giving its name to Fountain Avenue running north 
east; and at 2000 feet distance having Horticultural hall 
on the left. - The Main building is set apart for me- 
tallurgy, manufactures, mines, science & education. The 
Machinery hall is separated diagonally from the Main 
building by Belmont Avenue. On the north it is 274 
feet from Him Avenue, but the southern addition abutts 
nearly with it. The main section of the hall has but 
one story being 40 feet from the floor to the main cor- 
nice, while the clear bight of the main passages is 70 
feet, and that of the side passages 40 feet. Two main 
avenues run through the hall and one through the south 
addition, being 90 feet wide; these have crossings through 
the middle and up to the sides. The foot passages of 
the main avenues are 15 feet, of the addition avenue 25 
feet and all the other passages ten feet. The addition is 
210 feet square and covers a reservoir 60 feet wide and 
16j) feet long by 10 deep. Hydraulic motors are 27 
here to be exhibited in operation. South of the res- 
ervoir will be a waterfall 35 feet high and 40 wide, sup- 
. plied by pumps. 
The Art Gallery or Mememorial Hall was erected 
by the State of Pennsylvania at a cost of one and one- 
half million of dollars for a permanent structure, cover- 
ing one and one-half acres. It stands to the north of 
the main building upon a terrace 122 feet above the level 
of the Schuylkill. It is 365 feet long, 210 wide, and 50 
feethigh over a spacious basement 12 feet high. The 
centre carries a dome 150 feet high, capped with a col- 
lossal ball bearing the figure of Columbia. The main 
entrance to the south has three arched doorways, 15 by 
40 feet high is 70 feet wide and is approached by thir- 
teen steps. The pavillions, four in number make up 
the corners, they are destined for the display of statuary. 
They are connected with the central part with arcades of 
five arches; leading to garden plots 90 by 36. The en- 
trance hall is 82 by 60 feet leading into the central hall 80 
feet cube. This hall leads into the galleries at each side 
98 feet long, 43 wide and 35 feethigh. From this build- 
ing an extension of 280 by 180 feet has been carried 
northward covering an acre of ground. 
Horticultural Hall. It is 383 feet long, 193 wide 
and 72 feet high, and is intended for a permanent struc- 
ture. One of the galleries will be heated and contain or- 
ange? trees bearing fruit, the India rubber tree, cactuses 
etc. The central conservatory, 230 feet long by 80 
wide and 55 high, is surmounted by a lantern 170 feet 
long. At the end at each corner is a hot house 100 by 
39 feet, with vestibules of 30 feet between. 
The Bureau of Agriculture 
has received a proposition for the construction of 25 
Aquaria tanks from 2 to 29 feet in length and 6 feet in 
depth for the exhibition of fish, including sharks and 
porpoises. All what. pertains to fish and fish culture 28 
will be exhibited by professor Henry and Baird. The 
Massachusetts Commissioners have called for live io 
bo exhibited in the Aquaria as follows: Cod, Haddock, 
Lobster, Shark, Sword fish, Seals, Sunfish etc. The J a- 
p a n e s e will have a garden about their building plant- 
ed with flowers from home. The Centennial Post Office 
2100 square feet or about 45 by 45, will be in the Gov- 
ernment building, and the General Post Office Depart- 
ment will occupy about 40 feet square, and display an 
envelope machine, stamps, maps, etc. The United States 
Government will establish on Belmont Avenue near 
State Avenue a Signal Office. There will be a building 
erected for the exhibition of medals from Paris and Je- 
"rusalem. Landsdown Valley will be spanned by a 
bridge 5 )0 feet long and 6S feet above the ground. A 
narrow gauge railway having two tracks will run to all 
the principle buildings. Price 5 cents. 'The Woman's 
Department will display the Kindergarten. Mr. John 
Hatch of California will exhibit 12,000 specimens of ores. 
Flood and O'Brien will ship 150 tons of gold and silver 
bullion. The Pacific Railroad will exhibit marbles, gra- 
nites, slates, fossils and ores of the Pacific coast. An In- 
ternational Medical Congress will be held Sept. 4th for 5 
days. Maine will show granite, feldspar, etc. One and 
one-half Millions of dollars have been appropriated by 
the United States. Education is to be exhibited in the 
main building but it has been concluded to erect at a 
cost of S 1,500 a Kindergarten school 20 by 26 feet, a 
Common school 20 by 30 feet, and a City school 30 by 
40. Connecticut is taking the lead. 
Egypt's contribution is by the Khedive drawn from 
the vice-regal museums. One hundred thousand dol- 
lars were devoted to the enterprise. Will be exhibited 
in the main building. The ancient papyrus and hippo- 
potamus hide will be side by side. Brugsch Bey a learn- 
ed Egypthologist and a student of Gottigen, will have 29 
charge over the Egyptian Antiquities. The internation- 
al Congresses of every field of learning is to stamp the 
Exhibition with the mental status of the period. The 
Ohio State building displays stones from 24 differ- 
ent quarries in its construction. It is 40 feet square. 
The four trunk lines have discarded middle men. 
Spear's travelling side walk, one mile in length will be 
on the grounds. Prof. H a y d e n, Chief of the United 
States Geographical'and Geological Surveys of the Terri- 
tories, is preparing an exhibit of the Geography, Typo- 
graphy, Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and Ethnography 
of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, Utah and 
Montana. Photographs of scenery. Plaster casts of the 
Rocky mountain ranges and the villages of the cliff dwel- 
lers. 
Centennial Boarding - house Agency. Coupon 
tickets will be placed on Sale in various parts of the 
country to be received by Boarding-houses as pay for 
board rendered. The purchaser will be met by a mes- 
senger when the cars approach the city, handing a card 
of direction and introduction to the quarters assigned to 
him. Clean lodgings and two meals a day will be fur- 
nished for two to two and one-half dollars per day. The 
Continental hotel has erected a branch hotel opposite 
the west end of the main building. The Girard house 
has been.enlarged. The St. Stephens, Collonade, La 
Pierre, Bingham and the St. Cloud, all have increased 
their facilities for accommodation. Smaller hotels are 
the American, Merchant and St. Elmo. Of the new ho- 
tels the Globe stands prominent, it is nearly opposite the 
main entrance of the E. B. This has a frontage of 523 
feet by a depth of 540 feet, it is four stories high and 
contains one thousand rooms. Three thousands guests 
may be accomodated and two thousand persons can dine 
at once. The United States hotel is a square south of 
the M. E. B., and is of a higher grade. It is composed 
of two rows of two story brick buildings joined by a 
shorter row of 4 story buildings. The Grand Union in 
the northern part of the city is about the largest of the 
dwelling house hotels. It consists of 90 separate houses 
in 3 rows, 60 of them three stories in height. Trains 
will run to the grounds in ten minutes. The next hotel 
Of the kind is the Aubrey in Walnut street, West Phila- 
delphia, it will be able to accomodate 4 hundred guests! 
The Centennial Home at the west of the grounds will be less expensive. It will consist of one hundred and forty 
small houses, with a common kitchen and dining room, 
is within 10 minutes walk, and will be largely patronized 
by the exhibitors. The International Restaurant at 
Chestnut street, promises to feed ten thousand people a 
day and to furnish lodgings in private houses to twenty 
five thousand persons. The Centennial Boarding-house 
Agency have canvassed the city. Hon. A. J. Dufur 
Commissioner for Oregon will exhibit the woods of the 
Pacific coast. Judge Murdock of Iowa is collect- 
ing the fac similes for representing the Mound Builders 
of the Mississippi Valley. The giant tree of Cali- 
fornia, is in hollowed sections 16 feet long and 20 in di- 
ameter, of 2 )oO rings, height 276 feet. Captain A. S. 
Whittley of St. Louis is making collections of antiquities 
of the Mississippi valley. 
The W o m a n's P a v i 11 i o n. It is located on Bel- 
mont Avenue near the Horticultural hall, it is construc- 
ted of two naves intersecting one another, and is 192 feet 
long and 64 wide. The comers are filled out by four 
pavillions 48 feet square. The centre of the building is 
raise 1 25 feet higher, carries an observatory and cupola 
making the whole 90 feet high. Goo'> manufactured 
by women only will be recei ed. A section will rcpre- 
e mt engraving, lithography, bookbinding and patents. 
The American Book Publishers Associal ni has author- 
ized a commitee u> spend 20 0 dollars. In the M. E. 
B. a two story structure i^ io he filled with book cases. 
Brazil will exhibit coTe/-. Brazilian tea or mati, 
Jaboraudi, cotton, etc. The Centennial Mail service is 
left to Thomas Gannon of Philadelphia, and is to employ 
5 wagons and ten horses. 
C.H. Goodrich will exhibit a portrait of Wash- 
ington in silk, woven on the Jaquard loom costing ten 
thousand dollars. S p a i n will occupy in the west 
wing of the main building eleven thousand square feet, 
in the Agricultural hall it will exhibit its coffee, sugar, 
spices, figs and olives. In the Art gallery it will occupy 
one-half of the west wing of the gallery. The Pennsyl- 
vania Railway depot will stand just outside the grounds, 
the general waiting room will be 139 by 10) feet, ticket 
office 40 by 30 feet. West Virginia will exhibit section® 
of coal seams eight to ten feet thick and of timber three 
to ten feet, in diameter. The Emancipation mou- 
30 31 
utnent is to be unveiled on the 4th of July. A huge 
.pair of Corliss engines have been put up in the Machin- 
ery hall, they have cylinders forty inches in diameter, 
ten feet stroke and are of 1400 h. p., they will be sup- 
plied with steam from twenty tubular boilers, 49 inches 
in diameter by 14 feet long. George P. Rowel put up 
a Newspaper building to be supplied with cases having 
150 pigeon holes to contain the 8000 papers of the U. S. 
66 by 44 feet. Prof. Ward of Rochester New York 
wants to exhibit skeletons of former ages. Naples will 
exhibit articles of coral. The Indiana State building 55 ft. 
in diameter in the shape of an irregular cross, it cost ten 
thousand dollars. Great Brittain will exhibit optical 
instruments, printing presses etc. The Pennsylvania 
State building, located near Belmont Avenue, cost fifteen 
thousand dollars, and is 98 by 55 feet. The Photo- 
graphic hall is 25" feet long east and west and 108 feet 
wide north and south. M. Adolph Braun has applied 
for two hundred and sixty five feet of space to hang his 
carbon prints. Fountain avenue runs due east and 
west. The Brazilians have made application for two 
thousand feet inside the palm house. In Memorial hall 
the north western pavillion is set apart for England, tha 
north eastern for France, the south eastern for Germany, 
and the south western for the United States. It will b j 
lighted by two thousand gas jets to imitate diffuse sun- 
light. 
Centennial concessions. The Globe hotel 
pays $ 10,5 0; the French Restaurant, P. Sudreau$ 6,000;. 
American'Restaurant, Tobias & Heilbronn $6,000; Ger- 
man Restaurant, Lauber, $6060; Hebrew Restaurant 
Chas, i oilman, $ 6000; Cafe in Main building, Frank 
Greene, $5,0(0; Trois freres Provenceaux, Paris L. Gou- 
gard, $5, 00. 
'I he Franklin Institute Phil., issues a supplement of 
the Journal of the Franklin Institute. The city of Mex- 
ico will be represented by a model 330 by 291 feet peo- 
pled with sixty thousand leaden figures. The M. E. 
has four cafe's and the Machinery hall, five. The New 
Jersey State building is located opposite the M. B. on 
Belmont Avenue, it is 84 by 42 feet, cost $8,000, and 
has an observatory. The Newspaper building is situa- 
ted between Machinery hall and the Government build- 
ing. A catalogue will be issued similar to the catalogues 32 
of 1he four other departments. Outdoor art. Thb 
statue of Columbus stands at the intersection of Foun- 
tain and Belmont Avenue, it is nine feet high. Next is 
the statue of William Penn of bronze costing twenty five 
thousand dollars. The Humboldt statue, ($ 13,000.) the 
soldier 18 feet high, the Centennial, ($ 5,000.) and the 
statuary emblem of religious liberty ($ 30,000.) are 'all 
worthy of notice. The American soldier will be a statue 
21 feet high weighing 30 tons, constructed of granite and 
will be erected on the west terrace of Memflrial hall, 
while the east terrace will receive the marble statue of 
Washington hewn from a single block. Frank Etting 
will have the care of the historical department. The 
committee of the Franklin Institute will illustrate steam 
engineering. Mexico will send a lump of silver 5 feet 
9 inches high, worth $72,000, from the Potosi silver 
mine. The Belmont reservoir has a capacity of 40,000,000 
gallons of water. The boiler house contains 20 boilers 
among which boilers of every description may be found, 
it is located south of Machinery hall. The pumping 
engine house stands on the south bank of the Schuylkill 
near Belmont Landing. A Worthington Duplex pump- 
ing engine, capable of pumping 6 million gallons a day 
does the work. The standing pipe 2 >8 feet above the 
level of the river, 125 feet above the floor of the Main 
building,'is placed dorth of Memorial hall at the park 
drive, it is four feet in diameter and is 12 » feet from its 
base, it is terminated by a finial of 13 feet in length. An 
18 inch main leads to it. A 16 inch main leads from 
the standing pipe to the Belmont Avenue, and from here 
12 inch mains, three in number Underlie Machinery hall 
and the Main building, and a ten inch main supplies 
the lake through three concentric rings north of Machin- 
ery hall. 
The American Restaurant erected by Tobiason and 
Heilbronn, faces by its central portion Horticultural 
hall. 1'he main banqueting hall on the right is fifty by 
one hundred feet, the dining hall occupying part of the 
central building is thirty by fifty and the portico connec- 
ting them sixteen by one hundred. - Express trains 
will run from New York to Philadelphia in one hour & 
one-half. Return tickets to and from Philadelphia will 
be, from Milwaukee $36,50; from Chicago $32; from 
Kansas city, Leavenworth and Omaha $56. 33 
The practical metalworker's 
Assistant and Electrometallury. 
By Oliver Byrne. 
New and improved Edition. 
Henry Carey Baird, Philadelphia, 
406 Walnut street. 
1864. Price $ 7,00, 
180. Antimony expands on cooling, melts at about 
800 degrees. - Bismuth melts at about 500. 8 parts 
of bismuth, 5 of lead and three of tin constitute a fusible 
alloy. One of bismuth and two of tin form an alloy 
suitable for rose engine and eccentric turned patterns. 
8 parts bismuth, 5 lead, 4 tin, and 1 typemetal are used 
for making french medals by the cliche process. 182. 
Copper when alloyed with one-tenth of its weight of ar- 
senic is in appearance similar to silver. Two parts of 
copper and one part of zinc make brass. Equal parts of 
brass and zinc form spelter solder for brass. Copper al- 
loyed with one ounce of tin to the pound of copper forms 
soft gun metal, two ounces of tin to the pound of cop- 
per is used for bearing for machinery, two and one-half 
ounces of tin form the most tenacious alloy, and 8 parts 
form the speculum metal. For wheels to be cut into 
teeth, one and one-half ounces of tin, 2 of brass, and 16 
Oz. of copper are used. For turning -work, two tin, ono 
and one-half brass, 16 copper. 
Typemetal; Lead 3, Antimony 1, for the softest type, 
lead 7, and antimony one. Added usually 4 to 8 per 
cent of tin and sometimes one or two per cent of copper. 
Stereotype plates contain 20 lead, 5 antimony and one 
of tin. Expansion metal. - Nine parts lead, two 
antimony and one of bismuth. Electrometallurgy. 
Metals and alloys. 34 
Plumbago as a coating was discovered by R. Murray. 
The metals deposited will be in the form of coarse pow- 
der if the current is too strong, if no hydrogen is evolved 
at the negative plate then the metals will be deposited 
in the crystalline form, and in the reguline form if the 
current is weak in relation to the strength of the solu- 
tion. (Laws of Smee.) Electrode means pole, anode, 
upwards, copper or positive pole; cathode downwards, 
zinc or negative pole. Prof. Daniell calls them platinode 
and zincode. An electrolyte is a metal in solution un- 
dergoing decomposition. The positive electrode is the 
metal being .dissolved in the electrolyte, the negative 
electrode is the metal or mould receiving a deposition of 
nietal from the electrolyte. Cast plates of zinc should, 
ilot be used. - Zinc is the positive, and copper the 
negative metal. Lead becomes covered with an oxide, 
having none of the properties of the metal, it. therefore 
is inapplicable to battery purposes. 
'The conductibility of the metals are: Lead 1. Tin, I- 
ron and Platinum 2, Zinc 4, Gold, Copper and Silver 12. 
Platinum on account of its low conducting power makes 
but a weak battery with zinc. Metals that are bad con- 
ductors must be placed very close to the other metal. 
Tin and zinc make a good battery. The oxide- formed 
by the acid on the zinc plate is dissolved, and the clean 
plate presented afresh to the acid, the sulphate of zinc 
dissolves in the water, and when this takes place no 
longer then the battery will cease working; the zinc salt 
being heavier falls to the bottom of the cell, forming a 
densbr'stratum'; and by its miner power of absorption 
it divides the zinc plate into two halves, the lower of 
which is.negative, thus establishing a private current. 
The cell should therefore be made deep so that the zinc 
salt may fall below the plates. The Bunsen battery has 
a coke cylinder, made by coking pounded coal, soaking 
this in a solution of sugar and coking again to make it 35 
very compact. One part of sulphuric acid to twenty 
four of water form the best solution for acting on zinc. 
Moulds should be taken in -wax, they are better than 
those of plaster. Gutta percha is good. Putting the 
moulds in the bath may require shaking to remove the 
air bubbles. Hollow parts require connections by the 
finest wires and the zinc plate comparatively large. 
Where the mould does not admit of black-leading for 
giving it a conducting surface it should be suspended 
from its electric connections for 3 minutes in the follow- 
ing bath: Phosphorus 1, bisulphide of carbon 15, (or 
moulds made of, one lb. of wax, one lb. of deer tallow, 
mixed with one-tenth of a pound of a solution of phos- 
phorus 1 part to 15 of bisulphide of carbon); and when 
taken out of this it is placed for 3 minutes into a bath 
of nitrate of silver, one ounce of dissolved silver to three 
gallons of water, or in a solution of one ounce of gold in 
ten gallons of water. When placed in both baths so 
much the better. Place the mould below and the posi- 
tive electrode above, so that as the latter dissolves its 
salt will fall upon the mould. Articles should be kept 
in motion. Glypography is a species of engraving discov- 
ered by Palmer. 
To cover iron with copper, prepare first a solution of 
cyanide of copper as follows: Precipitate a solution of 
sulphate of copper by a solution of ferrocyanide of potas- 
sium, the pricipitate is washed and dissolved in a solu- 
tion of cyanide of potassium. The ferrocyanide of potas- 
sium will crystallize out of the solution when concen- 
trated, but is no objection. The solution must be work- 
ed at a temperature of 150 to 200 degrees of heat. After 
a coating has formed the plating may be continued in a 
bath of sulphate of copper. Iron may also be covered 
with zinc. 
Electroplating. The dissolution of silver in four 
parts of acid and one of water is precipitated with 36 
Cyanide of silver, this is to be washed repeatedly by de- 
cantation and then dissolved in a solution of cyanide of 
potassium. One ounce of silver to the gallon solution is 
a good proportion. In making solid articles of silver, 8 
ounces to the gallon is best. The silver cyanide may 
also be dissolved in a solution of ferrocyanide of potassi- 
um, is excellent for plating but the solution becomes 
soon exhausted. The best and cheapest way of making 
the silver solution is by the electric battery. - A good 
plating solution is made by dissolving chloride of silver 
in a solution of hyposulphite of soda, it must be worked 
in the dark. 600. Opposite currents are formed when 
the solution gets to be of different densities. The plating 
solution must have free cyanide of potassium, say I 
an oz. to the gallon solution with one ounce of silver; if 
the cyanide of potassium is in excess then the silver so- 
lution will become gradually too strong and require teat- 
ing. Sulphuret of carbon added to the depositing cell 
gives a bright appearance to the silver. Solid silver ar- 
ticles are made over a copper shell deposited on wax etc. 
and this copper is dissolved by weak muriatic acid, or 
better, by a solution of perchloride of iron. 
Electrogilding. Digest the chloride of gold with cal- 
cined magnesia and boil the resulting oxide in nitric acid 
to dissolve the magnesia and when washed dissolve in a 
solution of cyanide of potassium, it must bo worked at a 
temperature of 130 degrees and contain free cyanide of 
potassium. Preparing the solution by the battery is the 
best way. The fumes of the cyanide bath will produce 
debility, bleeding from the nose, rushing of blood up tho 
back of the head, giddiness, and apprehension, accom- 
panied with a hissing noise, pain and blindness for a few 
minutes, the dimness would often last some months. 
Theory of electric deposition. The electricity or 
rather the electrical vibrations of the positive metal in 
passing from the metal through the solution making the 37 
copper atom part of the conductor, setting the sulphuric 
acid molecule free to dissolve the positive element, pas- 
sing from molecular to molecule of the sulphate of cop- 
per, so that on the side of the negative element one at- 
om of copper is left over without any acid to combine 
with; it is therefore deposited upon the negative ele- 
ment. (The atoms of copper are freed by the passage of 
the current, and probably moved slightly forward by 
the current wave the same as a water wave or a wave of 
air or ground the motion is communicated from one at- 
om to the other, and at the end there is a slight motion 
of substance forward which is deposited, while the acid 
receives no such forward impulse and is left to act upon 
parts adjoining. All waves have a forward propulsion 
of matter, light, sound, water waves, earthquakes, elec- 
tricity; but it is only the terminal atom what is translat- 
ed the distance of one wave. The parts between impart 
motion one to the other. The sulphuric acid passes to 
th copper rather than to the other side because it has 
more affinity for the copper, and would do so if the cop- 
per was not under the influence of electrical vibration, 
and probably to the same amount, the acid may there- 
fore be entirely independent of the current in its action. 
On the side where the deposition goes on there is hence 
a layer of atoms of copper because pushed forward by 
the vibration, and on the copper side always a 
layer of acid, because the copper atom has been pushed 
along). 
Muscular force is according to Dr. Falkland not a 
product of the muscular nitrogenous tissue itself as was 
formerly held, but the product of the oxydation of car- 
bo hydrates. The muscle playing the same part as a 
steam boiler does ip the production of work, with this 
difference that the muscular tissue renews its wear and 
tear- 38 
Manufacture of Sugar. 
1868^ Patent Office Report. (Mechanical.') 
82.106. Removing odor of Beet root by cane syrup 
heated to 150 Fahrenheit. 75,656. Pressing the su- 
gar as it comes from the centrifugals and next heating it 
to dry it. 75,687. 77,017. Centrifugal for draining 
sugar. 78,695. Sugar evaporator. The fire is direc- 
ted to one side of the pan. 76,495.t Filtering bag. 
79,558. Filtering apparatus. 79,819. Magnetic sievo 
to attract iron particles for filtering syrup. 80,819. 
The granulator is a transparent box for solar light to 
act. 83,974. The cane juice is treated to sulphurous 
acid, then boiled, next carbonate of lime added and 
manganic acid. After boiling, milk of lime is again ad- 
ded. 3'he pan lias double covers. 80,340. Apparatus 
for bringing the juice in contact with gas, for purifying 
by centrifugal force. 79,464. Under the pan is a par- 
tition, so that the heat has to pass forward and back. 
The fire can also be turned into the flues. 
60,797. Apparatus for mixing sugar. 61,224. Com- 
bining the vacuum and condensing chamber. 61,898. 
The sugar is filtered at 212 through boneblack. 62,146. 
Room for granulating sugar. 62,295. Plates of cast 
iron are inserted between the fire and evaporating pan. 
6? 440. The juice is passed through boxes with filters. 
63,390. Sugar sieve. 63,770. The Centrifugal has 
1 steral motion. Holes below for discharging, closed by 
valve. 64029. Rolling dough and crushing sugar. 
6 1.139. Starch sugar convert at 300 degrees of heat. 
61.181. Air and water spray are are applied to the in- 
side of centrifugal, to wash sugar. 64,875. Sugar 
cane stripped. 65,352. The sugitr loaf has a hole in 
the middle. 65,546. Rotating strainer for syrup. 
65,658. The sugar in the centrifugal is moistened with 
Patent Office Report, (Mechanical.) for 1867. 39 
water for purification. 65,848. The syrup runs from 
trough to trough for the purpose of granulation. 
65,923. A spiral plate scrapes the sugar from the re- 
volving wire cylinder, and distributes it in the pan. 
66,080. A pipe belween vacuum pan and condenser. 
66,370. The condensed liquid runs into a pipe thirty 
six feet long, so that it may be withdrawn without im- 
pairing the vacuum. 66,369. For cooling the crys- 
tallizing tank. 66,241. For draining sugar. 67,662. 
Water is passed through sugar by centrifugal. 67,924. 
Liquoring tank. 68,328. Refining sugar. To one 
hundred gallons of cane juice, neutralized by lime, add: 
Tannic acid one-fourth of an ounce, Slippery elm one- 
half pound, Sulphite of lime four ounces, and Alumina 
four ounces. Boil, skim and filter. 68,356. Centrif- 
ugal. 69,249. The syrup is stirred as in a Wetzel 
and cooled. 69,328. G. E. Evan's, Boston, Centri- 
fugal. (see). 69684. Pan with double bottom, one 
or more kettles communicating with each other. 71,876. 
71,877. The sugar is driven by a pan against a screen 
to drain it. The screen is kept clear by a scraper. 
52,424. The cane is boiled to coagulate albumen. 
52,956. Moulding sugar. 54.456. Centrifugal like 
frustrum of a cone. 54,597. Stirring and dissolving 
sugar. 
54,746. Cloths attached to frames are saturated with juice 
and then exposed to air. 58,824. Maple flavor for sugar. 
57,465. Herting the cane before crushing. 58,098. 
Centrifugal. 56,673. Sugar from corn. 59,183. The 
Sorghum juice is neutralized by lime andalum, skim- 
med etc., the alcali neutralized by acetic acid. 59,598. 
Centrifugal, (see. 59,956. Centrifugal, (see. 
Patent Office Reports for 1866. 
46,419. To use a vacuum pan with small vertical 
tubes, at the boiling point of water, a steam of one lb. 
1865. P. O. R. Meeh. 40 
pressure to prevent carbonization. 46835. Rushing 
sugar cane. 47,147. Circular saws for cutting sugar 
into blocks. 47,420. Moistening raw sugar with al- 
cohol and pressing it between cloths. 47,583. The 
pan has wheels to run on a railway. 48,580. The 
juice is treated to oak bark, then boiled and skimmed, 
(afterwards to lye ? 49,012. Sugar from corn. The 
syrup is boiled with alumina. 49,310. Conveying syrup 
into centrifugal. 49,577. Stripping cane. 49,750. 
Sugar from corn. The corn is treated to lye. The sy- 
rup boiled with animal charcoal. 50,081. Collecting 
spirit while refining. 51,502. Cooling the syrup to 
deprive it of gum. 
1864. P. O. R. Meeh. 
41,106. Scries of pans where the scum collects behind 
abutments of colder portions. 41,253. The caloric 
passes through a series of furnaces, with dampers. 
41,855. Saws for cutting sugar into cubes. 41,941. 
Skimming machine. 42,109. Crushing mill and pari 
for farmers use. 42,728. Sugar from corn and beets. 
43,178. Stripping sugar cane. 43,220. Oscillating 
skimmers. 43,566. Steeping the cane in limewater. 
43,701. Device for removing pan quickly. 43,743. 
Skimmer operated by cams. 44,211. Sugar mould car- 
riage. 45,561. Crystallizing starch and cane syrup 
together. 45,579. Moulding sugar. 
37,548. Forcing small jets of syrup through sugar (under 
pressure) for purification. 37,824, Alcoholic vapor 
is drawn through sugar by suction. 38,114. Strip- 
ping cane. 38,487. Cube sugar. 38,710. The 
juice is raised to a boil in one pan, and then evaporated 
in another. 38,787. Compacting sugar in barrels. 
38,854. Making cube sugar. 38,958. The pan has 
a skimmer. 40,043. Crushing and blocking sugar. 
40,454. Sugar mould carriage. 41,008. Sugar boiling 
1863. P. O. R. Meeh. over detector. 
41 
1862. P. O. R. Meeh. 
34,686. Carriage for sugar moulds. 34,811. The 
steam generated in the pans is used for expelling the 
contents. 35,160. Revivifying animal charcoal: 1st. 
Steam will decompose ammonia compounds. 2nd. Acids 
or mono-phosphate of lime to abstract lime. 3rd. Car- 
bonate soda and steam. 35,679. A secondary fir© 
door. 36,067. Using phosphate of ammonia in conjunc- 
tion with sulphurous acid or a sulphite. 36,988. Using 
Ammonia instead of milk of lime. 37,046. Dripping 
pots with ribs. 
1861. P. O. R. Meeh. 
31,662. The boiling juice throws the scum into a sup- 
plimentary pan returning the juice. 32,282. For 
breaking sugar. 32,873. Drip pots. 33,078. Cube 
sugar. 33,111. Four sawing cylinders for cutting 
sugar squares. 33,226. Vessel for dissolving sugar. 
33,524. Heating sugar by steam, then pressing into 
cubes. 33,593. The furnace is moved from under 
one pan under another one. 33,674. Alcohol is forced 
upwards through sugar. 33,987. Alcohol for wash- 
ing sugar. 
27,257. Skimmer with float. 27,613. Crushing 
knives. 27,726„ Sugar holder. 27,783. The boiler 
has partitions and tubes. 28,171. Two pans are hing- 
ed. 28,183. Cutting loaf sugar. 28.198. Drying 
sugar. 28,769. Defecation with diluted alcohol. 
28,903. Cutting sugar. 29.076. Sugar kettle trains. 
29,115. Draining sugar. 30,108. Refining raw sugar 
by sulph. ether and alcohol. 30,145. Cutting ma- 
chine. 30,927. Stripping cane. 30,951. Tanks 
for crystallizing. 
1860. P. O. R. Meeh. 
$2,578. Using alcohol. 22,732. Floating cover. 
1859. P. 0. R. Meeh. 42 
23,270. Pans pivoted in the centre. 24,149. Cut- 
ting sugar cane. 24,204. Cutting sugar cane, by ma- 
chinery. 24,572. Defecating with sulphur and lime. 
24,592. Defecating with sulphate of tin. 26,007. 
Melting raw sugar. 26,050. Diluted alcohol for su- 
gar and juice. 26,574. Semicircular boiler connected 
\vith a vertical steam boiler. 24,910. Saws for slab- 
bling sugar and cubing. 
1858. P. 0. R. Meeh. 
20,288. Mill for cane. 21,340. Mill for cane. 
22,126. Flue encircles the pan. 22,307. 19,515. Set- 
ting sugar kettles. 21,786. Defecating with hydrate 
of alumina. 20,247. Acids and steam at 300 degrees 
for glucose. 19,743. Sugar mould carriage. 
1857. P. O. R. Meeh. 
17,933. Sugar Pan. 18,215. Drip pot 17,409. Tips 
for moulds. 17,021. For Honey, boil one-half ounce 
alum, eight pounds sugar, and 1 quart water. 10,051. 
Draining apparatus. 15,691. Five open pans, the fire 
has less surface to act upon as the pans get smaller. As 
the fire gets less more flues are used. (See.) 14,717. 
15,421. Evaporator. (See drawing.) 
1855. (page 487.) 
12,719. Melt sugar in vacuo. 13,203. Draining 
sugar. An endless band takes the moist sugar and pas- 
ses it over an exhausted air passage; where its molasses 
parts. 13,740. A series of filters for continuous oper- 
ation. (see drawing.) 
1854. 
11,782. A series of pans on the naked fire. An end- 
less belt of skimmers. Steam generators of the tubes on 
the sides of the pans, (see.) 11,801. Throwing a 
spray of juice or syrup on a heated surface by a centrif- 
ugal for speedy evaporation, (see.) 12,101. ^ugar 
mould. 
1853. 
9,560. The sugar is placed into a bag before it goes 43 
into the centrifugal. No need of wire cleaning. 9,607. 
Hot air is forced through liq. 9,608. Filter. 9,618. 
Heater for syrup. 
1852. 
8,156. Centrifugal. - 8,362. Draining. 8,450. 
Sugar vacuum pan. 8,545. Centrifugal. 6,519. 
Steam pipes. 6,671. Sugar pan. 
85,528. Feeding device for Centrifugal. 87487. 
Draining sugar by action, of steam. 88,1851 Centrif- 
ugal. 89,279. Utilizing scum for prussiate and ma- 
nure. 90,549. Drying sugar by air. 90,616. Us- 
ing hydrate of magnesia or phosphate of magnesia, or 
both combined as neutralizing and clarifying agents. 
90,762. Treating molasses to alcohol and sulphuric 
acid and filtering. Using sugar crystals on skeins and 
fabrics for coaxing crystallization amid the acid and ale', 
liquor. 92,403. Using superheated steam in the cen- 
trifugal. 92,932. Apparatus for boiling sugar. 94,475. 
Emptying sugar kettles. 95,496. Treating molasses to 
Methyl, sulphuric acid and afterwards to sugar crystals. 
Dried beet root may be treated the same. 95,798. 
Drying sugar by drawing heated air through the sugar 
loafs, while yet in the mould. 95,958. Evaporating 
pan. 96,186. Centrifugal. 96,752. Self-feeding 
Centrifugal. 
P. O. R. Mechanical. 
Druggists Circular, vol. xr 1867, - G8 - 70. Extract- 
ing juice from beets by diffusion below 50 degree. 165. 
Sugar from molasses by precipitating sacharate of lime 
by alcohol. Vol. 7, 1868, page 124. Beet sugar. Macera- 
tion process of Roberts. - Process of Schutzenbach. 177. 
Sulphurous acid to bleach sugar, 4 lbs sulphur to 1000 
pounds of sugar. '243. Best work. Der praktische 
Ruebenzucker Fabricant under Raffinadcur, by L. Walk- 
hoff. 3rd Edition, 1867, by E. Steiger. 256. Molasses 
returned to the beet pulp after being diluted €0 per cent 44 
of beets used and pressed, thus albumen and potash 
should remain. Vol. 8, 1869. 86. Sulphate of mag- 
nesia in clarifying. 87. Precipitating clarified juice by 
carb. Baryta. 121. Defecate by lime in successive trials, 
boil and filter. Neutralize lime by carbonic or phos- 
phoric acid. 147. Fluo-silicic acid is used to precipitate 
potash in the juices and chalk for acids. 148. A new 
sugar compound precipitate, containing lime 40, sugar 43, 
carb, acid 17. 148. Alum shale instead of animal black. 
Vol. 14, 1870, page 59. Polarizing apparatus, price $ 30 
J. F. Luhme. 68. Potash obtained after fermentation. 
76. Polariscope, Wild's, Sentzke's, Voleil's, Mitcherlich's 
83. Chemistry of sugar. Three parts of lime and one 
of sugar form a sacharate insoluble of hot water which 
may be washed by hot water, insoluble in alcohol, solu- 
ble in cold water. Albuminous substances removed by 
boiling are soluble in alcalies, and when boiled produce 
ammonia. Also soluble in sacharate of lime. Silicic, ox- 
alic and phosphoric acids are precipitated by lime. One 
part sugar and one of lime form a soluble sacharate, in- 
soluble in alcohol. 108. One Billion tons sugar used 
yearly. 112. Four Billion cwts. made in Germany. 
189. To test sugar use glycerine instead of tartaric 
acid in Pheeling's test. 
D. C. vol. 15,1871. 136. Sulphurous acid of one to 
one and one-fourth per cent use from three to fifteen 
parts to one hundred parts of solution of sugar 28 to 42, 
Baume and boil. 122. Sugar from Melons, the juice 
contains no potash. 136. Glucose to make, add two 
ounces of nitric acid to every pound of sulph. acid. Vol. 
16, 1872, page 72. Manufacture of Glucose. 73. Cane 
sugar in water will turn into Glucose in five mo's when 
subjected to light. 184. Charcoal keeps oxigcn in con- 
centration. 199. Historical. - Scientific American, vol. 2, page 404. 
45 
Cane sugar, 25,000,000 cwts 
Beet " 3,250,000 " 
Palm " 2,000,000 " 
Maple "■ .405,000 " 
Manna & honey 10,500 " 
made yearly. 
Vol. 3. 160. Defecate by lime and carbonic acid. 
Vol. 4. 58. Precpitate the lime by persulphite of cal- 
cium, pass juice through a mixture of bone black and 
subsulphate of iron. 2nd. Sulphides of potash and so- 
da may also be used, these sulphides not hindering cry- 
stallization of the sugar. 34. Sugar from beets, carrots 
and turnips. 103. Maple sugar pan with wooden sides. 
194. M. Rosseau's process. Mix three parts of plaster 
with one thousand of juice and boil. Eight per cent of 
hyd. peroxide of iron will remove matters turning black. 
Vol. 5. 187. Sulphate of lime and peroxide iron. .123 
Caloric engines failed in factory. Vol. 6. 243. Molas- 
ses from Sorghum. 103. Sugar in presence of alcali, 
will dissolve phosphate of lime. (Or teeth.) Vol. 7. 
Nothing. Vol. 8. 18, Syrup of Sorghum left for weeks 
to crystallize. 52. Syrup, to make, add milk and eggs. 
215. Maple sugar will not burn until all the water is 
out, it cannot boil too fast. 245. Northern sugar to ba 
refined in Chicago. 327. Maple sugar liable to three 
per cent, add valorem. 259. Sugar antidote to Stry-, 
chine. Vol. 9. Nothing. Vol. 10. 228. A Wetzel is 
a one-half cylinder ten feet long. A turbine or centrifu- 
gal. 241. Maple sugar. 247. Pan of cast iron three, 
by six and one-half feet, price $20. Vol. 11. 403., 
Starch sugar with illustration. Vol. 12. 18. 1st. Boil- 
er 600, 2nd 400, 3rd and 4th 300 gal. 21. Making glucose. 
The starch is heated by steam to three hundred and 
twenty pounds pressure, (or 6 atmosphere.) Silicate of 
potash is a test for dextrine. At three hundred & twen-> 
ty, the essential oil from grain distils over. The con-, 
verier is a boiler lined with lead. Vol. 13. 199. Su- 46 
perphosphate of lime in the juice when boiling prevents 
the formation of glucose. 243. M. Payen uses congel- 
ation. Ice removed by press and centrifugal. Vol. 26- 
68. Use mono-sulphate of calcium to remove iron etc., 
and precipitate by sulphide of magnesia. One-half ft of 
the former to I ft of the latter. 69. Bichromate of lime 
instead of charcoal. 167. Beet sugar failed at Chats- 
worth Illinois. 264. Sugarbeets: - Vilmorin, Imperi- 
al, Electoral and Vienna globe. Goesman mentions: - 
Garrott's famous seed drill. Ploughs with two knives for 
beets. Robert's diffulsion process. Freeport, Illinois, 
factory is three hundred by two hundred feet, two stories 
high, cost one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and 
has eleven engines, from four to forty horse power. 
Vol. 17. 51. The beet gives no sugar by simply e- 
vaporating the juice. One-half per cent lime added to 
juice after raising to 80 degrees answered. The aspara- 
gin is converted into asparagic acid combining with 
lime and ammonia. 53. Indifferent seed, produces 
Sickly plants. 111. Illustrated helical evaporator. 130. 
Drying sugar by a revolving drum with slats letting 
the sugar fall upon a steam cylinder, also revolving three 
by twenty feet. 195. Cuba sugar factory (Ill.) cost one 
hundred and sixty thousand dollars. 212. Lime and 
Carbonic acid. 
Vol. 18. 54. Sugar filters, one by two metres, three 
innumber. 114. Rapid evaporator, made of paddles, 
each paddle is made of a coiled tube carrying steam, the 
receptacle may be a w'ooden box. 
Manufacturer and builder, volume 1, page 230. Beet 
root sugar manufacture. 
Agricultural Reports, 1853, page 234. Sugar made. - 
M. S. 120,000,000 pounds in 1840. 1854. There were 
fourteen hundred sugar houses, 1857. 189. Analysis 
of eleven varieties of Sorgho and Imphee. Some gave 
only grape sugar, some cane sugar. The green canes 47 
produced grape sugar, the ripe ones cane sugar. 192. 
Sugar bearing capacity of Sorghum. Analysis ga^ve ten 
per cent cane sugar, and two per cent grape sugar. 196. 
Three-fourths of a ton of sugar per acre. 1854. 219. 
Sorghum. Vilmorin found that the sugar increased till 
the seeds were in a milky state. 338. Names of beets. 
1855. 273. Varieties of sugar cane. 274. Eighteen 
per cent sugar in cane juice. 279. Sorghum grows 
where Indian corn will thrive. 1859. 1860. Nothing. 
1861. Not on hand. 1862. 399. Sugar house to bb 
higher on one side than on the other. Pan to be made 
of sheet iron or tin. 514. Sorghum, Imphee and Ota- 
heiten are the only three species. 525. Fehling's solu- 
tion precipitated the gum present as a floculent precipi- 
tate unlike glucose. Percentage of uncrystallizable sugar 
seven per cent, cane sugar eight per cent, in the juice. 
529. Cane, grape, and fruit sugar. 535. Sorghum wine 
looking like sherry, was patented by the Rev. Mr. A. 
Meyers. The stalks give a red dye for silk and wool. 
Sorghum gives twelve per cent, cane eighteen, beet ten 
and one-half per cent, maple five, and maize ten per cent 
of sugar. 536. From the sugar cane is obtained eight 
per cent, raw sugar two percent, molasses, left in the ba- 
gasse six per cent, and lost in skimming two and one- 
half per cent. 536. Beet root juice contains: 1st. Pure 
vegetable albumen, coagulated by heat. 2nd. Nitrogen- 
ous substances becoming red, brown and black by oxi- 
dation. 3rd. Nitrogenous substances like gelatine pre- 
cipitated by lime. 4th. Nitrogenous substances not yet 
known which convert cane into grape sugar and hinder 
crystallization. 537. The success of the beet root sugar 
manufacture depends on agricultural treatment. The 
sorghum and imphee furnish a purer juice than the 
beet. The products of decomposition of grape or fruit 
sugar present obstacles to the crystallization of the cane 
sugar. 538. The scum gave on analysis: Gum like: 48 
cherry gum fifty per cent, chlorophyll ten, albumen 
twenty three, phosphate of lime three, and silica four- 
teen per cent. 1863. Nothing. 1864. Names of sor- 
ghum and imphee. 62. Cane mills. 73. Evaporation. 
76. Steam coil evaporator. 81. Continuous process in 
the Jacob's. Dr. Harris's or Cook's pan. Jacob's pan 
is inclined, has wooden cross bars and sides permitting 
the juice to run underneath. Dr. Harris's pan has a 
sheet iron cross partition. Cook's pan is larger than the 
furnace and has the cross partitions alternately so that 
the juice has to run from one side to the other. 
1865 - 46. The beet root from Chatsworth Illinois, 
contained eleven per cent sugar. The 45th degree is the 
north limit of the successful beet culture. 417. Beet 
contains: casein, gum and albumen one-half per cent, 
starch one per cent, sugar 12, water 82, minerals 3. 301. 
Description of sorghi. 302. Key to sorghum. 303. 
Illustrated description of sorghum, imphee, early sor- 
ghum, otaheiten, white imphee. 306. Black imphee, 
red imphee and Liberian. 308. Dextro-glucose and 
laevo-glucose or fruit sugar. Cane sugar is converted 
into glucose by acids or air, the change is greater as 
heat is added. Alcalies or chlorides thereof do not 
convert but hinder crystallization. Two parts of chlor- 
ide of sodium or calcium combine writh sugar which will 
not crystallize. One part of salt retains three of cane su- 
gar. 309. Sorghum cane after freezing, -will ferment, so 
it will at 60 degrees, when exposed to air. When un- 
clean, the vinous, acetic, lactic, mucic, or putrid fermen- 
tation will readily take place. Salts and azotized mat- 
ters also convert the cane into grape sugar. 311. The 
soil must not contain potash or azote. 314. Bisulphite 
of lime and lime for defecation. 319. D. M. book of 
Mansfield, Ohio, continuous evaporator is the best. 
1866. 48. Partially dried sorghum canes yielded 
Jan. 23rd. cane sugar eleven and glucose nine per cent. 49 
By defecating and evaporating the juice the whole was 
turned ipto glucose. 49. Every individual qonsumcs 
yearly twenty five pounds of sugar, not one-third ^ pro- 
duced. Sugar from maple and sorghum does no^pay. 
Beet sugar is no experiment. North of Mason's .and 
Dixon's line beets may be raised. (South of 45th. Paral- 
lel.) 50. The long yellow turnip beet yields seven per 
cent of cane sugar. t If the growth of the beet is delayed, 
cane sugar .is changed into glucose and lactic acid.. Am- 
monia favors this change. Potash is good. Guana js 
bad. The natural acids, malic and tartaric, of the beets 
inay result from the oxydation of the sugar. Potash, 
(by neutralizing the acids) might hinder the change. 
At Chatsworth, four months delay, diminished the 
Cane sugar, but one per cent, is in favor of. beets- 1,87. 
Youngman's evaporator beats Cook's made by M ead & 
liolmes, Rocksford, Ill. Two are defecating pans, one 
evaporating, and one finishing pan. The finished syrup- 
flows out in a continuous stream. From the evaporat- 
ing pan it is passed through a charcoal filter and then 
into the finishing pan. 1867. 40. Diagram of rain and 
sugar. 46. Sugar and acid, are derived from Cellulose. 
47. Sulphuric acid as a defecant and preservator. 49. 
Different methods for obtaing the juice. 51. Ninety, 
parts wood charcoal, five parts superphosphate of limer 
five parts sulphate of alumina, boil, heat, dry and ig- 
nite. Use two and one-half per cent instead of bone 
black. 1868. 164. Waghausel, the largest factory, 
works up sixty six thousand tons yearly. 343. Sucrat- 
ation described. 348. One hundred and sixty pounds 
are deducted from the ton for dirt. 349. - Gennert at 
Chatsworth made the next attempt. Bonesteel and Otto 
at Fondulac. Capital twelve thousand dollars. 1870, 
212. Alvarado Comp. A three story building, fifty by 
one hundred and fifty. Boiler house fifty nine by fifty. 
Bone house .75 by 40 feet. Price of beets, $3.50 a ton. 50 
Experiments on Sugar Manufacture. 
Feb. 13, 1873. Beets from Sirs. Herbst, small, round 
and white, weighing about one pound, -twelve ounces, 
were cut and dried in a pan in the oven. The dried res- 
idue amounted to thirteen drachms. Of these were pul- 
verized enough to weigh ten and one-half drachms. 
These were extracted with alcohol, say twenty fluid oz. 
Alcoholic extract obtained, amounted to twenty six 
grains. Taste sweetish, sticky, tenacious, color yellow, 
smell beet like. The color was extracted by sulphide 
of carbon, was yellow, acicular crystals formed in the 
solution, and a resinous substance seemed to be dissolv- 
ed in it, water caused a milky precipitate. 
Watery alcoholic extract. Two parts of alcohol 
and one of water were mixed and percolation continued 
until about twenty fluid ounces of liquid were obtained. 
This was evaporated and six drachms and thirty six grs, 
of extract were obtained, like dirty candy, very stringy 
and tenacious. 
Alcoholic extract from the proceeding hydro-alcoholic 
extract. Alcohol was poured on the preceding six 
drachms and thirty six grains, and forty three grains of 
extract obtained; soluble in water excepting a few floculi 
amounting to probably one-half grain. 
The alcoholic extract must have consisted principally 
of Grape sugar, heating it, it melted, gave out gases, be- 
came black, smelled of burnt sugar and left a large quan- 
tity of porous carbon. After being exhausted with Sul- 
phide of carbon it was dissolved in water, filtered and a- 
gain evaporated; proved inverted sugar. 
The first alcoholic, extract principally grape 
sugar formed while drying the beets, (26 grains.) While 
the second alcoholic extract formed while evaporating 
the hydro-alcoholic tincture to' an extract 43 grainy. 
All extracts amounted to seven drachms, twenty six 51 
grains is one- sixteenth of the whole. Hence drying 
beets will convert one-sixteenth into grape sugar, pro* 
vided no grape sugar exists in the beets. Forty three 
grains is one-tenth of the whole: hence evaporating juice 
on a common fire would convert one-tenth into grape 
sugar. The inverted sugar was brown, taste sweet and 
burnt, sticky and molasses like. - 
Experiment second. - 
Sucrate of lime. - c 
Feb. 15th 1873. A beet with a red skin, but white in- 
side, was grated and expressed, water added to the pulp 
and again expressed. The juice was treated to a little 
lime; on standing a little it became clear and filtering it 
we had a transparent solution. This treated to more 
lime, the solution was yet transparent until it was raised 
to the boiling point, the solution turned brown and a 
precipitate of insoluble'sucrate of lime formed; this in- 
soluble sucrate of lime is nothing but carbonate of lime 
formed by the atmosphere decomposing at a boiling 
temperature the soluble sucrate, sugar being set free and 
the carbonate of lime precipitating. 
The taste is earthy, looks clayey, not sweet, and sul- 
phuric acid added efferverces very much. Hence the 
precipitate formed by boiling a solution of sugar and 
lime is nothing but carbonate of lime. 
Experiment third. Calcium hydrate dried. h 
Lime was burned in the stove slacked with warm wai- 
ter, then poured off and evaporated to dryness. Preserv- 
ed in a well stopped bottle. 
To this calcium hydrate, sulphuric acid added effer- 
vesced, denoting carbonic acid. Hence calcium hydrate 
requires to be dried quickly and away from the air and 
well stopped up. 
Lime that had been partly burnt, then subjected to 
water, but did not slack this on being heated again an- 
swered the purpose of chalk. Hence chalk formed from 52 
lime having been subjected to internal heat driving .off 
its carbonic acid in part, then hydration took place slow* 
ly and under pressure. 
; Experiment fourth. 
Calcium hydrate was placed into a tube percolator £ 
juice already defecated was poured on. The percolate 
was sweet and clear, must have been calcium sucrate bey 
cause boiling precipitated carbonate of lime; and the 
lime in the percolator becoming less, shrinking from tho 
side of the tube. The lime remaining the percolator was 
Carbonate of lime, it effervesced with sulphuric acid and 
had' no- sweetish taste. Hence, sugar combines with lime 
in the cold, heat is not necessary. This sucrate of lime 
is very soluble and passes into the percolate. Carbonate 
of lime alone remains in the percolator. 
Sucrate of lime is hence very soluble, clear and trans- 
parent, readily decomposed by boiling in contact with tho 
atmosphere. The insoluble carbonate of lime may pos- 
sibly be soluble in a solution of sugar the same as mag- 
nesia is soluble in carbonic acid water. According to 
this the mono-basic sucrate of lime might be nothing but 
carbonate of lime dissolved in a solution of sugar. 
Experiment five. Glucate of lime. 
Calcium hydrate added in excess to a solution of sug- 
ar (depurated juice) the lime disappeared after boiling a 
while and a dark solution was obtained, filtering this a 
nicely colored clear liquid was the result. Alcohol 
caused a precipitate before filtration from the original 
juice. Sulphuric acid gave a precipitate with the clear 
solution, hence proving it to be a combination with lime. 
The solution has an ugly burnt smell. There may be 
different substances in this solution. 53 
Experimental Investigations 
regarding the 
Sugar Beet. 
1873. 
These investigations may be divided into: 1st. A mi- 
nor course. 2nd. A major course. The minor course is 
to establish land-marks, here and there for guidance, or 
points d'appiere, executed with imperfect and few appa- 
ratus, such as may be got up without any outlay. 
The major course should be conducted with perfect 
apparatus, small and cheap, but giving perfectly reliable 
results. Both courses may be conducted simultaneous- 
ly- 
Question: - How can beets be washed, grated, pres- 
sed, clarified, saturated, evaporated, under vacuum, filt- 
ered, and crystallized ? 1. Grate by hand. 2. Express 
by lever. 3. Boil and skim. 4. Saturate with two per 
cent of lime. 5. Saturate lime by carbonic acid from 
limestone and sulphuric acid. 6. Filter through bono 
black. 7. Evaporate until <50. . 8. Filter again through 
bone black. 9. Evaporate in a retort connected with an 
air pump. 10. Let crystals form in a conical mould. 11. 
Displace syrup by measis or clear syrup. 
A centrifugal could be constructed to which a high 
degree of velocity could be given, thus perfect extraction 
of juice could be secured. The wall of the centrifugal 
made into depurating and filtering apparatus would 
yield the juice pure for evaporation. 
In the construction of machinery for making sugar, 
the human body must be taken as the type or model. 
Every part wants to be constructed small and complete 
in itself, like the cell, or each globe in the Harrison boil- 
er. So that the enlargement of the manufactory would 54 
require only the addition of parts and not a new con- 
struction. 
Tools should be convertible. If not well adapted, 
they become an expense to keep in order, the same as it 
is with a large house. 
The decay incident to everything existing, is the law 
of limitation of our labors. We should therefore not 
commence too much, for as soon as we have finished one 
thing, another demands our attention. The forces of na* 
ture that constructed a thing will also pull it down a- 
gain. Our teeth, hair and stomach require constant at- 
tention. 
Scientific American, I860, July. Filtering medium. 
Animal or wood charcoal, 50 parts. 
Sand, 25 " 
Coal tar, 17 " 
Fire clay, 8 " 
Calcine the plates to carbonize the tar made of the 
mixture. 
The knife must be the starting point to test the sli- 
cing machine. The i holes punched into a scraper 
of tin for the grater. Quite primitive tools must be used 
at first for experiments. To obtain the juice by percola- 
tion use a U. shaped tube. 
Experiments, Dec. the 10th. 
The gratings were percolated from a funnel. The per- 
col ite boiled, the black matter coagulated a little before 
the boiling point; would not filter through paper but 
very slowly. This was acted on by lime in the first in- 
stance would not filter through paper. 
The black coagulum from boiling was acted on by 
water and lime, it did not dissolve very easy at all, but 
turned whitish. Liquor potassa was next added and 
boiled, it seemed to dissolve, at the bottom of the spoon 
seemed to be a slimy precipitate. 
Boiling first the juice obtained a large quantity of al- 55 
bumen coagulated, but this was not thrown to the sur, 
face at once, but slowly and a little at a time, the most 
of it would go down again with the current of boiling 
juice. What would stay on the surface, seemed to do 
so in virtue of small particles of air mingling with the 
albumen, and of gases forming in the liquid which rising 
would bring up the albumen. If therefore a current of 
carbonic acid gas was passed into the liquid and its cir- 
culation main turned through the liquid, then the albu- 
men might be got out in a short time. Adding lime af- 
ter the albumen had been coagulated did .not seem to 
improve the precipitate, only a small portion of the al- 
bumen seemed to rise to the top, but I cannot say that 
the albumen become dissolved after the addition of lime. 
After standing ten minutes it became clear on top, the 
rest was quite sedimentary. - 
This leads to the conclusion that the lime to be added 
should be small in quantity so as to neutralize the acid- 
ity of the juice. The boiling should be only instantane- 
ous. 
Dec. 11th. A cylinder full of beet shavings were per- 
colated. The first juice ran quite fast. One quart was 
percolated. Next one pint was percolated, the evaporat- 
ed thick syrup weighed two ounces to the pint. That 
of the fisrt quart weighed four ounces. The gratings not 
exposed to the air did not turn dark, exposing to light 
had no effect. 
Only a few more ounces of sap could be obtained after 
the three pints above mentioned, it would run no more, 
water having taken the place of the juice; the gratings 
swelled so that the water could not pass. The perco- 
late tasted sweet. The drop on the percolate had still a 
sweetish taste. 
The first three pints contained nearly all the sugar, 
that is six ounces evenly distributed, or two ounces to 
the pint, that is twelve and one-half per cent. The one- 56 
seventh of an ounce obtained last tasted rather more 
salty than the other portion. Into some of the sticky 
mass obtained by evaporation (after dilution with wa- 
ter) lime air slacked in powder was sprinkled on. What 
fell to the bottom was sticky and trying to dissolve it. 
The beet pulp was taken out of the cylinder and 1 pint 
of boiling water mixed with the same, it was now per- 
colated again and a pint of liquid obtained, this gave on 
evaporation only very little residue, say ninety grains, 
so that it might be neglected showing that cold water is 
perfectly able to exhaust the beet pulp without heat. 
The pulp after exhaustion weighed two and one-fourth 
pounds - Thirty six ounces of pulp to six ounces of 
sugar, that is exactly one-seventh of sugar or fifteen per 
cent. 
Sacharate of Lime. 
Twenty grains of sugar were dissolved in two ounces 
of water shaking and the water filtered. The water e- 
vaporated gave a drop of syrup tasting of lime. Much 
more lime was added and again shook, filtered and evap- 
orated, a drop of syrup remained 
Eight oz. of water were added to twenty grains of su- 
gar filtered and evaporated? a dry pulverized powder re- 
mained, after heating turned into a voluminious char- 
coal just as if it wanted to explode; may be if much was 
heated an explosion might be the result. This powder 
proved the existence of sugar, also that all the sugar 
remained in the solution in the cold, in spite of the pre- 
sence of an abundance of lime. 
The remaining sediment of lime in the bottle did not 
turn dark on heating showing the absence of sugar. 
One-half per cent of sugar in lime water. Lime w'ater 
has nine grains lime to the pint therefore two ounces 
contain 1-88. 
I added four times as much lime water, making at 
least four per cent or eight times as much of lime water 57 
as there was sugar. There must also have been a quan- 
tity of dry lime mixed with the triple sacharate. 
The filtrate gave with diluted sulphuric acid no evi- 
dence of lime. Stirring the lime up with the syrup, and 
filtering gave witii strong sulphuric acid, a precipitate 
that readily dissolved on adding water. 
Either the lime has a stronger affinity for the sugar or 
the weak acid or the sulphate of lime is soluble in a solu- 
tion of sugar. It may be also that the sulphuric acid 
has greater power over the sacharate of lime when heat 
is added as is the case when strong acid is used. 
After the coarse lime was precipitated a fine precipi- 
tate fell rather more flocculent, what may be clear triple 
calcate of sugar. In order to get the triple calcate of su- 
gar pure, it would be necessary to pour off on top while 
the lime and syrup were entering below: - 
If now carbonic acid was added to the drained calcate 
of sugar, sugar would enter into solution while the 
carbonate of lime would be insoluble. 
The filtrate perfectly clear but dark colored gave a 
voluminous precipitate with alcohol, so it did with the 
soluble sacharate of lime I had from some time ago. All 
the mono-calcate of sugar cannot be converted into the 
triple insoluble calcate of sugar. 
Heating the mono and soluble calcate of sugar it be- 
come insoluble showing that the soluble calcate had be- 
come decomposed into the insoluble triple calcate 
and into the soluble mono-calcate remaining still in solu- 
tion. As soon as the above had become cooled down to 
seventy five degrees the whole precipitate had entered 
into solution without shaking. 
What I called the tricalcate of sugar is quite insoluble 
in cold water. Alcohol produces no precipitate 
but demonstrates the presence of lime water by 
the greenish color; it may therefore be no combination 58 
of sugar at all but simply lime. But since it looks gray 
it may be possible that when in the state of lime wa- 
ter it combined with coloring matter, or that it pulled 
down the coloring. I next precipitated the soluble cal- 
cate by alcohol, the precipitate readily dissolved again 
in water. 
By heating a solution of sacharate of lime under pres* 
sure so that no ebullition would take place and then let- 
ting off the top water with all the impurities, then the 
calcate might be decomposed in the cold and after clari- 
fying by rest, evaporated in a vacuum. 
The question is, can all the sugar be turned into the 
calcate and then be precipitated, or while a precipitation 
is effected some of the sugar goes into solution as su- 
gar what previously was a calcate ? thus three equiva- 
lents of mono-calcate of sugar form on heating one equiv- 
alent of a tricalcate, while two equivalents of sugar go as 
sugar in solution ? - 
Sacharate of lime evaporated and charred gave a nice 
bone black what possibly might be used instead of ani- 
mal charcoal. - 'The more lime there is in the pow- 
der, the looser will be the grain. - 
Evaporate the juice with lime sufficient to form the 
tri basic calcate without any process whatever. Wash 
the calcate with water to remove the soda, potash, etc., 
then decompose the calcate with carbonic acid and the 
syrup obtained, treat as usual. Heating beet juice with 
an excess of lime a voluminous precipitate formed, the 
•clear liquid filtered off proved upon evaporation, the 
presence of sugar which escaped the action of lime. 
The Fey -Jelinesk process is to convert all the sugar 
in the juice into the insoluble sacharate of lime, as soon 
as it is heated to the boiling point so that further boiling 
cannot act in an injurious manner upon the sugar. The 59 
asparaguin and betain are converted into ammonia by 
boiling in the presence of lime. The sacharate is after- 
wards decomposed by carbonic acid. 
Experiments with beets. Jan. 30th, 1874. 
Experiment 1. Ten pounds of juice and eight pounds 
of pulp were obtained by grating and expressing with 
the book cutting press. 
The juice was raised to a boil, the scum amounted to 
eight ounces. Two and one-half ounces of juice drain- 
ed from this in.,twenty four hours. The five and one-half 
ounces remaining, contained still a large quantity of juice, 
go that it ran quite easy through the rent paper. When 
the juice was further boiled new scum arose, so that a 
whole saucer full could be skimmed off, at first the scum 
was dark, afterwards became more brownish. After it 
had been condensed to a syrup half of it had turned to 
a brown froth. The remainder was a cupful of very 
brown molasses. 
Experiment 2. Eight pounds of juice had three oz. 
of lime mixed withit, no scum came on the top. It 
was next drained from a bag, very ugly looking indeed 
and its stickiness prevented evaporation. The part 
drained looked nice and clean, and what was most re- 
markable was that no scum formed on the top. 
The dregs were afterwards pressed, this being a dirty 
job, five and one-half ounces of dry substance of limo 
was obtained. The syrup was evaporated without any 
scum until at the bottom granular crystals in abundance 
could be seen, these crystals apparently tasted quite 
sweet, so that I took them to be sugar. 
After the syrup had cooled down, the crystals were a- 
gain dissolved showing that they were sacharate of lime. 
Above those crystals a dark syrup floated, but by far 
not>so dark as the syrup boiled without lime. The dregs 
are quite .considerable and to get rid of them is an im- 
portant consideration. If now the dregs were mixed 60 
with fresh juice, it might possibly answer another time 
and so the labor of getting rid of the dregs be reduced. 
The clear syrup might be drawn from the top of the pan, 
Borne new lime added, and the pan filled up with juice, 
again raised to boiling, the juice drawn off again and so 
continuously for several times, until the dregs would 
lessen the contents of the pan too much. 
The first scum might be returned to beet pulp to be 
pressed. A supernatant syrup may be necessary for 
the precipitation of the sacharete of lime. Keep adding 
lime and syrup. 
Experiment 3. Ten pounds juice, lime three ounces, 
on mixing the juice with the lime a strong smell of am- 
monia was developed so that I could hardly endure to 
Smell it. 
Before the lime was added, the juice was boiled and 
skimmed, the scum amounted to one and one-half oz. 
The lime and the juice were boiled for an hour and still 
ammonia was disengaged. This ammonia originated 
from other than soluble albuminous substances. Lime 
of a very sticky nature was found on the bottom of the 
pan. (Was there any sacharate about it ?) 
Evaporation gave again a scummy mass, not at all as 
was expected. And as was the case when the lime was 
added before skimming. 
Experiment 4. Ten pounds juice were mixed with 
three ounces hydrate of lime, after filtration the filtrate 
was evaporated, boiled without giving any scum, and 
after being evaporated up to a syrup a large quantity of 
gritty sediment formed (sacharate of lime) which dis- 
solved again as soon as the syrup had become cool. 
Trofe., The lime combines with something, what by 
boiling -without lime becomes soluble and gummy, or 
turns into the scum - generator, and what when once 
soluble cannot be annihilated by lime anymore. 61 
Druggist's Circular, Oct., 1873. Paste of paper as a 
clarifier of sugar. (Sugar 20,000 grains, water 10,000, 
paper 24 grains.) 
Scientific American, Nov. the 25th, 1872. Schwan 
heated animal matter with spent bone black to revivify 
it. Organic matters answered gum gluten. 
Scientific American, vol. 4, June, 1861. Filtering me- 
dium. Dalhke found bog head coal after calcination ex- 
cellent. - Mix clay, lime, and camel coal, burn 
them in a retort. - Dahlke's silicated carbon filter. 
S. A. Oct., 7th, 1865, page 225. Revivifying animal 
charcoal. Have the charcoal dry and hot, pass dry hy- 
drochloric acid gas into it; mix with a portion of un- 
treated charcoal and wash out the chloride of calcium, 
then burn the charcoal as usual and it has gained one 
hundred per cent. This is Beane's Process. 
Scientific american 1872, April 13th, page 245. A 
pourous filter will convert albumen into ammonia by 
passing through. Ure's Dictionary, page 781. To defe- 
cate sacharine liquid use a phosphate of some base. Use 
acetate of alumina, lime to separate alumina; superphos- 
phate of alumina will remove last of alumina; neutral- 
izing acidity by aluminate of lime. Hydrate of alumina 
may be recovered. Six pounds of alumina dissolved in 
phosphoric acid for each ton of sugar. 782. Preparing 
phosphate of alumina. Burn bones white, powder, di- 
gest with muriatic acid, dry; add sulphuric acid to com- 
bine with all the lime and strain. The liquid is to bo 
combined with alumina, if need be, add phosphoric acid 
to complete solution. 
Aluminate of lime dissolve alumina in caustic potash 
and precipitate by lime, wash. Bichromate of potash is 
a test for cane sugar. 
Chemical Technology, page 263. Sulphite of alumina 
for purifying beet root juice. 
Chemical News, 1873, Jan., page 263. Animal char- 62 
coal abstracts ingredients similar to what sulphide of 
carbon would do and from knowing the action of sul- 
phide of carbon, that of charcoal may be inferred. Ani- 
mal charcoal, its porosity is essential. It is not carbonic ac- 
id (Anthon) or ozone condensed which makes it act. It is 
the endosmose of the cell letting sugar and water (the 
eyrstalloid) pass and retaining the colloid. Cotton, wool, 
vegetable and animal charcoal, and alumina absorb co- 
lors. Animal charcoal absorbs about one-tenth of the 
impurities of the beet juice. This it doos in virtue of the 
ingredients it is composed of. Its carbon absorbs the col- 
oring matter, and its lime, the lime salts of the syrup. 
Betain and asparagin pass through the filter. Asparagin 
is converted by the ammonia, into asparaginate of am- 
monia, which is again decomposed by heat leaving the 
asparaginic acid. 
Stammer v, page 128. Tribasic sacharate of water. 
Tribasic sacharate of water and lime. viii. Tribasic 
sacharate of lime. 200-211. Pectin sugar, vi, 169. 
Asparagin generates ammonia, ix, 203. Betain and as- 
paraginic acid. xn, 1( 7. Sacharate of lime. x, 230. 
Betain is three dollars per pound in syrup. vn, 200. 
Sacharate of lime. 205* Ulmin. 
Its introduction into Ozaukee County. In the year 
1873 in March I procured from Vick 8 lbs. of Knauer 
Imperial beet seed, from Brigg's 4 pounds of Imperial, 
from Thurborn two pounds Silesian and one pound yel- 
ow; from the Patent Office, four pints of Vilmorin and 
two pints white Selesian, (imported from France); from 
Bliss, one pound of Lane's Improved. 
These seeds were put into I ounce packages and dis- 
tributed to three hundred and ninety farmers. Most of 
them took but one package, enough to plant a rod, a few 
engaged to plant three or four rods. The farmers did 
The Sugar Beet. 63 
xiot keep the varieties sufficiently apart. 
It was strange with what reluctance and suspicion* 
some of these farmers would engage to plant a rod of 
ground. September 15th, 1873. Knauer's Imperial is 
a large long beet, a few inches above the ground, some 
of them with reddish leaves, the others green as usual. 
Beets weighing two and one-fourth pounds would yield1 
a juice having a specific gravity of 1.07'2. 
September 15th. Vilmorin is about one third smaller 
than the Knauer's Imperial. It has two deep ridges om 
the sides full of small rootlets, the main root is also apt 
to be djvided. It does not come above the ground as 
much as the proceeding variety. Some of its leaves are 
Very curly, delicate,' drooping and slightly tinged red. 
The juice turns very quick almost as black as ink. Av- 
erage beet one and one-fourth pounds. Specific gravity 
1080. 
November 2nd. White Silesian from the Patent Office. 
Beet short and crabby, turnip shaped with plenty of 
rootlets, weight one and one-fourth pounds. Juice is 
not apt to turn dark and its specific gravity is 1,076. 
Imperial from Brigg's. The nicest of the beets were 
I inch above the ground, smooth and long. Weight a- 
bove the Vilmorin and below the Knauer, one and oner- 
half pounds. Specific gravity 1/ 68. 
Lane's Improved Imperial. Large, equal to Knauer. 
One-half of the beet is above the ground. Specific grav- 
ity, 1064. 
White Silesian from Thorburn, is wedge shaped, shorty 
and a little larger than the Silesian from the Patent Of- 
fice. 
The average of specific gravity of ten trials would give 
for Vilmorin 1,070, Knauer 1064, Silesian 1064, Brigg> 
Imperial 1063, Silesian from Thorburn 1058, Lane's Im- 
perial and Yellow long beet, 1058. 
A long yellow beet grated from the top would yield a 64 
juice having a specific gravity of 1050; grated from the 
middle 1,040; grated from the root, 1042. 
The diameter was to the length in Knauer's Imperial 
as two is to five; in the Vilmorin as four is to eleven; in 
the Silesian as five is to nine and two to three. 
September 7th, 1873. People commenced bringing in 
the twenty beets for each package. The beets that had 
been growing on swampy ground were crabby and burst- 
ed open and no good for seed. (Schanen.) From sandy 
soil (Kuhn A.) the beets carried an excess of small root- 
lets. All the beets that had been transplanted were 
crabby. 
The average Vilmorin from Joseph weighed ono 
and one-fifth pounds. Average Silesian beet from our 
garden weighed one and six-seventh pounds. Vilmorin 
our garden one and one-half pounds, Knauer our garden 
two and one-fourth. Average of Lane's Improved in 
our garden two and one-third pounds. Average beet of 
Brigg's in our garden, two pounds. Coady planted his 
beet seed in June, the specific gravity of the juice was 
1018. Wittman's had pulled the leaves from their 
beets, weight of beets three and one-half pounds. Spe- 
cific gravity, 1040. All of their beets had been trans- 
plated. 
In the year 1874, people were not personally urged by 
me but through my Journal, the result was that but a- 
bout fifty persons took any seed at all and but a few re- 
turned beets for it. 
Joseph Altendorf planted 1,660 square rods with 
Knauer yielding 167 pounds to the rod or 15 tons to the 
acre. He planted a second field, 1,240 rods with Vil- 
morin, yielding per rod 123 pounds or eleven tons per 
acre. 
The seed beets were floated in a tub of salt water and 
thus the specific gravity determined. The salt water 65 
seemed to be injurious to tile beets of the Knauer varie- 
ty, a single one went to seed, this being of a specific 
gravity of 1,068, produced seed very, large and in abun- 
dance. This beet was the nicest of the lot. The Vilmo- 
rin beets showed also a specific gravity of 1,068, of 
which a number came to seed; the seeds being small. 
One Silesian beet very long came to seed, this seed being 
the smallest of the whole. 4--- 
In the year 1875 no new seed was raised, the seed 
beets did not come up, they were probably injured by 
the salt water. - This year's experiments in planting 
were Confined to the exertions of Joseph Altendorf. Ho 
planted several rods of the Knauer seed of 1,068 specific 
gravity, which alone proved satisfactory in the yield. 
The beets were large, long and clean. While the Vil mo- 
rin and Silesian also from the new seed, proved: no bet- 
ter than the year before, crabby and small. 
Moderate Stimulants. 
If the stomach be not an exception to the general law 
of the action of stimulants upon the animal body, we 
should expect that, by the habitual over-excitement of 
its functions, in however trifling a degree, its vital ener- 
gy must undergo a premature depression; and that the 
result of a "moderate" use of alcoholic stimulants will 
manifest itself, sooner or later, in diminution of digestive 
power. Treble the amount of our daily consumption of 
tea would induce paralysis, and any quantity sufficient 
to stimulate would have a tendency in the same direct 
tion. Certainly, children ought not to be suffered to 
drink either tea or coffee, if at all inclined to be nervous. 66 
The course pursued by 
Millionares, 
* or men that made their mark. 
By 
Dr. J. T. Scholl. 
Ozaukee, Wis., April the €'th, 187C. 
Stephen Girard born at Bordeaux France, 1750, and 
died in 1831 in Philadelphia. He was the son of Cap- 
tain Pierre Girard, a sailor. At eight years of age he 
discovered his blindness with one eye, he grew short & 
etout and of an ugly apperance. Knowing his unpopu- 
larity, a set of traits grew upon him as a consequence of 
such knowledge which were not calculated to show fa- 
vors to anyone. The education of traits at all amiable 
were entirely suppressed in him. Having nobody to 
care for him, he also cared for nobody else, and since 
his own person was held in objection by himself, he 
cared little for personal comforts. 
The greatness of a man centres in his possesions. 
These possessions may belong to the body and reside in 
personal appearance, or they may be in possessions of 
the mind, that of intelligence and culture, and lastly 
possessions of outward circumstances or riches, repre- 
sented by money. Each of these possessions is a pow- 
erful lever, levers that move the world, but the levers 
of personal appearance and intelligence vanish with their 
possessors, riches only will be kept by the heirs and be a 
subject of further talk. 
* See, "Groat fortunes, and how they were made, or 
the struggles and triumphs of self made men," by J. D. 
Nc'Cabe Jr. Chicago & Cincinnati. E. Hannaford & Co. 
1872. 67 
Now Girard could not wield personal appearance, nor 
intelligence, therefore his only anchor was money. Mo- 
ney he wanted to move the world, to make people bowr 
to him. Here centered all his greatness and so he bent 
all his powers to one purpose, to that of making money, 
like the sun's rays are bent in a burning glass to one 
point constituting a focus, so here every cent was put up 
as an addition to his wealth. Just as a certain gentle- 
man H. would appear what he is not, so must Gir- 
ard have had certain traits that induced him to hoard 
money for charitable institutions after his death. Since 
he did not expect the sympathy of the contemporary peo- 
ple, he thought to lay claim to the sympathy of the pos- 
temporary generations. - The prime moving spring in 
him was at first or in his manhood to acquisition of mo- 
ney for the power it would give him over people, and in 
age he turned it to prove his injured innocence, or to be 
in death, what he never was in life. 
In 1170 Girard commanded a small ship from New 
Orleans to a Canadian port, and in order not to be .cap- 
tured as a prize by the British Cruisers, since the war 
had broken out between the mother country and the 
colonies, he run up Delaware bay and on reaching Phila- 
delphia, he sold the ship, a share of which was his, and 
commenced business with the proceeds. It is likely 
that he was not very scrupulous in this transaction as 
well as in the one with Saint Domingo, which put fifty 
thousand dollars in his coffers. Here he commenced 
deali g in claret and cider which he used to bottle him- 
self, and probably adulterate a little, here he made his 
first profits in a disreputable business. 
Next year 1777 he married Mary Lum a beauty, that 
went crazy after seven years marriage and had to be 
taken to the State Insane Asylum, and afterwards she 
was placed permanently in 1790 into the Pennsylvania 
Hospital where she died in 181-5. , Love proved but a 68 
f bort lived delusion to him, and being childless, nothing 
remained for him but to amass wealth as a means of 
power. - In 1780 he entered again upon his New Or- 
leans and St. Domingo trade. His success enabled him 
to enlarge his operations year after year. In 1772 when 
times were hard, he saw better times ahead and so leased, 
a range of buildings in Nater street for ten to twenty 
years which brought him an enormous profit. 
In 17C0 when he could not agree with his brother and 
the short lived partnership for the West India trade was 
dissolved; he counted his profits at thirty thousand dol- 
lars. In the tiihe of the insurrection at St. Domingo, a 
lot of valubles were placed on board his ship for safe 
keeping, which were taken to Philadelphia, and soon af- 
ter sold for fifty thousand dollars which went into his 
coffers. 
The next year he commenced building the splendid 
ships that enabled him so successfully to engage in tho 
Chinese and East India trades. 
His manipulations soon became studied an complex. 
A ship with grain he would take to Bordeaux, & take for 
it wine and fruit, which he would sell at St. Petersburg 
for hemp and iron and sell them at Amsterdam for coin; 
with this he would buy in China and India teas & silks, 
which he would sell in Philadelphia. His instructions 
to commanders of his ships were full and precise, and a 
scrupulous exaction of them was in all cases strenuously 
demanded, and the object of the trip was to be kept pro- 
foundly secret. A sort of strategy peeps here, out of 
his actions, he was wont to mislead others as to his op- 
erations. His being a rich man, led his employees to 
expect more from him than he was willing to give. 
Faithful services and personal sacrifices were not extra 
rewarded, although that was undoubtedly expected. 
With strategy he treated outsiders, and his employees. - 
If he wanted tea or coffee, he would pretend to want 69 
sugar and molasses. - Iii 1812 Congress would hoi 
renew the charter of the old Bank of American so he 
purchased tl^e same inclusive of the cashier's house for 
one hundred and twenty thousand dollars, and in May 
opened the Girard Bank with a capital of one million & 
two hundred thousand dollars. ' The old officers he re- 
tained, and to Simpson the cashier he owed much of his 
success. He would off^r grand accomodations to small 
traders, encourage new beginners, and discount small 
notes. On the new beginners he would glut in the wreck 
of their ill-planned speculations, and with small notes 
he could extort the highest discount, thus he would gain 
what others would lose, and an honest equivalent was 
probably seldom rendered in his scheme, so that his sys- 
tem was one of honest stealing, hardly to be encouraged. 
When in 1814 the British forces had burnt Washing- 
ton and the American Government called for a loan of 5 
million of dollars, Girard subscribed for the whole a- 
mount. He also subscribed one hundred and ten thou- 
sand dollars for rendering the Schuylkill navigable. 
Thus he upheld the Government and furthered public 
improvements, but probably only for the purpose of 
making his own possessions secure, and for making them 
more valuble by the growth of the country. Looking at 
the growth of the country and furthering it by improve- 
ments was really turning an honest penny, so that soma 
good quality may be found in sordid selfishness. 
In 1728 he was worth ten millions, yet he was a soli- 
tary old man not to be envied for his riches, he was re- 
pulsive and liked by no one, he used to live on less than 
his clerks, he gave no charities and derived no benefit 
from his wealth excepting the gratification of possession 
and posterity was to be bis only reward. - When in 
1793 the yellow fever broke out in Philadelphia which 
rendered houses tenantless and deserted, he and Helm 
volunteered to take charge of the Pennsylvania Hospital 70 
where he displayed great courage and personal self-sacri* 
fice. In 1797 and 179b the city was scourged a second 
time he again assisted at the hospital. "Braving death 
because he did not value life." - When he died in 
1831 he left to his brother and eleven nieces, sums rang- 
ing from five to twenty thousand dollar. Thirty thou- 
sand dollars he gave to the Pennsylvania Hospital, smal- 
ler sums to other charitable institutions. The bulk of 
his property, about six millions, was left to trustees for 
the execution of the Girard College for orphans to per- 
petuate his name to remote ages to come. 
John Jacob Astor was born, in Waldorf, Baden, in 
July 1763. His father was a protestant butcher by trade. 
At seventeen years of age he left home to go to his broth- 
er in London, who was working with his uncle, making 
musical instruments, two years later 1783 he started for 
America. Whiles lying icebound in the Chesapeake, ono 
day's journey from Baltimore he formed an intimate ac- 
quantance with a trader in furs, who told him of the 
large profits that could be made in that line. Arriving 
at New York his brother a prosperous butcher, assisted 
him to a place in Mr. Browne's, a dealer in furs, for 
whom he afterwards made purchases and thus he became 
fully conversant with the trade. Furs could be bought 
cheap for trinkets, mere tri ties, cakes, and a glass of 
w hisky and sold to New York dealers at a handsome 
profit, but the best market was London. The fur of a 
beaver costing one dollar in New York, would bring six 
dollars in London. 
- The principle of money- making implies the s u p- 
p 1 y of a d e m a n d. Furs were valueless to the Indiana 
and were cheap, while in London they were in great de- 
mand by the rich, and therefore brought a high price. 
There was also in one plaee an unsupplied demand, and 
in another place a superfluous supply. The water of a 71 
stream exerts a force only when it passes from a higher 
to a lower level and the more abrupt this passage is, th* 
greater the force that is exerted. Just so in commerce, 
the passage of products from the wildest people, to the 
most civilized, would bring the greatest profits. To pro- 
duce a high fall of water, it is necessary to have a high 
dam, which is difficult and expensive to construct, and 
which is easily injured or carried away, of which Astor 
is a reminder. Just as a waterfall may vary in hight, so 
it may vary in volume, and while Astor in his first ef- 
forts made use of the first principle he also made use of 
the second principle, that of quantity in his latter opera- 
tions; he made use of big ships, to carry large loads at a 
time. - This would involve the principle of equalisa- 
tion of distance, we must next assume a principle of e- 
qualisation of time including several factors, by selling 
to somebody, younger than me, or less instructed than 
me, anything or service whatever I bring him up to me 
and for this equalisation he pays me a remuneration, al- 
so he has to pay for his ignorance and inability, he is 
younger, behind, less informed, less intelligent, and for 
this difference he has to pay, while in turn some day to 
come he himself will put others to a similar test. Ono 
person is hence living upon the disadvantages of the 
other; but when a just and reasonable equivalence is 
rendered, then the operation is honorable. On the other 
side of the equalisation of time is to foresee condition 
that will exist at some future time, and be prepared to 
meet existing wants at that time. A knowledge of the 
future is here demanded, and the ignorant man cannot 
step into this branch of acquiring wealth. 
The increase of population for a number of years, and 
the demand for this or that commodity can be calculat- 
ed in advance, the life of young persons up to twenty 
years, is calculated only to consume; the producing class 
hast herefore the advantage of them. 72 
The production and distribution of value is the prin- 
ciple underlying the science of wealth. •- 
King Charles, the n, had conferred the hunting 
grounds of the British possessions to Prince Rupert, and 
under this charter the Hudson Bay Cempany carried on 
the fur trade. The Canadas were held jjy the French 
who traded with the Indians at first, who afterwards set- 
tled among them as hunters and trappers. In 1773 the 
French possessions were ceded to the English and then 
the North West Company was organized. 
The Mackinaw Company was also English. - In the 
face of these hostile companies young Astor left Bowne 
and established himself on Water street with a capital of 
a few hundred dollars. His store was supplied with 
toys and and notions suited to the tastes of the Indians 
selling furs. In winter time he would make journey's on 
foot into the interior, and buy furs from farmers and In- 
dians where he could get them. These furs he would take 
take personally to England and sell them at a fine profit. 
Business connections thus sprung up which enabled him 
to consign bis goods to houses there and draw on them. 
He also became Agent in New York for the sale of musi- 
cal instruments from his brother Astor and Broad wood, 
London. About this time he got married to Sarah Todd 
of New York. In 1794 Jay's treaty placed the frontier 
forts into the hands of the Americans, and thus Astor was 
enabled to extend his operations and send his Agents on 
long journeys, which he had made himself before, and 
soon he purchased a ship to send his furs to Ijondon. 
In 1800 after having been in business for fifteen years, he 
moved to 223 Broadway .the site of the Astor house of to 
day. 
- At this time he was worth a quarter of a million. 
A beaver skin that could be bought for one dollar of the 
trappers could be sold in London for six dollars and 
twenty five cents, and invested in English goods, would 75 
handsomest men he could find. This plan proved suc- 
cesful with him and has found universal favor in mod- 
ern times. The financial crisis in 1837 did no injury to 
him, by watching things closely he was prepared to meet 
it. He began to "sell for cost" and was thus enabled to 
sell goods to the amount of five thousand dollars a day, 
while his rival merchants were obliged in their stringen- 
cy to sell their goods at auction sales, thus he bought 
fifty thousand dollars worth of silks at auction, and sold 
them again in a few days, making a profit of twenty thou- 
sand dollars. When the war broke out he had engaged 
the products of the manufacturers, so that his profits in 
furnishing army supplies was immense. His fortune af- 
ter the war was estimated at from twenty five to forty 
millions, made honestly by himself in half a century; 
He was a strong believer in luck and lucky persons. 
His business habits were most strict. He had a time and 
a place for everything, and the same was demanded of 
his employees. He was the hardest working man of the 
establishment. - The greater bulk of Mr. Stewart's 
fortune is invested in real estate. His nature was exceed- 
ingly liberal, during the war he sent a cargo of provis- 
ions to the needy in Ireland, and invited others to take 
passage free of charge. One hundred and thirty nine 
persons came thus to America, for which he procured 
situations at the same time. -■ 
Grant nominated him as Secretary of the Treasury; 
but owing to him being a merchant, the post was relin- 
quished. 
His retail store is the wonder of New York. It is built 
of iron, five stories high with two cellars underneath; 
two hundred feet fronting on Broadway, and three hun- 
dred feet on ninth and tenth streets. The rooms are 
heated by steam, engines are at work to fill the large 
tank at the top with water, and for hoisting purposes 6 
elevators (three for passengers and three for goods,) are 76 
employed. It is lighted by several thousand gas jets 
lighted by electricity. There are two thousand and two 
hundred persons employed. There is one general su- 
perintendent, with nineteen assistants, every one of 
whom is at the head of a department. Nine cashiers 
receive and pay out money. Twenty five book keepers 
keep the records. Thirty ushers direct the customers to 
the departments they seek. There are two hundred cash 
boys, and four hundred and seventy clerks. Fifty por- 
ters do the heavy work. Nine hundred seamstresses are 
employed in the manufacturing department, and about 
500 other persons are employed in various capacities. 
The sales of a day average sixty thousand dollars, of 
which fifteen thousand dollars are received for silks, six 
thousand for dress goods, three thousand for muslins, 
carpets fifty five hundred, laces and velvets each two 
thousand, furs, embroideries and gloves one thousand 
each, shawls twenty five hundred, hosiery, boy's cloth- 
ing and notion of each six hundred dollars. 
The clerks receive from five to twenty five dollars a 
week, the cash boys five. 
Two experienced detectives stationed at a private door 
have to observe the employees when leaving the store, 
so that nothing is carried off what does not belong to 
them, - Fifteen thousand persons visit the store on 
an average per day. The subcellar is the general store 
room for goods in boxes, here they are unpacked. The 
basement is used as a carpet salesroom. The first floor is 
the general sales room, provided with one hundred coun- 
ters, fifty feet in length. The shelves rise but a few feet 
above the counter. 
The second floor is taken up with ladies suits, shawls, 
curtains, etc., the third floor is used for a similar pur- 
pose, the fourth for making up suits, the fifth is the fur 
room and upholstery manufactory, and the sixth floor is 
occupied by the laundry. - The goods are made up 73 
bring ten dollars in New York. • • 
China was also an excellent market for furs, and 
the proceeds invested in teas and silks, sold well in New 
York. His profit on a single voyage would sometimes 
amount to seventy thousand dollars and would average 
thirty thousand dollars. He made about two millions 
on his furs and teas, and the rest of his fortune, eighteen 
millions more was made on real estate. The Astor es- 
tate is worth forty millions now. - As a rule he bought 
his lands in the suburbs of the city. Seven thousand 
and twenty houses figure on the rent role of the Astor 
estate at present. Ar. Astor bought Richmond Hill, the 
estate of Aaron Burr for which he paid one thousand 
dollars an acre, for one hundred and sixty acres, and 12 
years later a single lot was worth fifteen hundred dollars. 
In 1810 he sold a lot on Broadway for eight thousand 
dollars, and invested the reciepts in lots above Canal St. 
and while the lot he had sold increased in a few years to 
twelve thousand dollars, the lots he bought had increas- 
ed to eighty thousand dollars. The confiscated Morris 
estate, consisting of fifty one thousand acres of land he 
bought of the heirs for twenty thousand pounds Ster- 
ling in 1809, and in 1827 he received five hundred thou- 
sand for them from the state of New York. Mr. Astor 
matured a plan to establish a Town at the mouth of the 
Columbia for extending the fur trade, he argued that 
China could be reached from the Pacific and thus a cir- 
cuitous route could be avoided. A company was form- 
ed at the head of which stood Astor. Two expeditions 
were dispatched, one by land and the other by sea, who 
succeeded, after immense hardships, to establish a settle- 
ment at the mouth of the Columbia. However the partners 
of Astor sold his property to an English rival company, 
for a mere trifle. The loss to Astor was about one mil- 
lion. The discouragement of the colony may have been 
due to the war that broke out with England. - He 74 
remained in attive business for fifty years. He was uni- 
versally noted for his calmness of temper. In 1830 he with- 
drew from business and commenced building the Astor 
house on Broadway which when complete he gave to his 
son, William. In 1832 he made a trip to Germany and 
returned in 1835. He died at the age of eighty four 
years and eight mofiths, in 1848. The bulk of his estate 
he left to his son William, and four hundred thousand 
dollars were left in the hands of certain trustees for es- 
tablishing the Astor Library. - Times and circum- 
stances are constantly changing. Girard and Astor may 
have been models to follow in some of their business 
managements at that time, but they will not do to day, 
and it is for this reason, that the lives of great men are 
read without any profit whatever to the general reader. 
What is wanted is to draw principles but of their opera- 
tions, and apply those that are good 'and praiseworthy 
to our present circum standee. 
Alexander P. Stewart born at Belfast in 1802, died 
1876. He came to America in 1818, a classical scholar. 
He commenced a small dry goods store, but on reaching 
his majority he returned to Ireland to receive the one 
thousand pounds his grandfather had left him. The 
principle part of this he invested in trimmings, and with 
these he started a small store at 283 Broadway. He 
bought chiefly at auction sales. His first principle was 
honesty between buyer and seller; his second, was to 
have but one price; and his third, was to sell for cash. 
Once a note was becoming due and owing to hard times 
he almost despaired of paying it when he struck upon a 
plan what has since become the "selling out below cost" 
dodge. In 1828 his little store became too small for him 
and in 1837 his business demanded a five story build- 
ing. To attract the ladies he employed as salesmen the 77 
in the basement. The ticket accompanying the goods 
giving quality and price of goods, are verified as to their 
correctness. The tickets are sent to the checking desk 
also in the basement, for comparison with those deliver- 
ed to the cashier. 
The wagon department employs forty horses, twenty 
seven drivers, five grooms, and feeds thirteen hundred 
bushels of oats and fifty tons of hay a year. The place 
has a superintendent by day, and a watchman by night. 
For replenishing his stores, he had agencies establish- 
ed in Boston, Philadelphia, Manchester, Paris and Lyons 
who exercise the purchasing function, but his buyers 
haunt the markets of the world watching for a favorable 
opportunity to pounce upon a desirable article. All the 
looms of the above countries are closely watched, and 
the finest of the goods are bought, as soon as finished. 
He bought for cash the world over and had thus be- 
come a desirable customer everywhere so that he could 
take his choice. -• The duty bn his imports averaged 
thirty thousand dollars in gold per day. - He insured 
liberally and had policies renewed every third day of 
the year. While leaning on the insurance companies ha 
was quite independent of the banks, and never called on 
them to help him through a crisis. 
His business steadily increased, and seemed to have 
no limit in practice, 
In "Stewart's System" we find the principle of speci- 
alization and organization carried out most successfully. 
In the year 1870 there were forty thousand dry goods 
merchants in the country, and seventy four thousand 
grocery men. Dry goods was consequently an over- 
stocked field. 
His unparalleled success in his vocation is principally 
due to the subjoined reasons: - 
Stewart's Success. 78 
1. To the beginning and growing demand for finerie.- 
which he was the first to supply. 
2. To his one price system, thus relieving the ladies 
of the anxiety of being cheated and of bartering, leav- 
ing their minds free to choose. 
3. The ruin of his competiors he would turn to his 
advantage, he would buy their stock at low prices, thus 
he could sell low and run others into bankruptcy. But 
not only would he pick the best goods but also the best 
men, that failed for themselves he would take into his em- 
ploy. Thus he would prove a battering ram on the Or 
cean of the dry goods market, and when he had sunk a 
ship he would appropriate the best of the cargo and 
men. 
4. He employed men of ability, that had pluck to 
battle with adversity, their failing in business made 
them his subjects. 
5. He always managed to keep a direct or distant 
eye on his employees, and he let them understand they 
were watched. 
6. He realized the importance of understanding the 
minutiae of a business, and then entrusting them to oth- 
ers, to subdued lions, and watching them closely. 
Amos Lawrence, born at Groton Massachusetts, in 
the year 17^6. At twelve years of age he was appren- 
ticed for seven years to Mr. Brazen, who kept a variety 
store, where among other things, an assortment of intox- 
icating liquors were kept. Here young Lawrence be- 
came quite proficient in mixing drinks for others as well 
as for himself. Since intemperance was a common ha- 
bit at that time, he soon fell a prey to the fell monster, 
and although he laid off the habit when he felt his health 
going, it had injured his digestive organs in such a way 
that the foundation of dyspepsia was laid, of which he 79 
Buffered severely, while aged, for sixteen years before he 
died in the year 1852. When his apprenticeship had ex- 
pired, young Amos had acquired good business habits 
and after serving a short clerkship in Boston he com- 
menced on his own account. 
It was in 1807 when he established a dry goods store. 
In the first year he made but fifteen hundred dollars. 
In 1808 he took his brother into apprenticeship, and af- 
ter six years admitted him into the business as partner, 
that year his profits amounted to four thousand dollars; 
and in seven years he made fifty thousand dollars. His 
principle was never to owe more than sixty per cent of 
his possessions, and to keep strict account of his affairs, 
so that he always could tell his standing. It was him 
that introduced double entry book keeping into Boston. 
He always was afraid of speculation, and averred that 
speculation made men desperate, and unfit for legiti- 
mate business. During the last ten of his twenty six 
business years, his yearly income was sixty thousand, 
most of which he gave away in charities. He gave a- 
way six hundred and thirty nine thousand dollars, most 
of this came to pass the last ten years of his life. He 
never lost sight of the fact that man is an intelligent be- 
ing, and is to live for other purposes, than those of ma- 
king money. 
Andrew V. Stout, born 1814, New York City. When 
fourteen years of age he became assistant teacher, and 
when eighteen, he became principle of a school. He 
acted at the same time as contractor for building houses, 
and when twenty years of age he had made seventeen 
thousand dollars. (?) 
Endorsing a friend's note several times in succession 
for five thousand dollars, he finally had to pay twenty 
three thousand dollars, since his friend went bankrupt, 
and so he remained six thousand dollars in debt. How- 80 
ever he was not dismayed, he worked on, established, a 
shoe- and dry goods store, and finally became President 
of the Bank for the shoe and leather interest, which post 
he is still holding. Although he has-been obliged to 
take partners to his aid, he always kept financial mat- 
ters, the same way as Stewart, in his own hand. He is 
charitable, and his riches are immense. 
Jonas Chickering was born at New Ipswich, New- 
Hampshire, in the year 1798. Very early in life he be- 
came very fond of music, and while learning thecabinet- 
makcr's trade, he had the opportunity of repairing an 
old piano in the town. This incident created in him 
the desire of becoming a piano-maker. In 18'8 he re- 
moved to Boston, still working at the cabinet-maker's 
trade until 181T when he succeeded in finding a suita- 
ble place in a ] imo manufacturing establishment. After 
having made himself fully conversant with the details 
and workings of the business, which was after he had 
been working three years as journeyman, he associated 
himself with Mr. Stewart, and commenced business un- 
der the firm name of Stewart and Chickering. At that 
time the piano was yet a miserable instrument, being 
originally the successive growth from the ancient lyre, 
through thp harp, praltery, dulcimer, clavictherium. 
clavichord, virginal, spinet, harpsichord, to the piano 
of Cristofali. 
After a short time Captain J. Maeay a retired seaman 
was taken in as partner instead of Stewart, and his ef- 
forts, -were of material help to the firm, he conducted 
the store and finance of the firm, while Chickering 
was engaged in the mechanical department. After a 
while, they were enabled, to import articles they needed 
themselves by the shipload. Meanwhile Chickering in- 
vented the iron form with cross stays, cast all in one 81 
piece, and the circular scale for fastening the tuning 
pins in square pianos. In 1841 Captain Mackey sailed 
for South America for woods from whence he never re- 
turned. He now bought the interest of Mackey from his 
heirs, for several hundred thousand dollars, for which 
he gave his notes, and conducted the business himself. 
His sons Thomas and George were carefully instructed 
in the mechanical department, while Francis was kept in 
the warehouse. 
In 1852 his factory burnt down which proved a loss of 
two hundred thousand dollars to him. He still kept 
his three hundred workmen under pay, and proceeded 
to the building of a new factory, two hundred and sixty 
two by two hundred and forty five feet, to be built in 
the shape of a hollow square, 50 ft. 5 stories high contain- 
ing nine hundred windows with eleven thousand panes 
of glass, but before the structure was completed he died, 
which was in the year 1853 from apoplexy. His prop- 
erty at this time was valued at one quarter of a million. 
His sons carried out his plans and maintain a prosper- 
ous business under the name of Chickering Sons, em- 
ploying five hundred workmen. 
Nicholas Longworth, born at Newark, New Jersey, 
1782. When twenty one years of age, he removed to 
Cincinnati, then called the ''Far West." Here he enter- 
ed the law office of Judge Jacob Burnet, and was soon 
after admitted to the bar. Lands were cheap, ten dol- 
lars a lot, and his savings were regularly invested in lots. 
His first client was the means of his getting into posses- 
sion of a thirty three acre lot, barren land, and worth but 
very little.. Very soon however these thirty three acres 
were situated in the heart of the city, and long before 
his death, the property was valued at two millions of 
dollars. 
The growth of Cincinnati was almost wonderful. In 82 
1802 it had about eight hunjlivdinhabitants, in 
two thousand .five hundred (md. forty; in 182Q,'rune 
thousand and sixty,; in.<1830, tw enty four, thousand eight 
hundred and thirty one; in 1840, forty, six thousand 
three hundred and thirty eight; in 1650, one hundred 
and eighteen thousand (seven hundred and sixty one; 
and in 1860, (just three years before Mm Liongworth's 
death) one hundred and seventy one thousand two hun- 
dred and ninety three. (In the first ten years it trebled; 
in the 2nd. ten it' multiplied by three and one-half, in the 
3rd. ten it nearly trebled, in the 4th. ten it doubled, in 
the 5th. ten it multiplied by two and one-half, and in the 
6th. ten it increased by one half its former population. 
It had hence very nearly attained its full growth, which 
will now rapidly approach. 
The growth of a city may be from seventy five to Jone 
hundred yea>s, after that a stationary point will have 
been reached, so that in seven hundred years decay will 
become apparent, and death will take place in a thou- 
sand years. - . ,ft 
. A perfect parallel we have in the growth of a child 
with this difference, that one year of the growth of a 
child corresponds with ten years of the growth of a city. 
Many~a child dies in it's infancy, so it is with a city. It 
is| vpry doubtful what will become of a child, so it is 
with a city. A great deal depends on the intelligence of 
fhe parents in educating a child, so it is with the men 
that nurture the young city, if they are intelligent the 
city will go ahead, if they are not, as is the case at pres- 
ent in Port Washington the city will never pay for the 
investments. - If the parents die too soon, or the 
men of science in a town leave it, it will go down, it will 
deteriorate. The prosperity of a town depends hence on 
the people that settle in.it, if they are intelligent and 
honest, the town is bound to go ahead, if they are stupid 
or withput.principle^thcr.town will never succeed. Where 83 
there is-stupidity, rascality will follow. The impostor 
will flourish among the ignorant. Look at Port Wash- 
ington: where ignorance and imposture stops all growth 
and prosperity. Finally when a city is full grown, it is 
not in need of any further nurturing, it will of its own 
accord be able to maintain its existence. This parallel 
may be followed still further. - 
IKtr. Longworth continued investing in real estate, and 
was still at the time of his death the largest land owner 
of the city, in 1850 he paid $ 17,00 worth of taxes, while 
the estate of William B. A-1 >r paid $ 23,000.. When Mr. 
Lopgworth died his estate was worth fifteen milllions of 
dollars;. 
In 1819 he retired from the bar to attend to his prop- 
erty and to direct his attention to the culture of the 
grape vine. The Catawba grape was first discovered in 
a wild state in 1801, near Ashville, North Carolina, near 
the source of the Catawba river. General Davy gave 
some of the vines to a German near Philadelphia, and 
from here they got into the hands of Longworth. The 
Catawba proved so successful, that from hence he let for- 
eign grapes alone, and devoted his attention to the Ca- 
tawba, to which he afterwards added the Isabella. He 
established a large vineyard about four miles from the 
city upon the hill side slope of the river, employing Ger- 
man hands who understood the culture of the grape. 
He encouraged the growth by others, by paying one or 
one and one-fourth dollars for even' gallon of juice that 
might be brought to him. 
Other gentlemen soon followed in the track of Mr. 
Longworth in the culture of the Catawba. The Germans 
of Hamilton Co. soon saw the advantages, and at present 
thousands of acres are covered with the vine, so that O- 
hio is vying with Italy and France in the culture. 
Mr. Longworth's vineyard was increased to 200 acres; 
producing 150 thousand bottles of wine per annum. 30-j 84 
thousand bottles were constantly maturing in his cellar. 
A chemist from Rheim's superintended the manufacture 
of the wine. The grape juice while fermenting produced 
about ten per cent of alcohol, the second year the new 
wine was put into strong bottles with a little sugar, se- 
cured by twine, for a second fermentation. The flavor 
of the fruit which was carried away with the carbonic 
acid of the first fermentation, was now retained. At the 
end of the second fermentation, the sediment collected 
at the bottom of the bottles, was now shook up every day 
for 3 weeks and the bottles placed head downwards on a 
rack; when the sediment had collected against the cork, 
the wires were cut and the sediment blown out by the 
gas. A little sugar was added again and the bottle cork- 
ed up new, when they were ready for the market. "Old 
Nick" as Longworth was sometimes called, died at the 
age of 81 in the year 1863. 
- In investing in real estate particular attention 
has to be paid to the rise of the value of it. The real es- 
tate has to rise on the average every year, so much that 
it will cover the interest and taxes, if it does not do that, 
then it is a losing possession and ought to be got rid of. 
If my garden is worth one thousand, so would this be e- 
quivalent to one hundred dollars of interest, if the gard- 
en brings me a value of ten dollars a year, then it must 
have risen in value to one thousand and ninety dollars 
in that year, but if it is worth no more at the end of the 
year, then at the beginning, then I have lost ninety by 
it. - Just so it is with the most farms about here. 
The land is worth fifty dollars an acre, and having forty 
acres a man will clear four hundred dollars a year, coun- 
ting three hundred dollars a year for his labor, he would 
have one hundred dollars for interest on his land, while 
he ought to have had two hundred. The land is hence 
double the price it ought to be, and such a farmholder 
oujght to sell out. 85 
George Peabody. In the older countries the rich 
man generally uses his fortune for the founding of a 
family of note. The money is carefully harbored within 
the ties of blood, so that the outside world has little ben- 
efit of the richness of the man. Sometimes large amounts 
are spent for securing a title of nobility. Unlike these 
Mr. Peabody regarded the whole English nation as his 
family, and his charities went far and wide. 
George Peabody was born at Danvers, Massachusetts, 
in the year 1795. When 19 years of age he entered into 
partnership with Mr. Diggs, a dry goods merchant of 
Georgetown, D. C. The next year 1815 the business was 
removed to Baltimore, and an irregular banking business 
associated with it, bringing in large returns. He was 
noted for, "a quick, sound and cautious judgment, for 
having a decided purpose, energetic and persevering in- 
dustry, punctuality and fidelity in his engagements, jus- 
tice and honor in his transactions, and kindness and 
courtesy in the intercourse of life." 
In 1822 branch houses were established in New York 
and Philadelphia. In 1829 Riggs withdrew from the 
firm, and Mr. Peabody carried on the business under the 
name of Peabody, Riggs & Co. The banking business 
had become quite profitable. - 1836. A branch house 
was established in London in 1837, and from that time 
London became his home. That year a crisis set in, and 
credit, the sympathetic nerve of the commercial world, 
as E. Everett says, was paralysed. 
- 1843. He withdrew from the house of Peabody, 
Riggs & C., and established the house of George Peabody 
& Co. From beginning as a merchant, he slowly merged 
into the banker, and the bulk of his fortune was made 
in a banking capacity. In his youth he had contracted 
habits of economy, jewels he seldom wore, and abom- 
inated all display of this nature. He was never married 
and died in the year 1869. His donations were one hun- 86 
dred to three hundred thousand dollars, Io the Homes 
for the London poor three million, to the Southern Edu- 
cation fund three million, to the Peabody Institute Bal- 
timore, one and one-half million, to Harvard and Yale 
colleges each one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to 
the Peabody Institute, Massachusetts, one quarter mil- 
lion, and other noteworthy donations. 
Cornelius Vanderbilt, was born at Staten Island in 
the year 1794. The only books he knew anything about 
in after life were the Testament and the Spelling book. 
When 17 years of age he bought a boat for $100, and 
commenced boating in New York harbor where he made 
$ 1000 for each of three summers. Forty other boatmen 
occupied the harbor, but he alone rose to distinction. 
The reason of this was: He became the best boatman in 
the port, was always at his post, and had no vices. At 
21 he got married. In the year 1814 he built a little 
schooner and in 1815 another of a finer model, and prior 
to 1818 he had earned, boating and coasting, nine thou- 
sand dollars, and built two or three small vessels. In 
1818 in order to familiarize himself with steam-boating, 
he entered the service of Mr. Gibbons as Captain, for one 
thousand dollars, plying between New York and New 
Brunswick which brought the owner a profit of $ 40,000 
a year. In 1829 he left Mr. Gibbons refusing to accept 
a salary of $5,000. He was now thirty five years old, 
had been in the employ of Gibbons for eleven- years, had 
saved thirty thousand dollars and was now determined 
to build a steamer himself. He built a small steamer 
the Caroline, and commanded her himself. In a few 
years he owned several small steamers, but he was strong- 
ly opposed by the moneyed companies, in whom the 
business rested at the time, this annoyed him very much 
and cost him most of his earnings. 87 
His officers he selected with the greatest care, paid 
them liberal salaries, and sustained them against all in- 
trigues. Steadily he rose up in the steam-boat interest 
until he owned 100 steamers wholly or in part, and he 
succeeded in driving the owner of the Collins line into 
bankruptcy. Slowly, however he withdrew his money 
from boats and steamships, and invested it in railroads 
and iron works. He controls the Hudson River, Harlem 
and New York central roads, and moves the stock mark- 
et at will. Wishing to consolidate the Hudson River & 
Harlem roads, he. applied to the Legislature of New York 
and succeded in securing the promise of a sufficient 
number of votes for the passage of the bill. The stock 
the Harlem road was sold high in expectation of the pas- 
sage of the bill, which stock would have to fall if the bill 
was defeated. The Legislators however had planned to 
fleece Mr. Vanderbilt, they had determined to vote a- 
gainst the bill in spite of their promise, and in order to 
make it pay, they sold all the Harlem stock they could 
get rid off', to be delivered at some future time, when they 
thought it might be cheap. Vanderbilt, however receiv- 
ed reliable information about the scheme to break him, 
so he took all the money he could lay hands on, and 
bought Harlem stock and laid it up in his safe. When 
the bill was defeated, the speculators expected a fall in 
the Harlem stock, but this did not come, no stock could 
be got, and so when the time for delivery Game, the dif- 
ference of price in the stock had to be paid to the pur- 
chasers. Thus one shrewd specul itor lost $ 200,000, and 
Vanderbilt made more in this "corner" than his Harlem 
stock amounted to. He has four boys and nine daught- 
ers, his wife died in about 1868 and about 1870 he mar- 
ried again. He is still a powerful man, with a large cer- 
ebral development, and is now the railroad king, whose 
name is a terror in Wall Street. 88 
Daniel Drew, was born at Carmel, New York, 1797. 
In 1820 he kept a tavern in New York City and associa- 
ted himself with two drovers of cattle. Cattle were pur- 
chased in Pennsylvania and Ohio, and driven 2000 at a 
time, in droves of a 100 over the mountains to New York 
■fer slaughter. These were the first cattle that ever cros- 
sed the mountains, and 2 months were consumed. The 
profits on the venture was very large. This business he 
followed for 14 years. In 1834 he in company with Mr. 
Kelley and Richards, bought the Waterwitch for $20,0C0 
and after competing with the Hudson River line, in 1840 
Mr. Drew formed a partnership with Newton starting 
rhe "Peoples-line." When tire Hudson River Railroad 
opened it was supposed that Mr. Drew would have to 
lay idle with bis steamers, but such was not the case, 
the business of the cities had increased in such a way 
that both lines had plenty of work. 
He chose his employees with the greatest care and an 
incompetent person was never tolerated. Some of the 
river boats, really floating palaces, were built at a cost of 
8 700,( 00. 
In 1830 Mr. Drew entered into the banking business 
in Wall street, and in 1840 he established the banking 
firm known as drew. Robinson, & Co. In 1855 he turn- 
ed his attention to Railroad Stock, and invested largely 
in Erie stock. In 1857 he was elected director- of the E- 
rie Railroad Co., and was afterwards elected Treasurer. 
He still continues his operations in Wall Street, and al- 
though occasionally a heavy loser, is generally fortunes 
favor ite. His property in 1868 was about twenty mil- 
lions. 
May the 9th, 1876. He was in his 79th year, had nev- 
er been sick but since his bankruptcy of late, he was 
confined to his room on account of mental worry. He 
says that he ought to have retired from active life some 
6 or 10 y< ars ago when he was worth 8 or 10 millions,. 89 
out that money-making was so enticing to hirn that he 
kept at it until his late calamity overtook him, he repents 
not having made his family rich, and was ambitious to 
be as rich as Vanderbilt, whom he thought worth one 
hundred millions. 
James B. Eads, born at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, in 
the year 1820. When 9 years old, his father moved to 
Louisville, and noticing the mechanical talent in his boy 
he was allowed the use of tools for the construction of 
his boats and sawmills. Later he obtained a clerkship 
in St. Louis after the death of his father, and having ac- 
cess to a library he studied with much interest, Mechan- 
ics and Engineering; after this he secured a clerkship on 
one of the River boats, and thus became fully conversant 
with the great river and its tributaries. In 1842 he or- 
ganized a wrecking company. In 1845 he sold out, and 
in 1847 reorganized another company, and in 1857 the 
company was valued at half a million. 
When the war broke out, he took the contract in 1861 
to build 7 gunboats, in 65 days, for service on the Misis- 
sippi, against the Rebels, which contract he fulfilled. Af- 
ter this he took other contracts, among which were some 
turreted gunboats, a modification of the Ericson turret. 
In 1868 he had matured plans for building the St. Bridge. 
The stock of his company about 4 millions was princip- 
ally sold in England. 
Cyrus W. Field, born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, 
in the year 1819. He was the son of Rev. David Dudley- 
Field. When 15 years old he entered a mercantile house 
in New York, where he was soon promoted from clerk 
to partner, and in 1853, when 34 years old, he had a- 
cheived his independence, and he retired from business. 
For the sake of recreation he undertook a journey to 
South America. When he returned, that same year, hi* 90 
brother Mathew D., a distinguished engineer, laid before 
him the plan of Fred. N. Gisborne of Newfoundland, for 
laying a cable between New York it Newfoundland and 
to connect the New- and the Old World with a line of 
the swiftest steamships. From this interview wiih Gis- 
borne, he conceived the plan of laying a submarine cable 
across the Atlantic. Lieutanent Maury of the National 
Observatory, and Prof. Morse the inventor of the tele- 
graph, expressed their belief to Field, of the possibility 
of the scheme. Maury had already made a report on the 
same subject, to the Secretary of the Navy, so that Cyrus 
W. Field found that he was not the first one to conceive 
the idea. 
Mr. Field started now organizing a company, with a 
capital of one million. Five gentlemen pledged them- 
selves to the scheme, and obtaining a charter from New- 
foundland was immediately proceeded with. David 
Dudley Field was made legal adviser of the company, 
this obtained, the liabilities of the old telegraph company 
were paid off, which Mr. Gisborne wished to revive at 
the time he first met Mr. Field. In May 1854, the com- 
pany was formally organized. A capital of one million 
and a half was subscribed on the spot, and Mr. Field 
contributed two hundred thousand dollars in cash. 
Work was commenced on the line from New York to 
Newfoundland, and it was in 185G that success crowned 
the efforts of laying a cable across the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence; the first attempt in the proceeding year having 
failed and the cable was lost in the Gulf. The line 1000 
miles in length, was now in working order, but it had 
bonsumed one million of dollars. 
; It now remained to complete the line across the At- 
lantic. The American and British Government were so- 
licited to make deep sea soundings, for determining the 
outline of the ocean bed, which was promptly complied 
•with and the result encouraging, Mr. Field proceeded 91 
how to England, to consult with men of learning, and 
published in the English papers the experiments of 
Morse and Maury, when the attention of the English 
public was finally gained. Her Majesty was next ap- 
pealed to for aid by Mr. Field, and this was promptly 
granted. He now endeavored to raise a capital of three 
hundred and fifty thousand pounds and succeeded with- 
in a few weeks and having organized the company, he 
started for the new world to arrange matters with the 
Government. Here he just succeeded in securing an ap- 
propriation. In 1857 the cable was ready for laying. 
The steamships "Niagara" of the U. S., and the "Aga- 
memnon" of Great Britain, took the cable on board, at 
Liverpool and London.. Starting from the harbor of Va- 
lentia, the Niagara, with Morse and Field on board, 
started for the sea. At a distance of 5 miles the heavy 
shore end was caught in the machinery and broken. 
This spliced, the ship moved ahead, but when about 200 
miles out at sea and beyond the submarine mountain, 
the cable was broken in an attempt to prevent its paying 
out too fast, which had taken place at the rate of 6 miles 
an hour, while the headway was but 4. The ships were 
obliged to return to London and store away the cable 
for the present. 
In March 1858 all was ready for a second attempt to 
lay the cable. The plan was to commence dropping the 
cable at mid ocean. June the 25th, the ships had reach- 
ed mid ocean. The next day the splice of the two cables 
was made, and the ships parted for their respective 
shores. Before they had gone 3 miles the Niagara broke 
her cable. A second splice was made and they proceed- 
ed, but when gone about 40 miles the cable broke a sec- 
ond time. A third splice was made, but before the ships 
had parted 200 miles the cable was broken a third time, 
and the laying of the cable had to be given up a second 
time. 92 
The persuasiveness of Mr. Field succeeded in inducing 
another attempt to lay the cable. The rendezvous was 
reached on the 29th of July, and the splice was made; 
the Niagara reached Trinity Bay Newfoundland, on the 
5th day of August, and the Agamemnon a few hours 
later the same day. 
Signals were sent across the line, from shore to shore 
with rapidity. After working 4 weeks however, the elec- 
tric current suddenly stopped. - 
In the year 1863 the success of the laying of a cable 
across the Mediteranean and Persian Gulf stimulated 
Mr. Field to renew his efforts. In 1864 the subscription 
of 600,000 pounds was secured and a new cable immedi- 
ately begun. In July 23rd 1865 the Great Eastern 
started with the cable on board, all went well until 1,200 
miles of the cable had been paid out, and 600 miles from 
Newfoundland, when the cable broke and fell into the 
ocean. Grapnels were sunk to the depth of 200 miles, 
and the cable was caught several times, but could not 
be brought up. Buoys were left to mark the spot. - 
It became now necessary to organize a new company to 
raise funds. "The Anglo-American Telegraph Compa- 
ny," with a capital of 600,000 pounds. On the 13th of 
July, 1866, the Great Eastern again set out with a cable 
on board for Newfoundland, and completed the voyage 
in 14 days time. The slack of the cable was about 12 
per cent, showing that the cable was laid in a straight 
line, allowing only for the swells of the sea bottom. On 
Friday July the 27th, the cable end was safely on the 
shore of "Heart's Content." 
The Great Eastern then proceeded to the spot where 
the former cable was dropped, grappled the same, spliced 
it and succeeded in laying it successfully, so that both 
cables were in working order. By this case we are re- 
minded of the fact that great undertakings arrive at suc- 
ces only through the course of repeated failures. The 93 
obstacles that beset anything new are numerous, un- 
foreseen, overlooked, or undervalued. The time consum- 
ed is generally ten-fold that what was calculated on, and 
still we are taught by it, that attending to all the minu- 
ti;e in accordance with reason, would have secured suc- 
cess the first time. 
Robert Fulton was born in Lancaster County, Penn- 
sylvania, in the year 1765. He was of Irish descent. 
While young he exhibited a great love for machinery & 
drawing, and when a boy of some 17 years, he construc- 
ted a pair of paddle-wheels, worked with a crank, for 
his neighbors fishing boat on the Conastoga River. 
Removing to Philadelphia at the age of 17, he under- 
took to learn portrait painting, and remained there until 
21 years of age. 
He next went to England, where he got under the in- 
fluence of the Duke of Bridgewater and was persuaded 
to drop painting, and enter the field of civil engineer- 
ing. His inventions were some canal impovements and 
with a design to introduce them into France, he started 
for that place in 1797, and remained there 7 years. In 
1801 he invented a submarine boat, called the "Nautil- 
us," but he could not sell it to any of the Governments 
he applied to. Fulton turned his attention now, in face 
of the many failures witnessed, towards applying steam 
to the propulsion of boats. 
He associated himself with Robert R. Livingstone with 
whom he got acquanted in Paris, and who had already 
obtained the exclusive right to navigate the waters of the 
state of New York by steam in 1798. A boat was built 
for trial on the Seine, which after a small failure, proved 
successful, this was in the year 1803. 
Fulton and Livingstone determined now to build a 
boat on a larger scale, to navigate the waters of New 
York. A steam engine was ordered from Watt & Boul- 94 
ton in England, and the building of the boat was nnme- 
diately commenced. To raise sufficient capital one-third 
of the monopoly was sold. The steam-engine ordered 
from Watt's and Boulton was received in 1806, and the 
next year the boat was launched. The boat named the 
"Clermont" was 130 feet long, 18 wide, and 7 deep, cap- 
able of carrying 160 tons. 
In August it made its first trip up the Hudson, with 
perfect success and since then steamboats have never 
been off from its waters. Very soon the boat met with 
formidable opposition, from the side of the sailing ves- 
sels, who occasionally attempted to sink her by running 
into her. 
1S11 and 1812. Fulton built two ferry boats for the 
North River, and soon added a third for the. East River. 
In 1814 Congress authorized the building of one or more 
floating bateries after the plan of Fulton, which made its 
first trip the 4th of July, 1815. It cost one-third of a 
million. 
The patents Fulton took out in the year 1809 and 1811 
were limited to the adaptation of paddle-wheels to the ax- 
le of the crank of Watt's engine. An Albany Company 
formed, and the monopoly of Livingstone and Watt's 
was denied, and before the ligitations were ended Watt 
caught cold and died February the 24th, 1815. 
. - Here we have a great achievement, which consisted 
in bridging over the great gulf between exper- 
iment and actual achievement, of rearing the 
tender plant into a fruit bearing tree, at first ridiculed, 
next combatted, by those who thought their business in- 
lerfered with, next it was invaded by others who thought 
it profitable. Litigation consuming a good share of the 
profits. 
Charles Goodyear, born at Newhaven, Connecticut, 
in the year 1800. When of age he entered the hardware 95 
business in company with his father and a brother, at 
Philadelphia, when the crisis of 1836 was drawing near, 
the house failed and went into bankruptcy. At that 
time Mr. E. M. Chaffee of Boston, the foreman of a pat- 
ent leather manufactory, conceived the idea of making 
India Rubber cloth. The gum had been discovered by 
a party of French astronomers, sent to Peru, South A- 
merica, for scientific investigations; it being the concret- 
ed juice of a tree. The natives manufactured some rude 
articles out of it. In 1730 it was used in Europe for e- 
' rasing pencil marks. In 1823 a merchant imported 
500,6Q3 pair of rough shoes made of it, from South A- 
merica. - Mr. Chaffee dissolved his gum in turpen- 
tine and added lampblack to give it a bright black color, 
and in this condition spread it on cloth. 
In 1833 a company was organized, called the "Rox- 
bury India Rubber Company," with a capital of$30,000. 
The success of the company was complete, and other 
companies formed in Boston, Staten Island and other 
places. However the goods made in 1833 and 1834 were 
made in the cold weather, and when warm weather ap- 
proached, the goods melted and emitted an offensive 
smell. Twenty thousand dollars worth was thrown back 
on the hands of the Roxbury Company alone. India 
rubber stock fell rapidly, so that 2 years later not a solv- 
ent company existed in the Union, and 2 million of dol- 
lars had been sunk. Charles Goodyear now stepped into 
the salesroom of the Roxbury Company and bought a 
life-preserver for examination, and commenced his ex- 
periment in the winter of 1834 and 1835. The gum had 
fallen to the price of 5 cents per pound. These experi- 
ments amid poverty and beggary, were continued for 10 
years, before his efforts were crowned with success. In 
1835 he found that aquafortis dropped on India rubber 
cloth had the effect of modifying it so that heat did not 
make it soft, but 150 mail bags constructed of thick ma- 96 
terial proved ruin to him. 
Nathanial Haywood, foreman of the Roxbury Com- 
pany, told Goodyear that he hardened the rubber by 
sprinkling sulphur over the same, before drying in the 
sun. This was in the year 1839. He immediately set 
out making use of sulphur, and after heating the same 
artificially, he found that it would soften no more by 
heat. His brother in law, M. De Forrest advanced forty 
six thousand dollars in the last stage of the invention. 
The invention was complete in 1844. However he was 
not destined to proat by his invention. The French 
Government declared his patent invalid. In England 
Thomas Hancock had registered the patent of Goodyear 
in May the 21st 1844, and Goodyear's patent was there- 
fore a few days too late. Tn America his patents were 
constantly infringed and violated. In 186') he died in 
New York, insolvent, leaving his family a heavy debt.. 
The extension of his patents to his widow was also re- 
fused by Congress. - lie was defrauded of the im- 
nrmse wealth his inventions produced. 
Remarks. - 
Charles Goodyear is another instance of miscalculation 
in regard to t he tin^e and money required for maturing an 
invention. He strongly contrasts with C. W. Field, while 
the latter mt v *d in palaces and affluence, to bring his 
inventions to perfection, the former moved in despised 
-India rubber suits, in the haunts of misery and starva- 
tion. Both consumed 10 times as much time and money 
as they ever dreamt of. 
All things that are great are a multiple of things small, 
and where there is one thing great, there must be one 
hundred thousand things small alongside of it. Now 
great things are the result of growth, of an agglomera- 
tion, going on for centuries, and on this growth thou- 
sands of individuals labor and die. till finally one man 
or a number <>f them becomes heir to it. that is it falls to 97 
their lot as if by inheritance, or they may even have to 
use strenuous efforts to s^eze it. Still the, invention or 
the great thing whatever it was, would still have come to 
the lot of man. although it might have taken place a 
little later. The chick will break from its shell without 
the assistance of the mother, although she may facilitate 
its issue. Just so with the Goodyear process, so with 
the electric telegraph, so with the steam navigation. 
These inventions were conceived in an embyronic stage 
thousands of years before they became mature, before 
they issued forth from the matrix of experiment, into 
the world of actual achievement. Field, Fulton, and 
others were the guardians to see the invention become 
of age. 
Inventions and fortunes cannot be made, they depend 
upon a happy coincidence of a man with a great : Wing; 
and if no efforts were made whatever, still it would fall 
to the lot of some man to make the invention, or acquire 
the fortune. While thousands labor hard to make an 
invention, and spend ever so much money, 
without reaping any reward, and which are never brought 
to the notice of posterity. 
The cataract of time representing the present brings 
constantly new fish here and there a large fish passes 
down, if now' every foot of the bridge in front of the cat- 
aract was beset with some individual with a net, so it 
would be only a matter of chance who w'ould have tho 
large fish, but each person has a certain latitude in which 
he can move, his net to either side, and thus it happens 
that many a one loses his large fish, that he might have 
caught, if hediad been, vigilant and diligent. Just so it 
is with man in life. A fortune cannot be made when 
and where you please, but circumstances may be ripe in 
some line or other, within your reach., which made use 
of would lead to fortune or a great (Jjbcovery. But wh^e 
this is so, there must evidently., be.a great many that 98 
may be classed with children, that are unable to grasp 
the golden opportunity even if it was presented to them. 
The inequality of men makes it possible, and fortunes 
can be made only among a certain class of men, among . 
the others it is impossible. 
In order to make a fortune, an education is necessary. 
Sometimes a practical education is all that is wanted, 
but more frequently a theoretical education is also ne- 
cessary. It is necessary to follow something for a living, 
to be catching the small fish from the bridge, and when 
enough have been secured, then a part of the time may 
be devoted to looking about, to prospecting for some- 
thing greht, but keeping the old business always as a 
fortification: as something to fall back on. - 
The flow of fortunes is constantly going on, day by 
day, and is created and determined by the flow of man- 
kind, by its indomitable growth and progress, surely 
the same days will never return that a child has passed, 
but other days equally as good. Just so the opportuni- 
ties for fortunes of a Girard and Astor will not return, 
but other chances equally as well, though they may be 
different in kind. The making of fortunes may be divis- 
ible into ages lasting for a number of years, in which 
fortunes can be made, and after that age is passed, an- 
other age will be inaugurated. Thus we have the age 
of war when Rome used to plunder the world; the age 
of shipping, when the Indians were searched for their 
species; tlie age of silver mining in Peru and Mexico; 
the age of gold mining in California, now near its vane; 
the age of steam, of India rubber, of Ginseng, Whiskey, 
Wine, Medicine, and a thousand others. While a certain 
article be it whatever, becomes of age, it will be milked 
by everybody that is able, but after a great many have 
entered the field, then competition becomes so great that 
nothing can be made any more in that line. Look at 
th'e oil wells of Pennsylvania at present. Where ever 99 
there is a profitable employment, dishonest men will as* 
eemble, thinking they can steal something, if they can- 
not get it honestly. 
The same is true in regard to the American Govern- 
ment, the making of money honestly is played out, and 
robbers and knaves have entered the arena. After one 
age is gone, which will last from one hundred to a thou- 
sand years, then another age will succeed. The age of 
the rvhale oil is gone, we have that of the coal oil nearly 
over us, and are about to enter that of electricity for il- 
luminating and heating purposes. We are in the age of 
railways. 
As the human race goes ahead, the faction to obtain a 
great result becomes constantly more gigantic, the single 
man is hardly able to cope with them, large corporations 
are required, the aid of the Nations credit by the Gov- 
ernment. Millions of dollars are required to mature a 
single grand affair. This agglomeration is constantly 
proceeding. Greater stores are to be unveiled, and great- 
er factions are required to unveil them. 
But as the monera is probably evolved at this day, as 
well as a quarter of a million of years ago, just so, for- 
tunes are running through their embyronic stages at this 
very day. The chances in real estate go with the growth 
of the people, and are intimately ligated with it; so here 
we have fresh starts, on the side of the strong factions of 
former ages, when the capitalist, in a measure reaps the 
largest profits. But since factions have their fives the 
same as individuals and die after a while, so it happens 
that other persons get a chance. - 
To acquire a fortune can only be accomplished by the 
right person to sieze upon the right thing, in the right 
time and in the right place. A concomitance of circum- 
stances are necessary, that are hard to bring together, re- 
quiring extensive knowledge. The person must know 
his power, he must know how hard he can work, and 100 
about how long he may live. He must know the busi- 
ness of the world, he must know what grand future is 
maturing suited to his capacities, he must know the place 
where to commence his operations, and he must know 
when the proper time is for commencing. 
The capacities of a man however amount to nothing, 
they must aLo be applied, the Idea must be transform- 
ed into the Ideal. Many men may have the proper 
learning, strength and health, but may lack the energy 
to make the application, hence energy is another element 
achieving the application. Hence fortunes be in the ap- 
plication of the proper person to proper things in the 
right place and time. 
- Large factions are hard to maintain, thus bank- 
ruptcy and dissolution often occurs among them. 
Eli Whitney was born at Westborough, Massachu- 
setts in the year 1765. He graduated at Yale College, 
in the year 1792, and left for Georgia to assume the situa- 
tion of a teacher. When he reached Georgia the situation 
was gone and he was obliged to take abode with Mrs. 
Green, the lady of General Nathanial Green of the strug- 
gle for Independence. 
Here he was informed that cotton planting was about 
to be relinquished on account of its unprofitableness, 
solely due to cleaning it of its seed. A negro was able 
to clean but a single pound per day by hand. 
Whitney set to work in the cellar of Mrs. Green con- 
structing a model of a machine that would clean cotton 
with dispatch and economy. I When the model was a- 
bout completed, the cellar was broken into at night, the 
model carried off and copied, and although he recovered 
his model, its principle was divulged and machines were 
in operation before he could get out his patent. How- 
ever he associated Mr. Miller, a num of means with him 101 
to go into the manufacture of the machines. In May 
1793 Mr. Miller and Whitney removed to Connecticut to 
put up a factory for the manufacture of the cotton gins; 
thinking themselves sure of the protection of the U. S. 
'rhe demand for the machines were at first great, but 
owing to the simplicity of its construction, every me- 
chanic was able to make one after he had examined the 
model. The temptation to dishonesty proved too strong 
for the cotton states, and thus the machines were turned 
out fraudulently by the hundred. 
Suits against the infringers were of no avail. It was 
almost impossible to find a jury that would give a ver- 
dict in his favor, in any of the States of the South. 
Georgia asserted that Whitney was not the inventor of 
the cotton gin, but somebody in Switzerland. 
South Carolina gave him 50,000 dollars for the State 
using his inventions, but still he had to go to law' to get 
it. North Carolina acted more nobly and granted him a 
percentage on each saw for 5 years, promptly collecting 
the amount and paying it over to the inventor. For 14 
years he continued to manufacture his machines, but to 
no advantage to himself, he merely earned his support. 
In 1807 Whitney's partner died, and the factory was de- 
stroyed by fire. In the same year the patent expired, 
and not being able to have it renewed, he abandoned 
the manufacture of the gin. While the invention prov- 
to be of no value to Whitney, it proved to be of im- 
mense value to the south. In 1793 the export of cotton 
was 10,000 bales, in 1860 it was over 4,000,000, also 400 
times as much, bringing to the South hundreds of mil- 
lions of dollars, and thus was the posterity of the South 
before the breaking out of the war, due to the invention 
of Whitney. 
Whitney turned his attention next to the improve- 
ment of the old Springfield musket, where he succeeded 
very admirably. lie established an arm factory, first at 102 
New Haven and afterwards at Whitneyville, Conn., and 
engaged to furnish to the Government, at first 10,000 
and afterwards 30,000 stands of arms. 
He was the first to carry the division of labor into this 
department, where one man was making but a single 
piece. His success was marked and rapid, and when he 
died in his 60th year at New Haven, 1825, he left his 
family a handsome profit. 
April the 14th, 1876. 
Chauncey Jerome was born at Canaan, Connecticut, 
in the 1793. When 15 years of age he was apprenticed 
by his guardian to a carpenter to learn the trade. When 
17 he was allowed in dull times to go home, and engag- 
ed with 2 journeyman clockmakers to travel with them 
and make the clock cases for them. Success crowned 
the venture. When spring came he returned to his mas- 
ter to complete his apprenticeship. 
In 1814 he set up a carpenter '"hop for himself and the 
next year he married. In 1816 lie engaged to work with 
Mr. Terry the wooden clock maker, at a liberal compen- 
sation. A clock would bring 15 dollars at that time. In 
1817 he felt himself able to make clocks on his own ac- 
count. At first he bought the works, put them together 
and made the cases for them. When his business in- 
creased, he discovered that the wooden works were apt to 
get damp and swollen, especially if shipped to a great 
distance, and thus rendered useless. While pondering 
how' to remedy this defect, it occurred to him that the 
works might be constructed of brass, as cheaply as of 
wood. Before carrying out his idea, it became necessary 
for him to invent the clock making machinery, which 
has made him famous among American inventors. By 
this machinery six men can make works for 1,000 clocks 
a day, and the total cost of producing a good clock of 103 
small size is 40 cents. American clocks then became fa- 
mous the world over, they were sent to China, the East 
Indies and South America. 
After a few years of successful business he organized the 
''Jerome Clock making Company," of New Haven. It 
began business with a large capital. In a few years Jer- 
ome retired from active management of the company, 
but remained its nominal president. 
He built himself a nice mansion and enjoyed himself 
in the presence of his family and friends, and hoped to 
pass the remainder of his days here. - However 
through some mismanagement on the part of the compa- 
ny, it became involved, and in 1860 before Jerome was 
fully aware of the trouble, the crash came, and the com- 
pany was ruined. Every cent of Jr romc's property was 
taken to meet the liabilities, and he became a poorer 
man, then he had been when a carpenter. At 67 
years of age he had to look about again to earn his daily 
bread. The great Chicago Clock Company of Chicago 
engaged him at liberal wages to superintend their facto- 
ry, which position he still holds. The clocks of his own 
genius are manufactured here. 
Elias Howe Jr., was born in the Town of Spencer, 
Massachusetts, in the year 1819. He was rather weak 
and delicate in constitution, and while a boy he worked 
in his father's mill. At 21 he married, and his family 
rapidly enlarging, he had to work hard to gain a liveli- 
hood for them. In 1843 he began to think about inven- 
ting a sewing machine. He knew about the dangers be- 
setting inventors, and so he kept his own counsel. The 
year after he came to the conclusion that the movement 
of the machine need not be in imitation of that of the 
hand. It became apparent to him that there must be 
another stitch. A little later he concieved the idea of 104 
using 2 threads, forming a stitch by a curved needle and 
shuttle. This was the triumph of his skill. In 1844 he 
had a model constructed of wood and wire which opera- 
ted to his satisfaction. As he was lacking 500 dollars to 
construct a perfect model of iron and steel, he formed a 
partnership with George Fisher, a man of means, and 
disposed one-half of the patent he shoul obtain, for the 
requisite aid. In 1845 in July, the model was complet- 
ed. After the machine was patented, it was sought to 
be introduced; but the tailors would not invest a dollar 
in it, being afraid it would ruin their trade. Fisher be- 
came disgusted and withdrew from the partnership. 
Howe also abandoned his machine for the time. In 
1846 he tried his success in London, but falling short, 
he was obliged to return to America. 
On his return he found that unscrupulous mechanics 
had constructed fac similes of his machine, and that it 
had been introduced into important manufact uries. 
Thus he commenced suits against the parties in 1850 
which were finally decided in his favor by Judge Sprague, 
in 1854. 
In 1850 he had moved to New York; associating him- 
self with Mr. Bliss, whose whole interest he bought in 
1855, who had died by that time. His business com- 
menced growing now from an income of 300 dollars a 
year, until it reached one-fifth of a million per annum. 
In 1867 when his patent expired he had made 2 millions 
on his inventions. He died that same year at Brooklyn. 
Richard M. Hoe was born in the city of New York, 
in the year 1812. His father had already made an im- 
provement on the Napier press, and when obliged to re- 
tire from business in 1832. young Richard formed a part- 
nership with his brother Robert, Mr. Newton and his 
C'oUsin Matthew Smith. 105 
Richard's first machine that lie produced was the "Hoe 
Double Cylinder Press," making 6 thousand impression* 
per hour. This press became rapidly introduced. Very 
soon however it became necessary to turn out larger edi- 
tions of papers, in a comparatively short time. Ln 1846 
it occurred to him to arrange the type on a circular rol- 
ler, and thus the germ of his lightning press was conciev- 
ed in his brain. He rapidly constructed a model, and ob- 
tained a patent for his invention. Mr. Swain of the Bal- 
timore Sun ordered the first 4 cylinder press, which was 
completed in the year 1848, making 10,000 impressions 
per hour. These presses were readily introduced. In 
1858 Mr. Hoe purchased the rights of the Adams press 
of Boston, carrying on the manufacture of that press also. 
One and one-half million of dollars are invested in these 
2 establishments. 
A ten cylinder press is worth 50,000 dollars, its length 
is 40 feet, width 15, and height 16 feet. The type cylin- 
der is four and one-half feet in diameter, one-fourth of 
the surface being occupied by the type, the remainder 
being used as an ink distributing surface. The 10 cyl- 
inders are impression cylinders, and each one requires a 
man for feeding in the paper to be printed. One man 
can feed 2,500 per hour, hence a 10 cylinder press can 
turn out 25,000 copies per hour. 
Samuel Colt was born at Hartford, Conn., in the year 
1814. and died 1862. When 15 year old he concieved 
his revolver, and constructed a model out of wood; when 
18 he went lecturing and realized a handsome sum for 2 
years. He commenced now to work in earnest at his 
revolver, and when 21 years of age, (in 1835,') he had 
brought it to such perfection that he was ready for ap- 
plying for a patent. His application was successful. 
"While examining the collection of firearms in the Lon- 106 
don Tower, lie was surprised to find that the idea, of a 
revolving chamber had been concieved anterior to him. 
although the idea had been poorly carried out. After 
having secured the patents of the 1 nited States, and the 
principle countries in Europe, he formed a company in 
1835 with a capital of 300,000 dollars, called the "Patent 
Arms Company,'' at Paterson, New Jersey. His invent 
tion recieved little encouragement until the war in Flori- 
da broke out in 1837, when the Government consented 
to give the revolver of Colt a trial. 11's success was so 
marked, that the Government gave further orders for 
them. The revolver played such a successful part in the 
war that the Seminoles became disheartened, and the 
war was terminated. 
This termination, brought the demand for tirearms al- 
so to an end; and Colt was obliged in 1842 to wind up 
the affairs of the company. In 1847 the war with Mexi- 
co began and thus a new demand was created: The Gov- 
ernment ordered 1,000 weapons, and agreed to pay 
$ 28,000 for them. 
Colt not having a model left, went to constructing a 
new one with some improvements. He hired an Arm- 
ory and when the arms were ready, and their success ap- 
parent, new orders kept pouring in on him. At the close 
of the war, the demand for his revolvers did not fall oil 
as it had done before, but kept on increasing. Every- 
body going to California and Australia, putchased a re- 
volver. 
In 1851 he commenced operations on a most extensive 
scale, and in 18B1 he doubled the size of the armory, be- 
ing able to turn out one thousand stands of arms pel 
day. being the largest armory in the world, costing two 
million. His machinery for making arms, was adopted 
by several Governments, especially England and Russia. 
Samuel F, B. Morse was bom at Charleston Massa- 107 
chusetts, in tLe y cm ' 79.1. and graduated at Yale College 
in the year 1810. At first he devoted himself to sculp- 
tor and portrait painting in London, having for his 
teachers Allston, West and Copley. Returning to Amer- 
ica. he met with poor success, lie went again to Europe 
in 1829 to complete his studies in art. In 1832 he was 
elected professor of the literature of fine arts in the Uni- 
versity of N. Y. C. While on his way home one of the 
passengers related some experiment he had witnessed in 
Paris, with the electro-magnet. Mr. Morse listened with 
intense interest, and before he reached New York he had 
concieved the principle of the electric telegraph, and 
completed the drawing therof. Assuming the duties of 
professorship lie was unable to complete his recording 
instrument, rude as it was, until 1835 messages were sent 
through half a mile of wire. In 1837 he completed the 
duplicate instrument, and filed his cavat in the Patent 
Office. In 1840 he recieved his first patent, and it was 
not until 1843 that Congress could be induced to make 
an appropriation for an experimental line. At that time 
39,000 dollars were appropriated for Morse to complete 
his experimental line from Washington to Baltimore. 
This was finished in 1844. proving quite succesful. In. 
1842 he had already laid a submarine cable across the 
harbor of New York. 
Telegraph companies organized now over the I 'nited 
States adopting the invention, and since the Telegraph 
Interest rapidly increased, Morse, was soon put in posses- 
sion of a large fortune. Many of the foreign potentates 
send him costly presents as a recognition of Jiis services, 
and nearly every American scientific or art academy, 
made him an honored member. Vale College gave him 
the title of L. L. D. At his eightieth year ho was living 
at Poughkeepsie, New A ork State, in the perfect enjoy- 
ment of his faculties. 108 
James Harper was born in the year 1795, at Long Is- 
land. When 15 years of age he chose to become a prin- 
ter. When through with his apprenticeship he associ- 
ated with his brother John, and commenced business for 
themselves. At first they only printed books to order, 
not attempting anything at their own risk. Their first 
job was 2,000 copies of Senecas morals. In 1818 they 
printed "Lock's Essay upon the human understanding," 
on their own account. 
When contemplating the publication of a book, they 
would first send to the leading booksellers of the coun- 
try, asking them how many copies each one would take. 
Joseph and Fletcher were taken into partnership in 1823 
and 1826. 
They employed 50 men and 10 hand presses, printing 
books in every department of knowledge. In 1850 they 
commenced the publication of "Harper's New Monthly 
Magazine," and in 1857 "Harper's Weekly," the former 
having attained after 20 years, a circulation of 180,000 
copies, and the latter a circulation of 100,000 copies. In 
1853 a workman through carelessness set their building 
on fire, which proved a loss of a million to them, one- 
quarter of which was covered by insurance. Their new 
structures were built fireproof. They employ 43 Adams 
press for book work, and 5 cylinder presses for printing 
the Weekly and Bazar. About 600 hands are here em- 
ployed, 250 of which are females. In 1869 James while 
driving in the Park in company with his daughter, was 
thrown out upon the pavement, which brought about 
his death in 2 days. 
Harper Brothers. 
Janies T. Field wa< born in the year 1820, in Ports- 
mouth, New Hampshire. In 1834 he entered the book 
store of Carter and Bendee. The firm soon changed to 
Allen and Tickner. In 1846 he became partner of the 109 
firm, ■which changed then to Tickner and Fields. 
James Gordon Bennett was born in Scotland, in the 
year 1800. Tn 1819 became to America. Tn New York 
he tried to start a commercial school, but he did not suc- 
ceed. In 1825 he purchased the "New York Courier," 
but he did not succeed with it. In 1826 he formed a 
connection with the "National Advocate," but this chang- 
ing hands in 1827, he had to give up his position. In 
1828 he and Mr. M. M. Noah established the "Enquir- 
er." In 1829 he became associated Editor of the "Cou- 
rier and Enquirer," which had formed a consolidation. 
This paper he left in 1832 and started the "Globe," but 
it met with no support, and went down after 30 days 
existence. In Philadelphia he invested his means in the 
"Pennsylvanian," but his paper failed after a short and 
desperate struggle. In 1835 he returned to New York 
and associated himself with two journeyman printers, 
and started the "Morning Herald" a penny paper, the 
projenitor of the "New York Herald" of to day. At 
that time the Herald was a four page sheet of four col- 
ums a page, and printed in a cellar. He wrote most of 
the articles himself, and tried especially to produce some- 
thing to make the people laugh. Next he introduced 
the "Commercials" for the first time in the American 
papers. This new feature proved very successful, and 
brought about a greater circulation of his paper. The 
great fire however that swept over New York, brought 
him material for his paper. At the close of the 15th 
month, the pager was enlarged, and the price increased 
to two cents per copy. The "New York Herald" of to 
day is from twelve to sixteen pages, of six colums each 
in size; is printed in a five story marble building. It 
employs 12 editors. 35 reporters, and 453 other employ- 
ees engaged upon the Herald. 
Its editions have a circulation of about 12T00 copies. He rarely writes for the paper now, but decides on the 
topics to be written upon in the presence of his editors, 
and in his absence, his son Gordon Bennett Jr., takes 
his place. When his marble building was completed, 
he had yet one-quarter of a million in the bank. 
110 
Robert Bonner was born in the year 1824; in the 
north of Ireland. lie was brought up in the State of 
Connecticut; and in the office of the ''Hartford Courant," 
he took his first lesson in type setting. On one occasion 
when the President's Message was to be published in ad- 
vance of rivals, he set up as much as 1,700 ems an hour 
-a feat unparalleled. In 1844 he moved to New York 
and engaged work in the "American Republican," and 
when this paper suspended, he took employment in the 
office of the "Evening Mirror," and soon after took charge 
of the "Merchant's Ledger," which he purchased a short 
time after. Fanny Fern having become the topic of the 
day, he secured her services by paying 100 dollars a col- 
umn for a story of 10 columns, and this fact was herald- 
ed throughout the Union in a dozen reiterations, making 
the editor rediculous in the eyes of the people, but it 
paid. When Mr. Everett was assisting the ladies to buy 
the Mount Vernon property, Mr. Bonner offered him 10 
thousand dollars for writing a series of papers for the 
"Ledger,'* which was accepted. lie next engaged Henry 
Ward Beecher, to write for the Ledger, for which he 
made princely payments. When Newspapers sneered 
at the Ledger, he procured articles from the best Journa- 
lists of the day. as James Gordon Bennett, H. J. Ray- 
mond, and Horace Greely, and thus effectually silenced 
the scoffers. 
When it was said that the Ledger was not fit for young 
persons to read, he engaged the services of 12 of the Pres- 
ide ms of the best colleges of the Union. The Ledger has 111 
now a circulation of 300,000 copies. He in married and 
has a family, and he has 6 horses worth 200,000 dollars. 
When he, drives out, he holds the reins himself. 
John Marshall, son of Thomas & Mary Marshall was 
born the 24td of September, in Vauquer County Vir., 
intermarried with Mary Willis 1783, and departed life 
on the 3rd of January, 1835. In 1781 he was admitted 
to the bar, and in 1799 he sat in Congress. In 1801 he 
Was appointed Chief Justice of the United States, which 
office he held for more than 34 years. In 1805 he pub- 
lished in 5 vols. the life of Washington. 
James T. Brady was born in New York, in the year 
1815. In the year 1835, young Brady Avas admitted to 
the bar. His head was twenty four and three-eight in- 
ches in circumference. By religion he was a Catholic, 
he was never married. In the year 1869 he died of apo- 
plexy. 
Benjaman West was born in Springfield, Pennsylva- 
nia, in the year 1738. He was a great painter, and was 
made President of the Royal Academy of London, in a- 
bout 1803, which position he held until death. His 
paintings were about 3,000 in number, and would cover 
a wall 16 feet high, and a quarter of a mlie in length. He 
died in London in his 82nd year in 1820. 
Jolin Rogers to whom the world is indebted for the 
plaster of Paris statuary, was born at Salem, Mass, in the 
year 1829. On one occasion he observed a boy mould- 
ing a figure in clay, and was induced to experiment in 
that direction. In Chicago his first fruits in clay, were 
exhibited at the fair. 
The process is as follows: - The artist takes some 
wet clay, and shapes it ivith his hand. The rough fig- 
ure is then finished with the moulding stick, which has 112 
a little boxwood spoon at each end. When the model is 
completed a plaster counterpart is taken, which is scru- 
pulously finished, and from this the moulds are made. 
The moulds are made of glue and when sufficiently dry 
are cut into the necessary pieces with a hnife, for the re- 
ception of the cast. He married in 1865, and is still liv- 
ing in New York. 
Hiram Powers was born at Woodstock, Vermont, in 
the year 1805. He chose sculpture as a profession, and 
in 1837, he sailed for Florence, Italy. His Greek slave 
was well thought of. Living beings are used for models. 
The cheapness of labor and life, have induced him to re- 
main in Italy, where he is now more than thirty years. 
Emanuel Leutze was born in Wuertenburg, in the 
year 1816. In his childhood he was moved to Philadel- 
phia, and he chose painting for a profession. In i860 
he received a commission to decorate the marble stair 
ways of the Capitol at Washington, for which he receiv- 
ed 20,000 dollars. July the 18th 1868, he died at Wash- 
ington City, of apoplexy. 
Henry Ward Beecher was born at Litchfield, Conn., 
in the year 1813. II is father Lyman, was a Presbyteri- 
an divine. In 1832 he and his father moved to Cincin- 
nati. When young Henry was ordained, he got mar- 
ried, and soon after became active at Indianapolis, Indi- 
ana, where he remained 8 years. In 1847 he took charge 
of Plymouth church, Brooklyn New York. lie preach- 
ed about Christ, not as a bygone personage, but as a re- 
ality, living yet and forever among us. The anti-slave- 
ry and temperance movement he considered as an ema- 
nation of Him. He helped to establish the "Independ- 
ent''and the "New York Ledger," and he wrote "Nor- 
wood a story of New England life. His "Life of Christ" 113 
brought failur- lately upon his publishers. 
Peter Cartwright a native of Virginia, was born in 
^he year 1785. In 1801 he was formally received into 
the Methodist Episcopal Church. While yet a boy he 
was induced to preach to the backwoodsmen, and since 
churches were scarce, gatherings "were held in the woodl- 
and thus originated the camp meeting system. In his 
congregation the "Jerks" originated, and as much as 500 
persons would take the Jerks at once, and commence to 
dance to get rid of them. These Jerks would sieze a per- 
son from top to toe. This took place in Kentucky in 
1804. In 1806 he was ordained Deacon of the Church. 
In 1823 he moved to Illinois, to Sagamon County, where 
numerous Indians used to roam at that time. Here he 
labored for 46 years. In 1827 he was made presiding 
elder. He had the whole of the State to attend to, which 
distance he traveled 4 times a year. He ■was a greal 
temperance advocate. His strength and agility were 
such that he would not shrink from a hand to hand en- 
gagement. 76 years have passed since he began his 
preaching, and age has not subdued his zeal or dimmed 
his eye, and he labors still in the cause of his master. 
Henry W. Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, 
in the year. 1807. In 1826 he was appointed professor 
of Modern languages in Bowdoin College, and in 1835 h< 
was appointed professor of languages in Harvard College. 
In 1840 he published the "Voices of the Night." "Bal- 
lads and Poems" appeared in 1841. In 1854 he resigned 
his position in the University. In 1861 his 2nd wife was. 
burnt to death from having her clothes take fire. 
Edwin Booth was born near Baltimore, Maryland, in 
the year 1833. Tn 1849 he appeared, first on the stage, 
in 1852 be went to California, in 1854 to Australia, and 114 
tu 1859 he returned to New York. His career ay an ac- 
tor was brilliant. 
Joseph Jefferson was born in Philadelphia, in th« 
year 1829, he was brought up on the stage. In the ex- 
ercise of his profession, he acquired a large fortune. He 
resides in New Jersey on a nice country seat at present. 
Benjamen Rush was born near Philadelphia, in the 
year 1745. He graduated at Princeton College in 1860, 
at the age of 15. He then proceeded to study medicine 
at Philadelphia, visited London, Edingburgh and Paris, 
and commenced the practice of medicine in 1769. 
In 1770 he began to write on medical subjects. In 
1776 he signed the Declaration of Independence. In 
1777 he was made Surgeon General of the Continental 
army. In 1785 he planned the Philadelphia Dispensary 
and in 1789 he was made professor of the Theory and 
Practice of Medicine, in the Philadelphia Medical Col- 
lege, which latter was merged into the University in 1791. 
He held 3 professorships at the time of his death. When 
the Yellow fever broke out, he instituted a new form of 
treatment, which gave rise to his denouncement by Wil- 
liam Cobbett, w'hich was followed by a lawsuit, where 
Cobbett had to pay 5,000 dollars. He died in the year 
1813, at the age of 68, leaving one son. 
Valentine Amott was born at Glen Cove, Long Is- 
land, in the year 1785. At the age of 21 he graduated 
as M. D. at the Columbia College, New York. lie con- 
tinued his studies in London, Edingburgh and Paris. 
In 1809 he accepted the chair of Surgery in the Colum- 
bia College, and held it until the year 1813, when this 
College was merged into the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, in this he held a professorship until 1826. Ho 115 
was the first to introduce into this country the practice 
of delivering clinical lectures at the bedside of the pa- 
tients. In 1318 he ligated for the first time in the world 
the bracheocephalic trunk of the arteria innominata, and 
while thus the blood was cut off from the arm, the pul- 
sations continued and also the vitality of the limb. Sec- 
ondary hemorrhage killed the patient after 28 days. 
At one time he removed a piece from the internal jugu- 
lar vein, tying the ends. 
. His invariable rule was: before attempting an opera- 
tion on a living body, to perform it on the Cadaver, un- 
der the most minute and patient examination. He was 
always prepared to meet with unforeseen accidents, and 
did not suffer himself to be taken by surprise. He died 
in the year 1865. 
P. T. Barnum was born in Connecticut in the year 
1810. Fora while he acted as a clerk in a store, or as a 
drummer for others, and finally turned out a showman. 
He inaugurated the extravagant advertisements, so 
wride spread in our time. He played on the weakness of 
the people, evinced in their love for the marvelous and 
extravagant. 
"Never hide your light under a bushel" was his mot- 
to. The want of truth in his advertisements, blasted his 
reputation as the greatest humbug showman in Ameri- 
ca. He was however a man of pluck and scrutiny, al- 
ways watching the cravings of the people; his habits were 
temperate. In 1836 he connected himself with Turner's 
travelling Circus, as a ticket seller, at twenty dollars a. 
month. In the year 1841 he purchased the American 
Museum without a cent, and in a short time paid for it. 
He harnessed an elephant to a plow as an advertisement 
to his museum. 
His riches had increased from day to day while a 
showman, but getting in the way of the Jerome Clock Company, he was induced to bite, and down went his 
fortune with a crash. This happened while he was en- 
gaged in building a city in East Bridgeport, in 1855 ho 
lent his name for 110,000 dollars as security to the clock 
company, which was to move'to East Bridgeport. 
Next he turned to lecturing and his article on money 
getting involves the following principled: - 
Expend less than you earn. 
Franklin's sayings. 
Do not save at the spigot, and lose at the bunghole. 
Tend to your health. Avoid tobacco and 
drink. Follow that occupation you are best suited for. 
Persevere. Be cautious yet bold. Never have anything 
to do with an unlucky man or place. Use the best tools. 
Be hopeful and yet not visionary. 
Do not scatter your powers. Beware of outside oper- 
ations. Do not indorse without good security. Adver- 
tise. Be polite, honest, charitable and don't blab. In 
1865 the American Museum burnt down, insured only 
tor 40 thousand dollars, while the collection was' worth 
■100 thousand. 
He built up a new iMuseum, and rose to wealth a 3rd 
time. 
116