KWOK. 
PEARLS OF THOUGHT, 
by Dr. J. T. Scholl. 
From "the American Practice" condensed. By W. 
Beach, 14th Edition New York 1848. 
Wise sayings. 
I was a dogmatic at 20, an observer at 30, an Empiric 
at 40 and at fifty I have no longer any system. - S. 
Borden. How egregiously do men err when they 
loose sight of facts, and substitute specious argument for 
observation and experience. - Buchan. If opinion 
be erroneous it requires discussion that it may be expos- 
ed; if it be true, that it may be adopted. Dr. Cooper. 
Let truth and falsehood grapple. - Milton. To yield 
to authority would be criminal, facts must stand. Dr. 
Underwood. Health is the most precious of all things, 
the foundation of happiness: the science of protecting 
Ijfe and health is therfore the most noble of all and the 
most worthy of man's attention. 
Medical history may be divided, into the empiric, 
galenic and chemical epochs. 
Medicine seems to have been at first little else than a col- 
lection of superstitions. Ignorant Priests, Magicians and 
Astrologers officiated as physicians. The sick were ex- 
posed in public places to the views of travelers. Remedies 
were recorded on the pillars of temples and public places. 
Aesculapius was the first man to collect and put on re- 
cord all the known remedies of the Times. Hypocrates 
born in the first year of the 18th Olympiad, reduced med- 
icine to a science (held sway for two thousand years.) 
The medical school of Alexandria devided into dogmatics 2 
and empirics. Galen was born ip the year 131 after 
Christ, he held sway for 14 centuries. In the year 1493 
Paracelsus was born in Switzerland, he was the proto- 
type of quacks, using quicksilver as medicine. He burnt 
the works of Galen, and in spite of the Elixir of Life 
what he pretended to have discovered, he died at 48. 
The modern practice devides into the Allopaths or 
Regulars, the Homoepaths, Thomsonians, Nostrum mon- 
gers and Botanies. The pure Thomsonians puke, steam 
and inject their sick. 
Dr. W. Beach, studied medicine with Dr. Tidd of Bos- 
ton and graduated in New York, in 1827 he erected an 
infirmary. Retarding the Reformed Practice, we have 
selfin tererst, want of honesty, prejudice and ignorance. 
Solomon says: "Though you bray a fool in a mortar his 
folly will not depart from him." There is no cure for an 
ignorant man, it takes a man of sense to judge that what 
is sensible. Fashion is another potent element. It is 
to the rising generation that we must look for the recep- 
tion of new truths. As a watch will go irregularly whose 
balance wheel has been near a magnet, so will a physician 
having a favorite theory, bending everything to its supf 
port, be laid astray. - It is easy to go with the stream, 
hard to contend against the current. Prove all things 
and what is good lay hold of. 
To prejudice other men's notions before we have ex- 
amined them is not proving their unsoundness but our 
blindness. 
Lock says: "New Opinions are suspected just because 
they are uncommon. Truth like Gold is none the less 
for being brought newly from the mine, examination 
must give it price, not antique fashion and although it be 
not current by public stamp, it is none the less genuine. 
Friends may Hatter, enemies defame, but history will ren- 
der justice." 3 
1. Diet and Regimen. Dr. Mott says, there are as 
many suffering from intemperance in eating as in drink- 
ing. 2. "I have seen," says Graham, "chronic diseases 
unbenefited by medicines, yield to a well regulated regi- 
men."' 3. Death from old age may be compaired to the 
extinction of the light after all the oil has been consum- 
ed, death from disease, to the blowing out of the light 
while there is yet plenty of oil. 4. Cheerfulness of 
temper and vigor of body are the offspring of temperance. 
To prevent disease is in the power of the individual, to 
cure them, falls into the hands of strangers who may be 
ignorant and villainous. 5. Sir Thomas Barnard 
could mount his horse at a hundred years of age, read 
without'spectacles and sing as he did at twentyfive. 
The man of moderation culls the flowers of every a'- 
lowable gratification while the victim of intemperance 
drinks so deep as to stir up the noxious sediment at the 
bottom of the cup; thus are the voteries of Bacchus and 
Venus worn out with disease before they have arrived 
at middle age. 10 years of mature life with knowledge 
and experience are of more value than those of younger 
years. An elderly man of a delicate constitution leading 
regular habits, will have a better chance for a long life 
than a young man with a robust constitution leading a 
disorderly life. Many people eattoo much at once, over- 
stretching the coats of the stomach (and rendering them 
unable to contract on the contents) giving rise to fer- 
mentation, flatulence, listleness and headache. 
Rise from the table before you are fully satiated; 
and ot sundry articles, eat in no larger proportion than the 
stomach is well able to digest them. Many diseases may 
be cured by diet alone. Abstinence is the best cure for 
an excess in eating or drinking, 'abstinence itself must 
be in moderation since a suspension of function would 
bring on debility of the organ. 
8. Exercise with temperance prove the best cathartics. 4 
The father of prof. Cooper was cured of asthma by eating 
carrots for two weeks. 
9. Food and drink. Animal food is hard of diges- 
tion in proportion to the grease it contains. 10. Veg- 
itable food is lighter and more laxative. The Irish who 
live on potatoes and buttermilk are nevertheless strong. 
Our forefathers lived to an old age on beanporridge and 
hasty puddings. The laboring classes of many districts 
of Scotland and the north part of England are nourished 
on little else than oatmeal and potatoes. 13. The 
strength of the salt and coal heavers of Spain and Eng- 
land is amazing, says Captain Chase. The Irish of which 
subsist on 4 oz of bread and 3 of cheese for a meal; a cask 
of oil weighing over 1| tons was carried by 4 of these 
men. 15. The inhabitants of the Ladrone islands sup- 
posed themselves to be the only people of the world prior 
to the landing of the Spaniards in 1620 and ksince there 
were no animals but birds on the island, which were not 
eaten by them, so they lived on vegitables exclusively and 
still they were well built and able to carry five hundred 
pounds. Lycurgus, Porphyry and Pythagoras used no 
meat. 16. It is not so much the quantity as the quali- 
ty of fdod which overloads the stomach. 17. Arsenins 
the tutor of the Emperor Arcadius lived to 120 years on 
bread and water. Romualdus reached also 120. 18. St. 
Mungo is said to have lived to 180. Thomas Parr 152. 
Ephraim Pratt 116. A vegitable diet prolongs the per- 
iod of growth, hence of life. The Pythagorean school issued 
forth Epaminondas noted for his virtue, Archytas noted 
for his mechanical skill and Milo noted for his strength. 
Many diseases are communicated by eating the flesh of 
animals. 18. Rousseau says: The peaceful temper of 
the frugivorous Asiatic contrast strongly with the fero- 
cious carnivorous European. In India the killing of 
animals is forbidden. In Paris there are four thousand 5 
sellers of oysters, 1,500 oxen and 10,000 sheep, hogs and 
calves are daily consumed. 20. In the reign of terror 
in France it was the butchers that were foremost in the 
massacres. 
Bread. Wheat should be ground fine and the bran 
left in, thus being made into bread it would regulate the 
bowels and cure dyspepsia. 
Tea and coile when drank strong, make persons 
weak and nervous. 21. Pastry is hard of digestion. 
Milk is wholesome, goat milk is easiest of digestion. 
7 o o 
Water, should be free from mineral and vegetable in- 
gredients, it should contain no lime and be soft, other- 
wise it is highly injurious, causing gravel, (goitre, prem- 
ature old age. S.) Cold water should not be drank when 
the body is fatigued or heated. Persons may die in a 
few minutes. 
756. Alexis St. Martin a Canadian 18 years of age, in 
1822 received an accidental charge of duckshot in his 
left side removing a piece of the lungs and stomach leav- 
ing a hole, so that the 'whole of one linger could be passed 
into it. At the end of a year the opening was closed by 
a valve formed from the mucous membrane which how- 
ever could be pushed aside with the linger. 
757. Dr. Beaumont of the American Army made St. 
Martin a subject of experiments and found: That 
the gastric juice was secreted, the instant food was intro- 
duced into the stomach; the villous coat viewed with 
the magnifier, changed from a pale pink to a deep red in 
hue and the vermicular movement transversely and long- 
itudinally became also excited, and the gastric juice was 
poured out from the glands. Whenever a feverish con- 
dition existed, caused by undue excitement, fatigue, fear 
anger, overeating or liquors, then the villous coat would 
he red and dry, not yielding any gastric juice even on 
the application of a stimulus. 761. After the use of 
liquors for a few days, the mucous membrane would be 6 
covered with apthous patches and the gastric juice small 
in quantity, although he did not complain, not even of 
want of appetite. If however the drinking was contin- 
ued for two days longer, then the inflammatory spots 
would take on a livid hue and pour out small drops of 
grumous blood while the apthous patches were becoming 
larger and more numerous. The secretion was muco- 
purulent tinged with blood as'in dysente y. Some uneasi- 
ness at the pit of the stomach and some vertigo would be 
probably the only thing complained of. Eating to excess, 
or swallowing the food not sufficiently masticated would 
produce similar effects on. the stomach. This explains 
the miserable digestion of the drunkard. Under some 
influences (probably fear, fatigue and anger S.) then the 
membrane would turn pale and moist giving out but a 
small quantity of gastric juice. 
760. The digestion of meat was especially influenced 
by the minuteness of division and t e n d e r n es s of 
the fibre. Animal and farinaceous food were most quick - 
Iv digested. Digestion in the stomach or chymification 
was especially determined by the relative amount of food 
to (lie gastric juice, then by the state of health and mind, 
by rest and exercise etc. 
257. The relative time for the digestion of different 
kinds of food is three and one half hours for meats, eggs, 
oysters, broiled, boiled or roasted, frying will add half an 
hour to tlie time, and beef or mutton suet and fat pork 
will bring the time to five hours; while young and lean 
meats such as sucking pig and turkey will digest an hour 
sooner, that is in two and one half hours time. Soups, 
vegetables and bread digest in the average time. Wa- 
terfowls take four hours and tendons take five hours to 
digest. Fish when fresh, young and lean stand with 
milk, when long salted near to old beef. 
The distention of the gastric tubules gives rise to the 
sensation of hunger. - The gactric juice first coagu- 7 
bites albumen and next dissolves the coagula. 
The amount of food taken into the stomach is gener- 
ally more than is required for the support of the system, 
and frequent excess will produce disease. The bulk of 
t he food is also a necessary consideration to satisfy the 
normal action of the stomach. Exercise elevates, and 
sleep depresses the temperature of the stomach, in di- 
rect ratio to which digestion proceeds. 
23. Liquors. Strong liquors were formerly kept in 
drugstores the same as medicines, and prescibed by the 
physician. Liquors precipitate the pepsin (an albumen - 
oid) within the gastric tubules, causing closure of the 
orifices and an inflammatory condition of the mucous 
membrane is the result, ulcers, hemorrhages and finally 
atrophy must be the consequence. The first effect is 
morbid excitement, the second scirrhosis of the organ. 
Scirrhosis of other organs especially the liver, kidneys, 
spinal marrow and brain with their concommitant symp- 
toms set in sooner or later. 
One dram begets the need of another, till the habit 
becomes fixed and the victim is finally carried off by de- 
lirium, apoplexy, ataxy, dyspepsia or dropsy. A preter- 
natural excitment of any function will determine its 
premature decay, hence drunkards die before their time. 
Habits of drunkeness are most frequently contracted 
from associating with comrades already addicted to the 
habit. Avoid the company of the intemperate as you 
would a serpent, the poisoned fang will rankle in your 
flesh before you are aware of it. He that touches tar 
will defile himself. The drunkard experiences shortly be- 
fore the time arrives for his drinking spell, an oppression 
and faintness so that he is obliged to drink to feel like 
himself again. 
24. A drunkard once asked a Quaker what he should 
do for his sore eyes, and the Quaker answered: 'Aly friend, 
my advice is that you put the brandy on your eyes and 8 
the goggles on your mouth. Wine and beer have all their 
bad consequences. - 
Air. Many disorders are due to the air we breathe. 
In the Grotto del Cani in Italy dogs die immediately, on 
account of the irrespirableness of the air. A man uses a 
gallon of air a minute. In houses and churches the air 
should be let in from above. 
28. Our streets in the cities are filthy and too narrow, 
cities should be built like Babylon or other ancient 
cities, with wide streets, houses far apart and gardens be- 
tween them. The dead should be at a distance from the 
<'ity. Magendie demonstrated that a deadly poison is e- 
volved therefrom even if largely diluted with air. • 
29. Persons afflicted with lung diseases should avoid 
the air of cities. Trees and plants are great purifiers of air, 
they have the power to decompose carbonic acid, assimi- 
lating the carbon and restoring the oxigen to the air. 
Air is as necessary to life as food itself, only draughts, 
are to be avoided especially by the sick. 
Exercise. Without exercise there is no health. 31. 
Those persons whom necessity compels to earn their dai- 
ly bread are not only the most healthy, but generally the 
happiest. Dr. Thomas. Since their wants are few they 
are strangers to care and solicitude. All those that have 
attained old age have undergone while young great fa- 
tigue and hardships, such was the case with Parr and 
Jenkins. 32. Nervous diseases belong to the sons of 
affluence, not to the laborious. 
The studious man wants alternate study and exercise 
and thus secure improvement both in mind and body. 
Exercise if too violent or long continued will cause an 
overstretching, and hence be injurious. 33. When the 
body is heated it must be guarded against rapid cooling, 
cither from cold drinks or a cold atmosphere. Exercise 
may be active and passive, it is active when a person la- 
bors or walks, it is passive when one ridts in a carraige 9 
or is pummcled. Riding on horseback or friction with 
the fleshbrush combine active and passive exercise. 
Horseback riding is best for the consumptive, hypo- 
chondriac and dyspeptic. Dancing is highly injurious 
on account of the dusty rooms, cold draught, unseasona- 
ble hours and overexercise after the body is already tired 
from the labors of the day. Dumbbells are sometimes 
usefull. Friction to the body is indispensable to the 
weak and paralytic, the morning may be the proper time 
for it. 
35. Every part of the body should receive exercise. 36 
Attend to those duties that are indispensably necessary 
and if they are too great, procure assistance. 
(The special activity of an organ is the essential con- 
dition of its creation and persistance. Muscle must con- 
tract or it will waste away, brain must think or feel, else 
it will degenerate, the stomach, kidneys and liver must 
secrete or else they become scirrhous. Alcohol makes 
the stomach, brain and liver scirrhous, since it precipi- 
tates the albumen, endorms the parts and interferes with 
the function of the organ. Scholl.) 
36. Climate. The natives of this country got along 
with very little clothing, while we suffer a good deal from 
our winters, having a good deal of it. 
37. Youth requires less clothing than age. Woolen 
garments should be put on early in the fall and not laid 
off till late in the spring. Do not mind the fashions 
since they are regardless to climate, health and comfort. 
A tight necklace prevents the return blood from the head, 
is hence a cause of headache. 
Be particular to have the clothes dry you wear by day 
and sleep under at night. If you get your clothes or 
stockings wet change them immediately. 
25. Flannel may be worn by some persons the whole 
year through without any inconvenience in the hottest 
weather. It protects against the sudden reduction of tern- 10 
perature by its non-conducting property. 39. It may 
be best to wear flannel over the shirt than next the skin, 
and it is better to wear cotton next the skin ' than linen 
which is apt to impart a sense ofchilliness: it is thus that 
linen bosoms in cotton shirts are badly applied, subject- 
ing the chest, which ought to be particularly protected, 
to chilliness, the body is thus subjected to a double tem- 
perature equal to a draught, hence injurious. In order 
to have the body not become habituated to the flannel it 
may be adviseable to take it off at night, provided the 
bed is warm and dry and no chilliness experienced. Per- 
sons have often lost their lives by taking off their flannels 
too early in the spring. 
41. Cleanliness. Cleanliness is effected by the fre- 
quent change of dress and the use of ablutions. 4$. The 
teeth should be cleaned after every meal. The throat 
should be gargled every morning with cold water. The 
feet should be frequently washed especially in summer 
time. 
43. Bathing the feet every morning in cold water is 
said to prevent colds in the head. 
Sleep. Too little sleep weakens the nervous system, 
too much induces stupidity and debility. Six hours of 
sleep is enough for a healthy person, seven or eight hours 
should never be exceeded. Sitting up at night and sleep- 
ing in the day time is bad, turning night into day and day 
into night soon robs the blooming check of its roses and 
lilies. 44. The bedroom should bo spacious and situa- 
ted on the sunny side of the house. Avoid late and hea- 
vy suppers, and strong tea or coffee as well, before retiring. 
Too much exercise will prevent sleep as well as to little. 
Shun hard study by night. Going ,to bed, banish an- 
xious thoughts and call to mind that there is no use in 
fretting about what cannot be helped. 
44. Occupation. Inhaling dust, of whatever nature 
is very injurious, thus stonecutters, millers and coalmin- 11 
vrs are liable to a peculiar kind of consumption. Studious 
persons have their health impaired by remaining too long 
in one position, and for the want of exercise. Watchma- 
kers are liable to hemorrhage of the bowels, loss of appe- 
tite and flatulency. 
4G. The mechanic ought to cultivate a piece of ground 
for out door exercise, - Thinking durst not be contin- 
uous, it must be alternate with exercise, the perpetual 
thinker becomes warped and stupid in a short time. 
Many of our sons are dying in the shops and colleges, or 
under the tveight of proffession al responsibility, that might, 
have been spared to a long and useful life, if trained to 
agriculture or the mechanical arts. 
Taking cold. 47. Most of our diseases arise from 
the sudden transitions of temperature. The system is 
capable of undergoinig a great change of temperature 
if gradually applied, but when suddenly applied injury 
must follow. By cold air the body is made to contract. 
By intense cold persons have suddenly dropped deau, 
without any symptoms of previous disease. Coughs are 
most, when the weather undergoes frequent changes, es- 
pecially when a moist warm air is succeeded oy a cold 
and dry one. The moist air hinders cutaneous exhala- 
tions while a dry air will favor it, thus caloric is too rap- 
idly abstracted. 
48. Most dangerous are the rapid fluctuations of tem- 
perature, when a person leaves a room heated up to 80 
degrees F. and goes into the cold air, 10 or 20 degrees 
below the freezing point; or by laying off a warm suit 
of clothing for a light one to go to church or to a ball. 
The system cannot acommodate itself to such rapid 
changes, and colds and consumptions are the result. 
Change your clothes according to the vicissitudes of the 
season, and make the change from one temperature into 
another very gradually. Avoid a current while you are 
prespiring as you would an arrow. 12 
Damp clothes. 49. The best constitution is not 
proof against wet clothes. Wet feet, are often followed 
by fatal diseases. The night air when damp is particu- 
larly dangerous, especially in low districts malaria is 
brought near to the surface by the dew and fevers and 
quinseys are the result. Damp beds are especially to be 
avoided. Beds that are not in use will become damp. 
Sheets should be exposed to a brisk fire before being put 
on the bed in winter time. 
50. If your bed is damp it is better to sleep with your 
'clothes on. Damp houses are particularly unhealthy. 
Evacuations. 51. The bowels should be moved once 
in twenty four hours. Costiveness will produce a train 
of diseases among which may be mentioned headache, 
nervous disorders and dyspepsia. Taking physic for such 
a state will only aggravate the trouble by debilitating the 
bowels. Recourse should be had to a proper diet, coarse 
bread, fruit and vegetables are well calculated to remove 
costiveness. The belly may also be kneaded every morn- 
ing with the hand for ten or fifteen minutes. The food 
must leave a large residue to be thrown off, such is the 
best stimulus to torpid bowels. A dog fed on bread made 
of superfine flour died in forty days, while, another one 
receiving bread made from unbolted flour kept in good 
health. A raw egg with three parts of water taken in 
the morning is excellent, or even drinking a tumblerful 
of water. In obstinate'eases injections may be resorted 
to. 
The urine. If it be scanty, then there is some derang- 
ment of the system which should be looked to. 
The skin. S a n c t o r i u s an Italian physician drew 
attention to the. cutaneous and pulmonary transpiration 
which he maintained to exceed all other secretions. 
Breathing cold air after the lungs are freely transpiring: 
or subjecting the skin to cold draughts after the skin is 
moistened with perspiration is apt to bring on inflamma- 13 
i on of the lungs. Drinking cold water 1ms a similar 
effect. (Myself, while walking fast felt rather warm, 
pulled of my coat, and walked ahead, but as soon as the 
cool air (not cold at all) struck my armpits moist with 
perspiration, 1 was enduced to cough repeatedly, until I 
put the coat on again when the coughing ceased, not to 
return. 1 was healthy at the time and did not sicken af- 
terwards. iScholl.) A cold bath may kill when the body 
is perspiring and fatigued. 
Baths, od. A bath is said to be cold when above the 
freezing point and below 65 degrees F. If the bather 
feels a sense of chilli nes then the water is too cold for him. 
If reaction docs not immediately follow the bath, danger 
is imminent. Weak persons are rather injured by bath- 
ing. Bishop Heber of Calcutta died in the bath, and 
Marcellus was so prostrated by a cold bath that he died 
soon afterwards. 
55. Bathing the head every moriiig in cold water is 
useful in preventing colds and catarrhs. Sir Tobias 
Mathews says that he was cured of a catarrh of twenty 
years standing by bathing his head with cold water. 
Weak eyesights may be benefitted by holding the face un- 
der water every morning and opening the eyes a few 
times so as to give entrance to the water. Dipping the 
head in cold water is good for nervous,disorders. - 56 
The tepid bath is below 85 and the warm bath below 95 
degrees F. The warm bath is the one that is especially 
applicable to the majority of persons. Debilitated per- 
sons feel strengthened by the warm bath. In errupthe 
fevers and rheumatism warm bathing is indicated. The 
hot bath is (where it is above 95 and below 105) seldom 
useful. A person was placed in a bath of 180 degrees, 
he fell apoplectic an hour after. - Fouicoy. Peter 
Frank mentions where a hot bath was followed by a fever 
and fourteen abscesses. The vapor bath may be extem- 
porized by a tub of hot water, a heated brick and a blank- 14 
et; especially useful in rheumatism and diseases of the 
skin. 
Shower bath. 60. A Shower bath is excellent for 
hardening the system, fortifying it against the effects of 
changes of temperature. After the shower bath the body 
must be rubbed briskly with a coarse towel. All animal 
effluvias are active poisons, the necessity of ablutions is 
therefore apparent. The skin holds a close relation 1o 
the lungs anti stomach. Bathing and rubbing the whole 
surface of the body, is not only calculated to prevent dis- 
ease, but also to restore the debilitated, the dyspeptic, 
nervous and rheumatic. The whole body ought to be 
daily or at the farthest weekly, washed all over with 
soft water with some sal soda in it, and then rubbed 
briskly with a towel until a glow of warmth is felt all 
over; this may be done in the morning or evening. Per- 
sons following this rule will not be troubled with colds 
and sorethroats. Combe says: "If persons would bestow 
a part of the labor applied to currying horses to their 
own skin, with some attention to their diet and clothing, 
disease would be far less numerous. If a person is co- 
vered with a varnish from the perspiration it is impossi- 
ble for him to remain well. 
Mineral waters and watering places. The benefit 
derived from these places is due to the diet, exercise ami 
change of scenery. The Saratoga and Ballston springs 
are most noted in this country. 65. In dyspepsia, says 
Dr. J. II. Steel, four or five tumblersful of Congress wa- 
ter will generally act freely on the bowels when taken 
before breakfast. From one to two quarts a day may be 
drank. Under the same circumstances common spring 
water would answer as well. 
Change of Climate. 66. Brazil, and the West In- 
dies are best. St Croix is the best island for consump- 
tives. The best islands are small having a constant sea- 
breeze with no change of temperature. At St. Croix the 15 
thermometer is known to remain at 80 without change 
for a long time, is not subject to rains as Cuba is, thus 
the crops are generaly one half. 
Sometimes a long ride on horseback, or in a carriage is 
highly conducive to health, and instrumental in remov- 
ing obstinate complaints. Sydenham says that riding 
will cure all disorders excepting confirmed consumption. 
67. Sir James Clark, says that change of climate will 
be of more benefit to those afflicted with nervous disor- 
ders. 
Dr. S. Torry remarks on the climate of Florida. "Pa- 
tients are apt to seek abroad what they might find better 
at home, an evergreen and ever blooming surrounding. 
Tobacco. 68. Three drops of the distilled oil of 
tobacco put on the tongue of a cat, will kill it in'threeto 
ten minutes. A tobacco poultice applied to the stomach 
caused terrible vomitings. Incessant vomiting followed 
the application of snuff and butter to the sores on the 
head of a girl. The oil when applied to an incision in 
t he pectoral muscle of pigeons will cause vomiting and 
immobility. 69. By smoking and chewing the saliva 
so useful in the digestion of starchy food, is spit away 
and wasted; the mouth is thus rendered dry and the pan- 
creas becomes affected with scirrhus and dyspepsia fol- 
lows in its train. The saliva that finds its way to 
the stomach is poisoned by the tobacco. Tobacco may 
cause epilepsy. Cancers of the under lip are generally 
due to the use of tonacco. Dr. Bomari says: The least 
evil you can expect is emaciation of the body, feebleness 
of memory and a bluntness of senses. 
Tobacco rather wears down the teeth and by the dry- 
ness of the mouth rather causes their decay, than their 
preservation. 70. Vertigo, blindness and paralysis have 
been caused by tobacco, (and disease of the heart as well. 
S.) 
The use of tobacco by causing dryness in the mouth is 16 
the first inducement to drunkeness. Tobacco gives a rel- 
ish for strong drinks. The breath of a consumer of to- 
bacco is horrible to a man of fine habits. - Using to- 
bacco is a waste of money as well, and if a person would 
put the money thus wasted on interest, in twentyfive 
or fifty years it would be a nice little sum, and since the 
tobacco is a further inducement to spend money for li- 
quors, losing money through idleness and sickness, one 
third of a man's earnings is generally lost through the 
use of tobacco. A man will use thirty cents worth of 
tobacco in a week, if he uses cigars he may treble the a- 
mount, that would be from fifteen to fifty dollars a year, 
and concommitant expenses would bring the amount to 
fifty or one hundred and fifty a year. Getting drunk is 
left out of the calculation. 
Pope Urban the Vin excommunicated all those that 
used tobacco in the churches. Simon Pauli, physician to 
the King of Denmark states that tobacco is laid in bog 
houses by the inerchants so that it may be'come impreg- 
nated with the volatile salts of the excrements. Tobacco 
spinners frequently wet the leaves with stale urine. How 
delicious that must be! Persons using the pipe are apt 
to become sots. Tobacco leads to drunkeness. 
Tight lacing. 72. A corset tightly laced, being un- 
elastic, allows no play to the ribs to expand and to con- 
tract, hence the breathing has to be done withe the upper 
portions of the lungs, are consequently overstretched, 
become emphysematous or tuberclerous, while the lower 
part of the lungs are arrested in development in company 
with the bony structure. The heart is also interfered 
with. Let the young man beware of taperwaists if he 
docs not wish to marry consumption or dyspepsia. The 
habit of tight lacing can only be gradually laid off. 
Hair and baldness. The head should be washed 
daily with cold water and rubbed with a towel, The 
roots of the hair may be washed without wetting the 17 
whole of the hair. Dress your head light and cool. 
79. Bleeding and taking salts in the spring, should 
lie avoided. A tombstone reads: "I was well; I took phy- 
sic and died. 
Patent medicine. The most foolish preparation is 
bought with avidity as long as it is kept secret and puff- 
ed. In the minds of the ignorant secresy stamps a med- 
icine with high value. Impostors know this and make 
use of it. All ills are not readily cured even by the 
learned physician, the ignorant man deriving no benefit, 
throws himself into the arms of an unscrupulous quack, 
to be milked of his money and defrauded of the little life 
there is left. If you ever see a person who professes to 
set or reduce a bone where there is no fracture or dislo- 
cation, you have before you a shameless interloper and 
quack. 
They pretend to cure with vegetable remedies and re- 
sort to mercury in disguise. 81. Nine times out of ten 
those medicines are either useless or highly injurious. 
Swain's Panacea contains corrosive sublimate. The 
Welsh Medicamentum is the compounded tincture of 
aloes with some aromatics to diguise it, (now it is making 
its appearance under the name of Hamburg drops. S.) 
"Dr. Taylor's Balsam of liverwort" a remedy for con- 
sumption, obtained notoriety by puffing and forged cer- 
tificates, Taylor being a fictitious name, and the propri- 
etor though he amassed a fortune died of consumption 
in spite of his medicine. 83. Why do not the editors 
of papers expose this villainy? because their interest is 
at stake and they are rather well paid for it. 
The passions. 84. Love, grief, fear and anger. Ill- 
nesses baffling the skill of physicians, have been cured 
by the pardon of sin, while anger has been frequent!}' 
fatal. 
Love may be disinterested and sensual. Spiritual 
love if it exists, will suspend that of a sensual nature. 18 
86. The passion of love is produced on the principle 
of association which begets assimilation and attachment. 
Diseases caused by a disappointed love are of a nervous 
nature. Hysteria, hypochondria and mental derangement. 
The cure for such affections would be to mix in cheerful 
company and traveling. Single blessedness is a stranger 
to the cares entailed by a large family. "As love, and 
hSpe are of one birth, so they can but die hand in 
hand." 
Grief. 87. Grief consumes slowly. A mother that 
has lost her child sleeps profoundly. Criminals sleep 
soundly the night before they are executed. Silence is 
better than conversation, but friends are desirable. Re- 
ligion is a great boon to some. Traveling is very good. 
Anger. Anger will cause a return of epilepsy, colic, 
diarrhoea and syncope. Make an opposite impression upon 
an angry person, and if reconciliation is probable let tin 
subject be quietly talked upon, and greater friendship 
will often arise. 
Fear. Fear will cause involuntary discharges. The 
hair is sometimes turned gray or caused to fall off the 
head by fear. 
91. 'Midst changing scenes and dying friends, 
Is happiness qnite.hard to find, 
The. honey's mixed «vith gall. 
Fear in children is often caused by the foolish stories 
of parents. A horse will not be afraid of a wheelbarrow 
or a millstone after he has been fed on it once or twice. 
Joy. 92. Joy is most intense when it has been pre- 
ceded by fear. Joy killed the son of Leibnitz when o- 
pening an old chest he found a large quantity of gold. 
Pop' Leo is said to have died of joy on hearing of the 
calamity of the French nation. Laughter may cause 
bleeding of the lungs and conduce to a fatal issue. Chry- 
siphus a Greek philosopher died of laughter. 
Envy and Malice, lay the foundation of formidable 19 
diseases. Envy is not only directed against one person 
but also against the friends of that person, Emmet a 
noted lawyer of New York died after an eloquent speech. 
The sick chamber. 95. The sick should be in a 
different room from the family. The room should be 
Veil ventilated, but not allowing draughts to strike the 
patient. The patient's breath and the effluvia are to be 
avoided. Never enter the sick room with an empty stom- 
ach. Vinegar poured on a hot shovel is purifying. The 
oilmen of Egypt were spared by the plague. Clear your 
throat and rinse your mouth after leaving a sick room* 
Sir Richard Jebb's rules of health: Exercise and tem- 
perance are of paramount importance. Walking is the 
best exercise, riding next. Liquors, strong tea and coffee 
are hurtful. Costiveness is bad. Obstructed perspiration 
causes many complaints. Condiments are bad. Let a 
regular life be your physician. Never eat or drink what 
disagrees with your stomach, nor any more than your 
stomach can well digest. Myself at 107 eat with a good 
appetite enjoy happiness and sleep soundly. People drink 
ro the health of others and by so doing rob themselves of 
their own. 
What we should avoid and adopt. 99. Avoid salt 
fish, crabs, lobsters, warm bread, pastry, mince pie, cake, 
liquor, tobacco, pickles, nuts and strong tea or coffee. 
100. Chew your food well, use no hot drinks, and let 
your meals be about six hours apart and as regular aS 
clockwork. Eat nothing just before going to bed. No 
uaps after dinner. Wear flannel and walk out daily. 
Wash the body daily and apply friction. Avoid overex- 
ertion, fatigue and the ballroom. Be moderate and ab- 
stemious in every station of life married or single. Ac- 
quire a status of composure of mind and body, and let 
yourselves not be hurried. Look at the bright side of 
things and discard envy, hatred and malice. B«markable Instances of Longevity. 
Isabel Walker, neither lean, nor fat lived to 112 years. 
Peter Gardner a tall Scotch farmer lived to 131 
John Taylor a Scotch miner lived to 132, sound teeth 
to the last. 
Catherine, Countess of Desmond in Ireland lived to 140. 
Three times she renewed her teeth. 
102. Thomas Parr lived to 152 
Keutigern, or St. Mungo, Bishop of Glasgow lived to 
185 
Henry Jenkins lived to 169 
Sarah Rouen lived to 164 and her husband to 172, they 
were married 147 years. 
Petratsch Zorten a cowherd lived to 185 
Demetrius Crabowskie near St Petersburg died lately 
at 188, at 93 years of age he married his third wife who 
bore him several children. 
Thomas Carn died at 207 
Bernard Marx of the Town of Belgium died in 1872 
at the age of 112, he had served under Napolean Bona- 
parte. The learned professions seldom exceed 80 years. 
107. An old man said: 
'•'Wine and women I always refused, 
Late hours I never used; 
I kept my head and feet from cold, 
And that is the reason I am so old.*' 
BcerhaVe: "Keep your head cool, (sober) your feet 
warm, your body open and avoid cpiacks." 
Desmolin: - Water, exercise and diet are the three 
xreatest physicians. 
20 Elements of 
PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
by R. T. Rrown M. 1). 
Wilson, Hinkle and Co. 28 Bond street New York. 
1872. 
Meat for boiling should be put in the water when boil- 
ing. When soup is to be made it should be put in when 
cold. Potatoes when done should immediately be re- 
moved from boiling water, so as not to allow the steam 
to condense in them and suck in the water. Bread 
should be made with soda to the flour and muriatic acid 
to the water. 
A person may take cold from passing from a cold room 
to a hot one, the reaction being to violent. A room 
should be heated to 65 degrees. - 
175. Asparagus, onions and cabbages, lack starch but 
contain a large amount of Proteine. 
Alcohol. All drinks owe their power to Alcohol, be 
it beer or brandy. 
250. Beefsteak that has been macerated for 48 hours 
in Alcohol is perfectly indigestible. 252. 4 ounces of 
brandy will at first, for 15 minutes, increase the temper- 
ature three fourths of a degree, and then the temperature 
will sink about three degrees, lasting some hours. 
254. When persons after taking the "bitters" arc able 
to eat more than ordinary, so it is the reason that on ac- 
count of the Alcohol the food can not be sufficiently di- 
gested to be enough with the ordinary allowance. Or 
rather the sensibility of the stomach being blunted, it 
will not cry "enough" so soon as it otherwise would. It is 
apt to weaken the eyesight. 255. Through the medium 
of our sensibility our actions towards others are control- 22 
led, if this is abolished by Alcohol then we have lost 
control of ourselves. 
256. Exhilaration is the manifestation of diminished 
sensibility? - Exhilaration is drunkeness. 
257. Young men think the danger lies in drinking 
too much, but the danger lies in drinking at all, while 
thereby selfcontrol is lost and the person is shortly drag- 
ged into the habit. Alcohol will produce disease of the 
brain, on account of the lack of sensations. 
258. Alcohol disturbs the mental harmony. The de- 
pendence ofthe intellect and the sensibilities is destroyed 
and discord is the result. Also social harmony is de- 
stroyed by it. Alcohol hardens the brain, and thickens 
the lining membrane of the air cells. 
The want of selfcontrol and willpower in the drunkard 
gives his life and actions the stamp of vascillation, of un- 
certainty, of want of selfconfidence. 261. Half the crimes 
are perpetrated under the influence of Alcohol. 
263. Drunkeness lends a powerful hand to gambling 
and licentiousness. 
Tobacco. 264. Alcohol acts primarily on the nerves 
of sensation, nicotine upon the nerves of motion. 
- Tobacco by its naucea diminishes the demand for 
food and is apt to produce leaness, partly due to spitting. 
It makes a person unable of deep abstract thinking. 
269. Minds not trained to thinking soon fall into de- 
cay. The exposure of the nerves of sensation is the 
cause of pain after burns. Medicines arc evils selected 
to prevent greater evils. A treatise on the 
ART OF BOILING SUGAR, 
for Confectioners. 
Henry Weatherly. 
Henry Carey Baird 
Philadelphia, 
1869. 
25. Colors that are allowed to be used are: Blues: In- 
digo, Prussian blue and Ultramarin. Beds: Cochineal. 
Carmine, Carmine lake. Yellow: Saffron, French ber- 
ries, Tumeric, Fustic. 31. Lozenges should be dried at 
80. and candies at 100 degrees. 
34. On the degrees of boiling Sugars. Take 7 lbs 
loaf sugar and 3 pints of water, bring them to boiling 
until the thermometer indicates 215 degrees, it is now 
••smooth," boiled a few minutes longer (thermometer at 
230) it "threads" when pulled between the fingers; after a 
few minutes more (thermometer at 235) it "feathers," and 
at 240 it may be worked into a ball under water and at 
252 it "cracks." This is the useful degree for confection- 
ers. At 260 degrees it commences to turn caramel. 
37. "Cutting the grain." Take two drachms of 
cream of tartar or a tablespoonful of lemon juice or vine- 
gar added to a 7 lb boil. This is for the purpose of avoid- 
ing recrystallization. 
Creams are made by adding to 'the boil when "grain- 
cut" heated to, 230, fruits, almonds etc. pouring out into 
tin frames well oiled with salad oil. 
Lemon acid drops. To a 7 lb boil "grain cut" boiled 
to the "crack" 252 degrees, throw on a slab and add six 24 
drachms of powdered citric and half a drachm of essence 
of lemon, then form into drops. 
Lemon barley Sugar. Procede as with Lemon acid 
drops, boil to 260 and add a teaspoonful of saffron water. 
Barley sugar drops. Same as proceeding. Drop 
from a pan with lip into powdered sugar. 
46. Honey drops. A ladleful of honey to the boil 
after it is a few degrees beyond the "crack." Fruit es- 
sence may be added. 
Pineapple drops. Same. Use essence of pineapple. 
Burnt Almond Rock. To a batch up to the "crack" 
add three pounds of almonds. 
Cocoanut Ice. Boiled to the "feather, ''add the shaved 
meat of two cocoanuts. 
Cough Candy. Boil to the "crack" color with saffron, 
add one ounce of acid, a teaspoonful of anisseed and two 
drops ot pepperment; pull it out into ribbons. 
Anisseed Drops. As proceeding without the pepper- 
mint. 
Hoarhound Candy. Use a decoction of hoarhound 
instead of water when boiling. 
Hoarhound Candy. Use seven lbs of brown sugar 
and one half pint of decoction of hourhound. 
Cocoanut Candy. No "cutting." Use slices of coco- 
anut. 
Everton Toffee. Boil a 7 lb batch between the "ball" 
and "crack" or 224 degrees and then add 1 lb of butter, 
boil to the "crack" and add one teaspoonful of essence of' 
lemon. 
Imitation plum pudding. 57. To a batch boiled to 
the "blow" add three lbs plums, two lbs of currants, one 
half lb of (orange) peel, and one half pound of cut alm- 
onds. Tie up into wet pudding cloths, hang up until 
they get firm. 
59. Sponge Sugar. Boil your sugar to the "caramel" 
degree without cutting and pour in the whites of two 25 
eggs beaten with plenty of white sugar, stir and when it 
rises let it fall, continue stirring and when it rises a sec- 
ond time pour it out into a trough, and flavor to suit. 
Ginger, Lemon, Rose and Peppermint. 64. No 
'•'cutting" is done. Color with saffron or cochineal, and 
flavor according to name. 
Pear Drops, Rose Drops. 66. Half a dozen drops 
of Otto of roses are sufficient for flavoring. 
Sugar Candy. 72. Color batch with saffron or co- 
chineal, boil to the "feather" or 230 degrees. Suspend or 
cross threads in the trough for crystalization. 
Butter Scotch. Is made like the Everton Toffee. 
Some treacle is used with the syrup and no essence of le- 
mon. • 
Raspberry Toffee. Use Raspberry jam one half ib 
instead of the butter in the "Toffee" and boil at first up 
to caramel heat. 
Persion Sherbet. 75. Sugar 14 pounds, tartaric 
hcid five and one half pounds, Carbonate of soda five 
pounds and Essence of lemon one ounce worked in with 
the sugar first. 
In warm weather sugar has to be boiled higher than in 
cold weather. 
Liqour Bonbons. 77. Figured impression in starch 
powder, are filled from a dropping pan, with syrup boiled 
to 230 degrees duly flavored and containing liquors as 
required, when hardened they are taken out and dried in 
a stove, and then crystalized in a syrup boiled to 231 for 
12 hours, then redried. 
Liquor Almonds and Comfits. Made as the proceed- 
ing, but before being put into the syrup they are covered 
first with £umwater and starch powder. In the sy- 
rup they are agitated, not left in. 
Gum Pastilles. 78. Boil your syrup to 240 when 
mixed with a strong solution of. gum. Drop into starch 
powder and when they arc to be crystalized from syrup lay a piece of cloth over the syrup in the tins so that no 
crust may form. 
79. Jujubes, pink or yellow. Made as gum pastilles, 
poured into tin trays, then divided. 
Raspberry Squares. The fruit juices are first evapo- 
rated and afterwards the sugar added, and poured into 
pans on wafer paper. Almonds and seeds may be mixed 
with them. 
Marmalades. 88. Take one pint of fruit juices, boil 
with a pound of sugar and when jellied add one pound 
ot boiled and sliced orange or lemon peel. In making 
quince or apple marmalade or jelly no peels are used. 
Currant Jelly. To one pint of juice use fourteen oz 
of sugar. 
Jams without sugar, Fill the boiled juice into stone 
bottles, cork tight and heat to 180 in water. 
Fruits, Syrups, Cappillaire* etc. Boil your syrup 
to "short" 215 degrees, add one ounce of citric acid and 
flavor with lemon. For C'appillaire add .no acid leave it 
white and flavor with orange essence. When the fruits 
are in season, then boil fjjom them. 
Lozenges. 99. Finely powdered sugar is mixed with 
gumwater into dough, roll out like dough and employ 
starch powder to prevent sticking. 
- Seven pounds of sugar take one pint of ' gum so- 
lution. 
Peppermint Lozenges. Add two drachms 6f oil of 
peppermint to eight pounds of dough. 
Ginger Lozenges. 100. Work four ounces of pow- 
dered Jamacia Ginger, one drachm of extract of ginger 
and one drachm of extract of lemon into eight pounds of 
dough. 
Cough Lozenges. Work dissolved liquorice into the 
paste to make it dark and add four drachms of Ipecacu- 
anha, fifteen grains muriate morphia, two drachms of 
oil of anise and two drachms of tartaric acid to eight 
26 27 
pounds of (he paste. 
Rose Lozenges. Add fifteen minims of otto of roses, 
one drachm of acid and color to, taste. 
Anise seed Lozenges. To eight pounds of paste add 
two fl. drachms of oil of anise, cut with oval cutter. 
Balsam of Toin Lozenges. 105. To eight pounds 
of paste, use two drachms of gum benzoin and one half 
ounce of tartaric acid. Alcohol sufficient for the gum 
benzoin. 
Cayenne Lozenges. 10G. To eight pounds of paste 
mix one half ounce of thick extract of cayenne and six 
drops of rose. Octagon cutters. 
Chalk Lozenges. Work in one half pquWl 'of pow- 
dered chalk, and flavor with lemon. Rotin'd. 
Paregoric Lozenges. One half ounce of Balsam Tolu, 
one drachm of oil of anise, one drachm of spirits cam- 
phor, three drachms of tartaric acid, color with Carmine. 
Round. 
Ipecacuanha Lozenges. One ounce of ipecac, three 
drachms tartaric acid, flavor with otto of roses. Oval. 
Rheul)aiVLozenges. Half a pound of Turkey rheu- 
bprh, and four ounces of ginger work into eight pounds 
of.paste. 
Quinine Lozenges. 108. Add one ounce of Quinine. 
. Comfits or Penuygoods. The pans are orange shaped, 
double, so that they may be heated by steam.' they are 
made to rotate on an axis or oscillate. One pound ot 
earraway seeds will make fifty pounds of comfits. rPh<i 
seeds are first grounded with syrup and starch powder, 
they afterwards require the syrup added in small quanti- 
ties; when once they are coated with sugar and that sup- 
plied continually, they can be left to the action of the 
pan till completed. Almonds and other articles are done 
the same way. 115. Spinning Sugar. Roil to caramel 
color and draw the syrup out with forks crossing the 
threads, to make up the designs of ships, baskets etc. 28 
Gum Paste Ornaments. The gum solution is made 
from gum dragon. The paste is pressed into moulds, 
the surplus removed with a knife. 
Sugar Piping for Cakes. 117. The icing is made 
of powdered sugar, whites of eggs and essence of lemon. 
It is pressed from a cone shaped paper over the cake as 
designed. 
Ice Creams and Fruit Juices. For ice cream take 
one quart of milk, six eggs, one half pound of sugar, one 
ounce of fresh better. Raise the mixture near to the 
boiling point, but hot quite and whisk the same. When 
it thickens, take it off and strain it through a hair sieve. 
Flavor with vanilla or to suit, and freeze. When half 
cream is used the improvement is great. 
Raspberry and Strawberay Ice Cream. Use enough 
of the juices to flavor the cream. 
Chocolate Ice Cream. Add four ounces of chocolate 
to one pint of the sweetened cream. 
Coffee Ice Cream. Add a cup of a strong infusion of 
Mocha coffee to a pint of the sweetened cream. 
Tea Ice Cream. Add a cup of strong tea to the sweet- 
ened cream. 
Lemon water Ice. Sweeten lemon juice, add the 
white of egg and freeze. Rasp some peels of lemon rind 
into it. 
Strawberry water Ice. Add sugar, water and es- 
sence of lemon to the juice of strawberries. 
Raspberry Syrup. 127. Let the raspberry juice fer- 
ment in a warm place for a few days, then strain, to 
every pint add two pounds of sugar and boil to 230 de- 
grees. When cool bottle. 
Cherry Syrup. Made as above. 
Apple Paste for Ornamenting. Prepare apple 
mush and boil it with its equivalent of sugar; color to 
taste with cochineal. Put into a warm stove for 24 
hours, then cut into strips for forming devices. Female Guide to Beauty. 
No. 18 Ann street, New York, 
Garret and Co. 
S. Tight lacing, causes atrophy or scirrhous of the 
breasts, or clubfeet in the offspring. 9. The infant should 
recline horizontally for the first two months. Plenty of 
exercise, plenty of water and friction of the skin, are the 
great sources of health from infancy to old age. 
10. Swinging cots and cradles, produce disease of the 
brain and squinting. Give the infant plenty of sleep, 
milk and flannel, says Dr. Hunter. Narcotics to chil- 
dren cause a sallow complexion. The infant should be 
well exercised by being carried about and its skin well 
rubbed at the time of dressing. 
11. The infant should be vaccinated in the 7th week. 
Never allow the infant to go to sleep on the breast, be- 
sides suffocation having occured, aphtha; and thrush often 
make their appearance from the milk not being swallow- 
ed and fermenting in the mouth. 
The eye should be shielded from strong light. 1'.'. 
Juvenile prodigies seldom make great men, a child 
should not be induced to mental exertions until six or 
seven years of age. 
14. The centre of gravity in the infant is at the na- 
vei, in the adult at the pubes, the centre of gravity mow s 
also downwards as the development advances. A child 
of two years is five heads high, of five years six, of fifteen 
years, seven: and of twenty one years eight heads high. 30 
15. Mrs Walker says: "Tight lacing is far from im- 
proving the appearance of the person, it excites the con- 
viction of an artifice, and a suspicion of its necessity." 
18. After confinement the bender may indeed be use- 
ful. 19. The position of children while writing, sit- 
ting, working, etc. as well as the use of one hand, is pro- 
ductive of deformity. Lying on one side in the bed has 
the same effect. 20 Shoulder braces for a stoop are 
calculated to increase the evil, by weakening the serrati 
muscles whose office it is to keep the shoulders back and 
which ought to be strengthened by exercise. 23. Mr. 
Coulson in his work on "Deformities of the chest" men- 
tions that tight lacing produces apoplexy, spinal curva- 
ture, scirrhous of the breast, asthma consumption, disease 
of the heart, liver complaint, premature labor, hernia, 
contracted pelvis, epileptic fits, a short and sickly life, 
and unhealthy and ugly children. 
25. Mrs. Walker says in her work on "Female Beauty" 
- "Women who wear tight stays complain that they 
cannot do without them. The muscles have become so 
weakened that they are unable to support the weight of 
the body, and spinal curvature is the result." Beauty is 
but another name for a countenance of health, intelli- 
gence, good feeling and peace of mind. Bad feeling and 
ill temper show themselves quickly in the face and phy- 
sica] suffering cannot help doing the same. 25. Stays 
tend to keep the two cavities of the body is a state of 
immobility thus the motion of the diaphragm is inter- 
fered with, hence respiration is incomplete and along 
with it, goes circulation. The motion of the diaphragm 
not imparting its motions to the stomach, hence digestion 
is also deprived of an aid. The muscular motion being 
interfered with, a wasting of the muscles follow. The 
stays become to the person accustomed to them; a want, 
she cannot do without tliem anymore than the drunkard 
can do without his dram. They have become necessary 31 
for the support of the body, the person is transformed 
into a crustacean, the spine being useless, gets weaker 
day by day. 29. Health is the fountain of Beauty. Fe- 
males require 8 hours sleep from 10 P. M. to 6 A. M. 
Too much sleep, since it deprives the muscles and intel- 
lect of exercise is injurious to the complexion. A want 
of sleep, shortens life and hastens age. A person lias at. 
night a critical perspiration at about twelve o'clock, 
those that stay up at night will have an imperfect crisis 
and the efforts of nature are frustrated. 29. To such 
persons the vivifying air in the morning is also lost. - 
If you cannot sleep by night draw a long breath and ex 
hale it slowly through the nose, directing your attention 
to the air rushing out of the nose, or keep looking imag- 
inary at tlie nose. 
30. The position in bed should, frequently be chang- 
ed from side to side, if the head is too high there will bt 
pressure on the spine and the cartilages become absorbed 
hence stiffness and a stoop will be the result. The bed 
should be hard enough to prevent the sleeper from sack- 
ing in the middle, a mattras is therefore best to sleep on. 
31. The windows of the bedroom should be kept open 
till sunset. 32. Go to bed at ten, rise at six, before 
breakfast walk a mile, then use a Dineford's hair glove 
for ten minutes, wash hands and face in cold water. 
Damp clothes should be dried before a tire. Breakfast at, 
eight, use coffee and beefsteak, after breakfast a walk with 
company. Lunch at ten, dine at half past one, no pastry, 
tea at five, sup at eight, and take an hour's exercise 
after supper. 33. On rising in the morning the whole 
body wants to be washed.all over with lukewarm water 
and a sponge, and gradually use the water colder, when 
dried use a flesh brush or better a horsehair glove and 
rub the body for ten minutes. For the back, a hair bell, 
is well adapted. This will make the skin transparent 
smooth and soft, the muscles hard, lb ■ circulation active 32 
and thus prevent coughs and colds. 34. Avoid drink- 
mg between meals. In corpulence the fat on the kid- 
neys prevents the play of the diaphragm, thus giving rise 
to dispnoea and an increase of obesity. Corpulence is 
caused by indulgence in eating and sleeping too much. 
30. Between the liver which secretes the bile and the 
skin which secretes the sweat, there exists the strongest 
companionship. If the skin is dry and inactive the li- 
ver is so too, there is but little secretion of bile. Bichet 
found by experiment that during the first process of di- 
gestion the flow of bile is diminished and the outlet of 
t he stomach is closed, at this time the perspiration of the 
skin is also diminished; but as soon as the chyme passes 
into the duodenum, then the bile also is rapidly discharg- 
ed and the perspiration of the skin is correspondingly 
increased. When the skin is dry there is an obstruction 
of the bile, if it be greasy, the bile is too abundant. 
Lime water is good for sweaty handsand feet. 41. Te- 
pid bathing is excellent in glandular swellings. 44 
Wrinkles are produced by the obliterations of the small 
bloodvessels, the small streams dry up as age advances 
while the larger ones become swelled. A natural run- 
ning down. They can be prevented by keeping the skin 
in an active condition and wearing the face in a smooth 
condition, not making grimaces with every motion of a 
lool or every thought passing through the mind. 46. 
T he s m a 11 re d p i m p 1 e is caused by hot rooms, 
violent exercise such as dancing and intemperance of any 
kind. 47* Dr. Darwin mentions a lady affected with 
meh pimples blistering by degrees her whole face, who 
not only got rid of the pimples but obtained a fine skin. 
(1 have seen a chronic eruption yield after a boil formed 
in the centre of it. S.) 48. The worm pimple is due 
io the want of attention to the skin. The livid buttony 
pimple, acne indurata, should be pricked with a lancet 
io tis to induce suppuration and its removal. k40. 'The 33 
Bardolph pimple, acne rosacea, is caused by hard drink- 
ing. The nose is generally attacked. It is characterized 
by a collection of small suppurating pimples (of the oil 
glands) accompanied by a shining redness and a lumpy 
appearance. 
Nettle-rash, caused by acidity or shell fish. 5-1. Scars 
can only be prevented by drawing the wounds together 
with sticking plaster. 55. To keep the hands soft and 
white put on white kid gloves in the night. 58. The 
nails require filing every day to keep them of a length. 
Press -back the skin from the nail. Wash and rub the 
feet night and morning. 60. A large pupil is consider- 
ed beautiful, but is rather a sign of a weak constitution, 
apt to lead to consumption. All sorts of spectacles or 
eye preservers are eye destroyers, they should never be 
used until it is impossible to do without them, they soon 
make the magnifying spectacle a necessity. If the eye 
is weak, cold water is the best lotion, or a teaspoonful of 
brandy added to two ounces of water. 61. Squinting 
may be cured by covering the stronger eye, so as to 
strengthen the weaker one by increased labor. 
Teeth. Tartar on the teeth is one of the most frequent 
causes of bad breath. 63. A good set of teeth is the 
nicest ornament of the human face, it prepares one fa- 
vorably for an introduction wherever he goes, they also 
preserve the symetry of the face. When the teeth arc 
decayed, the cheeks fall in and cause premature old age. 
If the front teeth are gone a most hideous aspect is the 
result. Children should commence early to attend daily 
to their teeth, thus a good set of teeth would be main- 
tained 99 times out of a 100. Beware of powders or pills 
containing mercury in any shape whatever. 64. Avoid 
bonbons, and hot and cold drinks. Children lose their 
first teeth at six or seven years of age. 
Tooth brushes. 65. Marine marsh mallow roots 
make the best tooth brushes especially if soaked in tine- 34 
ture of dragon blood (1 part to 2). Permanent toothache 
is often caused by sudden changes of temperature. 
Tooth picks should be made of quills, those of silver 
and gold are objectionable. 
Hair. 68. The golden locks so much esteemed by 
the ancients, were due to the facility with which the paint- 
er could manage that color in his picture. Raphael, 
< 'orregio and Guido had their hair parted in the middle. 
76. The stalks of the bur reed will give an idea as to 
the structure of the hair. The hair penetrates the scarf 
skin at an acute angle. 77. The hair should be thor- 
ougly brushed and combed morning & night. The palma 
christi oil is said to thicken the hair; and Macassar oil 
is thought excellent. If any ointment is used for eight 
days for a disease of the scalp it will have lost its effect; 
in such diseases soap and water should be resorted to 
morning and night. 
A Pomade is made by melting together castor oil, lard 
and wax in equal proportions and scenting with Berga- 
motte or Otto of roses. 
For Scurf on the head take a pint of lime water (Aq. 
Calcis) and add four ounces of vinegar. Moisten the 
hair roots with it. 74. The color of the dress should 
suit the complexion. 75. Bright colors brighten a light 
complexion. Dark colors would destroy the life of such 
a complexion ami make the appearanoe like alabaster. 
A dark complexion cannot bear light, such would 
render it lifeless and inanimate. Amber colors, dark 
green, purple, violet, or even black will answer. A short 
and stout person does not look well in a short dress with 
many trimmings and flounces. A tall person is improv- 
ed by a short dress and plenty of trimmings and flounces. 
76. Gracefulness will always have more admirers than 
fashion. If we place red and yellow side, by side both 
will appear bluer. 
Law Colors do not diffuse around them their own 35 
tints but their opposite. Red diffuses green; Blue, orange, 
Yellow, violet. 
To bring out the full effect of a color it should be u- 
nited to its opposite. Whites will lighten the color along 
side of it. Black makes things look smaller. Red is not 
a favorable color. Orange fatigues the eye. White with- 
out lustre is unsuitable, with lustre it is favorable to a light 
complexion. Black hair by lightening the white of the 
face hightens the red of the cheeks, and overcomes in a 
measure a sandy complexion. 
Regarding paints; we admire unassisted beauty. 78. 
Under judicious training the in tellect will gain in strength 
in the ratio that the body does. Macassar oil. 82. Ol- 
ive oil one quart, alcohol two ounces, five drachms 
of oil of bergamotte, one ounce of cinnamon powder, and 
color with alkaneUroot. Heat and filter. - To make the 
hair grow: Powdered cantharides one drachm, whiskey 
one pint, aq, ammonia two drachms. Alum two drachms, 
in eight ounces of weak brandy will keep the hair from 
falling out. - Freckle Wash. Use Muriatic 
acid one drachm in eight ounces of rain water. - 89. 
Dr. Withering's Cosmetic Lotion: Cold sour milk and 
grated horseradish. Freckles : Use a borax lotion. Or: 
New milk eight ounces, the juice of a lemon, an ounce of 
brandy and a bit of alum. Pimples are removed by 
touching them with spirits of turpentine. 8G. Plumb's 
pimple wash: One grain of corrosive sublimate in spirits 
of wine. Wrinkles: Onion juice, white lily bulbs and 
Iwney, each two ounces and one ounce of white wax. 87. 
Tooth powders.- Starch, chalk, myrrh and cuttie 
fish bone each two drachms, ginger half a drachm, flavor 
and-mix: - Or: Chalk and rose pink, each one ounce* 
orris root and peruvian bark, each two drachms, flavor 
with cinnamon and cloves. 92. Bath of modesty for the 
complexion : Put of paste of sweet almonds enough to 
make the water milky. Virgin milk: Gum benzoin 36 
and styrax dissolved in alcohol, added to water to make 
it milky. Cosmetic juice, is lemon juice and candy su- 
gar. 93. Pomatum. Lard eight ounces, beef marrow 
four ounces, scented with bergamotte. Spanish wool 
or Spanish papers - for coloring the cheeks. 9-1. Talc 
white for the face, is purified by vinegar, applied with 
••old cream to the face. Cold cream. White wax 1 oz. 
neats foot oil two drachms, spermaceti one and one half 
drachms, oil of jessamine three drachms. Toothache 
liniment. Spirits of camphor one ounce, aq. ammonia 
three drachms, oil of bergamotte ten drops. Spirits 
Mindererus. Carbonate of ammonia one drachm, vine- 
gar four ounces. Lip salve. Sweet oil and white wax 
each one ounce flavored with otto-of roses. Barber's itch 
and eruptions in fhc face. Yellow dock and strong vin- 
egar. Lecons Elementaires 
D'Hygiene. 
Par 
V. Cornil, Paris, 
Germer Bailliere. 
1873. 
Hygiene is the art of preserving health. Life is a 
perpetual combat with the elements of destruction. Hy- 
giene is to instruct us in regard to noxious influences so 
as to be guarded against them, and to regulate intellect- 
ual and muscular action so as to be most conducive to 
health. (The lungs being a membrane for the contact 
and action of the air; this may prove that the skin 
is in part at least a respiratory organ, though infi- 
nitely inferior to the lungs. This point might easily be 
settled by placing a person in oxygen .gas, having him 
respire an air more rich in nitrogen. Scholl). (The in- 
ferior organisms made up of single cells receive their nu- 
triment from their exterior medium (water) in which 
they live; in man, the cells composing the individual de- 
pend for their existence and nutriment on an artificial 
medium, the intercellular lymph, and the skin by means 
of its epiderm bars off the outside medium, but if the ep- 
iderm is removed then the outside medium containing 
poisons and infectious germs will immediately enter into 
activity. Scholl.) 
12. Air has twenty and four-fifths parts of oxygen 
per cent, the remainder is nitrogen. A man consumes 
one and one-half pounds of oxygen pei' day. 13. A 
sparrow was placed by CL Bernard under a half gallon 
bellglass, it died in three hours time, if however another 38 
sparrow was put under the glass at the end of the second 
hour this sparrow died instantly. This proves the accom- 
modation of the system to a change which is very gradual, 
and that accommodation is impossible if the change is 
abrupt. 14. Leblanc's analysis showed that the carbon- 
ic acid in public halls was increased from one-half part 
per thousand to three or four parts per thousand. Ten 
cubic metres of fresh air are necessary per hour for a 
man. If a man rises into the air from 1500 to 2000 
metres above the level of the sea, he is apt to be taken 
with spitting of blood or bleeding from the nose. Peo- 
ple living at that bight as at St. Gothard in Europe, or 
on the Cordilleras of Mexico are generally amemic on ac- 
count of a want of red bloodglobules. 
Electricity. Many persons are painfully affected du- 
ring a thunder storm. The current of hot vapor aris- 
ing from animals, barns and chimneys is a good con- 
ductor of electricity. Caravans and barns are often struck 
by lightning. 18. It is also necessary to avoid metals, 
walls and hotbeds. 
Light. The sun is the principle light and life giving 
body. A man living in the dark as in mines becomes 
pale like a plant in the cellar. 18. The dark skin of 
the negro and the fair skin af the European are in direct 
ratio with the intensity of light. The bear, deer and 
hare are white near the poles. 19. Intense light is apt 
to bring on ophthalmia or erythema. Sore eyes are also 
caused by gas light, the yellow and red rays are most in- 
jurious. 
Animal Heat. All hot. blooded beings possess the 
power to maintain their specific heat at 100 degrees F. by 
means of chemical changes going on in the interior of 
the organism. The blood equalizes the heat in its circu- 
lation. If a dog's normal heat is artificially raised about 
eight degrees, he dies: the same is true in regard to man. 
Under an elevated temperature, the heat is kept down by 39 
the pulmonary and cutaneous exhalations, by the sweat: 
and where the surrounding temperature is |oo low, the 
normal heat is kept up by contraction of the skin, quick- 
ened breathing and increased chemical change. 
Dryness and Moisture. A man may remain a few 
minutes in an oven heated to the temperature of boiling 
water if the air be dry, if however the air be moist a heat 
of 120 degrees becomes insupportable and asphyxia be- 
comes imminent. This is because the cutaneous and pul- 
monary exhalations are suspended, and canthus no long- 
er regulate the internal heat: the skin covers with a 
sweat -which will not evaporate. Heat united with hu- 
midity causes rapid putrefaction and thus the pavement 
emits a bad smell. A moderate quantity of aqueous va- 
por is necessary for to make the respiration easy, especi- 
ally for persons laboring under pulmonary diseases. 
Cold. 23. Cold and dry air is generally well sup- 
ported within certain limits, and if not continued long. 
Alcoholic drinks are not good for persons subjected to 
cold, i A light breeze however renders a cold tem- 
perature completely unsupportable even if twenty 
degrees less cold. 24. Parry says: 40 degrees below 
zero may be borne if the air is still, if however there is 
a light breeze 20 degiees below zero cannot be endured. 
- 25. If the air is cold and at the same time moist, it 
is most pernicious. Low countries, near the ocean, lakes 
and large streams are moist. Humid cold air (especially 
when associated with wind) is the cause of bronchitis, 
pleurisy colds, sore throats, albuminuria and rheumatism. 
Poisonous Vapors. 27. Sulphuretted Hydrogen is 
evolved from decaying vegetable and animal matters, it 
gives rise to vomiting, headache and sore eyes. 
Dust. Dust from coal and stone causes incrustation 
ot the lymphatic glands of the lungs, and thus are mi- 
ners, needle sharpeners and stone cutters subjects of a 
peculiar kind of consumption. (To these might be add- 40 
ed millers and thrashers of grain. Scholl). Arsenic causes 
eruptions of the skin. The vapor of mercury causes a 
special cachexy. Vegetable spores cause intermittents. 
The dust from the cotton fibre causes consumption in 
the factory girl. 
Climate. Under climate we mean the temperature, 
moisture, winds and pressure of the air or altitude. Cli- 
mates may be divided into hot, temperate and frigid. A 
climate may also be constant, or variable. Nearness to 
the ocean ensures a continuous climate, elevated regions 
a*variable one. 
31. The hot climates are embraced between the 30 
degrees latitude, north and south. Algerie is the type of 
such a climate. Their winter is like the European 
spring, the spring is dry, the summer is changeable and 
tempestuous, and the fall is a season of rain. Such a 
climate has the effect upon a European settler to increase 
the pulmonary and cutaneous exhalations, a softness, and 
a loathing of physicial and mental exertions become evi- 
dent, the appetite gets poor, condiments become neces- 
sary as well as a great deal of sleep. The Arabs however 
are active, though lean, their intellectual functions are 
quick, they use but little food. - The European must 
especially avoid the cool night, since the change is con- 
siderable, otherwise dysentery, pneumonia and tetanus 
will be the consequence. - Alcoholic drinks must be 
positively discarded. The most frequent diseases of the 
European settlers are: The- miasmatic fevers and disease 
and abscess of the liver. Phthisis also rages among them 
as well as among the Arabs, and when sent back to their 
native country sometimes improve. 3P It is seldom 
that one escapes the pernicious effects of climate for sev- 
eral years. The acclimatization is seldom complete. M. 
Boudin thinks that Europeans can never be acclimated 
in a hot country, and never get so far as to establish a 
colony without fresh accretions from the mother conn- 41 
try. The French army lost in Africa (luring the years 
1836 - 1846, 78 men per thousand on an average, four 
times as many as are lost in France. The mortality of 
infants born of Europeans is frightful, the births are 
below the deaths, so that Europeans have not been able 
so far to become acclimated as to prosper. Where the 
mother is indigenous, the infant does well, the same may 
be seen in Brazil. Europeans can get easier acclimated 
to a colder climate. 36. Here the people are more ro- 
bust and inclined to fat, alcoholic drinks are better sup- 
ported. 
Endemics. Palustrial or malarial fevers, in hot cli- 
mates become pernicious, or cause a malarial cachexy. 37 
In some such places the cachexy of the parents is trans- 
mitted to the child, which gets prematurely old and dies 
young. The green color on the surface of marshes may 
be due to 1.000 species of microscopic vegetables and ani- 
mals. Infusoria, Algae, Diatomes and Dismediens. 38. 
The moisture of the night air holds the spores in suspen- 
sion. l^sturbing the ground as in making streets may 
also give rise to fevers. 39. Great heat will highten 
the malarious influence. In Algeria the malarial fevers 
are often pernicious, relapses constant and quinine los- 
ing its influence over them. These fevers make their ap- 
pearance after the great heats and when the water is low, 
as in June in Algeria and October in France. 41. Ty- 
phoid fever is also endemic in the tall, may be due to 
animal effluvia(?). During the 6 months of the French 
war, 8000 died of small pox, and 46000 the whole number 
lost in consequence of the war.. 
Epidemics. These maladies spread from a focus 
when they are endemic to foreign countries. Cholera is 
endemic near the mouth of the Ganges, the pest at the 
delta of the Nile, and the yellow fever near the mouth of 
the Mississippi. Vegetable matter is here repeatedly 
being moistened and dried, thus under the great 42 
heat and moisture a wholesale decomposition especially 
at low water takes place, giving rise to this pestilence. 
44. Their origin is also analogous to that of malarial 
fevers. In 1832 Paris lost 18.000 persons from the chol- 
era. The emanations from the dejections are the prin- 
ciple agents of infection. 
Habitation. 47. The ground for building on, should 
be pervious to water and arable, so that vegetation may 
ilourish around the house, which gives oxygen to the air. 
'Che house should be built over a cellar. The invariable 
temperature in France, is at 22 metres or 74 feet. The 
house should have an exposure to the south or southeast, 
but should be free to access from all sides. 
Warming and Ventilation. The carbonic oxide 
from cast iron stoves is bad 
Light. 57. Gas light is rather yellow and therefore 
more hurtful to the eyes than the white petroleum light. 
Cleanliness. The rooms require frequent cleaning 
and the bedrooms should be aired every morning. 
Causes of ill Health. 59. Ignorance and M^ery may 
be said to be the greatest causes of bad health. GO. The 
sinks of houses should be particularly guarded so as not 
to find their way into the drinking water, or grave acci- 
dents will be the result. 
For privies the English cabinets are to be preferreds 
The receptacle of glazed earthenware is kept clean by 
means of a stream of water from an elevated reservoir: 
and afterwards forming a hermetic closure. 
Clothing. 62. Hemp and linen are most hygromic. 
63. In a warm climate dress yourself the same way as 
the inhabitants. Use a large straw hat, or a cloth around 
the head, and a flannel bandage around the body,against 
the dysentery. The want of warmth in the infant is due 
to the want of muscular development and motion. In 
old age the condition is the same, 
Care of the body. 06' The skin is composed of the 43 
Epiderm and the Derm, the former of which is constant- 
ly thrown off as minute scales. (As the epiderm is con- 
stantly renewed and thrown off again, so it is just the 
same with the mucous membrane of the lungs, the stom- 
ach and the bowels, the biliary and urinary tracts, and 
likely so with the'epithelium, lining the blood-vessels; we 
may assume'that wherever there is a membrane forming- 
a surface, be it inside or out: there is also a throwing off' 
of useless cells. What is thrown off by the skin might 
be subjected* to1 approximate calculation. 
In a week the epiderm may be said to have renewed 
itself. The decay of cerebral, muscular, fibrous and bony 
structures must be thrown into the blood'current, and to 
its activity may frequently the washing away of used up 
and irritating substances, depend. If we remain long 
without muscular action we feel depressed; dead cells an- 
accummnlatiug in the muscular and other tissues and 
thus we feel'an oppression, which is removed by exercise." 
Where does the blood deposit the remains of the dead 
cells?-From the secretory organs they pass into the erm' 
unctori©$ the liver sends them into the bowels, the kid- 
neys into the urine,- but where the blood? The blood 
throw's off its w'aste from the intercellular canals into the 
skin, into the narticous membrane of the bowels and e- 
munctories, henceethe* blood channels stand in direct 
communication with* the skin. Would we clean the 
blood, it must be ddme by addressing the membranes. 
What cleanliness and friction is to the skin, that is suffix 
cient and proper food to the bowels, and exercise to the 
muscular organs. To be healthy is to be a good scavem' 
ger. 
The skin may be irritated too much by the action of1 
the sun, rhus toxicodendron and Spanish flies, so may* 
the mucous membrane of the lungs, the bowels, the se-' 
cretory organs, the muscular tissue, and the blood chan^ 
nels become irritated by a too powerful application of a 44 
natural stimulus and disease has to follow. All diseases 
of internal organs are diseases of membranes, just the 
same as the skin is membrane, and the same diseases are 
there; as there may be seen on the skin. A chronic irri- 
tation will result in hypertrophy, while a sudden and 
powerful irritation only once applied, will terminate in 
shrinking and atrophy. A blister applied will cure an 
erythema, a fatty liver will terminate in scirrhosis. Life, 
is also a waste and repair; food is rapidly passed through 
the individual, and the time it fills an office in the indi- 
vidual is exceedingly small: just as fuel while it is being 
consumed constitutes the lire so the consumption of food 
constitutes the living individual. To eat and to throw 
off, are the two offices of life and the conditions of health. 
Dr. Scholl.) 69. The head and hair as weli as the body 
ought to be occasionally washed with soap and soft wa- 
ter. By washing, the lower layers of skin are stimulated 
to activity, and the secretions of the skin are promoted. 
Baths. Bathing and exercise were more frequently 
used by the ancients. The Itoman baths are still models 
for us. In the hot bath a person loses weight by sweat- 
ing. The mine becomes alkaline after baths even if acids 
have been added to the baths. 73. Ablutions of the 
neck and face as well as of the whole body with tepid or 
cold water every morning is a great preventive of taking 
cold; the skin should be well rubbed after the ablutions. 
Diet. 75. The environs have now been considered, 
we come now to the injesta. The human body has aptly 
been compared to a steam engine. Lavoisier says: ''No- 
thing is lost and nothing is made new." The nutriment 
is either amylaceous, saccharous, fatty or nitrogenous, all 
furnished by plants. These are consumed by means of 
oxygen in the tissues and in the blood, liberating heat. 
78. Water is a universal constituent and makes up 
two thirds of the weight of the body. The bones con- 
tain 13 per cent, the muscles 75, the blood and brain 79, 45 
Milk 88, Lymph 9G, and Sweat 98 per cent. 
80. Water is the universal solvent and medium. 
Salts. The blood contains four and one-half per cent 
of salt, the saliva one and one-half, the muscles two, the 
bones two and one-half, and the cartilage two and four- 
fifths per cent. The salivary and gastric secretions are 
stimulated by salt. 
Lime salts. Phosphate and carbonate of lime make 
up fifty-five per cent of bone. Grain, beans and meats 
contain these salts as well as water. 
Starch. 82. Rice contains 85 and grain 72 per cent 
of starch. 84. Ptyalme and pancreatine, change starch 
into sugar. This shows how essential the saliva is to the 
digestion of bread, beaus and potatoes. Gluten, analo- 
gous to albumen, is also contained in grain. Bread con- 
tains still thirty per cent of water. The bran of grain 
contains most of the gluten. Gluten bread is prepared 
for the diabetic. Macaroni are principally made of glu- 
ten, made from grano duro. 
Sugars. 87'. The sugars are still easier of digestion 
than the amylacea, figs contain G2 per cent, peaches 1G, 
and grain and milk 5 per cent. 
Fats. Greasy matters are emulsion ized by potash and 
albumen, the white and yolk of an egg. They do not 
mingle with water out or in the body and are always sur- 
rounded by a special envelop of an albuminous nature. 
19. The yellow of the egg, the liver of animals, the brain, 
muscular and adipose tissue all contain fats. Fats, when 
introduced into the stomach they are not digested or al- 
tered in any way chemically, but they are simply emul- 
sionized by the bile, the pancreatic and intestinal juices. 
92. As an emulsion they traverse the intestinal villi in 
the small intestines and finally get into the blood. The. 
villi enlarge the intestinal and absorbing surface, so as to 
economize space as is done with the cerebral convolu- 
tions, These are called respiratory food. 46 
Nitrogenous food. This is of an albuminoid nature, 
as gluten, legumen, fibrine, hoemoglubuliue. sytonmeand 
caseine. Of an alkaloid nature are theine, caffein, etc. 
96. The acid nitrate of mercury causes an intensely red 
reaction with the albuminoids. By means of oxidation 
with permanganate of potassa they form urea. 100, 
The chyme is absorbed by the capillary vessels and lym- 
phatics of the stomach and bowels. Albumen modified 
so as to be absorbable, is called peptone. 101. Osseine 
and gelatine are less nutritious. 103. Bread, eggs and 
milk are complete food in themselves. Bread is defi- 
cient in grease and albumen, such may be supplied by 
adding milk, cheese, butter, lentils and meat. The fer- 
mentation of milksugar forms lactic acid, which latter 
coagulates the caseine. 
106. A man can live on bread and milk. In stomach 
ulcer, milk should be the exclusive diet. A nurse is able 
to supply 42 ounces of milk to an infant. If the milk of 
a co^is used for infants it should be quite fresh, since 
milk Undergoes rapid changes. 105. Bad or insuffi- 
cient Nourishment kills most of the new born. The 
white of eggs contains 15 parts of albumen, and four of 
salts, the yellow contains 25 per cent of oil. Hard boiled 
eggs are difficult of digestion. 
To secure a good digestion. 106. The food must 
contain all the elements the body is in need of, it must 
be sufficiently varied, well masticated and eaten in prop- 
er quantity and at specified times. A dog fed on one ar- 
ticle of food even if complete, will get poor. 107. 
Too high living in the adult will cause too much fat. 
108. A person will consume in tweny-four hours an e- 
quivalent to ten ounces of carbon, one-half ounce of nit- 
rogen-equal to one ounce of Urea. 108. The rations 
of M. Payen were two pounds of bread, one of meat: peas 
four ounces and salt one-half ounce. 110. For a man 
one pound of bread and one of meat will do a day. Ill 47 
By Appert's process meats may-be cooked and kept in 
air tight boxes. Sailing abstracts the water of combi- 
nation from the meat with the substances dissolved 
therein, therefore such meats are hard of digestion. Lie- 
big's Extract is less nourishing then it is pretended to 
be. Milk can be dried into cakes. Eggs steeped in lime 
water may be kept a long time since the lime closes up 
the pores. Beans may be dried and then pressed. 
Diseased meats should not be used. Consumption in 
cows may be communicated to those that eat the flesh or 
drink the milk. Chaveau. - Tapeworm and tri- 
china come from the hog. 
Pork and Sansages should never be eaten raw but 
well cooked. Ergot causes gangrene in those that eat 
too much of it. 
Drinkwater. 120. A man uses about a quart of wa- 
ter a day. Water should be airy, odorless and soft. Wa- 
ter containing carbonate of lime one part per thousand, 
is hard water, and is unfit for use until it has been boiled 
to throw down the lime. Carbonic acid with water makes 
it very agreeable. 123. M. Chatin thinks where Iodine 
is absent from the water goitres become frequent. 125. 
If water is contaminated with drainings from loose 
earth, it will contain the eggs of worms and when drank, 
the eggs will slowly develope into worms in the intestinal 
canal especially if the person labors under derangement 
of the stomach and bowels so that the eggs are not di- 
gested. 
A filter made of sand and charcoal ought always to be 
had recourse to whenever the water is of doubtful purity. 
Water when drank in excess dilutes the gastric juice 
and thus interferes with digestion, it is also apt to cause 
loo much sweating and consequently debility. When 
drank cold, the body being heated pleurisy and pneu- 
monia may follow. 128. It is best to take warm drinks 
of tea or coffee under such circumstances. 48 
Wine is made from grapes, contains from 7 to 23 per 
cent of alcohol. Beer contains •when small from one to 
two, when strong four per cent of alcohol. Liquors. 
Cogniac has from fifty to sixty per cent of alcohol and 
Absinth has from 60 to 72, the worst of all liquors. 
Alcohol in whatever shape it is used will sooner or later 
show its deleterious effects. The worst is that it enslaves 
its victim, once under its influence, one is held as unre- 
lentingly as if in the folds of a boa constrictor. The vic- 
tim labors under a kind of insanity called dypsomania. 
By the by, all at once, the slave to alcohol may be attack- 
ed with delirium tremens, he trembles, is scared, is pur- 
sued, sees rats and serpents. Relapses soon take place 
and the victim falls into a state of stupidity and general 
paralysis. Alcohol gives rise to gastritis, congestion of 
the liver, degeneration of the small arteries and scirrhosis 
of the liver. Dyspepsia, polydypsia, apoplexy, albumin- 
uria, dropsy, dementia and ataxy put an end to his career. 
A small glass of liquor taken before breakfast is fatal in 
a few years. Coffee and tea, are excellent drinks when 
the body is fatigued and in warm climates. They stimu- 
late digestion aud are the drinks per excellence for the 
intellectual worker. If taken too strong or just before 
going to bed, they may make the person restless aud ner- 
vous. Payen says: "An infusion of coffee, mixed with 
an equal part of milk and sweetened contains three times 
as much nutriment as meat soup. 
Hygiene of the senses. 141. The organs of sense 
are a special termination of the nerves. The skin has 
the corpuscles of tact. The skin has besides feeling, a 
special sensibility exalted by burns, stings of insects, etc. 
and depressed by contusions and frictions. 146. The 
eye is an admirable optical instrument throwing an im- 
age of external bodies on the retina. 148. In Egypt, or 
in hot countries the reflexion of the sun by the ground 
frequently gives rise to an ophthalmia where the eye is 49 
is lost within a few days. Gas light is also bad for the 
eyes. As age advances the senses depart, hearing and 
sight are .often lost, the latter by cataract, the touch also 
becomes blunted. Hearing is often lost by detonations, 
also by the collection of cerumen obstructing the vibra- 
tions of the tympanum. The sense of smell and taste 
have their distinct corpuscles. Taste and smell become 
blunted by tobacco. Tobacco besides acting as a poi- 
son, it is apt when used with th# pipe to. wear away the 
teeth and to cause them to rot. But the worst of all is 
that it enslaves its victim. It produces a moment- 
ary exhilaration to be followed by a depression. The 
smoker is obliged to smoke before going to breakfast to 
give him an appetite, and after breakfast he is obliged to 
smoke to aid his digestion, thus he is continually a slave 
to it. Bouisson accuses tobacco of causing cancer of the 
lip. 
Intellectual Labor is synonimous with cerebral labor. 
When the marmot sleeps the pulse falls from 90 to 9 and 
the respirations from 30 to 7 per minute. 157.. The 
blood is necessary to cerebral action. Brown Sequard de- 
capitated a dog, and when dead, 10 minutes after he in- 
jected defibrinated blood into the carotids of the head of 
the dog and in two or three minutes the dog would move 
his eyes when called by name. 158. M. Byasson has 
found that intellectual labor produces a large quantity 
of urea. 
The muscles are voluntary and involuntary. While 
they contract a larger quantity of blood is . conveyed to 
the parts, and more ample breathing supplies a larger 
amount of oxygen, the heat increases, lactic acid and car- 
bonic acid are developed and exhaustion becomes man- 
ifest; a part of the chemical action is transformed into 
labor and the heat is carried off by the sweat. A horse 
running a few minutes exhales twice the amount of car- 
bonic acid. Laboring animals are never fat. Immobility 50 
is the first condition of fattening. 
Sleep and waking. All our functions are intermit- 
tent. Every contraction of the heart is followed by a rest.. 
169. During sleep but little heat is developed and there- 
fore it is necessary to have plenty of bed clothes to keep 
warm, and not to have the window open by night. In- 
fants want twelve hours sleep, 8 hours are sufficient for 
the second infancy. The adult needs from 6 to 7 hours 
while the old man has eriough with four or five. 170. 
Women and persons inclining to obesity sleep more than 
active and lean persons. In a hot country it is necessary 
to take a sleep at noon. Remember that the sun is the 
natural stimulus to awaken man to activity, and darkness 
the natural sedative to his faculties. Artificial light suits 
well for feasts, but they are only enjoj^ed with detriment 
to health. 
Exercise. At first, after exercise a soreness of the 
muscles will be felt, which vanishes as soon as the ex- 
ercise is repeated; the muscles growing in size and be- 
coming hard. All the muscles of the body should be 
harmoniously developed by exercise. 
Gymnastics is the art of developing the muscles. 
Orthopedics is curing deformities. 
Riding on horseback is excellent exercise. It gives 
great suppleness to the trunk. It is bad for those having 
ruptures. 
Dancing makes persons graceful, but since it gener- 
ally takes place in halls, which soon become dusty, and 
late hours, as well as being accompanied with over exer- 
tion and getting chilled going home, it is not only in- 
jurious but also a frequent cause of consumption and 
death. The Athlete's Guide. 
Bv 
W. E. Harding. Exchampion-runner. 
Dick and Fitzgerald, 18 Ann St. 
New York. 
1872. 
(Gymnastics may be divided into mental and physical 
(and probably moral) gymnastics; with the development 
of mind, body and morals for their object. S.) 
8. Fur sedentary persons the importance of gymnastics 
for developing the muscles is apparent. 10. The young 
men of the day have physically deteriorated. 11. (The 
best time for gymnastics is when the stomach is nearly 
empty and the food digested.) Violent exercise should 
never be taken right after a meal. The learner should 
proceed very gradually from the easier to the more vio- 
lent exercises, and never overtax the powers of the sys- 
tem, or else injury will follow. 12. (The left arm be- 
ing generally weaker than the right, it should be exer- 
cised with dumbbells, weights and suspensions until it 
is as strong as the other, this is especially important in 
regard to development of the brain. The nerves passing 
from the left side into the brain create more powerful 
centres in the right brain, since the dexterity of a limb 
depends wholly on the development of such a centre, and 
the thinking portions of the brain being contiguous rer 
ceive also a larger share of blood, hence are better able to 
stand work. Scholl.) Dumbbells should weigh no mo^e 
than from 4 to 7 pounds. 13 The exercises should be 52 
conducted for the purpose of strengthening the weak 
parts, not to exhaust them. They should be commenced 
lightly, then increased to the maximum and then reduc- 
ed again before leaving off. Sudden efforts are bad. 
Never carry your exercises to excess. 14. Bad habits 
as drinking and smoking must be entirely discontinued 
before commencing training. 
Walking and Running. 14. Healthy lungs are 
necessary, if the person has not these it is useless for him 
to attempt becoming an athlete in running. In walking 
the arms should swing freely by the sides, head wrell up. 
stomach in, shoulders well back, the body resting on the 
soles of the foot and on the toes not on the heel and the 
feet parallel with the ground. 15. The stride should be 
from the hips and with scarcely any bending at the 
knees. 
In running the legs must not be raised too high and 
the arms nearly still. Begin running on the toes, and 
afterwards on the ball of the foot without touching the 
heel to the ground. The springboard is good exercise. 
17. Judicous pedal exertions reach every part of the 
frame and dispel langour and debility; the brain receive 
ing a larger amount of blood is also strengthened and 
better able to think. 18. At 5 o'clock A. M. take a 
sponge or showerbath and rub the body with a towel or 
flesh brush until a glow is produced all over the body, 
dress in flannels, place half a pound of lead in your 
shoes and take a walk at the rate of four miles an hour. 
Gradually increase the speed as you get stronger. In 
bad weather practice on the springboard or skipping 
rope. After such exercises rub the body dry with a 
coarse towel. 20. Flannel should always be worn next 
the skin to absorb the perspiration and to prevent a chill. 
After sweating, while walking warmly clothed for the 
purpose of taking off the fat. take a shower bath and rub 
rhe body briskly. The bath takes away a feeling of las- 53 
situde and fatigue. After dressing keep moving about 
until the body has cooled down to its natural tempera- 
ture. Three-fourths of a pound of roast beef with some 
potatoes will do for a meal, a few days before the race is 
to come off, no vegetables must must be eaten. After 
dinner an hour's rest is necessary, and then a run or walk 
may be taken. If you are to run a race often miles, 
then cover this distance one day and next day half the 
distance, doing so every day excepting the day before the 
trial, when rest should be enjoined. Short distances 
should be covered as often as possible. After returning 
from exercise, rub the body again and change your damp 
clothes. Never loiter about after exercising, and above 
all never lie down on the ground. 22. Going to bed 
w^sh the feet wdth alcohol, and rub goose grease into 
the joints. 23. Two hours before the race a light meal 
is necessary. 24. Liquors should be avoided. A five 
cent loaf of bread with a glass of water will produce more 
nutriment than ten cents worth of beer, without any of 
the evil consequences due to drinking. The hardy hun- 
ter of the Alps rigidly abstains from drinks of an intox- 
icating nature. Tom Sayer says: "When I have any 
business to do I abstain from drinks, use only water, and 
1 think nothing equivalent to walking and dumb- 
bells. 26. All drinks owe their effects to alcohol, of 
this Beer contains from two to ten per cent, Port wine 
twenty-three, and Brandy and Rum fifty-three per cent. 
Benefits of Training. (Without training nothing 
can be skillfully done, persons must be trained to labor, 
to practice virtue and to think, the training must always 
have proceeded the successful execution. If a person is 
not able to do a thing it either argues disease or want of 
proper training. It is not enough for a person to know 
a thing, he must also have been in a position to put it 
into practice, Theory & practice must go hand in hand. 
Lights and shades make the picture perfect. Scholl.) 27. 54 
Without training a man is not able to run a mile or two 
in quick time - if he should attempt it he will either fail 
or injure his health. (I tried the same in chopping 
wood with Philip). 
Foster Powell in 1778 tried to run two miles in ten 
minutes, he failed by half a minute. Captain Barclay 
lifted 1176 pounds when twenty years of age - in 1809 
he walked one mile for one thousand consecutive hours, 
that is six weeks. 31. Daniel Crisp in 1818 walked in 
17 days 61 miles a day that is 1037 miles, later he walk- 
ed 72 miles a day for a week. . Robert Fuller in 1838 
walked 60 miles in 17 hours and 36 minutes. Bradshaw 
in 1846 walked 25 miles in 4 hours, Tess a minute. 33. 
Charles Westhall weighed 138 pounds and was 5 feet 9^ 
inches high, - in 1858 he accomplished the feat of 
walking 21 miles in three hours. George Topley accom- 
plished the same feat in 1865. Janies Miles fell ten min- 
utes short in walking 20 miles in three *hours. W. 
Boyd walked the fastest mile on record in 6 minutes 42 
seconds. For running the standard up to this time has been 
ten miles an hour, 4 miles in 21| minutes, two miles in 
ten minutes and ten seconds, one mile in five minutes, 
one-half mile in two minutes and seven seconds, and 440 
yards a minute. 
Abraham Wood ran ten miles in 55 minutes, Beteridge 
in 55 minutes and 4 seconds. 44. Davison weighed 141 
pounds, and was 5 feet 94 inches high, he walked one 
mile in 7 m. and 22 s. five miles in 38 m. and 40 s. ten 
miles in one hour and 17^ m. 15 miles in one hour 57 
m. 41 s. and 21 miles in two hours. 53 rm and 34 s. Men 
who wish to be champions must be able to cover 4 yards 
a second, 8 yards a second in a quarter of a mile race, and 
10 yards a second in a sprint. 49. A man that goes 
into training should have perfect control over himself, so 
that he does not do too much. 50. It is a mistake to 
think that the body should first cool down before the 55 
bath is taken, nothing closes the pores but the shrinking 
of the skin, the bath will do this immediately and with- 
out much loss of internal heat, which would slowly es- 
cape standing in the cold, or gradually cooling off. Train- 
ing must be done very gradually, increasing-tlfe exertions 
only little by little each day; especially sedentary persons 
should be extremely cautious in the beginning. Training 
increases the size of the voluntary muscles, the func- 
tional capacity of the involuntary muscles, and promotes 
the health and strength of the whole body. While eat- 
ing, very little should be drank and little cold water at 
any time. 8 hours sleep is enough for any man. Veal 
and Pork should not be eaten. 54. No man need be 
afraid of losing by exercising, the loss will1 be tlie more 
certainly replaced. 55. Sameness of exercise gives pre- 
cision and dexterity, but variety is essential to vigor and 
power. Eating more than the body needs is'only wast- 
ing the digestive powers in a useless way. 
Edgar Harding, a Canadian born at Toronto in 1847. 
Tn 1866 he ran a mile in 4 m. 184 s. he gained the title 
of "Champion of America" when running with de Kelso 
in a three mile race. In 1870 he made 25 miles in an 
hour and twenty m. on the velocipede. In 1871 M'clellan 
defeated him by two m., riding 15 miles on''the veloci- 
pede. He then retired to literary pursuits. 
57. John Howard in the long jump covered 29 feet 
and 7 inches. Ed. Searh ^-standing level 13^ feet. J/M. 
Kelley, balloate over 17 horses. 
Our resources must be able not only to supply what is 
ordinarily wanted but something to spare to-meet fluctua- 
tion. As we must provide in summer, food for the win- 
ter, so we must, have our circulation, our breathing, our 
muscles, and our heating apparatus somewhat above par, 
but not too much, else the body will be worn out too 
fast, In order to meet all occasions. How to Get Along. 
Do not stop to tell stories in business hours. 
If you have a place of business, be found there when 
wanted. 
No man can get rich by sitting around stores and sa- 
loons. 
"Never fool" in business matters. 
Have order, system, regularity, liberality and prompt- 
ness. 
Do not meddle with business you know nothing of. 
Never buy an article you do not need, simply because 
it is cheap and the man who sells it will take it out in 
trade. 
Trade in money. 
Strive to avoid harsh words and personalities. 
Do not kick every stone in the path. More miles can 
be made in a day by going steadily ahead then by stop- 
ping. 
Pay as you go. 
A man of honor respects his word as a bond. 
Aid, but never beg. 
Help others when you can, but never give what 
you cannot afford, simply because it is fashionable. 
Learn to say "no." Thore is no necessity of snap- 
ping it out dog-fashion, but say it firmly and respect- 
fully. 
Stick to one thing. 
Have but few confidants, the fewer the better. 
Mind your own business. 
Use your own brains rather than those of others. 
Learn to think and act for yourself. 
Be vigilant. 
Keep ahead rather than behind the times. Guide to Health and long Life, 
by 
R. J. Culverwell, M. D. 
James Miller, 522 Broadway 
New York, 
1866. 
The ancient Greeks placed health first, then beauty and 
money-making last. 6. The iamous Diana of Poictiers 
preserved her loveliness by the daily bath, early rising 
and exercise in the saddle. 7. The most energetic bus- 
iness-men of New York have been lads from the rural 
districts. The old Greeks had their Gymnasiums as We 
have our common schools. 10. Unhappily many of our 
troubles are born with us. Lewis Cornaro being sickly 
till 40 years of age, regained by observing the laws of 
regimen, his health, and lived to the age of one hundred 
years. 
11. Health can only be properly estimated after w'e 
have felt the bitter loss of it. The great perils of human- 
ity arc indigestion and nervousness. The ailments of 
any part of the body soon affect the digestive organs and 
nervous system. 17. A greedy child seldom makes a 
healthy man. 18. The greatest misfortune that can be- 
fall the physical and mental development of a young per- 
son is personal sensuality; sooner or later he will fall a 
prey to the quack doctor, who promises health if he is 
heeded and well paid for it, and who threathens death 
and raving madness if he is not consulted. 20 It is an 
ill province to censure, a better one to console and a use- 
full one to forewarn and advise. The young man unless he is continually forewarned is apt to fall a prey to the 
influence of bad associates. Ill health or nervousness 
may be defined, as general bodily and mental prostration. 
22. At the period of'puberty the young man acquires a 
relish for convivial society, visits the oyster- and beer-sa- 
loons and falls speedily a proselyte to its charms. 25. 
Although Shakespeare has bid the healthy man throw 
physic to the dogs, yet for want of timely care many a 
one has died of diseases or wounds that could have been 
remedied easy enough if taken in time. 
What to eat and drink and what to avoid. 2G. 
The appetite may be controlled by a determined resolu- 
tion, (brought about by the knowledge of the bad effects 
of over-eating, drinking and smoking and by the 
knowledge of self independence and self control, keep- 
ing in proper health, and gaining in knowledge and 
greatness. S) 28. It is proverbial that mutton is 
easier of digestion than beef, the lattet requires a pretty 
strong stomach to digest, and one that has feasted on 
Salmon and is not reminded of it twelve hours after- 
wards, he must have a good stomach indeed. Of uie 
most simple food one may overload the stomach, therfore 
it is necessary to observe the quantity eaten as well as 
the quality of food. 
(All strength comes from food but not from the food 
eaten, but from that what has been digested, absorbed and 
assimilated in the tissues. What is eaten over that 
the. system is in need of, has to be carried out of the sy- 
stem consuming force and above all the gastric jnice use- 
lessly; acting in the same way as the smoker that 
spits away the saliva, who is getting thin-even while he is 
eating twice as much food as he is in want of. There is 
also a gymnastics of the stomach as well as of every 
other organ, but this training to digest every thing must 
be done most judiciously, a person must feel his way. 
Every thing is wholesome, but of those articles that are 
58 heavy of digestion, the dose must be decreased hhd a pro- 
portionally small quantity eaten. 8.) 29. By eating 
last we may eat too mneh. 
(Being in a hurry the gastric juice will not flow in 
sufficient quantity to carryon the digestion of that what 
we have eaten even if less than the usual quantity. Sj 
Three meals a day is enough and they should be at least. 
4 hours apart. If the grinders have decayed it is neces- 
sary to have them replaced by an artificial substitute. 
Whenever a bad set of teeth make their appearance then 
we may be sure of having a person with dyspepsia, flat- 
ulence and nervousness before us. Such has been my 
common experience. 'The food is not properly mastica- 
ted in this same instant, and soups are not enough to 
keep a person in active health. The preservation of the 
teeth is of especial importance. When one tooth is loSt 
its mate will soon follow; and that not being used will 
present a third tooth going, to which the mate must in- 
evitably follow. S.) 30. Leave the table satisfied but 
not filled. 
(After dinner, as well as before for half an hour 
persons hould be engaged in rather light and' agreeable 
occupations or in conversation, weighty matters must be 
left to other times, and soon after dinner heavy labor 
may bring on a cramp of the stomach, As I have experi- 
enced myself while chopping. 8.) 31. The diet must 
be proportioned to the habits and occupations of the per- 
son, (and is to be in direct ratio to muscular exertions. 
S.) 32. Meat pies are bad, and so is Pork in all its 
forms, whether young or old, fresh or salted. Pork 
chops are night wakers. A mooted question or a disa- 
greeable subject should not be brought upon the tapis ar. 
the dinner table. Let them be brought up at a later 
hour. Try to dine with a good temper, at peace with 
the world, when the mind is ill at ease digestion cannot 
goon. 33. Tripe is easy of digestion. Lamb, avoidin g 
59 the fat is excellent for invalids. Stall-fed oxen are les? 
digestible than such as have been free in a meadow. Sal- 
mon, eels, pilchards, and sprats abounding in oil are hard 
of digestion. Dried and salted fish are hard on the 
stomach. 35. Bread, meat and water are the staple ar- 
ticles of food. 36. Frizzled bacon and hot buttered 
rolls are apt to bring about a disagreeable digestion. 
Bread should not be eaten until it is a day old. White 
bread containing alum put in by the bakers is constipating 
to the bowels. 37. To make white unfermented bread 
take 3 Fos. of flour, 9 drachms of bicarbonate of soda, 11| 
fl. drachms of muriatic acid (sp. gr. 1.16) and 25 fl. oz. 
of water. 
Brown bread takes one-ninth more of soda and acid. 
38. The soda must first be powdered in a mortar, then 
sifted over the flower while the same is stirred.. 39 The 
weak and bent bones and bad teeth may be attributed in 
a measure to the fine bread used, being deficient in phos- 
phate of lime. 40. Cukes made with butter, eggs and 
raisins are hard of digestion. Vermicelli and rice pud- 
dings are excellent. 41. Peas, carrots, cabbages, radi- 
shes and cucumbers are all hard of digestion. Mealy po- 
tatoes are easier of digestion than waxy ones. 43. Too 
much sugar is productive of dyspepsia. Persons are apt 
to drink too much. 44. Milk does not suit every stom- 
ach, 45. Beer is adulterated with cocculus quassia, 
grains of paradise and cayenne. 47. Wine interrupts 
digestion and hurries the food through the digestive tube. 
48. The morning dram is exceedingly pernicious. 52. 
In frying, the meat becomes soaked with tat which is dif- 
.ficul t of digestion. 
53. If you feel uncomfortable after dining then take 
one-third less next time. Some persons err by eating too 
little, the stomach requires a certain bulk to work upon, 
and so quantity as well as quality has to be taken into 
account, for a small bit the stomach has to go through 
60 61 
the same routine of motion as for a full meal, to little 
benefit. 57. The bed clothes should not be piled on so 
as to cause perspiration since thereby the body would be 
too much softened, and the head must never be covered 
with the clothes. 58. In dark weather and long nights 
a person is more prone to sleep. 60. Walking is the 
most natural exercise, horse-back riding the most de- 
lightful. 61. The time for exercise should be between 
meals, and three or lour hours would be about the prop- 
er time. A ride, on horseback is a good cure for the blue 
devils. Exercise cures nervousness, dyspepsia, corpu- 
lence and constipation. 61. A person may walk many 
miles in his chamber, and the use of the flesh brush is a 
good approximation to exercise. 62. Stand, sit and 
walk even while poring over your books. Reading aloud 
will strengthen the chest. 
The Passions. 64. To manage well the listless mind 
is the great art of life. The feelings may vary from 
erascibility of temper, to ungovernable fury; from 
mental depression to imaginative misery or despair. Ev- 
ery body should adjust his temper to his circumstances 
and not allow trifles to annoy him. The mind admits of 
being trained to withstand the shocks of the world. Be 
serene, be master over yourself and be prepared for what 
may come. The leading passion of human nature is irri- 
tability of temper, and this is the source of a great many 
of our discomforts. Endeavor at all times to control 
your temper. 65. By an irritable temper, you are apt 
to lose, through a single word, meaning no harm, a val- 
uable friend, or you may strew desolation around, and 
still no good is accomplished. The young "limb," the 
"scold," the "termagant," and the "hasty man" will sa\ 
"I can't help it." But trying and training can help it. 
Our organization is affected by education and passions 
may be depressed, or inability may be strengthened into 
abilities. Virtue and vice depend on cultivation. "Bring up your child and yourself in the way you should 
go and when older you will not depart from it." Irasci- 
bility of temper ought always to be checked. 66. Acer- 
bities of temper, do no good to others and prove a posi- 
tive injury to ourselves. A serene and cheerful mind 
may always be secured by cultivation, even if nature has 
created us otherwise. Despair is the nurtured and giant 
offspring of gloom and depression : it is a growing thorn 
in the heart of man. Melancholy is a state of depression 
of the feelings, as fatigue is a depression of muscular 
force. 67. The more we fret the worse we are off, in 
nearly all nervous affections there is a strong tendency to 
depression of spirits. The melancholy man knows no 
comforts except in doling out his misfortunes, he pon- 
ders over his imaginative distress, and delights in his 
woes. There is no use in bottling up grief, out with it. 
68. Thinking of one thing continually leads to destruc- 
tion, the same as a gnat buzzing around a lamp is finally 
destroyed by it. To cure depression of spirits labor is 
the most effective remedy. Persuasion, reason and ridi- 
cule have no effect upon the desponding man, the dark 
hour is upon him and he will not be comforted. 69. 
Nero fiddled while Pome was burning. 70. All mor- 
bid excitements such as card-playing, boat-racing or 
anything else, carrying the mind beyond the usual so- 
oriety are very injurious. 71. Drinking cold water or 
oeer immediately before or after a meal arrests digestion, 
distends the stomach, cools its temperature proper for 
work, dilutes the gastric juice and causes a shock of the 
nervous system. Abernethy forbade his patients, to drink 
at all at dinner time. 72. Father Matthew is the greal 
Apostle of temperance. 73. Take a warm bath every 
fortnight or at least every month. 74. In bad weather 
take exercise in doors. Our first meal should be a fluid 
one and so should the last. 75. It is advisable not to 
drink too fast as well as to eat slowly. After breakfast is 
62 also the proper time for the evacuation of the bowels. 
Constipation is a marked symptom of dyspepsia, it is due 
to a dry condition of the mucous membrane in conse- 
quence of an irritation and this latter may be due to a 
too dry regimen as well as to an improper one. Many 
people are always taking pills and lavements to remove 
constipation, while they ought to make use of proper ex- 
ercises, judicious diet, and timely and regular attendance 
on the calls of nature. Habit is also here of great im- 
portance. 77. The stomach holds from three to four 
pints. 
Digestion is usually completed in four or five hours 
but depends very much on health and individual condi- 
tion. 78. It is best to finish one thing before com- 
mencing another. Dr. Johnson thinks that the fecal 
matters consists wholly of secretions from the bowels and 
that it is only when indigestion takes place that food or 
its remains pass through the tube. (It might be possible 
that the upper part of the alimentary canal is an organ 
of absorption, while the lower part is an organ of excre- 
tion, carrying away from the blood, materials noxious to 
it. S.) 79. There is as much ceremony in digesting 
a mouthful as a meal. The stomach has to go through 
the same process of motion. At dinner only so much 
drink is to be taken as not to have the meal to dry. 81. 
Tea may be taken without eating, three hours after the 
repast. Ten o'clock is bed time and eight hours sleep is 
plenty. The teeth should be cleaned after every meal 
and at night before bed time. 91. Shakespeare has fa- 
miliarized us with the seven ages of man. Dr. Liebig 
of Giesen in his Theory of Life, and disease assumes a 
vital force, which is a fallacy S.) and that the body is 
constantly consuming itself and building itself up. 
(The organized body is hence a constantly changing 
structure, on the one hand it receives, on the other it gives 
out, and is comparable to a cataract, a rain-shower, or a 
63 64 
fire. • The body while living consumes as fast as if if 
were dead, but while living it is built up as fast as it de- 
cays, if the decay is less then there is growth; if it is more 
then there is wasting going on, or old age sets in. The 
human body must be looked upon as excluded from air, 
inclosed in a tube of epiderm, and the development oi 
bacteria in a measure prevented. Supposing this decay to 
proceed altogether too fast so that the development of 
bacteria in a high degree take place, then a fatal disease 
is the consequence. Scholl.) 
The body has not a single element in its composition, 
what it has produced, but it receives the elementary and 
proximate bodies trom the vegetable and inorganic king- 
doms ready made and approximates them to itself and 
after death, restores them to the inorganic kingdom, the 
great mother of everything there is. Food building up 
the body is nitrogenous, that keeping up the proper heat 
is carbonaceous. A man may consume one pound of 
carbon a day. The quality of the food should vary with 
rhe state of the weather. Kespiring about two pounds 
of oxygen a day it is necessary that oxydizable material 
is found in the blood and tissues derived from the food, 
else the oxygen will have to attack the tissues themselves. 
Fasting is hence bad under all circumstances. On water 
alone a man can live twenty days. 97. Liebig calls 
health the equilibrium of bodily functions. 
(Chemical remedies supply mineral substances such as 
the body is in need of; phosphate of lime for the bones, 
iron for the blood, soda and potash for the tissues; or 
supplying proximate principles, as urea, albumen, synto- 
nine or quinole ? the alcaloid of the tissues analogous to 
quinine, or they are sedative or stimulant to the ner- 
vous system; or supplying ferments or chemical solvents 
as muriatic acid, pepsin, pancreatine, bile and lactic acid. 
Every organ and system of the body has some substance 
what will aid it, thus there are two classes o( remedies 65 
stimulants and sedatives, every organ requires a different 
stimulant and a different sedative; words may be stimu- 
lants and sedatives to the mind, opium to the brain, pep- 
sin to the stomach, iron to the blood, lime to the bones, 
and soda to the soft tissues or plasmas. These would 
point to certain classes of remedies, it being little differ- 
ence which of the class is chosen. Scholl.) 100. Man 
thrives only on elements analogous to those of his self- 
composition. 101, Purgatives form the basis of most all 
quack medicines, they are at best an evil. Ill health 
should be treated by diet and exercise. 102. Medical 
treatment should be supporting and not debilitating in 
its nature. 
The warm Bath. Formerly Saturday night was the 
time for a general ablution. A warm bath taken before 
the breaking out of a cold may in the majority of cases 
be able to arrest it. 105. In all cases of restlessness, 
figits, and hypochondriasis, the hot bath is verv use- 
ful; 106. The bath may be 98 degrees, but if perspira- 
tion is desirable it may exceed 100 degrees. Ten min- 
utes is long enough to remain in the bath. 
Vapor bath. Many skin diseases yield only to the 
vapor bath, and painful joint affections of a neuralgic na- 
ture are best combatted with it. It is almost an infalli- 
ble remedy for a cold. 
Cold bath. The cold water cure has made a great 
stir in the world and is undoubtedly useful in many cases 
otherwise it could not have been adopted to so wide an 
extent. The cold shower bath should be taken all the 
year round to harden the system. Culverwell wrote a 
book on ' How to be happy." Tobacco. 1861 V. vm. 696. When the sailers of 
Columbus returned with the news of a new country they 
also brought with them a new condiment. As smoke 
travels as fast as the wind, smoking tobacco soon spread 
from a few savage tribes to the whole of the civilized 
world. In the 16th century it was held in great rever- 
ence. Gerhard in his "herbal" calls it sana sancta Sanc- 
torum, by which name it was used in medicine. In 
France it was cultivated for half a century for medicinal 
uses, before any man ever thought of using it for plea- 
sure; and was prescribed up to the last hundred years for 
asthma, gout, catarrh, consumption, headache and such 
other diseases as it has been by Dr. Show accused of pro- 
ducing. In 1686 it first appeared in England and was 
used in the Indian fashion by handing one pipe from 
man to man throughout the company. The higher 
classes using a silver tube, the lower ones a straw and a 
wallnut-shell. In Queen Elizabeth's time the ladies of 
the court would not scruple to blow a pipe together very 
socially. In 1616 there were in London over 7 thousand 
open sellers of tobacco, some of which displayed in front 
of their doors an Indian, as is done to day by tobacco- 
nists. In the reign of Queen Ann in 1711, says Steele, 
the snuff-box was a rival to the fan among the ladies. 
Dr, Clark in 1793 complained, that the snuff-box was 
handed around in churches during worship, and that it 
was impossible to kneel on account of the spitting done. 
The point of inordinate expense is a very greatargument 
against tobacco. The use of tobacco promotes poverty. 
The report of the Commissioners of the English Univer- 
sity in the year 1850 states that a student's annual to- 
bacco bill amounted to 200 dollars. Dr. Schneider de- 
clares in the London Lancet, that the educated Germans 
The Atlantic Monthly. 67 
wear spectacles because of their smoking, and that a 
great deal of consumption is caused by the same means. 
700. To aid conversation there is no need to use tobac- 
co, since women using no tobacco are certainly models to 
men. The use of tobacco must be ascribed to a raw and 
childish epoch of our civilization. Bacon said : "To- 
bacco smoking is a secret delight, stealing away men's 
brains." 701. Individual cases prove nothing either 
way, some persons have been endowed with such an in- 
vulnerable constitution,that in spite of errors they will 
still reach old age, thus Dr. Parr smoked twenty pipes 
a day and lived to be 78. Thomas Hobbes smoked 13 
and lived to 92. Brissiac of Trieste died at 117 with a 
pipe in his mouth, and Henry Hartz used tobacco from 
16 to 142. The offspring of great smokers have gener- 
ally a weak constitution. Tobacco has to be excluded 
from insane asylums since it producee symptoms akin to 
delirium tremens. It cannot be gainsayed that it pro- 
duces cancer of the mouth. Where weak persons are. 
made insane, there is strong reason to bleivee that it will 
injure the most robust unconsciously. The pupils of 
the Polytechnic school of France using tobacco were, 
far inferior in their attainment, to those that were not 
using tobacco. 
Mr. Solly of England accused tobacco of causing para- 
lysis, and says that tobacco soothes an irritable nervous 
system, to render it only more irritable ultimately; it is 
like opium in this respect. 702. Read the confession of 
an English opium eater. Nine-tenths of the best men 
of the-JJDiversity were non-smokers. Indians who 
smoked gave out soonest in the chase. Amiral Dundens 
and Napir abandoned tobacco when ordered on actual 
service. ■ Tobacco is incompatible with a studious life. 
It induces general debility, viciated secretions, softening 
of the brain, partial paralysis, trembling of the hand, 
enervation and depression, great irritability, neuralgia 68 
and narcotism of the heart. These ailments are admit- 
ted by the friends of the weed, and have not been culled 
from the opinions of its enemies. 703. Every man us- 
ing tobacco for the first time is warned by nature by the 
vomiting induced that he is dealing with poison, a nar- 
cotic poison of the most active class. Now poisons may 
be occasionally useful as it was with King Mithradates 
and Du Chaillu who swallowed after the fatigue of the 
gorilla hunt 2 ounces of arsenic with decided benefit; but 
generally employed, poisons can not but do serious in- 
jury. Poisons may answer in pathalogical or in special 
vises, but not in physiological or general cases. Their 
use should hence be but exceptional and not habitual; 
and their whole value lies in the rarity of application. If 
a drug is habitually employed it loses its specific action. 
Dr. Holmes has forcibly expounded that every medicine 
is in itself hurtful, and can be useful only when rightly 
applied against diseases. 704. The largest consumers 
of tobacco are city rowdies and college students. Now 
when the rowdy advances to a prize-fighter and the col- 
lege student to a prize-oarsman, they both drop to- 
bacco immediately. Training and tobacco are incom- 
patible. The increased attention to physical training at 
die present day appears strongly against tobacco. Cam- 
bridge students have by one-half discarded it. 
Tobacco is king no longer. A popular treatise on the 
Skin and Hair. 
By 
Erasmus Wilson. 
Second American from the fourth London Edition. 
Blanchard and Lea, 
Philadelphia. 
1854. 
The first bath was established in Liverpool in 1843. xn. 
The skin is the greatest medium for purifying our bo- 
dies. xm. The skin being an organ of sensibility, if 
it be weak the person will belong to the nervous type. 
He will be affected by every little change of tempera- 
ture and finally become a barometer. If a horse becomes 
meagre and weak it is attributed to the want of groom- 
ing, but in man such a thing is never thought of. 25. 
The mucous membrane when exposed to the air will be- 
come skin. Law, 1. A disease affecting part of a mem- 
brane may spread to the whole of that membrane.. 2. 
A disease of the mucous membrane may spread to the 
skin and vice versa. 3. A disease of the mucous mem- 
brane may be translated to any part of the skin and vice 
versa. As an illustration we have erysipelas spreading; 
eruptions on the mouth, when the pulmonary membrane 
is inflamed, and rashes when the stomach is disordered. 
The use of scarf skin is to protect the body against the 
action of poisons. S). 27. The scarf skin is originally 
a colorless liquid, in which form granules and finally 
cells of one-sixhundreth of an inch in diameter. Next 
these cells become parent-cells, being brought to the 70 
surface and drying they form the scales of the epidermis. 
On the scalp these scales form the scurf which is natur- 
al to the head. 32. In youth and health the skin has 
its maximum elasticity therefore wrinkles are absent. By 
repetitions of muscular contractions of the face, wrinkles 
will form in harmony with the interior working. If the 
grosser faculties predominate, then the mark of Cain 
will soon be set upon the brow. 33. The skin contains 
5 per cent of gelatinous matter, 1 per cent of salt, and 
the rest being albumdn. Olive colored spots on the skin 
are best removed wuth lemon juice. 35. The color of 
the skin is in direct ratio to the action of the light. In 
the Negro it sometimes happens, that a part of the skin 
or even the whole ceases to secrete coloring matter, and 
in that case we have a black Albino. In India and in 
South America spotted skins are frequent; with us the 
reverse is frequently seen, freckles and liver spots. 
Nails. The sensitive skin giving support to the nail 
is formed of vertical longitudinal folds. The nail has 
vertical plates to be received by the folds. These verti- 
cal plates are best examined on the inner side of the hoof 
of the horse. 38. The lunula is a part having only 
longitudinal ridges and is poorly supplied with blood- 
vessels. Beyond the lunula the nail is received lor a- 
bout one line in a fold of the sensitive skin, the same way 
as the lamina of the nail are embraced by it. The nail is 
thicker at the free end then at the lunula, as it grows 
the horny plates are gradually raised out of their sheaths 
and the original depth is maintained by new additions 
from beneath, and the nail is thus pushed forward. 39. 
Dr. Bean found the growdh of the nail to be two-fifths of 
a line a tveek, the thumb-nail being eight lines it would 
take twenty weeks to renew itself. The large toe-nail 
requiring four times as long to grow and being nine 
and one-half lines in length, it would take about 2 years 
to renew' itself. 40. The care of the nails should be 71 
limited to the scissors and ivory presser, agnails are thus 
prevented. For stains on the nails use lemon juice. 42. 
During the continuence ot every constitutional disease, 
the nails as well as the teeth and horns in animals are 
arrested in their growth, hence the nail of that part what 
is growing during an illness will be much thinner and 
present a line of depression in front of a ridge. Persons 
show on their teeth a record of infantile diseases, and by 
measuring the distance of the depression and its extent 
the duration and time of a disease may be approximately 
made out. 
Sensitive Skin. 44. This is divided into papillary 
layer and corium. The corium is made up of small 
fibres collected into strands interwoven with each other 
forming an elastic web. its meshes may be somewhat less 
than a line on the deeper surface, and more close above. 
45. Large meshes situated deeper are filled with fat, 
adding to the elasticity of the skin. The fibres making 
up the skin are of four kinds. 1. White and inelastic. 2. 
Elastic, yellow and brittle. 3. Elastic, strong and of a 
reddish color. 4. Contractile not elastic nor strong, 
giving rise- to goose-skin, they are muscular in their na- 
ture. S.) 47 The bald skinned animals have the thick- 
est skins, rhe feathered tribe the thinnest. Watery pim- 
ples occur on the inside of the limbs, scaly eruptions on 
the outside. The papillary layer is in harmony with the 
law of animal organization nanfldy multiplying surfacefon 
the increase of function, thus the papillae are elevations 
composed of minute capillary bloodvessels and a min- 
ute nerve which are sometimes bent upon themselves, to 
ti ghten the function. 50, The diversion of the blood 
from the skin to the internal parts may give rise to dis- 
eases. The venous disks are biconvex while the arter- 
ial are biconcave. Ruysch came to the conclusion that 
the whole body is made up of bloodvessels. 52. The 
number of air cells in the lungs have been estimated 72 
at 1,744,000,000 and their lining membrane at 1,500 
square feet. One-fourth of the venous blood is distribu- 
ted to the capillaries of the liver. The kidneys and skm 
may be styled the purifiers of arterial blood, while the 
liver and lungs are the purifiers of venous blood. Dr. 
Weber found rhe sensation on the points of the lingers to 
be able to distinguish two points if separated ope-third 
of a line. 
The perspiratory system. GO. The perspiratory 
apparatus consists of cylindrical cork-screw like tubes 
which in the coriuni are coiled upon themselves, form- 
ing a globular ball. These tubes are a continuation of 
the three layers of the skin or an involution of it. 62. 
In the palm of the hand the pores are three and one-half 
thousands to the square inch of about one-fourth of an 
inch in length, which together would make a length of 
73 feet. On the heel the pores '-ire two and one-half 
thousands. 
Two and four-fifth thousands would be about the av- 
erage number of pores per square inch on the skin, 
making a length of about 28 miles for the whole bo- 
dy, The number of square inches on the human 
body are 2,500 or about 15 square feet. The 
perspiratory apparatus is the regulator of animal heat. 
Canines do not sweat. 64. In Asiatic Cholera the heat 
may sink to 77 and in typhus it rises to 110 degrees. 
When the temperature fails below the normal tempera- 
ture, respiration and circulation are increased and conse- 
quently the chemical processes. 65. A man subjected 
to 120 degrees for 15 minutes showed a temperature of 
105 in his mouth. Sir Charles Blagden supported a 
temperature of 260 degrees for ten minutes. When ani- 
mals die from heat, the blood is found in the peryphery 
of body, the heart being empty. Animals die below 114 
degrees, and in moist air much sooner. When the air 
is moist evaporation is checked. 66. A gentleman vis- 73 
iting the baths of Nero nearly fainted, pulse 120, (heat 
of air over bath 120 degrees,) and had bleeding from the 
nose. In dry air he could bear a temperature of 167 de- 
grees. 67. Lovoisier and Seguin estimated the;sweat.to 
be 33 ounces in 24 hours, 1 per cent being solid matter. 
The solid matter is made up of osmazome, lactic acid, 
salts and animal matters. 68. Bequerel and Breschet 
covered a rabbit with varnish, the temperature fell rap* 
idly and the animal died in one hour and a half. 
The oil glands of the skin. The oil glands are 
straight and of a greater diameter of tube than those of 
the perspiratory glands. In the palm and sole they ara 
absent and very numerous about the nose, head and ears* 
75. On the head they furnish the pomatum of nature, 
on the eyelids they are called Meibomian glands. The 
secretion contains a large portion of albumen. The epi- 
thelial cells of these glands^ become overfilled with fluid, 
then they burst and pour out their contents to lubricate 
the skin or oil the hair. 'rhe scales left by these cells 
pass along the tube and form the scurf. 76. Dr. Simon 
found in the oil tubes the Steotozoeh folliculorum, abun- 
dant about the face, one forty-fifth of an inch in length. 
(The use of this oil is to reduce the temperature of the 
skin in summer, to keep it soft, and to protect the sys- 
tem against the introduction of poisons. Scholl.) 78. 
Secondly it may carry off noxious matters from the blood. 
The secretion is sometimes us<d as a perfume, as is the 
Case with mask. 
Ths hairs. They are analogous to the scarf-skin and 
come off with a blister. 81. The hair sheaths are form- 
ed of an involution of the skin the same as the oil and 
perspiratory glands. The three glandular tubes are form- 
ed the same way by growing inwards to the required 
depth. 82. The hair when it has grown to a certain 
length is cast off and a new hair grows from the same 
tube, cutting them cannot prevent this. 82. The hair 74 
of women is about twenty inches in length and 6 or 8 ok 
in weight. When hair is closely shaven it becomes per- 
sistent and grows about one and one-half lines a week/ 
88. Hans Steiningen was killed by stepping on his 
beard going up stairs. As the hair begins to grow from 
the sheath it is at first small, then increases i»; size, gets 
Smaller and finally drops. After a rest the sheath begins 
to send forth another hair. 84. Hairs range in size 
from 1-1500 of an inch to 1-400 of an inch. 85. The 
hair of women is coarser then that of men, but the hair 
varies considerably on the same head. 86. Flaxen is 
the finest hair and black the coarsest. Gray hairs are 
coarser than the others on the head. It is very thin in 
the scrofulous. Withof found from 6 to 7 hundred hairs 
on every square inch of the scalp and counting 120 square 
inches would make 90 thousands on the whole head, A 
thick head of hair may have 100,000. 88. The format 
tion of a shaft: of the hair is identical with that of the 
scarf-skin. (The basement membrane of the hair tube 
proliferates cells which passing up in the sheath, and be- 
ing watery form thebulb of the hair, when this gets old- 
er it shrinks and forms the hair. Scholl.) 
f The perypheral layer of the hair is continous with the 
scarf-skin. The pigment is contained in the inside cells 
(which are a continuation of the Rete Mucosum. S.) 
89. The luaun like the skin gets darker as we approach* 
the equator and vice versa. Blumenbach made the color 
of the hair the basis of his classification of the races of 
mankind. ! 90, Of old, persons who were found guilty of 
sacrilege were flayed alive And the part taken oft* nailed 
to the church-doon. The cells within constituting the 
shaft of the hair ha^e an arrangment, as the grains on an 
ear of corn, supposing several layers to be supperposed. 
The outside settles of the hair are imbricated as the down 
on a feather. - ; iA feather is an illustration of a hair. 92. 
A hair may--support a weight from 4 to 8 ounces. 75 
A hair ten inches long will stretch to thirteen inches. 
The grey hair of a mouse is made up of colored and un^ 
colored cells alternately. 94. The imbricated outside 
layer of cells are the cause of irritation felt by the skin 
by wearing woolen garments. 96. Sometimes the hair 
becomes impacted in its sheath, this will produce violent 
itching, and when the hair is unable to get out it will 
curl itself in the sheath. When the skin contracts about 
a hair tube, the hair assumes an erect position called 
goose skin. 98. The downy hairs seldom appear above 
the level of the skin. Impacted oil tubes may contain 
twenty or thirty of these downy hairs. 99. Ruggieri 
published in 1812 the case of a female 27 years of age 
covered from her shoulders to her knees with long black 
hair wooly like that of a poodle, dog. At Burmah a man 
was seen covered with hair all over, on his breast it was 
' • • ' ' ' J- t 4 
four inches long and on his face, ears and nose it was 8 
inches long. 101. On the head, the hair radiates from 
a single point, the crown. 102. On the trunk of the 
body there is a centre of radiation, from the arm-pits* 
two lines of divergence, one passing.on the front of the 
chest and the other downwards to the front of the hips. 
103. the hair contains sulphur,dime, silex, oily and ani- 
mal matters, iron and manganese. Gray hair contains a 
large amount of phosphate of lime.. The hair is very 
hygrometric, as soon as the air is moist it will swell and 
straighten, if the air is dry it will curl. The hair will 
straighten when the curly head is out of sorts" The 
curling property of the hair is due to the flatness of 
the shaft. 105. St. John says :, "my beard which in 
Europe was straight and silky, began,to curl on my ar- 
rival at Alexandria." To the .dryness of the air of the 
country may.b^ ascribed the wool of. the Negro, which is 
rather, finer than European hair and no different from 
the curls of S.t. John's beard. 106. Hair is also highly 
electrical, and in headache the hairs n?ay be repelling 76 
one another. It is also a great equalizer of the tempers 
ture of the head. The eyelids and eyebrows guard the 
organs of vision. Also the hairs in the nostrils and ears 
defend them from the intrusion of insects and dust. 108. 
The mustache is a natural respirator especially in sandy 
districts, when travelers are in need of breathing through 
it. The beard is a great preventive of colds and sore- 
throats. 110. Moreau mentions the case of a lady who 
was cured of a mania by cutting her hair. The hair as- 
sumes a rapid growth in disease of the lungs, where res- 
piration is interfered with, as in consumption, the long 
and silken eyelashes and streaming hair of the consump- 
tive are well known. 113. The hair coming out in 
the winter are white, that in the summer darker. 114. 
Mary Antoinette and Mary Queen of Scot's hair turned 
gray in a short time from grief. Sir Thomas More's 
hair turned gray the night before his execution. Dou 
Diego Osorius a Spaniard, being in Jove with a lady of 
the court, was sentenced to death on account of his pri- 
vate conference, and when he heard of his sentence, he 
was so terrified that his hair turned gray that night. 
When Caesar saw him next day in such a plight he par- 
doned him. 116. Lemming turn white in the winter 
season, but when tamed and housed retain their usual 
color. A Scotchman's hair became black in the latter 
years of his life, aged 110 years. 118. Dr. Eruley men- 
tions a lady 60 years of age dying of consumption, wear- 
ing fair hair transparent as glass, turning jet black four 
days before dissolution. The hair bulbs were gorged with 
black pigment, while a few of them remained shriveled 
and white. Hair growing on scalded or galled portions 
of the skin is generally white. 
The Health of the Skin as influenced by Diet. 
120. A disagreeable feeling of temperature of the skin 
is a warning note of mischief within or without. 121. 
A great rule of health is to inantain a genial tempera- 77 
tare of the skin; by food, raiment, exercise and ablu- 
tions. Every thing above this is suspicion, every thing 
below it is obnoxious and dangerous. Dr. Prout has 
classified food into the Aqueous, (saline S.) Saccharine, 
Oleaginous and Nitrogenous classes. Milk is food pre- 
pared by the hands of nature, it is therefore a prototype 
of what food ought to be and it contains all those prin- 
ciples mixed in due proportions. 123. Food is healthy 
in the proportion that it contains available carbon or 
hydrogen, should we wish to increase the heat of the bo- 
dy, then we make use of fats and oils, should we wish to 
diminish it then we may make use of hydrates (sugar 
and fruits.) 125. Montaigne says : "whatever feat 
with appetite does me good, and whatever I eat with dis- 
like is hurtful to me." 126. Some persons are affected 
with red blotches of the face and neck after swallowing 
red pepper even if unknown to them. A variety of 
dishes is often an inducement to cram the stomach. 127. 
Do not eat what disagrees. After digestion is completed 
an acid liquor remains, this is neutralized by taking tea 
or coffee three hours after the meal. ? (As even an acid 
bath may produce alkaline urine, so may the simple drink- 
ing of water or tea produce an alkaline condition, acting 
as an internal bath. Possibly drinking large quantities 
of water in rheumatism might be equivalent to the ad- 
ministration of alkalies. Scholl.) 128. Tea or coffee 
should be used as a beverage and not associated with eat- 
ing bread and butter 129. The child is father to the 
man physically and morally. 130. A change of food 
is to the stomach what a change of air is to the general 
health. 131. Sameness and improper food is a fertile 
cause of disease in children. 135. Existence would be 
impossible without salt. 
Clothing in its influence on the skin. 133. Cloth- 
ing prevents the dispersion of the heat of the body, 
which it does by retaining in its meshes atmospheric air. 78 
134. Our garments retain a stratum of warm air near 
the skin, and as the external temperature'diminishes we 
increase the numbers of layers to our body. Going into 
file cold air we should put oh additional clothing a little 
before we leave the warm room so as to confine warm air 
to the skin. Putting on chilled garments from a cold 
room is exceedingly dangerous. 
• (The warmth of clothing depends not on the material 
itself, but on the quantity of air it is able to confine in. 
its meshes, "wool is warm in the degree that it is fine and 
curly and thus able to retain air, not by any degree of 
non-conductibility per sei Linen is cold because its 
fibres are straight and smooth so that they may lie close 
together and exclude the air from its fabric. Cotten 
stands between. Silk approaches wool on account of the 
exceeding fineness of the threads it is spun of by the 
silkworm, and since each thread is round a quantity of 
air must be between all of them. Scholl.) 135. Thick 
textures are-'warmer than thin ones because of the 
many strata of meshes being brought together allowing 
no disturbance of the internal ones by the external at- 
mosphere. The skin is a natural felt. 
Linen. The flax fibre is round and pliable, it is there- 
fore not able to retain much air and is hence capable of 
carrying off the heat of the body, it is a good radiator, 
and on account of its forming capillary tubes it is very 
susceptible to the action of moisture, and in virtue 
thereof reduces the temperature of the body. 137. To 
prevent the chilling of the body, a woolen garment should 
be worn outside of the linen. (When bathing fell into 
neglect, linen was introduced to absorb the sweat and ex- 
cretions of the body, and a frequent change of linen is a 
partial substitute for bathing which is now-a-days too 
much neglected. Scholl.) 
Cotton. The cotton fibre is already more twisted, 
thdn flax fibre, but it is flat and having sharp edges, apt . to irritate sensitive skin. Tims we avoid to apply cotton 
to wounds, and prefer linen. 
Silk occupies the third place above linen. Its fibres 
are round but on account of their minuteness they are 
able to contain considerable air and has less disposition 
to absorb moisture than cotton, being of a gummy na- 
ture. 
Wool on account of its imbricated scales is very irri- 
tant to-sensitive skins, and brings on frequently an erup- 
tion of the: skin especially when new. By wearing linen 
underneath this may be avoided. In this case the linen 
absorbs the moisture of the skin and the wool keeps the 
linen from conducting away the heat of the body. Wool 
on the skin is not able to keep the skin as clean as linen 
Would. 139. Black clothes absorb the heat and con- 
duct it onwards better than white ones. White is good 
for summer and winter, in summer it keeps the heat, 
from going in upon the body, and in winter it keeps it 
from passing out. Franklin spread black and white- 
cloths on snow, under the white, the snow was melted 
least. 140. Stark says that tlie difference between 
black and white clothes is 25 per cent. India rubber 
shoes and clothes are bad since they confine the exhala- 
tions from the parts, and subject them to chills. 
Summer and winter constitution. (A man may 
live under the tropical sun and arctic ice equally well,. 
But the one has a summer constitution, the other a win- 
ter one. The change from one climate to another can 
but be gradual, the constitution has to undergo a cor- 
responding change. The constitution of the Esquimaux 
is to produce heat, that of the Negro to carry it off. S.) 
A temperature of Zero feels agreeable to a mariner of 
the arctic regions. 143. Dr. Edwards of Paris placed 2 
sparrows in February from a warm room into a cage sur- 
rounded by snowr and ice, and at the end of three hours 
only two degrees of heat were lost. While four sparrows 
79 in the month of July placed under the same conditions, 
lost 21 degrees of heat. The poor among the ancient 
Britons painted their bodies and went naked. Smollet 
says: "The Indians on Terra del Fuego go also naked." 
144. Sickness will have the same effect on man as the 
summer constitution, it reduces our power of generating 
heat, and subjects us to taking cold, and it is under these 
circumstances that we should put on more clothing. 
(Not only indigestion or disease will render man sub- 
ject to taking cold, but also mental emotions of what- 
ever nature, either by arresting the development of cal- 
oric or arresting its source, that is properly digested food. 
Scholl.) If we neglect dressing warmer on such occa- 
sions then the internal membrane will become more con- 
gested and the illness aggravated. A. man used to awurm 
room in winter time has the summer constitution and 13 
unable to stand cold. 145. The rich have 1-8 the mor- 
tality of the poor between the ages of 80 and 90, below 
that age it is nearly one half. 146. Infants are not 
able to stand a cold temperature, Puppies left lying 
with their mother showed a temperature of one or two 
degrees below that of the parent, if however removed 
therefrom they soon cooled down to within a degree of 
the surrounding atmosphere. The deaths of infants born 
during winter time is nearly doubled. Oue-sixth of 
these deaths being from inflammation of the lungs. The 
mortality of infants the first year is 19 per cent in Paris, 
22 in Philadelphia, and 21 in St. Petersburg. The same 
holds good in regard to the aged, they are unable to 
withstand cold although from blunted sensibility they do 
not feel it so much. The winter season is very fatal to 
the aged. 147. Kitchener says: "When the thermom- 
eter is below thirty the proper place for the aged is the 
fireside." There can enter into the minds of parents no 
more baneful notion than that of hardening children by 
subjecting them to unnecessary cold and without sufficient 
80 81 
clothing. 
Draughts. Edwards says: "A hand at 98 degrees im- 
mersed into water at 41 degrees lost in 20 minutes 43 de- 
grees of temperature, but at the end of an hour and one- 
half it.had recovered only 14 degrees of its heat, it would 
hence at this rate require 5 hours for the hand to regain 
its temperature. 149. From a single part, let it be a 
hand or a foot, the cold will gradually spread until the 
whole body is chilled through. This explains why per- 
sons having their hands in cold water, or the feet cold 
from wet stockings, or a cold current of wind blowing on 
> part of the body may take hold. 
Check of perspiration. This is rather an effect and 
not a cause. The primary action is a cold medium 
carrying off the caloric, thus causing contraction of the 
cutaneous vessels, throwing the blood upon internal 
organs. 
(Cold water applied to the back of the head will pro- 
duce pharyngitis; to the feet, lumbago; to the belly, kid- 
ney disease; to the cutaneous nerves of the face, toothache; 
and to the neck, tonsilitis. Thus every portion of the 
$kin has a corresponding internal membrane what may 
become affected from an impression upon it. 
Exercise in its influence on the health of the skin. 
151. Well directed exercise promotes the general health. 
Hufeland says: "Joy is one of the greatest panaceas of 
life; and laughter, its external expression, is one of the 
most salutary movements. 
(The health and vigor of the body will be in direct 
ratio to the mental status. If a person is hopeful and hi- 
larious he will succeed in getting his body into a high 
stamina. Is despondency ruling, the person will only 
be capable of a low degree, of stamina. What passes be- 
yond this degree is fatigue, therefore the person having 
no ambition is soon tired out and overcome with what 
would be play in the hands of one that is pushing ahead. The huntor feels no fatigue while pursuing a stag, while 
the indolent kitchen girl gets tired from washing dishes. 
Scholl.) 155. Exercise or labor to be beneficial wants 
to be undertaken under a cheerful mental disposition. 
(Cheerfulness will assist, keep up, strengthen and help, 
while despondency will depress, consume strength, and 
retard. Scholl.) Retired persons may tug the dumbbells 
or drag their legs along the avenues, but zest being 
wanting, they derive no benefit from their exercise. 
A person that knows himself may be able to know when 
he is in want of exercise, he is tired of sitting, he feels 
oppressed at the chest, heavy at the stomach, cross, and 
wants to be out. 154. Another condition of exercise 
is that it should be moderate. It is with this as with 
every thing else, it must not be overdone. 155. Our 
first walk should be short, and the succeeding ones grad- 
ually increased until we feel that our exercise is enough 
to keep us in good health and spirits. The same rule 
holds with our appetite, "enough" should never be ex- 
ceeded. Household duties are rather too irksome to pass 
as exercise, a walk in the fresh air with agreeable com- 
pany would be far preferable. A person should exercise 
at least one hour every day in the open air about three 
hours after meals. 156. Hufeland says : "Fresh air is 
as necessary to health as eating or drinking." By get- 
ting used to out door air the great sensibility of the skin 
to the slight changes of temperature is overcome, and 
liability to frequent colds obviated. Another impor- 
tant advantage of out-door walking is that looking in the 
distance the eyes are thereby strengthened, and prema- 
ture weakness of the eyes obviated. Hufeland thinks 
that the four walls of the sitting room are the great cause 
of weakness of vision. The time for exercise should be 
towards noon in the winter time, and towards night in 
the summer season. The morning air of a cold winter's 
day is too cold for the soundest lungs, the evening air of 
82 83 
summer is apt to be damp and malarious. Exercise 
should never be taken immediately before or after meals, 
15?. No two actions requiring a large amount of ner- 
vous force can go on at the same time. Hence muscular 
motion, and secretion from the various glandsare incom- 
patible. In order to have food digest, the body must 
not be occupied with active exercise. (In the year 1851 
I went chopping wood right after dinner and before 1 
had chopped 5 minutes at a tree I was seized with cramp 
of the stomach, and a feeling of malaise at that region, 
so that I had to quit and go home. Light ex* 
ercise if not of a tormenting nature is highly conducive 
to a facile digestion, shaving ones self, going out, making 
arrangements etc. while hard study should not be under- 
taken until digestion is in full play which takes about 
15 minutes or half an hour; in that time all the gastric 
juice has been secreted, and then digestion will proceed 
independently. There is also no use in idling away 3 
hours of time as Abernethy would have it. Scholl.) 
Walking out, the person ought to be clad according to 
the weather, and the walk in view. Dr. Harwood fed 
two pointers at the same time, one was taken out hunt* 
ing, the other was left lying at home. Two hours after 
both were killed, and it was found that digestion had 
not even commenced in the dog that was employed for 
hunting, while the digestion of the other dog was com- 
pleted. 158. Hufeland says : "Air by being breathed 4 
times is converted into a deadly poison. A disagreeable 
sensation from temperature, food or exercise is bad, 
so are the disagreeable odors affecting our sense of smell. 
A boy was killed, by holding the smouldering wick of a 
candle under his nose, while asleep. Suraja Dowlah con- 
fined 146 persons in the "Black Hole of Calcutta," 18 
feet square, aired by a single grated window. At the 
end of 11 hours 123 of the persons had perished, while 
23 remained alive. 159. After a season of London 84 
smoke a breath of pure air has a chance of being ap- 
preciated. Great cities are great plagues, natural joy 
soon vanishes from the heart. Everything is seen here 
in disguise by paint; the countenance, the wall, and the 
Very heart itself. Rural life among its poverty is rich. 
(Childhood being a period of excessive mobility it can 
not bear long confinement to one position or to on© 
kind of labor. S.) 
Gymnastics have the objection against them, that 
they frequently incite to overaction and thus the organs 
that are in need of strength become injured forever. 160. 
Cuvier being threatened with consumption overcame 
this disposition by frequent speaking. 161. Stays be- 
fore womanhood are instruments of barbarity and tor- 
ture. They are an appurtenance of the grown woman and 
their purpose is to support the bust. 164. The girdle 
of infancy is made to embrace the lungs, liver and stom- 
ach of womanhood in the form of stays. 165. The art 
of distortion is carried to excess in the Chinese, the rich 
man's daughter has her foot crippled at 5, two toes are 
bent under for the purpose of having a small foot. The 
action of the skin (and abdominal organs as well) are 
quickly stimulated by riding on horseback. 
Bathing and ablution as affecting the health of 
tlie skin. (Water, saline matters, oil, albumen and 
scales are thrown off by the skin. The saline matters 
accumulating; by their affinity for moisture will carry off 
the caloric too rapidly and thus be apt to chill the body. 
The oily matters, may possibly be a solvent for resinoid 
bodies, as Cantharides, and probably the exhalations of 
poison ivy. The albuminous matters may indeed sus- 
pend animal or organic poisons like bacteria and vibri- 
ons and so may a dirty skin be the medium of carrying 
a contagious disease into the system, for contagious 
diseases it is however the lungs which must be looked 
upon as the great medium of transmission. In how far 85 
the skin acts as a respiratory organ is a combatible point 
and it is likely to occupy but a minor position as such. 
Some great influence however has the skin over the 
health and life of persons, since a dog varnished all over 
will die after a short time with symptoms of diminished 
temperature, just as take place after extensive burns; it 
is therefore of the greatest importance to keep our skin 
clean. If foreign ingredients, on account of debility of 
the internal organs, the lungs, liver and kidneys are. 
thrown out from the skin and such being arrested, by 
checking the perspiration, then this offal will first accu- 
mulate in the blood and finally be thrown upon other 
organs of the body, the joints, peritoneum pleura, lungs, 
bowels and kidneys. Scholl.) 167. Scherer found that 
the coloring matter of the kidneys was increased in di- 
seases of ths lungs? skin and liver. 168. Water is of the 
greatest utility to man, and it is on this account that it 
is adored by the Brahmans. 169. Hard water is hardly 
fit for use, to make it soft it is only necessary to add one 
hundred grains of sal soda to the gallon. 170. A man 
that is to brave the greatest cold of winter ought to use 
the water quite cold. For others it is not necessary and 
the water may be used lukewarm especially by females. 
Hot water is very objectionable since the skin is apt to 
chap. In alterations of whatever nature, let it be of tem- 
perature, of food, of clothing and of exercise, moderation 
and judgment have to be used. 171. The face and neck 
ought to have at least two saponaceous and aqueous ablu- 
tions in 24 hours, the feet and armpits at least one. 172. 
Drying the face use a moderately thick and soft towel, 
so that friction with pressure may be applied, since the 
object of ablution is not only to remove tho diut. but also 
to stimulate the skin and to give it vigor. Ablutions 
have therefore a bracing effect after fatigue and labor. 
173. The simplest way to apply cold water is by the 
wetted sponge. A new beginner should commence in 86 
the summer time to use this ablution and by winter time 
he will be able to stand cold water without inconven- 
ience' 174. Sir Astley Cooper used this kind of ablu- 
tion and ascribed his robust health to it. The next 
form of ablution is the sponge bath, the bather receives 
the water sqeezed on the different parts of his body. Re- 
action must always be ensured by friction. 176. The 
third form is the shower bath. The shower bath is an 
almost indispensable article of every household, it should 
be located in a room W'here fire can be made in 'winter. 
The sensations of the bather must be taken into account 
when adjusting the temperature of the bath. The skin 
that is able to withstand the effects of a shower bath will 
have become so fortified, that it will be able to withstand 
high degrees of cold with impunity. 178. The whole 
secret of safety in using this bath as well as in anything 
else, lies in the training, and the evil effects that have 
been observed are due to a disregard of this rule. The 
hair should be covered with an extinguisher-shaped cap 
covered with oiled silk. 179. The douch-bath is for 
applying water locally. The fresh -water or plunge-bath 
offers few advantages over the shower bath. Sea bathing 
is more stimulating to the skin, and has a poweful effect 
by the grand scenery, to remove melancholy and ner- 
vousness. 181. The warm bath comes up to the na- 
tural temperature of the body, 98 degrees, the hot bath 
is from 98 to 105. The Turkish vapor bath has a tem- 
perature from 133 to 140 degrees, the bather feels at first 
a sense of oppression until the sweat commences Inflow 
when he -will feel relieved. From the steam bath the 
bather steps into a tepid bath, from 85 to 95, for ten min- 
utes, wh^e he is greeted with a shower of water on his 
head. The Romans used cold affusions after the vapor 
bath. 182. The Roman baths consisted of four apart- 
ments, in the Laconium the bather was subjected to heat- 
ed air, in the Calidarium to a warm bath, from which ho 87 
plunges into the Frigidaria or cold bath and lastly enters 
the Tepidaria to be dried and anointed. Some of the 
American Indians attempt a rough imitation of the Ro- 
man Thermae. When they come out of the heated oven 
they plunge head over heels into cold water even in win- 
ter. They annoint their bodies with bear's grease. 183. 
There is no danger from cold affusions even when the 
' body is in a state of perspiration and the nervous appa- 
ratus highly excited, the reason is that it closes the pores 
of the skin without lasting long enough to produce a 
chill, or carrying away any sensible amount of caloric. 
By closing the skin and removing the saline particles 
from it, the slow departure of caloric is prevented, hence 
persons retain so much more caloric to bring on a reaction 
and mantain the functions of life. 184. Thus the Ro- 
man youths after their combats, were wont to throw 
themselves into the Tiber to prevent taking cold. Sir 
George Lefevre says: "Let the bather not wait till he 
feels cool before he plunges into the cold bath, such an 
action would be hazardous." While the heat is above 
the natural standard little is to be feared from immer- 
sions into water of a lower temperature. 185. Bathing 
should not be attempted while digestion is going on. 
Bathing should last no longer than from fifteen minutes 
to half an hour. The application of cold water for a 
short time is also a powerful stimulant to the nervous 
system, provided it is short and does not go so far as to 
being on depression and shock, the bloodvessels and 
heart are also thereby powerfully stimulated. In this 
case the vasomotor nervous system soon reacts, the blood 
is thrown to the surface and it being so finely divided in 
the capillary bloodvessels, gets quickly acted on by the 
absorbed oxygen attacking the nutrient matter thus giv- 
ing rise to increased temperature and the waste, demand- 
ing a renewal, stimulates the nerves of the stomach in 
the sensation of hunger, to a more active digestion. S.) 88 
187. The ancients used to scrape the skin with an ivory 
knife, our means of stimulating the skin are the coarse 
towel, the horse-hair glove or rubber, and the flesh-brush. 
The Indian flesh brush is made of goat hair. A towel 
answers every purpose. 188. The tepid bath lowers the 
amount of pulsations is therefore sedative, the hot bath 
increases the number of pulsations, it is therefore stim- 
ulant; the bather loses weight and if continued too long 
may prove fatal by inducing faintness and apoplexy. 
The Rashes of the Skin. 
190. When the skin is inflamed we have erythema 
and erysipelas, if local and slight in degree it is called 
fiery spot, blotch or red rash if the spots are very small; 
when distributed over a large part of the body it is called 
"rose rash," common in summer after overexertion. 191. 
Nettlerash completes the number. Erysipelas has a na- 
ture to extend, is constitutional, often due to infection 
or contagion. 194. A blister, in snipping, should not 
be torn. The gall, chillblain and chap may, be included 
under this head. 197. Chilblains should be rubbed 
with snow. 199. The rose rash is also called false 
measles. 200. The common cause of nettlerash is an 
error of digestion. Shell-fish are bad. 203. Some fe- 
vers have an eruption or a rash; as scarlet fever, measles 
and small-pox. Measles are accompanied with the symp- 
toms of cold in the head, scarlet fever by sore throat and 
red tongue, and small-pox by neither of these symptoms. 
A person with these diseases ought to be secluded for a 
month. 
The Pimply Eruptions of the Skin. 
Pimples may be dry, watery or mattery. The dry 
pimple is the red gum of infants and the lichen of adults. 
Ant-bite, Prurigo is very troublesome. Plato, Charles 89 
the fifth and Charles the ninth were affected withit. 208. 
For the itching use the juice of a lemon with half a pint 
of water. Vinegar is excellent. 209. The watery pim- 
ple, is called when no larger than a pinhead and in 
clusters, eczema; when larger, rupia; and when as large 
as blisters, pemphigus. 210. When the eczema dis- 
charges much water it is called humid tetter, when this 
dries on the face of a child it is milk crust, and when on 
the head and the hair falls out, humid scali or scalled 
head. Herpes is what breaks out on the lips after a cold 
and is then called herpes labialis. In vesicular ring- 
worm the patches travel from a centre, if the ring gets 
broken it is rainbow ringworm, if it attacks the waist of 
one half of the body, it is Shingles or Zona. 212. Ru- 
pia, leaves borrowing sores, and when the crust is thick, 
it is prominent rupia. Rupia occurs in debilitated con- 
stitutions. Pemphigus, bladders or Pomplilyx, water 
bladder are the same as common blister. In 1852 it oc- 
curred as an epidemic in Switzerland, the bladder-fever 
of the Germans; 215. The mattery pimple is larger 
than eczema and containing matter, the degree of 
inflammation divides it into impetigo (breaking out im- 
petuously) and ecthyma. When the discharge dries into 
crusts it is termed crusted tetter, if it destroys the hair, 
crusted scali; when it extends irom a centre it is crusted 
ringworm. In ecthyma, the bladders are the size of 
a split pea and it belongs to a debilitated constitution. 
Scaly Eruptions. 
These appear from a red minute point (as seen in 
Hilger Altendorf) and enlarge to about the size of a split 
pea, and when scattered over the skin it is lepra guttata. 
The scale that forms it has much likeness to large bran. 
They also sometimes extend from a circumference, it .is 
then lepra vulgaris. Sometimes they are white, lepra 
alphoides; sometimes black, lepra nigricans. These erup- 90 
tions are also called psoriasis, and if the bran is very 
small as on the head, pityriasis; also called dandruff 
meaning itch and dirt. The scaly eruptions are very 
symmetrical, affecting both elbow and knee very much a- 
like, selecting also the outside of the limbs in preference. 
Itch is an eruption due to a mite the acarus scabiei of 
1-77 part of an inch in length. Sulphur, night and 
morning for two days is the remedy. Warts are en- 
large papillae, one or twenty may be afiected. Corns 
are similar, when extending over a larger surface they 
are termed callosity. Excavate them and apply acetic 
acid. i, f 
Mother's marks, Naevus. When a small red point 
with some straggling vessels is seen on the nose it is call- 
ed "spider's mark." Death may be produced by tick- 
ling if prolonged. A Frenchman at Paris, France, is 
said to have killed three wives by tickling them. Creep- 
ing Sensations (as Profy told me) are often trouble- 
some, the person feels insects crawling on his body and 
still there is nothing there. 249. Excessive action of 
the skin exhausts the nervous system as well as wasting 
the fluids of the body. 250. Some persons sweat on one 
side of the face while the other half is dry. Red perspir- 
ation is due to blood. 
Oil Glands. When their mouths are contracted so 
that the secretion is retained, grubs are produced; when 
the glands inflame from the pressure, it is "spotted acne;" 
when completely closed they form near the eye, millium; 
when over the eye and near the scalp, sebaceous tumors; 
when dispersed over the body, mnluscum contagiosum. 
When portions of the oil tubes are destroyed by suppura- 
tions so that the orifice is obliterated then they are acne; 
if a kind of burrowing under the skin has taken place, 
and caused by drink, it is acne rosacea. 267. The hairs 
when removed by depilatories always return. Baldness 
may sometimes be caused by an affection of some nerves 91 
of the scalp and is then limited to the distribution of 
those nerves. In baldness the skin becomes sometimes 
as thin as paper. Men to prevent baldness should wet 
their heads in cold water and rub them until a glow is 
felt. Women should have resource to the brush. 270. 
"You cannot brush the head too much, nor the hair too 
little." 271. Split hair requires snipping. 272. Poor 
and diseased hairs should be pulled out, and their bulbs 
will be stimulated to increased action. 276. Eble says 
that blanching of the hair commences at forty; cutting 
the hair, frequently associated with plucking, will pre- 
vent an extension of greyness, and sometimes correct the 
disorder. 278. In common ringworm or Tinea and 
Plica Polonica the hairs are diseased, In ringworm it is 
dusted over with a fine powdery scurf, around the hairs 
is a slight elevation, and in two or three weeks the hair 
will break off when combed- There are sometimes a 
number of spots on the head and are then called scutulata 
from being shield-like. Plica Polonica pours forth a 
fluid secretion which matts the hair. 
Strength and health. 
The popular belief that strength and health, are in 
direct relation is an error; They may be so, bui they are 
not so of necessity. Strength pertains to the contrac- 
tions of powerful muscles; health is the perfect and har- 
manious working of all the organs making up man. 
A person may be able to lift 1000 pounds and still be 
subject to torpid liver, rheumatism and low spirits. On the 
Treatment of Diseases of the skin. 
By Dr. M'Call Anderson of Glasgow. 
11,000 cases analysed. 
Henry C. Lea, 
Philadelphia. 
1873. 
2. Diseases are classified into functional and organic. 
The organic are subdivided into those having uniform 
causes as the Parasitic, Syphilitic, Strumous, and Irrup- 
tive, and into those where the cause is variable as the in- 
flammatory, cacoplastic and hemorrhagic. 
6. Pruritus, is neurotic. Seborrhoea, Comedones and 
Milium. 7. Hyperidrosis. Ephidrosis cruenta in a 
lady 14 years old from face, arms, chest and legs, from 
round erythematous patches from a shilling to a crown, 
a ring formed almost instantly and then spreading in 
over the inclosed skin. One attack a day, generally at 
11 A. M. Likely vicarious menst. 8. Ephelis, is an ex- 
cessive deposit of pigment as on the brow of females. Me- 
lanopathia gives a marbled appearance. Vertiligo are 
pigmentless patches surrounded by a pigmented ring. 
The hair turns white on such patches. Arsenic is good. 
Regarding the hair we have: Alopoecia, Hirsuties, Fragil- 
litis Crinium and Canities. 12. Depillatory: -Sul- 
phuret of Barium 1, Oxide of Zinc 4, Carmine J grains, 
form into a paste with water and apply for t$ree minutes 
then wash off. 12. Canities is a decoloration of the 
hair - commenced on inside of brow in a man of thirty. 
13. Parasitic diseases constitute one-third of the bulk. 93 
There are four vegetable fungoids. 160 cases. 13. The 
Achorion Schoenleinii causes tinea favosa. The disease 
is originally contracted from mice. The mousy odor of 
favus is characteristic. 14. Tinea trichophytina or 
Ringworm. 178 cases. Tinea circinata, Tinea tonsu- 
rans and Tinea sycosis are varieties of ringworm. The 
first affects the skin, the second the head, and the third 
the beard. The microsporon furfur causes Tinea versi- 
color, brown eruptive patches on the body, occurred 121 
times. 
15. The Microsporon Audouini met with 179 times 
causes tinea decalvans. 16. Depilation is necessary in 
these diseases. 16. Parasitic affections due to animal 
parasites constituted one-fourth of the number. Scabies, 
phtheiriasis capitis, pubis and corporis. 17. Syphi- 
litic eruptions are apt to assume the form of segments 
and a coppery stain. 19. Strumous affections are as 
numerous as the syphilitic 557 or about 5 per cent. 20. 
Lupus, erythematoides and vulgaris. Scrofuloderma 
verrutosum. 33 cases. 
Inflammations comprise one-half of the cases; of these 
eczema makes one-fourth of the whole. Eczema is made 
to include impetigo and lichen. Erythema (4 per cent) 
is to include, strophulus, roseola and pityriasis. Ery- 
thema is but a lower form of eczema. Pityriasis is the 
second stage of erythema. 22. Ecthyma are large iso- 
lated pustules terminating in crusts, in debilitated sub- 
jects.. 23. Psoriasis (8 per cent) Wilson thinks to be 
remotely transmitted syphilis. India rubber under- 
dresses are good. The psoriatic has a hereditary ten- 
dency to phthisis. 
Acne vulgaris (342 cases, 3 per cent) is a disease of pu- 
berty, and is aggravated at the menstrual epoch. Ar- 
senic does no good. Dr. Bulkley orders: Oxide of Zinc, 
one drachm; Sulphuret of Potassium, one drachm; Rose 
yater, 4 ounces; shake, and apply night, and morning. 94 
Acne rosacea js due to intemperancp, it consists in a-diL 
Mation of the capillary bloodvessels. 25. Rumex 
root 9 ounces, lard 6 ounces, yellow wax one ounce, aqua. 
hullientis 4 ounces. Diseases covering the whole body- 
are: Pemphigus, Pityriasis rubra, and Lichen rubra. 27. 
Warts are called .by the French a benign scrofulide. 
Arsenic is good. . 28. Only two cases of Elephantiasis 
Graecorum or true leprosy were met with. Healing from 
the centre, spreading from the surface, leaving tubercles 
and anaesthesia behind. 29. One case of primary can-, 
cer of the skin, was seen. At first there was erythema, 
then purple streaks due to obliteration of the bloodves- 
sels, and third the formation of tubercles from a pin- 
head to a split pea in size. It spread over the chest, ab- 
domen and arms. . 30. Hemorrhages were: Purpura 
rheumatiea, and Purpura pemphigoides, 9 cases. 33. 
Purpura verrucosa. 34. The sudden disappearanceof 
a rash is due to a fatal complication setting in, or to a 
different eruption making its appearance.. 37. Some, 
remedies, as mercury and tar, are absorbed and act* con- 
stitutionally. . 39. The wet packing is useful in acute 
eases,, sea or hard water, is bad. 40. As powders: 
♦Starch, Lycopodium, Oxide & Carb. Zinc, Talc & Carb, 
magiiesia may be used. 40. Poultices too hot applied 
produce secondary boils. As a soothing ointment use. 
hemoated carbonate, of Zinc to which two drachms of 
t incture of camphor have been added to thg (W0| , or 
Oxide of bismuth.one part to 1,5 of simple ointment, or 
litharge jdaster 4.parts, olive oil 3 parts, malted. As a 
lotion use subacetate of lead, one part to, 50 of water. 
42. The empyreumatic oils are: Pix liquida or Guyot's 
solution of tar, pix nuneralispr Liq. Carbonis detergens 
of Wright , and-Co, .Oleum Cadini obtained,from the 
Jimiperus oxycedrus and Qleum Rusci from the Beiula 
alba, useful in Prurigo and Psoriasis. Belonging to this, 
chiss are Creosote and Carbolic acid. For chronic Psori- 95 
xsis use creosote two parts: and white was melted togeth- 
er. Of carbolic acid use a four per cent solution. 45. 
Syphilitic condylomata, wash with chlorate of soda and. 
dust with calomel. - Pityriasis capitis: pse Perchloride of 
mercury fo.ur-grains to the ounce. 46-i; Lupus Erythc- 
matoides emplgstrum hydragyri. Sujphuris apt to pro- 
duce eqtema,' it is tor the acaria specifics In acn§ rosa- 
t^a use rumex ointment four parts, hypochloride of sul- 
phur one part. Sulphur is useful for aepe vulgaris. 48. 
Acetate of soda, 20 grains, is used to the ounce for lupus;- 
it'may also be injected into .strumous sinuses. Hardys 
of the St. Louis Hospital reepomends India rubber dres- 
sings for eczema, psoriasis pahnaris eczema capitis, and. 
pruritus senilis. 53, .Epithelioma, paint with Fmyler'sf 
sidldjom For chronic eczema use lye,» ■ , ( 
. In Lupus vulgaris, apply the solid nitrate of silver, in? 
Erysipelas, a concentrated sol. of nitrate of silver. 54. 
applies.;to lupus the red iodide of mercury oint+j 
igent and aw equal part of lard to produce: an artificial 
Erysipelas, or applies once a week the acid nitrate of.pier-, 
cmy, or the actual cautery. 55.. The. part may also be 
blistered by bejpg painted with a solution of one drachm^ 
M.corrosive sublimate to the ounce of alcohol, applicable- 
to small.patched;only; or Emplastrmn .Cantharidims ii- 
q&idum. Blisters are also, most useful in tinea ^epalvaus.- 
5pj..- Iodine isjgood m hipus, 57.. In tinea tonsurans 
us^Jodine tvyp parts, and oil of tar tour parts. Fhtlieri- 
a^is requires the application of powdered staph isagria;L 
part, and lard 3 parts, digested for three hours .aqd 
strained. 58. In . Scabiei use liquid styrax one.part, 
l^vd two parts, molt and strain, or liq. styrax one apnee,. 
almond oil one drachm, and alcohol two drachms; salso, 
sulphurous acid and hyposulphate of soda may be used, 
(or rather the bisulphate of soda or magnesia). 59. For 
epilation use the forceps. 60. Clothes may be disin- 
fected by hot air, boiling water, or the fumes of sulphur. 96 
If an eruption is symmetrical or extensive it is likely 
constitutional. Arsenic stands prominent in skin di- 
seases. 61. Sulphate of magnesia and sulphuric acid 
as a purgative is useful, or phosphate of soda acidulated 
with phosphoric acid. 63. Diuretics. Use acetate of 
potash, in gouty tendency add colchicum. 
Alcalies should be used sometimes before meals, so as 
not to neutralize the gastric juice and enough to keep 
the urine alcaline. 65. Prurigo, Hydrocyanic acid 20 
minims to the ounce of water; apply three times a day. 
66. Arsenic is safe; may be continued for months, chil- 
dren tolerate it better; it is bad in acute cases, bad in di- 
gestive troubles, is apt to bring on bronchial catarrh, may 
be associated with iron, and should be given on meals. 
70. Liquid tar, two or three minims in capsules, three 
times a day for psoriasis with bronchial irritation. 71, 
Carbolic acid may be given in three or four grain doses, 
three times a day. The morning dose may bring on a 
transient giddiness, will suceed when arsenic fails, though 
not so useful on the whole. 74. Mercury should be 
used in the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis, especi- 
ally if the eye is affected, or in old cases where iodide of 
potash has failed. 75. Lewin reccomends 1-16 grain of 
corrosive sublimate to be injected daily. Mercurial bath: 
one-half drachm of calomel may be used. Mercurial 
ointment, the size of a bean may be rubbed daily into the 
thigh. 77. Iodide of potassiun^ is likely to prove use- 
ful in extensive tertiary eruptions; in nose symptoms it is 
inapplicable since it is apt to produce coryza. 10 grains is 
the proper dose. 78. Dr. Polli of Milan reccomends 
the hyposulphate of soda. 80. Dr. De Ricci prefers 
sulphate of magnesia. Theory and Practice 
of the 
Movement - cure. 
By 
Charles F. Taylor, M. D. 
Second Edition. 
Lindsay and BlackistoH, 
Philadelphia. 
1864. 
Printed, Ozaukee, Wis., 1876; by Albert John Scholl. 
22. The law of Treviranus is, that every part of the 
body is to the whole of the body as an excreted sub- 
stance, thus every part of the body is by the demand for 
its nutrition a purifier to the rest of the body. In the 
oyster the carbonate of lime that goes to make up the 
shell if left in its fluids would soon poison it. The shell 
while it is being built up acts as a purifier to the fluids 
and a defence to the animal. 23. If the kidneys cease 
to secrete urea death will follow after three days. This 
secretion is due to cell-formation just as well as when the 
gastric tubules secrete the digestive fluid. 
(It may be that the gastric juice being properly se- 
creted, will keep the rest of the body free from lactic 
acid, which when such is not the case will accumulate in 
the tissues and cause rheumatism, so it may be the case 
that attacks of rheumatism follow indigestion, or where 
there is a loathing of food, or too little albumen presented 
to the stomach for digestion, as may be the case in drink- 98 
era, or fat persons, that live on soups and starchy food. 
Every organ has a selected office, the fulfillment of 
which keeps the other organs healthy, and is to itself the 
pabulum of life. Scholl.) 
24. Every interstitial process whether it be secre. 
tion, excretion, innervation or new formation is nutri- 
tion. The molecular changes are reparative and regres- 
sive. 25. If the blood is not sufficiently called upon 
by the tissues for nutrient, then it must deteriorate for 
want of something to do, (and for being overcharged 
with nutriment matter, fever will result. S.) One-half 
of the gross weight of the body is muscular tissue, i of 
all the food taken into the body go to supply the vol- 
untary muscles. 26. Muscular motion brings on in- 
creased oxydation of the tissues hence a large demand 
for oxygen. 27. Urea is the result of muscle oxyda- 
tion, and is abundant after exercise. The purity of the 
blood depends also on the nutrition of the muscular tis- 
sue. 28. Motion is the essential quality of all organ- 
ized bodies; In the lowest organisms this is limited to 
cell endosmose and exosmose; in the highest organism 
the Circulation and its appendages are superadded. The 
fluid circulating outside of the bloodvessels is supposed 
to be equal to that circulating inside of them. 
The muscular fibre-cells perform the double office of 
nutrition and contraction. The capillaries lie between 
the muscular fibres principally in a longitudinal direc- 
tion with numerous communications between them. A 
contraction of the muscular fibres by their laterial ex- 
pansion, cause pressure to be made upon the capilla- 
ries propelling the blood forward towards the side of 
least resistance, the veins. The nutrient material passes 
first through the ■walls of the capillaries, then through 
the inyoleina of the muscular fibre and circulating there 
as lymph it is taken up by endosmose by the muscle- 
cells, who contribute in turn by exosmose the used up 99 
materials to this interstitial lymph current. Muscular 
contraction hastens the progressive & regressive change 
in the fibre-cells, is hence an incentive to exosmose and 
endosmose. - The heart alone is insufficient to keep 
up the circulation, it requires the aid of the vasomotor 
nervous system and the will to move the voluntary mus- 
cles. 31. If the muscles of a consumptive person are 
put on the stretch by another person then the pulse will 
fall 15 beats a minute. 
(I noticed in Mary Schultise a fall from 28 to 25 of the 
Respiration after a ride of two or three miles. S.) 33. 
The areolar tissue is the skeleton tissue of the body (a 
progressive formation of the ameoba. S.) This tissue 
is relaxive and retractive. 34- An irritation of some 
nerve will be reflected upon the organ having the effer- 
ent nerve distributed to it. (Applying 1. f. s. to a sore on 
the side of my tongue caused by making an experiment 
on eating sugar, I immediately I felt the pain in my 
lower molar teeth of the same side. S.) Vomiting may 
be casued by tickling the throat, uterine contractions by 
mammary irritations. 
(It is likely that many remedies taken into the stom- 
ach or breathed by the lungs may act as an inter- 
nal counter-irritant that is by acting on the afferent- 
nerves of the stomach or lungs, and affecting distant or- 
gans by jneans of efferent nerves. It may be that Alco- 
hol acts thus, first on the nerves of the stomach causing 
in the brain, through nervous liaison equal to efferent 
nerves, an expansion of the bloodvessels of the brain and 
consequent exhileration. It is rather doubtful that ab- 
sorption can be the cause of it in the first instant. Again 
when an old man suddenly dies from eating a tough 
piece of meat^, indigestible to him, it cannot surely be 
absorption what killed him, but nervous impression. It 
may be also that when a poison is inhaled, say sulphui- 
etted hydrogen etc. that an impression is made on the 100 
brain by means of reflex action, so may, a temperature 
too warm, a position too still cause faintness through 
reflex action. Scholl.) 
. If afferent nerves can be impressed so as to produce 
diseased action, then it is equally true that they can be 
impressed so as to reestablish healthy action. A blister 
to the chest in pleurisy can only prove useful under this 
supposition, local bleeding would be the same. (Now 
the good effects of a blister I have experienced, when I 
had a pain after taking cold in my right subclavicu- 
lar region. When the blister, which had to be applied 
a second time, commenced festering, then the pain 
went away. It seems also as if an external 
or afferent dilatation will produce an internal or 
efferent contraction. I have also frequently noticed 
that, a chilling impression on the sternum will produce 
a roughness in the bronchial tubes, and cold water to the 
neck will produce sorethroat. In these cases there is 
no chilling of the body at all, we must therefore con- 
clude, that an afferent contraction will be followed by an 
efferent dilatation. May be many of cur colds are caused 
in this way. Irritating the skin and causing a dilata- 
tion of the vessels on the outside is generally followed by 
benefit; since by this means internal contraction of dil- 
atation bloodvessels will ensue. Again hardening the 
system by ablutions would in this conception be a blunt- 
ing of the nerves to external impressions; so that the in- 
ternal dilatation could not be so violent, and since the 
injunction is imperative after bathing to rub the skin 
until a glow is felt, or till the internal vessels are again 
contracted, it is sure that no harm can follow that way. 
The internal dilatation caused by a cold bath would be 
a healthy dilatation, trying the elasticity of the tissues 
and being followed by contraction no inflammatory ac- 
tion could ensue. It is not to be understood that the 
utterent nerves cause contraction of the bloodvessels 101 
•themselves since this is done by the vasamotor nerves, 
but that the efferent nerves induce the vasamotor,, may 
be by association to such contractions. It remains now 
an open question as to how powerful the . afferent irrita- 
tion must be in order to cause efferent contraction. Is it 
caused by disturbing the balance of the the nervous in- 
fluence, or in virtue of some specific irritant action? S.) 
36. Hope to the sick man brings life and health; dis>- 
pair to the well man disease and death. It is therefore 
often required not only to have muscular action simply, 
but muscular action influenced by mind, in curing di- 
seases. 37. This would indicate that there is such a 
thing as medical Psychology. 39. Patients can dis- 
turb their own functions by unwise attention to them, 
and the influence of withdrawing the attention of a dis- 
eased organ is especially manifest. 40. Fatigue is in 
the ratio of the effort made. 
(Passive motion requires not expenditure of force, 
since the muscular tissue is not caused to contract. S.) 
44. Dr. Draper has shown that muscular contraction is 
rather the result of oxydation than the cause of it. 45. 
Actual loss of tissue takes place with every muscular 
contraction, (but it must be remembered that Fick and 
Witzlius have shown the muscular tissue to act as a ma- 
chine converting nutrient material into force, and not its 
structure. S.) In the muscular tissue we have a large 
portion of the nutritive processes under the influence of 
the will. 46. Through motion, all vital phenomena of 
the organs are directly or indirectly influenced. In the 
muscular system we have the great controlling power 
over our system; by its means we can fortify it against 
disease, and withdraw it from it if already attacked..* 
Pathology is modified physiology. The manner in which' ■ 
muscular contraction influences the circulation of the 
part may be seen by tying the arms, and making mo- 
tion, the veins of the forearm quickly fill while -one muscle contracts its antagonist is drawn out, 48. The 
contraction of the muscle contracting is called concent- 
ric, the yielding contraction of its antagonist is called ex- 
centric contraction. In the drawn out muscles the cm 
tering blood is still from the arterial side since the vein, 
ous side has the least resistance and besides the valves 
in the veins prevent a reflex. 51. To obtain the best 
result on nutrition the muscular effort must not be car- 
ried too far. 52. When imperfect nutrition or disease 
has altered the chemical composition of the fluids by 
reducing the alcalinity of the blood or the acidity of the 
•tissues, or that the membranes have been changed; then 
endosmose or exosmose will also be affected so that the 
one is in excess of the other. If endosmose be in excess 
then we have relaxation, if exosmosO be in excess, then 
we have retraction. 53. A retraction is a permanent 
condition, a contraction a temporary one. A relaxation 
.of muscle exists -where the muscle-tonus has been dis- 
troy ed; the muscle is longer, depending on weakness 
passing into actual paralysis. 54. The concentric 
movements of the muscles accelerate the egress of the 
fluids from the tissues; the eccentric movement pro- 
winces a more perfect supply of arterial blood. 55. In 
Consumption, the chest and muscles are wasted and con- 
tracted over the diseased lungs, showing a depedence of 
the Containing part on the part contained. 
(The contents determines the shape and existence of 
the containing part. The nerves of the lungs may here 
determine by their weakness or want of stimulus the 
■wasting of its efferent nerves. These conditions are evi- 
dently due to nervous action. S,) So also in constipa- 
tion of the bowels, the abdomen being hard and retrac- 
ted. 
(This is also due to nervous influence. Now the ques- 
tion arises, that if the contents determine the form, 
whether the form or containing part may not also modify 
102 103 
the contents ? It almost seems as if it could-not be oth- 
erwise, and we may be safe in concluding that as the 
contents modifies the form, so also the form modifies the 
contents. We have also two ways of applying our then- 
.apeutic or hygienic means; the one by acting on the 
contents, and the other by acting on the form or con- 
taining part. 8.) 57- It is questionable whether these 
means are applicable in acute diseases. 5$. It is not 
only the muscle that moves in exercise but also every 
part connected with it, thus the bones, tendons and are- 
olar tissues are also put to the test of health. The bones 
are in need of muscular action to insure their develop- 
ment, the areolar tissues to mantain their elasticity and 
strength. 59. The muscles of the chest cannot move 
with the lungs at rest; all must move as a whole, the 
lungs forming a part of the apparatus. 60. The labor- 
ing man requires also exercise to undo the injurious ef- 
fects of his occupation. To the youthful mind we are 
quite willing .to apply proper training to develop the 
same; why should not the same training be instituted 
in developing the body ? A criminal who was confined, 
with a chain about the ankle of one leg, showed after 
death that this leg had become as light as pine w'ood, al- 
though its size and shape were retained. 61. The ver- 
tebrae of a carpenter are heavier and larger than those of 
a tailor. Simple muscular development is not what is 
wanted, but the development of such muscles as are con- 
ducive to health. 
(Exercise w'hen associated with fear, is exhaustive, 
when associated with assurance it is not felt. Fear re- 
tards the tissue change. Assurance promotes it; no fa- 
tigue can in the latter case be felt until ,the nutritive 
material of the blood is exhausted, S.) 63. A drug- 
gist when writing at the desk was troubled with a pain 
in the region of the spleen, when taking down and put- 
ting back bottles on a high shelf it would leave; swing- 104 
ing by the hands answered the same purpose. 64. In 
Ireland hanging by the hands from the limb of a tree is a 
cure for the liver complaint. The contraction of the 
trunk by bending may bring on abdominal congestion. 
65. The capacity of an individual is in proportion to 
his capacity to feel and to will, the muscular instrument 
added. 56. Sensation and motion constitute together 
an individuality, but they are not necessarily balanced. 
When sensation is in excess then motion will be enfee- 
bled;; When motion is in excess then sensation will be 
blunted, one is at the expense of the other. 68. Exer- 
cises tor the development of motive power and reducing 
morbid excitibility, should be easy but have duration. 
The changes in the tissue are in the ratio of the coutinu- 
ance of the nutrition and the effect on the nervous sys- 
tem is in the ratio of the intensity of the eftort (?). 69. 
The best results of exercise have been reached long be- 
fore there is any sensation of weariness, when the latter 
ensues the good results have been overstepped. 71. In 
the care of local diseases or deformities, localized move- 
ments become necessary, and the systematic carrying out 
of this idea constitutes the "Movement cure." 
When the will for want of exercise has caused irrita- 
bility or melancholia, then fatigue will be salutary. Ex- 
ercise wants to be taken in accordance with the indica- 
tions of disease. Habitual exercise can be taken in a 
large amount without fatigue to brain or muscle. 73. 
Ladies, do not admit that they are lacing tight even wheh 
suffering from the consequence of it. The tendency 
of parts is to recede from persistant resistance; a very 
slight resistance not amounting to compression exerts 
thus a baneful effect. 75. Fatigue demands rest not 
support. Cold feet are often caused by tight stocking- 
bands. 77. 'The performance of function whether of 
mind or muscle is necessary to health. As mental con- 
ditions influence bcdily nutrition, so do bodily conditions 105 
influence mental manifestations. 
(In a balanced individual the faculties of mind and 
body are well developed and harmonized, and he is well 
awake to scientific truths, but the man with a crippled 
body is unable to develop a system of ethics at all wor- 
thy of consideration. S.) As the body is trained to the 
use of the muscles, although the movements vary every 
minute, so that the mind must be educated to the use 
of principles (common sense) which it may apply in ever 
varying arrangements. 
80. Curvature of the spine is caused by the unequal 
action of the lateral and antero-posterior muscles, or the 
throwing of the centre of gravity to one side of the spinal 
column as is done by standing on one foot. The spine, 
being flexible in every direction, is held straight only by 
the action of the muscles. being bent over while study- 
ing will cause the riiost frequent of the deformities,' thq 
stoop, or round shoulders. 83. The next most frequent 
deformity is in the dorsal region and goes under the 
name of lateral curvature. This is generally to the right, 
three times out of four owing to the right arm being gen- 
erally used, or standing on the left foot. Printers that 
have been working for many years at the hand press 
generally have lateral curvature. 84. The sigmoid 
curvature has two opposite miner curves one in the cer- 
vical, the other in the lumbar region. In these cases the 
spine appears to view, to be crowded under the right 
shoulder making it more prominent. The right hip 
also appears higher than the other. 86. The crescen- 
tic form of curvature has but one curve, the compensa- 
ting curves are wanting. The point of greatest curvature 
is lower do^yn, than in the sigmoid form. It is much 
less frequent. 88. Overaction of some muscles will 
Curvature of the spine. 106 
amount to the same thing as underaption of others. (It 
is hence a disturbance of balance of antagonistic action 
what produces the deformity. This law holds good in 
all diseases of whatever nature. Actions or functions 
that are antagonistic become disturbed by depressing the 
one and elevating the other; the result is the same. The 
causes of disease partake consequently of this twofold 
nature. The remedies are of the same twofold nature, 
the one obtains the balance by depressing the strong or* 
gan, the other by elevating the weak one. Scholl.) 
To cure these deformities we go to wrork in an oppo- 
site direction; if the curvature is to the right, then w'e at- 
tempt producing curvature to the left until the spine 
gets straight. 90. We apply concentric contractions to 
the concavity of the spine, and eccentric contractions to 
the convexity of the spine. In curyature of the spine to 
the right, the left ankle is universally weakened. Stand- 
ing on the left leg will strengthen the ankle, raising the 
left arm will draw in the curvature to the right. 94. 
The patient may also hang from the left arm against a 
turnpole in the region of his breast. 97. Lateral cur- 
vatures are also associated with a horizontal twist of the 
body. The protruding part of the arc is most reluctant 
to yielding. 102. Cases less old than two years in 
young individuals may be cured in from 3 months to 2 
years. In the course of time the vertebrae become 
weoge shaped blocks. Wearing a supporter is bad. 105 
The eccentric couch is useful. 199. There may be cases 
where an instrument may be used* ns a palliative when 
there is no hope of permament cure. 111. Measuring 
the deformity is done by carving pasteboard to the side 
of the, pa tient. 
(Fer tire cure of curvature the best result may be ob- 
tained from exercise of the weakened muscles while the 
stronger ones are under an elastic restraint accomplished 
by wearing an elastic apparatus assisting the weakened 107 
muscles but allowing them due motion. Scholl.) 
.117. Paralysis is not caused by a defect of the mus- 
cular tissue, but by a want of connection between the 
influence of the brain and the muscles. Paralysis ia 
centric when in the brain, eccentric when in the nerves. 
Peripheric Brain. (I regard every sense as an individ- 
ual existence, which throws out its feelers into surround- 
ing media for nourishment and stimulus for its action. 
The nervous "plaques" of the muscular system consti- 
tute an individual existence sending its feelers into the 
brain. The tactile bodies are only organs or instruments^ 
merely coiled nerves without ganglion cells. What 
authors understand by "peripheric brain" is the nervous 
expansions of sentient and inotor nerves being equal 
in mass, to the brain mass. S.) 
The means used to remove paralysis if functional, ■ 
has also a tendency to remove the original disease, if not 
wholly disappeared. 120. In the case of functional trou- 
ble, the original lesion having disappeared, it still is ne- 
qessary to induce an incipient motion from without, as 
is done in starting a train, one nation will be the condi- 
tion of a second. 121. A shock to the nervous mass 
might produce an arrest of its motion without any lesion 
as happens in hysterics and in being struck with light- 
ning; the motion is arrested, and may want only a new 
impulse to.set it a going. (The phenomena of shock re- 
quires investigation. S.) ■ 
122. A boy, aged five years had apiece of the skull 
driven into the brain; an ulcer followed, which healed in 
a year. Paralysis was the consequence, at 11 years he 
was treated, with benent. The paralysis, was also due to 
want of use since the original lesion, remaining, could 
not have changed so quick. 124. M. Trouseah dpea 
nothing for cerebral hemorrhage after it is an established 
Paralysis. 108 
fact. 125. The odor from paralytis is the same as from 
aged persons, due to a want of tissue change. 126. Fric- 
tion by the hands will often reduce oedema when there it 
lib'muscular contractions. 127. How can volition be 
communicated from the central to the "peripheral 
brain" ? The position must be such as to throw the vol- 
untary muscles out of play, and the flexion or exten- 
sion of the muscles must be executed by an assistant the 
instant the will desires the same. This way the patient 
cannot tell how much is due to his ivill and thus his hope 
is kept up. 
A patient may be able to send a little of nervous power 
to influence his muscles; but they will not move until 
a just large enough quantity has been sent to them. 135. 
If reflex spasms remain in the muscles after paralysis, 
then the wasting will not occur. 138 Constipation of 
the bowels and incontinence from paraplegia, must be 
remedied by acting through the capillary circulation. 
The abdomen when put on the stretch is to be rapidly 
Shook or vibrated by the hands, followed by kneading in 
the course cf the ascending, transverse and descending 
colon. For incontinence vibration is to be made with a' 
stick against the perineum, the thigh drawn up. Gen- 
erally successful. 143. Dr. R. D. Todd says: "Exer- 
cise, active or passive is best in paralysis, electricity 
may do harm, and strychnia'may do mischief, and never 
ahy good." 145. Apoplectics are rather spare and ame- 
mic, 5 per cent exhibit'a short neck. The paralysis is 
generally due to setheramatous deposits whenever a rup- 
ture of vessel can be discovered. ' The apoplexy is con- 
sequently due to a disease of the bloodvessels (due to al- 
cohol). 148. Sometimes it happens that the muscles 
will act surely under the influence of the will, but tardi- 
ly, they come too late. When the leg is ready to give 
way then comes the support from the muscles. 154. A 
gentleman contracted facial paralysis from having his 109 
face the night before exposed to a strong current of air. 
Percussion of the face with the fingers cured it in a few 
weeks. 
(I once treated a musician ifor facial paralysis of the 
right side, blowing had become impossible, he got well 
under strychnia in two months. Minard was affect- 
ed with right facial paralysis from an inflammation in 
the parotid region, terminating in suppuration and ex- 
foliation of a piece of the ramus of the lower jaw. S.) 
155. Paralysis in infants appearing usually in the course 
of the second year from brain affection caused by teeth- 
ing, bad nutrition, and diarrhoea. These cases leave be- 
hind as a rule a "withered limb" owing to this limb 
being thrown out of use, the other limbs being sufficient 
for motion. 157. A lady at twenty had such a "with- 
ered limb," for a little less than twenty years. 158. The 
deltoid was completly atrophied; After a fewr months 
treatment the deltoid commenced to act, and the adduc- 
tions of the thumb that had not acted since infancy were 
suddenly drawn into the palm with considerable force, 
the muscles however improved in size some time before 
the contraction took place. These cases are benefitted 
most. Syphilitic cases where an unceasing "drawing" 
of the extremities is felt, indicative of an implication of 
the chord, are hopeless. 
Promotion of the circulation of the blood. 
163. Considering the large amount of blood called 
upon for the nutrition of the muscles, muscular action is 
the great and prime motor of the circulation. Cold 
hands and feet are sometimes the effects of diseases, but 
again they may be the cause of diseases as well. 
(A disturbance of the balance has taken place which 
disturbance may commence on either end of the beam. 
S.) 164. General exercise is unable to accomplish good 
in these cases, because the blood is hurried rather more 
through the lungs, increasing congestion and, since fa- 110 
tigue or debility is already existing, this will be only 
increased. The blood flows towards the parts most ex- 
ercised, localized movements are in such cases indicated. 
Gymnastics generally produce paleness ami coldness of 
the extremities, palpitation, oppressed breathing, they 
defeat as a rule the effect sought and desirable. 
165. Movements that do not excite the patients voli- 
tion are most desirable. 166. Take a hold of the pa- 
tients toes and move them in rapid rotation. 168. All 
other parts may be exercised in a similar way to act as 
a derivative from internal parts. All, movements or 
general contractions' (?) that do not excite the heart's 
action, act as i; general derivative^ producing a centrifu- 
ga1 effb^ 171. Hanging by the amis produces lateral 
compression of the muscles, it thus empties the venous 
capillaries. The parts may also be put on the stretch by 
assistants. 173. The: first and last object is to secure 
ft proper distributing of the circulating fluid, all 
What can be done centres in this law. 
■ (A proper circulation of the Uterine, Urinary, Intesti- 
nal, Mammary, Cutaneous, Sanguineus, and Lymphatic 
or Plasmatic contents is indeed all what can be attended 
to. The most essential of which is the Plasmatic. S.) 
173.- As the external capillaries become filled, the heart 
beats slower. • . h. ■ ■ < 
(The rc^on ofttkis is, that when the heart is obliged 
to.beat.fast the Mood passes only through the large and 
internal capillaries, thus nourishing the tissues very 
poorly and keeping the heart agoing fast, while the 
Mood Hows freely through the minute capillaries, the 
tissues get well nourished in that case, and there is no 
longer any need of the heart beating so fast. When the 
heart beats fast it .is on .account of inanition of the tis- 
sues. Scholl.)- 1.75. Cathartics cannot remove consti- 
pation as a habit., Though medical treatment may be 
as good in. this case as in any other. The proximate 111 
cause is deficiency of the intestinal muscles, and debili- 
ty of the nonstriated muscular fibres; the tissues are in a 
retracted condition, exosmose has exceeded endosmose 
and the capillary network and cell structures have been 
reduced. 176. Constipation may also depend on a 
flabby abdomen. In all cases the physical aspect of 
the abdomen is changed. The objept is to induce an. 
arterial capillarity of the abdomen and its contents, the 
movements must hence be eccentric and when flabbiness 
exists eccentric and concentric movements together, and 
mechanical agitations of the abdomen and its contents. 
179. Lying on the back and lifting the legs would give 
a concentric movement; being tied loosly to a post, an 
eccentric movement. 181. Care must be taken not to 
do too much, or laceration of some fibres, muscular or 
areolar may be produced, inducing congestion and in- 
flammation. Whatever we are fitted to do or endure we 
must do or endure it or else we lose the power to do or 
endure it. The doing or endeavoring, is hence a stimulus 
to the organs keeping them in healthy play. Every 
function has its physical stimulus,' seeing has light, hear- 
ing lias sound, motion has sensation and vice versa, di- 
gestion .has food, and evacuation residue for a stimulus. 
The muscles and contents of the abdomen require to be 
vibrated with the hands or kneaded with the fingers in 
the region of the ascending, transverse and descending 
col.. Striking the glutei muscles with the fist will 
sth mlate the efferent nerves of the intestines and pause 
a movement of the bowels. 186. To excite the liver to 
action "clapping" should be employed while the right 
hand, is elevated above the head. Percussion in this re- 
gion will sometimes produce catharsis. This movement 
is eccentric to the liver. A few weeks of treatment will 
generally affect a cure. . 
Chronic Diarrhoea and constipation are frequently 
due to like causes. In chronic diarrheea there is a stag- nation of the blood in the venous capillaries, the serum 
of the blood, exuding from these vessels to the bowels, 
or else the mucus is too abundantly secreted by the, 
irritated glands. 191. The object to pursue is to re- 
move the local irritation by irritating the muscular sys- 
tem. 192. Concentric movements of the abdomen will 
expel the blood from the venous capillaries, by forward 
movement of the trunk or raising of the legs. Kneading 
the abdomen is of the greatest importance. 193. The 
liver if enlarged is to be treated by succussion, per- 
cussion and twisting of the trunk. 
Dyspepsia. 196, Chronic gastritis. Tongue red, 
dry, patchy and fissured; looking like raw beef, the phar- 
ynx vascular, appetite voracious, distress after eating. 
(In J... A the distress after eating was due to 
a congested state of the stomach due to want of proper 
action of the heart which would intermit, digitalis pro- 
ved curative. There tvas also a sudden and imperative 
demand for food. Similar cases are frequent. Scholl.) 
In this atonic or nervous dyspepsia there is little local 
disturbance. 198. The chronic gastritis is due to a de- 
bility of the venous capillary vessels, while nervous or a- 
tonic dyspepsia is due to debility of the muscular struc- 
ture and nerves (probably also of the secreting organs. It 
is very likely that the constitution suffers first before any 
local disease becomes evident; as pharyngitis, catarrh, 
and leucorrhoea. 199. The gastric derangement is al- 
ways in the inverse ratio of the circulation in the ex- 
tremities. 203. In Atonic dyspepsia the whole system 
requires invigoration and the stomach in particular. The 
stomach, being poorly nourished by poor blood or a lan- 
guid circulation of it must necessarily partake of the bo- 
dily debility. The nervous system being not only 
nourished by poor blood, but also irritated and exhausted 
by a pain and pressure from flatulence and unnatural 
contractions of intestinal walls, nervousness and hypo- 
112 113 
chondria are the Result. Scholl.) 204. A general shak- 
ing up of the liver and spleen, manipulations of the 
stomach, and rotations of the trunk while hanging from 
a pole by the arms. 
Consumption. 209. One-fifth of the human race ifr- 
carried off by consumption. The essence of consump- 
tion, lies in ;a faulty nutrition, the affection of the lungs 
is the manifestation Of a general running down. Ijungs 
infiltrated with tubercles do not admit sufficient air to 
carry on perfect nutrition, must necessarily be follow^ 
by an accummulation of impurities. 
(Poor nutrition precedes consumption. A want of 
stamina, of endurance and surmountability only can 
make it possible; while strength of body and mind with 
plenty of blood and muscular tissue as arrear-guards 
would make it impossible. Its setting ii^s the giving 
way of the system, it is the dying of the lungs, and th® 
other parts must soon follow. To cure consumption 
would be to cure it before it has set in, that is while the 
body is in a stage of deficient nutrition and before any • 
deposition has taken place. S.) Nutrition takes place in 
the cellular elements, the cells arc influenced by air and • 
exercise as wejl as good food, and the removal of effete' 
substances. 211. If the nutritive plasma is not used 
up by cell-growth, then there can not be good digestion* 
df food. To produce tissue-transformation there is no- 
thing like exercise, but exercise may injure as well as 
benefit; the exercise must hence be graduated to the a- 
bility and circumstances of the patient. In our streets 
we see daily men and horses made weak and useless by 
exercise. 212. The young man badly nourished un- 
derstands that to get more muscle he is in need of exer- 
cise, he starts on a run, tugs dumbbells, twists himself 
oil the furnpole until his debilitated lungs become seri- 
ously congested, and spitting of blood ensues or proba- 
bly inflammation of the lungs and in six months he is 114 
no more. 213. The first thing then to secure is a prop- 
er circulation of the blood, and especially by working 
upon the extremities; expansion of the chest should not 
be attempted until this has been secured. Dr. Corson 
states that there is a comparative difference in the move- 
ment of the shoulder over the diseased lungs, he says: 
'/Get behind the patient and watch the motion of the 
shoulder on a white wall, at the acromium and angle of 
the scapula. The lack of motion above or below indi- 
cates the site of the disease. 215. The rigidity of the 
muscles and contractions of the chest must be overcome, 
since they increase the difficulty of breathing and also 
in the hope that the form will affect the contents. 
216. The patient should be drawn out by the arms, 
forward flexions to be avoided. The chest should be 
expanded longitudinally and laterally. 222. To unload 
the lungs, vibrations of the chest are most excellent: na- 
ture points the way to this by establishing a cough. 
The hands of the patient may be taken and rapidly jerk- 
ed up and down so as to shake the chest while some 
traction is being made. 224. Clapping or percussions 
over the chest are useful. 225. Patients whose pulse 
was a, hundred fell after an hours treatment to ninety. 
Many persons in the early stages of the disease may re- 
cover. j(, . 
'. (Scrofula is a symptom of suppuration of cutaneous or 
mucous surfaces and is due to absorption. The preexis- 
ing condition is a great vulnerability of the tissues due 
to bad nutrition and want of exercise. Scholl.) 
Angular disease of the spine. It is like "hip-joint" 
disease, a local manifestation of a constitutional disease 
and consists in suppuration and absorption of the body 
of the <ertibrae. 
(All local and persistant diseases may be due to a con- 
stitutional origin, where the local affections constitute a 
fecal depot to the constitution. Scholl.) 232. The 115 
spinal muscles may be assisted, by an instrument, allow- 
ing backward but no forward motion, called "spinal as- 
sistant. . , 5 
Deformities of the Limbs. 240. The defects of 
morbus coxarius may be much improved by passive ro- 
tations, bending etc. of the joint. Flexion at the hip 
may be overcome by a weight of two or three pounds, 
attached to the foot at night. Too much should never 
be attempted at once. 
Chronic injuries of the foot and ankle. 244. If 
after a sprain the foot is used too soon, there may arise a 
venous congestion due to debility of the parts, and then 
every little injury will be enough to lay the patient up 
for some weeks, a large amount of arterial blood being 
thrown into the debilitated tissues. Muscular motion is 
contraindicated, but passive motions, as rotations and 
concentric movements, not bringing about an afflux of 
arterial blood, have the best effects. 246. Natural bone- 
setters get the patient into a quiet non-apprehensive 
state by steaming etc. and then proceed to set his 
bones. „ . . . ► 
Diseases of Women. 
249. The sanguine expectations of topical medication 
have not been realized and the caustic has ceased to be 
the physician's talisman. Patients once cured, have re- 
turned again as bad as ever; while others having leu- 
corrhoea and backache have got well without treatment 
250. Such treatment does not touch the constitutional 
defect (which is muscular debility) reproducing the dis- 
ease. 251. If a wound heals badly we do not suspect 
the wound, but take the constitution to he at fault, and 
it is just the same thing with sub-involutions, versions 
and prolapsus. All the symptoms of these diseases may 
he present, without any positive disease. 252. Diseases 
have also their time and will then get well in spite of 
everything. 253. Female complaints are rare in the 116 
Swedish hospitals owing to the ladies attending the gym 
nasium. 254. With bur American ladies physical cul- 
ture is entirely neglected, and nervous susceptibility cul- 
tivated. Girls are not known in this country they arc 
all ladies. Thus the capacities of the body are turned 
from tissue-making to sensational life. 256. They are 
like plants that have been pushed into the formation 
of stalk and leaf, without being iirmly rooted and hav- 
ing formed sufficient woody fibre. Much succulent 
beauty, but little enduring strength. 258. While the 
muscles of the back and abdomen have become weak- 
ened, the pelvic contents will have a tendency to 
sink lower, and especially if there is constipation.' 
Long waists, heavy skirts and tight stays will assist in 
producing prolapsus. The best instrument is strength- 
ening the muscles of the chest, back and abdomen. 
269. The blood flows towards the parts that are most 
exercised. To remove pelvic irritation establish an ac- 
tive peripheral circulation. To heal ulcerations, fur- 
nish a puter blood by means of muscular action. 261. 
At first only such muscles must be used as will not 
bring on fatigue or hetvbhs oxhanktibn. 262. The 
fatigue of the nervous system i£ in the direct ratio of the 
intensity of the effort (velocity of movement.) To walk 
a mile does not bring on as much fatigue as to run a 
mile: while the muscular contractions have been the 
samel The benefit accrues in the ratio of the continu- 
ance1 of the movbment 
(The'author labors here under a serious error. The: 
power consumed is in the ratio of the square of the velo- 
city. that is if I walk a mile in twenty minutes, and run 
a mile in ten minutes, then I consume four times as 
much power in the latter case as in the former. How 
far the continuance is a benefit is an open question; 
however, the continuance must fall short of fatigue. S.) 
'263.1 Movements not to fatigue the patient must be 117 
executed fery slowly. In suppression, the adductors 
should be especially exercised; if dependent on organic 
disease (of the lungs or other organs) then the general 
health requires to be improved as a first requisite. 268. 
Swinging by the hands while yet standing is of benefit. 
270. Strong muscular action followed by complete rest 
is the best means for muscular development. 271. 
Twisting of the body will strengthen some of the abdom- 
inal muscles. 273. Exercise in the prone position will 
have the advantage of gravitation in cases of prolapsus. 
274. The passive and active stretching of the 
muscles is a great means of increasing the strength. 276. 
Diseases have also their fashions; what went formerly 
under the name of "spinal irritation," goes now under 
"cervical ulceration." 277. Dr. Thomas Inman thinks 
there is no such thing as spinal irritation. 
The soreness noticed by pressing along the spine is a 
symptom of muscular weakness. We find the soreness 
at the base of the skull, at the 7th cervical vertebra and 
over the sacrum, where it is generally worst. In all cases, 
this soreness is most at the sides of the spine, where the 
muscles are, generally in their musculo-tendinous union. 
The contractiq^of a debilitated 'muscle is more like a 
spasm. 
(As I noticed in the case of William Dr on the 15 
Jan. 1876, when affected with hernia, I could not reduce 
it even after using some force. Sending for chloroform 
made such an impression upon him, that another trial 
was successful immediately, the spasm became relaxed. 
Scroll.) Sitting all day long is enough to bring on a 
pain in the back, and even if the person is resting, these 
muscles have no rest therefore they are overdoing. 279. 
Let the rest of the patient be complete and perfectly hor- 
izontal. The exercise taken should be short, varied and 
vigorous. 280. The irritability of the nervous system 
is in' an inverse ratio to the development of the muscles. 118 
Derangement of the nervous system. Persons 
Buttering with nervous derangements, have all their ail- 
ments magnified as if by a microscope, so that they feel 
pain and suffer out of proportion to their ailments. 285. 
There is always a hyper-excitability of the nervous sys- 
tem; many of them possessing no structural disease 
whatever. These derangements of the nervous system 
are generally the remains of some previously disturbing 
causes, "which causes may have completely passed away 
and the disease still remaining; or shattered nerves may 
remain, under which the system forms a habit which re- 
mains as a distinct condition, the same as a scar remains 
after the healing of a wound. 286. Just as paralysis 
may continue from non-use of the muscles even after 
the exciting cause has ceased to operate, so may an over- 
excitability of the nervous system remain, from overuse 
even after the primary cause has disappeared. 287. To 
allay nervous irritation, the muscles must be stimulated 
to contractions. 288. A small fright may take all our 
strength away; thus, those nervous or bedridden persons 
consume all their energies by fretting them away leav- 
ing none to build up with. 289. The judgment is neces- 
sarily colored by the feelings. These patients should 
never be made to do more than they are well able to ac- 
complish, otherwise when failing they will be greatly 
discouraged. 
Peter Henrik Li ng, a Swedish Physiologist and 
poet was born in the year 1766, and died in the year 
1839. While at Stockholm he was attacked by gout of 
the elbow, to cure which, he conceived the idea of mak- 
ing use of exercise. Thus the "Movement cure" or Kin- 
esipathy originated. Dr. Chas. F. Taylor of New York 
perpetuated his system. Ling studied to bring about a 
harmonious development of the whole body by his sys- 
tem. The value of cutaneous development. 
By Dr. J. T. Scholl, 
Ozaukee, March, 1876. 
When the body dies the limbs become cold, the circu- 
lation gives way in them first, the internal organs live 
longest. If now we would develope and educate the 
centrifugal parts, namely the muscles of the legs, feet, 
arms, hands, and above all the musclar tissue of the skin 
which is essentially an organ endowed with movement 
and belonging to a higher animal life than the fibrous 
tissue; then this development would shield the internal 
organs from destruction and death. The development 
of muscular tissue in a human being may be in the ratio 
of his long life. 
If the cutaneous muscular tissue is well developed, 
it will react one way or the other, by dilating and con- 
tracting, the skin is not only a shield by its epiderm a- 
gainst poisoning but also by its muscular development 
a guardian angel to the internal vital organs; the skin is 
a sentinel ever watchful, to guard the otherwise occupied 
internal organs from an extraneous invasion or surprise. 
The skin requires hence development just as well as the 
muscles of the legs and the heart, and although so much 
neglected is o^ust so much importance. Each muscular 
disk is a being endowed with an individual vitality ami 
this vitality lying furthest away from the heart and 
brain has to give way first before the other vital organs 
can go. The assemblage of them acting as a unity will 
fight for their existence and thus death will be impossible 
in cases where it otherwise would be. The vitality of 
man resides hence irf the cutaneous muscular tissue, far 
more than in any other muscular tissue. The muscles 
of the legs are only for giving motion and although each 
disk fights also for his life, they are not of such impor- 
tance as the muscular cutaneous tissue since the latter 
regulates the a v e n u e s of the vital system. A man 
may also have a small muscular development but a pow- 120 
erful and well developed skin, and he will live longer 
than the athlete. 
It is very likely that the skin of persons who have at- 
tained old age was very muscular and active. It 
may be that the vasamotor system of nerves is influenced 
by the cutaneous muscles and probably created by them. 
We may assume that the vessels are cutaneous mem- 
branes, also endowed with muscular tissue of a regula- 
tive nature, the skin regulating the blood flow as requir- 
ed by temperature, the vascular membranes regulating 
the blood flows as demanded by the muscular hunger 
and thirst, that is in the degree the fluids of the muscu- 
lar cells have been used up. 
The muscular cutaneous tissue is not under the in- 
fluence of the will, its development has not attained to 
that degree of perfection. It is only in the lower ani- 
mals, in the neck of the cow, that the voluntary motion 
of muscular , tissue is possible. The skiu is in man only 
under the influence of the involuntary or automatic ner- 
vous system, influenced only by heat and cold, drought 
and moisture, by tissue change, by electricity, mechani- 
cal and chemical irritants, but not by the will. In or- 
der for the will to have an influence over the muscular 
tissue, the latter must be in a high state of development. 
It seems as if the muscular tissue was differentiated to 
such a degree, that one set of muscular fibres was influ- 
enced by tissue change, another set by heat and cold, a- 
nother set by chemical agents, as urea on the tubules of 
the kidneys, bile on the liver, blood on the heart and 
blood vessels, or by physical force as sound on the mus- 
cles fixing the tympanum, light accomodating the eye to 
far and near, brilliancy and darkness; each for a different 
but particular stimulus and only when the development 
is up to a high degree that the will can be brought to 
bear upon it. We have no control of the muscles of the 
ear while some of the lower animals have the circulation 
. of their brain under muscular control. 121 
Deutch - Americanische Gewerhe und 
Industrie Zeitung. 
Prof. D. Fleck. 
Vol. iv. page, 74. 
1876. 
DIET. Of infants getting the breast, three die out 
of every ten, of those getting the bottle, seven die out of 
every ten. - The stomach is the first organ to give out 
as age advances which is probably due to the loss of the 
teeth. The object of Nutrition in youth is to build up 
the body, and maintaining it in a proper medium (tem- 
perature) while with the adult, no building up requires 
to be done, but only to maintain the body in its present 
status and its mediums. 
(Tuberculization takes place when the*body ceases to 
grow, the material before employed to building up the 
bony structures is now deposited as tubercles. I believe 
that all cases of tubercles are deposited prior to 21 years 
of age, say from 14 to 21, and that this cacoplastic depo- 
sition is a remnant of the same crystalizing process which 
constitutes growth; and which probably ought to have 
been yet deposited but from want of proper health this 
process is prematurely arrested and the material deposi- 
ted in the lungs etc.. This crystallizing process called 
growth is something else from nutrition afterwards, the 
juices become freed from such substances as determine 
growth the same way that a fermenting juice gets freed 
of its fermentable albumen by the development of alco- 
hol. Scholl.) 
When a tissue is irritated its fundamental element will 
be reproduced thus when the lungs, or cutaneous surfa- 
ces arc inflamed leucocytes or amoebae will be thrown by 
wholesale into the circulating medium. As the huffy 
coat of the blood of John Becker demonstrated. Now 122 
any other tissue being inflamed will throw the products 
of that tissue into the blood. Supposing the liver to be 
inflamed it is very likely that cholesterine, the biliary 
acids and coloring matters should pass into the blood 
and if secretable be thrown into the urine. Or the glu- 
cose being thrown into the blood would appear in the 
urine. If the kidneys become inflamed or its mucous 
membrane passing into the bladder, then this membrane 
may secrete a larger quantity of uric acid and thus Ur- 
ates deposit in the urine. Or we will suppose that the 
muscular tissue becomes irritated, from over-exertion 
then lactic acid and possibly urea may accummulate in 
the blood and be thrown on the symovial or lymphatic 
membranes of the chest, abdomen or joints. Irritation 
of the cerebral substance may give rise to a phosphoret- 
ted compound, giving rise to brain sand or some such 
thing, interfering with the performance of its proper 
function. Thus I maintain that every tissue of the body 
■when irritated throws its own particular product into 
the blood demanding elimination, and if this elimination 
is not accomplished bn account of defective excretory 
organs, then disease must necessarily follow. Scholl.) 
Food, according to the composition of the milk or egg, 
should contain for every part of albumen, two parts of 
fat or three and one-half parts of starch. In meat diet 
it is especially the salts that are of the greatest benefit. 
Persons getting fat by drinking beer, have their muscu- 
lar (intercellular) juice diluted with water and their 
bloodvessels diliated, (they are to be compared 
to a beet that has been very much enlarged by fre- 
quent rains, the sugar it contains is small and very 
much diluted, while the beet on dry soil and with plen- 
ty of sun has a rich juice, contains twice as much sugar 
as the other even if it is smaller, the easy sweating of 
such persons ought to remind them that there is- too 
much water in their system. Scholl.) 123 
A man's daily ration should be about three-fourths of 
a pound of meat and two pounds of bread. The pea- 
sausages (Erbswurst) of the german army seems to have 
met the right proportion of nitrogenous and carbonace- 
ous food. On the average a man loses 20 days labor 
through the year. 
Stimulus. (The proper stimulus will produce any 
thing in organic life. A strong stomach is the result of 
proper food applied, muscular development is the result 
of the stimulus of muscular contraction. A man learn- 
ing does so in virtue of a stimulus, the one is stimulated 
by hunger, the other by love, a third by ambition, and 
a fourth by vanity. If we but knew what stimulus to 
apply to ourselves and others we would be able to edu- 
cate great men at all times. There would be no need of 
debilitated persons in mind or body. The proper stim- 
ulus is a graded stimulus, it must not be too powerful 
else the bow will be overstretched and a failing of our 
intentions will be the.result. The first stimulus must 
be of such a nature as to bring out other, and more pow- 
erful stimuli. If we can get an ignorant person to un- 
derstand his ignorance then we have gained a great 
point. An ignorant person has no idea of any greater 
knowledge than he himself possesses, everything is a 
blank card to him, a tableau rase. Want is the great 
stimulus to all nature, the want of matter in some parts 
of the heavens is the cause of motion, the thin air at the 
equator is the cause of motion of the heavier northern 
air. The want of happiness of the people made them 
embrace the Christian doctrine of eternal happiness. But 
in order to supply a want it must be felt, and in order to 
feel it a certain degree of education is necessary which 
requires a proper stimulus. Wants are of two kinds, 
bodily and spiritual, and since the body is first and the 
spirit or the brain a second story built upon the body, 
bo it becomes necessary to apply our stimulus first to 124 
the body and then to the mind. A great many per- 
sons remain upon that degree of development that they 
appreciate no other stimulus but that what applies to 
the body, and their brain development goes no further 
than supplying the direct wants of the body. The first 
want is hunger, pain and cold, thus a child will work 
when hungry to get a piece of bread, and this work will 
be a stimulus to the brain to think which way it can be 
done. best. The school-boy will learn because he is a- 
fraid of being whipped. The adult when he feels pain, 
commences to think what may be done to remove it. 
Cold will stimulate persons to invent clothing etc. The 
wants created by love, vanity, emulation, etc. belong to 
the period of sexual development. The decadence of the 
sexu 1 power will again abolish these wants and hence 
will prove no longer- a stimulus to the bodily and mental 
development. To produce a man of metal is to place 
him in strict circumstances, to keep him just above wa- 
ter with his head so as to keep him from drowning, so 
as to keep him laboring for his safety. Straight circum- 
stances make the man. A boy will not care to study the 
laws of health until he has experienced the sad effects of 
disease. Scholl.) 
Power. A power is nothing in itself, it is a plus of 
matter, alongside of a minus of matter. If we consider 
the air to be thin at the equator and the rushing into it 
of a northern current; so is this current, due to the mat- 
ter in motion and is the same as the waterfall of a mill 
'•ace. Force is hence nothing per se, it is only matter in 
motion, a plus of matter moving to a place where there 
is a minus of matter. If the power is to be particular- 
ized then matter must have a definite form given to it, it 
must have been converted into an instrument, organic 
or inorganic. Man is really an organized instrument, 
and all the organs composing him are special instruments 
producing a particular result. When a lever is applied 125 
to lifting a weight and actuated by the application of a, 
power, so is also man an instrument to produce a result 
where the application of the power is inside the instru- 
ment itself. Power is in nature transmitted by waves, 
these waves may be sonorous, electrical, luminous, fluid 
masses and solid masses. Thus our earth's crust is still 
under the influence of a great but slow wave which ele-. 
vates and depresses continents. The same, may matter 
of the universe be subjected to great waves, that our at- 
mosphere is subjected to great waves; we have also full 
assurance. There is also no such thing as fore e, force 
is a plus of matter alongside a minus of matter. Want 
of matter is hence the stimulus in all motion. Since 
life is motion, therefore life cannot exist without want. 
Would there be no wants there could be no life. Our life 
is therefore the creation of want. We must contract our 
muscular tissue, we must make use of our cerebral cells, if 
we do not, they will die since they are no longer brought 
into play. Our organs are tools to be used for a special 
purpose, and they stand in need of thus being supplied 
with that use, otherwise decay will result. We must 
change our positions often so as to bring the pressure of 
the weight of the body on different portions of the skele- 
ton, but still the pressure must be supplied or else the 
bones become light and spongy. The organs and tissues 
in the aged deteriorate only in the proportions that they 
are thrown out of use. The old man not walking has 
his bones so brittle that they break when he falls. Thus, 
persons that reached old age were such as felt the sting 
of want as long as they lived or had sense enough volun- 
tarily to take the necessary exercise. A violent catastrophe 
is however not necessary, not even desirable, a little mo- 
tion, variable, and often supplied may satisfy the wants 
we owe our existence to, so as to be less painful, or that 
it may not be felt as pain, but rather ns pleasure. We 
can easily move a ton by taking only twentyfive pounds at a time, and repeating the same often: but it would 
kill us if we were to attempt to take it all at once. So 
in life we must devide our cares, and our exercise into 
^inall allotments, and then we will hardly feel the pres- 
sure of them. Wants we must be constantly supplying 
or else death raps at the door. After the organs have 
been exercised, they require rest, the exercise of an or- 
gan seems to bring about an exhaustion, the effort made 
is something above the normal condition, and thus a 
condition or a state of rest is necessary for the organ to 
recruit its format volume and strength. Scholl.) 
- Since man is a compound being made up of differ- 
ent grades of animal organizations and mineral crystalli- 
zations, the brain being the highest, becomes gradually 
by its enormous development emancipated from the rest 
of them so that the little vexations of this world, or the 
little ailings of the different parts pass unnoticed, S.) 
126 
Die Anspornung. 
If the proper stimulus to an action is wanting the ac- 
tion will soon be falling off. The moving springs of hu- 
man actions that are at the bottom, are of more value 
than the actions themselves. Are these springs lost 
then hope is gone, the person runs into despair and de- 
mentia. If the faculties have not been developed at all 
in the person, then the moving force will shrivel up like 
an immature apple; if the faculties have been in a state 
of development, then despair results running sometimes 
into mania or fear. Mrs. A. If the moving spring is 
but a single one and this should be taken away, a break- 
ing down of the mind or mental disease, may be the re- 
sult. All the moving springs in man centre in hope, 
hope makes the young work hard at their task and stim- 
ulates the aged to increased exertions. 
Under hope lies necessity. Necessity or want, will 
kep the hope of the majority of the people upright. 127 
Take away necessity and you take away the prop of 
hope. Necessity and fear are twin sisters. If necessity 
is gone, the wish of enjoyment, of life, of greatness must 
be in place of it, if this is not the case menial disease 
will follow. The gratification of hunger or pleasure 
must be held out to humanity, if there is no hopes of 
either, no efforts will be made, despair, will drown all 
hope, and everything will take a melancholy turn. J s 
all pleasure taken away from man, then life is a delusion. 
Eine Anspornung muss es geben. 
Det Mensch istauf dieser Welt noch nicht gcbor'n, 
Der nicht fiir scin Handeln bedarf einen Spom, 
Fur Den ist's die Liebe, fur Den ist's die Ehr', 
Fiir Jenen das Gluck und fiir Den das Malheur. 
Kurz jeder hat ctwas das ihn animirt, 
Ein Pliitzchen wo er einen Stupfer verspurt, 
Sonst stirbt alles Leben, alles Streben, alles Weben, 
Denn'ne ganz kleine Anspornung muss es halt gebem. 
Weak Lungs and how to make them Strong. 
The Atlantic Monthly, 
Vol. xi. - June, 1863. 
657. One-third of the young people and adults die of 
consumption. The taint of the system could be easily 
removed prior to its localization. Genuine consumption 
does not originate from a cold but from tubercles previ- 
ously deposited. The primary cause is a morbid condi- 
tion of the organism, which condition may be hereditary 
but gnerally the result of unphysiological habits. Just 
as salt rheum is only the local manifestation of a system- 
ic disease, so is tuberculization but a localization of a 
systemic derangement, appearing first in the lungs, be- 
cause the lungs can endure it better than any other or- 128 
gan. 
(At first this and similar diseases, consist in a derange- 
ment of the forces regulating the system, next in a de- 
rangement of the fluids of the system, and so far, they 
are constitutional diseases; hut very soon the cells, the 
tissues, the different systems become involved, the disease 
has then become localized, the system improves some- 
what by attracting morbid matters or rather materials 
of surplus, since there are no morbid matters, they being 
but physiological fluids or semifluids capable of motion, 
that have accummulated and become nuisj.ble by their 
presence, or action as a ferment. Thus there was some- 
what of an improvment in K ger after he was attack- 
ed by an ulcer of the leg; P y getting tat after tu- 
berculization, - but very soon the local affection be- 
came a focus of infection, and a hindrance to the per- 
formance of the functions proper to the organs. Con- 
sumption is hence a disease of the constitution, or fluids, 
next it becomes a disease of the solids, is local and 
spreads from this local focus. This disease may also 
have 1st a constitutional origin and 2nd a local origin 
as was proved by Villepin and others. The inoccula- 
tion acts in that case as a match would applied to a 
mass of fuel. A point of matter in a high state of 
excitement will impart that state of excitement to the 
particle adjoining it, bringing it up to the same degree 
of excitement, not by any inherent specificity, but as 
in the case of fire raising the temperature of the ad- 
joining particles to such a degree that the oxigen of the 
air cannot help entering into combination, and thus 
constituting a second and equivalent focus for the ad- 
joining particles, in the case of the ferment or infec- 
tion we must conclude that an anlogous condition ex- 
ists. Fermentation raises the heat of the substances, 
though it be but slight, and in that case oxigen, or 
oxigen impounds, enter into combination or a splitting 129 
of compounds is affected so that a more highly organized 
compound remains. Scholl.) 659. M. Benoiston 
found the mortality from consumption among cotton 
spinners to be eighteen per Mill, among coalmen forty 
one per M., among those breathing mineral dust thirty 
per M. and among those working in feathers fifty four 
per M.. 2.40 per cent would be the average among 
those working in dust. - M. Deal a young Frenchman 
went poisoning himself with carbonic acid gas. After 
lighting the charcoal, in 15 minutes, the candle was near- 
ly out, eyes watery, violent headache, pulse agitated and 
a sense of general discomfort. After 25 minutes, candle 
gone out, lamp still burning, temples throbbing and a 
bad sensation in the stomach. After 35 minutes can 
scarcely breathe, strange thoughts assail him; symptoms 
of madness. After 45 minutes, can scarcely write, light 
gone out, and sight troubled. After 55 minutes, could 
write no more, he was found dead in the morning. - 
660. In 1848, the steamer Londonderry left Liverpool 
for Sligo with 200 passengers on board. During a storm 
they were ordered into the steerage cabin 18 feet long, 11 
wide and 7 high; the hatches were closed and secured by 
tarpulin. When the hatches were forced open, 72 had 
already died, others were dying affected with convulsions 
and bleeding from the no>e, eyes and ears. Among the 
agencies causing tubercles, foul air occupies the first po- 
sition. 661. Wholesome air is as equally important as 
wholesome food. People will hesitate to drink from the 
same cup with some other person, but to breathe air us- 
ed up by other persons and contamminated by foul se- 
cretions from diseased lungs, is hardly objected to ! - 
Night Air. At night we can breathe no other than 
night air, that of some elevation is purer because it con- 
tains less foreign admixtures. 662. Dr. James Blake 
advises consumptives to undertake a long journey with 
horses and wagons, sleeping out at night.. 130 
Moistures in the atmosphere. Dryness of the air 
is not favorable to consumptives. In the British .Isles 
and in Erance though more moist than our own country 
has far less cases of consumption. On the western shores 
of our continents (Oregon, Washington and California) 
consumption is hardly known. Dryness of the air gives 
rise to irritation of the air passages and watery vapors 
have been used from time immemorial in diseases of the 
air passages. 663. In England the dew-point frpm No- 
vember to March is about 35 degrees, while in the 
northern states of our own country it is about 16 de- 
grees. Now a room heated to 70 would in England re- 
present a drying power of 35, in America of 54 d. Stoves 
and furnaces may do some good if vessels of water are 
placed so that evaporation may go on and the air be- 
come saturated with moisture. In the spinning rooms 
of cloth manufacturers, which have to be kept moist, 
coughs and throat affections are rare. Every one must 
have observed that the moist air of a kitchen is agreeable 
while the dry air of a parlor heated by a stove is almost 
suffocating, and yet the air in the kitchen may be warm- 
er by ten degrees. 
Climate. Removal to a warm latitude is now rarely 
urged, and a residence at Lake Superior during winter 
time is the general prescription. 664. Dr. Samuel 
Torry of the United States Army shows that while colds 
and influenzas are more frequent in the northern part of 
the regular army as 552 to 272, consumption is more 
common in the southern portion in the proportion 10$ 
7s. In the southern divisions there were 708 cases of fe- 
ver to 192 of that of the north, and whatever tends to 
impair the constitution as fevers will do, favors the devel- 
opment of consumption in all classes predisposed to it, 
and in what ever country it may be. 
Dress. The seeds of consumption are generally plant- 
ed in infancy and childhood. A tight waistband arrests 131 
the development of the chest, and bare arms subject the 
child to colds. 665. When the body is poorly clothed 
the muscles especially of the arms and legs will develope 
less even if exercised in 6 months then they would oth- 
erways in one month. • It is the flow of blood through 
the tissues that makes them grow, and warmth as well 
as exercise maintains this circulation. The value of ex- 
ercise depends hence upon the .temperature of the mus- 
cles and a Gymnasium should have a temperature of 60 
to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. 665. Perfect health depends 
upon perfect circulation, 
Materials for dress. Flannel is best for infants and 
men exposed to a great heat, as furnace men and glass 
blowers. If a baby's skin is irritated by flannel, daily 
bathing and friction of the skin will remove the extreme 
susceptibility. Flannel has also the advantage of stim- 
ulating the skin so as to maintain a healthy circulation. 
Patissier affirms that flannel has kept persons in health, 
while laboring in marshing grounds, canals and drains. 
Exercise. 668. ' Motion is the great law of the uni- 
verse. It is the first instinct of animal life. In our com- 
mon schools physical training ought to be alternated 
.half-hourly by study. 669. Dr. Rush says; "The rem- 
edy for consumption must be sought in those exercises 
that give the greatest vigor to the constitution. Lord 
Bacon asserted that .there were no diseases among his 
pupils, that were not amendable to gymnastics and calis- 
thenics. Dry don sang: "The wise for cure on exercise 
depend." Horse-back-riding is excellent exercise, bur 
walking is most available. It is however not general ex- 
ercise that is most beneficial to a consumptive person, 
the exercise ought to be special, that is, adapted to 
strengthening the weak muscles of the chest, and bring 
alout an expansion. 
(This is done by special motions upwards and back- 
wards of the arms, by contracting the elevators of the 132 
ribs, causing expansion as is done in inspiration, by con- 
tracting the depressers of the ribs to impart the pow- 
er of full expulsions of the air guarding against emphy 
sema; by the cultivation of the voice, as will be done in 
reading aloud, and moderate and judicious singing. Ex- 
ercising the voice, sweeps the mucous membrane with a 
current of air, stimulates them to regular action, prevents 
swelling of the membrane and expels the secretions, hin- 
dering stagnation. . If persons were to breathe forcibly 
through the nose as is done in running they would not 
only prevent catarrh and polypus, but would suceed in 
the majority of cases of curing them. When the mucous 
membrane is not swept by a current of air then it will 
deteriorate and become useless. What friction is to the 
skin, that is a brisk current of air to the lungs. In order 
to keep any organ or any surface in a sound condition 
the porper stimulus must be applied, the stimulus to 
which it owes its existence, or else it will die or deteri- 
orate, the proper stimulus is use, or the fulfillment of 
function. The eye must be applied to seeing large 
and small, far and near, or else it will become curtailed 
in its function. The muscles must be made to contract, 
the glands to secrete, the bones to support, the brain to 
think and this functionizing wants to be directed in both 
directions, to the minute and the large, to the slow and 
to the fast. The first implies space the latter time. Time 
and space are the great modifiers of organic structures. 
Scholl.) 670. There is no benefit from prescribing a 
walk to a person who has well developed legs but con- 
tracted shoulders. Well directed movements of the 
muscles about the chest will accomplish more good than 
walking. Symmetry in body and mind, that is, an equal 
and proportionate development of the various organs of 
the body, constitute perfect health. If the mind is not 
symmetrically developed, some of its parts having been 
left behind in the development for want of exercise, then 133 
insanity or stupidity will frequently be the result. Sym- 
metry lost in the body will bring on disease in those 
parts not sufliciently developed, thus if the lungs are too 
small for want of development, then an exaggerated ex- 
ercise will bring about overstraining of the lungs, may 
be, spitting of blood, or inflammation, or a small part 
getting accidentally destroyed will leave too small a part 
to carry on properly the function of respiration, thus dis- 
ease and death follow. It is hence a necessity to see 
whether all our orgahs are properly developed, so as not 
only to be able to meet all ordinary demands which may 
be made upon them, but to have also a little surplus on 
hand to be called upon as an arrear-guard in the hour of 
extremity. Excessive development of parts has also 
its disadvantages, as well as under-development. Ath- 
letes neglecting their brains and not having other parts 
proportionally developed, die early, in spite of their 
strength. Excessive development, takes also a great deal 
of time to keep up, which would not pay in the end, or 
cannot be kept up. A person may be very strong and 
yet have broken down internal orgahs, and another per- 
son may be comparatively weak but with sound organs 
all through. In order to develope some parts excessively 
so much effort is necessarily called into play that the 
other parts are necessarily injured thereby. Scholl.) 
671. Company in exercising is of the greatest impor- 
tance. When alone, dumbbell exercises are soon drop-'- 
cd and so it is with all other exercises, company makes 
them attractive, seclusion makes them monotonous and 
easily forgotten. The pulling up of the arms, patient re- 
sisting, or having them extended, against proportionate 
resistance is capital*exercise for consumptives. 
The Westminister Gazette, observes:- uThose who 
have gone through the severest training become in the 
The Abuse of Physical Exercise. 134 
end dull, listless, and stupid, subject to numerous di- 
eases, and in many instances the ultimate victims of glut- 
tony and drunkeness. Their unnatural vigor seldom 
lasts more than five years. It was especially remarked 
by the Greeks that no qne wrho in boyhood won the prize 
yt the Olympic games ever distinguished himself after- 
ward. The three years immediately proceeding seven- 
teen arc'the years of great mental development, and na- 
ture cannot at the same time endure any severe taxing 
of the physical constitution. The evils of excess out- 
weigh by far the evils of deficiency." 
To Consumptives. 
I wish to say a few words-says Lawson Long, M. D., 
in the Springfield Republican-to "whom it may con- 
cern," on the use of the swing-as a preventive and cure 
of pulmonary disease. I mean the suspending of the 
body by means of a rope or chain fastened to a beam at 
one end and at the other to a stick three feet long, con- 
venient to grasp with the hands. The rope should be 
fastened to the centre of the stick, which should hang 6 
or 8 inches above the head. Let the person grasp this 
stick, with the hands two or three feet apart., and swing 
very moderately at first-perhaps only bear the weight 
if very weak-and gradually increase, as the muscles 
gain strength from the exercise. The effect of this exer-: 
cise is to elevate the ribs and enlarge the chest; and, as 
nature allows no vacuum the lungs expand to fill the cav- 
ity, and increasing the volume of air. 
I have prescribed the above for all cases of hemorr- 
hage of the lungs and threathened consumption of 35 
years, and have been able to increase the measure of the 
chest from two to four inches within a few months and 
always with good results. 135 
Physical vulture. 
Dr. G. B. Wipship illustrated his arguments by several 
remarkable feats of strength. He took an ordinary sized 
barrel, of flour and lifted it with his hands alone on his 
shoulder, and without any further aid, raised from fife 
ground 926 pounds of dead weight. He exercised with 
dumbbells weighing one hundred pounds, and pulled 
himself up by means of his little finger. 
Dr. Winship exhibits all the strength and more than 
the strength of Heenanzapplied to useful purposes, ap- 
plied and increased steadily not for a few weeks, but for 
months, and years; cultivated upon scientific principles 
and for purposes to which none can object but which all 
must admire. None of his ancestors were distinguished 
for any remarkable powers of this kind. He himself 
was not by any means remarkable for strength when lie 
began, and being a student in Harvard University, noth- 
ing but the desire to promote the most perfect bodily 
health and strength, and to try how far this sort of a 
thing could be carried, has placed him in his present po- 
sition before, the world. Indeed it is worthy of observa- 
tion that it is in the peaceful occupations of daily indus- 
try that all the champions are made strong and that af- 
terwards when they commence their fights their strength 
rapidly declines. Heenan acquired his growth and his 
enormous strength as a blacksmith, and Sayers the pow- 
er of muscle in his arms from carrying bricks. It is the 
daily pursuits of a man that determine his character, and 
also that form and determine his maximum of physical 
strength. „ । .. 
But it is also a well known fact that mind has much 
to do with physical power, especially the power of endu- 
rance. Moral cultivation, that is, the cultivation of the 
will, and all the higher principles of virtue, have a 
still greater effect, so that perfect physical training c an- 
not be carried on for the prize ring, but must be attain- ed by men like Elihu Durritt or DE Winship, rather 
cultivating physical, in connection with mental and mo- 
ral development. There is, indeed, a reciprocal action 
up to a certain point. The mind strengthens the body 
and the bodily strength and discipline in their turn re- 
actively strengthen the mind. Those who carry off' the 
prizes at Oxford and Cambridge are usually the hardest 
rowers, wrestlers and riders in the University. 
136 
The climate of Florida, which is similar to that of 
Nizza and Cairo has heretofore been considered as ex- 
tremely favorable to persons affected with diseases of the 
lungs. A writer in Harper's Magazine complains that 
lie l]as experienced at St. Agustin, several times within a 
f^w weeks* sudden changes from a summer atmos- here 
to that of icy coldness. .. The mild land breeze being 
supplanted by a(cbld brackish sea breeze, is Very uncom- 
fortable fo persons.laboring under pulmonary 'diseases. 
Ag a rule the climate is so mild in, winter that persons may 
rerqain out doors most all the time, and this is the rea- 
son why so many thousands more of persons live' here 
during tlje winter months, but the great objection is the 
oppressiveness of the atmosphere, the heat being more 
oppressive than August-days in' UoimectidhE The air 
seems tp be lading the influence of exhilaration the 
same as other subtropical states. 
The climate of Fiori da. 
Open Air. 
t The.mogt of us arc apt to think, in these cold and 
piercing wintry sybils, that if we are well sheltered, well- 
fed, well-clothed, and well-warmed, we shall be able to 
.map'our fingers pi the face of Old Boreas, and let him 
blow his bugle: till rhe tired. But presently Nature 
throws out, hints. We grow languid: our fife 
is not as pleasant a fire as it was:' We don't carb so much 
for our food a^ we thought we should: and things gener- 
ally -wrong with in*. Open air it; what we want*-and 
exercise.'Buii brings healthy digestion, sound sleep, and 
high spirits. De 1'entrainement 
Des Pugilistes. 
From 
Supplement a l'annuaire 
de Therapentique, pour 1861 
par A. Bouchardat 
Paris, Germer Bailliere. 
1861 
Scientific Hygiene is the best means to combat our 
most implacable enemies, old age and premature death. 
182. It is easier to keep a house in an inhabitable con- 
dition than to erect one out of ruins. Boxing is in real- 
ity the principle means for consolidating and perfecting 
health. 183. The boxer enters the arena naked to the 
umbilicus. The fights last an hour and a half with 30 
or 40 short interruptions. In the celebrated fight be- 
tween Maffey and Mc'Carthy which lasted four hours & 
forty-five minutes, either the one or the other fell stunned 
196 times. 184. We observe here, a prodigious force, 
singular adroitness, and an insensibility to blows beyond 
belief, and still there is perfect health. All this is ac- 
complished by regimen, by a special education called 
training. 185. A boxer weighing 128 pounds will lose 
8 pounds the first week and regain it in another. Mean- 
while the skin has become soft and pliable, clean, free 
from eruptions and translucent. 186. In the year 1740 
the famous boxer Broughton lost the championship he 
held for sixteen years, just because he neglected training, 
receiving a blow on the forehead, and such a swelling re- 
sulted that it closed his eyes. The same happened to the 
negro boxer Molineaux when fighting Cribble for 50.000 
pounds Sterling. Molineaux being of collossal stature, 138 
and a herculean force, despised preparing, while Cribble 
weighing 188 pounds commenced training under Cap^ 
tain Barclay, reducing his fat so that he weighed 152 
pounds. 187. Sir John Sinclair assures us that train- 
ing enables also the bones to offer greater resistance, and 
are not so liable to fracture. Athletic gymnastics dimin- 
ish in a remarkable degree the sensibility towards pain, 
which seems to be in the ratio of muscular development, 
(just the opposite of nervousness the great demon of our 
times. S.) By this the senses do not lose anything of 
their acuteness, especially the eyesight becomes exceed- 
ingly accurate, the hearing fine, and the spirit light, the 
sensation of wrell-feeling and great confidence in one's 
self. 
(The use of an organ perfects it, and the execution of 
a power gives pleasure, the possession of an ability gives 
eelf-confidence, self-satisfaction and self-sufficiency. If 
a strong person mentally or physically, receives a blow 
or a strong opposition his self-confidence, is not thereby 
shaken, but he is stimulated to renewed action and to 
renewed fortifications so as to make his self-confidence 
secure. The weak person feels the blow, actually be- 
cause his self-confidence is small, he feels himself men- 
tally annihilated, thus it is a kind of death to him, and 
physical annihilation will soon follow. Every organ, ev- 
ery faculty and every state require development in such 
a degree that external impressions may be successfully 
rebutted. To have the ability to conquer is a happy 
state, to conquer is pleasure, to conquer is to rise, while 
the opponent falls. The nature of the tiger reappears in 
a refined form in man, constitutes his greatness and hap- 
piness. Self-preservation in a refined condition. S.) 
187. Athletic training for the boxer and runner divides 
into, 1st. Debarassing the body of superfluous fat by 
sweating and diet and, 2nd. Developing the muscles of 
the-body and giving energy to the functions of nutri- 139 
tion. 188. The athlete is to be trained to coolness of 
action, to courage and to equality of temper. 190. It is 
established beyond a doubt, that the nutritive function 
may be directed towards the perfection of this or that 
organ at will, and a modification of the organs brought 
about so as to meet a certain demand, and all what is ne- 
cessary is proper training. 
(To be sickly is, not to have the power to withstand 
the impression causing the sickness, the person is con- 
stantly conquered and thus he feels annihilated not only 
in body but also in mind, training only is able to over- 
come this tendency, medicine is only to assist in remov- 
ing the havoc made, of clearing away the ruins, but to 
prevent, there is no such thing in medicine. Medicine 
can give you no power over the elements, it can give you 
no power to conquer, and man is really nothing else but 
a fighting creature, he has to fight with the elements, 
with himself and with his fellow-beings, to be able to 
conquer, a person must have a store of power on hand, 
he must be rich in muscular development, rich in diges- 
tive capacity, rich in resistance to impressions, while the 
senses must be like a good stomach, ravenous, and able 
to digest anything presented to them. Also the senses 
are to the mind what the stomach is to the body. And 
if a person is well off and has some property to back 
him, so is this also a power, an arrear-guard of great as- 
sistance and a spring of courage. Devouring and repel- 
ling are the two processes of life. 
Debility of any organ can only be overcome by using 
that organ and thus increasing its nutrition, a crooked 
spine cannot be cured by medicines, the -weak stomach 
of a sedentary person cannot be made to digest by medi: 
cine, a mind run down for want of use, cannot be made 
to think or act correctly by medicine. Judicious train- 
ing physical and mental, perceptive and r ej e c t i v^ 
are the onlv means of cure. Medicines will do for an 140 
accidental mishap, where it can be applied in a similar 
capacity, as sticking plaster to a wound, as forceps to 
extract a thorn, or an escharotic to remove a corn or a 
wart. Scholl.) 
History. 191. Ancient gymnastics divide into 1st, 
The physical training of the citizen and 2nd, The physi- 
cal training of the athlete. Socrates had the citizens of 
his Republic repair to the gymnastic grounds until 
they were 30 years of age, then exercise was slightly di- 
minished and more attention paid to the intellect until 
55 years when the mind had arrived at maturity, it was 
then directed towards philosophical studies and contem- 
plations for the purpose of directing the manners of the 
younger citizens. Sufficient exercise to keep the body 
?n good health and the mind in good spirits, was kept up 
to the end of life. 192. Socrates iollowed his precepts 
to the letter, and at 60 he carried arms in behalf of his 
country and was one of the most valient men that saved 
the Athenien army from annihilation in the Pelopona- 
cean war, this was own ng to the continual exercise he took; 
and at an advanced age he was able to participate in 
the chase. Pompeus at the age of 55 delighted in thrust- 
ing the lance or hurling the javelin, which he could do 
as well as any soldier in his army. 193. For the edu- 
cation of Athletes, men of favorable endowments were 
selected. The quantity some of these could eat was e- 
uormous, and so was the amount of effort they could 
muster. Galien says: "The training of athletes disposes 
to haemoptysis and apoplexy. The life of an athlete is 
short. England has the credit of having invented and 
perfected the pugilistic art. At the commencement of 
the reign of George the in the public mind was especial- 
ly directed to the constant and precise results obtained 
by these exercises. 194. One of the first works printed 
is "The art of manual defence," printed by Kearsley. 
London. 1789, by a pupil of the celebrated pugilists 141 
Humphreys and Mendoza. The pupil is trained to ■so- 
briety, to a gradually increased exercise frequently re- 
peated, to friction, to the cold bath, and to cleanliness. 
(The ancients used baths frequently after which they 
anointed their bodies and dusted themselves over with a 
powder. This may have been necessary on account of 
the warm climate to prevent the too great exhalations 
and consequent dryness of the skin. Living in a room 
constantly heated by hot air, inunction of the face is 
also necessary. Scholl.) 
The pupil is allowed to drink only very little, and 
never any spirituous liquors; he is to nourish himself 
with stale bread, beef or mutton. Milk, cake, pork and 
beans are prohibited. The ancients gave also very little 
drink to their athlete's and insisted on the great impor- 
tance of such a rule. Mr. Wood, librarian to the Count 
of Essex cured himself of a great corpulence by a partic- 
ular regimen, a part of which was to drink but little. 
Dr. Cullen remarked that the surest way to fatten calves 
is ''to give them plenty to drink, and the milk of their 
mother." • 
Pythagoras, himself a director of a gymnasium, first 
allowed his pupils to eat some meat, but up to the time 
of Galien it was pork or sometimes goat what was used 
while the English boxer is enjoined from using pork at 
all. 197. The exercises are pushed until a light sweat 
breaks out, favored by being rubbed and covered up in 
bed. -■ The second work is by Ri Cootes London. - 
''The art of self-defence or a treatise on the principles of 
the English pugilist. He says: ''the training of Captain 
Barclay stands first, but may be rather too severe on the 
whole. 198. Hammer-lane, boxer of the modern school 
trained himself at the anvil, he being a blacksmith, and 
found that his health and strength kept hand in hand. 
Six weeks is required for training, whether for the course 
or the combat. The exercise must be very gradual at 142 
first, and graduated day by day as the strength increases. 
Rise at 6 A. M., wash with care and walk two miles be- 
fore breakfast, after breakfast walk again two miles, in- 
terspersed with runs of two or three hundred yards, and 
finish by a run of a mile for bringing out the sweat, af- 
ter which drying and energetic friction is to be applied. 
After dinner, dumbbells, battledoor, shuttlecock and cro- 
quet may be used. 101. Most carefully is the smoke 
of tobacco as well as liquors to be avoided; also milk 
soups and spices. The meals must consist of lean meat, 
fat meat is hard of digestion and makes a person help- 
less. One evacuation of the bowels is necessary which 
should take place immediately after breakfast. 202. The 
pupil should be weighed every day and when the weight 
of a good condition is got, then exercise is to be reduced 
but the little runs of two or three hundred yards must 
be continued to develope a long breath. If the training 
is for the race course, the runs must be multiplied and 
continued linger gradually; if for combat boxing and 
dumbbells must be made use of. 203. The fastest Eng- 
lish runner who ran a mile in 4 minutes and 46 seconds 
could do so only when confined to his accustomed diet, 
cake and oatmeal-gruel. Each ounce of superfluous 
weight is a chance for defeat, the proper condition will 
therefore have the gain of the combat. 204. The treat- 
ise of Captain Barclay is given in "Fistiana" the boxer's 
annual. - Oracles of the ring, prize battles from 1700 
to 1854, London, 1855. 
Attributes of a good Boxer. They are: Courage, 
Knowledge, Temperament, Training and a working con- 
dition. 205. Knowledge is the better part of valor, 
without knowledge, a natural courage, be it ever so great 
is but an unpolished diamond, of great worth but whol- 
ly useless. The first epoch of the science of boxing 
dates back to 1743 when Jack Broughton, at his amphi- 
theatre emitted the first rules for the guidance of the 143 
boxer. The second help the science received was at the 
hands of the famous Mendoza 1780, and the third when, 
the immortal Jackson defeated Mendoza in 1795. The 
constitution of the pugilist must be of good metal, 
not fragile, but unimpressible as the cement on the walls 
of Babylon, without vigor of the constitution, the cour- 
age of a lion amounts to nothing. A person may have 
all the required qualities, but without training he 
will be defeated at the hands of one who underwent 
training. 
The boxer, wrestler, runner, jockey, rower and swim- 
mer have to accomplish a great deal in a short time, and 
if the great masses would imitate them in their training, 
although following their profession as usual, they would 
pass their lives in a more agreeable way and be enabled 
to follow their duties in a better way and with more sat- 
isfaction. Instead of finding drugstores at every corner 
we would have baker- and butcher-shops, and instead of 
having the British College of health, or rather of diseases 
we would have a college of athletic sports. 
Look at the American Indian, his life is a perpetual 
school of training, remark his acute vision and even 
smell, his agility, swiftness, precision and strength of 
muscles, his courage and sagacity, his ability to stand 
privations of food, the inclemencies of the weather, and 
his doing without sleep and working by night. Now 
remark what civilization has done for them; the intro- 
duction of alcohol and luxuries has transformed them 
from a race of warriors into one of women and slaves. 
Education of the Pugilist. What is to be imparted 
by training is a greater force, agility, respiration., apd 
what is called "bottom" that is endurance, such imparl 
self-confidence aud courage. The pupil wants to be in- 
spired with confidence especially if he is timid and dis- 
couraged. 212. The skin requires special attention, 
washing with soap and water, and water alone a second 144 
time, friction with a coarse towel until the skin glows, a 
cold bath may be taken daily with advantage. Sir T. 
Parkins a professor of wrestling says: "Give us a man 
with the scurvy instead of rheumatism, and we will im- 
part, blood and force to him." The eondition of a man 
is always judged by his skin. Transpiration, friction 
and diet make eruptions disappear. 218. The weak 
parts of the body require to be rubbed with the hand or 
towel every morning, which is very useful in rheuma- 
tism, and pain in the limbs. A fine skin is the sign of 
good health in man as well as in the horse. It is through 
the skin principally that the fat about the heart, kidneys 
and intestines can be got rid of. 219. For reducing by 
sweating, Jackson recommends heavy clothing while ex- 
ercising. No curtains about the bed. Three-fourths of 
what you eat and drink passes off through the skin. (?) 
221. Friction applied to the skin attracts a larger quan- 
tity of blood to the surface, the blood is thus enabled to 
throw off any ingredient that may be nuisible, by the 
sweat and the formation of epiderm. Rubbing the body 
daily has a powerful effect on the respiration and appe- 
tite. 227. Chafed parts should be anointed with cam- 
phoretted olive oil. 
Diet. 230. Beef and mutton, no soups, fish and 
pastries, little pork and no fat. Irregular meals are bad. 
Debility. 234. I nder this head may be classed ex- 
cesses of whatever nature they may be. 241. The 
means for<egaining health are exercise, diet and rest. 
Bad habits should at first be reduced degree by degree 
and finally left off. 
(If the drunkard, the user of tobacco, etc. would heed 
such a rule, it would in a short time be possible to lay 
off the habit, because the habit would become less and 
less strong every day. It would be easy to break off a 
little every day while it would be impossible to break 
off wholly at once. Scholl.) 244. For burning at the 145 
stomach do not drink fluids, but move your jaws from, 
live to ten minutes as you would in chewing so as to 
cause the saliva to flow, which will when swallowed ac- 
celerate digestion. A crust of bread may also be chewed 
and swallowed. 247. Colds are generally contracted by 
leaving a warm room (the lungs being in a heated condi- 
tion and the capillaries dilated) and respiring the cold 
air from out doors. 
(Feb. 1st, 1876. While going to Matthew's in the 
night, the air was exceedingly cold, and having to face 
it I felt a constricllon of the air-passages due to the con- 
tractions of tiie bronchias and capillaries, so that my 
breathing was very much accelerated although I did not 
walk fast at all, stdl I felt tired and experinced a little 
pain in my right mammary region. S.) 
The precepts of training may be classed under, 1st. 
Evacuents, 2. Alimentation, 3. Care of the skin, 4. Ex- 
ercise, 5. Pure air, 6. Moral influence, 7. Temperance, 
and 8. Avoidance of alcohol and other stimulants. 249. 
To drink but little is a good precept. 250. In our cold 
climate greasy substances may be absolutely necessary 
to health. 251. Exercise, pushed to a light sweat is 
excellent, but in persons not used to exercise, care must 
betaken that the body does not become chilled, nor fol- 
lowed by reaction. 
Taking care of the skin, it is not only necessary to 
wash the body with cold water, but the skin has to be 
rubbed energetically with a coarse towel, or a brush of 
caouchouc of Galante. This friction may be followed 
by an application of a few drops of olive oil scented with 
vanilla or benzoin. 
Moral influence plays a great part in the health of 
mankind. I have observed that the sugar is augmented 
in the urine of a diabetic patient after anger, sorrow or 
abuses. , 
Therapeutic application of the method used in 146 
training. 255. I shall apply my remarks tothe dis- 
eases of riches, hypochondria and nervous affections. In 
eases of neurosis gymnastic exercises are of especial util- 
ity. In the hospital for infants according to M. Blanche 
108 cases of chorea, 34 were cured by 19 gymnastic ex- 
ercises, 68 by 39, and 6 grave cases by 73 exercises. 
Coelius recommends the jostling in a carriage carried by 
mules (gestation) for epilepsy. In hysteria training is 
suitable. In the diseases of misery, glycosuria, albu- 
minuria and tuberculosis, exercise, flannel and regimen 
will do good. Carbonate of amonia good in glycosu- 
ria. 258. In the diseases of the rich, as obesity and 
gout, there is no remedy that may combat such diseases 
as well as exercise, or what might be substituted for it. 
Sydenham based his treatment of gout on exercise. 260. 
Galien recommended exercise for obesity. 262. Medi- 
cal gymnastics existed already before Hypocratus and 
the name of Iccus and Herodicus have come down to 
us. The latter assures us that he cured phthisis by ex- 
ercise, and Celsus and Aretius had recourse to exercise in 
chronic complaints. Galien wrote on it, and Mercurius 
applied gymnastics to internal complaints. In all diges- 
tive complaints the ancients made use of exercise. For 
acid eructations, morning exercises, and for painful di- 
gestion Mercurius recommends the dance, even for the 
aged. Empirics, dogmatics, synchretists, organists and 
the adherents of Herophilus and Erasistratus concur in 
lauding exercise for rebellious and non-inflammatory 
diseases. Herodius and especially Petronas carried ex- 
ercise too far in acute diseases and Hypocratus accused 
them of killing their patients. The school of Cos. show- 
ed considerable wisdom in their precepts. Of modern 
authors Chomel recommends exercise for digestive ail- 
ments. Moderate exercise is necessary for a good di- 
gestion and it is proverbial that a man digests with his 
legs as well as with his stomach. In ailments of the liver 147 
and spleen accompanied by fever, exercise is the princi- 
ple remedy. Aetius prefers riding on horseback. 
For dropsies, active exercise is mentioned by Celsius. 
He orders also abstinence from drink, vomiting, 
the sand bath and the hot oven. Hypocratus does not 
generalize the precepts but states that great results have 
been obtained by exercise pushed to its fullest extent. 
Catching Cold. Dr. Thomas Inman mention that he 
saw it stated in "Copelands Dictionary," that colds are 
generally contracted by passing from a cold moist air to 
a hot dry one. This he stated was principally the case 
with him and he compared the cold in a person's nose, 
throat and lungs with a chillblain on a child's foot, he 
thinks them caused in the same way. 
Music as a means of cure. Marquis de Pontecoulant 
in his "phenomones de la musique" mentions the case 
of a girl subject to epilepsy, who had her paroxysms 
prevented by hearing music, and was finally cured by 
this means. Another girl raving under the influence of 
typhus fever became quiet and regained her senses un- 
der the influence of music. A lady was restored to 
health by a piece of vocal and instrumental music by 
Charles Formes. 
Arsenic eating. The records of druggists show that 
ladies consume large quantities of arsenic to whiten the 
complexion. They may be known by the deadly white- 
ness of their cheeks and lips. A lady in Belfast lately 
died in consequence of taking too large a dose. Corro- 
sive sublimate is used for the outside of the skin by 
them. 
Tubercles would be prevented altogether according 
to the opinion of Dr. H. Mc'Cormac of Belfast, if care 
was taken not to breathe over again the air that has al- 
ready been breathed once. Dr. Neuman's 
HAUS GYMNASTIK 
Leipzig 1859. 
C. F. Amelang's Verlag. (Fried. Volkmar, Sen.) 
Author of, 1. Kurze Darstellung der Swedischen 
Heilgymnastik. 1852. 12 Sgr. 
2. Therapie dor chronischen Krankheiten. 1857. 2 
Thl. 25 Sgr. 
3. Lehrbuch der Leibesuebungen, 1256. 3 Thl. 
10 Sgr. 
4. Die Athem-kunst des Menschen, 1 Thl. 10 Sgr. 
House-gymnastics or dietetic gymnastics are executed 
without the aid of apparatus, or a special place, and con- 
sist in the execution of movements by the component parts 
of the body to secure a harmonious development of parts 
and an efficient function thereof for the purposes of lite. 
The value of muscular exercises has from remote ages 
been acknowledged but it has generally been overlooked 
that the senses and the brain require similar education. 
.As the muscles admit of being educated to velocity and 
to power, to delicacy and to coarseness just so the senses 
and the powers of the brain may be trained to the min- 
ute and the gross, to the slow and to the fast. The eye 
must lie trained to the minute and to the gigantic, to the 
near and the far equally well up to a certain point, and 
the same rule holds good as to all the other senses and 
powers. Dietetic gymnastics should be made to em- 
brace the exercise of the various organs and apparatus. 
The stomach, liver and pancreas must be -applied with 
a proper stimulus, to cause the stomach to pour forth 
the gastric juice, the liver the bile, and the pancreas the 
pancreatic juice. Proper food would act here as the 149 
stimulus, the same way as the will is the stimulus to 
muscular action. A stimulus is an independent existence 
and acts as a centre of attraction to the neighboring parts, 
which become estranged from the remainder of the 
organism, or somewhat paralysed and so is the will not 
something what is sent to the muscles, but some waves of 
nerve-tissue are attracted by the will, and are arrested by 
it in a certain part of the brain so that the channels go- 
ing to certain muscles have become partly paralysed and 
in the proportion that this paralysis is complete, in that 
proportion will be the muscular contractions. - Con- 
tractions must be alternated with rest, this is a universal 
law; thus everything in nature, whatever it may be, food 
force or medicines have but a dual influence, that of 
stimulation and sedation paralells of action 
and rest. We have hence but two classes of medicines, 
two classes of food, two classes of force, the human or- 
gan is the middle; it lies between the extreme; and rem- 
edies, food and force are violent in their action as they 
are further removed from this organic middle. The hu- 
man body is the middle of the magnet, the poles repre- 
senting the two different forces and these forces are ex- 
actly in counter-balance, and if these polar forces would 
move the neutral point would move also to one or other 
side. All this may indicate that labor should not ex- 
ceed 12 hours in the 24, that the stomach should be em- 
ployed in digestion but 12 hours and so forth. - And 
it may mean that a person must have just as much dis- 
pleasure as pleasure in life. The centre of equanimity 
would move to one side or the other, so as to keep the 
balance, so that what would be pleasure to one would 
not be pleasure to another. This would teach us to use 
the most moderate stimulants; food, medicines, forces 
and pleasures, thus we avoid, the possible great fiuetua- 
tion on the other side, the economy becomes not so eas- 
ily deranged by the untoward forces. - This state of things probably Las the strongest claim to be called hap- 
piness. Happiness would then represent the smooth 
surface of the sea, the polished mirror, tliat reflects the 
rays but does not retain them. - Man is lienee the 
neutral point of the magnet, the poles are the forces that 
affect him, and the less this neutral point is tossed from 
side to side by always varying forces disturbing the 
poles, the more happy and quiet will the person be. -- 
The magnet is produced by a wave motion of electricity 
upon an impenetrable medium or matter, it is the mat- 
ter that participates in this wave motion on the surface, 
which wave motion coils upon itself to a certain extent, 
the same as a storm wave coils upon itself, and the part 
participating least in this motion represents the poles. 
The creative action is strongest at the equator, at the neu- 
tral point of the magnet, and the poles or disturbing 
forces ar farthest off. The Magnet and Man demand a 
strict comparison, so as to find out from the known 
what we do not know. 
From the preceding it will be clear why the various 
systems of medicine are about equally successful, and 
why even the quack and igonramus will occasionally 
perform a cure. It will further appear, that it is not 
drugs or powerful drugs that are universally demanded, 
although they may in judiciously selected cases be high- 
ly beneficial, but that by diet and exercise the object 
may be obtained. 
Dietetic gymnastics comprise. 1. The various posi- 
tions of the body or its parts. 2. The various motions 
of the body or its parts. 3. The execution of the va- 
rious functions of life. 4. The execution of the psychic 
functions. 
The movements as well as the positions may be active, 
passive or mixed, according as force is consumed or not. 
The.mixed or duplicated movements owe their perfec- 
tion to the Swede, Henrik Ling. Passive motions are 
150 151 
when a part is percussed, vibrated, rubbed or kneaded. 
Dr. Neuman says: ''Take a long breath, hold it from 
five to ten seconds, then expire, and repeat after a little 
while. Much depends on the retention of the air in the 
lungs, which is generally expired too soon; there is little 
danger of holding the breath too long. Breath.through 
your nose with your mouth shut. For asthma take a 
long breath and hold it as long as you can. 
Dietetical Kespiration. 
Dietetical muscular motion. 
The exercises of the muscles should be so as to keep 
them for a long time but not too violently under action. 
At the end of a movement a rest of a few seconds should 
be maintained. All movements, active or passive should 
be followed by two forced respirations so as to supply 
the blood with the necessary oxigen for its consump- 
tion in the production of force, whether muscular or ner- 
vous. For headache, neuralgia and rheumatism make 
use of flaggelation and friction. For bleeding from the 
nose, forced respiration. For overcoining a tendency to 
consumption, percussion of the chest. Neuman's Ter- 
minology of the various positions, the body may assume 
and movements that it may execute, is as follows: - 
Positions and Movements. 
Standing 
(Steh ) 
Sitting 
(Sitz) 
Kneeling 
(Knie-) 
Hanging 
(Hang 
Lying 
(Lieg-) 
(Haltungen und Bewegungen.) 
Flexion. 
(Beugung.) 
Extension 
(Streckung) 
Twisting 
(l)rehung.) 
Rotation 
(Rollunn) 
Guidance 
(Fiihrung.) 
positions. 
(haltung.) 
* Movements of 
(Bewegung) ' 152 
Positions. (Haltungen.) 
(>f both legs: 
(Beinstellungen) 
Of one leg: 
Fluegel- 
Schluss 
Knick 
Kauer- 
Zeh- 
Fers- 
Spalt- 
Spreitz 
Gang- 
Ausfall- 
Steh- 
Knie- 
Sitz- 
Lieg- 
Hang- 
Schwung- 
Schweb 
Stoss- 
Sprung- 
Hoek- 
Trepp- 
Luft 
Steh- 
Knie- 
Sitz- 
Lieg- 
Hang- 
haltung. 
haltung. 
R. 
u. 
L. 
Remarks: - 
In Fluegel-stehhaltung, the heels are right close to- 
gether and the toes everted, while in Schluss-stehhal- 
tung, the feet are kept close together for their length. In 
Knick-stehhaltung the knees are bent outward and in 
the Kauer-stehhaltung the knees are bent forward. 
In Zehstehhaltung the position is on the toes and in 
Fers-stehhaltung on the heels. Spalt-stehhaltung the 
feet are moderately parted and in Spreitz-stehhaltung 
they are parted as much as possible. 
In Gang-stehhaltung the feet arc in the position, they 
are in after the step completed, and in Ausfall-stehhal- 
tung the feet have the position as when a running step 
has been taken. 
In Schwung-stehhaltung the leg is drawn forward 
from behind as in walking, in Schweb-stehhaltung it is 
held off swinging to the side of the body and in Stoss- 
slehhaltung the leg is projected in front as is done in 
taking another step. 
In Hock-stehhaltung the right or left leg is lifted up 
and held directly forward at a right angle with the body 
and in trepp-stehhaltung, the leg held as above, is turn- 
ed diagonally outward as in ascending a flight of stairs. 153 
In Luft-stehhaltung the leg is held at right, angles 'fc£» 
the thigh, and in Sprung-stehhaltung the leg' is .Rested 
on the thigh and body at the same time. 
What has been said in regard to the Stchhaltung is to 
be applied to the remaining Haltunged, (Knie, Sitz, Lieg, 
Hang-haltung) as far as applicable. 
Of the trunk: 
Positions (continued.) 
(Rumpf-haltungen.) 
Krumm- 
Neig- 
Tief-neig- 
Sturz- 
Beug- 
Tief-beug- 
FalL 
Steh- 
Knie- 
Sitz- 
Lieg- 
Hang 
[ Rumpf- 
haltung. 
Links 
Rechts 
schief. 
wend. 
(Kopf h altungen.) 
Of the head. 
Steh- 
Knie- 
Sitz- 
Lieg- 
Hang- 
Kopf- 
Krumm- 
Beug- 
Links- 
Rechts- 
haltung. 
schief- 
wend. 
Explanations: - 
In Rumpf-krumm, the trunk is bent in a forward di- 
rection, in Rumpf-neig the trunk is bowed down but not, 
bent, and in Rumpf-tiefneig the trunk is brought down 
to a right angular position with the legs. 
Tn Rumpf-beug the trunk is bent, or arclied back- 
wards, in Rumpf-fall it is bowed backwards, and in 
Runipf-tief-beug, it is bowed back wards as much as pos- 
sible. 
In Rumpf-rechts- und links-schief the trunk is bent to 
the right or left side, and m .Rumpf-rechts- und links- 154 
wend it is twisted either to the right or the left. 
In Kopf-krumm the head is bent forward, and in 
Kopf-beug it is bent backwards. 
In Kopf-links- und rechts-schief the head is bent to 
the right or left side, and in kopf-links-und rechts-wend 
it is twisted to the right or left. 
Of the arms: - 
Positions (continued.) 
(Armstellungen.) 
Streck- 
Stern- 
Klafter- 
Reck- 
Sprech- 
Streck- 
Stern- 
Klafter- 
Reck- 
Sprech- 
Steh- 
Knie- 
Sitz- 
Lieg- 
Hang- 
Sprech- 
Reck- 
Klafter- 
Stcm- 
Streck. 
haltung. 
Of the forearms: - 
(Unterarmstellungen.) 
'Eck- 
Fluegel- 
Wehr- 
Heb- 
Ruh- 
Schutz- 
Flug- 
Sturz- 
Eek- 
Wehr- 
Heb- 
Steh- 
K nie- 
Sitz- 
Lieg- 
Hang- 
haltung. 
Sturz- 
Flug- 
Schutz- 
Explanations: - 
In Streckhaltung the arms are stretched out upwards, 
in Stern-haltung the arms are directed diagonally up- 
wards at an angle of 45 degrees, in Klafter-haltung they 
are stretched horizontally outward, in Reck-haltung hor- 155 
izontally forward, and in sprech-haltung the arms are 
let hang downwards by the side. 
In Streck-sprech-haltung the left arm is held inStreck- 
and the right arm in Sprech-haltung, and so on witli* all 
the other positions. The first member of a compound 
word applies always to the left side. 
In Eck-haltung, the elbow bent describing a rectan- 
gle, the arms are crossed on the back, in Flugel-haltung 
the arms are held akimbo, hands resting on the hips, in 
Wehr-haltung the forearms are held vertically upwards 
and forwards while the arms are held close by the sides, 
in Hcb-haltung the arms arc held in Klafter-haltung 
while the forearms arc bent upwards at right angles with 
the former, in Ruh-haltung the hands arc crossed on the 
back of the head, in Flug-haltung the arm is held in 
Reck- and the forearm vertically upward, in Sturz-hal- 
tung the forearms and hands arc held downwards and 
forwards as is done while falling. 
Eck-sturz-haltung means that the left forearm is to be 
held in Eek- and the right forearm in Sturz-haltung. 
Wechsel means to change from one position to another. 
Positions of questionable utility: - 
Flucgcl-schluss-kniehaltung. 
" sitzhaltung. 
" kurz-sitzhaltung. 
" lang- " 
" links halb lang sitz-haltung. 
" bein lieg-haltung. 
Heb-fass rumpf lieg-haltung. 
Bein vorwarts lieg-haltung. 
Rumpf vorwarts lieg-haltung. 
Spann-hang-haltung. 
Doppelt stoss lieg-haltung. 
Wechsel wehd-stchhaltung. 
Heb-fass doppelt stoss rumpf-lieghaltung. 
Heb-fass links schief rumpf-lieghaltung. 156 
Movements. (Bewegungen.) 
Kopf- 
Rum pf- 
Becken- 
Vor- 
Ruck- 
Links-seit- 
Rechts-seit- 
Wechsel-seit- 
Beugung. 
Streckung. 
Drehung. 
Rollung. 
Halbrollung. 
Explanations: - 
Kopf-vor-beugung the head moves out of Kopf-beug 
into Kopf-krumm, in Kopf-ruck-beugung the head 
moves out of Kopf-krumm into Kopf-beug. 
In Kopf-links-seit-beugung the head moves out of 
kopf-links-schief into the position of kopf-rechts-schief, 
and in E opfrechtsseitbeugung the motion is in an op- 
posite direction. 
In Kopfwechselseitbeugung the head moves first 
from the position of links-schief into that of rechts-schief 
and then back again. 
In Kopf-streckung the head is brought into its natur- 
al upright position out of any other abnormal one, hence 
the modifying terms vor, ruck, links, reckts, and weehsel 
find no application in this motion. 
In Kopf-drehung, links-seit, recht-seit and wechiel- 
seit, only find application. Tn Kopflinksspitdrehung 
the head moves out of kopfrechtsseitwend into kopf- 
links-wend and in Kopf rechts drehung out of kopflinks 
wend into kopfrechtswend. In Weehsel kopf drehung 
the head moves from kopflinks wend into rechtswend. 
and back again. 
In Kopf-rollung the terms links, rechts and wedhsel 
are most applicable. In Tanksrollung the head moves 
from beug or krumm to the left about in a circle and in 
Rechtsrollung the head moves in an opposite direction. 
In Weehsel kopfrollung the head moves first one way 
round and then the other wav. 157 
Movements of the Limbs. 
Left 
Right 
Double 
Change 
Flexion and Extension. 
( Sideward | upward and down- 
) Forward ) ward Guidance. 
Inward and outward Drehung. 
Rotations and semi-rotations. 
Arm- 
Flexion and Extension. 
Humerus 
Sideward 
Forward 
upward and down- 
ward Guidance. 
Inward and outward Drehung. 
Rotation. 
Flexion and Extension. 
Inward and outward Drehung. 
Radius 
Humerus-Radius 
Flexion and Extension. 
Flexion and Extension. 
Side Guidance. 
Rotations and semi-rotations. 
Hand 
Einung und Spaltung. 
Flexion and Extension. 
Sideward Erhebung und Senkung 
Inward and outward Drehung. 
Rotation and semi-rotation. 
Left 
Right 
I|ouble 
Change 
Leg 
Femur 
Einung und Spaltung. 
Flexion and Extension. 
Inward and outward Drehung. 
Rotation. 
Tibia 
Flexion and Extension. 
Femur-Tibia 
Flexion and Extension. 
Sideward Flexion and Extension. 
Foot 
Flexion and Extension. 
Rotation. 158 
Semi-Rotations. 
Krumm-rechts-links-scief-beug. 
Beug-rechts-links-schief-krumm. 
Kopf- 
Rechts-schief-krummm-beug-links-schiei'. 
Links-schief-krumm-beug-rechts-schief. 
Rumpf- 
( Neig-rechts-links-schief-fall. 
I Fall-rechts-links-schief-neig. 
j Rechts-schief-neig-fall-links-schief. 
( Links-schief-neig-fall-rechts-schief. 
(Stoss-rechts-schief-links-schief-schwung. 
( Schwung-rechts-schief-links-schief-stoss. 
Becken- 
J Links-schief-stoss-schwung-rechts-schief. 
{ Rechts-schief-stoss-schwung-links-schief. 
R. u. L. 
D. u. W. 
Schweb-stoss-halbrollung. 
Schweb-schwung-halbrollung. 
Flexion and extension into different planes: 
? Streckung. 
au fwa rts-strecku ng. 
! abwarts-streckung. 
Doppel-arni-klafter- 
Str°ckung. 
r^chts-streckung. 
links-streckung. 
Rumpf-iieig- 
Catechismus 
der 
Tnrn-Kunst, 
von Dr. M. Kloss. Third Edition, 
Leipzig. J. J. Weber, 1867. 
The Pentathlon of the Greek consisted of the exer- 
cises of runnihg, jumping, wrestling, and throwing the 
disk and the spear. It was counted for the greatest hon- 
or to gain the olive-wreath at the Olympic games. 
The second period of gymnastic development falls in 159 
German Knighthood, which becoming defunct in the 
sixteenth century, was followed by a period of physical 
stagnation accompanied by a misled pietetic asceticism. 
John C. F. Gutsmuths, born August, the 9th, 1759' 
died May the 21st, 1839, inaugurated the third pe- 
riod, or the Gymnastics of Germany. Bodily exercises 
were introduced by him into pedagogics. ' 
Fred. Ludwig Jahn, born August the 11th, 1778,' 
died Oct. 15th 1852. It was him who brought gymnas- 
tics to full recognition in the instruction for the young; 
and in 1810 near Berlin, he opened the first out door 
place for turning. 20. The next person of note is Ernst 
Eiselen, born 1793, died 1846. In 1818 the Turners 
having inscribed on their banners: "Fresh, free, pious 
and jolly" led to opposition from the people. In 1819, 
all tHc Turnhalls were closed in Prussia. In 1828 Dr. 
H. Massmann born 1897, erected a Turnhall at Munich 
at the expense o ' the state. Dr. F. W. Klumpp was a 
warm friend of Turning. J. A. L. Werner, born in 1794 
and died in 1866 was furthering turning in the year 
1830 in Dresden. In 1842 King Frederick Wilhelm took 
an interest in the matter and in 1843 the turn-place in 
Berlin was reopened. 28. Adolph Spiess, born Feb. 
the third 1810, and died May 1858. His labors are based 
on those of Gutsmuths and Jahn's. He is the originator 
of free-exercises,( Frei-Uebungen) especially adapted for 
school gymnastics. 
Since the year 1837 Turning had made an upward 
move, so that in 1848 there existed in Saxony one hun- 
dred and fifty Turning-halls. In 1848 there was erected 
in Berlin a Central-turning-hall. Dresden erected in 
1850 a school for the education of teachers of turning. 
The System of Dr. Otto Jager (born 1828)-had 
for its.lgasis military ability. Wrestling, climbing, run- 
ning, throwing and jumping were principally taught,, 
and in order to increase the exertions the hands were loaded with iron rods, three feet long and weighing from 
three to seven pounds. These rods were thought to 
supplant for all ages the exercises on the parallel bars 
and the turnpole; 
- Of men that were influential in furthering the 
cause of turning in foreign country's, Henrik Ling at 
Stockholm stands preeminent .(1776 - 1839.) His sys- 
tem is adapted principally to cure diseases. In Germa- 
ny it was H. Rothstein and Dr. A. C. Neumann who ex- 
pounded the system of L i n g. Rothstein condemned 
the turnpole and bar exercises, while E. Du Bois R ey- 
in on d vindicated them. H. Elias was active in Switz- 
erland. In England Calisthenics are much in vogue. 56. 
The skeleton of Elias demonstrated the favorable devel- 
opment of the bones in consequence of muscular action. 
The blood volume and goodness depends on the muscu- 
lar development. The muscles are kept in a state of 
contraction by means of nervous vibration which is cal- 
led muscle-tonus. The human body must be trained to 
be an organ of the will ready to fulfill its mandates, and 
not to enslave the will. 
Gymnastics divide into: - 1. School gymnastics. 
2. Curative gymnastics and Orthopedies. 3. Military 
gymnastics, and, 4. Athletics. Gymnastics should 
have for their aim, general and universal usefulness: it is 
not the fleetness of the deer, nor the strength and un- 
wieldiness of the elephant that is required. Excessive 
exercise will cause inflammation of the muscles, of the 
lungs, of the heart, and of the arteries. The muscular 
tissue becomes stiff and cartilagous. The violent exer- 
cises must be followed by light ones or rest. Supporting 
the body on the hands and feet is,well calculated to de- 
velope the chest. The methods are: 1. The employ- 
ment of weights. 2. Exercising on fixed apparatus. 3. 
The projection of bodies. s. Free exercises or the 
method of quick movements. 5. The method of fre- 
quent repetition of movement. This method will ren- 
der an equivalent for single violent exertion and to 
be preferred. 6. Wrestling. Faradization will have a 
similar effect to exercise. 
160 Growth and Decay. 
161 
The maturing of a plant is the cause of its decay. 
The evolutive power residing in an organisim, becomes 
finaly balanced by extraneous impressions and thus growth 
is arrested. This power we will call the force of organisa- 
tion and the power adverse to it mineralization. Miner- 
alization is at first a necessity for the organisam to give it 
solidity, but afterwards by gaining the ascendancy over 
organisation it becomes destructive. It is hence not a 
malignant entity what causes death but the same thing 
what gives the body its form and structures. Without 
proper form no organs could exist hence no functions 
could be fulfilled. Mineralization makes hence the or- 
gans, determines the form. It becomes noxious to tho 
organism when it exceeds the reproductive power of tho 
organism. The evolutive power is generation, the for- 
mative power is mineralization. To lengthen life, it 
would become necessary to retard the generation of the 
organs, and to keep the mineralization a degree below 
that, so that the new organic forms could not become 
clogged with minerals. A lesser form of mineralization 
is the formation of the cellmembrane, the connective 
tissue, or cellulose. A tree may grow 2 thousand years, 
and the cambian layer purifies the sap sufficiently to keep 
the rest of the tree in a healthy condition. The cambian 
layer abstracts hence lignin and silica sufficient as not to 
have the internal woodcells become clogged and killed.- 
The tendency to mineralization in the organisim, could 
be overcome by the ifse of citric, acetic and other acids, 
and by depriving the food of the mineral substances by 
using chemically pure food and no lime water for drink. 
The formation of cellulose and lignin could be prevent- 
ed by a solvent similar to the cuprum ammoniatum which 
may dissolve silk, of a non poisonous nature constituted 
from an iron or manganese preparation with ammonia. 162 
Resistances of the body in preventing disease. 
To retain or regain health is to have a sufficient de- 
gree of invulnerability ar resistance to outward impress- 
ions. Albdiseases orginate from impressions from with- 
out on the resistance within; is that resistance not suffi- 
cient then disease is a positive result. 
The body must hence be kept in condition, robust 
enough to resist outside influences. -When the body is 
delicate, slight influences will be sufficient to produce 
slight ailments. These slight ailments frequently re- 
peated become chronicity which is a second nature and 
can never be got rid of except by the surgeons knife, or 
caustic or might be by acquiring a resistant constitution. 
There are as many resistances as there are outside im- 
pressions. Every impression can produce only one dis- 
ease. As the lungs are not sufficiently developed when 
a person gets out of breath on ascending a flight of 
stairs, just so the muscular system is not sufficiently de- 
veloped when fatigue is experienced on slight exertions. 
As ths muscular System may be insufficiently developed 
to suit the existing outside impressions just so may be 
undeveloped the Respiratory, the Circulatory, the Diges- 
tive and the Cogative system. 
There must be an adaptation of resistances to impres- 
sions, if the resistance is greater than necessary there is 
unnecessary wear and tear. The resistance might be 
great enough in one clime or under one set of circum- 
stances and not sufficiently resistant in another clime or 
under other circumstances. What ^ill do for one will 
not answer for another. 
Fever is due to the burning up of mobile materials of 
the tissues too rapidly, as where they are thrown into the 
circulation after an injury of some kind. The impress- 
ion of the burning process or possibly the caloric set tree 
acting on the brain and nerves, takes away the impression 163 
of want upon the stomach from the brain for food and 
thus the appetite is annihilated. 
Muscular force is according to Dr. Falkland the pro- 
duct of the oxidation of carbohydrates and not of th? 
muscular tissue as was formerly supposed. The latter 
acting as a machine renewing its wear. 
Katechismus der makrobiatik. 
Von Hermann Klencke. 
2te Au flage 
1868. 
Leipzig, J. J. Weber, 
7, The present generation on account of its sickliness 
was obliged to rest rt to medicine as a short cut to health, 
it looks upon the Art ol medicine as possessing a power 
similar to that possessed by the Roman priest, granting 
an indulgence. 8. Hygiene divides into that of the body 
and that of the soul. 14. In Greece the theatre of nat- 
ural perfection strength and beauty, its philosophers and 
especially Hipocrates taught the necessity of daily gym- 
nastics, the enjoyment of fresh air, the bath, friction of 
the skin, exercise of the musclesand exercise of the men- 
tal faculties. From this resulted the art of living or 
gymnastics of the body and soul, making proof against all 
external impressions, preventing diseases and being able 
to heal them if existing. The sick were kept in fresh 
air, were made to take moderate exercise, and a great deal was thought of friction applied to the skin. Medicines 
were reluctantly resorted to. 15. The middle age by its 
wide spread monastic life by the sensuality of its priests & 
knights, by its strange philosophy and indolence, became 
the cradle of the nostrummonger, the charlaton, and' the 
mystic. 16. Bacon, took life to be a process of combustion. 
17. The misunderstanding of natural phenomena gave 
rise to many imposters, and thus arose Mesmerism, Cag- 
liostro's Elixir of life, the heavenly couch, St. Germain's- 
tea miraculous essences etc - The panaceas vended at 
this day demonstrate the credulty of the people 18. 
Hea th can only be maintained by attending to the laws 
of life. 22. The proper propartion of plasma, and the 
using up of this plasma with a removal of the remains 
constitutes perfection in the individual. Cultivated plants 
and animals are shorter lived than wild ones The long- 
er the period of growth in an animal the longer will be 
the period of life. A too high degree of solidity is just 
as bad as sponginess; a mean solidity is best, for long 
life. 24. 1 he elephant grows up to bis 30th year, the 
crocod Ie to the end of its life. 25. Life has already in 
ancient times been compared to a light, what seems to 
remain the same flame, while still the atoms constituting 
the same are constantly changing, and m reality such is 
life minus the flame. 
28. The first instinct of vitality is selfpreservation. 
(Vital force is a heightend condition of natural forces, 
Which in former ages acted spontaneously, but now only 
under special provocations. Scholl.) 31. Want of light 
or darkness gives rise to hypochondria, to a want of 
courage to stupidity. A sunbath is a modern remedy of 
great power. Every thing must breathe, the smallest 
plant as well as the most perfect being. In a healthy 
person there should be 20 respirations to 80 pulsebeats. 
Each respiration takes in £0 cubic inches of air, 4 inches 
of this an oxygen the 16 remaining are nitrogen. This 
164 165 
would make 6 pounds of oxygen per day, or over a ton a 
year. The expired air has lost one fourth of oxigen. A 
man consumes therefore lbs. of oxigen daily or 550 
pounds yearly. The carbonic acid expired in a year a- 
mounts to 750 pounds and contains 200 pounds of car- 
bon, the 550 pounds remaining being oxigen. 36. All 
organic beings are made up of three fourths of water. 
Water keeps the blood in a liquid condition, the tissues 
semisolids, and permeates them as a universal medium, 
holding nutriment and salts (stimulent) in solution. 
Water may also be chemically bound to combinations cf a 
Solid nature. Chemical action can take place only when 
the elements are in solution. 38. All the functions of 
the living body require equal or proportionate, or har- 
monious developement. 40. Every thing what is cal- 
culated to hasten the pulse, the pendulum of life will 
shorten the hour of existence. 41. Sleep is a necessity 
to life, all the attempts made to reduce sleep to a min- 
imum ol time ended in failure or injury to health, from 
5 to 8 hours are necessary. 45. A good stomach is the 
prime condition for attaining old age, and to keep a good 
stomach it is essential to have good, teeth. Good teeth 
are also a sign of a good stomach. The second condition 
is a large and capacious chest with a strong voice, and 
steady heart. 50. A middle stature is best suited fora 
longlife. 51. The climate exerts a powerful influence 
on. life. The medium highlands of Scotland seem to be 
best adapted. Temperature ought to be steady or change 
but gradually. 52. The air should be neither too dry 
nor too moist. The moist air of valleys, or that of marsh- 
es mixed with mouldy exhalations is very unhealthy. If 
the air is too dry it will abstract the moisture from the. 
skin and lungs, which to replace a certain amount of 
force is consumed to no benefit. The British isles and 
I Janemark as well as the isles of the Archipelago are 
well adapted to long life by their moist air. 53. A 166 
mucky formation is injurious on account of its exhala- 
tions, a limestone formation seems to be unfavorable to 
long life on account of the want of moisture in such a 
formation, (and on account of it impregnating the drink- 
ing water with carbonate of lime. Scholl.) 
Hilly places are subject to rapid changes of tempera- 
ture therefore prejudicial to long life. Sweden, Norway, 
Denmark and England are favorable countries for long 
life. The east and west Indies Cayenne, Surinam and 
Abysinia admit only of a short life. The air of cities be- 
ing foul and partly used up in connection with the want 
of proper motion of the individuals gieves rise to a mor- 
tality double that of country life. 55. To secure long 
life a certain degree of intellectual culture is absolutely 
necessary, the cultured man lives longer than the wild 
man. Demented persons and fools have an animal ex- 
pression and are moved by instinct, they never become 
old. A healthy soul enlivens the look, the expression of 
countenance, the carraige of the body: it inspires its posses- 
or with selfconfidence, hope and hilarity. 5G. A sun- 
ny and hopeful temper is the greatest preservative of 
human existence. A man wanting harmony of the soul 
can not remain long in a healthy condition.- 57. The 
eruption of the teeth, puberty, its approach and decadence 
mark periods of evolution and atavism. Some organs die 
also prematurly, ovulation and potency the falling out of 
the teeth & hair. Organs will also die away when not in use 
as the milkgland after lactation, the uterus after confine- 
ment. The forces developed in the system are hence no 
longer sufficient to keep the organs sufficiently nourished 
after a time. 58. A rejuvination where a man gets new 
hair and teeth and becomes rabust again are rare, though 
a man of 120 years of age cut 8 new teeth. The heart 
of an aged person is smaller, and its consistency much 
harder (or more fibrous.) (The change or metamorphosis 
of the tissues is incomplete, that is some of its parts are 167 
easily changed for new material while other parts the 
fibrous elements is but slowly acted upon and renewed, 
thus there is an accummulation of fibrous tissue helping 
to make up the organs, and since this is getting more and 
more while the muscular tissue is more rapidly exchang- 
ed or rather absorbed the same as fat, leaving, the 
fibrous myozena behind, so we can see why fibrous 
tissue and mineral accummulations load down the. system 
so that it becomes a load to itself and death results. The 
faHwhen in large accummulations constitutes a species 
of decay, the mineral deposit, as well as the fibrous depos- 
it constitute another epoch of decay. Death results from 
the gradual curtailment of the organs through injury re- 
cieved either from disease or violence. Repeated inflam- 
mations of the lungs, destroy portions of that organ 
until finally it is no longer capable of keeping up the 
aereabion of the blood. The stomach having been re- 
peatedly inflamed or ulcerated and the secretive tubules 
been destroyed so that in the end the digestive function 
gives way. The bony structures having been crippled 
by accident lead to absorption of the muscular tissues, 
and so exercise is made impossible and all the other func- 
tion suffer thereby, the heart having less blood to circulate, 
has some of its muscular elements to spare to be absorb- 
ed and there the fibrous elements only remain with buc 
little muscular granular matter, till death takes place. 
To keep young would be to keep every organ in proper 
activity and in a proper degree of developement, if an or- 
gan gets smaller it requires increased care and exercise 
and to guard against direct or indirect violence being in- 
flicted upon any organ whatever since the curtailment of 
any one organ will curtail the functions of all the 
others. Death therefore is more the result of direct vio- 
lation done to one or more organs in youth or manhood, 
at once or in many repeated times. Still there is a 
change going on in the system what seems to be due to 168 
age and what is probabaly not explainable to the curtail-, 
merit of the organs of life. Scholl.) 
59. In age the circulating juices becomes poorer and 
contains earthy salts tending to deposition every where. 
(Thus a degree of mineralization of the tissue is the re- 
sult of age; and if this could be prevented by some agent 
artificially introduced, or formed in that tissue as is the 
lactic acid then old age might be kept at bay. It may 
be that since the aged do but little work the lactic acid 
of the tissues is so little that the limesalt can not 15e 
held in solution and carried off by the urine, skin 
and bowels. Scholl.) Men may be found that are old 
at 30 or 40 years ot age. It has been observed that ani- 
tnaly mas live to 8 times the period of their growth, hence 
a man growing 2-5 years might live to 200 years. (It is 
assumed that the period of life is G times that of growth, 
thus a horse growing to 5 years, would attain an age of 
30 years. Scholl.) The age of man could best be made 
long, by the eultivationef a healthy race, excluding all 
diseased parents, so as to secure the purest blood. S.) 
The healthiest person is still but relatively healthy, the 
various organs are constantly recieving kicks and blows 
which leave a scar and curtailment of organs behind and 
thus it is that man seldom exceeds the age of 70. 50 
per cent die before the tenth year and only 5 or 6 per 
cent live over GO years of age. In order to attain old age 
it is necessary to remove inherited tendencies to disease, 
to prevent the occurancc of accidents of diseases, to ec- 
onomize life, to look to a proper restoration of the organs 
by means of diet and to harmonize body and soul. (Har- 
dening the system to outside influences is a process of 
getting used to an impression and is to be compared to 
getting used to smoking, drink ng swallowing opium or 
arsenic; getting used to these poisons is a process of 
hardening the stomach and brain the same way as sub- 
jecting oneself to cold repeatedly until the body gets used 169 
to it, now as the use of tobacco or alcohol has its bad 
effects on the ' constitution so we must Conclude that 
the less hardening a body stands in heed of to shield 
him against change of temperature the' better it will be 
for him in the end; the same may hold good m regard to 
excessive muscular developement. All excesses of what- 
ever nature that are removed from the golden mean eith- 
ar up or down will prove injurious to life. Scholl.) 
Our resistance to outward impressions warding off dis- 
ease resides in the first'instance in the neiwous system, if 
the latter is debilitated then the causes of diseases find 
root easily enough, and to a balance of temper, that is, 
not feeling rihy provocation even if something vexatious 
should present, perceiving it by the mind and acting ac- 
cordingly without having the feelings or emotions come 
into play; hence suppressing the feelings and acting by 
the powers of the mind, perceiving and acting. If you are 
at table and a body wants something do not get irritated, 
either let him Wait or tend on him good naturedly; when 
a person provokes you by acting sulky, awkward, ill na- 
tured, animous etc. do not let these impressions come to 
your feelings but let them go no farther than the brain 
tvhich perceives the fact, if you hear cvrl omens, sad catas- 
trophies, and fire, let them stay short of being recieved in 
to the feelings, such a process of hardening, that of ex- 
clusion of depressing influences, of fear and anger would 
indeed be a great step towards preserving health and 
long life. Equability of temper, of exercise, of thought, 
satiety and warmth are the great conditions of long life. S.) 
65. Nitrogeneous food, demands activity to bind up 
new tissues, thus the humor is excedingly active; while 
non-nitrogenous food has to be taken in larger quantities 
und predispose to inactivity and sleep. The nitroge- 
nous food leaves the system after having been used in 
the building up of the tissues (or having been present in 
the blood at least,) as urea of which 130 grammes are ex- creted, containing 20 grammes of nitrogen; the carbona- 
ceous food leaves the system as carbonic acid and others 
wherein the carbon amounts to 310 grammes, which 
would equal five sixths ofa pound of carbon and one sixth 
of a pound of nitrogen for 24 hours. Too much nitrogen 
in the circulation may dispose to gout and gravel, too 
much carbon, to hemorrhoids, scrofula and hypochondria- 
sis. 67. A sedentary person consumes lor every pound 
weight in 24 hours 1 gramme (15 grains) of nitrogen 
and 2 grammes (30 grs.) of carbon. 68. There is a dif- 
ference between indisposition and disease. If the human 
organism is capable of establishing the harmony of the 
various systems of the human body, as by sweating, 
Coriza, or diarrhoea after a cold, then the trouble is call- 
ed an indisposition; if however the body is too much de- 
bilitated so that it is unable to react or only partially so, 
then disease will be the consequence. 
('I'he two hoever differ more in degree than in kind, 
and in disease the same metamorphosis of tissue, build- 
ing up and tearing down, are going on, but in an exalt- 
ed degree, possibly co want of nervous control from 
the inhibitory nerves. S. )The gravid condition is favora 
ble to the removal vi ..me from ihe system and the use of 
lemons or citric acid, has demonstrated itself to be of 
certain result in such cases. The placental circulation, 
has a great effect in building up the rest of the body. 
The same result may be attained by increasing the mus- 
cular tissues by exercise, the increased quantity of blood 
harbored in the system have also a happy secondary ef- 
fect upon all the other organs, if we could hence keep on 
hand a more extensive circulation, we could indirectly 
secure the better nutrition of all the other tissues, this 
we can do by having the skin in an active condition, and 
the muscular tissue well developed hence exercise and 
friction of the skin will secure the same as the placent- 
al circulation. 74. Children from intemperate parents 
170 171 
are generally weak and stupid. 77. Milk must be free 
from epithilial cells and mucous corpuscles. 78. The 
infant should not be nursed immediatly after meals. 82. 
A suitable food for infants is made by mixing arrowroot, 
the white of eggs and milk into a dough, pressing the 
same through a sieve, then drying and pulverizing the 
vermicelli, and using a teaspoonful of this powder boiled 
with water and some milk. The infant should be bathed 
daily for the first year and should be carried for the first 
few months on a pillow to guard the soft bones. 87. The 
grown up child should be encouraged to judicious and 
superviewed gymnastics to develope the muscles, which 
as is well known does not only strengthen the body but 
the mind as well. 
(The developement of the muscles increases the sys- 
temic blood, but hypertrophy of the liver, and enlarge- 
ment of the abdomen increases the portal blood, which 
portal bloud may also act as a reservoir of power. Th© 
increase of the portal circulation induces in the course 
oi the system circulation, since the blood is not used for 
making muscle, a deposition of fat about the heart and 
within the muscles, causing obesity. If the portal circu- 
lation is too small the body will be but poorly nourish- 
ed. Scholl.) 93. The worm wrinkle commences at the 
top of the wing of the nose and terminates at the outer 
edge of the sphincter of the mouth. The suspicious 
wrinkle commences at the internal canthus of the eye 
and terminates in the neighborhood of the highest point 
of the lower jaw. 103. Sugar left in the mouth passes 
readily into lactic acid, which attacks the teeth, and 
when the enamel is once broken through, the straight 
canals of the dentine carry the fluids of the month to the 
pulp inflaming the same, tooth ache and loss of the 
tooth are the result. Meat contains about 75 per cent of 
wafer. The flesh of chickens has 5 times as much creat- 
in according to Chevreu! as beef: to it may be due the 172 
different, tastes of m^at 
Beeftea ought to be made cold and contains then all 
digestible ingredients contained in the meat. fib. of 
chopped meat is macerated with water aud 6 drops of 
muriatic acid for If hours; By boiling, the principal 
nutrient ingredients become coagulated in the meat, while 
the soup contains a good deal of gelatine, on this account 
Liebig's extract does not amount to much. 106. Stall 
fed animals have generally diseased livers and lungs and 
should not be eaten. 108. The Pulse family furnish a 
food with a large quantity of legumin or vegetable cas- 
eine, are therefore very nourishing. 109. Eating be- 
tween meals is a very bad habit. 111. While the mind is 
excited, or loaded with grief, eating is highly prejudicial, 
so is mental or bodily labor immediatly after meals. Plea- 
surable conversation assists digestion. 113. Wine bib- 
bers never get old. while persons that did get old never 
drank a drop of it. Milk when fresh and raw is digesti- 
ble by every stomach, a little salt will add to its degree 
of digestibility, if it constipates, add sugar to it. 
114. Coffee induces in the stomach and intestinal can- 
al a more lively movement, removes the feeling of fatigue 
and the condition of drunkeness. The teaplant is also a 
poisonous plant. Black tea has some of the poisonous 
juice removed by heating on hot metal plates while it is 
being prepared from the green leapes. Green tea retains 
most of this poisonous juice. 
117. Bathing and friction are necessities for every 
man in order to remain well. The head neck breast and 
arms should be washed in cold water every morning, and 
once a week before going to bed in a warm room should 
the body be washed all over with cold water, and then 
thebody should be well rubbed with a coarse towel. A 
warm bath with soap and water should be used once a 
week the year round. The vapor bath should not be 
used when there are tendencies to congestions, especially 173 
cerebral congestion. Since all extraordinary excite- 
ments ar prejudicial to health they should n d be repeat - 
ed too often: and never after meals or fatigue. 121. The 
roman baths are hot air baths. 122. The person bathes 
in bis own sweat,, and since the blood has to supply the 
sweat wit Ji water it has to draw upon the lymph vessels 
itself and the bath becomes thus useful in catarrhs, scro- 
fula, dropsy, rheumatism and neuralgia. 
Hair. Metallic solution or Alcoholic preparations for 
the hair, kill the roots of the hair, resulting in greyness 
and baldness. ^The hair must not be done up tight since 
a stretching of it will result in bald patches. Cloth- 
ing must be adapted to season, place and occupation. 
The coats of men leave the body cold, and expose the 
chest to the influence of cold. The dresses of women 
leave the neck and breast unprotected. The clothing 
should not be too warm. The wearing of a cap in the 
house or at night is to be especially avoided. The neck 
must be only lightly protected, muffling up will give 
rise to inflamation of the eyes and throat. 128. Flan- 
nel keeps the temperature of the skin higher when dry; 
when wet with sweat the latter is rapidly evaporated and 
thus.keeps the skin cool; the exhalations of the skin are 
hence facilitated. 132. Intellectual labor should be in- 
terrupted whenever the head becomes affected, the chest 
moving with difficulty or the stomach feeling oppressed. 
A walk up and down the room or in the fresh air should 
be resorted to. 132. The health of the various parts of 
the body demand that one part is not constantly or for 
a considerable time exercised or subjected to pressure. 
Thus, standing labor predisposes to varices of the. legs, 
sitting long as watch makers to congest ions of the intestin- 
es or hemmorrhage. kneeling predisposes to affections of 
the kneejoints. The labor should therefore hi the time of 
recreation exercise such muscles as have been b ft unused 
during lab ov and allow rest to the fatigued muscles. 174 
Sleep. The best time for sleep is at night, and the 
hours preceding and following midnight are most valua- 
ble. (When 1 get woke up at 1 a. m. my sleep is sound- 
est then, and it is the hardest time tor me to get up. It 
is very likely that in those hours from 11 to 2 the most 
sleep is got through with, the sleep is of a concentrated 
nature at that time, S.) The rising hour in winter 
should be 6o'clock and in summer 5 o'clock a. M. Carry 
no cares to bed with you, after watching a night, it is still 
best to get up at the proper hour. . (Getting up too late 
will also bring about a derangement of the meal hours and 
cause fullness and oppression of the stomach with flatul- 
ence. The stomach may not secret the gastric juice so 
readi'y at irregular hours when food is introduced, thus 
the tood is more apt to ferment, causing a feeling of full- 
ness up to the throat, and a sensation as if the food had 
not been masticated tine enough. The secretion of the 
gastric juice may be under the influence of periodical 
nervous action. Scholl.) 
This nervous periodicity may also be of weight in re- 
gard to sleep the same as it is with food. S.) 137. Oc- 
cupations. Furnace men, on account of being subject- 
ed to great heat, are subject, to neuralgia, liver affec- 
tions. colds and ophthalmia. Fishermen, subjected to 
great cold, get rheumatism. 138. Workers in- dust are 
liable to a species of consumption. Chimney sweeps are 
liable to cancer of the scrotum. 141. Arsenic will cause 
depression at the stomach and a want of appetite. 144. 
Phosphor necrosis is apt to result when a tooth is in a 
decayed condition. NT City life makes persons egois- 
tical and pedantish with no relish for t he enjoyments of 
nature. The air of cities is very impure. 
154. Tobacco. (Persons Habituated to the use of to- 
bacco have an appetite for it, t he same as for food, and the 
want of an appetite for tobacco is a sure sign of disease 
in them, and the return of the appetite a sign of conval- 175 
escence. W'n n a person has once become habituated to this 
aS. well as to an mother poison, then being under the influ- 
ence of the poi son represents the normal condition, just 
the same as a person being under the influence of well 
digested nutrient food is the normal condition. The nerv- 
es, the secretory organs and the alimentary canal, feel the 
want of its influence - The nicotin remains in the socket of 
the pipe, but the nicotianin being o^the nature of cam- 
phor is volatile, passes along with the smoke and imparts 
the peculiar smell of tobacco smoke to clothes. The un- 
consumed carbon is prejudicial to the lungs. S.) 
158. The smoke from cigars contains far more nico- 
tianin than that from the poorest pipe. 159. Havana 
and Maryland have 2per cent of Nicotin and Nicotianin, 
Kentucky 5per cent, Virginia and French 6 - Sper cent. 
165. Company with our fellow beings stimulates body 
and soul to a higher evolution. 166. Diatetics of the 
soul comprise, peace of mind or equability of temper. 
Philantropie, Veracity, Morality and sociableness. 175. 
Migrations. Persons with disease of the heart and lungs 
can seldom become acclimated to a warm climate. For 
the aged riding in a carriage and friction of the skin is of 
special importance, and some oil rubbed on the skin to' 
keep it warm and supple. 182. Predisposition to dis- 
ease. Every body should study his predisposition to disease, 
the one will be especially liable to lung affections, anoth- 
er one to diseases of the stomach etc. 183. Persons 
having a tendency to Consumption, should avoid, run- 
ning, dancing and excesses of all kinds, also the dry air 
of heated rooms.and make use of light gymnastics. 186. 
Persons predisposed to gout should avoid meat and 
wine since uric acid is of a nitrogenous nature. 188. It 
is great nonsense for people to be bled or cupped at stat- 
ed periods of the year, the same holds, good with regard to 
taking pills. If you do not feel well eat nothing or only 
very little, but drink plenty of fluids and. go to bed; if 176 
you are not relieved in ,24 hours time call a physician. 
190. Choosing a physician assure yourself that he is no 
ignoramus nor a rogue. 
191. Hufland says: "One physician is better than two, 
and two is better than three." The more physicians the 
less likely is the recovery. 192. To guard against acci- 
dents, cultivate presence of mind, courage, and selfreli- 
ance. 193. In drowned persons attempt the induction 
of vomiting by tickling the fauces. 195. A frozen per- 
son cover all over with snow. 197. In cases of poison- 
ing administer milk and oil alternately as much as can 
be swallowed, so as to induce vomiting and washing out- 
of the stomach. If the poisoning is by arsenic give the 
hydrated sesquioxide of iron, if by corrosive sublimate, 
the whites of eggs, if by phosphorous, calcined magnesia, 
if by Aqua ammonia give sweet oil, if by vegatable alcal- 
oids, solution of tannin are indicated, if by the salts of 
silver, chloride of soda. Contagion. To guard against 
contagious diseases avoid eating in a sickroom, and do not 
enter it with an empty stomach. After touching a sick 
person wash your hands. Scratches on the hands are very 
dangerous; and the saliva should not be swallowed but 
spit away. To guard against trichniasis eat no pork 
that has not been microscopically examined. Farcy con- 
tracted from diseased horses lead, slowly to death. House 
remedies. Rhamnus frangula, syrup of buckthorn is an 
excellent carthartic. The 
New Gymnastics 
for 
Wen, Women and Children. 
By 
Dio. Lewis, A. M., M. D. 
Tenth Edition, 
Boston. 
Ticknor and .Fields. 
1868. 
8. The new gymnastics have a centrifugal effect upon 
the blood current while the old German <had a. centripe- 
tal effect. The main principal is to intermarry muscle 
and nerve, to bring about a complete interaction between 
body and soul. Both sexes are admitted to its practice 
and it has the assistance of music. 12. Beanbag-, Dumb- 
bells, Wands and Rings are used. 16. Haifa pint ofcheap 
molasses put to a pail full of water for mopping will pre- 
vent the floors getting dusty. The hall should have a 
Temperature of 65 degrees. 19. Dumbbells of wood 
should be 34 inches thick. Rings should be made of 3 
pieces of wood one inch thick, 6 inches in diameter. A 
wand should be licet long 1 inch thick. Clnhsshould be 
20 inches long and 4 inches Thick. 2<L Free Gymnas- 
tics are carried out independent of apparatus. 21. Vn- 
loaded exercises her o a centripetal •endohey. 
74. Dumbbells should weigh from 2 Io 51bs. if used 
under varying exercises, but if onlv to be put up and 
down again they may be heavier. 75. A man has 500 174 
muscles, large and small and of all possible attachments 
and direction, hence requiring a variety of movements, 
a small bright lifted often will have the same etf-ct as a 
heavy weight, lifted once. Kloss.) 76. /The model gym- 
nast. should be strong. enduring, graceful agil and flex- 
ible. 80. Moving heavy tveights will not cultivate ac- 
curacy. 82. A itality is not like a vault of gold on 
which you cannot draw without lessening the quantity, but 
rather like the mind and heart, enlarging by action and 
gaining the expenditure. 83. Big muscle men appre- 
ciate nothing but size, but there are other conditions 
of brain and muscles that are of more importance. 84. 
Altitude and Movement. 
127 Ring exercises have somthing fascinating in them 
and are well suited to act on the extensors as well as on 
the flexors. 152. The muscles of the shoulder joints di- 
verge in all directions like a fan. 171. The Indian club 
is well calculated to remedy a stooping position. 
Percussion. 201. There are few weeknesses within 
that are not improved or cured by percussion. Percus- 
sing the pit of the stomach is useful in dyspepsia. A 
Ne w York dyspepsia doctor made a fortune. 202. The 
soreness of muscles arising from exercise is removed by 
percussion. 207. Mutual help exercises. 'The persons 
active or passive. 234. Shoes. Stand on a piece of 
paper in your stocking, draw a line about the foot and 
have the shoemaker make the sole of that size. 235. 
Working too hard in the gymnasium is loosing game. 
236. A bathing mat van be made by sewing a piece of 
rope to some India rubber cloth. 238. It matters not 
when food is taken if the regular hour is observed. 
While eating, drink nothing at all. 239. If you are fat, 
take less food not heeding the kind. 241. If you are 
lean drink a few tumblers full of water, going to bed and 
rising in the morning ami eat pretty generously. 242. 
Bacon. '1 iu goof! of a man\ body h health, beauty, 175 
strength, and pleasure. 245. Gymnastics were first 
cultivated in Greece. The Greek education was divided 
into gymnastic- and music, or the science over which the 
nine muses presided, such as history, poetry, mathema- 
tics, painting, logic, rhetoric, sculpture, architecture and 
asthaetics. Among the romans gymnastics never became 
naturalized, but remained an unprosperous exotic to ex- 
pire in the final wreck of the State. The Jost art was a- 
gain brought to light with the dawn of Chivalry but in 
an altered garb. It assumed the form of wrestling, 
fencing, boxing, vaulting, sword exercise, horsemanship 
and the dance. 
249. With the decline of chivalry it fell more and 
more into disuse. In the year 1561 J. F. Scaliger wrote' 
''The art of gymnastics." 1540 Sir Nicholas Bacon wrote 
on Physical Education. 252. John Locke says: "Men's" 
happiness or misery is most part of their own making. 
253. Our Modern school education practically ignores the' 
body. 255. The word ''Education" should be made to 
embrace physical as well as mental education. 261. The 
main principal of the new gymnastics is embraced in the* 
mechanical law of Momentum. Momentum is made up 
of two factors: weight and velocity. Allowing momentum 
to stand for a permanent quantity; the greater the veloc- 
ity the less the weight, and conversely the greater the 
weight the less velocity is required. By moving a light, 
weight quickly through the air. as much force is con- 
sumed as by lifting a heavy weight slowly: The 
new gymnastics give prominence to velocity rather than 
weight. 262. A man may develope a fine shell of mus- 
cle at the expense of the vital system. 
263. Hoeman when defeated by Sayer went into the 
fight with far more muscular than vital power, he 
soon felt faint and breathed with difficulty. His poor 
health max be ascribed to the severity of his training. 
264. Manx a fine fellow at Cambrige and Oxford trains 176 
for a boat race and gains heart disease. The New System 
discards the Acrobatic principle. (Muscular contrac- 
tions take place under the inilucnce of the will. There 
are hence two elements in a muscular contraction, mus- 
cle and brain, and if the lifting power of muscular con- 
contraction is in the ratio of the mass, the velocity of 
the contractions is in the ratio of cerebral power. Veh 
ocity of motion will hence increase cerebral action, while 
slowness of motion or great muscular developement by 
not stimulating the brain sufficiently will blunt and de- 
bilitate the brain power. Leanness of the body if com- 
bined with health, argue brainpower and velocity of act- 
ion. fatness argues a weak brain with dulness of action. 
Vitality is however different from brain power, vitality 
is a condition, what secures a similar condition, yet to 
come. If the body is trained to running, then all the 
wheels of the human machinaryare made to move in har- 
mony with that object .to be attained, and the vitality 
will not give out. as if no training had taken place; al-< 
though the brain power would remain the same. This 
bending of all tho wheels of tire system to one purpose, 
will prematurely wear out the parts and the final 
vitality or the length of life will be curtailed. S.) 
The eyesight is best cared for. not using it too near, 
and for objects so as; to preserve the power of accom- 
modation.