SCIENTIFIC PHARMACY And Facts Concerning the Introduction of Various New Therapeutic Agents, with "Working Bul- letins" on the Botanical History, Chemical Composition, Physiological Action and Therapeutic Properties of a few of the many new and valu- able Remedies intro- duced by PARKE, DAVIS & CO. ni Presented to the Medical Profession with their Compliments. Fine Pharmaceutical Products FROM THE LABORATORY OF PARKE, DAVIS & CO., DETROIT, MICH., U. S. A. 2STe-w TSToxIe-60 ZxzEaAd-en. Xjaxxe axxd. 21 T_ii'oext;y Stxeet. STANDARD PREPARATIONS. Fluid Extracts. Sugar and Gelatin Coated Pills. : Pink Granules. . Pills of the British Pharmacopoei Pills Metric System. Solid Extracts. x Powdered Extracts Concentrations. German Tinctures. Elixirs. Wines. Syrups. Extract Malt and Combinations. Effervescent Preparations. Medicated Lozenges. Roll and Spread' Plasters. Collodions. Confections. Ointments. Glyceroles Cerates. -NEW DRUGS- FLUID EXTRACTS. Adrue. Ailanthus Glandulosa. Alligator Pear Seeds. Alston ia Constricta, True. Anagallis Ar vensis. Areca Nuts. Bamboo Brier Root. Baycuru Root. Bears Foot. Berberis Aquifolium. Black Haw, U S. P. Blood Flower. Boldo Leaves. California Fever Bush. California Laurel. Carnauba Root. Caroba Leaves. \ Cascara Amarga. Cascara Sagrada. Cedron Seed. Cereus Bonplandii. Cereus Grandiflorus. Cereus McDonaldii. Cheken. Chewstick. Coca Leaves, U. S. P. Cocklebur. Corn Silk. Coto Bark. Damiana. Dita Bark. Duboisia Leaves. Elephant's Foot. Ephedra Antisyphili- tica. Eucalyptus Globulus, U. S. P. Euphorbia PHulifera. Evening Primroseq , ■Ginger, Mexican. Grindelia Robusta, U. S. P. Grindelia Squarrosa Guaco Leaves. Guarana, U. S. P. Helianthella. Honduras Bark. Horsemint. Iron Wood. Jaborandi, U. S. P. Jamaica Dogwood. Jamaica Pimento. Leaves. Judas Tree. Kamala. Kava Kava. Kooso Flowers, U. S. P. Lily of the Valley Flowers. Lily of the Valley Herb. Lily of the Valley Root. ManacA. Mango Bark. Mango Fruit. Manzanita Leaves. Mercury Weed. Mistletoe. Mountain Sage. Musk Root. Paraguay Tea (Mat<5.) Pulsatilla. Quebracho Bark. Quinine Flower. Rhus Aromatica. Sabbatia Campestris. Sandal Wood. Sarracenia Flava. Sassy Bark. i Saw Palmetto. Shepherd's Purse. Sierra Salvia. Sour Wood Leaves. Stylosanthes. Sundew. Thapsia Garganica Tomato. Tonga. Trumpet Plant. Urechites Suberecta. Ustilago Maidis. Vacc i niu m Crassif olium White Vervain. Wild Bergamot. Yerba Buena. Yerba del Manza. Yerba Reuma. Yerba Santa. S P E C I ALT I E S. Normal Liquids. Pills of Quinine, Cinchonidine and Quinidine simple. Oleates. Soluble Elastic Capsules. Hard Filled Capsules. Iodoform Bougies. Pepsins. Pancreatins. Empty Capsules. Cascara Cordial. Warburg's Tincture. Chlor-Anodyne. Diahyzed Iron. Extract Witch Hazel. Liquor Acidi Phosphorici. Solution Sclerotic Acid. Compound Cerebral Sedative. Ozonized Aromatic Liquid. Solution Chloride of Bromine Comp. Cone. Tincture Lippia Mexicana. Cone. Tincture Hoang-Nan. Emulsion Chian Turpentine. Sugar Test Flasks. Cod Liver Oil and Emulsion. Nitrite of Amyl Pearls. Sanguis Bovinus Exsiccatus. Aromatic Troches. Compressed Troches. Flavored Ixszenges. Lozenge Urns. Medicated Lozenges for retailing. Pills for retailing. Fine Chemicals, Alkaloids, New Drugs, etc. Pressed Herbs. Chamberlain's Utero-Vaginal Syringe. The Indispensable Cup Syringe. Dr. Wilson's Eureka Abdominal Supporter. Lansing's New Mica Labels. Reymond's Patent Capsule Filler. Manufacturers' and Producers' Agents for Portland Respiratory Brace. Davenport's Unique Capsule Filler. Non-Humanized Vaccine Virus. * Sargent's Patent Drawer Pulls. SCIENTIFIC PHARMACY To Physicians and Pharmacists: Since the year 1876 we have been laboring to effect the reform of an abuse existing among Manufacturing Pharmacists, in the matter of the illegitimate use of the trade-mark and patent laws for personal aggrandizement. Our position and objective arguments have been greatly misunderstood by both the medical and pharmaceutical professions,partially through ignorance of the abuse in question, and partially because of misstatements, by those opposed to our policy, with regard to the exact state of affairs. We ask as a favor, there- fore, that the following statements will be carefully read: 1st. Our objections to trade-marks or patents on pharmaceutical prepara- tions are based upon both legal and scientific reasons. 2nd. It is established by law that the proper name of an article cannot be the subject of a trade-mark, and that a patent upon a simple aggregation (see " Appendix," note A), of materials cannot be upheld, unless some new result is obtained from the aggregation. 3rd. The trade-mark is a common law right of property in a designation, not property in an article. It secures to a man his particular brand, his marks on his goods forever. It prevents the forgery of his commercial signature, and the use of his trade-mark by another. Such protection inures to the benefit of the manufacturer and to the public. The word " Durham," " May Flower," or " Banner," accompanied or unaccompanied by a design, indicates the distin- guishing mark of some particular manufacture. A design, as a star, an an- chor, or a ring, has its individual significance as pointing to some particular origin or make. To the public these marks prove a certain manufacture. To the manufacturer they are an inducement to keep up the standard of quality, since this trade mark is to the public the manufacturer's signature. In this way also the public is further protected. 4th. A patent right is an artificial right created by statute, and without foundation in common law. It amounts to a contract between the govern- ment, as representing the people, on one side, and the inventor on the other, the government insuring to the inventor a protection in the exclusive manu- facture and sale of his article for a limited term of years, upon condition that he, the inventor, first places on file in the Patent Office a full explanation of his invention, so that at the expiration of his teim of patent, the public may have the full use and full knowledge of his secret. The design of the patent is for the benefit of the people in spieading the knowledge of new and useful arts and improvements. 5th. The trade-mark is a right in a designation. It is perpetual as to time, universal as'to space, and an inherent right to property. The patent is the right in an article temporarily and limited as to time, restricted as to space, and confined to the country by which it is granted, and given only upon condi- tion that the inventor will make full disclosure of his improvement. The abuse which we contend against is, an attempt, under the trade-mark law, to obtain the control of an article itself and thus obtain a patent unlimited as to time, not restricted as to space, and without the consideration resulting to the peo- ple. The discoverer of the article " tobacco " might have trade-marked the name " tobacco," provided it had not been the proper name of the article, but he could not have obtained exclusive right to use the article itself. What more claim to merit has the inventor of a pharmaceutical compound who ob- tains his knowledge without regard to individual medicinal substances, from the text-books, combining these articles in different proportions or in different admixture, and then claim the discovery of something new, on which he may either take out a patent, or attempt to control the article itself by the register ing of a trade-mark of the name of the preparation? (See "Appendix," Note A.) 6th. It might be asked that if there exists no legal basis for the protection of these articles, then why, in the first place, does the Patent office issue such patents, or register such trade marks? and secondly, howr is this discussion pertinent or appropriate? When an application is made for a patent the Patent office grants a patent, provided facie case for a patent is made, and it does not attempt to decide finally as to whether the patent will hold in case it is contested. Then, too, the examiners at the Patent cffice do not claim to be learned in medicine, and that the invention really involves the produc- tion of a new compound they take to be true from the oath of the inventor. 7th. From a scientific standpoint, we regard pharmacy as a scientific profession, and as such it should conduct its operations upon a scientific plat- form. The following definition of science is by President Porter, of Yale Col- lege, in his work on Psychology. "Science professes to exhibit what is ac- tually known, or may be learned, by exact observations, precise definition, fixed terminology, classified arrangement, and rational explanation." And pharmacy as a science should have no connection with secrecy or monopoly. Sth. Pharmacy should be entirely compatible with the science of medicine. The medical profession is bound by a code of ethics, in which it is expressly stipulated that there should be no secresy or em- piricism of any kind in medicine. (See "Appendix'," Note B.) No scientific 2 3 pharmacist should manufacture or sell an article under his own label which a physician could not, in accordance with his code of ethics, prescribe. 9th. Proprietary names, like lodia, Bromidia, Listerine, Bromo-Chlor- alum, and the like, are unscientific, and can never, under any circumstances, become recognized by the pharmacopoeia until all secrecy as regards the prep aration, or all protection as regards the name, shall be removed. 10th. The terminations "ia" and "ine" which, according to scientific nomenclature, are applied, individually, to the alkaloidal principles of plants, should not be applied to such pharmaceutical compounds as are composed of a variety of medicinal substances, whether active principles or not. This nomenclature is unscientific and liable to mislead; and the multiplication of these names will tend to ruin pharmacy from a scientific standpoint, while the only gainers are the individuals who make claims for protection under plea of the value of their inventions. (See "Appendix," Note C.) 11th. Proprietary ship in a pharmaceutical compound tends toward misrepresentation or deceit on the part of the proprietors by concealment of the actual composition thereof. An unlimited protection gives an unlimited monopoly, and, as a matter of course, competition is prevented forever. Competition tending towards the improvement of articles of manufac- ture being entirely repressed, it is left to the owmer of the trade- marked compound to make the article as he chooses, and to repre- sent its formula in such manner as will carry the impression that it is composed of more expensive ingredients than it really is. If competi- tion existed, such misstatements could not be made. But few are sufficiently interested in the exposition of the faults of such compounds to undergo the expense of a chemical analysis; yet how few pharmacists can make exactly the same preparation from, any of the published formulae of these so-called trade-marked preparations, either so as to imitate the article itself or to manufacture it at a price which will enable them to compete! 12th. If this abuse is carried on to an unlimited extent, the tendency will be to lock up every possible combination of drugs which the officials of the patent office may deem to be new, and thus a physician prescribing or a pharmacist dispensing it, is liable unwittingly to infringe upon the alleged rights of some manufacturer, as in the case quoted in foot note. (See "Ap- pendix," Note D.) 13th. Trade-marked pharmaceuticals are largely put upon the market by patent medicine houses, or individuals or firms of no practical pharmaceu- tical experience, and yet they have the temerity to assume the title "manu- facturing chemists, and to claim that the governmental protection should be given to their so-called inventions, and that they have rendered to medical and pharmaceutical science a service whichwarrants this protection ! We call attention to any of the published formulae of pharmaceutical com- pounds, and ask any intelligent physician or pharmacist if, in his judgment, they are entitled to protection as new inventions. (See "Appendix," Note E.) 14th. The tendency of monopoly is toward extortionate prices. The tendency of competition is to lower prices. We sum up the situation from a 4 commercial point of view, then, that manufacturers of trade-marked pharma- ceutical preparations seek by governmental protection, under a false claim of discovering a new compound, to impose upon the Medical Profession and thereby assure to themselves an absolute control of a saleable article at the expense of the public and the profession. 15th. It has been stated that we have personal reasons for waging this war. We answer frankly that we have. Our reason, however, is not, as has been attributed to us, viz., a financial one, but it is that which actuates every high-minded physician in adhering to his duties conscientiously under the Code of Ethics, to which he has subscribed and which is in strict accord- ance with self-respect and a scientific object. It will scarcely be denied that as a rule, physicians of ability could produce a greater income by advertising themselves by placards upon the public fences and in the newspapers as spe- cialists in the treatment of chronic and private diseases, yet it would be thought singular if any reputable physician should so lose his self-respect as to seek this more ready road to wealth. In our own case, it will be scarcely denied that, with our great advertising facilities, we could market a trade-marked preparation monopolized to ourselves, with as much ease as any competitor, and we think any of our friends would hardly make the assertion that we have not sufficient ability among ourselves, or in our employ, to originate an inven, tion equal to any upon the market. We can easily demonstrate that, with much less capital invested in plant, we could earn for ourselves a much greater income were we to adopt this system. We prefer, however, to conduct our business on what we believe to be an honorable basis, with due reference to our relations to the Medical Profession and to our connection with the Profes- sion of Pharmacy. As members of the Pharmacal Profession we seek to purify that profession of abuses which have unwittingly crept in, for the most part because of the indifference or ignorance with regard to the matter in i.etail by both physicians and pharmacists. 16th. The objective point of our work has been to obtain from the Amer ican Medical Association a definite expression as to the bearing of the pre- scribing, by physicians, of trade marked and patented pharmaceutical prepara- tions, upon the Code of Ethics as existing. Our work in this direction has been greatly misrepresented by sophistical arguments. We have been placed in the position of attempting to dictate to the Medical Profession what they shall prescribe. We have been charged with an attempt to bribe the delegates to the convention at Richmond, with wine and cigars. We have been accused of attempting to steal from other manufacturers the legitimate fruits of their work and investments. Believing, however, in the ultimate victory of the right, we requested a delegate to introduce at the meeting of the Association yit Richmond, a resolution designed to call for an expression of the Association on this important question. At the meeting at St. Paul, on June 8, 1882, the Judicial Council of the Association, to whom this resolution was referred, reported back to the Association that they considered that the Code of Ethics is sufficiently condemnatory of patent, proprietary and secret remedies, as it is also of the giving of certificates to the same, and by this action it reaffirm- 5 ed the position of the code in the matter. This being the objective point of our work, we leave the matter in the future to the judgment of both profess- ions as to whether it is worth while to take further steps to correct an abuse which is condemned by scientific reasoning. Respectfully, 6 APPENDIX. Note A. " A mere aggregation and bringing together of old devices or instrumentalities Ss not a patentable invention, unless some new result is obtained. The result of holding firmly the ends of railroad-rails by means of screws or bolts and by a plate under the ends is well known, and the simple adoption and application of a ribbed plate with the bolt screwed to its place between the ribs is only the application of two old devices without the attainment of any new result. " The above is from a recent decision of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia and is very significant as enunciating a principle which reason and common sense must recognize in the matter of the combinations of drugs which flood the market under the protection of tVade-mark names. It is one of the most incongruous facts in this whole system that a different interpretation should obtain in the matter of the aggregation of drugs than that which is given to existing laws in their application to mechanical inven- tions. Take, as an instance, the nostrum "lodia". The Druggist, in answer to a query of a correspondent, gives the formula for its preparation as follows: " Fluid extract stillingia, 3 ounces. " prickly ash, 1 ounce. " saxifraga. ounce. " yellow parilia, ounce. " blue flag, ounce. -. Iodide of potassium, 256 grains. Pyrophosphate of iron, 256 grains. Dilute phosphoric acid, J/j ounce. "Dissolve the iodide in the mixture, and the iron in two ounces of hot water; add the solution gradually and lastly the phosphoric acid. Let stand twenty-four hours and filter. " What, we would ask, is there in this but such an aggregation of simples as have been familiar to the profession for time out of mind, as might very naturally suggest itself to any physician in prescribing an alterative mixture ? It has not even pharmaceutical elegance to recommend it, it making such an unsightly mixture as no educated pharmacist would turn out. And yet the laws are invoked to give the firm who makes this mixture a monopoly of its sale! It is an outrage on both the public and the profession, and it is extremely doubtful, in the light of the decision which we have cited above, whether the protection which is claimed would be confirmed by the Supreme Court.-Therapeutic Gazette, July, 1882. Note B. 0/ the Duties of Physicians to Each other and to the Profession at large, Art. I. § 5: Equally- derogatory- to professional character is it for a physician to hold a patent for any surgical instrument or medicine; or to dispense a secret nostrum, whether it be the composition or exclusive property of himself or of others. ***** It is also repre- hensible for physicians to give certificates attesting the efficacy of patent or secret medi- cines. or in any way- to promote the use of them. Note C. The following is an alphabetic list of such of the preparations coming under this head as we can now recall, and for which professional patronage is sought: Bromidia. Bromo-Chloralum. Caulocorea. Cincho-Quinine. Dextro-quinine. Diphtherine. Eucalyptol. Fellow's Hypophosphites. Firwein. Fluid Hydrastis. Glyc'erite of Kephaline. Hydroleine. Ingluvm. lodia. Iodo Bromide Calcium Comp. Liquirizine. Listerine. Malto-yerbine. Meat and Quina. Parvules. Pancreatine. Peptonized Beef Tonic. Peptodyn. Protagon. Scott's Emulsion Cod Liver •(!. Soluble Beef. Specific Medicines. Sweet Quinine. Tamar Indien. Vitalized Phosphates. The case of Mr. Bodenbach, a retail druggist of Buffalo, is one in point, as illufh trating the dangers to which pharmacists are exposed under the abuse of the trade-mMfe System which we are combatting. It is concisely stated in the follow ing quotations: Note D. 7 Chicago Pharmacist and Chemist:-"Mr. Bodenbach, a reputable pharmacist of Buf- falo, has been arrested for making syrup of Dover's powder, because some patent medi- cine man claims the name as his trade-mark, and has been obliged to give bail to himself from the felon's cell. Any other physician or pharmacist who dares to make this article and call it syrup of Dover's powder is liable to a similar fate, A like attempt was recently made to mulct Messrs. Parke, Davis & Co., for manufacturing fluid extract of Tonga, but the attacking party in the interests of the patent medicine trade, were glad to beat a retreat." . Buffalo Express:-"Christopher Bodenbach was yesterday arrested by a Deputy United States Marshal, on the complaint of Willis L. Gregory and Willis G. Gregory, charging him with infringing a certain trade-mark or name, which had been duly regis- tered pursuant to the statute, namely, "Syrup of Dover's Powder." The defendant was subsequently arraigned before United States Commissioner Scroggs, pleaded not guilty, and gave bail in $250 to appear for examination at 10 o'clock in the forenoon of the 31st. inst. " Pharmacist and Chemist:- "Mr. Bodenbach is a respectable druggist, doing business at No. 942 Main street, in the city of Buffalo, N. Y. His years of study gave him no right to mix solutions of morphine and sulphate of potash, and to these add fluid extract of ipecac mixed with simple syrup I And for so doing he is taken as a felon and placed in jail 1 Now, if, as pharmacists, we cannot be allowed to produce "Syrup of Dover's Powder," what is the reason? Simply because of the trade-mark system, which, in a quasi manner, you are advocating." Note E. The following excerpts are apt illustrations of this point: Solution of Iodo Bromide of Calcium Compound.-The following are the results of a chemical analysis we have recently made of this preparation: One hundred parts contain: Calcium . 8.72 Magnesium 1.35 Sodium 1.20 Potassium a trace. Aluminum a trace. Chlorine 20.35 Bromine 0.95 Iodine 0.20 Salicylic acid not estimated. Organic Matter not estimated. One fluid ounce therefore contains, approximately; Chloride of calcium (anhydrous) r 142 grains. Chloride of magnesium 30 " Chloride of sodium ................... 18 " Bromide of magnesium 6 " Iodide of potassium 1J4 " Total mineral constituents 200 " Iron, which is mentioned on the label as one of the constituents, was not detected in the sample examined. The quantities of iodine and bromine were not determined with rigorous exactness, but the figures given are above rather than below those which exact analysis would yield. The bromine is assumed, on theoretical grounds, to be in combination, in the solution, with magnesium. Of course the efficacy of the preparation would not be affected by substituting bromide of sodium for the bromide of magnesium in making up an artificial iodo-bromide, and the physician would have the satisfaction of knowing exactly what he was prescribing, and the option of varying the amount of any of the constituents, if it should seem desirable. The proportion of bromine and of iodine might be somewhat increased without rendering the prescription a very expensive one; as it is, five cents a bot- tle would be about a reasonable price for materials. Whatever is paid over and above this sum must be considered a tribute to the genius of the intellect that originated a combina- tion of such extraordinary merit as to draw from reputable (?) physicians, all over the land, testimonials to its worth. The elixir of iodo-bromide of calcium compound contains the same ingredients as the solution of ditto ditto, and apparently in about the same relative proportions. We have not made, however, a quantitative analysis, being content with a demonstration of the fact that the amount of iodine and bromine in this preparation is not greater than in the simple solution. The principal difference seems to be that this contains a relatively small proportion of the mineral ingredients, with the addition of sugar, licorice, sassafras, and other flavoring ingredients, and, possibly, of some sarsaparilla, cundurango, or other pow- erful vegetable alterative.-" Laboratory Notes, " by Prof. A. B. Lyons, M. D., in Detroit Review of Medicine and Pharmacy. Bromo-Chloralum.-We have, not long ago, expressed the opinion that the preparation sold under this rather pretentious name is essentially a chloride of aluminum. The fol- lowing are the results of an analysis sufficiently exact for any practical purpose: One hundred parts of bromo-chloralum contain: Calcium 2.11 Aluminum 1.84 Magnesium 0.07 Sodium 0.43 Potassium a trace. Iron a trace. Chlorine 10.84 Bromine 0.25 Sulphuric acid 0.09 Silica not estimated. Organic matter a trace. 8 One fluid ounce therefore contains, approximately: Chloride of aluminum grains. Cliloride of calcium 28 Bromide of magnesium " Chloride of sodium 5 " Sulphate of calcium 1 " Total mineral constituents.* 82 " Listerine.-Formula, as published by the proprietor.-Listerine is the essential Anti- septic constituent of Thyme, Eucalyptus. Baptisia, Gaultheria. and Mentha Arvensis in combination. Each fluid drachm also contains two grains of refined and purified Benzo- Boracic Acid. Dose.-One teaspoonful three or more times a day (as indicated). As a local applica- tion to ulcers, wounds and abscesses or as a gargle, mouth-wash, inhalant or injection, it can be used ad libitum, diluted as desired. Listerine is a powerful, safe and pleasant antiseptic. The beneficial results following its use in Phthisis, Diphtheria, Catarrh, Dysentery, Scarlatina, Erysipelas, Small Pox, Ty- phoid and Malarial Fevers, etc., proves it to be a Restorative Antiseptic of the very highest order of merit. It is the most efficient agent to disinfect the hands after surgical or gyne- cological operations, and is the best injection in Leucorrhoea, etc., used in the proportion of two or three parts water and one part Listerinc. Bromidia -Formula, as published by the proprietor.-Every fluid drachm contains 15 grains each of pure Brom. Potas, and purified Chloral, and % grain each of yen. imp. ext. Cannabis Ind. and Hyoscyam. Dose.-One-half to one fluid drachm in water or syrup every hour until sleep is pro- duced. Bromidia is the Hypnotic par excellence. It produces refreshing sleep, and is exceed- inyly valuable in Sleeplessness, Nervousness, Neuralgia, Headache, Convulsions, Colics etc., and will relieve when opiates fail. Unlike preparations of opium, it does not. lock up the secretions. In the restlessness and delirium of fevers, it is absolutely invaluable. Iodia.-Formula, as published by the proprietor.-lodia is a combination of Active Principles obtained from the green roots of Stillingia, Helonias, Saxifraga, Menispermum, and Aromatics. Each fluid drachm also contains five grains lod. Potas, and three grains Phos. Iron. Dose.-One or two fluid drachms (more or less, as indicated,) three times a day before meals. Iodia is the Ideal Alterative. It has been largely prescribed in Syphilitic, Scrofulous. Cutaneous and Female Diseases, and has an established reputation as being the best alter- ative ever introduced to the profession. Hydroleine.-Formula, as published by the proprietor.-Each dose of two teaspoon fuls, equal to 120 drops, contains: Pure Oil 80 m. (drops). Soda 1-3 grain. Distilled Water 35 " Boric Acid 1-4 " Soluble Pancreatin 5 grains. Hyocholic Acid 1-20 " Dose -Two tablespoonfuls alone or mixed with twice the quantity of soft water, to be taken thrice daily with meals. Caulocorea (Proprietor's statement), the most important Therapeutic Agent ever presented to the medical profession in the treatment of the Diseases of the Female Reproductive Organs.-Formula.-Caulocorea is composed of the active principles of Caulophyllum Thalictroides, Viburnum Opulus, Prunifolium, Dioscorea Villosa, Mitchella Repens/Aletris Farinosa, so combined with Spts. JEtheris Comp, and Aromatics as to form a most perfect and agreeable Elixir, and greatly increase the antispasmodic and onic effect. Vitalized Hypo-phos-phites-Prepared from the Phosphoid Principles of the Ok. Brain and Wheat Germ. Nature's nerve tonic-not a laboratory compound. FACTS Relative to the Connection of Parke, Davis & Co. With the Introduction of Various NEW VEGETABLE THERAPEUTICAL AGENTS. TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. Owing to the continued misrepresentations of representatives of compet- ing houses, with regard to our policy in developing the hitherto unexplored Medicinal Flora of the world, we ask the privilege of placing before you the facts of the case from our point of view. In the first place, we desire to place ourselves on record as endeavoring to remove from pharmacy any action which may tend to render inharmonious its relations to the medical profession. As a part of this policy, we have our- selves never taken out any copyright, trade-mark, or paten % or made use of any secret formula with relation to anv medicinal preparation or combination issued by us.* We have also since the year 1877, used what influence we could bring to bear upon the medical profession in ..ts various conventions tc adopt such an addi tion to its Code of Ethics as will render ft unethical for any physician to prescribe any pharmaceutical preparati.n rotected by copyright, trade-mark, patent, or secret formula. (Printed matter covering th? records of the patent office and various medical opinions upon this subject, will be forwarded free to anyone making application to us lor our printed matter upon the subject of trade-mark remedies.; This action was taken in the anticipation of purifying pharmacy for the benefit of science and humanity Second. We have written and published over our signature in the vari- ous medical journals of the United States, a platform setting forth our relations individually to the medical profession, and pledging ourselves to maintain for all future time the position which we have assumed. Reference has been made by interested parties desirous of defeating the intent of this statement, to a copyright taken out by Parke, Jennings & Co., our predecessors, upon the 31st day of March, 1871, upon the label of a preparation called Chlor-Anodyne. Would say that this action was taken in the early history of our business, and had no reference to any protection excepting against the action of a partner at that time retiring from our concern. V>*shave since published to the medical profession a statement, which we now reiterate, that we claim no rights whatever under this copyright, leaving any competitor free to manufacture the article and under the same name, if he deem it advisable. Further, we have written to the Librarian of Congress under date of March 18,1881, requesting him to void the copyright. 4 Third. In our position of manufacturing pharmacists we have confined ourselves wholly to the manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical products, which bearing our label throughout the land, are calculated to raise or lower our reputation, according to their appreciated value in the hands of the pro- fession. When it is considered that we have invested a large amount of capi- tal in this business, it must be assumed that we cannot jeopardize such capital by allowing our reputation to suffer through the issue of inferior preparations of any kind, and if such issue occur it is through causes beyond our contro1, with due reference to the variation in the quality of material obtainable. Fourth. Our Laboratory is very extensive, and equipped with costly apparatus of the most improved pattern adapted to our purposes. Our differ- ent departments are under the charge of skilled employes, and our sole intent is to offer the medical profession medicinal preparations which cannot be excelled in point of reliability and uniformity. A leading policy in our busi- ness is to obtain crude material of the best quality. For this purpose we have agents in the various markets of the world who are under instructions from us always to purchase the best of material irrespective of price. Fifth. Relative to our policy of introducing new remedies, referred to in the opening clause of this circular, we beg to state the case as follows: That our action is primarily based upon what may be deemed satisfactory tes- timony with regard to the action of a new remedy obtained by us, either through correspondence with reputable physicians, or from the articles pub- lished from time to time in the various medical journals of the world. When a remedy is brought before us, seemingly of sufficient merit to warrant its trial by the medical profession, we send a special representative, well qualified in botany, medicine and materia medica, to the country to which the plant is indigenous, with instructions to obtain for us a supply, of which there can be no question as to its identity. In undertaking these enterprises we assume all the financial risk thereof. When the drug is received it is carefully man- ipulated in the analytical department of our laboratory, with a view to ascer- taining its characteristic chemical properties. It is then manufactured into a pharmaceutical form, based upon a formula drawn from scientific deductions. We ffien place large quantities of this material, free of expense, in the hands of the medical profession individually, and with the various public hospitals of the metropolitan centers. This action involves us in a large outlay, and our returns are wholly due to the reports which accrue therefrom. If the drugs are pronounced unsatisfactory and worthless, the medical profession have sus- tained no loss excepting the time consumed in making the experiments, while we ourselves must bear the expense incidental to the operation. If the results are favorable, we in time obtain returns which will compensate us for the original outlay. Inasmuch, however, as these drugs are only protected so far as commercial enterprize may be considered, and not by the government in the way of patent, trade-mark or copyright, every article is open to competition as soon as a competing house is willing to take the risk incidental to the col- action of a supply of the crude material. 5 Sixth. It is self-evident that unless full information relative to all our valuable work in Pharmacology be published for the benefit of science it will be lost to the world. For the purpose, therefore, of protecting the literature of therapeutics which depends upon pharmacy for the preparation of medicine used in the treatment of disease, and thus to guarantee the employment of the names of the articles upon our list in medical text books, we have adopted the plan of publishing full information concerning them in the form of annual reports to the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, where they will be found on file in the libraries of that institution. With regard to the results of the experimental'trials by the profession, of each article, we pledge ourselves to publish reports as submitted, whether favorable or unfavorable, and point to our record in the past as an evidence of the faithful fulfillment of this pledge. In order to make our position clear we would ask your attention to the following instances, which we cite: Eucalyptus Globulus.-Our attention was called to this drug in 1870 by the vaiious printed references thereto in the medical and pharmaceutical press of America and Europe. At that time the drug was wholly unknown in America excepting to a few individuals. Our first purchase of the article was to the extent of ten pounds in the New York market, at a cost of $1.75 per pound, gold. The full amount of this purchase was distributed to physicians in the way of specimens for trial, accompanied with what printed references thereto we had been previously able to collate from the medical journals. A demand springing up f/orn the distribution of the circulars, for a larger supply on trial, we purchased 25 pounds more, (the entire stock at that time in the New York market), at a similar rate, which was all distributed free of cost to the profes- sion. A gradually increasing demand resulting therefrom after the publica- tion of these results, induced us to open direct correspondence for the importa- tion in large supplies of this leaf. The result has been, that through our effort Eucalyptus Globulus has become a staple remedy of importance in the hands of the physicians and hospitals of the United States, to such an extent as to warrant its importation in the New York market in large quantities, the price having been reduced for a prime article as low a 7 cents per pound. When this price is compared with the rate at whicn we first purchased the article, the tendency of our effort in this direction will be at once clearly seen. At the present day all pharmaceutical manufacturers offer and sell a fluid extract of this drug freely to the profession. Californian New Remedies.-A few years since we were largely interested in developing the medicinal flora of the Pacific coast, as a result of which Yerba Santa, Berberis Aquifolium, Rhamnus Purshiana (Cascara Sagradd), Grindelia Squarrosa, Grindelia Robusta and Yerba Reuma were placed before the medical profession. Information with regard to the greater number of these drugs was received by us through the late Dr. Bundy, an electic physician of Calusa, Cal. Information with regard to Grindelia Robusta was received through Dr. W. P. Gibbons, a prominet physician of Alameda. In 1878, for local reasons, a 6 paper -was read before the Alameda County Medical Society by Dr. W. P. Gib- bons, making s severe attacl upon Dr Bundy, the spirit of -which was, first, that Dr. Bundy was ar eclectic; second that any remedies that he had introduced were for this 1 :<ison unworthy the attention of the medical profession; and, third, that certain remedies, among which was Cascara Sagrada, did not exist under any certain name on the Pacific coast, and were, therefore, evidently intended to be* used as an imposition upon the medical profession. This paper, afterwards published in the October number of the Pacific Medical and Surgicd: was used by our competitors to carry the impression to the medical profession Jiat we had ourselves been engaged in some dark scheme for biking advantage of our patrons. Although this matter has been fully answered in th? past, and understood by those interested in lhe subject, we prefer tc state herin iustice o Dr, Bundy and ourselves, that in the first article written ' y Dr Bundy, wliich appeared in New Preparations, January 15th, 1878, he distinctly ctated with regard to Cascara Sagrada as follows: "A description of (ho Cascara J. am unable to give at this time, but suffice .t to say it is a shrub. ja due time'ts botanical name will be known/' Certainly no attempt at deception was herein covered. In his original paper, published in the October, 1878, number of the Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal, Dr. Gibbons ctated with reference to Cascara Sagrada, "There is no such plant known to any botanist on the Pacific coast," The Pacific Medical and Su gieal Journal oi January, 1879, States editorially. " Cascara (bark) Sagrada tsacred) is the common Spanish name fx5 Rhamnus Purshiana, and means simply, sacred bark," It seems hardly necessary for us to bring up this subject again, and our apology for making reference thereto is the continued misrepresentations referred to. which are made to our discredit. If any one feels sufficient interest in the matter to apply to '„s for printed matter, with regard to further infor- mation relative to the Cascara bagrada controversy, we shall be pleased to send him c full record, which may prove of interest. Cascara Sagrada to-day is used to an enormous extent through professional sources, which in itself is c. sufficient reply to any assertion which may have been made by its Carlier opposers, who, from the very nature of the case, knew nothing of its merits. Jamaica Dogwood -Our attention was originally called to this drug by professional correspondents, but the only reference thereto which we could find in standard works of materia medica was in the appendix of Wood & Bache's Dispensatory. Believing the article to have merit, we wrote to busi- ness correspondents and to the United States Consul in Kingston. Jamaica, with a view to obtaining a supply. We were unable, however, to obtain my satisfactory results therefrom A special representative was finally sent to taut island, and under his personal supervision an ample supp.y was obtained for our purposes, and the favorable reports which have resulted from its thorough test have established the remedy on a permanent basis. In this connection we call attention to the fact that the physiological investigations of Dr. Ott, which appeared in the Archives of Medicine, February, 1881, p. 69, and in the Detroit Lancet, June, 1880, were produced at considerable expense to us in the way of furnishing material to the investigator. Researches with regard to its microscopical investigation by Mrs. Louisa Reed Stowell, of the University of Michigan, with the necessary wood-cuts, were obtained at our request and published at our expense. These facts are mentioned to establish our state- ment that we are disposed to give the profession all possible scientific informa- tion which can be obtained with regard to these various remedies. Tonga.-At the suggestion of Dr.William Murrell, of London, personally, and on the strength of the published experience with Tonga given in the London Lancet, we dispatched an agent to the Fiji Islands, at a large expense, to obtain a supply of this drug, now on trial before the medical profession. Quebracho.-We have published all obtainable information with regard to this drug, including a translation of a paper published in pamphlet form by Dr. Hansen, botanist at Erlangen, Germany, producing at great expense litho- graphic facsimiles of the original admirable engravings. In conclusion we offer the following: First. That we claim the confidence and commendation of the medical profession for our efforts in placing before them a large variety of drugs hitherto unknown, accompanied with the publication of expensive researches into their physiological, chemical and botanical history. We include in this list the following, in the order of their introduction: Eucalyptus Globulus, Guarana, Coca, Grindclia Robusta, Yerba Santa, Rhamnus Pu ' iana(Cascara Sagrada), Berberis Aquifolium, Grindelia Squarrosa, Yerba Reuma, Kava Kava, Jaborandi, Jamaica Dogwood, Manaca, Boldo, Carobae, Coto Bark, Cedron Seed, Rhus Arcmatica, Quebracho, Ustilago Maidis, Corn Silk, Tonga and many others. Second. Although it has been insinuated by competing houses that there was no truth in our statements that we had dispatched personal representa- tives to foreign countries to obtain many of these drugs, we beg to state here, over our signature, that we have three times dispatched an agent to Brazil in search of staple and new drugs indigenous to the Amazon region, and that in our interest this country has been penetrated to the extent of 3,500 miles consuming a period of at least eighteen months in the three visits. That a direct representative of our house was sent to Mexico, consuming over four months in the mission delegated to him. That we have three times dispatched a special representative to the island of Jamaica, consuming a period of over one year. That we have sent a special representative to the Fiji Islands, 7,000 miles southwest from San Francisco, occupying a period of eight months, in search of Tonga. 7 8 That in search of CheK.cn and Boldo, the former being a new drug first recommended by Dr. William Murrell, of London, we dispatched an agent via Bio Janeiro and Buenos Ayres to Chili, who remained in that country six months in obtaining for us a supply of these articles. That in the collection of medicinal plants from the Pacific coast we have depended for the most part upon the personal efforts of our own agents, who have superintended their collection in our interest. Third. We call the attention of the medical profession to the fact that in pursuing this expensive system of obtaining our supplies, w-e assure them of the botanical identity and the medicinal quality of the preparations which we issue. Fourth. We ask the hearty co-operation of the medical profession with us in developing the properties of the various new remedies, in the hope that at least a few may be found of permanent benefit, to science and humanity. Detroit, December 1, 1881. 7-13-88-6-5i!t Working Bulletin FOR THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF Cascara Sagrada. (RHAMNUS PURSIITANA.) A Plan to promote P> ogress in the Science of Pharmacology, This working bulletin, accompanied by the drug to be investigated, or a preparation of the same, or both, as the circumstances require, is distributed gratuitously to the Colleges, Universities and other institutions engaged in scientific work, and to the government hospitals, and public hospitals and dispensaries, and to the medical profession at large, to obtain the results of the drug in treating the sick. The object is to promote original investigation in the science of drugs. This we propose to do by furnishing gratuitously to those engaged in original research, material for investigation, and by publishing the results of the same as a donation to scientific literature. It is apparent that the only return which we can receive for this work is the increased demand for the valuable drugs which we are introducing to science, for we guarantee to publish full reports, favorable or otherwise. Articles in relation to the drug, under the following heads embraced by the pharmacology, are requested for the Therapeutic Gazette, the organ which represents this new system of work. These heads form the classification of this bulletin. In regard to each drug investigated we solicit reports for publica- tion upon the subjects of scientific name ; synonvms; definition; natural order; botanical origin ; history; commerce ; production cultivation; description ; microscopical structure ; chemical composition ; uses pn medicine); adulterationsand substitutions; pharmaceutical preparations and dose; antagonistsand incompatibles; synergists; physiological action; therapeutic properties ; toxicology and antidotes. At the end of the year the reports published in the Gazette will be collected,classified, and published in the form of an annual report, which will be donated to the libraries of the Smithsonian Institute, a government institute at Washington for the free diffusion of knowledge ; and a sample of the drug, and our preparation of it, will be deposited in the National Museum, in the department delegated to pharmacology. SENT OUT BY THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF PARKE, DAVIS & CO. Manufacturing Chemists, Detroit, Mich., U. S. A. Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus Purshiana.) Definition-The bark of rhamnus purshiana. Synonyms-Cascara sagrado; cascara sagrada; sacred bark; sacred tree bark. Natural Order-Rhamnacece. Botanical Origin.-Natural Order-Rhamnacese. Tribe-Rhamneae. Rhamnus purshiana (cascara sagrada) is a small tree indigenous to the Pacific coast of North America. Its name was given in honor of the renowned Prussian botanist, Frederick Pursh, who, in 1814, first gave it such a description as fixed its place in botany, his investigations being made on specimens received by him directly from the habitat. The plants of this species of the rhamnus attain dimensions of from ten to twenty feet in height, measuring through their trunk from six to nine inches. The leaves are ovoid in shape, from three to five inches in length, by about half an inch in their greatest width. They are borne bn leaf- stalks about an inch 1n length, The margin of the leaf is regularly dentate with numerous small, ser- rate teeth, except at the base. When young, the leaves are covered with a dense pubescence on the under surface, but when old they become glabrous and bright green. The flowers are small and white, and appear after the leaves have matured, being disposed in close, umbellar clusters, on pubescent peduncles, slightly longer than the leaf stalks. The fruit is a plain, round, black berry, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, and contains three seeds. Rhamnus purshiana differs from other species of the rhamnus family in that it is a larger tree and bears a larger fruit. The difference is peculiarly marked as between it and the rhamnus catharticus, with which species it has been often confounded. The following statement, compiled from a report of Messrs. Parke, Davis & Co., of Detroit, who were prominent as the introducers of the drug to the notice of the medical profession, contains besides an account of a controversy which excited considerable professional interest, some points touch- ing on a certain obscurity which surrounded the botanical origin of the drug on its first introduction; Several of these plants attracting the attention of Dr. J. H. Bundy, an eclectic physician residing at Calusa, Cal., were employed by him with much satisfaction in his practice. One of these plants, cascara sagrada, became the subject of much controversy. Dr. Bundy (since deceased) was a man of scholarly attainments, and withal a very successful practitioner, though not belonging to the school designating themselves "regular." As a successful "irregular" physician, Dr. Bundy excited much pro- fessional jealousy among the rival schools in the neighborhood of his abode. Another drug was intro- duced to the notice of the profession at about this time (grindeliae robusta) by a gentleman, prominent in posi- tion as a member of the "regular" school, and living in the adjoining town of Alameda. Every condition essential to a bitter rivalry between these two gentlemen was by these circumstances engendered. Rivals in school, rivals in business, and rivals -in the special work of their choice in the introduction of new drugs, there was born an animosity which culminated in an attack on Dr. Bundy, by Dr. Gibbons, and led to a very acrimonious feud. At this time we were attracted also by the reports of the great value of Rhamnus Purshiana, and determined to introduce it more generally to the notice of the medi- cal profession. The first information we received in regard to the drug was from Dr. Bundy, and through his agency we were enabled to obtain a limited supply. Tests in the practice of careful observ- ers in all parts of the country confirmed our belief in the peculiar virtues of the plant, and a large demand, created by our distribution of Dr. Bundy's literature, finally necessitated our sending an expedL tion to investigate the habitat of this new drug, to obtain, if possible, a sufficient supply to meet our increasing orders. A new factor was thus added, by our association in the matter, viz.: business rivalry, and a dispute arose which extended to the medical press and scientific circles all over the United States, The pivot on which turned all this controversy was a name. Rhamnus Purshiana was introduced by Dr. Bundy under the common Spanish name, cascara sagrado. This not being the botan- ical name of the plant, and the botanical name not being known to its introducer, it was not published. A nidus was thus formed woven from professional and trade jealousy in which reposed an egg which hatched into vituperative crimination. Dr. W. G. Gibbons, of Alameda, read a paper before the Aalmeda County Medical Society, making a severe attack upon Dr. Bundy, the spirit of which was: First, that Dr. Bundy was an eclectic; second, that any remedies that he had introduced were for this reason un- 61 62 CASCARA SAGRADA. worthy the attention of the medical profession; and third, that certain remedies, among which was cascara sagrado, did not exist under any such name on the Pacific coast, and were, for that reason, evidently intended to be used as an imposition upon the medical profession. This paper, afterward published in the October, 1878, number of the Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal, was used by our competitors to carry the impression to the medical profession that w'e had ourselves been engaged in some dark scheme for taking advantage of our patrons. Attempts were also made to throw the drug it- self into desrepute as being of no particular value, and only placed on the market to secure the trans- ient demand created by flashy advertisements. Dr. Bundy stated distinctly in his introductory paper, which appeared in "New Preparations," Jan. 15, 1878: "A description of the cascara I am unable to give at this time, but suffice it to say it is a shrub. In due time its botanical name will be known." And in another communication, "that the shrub is a native of the Pacific coast." Dr. Gibbons, in his paper, said: "There is no such plant known to any botanist on the Pacific coast." The question then was one of veracity between Dr. Bundy and Dr. Gibbons, and not a question in which we were in- volved at all, except from the fact that we introduced the drug more generally under its Spanish name for want of something better. The point at issue was finally settled, however, by the Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal, which stated editorially, Jan, 1879: "Cascara (bark) sagrada (sacred) is the com- mon Spanish name of rhamnus purshiana, and means simply, sacred bark." And in regard to the virtues of cascara sagrada,-rhamnus purshiana-it is only necessary to refer to the great and lasting demand for this drug from professional sources, and the universal testimony 01 the medical profession throughout the United States. Full information in regard to the controversy about the name and botanical origin of rhamnus Purshiana will be found in the library of the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, under the caption of "United States Professional Court, W. P. Gibbons vs. J. H. Bundy." Report from Dr, J. H. Bundy, Calusa, Cal., (New Preparations, October, 1877, P- 8.) This report is a casual notice of cascara given in connection with berberis aquifolium, in a paper published in New Preparations for October, 1877, as above. It is referred to here because of interest in relation to the scientific history of the drug. For Dr. Bundy's introductory article see Therapeutics in this report. Report from H. L. Coit, paper read before the Alumni Association of the New York College of Pharmacy, (Therapeutic Gazette, March, 1881, p. 113.) This shrub of California, which has recently been introduced into the unwritten materia medica, and one part of which, no doubt, is destined to be- come one of the specific remedial agents, seems to be worthy of a few moments' consideration. Cascara sagrada is a nomenclature of local application, being applied, I believe, by the Mexican residents who have long known its medicinal qualities. The partial signification of this name is sacred bark, or sacred tree bark; it is also called shittim wood. I am not sure that this is the same as that celebrated in Holy Writ. The shrub has been classified with the rhamnaceae, of which family it is undoubtedly a member. Its generic term is therefore rhamnus, and it has been named rhamnus purshiana. Very little is known of its chemical composition, save that the bark (which has recently been introduced as a medicament) has passed under the practiced eye of Prof. Albert B. Prescott, who has found in it several resins, a crystallizable body, tannic, oxalic, and malic acids, a fatty and volatile oil, wax, and starch in abundance. This, however, is a matter of little moment until its physiological and therapeutical value shall have been demonstrated, and it shall become a remedy of unquestionable reputation. Until then its practical utility is of greater import, and therefore a primary consideration. h Microscopical Structures-Report from Albert B. Prescott, M. D., Professor of Or- ganic and Applied Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Michigan. (New Preparations, February, 1879, p. 27.) The examination embraced (1) the structure of the bark, and (2) the chemical constituents of the bark. (I.) The structure of the bark. The corky layer (a). This consists of the outer epidermis of dark brown withered cells, then several rows of cells filled with a dark red coloring matter (<?), and in the more recent bark, a row or two of cells containing chlorophyll. The red color («) is soluble in ether, alcohol, potassium, hydrate solution (with dark browrn color), insoluble in acetic acid. (II.) The middle bark (<5) is made up of parenchymatous cells, which are filled with small starch grains. There arc visible, also, in the transverse section, several groups of cubical crystals (/), and, in the longitudinal section, groups of very thick-walled yellow cells (Z). These cells (Z) are not noticeably affected by the ordinary regents. (III.) The inner bark (c) consists principally of yellow medullary rays (cf), separated by bast parenchyma (£■), through which are scattered numerous yellow bast fibres (Z). As seen in longitudinal sections, these fibres (Z) are frequently surrounded by small cubical crystals (/), appeared not to be affected by hydrochloric acid. Almost the entire inner bark (III.), and parts of the middle bark (II.), are turned cherry-red color by contact with potassium hydrate solution. Chemical Composition.-Report from Prof. Albert B. Prescott, M. D., Professor of Organic and Applied Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Michigan. (New Preparations, CASCARA SAGRADA. 63 February, 1879, p. 28.) 1. A brown resin, of strong, bitter taste, colored vivid purple-red by potassium hydrate solution. This resin is contained mostly in the middle and inner lay- ers of the bark. It is sparingly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and dilute alcohol, scarcely soluble at all in absolute ether, soluble in chloroform, soluble in benzole (of coal tar), and in carbon disulphide; soluble in caustic alkali solution, with splendid color above mentioned, and precipitated from this solution by acids. Concentrated sulphuric acid colors it blood-red. It is removed from alcohol solution by animal charcoal. 2. A red resin, nearly tasteless, colored rich brown by potassium hydrate solution. It is in- soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and dilute alcohol, not freely soluble in ether, or chloroform, or carbon disulphide; soluble in caustic alkali solution, with the brown color above mentioned, this solution being precipitated by acids. Concentrated sulphuric acid deepens its color, brownish-red. It is not removed from alcohol solution by animal charcoal. In the bark, it resides in the corky layer (a). 3. A light yellow resin, or natural body, tasteless, color bright red-brown by sulphuric acid, not colored by potassium hydrate solution. It is insoluble in water, soluble in hot alcohol, sparingly soluble in cold alcohol of 70 per cent., soluble in chloroform, in carbon disulphide, and to some extent in benzole (of coal tar). In the concentration of its solution, it deposits in pale orange yellow gran- ules. Its alcoholic solution gives negative results with the general tests for alkaloids. 4. A crystallizable body, obtained from absolute alcohol solution, in white double pyramids, and some other forms of the dimetric system. The crystals melt and then sublime, at a temperature a little above the water-bath, the sublimate being partly crystalline. This substance is not appreciably soluble in ether, chloroform, or petroleum ether; is slowly soluble in absolute alcohol, slightly soluble in 70 per cent, alcohol, soluble in benzole (of coal tar). It is neutral to test papers, and is not dissolved by potassium hydrate solution, by acetic acid, or dilute sulphuric acid. It is not colored by potassium hydrate solution, concentrated sulphuric acid, nitric acid, Froehde's reagent, or sulphuric acid, followed by dichromate. The alcohol solution gives negative results with the general test for the alkaloids.* 5. A tannic acid, giving brownish-green color, with ferric salts. 6. Oxalic acid. 7. Malic acid. 8. A fat oil, of yellow color. 9. A volatile oil, not abundant, bearing the characteristic odor of the bark. 10. Wax. 11. Starch, in abundant quantity. The proportional quantity of the resins, I, 2 and 3, is indicated pretty nearly by the quantity of resin extract obtained as follows: An acidulated alcohol solution of the bark was neutralized (with ammonia), and evaporated, the residue dissolved in dilute potassium hydrate solution, this solution pre- cipitated by dilute hydrochloric acid, and the precipitate drained and dried at gentle heat. (The filtrate contained some resin, 1, and the precipitate retained, of course, the dissolved substances not washed out). This crude resin etxract (chiefly bodies 1, 2 and 3), was about 10 per cent of the weight of the bark. The substances numbered 3 and 4 appear particularly to deserve further chemical investigation, which I hope to be able to give them. The chemistry of the rhamnacese is of decided interest, especi- ally within a few years past. Rhamnus frangula, the European buckthorn, or black alder, has been reported by Lieberman and Waldstein (1876) to contain emodin, a well-determined constituent of rhu- barb, allied to chrysophane, and chemically a derivative of anthracene. Further, the investigators just named find it nearly, or quite certain, than frangulin is capable of ready change to emodin, by glucosic ier- mentation. This may be associated with the well-known fact that the bark of the rhamnus frangula changes in therapeutic properties by storing. It has both emetic and purgative action in the first year after gathering, but when two years old retains only the purgative power-one much like rhubarb-so that some authorities positively direct that it be not used until two years after gathering. The glucosic fermentation of frangulin into frangulic acid has been known for some time, but the like formation of emodin, a constituent of rhubarb, seems a step nearer some chemical explanation of the change of medicinal power characteristic of the bark. The material worked by Lieberman and Waldstein was a large quantity of residual extract of a large quantity of frangula bark worked by the manufacturer, Merck. The chemical constituents of rhamnus purshiana, though not determined in this analysis to be, in any compound, identical with constituents of rhamnus frangula, yet show several similar reactions, especially in the case of "brown resin, 1." The rhamnacese very probably contain, in different species, allied bodies, some of them related to others as parent and product, but having practically distinct medicinal powers. These powers, of course, are known only by physiological and therapeutic trial. Adulterations and Substitutions-Report from E. Thompson, M. D., Newton, Upper Falls, Mass. (Therapeutic Gazette, July, 1880, p. 225). I have used cascara sagrada since last *The crystals of this substance were repeatedly obtained as follows: The alcohol extract of the bark (previously ex- hausted with ether) was dissolved by water, this solution precipitated by lead acetate, the washed and drained precipitate sus- pended in absolute alcohol and the lead removed. 64 CASCARA SAGRADA. March, in nine cases of obstinate constipation, and have no failure to report up to the present time. My first experience with this remedy was a little singular, and I desire to admit it as one of the possi- ble explanations of the non-success of the practice of some physicians. In the summer of 1879 I had two patients who suffered extremely with constipation, and they taxed my ingenuity to keep them in order without resorting to enemas. Having seen favorable notices of the action of cascara, I resolved to test it, and made inquiries for it of several druggists in Boston, but gained no knowledge, as they were not familiar with the remedy. Finally one druggist obtained a six ounce bottle of the fluid extract. I pre- scribed ten drop doses night and morning in a little sweetened water. It acted like magic. A few weeks later, a patient, having had his prescription refilled, returned, saying the medicine did not have the usual effect. I ordered an increased dose, but the next day he reported that 20 drops had been taken every hour during the day, with no effect on the bowels, and that he was obliged to resort to other means to relieve them. In March, 1880, the mother of the other patient, a little girl of 3 years, said to me, "the bottle of medicine you last gave my little girl does not relieve her as the first sample did." A look at the bottle showed a thick, muddy sediment, and the original package told the same story. §o the question about the medicine having lost its property was solved. I gave the little girl a sample procured from a house whose name was a guarantee of the proper quality of the drug, and or- dered five drops night and morning. Its action was prompt, and at the end of the third week, the mother discontinued its use, since which time there has been no further necessity for it. THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES. Reports from Private Practice. 1. Report from Dr. J. H. Bundy, of Calusa, Cal., (New Preparations, January, 1878; p. 1.) A casual notice of cascara was given in connection with berberis aquifolium in my last paper only because I could not well do otherwise, having used it with berberis in the case reported, and used it because I had so thoroughly tested it in that direction, and wanted nothing better. I always intend to say as little as possible, and let that little be to the point. In presenting this paper on cascara sagrada as almost a specific in that most frequent and subtle malady-constipation, it will be necessary for me to refer to the causes of it, and reason how this agent is curative in that direction. Habitual constipation is the only farm to which I shall direct attention, as that phase which arises as a symptom of other difficulties, such as obstruction, etc., has no bear- ing on the subject in hand. The nature of the diet; deficiency or a faulty composition of the intestinal secretions; disordered glands that pour their secretions into intestines; impairment of muscular power, which leads to deficiency in their propelling power, which may result from nervous or mechanical influences; con- gestion of the portal circulation; normal secretion of intestinal juices interfered with; deficiency in biliary secretions of a healthy character; congestion of mucous membrane of intestines, and last and the most frequent causes-resisting the calls of nature from carelessness, or circumstances that pre- vent the obedience at the proper time, etc, The constant habit of taking cathartics is a source of much mischief, and were we treated in the manner that the gastro-intestinal tract generally is, we, too, would fail to work, and find ourselves prostrate. I employ a fluid extract of the cascara, using one ounce in a four ounce mixture, in combination with other remedies, or alone, as the case may require. It acts upon the sympathetic nervous system, ecpec- lally upon the solar plexus, stimulating the nutri- tive and assimilative forces, increasing the digestive processes generally. It acts upon the secretory sys- tem in a marvelous manner, especially where the secretions are deficient and perverted; and this seems to be one of its special indications. When you have a case in which the constipation depends upon the above condition: Fl. ext. cascarae sagradas, Syrup simplicis (or ext. malt). Aquae, aii I j. M. S. A teaspoonful three or four times daily is all that is wanted to perfectly regulate the want of, and to change the perverted secretions. It acts upon the hepatic secretion and circulation pecul- iarly, but more positively than anything I ever gave before; peculiarly, because it produces no im- pression upon the system in the way of nausea (or derangement of any other function), pain or inconvenience whatever, and my patients speak of it in the highest terms, as being as nice to take as it is pleasant in its action. Constipation dependent upon defective, or perverted or excessive action and secretion of the liver, as above stated, yields at once to its action. It acts as a tonic with the most marked effect upon muscular tissue generally, but more especially upon the stomach and bowels, remarkably increasing the tone and activity of above secretion. It is the remedy where the tone, as stated, is deficient, and where it has been produced by constantly taking pills to relieve the constipa- tion, which only is increased by such a measure. This condition is readily changed, and a healthy action set up; muscular power and tone restored, and this done, the propelling power or force being regulated. It changes the character of secretions by regulating the action of neighboring visceral glands, as well as those of the upper portion of small intestines, overcoming congestion of the mucous membrane of the bowels and stomach, completely restoring their tone and muscular power. To cure cases of constipation, the result of care- lessness, requires perseverance on the part of the practitioner, and a strict course prescribed as to avoiding cathartics, and attention to calls of nature promptly. A description of the cascara I am unable to give at this time, but suffice it to say that it is a shrub, and in due time its botanical name will be known. I combine it, in hepatic troubles, with nux vomica in proper doses, also with nitro-hydrochloric acid, dilute, in suitable quantities, but more generally give it alone. In bad cases of dyspepsia with con- stipation. CASCARA SAGRADA. 65 B Fl. ext. cascara sagrada, 5 j Fl. ext. beiberis aquifolium, J j Syrup (or ext. malt), J ij. M. Sig., one teaspoonful three times daily. In dyspepsia where the food and everything else is thrown up, B Fl. ext. cascara sagrada, ?ss-5j Fl. ext. berberis aquifolium, J j Acid hydrocyanic dil., 3 j Syrup (or ext. malt), q. s. to make a four-ounce mixture. M. S. A teaspoonful after meals and at bed time. It may be combined in many ways with different drugs, which the practitioner will soon see if he studies the pathological conditions care- fully, and I need say no more on this point. It will act as a cathartic if given in one or two-drachm doses; but this should never be resorted to if you wish to cure constipation. The dose I have given above does sometimes act so, but I invariably order at first a less dose. When it does not, after five or six days, seem to start the peristaltic action, give a little more. I have written this paper in reply to the many letters received from physicians, asking how cascara may be used, and those who read care- fully will find full information, I have not given cases from the fact of their being so numerous, and constipation so prevalent. Will write further hereafter. Cascara, as a remedy for dyspepsia and constipa- tion, will never have an equal. Those who under- stand the action of the gastro-intestinal tract-con- sidering it as a whole, the digestive tract-need but little in the way of explanation, and probably will ask few questions. Have you a case of constipa- tion in which the patient has taken "Ayer pills," or some other pills of the same kind, until they have destroyed all the muscular tone of the bowels and the stomach also, I prescribe: R Fl. ext. cascara sagrada, 5 j Ext. of malt, J ij Syrup simplex, J ij. M. S. Teaspoonful three or four times daily, and wait upon the bowels twenty minutes at least every morning and evening, as the case may be, and you will have no trouble in curing any case of constipation caused by abuse or destruction of tone from cathartics. Have you a case of constipation occasioned by want of secretion from the gastric follicles? Give: R Fl. ext. cascara, 3 j Fl. ext. berberis aquifolium, Ext. malt, J ij. M. S. Teaspoonful three or four times daily. If you have a case of indigestion in which your patient throws up everything taken, give R Fl. ext, cascara, Jj Ext. of malt, J ij Fl. ext. berberis aquifolium, Jj Acid hydrocyanic dil., 3 j. M. S. Teaspoonful directly after meals, or Wtener if there is pain or distress, with belching ef gas or wind from the stomach. If there is simply constipation, give the cascara alone. If with any of the above symptoms there seems to be a Sluggish liver, give nux vomica in proper quantity, if the cascara does not seem to influence it pro- perly. I speak of nux vomica as simply a resort if need be, but nine times in ten you will not re- sort to it. If the dose of cascara recommended does not produce the desired effect, or produces too much action, it is expected that the physician himself will and must exercise some judgement in its administration, as in all drugs, and that he will carefully watch its action in every particular. The subject under consideration is one of great impor- tance, and one that more frequently, perhaps, baffles the skill of the best physicians than any 'other malady, and one that the doctor is generally ■''filing to-kinder-letj passiby> than! anvx other, from the fact that somehow he does not succeed in his treatment, and the patient becomes tired of constantly being physicked now and again for the torpid condition of the liver and bowels, but wants something that will restore the general tone of the bowels without cathartics, and in the cascara, with the above combinations, no prac- titioner wili be disappointed, if he observe the pathological indications carefully, and in no other way need the practitioner expect to succeed with any remedy. To sum up, as a whole, the action of cascara, let me say that it is indicated where there is laxity, or a want of tone in muscular power or glandular se- cretion, and that of the mucous membranes also. Many letters I have received from different portions of the United States confirm my own statements in its regard, more too. 2. Report from H. C. Barnard, M. D., Charleston, Ill., (New Preparations, April, 1878, p. 37.) I have used cascara sagrada in my own case and believe that in it we have a valuable remedy. Acting as an eccoprotic, without subsequent debility, and so powerfully promoting peristaltic action of the lower bowels, as to defy a "putting off, until a more convenient season." 3. Report from New Preparations, April, 1878, p. 42. This is one of our newest comers, yet it is fast winning its way to the confidence of the pro- fession as an excellent remedy in atonic constipa- tion. Its action is a peculiar one, not being cholagogue in its nature, but rather a stimulator to the unstriated muscular fibre of the intestines, through its action upon the sympathetic nerve, thus increasing the vermicular movements of the intestines. In this it resembles, somewhat, nux vomica or strychnia. Its action, however, is somewhat different from this powerful drug, in the fact that the stools are softer. Then too its taste is not unpleasant, whereas the strychnos nux vom- ica is intensely bitter. It also is less objectionable, from the fact it is not poisonous, or no more so than our milder series of drugs, thus rendering it safer to be prescribed in those long standing or chronic cases. A distinguished college professor, whose name would be familiar to most of our readers were we to mention it, tells us that in his own case it acts the nicest of anything he ever tried. Fifteen or twenty drops three times a day is all that is wanted, and it is devoid of all unpleasant sensation in its action. He is waiting until he has tried it upon others before he publishes a report of its action over his own name. From his report of its good qualities, and from the reports of many others, we think cascara sagrada will take equal rank with grindelia robusta in the physician's armamentarium. 4. Report from S. E. Pearse, M. D., Oakland, Cal. (New Preparations, July, 1878, p. 57.) Having had my attention called to cascara sagrada, by my friend, Dr. Bundy, I have been using it in a num- ber of cases, with the following results: 4 Case 1. A gentleman, about 35 years of age, generous liver, but entirely temperate; had been affected for years with inactive liver and constipa- tion, with very stubborn ulceration of the rectum. His skin was sallow, strength feeble, etc. He has been having constant and varied treatment, with- out relief. I prescribed cascara alone, with direc-( tion to use one teaspoonful once or twice a day( until the bowels opened, then in reduced doses sufficient to secure a natural action, but , to fall} x short of ji producing ' catharsis.< He * being [ adstock 66 CASCARA SAGRADA. broker, I sent to him not long after, on some business connected wifh a mine. After answering the business, he added: "Send me another bottle of that medicine; there is more money in it than in the mine." He continued the use of cascara a little longer, and is now gaining flesh, skin clear, bowels regular, liver active, and the ulcers of the rectum very much better, and steadily improving. Case 2. A lady in San Francisco, middle-aged. Has had constipation so stubborn, that for years she has had no action of the bowels without an in- jection of water; hemorrhoids and prolapsus of the bowel so bad, that this action was always secured just before retiring at night, in order to have the benefit of a re- cumbent position, to allow the bowels and tumors to resume their natural position. I prescribed cas- cara alone, with directions as in the other case. After the use of two ounces she sends me word that she has not been so well for years; bowels regular, and the hemorrhoids and prolapsus so far relieved as to render her comparatively comfort- able. Other cases.-I have prescribed the remedy in quite a number of other cases, with results which have led me to the following general conclusions; I. In cases where there is torpor of the liver, with an atonic condition of the stomach and bow- els, it is the very best remedy I have ever tried, i. That the more concentrated the remedy, the more active it is, even though the same amount be given. Indeed, I have in several cases, when the constipation has been but moderate, given it in a diluted form, and have found that it greatly increased the difficulty; but the administra tion of a concentrated preparation gave relief. It seems to be one of those remedies that have two opposite effects, according to the amount given, and especially according to the dilution of the pre- paration. 3. Combined with the properties indi- cated above, it has a manifest tonic influence on the liver, the stomach and the bowels. In my opinion, it possesses, in addition to its curative effects in constipation, all the properties of the wild cherry, but in much greater intensity. I am inclined to think, also, that it possesses decided cholagogue properties. I esteem it a very import- ant addition to our materia medica. 5. Report from George W. Smart, A. M., M. D., Canaan Four Corners, N. Y. (New Preparations, July, 1878, p. 58.) Although in these days of nos- trums I have somewhat of a conservative feeling, I procured, through John T. Fink, of New York, a small supply of cascara sagrada ex. fl., and hav- ing given it a fair trial in several cases, desire to report progress. My testimony is, that the intro- duction of this medicine is a boon to the profes- sion, Dr. Bundy claiming for it no more than its actions justify. As a cholagogue, I have had a personal experi- ence; find it just as certain, but a little slower, than the blue mass, for which I am glad to find an efficient substitute, free from the harshness of podophyllin, etc. In chronic constipation it is in- valuable; its action good, producing full, easy, pleasant stools, without any tormina, tenesmus, or nausea. In dyspepsia it is superior to many other remedial agents, in that it is pleasant to take, and produces no nausea. In such cases I prefer to give it without the syrup, substituting glycerine. 6. Report from I. J. M. Goss, M. D., Marietta, Ga. (New preparations, July, 1878, p. 65.) I have tried Parke, Davis & Co.'s fluid extract of cascara sagrada in a very marked case of dyspepsia and constipation. In this case there was a deficiency of secretory power in the liver and glands of the alimentary canal, indicated by constipation, scant, dry stools, flatulency and indigestion. I gave 40 drops of the above fluid extract twice a day, and the first day it produced two or three soft, bilious stools, with increased appetite, and improved di- gestion. In a few days the patient was relieved of the constipation and dyspeptic symptoms. I have not found any remedy that acts so promptly, It at once arouses ail the secretions. It has the most direct power over the liver of anything I ever used. It is the remedy par excellence in con- stipation, if given in small doses, say 30 to ao drops; if given in large doses it will purge, and is rather inclined to gripe, but it operates mildly as an aperient in small repeated doses. I am of the opinion that it increases the action of the pancreas and gastric glands, as well as thai of the liver. There is nothing that more power- fully improves the digestive power than smal doses of the cascara sagrada. Dr. Bundy has coo,- ferred an inestimable blessing upon the profession, and the sick, by introducing this, as well as $0026 other new remedies. 7. Report from C. C. Dellenbaugh, M. D., Poet- land, Mich. (New Preparations, July, 1878, p. 67.) I have never used any kind of treatment that has acted so grandly, if I may use the term, as cas- cara sagrada has in my practice. I have pre- scribed the same in over a half-dozen cases of ob- stinate constipation, with the best of success, restoring a healthy action in every case. 8. Report from Alex. M. Cheek, M. D., Nashville, Tenn. (New Preparations, October, 1878, p. 8oQ Mr. C., professional man, 30 years of age, fiss been troubled with obstinate constipation for over 6 years. He attributes the cause to close seden- tary habits while a student. He states that his bowels were regular before he entered upon the arduous duties of student life. He tells me that he has tried every medicine fcr constipation, from po- dophyllin down to "Simmons' Liver Regulator/' without finding a cure. I put him upon cascara sagrada, doses three times daily. He has now been taking the medicine over three weeks; he re- ports that he feels decidedly better, that his bow- els are regular, and that he feels that he is on the high road to recovery. The future of cascara sa- grada is flattering in the extreme. I deem it the greatest known remedy for constipation we have at the present day. I esteem it a very im- portant addition to our materia medica. 9. Report from J. G. Sutton, M, D., Geneva, Ohia (New Preparations, October, 1878, p. 83.) la reading of cascara sagrada, which is so highly re- commended through your journal, I concluded t» try it in that much dreaded disease, constipation. Accordingly I ordered some of Parke, Davis & Co. I tried it in a number of cases, in which it worked well, and in one case, which was especially inter- esting to me, it did more than I expected. I was called to visit Mrs. S., who had been sick for the last three years, in the last two of which she had not had a natural evacuation of the bowels, always be- ing compelled to use an enema, which often failed to produce the desired effect; sometimes she would pass three or four days without an evacuation, al- though using an injection every day. She had taken cathartics without any benefit from a half dozen physicians from all schools, had adopted hygienic measures and carried them out well, but to no effect. I gave her B Fluid extract cascara sagrada, ? j. Fluid extract berberis aquifolium, ? j. Syrup, Jj. CASCARA SAGRADA 67 and ordered her to take a teaspoonful four times a day, until her bowels acted freely (as I had for- gotten to state, her bowels had not moved for four days when I first began its use), then but three times a day; the desired effect was soon produced. The dose was diminished one teaspoonful per day. and before she had taken the second prescription, she said she needed no more medicine, and now she appears natural in that respect. IO. Report by C. W. Hansen, M. D., Oakland, Cai. (New Preparations, October, 1878, p. 84.) When camping in a little valley at the foot of Mount Shasta, about a year ago, I was consulted by Mrs. S. She had been a sufferer for 5 years, she said; had been to all the springs, and tried all the doc- tors in the country, without obtaining more than temporary relief. Her case was plain enough: sallow complexion, general emaciation, broad, flabby tongue, coated with a thick, yellow fur, foul breath, cardialgia, headache, a feeling of faintness and drowsiness, relieved for a short period by eat- ing; habitual constipation, etc., all denoting a bad case of atonic dyspepsia. On examination I found the liver enlarged, regular in outline, with consid- erable pain on pressure over the left lobe, evi- dently due to congestion. Uterine functions but slightly disturbed, and no visible organic lesion. I could find no fault with her diet or general mode of living, and concluded, on the whole, that I had a very stubborn, if not hopeless case. On my return home I forwarded her 3 iv cascara sa- grada, directing her to make a tincture with a quart of whisky, and to take a teaspoonful of the mixture undiluted directly after eating. I saw her again about a month age, a well woman. She had experienced relief within a week, and the im- provement had been steady and uninterrupted. I report her case, because I consider it typical of a large class commonly met with, and often a source of great annoyance to the practitioner. The cure I attribute to the stimulating properties of the whisky, and the action of the cascara in restoring a healthy tone to the gastric and intestinal glands and follicles. Before closing I must speak of the cascara in hemorrhoids. When the disease is due to obstruc- tions in the alimentary canal, it certainly acts like a charm; while other cathartics increase the trouble by irritating action on the mucous membrane, the cascara is soothing and effective at the same time, and if taken persistently in small doses, will cure the disease entirely in the majority of cases. 1 1. Report from C. M. Sparks, M. D., 1333 East- ern Avenue, Cincinnati, O. (New Preparations, October, 1878, p. 85.) I have tried Parke, Davis & Co.'s preparation of cascara sagrada in a great many cases of constipation, and it has not failed to give the best of satisfaction in every case. Mr. S., a bad case of constipation, compelled to take physic every week. It Fluid extract cascara sagrada, 3 j. Simple syrup, 5 iij. M. Sig.-Teaspoonful three times a day. In one week reported himself regular as a clock, only having to use J2 teaspoonful three times a day. I could report many cases with equally good results, but let this suffice for the present. 12. Report from D. M. Wick M. D., in Arkansas Medical Record. (New Preparations, October, 1878, p. 101.) Not long ago I received through a friend a sample bottle of the above named drug in the form of a fluid extract, manufactured by Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Michigan, and was request- ed to give it a fair trial in torpidity of the bowels. I happened to have on hand at the time several cases that I thought would be favorable subjects for such a trial, and to which I at once adminis- tered the article. To avoid any uncertainty of the effects, I withdrew all other remedies, and gave the drug simply diluted with half glycerine and aromatic water, in ceaspoonful doses, thrice daily. To my surprise and delight, I found that my pa- tient soon began a rapid improvement, and con- tinued to do so even after I had withdrawn the medicine for some time. It seemed to act as a special tonic to the gastro-intestinal tract, and in- creased to a marked degree the glandular secre- tions. The noticeable improvements in these cases while using cascara sagrada may be a simple coinci- dence, but I hardly think so, for I had them under observation for some time before administering the drug, and when withdrawn for a time and then repeated, the same effect were observed. I shall not offer any theory as to its action, but may do so at a future time, when I have had further experience, and will then give my opinion as to its utility. If cascara sagrada will but approach the expec- tations of those who have thus far tried it, and what is claimed for it, it will at no distant day become one of the standard preparations and a favorite with the profession-for the number of individuals who are troubled with constipation is very large, and apparently on the increase-as a result of immoderate use of active purgatives. It has the advantage of being comparatively pleasant to take, and the dose required is but small, which is strongly in its favor; but, un- fortunately, it is rather expensive. Dr. J. H. Bundy, of Oakland, California, I believe, was the introducer or describer of its qualities, although it is known to have been freely used by old Spanish residents on the Pa- cific coast. 13. Report from F. Gundrum, M. D., Ionia; Mich., (New Preparations, January, 1879; p. 2.) Since the his- tory of man this morbid condition (constipation) has annoyed and discomforted innumerable invividuals, while in a great many it has become the source of great mischief, and in not an inconsiderable num- ber it has actually been the cause of death. The subjects of constipation have been, and still are, the subjects of much bad treatment, either at their own hands or at those of quacks, and sometimes of even regular practitioners. Usually, the sufferer first tries home remedies, after which, in this country, he goes to the drug store, and either subjects himself to the advice of an ignorant druggist, or buys a patent medicine. These means failing, he consults a physician, and here, in too many instances, he is turned off in a few moments with a "favorite prescription." Generally, all the physician inquires after is how long the patient has been constipated, and how often he or she has an alvine evacuation. The question of making a correct physiological, pathogenic or pathological diagnosis is entirely ignored. When one remedy fails another is tried until the whole therapeutical implements of attack are gone through with. While infrequent evacuation, or constipation, is very prevalent, all who are thus affected should not be considered in a pathological condition. There are, doubtless, many individuals who have alvine evacuations only once in two, three, four, or even more days, and yet are in the realms of a physiological condition. Two individuals may have the same number of passages, and one be consti- pated while the other is not. Hence it will be seen that care should be used before prescribing to see whether we have to do with a normal or ab- normal condition, and this is not always the easiest 68 CASCARA SAGRADA. thing in the world to determine. It is often diffi- cult to say where the physiological process ends and the pathological begins. This much may be said, however, that physiologically inactive bowels are much more prone to take on pathological action than where there is no such torpidity. Now, it should be remembered that what may be designated pathological constipation is not a disease in and of itself, but only a functional de- rangement of the alimentary canal. The caus.s and diseases on which this derangement depends are very various. The quantity and variety of food, the process of digestion, the quantity and quality of the secretions which are poured into the alimen- tary canal, muscular contractility of the intestines, abdominal walls and diaphragm, nervous enerva- tion, quality and quantity of the blood, condition of sphincter ani, habit, etc.-these, with all gen- eral and organic troubles that may influence the proper and timely expulsion of the alimentary refuse, should be brought into view before pre- scribing. The conditions I wish more particularly to call attention to in this article are muscular sluggish- ness of the intestines, and an improper and insuffi- cient supply of secretions. It is well known that, in order to effect the timely expulsion of the -refuse material in the intestines we must have sufficient muscular contractility, and that the faecal mass must possess a certain amount of moisture on its surface, or the intestine must itself be bathed with a moisture or sectetion in order that the mass will glide along easily. If either one of these condi- tions fail the faecal mass will certainly have great difficulty in making its passage, and its progress will finally be arrested in the large intestines. The bad effect of this arrest on the general system is well known to all medical men of any experience. The digestion must become impaired, and so with assimilation. The noxious materials, absorbed from the faecal mass materially and seriously affect the whole nutritive process and produce innumerable abnormal nervous phenomena. Before giving my experience with cascara sagrada, I wish to relate two cases of obstinate constipa- tion, as showing what serious trouble may be pro- duced, and how easily the difficulty was overcome by what I consider rational treatment, after every effort for several weeks previous had failed. Mrs. X., set. 34, nervous temperament, was confined of her fourth child sometime in December, 1870. She made a tolerable recovery, but was very cos- tive for three months following. A month before I saw her in consultation, only a few small scybala passed her bowels once in four or five days. Her abdomen became flatulent, she lost her appetite and strength, and when I saw her with Dr. C., she was confined to her bed. On exploring the abdo- men I found in the left iliac fossa an oblong, hard, painless swelling, of about the size of a small child's head. Nearly, if not all the laxative, hydra- gogue and drastic cathartics had been used with much more persistency than success. I advised warm fomentations to the abdomen, manipulating abdominal walls, and injection of warm water by long rectal tube while patient was partially invert- ed. , By this method we succeeded in bringing away quite a quantity of dry, hard faecal matter; but this treatment failed to improve our patient. There was but little change in her general condi- tion, and the tumor diminished but slightly. It was during the second year that I had branched out on my own responsibility, and this case gave me the usual anxiety of a young practitioner's first difficult case. My library was as meagre as my funds, consequently I had to rely on my wits. I prescribed for this patient one pint of good olive oil and one-sixth grain strychnia in fractional doses during twenty-four hours. By this treatment, pro- vided my patient would retain it, I expected to soften up the hard frncal mass and give tone to the muscular tissue of the large intestine. The re- suit surprised us all. On the fourth day our patient began to have alvine evacuations. Their character was more like pieces of sealing wax nicely oiled than anything I could think of. These evacuations continued in large quantities each day until the tumor entirely disappeared, and the patient rapidly recovered to health. Case 2. Mr. F. was habitually costive for some years, but during the last of November, 1873, he became worse. About the middle of December he took to his bed and employed an "S. S. Curantnr, who treated him homeopathically in every respect. He put him on low diet and opiates. The patient himself had noticed that there was a swelling forming in the right iliac fosa. He called the doc- tor's attention to it, and received the assurance that "That'll be all right." He was troubled a great deal with flatulency, and the doctor pre scribed that the patient, several times a day, should reverse ends and give the gas in the bowels the advantage of gravitation. But this prescription failed. Another and regular practitioner was called in, and three weeks later I was called as counsel. Patient had become much reduced, and was un- able to be out of bed, had flatulent distension of abdomen, loss of appetite and very offensive breath. In the right iliac region there was a large tumor, nearly round, hard, painless and immovable. The attending physician had diagnosed it faecal impaction in the caecum, in which opinion I con- curred. The treatment ordinarily recommended in several of our best text-books had been used with good skill and perseverance, but little benefit re suited. The olive oil and strychnia were pre- scribed with like happy result as in the first case. The treatment prescribed for these two cases is original with me, and the result was all that could be wished. Case 3. I have had under my care for the last three or four years a young lady who has been leading an absolutely sedentary life-not being able to walk a step. She has been the subject of obstinate con- stipation for many years, owing in all likelihood to poor health and sedentary habits. I had exhausted everything in the materia medica with but tempo- rary benefit. During the early part of last spring I saw, through some source which I do not now remember, a few reports of cases of constipation having been treated by cascara sagrada. I bad been deceived by several new therapeutic agenis, either owing to misrepresentation of the physician who lauded the remedy, or to being unfortunate in getting hold of a bad or spurious article of the drug, and was loath to try this. But as there was nothing more for me to try, I resorted to it. I ordered the fluid extract cascara sagrada in half- teaspoonful doses with some water or thin syrup three times a day. with the instruction, should thr# fail to regulate the bowels, to gradually increase the dose. In two weeks I saw my patient. She looked well, had gained flesh, complexion was clearer than I had ever seen it, and she had a daily evacuation of semi-solid and molded faeces. Cascara sagrada has acted beyond my expectations on this unfortunate girl, and so far has not disap- pointed me in relieving the constipation when it took place. Obtaining such decided and happy results from a remedy, I concluded to give it aa extended trial, which I have done. The cases are too numerous to report, and I can only give the general result of my observations. I have tried it in the young babe, in the child, adult and aged and in nearly every case with good results-better than with any other remedy or combination of remedies I have ever used. I have generally given the remedy by itself, so that I might know wbat cascara sagrada would do, though I have associated it with other remedies to advantage. I have given this remedy to infants from half to a month old in doses of three to five or six drops, once, twice or three times a day, with good resulte. CASCARA SAGRADA 69 The beauty of the action of the remedy is that it produces no griping and no exhausting effect, e,g., a patient does not feel like he or she needed toning up after experiencing the effects of the medicine. I have not as yet seen an attempt at explaining its mode of action by anyone. So far as my indi- vidual opinion is concerned, I consider it a special tonic affecting both nervous supplies, the pneumo- gastric and sympathetic, of the intestinal, if not of the whole alimentary canal. One seems to wield a decided influence over the secretions, while the other over the motion. Be this as it may, I shall consider this medicine as a special tonic to the in- testines and a great addition to our materia med- ica, until the contrary is proven by the experience of the profession or myself. I do not vaunt it as a panacea, but assert that it is one of the best, if not the best, of remedies for constipation we possess. The dose varies. In moderate cases I usually begia with fifteen or twenty drops two or three times a day, and gradually increase till the desired effect is produced. In more obstinate or severe cases I begin with a half drachm. I usually give it before meals. I have used the fluid extract manufactured by Parke, Davis & Co., which has proved reliable every time. I also use cascara sagrada as a cathartic in pre- ference to the usual remedies. It acts gently, promptly and without griping. 14 Report from J. H. Bundy, M. D., Oakland, Cal. (New Preparations, 1879; p. 6.) But lately intro- duced to the profession, the physiological action of this drug requires further elucidation. Its ten- dency is towards the glandular system-especially the secretory. I believe it to be the peer, and in many cases the superior of chionanthus; its action in stimulating the secretions of the liver, bowels, and the entire alimentary canal is most satisfac- tory; it influences the ganglionic (vegetative) sys- tem, and through this stimulates all the organs under its control; it especially influences the portal circulation, and thus is explained its wonderful effect upon hemorrhoids. In giving it for this af- fection, it must be given in small doses, sufficient- ly small to fall far below catharsis. It increases peristalic action by its tonic and stimulating pro- perties upon muscular fiber, producing contractility and tonicity. When its properties have become thoroughly known, its range of applicability will be found to be very wide. Were it a remedy for no other taalady than constipation, its value could not be estimated. In chills, or remittent fever, doubt- less owing to its action on the liver, it seems to act charmingly, and will prove a valuable adjunct in that direction. I have at the present time three cases of remittent fever, in which I never saw any- thing act so promptly and kindly, as a hepatic and antiperiodic as the cascara. I give it in small doses: fid. ext. gtts. xx, every two hours, until it acts upon the bowels. With aconite and gelsemium, it arrested the disease in forty-eight hours. In cases in which there is jaundice, dry skin, scanty and high-colored urine, with marked dullness, and tendency to coma, cascara has in my hands been a perfect success. I am glad to notice the tests to which the pro- fession is putting this drug, and hope that these tests will be continued, satisfied as I am that they will result in firmly fixing cascara in the materia medica. It is, however, in constipation and dys- pepsia that I am disposed to place most faith in it. The name, though vulgar, and of Spanish deri- vation (meaning sacred bark), does not affect its physiological action. I have sent such specimens as I have been able to obtain to Prof. Scudder, and hope he may be able to name it, as without the flower, I am myself able to do so. I trust we shall have further reports on the remedy from al sources. [Note.-Since receiving the above communica- tion, cascara has been botanically located. It k the rhamnus purshiana.-Ed] 15. Report from Dr. C. M. Galloway, Xenia, O. (New Preparations, January, 1879; p. 10.) During the past year I have had ten cases of chronic con stipation under treatment, aggravated by the almost constant use, for years, of compound cathartic pills, and those so-called "liver pills," whose stereotyped testimonials of "marvelous cures" are so freely dis- played and advertised among the masses, and oc- cupy so prominent a position on the counters of the drug stores in our midst. A few of these cases I desire to report to you, and the beneficial results derived from the use of P., D. & Co.'s fi. ext. cascara sagrada. Mrs. M. for 14 years has suffered from rupture of perineum at birth of her last child, falling of the womb, and obstinate constipation, which has increased in its princious results upon her system during the past few years, until life was rendered miserable. In July she came under my observa- tion, and I immediately put her on the following: 3 Fl. ext. cascara sagrada, J j. Syr. simp., water ait Jjss. Sig. One teaspoonful after meals. This treatment was continued for six weeks, when such favorable results appeared that the dose of one teaspoonful at bed-time was sufficient, and now she reports herself as only needing the rem- edy about twice per week. Her digestion has won- derfully improved, and her strength has returned, and she says she feels like another woman. Miss B. had been under homoeopathic treatment for two years before she came under my care in August. For years she had suffered from dysmen- orrhoea, dyspepsia and constipation, and was re- garded by her friends and attending physician as in a state of rapid decline. I put her on the prescription of cascara sagrada as above mentioned, in case of Mrs. M., and to-day she reports herself well. She has felt no symptoms of dyspepsia for more than one month, and the condition of consti- pation has entirely disappeared, and what to my mind is more gratifying, the dysmenorrhoea has yielded promptly to treatment, due chiefly to the general tonic effects of the cascara sagrada. She walks the street with firm step, and the bloom ©f health upon her cheek. She is elated with the re- sult of the treatment, and her friends rejoice m having her restored to them in such perfect health. 16. Report from Wm. M. Beaver, M. D., St. Charles, Iowa, (New Preparations, January, 1879; p. 12.) Case 2. Mrs. S. M. C., middle-aged, has bee* troubled with habitual costipation for years, and had given up the idea of ever getting anything t® help her until I prescribed the cascara sagrada t® her, and she has used but one two-ounce bottle and commenced on the second, and expressed her- self perfectly delighted with the medicine, and als® expressed herself as being cured. The last bottle she got was merely to keep in the house in case of necessity. I would add that I could give many more cases with the same good results, but suffice these tw» cases for the present. Cascara is also an efficient remedy in hemorrhoids. I could give a number of cases cured by its »se. 70 17. CASCARA SAGRADA Report from J. G. Harvey, M. D. Extract from report read before the District Medical Society of Central Illinois, Oct. 29, 1878. (New Preparations, February, 1879; p. 31.) This is a shrub found in California, and introduced through the house of Parke, Davis & Co., by J. H. Bundy, M. D., of California. It is almost a specific in habitual con- stipation. Its action on the secretions and circula- tion is positive, and, without producing either nau- sea or other disturbances, it stimulates and im- proves digestion. Experience has demonstrated its action to be principally through the sympathetic nervous system, and especially the solar plexus. The reports of its use from a large number of physicians, and from different parts of the country, strongly confirm the statements of Dr. Bundy as to the good results obtained by its use in habitual constipation, and it will doubtless take its place in our materia medica as as a valuable therapeu- tical agent. 18. Report from C. Henri Leonard, M. D., in Mich- igan Medical News, (New Preparations, February 1879, p, 42): As a gentle cathartic, I have come to conclude that we have few remedies better than the rhamus purshiana. Since its first appearance on the market, I have continuously made use of it in my practice, especially in female cases. Constipation is a factor in nearly every one of the individuals of this sex that apply for treatment for trouble incident to their uteri, and it is a symptom that needs immediate attention, should we hope to speedily benefit the general and special health of eur patient. My usual combination is with potassic bromide, ergot, nux vomica and belladonna, and it makes an excellent cathartic (I do not think it is especially alterative) adjunct to this utero-sedative and tonic mixture. The formula is based somewhat as fol- lows, of course lessening or increasing the amount of the individual remedies as circumstances may require: Rhamni Pursh, fl. ext 32 I 00 Ergotse, fl. ext 32 | 00 Potassii bromidi t6 | 00 Belladonnae, fl. ext - 4 1 00 Nucis Vomicae, fl. ext 6 00 Aq. Camphorae, q. s. ad 128 | 00 M. S. Teaspoonful in water after meals. Oftentimes I give dose at bed time if the bowels are more than ordinarily indifferent to laxatives. In this class of cases there seems to be a sort of semi- paralysis of the intestinal nerves, thus inducing that wind-bloating of the bowels so frequently seen in these uterine cases. The nux vomica, by toning up the indifferently acting nerves, increases the peristaltic movement of the intestines, thus produc- ing a more natural action of the bowels, and so, soon renders so large a dose of the cascara unnecessary. Sometimes, too, 16 grammes of the fluid extract in a 128-gram mixture is plenty to secure natural move- ments; especially is this the case in weakly-condi- tioned ladies. Still, as a rule, in all of my cases of uterine troubles I have found some sized dose of the cascara as indicated above of great benefit. It is a remedy, too, that I think can be taken for a long time with impunity; leastwise my patients, after securing a regular action of the bowels, have not been thrown back into their former bowel- lethargic condition on the withdrawal of the laxa- tive. As a simple cathartic, given in doses of a quar- ter teaspoonful (about one gram) of the fluid extract before breakfast, in a little cold water, it will be found excellent. It has the advantage, too, of being pleasant to take, having none of that peculiar mawkish taste of rhubarb that sickens so many, or of the ordinary salts (epsom). 19. Report from E. S. Dunster, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, University of Michigan, (New Preparations, March 1879, p. 56): When the new laxative, cascara sag- rada, was given to the profession by Dr. Bundy, the claims which he made for it were so extrava gant that I was inclined to be suspicious of it. But as he fortified his assertions with cases that were apparently authentic, I concluded to ascertain for myself the value of the remedy. I accordingly pro- cured from Parke, Davis & Co., eight ounces of their preparation, and with a courage possibly akin to rashness, I experimented first upon myself; for, as a result of long years of the sedentary life of a student, constipation had been established, and was an enemy I had never been able to dislodge. On the first trial of the medicine I was struck with the similarity of its taste to the buckthorn (rhamus frangula), a fluid extract of which prepared by Met- calfe & Co., of Boston, I had long used, and I said to myself, surely this must be some variety of the buckthorn. The recent announcement of its botanical name, rhamus purshiana, confirms this opinion. In my own case I found the medicine an agreeable laxative, producing in moderate doses a free semi-solid evacuation of the bowels without catharsis, or tormina, or disturbance of any sort; occasionally the dejections were somewhat frothy, as if soap had been mixed with the faeces. It did not impair the appetite, nor derange in any way the digestive functions, and after using it for some time I gave it to my patients. Now, after nearly two years trial of the remedy, and in nearly one hundred cases, I am satisfied that it is a valuable addition to our materia medica, but the claims which were first made for it as curative of constipation have in no one instance been substantiated. I have invariably found it is well bourne and that it has no tendency, even after months of continuous use, to destroy appetite or derange digestion. A laxa- tive that will do this is certainly well worth having and using even if it cannot cure the constipation. The attacks recently made upon the remedy are too absurd to warrant notice, for, as has been well said, it will move the bowels just as readily under its local name of cascara, as it will if you call it rhamnus purshiana. But lest these attacks should have some influence in preventing the profession from employing it, I think those who have used it should make public their experience with it, so that a really valuable remedy may not fall into disre- pute. As to the modes of using it, either alone or in combination with other substances, I have noth- ing to say at present, my only object now being to fulfil what I conceive to be a simple duty tn calling attention to the value of the remedy. 20. Report from Wm, Goldrich, M, D., Delaware, O., (New Preparations, March 1879, p. 58): I have used the cascara sagrada lately, in a case where no active cathartic could be borne in the stomach. I gave twenty drops three times in the twenty-four hours. It acted like a charm, and so grateful was my patient that she exclaimed, "Never did I take any- thing which acted so nicely." I gave it yesterday to an old lady 83 years old, with constipated bowels, and it acted so gently that she hardly knew she was physicked at all. Its results are successful, as every one who uses it will testify. 21. Report from W. H. Rice, M. D., Modeste, Cal., (New Preparations, February 28, 1879, p. 59): By the kindness of Drs. Bundy and Hansen, of Oak- land, I was induced to test cascara sagrada for constipation-acute and chronic-and although I have treated over two dozen old, stubborn cases that had resisted pills and purgatives, until the poor victims CASCARA SAGRADA. gave up in despair, this remedy completely fills the bill. A few doses have afforded the desired relief without a single exception. It far exceeds any and every remedy known, I verily believe. Everybody that tries it speaks in the highest praise of its mild yet efficient effect. It is truly a welcome agent in the hands of the physician who will waive all pre- judice and give it a fair trial. It only needs to become known to be appreciated. 22. Report by I. B. Cargen, M. D., Millsville, Wis,, (New Preparations, March 1879, P- 89): Was called some six weeks ago to see a young female, who had not had an evacuation from the bowels for eleven days; prescribed heavy doses of podophyllin and leptandrin, which produced only one evacuation. Was called one week from that time to see her again, she not having had a movement of the bowels during the week. I prescribed: R Cascarae saprad ae, 3j. Eiix. simpiicis, 3 j. M. Sig. Teaspoonful every' hour. Since which time she has been perfectly regular and well. 23. Report irom T. C. S. Berry, M. D., Pen. Ex. Surg., Houlton, Me., (New Preparations, March 1879, p. 59): A recent writer in Tilden & Co.'s Journal, N. Y., calls your cascara sagrada a hum- bug, stating he has tried it and it is a failure. I say, after a fair trial, that it is unequaied in its action as a laxative. I have used it extensively without a single failure, and it is growing in pop- ular favor every day. Constipation is the curse of the times, as every physician knows. I never have found any remedy that gave me satisfaction till I used this, which is so far superior to anythig else that I should not know how to get along without it. 24. Report from A. E. McDonnell, M. D., (New Preparations, April 1879, p. 86): I have tried the cascara, and find it a safe, easy and efficient cathar- tic. It is a desirable, and, I may say, and invalua- ble remedial agent, long needed, and not until recently supplied; if furnished in its purity, and not adulterated, as many of our remedies are, we have reason to feel grateful that we can rely upon its virtues, thus being relieved from that load of care and anxiety which practitioners so often feel in the uncertain action of medicines. 23, Report from A. O'Neill, M. D., Meadville, Pa., (New Preparations, June, 1879, p. 140.) A remedy given to the medical profession by Dr. Bundy, of California for constipation, coming under my notice and being highly extolled by various physicians throughout the country, I was induced to give it a trial. It is a common saying among many in the profession, the longer we practice the more skeptical we are in regard to the modus operandi of medicine. This loss of confidence is produced from various causes. 1st. We must consider that medicines are nothing but relative agents; that the action of medicine upon the organism gives us merely a chain of facts, when given, merely to remove cer- morbid conditions, or exalt or diminish certain physiological functions; that the greater the num- ber of satisfactory results observed, the less pro- gress will theoretic skepticism make; that this loss of confidence in medicine often arises from certain medicines giving unpleasant secondary symptoms, although the primary action of the medicine excites admiration and increases confidence, but not suffici- 71 ent to prompt the incredulous to further persever- ance; hence, a medicine is often cast aside and falls into disuse. In a practice of seventeen years, I have had many forms of stomach and bowel indigestion, and have tried many remedies for the same, with varied re- sults, but never had such satisfactory results, as I have had in the use of cascara sagrada. It has peculiar effects upon the alimentary tract that should give it prominent distinction among the many old and reliable remedies of the pharmacopoeia. In our search after instraction on any department of medicine we should not be in baste in accepting conclusions for fear we might establish a post hoc for a ptopter hoc. Especially is this caution neces- sary in the modus operandi of medicine. But as Emerson says "the knowledge of having done the thing before increasescourage." A Miss T., of this city, eighteen years of age, consulted me concerning what she considered a too frequent menstrual flow. I found that she had in conjunction with this, chronic pelvic peritonitis which, I think is a common occurrence in this country. Loath to move the bowels for fear of disturbing the peritoneum, as she was exceedingly constipated-stomach digestion apparently not dis- turbed-but a "colonic indigestion" very evident, I prescribed 30 drop doses of cascara sagrada, fluid extract to be taken thrice daily, as a test, ordered quiet, and to remain in a recumbent position. Saw the patient four days afterwards, when her mother, an intelligent lady, told me that the pain had gone mostly, and her bowels had moved, and without giving any disturbance to the neighboring viscera. This I would scarcely have expected from any laxative or cathartic in the pharmacopoeia. The desideratum often desired in medicine is to avoid unpleasant secondary effects, although we are very anxious for primary results. There were none developed in this case nor irt any of the several cases I have since used the medicine in. I painted the hypogastric region daily with the tincture of iodine, continued the cascara sagrada until her bowels moved daily and easily. This case was an unique or unusual one to experiment on with what was, to me, a new remedy; but from my knowledge of cascara sagrada, at this present sitting, I unhesitatingly, say it can be used under any circumstances where there is general lethargy of the bowels. I now frequently prescribe it in "colonic dyspepsia," with good results. Patients do not object to taking it; it is followed by no unpleasant secondary symptoms. I can most safely say it is a most valuable remedy in constipation. As to its modus operandi on the alimentary canal I shall not now stop to inquire, but content myself with the knowledge of the fact that Parke, Davis & Co., have introduced a boon to the medical profession for constipation. One thing I might say in regard to its action, that I believe it stimulates the entire mucous tract to action, and moves the bowels by virtue of the force it gives to secretion. 26. Report from J. W. Van Winkle, M. D., Rochester, N. Y. (New Preparations, December, 1879, p. 299.) I was first induced to try the above new reme- dy as a last resort in a case of habitual consti- pation. November 1878. Miss K., set. 24, of regular habit, called complaining of abdominal distention, pres- sure or weight in the perineum, urine scanty, com- plexion sallow, skin harsh and dry, frequent attacks of headache, with severe paroxysms of neuralgia, the act of defecation occurring once in three or four days, and requiring violent straining, the excrement being pale, clay-like and very offensive, and patient complaining of a hemorrhoidal pro- trusion after defecation. I prescribed first, after rising, citrate of mag- nesia, followed by a breakfast of oat-meal, ©r 72 CASCARA SAGRADA. •racked wheat and milk, with lime water and a •up of tea or coffee. For dinner, fish, mutton or poultry with few vegetables and no pastry. A light supper, consisting principally of milk, following •ach meal with lacto-pepsine, bismuth and soda fla grs. iij, directing the patient to take regular exer- cise in the open air, to make regular sittings at stool once in twenty-four hours. The following pill was also given: IJ Ext.aioes.gr. XT Ext. nucis vomicae, gr, iij Ext. hyoscyami, gr. x Pulv. ipecac, gr. j. M. Fiat pills No. x. S. One pill at bedtime. After a week of this treatment a rest was taken aad the constipation immediately returned as severe aa ever, when an enema was resorted to. I then prescribed B Ferri carb. "Vallet's." 8uini«e sulphatis, iia Ju xt. nucis vomica, gr. v Ext. colocy. comp., 9j Ext. gentianw, 3 ss. ... Fiat pill No. xxx. S. One pill half hour after each meal. This also failed and I afterwards tried many of the common remedies of the day for •onstipation, which as often resulted in failure, and after four months of this kind of treatment I found my patient discouraged, and myself perplexed and dfatheartened. In my desperation I resolved to try •ascara, and after reading all the literature on the subject I could find in New Preparations, I pre- scribed, April, 1879: 3 Fl. ext. cascarae sagradae, J j Fl. ext. berberis aquifol., J es Syr pruni Virginiani, Jjss Ext. hyoscyami, fid. 3 jss. M. S. Teaspoonful three times per day. After a few days the dose was gradually dim.n- iwhed, until only a teaspoonful was taken at bed- time, and one repetition of this prescription cured my patient entirely of constipation, headache, and ■euralgia and only a few days ago she informed me she had not taken a particle of medicine since April; that she was now able to satisfy her appetite as to variety of food without inconvenience and that she never felt better in her life. Case No. 2. Mr. M., a farmer about middle life. Habitual constipation with marked palpita- tion of the heart. I prescribed: B Fl. ext. cascarae sagradae, Fl. ext. berberis aquifol., Elix. simplex, US J j Tinct. nucis vomicae, gtts. xxjv Tinct. digitalis, 3 j. M. S. Teaspoonful three times per day. It was not necessary to follow this treatment long. In less than a week the dose was reduced to •we teaspoonful in twenty-four hours, and the re- covery seemed complete. Case No. 3. An old German saloon-keeper living in one of the worst malarial districts of this city, diagnosis, chronic cirrhosis of the liver, with gastro- enteritis. B Fl. ext. cascara? sagradae, 3 ij Fl. ext. berberis aquifol., 5 " Syr. pruni Virginiani, 5 j Acidi hydrocyan, dil., 3 j Morph, sulph., grs. ij. M. Sig. Teaspoonful three times per day. This treatment was continued for several weeks with the best of results, and the patient discharged much improved. But I doubt the possibility of bringing about a perfect cure in this case with any remedy without a change of location and a dimin- ution of the daily allowance of stimulants. Case No. 4. Mr. Geo. W., a railroad conductor aged about 55. Chronic varicose ulcer on posterior mtrface of the left leg about one inch above the ankle joint, an old ulcer of twenty years' standing, with a gangrenous appearance, the induration of tissues about an inch in diameter, with a cup ■hoped cavity, and very offensive odor. Mr. W., during the past twenty years, has been under the care of some of our ablest surgeons, with but little benefit, owing doubtless largely, to the fact that hi* occupation keeps him upon his feet most of the time. Prescribed: B Fl. ext. cascarae sagradae, $ ij Fl. ext. berberisaquifol., Jj Syr. pruni Virginiani, 5 jss Sol. acidi araeniosi, 3 s». M. S. Teaspoonful three times per day. 1* Fl. ext. eucalypti globuli, 5 s» Vaseline, J ij. M. Ung. S. As directed. After filling the cavity of the ulcer with this ointment and covering it with the absorbent cot- ton and a light bandage, I directed the patient to repeat the application night and morning, and re- turn in one week. The result was beyond the expectation of either patient or physician. The offensive odor had all disappeared and the whole appearance of the ulcer had changed. Healthy granulations were now forming, and the patient's general health had com- menced to improve. This treatment is still being continued with the most gratifying results. Please find herewith a statement of my experi- ence with some of the new remedies. I have for the past year or more been using the new fluid ex- tracts of cascara sagrada, berberis aquifolium, damiana, grindelia robusta, yerba santa, yerb reuma and boldo, with many others, with the most gratifying success. I would say particularly for the cascara sagrada that it is truly entitled to all the confidence that is claimed for it in constipa- tion. I have never prescribed a drug with as much certainty of rectifying that condition of the system that produces constipation. It more permanently establishes the secretions of the bowels than any other drug I ever used. Its action also is so mild and pleasant, no pain or sickness is produced, and yet it does its work so thoroughly. In short, It does what is required of it and no grumbling, I prescribe it as follows: B> Fl. ext. cascarae sagradae, Fl. ext. berberis aquifolii, Sa J j Syrupi simphcis, 5 ij. Mix. Sig. One teaspoonful after each mea., or one in six hours until it moves the bowels; then one teaspoonful as often as is necessary to move the bowels once or twice daily, for a few days or weeks and the work is accomplished. 27. Report from J. H. Bundy, M. D., Oakland, Cal. (New Preparations, p. 141.) Was called on the first of March to see Mrs. R., aged forty years. I found her suffering with pain in the hepatic region, extending to the splenic. There was con- siderable tenderness on pressure, which greatly ag- gravated the pain-to the extent, in fact, that the patient would not allow much pressure or percus- sion. She further added that there was some trouble with the rectum, and that this, of the two, was much the more painful, and almost unbearable. Upon examination I found hasmorrhoidal tumors, both internally and externally. Bowels had not moved in four or five days; pulse 98; tongue coat- ed heavily with a yellow coat; no appetite; oc- casionally sick at the stomach, with attempts at vomiting. I gave the following every three hours until it moved the bowels, and in three days the patient was up. Continued the medicine for ten days longer, when every vestige of the hepatic and splenic congestion, together with the piles, had disappeared, and the patient was discharged: B Fl. ext. cascara, 3 ij. Sig. gtts. xxx, every three hours until the bowels were moved; then three times daily, or just enough CASCARA SAGRADA. 73 to produce one or more evacuations daily. About die second day the patient became quite jaundiced, and as soon as the bowels moved well, this rapidly disappeared. I have used it in other cases of jaun- dice, and find its action equal to the chionanthus, and it does not produce the nausea often produced by the latter. Mr, H., aged twenty-eight, came for treatment, severely jaundiced, attended with marked consti- pation, which had existed for months; pain in right side and shoulder, with night sweats, etc. From careful examination, I found the case to be jaundice, from suppression, and gave the follow- ing: Fl. ext. cascara. S j. Every three hours until the bowels moved, which required three doses. After this I gave fifteen drops four times daily. Kept up the treatment for eight days, and discharged the patient. The patient in- forms me that he is taking the medicine in the quantity last directed twice a day, and that his bowels are perfectly regular. as. Report from The Medical Summary, (New Pre- parations, July, 1879, P- 183): We had our attention called to cascara sagrada a little over a year ago by a physician in one of our neighboring towns, who was then prescribing it; although we had beard about cascara prior to that period, we had •ever given it a trial, thinking it might be one of Arose much-lauded remedies without any particular virtue; but have since prescribed it in quite a num- ber of cases where its use seemed to be indicated, particularly, in that most frequent and subtle mal- ady, constipation, for which it is invaluable, its action being decidedly better than anything we .have heretofore used. e It produces full, easy, pleasant stools, without any tormina, tenesmus, or nausea; neither is it vgry unpleasant to the taste. Twenty to thirty drops of the fluid extract two or three times daily is all that is wanted to perfectly regulate the want •f, and to change the perverted secretions. It acts upon the hepatic secretions and circulation more positively than anything we ever gave before; con- stipation dependent upon defective and perverted action of the liver, as above stated, yields at once its action: It acts upon the whole gastro-intes- tinal canal, stimulating its morbid condition, bring- ing back vitality, and stimulating the neighboring glands to healthy action, completely restoring their tone and muscular power. Given in small doses it is a valuable remedy in dyspepsia, increasing the appetite and giving tone and vigor to the stomach. In bilious, intermittent and remittent types of fever cascara sagrada, combined with gentiana quinqueflora, in doses of from ten to fifteen drops each, administered every few hours until a good action upon the bcwels is produced, then at longer intervals, will getxirally effect a cure in a very short time. There is a large amount of cascara in the mar- ket which is unreliable. Our best results have always been obtained from that manufactured by Parke, Davis & Co., of Detroit, Michigan. We regard cascara sagrada as an important addition to cur materia medica. 29. Report from Am. Med. Journal, (New Prepara- tions, July 1879, p. 184): We are continually hav- ing new remedies urged upon us. Some of them are good, others are good for nothing. Cascara sagrada is one of the most useful remedies that has been put upon the market for a long time. Who is it that has not felt the want of some drug that would gently but surely move the bowels and keep them regular without materially disturbing the stomach or other parts of the system ? This want is felt most in the case of children. They can't take pills; castor il exceedingly disagree- able, and is gen:; by constipation. The fluid trac'z o pod m and leptandra nauseate and pro uce gripin , besides they are ex- ceedingly bitter, and children take them with-reluc- tance. But the ascara is cl these objec- tions. It does not taste when given in appropriate oses, no no but slight un- easiness is erienced fr ' The fluid ex- tract maybe combined with extract of malt or simple syrup, to neutralize the taste. For children i ounce of the fluid extract may added to three ounces of any of above articles, and the com- bination given in teaspoonful doses, every two or three hours, till the bowels move, then two or three times a day to keep the bowels regular. This is a pleasant remedy; and while it is a pleasant one to take as an efficient cathartic or laxative, it seems to increase the landular secre- tions generally, especially that of the liver.. We can rely upon the cascara where anything of this class is demanded, and country practitioners can hardly get along without cathartics. While we do not prize them so Jrighly as some eople, we do find cases where they are demanded; then the cas- cara is appropriate. And I wish to impress it upon the reader, that this remedy has a tendency to cure constipation, a habit of local lethargy suf- fered by so many people. 30. Report from C. S. Parkhill, M. D., Horners- ville, N. Y. (New Preparations, August, 1879, p. 196). My attention was called through the columns of your journal to cascara sagrada as a remedy for constipation, and feeling the necessity for something irore reliable than the remedies ordin- arily used, I decided to give cascara sagrada a thorough trial, and for the past two years have been gratified with the result, and now consider it as the safest and most reliable of its class. I could give the history of several cases of obstinate constipation, some of which had resisted the usual remedies for years, but yielded readily to the in- fluence of this drug, and when continued for a sufficient length of time, a cure was effected. For adults I usually prescribe- I> Fl ext. cascara sagrada, Ext. malt, aa 5 >j- M. Sig.-Teaspoonful after meals. Tor children, combine it with aromatic syrup of rhubarb, or simple elixir, in proportions to meet e indications of the case. By combining cascara with either, the bitter taste is so masked that it is rendered less objectionable fo administer to chil- dren. I have been informed by representatives of cer- tain drug houses that cascara sagrada is probably a compound. Admitting that to be true, I con- sider it a fortunate combination for any suffering with indigestion- and constipation. 31. Report from E. Henderson, M. D., Portland, Oregon. (New Preparations, July, 1879, p. 166). I have have occasion to give cascara sagrada to quite a number of females, and in every case when taken during menstruation, ti.e flow was in- creased, and prolonged even to prostration. I have also observed that in both male and female, if given in large doses-such as would produce an excess of three stools per day, that giddiness and prostration are produced. These symptoms pass off on stopping the medicine. I have obtained the best results from doses that would just produce a laxative effect, taken immediately after eating. The reports in your journal regarding this medicine are not a bit overdrawn-in fact, they are not complete; the future will prove 74 CASCARA SAGRADA. that this drug has a wider range of action than is now claimed for it. I know from experience ; let every physician try for himself, then he will know. 32. Report from O. S. Wright, M. D., Bradford, Pa., (New Preparations, July 1879, p. 167): Hav- ing used for a few months several of the recent additions to our materia medica, I have to say a word in favor of some of them. Of cascara sagrada, my opinion is, that it is the best remedy I ever used for constipation. I have used it in about one hundred cases of constipation, with invariably good results. What I wish to note particularly is in the constipation attendant upon cancer of the stomach. I have prescribed for two of these cases. One of them has been under my observation nearly a year, and the cascara acts like a charm in relieving the bowels. Has had two severe attacks of hemorrhage lately, and probably will not last much longer. The other case I merely prescribed for, and do not know subsequent history. I prescribed cas- cara in the first place out of desperation, as noth- ing I gave appeared to relieve, and obtained such good results as to use it again, but have not heard from the second case. 33. Report from W. A. Buchanan, M. D., Paris, Ill., (New Preparations, August 1879, p. 196): The medical profession have long felt the need of a proper remedy in constipation. Whether it has been discovered in the new remedy cascara sagrada, yet remains to be more thoroughly tested. I have now been using it in my practice for some five or six months with the most complete success; in fact I have got the first failure to make in relieving my patient. I have treated some very obstinate cases of constipation, one in particular, a lady who had used injections for years as her oniy relief, but each one yielded readily to the remedy. Whether in any of these cases 1 have effected a permanent cure I will not venture to say. This much, how- ever, I < an state, several of my patients have dis- continued it for several weeks and are still regular in their habhsand have to all appearances completely recovered. I usually prescribe the following for- mula: Fl. ext. cascara sagrada, cc. gm. 30. Syr. rhei, ar., cc. gm. 90. M. I direct my patiept to commence taking a tea- spoonful three times a day, gradually decreasing the dose, just using sufficient to keep the bowels in a soluble condition. I find as a rule that in the course of a week or ten days that one teaspoonful per day of the above prescription will suffice to keep the bowels regular, and direct my patient to continue it for four to six weeks. Of course I do not always confine myself to the above formula. I sometimes combine the cascara sagrada with ext. malt, lactopeptine or other drugs, as the case may require, always instructing my patient to be regu- lar in his habits, also giving him careful instruc- tions as to diet, etc. 34. Report from A. W. Alvord, M. D., Clinton, Mich. (New Preparations, Sept., 1879, p. 225.) In regard to cascara sagrada, I should not wish to practice medicine in a malarial district like ours without it. Its power over the secretions of the liver as well as the small intestines make it par- ticularly adapted to those cases of bilious forms of constipation so often met in practice. The consti- pation of elderly people readily yields before it when followed by strychnia. The after effects in no case have been unpleasant. I have a high esteem for the new remedy. 33. Report from Wm. Faulkner, M. D., Erie, Pa. (New Preparations, Sept., 1879, p. 226.) I have used fluid extract cascara sagrada in cases of habitual constipation with excellent results. By administering a mixture of cascara sagrada and syrup, equal parts, in doses of a teaspoonful, three times a day for three or four weeks, and then gradually and regularly decreasing the dose, I have been able to establish a habit of regularity, and eventually to effect a permanent cure. In no case have I been obliged to increase the dose after the first few days. 36. Report from A. T. Van Vranken, M. D., West Troy, N. Y (New Preparations, Oct., 1879, P- 253.) I have used fluid extract of cascara sagrada (rhamnus purshiana) in several cases of constipation, with very satisfactory suc- cess In a case of paralysis which I treated in the Troy Hospital, where the patient was badly constipated, I found the cascara an efficient and pleasant laxative. 37. Report from Geo. W. Cook, M. D., Syracuse, N. Y. (New Preparations, Dec.. 1879, p. 303.) This comparatively recent addition to the medical armamentarium, has attracted much and deserved attention as a peculiarly valuable "new remedy.*' Being %ell aware of the proneness of American physicians to "ephemeralism" in medicine, I never- theless am constrained to add my observation and experience regarding the remedy in that trouble- some and widely prevalent disease commonly known as habitual constipation. I may premise that the positive, and perhaps, to some, extravagant, state- ments I may make, receive their emphasis from the experience I have had with this medicine in my own person-an experience which has paved the way for the use of cascara sagrada in a number of cases in practice. A brief history of my malady may not be wholly uninteresting, as going to show the prominent fea- tures of a typical case of habitual and confirmed constipation with its attendant and induced compli- cations. I am fifty years of age, and for more than a quarter of a century have been in the active prac- tice of my profession. While a schoolboy, and hardly well on my second decade, I found that I was more or less troubled with constipation, and that this difficulty increased with the lapse of time until the efforts to evacuate the bowels were at- tended with pain, the stools being streaked with blood. Then followed pain and hemorrhage, in tensified while at stool, and soon, pain for several minutes, and eventually for hours, afterwards. Following this condition came positive impaction of faeces in the rectum and then hemorrhoids, which became so engorged, so inflamed and so painful as to be almost unendurable. I need not add that with all these were obstructed portal circulation, retained and regurgitating bile, gastric and intestinal irritability, flatulence-in short, con- firmed dyspepsia, with more or less abdominal pain, cerebral congestion and a sallow, muddy chloasmic skin. Thus the malady continued and steadily, progressed until the colon became so torpid as to be unable to propel its contents into the rectum, and for jears the latter was but a depository- instead of a passage way. CASCARA SAGRADA. 75 The residua of the ingesta were habitually lodged above the sigmoid flexure of the colon. Tne muscu.ar coat and the sympathetic nerves of the colon had well nigh suspended their functions and refused their interposition un- less goaded to action by laxatives, cathartics in increased quantities and frequency, or deluging enemata. Of course the retained faeces engendered flatu- lence, and the flatulence caused enormous dis- tension of the colon, attended with all degrees and intensity of colic-of confirmed colalgia-hope this word is not a neologism, if it is, is so because no legitimate term can sufficiently express my misery. But during many of these long years I was continually confronted with the taunt so encrusted with age, "Physician, heal thyself!" but obedient to the injunction I have ever striven so to do, and am still my own champion, veteran patient, and am, thank God, at last a hopeful convales- cent. I have resorted to diet, to systematic exercise, to laxatives, to cathartics, to cereoro-spinal stimulants, such as nux vomica, which latter I have taken almost to tetanism, to belladonna, until nearly blind, to podophyllum, until my throat was as dry as Cullen's "Nosology," to rhubarb until my stomach seemed to be given over to acrobatics. Finally, and for more than 20 years last past, as a matutinal resort, I have employed large enemata of cold water, which served to temporarily excite the action of the muscular and nervous forces of the large intestine and which, therefore, became my only means of relief. Without the enema, notwithstanding a full cathart c had been taken to contribute to the twinges of my "true inwardness," it was as im- possible for me as it would be for Greenough's statue of Washington, to have an evacuation of the bowels. Of course, it is not pleasant, perhaps not in good taste for one to parade his own infirmities before the world, but "other hearts must ache," and "there is in a balm in Gilead" for them too, and, thanks to Dr. Bundy, I have found it in a physical and important sense, and under the name cascara sagrada. In June, 1878, while in attendance at the ses- sion of the American Medical Association, in Buffalo, I was presented with a sample bottle of the fluid extract of cascara sagrada, with a circular embodying the observations and comments of different practitioners regarding its therapeutical effects. I examined its sensible properties, and regarding it only as a modification of the rhamnus catharticus -a dose of which latter, if it in the least transcends the limits of a laxative, will seem to turn one in- side out-I laid it aside. But at a session of our Central New York Medical Association in this city in May last, I obtained another sample of the med- icine from the same source and resolved to give it a fair trial. I at once prepared a mixture after the following formula: P. Fl. ext. cascara sagrada, Simple syrup, aa 5 j Ext. malt, 5 >j- M. Sig. A teaspoonful before meals. Immedi- ately I began the use of this prescription, and with- out any other aid, I had regular and comfortable morning evacuations of the bowels. The morning lavements were discontinued, and have been ever since. The action of the medicine continues to be prompt, certain, painless, and the above dose, even but once a day, to this time, perfectly effectual. I regard cascara sagrada as a peculiar tonic of the whole digestive apparatus, affecting in due pro- portion the muscular and nervous forces of the primae viae, correcting the hepatic and gastric secre- tions, as well as restoring normal and necessary mucus to the colon and rectum, thus lubricating and promoting the movements of the faeces. Its action, in proper doses, is essentially laxative, pro- ducing mushy or moulded stools tinged with the normal bilious hue. And now, after a careful trial of this, to me, invaluable agent I am in better flesh, health and strength than at any time before for the last thirty years. I am rejuvenated. I am physically happy! It will be readily inferred, in view of this ex- perience in my own person, that I should resort to cascara sagrada in my practice, and although not meeting such prolonged and pronounced cases as my own, still I have not as yet been disappointed; and if this paper, hastily prepared at times snatched from the pressure of other duties, shall be the means of inducing other physicians to give the remedy a fair trial, it will prove a blessing to many fellow-sufferers. Although Prof. Dunster states he cannot say the remedy has worked cures in his hands he will doubtless admit that a certain relief, an undisputed palliative, in such grave functional derangements is nearly tantamount to a cure. 37. Report from E. W. Boyles, M. D., Clay City, Ill. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880; p. 42.) Having for several years been greatly troubled with con- stipation, I was induced to try the cascara sagrada. I began the use of it as follows: 5 Fluid extract cascara sagrada. Simple syrup, 2a Jj. M. Sig. Take one teaspoonful three times per day, and I must say that it acted like a charm. It was but a short time until I had to take two drops only per day, and again only one, when I concluded I was cured, and stopped it altogether; but after a few months I had to return to it, but one dose per day now is sufficient. I have pre- scribed it in numerous other cases and it has uni- versally given satisfaction. It is now a staple i« our drug stores. 38. Report from F. D. Thompson, M. D., Sherman, Texas. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880; p. 43.) There has certainly been no lack of literature on this subject, and, doubtless, there is not a physician in the land who is not familiar, either from reading or from experience, with the properties of the drug. The reports have been so almost universally favor- able as to create the impressien that failure is im- possible. Infallibility, however, is a rare property, whether of men or things, and our failures are fre- quently as instructive as our successes. The fail- ure in a given case, of a drug whose success has been so uniform should lead to investigation which would establish more thoroughly the conditions of success, for all success is conditional. The report of the following case has had such an object in view: Mr. C. has suffered for five years from very obstinate constipation and its train of accompany- ing disorders. I first gave him a mercurial purge which relieved the headache and lassitude, due to the retention of cholesterine. Following this he was put on quinine, iron, strychnia, arsenic and aloes, given in combination and in the form of capsules. This combination failing to secure the desired evacuation, I resorted to cascara sagrada, with which I had previously treated some ten cases of constipation very successfully. The commenc- ing dose was fifteen drops, three times a day; this 76 CASCARA SAGRADA. having no apparent effect, the dose was steadily increased until a teaspoonful, three times a day, was given; but, still, though continued in the latter dose for over a week, no action was secured. This sin- gle failure has by no means destroyed my faith in the drug, but has clearly demonstrated that there may be conditions present, idiosyncrasy or some- thing else, which render it, in common with all other remedies, inoperative. 39. Report from H. H. Baker, M, D., Cleveland, GSiio. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880; p. 71.) About a year ago I reported decided success with cas- •ara sagrada and berberis aquifolium. The lapse •f time and repeated trials have only served to strengthen my faith in their usefulness. During the winter of 1876-7, having but recently recovered from a severe attack of pneumonia, I was greatly troubled with constipation. I procured a sample •f cascara sagrada and began taking it; after using ten or twelve doses, taken carelessly and at irreg- ular intervals, I was much surprised to find myself •tired. For a year after this my bowels were as regular as need be; soon after this a slight return •f the old trouble called for a correspondingly ■light exhibition of the cascara, since when I have been sufficiently "regular" to enable me to "throw physic to the dogs." 40. Report from C. W. Trask, M. D., Mantua, O. Gazette, 1880; p. 71.) This drug was ■jrst brought to my notice by S. M. Luther, drug- gist, Garrettsville, O., who had used it success- fully in his own case, and a prescription was put up for my wife. It was also used in my own •ase with marked benefit. I have also recommend- ed it to Mr. D. Santora, of this place, using the formula given by Dr. G. W. Cook, of Syracuse, N. Y., to December (1879) number of New Preparations. Mr. S. had exhausted nearly the entire catalogue •f laxatives, cathartics, etc., with the effect to render his last condition worse than the first, but he informs me that with the cascara he has nat- ural, easy evacuations for the first time in months, with a general improvement in digestion, freedom from the terrible attacks of headache formerly ex- perienced, and a very marked change for the bet- ter in his appearance. I give you the foregoing for what it may be worth. 41. Report from Thomas H. Urquhart, M. D., Hast- ings, Neb. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880, p. 71.) I have used fluid extract cascara sagrada in habitual constipation caused by torpor of the muscular structure and deficient secretion, and in every case it has fulfilled my most sanguine anticipations. It is particularly good in the constipation of preg- nancy, and, in small doses, in the constipation of young children. I have recently used it with ex- cellent results in a case of torpor of the bowels, following a severe attack of gastrodynia. In fine, it has furnished me the elegant and reliable remedy for habitual constipation that I have long sought for in vain, after using aloes, podophyllin , et id genus omnt. 42. Report from F. E. Daniel, M. D., Jackson, Miss. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880, p. 125.) This statement may not be anything new, but still I am constrained to say, that in my experience, cascara sagrada does all that has been claimed for it. It has become a standard remedy with me, and in- dispensable. In duodenal indigestion, 1 combine it with malt extract and nux vomica, and have found when this condition is associated, as it usually is, with constipation, flatulence, headache, cold hands and feet, vertigo, etc., that the com bination never fails of bringing relief. 43. Report from J. R. Blackerby, M. D., Milfora, Ky. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880, p. 126.) Mr. P., merchant, called to see me in regard to the state of his health, saying he had consulted several phy- sicians, all of whom treated him for dyspepsia. After talking with him for some time, and learn- ing that his bowels were seriously constipated, and that he suffered greatly from sour eructations, I determined to test the virtue of cascara in his case. He stated that he seldom had an action without resorting to an active dose of medicine, or using a warm water enema, and frequently passed as many as 7 days without an action of his bowels. I prescribed one drachm fluid extract cascara in water three times a day. Several days after he called again, and said that after the second day his bowels had acted from two io three times a day, and asked if I designed the medicine to act so freely. I directed him to take 20 drops three times a day in the future, and if the medicine seemed too active, to still further reduce the dose. Two weeks after he came to the office, and re- ported himself cured, having an action every day from taking 20 drops at bedtime. After some ad- vice to him I prescribed: 3 Cascara Sagrada, fluid extract, J j. Nux vomica, fluid extract, 3 ij. Aquae, 5 v. M. Sig.-A tablespoonfui morning and night. From this time on he has experienced no trouble with his bowels; his stools are regular and healthy, the sour eructations have ceased, and he says he feels himself a new man. Indeed, his general ap- pearance proclaims him such. To use his expres- sion, "this :s a wonderful medicine." He says it is strange so small a dose should work such a change after taking so much medicine and in such large doses. I have tried the cascara in only a few cases, but with uniform success The above is the most striking of the number, hence I present it. I am greatly pleased with the medicine. 44. Report from W. W. Morrison, M. D., Rockford, Ill. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880; p. 153.) Of the merits of this drug as a remedy in constipation, it would be superfluous for me to speak. No article of the materia medica has a place more fixed in therapeutics than this. I apprehend, however, that it is not generally supposed to be curative of the opposite condition to consti- pation-diarrhoea. The following case will show that it does relieve diarrhoea and that it is not im- possible that it may yet come to be regarded as a valuable remedy against this condition. • My own daughter was taken last October with a severe at- tack of cholera morbus with dysenteric symptoms. After the acuteness of the attack subsided, she was left with a diarrhoea which, in spite of the usual remedies, continued until February. At this time 1 received a sample of cascara sagrada from my friend Dr. R., of Knoxville, who advised me to try it in an obstinate case of constipation I had on hand. The doctor's views of the modus operand! of the drug induced me to give it a trial on my daughter. If it cures constipation by imparting tone to the muscular fibre of the intestine, might it not also relieve a diarrhoea which was evidently CASCARA SAGRADA 77 due to depreciated tonicity of the mucous and muscular tissues of the bowels ? I accordingly gave ten drops of the fluid extract, which I repeat- ed each night for three successive nights. The relief was remarkable for its promptness and its completeness. The discharges, which before had been mixed with a white mucus and extremely offensive, at once changed to their natural color and soon to their natural consistence. I report this single case to direct attention to what may prove a very valuable property of this drug. My observation will certainly lead me to have recourse to cascara in the next case of this •atuie I may be called upon to treat. 45. Report from H. M. Field, M. D., Newton, Mass. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880; p. 155.) My attention having some time since been called to this drug as a gentle peristaltic stimulant and regulator of the bowels, I was induced to accord it a trial. I want- ed a remedy which would act in this way, but had •ever succeeded in finding it. My trial of cascara sagrada has been attended with such marked suc- cess as to draw from me this expression of my high opinion of it. Its success has been especially marked in certain obstinate and chronic cases of constipation for which I had despaired of finding sach a means of relief as was desired. If my experience with the remedy continues as it has up to the present, I shall take great satisfac- tion in recommending it to my medical class. 46. Report of J. E, Clark, M. D., Professor 01 Phy- sics and Medical Chemistry in the Michigan Col- lege of Medicine, in a paper read before the Wayne County Medical Society {Therapeutic Gazette, 1880, p. 186.) The right of cascara sagrada to a prom- inent position in the front rank of our advancing therapeutical science, as a remedy par excellence for chronic constipation no longer admits of argument. It is rare indeed that a remedy even under the ■tost favorable circumstances meets with a tithe of She success accorded this from its introduction, and taking into consideration the malicious persecution and misrepresentations of which it has been the subject, one is forced to the conclusion that its in- herent virtues and the success attending its admin- istration by practitioners have alone preserved it from that bourne from whence so many so-called specifics ne'er return-oblivion. Two or three years have sufficed to bring it mto general use and to acquire for it a name as far in advance of the old " peristaltic persuaders " as our present therapeutics excel those of a cen- mry ago. The almost invariable success that fol- lowed its use in the treatment of many of the functional affections of the stomach and intestines, especially in chronic constipation and its concomi- tant train of symptoms, induces me to speak of it thus highly, for I feel confident that a fair and im- partial trial of its virtues will remove these diseases from the class considered opprobria medicorum by the profession. I have used the preparation since its introduc- tion and in very few instances has the effect pro- duced failed to be beneficial to the patient. In CTany cases idiosyncrasies have been met with where combinations with nux vomica, ergot, bella- donna, etc., have assisted in attaining the desired end; but as a rule the following simple prescrip- tion has answered all purposes : IJ Ext. Rhamni Purshianae, fl. J sa. Syrupi et aquae ait ad J ij. M. Sig.-Teaspoonful three times a day. In many cases I have found less than the above <fnite as beneficial as the larger dose, in fact, I have found ten or fifteen drops administered three Ames a day, bringing the system under the influence of the medicine, preferable to produc- ing a marked impression by means of a drachm or more at the outset. I have found it excellent as an anti-periodic and hepatic in ordinary chill fever and have met with flattering success in the treat- ment of haemorrhoids caused by portal congestion, its action as a hepatic freeing the ramifications of the venae portae and lessening the hepatic engorge- ment. Have also found it serviceable in cases of chron- ic gastric catarrh. In cases of acute or chronic dyspepsia with failure of the digestive and assimi- lative forces from nervous enervation, its action upon the ganglionic system stimulating the secre- tions of the liver, bowels, and entire alimentary canal, renders it a valuable addition to our list of tonics. I have selected the following from many cases as. exhibiting varied functional disorders, especially in- dicating the rhamnus purshiana line of treatment. Case I. S. B., aet. 42, chief engineer large man- ufacturing establishment, corpulent, habits sedenta- ry. Was called to see patient January, 1879. For twenty years had been subject to exceedingly se- vere attacks of cephalalgic paroxysms once to twice per month, had been treated by many physicians, but had never succeeded in obtaining more than temporary relief. He informed me he only looked for relief, as the hope of being permanently cured he had resigned, considering himself the victim of aa irremediable malady. His liability to lose several days at a time from this cause, made a factor in all his business en- gagements, frequently causing heavy pecuniary loss. Examination during paroxysms gave temp, nor- mal, surface of body cool, abnormal sensitiveness to light and sound, anorexia and nausea, with a history of inveterate constipation of the bowels. The sclerotic and orbital region showed a well marked icteric tint. Placed patient upon rhamnus purshiana, and succeeded in producing one evacuation per day. No paroxysms in February, March, April, and May. A slight attack in June, attributed by pa- tient to failure to take the medicine. Oct. 1. No attack since June, taking one-half the amount required last January. Nov. 23. Called for medicine. Had taken none for five weeks; feared an attack. Jan. 1, 1880. No violent attack since first dose of medicine. Patient satisfied he has found a spe- cific, and a goodly sized Christmas box delivered at my office marks his appreciation. C. D., a hysterico-hypochondriacal female, with history of uterine trouble, and gynaecological inves- tigations. Said she believed if she could procure a free evacuation from the bowels once per day, the exciting cause or most of her affections would be removed. May 3. Acting upon her suggestion to an evacuation each day, I put her upon a mixture of 3 Ext. rhamni pursh. fl., 5 j- Ext. belladonna fl., 3 j. Tr. nucis vomicae, 3 ij. Syrupi et aquae, iia ad. 5 jY> Sig.-Teaspoonful thrice daily. At first medicine produced slight catharsis. Re- duced dose to teaspoonful twice a day, and on June 20 to one teaspoonful each morning at io a. m., she claiming this sufficient to produce the necessary evacuation. Dec. io. She informs me that she has not been better in ten years. Taking one teaspoonful per day. Clinic Michigan College of Medicine:-E. F., fe- male, aet. 2i, complained of haemorrhoids dating from the period of gestation some 18 monthc since. Had been treated for more than a year with slight temporary relief. A well marked case of portal congestion with history of dyspepsia and chronic constipation. 1 78 CASCARA SAGRADA directed 15 drops of the extract to be taken three times per day for one month, at the end of which time she reported entirely cured. Have administered it to a number of cases at my clinic during the past three months, and the record shows that in no case where patients have reported have the effects failed to be beneficial. 46*. Report from Dr. Med. Karl V. Ruck, Norwalk, Ohio. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880; p. 259.) Mrs. B., ait. 62 Was called to see her March 6th. Found patient much emaciated and low-spirited, having been in the hands of several practitioners, without obtaining any benefit. Her last physician, a hom- oeopath, had diagnosed inflammation of stomach, gave "little pills," and ordered diet of "cabbage and boiled onions" to the exclusion of almost every- thing else In getting the history of the case, I found that it began with obstinate constipation, about six months ago. The constipation was a more or less prominent symptom throughout her illness. I found great flatulent distention of stom- ach, the greater curvature reaching to within 2% inches of the pubis. There was considerable ten- derness of abdomen, and faecal accumulation in ascending colon. The tongue was heavily coated, breath foul, temp, normal, pulse 76, weak and compressible. She complained much of heat and burning in her throat, and eructations of gas from her stomach, and often vomited her food (cabbage and onions). Besides she had much palpitation of the heart and fullness in chest, and, as she said, "ball in her throat the size of a goose egg." Her bowels had not moved in eleven days; she was very7 apprehensive, declaring she was going to die anyway. Looking the case over very carefully, I con- cluded that the whole difficulty depended upon the •condition of the bowels, and giving a favorable prognosis, ordered large injections and a table- spoonful of the following every four hours until the bowels should move: R Sndii bicarb., 4.00. Pulv. rhei., 16.00. Spts. menthse pip., 8.00. Syr. rhei. arom., q. s. ad., 125.00. M. Ft. sol. March 7th and 8th the bowels remained confined. March 9th ordered; R Hydr. c. cretae 0.75. Pulv. podophyllin 0.05. M. One dose, also an injection of an infusion of aloes. Next night she had one stool and felt better. I now ordered the rhubarb mixture to be continued and the following pill at bed time: B Pulv. aloes soc. 0.10. Extr. nucis vom. 0.03. Extr. bellad. 0.01. Pulv. ipecac. Pulv. saponis aii 0.02. M. One pill. In spite of this, and occasional change to mer- curials, saline and veget. cathartics, in full doses as well as copious injections and the best regulated diet, her bowels remained confined for 7 days and moved only upon administration of- B Hydr. c. cretae 1.25. Pulv. podoph. 0.20. M. Orfe dose. Smaller doses given before had no effect. Con- tinued same for two days in half doses, with no •effect. On March 19th gave again hydr. c. cretas 1.30, pulv. podoph. 0.25, with no effect. March 20th ordered castor oil emulsion, which she vomited. It would occupy too much space to give the details of the treatment for the nex. nine or ten days, during which she had no passage at all. I re- solved now to again try cascara sagrada, though I had been disappointed in its use in several cases; I must, however, in justice, remark that the prep- aration used was one made by a New York house. I obtained a sample vial of Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, and, April 1st, discontinuing everythi«g else except 5 grs. of lactated pepsin three times a day with milk; I ordered: Il Ext. rham. pursh. fl. (P., D. & Co.'s. Syr rhci arom. aS 60.00. M. Dose, 5 grammes after each meal and 10 grammes at bed time. April 2d, she had two free and easy passages from her bowels and said she relished her food a little more. Continued treatment. April 3d, again two passages, other symptoms improving. Con- tinued treatment. April 4th, had four passages, still improving otherwise; decreased the dose after this, so that the bowels moved one or twice in 24 hours until April 20th, when she took only half a teaspoonful of the mixture at bed time, and was discharged cured, having had no distress of any kind since the first few days after beginning with cascara sagrada. She gained over twenty pounds of flesh in a short time. I have records of several other cases of a similar nature in which cascara sagrada succeeded equally well. 47. Report from A. E. Remington, Bulls, Rangitekei, New Zealand. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880, p. 270.) In February of this year I received a srnal sample of fluid extracts of several new remedies. I am not a physician, and consequently7 cannot be expected to describe symptoms as he would, but in this coun'.w the public frequently consult their chemist, and describe to him their symptoms, and there is no getting out of treating them, and it is simply as a chemist that I have observed the effects of the articles administered. Cascara sa- grada overcame one case of constipation in a fe- male, and it rfiay be stated as a thorough test of the value of the remedy, that for four years her condition had been becoming more and more ag- gravated, notwithstanding that she was always tak- ing pills. When I commenced the administration of the cascara, she had had no evacuation of the bowels for six days, and had a severe headache. I gave her a mixture of: B Ext. rhamni purshianae fluidi, ?j. Syrup aurantii corticis, Aqua:, iia q. s. ad. 3 iv. Sig. Two teaspoonfuls for the first dose, then one teaspoonful four times a day. In a week she returned, and reported that she felt ever so muck better, bowels acting once a day, and asked should she continue medicine. I ordered her to take a teaspoonful at bedtime only, and this she did for another three weeks, and now reports herself as being quite a new woman; she has no return of the old trouble, although three months have passed since last dose of medicine. I do not attempt to explain how the medicine achieves its effect; it does it, and that is sufficient for me. 48. Report of S. M. Curl, M. D., Fellow of the Linnean Society, England, Rangitikei, New Zea- land {Therapeutic Gazette, 1SS0, P. 313.) There be- ing already several species of the genus Rhamnus used in medical practice, viz., Rhamnus catharticus and the Rhamnus frangula and others, all acting as purgatives of greater or less activity, it might be expected that this member of the family would possess cathartic properties, and experience has now shown that it does so in an eminent degree ; and if anything were wanting to prove the usefulness ot a knowledge of systematic botany7 to medical men, it would be the fact that is here exhibited of a plant being used empirically and by illiterate CASCARA SAGRADA. 79 persons and proved to be useful, which, when brought to the knowledge of properly educated men, is by them at once accepted and tried, be- cause they on learning that it belongs to a family of plants botanically known, are prepared to be- lieve it may possess such virtues as those ascribed to it, and trying it, soon discern its peculiar mer- its. We find by our laboratory experiments that the preparations of Rhamnus contain Rhamnin, a pale yellow cauliflower shaped crystalline substance, Rhamnotannic acid, in green-yellow amorphous pieces of a bitter and acrid taste, fusible and eas- ily broken, readily soluble in alcohol and in ether, and an uncrystallizable substance, Rhamnus cath- artine, a friable yellow powder, giving out a pecu- liar odor on being rubbed, has an unpleasant taste, bitter and acrid, fuses by heat to a yellow oily-like thud, dissolves readily in water, not in ether. Also Rhamnoxanthine, a citron-yellow crystalline mass of silky lustre without taste or smell, sublimates in golden yellow needles, is not soluble in water but slightly in alcohol and ether. There are several other interesting bodies, which I have not had time to examine, in the preparation of the Rhamnus. B«t we know enough to see that it is likely to be very useful in an atonic state of the bowels lead- ing to habitual constipation, as these proximate el- ements contained in it act upon the nerve centres and set up increased peristaltic action of the intestinal tube, as proved in the physiological laboratory; and when prescribed in appropriate cases, I have found it act very beneficially on patients suffering from all those states of ill-health brought about by in- sufficient action of the howels. 49. Report from Geo. W. Orr, M. D., Central Mine, Kewenaw County, Michigan, Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 15. Mrs. K. aet, 35. This patient called at my office in Nov. 1879. She stated she believed herself to be consumptive. An examination of chest, however, did not confirm her suspicion ; in- deed her lungs were in perfect condition, of which fact I fully convinced her. I soon traced her trouble to her bowels, which she stated went fre- quently eight and nine days without movement. Her weight was 116 pounds. I placed her on fluid extract cascara sagrada, at first giving a teaspoon- ful before bedtime. The result was marvelous ; in two weeks her bowels became regular, and a re- duction of the dose was necessary. One year has passed, and Mrs. R. weighs 156 pounds, her bow- els are regular and her despondency has disappeared. Mrs. O. S., aet. 74. This patient tells me her bowels move on an average once a week, but fre- quently she goes nine days, and this condition of things has covered a space of more than ten years back. She, too, was put upon cascara sagrada with quite as satisfactory results. 50 Report from Jno. E. Brackett, M. D., Professor Materia Medica, Howard University, Washington, D. C. (Therapeutic Gazette, Feb., 1881; p. 49) It is questionable whether in the life of the gen- eral practitioner, a more troublesome and annoy- ing complaint is met with than chronic constipa- tion, producing, as it does, a train if evils to which the sufferer either wholly succumbs, or seeks such temporary relief as may be offered by the regular physician, the strolling charlatan, or the innumer- able pills and nostrums advertised so freely in the various newspapers throughout the country. Is it not with deep chagrin that the man who writes M. D. after his name, acknowledges all his laudable efforts at relieving, with any degree of permanence, this bete noi? of medical practice, are virtually fail- ures ? Such, at least, had been my experience, and I am free to confess it, until the remedy, the name of which heads this article, appeared. Since that time, however, I have felt very little, if any, un- easiness in taking charge of such cases, as the re- sults have always been satisfactory when my di- rections were carried out with any degree of accu- racy. Still, in spite of the invariable success which followed the administration of this new drug, I hesitated to give my confidence wholly into its keeping until a test of two years or more, among a varying class of cases, has proven beyond % shadow of doubt its capabilities. I therefore take great pleasure in adding the weight of my experi- ence to the already over-heaped pile of testimonials in favor of this new and invaluable addition to our materia medica. I have used the drug now continuously in my practice for more than two years, to the exclusion of almost all other remedies belonging to its class, and I have yet to record a single failure in obtain- ing a cure sooner or later. I have used it alone and in combination with other remedies, as, for in- stance, extract of malt, berberis aquifolium, com- pound tincture of gentian, elixir of calisaya, com- pound tincture cinchona, simple syrup, syrup of tolu, and glycerine. The berberis aquifolium was added in cases associated with rheumatic pains of the joints, scrofulous swellings or ulcers, and in simple debility; the addition of the bitter tonics were in all cases to invigorate digestion and in- crease the appetite in patients requiring such treat- ment, and how often one finds loss of appetite, impaired digestion, mal assimilation, with conse- quent debility, both general and local, associated with chronic constipation; in cases of that kind I always have found the addition of gentian, calisaya or cinchona excellent adjuvants. The extract of malt is added when a combined nutrient and diges- tive stimulant is desired-then, too, the large pro- portion of diastase renders preparations *>f mal' most effective in those forms of disease originating in imperfect digestion of the starchy elements of food, a condition frequently found among a people subsisting almost wholly on a diet of vegetables It is not necessary that I enumerate cases cured by cascara sagrada, with which I am cognizant; their name is, I might almost say, legion; and to select from this number any cases worthy of special mention would be quite as fruitless, for they are all of equal interest to me. I can only say, in conclu- sion, that if there be any of your readers who have not given this new remedy a fair 'rial, I should advise them to do so at once, feeling as- sured that the results will exceed their most san- guine expectations. 51. Report from H. C. Shipley, M. D., Forks of Capon P. O., W. Va., (Therapeutic Gazette. 1P81, p. 49. The first case I have to report is that of ? lady set. 67. Paralysis of the right arm. Obsti- nate constipation, and left foot badly scalded, th" result of an accident prior to the attack of paraly- sis. Constipat on however, was of long continu- ance-what might with propriety, be termed chronic. Was called to see her on the 12th of December. Commenced the treatment by giving her cascara sagrada 3 j, tincture nux vomica 10 gtts, to be repeated every three hours during the first twenty- four hours; afterward four times a day. Visited her again on the 14th, and to my astonishment found the constipation entirely overcome. Dupli- cated the prescription, and repeated the dose three times a day. Visited her again the 16th and con- tinued this course. On my fourth visit, the 19th, found her in a decidedly convalescent condition, and up to this date, fifteen days since, she is en- tirely well. It is proper to remark that the only dressing used for the foot was 3 ij grindelia robusta to a tumbler full of water, which had to be dupli- cated twice of three times. My second case was a lady set. 17; married. Was confined Nov. 7th. Was attended from that 80 . CASCARA SAGRADA date up to the qth of December by a pretended doctor, when I was called to see her. This pre- tender had pronounced her a case of hysteria, and was using tr. ferri chlor. 10 drops three times a day, with 5 grains of pulv. rhei. at night. I found the patient with tongue heavily loaded with a dark and very tenacious coating. Sordes on the gums, teeth and lips, an exhausting diarrhoea, pulse 120, small and wiry, anxious expression of countenance, features pinched, skin shrivelled and shrunken, extreme tenderness over the region of the womb, excessive soreness of the vulva, extending upward into the vagina-soreness so great that I could not make a satisfactory digital examination, patient also very anaemic. I diagnosed it, as a case of typhoid diarrhoea, with endometritis. Prescribed: R Cascara: Sagrada, 3 ijss. Beroeris Aquifolii, 3 ij. Piscidi® Erj thrituF, 3 ij. Syrup. Simp., iiij. M. Sig. A teaspoonful every three hours. Loca. applications to vulva, 3 ij grindelia robusta to half pint of warm water to be repeated every hour. Dec. nth, my second visit, found marked im- provement in all the symptoms. Continued the above course except to substitute the rhus aromatica in the same quantity for the cascara and four times a day instead of every three hours. December T3th. At this visit found her sitting up with tongue and mouth perfectly clean, pulse nearly normal, countenance sprightly and cheerful, pain, tenderness and diarrhoea gone, and her only inquiry was to know what she could eat. On the 15th, through the overwhelming assiduities of her friends she ate pretty freely of ' kraut" and pickled pig s feet; result, relapse. Was sent for again on the 16th, when I found her with all the entire list of untoward symptoms. Being determined to give these highly lauded remedies a fair test, I must confess it was with some misgivings that I again resorted to their use, fearing that at this critical juncture, a confirmed relapse as I feared, and of a form of disease that has always been regaded as dangerous, they might fail me. However, I du- plicated my first prescription and directed a tea- spoonful every three hours, and to my great and agreeable surprise on the 17th I found her all right, at which time I gave her 3 ij eucalyptus in 3 jv water, as a Ionic. M. Sig. Teaspoonful four times a day. Recovery rapid and eminently satisfactory. The result of my experience in the two cases, being so satisfactory I am still testing them in some others, and especially in some old chronic ones, the result «f which I will report hereafter if agreeable. 52. Report trom W. R. Alexander, M. D., Appoint- ed Physician and Surgeon to poor of Parkersburg District. Parkersburg, West Va. (Therapeutic Ga- zette, 1881, p. 84.) Much has been said and writ- ten about the wonderful effects and properties of rhamnus purshiana (cascara sagrada), it is true, but as I have had considerable experience iu the use of it, getting such very satisfactory results from Its administration, I feel that it should be kept prominently before the profession as a great and never-failing remedy for constipation, and those diseases of tne system which depend upon a con- stipated condition of the bowels, lack of secretory action, etc. As to its modus opcrandi, I agree from mv experience with it very fully with Dr. Goss, "that it spends a direct effect upon the sympa- thetic nervous system, especially upon that of the solar plexus, stimulating the nutritive and assimi- lative functions directly. It powerfully stimulates the digestive process, increases the activity of the secretary organs, especially where the secretions are deficient and perverted; hence perverted or de- ficient secretion is the special indication for tha» very great remedy. In constipation depending upon deficient secretion, the fluid extract given in doses of 20 or 30 drops 3 or 4 times a day, will regu- late the bowels. It increases the action of the liver without nausea or other inconvenience." I* my hands it has particularly proven to be a tonic to the muscular tissue generally, but especially upon that of the stomach and bowels, and at the same time it increases the secretions. In cases of indigestion, where the patient throws up every- thing taken, Dr. Bundy's formula is most admir- able, in which he combines the hydrocyanic acid dilute with the cascara, berberis and malt. There is one case in particular from which I got the most satisfactory, as well as very remarkable re- sults with the cascara. It was a married lady, nearly 50 years of age, who had suffered many years with constipation, inactive liver, dyspepsia, and hemorrhoids. You can imagine this lady suf- fering from the above maladies. She had consult- ed many physicians, and pursued many plans treatment. Never had an operation of her bowels for several years without either using medicines or injections for that purpose. When her husband first consulted me in regard to her, she was under the treatment of one of the most reputable phy- sicians in this city, and as he had exhausted everything in the materia medica upon her, I had to acknowledge I could do nothing for her, and she continued for several months more under the doctor's treatment, until at last despairing of re- lief from, and being disgusted with all medicines, she determined to try the virtues of some of the popular watering places. Her husband knowing I had some familiarity with a mineral spring, he de- sired to send his wife to consult me as to the propriety of her trying it. By this time I had. from literature I had received, heard of the cas- cara, and told him of it, and insisted upon his trying it with his wife before he took her away. Thinking everything had been given her that possessed any efficacy, he at first declined. I read him some of the high ecomiums from different and prominent medical authority, and thus induced him to at least try it. Her condition at this time was as follows: Sallow complexion, general emaciation, broad, flabby tongue, coated with a thick, yellow fur, foul breath, cardialgia, headache, habitual constipation, liver enlarged, with considerable paia on pressure. I ordered two preparations of it from a druggist in this city, who had gotten some for my special use. The first was Dr. Bundy's preparation, which I intended should meet the dys- peptic condition of her system, and is as follows: B Cascara sag. fl. ext. (P., D. & Co.), $ j. Acid hydrocyanic! dil., 3j. Malt extract, fl. 5 ij. Berberis aquifol. fl. ext., fl, j j, M. Sig.-Teaspoonful after meals, or oftener, if there is pain or distress with belching of gas a wind from stomach. In addition to above I order- ed the second, as follows: B Cascarse sag., ext. fl. (P,, D. & Co.), 5 ij. Syr. hypophosphit. co , ad J jv. M. Sig.-Teaspoonful at night when the bowete fail to move during preceding day. I heard nothing more from this patient for near- ly a month, when she called in person looking like another being altogether. She said the medi- cine had acted like a charm; under its influence her bowels moved every day, her appetite was good, her digestion much improved, that the medi- cine, unlike other similar preparations, caused pain to hemorrhoidal tumors, that it left the bow- els lax, as she had only to take it once or twice a week. She had given up her trip to the springs. She left the office with a prescription for font times the quantity of formula No. 2, given her at her earnest request, as she said she wanted 4* keep plenty of it in the house in case she weetted CASCARA SAGRADA. 81 I consider the above very remarkable, the case a bad one, the remedy a powerful and sure one, as she had tried all else without even relief. I could give you other and very interesting cases, but as I have already written to considerable length, I will close by saying I have had no failures from cascara ssgrada where the article was a genuine one. I would, however, warn the profession against spurious and cheap preparations. There is a house in the west, and one in the east, that make and sell cascara sagrada much cheaper than Parke, Davis & Co., but it has failed me in its action, having no comparison whatever to Parke, Davis & Co's preparation. I have warned my druggist against any cheap preparation of it, telling him I would rather pay higher prices and get the best. 1 repeat, that from my experience with it, I can- not believe that a genuine article of it will ever ever fail to relieve constipation or lack of glandu- lar secretion, laxity or want of tone in muscular tissue, and in inflammatory conditions of mucous surfaces. 53. Report from Willard H. Morse, M. D., Hins- dale, N. H., (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 88.) 1 can sincerely say that 1 have never met with a safer remedy than this for constipation. I have adopted it in my practice, and think as much of it as I do of any officinal drug. It could not be bettered. I admit that when I first took it up there were doubts in my mind as to its utility, but I have submitted it to the best tests, and it stands proven good. It is recommended in con- stipation where the secretions are deficient, but I employ it whenever I have a case of constipation to deal with. One case among many in which I used it was as follows. A., aet. 20, housekeeper. Had been habitually constipated for several years. Gave cascara, a teaspoonful every morning on an empty stomach. Result, after taking six ounces, re-establishment of perfect action of the bowels. No r eturn of the constipation. 54. Report from L. V. P. Boyle, M. D., Washing- ton, Iowa. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881; p. 97.) My experience with cascara sagrada has been peculiar, ou_ perhaps my mention of it may lead to its notice by others. I have found it to work like a charm in patients with light hair, eyes and complexion, but in patients of dark complexion, hair and eyes, it has been found useless. In every case of con- stipation which I have treated with this remedy since I made this observation, it has succeeded in those of light complexion but has failed in the dark. 55. Report from A. F. Stimmel, M. D., Chattanoo- ga, Tenn., (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881,) p. 168. Constipation caused by torpid liver. 1. My own brother-in-law, telegraph operator, and therefore through his sedentary life liable to hepatic troubles and constipation, had tried all patent medicines, seltzer aperients, etc., and finally asked me for calomel. I reluctantly gave it to him, but he took as much as twenty grains with- out being benefitted. I persuaded him to take cas- cara sagrada, fluid extract, (P., D. & Co.) He took one-half teaspoonful at night, fifteen drops at morning, noon and evening for some four days, and now he says he feels like a new man. 2. Infant of Mr. Ch. B.-Mother came to me complaining that the child did not nurse, nor had had any action of the bowels in the last three days. The child had been wakeful for some nights previous to that time, and the father had brought home some " Winslow's Soothing Syrup," of which the child had taken regular doses. The case was clear to me. ' Winslow's Soothing Syrup" is a vile opium preparation, apt to kill a child, and if our physicians would write the truth in their burial certificates, they should say in many cases, ''died from the effects of 'Winslow's Soothing Syrup,' instead of died from congestion of the brain, etc. " I saw we needed a decidedly active remedy, and I prepared, analogous to the spiced syrup of rhu- barb, a spiced syrup of cascara sagrada, which I ' directed to be given in ten drop doses twice daily i Yesterday the mother came to me and told me that the child was doing remarkably well, the medicine having acted two hours after the first dose, and the child resting well. "But there is some little bit of opium in the mixture you gave me, doctor,** she said, " because the baby could not sleep well if it had not had something like opium." 56. Report from Ray R. Mitchell, M. D., MilleRj- burg, Ohio, (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 285.) There has probable been more written about cascara sagrada than any other new remedy introduced within the last decade. Since the drug came int» general notice a few years ago it has won a mul- titude of friends by its mild, pleasant and faithful action. Thousands of persons reclaimed from the miseries of habitual constipation will say that the name carcara sagrada is not a misnomer, for truly it is a bark held sacred by them. With this encomium as a preface, I beg to intrude ■ a few remarks in a general way with regard to this remedy. But before entering upon the subject. I shall, with due respect to the contributors of this journal and with the permission of the patient ed- itor, offer the following strictures: It has always been a lamentable feature of the Gazette to contain I reports of experiments written not only before the | investigator had tried a given remedy in a sufficient i number of cases to enable him to draw an intelli- gent, trustworthy conclusion, but before the tests had been carried to an issue in any case. For in- stance in a hasty, premature report of a case we frequently read at the close, ''The patient is stil under treatment and is doing well;'' or, ''There has been marked improvement, and I believe the patient will ultimately recover." M'hat medical science demands are facts, which in most instances, and particularly in therapeutics, cannot be furnisheel until after a long-continued, patient and pains- taking investigation, extending, perhaps over a period of years, and would include in it the material for the fact the accumulated results of many hua- dreds of carefully tabulated cases. I am loath to confess it, but it is evidently true that many physicians are not satisfied with the 1 notoriety secured to them by the practice of their I profession, but are impelled, by some innate vis a tergo, to rush into print whether they have any- thing to say or not. Hoping thereby to gain the confidence of my critical readers, for I know every word is carefully and justly weighed by hundreds of silent men, 1 will state that I have been prescribing cascara sa- grada for two years, and this is the first article I have prepared for publication relative to my expe- rience with the preparation. From the numerous cases that have come under my observation, I can cite but one in which the remedy failed. It is not claimed for the prepara- tion that it is infallible, but it is an indisputable fact that it is reliable. I shall now mention a few reasons why the drug occasionally fails to cure or relieve, at least the explanations I shall assign will hold good, in the majority of instances where it does not succeed. Not as a champion or defender shall I mention them, as there is no occasion, Wt 82 CASCARA SAGRADA. hoping to furnish additional information for the busy practitioner who needs all of the practical suggestions that can be offered, I shall designate a few causes of dissatisfaction: In the first place, when cascara sagrada is pre- scribed, it should be aided by all of the collateral measures within reach. A favoiite case with many for a trial of the remedy is one of twenty-five years' standing and due to a severely sedentary life. If the prescription is not followed by a com- plete and permanent recovery after a trial of a very few weeks, the preparation is declared to be of no value. In the name of common sense I ask who could justly demand a cure without a removal of the cause, the administration of adjuvant reme- dies and the adoption of various obviously neces- sary remedies? One physician says that "It (cascara sagrada) seemed to have a cumulative effect, which was very injurious. But when it broke loose it did so with a vengeance." It is evident in this case that the management was very much at fault, and con- trary to the course that would have been pursued had our worthy brother been better informed as to the physiological action of the drug. The profes- sion should be thoroughly impressed with the fact that its principal action is that of a tonic to the bowels, and that as such it produces the results observed. Producing its effects by means of its tonic action, it is evident that preparatory treatment is indicated in most cases, and how frequently is it employed? The most essential measure in this preliminary course is, probably, the administration of a saline cathartic. By this means the bowels will be pre- pared for the prompt and full action of the rem- edy. The doses given are generally too large, and this fact is worthy of emphasis. I am frequently brought in contact with competent medical gentle- men, men who stand high in the profession, and the experience of all coincides with my own, viz : that the best results are obtainable when the fluid extract is given in doses of ten to twenty drops, which course is clearly indicated by the recognized physiological action of the drug. In many cases where the remedy does not suc- ceed it is prescribed at a time when it cannot best serve the purpose. Observation has shown that it is better to administer the preparation one-half hour before each meal. One fruitful cause of failure is that imitations of the genuine article are palmed off by designing, conscienceless parties as the true cascara sagrada. It may be asked, "Who is responsible for the in- troduction of these vile stuffs?" It must be charged in great measuie to the heedlesness and careless- ness of wholesale druggists. With very many of these the handling of a preparation hinges upon the question of profit rather than upon that of purity and reliability of manufacture. They will claim that they are under no obligations to dis- criminate in their purchases; that their business is to keep what may be in demand. But is this true? Surely they should bear their share of the responsibility. In justice to their patrons, the people, they can only keep that which is unques- tioned and unquestionable. Since they are the first to take the product from the manufacturer, they should be the first to challenge its right to notice and confidence. This, in the majority of instances, they do not do. Retail druggists, placing confidence in the whole- sale dealer, purchase without thought or question as a rule, and supply the physician. It is asserted that it is the doctor's business to see that he pro- cures reliable medicines. That is very true, but how can he recognize the false if he does not have access to the true? The latter for obvious reasons is very frequently withheld from him. The gains are not so great m buying and selling the worthy article. But I do not wish to defend the practitioners' culpable gullibility. I have known physicians who gave no thought as to the name and character of the manufacturer, or to the reliability of the pre- paration. But if it had the regulation color it was prescribed unquestioned, and if failure ensued, the same was credited to the violence of the attack or to the downward tendency of the disease. These very men are generally the first to cry down new remedies introduced by reliable manufacturers after they have been recommended by able men in the profession to be preparations of special therapeutic value. The only remaining cau'e of failure to which I wish to call special attention is that too much js expected of it, or any other new remedy, by many of the more conservative physicians. The test by which they propose to determine the relative value of a preparation is extreme, and therefore unjust. The article is prescribed in a very few cases, per- haps but three or four, and if it does not give complete satisfaction in every instance, it is con- demned to probably unjust retirement. While un- der trial the remedy is necessarily subjected to the numerous disadvantages surrounding a new arrival and a stranger. It is obliged to compete with the old, well-tried, favorite remedies with which the profession is familiar, and whose properties and peculiarities they understand so thoroughly. They will not admit it, but many practitioners will require the recently introduced preparation to cure where the old favorite has failed. How manifestly absurd are such inconsistencies. 57. Report from M. A. Latimer, M. D., Denver, Colorado. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 300.) In reading the reports of some practitioners on the results obtained by their use of new remedies, I must say that, at least, I often become impatient. Take cascara sagrada for instance. One fellow says 'it is useless except for blondes." I would just hero add that any remedy becomes useless in direct proportion to the deficiency of brain on the part of the prescriber. It the Juue number of Gazette, Benjamin D. Lay, M. D., and his con- frere,-Gage, M. D., are not satisfied with cascara sagrada. Dr. Lay gives us his old "shot-gun" mixture, and ap; eals to its success through a prac- tice of 37 years. I would 'infer from his report that he belongs to that class of people who still believe the world to be flat. I have used cascara sagrada almost from the date of its introduction, and will say, so unbounded is my faith in its remedial virtues, that I guarantee to cure with it any case of constipation, or forfeit $100. I care not whether the patient be a blonde or a brunette, old or young, whether he be from the frozen regions of the north, or treads the burning sands of Africa, without regard to age, sex, or previous condition. In any case coming w'ithin the legiti- mate sense of the term, I regard it, in the hands of the intelligent physician, as much a specific for constipation as bread is for hunger, the reports of the fossils of the profession to the contrary not- withstanding. 58. Report from I. A. Moody, M. D., Junction City, Ohio. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 370.) The broad and universal grounds which we, as practi- tioners of medicine, occupy, stimulates us to push our researches in every direction, in order to extend our area of therapeutical knowledge. In no way can our efforts be spent to better advantage, than in that of trying to enlarge our list of efficient remedies. It is our privilege and duty to use all means whether physical or moral, which the indica- tions of science or the test of experience point out as the most successful in the removal of disease. Of the physical means, we, as regular physicians, have the privilege of selecting anything which the CASCARA SAGRADA. 83 material world affords. We may use a substance of any form, whether fluid or solid, or from what- ever kingdom of nature it may be derived, whether animal, vegetable or mineral. The article that I have selected, and concerning which I propose to make a few suggestions, is cascara sagrada, the new and valuable remedy for habitual constipation. This remedy, which has been brought prominently before the profession by Parke, Davis & Co., of Detroit, Mich., and its re- medial properties tested by several eminent phy- sicians of the west, has not received the attention which its merits deserve. The use to which I think it is especially adapted is as an aperient, or in larger doses, cathartic, not interfering with di- gestion, in habitual constipation and its resultant evils. The numerous symptoms of abdominal con- gestion which are frequently produced, or at least maintained, by constipation, and the after effects on individual organs-liver, spleen, stomach, etc. -are found by experience to be not infrequently remarkably improved when the constipation is re- moved, but entirely cured. For this purpose the cascara sagrada is found to be an invaluable rem- edy. In a country like ours, where perhaps three- fourths of all the diseases which we are called up- on to treat, are derived, either directly or indirect- ly, from a morbid condition of the liver, it would be well to pay the strictest attention to every remedial agent which may, in the least, promise to be serviceable in those cases depending upon tor- pidity of the liver and habitual constipation. I do not expect that the cascara sagrada would meet successfully many of the symptoms growing out of the retention of biliary matter in the circulation; but that it will remove that distressing condition of system caused by habitual constipation, to my mind will scarcely admit of doubt. As to its mode of operation, I do not think it acts directly on the Ever, as mercurials, podophyllin and some others do, but by its acting as a healthy stimulus upon the mucous membrane of the duodenum, thus ex- citing the liver to increased action through the medium of its excretory duct. Other theories might be advanced concerning its mode of action, but the limits of this paper will not permit. Not wishing to occupy too much space in your valuable journal, I will conclude my remarks by reporting a case, in which I used the cascaia sagrada with most satisfactory results: Mrs. C., set. about 50 years, light complexion, medium height, and a resident of our village, has been for years a constant sufferer, from constipa- tion of the bowels, to such an extent as to be un- der the necessity of taking physic every few days. The bowels would remain without motion for a whole week, unless a purgative was used, in which instance an unusually large dose was required. All the cathartics were tried that seemed to promise any good in removing the costiveness. She would use one article until the system lost its suscepti- bility of being acted upon by it, and then she would resort to another with the same result. Thus she continued until she applied to me for treatment, February 10th, at which time I com- menced the use of cascara sagrada. On the day she took the first dose, she had had no operation for three days. In the afternoon of that day she took a teaspoonful of fluid extract cascara sagrada, and repeated it in four hours. The last dose was fol- lowed in a short time by a free evacuation of the bowels, to the great joy and satisfaction of the patient. She continued to take teaspoonful night and morning, until the most complete regularity of the bowels was established. The pain of stomach and bowels entirely subsided, and her general health is much improved. She is of the opinion that the cascara sagrada is almost a specific in habitual constipation, and she keeps a supply of it in the house to use as occasion requires. This is one of several cases of the kind, in which I have used this remedy with the most satisfactory re- sults. I will close this paper by merely expressing my ardent wish that members of the profession will not forbear making a test of the merits of this drug. 39. Report from L. Brown, M. D., Pottsville, Iowa. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 380.) I notice in the Gazette for August, a communication from Dr. Latimer, of Denver, in which it appears to the writer that the said Dr. Latimer has most admir- ably succeeded in writing himself a most unchar- itable and narrow-minded individual. The subject is the therapeutic value of "cascara sagrada," and the Dr. has not the slightest patience with any practitioner who will dare to doubt that this rem- edy is not an absolute and unfailing specific for every conceivable form of constipation. Indeed, he plainly tells us that those who do not thus be- lieve are "fossils," and also that they "must be- long to that class who believe the earth to be flat.'* Then Dr., the profession contains thousands of fossils and disbelievers in the earth's rotundity. The Dr. also tells us that "any remedy becomes useless in direct proportion to the deficiency of brain on the part of the prescriber." But, upon the other hand, may not the same cerebral de- ficiency have something to do with the Dr.'s un- bounded faith in cascara? The undoubted fact in regard to cascara is, that it is a remedy of very considerable value in most cases of constipation. Such is indeed the very general verdict of the pro- fession, but that it is a specific, is not believed by one in fifty of those who have used it, and some at least of these, it is fair to conclude, are as cap- able of forming correct conclusions as Dr. Lati- mer. The Dr. even offers to forfeit $100 for a case of constipation that he cannot cure with this remedy. If the Dr. should be able to raise the sum mentioned, we think he would find no diffi- culty in getting contracts of this kind, so long as his wealth lasted. Dr. Latimer, give us a rest. 60, Report from Dr. J. A. Hobson, M. D., Flush- ing, Dec. 23, 1878, New Preparations, February, 1879. Having read your notice in regard to the use of cascara sagrada, I have been trying it ia several cases with uniform success. I have seen nothing in regard to its poisonous effects, so will give you a little experience of my own. Mrs. S., age 35, consulted me Desember 13th; complained of occasional attacks of headache. Bowels habitu- ally costive, digestion imperfect; is nursing, child cries nearly all the time. I prescribed the medi- cine in half drachm doses every six hours. She had taken near two drachms, she being, as she expressed it, "hard to physic." I found her pulse 135, respiration less than normal, strong tendency to sleep, pulse very feeble, not quite regular, pupils normal, complained of great numbness in limbs, sick at stomich, some attempts at vomiting, skin cool with hot flashes, temperature normal, I pre- scribed sp. ammonia, 3 j every hour largely diluted, sinapism to stomach. She slept well after two a. m,, was all right in the morning; no headache, bowels moved freely in six hours after taking med- icine. I know nothing of the physiological action of the cascara, but this case looked like one of slight poisoning by veratrum viride or aconite. If you possess accurate knowledge on this point, I would like to hear from you, as I think it an in- valuable remedy for that bane of our art, habitual constipation. [We have never had any reports tending to convey the idea that it contained anything poisonous. It may contain some al- kaloid, which in some cases would act identically with it. We have reason to suppose that preparations are on the market compounded of buckthorn bark and strychnia, or other and think there may have been some such sophisticated. Be kind enough to state by return mail whose preparation you have been using.-Eo.] CASCARA SAGRADA. 84 Reports on Cascara Cordial. 1. Report from Thos. J. Wheeden, M, D., 53 Sands street, Brooklyn, N. Y., (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880, p. 195.) I have tested cascara cordial in my own family, in a case of obstinate habitual constipation which had resisted all other remedies. It gives me great pleasure to be able to state that it has met all the indications in the most satisfactory and agreeable manner. In my career as a student and physician, a matter of twenty-seven years, I have never seen anything to equal it. Indeed the satis- faction is so great that were it possible to use more forcible language I should certainly do it. I shall take pleasure in speaking of it to my professional brethren, 2. Report from R. C. Kinnaman, M. D., Ashland, Ohio, (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880, p. 226.) A sam- ple of this elegant elixir, which I have been sub- mitting to a test, has produced very excellent re- sults. A gentleman who has been one of my pat- rons for a number of years, has given me a con- siderable amount of trouble because of the chronic constipation with which he has been afflicted. The whole list of aperients, cathartics, and intestinal tonics had been tried in vain as far as regards per- manent benefit. I placed him on cascara cordial, but the very pleassnt taste of the mixture made it very difficult for me to induce him to persevere in its use. His was an aggravated case, and he thought that relief could only come through some- thing "powerful." that is, I suppose, something which by its taste and smell suggested "power." The dose was gradually increased until gentle tax- ation of the bowels was secured. It was then con- tinued at this dose until the evacuation became reg- ularly diurnal, after which it was discontinued. No return to the cordial has thus far been neces- sary. 3. Report from J. Harvey Lyon, M. D., Mason, Michigan. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1880, p. 331.) I received a sample of this elegant preparation some time since, with the request that I subject it to a trial. A- few evenings afterward a gentleman consulted me for chronic constipation. He had tried various remedies and combinations without satisfactory re- sults. I handed him the sample of cascara cordial left with me, with, I confess, very little faith in the value of the mild and pleasant mixture. Two weeks after, the patient called and assured me that he had followed my instructions for a few days-a teaspoonful before each meal and at bed- time-and had secured copious defecations without the griping and flatulency attendant on the use of the laxative or cathartic pills to which he had been accustomed; that he has had full and easy evacua- tion since stopping the medicine, and has had more relief from the little phial than he ever se- cured from the abundance of medicine that had cost him many dollars. I have tried the cordial on myself without ap- parent effect, though there was no particular indi- cation for its use in my case. 2ST2EW Utero Vaginal Syringe. With Reverse Streams and Grooves. H. T. Chamberlin, M. D., Inventor and Manufacturer, Rochester, N. Y. IE3rice Complete, with t-wo Tubes, $2.50. UTEfW VAGINAL SO IBS®, Sole Agents for the United States, Parke, Davis & Co., MAN UFA C T URING CH EM IS TS, DETROIT, - - MICHIGAN, New York, 60 Maiden Lane and 21 Liberty Street. [over.] To The Medical Profession. Gentlemen : In introducing this Syringe to the notice of the public through the medical profession the inventor is willing to refer its merits to the test of actual experience. All that we ask for our instrument is a trial, being satisfied that no elaboration on our part can effect such a thorough conviction of its excellence as the practical testimony of its operation. Having had a large experience in the treatment of uterine disease during the past fifteen years, and realizing the necessity of some more thorough means of cleansing these parts, we were led to experiment for the purpose of ascertaining if possible a more effectu- al method of cleansing the cervix uteri and vagina, which could be placed in the lady's own hands that she could safely and successfully use without suffering or inconvenience. As a result of this investigation we have the UTHRO VAGINAL SYRINGE. It is conceded by physicians who have used it to be unique and invaluable, supply- ing a want long realized by the profession. One of the cardinal points in the treatment of uterine disease which should constant- ly be kept before the mind of the medical practitioner is the importance of having these parts thoroughly and frequently cleansed. Too little attention is commonly paid to this sub- ject. No plan of treatment will succeed in effecting a cure where these precautions are neglected. The following testimonial is one of many we have received from eminent medical gentlemen who have used our instrument during the past four years. The Doctor says -" It is but just to say that It Is The Best Vaginal Syringe Extant. In the hands of the practical gynaecologist it will prove a valuable adjuvant. It should, and eventually will be in the hands of, and be recommended by every medical practitioner. It is possible that we may be considered too sanguine regarding the subject of cleanliness, but when we remember that the treatment of some of our best physicians is counteracted either from a lack of sufficient knowledge of its importance, or a failure to secure a syringe that will ac- complish the desired result, we feel that we could not say less and do justice to both physi- cian and patient. If our ideas render the services we expect of them in awakening in the mind of the p' ofession the importance of thorough cleanliness in the " PREVENTION AND CURE OE UTERINE DISEASE, we shall have been paid for our efforts. The instrument which is shown in the cut on opposite page is constructed as follows, viz: The vaginal tube is six inches in length ; the surface is divided into ten longitudinal grooves one-eighth of an inch deep, with an orifice at the termination of each at the base of the dome for a reverse stream. In the dome are orifices for direct and diverging streams. Being nearly an inch in diameter, it acts as a "repositor" in prolapsus uteri. It presses the organ up to its normal position, at the same time distending the folds, by gently rotating the tube while the liquid is being injected, The grooves detach the tenacious mucous that adheres to the membrane, the reverse streams passing down between the instrument and surface of the vagina effectually removes the same. As a consequence two important results are attai led, viz : THE UNHEALTHY SECRETIONS ARE REMOVED AND All INJURY ARISING THEREFROM ODVIATED. The mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix uteri are effectually cleansed. If disease exist, medicine may now be directly and thoroughly applied to the affected part. H. T. CHAMBERLIN, M. D., ROCHESTER. N. Y. - -=EMULSI0N OF PURE= Norwegian Cod liver Oil WITH Hypophosphites of Lime and Soda. The therapeutic indications and value of Cod liver oil are too well known to the medical pro fession to necessitate an enumeration of them in the description of any preparation into which this article enters as the base. It is feared, however, that the importance of the Hypophosphites is not so generally recognized. The attention of the profession was first prominently directed to these salts by Dr. Churchill. His use of them was the result of a priori reasoning as to the physiological effects of agents of their chemical constitution on the system. Taken into the system these salts absorb oxygen and are changed into nascent phosphates. This being their property it is but natural that their value should have suggested itself to the practical therapeutist, and although Dr. Churchill's first therapeutic experiments with them led him to make claims which subsequent trials have demon- strated to have been somewhat extravagant, it still remains that they are probably unsurpassed, if indeed they are equalled, in wasting diseases by agents of any other class. In the words of Churchill, "they increase the principle, whatever it may be, which constitutes nervous force ; and, on the other hand, they are the most powerful of hematogens, being infinitely superior to medicines of that class hither- to known." As prophylactics of pulmonary lesions the hypophosphites given in the pre-tubercular stage of consumption have been demonstrated to be of undoubted service, and even after the lung trouble has developed they are powerful agents in the prevention of the rapid waste so characteristic of that affection. In nervous exhaustion the hypophosphites may be profitably substituted for phosphorus, and the combination with cod liver oil furnishes a preparation which intelligently meets the indication iu wasting diseases. In the emulsion herewith prescribed each fluid ounce contains : Cod Liver Oil, . - - - - 4 fluidrachm* Hypophosphite of Lime, - - - 8 grains. Hypophosphite of Soda, - - - 4 grains. Gum Arabic, Sugar, Glycerine, Water and Flavor, - - q. s. We claim the following points of excellence for our preparation: FIRST,-The perfection of the emulsion, which we present in a shape that will stand the most rigid tests both as to its ingredients and pharmaceutical manipulation, SECOND-The cod liver oil employed is of the purest Norwegian variety, selected with special reference to this preparation. THIRD.-It is prepared strictly in accordance with the published formula, the articles enter- ing into its composition being combined by the most approved machinery and in the most scientific manner, no acids, alkalies, or other articles which would cause saponification, are used. FOURTH.-It will not ferment or become rancid by keeping-provided it is not exposed to the air-the only change possible, is the unavoidable gravitation of a small part of the watery oortion, which will at once recombine upon agitation. FIFTH.-Its fluidity and palatability. SIXTH.-That it is not protected by copyright, trade-mark, patent or secret formula. We consider it necessary to call attention to this fact in view of the violation of the provisions of the Code of Ethics on this point which is being practiced by the manufacturers of similar emulsions now in the market. In recommending such copyrighted preparations the medical profession are fostering and encouraging evils than which nothing can be more inimical to their interests. FROM THE LABORATORY OF Parke, Davis & Co., Manufacturing Chemists, DETROIT, MICH. Indispensable Cup Syringe. THE = Tie above cut illustrates the "Indispensable Cup Syringe" in its relations to the parts while being used, This instniment has been specially constructed to meet the demand created for an improved method of irrigation in the treatment of uterine disorders. Several irrigators are in vogue but the objection to them is their high price, and to the cheaper instruments their want of effective- ness. This new instrument possesses several marked advantages. Isi, tY is so reasonable in price that it is within the reach of every one; 2nd, it is the best instrument for the purpose that has yet been offered to the profession; 3rd, it can be used in a recumbent position; 4th, it is a complete family syringe; 5th it can be used as a urinal. It may be used as a family syringe by disconnecting the cup, and the cup itself, in connection with the drainage tube, forms an admirable urinal. Please examine the explanatory cuts. The importance of a recumbent position for using large vaginal injections is clearly shown by Dr Emmet in the second edition of his work on Gynaecology. On page 51, speaking of hot water vaginal injections, he says: "It is, therefore, of the greatest importance that they be administered properly. When given in the upright or sitting position the effect is very little more than to wash out the vagina. 77u? full benefits can be obtained by ad- ministering them only while the patient is lying on her back, etc." We believe the profession generally recognize the need of some arrangement to facilitate and render more effective this kind of treatment. Some reasons why the Indispensable Cup Syringe should be used in preference to all others:- First-It is a complete syringe fcr the vagina or rectum, no other is necessary in the family. Second-As a vaginal douche it can be used without rising from the bed. Third-Any quantity of water can be used without fatigue. Fourth-No assistant is needed. Fifth-It does not soil the bed or clothing. Sixth-The syringe may be detached and the cup with the drainage tube forms a perfect urinal The instrument we offer is the only one affording the above advantages, and is the cheapest syringe, everything considered, in the market. The directions are very simple, and can be followed by any person, They may be found accompanying each instrument. RETAIL PRICE OF INDISPENSABLE CUP SYRINGE, $4.00. SOLE AGENTS FOR THE UNITED STATES. PARKE, DAVIS & CO.. DETROIT, MICH, New York: 60 Maiden Lane and 21 Liberty Street. CASCARA CORDIAL. PUT UP IN CASES CONTAINING ONE DOZEN FLASKS EACH Cascara Cordial is an elixir of the bark of the Rhamnus Purshiana (Cascara Sagrada). a tree indigenous to Northern California and Oregon. Cascara Sagrada had long been known to the Indians and Spanish residents of the Pacific coast, prior to its introduction to the medical profession, and was popularly held as a remedy of high repute in the treat- ment of habitual constipation and stomachic debility. Although the tree is found in other sections careful examinations and trials of samples selected from different latitudes show a variability in active properties in the different specimens. Rhamnus Purshiana is, how- ever, not peculiar in this regard. The same fact (variability of active principles with variability of climate and soil) has familiar illustrations in the case of opium, hemp, stra- monium, digitalis and other drugs. Although attaining equal size and luxuriance of foli- age in some sections, they may yet be almost or entirely destitute of their characteristic properties. Native opium or hemp, for instance, are comparatively inert, notwithstand- ing the fact that the plant may vie with that of Asia in size and vigor of growth. This peculiarity of plant growth has a very particular bearing, and in the case of few other plants is it more important to have a reference thereto than in that of Rhamnus Pur- shiana. The neglect thereof has given rise to much discrepency in the testimony regard- ing the medicinal virtues of the tree. Varieties gathered in some sections, although present ing the physical appearances of the active bark, are practically inert, and through either ignorance or a disregard of this peculiarity, the market has been largely supplied with the latter variety. Northern California and Oregon as far as ascertained arc the only sections, of this country at least, which furnish the conditions necessary to the development of ths. medicinal properties of Rhamnus Purshiana. Another circumstance affecting the quality of the bark is the season at which it is gathered. Experience has shown this to be a very important fact to be borne in mind. It is scarcely necessary for us to recount the history of the introduction of Rhamnus Purshiana to the medical profession. It will be remembered that our house was the first to give it this introduction, and that rival manufacturers, ignorant of the peculiarities of the tree above enumerated, gathered the bark irrespective of the section of its growth. The consequent failure to secure such results from their preparations as marked ours, insti- gated the charge that our preparation was a compound to which we had arbitrarily given the name " Cascara Sagrada." The charge, however, although it temporarily served its purpose, viz., the casting of a suspicion on the integrity of our house, was soon shown to be both baseless and malicious, and the Rhamnus Purshiana of our preparation became established as an agent possessed of properties hitherto unequaled in any other drug. The intimacy of our identification with Rhamnus Purshiana has made it actually neces- sary that our preparation of it should absolutely conform to the recognized tests. The properties of the drug as we have advertised them to the profession are predicated on the employment of the true variety. In order to secure this variety from which the prepara- tions to which we attach our name are made, it is necessary to make the drug (having the peculiarities we have indicated) a special object of study. This we have done, and the bark is gathered under our special supervision, and each year's crop submitted to a careful chemical analysis to determine its percentage of active principles. Disappointments in the results of the administration of Cascara Sagrada is due either to the employment of inferior or spurious varieties, or to the improper use of the true drug and the non-observance of proper dietetic and hygienic rules. Constipation is essentially a symptom of a functional disease of the intestines, this disease consisting usually of a diminished tonicity of the muscular coats, resulting directly in the impairment of the nor- mal vermicular contraction. As is the case with other diseases it is the result of a cause, and in its treatment, as in the treatment of other diseases, that cause must first be removed. This cause is very generally due to indiscretion in diet, undue quantity andi mproper quality of food, irregularity in the habit of evacuation, and deficiency of systematic exercise. To secure the benefits of cascara these must be corrected. Cascara acts curatively in constipation by imparting tone to the muscular coats of the intestine, and is most effective to that end when administered in small doses. In large doses it acts as a cathartic, and thus like all other cathartics given in constipation, it defeats the very end for which it is given, by weakening the bowels by its violent action. By insisting on a faithful adherence to the rules prescribed on each bottle of our preparations of this remedy, in connection with proper diet, of fruit and vegetables, absti- nence from alcoholic liquors, which unfavorably influence the liver, regular habits of exer- cise and the observance of regularity in the time of seeking an evacuation, the physician will find this remedy entirely satisfactory. Our object in the preparation of the Cascara Cordial is to relieve the prescriber of the difficulty of ordering such a combination with the drug as will relieve it of its objectionable taste. This preparation is essentially an elixir, but it will be found to be so pleasantly combined that with solvents, aromatics and carminatives as to entitle it to be styled a cordial. The presence of berberis aquifolium in the mixture imparts* to it decided alter- ative properties, thus making it a scientific substitute for the patented sarsaparilla com- pounds and other nostrum "blood purifiers" in the market. In chronic non-inflammatory skin affections, which are usually associated with defective hepatic and intestinal secretion, its success has been very pronounced, and in other dyscrasise it will seldom be found neces- sary to add the iodides. The results of very extended trial given this preparation by the profession since our introduction of it, warrant us in strongly recommending it to those physicians who are as yet unfamiliar with its properties. To any who may desire the recorded experience of the medical gentlemen who have employed it, we will be pleased to furnish on application, a pamphlet compiled from such reports as have appeared in the various medical journals. PARKS, 'CAVIS p CO., CKrinsLs, DETROIT, MICHIGAN. Cascara Cordial: The attention of the medical profession is called to the fact that this preparation is not intended for sale to the public in any form. In the introduction of this remedy we have worked with the intent of offering to physicians a pleasant and palatable preparation of Cascara Sagrada and Berberis Aqui - folium, which would answer the indications for a combination of these remedies of a probably superior character, than would be supplied extemporaneously on prescription. The peculiar tendency of prepara- tions of Cascara Sagrada toward the development, after manufacture, of an exceedingly bitter principle has rendered it difficult to manufacture a liquid preparation which would remain permanently palatable.. After several years' experiment we think we have reached the result required, and now place before the medical profession Cascara Cordial in its improved form, as a most elegant and permanent combination for the administration of the remedies above named. It is put up in its present form for the purpose of assuring both the medical profession and ourselves, that there shall be no substitution therefor of inferior preparations. If sold indiscriminately in bulk there would be no positive assurance to the medical profession that our brand of this preparation would be dispensed on prescription, as our experience has shown a tendency on the part of pharmaceutical manufacturers to market inferior substitutes of many of the new remedies introduced by us. This had been shown particularly in the case of fluid extracts, Cascara Sagrada, Berberis Aquifolium, Eucalyptus Globulus, Coto Bark, and other new remedies, and thus, physicians, led to expect certain definite results from the use of these remedies, are frequently disappointed in their expectations, and from no fault of ours. It will be borne in mind, however, that while we have endeavored to identify the preparation with our own source of manufacture, by means of the peculiar form in which it is bottled, we have no trade-mark, patent or copyright on the preparation. There is nothing in our action to prevent any manufacturing house or retail drug- gist from placing upon the market a similar preparation, in such form as he may select as peculiar or suited to himself. Cascara Cordial, then, is issued in its present form by us, simply as a matter of protection to the medical profession in cases where they desire to prescribe and obtain our preparation. notice. Cascara Cordial, prepared for the purpose of overcoming the objection- able taste of Cascara Sagrada, is put up in its present shape, in regard to bot- tle and wrapper, with the sole purpose ■ of guarding against the sophistication I which is practised by certain manufac- turers who have placed on the market a similar preparation, in which inferior and false varieties of the drugs enter- ing into its composition have been em- ployed, with a view to producing a cheaper article. It is necessary in order to secure the ! full characteristic effects of Cascara Cordial in chronic constipation that due regard be had to the rules laid down for the administration, to this end, of Cascara Sagrada. its cathartic ingre- dient. Inasmuch as this preparation is in- tended to be dispensed only on physi- cians' prescriptions, the druggist will please remove this label from whole bottles thus ordered, and write direc- tions tor use, as given on the prescrip- tion, on the opposite side of bottle. This precaution is believed necessary to prevent the use of Cascara Cordial as a popular laxative, and to restrict its use to legitimate professional purposes. For full description and working formula of the preparation see the "Detroit Lancet" for January, 1882. A descriptive circular of the drug will be mailed on application. DOSE.-15 minims to one flui- drachm as directed by the attending physician. FROM THE LABORATORY OF PARKE, DAVIS & CO , i Manufacturing Chemists, , DETROIT, MICH. /i \X U. S. A. In order to obviate the tendency of sale to the public, we have attached labels to each bottle as per fac simile given above. It is requested in print, also attached to each bottle, that the druggist shall remove the descriptive label of the preparation and issue it to the patient with simply the prescrip- tion blank attached and bearing the prescription number. In adopting these precautions, in the inter- ests of the medical profession, and with due regard to our ethical relations to the practitioners of medicine, as scientific pharmacists, we ask for their patronage. Respectfully, PARKE, DAVIS & CO. Detroit, Mich., Oct. 20th, 1882. Filled Capsules In this connection we call the attention of the medical profession to the abuses now existing with regard to the sale of filled capsules for the treatment of specific diseases of the genital organs and other affections, as illustrating the tendency of unscientific pharmacy. Gelatine capsules filled with balsam copaiva, cubebs, sandalwood and other medicinal ingredients, have long been in use by the medical profession, and by the public, for the treatment of the diseases above indicated. Manufacturers have gradually catered to the increased consumption of these articles by the public without the inter- mediation of the medical profession, by means of supplying all necessary information with regard to administration and treatment in the form of circulars accompanying each box. These circulars cover the history of these diseases, from time immemorial to the present date, with exaggerated symptoms and prognosis and with advice as to the proper use of remedies. When the patient has purchased one box of these capsules he finds, accompanying it, all necessary medical advice, and feels little necessity of approaching the medical practitioner for advice, until by the indiscriminate use of these remedies his digestive or urinary organs are completely deranged. It is a fact also that in certain cases manu- facturers, noticing that the principal consumption of their products was by the public, no longer gave that careful attention to the selection of medicinal ingredients which would be deemed necessary where the article was passing under the critical observation of the medical profession, until at the present day it may be assumed that the quality of the medicinal ingredients of many of the capsules sold is of such grade as to call for the condemnation of the profession. We solicit the attention of the medical profession to a line of filled gelatine capsules which we are now issuing, and which, so far as physical qualifications, beauty, elasticity and solubility are concerned, are unexcelled in the world. As to the medical ingredients, we claim that we use and place therein drugs which are of the very best quality obtainable and absolutely free from adulteration. In offering these articles to the medical profession, as an agreeable and effective method of administering nauseous balsams and other drugs, we take this opportunity to assure them that we shall properly protect their interests in their relations to the public, by avoiding the use of circulars of any form by which information can be conveyed to patients as to their use of the remedies. We attach hereto fac similes of labels in use by us for the marketing of our capsules. The wrapper, for the sake of convenience, bears the name of the combination and its number upon our list. The box carries no circular other than a list of our vari- ous preparations, without reference to their use in the treatment of diseases. When a prescription is received by the druggist for a box of these capsules, he is requested to remove the outside wrapper and issue the box to the patient, bearing simply the label below given in fac simile of, and the number of the prescription, with the general directions of the physician. We trust that our medical friends will see herein an opportunity afforded them to encourage an effort on the part of legitimate pharmacy to pro- tect them in their professional rights, against the action of proprietary medicine men who seek to reach their patients by public advertising. ( OUTSIDE LABEL.) • EACH CAPSULE CONTAINS: Phosphorated Oil, 1-50 gr. 1-50 gr. Phosphorus in 10 minims of Oil. sv sovaa v aooo sv ni hskwhs DNiHna 'axv ahq Aaxoajasj xoa sihjg asses asvaaa ;hollok SOLUBLE IC Prepares from Kii ifwLjF French the Finest Gelatine. AT THE LABORATORY OF PARKE, DAVIS & CO.| DETROIT, MICH., U. S. A. The medicinal ingredients of these Cap- sules are of the finest quality obtainable at| the original sources of supply. We guarantee the presence of the quantity stated upon the labels. * Parke, Davis & Co.'s FILLED SOLUBLE ELASTIC CAPSULES. 3 No 188_ For Directions M. D. DISPENSED BY i DOZ. CAPSULES, NO. 53. Phosphorated Oil, 1-50 gr. S3P To those interested, who will make application to us, we will send a file of literature which will definitely establish the fact, by clippings made from public newspapers, that the ordinary gelatine capsules upon the market are advertised directly to the public as specifics in affections of the genital organs. A full list of our filled capsules, containing formulae and price, will be sent to any physician free of expense, on application. Respectfully, PARKE, DAVIS & CO. Detroit, Mich., Oct. 20th, 1882. Working Bulletin FOR THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF Q-xieToraolio. (AS PI DOSPE RM A QU EBR ACHO. ) A Plan to promote Progress In the Science of Pharmacology This working bulletin, accompanied by the drug to be investigated, or a preparation of the same, or noth, as the circumstances require, is distributed gratuitously to the Colleges, Universities and other institutions engaged in scientific work, and to the government hospitals, and public hospitals and dispensaries, and to the medical profession at large, to obtain the results of the drug in treating the sick. The object is to promote original investigation in the science of drugs. This we propose to do by furnishing gratuitously to those engaged in original research, material for investigation, and by publishing the results of the same as a donation to scientific literature. It is apparent that the only return which we can receive for this work is the increased demand for the valuable drugs which we are introducing to science, for we guarantee to publish full reports, favorable or otherwise. Articles in relation to the drug, under the following heads embraced by the pharmacology, are requested for the Therapeutic Gazette, the organ which represents this new system of work. These heads form the classification of this bulletin. In regard to each drug investigated we solicit reports for publica- tion upon the subjects of scientific name ; synonyms ; definition; natural order; botanical origin ; history; commerce ; production cultivation ; description ; microscopical structure ; chemical composition ; uses (in medicine) ; adulterations and substitutions; pharmaceutical preparations and dose ; antagonists and incompatibles; synergists; physiological action; therapeutic properties ; toxicology and antidotes. At the end of the year the reports published in the Gazette will be collected,classified, and published in the form of an annual report, which will be donated to the libraries of the Smithsonian Institute, a government institute at Washington for the free diffusion of knowledge ; and a sample of the drug, and our preparation of it, will be deposited in the National Museum, in the department delegated to pharmacology. SENT OUT BY THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF PARKE, DAVIS & CO., Manufacturing Chemists, Detroit, Mich., U. S. A. Aspidosperma Quebracho. Quebracho bark, Quebracho Blanco. The bark of the tree of Aspidosperma Quebracho Natural order, Apocynea. Botanical Origin.-(Report from Dr. Adolph Hansen, assistant at the Botanic Institute of Erlangen, contained in an essay by that author.-Therapeutic Gazette, September, 1880; p. 263.) The genus Aspidosperma belongs to the Apocyneae. The general peculiarities which distinguish the members of this family are astringent properties, aromatic resins and the property of furnishing a milky juice, at times inocuous, and at others, again, very poisonous. The genus Aspidosperma was originated by Martius and Zuccarina. In the first volume of the Nov. gen., De Candolle, Prodromus VIII, p. 396, ff., there are two sections of these plants described, containing eighteen species. In the essay of Mtiller von Aargau on the Apocyneae of the Flora Braziliensis, we already find described thirty-nine species, likewise divided into two sections. Three species mentioned by De Candolle occur beyond the north- western limits of Brazil. Further, four extra-Brazilian species are described by M filler von Aargau in Vol. XXX., Linnaea, p. 397, .as occurring in British Guiana, on the Orinoco, and the Island of Trinidad, and in the forests of Mexico, so that in all forty-six species are known. The species discovered by Burmeister, Schlechtendal was unable to identify with any of those already known, and consequently Aspidosperma Quebracho must be added to the above number as an Argentinian species. Aspidosperma Quebracho is a tall tree with a perfectly straight trunk from two to three feet in thickness, with a moderately large oval crown and sparse foliage, the extreme twigs being very fine and pendant, as in the willow (something like Salix Babylonica). I received from the Gottingen Herbarium specimens of aspidosperma quebracho, collected by Lorentz and Hieronymus ; they consisted of blossoming twigs from plants of first year's growth and over, and also of the fruits. It seemed to me to be of interest to furnish an exact illustration of a flowering twig, inasmuch as aspidosperma quebracho has not yet been illustrated. (Plate 1, fig. 1.) The leaves stand in triple whorls, they are leathery, lanceolate, entire, smooth, veins not prominent, the upper and lower sides both presenting the same appearance. The leaf ends in a sharp-pointed thorn. The inflorescence is rather complicated, the flowers are in cymes which have the forms technically termed dichasia or pleiochasia, or sometimes the arrangement resembles the helicoid cyme. The calyx is pentasepalous, the corolla pentapetalous ; the petals overlap each other at the base (fig. 1 b) ; five stamens are attached to the corolla ; ovary superior, two-celled, with numerous ovules, the pistil carrying a headed stigma (fig. 1, a b c). The fruit has been accurately described and figured by Schlechtendal,* to whose illustration I refer. It may be noted that its anatomical structure bears a remarkable similarity to that of the bark, inasmuch as the parenchyma of the former is also interspersed with sclerogenous cells. Remarks on Species.-Grisebach gives the following diagnosis of the species. (Plantae Lorentz, p. 203). Aspidosperma quebracho Schlecht. Simile A. parvifolio A. DC. sed foliis oppositis (ternatimque verticillatis) a charactere generico aberrans corollaque aliis speciebus accedens. Arbor sempervirens, glabra, ligno duro, foliis rigidis glaucescentibus eliptico-lanceolatis subses- silibus v. in petiolum brevissimum attenuatis utrinque laevigatis subvenosis margine calloso flavente cinctic apice aristato-mucronatis (1" longis 3-4"' latis, cymae axillares et terminales, trichotomae (1" diam.), pedicellis patentibus pedunculisque minutissime pubeurlis, 1-2" longis, calyx 5 partitus longus, segmentis ovatis acutis, corolla, lutea, ad medium 5 fida, tubo cylindrico 2"' longo, lobis expansis oblongo-linearibus obtusis basi auriculata sinistorum contortis; antherae infra faucem sessilis, deltoideo-cuspidatae ; ovaria 2, stylo communi incluso superne clavato minutissime 2 cuspidate ; capsula lignosa, margine convexa compressiuscula, elipsoidea longa, i%" lata, 10"' crassa, valvis medo carinatis ; semina cum ala lata 2" longa, 1" lata.-Cordoba, in campis pr. urbem, inde per provincias Santiego de Estero et Tucuman. In comparison with the species mentioned and illustrated in the Flora Braziliensis (Vol. vi, part I), aspidosperma quebracho assimilates closely to several different varieties. In its inflorescence it approaches most nearly to aspidosperma nobile, pyrifolium, subincanum and tomentosum. In its verna- tion it resembles aspidosperma parvifolium. differing, however, by the verticillate arrangement and thorny point of the leaves. *Bot. Zeit., 1861, p. 138; plate V. B. 32 ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. History■-Report from Dr. Adolph Hansen, assistant at the Botanic Institute of Erlangen, contained in essay by that author.-Therapeutic Gazette, September, 1880 ; p. 263. Soon after the introduction of quebracho bark, this remedy attracted considerable attention. The limited knowledge we possessed of the drug itself, and the difficulty of obtaining it, as well as the occurrence of frequent substitution of false varieties for the true drug, caused considerable confusion, which was not in the least diminished by numerous communications of results obtained from all kinds of barks. A large number of short notices of the bark and its therapeutic effects appeared in the medical and pharmaceutical journals without, however, a report of any thorough examination of the bark itself. The only serviceable reference was contained in a description by Dingier, appearing with Fraude's chemical publication. As I was in possession of material of undoubted genuineness, it appeared to be of sufficient interest to furnish an elaborate description of the bark, above all in a pharmacognostic sense, thus enabling us to identify it and render further substitution impossible. An examination of the wood was undertaken at the same time with that of the bark. The work, which was begun in the interest of therapeutics, brought ample reward in the discovery of several anatomical peculiarities. All the illustrations are drawn from nature ; the accompanying number designates the microscopic enlargement. Erlangen, May, 1880. In the beginning of the year 1878, Herr F. Schickendanz sent a collection of vegetable drugs from the Argentine Republic to Erlangen for examination and valuation. Among these samples was a bark which has since then attracted considerable attention ; a member of the apocyneae asoidosperma quebracho, Schlechtendal. Attention was attracted to this bark principally by the comments of Schickendanz ; he wrote : "Aspidosperma quebracho is a tree occurring quite commonly in the province of Santiago, and in the bosom of the valley in which the city of Catamarca is situated. I know of only one group of these trees, on this side of the Ambato, standing near the outlet of the Quebreda-del-Molle, about four leagues east of Pilciao, whence the bark is obtained. The tree belongs to the order apocyneae and was named by Schlechtendal aspidosperma quebracho. The bark has been in use for many years as a febrifuge, and, according to the views of the physicians of Tucuman, is equal to the cinchona barks in activity." The great importance of the cinchona barks and their alkaloids as curative agents made it a matter of the first importance to determine the correctness of the views which ascribed to quebracho an equal rank and value. During the period in which the chemical examination was progressing under the direction of G. Fraude* at the Munich laboratory, other experiments to determine its therapeutic action were instituted by Dr. F. Penzoldt. The former resulted in the discovery of an alkaloid which seems, at least theoret- ically, related to the cinchona alkaloids, while the latter researches brought about a knowledge of the wonderful efficacy of the remedy in dyspnoea, though the praise awarded to it for its antifebrile properties was not found justified. This unexpected action of quebracho bark at once elevated it to the rank of valuable remedies, though the suddenness of the discovery was attended by a dearth of further material, the original shipment containing only limited quantities. The natural consequence was an eager attempt to obtain parcels of the drug, which was difficult enough, inasmuch as jobbers and druggists possessed no acqaint- ance with the article sufficient for its identification,! and besides it must necessarily be obtained from a foreign source. The limited knowledge available regarding its botanical source gave rise to much confusion and variation in the parcels brought into the market, which again threw doubts on the correctness of the pharmacological discovery. This state of uncertainty was greatly aided by the fact that in its native country, species of entirely different families received the popular designation of "quebracho." The word itself, composed of " quebrar " and " hach," signifies "breaking the ax," and trees with very hard wood commonly received this designation without regard to their application in a scientific way, a circumstance frequently occurring in our own country. It is, therefore, an imperative necessity to establish the identity of the sample obtained from the first sender, which will be greatly assisted by a study of the history of this plant, which possesses, in fact, an ample though somewhat scattered literature. Through the extended travels and thorough researches of Martins,! *n which he was aided by a complete equipment of apparatus and material, and which have, not unjustly, caused him to be named the second discoverer of Brazil, we have been placed in possession of an extended knowledge of the vegetation of that country. An imposing evidence of this fact is found in the " Flora Braziliensis " begun by Martius and numerous other botanists, and continued by Eichler. The great neighboring territory of the pampas has been as yet but slightly explored botanically. By pampas we usually understand the treeless plains of South America, overgrown with giant grasses, such as stretch in unmeasured grandeur from the La Plata to the Rio Colorado. In a botanico-geographical *G Fraude, Berichte d. Deutch. chem. Gesellsch, 1878, p. 2189, 1869, p. 1558 u. 1560. tF. Penzoldt, Berl. kiln. Wochenschr, 1870, N. 19. JMartius and Spin. Journey to Brazil. Munich, 1824-31. Vol. 3. ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. 33 sense, however, the term "pampas" includes the entire area of country between the southern boundary of Brazil to near the southern terminal point of South America ; it embraces, therefore, the La Plata states and Patagonia. Of late years the Argentine Republic has endeavored to aid in the development of this section by the appointment of German naturalists for the purpose of exploration, so that we may indulge the hope that this rich country may be opened up to the civilized world. An evidence of these labors is found in the publications of Burmeister and Grisebach. Several descriptions of the different plants indigenous to the pampas can be found in a history by A. Jacques,* of a military expedition undertaken against the predatory bands of Indians who had ravaged the extreme southern settlements of the Argentine Republic. Among the plants mentioned, of which short characteristics are given, we find the following : "Quebracho, two varieties, the white and red, differing from each other not only in the color of their wood, but also in the structural peculiarities of the flower and fruit. The small, glistening, pointed, myrtle-like leaf is not deciduous in winter, the green color merely deepens, and new leaves of a more delicate shade sprout from the ends of the twigs ; the intense solar heat, however, causes them to fall in summer. Its wood is of extraordinarily close texture and hardness, so that it may be used to replace the iron of wagon axles and the rollers used for crushing sugar-cane." The extended travels of Burmeisterf through the La Plata states were, then, the means of giving the first important information as to their botanical and general conditions. While on this journey, Burmeister met with quebracho, and through him the first specimens of the fruit and twigs of this tree were sent to Europe. It will, perhaps, be of interest to quote from Burmeister's own words a description of the discovery of this tree, which I take from his report. At this time he was on the road from between Cordova and Tucuman : "July 19th. Our departure from Chanar took place at night. As the sun rises we are already at the first station beyond, Pozo-del-Tigre, a distance of four leguas. Our surroundings were low woods with groups of palms, as heretofore, without anything characteristic. Two leguas beyond Pozo the palms ended, and were replaced by low bushes of an unfamiliar species of syngenesia, with fine reversed, heart-shaped leaves, such as were found at Mendozo. In this manner we arrived at Porteznelo, five leguas from Pozo, lying between high, rounded, bare, granitic hills, on the banks of a clear brook. The appearance of this spot made a most peculiar and horrible impression on me, so wild and weird was its character ; we found, however, a friendly family who shared with us their breakfast, which was then waiting. At this point we had entered the province of Santiago-del-Estero, reported to bt 620 metres above the level of the sea ; it is four leguas from here to Orquetas, the next station. The landscape still produces a very melancholy impression ; it is covered with low shrubbery between the constantly occurring naked granite rocks. Farther on we met with a few large species of cactus; opuntias of giant form and tall trunks ; still further on the landscape becomes more picturesque by the appearance of a tree characteristic of this region as far as Tucuman, viz.. Quebracho. The tre* presents the appearance of an erect high trunk carrying a spreading crown whose drooping extremity- bears finely pointed twigs. As I was unable to determine the plant botamcally, at this time, 1 collected several of the rather numerous oval.fruits, an examination of which has since resulted in the discovery that the specimens belong to the order apocynese, genus Aspioosperma, Mart., and is, without doubt, a still undescribed variety. This tree is of great commercial importance to the country on account of the value of its wood, which is used for building purposes, particularly the variety which is known as "Quebracho Colorado," whose wood, of extreme hardness, is of a blood-red color, which in course of time becomes quite black, while the other variety, known as "Quebracho Blanco," remains white. The leaves of the former are small, fine, simple lanceolate, wniie those of the latter are broader and ovate- lanceolate. In this beautiful forest of quebracho I was taken so sick that to my regret I was unable to pay further attention to my surroundings. I merely show that the region as far as the Rio Dulce was vf the same character, on both sides of which a low meadowy vegetation extended, intermixed with salicornias, the soil strongly impregnated with salt, and further on a repetition of the quebracho forest, now interspersed with numerous individuals of a species of cereus of high candelabra-like forms, which emerged from the bushy undergrowth and reached to the crowns of the quebracho trees. Both were, however, distributed at intervals, and did not form an unbroken forest." Thus far Burmeister's account of quebracho. Being himself unable to determine the plant, he sent a number of twigs and fruits to Schlechtendal. The fruits bore an undoubted resemblance to those classified by Martius and Zuccarini as aspidosperma. They were identical with the fruits illustrated as belonging to the genus aspidosperma in Martius' Nov. gen. et spec., plate I, 34 and 36, and in the Flora Braziliensis fascic. 26, plates 13 and 15, and show only a slight diversity of form and flexion. The fruit will also be found illustrated in the Botanische Zeit., 1861, plate 5. Although no sample of quebracho Colorado was obtained from Burmeister, nevertheless Schlechtendal concluded that both plants must belong to the same species, having the same vulgar name, and consequently classified them as ♦Excursion au Rio-Salado et dans le Chaco, Confederation Argentine. Par Amedee Jacques (Extrait de la Revue de Paris, du x et 15 Mars, 1857) Paris, 1857. Burmeister. Travels through several northern provinces of the La Plata states, Zeitschrifi f. allegemeiae Erdkuade N r., i860. Bd IX 34 ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. belonging to the genus aspidosperma. He named the one aspidosperma quebracho Blanco, and the otner aspidosperma quebracho Colorado. This error referred to by Grisebach,* gave rise to much confusion, until removed by the receipt of further material for examination. Succeeding Burmeister's researches was the important journey of Lorentz, in the northwestern part of the La Plata States, which had been the least explored. This journey, which was undertaken at the instance of the Argentine Republic, materially aided botanical science in that country; it occurred during the years 1871-72, and included the provinces of Cordoba, Santiago del Estero, Tucuman and Catamarca, lying between 26° and 310 south latitude. Inasmuch as Lorentz was not in possession of the necessary scientific appliances, he transmitted the material collected to Grisebach, and the latter published the results of his investigations in a large treatise entitled " Plantae Lorentzianae. "f Among this collection were a sufficient number of specimens for examination of both plants, quebracho Blanco and quebracho Colorado, so that it was possible for Grisebach to determine and correct the error previously made by Schlechtendal with reference to the latter species. It was discovered that the plant known in the Argentine Republic as quebracho Colorado belongs to quite a different family than quebracho Blanco. The first named tree does not belong to the genus Aspidosperma nor even to the Apocyneae, but is a member of the Terebinthaceae, and is to be classified under the genus Anacardium. Inasmuch as Schlechtendal's classification has thus been proven incorrect, it was named by Grisebach "Loxopterygium, Gr." It is described on page 115 of the ' Plantae Lorentzianae; Schlechtendal's classification of the quebracho Blanco was, however, found correct, and it therefore retained that name. In a second treatise o. Grisebach's,f on Argentinian plants, occurred other descriptive notices, which removed all possible sources of error. On page 224 it is stated, according to a communication of Hieronymus, that aspidosperma quebracho obtains in the entire country the title of "quebracho Blanco," and not "quebracho Colorado." Further, it is mentioned in the same treatise, p. 95, as an appendix to a repeated diagnosis of loxopterygium, that also, in accordance with the statement of Hieronymus, the popular name of "quebracho Colorado" is used in both the provinces of Tucuman and Santiago del Estero to designate only loxopterygium. In entire accordance with the foregoing are the statements most recently made by Hieronymus in Cordoba, who is the best authority on this subject. These latter were communicated by Herr Primke in No. 9 of the Pharm. Zeit., 1880, which I quote verbatim : "As quebracho, are designated the following trees belonging to different families of plants, and their parts which are of commercial value as raw material: 1. Aspidosperma quebracho Schlechtendal, apocyneae, local name, quebracho Blanco. This tree grows in the province of Catamarca, of the Argentine Republic ; the bark is used by the natives as a remedy for malaria and asthma. 2. Loxopterygium (quebrachia), Lorentzii, Gr., Terebinthaceae, local name, quebracho Colorado. The wood and bark are found in commerce, and valued as an excellent tanning material. This tree grows particularly in the province of Corrientes. 3. Jodina rhombifolia, Hooker et Arnott, Ilicineae, local name, quebracho flojo. The wood and bark frequently occur in commerce, and are often mistaken for No. 2. 4. Machaerium fertile, Gr. leguminosae dalbergieae, synonym, tipuana speciosa, local name tipa. This tree also furnishes wood and bark for tanning purposes, both of which, however, are of less value than No. 2. It is of little importance to consider the possibility of the latter tree being mistaken for quebracho, as Grisebach, who mentions it as Machaerium Tipa Benth., in his "Symbolae," p. 109, has already remarked that Bentham had determined, on the authority of Mantegazza, that the naming of this species "quebracho Colorado," was evidently an error, the name "tipa" being preferred by the inhabitants of Tucuman for its greater fluency of pronunciation. There remains then no room for doubt that the species of plant to which quebracho bark owes its origin is aspidosperma quebracho Blanco, Schlechtendal, the latter being a positively determined species, and even in its native country is with difficulty confounded with others. The present state of confusion is therefore to be ascribed to the limited knowledge possessed of the new drug. *A. Grisebach, Vegetation of the Earth, vol. 2, p. 620, 1872. " We.distinguish two varieties of quebracho, Blanco and Colorado. Schlechtendal examined the fruits of quebracho Blanco and referred them to the genus Aspidosperma of the tropical Apocyneae. According to his illustration the fruits are identical; as the flower, however, is unknown and the leaves occur in whorls or are opposite in this specimen, and m the determined varieties are alternate, the classification still requires further substantiation. A decided error, however, was committed by him in classifying quebracho Colorado as belonging to this species, seemingly without being in possession of specimens and regardless of the fact that these have not the flat two-lobed capsules of the aspidosperma according to the description of Tweedie (Ann. Nat. Hist. 4. p. 101), but bore large clusters of red fruits similar to those of the sycamore (Ficus). The fact that the designation "quebracho," really " quebrar hacho" (breaking the ax) refers to the hardness of the wood and not to any special family of trees, seems to be confirmed by Orbigny's report on Corrientes, who includes therein also a species of Acacia." tPlantae Lorentzianae. Description of the first and second collections of Prof. Lorentz at Cordoba. Publ. by the Imper. Society of Sciences at Gottingen. 1874 ; p. 49. ad Florarn Argentinian. Second descriptive treatise on Argentiniam Plants. Publ. by the Imp. Society of Science at Gottingen. 1879; vol. 24. ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. 35 Report of Prof. J. Weisner, of Vienna, contained in article translated from Prager Medicinishe Wochenschrift, Therapeutic Gazette, (January, 1880, p. 13.) Quebracho means literally "axe-break ing," therefore, "Tree of hard wood." Two kinds of the drug were presented at the International Exhibition: Q. Colorado (also called rosado) and Q Blanco. The former is derived from a Terebin- thacea; Loxopterygium Lorentzi Griesb; the latter, as metioned before, from an apocynacea: aspidosper- ma quebracho. The very hard and heavy wood of the latter forms a good tanning material and con- tains about 18 per cent, tannic acid, which is, however, not identical with that of the oak bark or oak wood. On account of its cheapness it has been imported lately in larger quantities for purposes of art. Report from Mr. O. Primke, Pharm. Zeitung, New Remedies, (Therapeutic Gazette, Aug., 1880, p. 238.) Mr. O. Primke lately sent a communication to the Pharm, Zeit., in which he draws attention to possible mistakes which may arise from a misinterpretation of the name quebracho. The latter is a Spanish word and means "iron wood." There are four different trees which yield, in commerce, quebracho-wood and bark; hence a confusion might easily arise. Mr. Primke received this information from Mr. Hieronymus, Professor at the University of Cordoba, who also furnished him with specimens of the wood and bark of the aspidosperma quebracho, which corresponds in every respect with the pharmacognostic description of the bark given by Dr. Ding- ier, Custos at the Botanical Garden of Munich. Description*-Appearance of the bark when viewed through a lens: The material which served for this examination was a portion of the first consignment received from Schickendanz. Through the courtesy of Dr. Dingier I was also placed in possession of material in his own hands, and still further a transverse section of the trunk with bark attached was kindly transmitted by Dr. Penzoldt, who had re- ceived it from Prof. Hieronymus in Cordoba. During the course of the examination I received still other samples for comparison from different sources. The bark occurring in commerce is obtained from trees usually averaging from seventy to eighty years of age. The pieces have a thickness of 20-30 mm. Bark of younger trees which are devoid of corky layer, is seldom found. Quebracho bark is distinguished by a peculiarly heavy development of the corky layer in proportion to the entire dimensions of the bark, possessing therein an important characteristic feature as compared with other barks. This corky layer makes such inroads into the tissue that in most cases half, and frequently more, of the entire substance of the bark consists of this layer. The external appearance of the corky layer differs from the unchanged tissue beneath it very markedly and distinctly. A transverse section through an entire piece of bark, made so that a very smooth surface is obtained for examination, reveals the following appearances, with or without the aid of a lens. (Plate 1, fig. 2.) Two layers differing remarkably in color and structure, separated from each other by sharply defined boundaries, and which are usually nearly equal in width. (Fig. 2. r. and b.) The outer layer (b.) is deeply fissured, and rough, with numerous ridges, while the inner one (r.) presents to view a band of tolerably uniform width.. The first glance shows that these layers are not of homogeneous composition and a magnifying glass indicates prominent differences of structure. We will first consider the external or corky layer. The outer portion is of a dirty gray, covered here and there with remains of lichens; when the external grayish portion is removed by friction, it ap- pears yellowish-red, (plate 1, figs. 2 and 4). The transverse section shows the cortical layer to be of an ochreous yellow color. Sinuous bands of tolerably uniform width traverse its tissue in lines of nearly parallel direction. Between these dirty yellow lines we find numerous whitish points interspersed through the mass. (Plate I, fig. 2). The inner section of the bark which represents the fibrous layer, (r. fig. 2,) appears to be composed of only two ingredients, a clove-brown mass in which, as in the bark, there are numerous whitish grains. All these conditions can be more plainly observed on moistening the sur- face with water. While the corky layer obtained from different trunks presents a uniform appearance, the color of the inner layer may vary considerably. The brown color varies in shade from light to dark, frequently replaced even by light yellow, or yellowish-white. A piece of bark of this description is illustrated in fig. 3. The cause of the difference will appear from a microscopic examination. The inner bark crumbles easily when cut; the portion nearest to the trunk possesses a fibrous splintery texture. The foregoing descriptions and a comparison of the illustrations will show that the identifica- tion of the bark is a comparatively easy matter, inasmuch as it bears no resemblance to other known barks. Of special importance for this identification is the outer corky layer, on account of the con- stancy of its color and structure. M'oroscopical Structure.-a separate examination of the corky layer and inner bark will also be found most serviceable here. As is well-known by the term "corky layer," we under- stand the structure, which, in consequence of the dying-off and drying out of successive layers, is separ- ated from the inner bark or cellular layer. When this dead cellular growth remains adhering to tha trunk it is finally rent asunder by expansion of the latter, and thus gives to an aged one a rough and fissured appearance. Such layers may be formed successively, and thus increase the depth of the corky portion; in Quebracho this tendency is displayed to a marked extent, A microscopical examination of a thin section of the corky layer shows these relations, (Plate 1, fig 5): p. is the original cellular tissue 36 ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. composed of parenchymatous elements; it is traversed at varying distances by bands of different width (k.); the cells of these intersecting bands differ remarkably from the original parenchyma of the bark. Owing to their smaller dimensions and their regular order they are characterized as "cork cells," these cork layers may often be detected with a lens, on a section of the bark forming the above mentioned parallel lines which intersect the red corky layer. That portion of the bark-parenchyma, lying between these corky bands (p. fig. 5) is that which presents itself to the naked eye as a reddish-yellow ground- work of the structure. This reddish-yellow shade is caused by the coloration of the cellular membrane which contains a coloring matter varying between reddish-brown and carmine-red. It will be noticed at the same time that the membrane of the cork cells is uncolored and, therefore, exhibits a decided dif- ference when examined with a lens. Inasmuch as the cells of the original bark-parenchyma, existing in the corky layer have died, they contain nothing except remnants of former components. It now remains for us to determine the structure of the whitish points observed in the corky layer when viewed micro- scopically; as they always lie between the cork bands, we should be able to discover them in fig. 5, plate 1. A glance at this enlargement will show cell groups of peculiar structure existing in the parenchyma enclosed between these bands, resembling islands lying in the web itself (fig. 5, sk.); these grains are nothing else than groups of cells whose membrane has thickened to such an extent from secondary de- posits that the cavity has become nearly filled. Owing to the difference in their refracting power with regard to light, these groups of sclerenchymatous cells appear quite prominently and distinctly against the ground-work. In the inner bark we also meet with these cells, and under that head they will be con- sidered at greater length. The microscopical inspection of the corky layer presents a very characteristic view; the repeated cork bands and groups of sclerenchyma render the identification of the bark an easy matter. When we examine the inner layer (r., fig. 2) we should be able to discover the same elements which are transformed by secondary processes into the corky layer with the exceptions of the cork bands. This is confirmed by an examination of the section (plate 2, fig. 6) which represents about a third of the width of the brown fibrous layer, being, in fact, the inner portion, which was originally in direct contact with the wood. The components of the layer are brown-walled parenchymatous and sclerenchymatous cells lying partly isolated, but again occurring in groups. The parenchymatous cells vary in size; their walls are thickened unevenly and irregularly, and are of a cinnamon-brown color* by which the dark appearance of the layers is caused; the cells are rich in starch and a light-brown granular substance. The entire structure appears to be distorted and disorderly; a close examination, however, will enable us to discover in this confused mass, the medullary rays radiating through it. At many points, especially in the medullary rays, we can discover blackish, thread-like formations consist- ing of the mycelium of a fungus which has penetrated into the dry bark. The groups of sclerenchyma- tous cells display the same components as those in the corky layer, their form and appearance being alike in both cases (fig. 6, sk.,) differing only from the latter by containing a dark yellow substance, by occurring in the form of drops, filling up both the cavity and the pore-canals of the cells. It is diffi- cult to determine anything with regard to the chemical nature of this substance; it is insoluble in water, alcohol and ether; treated with potash lye, it dissolves; but it is not possible to remove it entirely from the cells; solution of ferrous salts gives no precipitate, an evidence that it is not an astringent sub- stance. Fig. 7 represents a group of sclerenchymatous cells, surrounded by brown-walled parenchyma which shows that the group is not of homogenous structure, but is composed of two different elements discoverable at the first glance. In this group, there are several cells which are conspicuous by their peculiarity of appearance, readily distinguishable from the prepondering mass. The larger number of these sclerenchymatous cells have a flattened form, resulting from their mutual pressure. These cells are nearly isodiametric, their walls much thickened, and the layers therein easily distinguishable. The cavity has nearly disappeared, and numerous pore-canals reach from it into the thickened wall. These cells are, therefore, so-called "short sclerenchyma," (stone-cells). The second class of cells above re- ferred to, differs in one particular from the remainder, in that they have a nearly circular form. The cavity of these cells has almost entirely disappeared, having contracted to a point in their centre; the thickened wall of these cells is penetrated by very fine pore-canals, frequently indistinguishable. A fur- ther inspection shows that these cells occur not only in the groups of sclerenchyma but appear isolated in large numbers in the parenchyma. A remarkable feature of these cells is that their periphery is surrounded by a wreath or ring of angular bodies, which refract light in a different manner from the cell-wall. In order to arrive at a thorough knowledge of the structure of these cells they should be viewed longitudinally; there is no difficulty in preparing a specimen for this purpose; an examination thereof discloses the fact that they are fibres of sclerenchyma which have a considerable length and are spindle-shaped at the ends. (Plate 2, fig. 8). The number of these isolated fibres increases in proportion as we near the inner part of the bark, the splintery structure of this inner portion depending upon the frequency of their occurrence. On *As has already been remarked some specimens of the inner layer have a much lighter color, (Fig. 3 r), which is owing to the fact that in such pieces the cell wall of the parenchyma is uncolored. While there is no difference in structure between the lighter and darker shades, it seems that the brown coloration of the walls occurs only in aged trees, and is, sometimes entirely wanting, ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. 37 scraping lhe inner portion of the bark with a knife, a microscopic examination shows that we have separated such fibres almost all together. As these fibres are so characteristic of quebracho bark, of such value for its identification and of such peculiar anatomical structure, we 'will consider them at greater length. Naturally, we can obtain from a transverse section of the bark quite a number of sclerenchyma fibres which usually separate spontaneously from the surrounding tissue. Such an isolated section of the fibre always displays the surrounding circle of angular bodies, from which we may conclude that this substance is firmly attached to the fibre. It soon appears that these bodies are crystals and the ques- tion arises in what manner they are connected with the fibre itself ; this is shown quite plainly by a longitudinal view of the fibre, (fig. 8,) in which we discover that the fibre is completely surrounded by an envelope of this substance, and is actually enclosed in a sheath composed of a multitude of small cells, each containing a crystal. It is sometimes possible to remove this sheath with a knife, which then reveals the spindle-shaped fibre surrounded by its envelope.. (Fig 9.) That the crystals are not merely adherent to the exterior of the fibre, but are really enclosed by cell-walls can be demonstrated satisfactorily by coloring one of these fibres with aniline or iodine, and removing the superfluous color- ing matter by washing well with water. By this means the cell-wall alone absorbs the dye, the crys- tals remaining colorless, which can then be clearly distinguished fromathe former, an illustration of this being found in fig. 10. The crystals are composed of oxalate of lime, for on treatment of the fibre with hydrochloric acid the crystals may be dissolved, leaving the cells empty. If the fibre be now colored with iodine, or aniline, it can at once be discovered that it is surrounded by minute cells, (fig. 11). That these surrounding cells do not belong to the membrane of the fibre itself, will appear from a consideration of their origin and development given further on. Similar formations though not always of such complicated structure as the foregoing, exist in the bark of many plants; they have been desig- nated by the name "crystal sheath;" an especial reference to their occurrence can be found in the article by Sanio in the Monthly Reports of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1857, p. 252, and also in De Bary's Anatomy, pages 104, 502, 544. History Of Growth and Development.-Living specimens of the Aspidosperma Quebracho were not accessible, to my regret, and for this reason I had to be satisfied with the material obtained from the Herbarium, but could at least obtain therefrom some knowledge of the development of the bark and its elements; to these observations are appended also a few anatomical details of the pith, which is remarkable for the peculiarity of its structural development. The young shoots form wood early, so that one of a year's growth, at the end of the period of its vegetation, already possesses a firm woody ring, though the shoot may be but a millimetre in thick- ness, even the formation of the periderm having begun, as is shown by the appearance of the first corky layer. That the structural arrangement does not, as a whole, differ from the normal type of dico- tyledons is shown by a transverse section of an internode in its earliest development. (Plate 2, fig. 15). Commencing at the centre, we find that from the pith there leads to the wood an irregular tissue of narrow cells, and in the wood may be discovered young wood cells, partly with thickened walls, and also young vessels. The bast tissue (figs. 16 and 17), of the vascular bundle is rather limited in quan- tity, its elements being principally cambiform cells of triangular or multangular section. As is well known, the bast of the Apocyneae is noted for its irregularly grouped elements, and very narrow, hardly discernible, sieve tubes. The bark displays in its earlier stages a complex structure. For the following compare fig. 15: The epidermis, whose cells possess strongly cuticularized outer walls and develop short, hairy formations, is exposed to the risk of dying off by the occurrence of cork cambium in the adjacent cellular tissue of the hypodermic layer. The hypoderma is composed of globular cells with uniformly thickened walls. Centripetally the cells of the bark become thinner. The inner zone of the bark surrounding the bast is noteworthy; in this zone are found two elements differing from the fundamental tissue; one is the primary sclerenchyma fibre known by its small cavity arising from secondary deposits (sf.), and the second, cells mostly oval on their transverse section, and differing by their greater diameter from their remaining bark cells; they surround the bast irregularly in large numbers, or are themselves lying therein. Tlfese cells possess characteristic features both of form and contents; they are entirely filled with an amorphous substance, which in thick layers appears gray, and whose reactions indicate a fatty or waxy substance. It is colored intensely by tincture of alkanet, but potassa produces no effect, while ether dissolves it slowly. These secretory vessels are not of a globular form, as might be inferred from the trnsverse section (figs. 15 and 17 b.), inasmuch as a longitudinal section shows their form to be that of a duct of considerable length. Two of these superincumbent tubes are separated by a horizontal wall, making it seem as if they had originated from the division of a single cell. It was, however, im- possible for me to determine the exact method of their formation, as those found in the youngest samples of material accessible to me had already arrived at maturity. In older shoots the sclerosis of the bark cells extends over a larger area. In front of the bast of each vascular bundle there appears a group of sclerenchymatous cells, the formation of sclerenchy- matous' fibres only at isolated intervals, and it is only in the old bark that the formation of sclerenchyma fibres takes place to such an extent that they outnumber the cells of the sclerenchyma. In front of the bast where we now find the sclerenchyma groups (fig. 16), there were, originally, the oil ducts; these, 38 ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. through the growth of the bark, have been removed in an outward direction and separated without increasing the number; on the contrary, in the older bark, they disappear entirely. Even the primary sclerenchyma, which originally lay between the secretory ducts (fig. 15, sf.), are now exterior to the sclerenchymatous zone bordering on the bast; at the same time, however, the formation of sclerenchyma has begun from the outer portion of the bark; the bark parenchyma directly under the first cork layer, being transformed into sclerenchyma, becoming a mantle of several layers of cells. In the parenchyma, which is enclosed by these two zones or layers of sclerenchyma, we find the commencement of the formation of the crystalline envelopes which we have previously found to surround the sclerenchymatous fibres. These envelopes are formed only after the sclerenchyma fibres have attained complete maturity, and are derived from the surrounding parenchyma cells, the process of their formation being rather slow. A transverse section through the young bark shows that in no case is a young fibre surrounded by this ring of cells containing crystals, but that the fibre is enclosed entirely by parenchyma cells. In the bark of older twigs, we often find at first a few, sometimes more of these crystal-bearing cells contiguous to the periphery of the fibre (plate 2, figs. 13 and 14), from which we can already draw a conclusion as to the gradual formation of this envelope. A longitudinal section of the bark showing the corresponding of development, gives us a better insight into this formation. (Plate 2, fig. 12). The growth of this crystalline envelope begins usually at different points of the exterior of the fibre in a longitudinal direction, each parenchyma cell in immediate contact with the fibre furnishing by its own fibre in a division the cells 'which contain the crystals. In most cases the parenchyma cells divide into two daughter-cells by the formation of a wall perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fibre. In this mode of division, both of the daughter-cells become chambers containing crystals. As figure 14 x shows, the division can also occur by the wall formation taking place parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fibre. In such a case only one of the daughter-cells formed is in immediate contact with the fibre, and only this one becomes a crystal-bearing cell. This mode of division most naturally occurs when the original parenchyma cells may present their ends and not their sides to the fibre. It occasionally hap- pens that a longer parenchyma cell may form successively more than two or three crystal-chambers. From fig. 12, we can see that the cells of the fundamental tissue next to the fibre are not drawn into service successively for the formation of these chambers, the series of these crystal-bearing cells being often interrupted by unchanged parenchyma cells, which at a later period annex themselves to the others. In this manner, the formation of the sheath proceeds to its completion; at what period of the growth of the bark this stage is reached, I am unable to say, as I was not in possession of specimens intermediate between one to three year old shoots and very old bark. It is very probable that the division of the cell occurs before the formation of the crystal, for we often find walls in the cells which are becoming part of this sheath, and yet contain no crystals, (plate 2, fig. 14 x). A circumstance which militates against the view that the crystals appear before the division of the cell, is found in the fact that the crystals never occur in parenchyma cells possessing their original forms and dimensions; that the crystals themseives always fill the divided cells, and are of similar form and size, is also an evidence of tneir secondary formation. It is naturally difficult to determine whether this large quantity of oxalate of lime has been separated by the fibre itself during its development, and only deposited in the surrounding cells. We may, however, suspect the existence of some such definite relation in their occurrence, inasmuch as we already know of analogous cases where deposition of oxalate of lime crystals takes place in the walls of the fibre itself, as in the spicular cells of Welwitschia mirabilis, leaving no room for doubt that they are separated by the fibre itself. Another query suggests itself to us in considering this structure, whether the deposition of oxalate of lime is not connected with the process of sclerosis; at any rate, it is worthy of remark that not only surrounding the sclerenchyma fibre itself, but particularly in the young bark in the immediate vicinity of the groups of short sclerenchyma, quantities of oxalate of lime are also de- posited in the parenchyma cells, without, in this instance, taking the form of tubes. Description of Quebracho Wood.-The wrood of Aspidosperma Quebracho possesses properties similar to those of the bark,* though in a less marked degree, and has been used in its stead, although, in future, the more active bark will undoubtedly be preferred to the wood, which latter, in consequence, will not receive the same pharmacognostic consideration. It, nevertheless, is of considerble interest on account of several anatomical peculiarities. The quebracho wood was first shown in 1873 at the Vienna Exposition, among a collection of 104 varieties of wood obtained from four provinces of tjie Argentine Republic, bearing only the local name, and without any further descriptive notices-}-. There was. likewise, a large collection of woods from the La Plata States, at the Paris Exposition of 1S7S; these, however, bore their scientific names and explanatory notices. Among these appeared Lignum Quebracho Blanco, with a correct statement of its source.t *Penzoldt Berliner Klin. Wochenschrift. r88o. No. io. ■(■Officinal report on the Vienna Exposition of 1873. by authority of the Central Committee of the German Empire. Vol. II., p. 745- on the Agricultural Section of the Paris Exposition of 1878. Dr. L. Wittmack.-The useful plants of every zone. P. 28, 39, 70, 71. ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. 39 A communication respecting the wood has been given by Dr. J. Moeller.* Th© sample in my possession, was an entire transverse section obtained from Prof. Hieronymus, of Cordoba. The diam- eter of the woody portion, after the separation of the bark, which latter was about 20 millimetres in thickness, was 29 centimetres, and from the number of rings it must have belonged to a tree about 80 years old, whence we may conclude that the increase in girth takes place slowly. The wood is not of uniform color, the older wood being of a light chocolate brown, the depth of color decreasing toward the exterior, so that, passing through different shades, the younger wood appears yellowish, or of a light reddish-white. The wood is of exceptionly close texture and hardness, and possesses a high specific gravity. With a lens we can discover numerous medullary rays, and in the vascular bundles between them, vessels appearing as countless small pores. A microscopical enlargement of the transverse section (plate 3, fig. 18), shows this regular arrangement of the three principal constituents, and gives us an insight into the structure of quebracho wood. Between each two medullary rays (m) of varying width, embracing from one to four rows of cells, we find a woody layer composed of cells with small cavities and thickened membrane. Lying in this woody layer, differing more in size than in form, we find the vessels distributed. The woody layers, which are bounded by the medullary rays, appear at first glance to possess a very uniform composition; a closer inspection, however, even with moderate enlargements, shows that between the wood cells with thickened walls and minute cavity, we find other cells with larger cavities and more delicate membrane; they are shown in the enlargement of the transverse section (fig. 18) as white dots in the woody layer; a greater enlargement of a part of this section enables us to gain a better insight into these relations. In fig. 19, we see two medullary rays, with the enclosed woody layer, in which there is also a vessel. The medullary rays, (m) show nothing abnormal in their form or structure; they consist of prismatic cells arranged horizontally and radially in their longest diameter. A tangential and longitudinal section shows that the edges of the cells are slightly rounded, so that their form approaches that of a cylinder. The walls of the cells are dotted. The transverse section of the vessels is usually circular or somewhat oval. The wood-fibres (h. f.) are very characteristic; a transverse section shows them to be nearly circular, and a bundle of them consequently presents numerous intercellular spaces. The wall is thickened to a marked degree, in which we cannot, however, discover the existence pf layers, but very distinct pore-canals are present. The absence of any layers in their thickened membrane, causes them to refract light in a uni- form manner, lending to the wood a peculiar; characteristic, shining appearance. Between the wood fibres and in the immediate neighborhood of the vessels as well as at the boundary of the medullary rays are scattered parenchyma cells, (p.) A complete knowledge of the structure of the wood and the form of its elements is obtained, however, only from a comparison of both longitudinal and transverse sections. The wood-fibres are long and spindle-shaped, of a configuration denominated by Sanio as "libriform," which, however, on the authority of De Bary we simply call wood-fibres. The vessels are jointed at short intervals and their walls are thickly covered with small bordered pits. A more definite knowledge of the details of its anatomical structure is obtained by maceration with nitric acid and chlorate of potash, by which the elements of the wood are isolated. In figures 20- 23 these are shown separately, and it is only by this separation from the mass and each other that it is possible to discover certain peculiarities of form which would otherwise remain concealed. We find that the medullary rays are not composed simply of cells of equal length, but between them we find crystal-bearing cells of smaller size, usually connected in groups of three or four. Each single cell con- tains a crystal of oxalate of lime and also a mucilaginous substance of homogeneous structure. (Plate 3, fig. 22). It seems probable that a row of such crystal-bearing cells has been produced from a single cell of the medullary ray. The entire length of such a row of cells is, as a rule, equal to that of a cell of the medullary ray, and the fact of their remaining connected after the maceration, is also in favor of the view that we have only a chambered medullary cell before us. The wood-fibres have a considerable length, as is shown by figure 20, which represents a part of one with its spindle-shaped extremity. The formation of the pits is remarkable. The pits of wood- fibres in most cases are not bordered. Bordered pits occur, however, in Quercus, Daphne, Liriodendron, Fraxinus and according to Sanio's statement, in Jatropha Manihot.* Usually, little can be discovered of the character of the pits in wood-fibres, owing to their minuteness; in the foregoing case, however, they are distinguished by their size and prominence. They are bordered pits forming a relatively wide spherical chamber connecting by a narrow channel with the cavity of the cell; these canals show the usual cleft and crooked appearance. There is nothing remark- able about the vessels inasmuch as they conform to the usual type. The parenchyma cells constitute the last element to be considered; these, though not showing any peculiarities in their transverse section when isolated, are found to have a very peculiar form, which was discovered by Saniof and named by him conjugated parenchyma. We find therein finger- ♦Report on the Paris Exposition of 1878. Raw material from fhe Vegetable Kingdom. Vol. VIII. +De Bary s Anatomy, p. 406. ♦Sanio, Botau Zeitung, 1873, p. 94. 40 ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. shaped protuberances of the membrane, perpendicular to their greatest diameter, usually occurring only on one side, and varying greatly in number, size and form, as shown by plate 3, (fig. 23, a-f). The membrane shows the presence of dots which have the appearance of delicately defined circles, which are, however, not distributed regularly on the walls, sometimes being grouped together in one place, while they are absent from the remaining portion of the wall; again, we find, that they are almost entirely absent. Sanio's observation with reference to these finger-shaped protuberances needs a correction in one respect, namely, in regard to the membrane being really continuous, although they appeared to him periorated. In the cells of quebracho wood the continuity of this membrane is very apparent, as is also the fact of each protuberance being provided with numerous dots; this can be made plainer to the view by coloring sections of the cell membrane as in fig. 23, a-e. A very plain and satisfactory view can be obtained by observing these protuberances from above, as shown by fig. 23, f, which discovers to us the existence of the variable number of these small pits giving the appearance of a sieve to the end of the protuberance; when the protuberances end more pointedly there is usually but a single large pit present (fig. 23, e). The peculiarity of this cell-form has already been observed by J. Mceller, although he failed to notice the existence of pits, in consequence of which in his communication on quebracho wood, J. he has given us an erroneous illustration of the cells, which appear as if the protuberances possessed a large opening at their ends, which, in itself is highly improbable. We see from the transverse sections (figs. 18 and 19) further confirmed by delicate longitudinal acctions through the wood, that these cells lie isolated between the wood-fibres and surround the vessels in larger numbers; by means of these protuberances, they are connected partly with the vessels and partly with each other. In the lighter-colored, younger wood, they contain numerous large starch grains; in the heart-wood, however, instead of starch, they are filled with a b. >wn substance, as is the case with the medullary rays; the brown color of the heart-wood is owing to the presence of this ■substance, is soluble with difficulty in alcohol, more easily in ether and turpentine, if we allow a thin section to stand one or more days in contact with the solvent. In contradistinction to other woods which pass under the name of "Quebracho," we find that the vessels and wood-fibres are invariably empty. At both the Universal Expositions the wood of Quebracho Blanco was designated as a tanning material; it is, therefore, somewhat remarkable that we can discover no astringent substance on micro- chemical investigation; neither salts of iron or chromic acid produce the usual characteristic reaction, even when the wood is macerated for a considerable time in contact with the reagents. Even the bark contains but little astringent matter; from the report of Paschkins* it contains only 3.48 per cent. It must be remembered, however, that tanning materials are of considerable importance for the Argentine Republic, and even poor material finds ready application for the reason that large numbers of cattle are annually killed, chiefly for the value of their skins, the preparation of extract o meat having but lately made their flesh of any value. Tanning is, therefore, a very important branch of industry, even though pursued under a great many difficulties caused by the climate, which induces rapid decomposition. The material which is principally used for tanning seems to be, however, the wood and bark of Quebracho Colorado, containing, according to Jean,f fifteen per cent, and according to later authorities even from twenty-one to twenty-three per cent, of astringent matter. This wood has found its way to Europe and also occurs in commerce, here, as a tanning material, either in a chipped condition or else use is made of the extract manufactured therefrom. The similarity of names makes it easy to be mistaken for the wood Aspidosperma Quebracho Blanco. I append therefore a few of the characteristics of the wood of Quebracho Colorado, and also of another wood occurring in commerce under the name of Quebracho. The wood of Quebracho Colorado (Loxopterygium Grisebach) is ex- tremely hard and dense. I have in my possession a portion of a twig, with bark attached, of five centrimetres in diameter, for which I am indebted to Dr. Vulpius, of Heidelberg. The bark is much torn and fissured from the large development of the corky layer, externally of a dirty yellow to a dark- brown color and covered with numerous remains of lichens. The surface of a transverse section of the bark is light-brown, discovering many dark parallel corky layers, and at right angle to these, numerous lighter colored lines which are the medullary rays. It is very difficult to mistake this bark for that ob- tained from Quebracho Blanco. Microscopically, the bark is characterized by the very regular arrange- ment of its sclerenchyma. The parenchyma of the bark is traversed in a radial direction by numerous medullary rays, between which are arranged with great regularity, rather lengthy, tangentially extended groups of sclerenchyma fibres, which consequently form concentric zones, interrupted by the medullary rays, thus giving to the bark a mapped appearance. These sclerenchyma fibres are also surrounded by a sheath of crystal-bearing cells, possessing a very similar appearance to those in the bark of Aspido- sperma Quebracho. They are, however, much smaller in diameter and do not lie alone, but exist in groups of a nearly rectangular form. We find, in addition, in the bark-parenchyma a yellowish colored JDr. J. Moeller, Anatomical Notes, Jarb, f. wiss. Botanik. Vol. 12, part 1, plate 11, fig. 2. ♦Report of the Paris Exposition, vol. v*n, p. 26. +Bulletin de la soc Chinique, 1878, vol. xxviii, p. 6. Max Siewert, Tanning materials of South America. Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. Third series, vol. viii, p. 548,1877-78. ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO 41 mass of homogeneous appearance, seemingly composed of greatly thickened cell-membranes; they are, however, the compressed membranes of collapsed cells, very probably sieve tubes. The coloration of the wood varies with its age, the heart-wood being dark-brown and the younger wood of a light brown color. It is composed of wood-fibres, wood parenchyma, vessels and medullary rays. The cells of the wood parenchyma with their dotted walls form a much more considerable por- tion of the wood than is the case in Aspidosperma Quebracho. They are distribu.ed principally around the vessels and contain a large proportion of starch. In the wood-fibre the characteristic pits of Aspidosperma are absent, but they are characterized by another peculiarity; the primary membrane is thickened somewhat, the secondary deposit by which the cavity is narrowed has its boundary sharply defined from the remaining membrane, a fact plainly discoverable after treatment with iodine solution. This structural peculiarity distinguishes at once the wood of Quebracho Colorado form that of Quebracho Blanco. The vessels are oval or circular, of different sizes, frequently occurring in groups of two or three, and show only in exceptional cases the formation of hernoid protrusions. They are filled with a mass varying in color from yellow to brown, soluble in water and alcohol and giving a precipitate of a blackish-green color with salts of iron. Another sample of the wood designated as "Quebracho wood," and obtained from Herr W. A. Budingen, of Frankfort, differs from both of the above. The origin of this wood could not be satis- factorily determined; it possessed a uniform reddish-yellow color; it is also very hard and dense, but does not possess the coherence of the other two, being of an irregular splintery structure and more easily split. In a chipped condition, it may be confounded with the wood of Aspidosperma Quebracho a transverse section showing even some similarity to the latter. A thorough examination, however, permits of positive distinction. The wood-fibres do not possess a circular form, but are somewhat angular and consequently lie closer together. The bordered pits of Aspidospermaare absent here, as are also the parenchyma cells so characteristic of the former. The vessels are thickly filled with hernoid protrusions which contain a substance of a brown color; this substance is also found in the wood-fibres and medullary rays. It is easily soluble in alcohol with difficulty in water, giving in both solvents a blackish-green coloration with iron salts, and is consequently an astringent substance. It is not soluble in ether or turpentine. This substance is frequently found secreted in such quantity, that it exists in large lumps in the space between the elements of the wood, and appears also at other points in the shape of blood-red transparent layers. Examination of the Pith.-In making a close examination of a transverse section of a two to three year old tree of Aspidosperma Quebracho, the observer's attention is especially drawn to the pith which appears in the shape of a regular triangle. This configuration is caused by the peculiar form and arrangement of a portion of the pith mass. Usually the pith of woody dicotyledons is composed principally of parenchyma cells, which increase in number while decreasing in size in proximity to the wood, but still, even near the medullary sheath, are not remarkably different-from the cells composing the principal mass of the pith. Apidosperma Quebracho, however, shows peculiar relations of the above region, inasmuch as it is composed of two different elements. The! central portion consists of spherical cells, between which are found isolated sclerenchyma fibres. Towards the exterior, both the form and size of these cells change to a narrow-meshed tissue leading to the woody ring. This tissue is already present in a shoot of a year's growth (plate 2, fig. 15, m. s). The cells thereof are small, or irregularly trianglar, or quadrangular form, possessing a great similarity to those of the bast. In a very young twig the form of a transverse section of the pith is oval, assuming, however, in older twigs, the form of a regular triangle (plate 3, fig. 25). With the increase in girth of the trunk from secondary growth, the bark not keeping pace with the growth of the wood and bast, a considerable pressure is exerted* on the bast portion. This pressure extends even to the pith and causes the alteration of its form. In the specimen under consideration, the- following conditions and results may be observed: The wood, owing to the solidity of its cells, is capable of resisting the pressure without alteration of its form. When this pressure extends in an inward direction the central, spherical cells of the pith, exert a certain op- posing pressure, as long as they are turgescent. The portion least capable of sustaining the pressure is the tissue composing the outer medullary layer, and consisting of flat cambiform cells, which con- sequently must yield to the simultaneous internal and external pressure. The result is that a portion of this cellular tissue on being subjected to pressure as above described, does yield, and especially the innermost part which is adjacent to the spherical pit cells. The pressure is exerted even to the degree of obliterating the cavity of the cells. These masses of cell-walls lying close together present the ap- pearance of a homogeneous mass which, in the form of three semilunar plates, encloses the pith. The appearance of this triangular section leads us to the conclusion that the pressure on the pith cylinder is not exerted equally; were such the case, the pith should have a circular form. The fact of its taking the shape of a triangle is an evidence the that external pressure is strongest on three sides. The cause of this unequal pressure appears to be immediately dependent on the verticillate arrangement of the leaves. At all events the pressure must be considerably less at the point of insertion of the leaves, than at other parts of the circumference, an opposing foice being exerted by the growth of the leaves. *H. de Vries. Flora, 187a, No. 16. 42 ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. Chemical Composition*-Report of George Fraude in article translated from Prager Medicinische Wochenschrift, (Therapeutic Gazette, January, 1880, p. 13):-Out of the bark, which Dingier has examined, pharmacognostically, George Fraude has prepared an alkaloid in small, white, prismatic crystals, which he called aspidospennine. The same is easily soluble in alcohol and ether, very slightly soluble in water and melts at 205° to 206°. The muriatic and sulphuric salts are very easily soluble in water. The taste is intenselv bitter. Fraude gives to the alkaloid the following formula: . C. 22, H. 30, N. 2, O. 2, or C. 22, H. 28, N. 2, O. 2. It appears to approach the Cinchona group. The extract made as above mentioned out of Quebracho wood is fluid, dark brown, and of a bitter astringent but not disagreeable taste. Report in Ber. d. Deutsch, Chem. Gaz.-New Remedies,*(Therapeutic Gazette, August, 1880, p. 246.)-Frauds.-Aspidosperma quebracho Lor. is an apocynaceous tree quite common in the Province of Santiago, in Chili (also in Brazil). Its bark has a brownish-yellow color, inclining to reddish. (The wood is very hard, and contains from 15.7 to 18 per cent, of tannin, differing from that of oak-bark and chestnut-wood, besides 2.8 per cent, of an astringent acid, resembling gallic. According to Arnaudon, it also contains a yellow dye-stuff. See Dingier's Pol. J., vol. 231, p. 451.-Ed. 1-. R.) The bark has long been used in its native country as a remedy In intermittent fever, and is said to approach cinchona bark in efficacy. The author found in it an alkaloid which he termed aspi- dospermine, easily soluble in alcohol and ether, little soluble in water. The solutions of the sulphate and hydrochlorate are very bitter, resembling quinine. Analysis proved it to have the composition either of C23 H28 N2 O2 or C22 H30 Na O2, further examinations being necessary to decide between these two formulae. Report of the analysis of Fraude from The Druggist, (Therapeutic Gazette, June, 1881, p. 235,)gave reason to believe that the activity of quebracho bark, aspidosperma quebracho, depended upon an alka- loid which he named aspidospennine. From the fact that this alkaloid does not possess the anti-asthmatic property of the drug, Hesse set to work to examine the bark more closely, and has found in it, besides 0.17 per cent, aspidospennine, as much as 0.28 per cent, of a new alkaloid, which he terms quebrachine. Quebrachine is but slightly soluble in cold alcohol, but hot alcohol dissolves it more readily, and it crystallizes from a solution in small white anhydrous prisms. It is with difficulty soluble in ether. Quebrachine melts at 2140 to 216° C. under partial decomposition. Its chemical composition may be represented by the formula H22 N'2 O3. * Quebrachine dissolves in pure concentrated sulphuric acid with a bluish tinge, which becomes darker upon standing. When lead peroxide or molybdic acid is present, the coloration is quite instant- aneous and is very intens . A crystal of potassium bichromate dropped into a solution of quebrachine in sulphuric acid produces the same effect. Boiled with a solution of perchloric acid, quebrachine yields, like strychnine, curarine, a yellow decoction, but, although very p isonous, 0.04 g. being sufficient to kill a small rabbit, Penzoldt finds that its physiological action is not identical with strychnine. Quebrachine is a strong vegetable base. Its alcoholic solution turns red litmus paper blue, and it completely neutralizes even strong acids. The author has formed several salt.. cf the base, some of which differ from the corresponding salts, aspidospermine, in being less easily soluble in water. Adulterations and Substl Utlons.-Dr. Hansen also reports in his essay false varieties of bark, and as Quebracho bark has proved of great merit, as instanced by numerous tests both in hospital and private practice, it is of utmost importance that only the genuine bark be employed in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations purporting to contain this drug. Gold itself is liable to imitation, and just to the extent that a drug approaches that metal in value, weight for weight, is it liable to similar sophistication. FALSE QUEBRACHO BARKS. Report from Dr. Adolph Hansen, assistant at the Botanic Institute of Erlangen, from essay by him, (Therapeutic Gazette, October, 1880, p. 294.)-In closing the examination of Quebracho bark, it may be well to devote a few words to the false varieties of bark. So far there have appeared in commerce only two false barks, which differ, however, from the genuine Quebracho so decidedly, that it is hardly possible that they will in future be mistaken therefor. One of these barks, a sample of which was obtained from Brueckner and Lampe, Leipzig, and of which considerable quantities were sold, proved to be the Cortex Copalchi, long known though little used as a drug. The plant from which it is obtained is the Croton Pseudochina Schlechtendal, one of the Euphorbiacese ; its home is Mexico and it has been used as a febrifuge, not only in its native country, but in other parts of America ; the shipment from which the sample was obtained came from Brazil. Cortex Copalchi occurs in commerce in rather long quilled pieces ; externally the bark is covered with a dirty white corky layer, more or less fissured, which can be rubbed off in powder. The thickness of the pieces is usually from one to five millimetres ac- cording to the age of the twigs from which they are obtained. A transverse section of Copalchi bark, examined either with or without a lens, shows a yellowish-white exterior and a dark-brown fibrous layer, which has b*tn "'irmed from the bast of the trunk. The bast fibres are small, convening to a point at ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. 43 their outer end. somewhat bent, and the bark presents in consequence the appearance of flame-lfke rays of dark-brown color. For the identification of Copalchi bark and its distinction from Quebracho, this superficial examination is sufficient, rendering a microscopic examination unnecessary ; it has in addition an aromatic smell and taste, while Quebracho bark does not possess these properties. A second false variety was obtained from Messrs. Grundherr & Hertel, of Niirnberg ; it was a hard bark of uniform dark-brown color, covered with a whitish to grayish-brown corky layer and much furrowed on the interior surface. While I have not yet succeeded in determining the origin of the last variety it is sufficient to state that it bears no resemblance to the Quebracho bark. Report from Dr. J. Biel, of St. Petersburgh, in Pharm. Zeit., British Medical Journal, (Thera- peutic Gazette, June, 1880, p. 182.)-Dr. J. Biel, of St. Petersburgh, in the Pharm. Zeitung, calls attention to a false white Quebracho bark which came to Hamburg. The first lot of white Quebracho bark received in Hamburg was a very small quantity, and the second lot consisted of three serons. Dr. Biel, therefore, supposes that what is being used in Germany at present is not the true drug, and therefore sounds this warning note ; but a drug which promises well should not be unjustly condemned before it has had a fair trial. Pharmaceutical Preparations.-Report of Dr. Burgos, in a paper published in the Revista Farmaceutica and abstracted in Pharm. Journal, Dec. 20th, 1879, New Remedies, (Therapeutic Gazette, August, 1S80, p. 238.)-Dr. Burgos recommends several preparations of quebracho, which may, of course, be administered in substance. The infusion*or the decoction, usually cf the strength of one in twenty, is improved by making it with the aid of a little sulphuric or acetic acid, whereby more of the alkaloid is extracted, and the resulting preparation is rendered much clearer. Tincture of quebracho is prepared by macerating one part of the bark in 5 parts of 56 per cent, alcohol for 8 days, and filtering. Compound Tincture of Quebracho : Quebracho bark, 2 parts ; orange peel, 1 part; alcohol (56 per cent.), 5 parts. Wine of Quebracho : Quebracho bark, 1 part; alcohol (56 per cent.), 2 parts ; white wine, 16 parts. Leave the alcohol in contact with the bark for 24 hours, then add the wine, macerate for 8 days and filter. The author specially recommends San Juan or Mendoza wine, because either of them con- tains but little tannin, and possesses a special aroma which communicates an agreeable flavor to the preparation. Elixir of quebracho . Wine of quebracho mixed with a sufficient amount of sugar. Extract of quebracho Both an aqueous and an alcoholic extract may be prepared. Syrup of quebracho : Quebracho bark, 3 parts ; water, 32 ports ; sugar, 16 parts. Boil the bark with the water, filter, and evaporate down to one-fourth ; then add the sugar and make the syrup in the usual manner. Preparations with the alkaloid . Aspidospermine or quebrachine is insoluble in glycerine. It dissolves readily in fats and fixed oils, and may be incorporated with cod-liver oil in larger proportion than quinine. The following is a suitable formula : Aspidospermine 6 to 8 parts. Cod liver oil too " -New Remedies. Report from New York Therapeutical Society, (Ther. Gaz., Dec., 1881, p. 473.)-The committee is greatly indebted to its distinguished member. Dr. Squibb, for his liberality and zeal in placing at its disposal a preparation of quebracho which could be relied upon with perfect confidence. Although the drug is not upon the list of those manufactured in his laboratory, he had a fluid extract prepared under his personal supervision, expressly for the committee, from specimens of the bark selected by himself. This extract was used in the greater number of the cases forming the basis of this report. In the re- mainder a fluid extract prepared by Parke, Davis & Co., of Detroit, was used, which evidently represents the active principle of the drug. The extract is very bitter and somewhat astringent, and the taste lingers a long time in the mouth. In persons with sensitive stomachs it is apt to excite nausea. The dose usually employed is half a drachm, which may be repeated several times a day. Physiological Action- -Report from Schikendanz, Sitzungsberichter physico-medical so- ciety, Erlangen, 1879, 17 Febr, and Bui. kl. Wochenschrift 1879, No. 19, in article translated from Prager Medicinische Wochenschrift, Dec. 17, 1879, (Therapeutic Gazette, January, 1880, p. 13.) Penzoldt, whose communications have for the first time called our attention to this subject, generally used the following formula for his experiments: 10.0 of the powdered bark, macerated eight days with 100.0 alcohol, fil- tered, evaporated, dissolved in water, again evaporated to dryness and dissolved ,n 20.0 water. Exper- ments upon frogs with ©.5 of the bark gave complete motor-paralysis of central origin, with paralysis of the respiratory organs and diminished frequency of the heartbeat (from 54 to 60 pulsations successively down to 8 to 10). This latter action was not caused "by irritation of the vagus." With rabbits 1.0 of the bark used hypodermically was followed by paresis of the extremities and difficulty of breathing; 2.5 caused death, preceded by paralysis of the voluntary movements, great dyspnoea and terminal con- vulsions (of dyspnoeal origin?). Breathing was deepened and retarded. Changes in the frequency «f the heartbeat occurred only upon intravenal injection, the blood pressure reaching the former height after a temporary sinking of the same. 44 ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. In a healthy dog dyspnoea was caused with increase in frequency of the heartbeat and salivation. The temperature of the body was not perceptibly influenced by 5.0 of the bark. In dogs in which fever was induced by miasmatic infection, the action was similar. Also in man, healthy as well as feverish, (from phthisis, intermittents with phthisis, pleuritis), 3 to 8 c.c. of the solution mentioned above had no influence upon the temperature, and caused only immaterial diminution in the frequency of the pulse. Penzoldt found, however, in different forms of dyspnoea (from emphysema and severe bronchitis, phthisis, chronic pneumonic processes, with periodic asthma, and pleuritis) that after giving 1 to 2 teaspoonful doses of the above solution (sometimes 2 or 3 times a day), the frequency of breath- ing generally diminished, the respirations were less deep, and that especially the cyanosis (in phthisis and emphysema) was almost invaribly diminished or removed. These effects lasted for hours and were followed, without exception, by greater or smaller, sometimes extraordinarily subjective, improve- ment of the patient. In one case of inherited pulmonary stenosis, and in another of thrombosis of the left main branch of the art. pulmonalis, the effect was very remarkable, though but temporary. Urged on by these observations, I have used an extract of the Quebracho wood {this is less effective than the bark, -which it is more difficult to procure} since the publication of Penzoldt's article, and have used it in six cases of emphysema and chronic bronchial catarrh. THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES. Reports from Private Practice. 1. Report from A. Berthold in Prager Medicinische Wochenschrift, January 20, 1881; (Therapeutic Gaz- ette, January, 1880, p, 92.) A. Berthold reports a case where the remedy had been used after a sud- den attack of asthma. The patient, a man 65 year of age, was given the tincture in teaspoonful doses repeated every hour, and at the end of the first hour the breathing was reduced in frequency from 64 to 60 respirations, in the third hour to 30, and decided decrease of the symptoms, with com- plete recovery the next day. The remedy has been administered in 14 other cases, in which, with few exceptions, it acted as a palliative. In one in- stance, where the patient had for years suffered from emphysema of the lungs, great improvement was noticed; likewise in a case of dyspnoea in a women of 60, and in two cases of fatty degenera- i tion of the heart, patients aged, respectively, 72 and 68. In the case of a 72 year old lady who was af- j fected with pleuritic exudation, and also in a case of chronic catarrh of the lungs, no benefit was re- ceived. In six cases of phthisis, only two were noticeably relieved after administration of the rem- edy. No derangement of normal conditions was observed to be due to the remedy. The author also speaks very highly of the spirituous extract of quebracho as a remedy for diarrheea. 2. Report from L. Laquer, in Prager Medicinische Wochenschrift, January 20, iSfki; (Therapeutic Gaz- ette, January, 1880, p. 93.) L. Laquer used the medicine in the following manner: 14 Ext. cortoisis quebracho, 12.0. Mucil-g. g. arabic, 40.0. Aq. dest., 200.0. Dose, one to two teaspoonfuls daily. In 22 cases of dyspnoea, varying in severity, his experience led him to the following conclusions: 1. In many cases of dyspnoea, emphysema pul- monalis, and chronic bronchitis, quebracho is a very useful palliative, while in others, especially in aged patients, it was of no service. In dyspnoea dependent on valvular insufficiency, its value is questionable. 2. The continued use of quebracho produces un- pleasant secondary symptoms, which make its ad- ministration somewhat difficult; these symptoms consist of headache, partial unconsciousness, dizzi- ness, and copious salivation, and in some cases the patient evinced a positive dislike for the rem- edy. 3. The remedy decreases the frequency of respi- ration more decidedly in the extremer variations from a normal condition, while its action in de- creasing the pulse is not so constant. 3. Report of J. Krauth, in Wiener Medic.- Blattern, in Prager Medicinische Wochenschrift, January 20, 1881; (Therapeutic Gazette, January, 1880, p. 93.) The cases treated with this remedy were, two of hypertrophy of the heart in the last stages, with dropsical exudation into the cavities, general oedema violent dyspnoea and extreme weakness; three cases of Bright's disease succeeding scarlet fever; one case of tuberculosis with oedematic dyspnoea, and one case of pleuritic pain with serious exudation of the pleura and violent dyspnoea. In all these cases 5 grammes extract quebracho aquosum, and 20 grammes water were given; dose, a tablespoonful every three hours, and the promptness of its action in controlling the respiration was indeed so uni- form and elegant that I am constrained to recom- mend its further use. Although tuberculosis and weakness of the heart cannot be cured by its use, still the relief afforded the patient is a gratification to the practitioner. 4. Report of J. B. Burkart, M. D., (British Medical Journal, Therapeutic Gazette, July, 1880, p. 188.) In a recent number of the British Medical Journal Dr. Burkart speaks in high terms of quebracho as a remedy for dyspnoea. He tried it in cases in which the dyspnoea was associated with emphy- sema of the lungs, atheroma of the arteries and degeneration of the cardiac muscles, and in every case the quebracho afforded immediate relief. In three minutes after the administration of the drug, the pulse became somewhat fuller, but not in- creased in frequency; the patients felt their breath- ing easier; the face was flushed, and a gentle perspiration appeared on the forehead; slight drowsiness and inclination to sleep were noticed. These symptoms soon subsided, but the breathing continued to be much improved. ASPTDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. 45 5. Report from Medical Times and Gazette; (Ther- apeutic Gazette, August, 1880, p. 236.) Further observations on quebracho bark.-Dr. Penzoldt's discovery (Medical Times and Gazette, vol. ii, 1879, page 35) that various forms of dyspnoea can be alleviated by quebracho bark, receives confirma- tion from two recent writers in the Berliner Klin. Wochenschrift, No. 52, 1879-Dr. Berthold, >f Dresden, and Dr. Picot, of Carlsruhe. By both, Penzoldt's extract (referred to in our former notice) was rigidly adhered to. Dr. Berthlod relates two cases of spasmodic asthma which were much ben- efited by the new drug. In the first the respira- tions fell after three doses from 64 to 30, with general improvement of the symptoms; in the second, where the asthma depended on emphys- ema, the effect was less rapidly produced; but the patient, who had been under Dr. Barthold's care for four years, and who generally had to lay up for one cr two weeks at the time of his attacks, was about again in five days. In a case of mitral incompetence and stenosis, quebracho relieved the severe nocturnal dyspnoea most decidedly; in two advanced cases of fatty degeneration of the heart it also did good, but digitalis had to be given for the relief of oedema, over which the quebacho exerted no influence whatever. Dr. Berthold, how- ever, from his small experience is inclined to re- gard the latter drug as indicated in cardiac disease when the pulse becomes irregular under the action of digitalis, and when orthopnoea continues after the digitalis has been omitted. In one or two cases of chronic bronchitis, and in several cases of phthisis in the latter stages, the drug proved unsatisfactory; in two patients with phthisis, how- ever, it relieves the dyspnoea wonderfully. In one of these the respirations fell from 52 to 28 after teaspoonful doses of the extract every two hours. Dr. Picot not only gave quebracho with good results to three patients with catarrhal pneumonia, bron- chial asthma, and cardiac disease, dyspnoea being in each an urgent symptom, but he experimented on himself with it as to its effect in diminishing short- ness of breath in climbing hills. On three follow- ing days, the temperature and height of barometer remaining nearly unaltered, he ascended the same height in the same period of time. On the first day, without quebracho, his respirations rose from 16 to 42, his pulse from 64 to 94. On the second day, half an hour before starting, he took fifteen grammes of Penzoldt's extract, and reached his des- tination with respirations at 30 and a pulse at 80, feeling also in every way easier, as was further proved by his being able to smoke during the ascent, which he could not at all manage the day before. On the third day, without quebracho, his symptoms corresponded to those of the first day. He has also seen good results in two persons without evident organic disease, but liable to breathlessness in walk- ing fast. We must not omit to-'tnention that, ac- cording to the Wiener Med. Blatter (No. 41, 1879), Professor Skoda, of Vienna, has not only found benefit himself from quebracho, but has prescribed it for others with success. It is possible that as an astringent in diarrhoea the resinous residue of the bark, which is only soluble in alcohol, may be of service. Dr. Berthold noticing that the diarrhoea of a phthisical patient stopped while taking quebra- cho, has tried the resin in acute and chronic in- testinal catarrh with good results. To children he gives o.l gramme in a pill of which they take ten daily. English children, however, might object to the number prescribed. 6. Report from North Carolina Medical Journal; (Therapeutic Gazette, April, 1881, p. 160.) As un- likely as it seemed at first that the new drug que- bracho (aspidosperma quebracho) could have any influence upon cases of dyspnoea, it seems now to be well established as true. "The dyspnoea of em- physema seems, from all accounts, to be most re- lieved by this drug; in that of phthisis, the effect is uncertain, as well as in cedematous conditions of the lungs associated with renal diseases, but some cases of cardiac dyspnoea, and even spasmodic asthma, have been benefited by it. 7. Report from Frank A. Ramsey, M. D., Knox- ville, Tenn.; (Therapeutic Gazette, September, 1881. p. 333-) Under the same roof with me is a lady who is a patient of as good a physician as the city affords. She has a chronic eruptive disease at times, involving her throat and possibly her lungs. No tubercles. She is affectionate in disposition, but impulsive and at times violently manifests dis- pleasure. In such paroxysms she always has dys- pnoea, formerly to the extent of occasioning blue- ness f the lips. Now she calls on my daughter for a dose f fluid extract of quebracho. Before she knew of this agent she suffered almost con- stantly. Now she says half a teaspoonful will give relief very S-Cn and enable her to meet and enter- tain company and contend with the boys-her chil- dren-throughout the day. It is the only opportunity I've had to employ this agent. In this one person the effect is re- markable and positive. 8. Report from Pharrn. Zeit., New Remedies; (Thera- peutic Gazette, August, 1880, p. 238.) 1. Quebracho bark appears in many cases to be a useful palliative for dyspnoea in pulmonary em- physema and chronic bronchitis; in other cases, however, the remedy is without any effect, espec- ially in aged individuals. Its value as a remedy in dyspnoea dependent upon defective cardiac valves is at least doubtful. 2. If used for any length of time, the drug pro- duces disagreeable effects which make its continu- ance difficult. - 3. The frequency of respirations is diminished by the drug the more decidedly, the greater their excess has been over the normal condition. 9. Report from Dr. F. Rohne, of Zurich, Switzer- land. Translated by Dr. H. P. Wenzel. Va. Medical Monthly, March, 1881, (Therapeutic Gazette, June, 1881, p. 225.) The most brilliant results were obtained in the asthmatic attacks of consump- tion. After the use of two teaspoonfuls of que- bracho solution, the ■ respiration sank, in one and three quarter hours, from 54 to 27, or 30. During the following night the patient slept well, which, previously was impossible. In exudative pleuritis, reduction was more marked, falling from 26 to 28, to 24 to 22. In asthma of emphysematous patients (3), it fell from 32 to 36 to 22 to 18. The respira- tions did not change much in complications of .emphysema with pleurisy-26 to 30 to 24 to 20 respirations. In a severe case of complicated bronchitis, the change was marked, from 26 to 30 to 23 to 20 respirations; once from 24 to 16 respirations. In the latter case a superficial respira- tion was observed at times. In a similar case, without respiratory change (18 to 19 per minute), after exhibiting the remedy, it required close ob- servation to count the respirations,' and the sharp (at times distinctly heard at a distance), whistling sound becomes markedly weaxer. Marked cyanosis in phthisis, emphysema, etc., was either lessened or entirely relieved by quebracho. It also appa- rently had some influence in a case of "collosal" cyanosis, resulting from a congenital pulmonary and chronic pneumonia. The 'racne nose" of an emphysematous patient, which usually had a vio- 46 ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. let-blue color, changed to a fiery-red under que- bracho, and was much admired by a room-mate. Subjectively patients, without exception, breathe more or less easy, and in some cases an ex- traordinarily easy respiration follows. In a case of thrombosis of the pulmonary artery, a respiratory reduction from 36 to 28 respirations per minute from 54 to 34 respirations, and from 46 to 39 respirations followed after exhibition of each tea- spoonful, respectively, of quebracho solution with diminished cyanosis and greater comfort. There was no prejudicial concommittant appearance, nor narcotic action whatever. There was usually first a feeling of warmth in the head. The disposi- tion to cough is lessened and the expectoration is expedited. Sometimes there is some perspiration -frequently slight salivation. The medicine does not taste unpleasantly, is astringent and aromatic. Penzoldt groups the foregoing results as follows: "We possess in quebracho bark a remedy which, without prejudicial consequences, alleviates asthma or difficult breathing in various diseases of the lungs and of the circulatory system. Its therapeutical action is manifested in increased frequency and depth of respiration in cyanosis, and primarily in sub- jective oppression. In explanation of the action of quebracho, Dr. Penzoldt remarks that after obser- avtions in experiments on animals and man. Upon using the drug redder coloration of the blood followed (arterialization). To prove this the author took too samples of blood from an animal to be slaughtered, and added quebracho solution to one, and an equal quantity of distilled water to the other sample, and he found the first after some standing decidedly more crimson. In deficiency of oxygen (under mer- curial vacuum) the red coloration was moderately produced. Upon this Penzoldt grounds the hypothesis that possibly, by acting directly on the blood it supplies the power to absorb larger quantities of oxygen than usual, and that the blood flowing through the capillaries into the veins is deeper colored than normal. However, the fact that excessive doses cause dyspnoea in animals is not explained. On the frog aspidospermin acts similar to the extract of the bark. IO. Report from Dr. Berthold of Dresden, in No. 52 Berlin Klin. Wochenschrift, December, 1876, paper of Dr. F. Rohne, Zurich, translated by Dr. H. P. Wenzel, Va. Med. Month., (Therapeutic Gazette, June, 1881, p. 226.) Dr. Berthold experi- mented with preparations from the firm Gehe & Cie. It should be remarked here that according to reports from this firm, there was no quebracho bianco bark in stock from April 1880 (?) (this state- ment should be, doubtless, 1870), till then, hence it appears that only lignum quebracho was the wood of quebracho Colorado, of loxopterigium lorentzii (Griesbach), Berthold using only his preparation in the different forms of dyspnoea lays the chief value of the observations on the changes in respiration. In a case of convulsive asthma the respirations sank within three hours from 64 to 30 after exhibit- ing three teaspoonfuls of the tincture of the wood of quebracho (Colorado). The dyspnoea was caused by pulmonary emphysema, insufficiency, and steno- sis of the mitral valves, fatty cardiac degeneration, dilatation of the right ventricle, The author states that in cases of irregular pulsations when digitalis has been used, and this remedy must be discontinued, and orthopnoea persists quebracho is a desirable remedy, and the intensity of the attacks becomes decidedly .weaker than before. Out of six cases of phthisis, only two were successfully treated for difficult breathing with quebracho (wood). In one of these cases the respiratory frequency fell from 62 to 28 after the second hourly teaspoon- ful of tincture of quebracho. There were no re- sults obtained in the dyspnoea of croup. In diar- rhoea, the best results were obtained with the ex- tract of quebracho. Reports from Hospital Practice. . 1 The following cases from one to seven inclusive are from report in Prager Medisinisch Wochen- schrift, December 17, 1879, (Therapeutic Gazette, January, 1880, p. 13). Prot. No. 2.801.-Johann Handl, messenger, 48 years old, emphysema, bronchitis, atheroma an- terior, dein exsud. pleurit. sin. Received July 6, 1879. Had for three years (as a sequel to small- pox), cough, dyspnoea, yellowish to bloody sputa. Considerable distention of the air vesicles, epigastric pulsation, torpid liver. Diffused rhonchi and whist- ling respiratory sounds. Treated at first with in- halations, and sometimes with opiates. Owing to exceeding shortness of breath, he was given daily from Oct. 30th to Nov. 3rd, two teaspoonfuls, 8 c. c. of the above mentioned extract of quebracho. Dur- ing this time the dyspnoea was considerably de- creased, as was also the cyanosis. Improvement continuing, quebracho was discontinued. On the I2th of November, owing to the return of the asthmatic difficulties in the afternoon, one teaspoon- ful of quebracho was again given. In the night there was very material decrease of .the trouble. Later (Nov. 17 to 26), liq. ammon. anis. and simi- lar remedies were given without improvement, when November 29th, quebracho, with considerable relief, was once more given. December 9th dysp- noea returned, with exudation into the left pleural cavity. Half an hour after giving quebracho, there was rapid decrease of dyspnoea and cyanosis. 2. Prot. No. 3,136.-Johann NovAh, laborer, in Nusle, 62 years of age. Received July 3r=t, 1879. Diagnosis: Emphys. pulm., marasm., dissolut. corp, vitr. sin. Cough for r2 months, free expectora- tion, asthmatic difficulties. Severe emphysema, the respiratory murmur everywhere obscured by rales and bronchial sounds; great torpidity of liver. Up to October 15th, though using different expecto. rants and sometimes narcotics, there was no essen- tial improvement. From October 15th to 25th, que- bracho in doses of one teaspoonful of the extract, 4 c. c. produced at first small, but later good effects. From October 28th to November lith, no medicine was given, after which quebracho was again resorted to on account of the return of dysp- noea. 3. Prot. No. 4,073.-Barbara Proch&zka, wife of watchman, 72 years of age. Received October 6, 1879. Diagnosis: Emphys. pulm., catarrh, bronch. chr., slight scoliosis, much dyspnoea, cough, palpi- tation of the heart of a year's standing, weakness of stomach for the last 30 years. Great torpidity of the liver; atheromatous condition of the blood- vessels; increase of dyspnoea up to October 28th. On this day irregular rhythm (each third systole suspended). Under varied therapy there was small decrease of subjective troubles. On November 8th, on both sides of the posterior aspect of the lungs, loose rales covering the respiratory murmur en- ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. 47 tirely, severe dyspnoea; 4 c. c. extract quebracho given; shortness of breath disappeared entirely; cough light. From November 12th, tinct. cinchonse comp, was given. Dyspnoea returned, and con- tinued in spite of repeated doses of quebracho (4 c. c. per dose), until November 20th. It then improved under morphia. Since November 22d, treatment with Waldenburg's pneumatic apparatus. 4. Prot. No. 4,138.-Johann Peleik, sailor. 66 years of age. Received October 11, 1879. Diagnosis: Emph. pulmon. For the last year strong dyspnoea, and cough without expectoration. After giving 20 grammes of extract quebracho, taken during 24 hours, considerable improvement; breathing easy. Under similar treatment, improvement goes on until October T6th. when the patient is discharged. 5. Prot. No. 4,385.-Johann Sterh, street sweeper, 79 years old. Received October 28, 1879. Diag- nosis: Emphys. pulm., catarrh, pulm. chron., mar- asmus. For a long time previous he had had se- vere dyspnoea, preventing sleep, defective nutri- tion. On both sides the respiratory murmur is covered up by loose rales. Up to November 2d, under treatment with ipecac, and later with liq. ammon. anisi, there was decrease of expectoration, but steady and decreasing dyspnoea. November 2d, one teaspoonful of extract quebracho. On No- vember 3rd, very marked improvement of asthma; happy expression of countenance, cyanosis relieved. On November 4th, dyspnoea returns; sibilant rales. On acccount of great frequency (148) and irregu- larity of the otherwise strong pulse, no quebracho, but ammonia preparations were given. 6. z Prot. No. 4,649.-Elizabeth Peth, fruit dealer, 72 years old. Diagnosis: Catarrh bronch. chron. Re- ceived November 20, 1879. Diffused rales in both halves of the lungs, covering the respiratory mur- mur completely; severe dyspnoea. From November 23rd, quebracho was given daily, with marked, steady improvement. On November 27th dyspnoea has ceased, and the improvement keeps on until December 2d, the day on which the patient was discharged. Case 7 came under observation De- cember 14, 1879. 7. Prot. No. 4,830.-A woman 44 years of age. Se- vere dyspnoea, respiration 36 and labored; cyanosis; 8 c. c. extract of quebracho. After ten minutes the breathing becomes suddenly free, and reduced to 28; cyanosis vanished; subjective relief complete. This improvement kept on for 24 hours. During the following night a temporary, but very great weakness of the extremities tet in. All cases mentioned above were out-patients, and appeared almost daily for examination. All have occupations which expose them to the inclemencies of the weather (messenger, street-sweeper, fruit- dealer, etc.), during the rough weather in the fall, for the sake of making a living. Nevertheless, the action of this drug, as reported by Penzoldt, has even in these cases been corroborated in spite of the continuance of the original cause. Though the extraneous circumstances in all the cases thus far observed have made detailed clinical examina- tions impossible, this much may, however, be stated: 1. That quebracho has proved an excellent, though but temporary remedy against the dyspnoea caused by emphysema, bronchial catarrh and pleu- ritis. 2. That it has been followed after using it seve- ral days (up to nine days), by no disturbance of digestion, or of the heartbeat, by no motor paraly. sis or weakness, nor other deleterious effects (with exception of the last case?) This new remedy may therefore justly be recom- mended for further trial, and would make a very desirable addition to the materia medica. even if its benefits were restricted to the more temporary relief of distressing dyspnoea. As the experiments on animals mentioned in the beginning of this article, show, care in the adminis- tration of this drug is to be recommended. As regards the explanation of the action of the drug, we may, in short, mention the theory of Penzoldt, which has been corroborated by experiments, that the remedy might by its direct influence enable the blood to take up more than the usual quantity of oxygen, so that the blood flows with a lighter red color than usual, through the capillaries into the veins. The fact that the remedy causes dyspnoea in animals, if given in larger doses, could be ex- plained, according to Penzoldt, by the increased capacity for the absorption of oxygen which ample doses impart to the blood, and also by the prop- erty which the drug seems to possess of increasing the intimacy of the relations between the oxygen and the haemoglobin. 8. Report from City of Lonoon Hospital for dis- eases of the chest, etc., J. B. Burkart, M. D., in British Medical Journal, (Therapeutic Gazette Aug. 1881, p. 238.) The liquid extract of quebracho has of late been largely employed in the treatment of asthma. As yet, there are no indications for its use, except the presence of dyspnoea. A teaspoonful, repeated, if necessary, at intervals of ten minutes, certainly relieves, as I have observed, the dyspnoea of phthisis, of pneumonia, of pleurisy, of emphy- sema, and of valvular lesions. It has failed of its effect, so far as I have seen, only in two cases of aortic disease; in the one, the patient had been for years accustomed to inhale nitrite of amyl al- most every two hours; in the other, there was complication with marked attacks of stenokardia. The active principle of quebracho appears to be a gum-resin; but as to its mode of action nothing is known. I have frequently noticed that, after the administration of the drug, there is slight flush of the face, perspiration, and occasionally drowsi- ness; but there are no objective signs on the part of the heart and of the lungs sufficient to account for the relief. 9. Report »rom Bellevue Hospital (Independent Practitioner, Therapeutic Gazette, Sept. 1881, p. 357.) The results of recent experience with this drug have been confirmatory of its value in dyspnoea in all its forms. The fluid extract in doses of from twenty to sixty drops, every hour or two, as called for by the symptoms, has been found useful in our hands also, without regard to the exciting cause of the dyspnoea. 10. Report from New York Therapeutical Society, (Therapeutic Gazette, Dec. 1881, p. 473). This report embraces thirty-two cases ob- served by members of the society and others, as follows, viz.: Two cases by Dr. A. V. B. Lockrow.-One, emphysema and bronchitis; and one, asthma, em- physema, and bronchitis. Both relieved. Six cases by Dr. J. A. McCreery.-One, mitral insufficiency, with no benefit; one, bronchitis, with great obesity, no relief; one, chronic bronchitis; two of asthma and bronchitis; and one, bronchitis, with consolidation at apex of one lung. The last four, dyspnoea relieved. Four cases by Dr. R. T. Bangs.-Two of spas- modic asthma and one of aortic aneurism, dyspnoea 48 ASPTDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. relieved; one of cardiac disease, in which there was some relief. Two cases by Dr. C. W Packard.-One, mitral stenosis, and one, cardiac hypertrophy, with dilata- tion, neither of which was relieved. One case, by Dr. W. R. Birdsall, of tonsillitis, in which dyspnoea was relieved. One case, by Dr. F. A. Burrall, of Bright's dis- ease; dyspnoea relieved. Eight cases by Dr. L. Emmett Holt.-One case, cancer of lung, dyspnoea relieved; four cases, asthma and bronchitis, two relieved and two unre- lieved; one case, each, pneumonia following in- farction, pleuro-pneumonia, and Bright's disease with oedema of lung, all of which were relieved. Four cases by Dr. J. T. Duffield. One of fatty heart, with slight relief; one, catarrhal phthisis, second stage, dyspnoea relieved; one, catarrhal phthisis, third stage, no benefit; one, intermittent fever and old pleurisy in an opium-eater, dyspnoea increased. Two cases by Dr. G. Bayles.-One of cardiac disease and asthma, and one hysterical dyspnoea; in both cases, dyspnoea relieved. Two cases by Dr. A. H. Smith.-One, mitral in- sufficiency, no benefit; and one, asthma with pleuritic adhesions, dyspnoea relieved. 1 1. Report from New York Therapeutical Society, (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 473). Cases by Dr. J. A. McCreery: Case 1.-Mrs. G., 40 years of age. Palpitation and shortness of breath on going up stars, for two years. Loud mitral regurgitant murmur. Pulse irregular and weak. Dyspnoea great on the least exercise. Ordered fluid extract quebracho ''Lxxx t. i. d. No appreciable benefit after about § ss. had been taken. Case 2.-Mrs. L., 74 years of age. Very stout -can walk but a few steps at a time, and then only with assistance. Has had several apoplectic strokes, one of which nearly proved fatal. Articu- lation greatly impaired. Bronchitis since October, 1880, general. Prolonged expiration. Frequent attacks of dyspnoea about 3 A. M., lasting half an hour or longer, during which she has to sit up. Ordered fluid extract of quebracho, TIlxxx t. i. d. No improvement! after several days. She refused to continue the medicine on account of its bitter- ness. Case 3.-Laborer, 65 years of age. Bronchitis for years, and several attacks of asthma; sibilant and»mucous rales over both lungs. Expiration greatly prolonged; cannot lie down. Fluid extract of quebracho, "lxxx t. i. d., gave much relief and enabled him to sleep part of the night. Failed to report after getting second supply of the medicine. Case 4.-Mrs. L., 67 years of age. Has had two attacks of bronchitis with asthma. During last three weeks has had severe cough, and for ten days respiration difficult, especially at night. For a week has not been able to lie down. Hoffmann's anodyne and morphine gave only partial relief. Pulse 112. Rales over both lungs; prolonged expiration. Ordered fluid extract of quebracho, "lxxx, when- ever breathing got bad. First dose gave almost complete relief for two hours. Took the drug three nights, always relieving her so that she was able to lie down and sleep. One night took the medi- cine twice. In this case it is to be noted that improvement had commenced before quebracho was given. Yet the effect of the drug was very striking. Case 5.-Woman, 70 years of age, suffering from an exacerbation of an old chronic bronchitis. Breathing short and labored; orthopnoea at night. Expiration prolonged. Quebracho gave great relief -enabling her to lie down and sleep. She required one or two doses every night. Case 6.-A young woman, who had slight attacks of orthopnoea from bronchitis, with some consolida- tion at apex of one lung. Quebracho seemed to give relief for a time, but the patient was too stupid to give a very clear history. 12. Report from New York Therapeutical Society. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 473.) Cases reported by Dr. C. W. Packard: Case 1.-Henry J. K., 39 years of age. Mitral stenosis with hypertrophy; moderate bronchitis; dyspnoea constant; at times orthopnoea lasting through successive days and nights-the patient catching only occasional snatches of sleep in the sitting posture. Administered Squibb's fluid extract quebracho, 3 j dose, every four hours. The third dose was vomited, also the fourth. Discontinued the medicine till next day, when it was repeated with the same experience. No effect on the dyspnoea. Case 2. George W. F., 50 years of age, railroad superintendent, temperate, suffering from hyper- trophy with dilatation. Mitral disease suspected, but not made out. Heart's action irregular and at times tumultuous. No evidence of renal disease. Orthopnoea at times, persisting for days and nights, and marked dysynoea at all times. Fluid extract quebracho, in 3 j dose, every four hours, had no apparent effect upon the dyspnoea. At the end of twenty-four hours the medicine was suspended, as it was no longer retained by the stomach. Both of these patients complained of the nauseousness of the quebracho. And in many like cases its offensive taste must act as a bar to its administration by the mouth. 13. Report from New York Therapeutical Society. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 437.) Cases reported by Dr. George Bayles: Case 1.-German, aged 65. Asthma depending upon cardiac disease. Made one visit in April; the patient breathing with marked difficulty and great voluntary effort. Prescribed fluid extract quebracho in "lxx doses, in water, to be repeated hourly if necessary; was informed the following day that the paroxysm was entirely relieved after taking three doses at a little less than two-hour intervals. All previous attacks had never been of less than twelve hours' duration, and sometimes twenty- four. Case 2.-Young woman, plethoric, and a free eater. Frequent attacks of nervous dyspnoea, at- tended with hysterical symptoms. After a hearty dinner indigestion supervened, and alarming dyspnoea. "Lxx doses fluid extract quebracho were ordered hourly till symptoms subsided. After four doses had been taken the patient was entirely re- lieved of all distressing respiratory symptoms. The completion of digestion may have had much to do with the relief experienced, though I am inclined to regard the quebracho as an important aid; for such prompt relief had never been obtained before under like circumstances. 14. Report from New York Therapeutical Society; (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 473.) Cases by Dr. A. V. B. Lockrow: Case I.-Mrs. M. came March 2d, to Demilt Dispensary. Had had a bad cough, more or less, for two years-severe during the last summer. Complains of shortness of breath. Temperature ioo°, pulse 80, respiration 30 to 32. Diagnosis: emphysema and bronchitis. Gave her cod liver oil with spir. aether, comp.; also fl. ext. quebracho, gtt. xxxt. i. d. March 7th.-Patient much relieved. Temperature 99', pulse 80, respiration 28. Cough better. Case 2.-Patrick D., 70 years of age, came to ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. 49 Demilt Dispensary, May 9th. Plasterer by trade, sick three months. Short of breath for several years. Cough at present severe. No appetite. Pulse very irregular and weak. Diagnosis: asthma; emphysema, and bronchitis, with cardiac hyper- trophy. Has frequent and severe attacks of asthma, and cannot sleep. Gave fluid extract quebracho fllxxx t. i. d. Also infusion digitalis | ss. twice a day. May nth.-Patient very much improved. Slept well after taking first dose-for the first time since December 13th. The improvement is very marked. Pulse still irregular, but fuller and stronger. After taking fourth dose of quebracho, took food with a relish for the first time in several weeks. 15. Report from New York Therapeutical Society. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 475.) Cases of Dr. R. T. Bangs, House Physician, St. Luke's Hospital (service of Drs. A. H. Smith and G. G. Wheelock): Case 1.-J. O., 28 years of age. Spasmodic asthma. Had used iodide of potassium, stramon- ium, nitre papers, nitrite of amyl, belladonna, chloral, etc., without much benefit. Fluid extract quebracho, ttixx, were administered, t. i. d., and afforded immediate relief-so much so, that the patient left the hospital in a few days, provided with a prescription for the drug. Case 2.-42 years of age. Aortic aneurism. This was a man upon whom treatment with an Esmarch bandage was twice employed, under ether, for the cure of a popliteal aneurism The first time the bandage was left on for an hour and a half, and the second time for two hours. After the bandage had been removed a tourniquet was each time applied to the femoral artery for an hour. Both these attempts proved unsuccessful. Treatment by flexion was next tried, but was also of no avail. Finally ligature of the femoral ciwed the popliteal aneurism. While the patient was under ether it was noticed that he was very cyanotic, but when the effect of ether had passed away the cyanosis also disappeared. Ten days after the femoral had been ligated the patient de- veloped dyspnoea. Fluid extract of quebracho was given, t. i. d., and gave much relief. He re- mained in the hospital twenty-seven days longer, during which time the quebracho continued to benefit his dyspnoea. Fifteen days later he was readmitted with some dyspnoea; 3 ss. t. i. d. re- lieved him again. After taking it for two weeks the use of the drug had to be stopped because no more of it could be obtained. For a fortnight he took other remedies with but little and temporary benefit. At the end of that period the use of quebracho was resumed, 3 ss. t. i. d. By this time the patient was markedly cyanotic, and his dyspnoea was almost continuous. The dose was increased to 3 ss. every four hours, but no benefit resulted. The patient died, and at the autopsy a large aneurismal tumor was found pressing upon the trachea, very much narrowing the lumen of that tube. Case 3.-H. B., 48 years of age. Spasmodic asthma of many years' standing. Fluid extract of quebracho, 3 ss. t. i. d., was at once prescribed, and gave marked and permanent relief. . Case 4.-F. L., 70 years of age. Cardiac dis- ease. Fluid extract of quebracho, 3 ss. t. i. d., given with some slight benefit. Patient died ten days after the administration of the drug had been begun. 16. Report from New York Therapeutical Society. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 475.) Cases observed by Dr. A. H. Smith: Case I.-Mrs. C., aged 65. Long-standing mural regurgitation, with pulmonary oedema and hydrothorax; orthopnoea; respiration very rapid and catching; lips livid. Two doses nlxl Squibb's fluid extract quebracho were given without any noticeable relief. So much nausea was caused by the medicine that its use was abandoned. In this case digitalis had ceased to give relief. Case 2.-C. H., male, 36, patient at Presbyterian Hospital. This was a case of asthma, complicated with old pleuritic adhesions and with a recent attack of acute articular rheumatism. The dyspnoea came on in paroxysms of great severity. When the first dose of quebracho was given, March 10, 1881, the patient was sitting up in bed, his face purple, lips livid, breathing very labored, shoulders elevated with each inspiration. '"Ixl of Squibb's fluid extract were given, and in fifteen minutes there was perfect relief, which lasted, however, only twenty minutes, when the difficult breathing returned. Another dose was then given, from which complete relief was obtained, lasting an hour. For the next twenty-four hours the attacks were less severe. On the following day, March nth, the dyspnoea not being urgent, a dose of was given, and the effect upon the respiration was ob- served. In fifteen minutes it had fallen from 27 to 20. At the time of these observations the patient was taking gr. x of salicylic acid, and 3 ss of dialysed iron, t. i. d. The dyspnoea not recur- curring, the quebracho was discontinued. 17. Report from New York Therapeutical Society. (Therepeutic Gazette, 1881, p. 575.) Cases reported by Dr. L. E. Holt, of Bellevue Hospital: Case I.-Cancer of the breast; secondary deposits in the lungs; old pleurisy with adhesions. Female, aged 53- Constant dyspnoea, which was increased paroxysmally, and so severe at night as almost to preclude sleep. I have special notes of only three nights in which the quebracho was used. March 18th. Two 3 ss. doses were given at bedtime, when she was breathing with great difficulty. Im- provement was noticed in a short time, and patient said next morning she got great relief from it. 19th.-Two doses, one hour apart, with same re- sult. 20th.-Very marked improvement noticed by nurse after second dose. Respiration fell from 40 to 28, and patient went to sleep. During her stay in hospital, one week longer, quebracho was used, always with relief. Case 2.-Bronchitis (chronic) and spasmodic asthma. April 5th.-Female, 60. Breathing so badly that she could not lie down or go to sleep. No relief till the second 3 ss. dose was given; then the breathing was noticed to be much easier. FeH asleep, slept for an hour. The third dose was then given, and patient slept well the rest of the night. Left hospital next day, and the drug was not used further. Case 3.-Acute pneumonia followed by infarction. Male, 45. Quebracho was given at the very in- ception of the disease, before the physical signs of pneumonia appeared. March 24th.-Marked dyspnoea, and complains of sense of' suffocation. Three 3 ss. doses gave complete relief, lasting several hours. 25th.-The drug given without any effect whatever, and it was discontinued. Patient died two days later. Case 4.-Pleuro-pneumonia of left side; dry pleurisy of right. Female, 35. Respirations quick and very labored. Three 3 ss. doses gave very marked relief, lasting about eight hours. Patient died a day or two later. Case V.-Bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. Male, 64. Breathing habitually labored. No paroxysms of marked severity. Quebracho given two nights, three doses, 3 ss. each, without per- ceptible benefit. Discontinued. [The notes of the following three cases were furnished by Dr. William B. Anderton, House Physi- cian Third Medical Division.] 50 ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO. Case 6.-Male, 38. Bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma, the latter being almost entirely paroxysmal, and the paroxysms being of extreme severity. On three occasions quebracho was given in 3 ss. doses every half-hour for two hours, without the slightest benefit. Nearly the whole list of antispasmodics was gone through with, and nothing but morphia was found to do any good. Case 7.-Male, 54. Bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. Paroxysms marked, but less severe than in the case just related. Two 3 ss. doses, given at bed time, gave him complete relief, which lasted all night. This was repeated a number of times, always with the same result. Case 8.-Male, 47. Bright's disease; bronchitis; pulmonary oedema with very great dyspnoea. Whisky and digitalis were given without any benefit. When quebracho was added, given in 3 ss. doses every half-hour for two hours, marked improvement took place after the second or third dose, the improve- ment lasting five or six hours. As the patient was then growing worse, the quebracho was repeated as before, with a like result. In five or six hours more it was again repeated, with benefit. Cardiac stimulants were kept up throughout the whole time, so it is impossible to say exactly how much of the improvement was due to the quebracho. This patient is still in the hospital, and doing well. In this connection I would remark that three cases were reported in the "Medical News and Abstract" for May, 1881, of the successul use of quebracho, by a distinguished member of the Thera- peutical Society, Prof. Austin Flint, Sr., in his service at Bellevue Hospital. In the first of these cases, one of aneurism of the ascending arch to the aorta, cardiac hyper- trophy, and great dyspnoea, iodide of potassium was given till symptoms of iodism appeared, without relief to the patient. "lxxx fluid extract quebracho were administered every three hours. After the second dose, complete relief of dyspnoea was ex- perienced, the pulse fell from 100 to 86, and the respiration, which had been hitherto hastened, to its normal frequency. During the two weeks following, while he remained in the hospital, several recurrences of dyspnoea were as speedily relieved. 18. Report from New York Therapeutical Society. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1881. p. 437.) Cases reported by Dr. J. F. Duffield, Presby- terian Hospital (service of Drs. Burrall and Castle): Case 1.-J. T., male, 29. Catarrhal phthisis, third stage. March 20th.-Dyspnoea excessive. Fluid extract quebracho, "1x1, given at intervals of one hour (three doses), without appreciable effect, either on pulse or respiration. 22d.-Patient died. Case 2.-C. P., male, 28. Intermittent fever, quotidian; old pleurisy; and spasmodic dsspnoea (an opium-eater); "lxl quebracho given during the attack. Respiration, at time, 32; fifteen minutes later, 36; one hour later, when second dose was given, respiration 34; fifteen minutes later, 38. Pulse also rose, but record lost. Case 3.-J. P., 60, male. Fatty heart; general oedema. Taking gr. 1-20 strychnise sulph. t. i. d.; § ss infusion digitalis also. June 10th,-"lxxx fluid extract quebracho given him at 11 a. m. Pulse 60, respiration 44. In 20 minutes pulse fell to 56, respiration 32. Dose repeated at 1 p. m., with pulse 46, respiration 36; twenty minutes later, pulse rose to 48, respiration unchanged. At 3.30 p. M., 30 minims more were given, with pulse 48, respiration 38, Fifteen minutes later pulse un- changed, respiration 36. nth.-"llx were given at n.45 A. M. Pulse 54, respiration 38. In fifteen minutes, pulse 52, respiration 36. At 2.40 p. M., medicine repeated, pulse 52, respiration 38; fifty minutes later, pulse 56, respiration 36. Case 4.-L. G., 36, Ireland, seamstress; catarrhal phthisis, second stage; chronic bronchitis. Unable to take opiates. Treatment: stimulants, tonics, and cough-mixtures. Was put on fluid extract que- bracho, "1x1 every three hours, for twenty-four hours. All cough-mixtures, etc., stopped. It had the effect of lessening respiration 3 to 8 a minute, and rendering the breathing much easier for the whole period. Vomiting the last dose. 19. Note.-A series of careful and most satisfactory tests of quebracho in dyspnoea, numbering more than thirty cases, have been made by Dr. George M. Tuttle, House Physician at the New York Hospital (service of Dr. W. H. Draper, a member of this Society.) The results will doubtless be give* to the profession at an early day. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fig. 1. Flowering twig of Aspidosperma Quebracho, Schlech- tendal. Fig. 1 a. Single flower. Fig. 1 b. Corolla, opened and spread out. Fig. 1 c. Ovary. Fig. 2. Quebracho bark, b. cortical layer, r. inner bark. Fig. 3. Specimen showing inner bark light colored. Fig. 4. Upper or external part of the bark. Fig. 5. Transverse section of the cortical layer. p. parenchyma, k. cork bands, sk. sclerenchymatous cells. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Fig. 6. Transverse section of inner bark. Fig. 7. Group of stone-cells in the inner layer. Fig. 8. Fiber of Sclerenchyma, enclosed in the crystal sheath. Fig. 9. Longitudinal section of a fibre. Fig. 10. Transverse section through the fibre and its sheath. Fig. 11. The same after treatment with hydrochloiic acid and removal of the crystals, showing empty cells. Fig. 12. Longitudinal section through the bark of a twig of Aspidosperma Quebracho. Young sclerenchyma-fibre with crystal-sheath in process of formation. Figs.13-14. Transverse section through a young sclerenchyma fibre and its neighboring cells, showing the gradual formation of the sheath. Fig. 15. Transverse section through a one-year-old twig of Aspidosperma Quebracho, b. secretory ducts, sf. primary sclerenchyma fibres, m. s., medullary sheath. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Fig. 16. Transverse section through wood and bark of an older twig of Aspidosperma Quebracho. Fig. 17. Section through bast portion similar to th* one repre- sented in tig. 15 with secretory (oil) ducts, b. Fig. 18. Transverse section of the wood of Aspidosperma Quebracho. Fig. 19. A port on of same more highly magnified. Fig. 20. Part © an isolated wood-fibre with bordered pits. Fig. 21. Cell o the medullary ray. Fig. 22. Chambered cell of the medullary ray containing crystals. Fig. 23. Isolated parenchyma-cells of the wood with their protuberances. Fig. 24. Transverse section through a twig of Aspidosperma Quebracho about three years old, with triangular pith. Fig. 25. Transverse section through pith and medullary sheath more highly magnified. The value below the number of each figure designates the microscopic enlargement. The working bulletin containing the lithograph plates mentioned in Dr. Hansen's report, will be furnished to any one who is sufficiently interested in the work to apply for the same. Working Bulletin FOR THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF Jamaica Dogwood. (PISCII)IA ERA THiKNA.) A Plan to Promote Progress in the Science of Pharmacology. This working bulletin, accompanied by the drug to be investigated, or a preparation of the same, or both, as the circumstances require, is distributed gratuitously to the Colleges, Universities and other institutions engaged in scientific work, and to the government hospitals and public hospitals and dispensa- ries, and to the medical profession at large, to obtain the results of the drug in treating the sick. The object is to promote original investigation in the science of drugs. This we propose to do by furnishing gratuitously to those engaged in original research, material for investigation, and by publish- ing the results of the same as a donation to scientific literature. It is apparent that the only return which we can receive for this work is the increased demand for the valuable drugs which we are introducing t» science, for we guarantee to publish full reports, favorable or otherwise. Articles in relation to the drug, under the following heads embraced by the pharmacology, are requested cor .he Therapeutic Gazette, the organ which represents this new system of work. These heads form he classification of this bulletin. In regard to each drug investigated we solicit reports for publication upon the subjects of scientific name ; synonyms ; definition ; natural order ; botanical origin ; history ; commerce ; production ; cultivation; description; microscopical structure ; chemical composition ; uses (in medicine); adulterations and substitutions; pharmaceutical preparations and dose; antagonists and incompatibles ; synergists; physiological action ; therapeutic properties; toxicology and antidotes. At the end of the year the reports published in the Gazette will be collected, classified and pub- lished in the form of an annual report, which will be donated to the libraries of the Smithsonian Insti- tute, a government institute at Washington for the free diffusion of knowledge; and a sample of the drug, and our preparation of it, will be deposited in the National Museum, in the department delegated to pharmacology. SENT OUT BY THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF PARKE, DAVIS & CO., Manufacturing Chemists, Detroit, Mick., T7. S. -A. PlSCIDIA ErYTHRINA. (JAMAICA DOGWOOD.) B.rythrina piscipula,-"the fish catching coral treefi {Linn.} Mulungu, or murungti {Diccionarie de Botanica Brasileira^-the bark of erythrina corallodendron is also used under the same name according to this authority. JAMAICA DOGWOOD--Piscidia Erythrina. Botanical Origin. -The piscidia erythrina is extensively distributed throughout the Archi- pelago of the Antilles, and nourishes chiefly in the lowlands, and on dry calcareous or volcanic hills in the vicinity of the sea; flowering in the spring months, and chiefly in April, when the tree is bare ol leaves, which rarely appear before the departure of the blossoms; these are diadelphous, of a whitish color, forming terminal thyrsoid racemes, and are succeeded by compressed, membranaceous winged legumes, containing roundish seeds. These seeds not improbably partake of the medicinal properties of the bark of the roots; and at all events, merit the labor of experiment. The dogwood tree, as far as my experience goes, is of moderate dimensions-those'which I met with on Saddle-Hill, in Nevis, averaging the height of good apple trees; but in Guadaloupe and Domi- nica I have met with specimens of a somewhat more aspiring stature. The timber, which I had not an opportunity of examining, is described by Luna, in his Hortus Jamaicensis, as being of a lightish brown color, coarse, cross-grained, pondrous, firm, and resinous; well adapted for piles for wharves, from its great durability, both in and out of the water. It is easily propagated by seeds or cuttings, and stakes cut from it soon take root, and form an excellent live fence.- Wm. Hamilton, M. B., H. M. L. S., in Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions„ 4 JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina. Coral arbor polyphylla non spinosa, frstxini folio siliqua alis foliaceis exstantibus rota; molend- inarue fluviatilis ancta.-Sloane. Ichthyomethia folliis pinnatis ovatis, racemis terminalibus, siliquis quadrialatus.-Browne. A tree, usually about 20 feet in height; leaflets three or four\ paired, with an odd one, peti- olulated, oblong, or obovate-elliptic, rounded .at base, entire, pubescent on both sides when young, but subglabrous when old; paler, with minute white dots beneath. Racemes compound, axillary (terminal, Swartz), peduncle trigonal, puberulous; divisions about an inch in length; flowers whitish, with a purple tinge, shortly pedicelled, with a pair of oblong scariose deciduous bracteas, about the middle of each pedicle. Calyx colored, very minutely puberulous, the two upper teeth coaduate, the three lower blunt- ish; standard rounded, emarginate, with a greenish tinge in the centre; wings and keel colored at apex; stamens nine to one. Ovary linear compressed; stigma obtuse; stipe of the legume twice or thrice longer than the calyx; w'ings four, longitudinal, membranaceous, with the margin undulated and irregu- larly lacerated. The leaves are shed early in the year, and previous to the development of the new foli- age, the flowers make their appearance.-Janies Macfaden, M. D., (Botany of Jamaica.') Piscidia Erythrina (Linnaeus) Jamaica Dogwood.-This tree belongs to the large and important order of the Leguminosae, better known as the Pulse family, familiar representatives of which are found in the locust, cassia, tamarind, and the like. The majority of the plants that belong to this widely dif- fused order are indigenous to foreign lands. The order is somewhat peculiar in that it embraces plants widely used as food, especially the tamarind and others equally widely known as poisons. Of the latter class the most important is the physostigma (Calabar bean), which contains that very poisonous alkaloid, physostigmia, and also Saphora speciosa, Burth. (Sophora bean), indigenous to Western Texas, from which Dr. H. C. Wood, in 1877, isolated an alkaloid, which he named Sophoria, the action of which is not unlike that of the Calabar bean. From these connections we need not be surprised that Jamaica dogwood contains most active properties.-A. C. Nagle in Druggist's Circular. Piscidia erythrina L., Jamaica dogwood, at one time called by Linne, erythrina piscipula, "the fish catching coral tree," belongs to the natural family Leguminosas. It is a native of the West Indies, chiefly growing in arid districts on the mountains of the Antilles. It is most frequent in Jamaica. When full grown, it attains a height of 20 to 25 feet; has a bright-colored, smooth bark, and very ir- regular spreading branches. The leaves are twice or thrice pinnatified, somewhat coriaceous, covered with a fine down when young, afterwards becoming almost glabrous and deciduous. Leaflets about two inches long, twelve to sixteen lines broad, and pointed. Panicles are bushy, many flowered, and make their appearance before or together with the leaves. Calyx brownish red, covered with greenish hairs: campanulate, five-sepalous*; coralla papilionaceous and whitish, with roundish emarginate standard, and with obliquely ovate alae, having blood red veins. Keel curved, blunt and bifid, with a blood red point. Legume linear, quadri-alate, about three inches long, constricted between the seeds; alae broader than legume. Seeds oblong oval, compressed. Tree flowers in March and April.-New Remedies. History.-The first account of the drug which came to our notice is an article by Dr. Bar- ham, of Jamaica in Hortus A meric anus, published in 1794. Dr. B. says that he employed this bark, which he found very restringent, in the shape of a decoction, to cleanse and stop the great flux of ulcers and make them fit to heal, and cure the mange in dogs (p. 52) ; but it does not appear that he made any experiments upon its internal effects, and if he had, he would have found the decoction an inert form of exhibition. According to Prof. Fernando Altamarano, M. D., of Mexico, experiments upon animals have demonstrated the power of this drug, in large doses, to produce prompt paralysis of the motor nerves, while it does not affect the great centres of innervation (cerebellum and medulla), the great sympathetic nerve, or the smooth or non-striated muscular fibre. Neither does it affect the seat of intelligence, the heart rythm, the temperature, or peristaltic action. Dr. Wm. Hamilton, of Plymouth, England, in a communication to the Pharmaceutical Journal (see also U. S. Dispensatory-Wood & Bache-14th ed., p. 1734) speaks of this plant as a powerful narcotic capable of producing sleep and relieving pain in an extraordinary manner. He had noticed, when resi- dent in the West Indies, the use of the bark of the root in the taking of fish, upon which, even when of a large size it exercised a very strong narcotic effect. He was induced to try it as an anodyne in toothache, and found a saturated tincture very efficacious, not only affording relief when taken internally, but uniformly curing the pain when introduced upon a dossil of cotton into the carious tooth. The bark of the root to be effectual, should be gathered during the period of inflorescence in April. When chewed it has an unpleasant acrimony like that of mezereon. It yields its virtues to alcohol, but not to water. The formula' employed by him in preparing the tincture was t® macerate an ounce of the bark, in coarse powder, in four fluid ounces of rectified spirit, for twenty-four hours, and then to filter. The dose is a fluid drachm. He first tried it on himself, when laboring under severe toothache, taking the quantity mentioned in cold water on going to bed. He first felt a violent sensation of heat internally, which gradually extended to the surface, and was followed by profuse perspiration, with profound sleep for twelve hours. On awaking he was quite free from pain, and without the unpleasant sensations which follow a dose of opium. JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia ervthrina. 5 H. V. Sweringen in his Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Science speaks of piscidia erythrina as " a powerful narcotic plant growing *in the West Indies, capable of producing sleep and relieving pain in an extraordinary manner." John Lindley, Ph. D., F. R. S., F. L. S,, late Emeritus Professor of Botany in Univer- sity College, London; author of "The Vegetable Kingdom," and Thomas Moore, F L. S., Cura- tor of the Chelsea Botanical Gardens; author of "Index Filicum"; and associate e'ditor of "The Gardener's Chronicle," in "The Treasury of Botany," edited by them, also speaks of Jamaica Dogwood: "Piscidia.-A West Indian tree constituting a genus of Legurninose with the foliage habit and flowers of Lonchocarpus, but the pod bears four projecting longitudinal wings. The powdered leaves and young branches of this tree, P. Erythrina, like those of some of the allied arboreous Papilionacea, are used for poisoning fish." A. H. R. Griesbach, M. D., F. L. S., Professor of Botany in the University of Gottin- gen, in his " Flora of the British West Indiaty Islands " gives a botanical description of P. Erythrina. De Candolle, in Prodomus Systematic Naturalis Regini Vegetalis, also describes it. This work was published at Paris in 1825. Another account in Loudon's Encyclopedia of Plants, London, 1872, p. 606, is to this effect "Piscidia, from piscis, a fis.h; the inhabitants of America use the bark as a fish poison. The tree has spreading blanches and pinnate leaves, and is very common in Jamaica, where it is reckoned as one of the best timber trees of the Island. The wood is very heavy and resinous, and lasts almost equally in orf out of water. It is of light-brown color, coarse, cross- grained and heavy. (Browne.) It makes excellent piles for wharfs. The stakes soon form a good live fence. The bark of the trunk is very astringent; a decoction of it stops the immediate dis- charge of ulcers, especially when it is combined with margrove bark; it cures the mange in dogs, and would probably answer well for tanning leather. (Long, 1824 ) The bark of. the root is used for the same purpose and with the same effects as the leaves and branches of Surinam poison., it is pounded and mixed with the water in some deep and convenient part of a river or creek, whence it may spread itself; in a few minutes the fish that lie hid under the rocks or banks rise to the surface, where they float as if they were dead, most of the large ones recover after a time, but the smaller fry are destroyed. The eel is not intoxicated with common doses, though it is affected very sensibly, for the moment the particles spread where it lies, it moves off with great agility. Jocquin observes that this quality of intoxicating fish is found in many other American plants." A very full account of Jamaica dogwood is contained in "Hortas Jamaicensis," by John Lunan Jamaica, 1814, from which many of the other accounts evidently have been taken. Further men- tion is here made of the powerful narcotic effect produced upon fish by the bark. This account speak* of the fact that after being pounded very small, the bark is mixed with the water by being put into sacks, in some deep and convenient part of a river, whence it spreads itself, coloring the -water of a reddish hue, etc. The account further adds this quotation from Barham, p. 52: "This tree is so well known in Jamaica that it needeth no description, being the chief and most lasting timber in America, every way as good as the English oak, and having much such a,leaf; but they never grow so large. Its bark has a very strong, rank smell, and poisons fish. It makes a glorious show when in blossom, which it will be when is not a green leaf upon it. The blossoms are very white and sweet, small, and in bunches as full as the tree can hold; afterwards come bunches of a membranous substance, looking like hops at a distance, in which is contained the seed. The bark is very restringent. I have made a decoction of this bark, which would cleanse and stop the great flux of ulcers, and make them fit to heal, and cure the mange in dogs." In New Remedies, April, 1880, p. 122, occurs the following statement, which is of some interest in reference to the history, nomenclature and habitat of the drug: The bark of this tree, particularly that of the root, is used in the West Indies for catching fish. When thrown into ponds or quiet waters, the fish become stupefied and are easily caught. Small fish are killed by it. Fish caught in this manner are eaten without hesitation, and are not considered unwholesome. An infusion of the bark of the root has also been used for cleansing foul ulcers. A tincture prepared from the root-bark is known to possess strongly diuretic properties. It is also a powerful narcotic and diaphoretic, and has enjoyed the reputation of being a specific in toothache, f , The usual method of employing the drug for catching fish, is the following: At the time of the full moon in April the leaves, twigs and root-bark are collected, macerated with the residue from the distillation of rum or with lime-water, then transferred into baskets, and the latter dragged up and down the water, until the active principle has been extracted, which causes the fish to be stupefied and rise to the surface. We have seen the name of manacd lately applied to this plant in several journals; but we can not now ascertain on whose authority. In Brazil, the name manaca is applied to Brunsfelsia Hopiana Benth. (=Franciscea uniflora Pohl.) according to B. Seemann. In South America the bark of piscidia carthagensis L. is used by the natives likewise for stupefying nsh. •f Compare Buchner's Rep., I., 215 Phartn. Central Bl., 1835, 413. 6 JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina. William Hamilton, M. B., H. M. L. S., in his articles published in Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, vol. IV, 1845, Nos. II and III, upon whose articles the account in Wood & Bache's U. S. Dispen- satory isfounded, gives a very interesting account of the methods adopted in Jamaica for catching fish with Jamaica dogwood. As Dr. Hamilton claims to be the first to have employed this drug as an internal remedy in therapeutics, and was induced to this action by noting its effect on fish, his account will be read with interest: "According to the notes I made at the time, the preparation of the bark for the sport of fish poisoning is as follows: Being detached from the roots, it is mashed up with what is termed, in the West Indies, temper-lime and the low wines or lees of the still-house, and the mixture distributed Into small baskets, from which it is washed gradually out by persons holding the baskets in the water from boats, slowly propelled by oars, or stationary in some small bay. Lunan describes the process somewhat differently; stating, that the bark is "pounded very small, and mixed with the water, by being put into sacks, in some deep and convenient part of the river, whence it spreads itself, coloring the water of a reddish hue, and in at few minutes the fish, that lie hidden under the rocks and banks, rise to the surface, where they float as if dead. Most of the large ones recover after a time, but the smaller fry are destroyed. Browne observes that the eel is the only fish he noticed that could not be intoxi- cated with the common dose, though it was sensibly affected, for the moment the particles spread where it lay, it moved off with great agility through the water; and he saw them sometimes chased to and fro in this manner for some minutes, without sustaining any injury." Lunan is silent as to the addition of the lime and the low wines, both of which are essential to the solution of the intoxicating constituent of the bark, and its diffusion through the water. As my notes were made on the spot, I can speak with the more confidence as to the mode of preparation which I witnessed, and which may, perhaps, suggest some improvement upon my form for preparing the tincture. The eels spoken of by Browne, as so sensible to the intoxicating influence of the bark, were probably the common fresh-water eel. But tlje large spotted sea eel, with a crested head, commonly known in Nevis by the name of the conger- eel, though widely differing jrom the voracious fish of that name found on our own coasts, appeared to me to be considerably affected by it; not indeed, by being stupefied, but swimming about in the phrenzy of intoxication, and rearing its crested head high above the surface, as if striving to escape from the pestilential medium. In St. Vincent, the Charaibs, as I was informed, were in the habit of taking the larger fish by a stratagem somewrhat different; and seeming to imply a material difference in the chem- ical properties of the substance employed. Their plan was to fill the bellies of small fish caught for the purpose with a preparation of the roots of a plant called by them Wonga (?), and throw them, thus prepared, into the water to be devoured by the larger fish, whose lives were the forfeit of their rapacity, the intoxication, resulting from their prize, making them an easy prey to the fisherman. What is the plant so named, and what are its specific properties?" The following article by James Scott, M. R. C. S., England, (published in Therapeutic Gazette, Jan'y, 1880 p. 9) is historically of interest. It illustrates the process of reasoning which first induced medical men to employ this powerful drug in therapeutics: "According to my experience in Jamaica, having been nearly forty years in practice, the Piscidia Erythrina, Jamaica dogwood, has not been used for medicinal purposes by practitioners in the Island. I have never met one who seems to have given any attention to the plant, or who has ever considered the therapeutical properties or uses of any portion of it. All that has been known is, that the bark of the root is employed for taking fish in some of the larger rivers, into which a certain quantity is thrown with the certainty of stupefying or narcotizing a large number. No doubt it has been known to medical men that the piscidia erythrina is a powerful narcotic, from its having so acted, and by a process of reasoning have satisfied themselves that it is capable of exerting such an influence on the human subject, but it has not come to my knowledge that it has ever been employed by them. I am not prepared to state the exact time, but, some years ago, my respected colleague, the late Dr. McGrath and myself, being then in charge of the .public hospital and lunatic asylum of this city, it was thought desirable, in the treatment of a certain class of patients in the latter institution, to test the power of the dogwood as a sedative and narcotic. This determination was come to in conse- quence of the failure of morphia and other preparations of opium, as well as several known sedatives, to produce the desired effect, more particularly in those cases where there was considerable excitement or restlessness. Being early in the year when we made this resolve, it was necessary, in order to gather the roots, to wait until the month of April, the period of inflorescence, the trees being then deprived of their leaves. Of the bark of these roots a tincture was prepared according to the formula recommended by Dr. W. Hamilton, of Plymouth, England, and , which was found in the appendix to the "United States Dispensatory." It may be repeated here: "Macerate an ounce of the bark in coarse powder, in four fluid ounces of rectified spirit for twenty four hours and then filter. The dose is a fluid drachm." The medicine in the dose suggested was prescribed for lunatics, who were in a state of excite- ment, and who, under the use of ordinary narcotics that were given in full and repeated doses, could obtain no sleep. When administered the effect was most remarkable. In some cases sleep was soon produced, on waking the patient was comparatively tranquil and qui$t, whilst in others of a rather "'ore severe character, it was necessary at short intervals to rep< ' the dose, until the narcotic effect of ' medicine was manifest. JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia f.rythrina. 7 I write from memory but the good results of this powerful and valuable narcotic were invari- ably apparent, and most certainly after its use for a few days there was marked tranquility of tha patient, and an improvement in his condition. So valuable was this medicine considered, being the only narcotic which it was considered had, at the time, any decided effects upon lunatics, that for a series of years, and so long as Dr. McGrath and myself had charge of the lunatic asylum, fresh roots were gathered in the month of April, and the tincture w<as prepared in sufficient quantity to last fully foj a period of twelve months, and it was uninterruptedly employed as the only narcotic, among the many in use and at command, which appeared to possess special sedative influence in allaying the excitement, and overcoming the sleeplessness of a peculiar class of lunatic patients. I have had little experience in the use of piscidia erythrina internally. It is not improbably that with aconite, if so used in certain forms of neuralgia, relief might be afforded. I should be unwill-, ing to employ it in the form of decoction or infusion on any abraded surface, either where there ,was cutaneous eruption or ulceration. In a case of rheumatic affection of the knee'and ankle joints, where the skin was unbroken !n any part, the patient's extremities having been placed and kept for a short time in strong decoction of the root, he evinced such alarming symptoms in connection with his respi- ration and circulation as to lead to their quick removal. Having recovered from this state it was after- wards found that he had derived considerable benefit, so far as his rheumatic complaint was concerned, but I have since been of the opinion that the dogwood, whether in the form of tigctune or decoction, should be used with much caution externally." History of the Introduction of Jamaica Dogwood by Parke, Davis & Co., as a New Therapeutic Agent Was the introduction of Jamaica Dogwood as a new therapeutic agent, by Parke, Davis & Co., a justifiable act? This question has many bearings. First, in relation to the prerogatives of pharmacy in these matters; and second, in relation to the drug itself. First, what is the province of Pharmacy? Pharmacy is a science and an art. The practitioners of the art of Pharmacy are known as the Profes- sion of Pharmacy. I,t is the prerogative of the profession of Pharmacy to do original work in the sci~ erice of Pharmacy, as well as to practice the art of Pharmacy. But what is Pharmacy? Much discrep- ancy exists in the definition of this branch. Dunglison " Pharmacy is the art which teaches the knowl- edge, choice, preservation, and combination of medicines. It was formerly divided into Galenical and Chymical. The former, called after Galen, embraced the operations to which medicines were subjected without chemistry; the latter, Chymical Pharmacy, comprised the preparation of medicine founded on the chymical action of their principles." H. C. Wood defines Pharmacy as "the science of preparing medi- cine." Wood further states that, although Pharmacy, or the science of preparing medicines, is entirely different from Therapeutics, or the science of the application of medicines to the cure of disease, it is evident that some acquaintance with the former is necessary to the correct apprehension of the latter. Further, as the basis of both these studies, must first come a knowledge of Materia Medica, or* the sub- stances used as medicine. Pharmacology is the general term employed to embrace these three divisions, and this classification of Pharmacy, as a branch of Pharmacology, is rapidly growing in favor. Phar- macy and Therapeutics are inseparably connected. The preparation of medicine is of no use without the application of medicine. It is the province of the Profession of Pharmacy to work in the field of Phar- macology, not with the view of treating the sick, but for the purpose of investigating the Materia Medica to determine the value of drugs as medicine, and the best methods of preparing them for the physician's use. Pharmacology is the "science or knowledge of drugs, or the art of preparing medicine, or a treatise on the art" (Sweringen's Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Science); and a Pharmacologist is one who is well skilled in, or Writes upon drugs, or the composition and preparation of medicines, ac- cording to the same author. Pharmacology, according to our rendering of the term, and in that render- ing we are scientifically upheld, is the science of the properties of drugs-pharmaceutical, therapeutical, chemical, and all other properties. It is in the department of Pharmacology, as professional Pharma- cists, that we present ourselves, and claim this work as our professional province. Wood further states as follows: "In every civilized country there is some recognized official list of drugs and their preparations, known as the Pharmacopoeia. In most places, this, being prepared with the sanction of the government, partakes of the nature of a law, but in the United States, confor- mity to it depends upon the voluntary actions of the professions of Medicine and Pharmacy, by a rep- resentative convention of which it was originally prepared and is decennially revised. The United States Pharmacopoeia is divided into three portions: A primary and a secondary materia medica list, and a chapter on preparations, with directions for their manufacture. The primary list contains medi. cinesvwhose reputation is believed to be assured; the secondary list, those still on trial, or those which expert' ence has shown to be not altogether valueless, but yet of little importance. It is evident that a knowledge of the officinal or recognized preparation, of their general .node oi manufacture, and of their strength is essential to the therapeutist." 8 JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina. Our work in pharmacology is for the benefit of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, to which standard we con- form. In the introduction of Jamaica dogwood, a drug which may prove itself of greater value than many remedies official in the list of the Pharmacopoeia, our work in Pharmacology may be seen. Only careful clinical tests, extended in time, in the hands of experienced observers, can determine the exact worth of this new narcotic, but that we were justified in its introduction as a therapeutic agent, reference to its history will show; first, it was long known as a powerful drug before it was employed tn the treatment of the sick ; second, the nature of its activities had been determined in the peculiar narcotic effect pro- duced on fish ; third, it was reasonable to suppose that a somewhat similar effect would be produced on man from the well-known fact that the physiological effects of drugs on man can be in a measure deter- mined by their effects on animals ; fourth, it is an acknowledged fact that the results of such tests fully justify further experimentation with drugs to determine their therapeutic value by employing them under proper restrictions to treat the sick ; fifth, from the great activity of Jamaica dogwood, from the nature of that activity, from the favorable results of its use in the hands of Dr. Hamilton, who describes it as a nar- cotic, relieving pain, and producing sleep, and without the unpleasant sensations which follow a dose of opium, we have good and sufficient reasons to believe that Z/zzr drug possesses peculiar virtues of great value. We, therefore, feel ourselves fully justified in placing Jamaica dogwood before the medical pro- fession of the United States for trial as to its general merits as a narcotic and anti-spasmodic, but mor* Especially as a substitute for opium as an anodyne. And we particularly request physicians to test it carefully in practice and report results for publication in the medical press. Our Own Work in Connection with Jamaica Dogwood. With reference to our identification with the introduction of Jamaica dogwood to the medical profession, we would state that our attention was called to the value of this drug in therapeutics by a cor- respondent in the year 1878. Reference was made for information upon the subject to the appendix of the U. S. Dispensatory (Wood & Bacbe's), 13th edition, page 1734. Acting upon the information afforded us we took the ground that this drug was of sufficient interest, as a powerful therapeutic agent, to warrant our placing the same before the medical profession for purposes of investigation. We, therefore, opened correspondence with the United States consul and with business men of Kingston but without favorable results. We were, therefore, finally compelled, in 1879, 10 dispatch one of our own representatives, to the Island of Jamaica, who remained upon that island for a period of several months and succeeded in obtaining for us a supply of the bark of the root of the piscidia erythrina. In entrusting this mission to a personal representative, as customary with us, we selected one well fitted by his familiarity with the science of botany, medicine, and pharmacy to enable him, not only properly to locate the tree botan- ically, but also to afford us such reliable information as could be obtained with regard to the thera- peutics of the drug from the various sources afforded upon the Island. In placing the drug before the medical profession we were guided by our usual policy. In the first place a fluid extract of the drug was manufactured after a formula resulting from the investigations of our chemical department. The menstruum adopted for the manufacture of this fluid extract will be found in this report under the head of "Pharmaceutical Preparations." Specimen bottles of this fluid extract were distributed gratuitously not only to the public hospitals and dispensaries of the large com- mercial centers, but. also to individual practitioners throughout the United States who were interested in the subject. We then asked from our medical friends in the hospitals and private practice reports as to their experience, favorable or unfavorable, in the use of the drug, promising to place this information properly compiled, in printed form, before the medical profession. In order that we might hasten thi result of these investigations for the benefit of all concerned, we enlisted the assistance of the distinguished physiologist, Dr. Ott, of Easton, Pennsylvania, who investigated this drug physiologically, publishing the results of his investigation as cited elsewhere in this circular. At out request and at our expense Mrs. Louisa Reed Stowell, of the University of Michigan, investigated the drug microscopically, and the result of her work was duly published in medical literature. And as a final result of our efforts in this direction we offer to the medical profession this circular, which has been compiled and elaborated at the expense of considerable time and trouble, as a report of our scientific department. Our System for Scientific Work. For the purpose of facilitating our investigations of new drugs we have adopted a scientific sys- tem devised by F. E. Stewart, Ph. G., M. D., of New York, whois connected with our scientific depart- ment. The classification of this system is illustrated by this report on Jamaica dogwood. Our object is to secure full and accurate information under each head represented by the classification so that our report may finally represent the full scientific history of each drug investigated by us The report will JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina. 9 contain not only our own work upon this drug, but the summarized work of others, and will, therefore, be a complete index to all the scientific work done by all who may have devoted attention to the- pur- suit of knowledge relating to it. Of course in the case of a new drug reports are at first meagre and principally from unscientific sources,, but time is its own corrective in this matter, and as the drug becomes better known from scientific investigation in the hands of competent observers, knowledge will gradually be perfected. Comijierce.-The imports of Jamaica dogwood into the United States are principally from the Island of Jamaica, from which comes our supply. As we have been to great expense in procuring the drug, owing to the necessity we have been under of sending to Jamaica for it, the first cost has been large, and the price correspondingly high. But as the demand increases price decreases propor- tionately; and when the drug finally reaches its true level as an article of commerce, cost will be re- duced to its lowest terms. Description.-description by C. W. Hansen, M. D., in New Preparations (Sep. 29, 1879, p. 22): "I have before me a piece of the bark of the root; it is about three inches wide, slightly curved from side to side, and about one-eighth of an inch in thickness. Color light brown, with a slight green- ish tinge. The epidermis is covered with flattened protuberances, resembling warts, of a lighter color than the surrounding base. On drying, the epidermis becomes deciduous, exposing the mesophloeum, which is lighter color and wrinkled longitudinally. The inner portion consists of tough fibres, disposed in thin layers. When broken, it emits the strong disagreeable odor of opium, or perhaps more closely that of propylamine." Description of A. C. Nagle, in Druggists' Circular, February, 1881, p. 18: " The bark of the root is the part used in medicine, and as found'in the market is in quills and flat pieces. The former are often from one-half to an inch in diameter, and generally destitute of the subereous tissue ; while the latter are from one to two inches in diameter, slightly curved, and about a quarter of an inch or less in thickness (as seen in cut.) The bark between the inner and outer surface is of a greenish resinous hue, breaks transversely with a short fibrous fracture." Description by Louisa Reed Stowell, M. S., Assistant in Microscopical Botany in the Univer- sity of Michigan : "The bark of commerce appears in pieces of two to four inches in length, and from one to two inches wide, and about one-eighth of an inch in thickness. The outer surface of some of the pieces is of dark grey brown, while others' are of a yellow brown, with no shade of grey present. The bark is frequently studded with flattened protuberances of a lighter color than the surrounding cork. The central part of the bark is much lighter colored, and when wet or freshly broken, is of a peculiar blue-green color. The inner part of the bark is of a dark brown color, and very fibrous, It has a strong dis- agreeable odor of opium when broken into pieces. It is strongly acrimonious, and produces a burning sensation in the mouth and pharynx." MlCrOSCOpiCOl Structure.-The following is a microscopical description by Louisa Reed Stowell, M. S., Assistant in Microscopical Botany in the University of Michigan: "The cork or outer bark (see fig. I. a), is composed of about 15 rows of thin-walled, regular, parenchynfatous cells, brick-shaped, and arranged radically; namely, the length of the cell standing parallel with the radius. They are generally empty. The middle or green layer of the bark (b) is com- posed'of thin-walled, long, oval cells. In the longitudinal section they are arranged tangentially, namely, the longest diameter of the cells is at right angles with the radius. They average about 1-250 of an 10 JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina. inch jn length, and about one-fourth as wide, containing clear white chlorophyll bodies, and dead proto- plasm and chlorophyll. Occasionally a crystal is found, as if by accident. In the cross section the cells are oval or round, and of irregular sizes. Sometimes oil cells are present. The cell walls them- selves seem to have absorbed coloring matter, for they are not a clear white as is usually the case with cellulose. The inner layer of the bark, or the liber layer (c), constitutes the principal part of the bark, frequently being four-fifths of the whole bark. It is composed principally of regular parenchymatous cells of nearly equal diameters, and with thin walls. These cells are quite regular toward the inner sur- face of the bark, and grow more irregular toward the outer edge of this layer. Some 6f the cells show pitted marks, which are deposits of cellulose on the cell wails. Bundles of liber fibre are arranged in concentric rings through this part of the bark, hence its name, liber layer. On a cross section (see fig. I, b), these fibres are composed of hexagonal cells, with very thick walls, having only a spot or a cen- tral line for an opening. On a longitudinal section the fibres are frequently i-io of an inch in length. It is these long cells of the liber fibre that give the fibrous structure to the inside of the bark. On either side of the bundles of liber fibre are rows of polyhedral crystals of calcium oxalate. Medullary rays composed of regular brick-shaped cells, similar to those of the cork, are seen traversing this layer. This part of the bark contains, besides the liber and crystals of calcium or slate, some oil ducts or resin glands-apparently different in no respect from the surrounding cells-some small scattered laticifsrous tissue and separate oil drops. JAMAICA DOGWOOD-A, Longitudinal Section. B, Cross Section, a, outer bark or cork, b, middle bark or green layer, c, inner bark or liber layer, d, liber bundles, e, medullary rays, f, crystals, x 37 diameters. JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina. 11 Chemical Composition.-The active principles contained in Jamaica dogwood are not yet satisfactorily determined. The following reference to a resinoid Piscidin, is all the investigation yet reported in relation to the chemical composition of the drug. Nagle refers to a resinoid as follows: "Its medicinal virtues can only be extracted with alcohol, it owing its activity to the resinoid Piscidin, which is generally obtained as a yellowish amorphous powder. I endeavored to make a few experiments with an alchoholic solution of the resinoid (one grain to the drachm), with a view of demonstrating its applicability as a narcotic. I am indebted to Mr. Krauter for his valuable aid." Further reports on the chemical composition of Jamaica dogwood will be made by our chemical depart- ment. Uses.-In Jamaica the bark is used to poison fish, and the wood is valuable as timber piles lor wharves, and for building purposes. In medicine the bark of the root is used as a narcotic. Adulterations and Substitutions ,-Food and drugs are always liable to adultera- tions and sophistications of various kinds. This danger is greater in proportions to the value of the pure article, and the demand for it. We have reason for supposing that certain rival manufacturers have substituted preparations of other drugs in place of the true Jamaica dogwood. This is compara- tively easy to accomplish, owing to the "opium smell" of the true drug. The substitution of opium preparations for those of Jamaica dogwood cannot be too strongly condemned. The simple test for meconic acid should always be resorted to in suspected cases of this kind. The substitution of other closely allied drugs of narcotic properties is also reprehensible, for only by testing the genuine drug can the true virtues of piscidia erythrina ever be scientifically determined. We have several times refused, lately, quantities of Jamaica dogwood of poor quality and inert. These lots seem to be taken from dead roots, or those that have been long in the water; in each case they were found water-soaked, and devoid of medicinal activity. As these lots of bark are still seeking a market, it is important that care should be taken by the trade i® supplying all orders for it. The bark of the tree may also be substituted for the bark of the root. Pharmaceutical Preparations and Doses.-The only preparation of Jamaica dogwood which has yet been placed before the profession by us, is a fluid extract made by macerating the powdered bark in a menstruum of alcohol sp. gr. of 0.8628 at 6o° F., and then submitting the whole to hydraulic pressure of 200 tons, further exhausting by fresh menstruum and re-expression, until the drug is completely exhausted, and the fluid extract thus produced of the standard strength of fluid extracts adopted by the Pharmacopoeia-one troy ounce of the drug to one fluid ounce of finished preparation.- Each minim of the fluid extract therefore represents a grain of the drug. Dose.-Jamaica dogwood should be given, like quinine, "for effect." Cases are reported where the dose on the label has failed in producing the peculiar action of the drug, and in other cases untoward, and even alarming symptoms have followed its administration. The discrepancy of reports from private and hospital practice is especially striking. A very different class of cases are usually -treated in hospitals-broken down patients, contaminated with various constitutional poisons. Here reports would seem to indicate that much larger doses are necessary for effect. Idiosyncrasy should also be taken into consideration, for narcotics sometimes produce most unfortunate effects on that account. It is important and interesting, both in determining the proper dose of this drug and in the study of its physiological and therapeutic action, that each physician should report the result of his experience in the use of it. For this purpose the columns of the Therapeutic Gazette are always open. Antagonists and Incompatibles.-These antagonists and incompatibles are not yet determined, We await the reports of further investigation. Synergists.-The same remarks as above in relation to the antagonists and incompatibil- ities of the drug apply in the case of its synergists. Reports on these matters are respectfully solicited for publication in the 7herapeutic Gazette. Toxicology.- Untoward Effect of Jamaica Dogwood.-Communicated to the Therapeutic Ga- zette : I write you to notify you of a little experience I had with a sample of Jamaica dogwood. The case was of neuralgia (hemicrania)-severe pains with nausea. Thinking the medicine indicated, as it certainly was according to directions, I directed my mother, who was the one troubled, to take half a teaspoonful in water. This was rejected and the dose was repeated. In about 20 minutes she had the toxic effects on the whole system. Spasms supervened and continued with but slight intermission for about an hour, when they began to grow lighter. The paralysis of diaphragm continuing, I was considerably alarmed, and called in Dr. S. B. Chase, President of the Iowa State Medical Association. Difficulty of breathing continued about six hours. She has now fully recovered. My reason for reporting this case is to ascertain if this is the usual action of the drug, and whether the dose recommended is not too large. I gave the minimum dose without any 12 JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina. hesitancy, thinking that certainly that would not give any bad result. As it is, I am now afraic? of the medicine. My mother has taken no other medicine except the Dogwood, anti the untoward symptoms are clearly traceable to this drug. F. M. Moore, M. D., in Therapeutic Gazette. 1 * Antidote.-Idiosyncrasy exists in many families regarding the action of narcotics. The smallest dose of opium in some cases is followed by unpleasant and often alarming results. The above case is of interest in this connection more from the idiosyncrasy displayed than in the study of the toxic effects of the drug. Much larger doses than that given on the label have been given and with no apparent effect whatever. Hoping for fuller reports from the profession under this head we submit the above. As an antidote in cases of poisoning from this drug the treatment suggested by Wood in narcotic poison- ing is applicable. '-'There is now sufficient evidence to show that apomorphia is a safe and reliable emetic, possessed of advantages which have already been sufficiently dwelt upon. In narcotic poisoning there is no reason why it should not be given hypodermically whilst sulphate of zinc or some mechan- ical emetic is exhibited by the mouth." Wood's Materia Medica. Therapeutics and Toxicology, p. 417. Physiological Action. -The following account of the physiological action of Jamaica, dogwood was furnished after careful experiment in the hands of Isaac Ott, A. M., M. D., late lec- turer on Experimental Physiology, University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia.) • Dr. Ott says that this drug has been stated by medical men to be a direct sedative producing narcotic effects which are refreshing, and not followed, like opium, by hyperaemia of the brain, nausea and general nervous disturbance. It is said to be of value in bronchitis, asthma, nervous coughs, wri- ter's cramp, spasms of muscles due to functional causes, chorea, tetanus, and especially in toothache, to relieve pain. It is also reputed to be diaphoretic and diuretic. With these facts put forth, I have thought it to be a matter of general interest to the profession to study its physiological action. Any drug which gives rest and sleep to the suffering patients in this active world is of considerable value. So far I have been unable to find any one who would work out the active principle contained in the bark. I was forced to add to an ounce of the fluid extract of the an equal quantity of warm water and evaporate the whole down to about five drachms. The temperature of evaporation did not exceed 1750 F. The object was to get rid of the alcohol which would confuse the results. I shall allude to the product obtained by evaporation as an infusion. The fluid extract used was reddish in color, like wine, with an odor greatly resembling that of laudanum. In these experiments it must be remembered that I am working at the effects of the active principle of piscidia plus many 'other organic principles. Therapeutically, the results are quite applicable. General Action.-Experiment 1. Rabbit, at 2:20 P. m., received twelve drops of the fluid ex- tract of piscidia subcutaneously. It caused frequent respiration, inco-ordination, dilatation of the pupils ; 2.30 P. M., twelve dj;ops of the extract was given, pupils greatly dilated ; 2.38 p. m. , twelve drops given, respirations frequent, has his sensibility very much blunted ; 2.52 p. M., twelve drops given ; 3 P. M., twenty-four drops given. 3.35 P. M., lies sprawling, unable to move ; the strongest pinching of sensitive parts does not cause him to move, labored respiration, lies sleeping; 4.12 P. M., asphyxia ensues, which quickly con- tracts the dilated pupil ; heart beating one hundred and sixty-eight per minute; saliva flows; 4.23 P. M.» death ; abdomen opened, bowels quiet, heart beating. FIG. i. Exp. 2.-'Frog, at 2.55 P. M., received twelve drops of piscidia subcutaneously ; sits quietly, then hops about; soon assumes a squatting posture. 3.03 p. m., can be handled without any effort on his part to escape; 3.07 p. m., pupils dilated, sensibility blunted, seems asleep; 3.40 p. M., twelve drops of the infusion given ; 3.53, is unable to hop, upon pinching or a loud noise, tetanus supervenes, as it also does spontaneously; 4.10 P. M., does not make any reflex movement upon pinching; 4.24 p. m., frog dead. Sciatic nerve is irritable at three hundred and sixty-three millimetres, dubois inductorium. Experiments on warm-blooded animals demonstrate that it first increases the respiration, pro- duces inco-ordination, dilatation of the pupil, blunted sensibility, narcotism, increase of salivary secre- tion. and slowness of the heart and death by asphyxia. In cold-blooded animals it produces bluntness J A M A1C A DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina. 13 of sensibility, dilitation of the pupil, narcotism, inability to move, followed by stage of hyperesthesia and tetanus, which ends in a loss of reflex movement and death. The motor nerves are not paralyzed. Sensory Nerves.-Exp. 3.-Frog, at 4.45 p. m. had his left limb ligated, the sciatic being ex. eluded. Twenty-four drops of the infusion of piscidia subcutaneously; 4.50 p. M., both posterior extremi- ties equally insentive in pinching. Exp. 4.-Frog, at 4.45 p. M., received twenty-four drops of infusion of piscidia subcutaneously ; the abdominal aorta was previously ligated; 5.15 p. m., has lost all power of co-ordination, lies with extremities extended ; sensibility in and behind the ligature is so much blunted that he perceives no irritation of any extrerhity ; when allowed to fall from a small height makes feeble movements. Exp. 5.-Frog at 6.18 P. M., received under the skin of the lower jaw twelve drops of the in- fusion of piscidia; the spinal arteries coming1 from the abdominal aorta were severed; 7.07 P. M., upon irritating the anterior extremities makes lively movements to escape. As to the bluntness of sensi- bility, it is not produced by the drug affecting the peripheral ends of the nerves. The experiments just detailed quite conclusively prove that the cause of bluntness is central, and not peripheral in origin. SPINAL Cord.--To decide if the tetanus observed was due to spinal excitation or cranial, the cord was divided just below the medulla oblongata. Exp. 6.-Frog, received about three drops of the fluid extract of piscidia subcutaneously at 10 A. M.; cord divideef just below the medulla oblongata. It was afterwards found that the con- vulsive state persisted. Reflex Action.-To study reflex activity in frogs poisoned by piscidia, I employed the method of Tilrck. A weak solution of sulphuric add was made into which the foot of the frog was dipped, and the time the foot remained in it before withdrawal noted by a metronome beating one hundred times per minute. The foot was always washed off with water immediately after the reflex movement occurred. FIG. 2. i Exp. 7.-Frog, cerebrum ablated. TIME, METRONOME BEATS. 4-5° p- M ■ 4 * Infus. piscidiie, twelve drops. 4- P- M 6 5.00 P. M. ..... . . 4 5- p. M 4 510 P. M 5 5.20 p. M 6 5.30 p. M. No reflex action at 60. 5-35 P- M 12 5-45 P- M 9 6.07 P. M 5 The above experiment proves that it at first gradually decreases reflex action, which afterwards again rises in activity to that observed in the normal state. That this fall is not due to circulatory changes is proved by a subsequent observation, in which it will be shown that the heart, although decreased in activity, does not fall to an extent sufficient to so greatly depress reflex action. The fall must then be attributed to v'me action on the nervous system. The next experiment still further con- firms these views: 14 JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina Exp. 8.-Frog, cerebrum ablated: TIME. , METRONOME BEATS. 3-42 P. M 5 3.44 p. m Infus. piscidiae, twelve drops. 3-45 P- m 6 3.50 p. m 8 3- p. m 10 4.00 p. m 12 4.05 P. M ... IO 4.06 P. M. Infus. piscidiae. twelve drops. 4.15 P- M 10 4- p- ' 8 4.32 P. M. Medulla severed. 4-34 P. M 4 FIG. 3. Exp. 9.-Frog, medulla severed. TIME. • METRONOME BEATS. 10.25 A- M 5 10.26 A. M. Infus. piscidiae, twelve drops. 10.30 A. M. 6 IO.4O A. M 5 » IO.45 A. M 7 11.OO A. M 5 II.2O A. M 4 11.30 A. M 5 12.15 P- M 5 When the medulla is severed then reflex actions are not greatly interfered with. There is a slight fall, followed by a slight raise, but by no means comparable to that observed in the previous observations. Now, in making a section below the medulla, then the centres of Setschenow are removed. Now, they have the power to depress reflex activity in the spinal cord. So it must be inferred from these experiments that the fall of reflex activity is due to a stimulation of the inhibitory centres situated in the corpora quadrigemina and optic thalami. The rise of activity is not due to the paralysis, because, when the rise commenced, a section of the cord at the medulla caused the spinal activity to rise as in the normal state after a section of that nature. 'Circulation.-To study the effect on the circulation I employed frogs and rabbits. The poison in the rabbits was injected through the jugular towards the heart. The blood-pressure was taken in the carotid by means of Ludwig's canula and bis kymographion. The pulse and pressure are toted for periods of fifteen seconds. JAMAICA DOGWOOD-piscidia erythrina. 15 Exp. io.-Frog, sternum divided, heart exposed. time. heart beat. 6.40 P. M 60 6.45 p. m. Infus. piscidiie, tweive drops. 6.50 P. M 64 7.10 P. M , 54 7-25 P. M 54 8.30 P. M 30 This experiment shows that in the frog piscidia first increases and then decreases the heart «eat. FIG. 4. Exp. 11.-Rabbit, carotid and jugular prepared. TIME. PULSE. PRESSURE. 2. 5.00 P. M 66 . 64 Infus. piscidiae, tweive drops. x 2. 5.15 P. M 63 '..... 66 2. 5.30 p. M 63 66 2. 5.45 p. m ... 66 . . - 64 2. 6.45 p. M 65 64 2. 7.45 P. M 64 64 2. 8.45 P. M 63 58 2. 9.45 P. M 62 60 2.10.45 P. M 63 56 2.11.45 P. M . .. 65 42 In the rabbit the action of piscidia on the pulse is not very marked, there being a slight decrease in the number of the beats. The arteria' tension is at first slightly increased, after which it falls considerably. 16 JAMAICA BOGWOOD.-piscidia krythrina. Exp. 12.-Rabbit, vagi divided: TIME. PULSE. PRESSURE. 2.14.45 P. M. Inf US. 57 piscidtae, twelve drops. 66 2.15.00 P. M. 57 70 2.15.15 P. M. 57 66 2.15.30 P. M. 59 2.15.45 P. M. 59 59 2.16.00 P. M. 56 5 + 2.I7.OO P. M 54 2.18.00 P. M. 57 25 .20020 P. M. « 57 44 This experiment proves that, after section of the pneumogastrics, the pulse rate is not materially altered, whilst the pressure rises and falls as before. That piscidia does not paralyze the pneumogastrics is proved by the following experiment: , Exp. 13.-Rabbit, vagus prepared. A long needle pushed through the walls of the chest into the heart. Twelve drops of piscidia infusion were given by the jugular. The vagus was, about an hour afterwards, irritated by a strong faradic-current, but arrest of the heart ensued. Exp. 13.-Rabbit. All the cardiac nerves in the neck were divided-cord divided between atlas and occiput: TIME. PULSE. PRESSURE. 2.20.00 P. M ... 58 22 Infvs. pisctdias, 12 drops. 2.20.15 P-.M ••• 56 18 2.20.30 P. M ••• 57 .. . . IS 2.20.45 P. M • ■ • 56 U 2.^1.15 P. M ... 58 2.24.OO P. M 6 This experiment proves that the increase of pressure, heretofore observed, is due so stimu- lation of the monarchical vaso-motor center seated in the medulla pons varolii. It is seen the pres- sure did not rise after section of the cord. The pulse also, as previously observed, did not exhibit any marked changes. Exp. 14.-Rabbit. Vagi paralyzed by atropia, tested by faradic current: TIME. • PULSE. PRESSURE. 2.20.00 P. M ... . s6 56 Infus. juscidiae, 12 drops. 2.20.15 r- M >• • • ••• 55 2.20.30 P. M ••• 56 64 2.20.45 P. M 59 64 2.21.45 P- M ••• 53 64 2.23.45 P. M ... 58 62 2.24.00 P. M ••• 57 56 When atropia is used to paralyze the pneumogastrics, the pulse still exhibits the same in- disposition to greatly change if apidity. The pressure of blood in the artery is first increased and then decreased, as before. i * Action on Man.-Exp. 16.-A half teaspoonful of the fluid extract was taken; soon began to feel drowsy, pupil dilated. In about three hours the effect passed off, and I felt as well as ever, having no nausea or the peculiar shaking up of the nerves that ensue after opium. Exp. 17.-At 6 20 p. M. I took a teaspoonful of the fluid extract. Pulse 72, respiration 16. When swallowed it gave a pungent, burning sensation in the throat and stomach, succeeded by a feeling of warmth over the whole/ body. 6.40. p. m.-Pulse 62, respiration 16. Arterial tension in- creased. 7.26 p. M.-Pulse 72, respiration 16. t Salivation and sweating, pupils dilated. S.45 p. m.- Pulse 72, respiration 17. Feel quite sleepy, disturbance of vision, itching sensation in the skin; the narcotic feeling kept up till about 10 p. m. As well known, in opium are found those medicinal virtues which give to the physician the power to rapidly relieve and suffering humanity, and at the same time to produce a beatific intoxi- cation. The effect of this drug, like other pleasures, has its pains, such as nausea, constipation, and a generally disordered nervous system. In this drug piscidia, we have a less tolerable intoxication, and the disagreeable after-effects of opium left out. The sleep of piscidia resembles in feeling that produced by large doses of bromide of potassium. It is evident from the preceding experiments that in pircidia we have a drug capable of pro- ducing death by arrest of the respiratory apparatus. Frogs seldom recover from a moderate dose of the drug. The following conclusions may be drawn: 1. It is narcotic to frogs, rabbits and men. 2. It does not affect the irritability or the motor nerves. 3. It does not attack the peripheral ends of the sensory nerves. 4. It reduces reflex action by a stimulant action on .-enters of Setschenow. JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina. 17 5. That it produces a tetanoid state by a stimulant action on the spinal cord, and not by a paralysis of Setschenow's centers. 6. It dilates the pupil, which dilation pasSes into a state of contraction upon the supervention of asphyxia. 7. It is a salivator. 8. It increases the secretion of the skin. 9. It reduces the frequency of the pulse. 10. It increases arterial tension by stimulation of the monarchical vaso-motor center. 11. This increase of pressure is soon succeeded by a fall, due to a weakening of the heart it- self. xf the action of piscidia is compared with that of chloral, it is found that the former has no action on the heart like the latter, nor such an energetic action like the latter upon the res- piratory organ. Compared wiih atropia, piscidia, unlike the former, does not paralyze the motor nerves; it does not paralyze the chorda tympani; it does not arrest the sudoral secretion; it does not paralyze the pneu- mogastrics, and does not elevate greatly the arterial tension, but like it dilates the pupil. Compared with morphia, like it, it produces sleep, heightened excitability, spinal convulsions, general paralysis and stimulation of the vaso-motor centrg; unlike it, it dilates the pupil. In the use of this drug I would like to add the caution that its surface is pleasure and its depth death. The following description of physiological action is from an article by A. C. Nagle, of Philadelphia, Pa., in the Druggists Circular, February, 1881, p. 18. TIME, P. M. HEART BEATS per Minute. RESPIRATIONS per Minute. TEMP. 8:15 Pupil dilated 151 76 105" 8:20 Fifteen minims given 8:25 154 81 8:30 Pupils very much dilated, and salivation produced 159 86 108' 8:35 Ten minims given 8:40 Sits sleeping; sensibility very much obtunded 156 Very irregular. ioBX° 3 45 141 91 104 9:00 Fifteen minims given 137 Irregular. 106' 9:05 The strongest pinching does not cause him to move 7* 9:10 Labored respiration 121 66 ' 101° 9:15 Hind legs are paralyzed ; lies sprawling, unable to move 105 43 98° 9:25 98 16 91° 9:30 98 9 89" 9.45 p> M--Animation suspended, the dilated pupil suddenly contracts, and death follows. Bowels opened immediately afterward, and heart found beating. Piscidin has similar effects upon a man, when taken internally, causing a hot flush over the whole body, producing dilatation of the pupils, general diaphoresis, and slight salivation ; by increasing the dose, the eyes look wild and staring, labored breathing results, the pulse decreases; this is followed by disturbance of vision, and merging into a state of obliviousness, which lasts for several hours. The rationale of its action upon animals may be expressed in the following propositions : 1. It is a narcotic to higher as well as lower animats. 2. It dilates the pupil. 3. It caus|jp an increase of the respiration, followed by a sudden decrease. 4. Produces salivation and profuse diaphoresis. 5. Reduces the action of the heart, and has little effect upon the temperature, producing general paralysis and death by asphyxia. The action of morphia and piscidin are somewhat similar; like morphia it produces som nolence and paralysis ; unlike it, it dilates the pupil. In morphia poisoning the eyes are contracted and excited; under the piscidin they become dilated and staring. It is evident, beyond a doubt, that piscidia bark is a powerful drug in assuaging nervous pain and producing sleep. Its action seems to be principally over the motor nerves. It has been used in cases of spinal irritation and chronic cough, where opium could not be prescribed. But I think a more thorough therapeutic in- vestigation would be highly beneficial. I Therapeutic Progress.-In the present state of therapeutical knowledge, it is impos sible to make a classification free from defects, or devise a system for original investigation, not open to more or less objection. The learned work of Stille is based on the empirical method, and the more modern and scientific work of II. C. Wood is based upon the physiological method. Both of these methods have special advantages. The physiological method, however, is considered the best, possess- ing the advantage of being scientific; but many empirical facts are well founded in professional experi- ence. and therefore can not be disregarded. The classification which we have adopted is devised fortthe 18 JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-piscidia erythrina. purpose of first determining, empirically, the therapeutic value of the drug, by gleaning the results of experience in the use of it by the profession .n private and hospital practice; and secondly, by com- paring these results with each other, and with the results of experiments on animals, and thus to deter- mine the worth of the drug by the more scientific scheme of physiological therapeutics. What are the Therapeutic Properties of Jamaica Dogwood?-They are not yet determined. That the drug is a powerful ona, and possesses narcotic properties, is abundantly proved from its action on fish, and the experiments of Ott and Nagle, as well as abundant testimony from physicians, including Dr. Hamilton, who first introduced it as a therapeutic agent, and the later researches of more modern observers. But the word narcotic is not specially descriptive, being only a general term. Drugs not known to produce these peculiar effects on the system, by totally unlike action on the nerves, have hitherto been classified as narcotics. But the more scientific classification of Wood divides the old classi- fication, and presents a much better scheme for study. Jamaica Dogwood evidently possesses peculiar properties of its own that may finally place it ander one or more of the following classes of medicinal agents; and it may contain one or more active principles, which isolated, will explain its double action. What then is Jamaica Dogwood ? Under the broad scope embraced by the classes, Cardiac Stimulants, Cardiac Sedatives, Anti-spasmodics, Analgesics, Mydriatics, Excito-motors and Depresso-motors, it should be carefully studied, for most all, if not every one of these different effects, have been claimed for it. Reports on Jamaica Dogwood from Private Practice. The following cases stand entirely on their own merits. Physicians should always report the dose given in each instance. 1. Report of S. A. Butterfield, M. D., of Indianapolis, Ind., in Therapeutic Gazette, p. 89, vol. 2 (March, 1881.) Neuralgias.-I cannot refrain from giving my experience with piscidia erythrina, as I have found it more effective in certain heuralgic affections than any anodyne I ever used, its great recom- mendation being that it leaves none of the disagreeable or bad effects of opium and its alkaloids. In facial neuralgia and common tooth-ache, given by the mouth, it seems to be nearly a specific As a re- lief to pain, its use seems to be confined to cases of idiopathic neuralgia. The following is an illustrative case: Since our return from a five months' visit, during last fall and winter, in Southern California, where my wife nearly lost her life from typhoid fever, she has been more or less constantly troubled with a gastro-enteralgia, which dieting would not prevent, and which opiates would not temporarily relieve. In addition, the opiates so constipated the bowels and im- paired appetite (always deficient), that she would suffer long rather than use morphia. Finally I began giving her three times a day, a teaspoonful of fluid extract Jamaica Dogwocd, when to our great sur- prise and joy, in two days she was entirely relieved, appetite improved, and her health and comfort were better than for months. My experience leads me to favor the administration of full doses of this drug to secure its char- acteristic anodyne effects. The remedy is an important one, and I hope the profession will give it a fair trial, and report their experience as to dose and effects. 2. x Report of J. L. Furber, M. D., Appanoose, Kansas, in Therapeutic Gazette, p. 133, vol. 2 (April, My old teacher, Prof. H. S. Potter, used to tell his students to test new remedies upon them- selves first, so I tested Jamaica Dogwood upon myself, thoroughly, and was greatly pleased with its effects. It has no narcotic property whatever, that I can discover, but is a pure anodyne, or nerve se- dative, and I use it in all cases where an anodyne is needed, particularly combined frequently with gelsemium in the distracting pains of neuralgia. I have also found it useful in dysmenorrhoea. 8. Report of I. J. M. Goss, A. M., M. D., Marietta, Ga., in Therapeutic Gazette, p. 261, vol. 1 (Sept., 1880.) This is one of the remedies recently introduced, which has proved valuable. I have used it as soporific, for which it is one of the most certainly and kindly acting articles of that class. It produces refreshing sleep, from which my patients awake without any unpleasant effect whatever. This commends it to the profession. As a nervous sedative, I have used it in cases of neuralgia and tooth-ache, with the most prompt success. It ac(p upon the nerve centers in a peculiar manner. It does not produce cerebral hyperaemia, like opium is well known to do. I find that it requires from 5 doses to pro- duce sound sleep. JAMAICA DOGWOOD.-pisctdia krythrina. 19 4. Report of T. C. Brannon, M. D., Brannon's Store, Texas, in Therapeutic Gazette, p. 261, vol. I (Sept., 1880.) • I have used the solid extract made into pills with powdered liquorice, in neuralgia pains, in cases of uterine displacement, unsettled pains, etc., with much benefit to my patients thus far. I re- gard the drug as one of the most valuable in the hands of the profession, and would ask all physicians to overcome the prejudice against it on account of its being a "new remedy," and give it a trial. , 5' Report of J. C. Roberts, M. D., Pulaski, Tenn., p. 330, vol. 2 (Sept., 1881.) The third case, occurring in my brother, a paralytic, suffering intense nueralgic pain, was more protracted, but in three hours from the first dose of eucalyptus, he experienced more relief than from several days' treatment with other leading remedies, Jamaica dogwood relieved him of his neuralgia and and gave him sleep. 6. Report of E. H. Harris, M. D., Grinnell, Iowa, in Therapeutic Gazette, p. 331, vol. 1 (Nov., 1880.) Last week there came under my care an inveterate case of neuralgia, which has been treated by many, very many physicians, to no purpose. I found the lady in the commencement of one of her periodic seizures, and the assertion of both her husband and herself that she could not be relieved short of several days, discouraged me from attempting anything by way of curative treatment during the paroxysm. I, however, put her on Jamaica dogwood, and agreeably surprised both the patient and my- self, by securing perfect relief from the pain in twenty minutes. She fell asleep soon after and had a good night's rest. The continued use of the remedy has kept her easy since the first, a something which never before happened in her case, the pain always continuing at its height during the paroxysm. I purpose trying nitro-glycerine in this case between the paroxysms, with a view to breaking them up, and will report results. Report of F. T. Montague, M. D., Crawfordsville, Ind., in 'Therapeutic Gazette, p. 321., vol. 1 (Nov., 18S0.) Some months since I received a sample of the Jamaica dogwood, which I gave a fair trial in a case of facial neuralgia, and found it to work charmingly. The patient was a lady 50 years of age. I found the patient with her hand to her face suffering most agonizing pain, as she had been for some Jays and every day growing worse. I gave her as follows: B Bromide potass., 5 ss. Fluid ext. Jamaica dogwood, 3 ij Syrup, q. s. ad. 5jv. M. Sig., one teaspoonful every hour until four doses were taken. She was entirely relieved. The pain returned periodically every afternoon. I ordered the same dose repeated during three days, the pain each day growing lighter, and on the fourth day she was entirely free from pain, and. has had no return since,-six weeks ago. She had a similar attack a year ago in which she tells me her physi- cian kept her entirely under the influence of morphia for six weeks, until she wore the disease out. I have found the Jamaica dogwood a most valuable anodyne, relieving pain without the un- pleasant after-results that we find with morphia or opium, and I most heartily endorse all that has been said of its therapeutic value. 8. Report of W. M. Lewis, M. D., Greensbury, Ky., in 1 herapeutic Gazette, p. 297, vol. 1 (Oct., 1880.) I have used fluid extract Jamaica Dogwood in a few cases, and like it very much. In one case of very severe neuralgia, in which the 5th was affected, two drachms effected a cure. Have used it with fine success in sick headache. In a case of pure insomnia, it brought about the most satisfac- tory results. Am glad Jamaica Dogwood is added to our list of remedies, and believe it to be a long felt need. 9. Report of M. Ford, M. D., in Louisville Medical News, At your request I give you my experience with Jamaica Dogwood. I have used it in but two cases, both cranial neuralgia in nervous, delicate females, set. 24 and 27 years. Both patients are sub- ject to very obstinate attacks of neuralgia, for which I have frequently prescribed for some years. Miss B. was suffering several months ago with an'attack more severe than usual, from which for days she got only partial relief, as she could not bear opium, and no sleep except from full doses of chloral and potassium bromide combined. A small bottle of the fluid extract of Jamaica Dogwood was left in my office just at that time by the agent of Messrs. Parke, Davis & Co., and I determined to try it on this case. I took it to my patient next morning-she was still suffering-and gave her two drachms, with the assurance that it would relieve her, and directed her to take two drachms more at night, and she would have a comfortable night's rest. When I called next day she said the pain ceased in about half an hour after she took the medicine, and she had slept better that night than she had for weeks. I saw nothing • ' w \ 20 JAMAICA DOGWOOD.--piscidia erythrina. more of her, until two days after I met her on the street. She said her neuralgia had not returned, that she had been perfectly well since I saw her, except an attack of sick headache, to which she was subject; and that the medicine I had given relieved her neuralgia so quick she thought it would cure her head also, and took a dose (two drachms). How did it act? I asked. "Well, I went right off to sleep, and did not wake until next morning, when I felt as fresh and*comfortable as I ever did." In the other case the same dose (two drachms) was given, with the same result; the neuralgia ceased in about an hour, and see has had no return since, wdich in both cases is a longer interval free from neuralgia than they have had for years. IO. ' • Report of J. M. Blackerby, M. D., Milford, Ky., in Therapeutic Gazette, p. 159, vol. 1 (June ig8o.) February 25th I was called to see Mrs. D., set. 36, suffering from a long and severe attack of sciatica. She had tried many remedies to alleviate her suffering, but had found no relief frotn anything taken, except while under the influence of morphia, which drug invarialby left her with sick stomach and great nausea and etching. I at once determined to test the virtues of piscidia erythrina in her case, to relieve the pain and procure rest. Therefore prescribed: fit Pisc dia erythrina, 3 ss. Aquae, 3 iij Mix, and take one draught on retiring for the night, at which hour I saw her. The same quantity to be repeated in one hour. Eight o'clock next morning I called and found the lady resting quietly and free from pain; says she has passed the first comfortable night she had passed for several weeks; no pain, no sickness of the stomach, and a fair appetite for her breakfast. I now prescribed and applied adhesive blisters three-fourths of an inch in diameter and every tw'o inches along the sciatic nerve, commencing at the hip joiut and tracing the nerve, to the number of 16. These, after opening the blisters the next day, > let fall off in the course of 8 to 12 days. Directed the continuance of the piscidia as the pain required relief, and left my patient. Bafore the blisters fell off my patient was walking around, and in a week more was doing her house work. I do not wish to be understood as saying that the piscidia was in this case the agent that cured the sciatica, only that she obtained such relief from her suffering as all other agents failed to give. I have treated many cases of sciatica' in the same manner, that is, with the blisters, but always some preparation of opium to relieve the pain, but I do claim that I have never, in many years of practice, met so complete success and consequent satisfaction, as I obtained in this case, both as to the relief of pain and the absence of any of the unpleasant sequelae following the use of opium 01 its salts. I have watched this patient almost daily since her recovery, as she lives next door to me, and I am unable to see any unfavorable constitutional effects from the use of the drug. What makes the case more interesting is the fact that the lady is the wife of our druggist, and was hitherto the patient of an old physician of long standing in this place. The remedy was entirely new to the druggist, and he expressed great wonder and delight at its prompt and satisfactory action in the case, and immediately ordered a pound of the drug. I am highly pleased with its effects in this case, and also in several cases of other diseases, especially where there is pain and great restlessness. Making all due allowance for the extravagant praise and enthusiasm of many of my patients, I am gratified to find a remedy that I can some- times, at least, use without detriment to my patients, and with credit to myself. I think Jamaica dogwood, indeed, a desideratum in the practice of medicine, and am not satisfied to be withont it in any case. Not expecling it to suit all cases, as no remedy will, I intend, as opportunity offers, to still further test its virtues, and report results. . 11. Report of Thomas F. Wood, M. D., Wilmington, N. C., in Therapeutic Gazette, p. 291, vol. 1 (Oct., 1880.) I have been using Jamaica dogwood, and its effects have far surpassed my expectations. I had a friend who was suffering from an old wound of the femur, and who after suffering a long course of unabated pain, had found his only comfort in hypodermic doses of morphia. As time wore on he found that the opium habit was about to overcome him. Aroused by his own personal conviction of the fact, he discarded opiates in every shape, and of course went through the agony usual to so abrupt an abstrac- tion of opium. I suggested the new remedy, Jamaica dogwood, with some misgiving because of the un- enthusiastic statement of its virtues, but so marked was its effect in procuring sleep, that the specimen was returned to my office with the inquiry if I did not suspect that laudanum entered into its compo- sition. A few nights after this a meeting of our county medical association was held, and a bottle of the fluid extract was passed around. Without exception in ten members all pronounced it laudanum. Bearing this suspicion in mind, the next day I made the following tests; Took one drachm of laudanum and one drachm of extract Jamaica dogwood, added water, and then added a solution of sugar of lead. It is needless to follow the steps of a familiar process. I got in the case of the opium tne- conic acid, and none from the dogwood. JAMAICA DOGWOOD-pisciiha erythrina. 21 I am now using the dogwood with increased confidence, notwithstanding the fact that my chemistry was not that of the skilled workman. 12. Report of J. J. Mulheron, M D.( Detroit, Mich, in '.Therapeutic Gazette, p. 155, vol. 1 (June, 1880? I secured last fall a sample of the fluid extract of Jamaica dogwood for the purpose of testing its alleged narcotic and anodyne properties. The claims made for the new drug were based on reports from men whose veracity it would be unfair to question, and whose ability to form opinions as to its merits was attested both by the position they occupied as practitioners, and by the institutions on whose diplomas they practiced. I honor the conservative physician ; he is the pillar of medicine ; but the desire, through practical clinical tests, to add to the conservatism, while the refusal to accord a trial to the new is too frequently not an evidence of conservatism so much as a mark of prejudice. The first case in which I administered Jamaica dogwood was that of a Mrs. B., set. 32, and married eight years but without issue. She came under* my care a few months previously suffering from pelvic cellulitis, from which she recovered without suppuration, hot water injections and opium suppositories being the principal agents employed. The inflammation was usually severe and extensive, and Dr. I. S. Hamilton, of Tecumseh, who had treated the lady in a previous attack, was sent for to see her with me. Previous to this attack Mrs. B. had had severe attacks of ovarian neuralgia. After her recovery from the inflammation the neuralgia occurred more frequently and with increased intensity. Morphia in large doses hypodermically administered was necessary to relieve the excruciating pain. The after effects of the morphia were, however, so disagreeable as to cause a wish for another anodyne, and I determined to try Jamaica dogwood, which I gave in twenty drop doses of the fluid extract of the drug to be repeated every two hours until relief followed. The first dose allayed the pain very materially, and shortly after the second dose it entirely disappeared. This was the history of repeated attacks which she suffered during the course of constitutional treatment, of iron, strychnine and" quinine, on which she was placed and which was probably instrumental in the subsequent immunity from attacks. Case 2. Mrs. M. had two months previously suffered from an attack of hemiplegia. The occasion of my being sent for was the annoying, wearing pain she experienced in her spine, located through the extent of the dorsal region. Because of its excitant effects in her case, morphia was not desirable, and chloral hydrate and bromide of potassium had been tried without benefit. I ordered Jamaica. dogwood in commencing doses of ten drops of the fluid extract, but though perseveringly administered, it disturbed the stomach, occasioning vomiting, to such an extent as to necessitate its dis- continuance without having secured from it any relief. Case 3. J. B. suffered from facial neuralgia. Twenty drop doses gave him as prompt relief as he had previously experienced from the hypodermic uss of morphia. Case 4, occurred in my own person. I had suffered a good deal of pain from a carious tooth, and had lost a night's rest through the tormentor. The pain suddenly left in the morning while I was on my way to the dentist's, syid as it did not recur during the day, ' I temporarily changed my determination to have the tooth extracted. At nightfall, however, the pain returned with redoubled violence. Having a sample of the fluid extract of Jamaica dogwood in my office, I saturated a piece of cotton wool with it and applied it to the cavity. The relief was almost immediate, and asted through the night. The above notes are given, not by any means as sufficient evidence to establish the claims which others have made for this drug, but merely with the object of assuring others that Jamaica dogwood is an article possessed of certain anodyne properties, and as a possible justification for them to accord it a trial. In the two cases of internal administration in which it acted so promptly and succesfully there was not the slightest unpleasant after effect. Whether the disturbance of the • stomach as caused in the case in which it was found necessary to discontinue it, was due to any inher- ent property of the drug, that single case is not sufficient to determine. That the drug is an improve- ment on opium as far as the after effects are concerned would seem probable from these two cases. But it will, of course require more than tnese cases to establish even this claim, and a great many more to establish its claim to rivalship with opium as an anodyne. \ 13. Report of W. H. Rouse, M. D., Detroit, Mich., in Therapeutic Gazette, p. 121, vol, 1 (May, 1880,) The materia medica contains many valuable remedies for the relief of suffering. Opium, with its salts, stands at the head of the list, yet valuable as it is there are certain conditions of the svstern in which it would not be advisable to give this narcotic to ease pain. Under these circumstances belladonna, or some other of this class, might be substituted ; but in lingering diseases, such as cancer, the changes from one to another of the narcotics may be tried and re-tried till the whole list has been exhausted, and the patient and friends still clamor for something else to soothe pain. In these extreme cases the physician welcomes new and valuable additions to his resources. Some months ago a patient, suffering from cancer, came under my care. She was a woman of nervous temperament, and suffered excessively. Opiates had been used long and faithfully in what 22 JAMAICA DOGWOOD-piscidia erythrina. might be regarded as excessive doses, two teaspoonfuls at bedtime being about the usual quantity requi* site to give tolerable ease. The bowels were constipated, moving once in about eight to fifteen days, unless stimulated by cathartics. The obstruction of the bowels aggravated the pain. Various other nar- cotics were substituted for the opium, but the results were not satisfactory. Codeia, one of the salts of opium, proved to be one of the best ; but still the patient and friends asked for something else to ease. Having pretty nearly exhausted my resources, I was induced to try the effects of Jamaica dogwood, a medicine which has been in use for a number of years in the West Indies, but comparatively new to the physicians in this locality. The results were so favorable that the medicine has since been used with considerable confidence. Judging from the effects of Jamaica dogwood, (piscidia erythrina,) in this and other cases, con- siderable reliance may be placed in it as a narcotic of very prompt action. It seems to act especially on the nervous system, its effects being often noticeable within five minutes. • Its action is not so casting as that of opium, and hence the doses should be repeated at shorter intervals. No obvious change in the excretions has been detected, nor deleterious secondary results, as with opium. Hence it can be used in congestion of the brain, and other nervous diseases, also in cases in which modifi- cation of the excretions is not advisable. The pulse seems but little affected ; but in a few cases de- creased action of the heart was observed, possibly due to the quiet obtained rather than from any cardiac sedative action of the drug used. It is quite probable paralysis might result from excessive doses. Piscidia erythrina ifas been used in the form of tincture, and of the fluid extract. Like other medicines of this class, the dose varies very much, depending upon the condition of the patient. I have given from twenty to sixty minims of the fluid extract every three hours, and so far have observed no ill-effects from the teaspoonful doses. It is better, however, to give smaller doses and repeat as circum- stances "squire, until the action of the medicine is better understood. It may not be uninteresting to report a few other cases in which this meaicine has been used. My first case, as stated above, was one of cancer of the womb, a disease sufficiently severe to test the quali- fication of ar.y drug of this class. Though it failed to give complete relief in doses deemed judicious, the results compared favorably with those of any other anodyne used, with less of disagreeable secondary effects. In rheumatism and neuralgia it is of great service. A man aet. 35, was suffering from acute articular rheumatism, affecting principally the knee and hip joints. He was unable to turn in bed with- out great suffering, fifteen minims of the fluid extract Jamaica dogwood, every two to eight hours, kept him quite comfortable till the disease yielded to the ordinary remedies. Mr. A. B., a fleshy man, aet. 67, had a rather severe attack of neuralgia of the heart. Gave him half a teaspoonful of the fluid extract of piscidia erythrina, and in ten minutes most of the pain and disagreeable symptoms had subsided. Other remedies completed the cure. In this case the prompt action of this drug was particularly noticeable. Mr. C. D., a laboring man, somewhat addicted to the use of liquor, was suffering severe pain in the bowels, apparently due to indiscretion in regard to food and drinks. One dose gave prompt relief, but it was found nesessary to repeat the dose every two hours until the bowels could be relieved by a cathartic. This was a case in which the preparations of opium would have been eminently service- able were it not for their peculiar action on the bowels, impeding rather than expediting the removal of irritating matters. The prompt action of this remedy renders it valuable in relieving toothache, and in mitigating the suffering during the extraction of teeth in cases in which, for any cause, anaesthetics are not ad- missible: Mrs. E. F. came into my office and requested me to extract several teeth. She, though a large and apparently healthy woman, was greatly excited, and refused to even have the teeth examined. She took half a teaspoonful of the fluid extract of dogwood, rubbed the gums with it, and then quietly sub- mitted to the extraction of four teeth. She reported very little suffering. I have since this, in a number of cases, caused patients to rub their gums with this medicine a few minutes before extracting a tooth. They all state that the pain is much less than without anything. I cannot tell how much of this is due to imagination, it is well known that imagination may do much for a nervous person. . ' Whatever may be the future status of this new claimant for professional favor, the resuits ob- tained seem to warrant a recommendation for future careful observation. In it may be found therapeu- tic virtues not yet recorded. 14. Report of F. T. Montague, M. D., Crawfordsville, Ind., in Therapeutic Gazette, Nov., 1880, p. 321 Some months since I received a sample of the Jamaica dogwood, which I gave a fair trial in a case of facial neuralgia, and found it to work charmingly. The patient was a lady 50 years of age.. I found the patient with her hand to her face suffering most agonizing pain, as she bad b~en for some days and every day growing worse. I gave her as follows : K Bromide potass, 5 ss. Fl. ext. Jamaica dogwood, 5 ij. Syrup, q. s. ad. J jv. e caps dxes From the laboratory or ' S jRHNUFRCGUHlrtG- CHcmisus. 9 YWyVAT V>YV. . V .S. X. J 32'WrY()RK,60MaidmLane&21UbertyStreet.. CAPACITY. 1COMPARATIVE SCHEDULE. SIZES on O 1 2 3 I 4 Quinia Sulph.,£rs 8 6'/j 4>i 354 2'2 i 2 Cinchonidia Su]ph..<;rs 9 7 5 4 3 12 Pulv. Ipecac Cogrs 16 13 10 7 4 j 5 Pulv. Aloes.grs . ' 10 7 5 4 4 j 4 Bismuth Sub'nit ers 25 20 15 12 9 7 Salicine, grs 10 8 6 4 3 2 Pulv. Rhubarb, grs' 12 8 6 4 3 | 254 Salicylic Acid, grs, 10 7 5 4 3 I 254 0 O Far the following filled Capsules WE.claim thatthey are equal tn any manufactured, and the purity of their medicinal contents, we guarantee. RO/Wn Copaiba & Oil Cubebs Co. Oil Turpentine. Oil Sandalwood &-Cassia Copaiba Balm. Copaiba Balm. Copaiba & E th.Oil Cubebs. Oil Male Fem& Kamala Cornp.Copaiba & Cubebs. 10 MINIMS EACH. Castor Oil Cornp.Copaiba & Cubebs. Oil Sandalwood . Cod Liver Oil & lod. Iron. Crude Petroleum Copaiba Balm J. XlAMOJE: Si EIB O VAb.Q Containing Natural Size / \ 7 SOlMfej'hlTY SEND FOR PRICE LIST AND BOOK OF FORMULAE. FO R FURTHER DETAILS SEE BACK COVER PAGE. PARKE, DAVIS & CO.'S GELATINE VEHICLES FOR THE TASTELESS ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE. The introduction of gelatine as a means of overcoming the objectionable features of drugs-their taste, smell, unsightly appearance, etc.-marked an important advance in practical medicine. So manifest, however, were the advantages thus accruing, that manufacturers were long so content with the demand which soon arose for this class of pharmaceuticals, that they made little or no effort at improving on their original design and character. When we, therefore, undertook the preparation of these gelatine products, we found in the market a class of goods of this nature which the reputation of our house would not permit us to duplicate. We accordingly set about improving the methods of their manufacture and the quality of material which entered into their composition. The result is seen in the superior appearance and quality of the gelatine products which we now offer the profession. For symmetry of shape, beauty of finish, and solubility, our gelatine capsules occupy undisputed pre-eminence. EMPTY CAPSULES Our empty capsules, both for oral and rectal administration, are simply perfect as regards all those qualities which commend these aids to the exhibition of medicines, to the practitioner. Their solubility is perfect, and the fear of their passing undigested through the alimentary tract, as has been charged against other brands of these articles, is absolutely groundless. HARD FILLED CAPSULES (Pearls.) The composition of our hard filled capsules is especially adapted to the nature of their contents. They are perfectly impermeable to either the volatile or fluid substances which they contain, while being perfectly soluble in the normal secretions of the stomach and intestines. SOLUBLE ELASTIC FILLED CAPSULES. Our preparations of these capsules are not only unexcelled, but unapproached by those of any other maker. We make this claim for them without fear of successful contradiction, and challenge comparison. They are perfectly elastic, -perfectly soluble, and transparent, while especial care is taken that their contents are up to the standard. Their perfect elasticity and their lubricity cause them to be very easily swallowed. We make them of all sizes, from io minims to half an ounce. MEDICAMENTA VERA. While we challenge criticism as to the physical characteristics of our hard and elastic gelatine capsules, we call the attention of the medical profession to the fact that the chief merit of these elegant pharmaceuticals is in the QUALITY AND PURITY OF THE MEDICINAL MATERIALS. Gelatine capsules have been in the past, to a great extent, employed in the treatment of specific diseases of the genital organs. Certain manufacturers (act- ing out the true policy of pharmacists issuing preparations protected by trade-mark), have gradually taken the pre- sciption of these medicines from the practitioner, and placed it in the hands of the patient himself. Each box is accompanied by a full history of gonorrhoea, gleet, and kindred diseases, from the commencement of the world down to the present era, together with full instructions as to the method of treatment, and advice to use none other than& Co.'s capsules. The tendency of such action towards a public con- sumption of medicine, is to invite the use of the most inferior materials, inasmuch as the public are unqualified to criticise. Our capsules are offered to the medical profession unprotected by trade-mark, monopoly, or secrecy of any kind The label attached to each box is simply a blank prescription label, which will require only the inscrip- tion by the druggist of his prescription number, and ihe directions given by the physician. Even the name of the formula is omitted. No circular accompanies the box. The intent is to keep the prescription of these capsules within the hands and the control of the medical profession. In view of this fact, and without taking into consideration our own reputation as manufacturing pharmacists, vee employ the best obtainable med- icinal materials, and invite the closest criticism. In view of the stand we have thus taken on behalf of the physician's interests, we think we may consistently ask the medical profession to assist us in marketing our capsules, to the exclusion of similar preparations sold in competition for indiscriminate public use. We would ask attention to the fac simile representations of our gelatine capsules in the within pages. PARKE, DAVIS & CO. Detroit, Mich., Nov. 1st, i88». JAMAICA DOGWOOD-piscidia erythrina. 23 M. Sig., one teaspoonful every hour until four doses were taken, and she was entirely relieved The pain returned periodically every afternoon. I ordered the same dose repeated during three days, the pain each day growing lighter, and on the fourth day she was entirely free from pain, and has had no return since-six weeks ago. She had a similar attack a year ago in which she tells me her physi- cian kept her entirely under the influence of morphia for six weeks, until she wore the disease out. I have found the Jamaica dogwood a most valuable anodyne, relieving pain without the unpleasant after-results that we find with morphia or opium, and I most heartily endorse all that has beeen said of its therapeutic value. 15. Report of J. F. Fitzsimmons, M. D., Bucyrus, Ohio, in Therapeutic Gazette, March, 1881, p. 89. My atttention was attracted to Jamaica dogwood by an article in the December number of the Gazette trom the pen of Dr. R. W. Alexander, of Parkersburg, W. Va., in which he gave an account of his experience with the new remedy in whooping cough. From the success attending its use in his hands, I have been influenced to try it in two cases in my own family. My two children, set. 6 and 8 years have had whooping cough for about eight weeks. The little girl's case has been unusually severe, and complicated with catarrhal pneumonia, gastric irritation, indigestion, constipation, prostration and irritability of the nervous system. The little boy's case has been much milder and and uncomplicated, but at times the spasms of cough have been severe enough to produce vomiting. I gave Jamaica dogwood a good, honest trial, commencing with twelve drops in syrup tolu every two or three hours, increasing the dose steadily to thirty-five and forty drops. Using glycerine instead of tolu, at first, I was hopeful and encouraged to continue in its use, believing it did in some measure control the violence of the cough. But more experience and observation convinced me that it would not do to depend on it, even in the extra large doses that I used. That the medicine was genuine I have no doubt, as it was from the reliable firm of Parke, Davis & Co. Having recorded its failure in two cases that were under my immediate observation, and in my own family, where I had every opportunity to watch and note its effects, I should not close this brief account and summarily declare Jamaica dogwood inert and useless, for I have used it in one case wherein it proved decidedly useful in relieving if not entirely curing. A patient, an aged lady who had suffered for four years, from migraine, and frequent attacks of neuralgia, weakened and much reduced from long suffering with asthma and chronic bronchial irritation: I commenced to use the Jamaica dogwood in this case for the purpose of relieving insomnia. I commenced with thirty drops at bed time. The patient most positively stated that her sleep was more quiet, and several hours more was had, the first night after taking it. The dose was increased to nearly one teaspoonful at bed time, and in about a week she expressed herself satisfied. Sleep and rest were nature's great restoratives in this case, and increase of strength naturally followed. But the pain was not entirely subdued, and something more was demanded. As the patient had a few years before contracted malarial fever, and had had occasional attacks of chills and fever afterward, it occurred to me that quinia, or some preparation of bark, might be profitably employed. Four grains of cinchonidia at 9 and 11 A. M., was given regularly for several, weeks, and the result was entirely satisfactory to patient and doctor. 16. Report of S. M. Whistler, M. D., Wilson, Kansas, in Therapeutic Gazette, July, 1881, p. 260. Having had a sample phial of Jamaica dogwood left me it was some time before a case presented with an especial indication for a trial of the drug. The first case was one of acute articular rheumatism in which, owing to an idiosyncrasy of the patient, it was impossible to administer morphia for the re- lief of the pain even though that alkaloid was combined with atropia. The Jamaica dogwood given answered the purpose so admirably as to prepossess me very strongly in its favor as an anodyne. In another case of capillary bronchitis I was also so much gratified with its action that I now keep a supply of the drug regularly on hand. 17. Report of J. A. Larrabee, M. D., Louisville, Ky., in Therapeutic Gazette, August, 1880, p. 226. I regard Jamaica dogwood as a decided success. The tests to which I have subjected it were such as to thoroughly try it. I have employed it in several cases of inveterate and long-standing bron- chial irritation, and in cases of thoracic pain due to nervous debility and excessive lactation. Any physician who has had cases of this nature to treat, (and few practitioners miss them) will have cause for gratitude after placing them on Jamaica dogwood. Opium from its after effects, and owing to frequent idiosyncrasies on the part of the patient, as well as from the liability of contracting the opium habit to which its employment lays the patient open, is an article which all conscientious practitioners dislike to administer in these cases. But until Jamaica dogwood was introduced, opium, in spite of its draw- backs, had frequently to be give,n. I have also employed the drug in several cases of most severe hemicrania, tic douloureux, pain ful muscular spasms and rheumatism, in all of which I have been very much pleased with its action. 24 JAMAICA DOGWOOD-piscidia erythrina. 18. Report of W. F. Sharrer, M. D., Rockford, Ind., in Therapeutic Gazette, November, 1880, p. 321. Miss W., ast. 16 years, was attacked Saturday night, Oct, 2, 1880, with severe colicky pains in the womb. A hot hop poultice was applied, but no relief obtained, and the pains extended to her limbs. Headache also supervened and painful "cramps," until about 3 A. M., of the next day when the young lady was taken with a spp.sm. The family treated her with household remedies till 9 or 10 o'clock A. M., when a messenger was despatched for me with the information that the young lady was dying. On arriving at the house I found the patient in intense agony, severe pain in head and back and colicky pains all through abdomen. The spasmodic contractions of the arms and limbs were the worst I ever saw. I had a bottle of fluid extract of Jamaica dogwood in my pocket and it struck me at once to test the effect of the drug in this case. 1 administered one- half drachm (3 ss), diluted, and in ten minutes I saw it was going to have a good effect. I then gave 3 ss more, • and in twenty minutes longer relaxation had taken place, and the pains had nearly all gone. I then gave 3 ss more and in twenty minutes all spasmodic difficulties and pains had ceased and my patient was sleeping a sound and sweet sleep, from which she awoke some eight hours later feeling quite well, considering the severe attack. She came to my office yesterday (October 10th) looking as fresh as a peach, and stating that she had not had any pains since 1 visited her on the 4th, and that the flow had come on next day quite easily and without pain. I have used Jamaica dogwood in several other cases during the past week, in which there was severe neuralgia, with very satisfactory results. 19. Report from Chicago Medical Review, Dec. 5, 1880. We have found the fluid extract of Jamaica dogwood (piscidia erythrina) an excellent substitute for either opium or chloral in controlling the nervous irritability dependent upon the preliminary con- tractions of the uterus in labor. It should be given in twenty to thirty drop doses,, repeated hourly. 20. Report of E. S. Richardson, M. D., Reed City, Michigan, \nTherapeutic Gazette, Oct., 1880, p. 291. The following brief report of results from the use of Jamaica dogwood in a case of cholera morbus may not be without interest'. This morning Mr. B., a gunsmith on his way from his residence to his shop, was taken sud- denly with griping pains in the abdomen. He hastened to my office, was unable to get farther than the doorway when he fell prostrated upon the steps. Before I had time to enquire into the cause emesis oegan, which with the other symptoms caused me to diagnose cholera morbus. Morphine had always been my preference in this disease as the most prompt and efficient remedy, but as I had none at hand I administered a drachm of fluid extract Jamaica dogwood, from a sample vial which had been presented me. I gave this dose immediately after the first emesis. The relief was prompt and decided, the only remnant of the trouble being some slight abdominal uneasiness. In twenty minutes I gave another fluid drachm. There was now no more symptoms of the disease, and in half an hour after the second dose he left the office feeling well. The recovery was attended by none of the disagreeable after effects attending the use of mor- phine. This fact, together with the prompt relief given and the fact that the drug was given without any of the hesitation which one feels in giving decided doses of morphia, lest untoward results occur, has made me regard Jamaica dogwood as a decidedly valuable addition to our list of remedies. 21. Report of C. G. Eastabrook, M. D., Binghampton, N. Y., in New Preparations, Nov. 1879, p. 281. I have used fluid extract Jamaica dogwood in two cases of spinal irritation, and in one marked case of neurasthenia, both attended with almost constant pain. For the relief of this symptom various sedatives have been used, and, ith the exception of opium, all have failed. But its disagreeable after- effects have made its administration a dread to the sufferers. Having recently received a sample bottle of extract Jamaica dogwood, I divided it between the cases, and am happy to report that it thus far supplies the place of the opium most admirably, without constipating, or, in fact, being followed by any of the disagreeable symptoms that are the bane of the latter 22. Report of F. E. Daniel, M. D., Jackson, Miss., in Therapeutic Gatette, March, 1880, p. 71. A gentleman came into my office and asked me to prescribe an anodyne for him, as he was suffering pain from a recent fracture of the radius, stating that opiates did not agree with him. I order- ed fluid extract piscidia erythrina in half drachm doses. In two days he returned and asked me if I knew the remedy was good for a cough. He stated he had been for several weeks suffering with a troublesome dry cough and great dyspnoea, and he found on taking my prescription for pain which it perfectly relieved, also great relief to his cough, which, he stated, had become loose and expectoration JAMAICA DOGWOOD-piscidia. erytiirina. 25 easy, and that the medicine produced a feeling of warmth and comfort in the bronchi. He had at one time been a practising physician, and he compared the effects of the medicine on the lungs and bronchi to that of cubebs; he asked the name of the drug, and requested the gentleman in charge of my dispensary to put, up double the quantity I had previously prescribed. So», in addition to its admirable pro- perties as an anodyne and hypnotic, it seems to be a stimulating expectorant; and I have since that time been in the habit of prescribing it as an ingredient in cough mixtures, to which I find it a valuable ad- dition. 23. Report of Coleman Rogers, M. D., in Louisville Medical News. Not long since I was in attendance upon a young woman, then in the seventh month of hei first pregnancy. There seemed to be in her case'strong-indications of premature labor, which in no way yielded to large and frequently-repeated doses of chloral and the bromides. The labor pains yielded promptly to opiate enemata. She ceased to have trouble on that score, but sometime afterward she began to pass restless and sleepless nights, awaking in the morning jaded and unrefreshed, and passing through the ensuing day. 'these symptoms were not due to pain or distress of any kind. It was a case of insomnia, pure and simple. For this condition of things chloral and the bromides in large doses were called into requisition without the least favorable effect. Resort was again had to opiates. While under their effect she slept at night, but awoke in the morning feeling utterly miserable, under the influence as she was, and as she continued to be during the day, of all the disagreeable effects of the drug. The nausea, constipation, thirst, loss of appetite, etc., got to be so unendurable that she preferred the restless nights to being thus harassed by opium. At this juncture I determinded to put her upon the fluid extract of Jamaica dogwood, as prepared and offered by Messrs. Parke, Davis & Co., of Detroit. The effect was simply magical. Under drachm doses of this agent, repeated once or twice during the night, she began to sleep quietly, awaking in the morning, refreshed and comfortable, without a single untoward symptom. There was an absence of nausea, thirst, constipation, etc., and altogether she was wonderfully improved. At the present writing she is well and in splendid spirits, resorting occasionally to the dogwood extract, with a continuance of its good effects and an entire absence of any that are bad. In one or two other cases of insomnia I have made use of the dogwood extract with the same good result. It is true that so small a number of cases as those I have reported afford no substantial or positive proof as to the merits of a drug. They only give presumptive evidence as to its good effects, and induce us to give it further trial. As remarked before, it is too common a practice jvith physicians to make use of opium upon •light provocation. It is too dangerous a drug in its immediate and ulterior effects thus to be tampered with. In minor ailments-in the lesser degrees of pain-there are other agents much less fraught with harm, such as chloral, the bromides and other nervines. Such is the place to which we would assign the fluid extract of dogwood with great confidence as to its good results. For pure insomnia-for restlessness at night, not connected with the pain and anguish incident to organic disease, but existing as a symptom by itself and of itself-opium should never be prescribed. It is in just such cases that the opium habit is contracted. Arising, as the cases of insomnia do, from controllable causes, it is better to temporize with them than by one means beget a habit which is really a perpetual torment and a living death. Insomnia as an independent symptom is one of the inevitable consequences of the age in which we live. It is the unrest of physical and mental worry and overwork. What hygiene cannot altogether accomplish can be assisted by agents of the milder nervine and anodyne class. We have high hopes that in the latter the extract of dogwood will in the future hold a promi- nent place. Whether it will prove to be a pure hypnotic in the sense that opium is, remains to be seen. If it should happen that it possesses the good effects of opium minus its bad ones, medical art has indeed a precious agent in dogwood. The cases I have reported above seem to give us some grounds to hope that this has at length been found. 24. Report of Robert R. Lawrence, M. D., Watervliet, Michigan, in Therapeutic Gazette, February, 1881, p. 50. As an anodyne, and particularly as a hypnotic, this drug certainly has qualities which entitle it to rank next to opium, while it possesses the very great advantage over "the juice of the poppy" of not causing any of those disturbances which are so great an objection to the use of the latter.-the cephalalgia, nausea, restlessness, disorders of the digestion, etc. Piscidia erythrina is no longer an ex- periment; its properties are well defined, and it deserves to take rank with the standard remedies. 25. Report of I. J. M. Goss, A. M., M. D., Marietta, Ga., in Therapeutic Gazette, July, 1880, p. 194. After thorough trial of this new remedy, I am now prepared to make a report to the profession. And I must say that many who are writing about it, are mistaken in regard to it. I have not found it Narcotic, but simply soporific, and calmative to the nervous system. It produces profound and refresh- 26 JAMAICA DOGWOOD-piscitma ekythrina. ing sleep without any tendency to produce congestion of the brain as opium does. I had a case oi asthma, with great erethism and sleeplessness, in which I gave five drops of fluid extract at night, and the patient fell asleep, and slept for several hours, and then awakened without any nausea or other unpleasant effects. I regard it as a great boon to poor suffering humanity. 1 was suffering intensely with an excruciating pain arising in the right jaw, from a decayed tooth, and after trying various reme- dies to relieve the pain, and failing, then wret a bit of cotton in the fluid extract and applied to the gum, and received relief in a short time. The introduction of Jamaica dogwood supplies a desideratum in medicine. 26. Report of D. R. Greenlee, M. D., in Netv' Preparations, November, 1879, p. 282. 1 have tried fluid extract Jamaica dogwood; am now fully satisfied in regard to its anodyne effects; my experience has been somewhat varied; it will quiet when there is not much pain, but will not take the place of morphine in my opinion; I think, however, it is a valuable remedy. I found it put a quietus upon a chronic cough in two cases, which annoyed the patients so much as to keep thewi awake most of the night. Shall continue the remedy and report to you in the future. 27. Report of W. R. Alexander, Parksburg, W. Va., in Therapeutic Gazette, Dec., iSSo, p. 354. There is no disease in which the treatment of the present day is. more unsatisfactory than whoop- ing cough. In fact, there is but a single medicine which the profession is agreed that there is reliable efficacy in. That medicine is belladonna, which is both dangerous in its administration, and not always satisfactory in its results; at least, such has been my experience. Pertussis being epidemic last fall, as well as at the present time in this city and surrounding country, I was led to make some experiments in the treatment of it with the fluid extract Jamaica dogwood, my attention having been arrested by the prompt and peculiar effect of the dogwood in coughs and bronchial troubles generally, in which I had many opportunities of prescribing it. The effect in whooping cough was quite satisfactory, and it proved quite a specific in a number of cases. 1 now order it for a patient with as much confidence in its prompt results as I do quinine in malarial affections. It seems to control the reflex irritation of the branches of the pneumogastric nerves, which produces the spasms; and it cannot be excelled in pulmo- nary complications. Of course, where it is necessary, the little patient's strength must be sustained by stimulants, nourishment, etc. I give it to children at all ages and in any stage of the fever. The initial catarrh, the conclusive and the final catarrhal stages were all benefited, the spasmodic effects being in many cases aborted. It can be administered in any expectorant syrup or mixture. 28. ' Report of F. H. Little, M. D., in Therapeutic Gazette, October, 1880, p. 297. Some time since I secured a sample of fluid extract Jamaica dogwood, and having a patient who could not take opium in any size dose, or form, I had an excellent opportunity of testing its vir- tues. To say that I was pleased with its action hardly expresses it. Taken in from a half to one drachm doses, it has never failed to remove pain, and that too, without any unpleasant after effect; not even making the patient the least drowsy. As a substitute for opium it surpasses anything I know of. 29. I Report of F. E. Daniel, M. D., Jackson, Miss., in Therapeutic Gazette, May, 1880, p. 1115. I recently gave a half ounce vial to one of our most distinguished senators, who applied to me for an opiate to make him sleep. In consequence of great mental labor and anxiety, he had been un- able to sleep for several nights. He had just delivered a masterpiece of oratory in the senate, for which he was being warmly applauded throughout the country. He reported to me next day that the medicine had worked "like a charm;" fell asleep in 15 minutes; slept all night, and awoke refreshed and feeling not the slightest inconvenience. My experience in the use of this remedy, though still rather limited, is sufficient to make it a favorite. I give it in half drachm doses, and find its effects decidedly hypnotic and anodyne, without any of the objections which attach to opiates. SO. Report of Rev, H. Brodnax, M. D., Plantersville, La., in Therapeutic Gazette, April, 1881, p. tjtj. I find that this drug is very much like opium in its effects on the nervous system, except that it does not. constipate the bowels or act as a stimulant. It quiets almost immediately, does not leave any sick stomach afterward, and does not interfere with the action «af calomel. In obstetric er h JAMAICA DOGWOOD-piscidia erythrina. 27 acts in the same way-does not interfere with the progress of the labor, but rather helps it, by dulling sensibility, like chloroform somewhat. It is almost a cure for sciatica. I tried it in my own family first, and it acted so well that I have used it frequently since in several families, and with uniform success. In ,a case of piles, very severe, I used it in conjunction with sugar of lead, topically, and was surprised at the prompt relief from pain. It is a fine thing in that complaint, as it can be used inter- nally or topically, without interfering with other remedies. Reports from Hospital Practice. 31. ' Report of J. A. Larrabee, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and Diseases of Children, in the Hospital College of Medicine, Louisville, Ky., in Therapeutic Gazette, July, 1880, j». 226: I have also employed the drug in several cases of severe hemicrania, tic douloureux, painful muscular spasms and rheumatism, in all of which I have been very much pleased with its action. • 32. Report of E. C. Helm, M. D., Byron, Ill., in Therapeutic Gazette. May, 1880, p. 130. During my incumbency of the position of resident physician of Mercy Hospital, Chicago, I received for trial a number of samples of new remedies. From the trial which I had opportunity to accord them, 1 would submit the following summary of results: 1 regard cascara sagrada, berberis aquifolium, viburnum prunifolium, grindelia robusta, yerba santa and Jamaica dogwood as drugs whose addition to our materia medica will proVe of great benefit. Certainly my experience with them tallies very closely with that of those who have written most ap- provingly of them. Less has been written of Jamaica dogwood, however, than of any of the others mentioned, and I would submit my experience of it more in detail: I employed it with success in several cases in which opium could not be tolerated. The necessity for an anodyne in these cases arose, respectively, from the pain following an operation, from idiopathic inflammaticm, and from neuralgia. The relief in each case was prompt and decided and was followed by refreshing sleep. I should regard its anodyne properties, however, rather less powerful than those of opium although its hypnotic action is more decided. I believe it will take rank between chloral and opium for its anodyne and hypnotic properties, while it is devoid of objections peculiar to each of these drugs. 33. Report by Robert T. Edes, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica, Harvard University, in Thera' peutic Gazette, September, 1881, p. 329. Case 1. John C. Enlarged glands in right groin,,giving rise to severe crural neuralgia. A small man, much run down. Improving. * Has been using morphia subcutaneously. April 27. 1$ Dogwood,* 3 ss. 28th. Slept fairly well. 29th. Did not sleep well; increased dose to 3 May 1. Has had no relief from Dogwood; increased t© 3j at night. 2nd. Did not sleep well. 4th. Slept well last night. 5th. Slept well last night without any medicine. Case 2. Kate M., aet. 30. Headache very persistent. Is probably, to say the least, an exag- gerator of her sufferings; has taken almost everything. April 27th. B Dogwood 3 ss, at 8 P. M.; slept pretty well; repeated next night with similar result. 29. B Dogwood 3 j, repeated for three days. May 2nd. Says she had an uncomfortable feeling after taking Dogwood, which lasted one half hour; after that her pain was relieved. May 4th. Headache very bad last night; omitted Dogwood; fluid extract of tonga was given for eleven days without relief; nothing else did her any good, and she was discharged without relief, at her own request. Case 3. Bernard M. Cardiac. May 19th. B Dogwood 3 ss last night. Did not sleep. 21st. B Dogwood 3 ss last night. Slept well. 22nd, repeated the dose. bid not sleep well. Case 4. Michael D., aet. 29. Laborer. Facial neuralgia, probably syphilitic. ♦The word "Dogwood" is used for the sake of brevity instead of "Fluid Extract of Piscidia Erythrina." 28 JAMAICA DOGWOOD-piscidia erythrina. April 28th. IJ Dogwood 3 j*. Did not sleep well. April 29th. IJ Dogwood 3 ij*. Did not sleep well. 30th. Fluid extract tonga 3 j ter die. May 8th. Tonga stopped. Complains of considerable pain. Final recovery. Case 5. William K. Alcoholism; pleuritis. April 29th. IJ Dogwood 3 ss at 8 p. m. Slept well. May 1st. Slept well. 2nd. Had no Dogwood and slept better than on the night of (previous to?) April 30. Case 6. James E. G., set. 56. Chronic nephritis; cough; dyspnoea. June 14th. IJ Dogwood 3 j- Did not sleep well. 15th. Repeated the dose with same results. 16th. Slept better than night before. 17th. 18th, and 19th. 1$ Dogwood 3 j. Result not recorded. 20th. Slept pretty well last night. Case 7. Mary O. C., set. 23. Hysterical aphonia; anjemia. June 15th. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Slept. 27th. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Slept last night but awoke with a start. 29th. IJ Dogwood 3 j and Hoffman's anodyne. 30th. Did not sleep very well last night. Case 8. Timothy M., act. 73. Chronic rheumatism. July 1st. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Slept quite well. Case 9. Edward B. Phthisis and laryngitis. July 1st. IJ Dogwbod 3 j. Did not sleep very well. Case 10. Martha L. Left hemiplegia; very restless. July 1st. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Didn't sleep very well. 2nd, and x6th. Repeated the dose witn same results. Case 11. Sarah L. Lead paralysis. July 14th. IJ Dogwood n;xv. Did not sleep well. 15th. IJ Dogwood 3 j- Slept well. 16th, and 17th. Repeated the dose with same results. 18th. Repeated the dose. Slept fairly well. 19th. Repeated the dose. Slept well. 23rd. Repeated the dose. No record of result. Case 12. Emma S., aet. 27. Neurasthenia, syphilis, etc. May 30th. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Slept a little the first part of the night. 31st. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Did not sleep very well. June 1st. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Slept the first part of the night. 2nd. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Slept all night. 3rd. Repeated the dose. Slept fairly. 4th. No Dogwood. Did not sleep. 5th. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Slept fairly. 7th. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Did not sleep well. 9th. Repeated the dose with same result. 10th. Repeated the dose. Slept well. nth. Repeated the dose with same result. Case 13. Carroll C.; colored; teamster. Chronic nephritis. Ascites; dyspnoea which he calls "asthma." Not relieved by quebracho. * • June Sth. IJ Dogwood 3 j. Slept well. 9th, 10th, nth, 12th and 13th. Repeated the dose with same results. There is no record of the previous sleeping, except several prescriptions of chloral, bromide and morphia. After this time, however, there is no such prescription. Case. 14. Lavina T., mt. 44. Greatly broken down;•anaemic, with headache and gastric dis- turbance; complains of everything that is done for her in the way of medicine or food. May 13th. IJ Dogwood 3 ss. Complains of nausea and headache following Dogwood. Case 15. W. D. L. Melancholia. Attempt at suicide by laudanum. May 14th. Did not sleep well last night; was nervous. 15th. IJ Dogwood 3 ss last night. Slept quite well. 16th. Slept very well without medicine. 17th. Dogwood last night and slept well. 18th. Ale. 19th. Did not sleep so well. Do not think ale agrees with him. 22d. No Dogwood. Did not sleep well. 26th. Discharged. Much relieved. Case 16. G. O. W. Painter. Has had lead colic and dysentery. May 4th. Now enters on account of dysentery. 11 th. Pain better, and discharges less 12th. IJ Dogwood 3 ss, ter in die. •ft is possible that this means a simple syrup which was used for a few days, in proportion of one part fluid eatract to three jf syrup. JAMAICA DOGWOOD-piscidia erythrina. 29 17th. Still has pain. Omitted Dogwood. 23rd. Discharged relieved. Case 17. Sarah E. G., aet. 48. Chronic invalid; neurasthenia. Has used many narcotics. May 23rd. Dogwood 3 ss. Relief. 25th. Repeated the dose with same result. Case 18. Ann B., aet. 40. Cephalalgia and paralysis of external rectus ocnli, probably syphilitic. May 25th. Tonga, 3 j. Did not sleep. B Dogwood 3 ss. Did not sleep well. Case 19th. (Private.) Mr. F., aet. betw. 60 and 70. Valvular disease of heart; great restless* ness and dyspnoea. Took on several nights Dogwood 3 j, but often with Dovers powder. It is difficult to say whether any decided relief was obtained from it. Certainly it was not very great. Case 29th. (Private.) A lady, aet. a little over 60, suffered from nervous wakefulness, and after trying the Dogwood several times, expressed what, it seems to me, is probably about the correct judgment on its virtues. She said that she didn't go to sleep any sooner with it, but was sure that she was less restless and turned over fewer times than without it. She remembered, too, that her son, who had the same sort of t rouble, and to whom she on one occasion administered a dose, returned for another subsequently. s OLEATES Their Origin, Nature and Medicinal Uses. The use of an oleate of mercury in place of the time honored mercurial ointment suggested more than ten years ago by Prof. John Marshall, and the advantages of the preparation were so mani- fest that it came immediately into general use. The oleate was prepared in a very crude manner, by merely dissolving mercuric oxide in a large excess of oleic acid, and although the product left much to be desired from the pharmacist's standpoint, it so far met the expectations of the profession, that a gen- eral interest in the compounds of oleic acid was aroused, and experiments were made with oleates of certain alkaloids, as well as of several of the metals which promised to be of great therapeutic use- fulness. These compounds were, however, generally made by the same crude and unscientific method which had already been employed in the case of the mercuric oleate. Recently attention has been turned to the pure oleates, particularly of some of the metals, as possessing properties which should entitle them to a place in the materia medica. It had been assumed that for dermic medication the oleates possessed advantages over all other known compounds, both from the facility with which they might be blended with fats in ointments, and the readiness with which, when so blended, they might be absorbed. Clinical experience has confirmed these hypothetical assumptions, and the oleates of zinc, lead, mercury, bismuth, copper and aluminium have already found important applications in therapeu- tics, and those of iron, silver and arsenic promise to be scarcely less useful. Dr. John V. Shoemaker, of Philadelphia, has recently drawn the attention of the profession to the therapeutical applications of some of the metallic oleates, particularly in the treatment of diseases of the skin. An extended clinical experience in their use has convinced him that their merits entitle them to a permanent place in the materia medica. He has embodied some of the results of his careful study of the subject in a paper read before the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, and published in their Transactions for the year 1882. To this paper we desire to refer as authority for the following statements : 1. The compounds of oleic acid are remarkable for their ability to penetrate rapidly into animal textures. 2. Ointments prepared from the pure oleates are wholly free from rancidity. 3. The ready absorption of the oleates renders the ointments prepared from them more cleanly than any others. 4. These preparations may be applied to the skin without the tedious friction requisite to pro- mote absorption in other cases. They are likewise much more economical in the amount of material required to produce a specific effect. 5. The metallic oleates seem to exert an antiseptic action, not only o» the fats with which they may be combined in an ointment, but also on the discharges from wounds and suppurating surfaces. Therapeutic Properties of the Metallic Oleates. The recommendations which follow in regard to the therapeutic uses of the metallic oleates are taken from Dr. Shoemaker's essay above referred to, and are based upon the writer's extended clinical experience in their use. Oleate of Mercury.-The impure solution of mercuric oleate is well known, and all who have had occasion to dispense it know how unstable is the compound in presence of excess of oleic acid. The pure precipitated oleate of mercury is not liable to this objection, and from this an ointment of any desired strength may be readily prepared with lard or lard oil. Its uses are already some- what familiar, being the same as those of the old fashioned mercurial ointment. It destroys all para- sites, animal or vegetable, and produces all the therapeutic effects, local or constitutional, which have so long rendered mercury an indispensable ar- ticle of the materia medica. Oleate Of Arsenic.-This is employed in the form of an ointment, containing 20 grains to the ounce, chiefly for its caustic action in the treat- ment of lupus, of the ulcerating variety of epithe- lioma, and for destroying warts, condylomata, naevi, corns and old granulations. Its action is mild and comparatively painless and it may be combined with anodynes, such as the oleates of morphia, atropia, etc. When used for warts, corns, etc., the surface must first be punctured or scraped to afford it opportunity to act. Oleate of Lead.-This compound is used in the form of an ointment (60 per cent.), which is substantially Hebra's unguentum diachyli, but has the advantage of greater definiteness in composi- tion, and is besides more readily prepared. It is used to allay the inflammation and check the dis- charge in the pustdlar eczema of infants; it relieves the intense irritation of papular eczema, and espe- cially that form which occurs in the flexures of joints, around the axilla, etc. It is also useful in simple lichen, in acne about the face and back, and, in combination with milk of in ordinary scabies. Oleate Of Zinc.-An impalpable powder of a light pearl color and an unctious feel like that of powdered French chalk. It is applied by dusting it over the surface, and its uses in this form are numerous. It is said to be par excellence the remedy for excessive sweating (hyperidrosis) and osmidrosis. It is the most reliable remedy for eczema, and it may be employed in all cases where the oxide of zinc ointment has heretofore been esteemed. It may be employed also in the form of an ointment, containing 25 per cent, of the oleate. OLEATES. Oleate Of Silver.-This, like the oleate of zinc, is offered in the form of a fine powder. When mixed with lard in the proportion of from 10 to 60 grains to the ounce, it forms a dark brown, soft and pliable ointment. It is useful in relieving itching about the meatus auditorius, the anus and the geaftals; it is recommended as an application to prevent the spread of erysipelas, or, sufficiently di- luted, to be applied to the inflamed surface. The pure oleate may be employed in the treatment of •chronic ulcers, bed sores, etc., to bring about a more healthy condition of the parts. The following formulae, in use in the American Hospital for Skin Diseases in Philadelphia, will illustrate further the use of these preparations: In fissured eczema of the plantar and palmar surfaces: B Hvdrargyri oleatis, J ss. Olei cad ini, J ss. Cerati simplicis, 3 ss. M. Sig. Rub well into the part, after macerat- ing in hot water, night and morning. In infantile eczema; B Unguenti plumbi oleatis, $ ss. Pulveris marantae, 3 i. Cerati simplicis, $ss. Olei olivae, q. s., at ft. ung. moll. M. Sig. Apply lightly over the surface, and in 'Case of much pustulation of the surface or a swell- ing of the glands, the addition of one-half to one- quarter of a drachm of the oleate of mercury to the above will be very advantageous. In rosacea, etc., the active inflammation of the • 'blood vessels and tissues of the face may be ■checked by B Unguenti plumbi oleatis, Bismuthi oleatis, US 3 i. M. Sig. Apply a very small piece night and morning. In eczema of the anus with external piles great ■relief is afforded by . B Bismuthi oleatis, 3 ij. Extracti opii, gr. x. Extract! belladonnae, gr. x. , Cerati simplicis, J ss. M. Sig. Apply frequently. Oleate Of Bismuth.-The oleate .of bismuth is of an ointment like consistency; it is emollient and slightly astringent, and is a most valuable remedy in soothing and relieving cutaneous irrita- tion. In pustular eruptions, particularly in sycosis, this oleate, pencilled over the surface with a camel's hair brush, will greatly relieve the engorge- ment of the parts; it will often abort the pustules, and relieve the pricking and itching which are so intolerable to the patient. It is also useful in superficial erysipelas, in sun burn, as an applica- tion to cracked and sore nipples, and in the treat- ment (applied by a bougie) of subacute gonorrhoea and gleet. Oleate of Iron.-This forms a reddish-brown paste of a feebly styptic taste, readily soluble in fats. It exerts locally an astringent effect, but may also be employed with a view to its consti- tutional tonic action, since it is readily absorbed. Oleate Of Copper.-An ointment containing ten or twenty per cent, of' the oleate may be used. It is very efficacious in the treatment of ringworm. It is useful also as an application to hard and horny warts, corns and bumons. Oleate Of Aluminium.-The ointment pre- pared from this oleate has a powerful astringent action. Its chief use, therefore, is in checking profuse secretion, as in some forms of eczema. It may be employed as a dressing for foul ulcers, ab- scesses, sinuses, burns and scalds, etc. Oleates of Alkaloids.-We prepare also solutions of the oleates of the more important al- kaloids. Where the local effects of these agents are desired, or where they cannot be administered in the usual manner, these solutions of the oleates may be advantageously employed. These powerful agents exert their peculiar influence more ener- getically in this form of combination than in any other, since they are easily absorbed. PRICE LIST. OLEATES OF ALKALOIDS IN SOLUTION. PER OZ. Aconitine, containing 2% of the alkaloid, in % oz. vials $ 4 00 .Atropine, containing 2% of the alkaloid 60 "Morphine, containing 10% of the pure alkaloid 75 Morphine and Mercury, containing of the pure alkaloid, and 20% Mercuric Oxide 65 Quinine, containing of the pure alkaloid... 1 25 Strychnine, containing 2% of the alkaloid '. 35 Veratrine, containing of the alkaloid 1 00 METALLIC OLEATES. PER OZ. Oleate of Aluminium $ 30 /Oleate of Arsenic 30 Oleate of Bismuth 30 Oleate of Copper 30 'Oleate of Iron 30 Oleate of Lead 30 Oleate of Mercury 35 Oleate of Silver in oz. vials. 2 50 •Oleate of Zinc i 30 OINTMENTS OF METALLIC OLEATES. PER LB. Aluminium oleate, 50% $2 00 Arsenic oleate, 5$ 2 00 Copper oleate, 20% 2 00 Iron (ferric) oleate, 25% s 2 00 Lead oleate, 50% 2 00 Mercuric oleate, 10% 2 00 Silver oleate, 5% 2 00 Zinc oleate, 25% 2 00 PARKE, DAVIS & CO., Manufacturing Chemists, NEW YORK : 60 Maiden Lane and 21 Liberty Street. DETROIT, MICHIGAN. ADVERTISEMENT. JAMAICA DOGWOOD lias been introduced into the materia medica as an anodyne and soporific, calculated to secure the effects of opium in these directions without the train of after-effects which makes the employment of the latter so objectionable. Its action in benumbing nervous sensibility was first noticed in its effects on fish, which it has the power of so completely stupefying as to cause them to float help- lessly on the surface of the water, to which an infusion of the drug has been added. Since its introduction to the profession by us the record of its use justifies the predictions based on its physiological action. It is now extensively employed and has largely supplanted opium, particularly in the treatment of insomnia, and in cases requiring the con- tinuous use of anodynes in which there is a danger of the formation of the opium habit. • FLUID EXTRACT, DOSE, 30' MINIMS TO 1% ELUIDRACHMS. SOLID EXTRACT, DOSE, 2 TO 8 GRAINS. POWDERED EXTRACT, DOSE, 2 TO 8 GRAINS. PILL, 2 GR., DOSE, I TO 4. ZEPeiTlse, ZDslttIs 3c Co., new york : Manufacturing Chemists, 60 Maiden Lane and 21 Liberty St. DETROIT, MICHIGAN. * ' i NORMAL LIQUIDS. A Class of Superior Assayed Fluid Extracts. ONE CUBIC CENTIMETRE IS EQUIVALENT TO ONE GRAMME OF DRUG OF STANDARD STRENGTH. . We call attention to a new line of pharmaceuti- cal preparations which we have introduced as a refinement upon the familiar fluid extracts. The growing popularity of the class of preparations last named is evidence that the introduction of reliable concentrated solutions of the active in- gredients of vegetable drugs, has been a step in the right direction. We need not here rehearse the advantages possessed by these preparations, not only over the time honored infusions and tinc- tures of the older pharmacopceias, but even over the crude drugs which they represent. Attention has recently been called in an editorial article in the Therapeutic Gazette (Feb. 1882) to a serious de- fect which is common to all galenical preparations -infusions,decoctions,tinctures, etc.-and which has not been remedied in even the fluid extract. We allude to the want of uniformity in strength, neces- sitated by variations in the proportion of active principle contained in the crude drug itself. We quote from the article referred to : " When the physician prescribes .008 grm. (% grain) of mor- phine, he knows exactly what result to expect from the dose, for he is dealing with a definite chemical compound. When he orders .065 grm. (I grain) of opium, he cannot count with the same certainty upon the effect, for, in spite of the standards adopted already in regard to this power- ful narcotic, the opium dispensed may contain eight or it may contain sixteen per cent, of mor- phia. Other drugs-among then! notably those upon which the physician relies for producing prompt and powerful effects-vary even more widely than this. Yet the books state the dose of the drug as a fixed quantity, and the physician prescribes accordingly-often to be wholly disap- pointed in the effect he hoped to produce. " In a majority of the vegetable drugs, indeed, no such scientific exactness in dose is required. Such drugs as dandelion, gqntian, eucalyptus, etc., may be given in widely varying quantities without any observable difference in the effects produced. If the drug is of fairly good quality, as judged by obvious physical properties, it may be accepted as of standard strength, and administered in the doses which the books recommend. With power- ful drugs like aconite, belladonna, colchicum, etc., however, exactness in. the dose is a matter of the utmost consequence, if they are to be employed in a rational and scientific manner." The normal liquids are introduced to remedy this great evil. They are simnly fluid extracts made by assay of such a strength that one cubic centi- metre is equivalent to one gramme of a drug of standard strength. In each case this standard is fully stated on the label of the liquid. As in the chemists' normal solutions, one litre contains one chemical equivalent, expressed in grams of the reagent, so in these normal liquids one litre contains the therapeutic equivalent of one kilogram of a good drug. Since the pharmacopoeia does not at present furnish any standard of strength for most even of the more active drugs, we have adopted pro- visionally a standard for these normal liquids based partly upon the statements of the best authorities, partly upon numerous assays of sam- ples of the various drugs in question. Wherever it is practicable, we have adopted a standard based upon the quantity of the alkaloid contained in an average sample of a drug of good quality. Much remains yet to be done in the way of sim- plifying and pertecting methods of assay of the various drugs, but sufficient progress has been made in this direction to warrant us in taking the initiative in this important movement in the in- terest of scientific therapeutics. The committee to which was entrusted the re- vising of the pharmacopoeia of 18S0 have wisely, as we think, adopted the metric system of weights and measures in all formulae for fluid extracts. The system commends itself in any case by its simplicity, and its adoption facilitates materially the calculations involved in an assay. According- ly, we have not only adopted it in the manufac- ture of these preparations, but we have followed it further in putting these goods upon the market in packages of I litre, litre and % litre. We still follow the common practice of putting up fluid extracts, after the pharmacopoeial standard, by measure in packages containing i and 5 pints respectively. The normal liquids also will be put up by measure, as they are manufactured, so that each litre represents one kilogram of a drug of standard strength. They are sold in packages containing % litre. % litre and 2 litres (bulk) each. The ratio of the metric measures to those in common use is as follows: i litre=33.8i fluidounces=2.H2 pints. y2 ' =16,9 " =1.056 " X " ~ 8.45 ■* = .528 4< 2 NORMAL LIQUIDS. The decimal system of weights and measures is immeasurably superior to all others in its simpli- city, and is the only one which can be defended on scientific as well as utilitarian grounds. In this system weights and measures have a common unit. The correspondence of these with one another, and with our own unscientific system, is shown below: It will be remembered that the fluid extracts of the present pharmacopoeia do not represent the drug from whi.h they are prepared strictly in the proportion of minim to grain, since one minim of water weighs, not one gr .in, but 0 95 gr. One flu Mounce of the fluid extract represents, not as formerly, one Troy ounce of drug, but a quantity equal in weight to one fluidounce of water, viz., 455 69 grains. The following synopsis shows the relation of the flu' I extracts maue after the present formulae to those of previous pharmacopoeias, and illustrates at the same time the confusion that must arise in a .tempting to use our ordinary system of weights and measures: Apothecaries' Measure. . -a • 8 B & a S. d ? g a a e ♦" cn m n ko n oo m cn <n O « ko «-< m ci ko o ko Ci a cn ci ko m Avoirdupois Weight. . . N N U U U U • - c c tf) ex ao &/ m ~ a cn '*■ ir> ko tn o « tn cn m >- « m m ■'t m -< C ■«r o c* ci rn »n m 8 8" Ci Apothecaries' Weight. . fQ u U U U tx ° in Ci c« m m n o> o® ci tn 'r in m o c> ko ei cn ci in h o' o. to « m « KO Ci Ci Decimal Liquid Measure. Kilolitre (Stfere). Hectolitre. Decalitre. Litre. Decilitre. Centilitre. Millelitrc. 1 Decimal Measure. S S "* * -5? 1 s - a Decimal Weight. a § a § g S rt p « R • | a a I 0 £> r e s 2 | •2 & £ & 1 .BP c .« >>r§Qv2«>QP: Weight of Drug. Measure of Fluid Extract. Phar., 1880. Phar., 1870. >oo grains of drug make. 100 CC. 94.9 cc. looTrov ounces of drug make 105.3 fluid ozs. 100 fluidounces. 100 avo'rdun 'is ounces of drug make 96 fluidounces. 91.1 fluidounces. The change in strength amounts to only about 5 per cent., which does not materially alter the dose of even the powerful remedies. If the dif- ference in strength of different samples of the same drug, often equally good to all appearances, were no g--e iter than this, there would be no occa- sion for these new standard preparations. Unfor- tunately tae drug is liable to a variation some- times of- 50 to 100 per cent. We are confident th it the time is not far distant when the pharma- copoeia itself will prescribe within rigid limits the strength of all pharmaceutical preparations of powerful drugs. The standards of strength which have been adopted for the more important of our normal liquids are given in the annexed price list. PRICE LIST OF NORMAL LIQUIDS. Prices given are per litre (2.112 pints) in bottles of yz litre each. An additional charge or 10 cents per litre will be made when desired in the % litre bottles, and a reduction of 10 cents per litre when ordered in bulk (2 litre bottles.) Liquid Aconite Root, Normal $ 3 00 Aconite root contains a proportion of alkaloid as estimated by Dragendorff's method varying from 0.2 to We have adopted as standard of alkaloid. The alkalo'd contained in 10 c. c. of the normal JIQUID requires 2.8 c. c. of Mayer's volumetric soln ion for complete precipitation. We also require that this liquid shall answer to the physiological test lately described by Dr. Squibb. Liquid American Hellebore, Normal $ 3 30 American Hellebore of good quality contains about one per cent, of alkaloids. Ten c. c. of the normal liquid require for complete precipitation of the alkaloids 3 c. c. of Mayer's solution. Liquid Belladonna Leaves, Normal $ 3 30 Belladonna leaves contain a proportion of Atropine varying from 0.25 to 0.75%. We have adopted as a standard 0.44% (National Dispensatory p, 275). The alkaloid contained in 10 c. c. of the normal liquid requires for precipitation 3.52 c. c. of Mayer's volu- metric solation. Liquid Belladonna Root, Normal $ 3 30 Belladonna root contains a proportion of Atropine varying from 0.25 to 0.75%. We have adopted the same standard as for Belladonna leaves, viz.: 0.444. The alkaloid contained in 10 c. c. of the normai liquid requires for complete precipitation 3.5 c. c. of Mayer's volumetric solution. Liquid Cannabis Indica, Normal $ 4 00 Ten c. c. of the normal liquid evaporated to com- plete dryness at 105° C. leave a residue weighing 1.25 Gm. NORMAL LIQUIDS. PER LITRE. Liquid Cinchona Calisaya, Normal. $10 50 Good Calisaya bark contains at least 2% of Quinine, (J. S. P., 1880. The Calisaya of the market con- tains from 0.0 to 3 % and upwards of this alkaloid. We have adopted the U. S. P. standard of 2 Ten c. c. of the normal liquid contain 0.2 Gm. Quinine (anhydrous). Liquid Cinchona Red, Normal $10 50 Red Cinchona bark contains a proportion of al- kaloids varying from 2 to 6 %. We have adopted as a standard 3.5 % total alkaloid. Ten c. c. of the NORMAL liquid yield 0.35 Gm. mixed alkaloids (anhy- drous) of which no* more than 0.15 Gm. is Cin- chonine. Liquid Colchicum Root, Normal $ 3 oo Colchicum root contains a variable amount of al- kaloid according to the time of gathering. A good article when treated according to Dragendorff's process of assay indicates of alkaloid, and this we have provisionally adopted as a standard. Ten c. c. of the normal liquid require for complete precipitation in a strongly acid solution, 4 c. c. of Mayer's volumetric solution. Liquid Colchictim Seed, Normal $3 75 For Colchicum seed we have adopted the same Standard as for Colchicum root. Ten c c. of the normal liquid require for complete precipitation 4 c, c. of Mayer's volumetric solution. Liquid Conium Seed, Normal $ 3 30 Conium seed contains a very variable amount of alkaloid. The statement of Stille & Maisch may be provisionally accepted as a basis for this standard, viz. : the ripe undried seeds contain o. 8 % of Coniine. Ten c. c. of the normal liquid require for complete precipitation of the alkaloid 7 c. c. of Mayer's volumetic solution. Liquid Ergot, Normal $ 4 40 The value of Ergot is believed to depend mainly upon the amount of Sclerotic Acid and Scleromucin it contains. We have hence adopted as an arbitrary Standard a fixed amount of organic acid estimated by a volumetric solution of Leal Acetate. Ten c. c. of the normal liquid require for complete precipi- tation 100 c. c. of a solution containing 1 % of crys- tallized Lead Acetate. Liquid Foxglove, Normal $ 3 00 No satisfactory process of assay having been as yet devised, we adopt provisionally for this pre- paration a certain proportion of extractive matter. Five c. c. of the normal liquid evaporated to com- plete dryness at a temperature of *05° C. leave a residue weighing 1 Gm. Liquid Gelsemium, Normal $ 3 00 This preparation is made from the dried drug, and is consequently much stronger than the fluid extract (unoflicinal) made from the green drug wh'ch is so largely used. It corresponds w th the fluid extract of the Pharmacopoeia, but is brought to a fixed al- kaloidal strength as indicated by the potasio mer- curic iodide solution. Ten c. c. of the normal liquid require for complete precipitation 3 c. c. of Mayer's volumetric solution. PER LITRE. Liquid Henbane, Normal $ 3 50 Henbane contains an amount of alkaloid varying from 0.05 to 0.25 A good drug should yield about and this we adopt for o tr standard. Ten c. c. of the normal liquid require for complete pre- cipitation 1.3 c. c. of Mayer's volumetric solution. Liquid Ipecac, Normal $8 25 Ipecac contains a proportion of Emetine varying from 1 to 3.5 A good drug contains at least 1.5 $ of the alkaloid as estimated by Mayer's re- agent. This forms the basis for our standurd. Ten c. c. of the normal liquid require for complete pre- cipitation 8 c. c. of Mayer's volumetric solution. Liquid Mandrake, Normal $ 3 oo Mandrake root yields commonly between 4 and 5 % of Podophyliin, of which about 45 % is the Po- dophyllotoxin of Podwissotzky. We have adopted for our standard 2 % of Podophyllotoxin. Ten c. c. of the normal liquid j ield when concen- trated and poured into 20 c. c. of cold water a precipitate which, when carefully washed and dried at too0 C., weighs .425 Gm. Liquid Nux Vomica, Normal..... 3 00 Nux vomica contains from 1 to 3 % of alkaloids, of which about one half is Strychnine. Most speci- mens of fluid extract nux vomica which we have assayed contain less than 0.75% of to al alkaloids. We have adopted the rather lo v standard of 1.5 % of alkaloids for the normal liquid because this is the maximum proportion obtained from the drug in the galenical preparations, when made with the greatest care. Tenc. c. of the normal liquid contain . 15 Gm. of mixed alkaloids, readily estimated by adding a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid, evaporating off the alcohol, washing the residue with pure ether, and taking it up at the same time with water, and finally treating the aqueous solution wi.h caustic soda, and shaking with a mixture of ether and chloro- form. Liquid Rhubarb, Normal $ 5 50 No simple and satisfactory process of assay be- ing yet devised for this drug, we adopt as a stan- dard for the normal liquid 30 of extractive mat- ter. Five c. c. of the normal liquid evaporated to dryness at a temperature of 105° C. leave a residue weighing 1.5 Gm. Liquid Stramonium Leaves, Normal § 3 00 Stramonium leaves contain from .25 to .5 % of al- kaloid. We have adopted provisionally as a stan- dard .375 %. Ten c. c. of the normal liquid require for complete precipitation 3 c. c. Mayer's volumetric solution. Liquid Stramonium Seed, Normal $ 3 00 S'ramonium seed contains about 0.35 to 0.4# of alkaloid. We have adopted, as for the leaves, a standard of .375 Ten c. c. of the normal liquid require for complete precipitation 3 c. c. of Mayer's volumetric solution. 3 PARKE, DAVIS & CO., Manufacturing Chemists, Manufacture a full line of standard pharmaceutical preparations, including those that are officinal in the United States and foreign pharmacopoeias, and such as are not thus recognized but whose value is attested by the experience of the medical profession. These preparations comprise: FLUID EXTRACTS, SUGAR-COATED PILLS, GELATIN-COATED PILLS, SOLID EXTRACTS, ABSTRACTS (Powdered Extracts,) PINK GRANULES, CONCENTRATIONS, EFFERVESCING SALTS, MEDICATED LOZENGES. ROLL PLASTERS, SPREAD PLASTERS, GLYCEROLES. These preparations are made after the latest and most approved methods and are in every respect up to the recognized standards of pharmaceutical excellence and medicinal strength. GERMAN TINCTURES, ELIXIRS, WINES, SYRUPS, COLLODIONS, OINTMENTS, CERATES. SPECIALTIES. NORMAL LIQUIDS. By this name are known assayed fluid extracts. They comprise ** such drugs as have a distinct active principle in the form of an alkaloid or resinoid, and are guaranteed to be of uniform strength and not subject to variations in the strength of the crude drug. They are as definite and constant in their strength as morphine, quinine or other alkaloids, and are a desideratum in medicine. EMPTY CAPSULES. These capsules are made of the finest French gelatin, and chal- ■mb-- lenge comparison in all those particulars which commend this unequaled device for the exhibition of bitter and nauseous drugs. SOLUBLE ELASTIC AND HARD FILLED CAPSULES. -i i - i - ■■I,.-■- in.. these are so soft and elastic that their walls may be approximated without rupture and yet regain their original shape when the pressure is removed. As a means of administering nauseous oils, bal- sams, etc., these capsules are unequaled. The list comprises the majority of such balsams and oils in use, and the capsules range in size from io minims to a half ounce. NEW REMEDIES. The enterprize of' introducing to the profession drugs, particularly I from the vegetable kingdom, which had escaped attention, may be said to have been inaugurated by Parke, Davis & Co. They were the first to conduct such in- troduction after a system, and are, indeed, still the only house thus intelligently and systematic- ally engaged. They are, by common consent, the headquarters for all matters pertaining to the newer materia medica. For full information on this subject send to them for literature. Parke, Davis & Co.'s list of specialties comprises, in addition to the above, the following: PEPSIN, PANCREATIN, CASCARA CORDIAL, CHLOR-ANODYNE, NITRITE OF AMYL PEARLS. SANGUIS BOVINUS EXSICCATUS, PRESSED HERBS, DIALYZED IRON, COMPRESSED TROCHES. Especial attention given to private formulse for pills ordered in lots of 3000 or upwards. WARBURG S TINCTURE, OZONIZED AROMATIC LIQUID, SOLUTION CHLORIDE OF BROMINE COMPOUND, ETC. Laboratory and Main Office, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, U. S. A. New York Branch: 60 Maiden Lane and 21 Liberty St., NEW YORK, N. Y. Business and Scientific Policy o 3T1 PARKE, DAVIS & CO., Manufacturing Chemists, DETROIT, MICH, U. S. A. -PLATFORM. Many of the articles advertised in the Medical Journals, claiming to be pharmaceuticals, cannot be admitted Into the pharmacopoeia, or accepted in scientific literature, for the reason that the names of these preparations are claimed as private property, and their formulae, and art of manufacture, are nowhere published, but are things of Trade Secrecy. The pharmacy of these articles, therefore, is in danger of becoming a lost art, and their disap- pearance from existence is merely a question of time. What will be the effect on the Literature of Medicine if medi- cinal preparations, the names of which are incorporated in the medical text-books, no longer exist in tnt iex\. century ? We hold that every new preparation introduced should be provided with a proper name, and that its formula sncuid oe pub- lished in standard literature, in such a manner as will enable any one else to manufacture the article, so that the Pharmacy of the nineteenth Penturv may uUve a piace in history We xiave no objection to an author's copyrighting his book, as his doing so does not prevent any one else from writ- ing another oook on the same subject, or in any way prevent the free diffusion of knowledge. We do not object to a Phar- macist patenting his machinery, apparatus or processes, believing that the patent law was designed to stimulate inventors to invent, and to publish their inventions, for the purpose of promoting progress in Science and the Arts. The Patent law does not lock up knowledge, and the invention finally becomes public property We do not object to that just protection given to the manufacturer of a known article by the use of a trade-mark, to designate his brand from all other brands of the same article, but we do most earnestly protest against that abuse in which the common or only name of an article is claimed as a trade-mark, the article itself monopolized forever in consequence, and the nomenclature of pharmacy ruined thereby. As it is a recognized axiom in law that a descriptive name cannot be used as a trade-mark, it would seem to us that the names claimed as such in the cases referred to, where the articles are not accompanied by proper names, become by use the proper designation, and that the manufacturers of these compounds will find to their sorrow, when the matter comes to a legal test, that the Supreme Court will decide against them. These points are of great importance to science, to legitimate trade, and to the public at large. Our attempt is to put Pharmacy on such a basis that it can be regarded as scientific, and that it may be accepted .-3 thv Pharmacopoeia and in scientific literature.- The Pharmacist and Chemist, May, 1882. PARKE, DAVIS & CO. THE HOSPITAL PLAN. This new line of scientific work which has been designated for a name "The Hospital Plan,'' is designed for the purpose of testing new drugs for the benefit of science. It is to be accomplished by treating a sufficient number of prop- erly selected cases with the drug by competent physicians and surgeons in the hospitals and dispensaries or our large cities, for official report. The result of this work will not be made public until at least twenty-five cases have been treated in different hospitals, to constitute a fair test for each drug, after which full rt ports will be furnished to the meaical press for publication, whether good, bad or indifferent. Reprints of articles in the journals in record of this work will be furnished members of the profession who may so desire , and it is the final purpose of the house to print the collection in book form as a donation to scientific literature Science professes to exhibit what is actually known or may be learned by exact observation, precise definition, fixed terminology, classified arrangement and rational explanation. It is impossible to satisfy the demands of science under the system of exclusive control instituted by trade-marks, copyrights and patents, because the tendency is to suppress unfavorable reports which might injure sales. All drugs, therefore, are presented for this test free from such unscientific protection. Thanking the profession and the medical press for their promise or cordial support, we are Your Friends, PARKE, DAVIS & CO. WORKING BULLETIN SYSTEM. 'W'OIRZKZIZN'G- ZBTTJLULETIlSr FOR THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF Q U EBRACHO (ASP! DOSPERM A QUEBRACHO.) A Plan to promote Progress in the Science of Pharmacology. This working bulletin, accompanied by the drug t o be investigated, or a preparation of the same, or both, as the circumstances require, is distributed gratuitously to the Colleges, Universities and other institutions engaged in scientific work, and to the government hospitals, and public hospitals and dispensaries, and to the medical profession at large, to obtain the results of the drug in treating the sick. The object is to promote original investigation in the science of drugs. This we propose to do by furnishing grat- uitously to those engaged in original research, material for investigation, and by publishing the results of the same as a donation to scientific literature. It is apparent that the only return which we can receive for this work is the increased demand for the valuable drugs which we are introducing to science, for we guarantee to publish full reports, favorable or otherwise. Articles in relation to the drug, under the following heads embraced by the pharmacology, are requested for the Therapeutic Gazette, the organ which represents this new system of work. These heads form the classification of this bulletin. In regard to each drug investigated we solicit reports for publication upon the subjects of scientific name ; synonyms ; definition ; natural order : botanical origin ; history ; commerce , production ; cultivation , description ; micro- scopical structure ; chemical composition ; uses (in medicine); adulterations and substitutions; pharmaceutical prepara- tions and dose ; antagonists and incompatibles, synergists physiological action ; therapeutic properties ; toxicology and antidotes. . . At the end of the vear the reports published in the Gazette will be collected, classified and published in the form of an annual report, and donated to the libraries of the Smithsonian Institute, a government institute at Washington for the free diffusion of knowledge; and a sample of the drug, and our preparation of it, will be deposited in the National Museum, in the department delegated to pharmacology. SENT OUT BY THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF PARKE, DAVIS & CO., Manufacturing Chemists, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, U. S. A. Parke, Davis & Co., Manufacturing Chemists, DETROIT, MICHIGAN