Presented by the 
Philadelphia Social Science Association. 
MEMOIE 
OF 
ISAAC RAY, M.D., LL.D. MEMOIR 
OF 
ISAAC RAY, M.D., LL.D. 
Read before the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 
July 6,1881. 
BY 
THOMAS S. KIRK BRIDE, M.D. 
[Extracted from the Transactions, 3d Series, Yol. Y.] 
PHILADELPHIA: 
1881. COLLINS, PRINTER. MEMOIR. 
The subject of this memoir became a Fellow of the Col- 
lege of Physicians in July, 1868 ; he was always interested 
in its proceedings, often reading valuable original papers, 
and generally participating in its discussions. The estima- 
tion in which he was held by his associates, was shown by 
the action of the College on the occasion of his death, and 
by the resolutions subsequently adopted and ordered to be 
entered on its minutes. It may safely be said that few men, 
at home or abroad, have attained a higher eminence—as 
members of the medical profession, as directors of institu- 
tions for the treatment of the insane, and as writers on 
insanity and medical jurisprudence—than Dr. Pay. He 
became a resident of Philadelphia in the autumn of 1867, 
and from that time took an active interest in whatever 
tended to advance the welfare and prosperity of his adopted 
home. He was a frequent contributor to the daily press, 
and almost all the subjects that were generally discussed, in 
one way or another, had the benefit of his mature judgment 
and thoughtful consideration. He was always ready to give 4 
his time to the promotion of objects of benevolence, and to 
render assistance to those who were specially unfortunate, 
and his very extended and varied experience secured for his 
opinions a more than ordinary degree of respect and public 
confidence. 
Dr. Isaac Ray was a native of Massachusetts. Born of 
highly respectable parents, in the town of Beverly, on the 
16th of January, 1807, he there commenced his earliest 
education, subsequently entering Phillips Academy at 
Andover, and afterwards Bowdoin College, where he re- 
mained till compelled by ill health to leave his studies, 
which he had been prosecuting with great assiduity. As 
soon as his health was sufficiently restored, he began the 
study of medicine in the office of Dr. Plart, of Beverly, com- 
pleting his studies under Dr. Shattuck, a distinguished 
physician in Boston, and ultimately graduating at the 
Medical Department of Harvard University in 1827. In 
that year he began the practice of his profession at Portland, 
Maine, and while there he delivered his first course of lec- 
tures—on Botany—a branch of science for which he had a 
great fondness. It was at one of these lectures that he first 
met the lady whom he subsequently married in 1831, Miss 
Abigail May Prothingham, a daughter of the late Judge 
Frothingham, of Portland, who still survives him, and with 
whom he lived in a most happy union for a period of just 
two months less than fifty years. From this marriage two 
children were born; a daughter, with rare traits of loveli- 
ness, who died at the age of fourteen, and a son, to whom 
fuller allusion will be made in a later part of this notice. 
About two years after Dr. Ray had commenced the prac- 
tice of medicine in Portland, Maine, inducements were 
offered to him to leave that city and settle in Eastport in 5 
the same State, and there soon after he fixed, as he then 
supposed, his permanent residence. 
It was at this time, while living in Eastport, that Dr. 
Ray first had his interest excited on the subject of insanity 
and the treatment of the insane, and especially in reference 
to matters connected with the branch of medical jurispru- 
dence relating to it. The prevalent views on all these sub- 
jects were then far behind what are common at the present 
day, and led Dr. Ray to prepare a work, “The Jurisprudence 
of Insanity,” since generally recognized as one of the highest 
authorities in this department of medico-legal knowledge, 
and quoted alike by alienists, lawyers, and all others inter- 
ested in the subject, at home and abroad. Ho better evi- 
dence of its being generally appreciated need be given than 
the fact that six editions of it have been exhausted in this 
country, while it was a source of grief to Dr. Ray that his 
condition of health rendered it impossible for him to prepare 
a seventh, which had been asked for by his publishers, and 
for which he had on hand interesting and important mate- 
rials. The steady increase of popularity attained by “ The 
Jurisprudence of Insanity,” as might have been anticipated, 
led to a change in the tone of the criticisms made in regard 
to it. From being originally adverse in many quarters, they 
became highly commendatory everywhere. 
Dr. Ray was appointed Medical Superintendent of the 
State Hospital for the Insane at Augusta, Maine, in the year 
1841, and this led to his permanent removal from Eastport. 
He immediately assumed the duties of this position, residing 
in the institution, till he was invited by the Board of Trus- 
tees of the Butler Hospital at Providence, Rhode, Island—- 
which was then about to be organized—to become its Super- 
intendent. 6 
The experience of hospital life and management in a State 
institution was of great importance to Dr. Ray. It enabled 
him to detect and to expose many of the weak points to which 
this class of hospitals is made liable, and gave to the em- 
phatic views which he always afterwards expressed a par- 
ticular value from the practical nature of the observations 
which had led to them. He never failed to censure in the 
strongest terms the evil results of a political management, of 
giving to the directors of such institutions a personal and 
pecuniary interest in their business affairs, and of confiding 
to those in no way qualified by education and experience the 
control of the important matters of treatment and govern- 
ment assigned to them. He was always ready to denounce 
an institution without a head, as much as one with many 
heads, as a monstrosity that could not, unless under extra- 
ordinary circumstances, be more than a very temporary suc- 
cess ; and his enunciation of sound views on all such sub- 
jects, on all proper occasions, has exercised an important 
influence in every part of the country. 
Dr. Ray found his position at Providence a specially 
pleasant one. His labor was much less arduous than it had 
previously been ; he was enabled to carry out his own well- 
considered plans, and it afforded him a long-desired oppor- 
tunity to visit many of the more prominent institutions for 
the insane in Great Britain and on the continent. The 
fruits of abundant practical knowledge and a careful study 
of the whole subject gave him special qualifications in these 
investigations to detect errors, to weigh the value of so- 
called reforms, and to make a trustworthy comparison of 
the actual advantages and disadvantages to be found in the 
institutions at home and abroad. With this view Dr. Ray 
sailed for Europe soon after his appointment, and in this 7 
manner passed the summer months of 1845. He spent the 
next two years in superintending the erection of the Butler 
Hospital, which was opened for the reception of patients in 
1847. Then taking up his residence in the hospital, he re- 
mained there superintending its affairs with great ability, 
and to the satisfaction of all who were in any way connected 
with it, till January, 1867, when his impaired health com- 
pelled him to resign this position to which he was so much 
attached, and in which he had done so much to elevate the 
standard of hospital treatment for the insane. This relief 
from labor, and from all the cares and anxieties unavoidably 
incident to the conscientious superintendence of a hospital 
of this description, made him greatly enjoy a rest, such as 
he had never before taken, except during his trip to Europe. 
He spent most of the year in visiting his professional 
brethren in different parts of the country, and, in selecting a 
place for his permanent residence, finally adopting the city 
of Philadelphia. Here he continued to live, at his residence 
on Baring Street, till his death on the morning of the 31st 
of March, 1881, being then in the seventy-fifth year of his 
age. 
The change from a Hew England climate to that of 
Philadelphia, and the rest from constant labor which was 
now permitted him, made a great improvement in Dr. Ray’s 
health. He increased his literary work, enjoyed engaging 
in matters of general public interest, and found himself able 
to take an amount of physical exercise to which he had of 
late been a stranger. His regained strength enabled him 
also to accept calls in consultation from his professional 
brethren, and especially as an expert in legal and criminal 
cases, in which his services were frequently solicited. 
Dr. Ray was a member of many professional and scientific 8 
associations. Wherever he was thus associated he was noted 
for his active interest, and for the part he took in the prepa- 
ration of papers and his participation in any discussions that 
might take place. 
He was one of the “original thirteen” superintendents who 
established “ The Association of Medical Superintendents of 
American Institutions for the Insane,” in 1844; was its 
president from 1855 to 1859; and always took a very 
marked interest in its proceedings. His papers read at its 
meetings were numerous and of great ability. Many of 
these cannot fail to take a permanent place in the literature 
of the profession. Dr. Ray formed the highest estimate of 
the importance of this association and of the value of the 
work which it had done, and especially believed that to it 
the insane were to look for most of the changes which were 
likely to be made in their care and management which could 
lay any claim to be for their best interests, or really worthy 
of the name of progress. Its “ Propositions,” now more than 
a quarter of a century old, and having stood the test of trial 
in every section of the country, had in him a staunch de- 
fender, and his practical knowledge and extended observa- 
tion of other systems gave to his views an especial worth. 
At the meeting of this association at Providence, in 1879, 
he was the recipient of distinguished honors from his old 
associates and friends, from the Rhode Island State Medical 
Society, of which he had been president, and from Brown 
University, which on this occasion conferred on him the 
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws. Of the principles 
established by the association, Dr. Ray, like all his most 
experienced brethren, was particularly decided in regard to 
the importance of a proper organization. He knew from 
extended observation of other schemes that only a single 9 
head, controlling, as he must have the responsibility of, all 
departments, can be relied on for a permanently successful 
administration, and he lost no suitable opportunity for 
enunciating this most important principle, no departure 
from which he believed could ever be justified as tending to 
promote the best interests of the .insane. 
Dr. Ray was one of the founders of the Social Science 
Association, and was always an intelligent student of every 
subject which came under its consideration. His papers 
read before it, and his views in all matters that received its 
attention, were distinguished for practical good sense and 
advanced conclusions in regard to the welfare of the com- 
munity. 
He was at one time a most useful member of the Board of 
Guardians of the Poor of Philadelphia, giving his valuable 
time to the duties of the post, wrhich, conscientiously per- 
formed, could not fail to be onerous. His experience and 
his devotion to the insane led him to take an active part in 
the work of that'department. He was not long in detecting 
its grave defects, and in suggesting the proper remedies; 
but the minority, with which he acted, had the power to 
introduce but a few of the reforms which they knew to be 
indispensable. It is one of the remarkable events of the 
times that the public authorities were willing to dispense 
with the unremunerated services of such a man as Dr. Ray, 
to make a place for some one who had not, and who from 
his previous life could not have, the first element of knowl- 
edge fitting him for a post, one of the most important duties 
of which was to secure for the insane a liberal and enlight- 
ened treatment. 
Dr, Ray delivered two courses of lectures on Insanity and 
Medical Jurisprudence before the class of one of the medi- 10 
cal colleges of Philadelphia, but, as usually happened in 
regard to his public labors of the kind, they were without 
compensation, and demanded an amount of time which he 
could ill afford to continue to give. While it must be ac- 
knowledged that it is not easy anywhere to secure such a 
course of instruction to students as Dr. Ray was competent 
to impart, still it must be conceded that lectures of this kind 
in every medical school would do much to advance the study 
of mental diseases and their treatment, would make the pro- 
fession, and through it, the public, better able to detect the 
many defective schemes of organization now presented for 
hospitals for the insane, and would lead to a much higher 
order of discussions in many of the meetings held ostensibly 
for the special improvement of the care of the insane, and in 
others in which their management of late has seemed to be 
the favorite subject for consideration. 
Dr. Ray was about the medium stature, but did not pos- 
sess a very robust constitution. His features were marked, 
and his general expression grave. He had an abundance of 
rather stiff hair, which of late years was entirely white, and 
from his way of treating it, it was commonly somewhat in 
disorder. His manner was dignified, his language clear and 
distinct, and in speaking or writing he always used a pure 
English, and attracted the attention of his auditors no less 
by his personal appearance, than by his manner of delivery 
and the matter of his remarks. 
Dr. Ray for many years had been troubled with a chronic 
cough, which seemed to be bronchial in its character. Al- 
though annoying, this cough did not appear materially to 
affect his general health, and after taking counsel from the 
most able of his medical brethren, he seemed to have con- 
cluded that his malady was one not likely to be removed by 11 
treatment. The great change in Dr. Bay’s health which 
occurred in the latter part of 1879, was evidently more the 
result of a great and unexpected family affliction, than of 
his previous condition. His only son, Dr. B. Lincoln Bay, 
was a highly educated physician, living with his parents in 
Philadelphia, greatly valued by them, and distinguished as 
a student and writer of very marked ability. Of vigorous 
personal appearance, he nevertheless was conscious for some 
time before his death, of an impending cerebral malady, 
which gave him very serious apprehensions. On the even- 
ing of the 7th of December, 1879, these indications of brain 
trouble were suddenly developed into an acute attack, which 
with great suffering ended his life in the short period of 
forty-two hours. To this only son his parents had looked 
forward, as a comfort and support in their advancing age. 
They had been proud of his abilities, and from his filial de- 
votion, and as an appreciative exponent of his views, his 
honored father had hoped to have justice done to his labors, 
as an author, by one abundantly capable to give a proper ex- 
posure of those who had not hesitated to use his thoughts 
and occasionally his very language, while forgetting to give 
the slightest word of acknowledgment. It was not won- 
derful that the sudden death of this son, at the meridian of 
life, should have left results of no ordinary character. This 
sad event, so unlooked for, was a shock to the father, which 
did more to prostrate his health and strength than would 
have been done by years of customary labor. With his 
intimate friends he was still the same genial character, still 
interested in whatever concerned his profession or his fellow 
men ; but he ceased to write, complained of what had for- 
merly been a pleasure now becoming a toil to him, found his 
flesh wasting and his strength diminishing, and frequently 12 
showed a sadness quite unnatural to him. Gradually he 
became less and less able to take his usual amount of out-door 
exercise, or to attend to the calls of professional business. 
From the early part of December, 1880, he remained in his 
house, still seeing his friends, interested in his books and in 
what was going on in the world and in his specialty, but 
steadily losing weight and strength. To avoid the fatigue 
of going up stairs, he ultimately made his library, in the 
second story, his lodging-room, and spent the greater part of 
every day at his front window in the adjoining apartment, 
reclining in an easy chair—a highly valued present, years 
before, from a beloved professional brother—and looking 
out from it upon what was passing on the active thorough- 
fare before him, and on the beautiful gardens of the houses 
opposite his residence. From his daily increasing weakness, 
his friends realized that the end must be near. 
On the evening of the 31st of March, 1881, he retired at 
about the usual hour. After being in bed, he had one 
troublesome spell of coughing, but then slept quietly, only 
once in the early morning, inquiring the hour. So peacefully 
did he rest, and so calm was his sleep, that he made no sound 
of any kind, nor moved a muscle, as far as could be heard; 
and when approached somewhat later, there had been no 
change in his position, but life had departed, and only what 
was mortal remained of this noble and useful man. 
Dr. Ray was a man of great versatility of talent. His 
ability as a writer is well known, and his conversational 
powers were remarkable. He had a great facility in adapt- 
ing himself to any society in which he might be placed, and 
was equally agreeable to the grave professional man, or to 
the specialist, as to those of tenderest age, with whom he 
was usually a great favorite. While to a stranger, Dr. Ray’s 13 
manner might at first appear somewhat austere, this impres- 
sion was removed by a very limited intercourse. By his 
intimate friends and associates he was specially honored and 
esteemed, and no one was more cordially welcomed in the 
social circle. 
A list of Dr. Ray’s writings, which has been preserved, 
shows how industrious an author he was, and how multi- 
farious were the subjects in which he took an interest. From 
1826, when his first publication of which any record has 
been kept, was made, down to 1880, during which year he 
furnished his last contributions to the press, it will be seen 
by the following list, that but a single year passed in which 
something original was not noted. 14 
LIST OF THE PUBLISHED WRITINGS OF THE LATE 
ISAAC RAY, M.D., LL.D. 
1828. Review of Lawrence’s Lectures. American Quarterly Re- 
view, June. 
1829. Conversations on the Animal Economy. 16mo. Portland. 
Review of Bakewell’s Geology. American Quarterly Re- 
view, September. 
On the Origin of the American Aborigines. Yankee. 
Address on Temperance. Eastport Sentinel, October. 
1831. Review of Combe’s Constitution of Man. Christian Ex- 
aminer, July, 
1832. Case of Emphysema Uteri. Boston Medical Magazine, 
October. 
1833. Review of Testimony in case of alleged Murder. Boston 
Medical Magazine, July. 
Reply to North American Review on the merits of Spurz- 
heim. Boston Medical Magazine, November. 
Case of Malformation of the Heart. Boston Medical Maga- 
zine, Decern I ter. 
1834. Review of Decandolle’s Theorie lementaire. North Ameri- 
can Review, January. 
Review of Combe’s Phrenology. Christian Examiner, May. 
Review of Combe and Caldwell on Popular Education. 
Annals of Phrenology, November. 
1835. Notice of case of Major Mitchell. Annals of Phrenology, 
November. 
Lecture on Criminal Law of Insanity. American Jurist, 
October (No. 28). 
Obituary of Dr. B. Lincoln. New England Magazine. 
Translation of the fourth and latter half of the sixth volume 
of Gall’s “Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau, etc.” 
1836. On the Criminal Law of Insanity, being a reply to G. T. C. 
American Jurist, October (No. 31) 
1831. Homicidal Insanity. American Jurist, January (No. 32). 
1838. Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity. Bvo. Boston. 
Notice of Dr. Woodward’s Report. American Jurist, Octo- 
ber (No. 39). 1839. Notice of Pechot’s Case. American Jurist, October (No. 
43). 
1840. Review of Mittermaier on Criminal Responsibility. Ameri- 
can Jurist, January (No. 44). 
1841. On Medical Evidence. American Jurist, January (No. 48). 
1842. Report of Maine Insane Hospital for 1841. 
1843. Report of Maine Insane Hospital for 1842. 
Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity. Second edition. 12mo. 
1844. Report of Maine Insane Hospital for 1843. 
1845. Report of Maine Insane Hospital for 1844. 
Review of Roger’s Trial. Law Reporter, February. 
1846. Observations on foreign Hospitals for the Insane. American 
Journal of Insanity, April. 
Review of Trial of Abner Baker. American Journal of 
Insanity, July. 
Review of Madness or Maniac’s Hall. American Journal 
of Insanity, October. 
1847. Shakspeare’s Delineations of Insanity. American Journal 
of Insanity, April. 
Criminal Law of Insanity. Law Reporter. May and July. 
Illustrations of Insanity by distinguished English authors. 
American Journal of Insanity, October. 
1848. Legislation for the Insane in Maine. American Journal of 
Insanity, January. 
Description of Butler Hospital. American Journal of In- 
sanity, July. 
Contract contested on the ground of Insanity. American 
Journal of Insanity, Octobei'. 
1849. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1848. 
Statistics of Insane Hospitals. American Journal of In- 
sanity, July. 
The Hinchman Case. Law Reporter, August. 
1850. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1849. 
Project of a Law for regulating the legal relations of the 
Insane. Law Reporter, September. 
1851. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1850. 
Epidemic Monomania. Christian Examiner, May. 16 
Education in relation to the health of the Brain 24m0. 
pp. 56. 
Hints to Medical Witnesses. American Journal of Insanity. 
July. 
1852. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1851. 
On the popular feeling towards Hospitals for the Insane. 
American Journal of Insanity, July. 
Trial of Furbush. American Journal of Insanity, October. 
1853. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1852. 
Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity, Third edition. 
TJndescribed forms of Acute Mania. American Journal of 
Insanity, October. 
1854. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1853. 
American Hospitals for the Insane. North American Re- 
view, July. 
Etherization in the treatment of Insanity. American Jour- 
nal of Insanity, July. 
1855. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1854. 
Notice of Tuke on Non-restraint. American Journal of 
Insanity, April. 
Insanity of George 111. American Journal of Insanity, 
July. 
1856. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1855. 
Insanity and Homicide. American Journal of Insanity, 
January. 
Review of Report of Commissioners on Insanity in Massa- 
chusetts. North American Review, January. 
Review of Wharton on Mental Unsoundess. American 
Journal of Insanity, January. 
1851. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1856. 
1858. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1857. 
Opinion in Parish Will Case. 
Review of Buckle’s History of Civilization. North Ameri- 
can Review, October. 
1859. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1858. 
Medical Testimony in jury trials. Law Reporter, July. 
1860. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1859. 
Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity, fourth edition. 17 
1861. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1860. 
Objections to Moral Insanity. American Journal of In- 
sanity, October. 
1862. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1861. 
Cerebral Dynamics. Atlantic Monthly, August. 
1863. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1862. 
Discourse on Life and Character of Dr. Bell. 
Doubtful Recoveries. American Journal of Insanity, July. 
Angell Will Case. American Journal of Insanity, October. 
Mental Hygiene, 16mo. 
1864. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1863. 
Report on a Project of a Law for the Insane. American 
Journal of Insanity, Juty. 
1865. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1864. 
Review of Redfield on Wills. American Journal of Insanity, 
April. 
Case of Bernard Cangley. American Journal of Insanity, 
July. 
1866. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1865. 
Insanity of Women produced by Desertion. American 
Journal of Insanity, October. 
1861. Report of Superintendent of Butler Hospital for 1866. 
Report on Insanity in Transactions of American Medical 
Association, Yol. XVIII. 
Epilepsy—Homicide. American Journal of Insanity, Octo- 
ber. 
Articles in Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, viz.: Apoplexy and 
Paratysis, Delirium Febrile, Delirium Tremens, Drunken- 
ness, Insanity, Lucid Intervals, Mania, Somnambulism, 
Suicide. 
1868. Review of Griesinger on Insanity. American Journal of 
Insanity, April. 
Delusions considered as a test of Insanity. American Jour- 
nal of the Medical Sciences, July. 
A Modern “Lettre de Cachet” reviewed. Atlantic Monthly, 
August. 
1869. Review of Discussion on Moral Insanity. American Jour- 
nal of the Medical Sciences, January. 18 
Confinement of the Insane. American Law Review, January. 
Hereditary Tnsanit}'. North American Review, July. 
1870. Review of Ordronaux on Jurisprudence of Insanity, Ameri- 
can Journal of the Medical Sciences, January. 
Law of Insanit\T. American Law Review, January. 
Trial of Andrews. American Journal of the Medical 
Sciences, April. 
Prognosis of Insanity. American Journal of the Medical 
Sciences, October. 
Mordaunt Divorce Case, Medical Times, October 15. 
1871. Review of Blandford on Insanity. American Journal of the 
Medical Sciences, April. 
Medical Jurisprudence of Insanit}', fifth edition. 
Habeas Corpus. Medical Times, April 15. 
Pathological Psychology. American Journal of the Medical 
Sciences, January. 
Opinion in Pidcock v. P., Pennsylvania State Reports, Yol. 
LXIX. 
1872. Review of Fisher’s Plain Talks about Insanity, Medical 
Times, May 1. 
1873. Insane Convicts. Medical Times, March 22. 
Legislation on Expert Testimony. Medical Times, March 29. 
Review of Tuke’s Body and Mind. American Journal of 
the Medical Sciences, April. 
Review of Reynolds’ Legal Tests of Insanity. American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences, April. 
Contributions to Mental Pathology. Bvo. 
Ideal Characters of Officers of a Hospital for the Insane. 
What shall Philadelphia do with its Paupers ? (Philadelphia 
Social Science Association. Penn Monthly. 
1874. Legislation for the Insane. Medical Times. 
Review" of Denny’s Government of Insane Hospitals. Ame- 
rican Journal of the Medical Sciences, July. 
Review of Bucknill and Tuke on Insanity. American Jour. 
nal of the Medical Sciences, October. 
Homicide and Suspected Simulation. American Journal of 
Insanity, October. 
1875. Duncan Will Case. American Journal of Insanit}", January. 
Review of Kroft Ebing on Responsibility of the Insane. 
American Journal of the Medical Sciences, July. 19 
Ventilation of Hospitals. American Journal of the Medical 
Sciences, October. 
London Lancet on American Management of the Insane. 
Medical Times, December 25, 
Brain Disease and Modern Living (Philadelphia Social 
Science Association). Penn Monthly. 
1816. Review of Morel’s Works. American Journal of the Medi- 
cal Sciences, January. 
Review of Plans of Johns Hopkins Hospital. American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences, April. 
Review of the Forty-sixth Report of the Inspectors of the 
Eastern Penitentiary. American Journal of the Medical 
Sciences, July. 
1811. Review of Ordronaux on the Proper Status of the Insane. 
American Journal of the Medical Sciences, January. 
Lecture on Testamentary Capacit}'. Sanitarian, October. 
Review of Folsom on Diseases of the Mind. American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences, October. 
The Responsibility of the Insane for their Criminal Acts, 
Transactions of the International Medical Congress of 
Philadelphia. 
1878. Review of Tuke on Insanity and its Prevention. American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences, July. 
New Hospital for the Insane. Medical Times. 
Cost of Constructing Hospitals. Chicago Journal of Men- 
tal and Nervous Diseases. 
Review of Clarke on Visions. American Journal of the 
Medical Sciences, October. 
Notice of Billings’s Report on Ventilation. American Jour- 
nal of the Medical Sciences, October. 
1879. Notice of Lindsay and Boddington on Restraint. American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences, January. 
Parliamentary Commission Lunacy Laws. American Jour- 
nal of the Medical Sciences, April. 
Recoveries from Mental Disease. Transactions of the 
College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Third series, 
Vol. IV. 
1880. Isolation of Persons in Hospitals for the Insane. Penn 
Monthly, January.