^T *<6 . A CONSPECTUS OF THE PHARMACOPOEIAS OF HE LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND DUBLIN COLLEGES OF PHYSICIANS, AND OF ©!]e United State© pijannacopaia; BEING A PRACTICAL COMPENDIUM OF MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY BY ANTHONY TODD THOMSON, M.D. F.L.S. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in Univ. Coll. London, ire. fyc. THB SIXTH AMERICAN EDITION, MUCH ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. EDITED BY CHARLES A LEE, M. D. PROP. OF GEN. PATHOLOGY AND MAT. MED. IN GENEVA MED. COLL. {From the Thirteenth English Edition.) *Hm pictures drawn in our minds nrc l:iid in fading colors; and if aottoiufe tkacs refreshed, vanish and disappear.*1—Locke. SAMUEL S. AND WILLIAM WOOD, ^«£ /. new york:. f / 0/ q No. 261 PEARL STREET. V />-v 1852. V^/p /\ vs,v\ ^ i av ifatered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1344, by HENEY G. I.ANGLEY, n the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States foi the Southern District of New York. PREFACE TO THE FIFTH AMERICAN EDITION. The patronage which this little work has re- ceived from the profession in the United States, makes it the duty of the American Editor to render each edition more perfect, if possible, than the last. He has accordingly made considerable additions to the present, amounting to above twenty pages, the value and importance of which he leaves to the judgment of the reader. As the work is now an acknowledged hand-book in all the medical col- leges of the country, the Editor pledges himself to keep it fully up to the times, as a chemical, phar- maceutical, botanical, and therapeutical digest in these departments of science. Geneva Medical College, Nov. 25th, 1848. PREFACE TO THE THIRD AMERICAN EDITION. The present Edition differs in no respect from the last, with the exception that it is still more full and complete. Some typographical errors have been corrected, and deficiencies supplied to the extent of about thirty pages of additional matter ; so that no article, it is believed, (whose medical properties are known) is now omitted, which is of any consequence in medicine. The chief additions have been made to Part II., relating to Toxicology. It is now a complete manual on that subject, both as relates to treatment, and the analysis of poisonous agents. Free use has been made of Taylor's.late work on " Medical Jurisprudence," and other standard au- thorities. The American Editor chooses to retain the original title, " Thomson's Conspectus," al- though his additions have considerably exceeded the original work. The " Conspectus" is again commended to the favorable regards of the profes- sion throughout the United States. New York, Sept., 1844. vm a small compass the most useful part of the information which is obtained from larger works; and, by affording a facility of re- examination, to keep in view remedies not constantly nor gene- rally employed. To the young practitioner, and to him particu- larly, who has not had every advantage of education, it is more confidently offered; and the author hopes that to such it will not be unacceptable. It is intended to afford a compendious view of the improved editions of the three British Pharmacopoeias, pointing out the circumstances in which they agree together, and those which are peculiar to each of them. The work of the London College has been taken as the text-book, and the formula; of the compound articles, consequently, are quoted from it only; for if those of each of the Pharmacopoeias had been separately given, the character of the volume would have been altered; and, instead of being a pocket manual, it would have swollen to the size and form of a Dispensatory. Under each article of the vegetable kingdom, the place it holds in the systems of Linnceus and Jussieu is stated, its original place of growth pointed out, and the term of its existence marked in the characters used by botanical writers. The chemical components of the different substances are taken from the Systems of Che- mistry of the author's friends, Dr. J. Murray and Dr. Thomas Thomson, the papers of Sir Humphrey Davy, the Annates de Chimie and the valuable analyses of Berzelius ; and the proper- ties of most of the vegetable productions from the Materia Medica a Regno Vegetabili of Bergius; and from personal observation. With regard to their medical properties and doses, the best writers have been consulted, and every assistance derived from the Practical Synopsis of Dr. Pearson ; while any peculiar effects observed in the course of the author's own practice have been cautiously adopted. In marking the incompatible articles, those only are given which are likely to enter into extemporaneous prescriptions with the substance under which they stand ; and it is to be wished that more attention were bestowed upon these by the majority of practitioners; for, undoubtedly, many of the confused and contradictory accounts which have been given of the effects of different remedies, have arisen from the injudicious IX combinations into which they have b:en made to enter, as well as the improper circumstances of the cases in which they have been prescribed. To make up for the shortness of the descriptions in the body of the work, a more general and full account of each of the classes of substances employed is given in the Introdunlion; and to faci- litate the art of prescription to the student, a few of the more common formula are introduced by way of example; besides a Table, graduating the doses of medicines to the ages of tho patients. As the work is an acknowledged compilation, very little of novelty can be expected in it, and the sole merit it can claim is that of correctness. As it is, he presents it to the public, whose decision must eventually stamp the value of every production, either of labor or of intellect; and, therefore, while he sets the rudder of his little bark, and commits it to the popular tide, he trusts that, if it be worthy of attention, and can prove ujeful, it will be wafted to a safe port but if not, it will quickly founder, and be for ever forgotten. INTRODUCTION. In the British Pharmacopoeias, the articles of the Materia Medica which are simples, or are not prepared by the apothecary, are arranged iu alphabetical order; but the chemical and pharma- ceutical preparations are arranged in different classes, so that all the substances compounded in a similar mode, or possessing simi- lar chemical properties, are brought together under the same title. We propose to give a general view of the peculiarities of each of these classes, by way of introduction to the particular notices of the individual articles contained in the Pharmacopoeias; and as we have adopted the work of the London College as our text- book, we shall follow its method of arrangement. ACIDS. All the acids employed in pharmacy, with the exception of the hydrochloric and the hydrocyanic acids, are supposed to be com- pounds of oxygen with one or more combustible substances: the hydrochloric acid is a compound of chlorine and hydrogen : the hydrocyanic, at hydrogen and cyanogen. Acids are characterized by the following properties: They are sour to the taste; change to red the blue and purple vegetable colors; fbrm neutral com- pounds with alkalies and earths, in which the properties of both the components are lost; and unite with the metallic oxides, constituting a peculiar class of salts. They unite also with water in any proportion. The names of acids formed from the same base, generally vary in their terminations, according to the quantity of oxygen they are presumed to contain. Thus, when sulphur is united with its full portion of oxygen, the acid is named sulphuric; when with a smaller portion, sulphurous; the terminations ic and ous mark- ing the degree of acidification. As chlorine is now acknowledged to be a simple substance, the London Pharmacopoeia names its compounds chlorides. The term chlorate implies that the chloric acid is in combination with oxygen, and an oxide. Thus the chlorate of potassa is a compound of chloric acid and potassa. The stronger acids should be kept in well-stopped glass bottles, and the name of the acid each bottle contains engraved on the glass. They should also be dispensed in glass-stopped phials; for cork blackens the sulphuric acid, and it is dissolved by the nitric and the hydrochloric acids. Sulphuric acid id sometimes adulterated with sulphate of po- tassa ; which may be detected by saturating the acid with am- monia, a'nd exposing it in a crucible to a red heat, so as to expel the sul phate of ammonia;—the sulphate of potassa when present, Will remain in the crucible. JVttn'c acid, also, is sometimes adulterated with sulphuric and xn Hydrochloric acids. Thjse adulterations are discovered by drop- ping into the nitric acid diluted a solution of nitrate of baryta, which is precipitated white, if sulphuric acid be present; and with a solution of nitrate of silver, the precipitation of a chloride of silver shows the presence of hydrochloric acid. In the same manner sulphuric acid is detected in acetic acid, by dropping into it a solution of acetate of baryta; copper by the acid becoming bluish when supersaturated with ammonia; or the ferrocyanate of potassa throwing down a copper-colored precipitate , and lead, by a black precipitate being thrown down when sulphuretted hydrogen gas is added to it. , ALKALIES AND THEIR SALTS. Two of the mineral alkalies employed in pharmacy are com- pounds of oxygen with metallic bases ; ammonia is a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen. They possess properties the reverse of the acids. Their taste is urinous and acrid : they change to green or blue, the vegetable red colors: they are caustic, or in- flame and corrode the skin, and dissolve animal matter: they have a strong affinity for water, and by their greater solubility in it are distinguished from the earths; they unite with oils and fat, forming soap ; and form neutral salts with the acids. There are three alkalies: one is volatile, and cannot be obtained perfectly pure in a solid form ; the other two are fixed. They should be kept in well-stopped glass bottles, and dispensed in glass-stopped phials. Ammonia, the volatile alkali, is often over-diluted with water, which may be known by the specific gravity of the fluid ; or, a phial capable of containing 224 grains of distilled water should hold 216 grains of liquor ammonite. Liquor potassa often con- tains lime, which is known by the solution, diluted with distilled water, becoming'milky when the breath is blown through it, or on a solution of carbonate of potassa being added to it; the lime being thus formed into a carbonate. The purity of potassa, in the solid form, is of little consequence, as it is used for external application only: pure soda is not used in medicine. The Alkaloids, or alkalies found in the barks, and the leaves, and the seeds of some plants, are compounds of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. They possess many of the chemical properties of the mineral alkalies. Alkaline Salts should, when neutral, have neither alkaline nor acid properties; but some salts combine with two proportions of acid. When the acid is in excess, hi or bin is added to the appellation of the salt, as bicarbonate of potassa. They require for their solution various proportions of water, from one-half to 2000 times the weight of the salt. When they attract moisture they are said to be deliquescent; when they lose their water of crystallization, become opaque, dry, and easily fall to powder, efflorescent; if, when exposed to heat, they gradually dry to a mass, they are said to undergo the watery fusion; and to de- crepitate, if they split, fly, and crackle, when exposed to a high temperature. The salts most commonly adulterated are carbonas potassa) and carbonas soda. To try the first, make a solution of one part of the salt in eight of distilled water. If this become turbid after being neutralized with pure nitric acid, it indicates the presence of silex; if a white precipitate be thrown down in the neutralized Xlll solution by chloride of barium or acetate of lead, sulphuric salts are indicated ; and hydrochloric salts by a white precipitate being formed with nitrate of silver. If a white precipitate be produced by a solution of oxalate of potassa, lime, or its carbonates, are present. The same tests show the presence of similar substances in carbonate of soda, if added to a saturated solution of it in nitric a id. The addition of tartaric acid dissolves potassa, by forming a precipitate of bitartrate of potassa. The deiiiiuescent and efflorescent salts should be kept and dis- pensed in stopped bottles; whilst those that are persistent will not suffer from being put up in paper. * EARTHS, AND THEIR SALTS. The earths, like the alkalies, are mostly compounds of oxygen with metallic bases. They are of very difficult fusibility; very sparingly soluble; and unite with the acids, forming neutral salts. Those which are soluble in water possess properties very similar to those of the alkalies: they are caustic; change to green vege- table blues and reds; and combined with oils, form soap. Two earths only in their pure state are used in medicine, namely, lime and magnesia. The former, which is chiefly em- ployed in pharmaceutical operations, should be used as soon after it is burnt as possible ; and each should be preserved in very closely-stopped bottle?, as both attract, powerfully, the carbonic acid contained in atmospheric air. The solution of lime or lime- water should be kept in small bottles perfectly full and well corked ; for, by the contact of air, the lime attracts carbonic acid, loses its solubility, and forms a pellicle of carbonate of lime on the surface of the water, till the whole of the lime is abstracted. The Neutral Earthy Salts do not require any particular care or management, except that they ought not to enter into extemporaneous prescriptions with substances which are likely to decompose them ; or with those acids with which they form insoluble compounds; as, for example, chalk with sulphuric acid. METALS, AND THEIR SALTS. Metals, which are supposed to be simple substances, have, with a few exceptions, a greater specific gravity than any other class of bodies; they are dense, opaque, susceptible of a fine polish, tenacious; and are the best conductors of heat. They are more or less fusible, and may be volatilized by heat. In their metallic state they have aflinilies for each other, and also for oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, chlorine, iodine, aud bromine ; and when united with oxygen, form acids, alkalies, and the earths. None of the metals, excepUf/'n, are employed in the metallic form as remedies in the practice of medicine; but for pharma- ceutical purposes it is of importance to obtain them in as pure a state as possible. Metals, united with simple substances, form compounds, which are named from the base; for example, chlo- rides, sulphurets, vhosphurets, iodides, bromides, oxides. Metallic Salts are either simple combinations of the metals With oxygpn, or combinations of their oxides with acids. Metals combine with various portions of oxygen, which are denoted and expressed by the color of the oxides, as grey oxide of mercury, red oxide of mercury, <$-e. Oxides have net the lustre, opacity, tenacity, nor gravity of the metals; they are un 2 xiv inflammable, generally insipid, nearly insoluble in water, and have an earthy appearance. They require to be kept in stopped bottles, as some of them are reduced by hydrogen, which is more or less constantly floating in the atmosphere. The metallic salts, which, properly speaking, are oxides com- bined with the acids, are of a saline nature, generally soluble in water, and crystallizable. They are named from the acid, and the metal with the oxide of which it is combined, as sulphate of iron, nitrate of silver, dS-c, meaning sulphate of the oxide of iron, be. The active properties of metallic salts vary much, according to the degree of previous cxidizement of the metals they contain; thus, the same acid, united with an imperfect oxide, will form an insipid, insoluble compound, while, with a more perfect oxide, the compound will be acrid, and soluble in water. Many of the metallic salts effloresce, and attract oxygen from the atmosphere; others are altered in their properties by moisture, and some of them are decomposed by the action of light; hence, perhaps, it ought to be a general rule to keep all of them in well stopped bottles made of green glass, or otherwise rendered opaque. In forming those which are soluble into lotions, distilled water should be used ; and in mixtures, attention should be paid not to unite them with incompatible substances. PREPARATIONS OF SULPHUR. The combinations of sulphur with the alkalies and the earths are named sulphurets, and require to be carefully preserved from the atmosphere, as they attract moisture from it, deliquesce, and are decomposed. When they are prepared with water, the oxy gen of the water acidifies part of the sul phur, and forms sul phates; while one part of the hydrogen, uniting with a portion of the sulphur, volatilizes it in the form of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and another assists in producing hydroguretted sulphurets of the alkaline base. One test of the goodness of concrete sulphurets is their want of odor; for whenever the fetid gas is evident, de- composition has already commenced. PREPARATIONS OF IODINE, BROMINE, AND CHLORINE. All these substances combine with metals, forming iodides, bromides, and chlorides. When the compound consists of one equivalent of each of the components, the addition of prot or proto is used, as protiodide, protochloride, <$-c.; when it contains two equivalents of the base, the syllable bin or bi is added; thus, biniodide, bichloride. VEGETABLES. As the collection of vegetable substances cannot be attended to by the medical practitioner, the directions usually given relative to the mode and time of gathering plants are of less importance than a knowledge of their botanical characters, and their proper appearance when well and recently dried; for manv inert plants are often introduced by the collectors among those which possess the most active and useful properties. They are generally tied in bundles, and hung up in the air, without any regard to the action of light, which often very materially affects both the color and the efficacy of the vegetable; but it would be better to pick the flowers and leaves from the stems, when these are useless, XV and cut roots into small pieces after they are well dried; and. preserve them in closely-covered tin canisters or oil jars, lined with paper. Some things, as, for instance, the squill bulb, and the colchicum cormus, should always be dried by the apothecary. Both should be cut transversely, the lamina; of the bulb separated and dried by a heat under 2129 Fahr., after which the pieces ought to be friable, and have as bitter and as acrid a taste as the moist bulb. The cormus should be dried in transverse slices. VEGETABLE ALKALIES. Tke vegetable alkaline bodies, which have as yet been disco- vered, are about fifty in number; and nearly all plants remarkable for medicinal or poisonous properties, when subjected to a chemi- cal examination, have been found to contain an alkaline principle. Nearly all the vegetable alkalies are precipitated by tannin, or infusion of nutgalls, but not by gallic acid ; and these precipitates, which are usually white powders, are bitannates of the alkali, insoluble in cold water, and easily decomposed by an alkaline or earthy base. The following process of Mr. Henry, is one of the best for obtaining these alkalies in a separate state:—" Digest the plant to be examined, in warm water, acidulated with sulphuric acid. Draw off the clear liquid, neutralize it by potash, and add a concentrated infusion of nutgalls as long as a precipitate falls. Separate the precipitate, wash it in cold water, and mix it inti- mately with a slight excess of slackened lime. Dry the mixture over the vapor bath, till it is reduced to powder. Digest this powder in alcohol or aether. Filter, distil off the alcohol or aether. Set the residue aside for some days. The alkali will be deposited in crystals."—Jour, de Pharmacie, 21, 213. About thirty of the vegetable alkalies have been analyzed, and are found to be compounds of carbon, hydrogen, azote, and oxygen. Substances ending in in, as meconin, are not alkalies, but neutral bodies. GUM RESINS. These are natural combinations of gum and resin: the former predominating in some, the latter in others. They have generally a strong odor, owing to volatile oil, and a pungent, bitter taste ; they are solid, brittle, opaque, almost all entirely soluble in di- luted alcohol, and form emulsions when triturated with water; but by standing, the resin is deposited, and, therefore, fluid pre- parations of gum resins should always be extemporaneous. They soften by a gentle heat; but in a high temperature are decomposed. The gum resins, particularly opium, should be well freed from extraneous matters; and when it is wished to retain them in a Boft state for making pills, they must be kept in the mass, wrapped in a bladder, in a well-covered opaque jar; but when they are to be powdered, they should be cut into small pieces, and laid in an open drawer, or exposed to the air. EXPRESSED OILS. These oils are compounds of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon They are prepared by nature in the seeds and fruit of some vegeta- bles, from which they are expressed, and hence their appellation; but the title fixed oils is preferable, as it implies their character. and as some of the volatile oils also are obtained by expression. xvi Those which are expressed without heat are to be preferred, as by heat they are apt to acquire acrimony and an empyreumatic odor. The greater number of them,"when pure, are liquid in a moderate temperature, unctuous, perfectly transparent, colorless, or having a pale-yellow or greenish tinge; inodorous; lighter than water, and not miscible with if they unite with alkalies and form soap; and wiih oxide of lead and form plasters. Al- mond and olive oil should be insipid ; linseed and castor oils have some taste, but they should not feel hot nor acrid in the throat. Palm oil is a soft solid, or butter. The rancidity of oils probably depends on the absorption of oxygen, on which account they should be kept in bulk as much as possible, and in narrow-necked bottles; so that a very small surface only will be exposed to the air. DISTILLED OILS. For similar reasons to those stated above, regarding expressed oils, we prefer the title of volatile oils for these preparations. They are mostly compounds of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, and in some instances also of nitrogen ; and are produced by na- ture in various parts of the vegetable system; either in the flow- ers, the fruit, the leaves, the bark, the wood, and sometimes in all of these parts. The majority of them are obtained by distilla- tion, but some of them by expression. They possess the unctuosity, inflammability, and viscidity of the fixed oils; but they are in general colored, odoriferous, pungent, and acrid. The majority are lighter than water, but some of them are heavier, and some congeal at a moderate temperature. They are dissolved in small quantity, in distilled water, by simple agitation. Almost all of them are soluble in alcohol, and miscible with fixed oils, and with each other; hence they are often adulterated with alcohol, or with oil of cloves or of almonds, or with oil of turpentine, which is the cheapest of the volatile oils. The first is discovered by an increase of temperature and a milky appearance, when the oil is mixed with water; the second, by a greasy stain being left on paper on which the oil is dropped and exposed to a considerable heat, and by not being soluble in alcohol; and the third, by its odor, when the suspected oil is dropped on paper and heated, or sometimes even when rubbed between the fingers. The odor and taste are the usual tests of their goodness; and to preserve them, they should be kept in a cool place, in small bottles, quite full, and well corked. DISTILLED WATERS. In the distillation of volatile oils, the water, which comes over during the process, contains dissolved in it a portion of the oil, and forms this class of preparations. They should, therefore have the odor and taste, in a slight degree, of the oil; be free from empyreuina ; and if again rectified, which enables them to be kept for two or three years, they should appear nearly as transparent as pure water. They are seldom prepared by the apothecary, but gunerally in the large way, and often very care- lessly. When they appear ropy and thick, or have a fetid odor they are unfit for medicinal use. To prevent their spoiling a small portion of spirit is often added ; but the second rectification is a preferable method of preserving them. Common distilled water is seldom used by the apothecary Xfll owing to the trouble of preparing it. But this may be remedied by procuring the simple apparatus invented by Dr. Lamb, or by getting a pewter tube fitted lo the spout of a common tea-kettle, which may be kept cool, when in use, by being wrapp»d round with wet rags. Neither boiled nor filtered water will answer the purposes for which distilled water should be used. INFUSIONS. Water at 212° extracts the gum, sugar, extractive, tannic acid ■aline matters, and a portion of the volatile oil and of the resinous matter of vegetables; thence infusion, perhaps, is equivalent in the majority of cases to decoction. Cold water aiso extracts many of the active principles of plants The infusion made with boiling water, although, perhaps, less grateful, yet contains more active matter. In either case, infusions should be extemporaneous preparations, and therefore the London College properly directs half a pint only to be made at once. The substances infused Bhould be coarsely powdered only, for when the powder is fine, the infusion never can be rendered perfectly clear. MUCILAGES. These, which are simple solutions of gum in water, are of a thick consistence and adhesive. They should be strained through a coarse cloth, in order to separate the extraneous matters which have adhered to the gum. When thick, they may be kept for a considerable time without undergoing any change. In a chemical point of view, the solutions of starch and of tragacanth are Im- properly styled mucilages. DECOCTIONS. These are aqueous solutions of the active principles of vegeta bles obtained by boiling. The directions of the Pharmacopoeias, particularly as to the time of boiling, should be strictly attended to; for, although the solvent power of the water is increased by boiling, yet the notion that long coction renders the preparation more active is erroneous. Vegetables containing volatile princi pies and extractive matter cannot, with strict propriety, be sut»- jected to decoction, as the first are dissipated by the boiling, and the second attract oxygen with so much avidity at a temperature of 2li°, that it is converted into an insipid inert matter, which is no longer soluble, and is precipitated in the decoction. This is the case with cinchona, senna, and some other vegetable matters, which are still, nevertheless, ordered to be prepared by decoction. When they are so prepared, the vessels should be very closely closed. Vegetables also, which contain tannic acid and starch, should not be made into decoctions, because a tannate of fecula is formed which is insoluble in cold water, and is inert. Decoctions should not be kept longer than twenty-four hours, in warm weather, as they very soon ferment, become ropy, and spoil. EXTRACTS. These are prepared by evaporating vegetable solutions till a tenacious mass is obtained. An extract prepared from an infusion or decoction is termed a watery extract; from a tincture, a spirit- uous extract. Both kinds of extracts should contain all the prin- ciples of the vegetable soluble in the menstrua with which they are prepared • but the volatile matters are dissipated, and some AC the fixed parts are decomposed, the proper extractive is oxy- xviii genized, and the virtues of the vegetable substance consequently are often altered or destroyed. This class of preparations, as usually formed, might be altogether rejected ; but when they are made from the expressed juice of the recent vegetable, inspissated at a very low heat, they form a most valuable class of remedies. Extracts are ordered to be kept in a hard and in a soft stale- the consistence of the soft being such as to retain the round form of a pill without the addition of any powder. Both varieties should be preserved in a dry place, to prevent them from becoming mouldy ; and the soft should be wrapped in oil bladders and kept in closely covered pots.* The softer extracts should be sprinkled with a small quantity of alcohol. MIXTURES. These are chiefly simple suspensions of insoluble substances in fluids, by means of mucilages. They should always be extempo- raneous preparations ; and the only attention required in ordering them is not to bring together incompatible substances. These are pointed out in their places in the body of this work. SPIRITS. This title comprehends spirituous solutions, prepared by simple mixture, by maceration, and by distillation. They are uniform, transparent, unchanging solutions. In those which are distilled, proof or diluted spirit is employed, as pure alcohol is more volatile than the essential oils, which are the parts of the plants held dissolved in these spirits. They should be perfectly free from impurities and empyreuma, and have the odor and taste of the volatile oils of the substances from which they are distilled. TINCTURES. Tinctures are spirituous solutions of vegetable, animal, and some saline substances. They are made either with pure alcohol or with proof spirit. The first kind are precipitated by the addition of water, and therefore are more seldom employed; but the latter are very common additions to infusions and decoctions. They ought not to be united with any vehicle that can decempose the tincture, " or separate anything from it in a palpable form." Tinctures should always be prepared by the apothecary, as the adulterations of them, which are daily practised by the druggist, are not easily detected. The ingredients should be reduced to a coarse powder, and the maceration made in close vessels, exposed to a heat of 80°, and frequently shaken. When completely made, they should not be put away upon the ingredients, but filtered through bibulous paper, and kept for use in close bottles; for although they are not liable to spoil, yet, by the evaporation of the menstruum, their strength is altered, which, if they contain opium, or other active matters, may be productive of bad effects. Parinentierf proposes that one-half of the spirituous menstruum *For a great improvement in making Extracts, see London Medical Repository, vol. iv., p. 184. A patent, also, has been taken out by Mr. Barry, for preparing them by evaporation in vacuo.—See Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. viii., p. 3b0. See also several papers in the Pharmaceutical Trans., 1841, by Mr. Squires, Mr. Morson, and others. t Annales de Chimie, vol. lxii., p. 40. XIX he added to the vegetable ingredients at first, and after digeswng six days, this part be poured off, and the remainder added In j six days more the whole is^o be strongly expressed, and the two tinctures mixed together. By this method he imagines more of the active principles of the vegetables are extracted, and the tinctures obtained of a more uniform strength. The best method, however, of making tinctures, is to mix the vegetable substance in powder witn clean siliceous sand, and, having nm the mixture in an oblong funnel or percolator, to pour the spirit over it. By this method a strong tincture js procured in as many hours as , days are required by the present method of preparation. The ' Edinburgh College has adopted the percolator. DISPLACEMENT Is a species of filtration, lately introduced into pharmacy, and employed in the preparation of some of the vinegars, extracts, infusions, and tinctures. It affords many advantages, both in an economical point of view and in the character of the resulting preparations. This process.is recommended by the New U.S. Pharmacopoeia, and is usually conducted as follows:—A hollow cylindrical instrument is to be used, somewhat conical towards the inferior extremity, having a funnel-shaped termination, so as to admit of its being inserted into the mouth of a bottle, and pro- vided internally, near the lower end, with a transverse partition, or diaphragm, pierced with numerous minute holes; or, in the absence of such a partition, obstructed with some insoluble and inert substance, in such a manner that a liquid poured into the cylinder may percolate slowly. The substance to be acted upon, having been reduced to a coarse powder, and mixed with enough of the menstruum to moisten it thoroughly, is, after a maceration of some hours, to be introduced into the instrument, and slightly compressed upon the diaphragm. Any portion of the macerating liquid which may not have been absorbed by the powder, is afterwards to be poured upon the mass in the instrument, and allowed to percolate. Sufficient of the menstruum is then to be gradually added to drive before it, ordisplace theliquid contained in the mass: the portion introduced is in like manner to be dis- placed by another portion ; and so on till the required quantity of filtered liquor is obtained. If the liquor which first passes should be turbid, it is to be again introduced into the instrument. Care must be taken that the powder be not, on the one hand, too coarse, or loosely pressed, lest it should allow the liquid to pass too quickly ; nor, on the other, too fine or compact, lest it should offer an unnecessary resistance. Should the liquor flow too rapidly, it is to be returned to the instrument, which is then to be closed beneath for a time, in order that the finer parts of the powder may subside, and thus cause a slower percolation.— U. S. Phar., ed. 1842. TROCHES OR LOZENGES. These are small, dry, solid masses, generally of a flattened oval shape, consisting of powders incorporated with sugar and muci- lage. They are designed for holding in the mouth while being dissolved, and, of course, should not contain those medicines which require to be given in large quantity, or which are dis- agreeable to the taste. Gum tragucanth being preferable to any of the other gums, a mucilage is first to be prepared with this XX wifc cold water, and then strained. With this, the powders, including sugar, are thoroughly mixed, by rubbing upon a marble slab, and are thus formed into a paste, which is spread out by means of a roller, upon the surface of the marble, previously powdered over by a mixture of sugar and starch. The thickness of the extended mass is rendered uniform by a frame upon which the ends of the roller are placed. The upper surface is now covered with a thin layer of sugar and starch, and the mass ii divided into small cakes of a particular shape, by means of a punch. These cakes are placed upon paper, and having been exposed to the air for twelve hours, are carried into a drying room moderately heated. When perfectly dry, they are thrown upon a sieve to separate the sugar and starch, and are then en- closed in bottles. The following formula may serve as a guide. (R Citric Acid in powder 3 j., Refined Sugar ? viij., Oil of Lemons Iflxij., Mac O Tragacanth q. s. Form into lozenges of twelve Others are compounds produced from a new arrangement of the elements of alcohol, by the agency of the acids, at a heat of 160°. They are extremely light and volatile; have a peculiar Btrong odor and taste ; and, when pure, boil at a temperature un- der 100°. They require to be kept in very closely-stopped bottles, and in a cool place. In composition, aslhers should not be added to mixtures until they are put into the phials, and ready to be corked ; and directions should be given that any a;thereal mixture be taken immediately after it is poured from the phial WINES. Wine is a tolerably good menstruum for many vegetable prin- ciples; but it is liable to the objection of inequality of strength; and medicated wines are more liable to suffer decomposition from keeping than tinctures. Parmentier* proposes that, instead of preparing medicated wines as they have been usually prepared, the alcoholic tinctures should be added to wine in given quanti- ties; by which means, he contends, the preparations are less nauseous, and always of the same determinate strength. They should be kept in well-corked bottles, in a cool place. VINEGARS. Vinegar, or diluted acetic acid, is found to be the best solvent for squill, colchicum, and some aromatic vegetable bodies; but its use cannot be extended, for it alters the powers of some vege- table principles, and does not accord with others in virtue. Vinegars should be preserved in closely-stopped glass bottles, and made in small quantities only at a time, as they are apt to spoil, notwithstanding an addition of spirit which is ordered. PREPARATIONS OF HONEY. Honey was formerly considered as a medicine of some efficacy, particularly in pectoral affections; but more correct views of these diseases have deservedly thrown it into neglect. It acts on the bowels, but in other respects possesses no advantages over syrup; theiefore its preparations have been rejected from the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, although they are still continued in those of the London and Dublin Colleges, and the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. * Annales de Chimit, vol. lii., p. 46. xxi They are not apt to spoil, and thence require less attention to preserve them than syrups. SYRUPS. These are saturated solutions of sugar in water, either simple or united with some vegetable principle, with the view to color, flavor, or medical virtue; but for the last intention this is perhaps the worst of all forms for obt lining the medicinal powers of sub- stances; and syrups are used chiefly to render the more active preparations palatable. Upon the whole, however, they do not even answer this intention well, few persons thinking that sweet- ness renders a nauseous drug more palatable; and they might, therefore, be easily dispensed with. As they quickly ferment, and spoil, if kept in a temperature above 60°, a small quantity only should be retained in the shop for immediate use; and the stock kept in a good cellar, in a tem- Serature not exceeding 55°. They should never be used after ley have begun to ferment; they should have a spec. grav. 1.261 When boiling, and 1.319 at ordinary temperatures. CONFECTIONS. Under this title the London College comprehends the conserves «nd electuaries of the Edinburgh and Dublin Pharmacopoeias. 1'hey consist of vegetable matters, beaten, when recent, into a uniform pulpy mass, with sugar; and of vegetable and light earthy powders mixed with syrup and honey. They form a class of preparations of no great activity, when compared with the other forms in which the same remedies may be given; but some vegetable matters can be thus preserved better than by drying; aud they are useful as vehicles, and for giving form to more ac- tive medicines. They should be kept in closely-covered jars, to preserve their proper consistence and moisture. POWDERS. This class is'the simplest, and perhaps may be fllought the least objectionable form of exhibiting medicines; but, neverthe- less, this mode of preparation is hurtful to many remedies. Some substances cannot be reduced to powder, unless very much dried, aud the heat necessary to effect this alters their properties; even the imp'ilpt.'ble form given to powders is hurtful to some resinous substances; and if we reflect that many of these, when kept in the mass, have their surface altered by the action of the atmo- sphere, we shall not wonder that a great alteration should be effected in a short time, by so great an extension of surface as takes place in the formation of a fine powder: this is particularly the case with cinchona, rhubarb, and guaiacum. It would, per- haps, be a good general rule to keep all powders in opaque or green-glass bottles; for, besides those which are generally known to be hurt by the action of the light, almost every powder is in some degree affected by it: thence the labelled sides of clear bottles, containing powders, which are always turned to the light, become, as it were, incrusted with the powder changed in its color, while the other side remains clean. PILLS. These are masses of a proper consistence for forming into pills, and are preserved in this state, by being kept in covered pots, wrapped in bladders, and occasionally moistened. A pill shogjd not exceed gr. v. in weight. zxu PREPARATIONS OF ANIMAL MATTERS. The substances of this class are seldom prepared by tho apo- thecary, and require little of his attention for their preservation. PLASTERS. A chemical union takes place between the semi-vitreous oxide of lead and oil: and a solid, hard compound is formed, tenacious in a moderate degree of heat. Tiiis forms the base of the ma- jority of the plasters; but some of them owe their consistence to wax and resin.* They should not adhere to the hand when cold, should be easily spread when heated, and remain tenacious and pliant after they are spread. Those that contain metallic oxides ought to be melted by the heat of boiling water, for in a greater degree of heat the fatty matter is apt to reduce the oxide. All plasters become too consistent by age j when this is the case, they may be re-melted by a gentle heat, and some oil added to them. They are spread either on linen, silk, or leather. CERATES, OINTMENTS, LINIMENTS. These are preparations nearly resembling each other, but of a different degree of consistence. The first owe their greater firm ness to wax, from which they are named, and exceed in consist ence the ointments, which should have that of butter, while the liniments are scarcely thicker than common oil. The most im- portant circumstance in th*se preparations is, the freshness of the fat and oils employed, and their preservation in this state. The mercurial ointment, however, forms an exception to this rule, as a slight degree of rancidity of the lard facilitates the oxidizement of the mercury, and the formation of the ointment; and old mer- curial ointment is always more to be depended upon than that which has been recently prepared. CATAPLASMS. These aratextemporaneous preparations, and have a place iH the Pharmacopoeias merely to fix the proportions of the ingre- dients. N. B.—When the spec. grav. of a substance is mentioned, its temperature is supposed to be at 60°. By gentle heat is meant a temperature between 90° and 100°. * Deyeux, Annales de Chimie, vol. xxxiii., page 52, proposes to confine the name plasters to the combinations of the oxides, and oils or fat; and to give to those not containing oxides the term solid ointments. TABLE OF NAMES, SYMBOLS, AND EQUIVALENTS OF THE ELEMENTS (26) WHICH ENTER INTO THE COMPOSITION OF THE ARTICLES OF THE MATERIA MEDICA. Group I. Group IV. Sym. Eq. Sym. Eq. Oxyeen, O 8 Silver, Aq. 108.30 Sulphur, S 16.12 Sodium, Na. 23.31 Potassium, K. 39.26 Group II. Ammonium,* N.Hi 1 Chlorine, CI. 35.47 Bromine, Br. 78.39 Group V. Iodine, I. 126.57 Hydrogen, H. 1 Cyanogen,* Cy.- -C2 N Copper, Cu. 31.71 Zinc, Zn. 32.31 Group III. Magnesium, Mg. 12.69 Nitrogen, N. 14.19 Iron, Fe. 27.18 Phosphorus, P. 31.44 Manganese, Mn. 27.72 Arsenic, As. 75.34 Bismuth, Bi. 71.07 Antimony, Sb. 129.24 Calcium, Cal. 20.52 Sub group. Group VI. Aluminum, AI. 13.72 Lead, Pb. 103.73 Barium, Ba. 68.66 Elements not Grouped. Carbon, C. 6.13 Boron, B. 10.91 Mercury, Hg. 101.43 TABLE OF SYMBOLS OF THE PRINCD?AL TESTS FOR POISONS. Water, Aq. Soda, So. Distilled Water, Aq. Dest. Chloride of Ba- Sulphuric Acid, S' or Sul'. rium, CI. Ba, Carbonic " C or Carb'. Nitrate of Silver, Nitr. Arg. Phosphoric " P'orPhosp'. Sulphuretted Hy- Oxalic " O' or Ox'. drogen, Sulph.Hydr. Acetic " A' or Acet'. Ammonia, Am. Nitric " N' or Nitr'. Cyanogen, Cyan. Muriatic " M'orMur'. Hydrocyanic Acid, Hydrocy'. Tartaric " T' or Tart'. Ferrocyanide of Citric " C'it'. Potassium, Ferrocy.Pot, Potassa, P. or Pot. *i * Introduced, because, in combination, they play the part of elements. xxiv The above symbols not only indicate their respective ele- mentary substances, but when alone always stand for 1 eq. of that element. To indicate more than 1 eq., numerals are added to the symbols, as 2C, 3C, or 02, 03, Ol, &c. As these ele- ments combine together and form compounds, always constant in nature, the composition of these is indicated by the juxtapo- sition of symbols, or by placing the + sign between them, as HO, or H-j-O, indicating leq. of hydrogen, combined with 1 eq. of oxygen, as in water. Numerals are added if more than 1 eq. be present, as CiO, or COS, indicating that 1 eq. of carbon, is combined with 2 of oxygen, as in carbonic acid. Each com- pound has its own eq. number, which is made up of the sum of those of its components. Thus HO=l-4-8=9, or the sum of the eq. numbers of hydrogen and oxygen. So C02=22, because I eq. of carbon, 6, is added to 2 eq. of oxygen, 8X2=1G. Here it may be seen that the eq. number of oxygen is the same in both cases, as it is indeed in all others, showing that these elements always combine together in the same relative propor tions. This is the case also with the compounds, of which the eq. number is always the same, and they are subject to the same law of definite proportions as the elements. Their composition is expressed in the same way. Thus, H0+S03, or HO, SOS, means, in either case, 1 eq. of water combined with 1 eq. of sul- phuric acid (a compound formed of 3 eq. of oxygen with 1 of BUlphur) having as its eq. no. 9-4-(8X3-f-16)=49. When a large figure is printed before a symbol, it multiplies every symbol to the next comma, or to the next + sign, or all placed within parentheses. When the equivalent properties of a compound are unknown, or when it is wished to state the percentage of the components of a known body, the following method is adopted, thus:— Wax is stated to be composed of—magnesia (carb.). Carbon, 81.874 Magnesia, 41.6 Hydrogen, 12.672 Carbonic Acid, 36.0 Oxygen 5.454 Water, 22.4 100 100 Besides combining in equivalent weights, substances have, when in a gaseous state, a certain relation to each other, and combine in certain proportions, that is, one measure, or volume, with one or more volumes of another gas. The uniting measure of the compound gas is either equal to the sums of the volumes of its components, or, in consequence of chemical union, it is condensed into a smaller compass, which, however, bears to the former a certain ratio. By taking advantage of the tendency of bodies to combine, and of the power of others to decompose them, are obtained the different chemical preparations of pharmacy. METHOD OF ORGANIC ANALYSIS. Mix the substance to be analyzed with black oxide of copper, and heat in a tube; absorb the water which is formed, by dry chlo- ride of calcium, and the carbonic acid by means of a solution of potassa, and collect nitrogen gas, if any, over mercury. We XXV Can then, by subtracting the weight of the carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, from the weight of the substance, determine the amount of oxygen. The amount of nitrogen can otherwise be determined, by adding a strong base, as potassa, to the substance to be analyzed, and collecting the ammonia evolved. The ex- planation of these modes of analysis, is this : organic bodies, in presence of oxide of copper (a compound readily parting with its oxygen at a red heat, are resolved into carbonic acid, water, and nitrogen; any oxygen required to convert the carbon into carbonic acid, and the hydrogen into water, being derived from the oxide of copper. Again, organic substances containing nitrogen, when heated with a caustic alkali, evolve the nitro- gen they contain in the form of ammonia, which can be col- lected by means of chloride of platinum, which forms an in- soluble double salt with it—(Pt. Cl.-f N H4 CI.) Two or more organic bodies may possess in 100 parts the same amount of their component elements, and yet be distinct compounds. They are thus termed isomeric, as the oil of turpentine and oil of lemons, each containing in 100 parts, 84.46 of carbon, and 11.54 of hydrogen. ORGANIC VEGETABLE PRINCIPLES. 1. Compounds which contain "I oxygen and hydrogen in the Starch, dextrine, cane su- sarae proportion as in water; J-gar, grape sugar, gum, cellu- sometimes called neutral com- j lose. pounds, or hydrates of carbon, j "j Fibrine insoluble, and ca- >, xt ...._i __„«:—a ...k.>„_ seine soluble in cold water, al- 2. Neutral azot zed subs an- I b coagulated by heat.glu- ees generally diffused through ^ a glu°linous ayn(1 elaBstie P compound of fibrine and an J azotized principle. (Ligneous tissue, fixed oils, stearine, margarine, elaine, vol- atile oils, camphor, balsams, oleo-resins, resins, wax, gum- resins. 4. Vegetable alkalies, com-1 Morphia, narcotina, codeia, posed of carbon, oxygen, hy-Squina, cinchonia, strychnia, drogen, nitrogen. 1 aconitina, veratria, &c. ") Citric, tartaric, pectic, malic, 5. Vegetable acids—oxygen [ acetic, tannic, gallic, oxalic. In excess, or in greater propor- J-meconic, &c. (Hydrocyanicacia tion than in water. I is a compound of hydrogen and J the radical cyanogen.) Vegetable principles may be divided into two classes, 1. Those common to all veg- j Fribrin, albumen, casein, etable bodies. i &c. Vegetable alkaloids. orders or genera of plants. It 2. Those peculiar to certain I 2. Vegetable neutral princi (pies. J 3. Vegetable acids. XXVI Of those principles which are common to all vegetable bodies, some contain nitrogen. These are fibrin, albumen, and legumiir, or casein, which are identical with the substances bearing the same names, and derived from animal bodies. Others contain no nitrogen. Some of these have the peculiarity of having their oxygen and hydrogen in the proportions to form water, and are called amylaceous; in „thers the hydrogen is in much greater proportion to the oxygen than in water, as in the fatty bodies. This class (containing i.j nitrogen) embraces lignin, starch, sugars (cane, and grape, mannite), gum, (mucilage, bas- Borine,) pectin, or pectic acid, extractive matter:;, fatty bodies, (oleine, glycerine, stearine, margarine, wax, spermaceti, &c.) The principles peculiar to certain orders or genera of plants, may be ranged under three classes—viz., 1st. Those which pos- sess alkaline or basic properties, called alkaloids. 2nd. Those neutral in their properties. 3rd. Those which possess the proper- ties of acids. The most important vegetable alkaloids are mor- phia, quinia, cinchonia, strychnia, brucia, solania, hyoscyamia, atropia, conia, nicotina, daturia, aconitina, delphinia, veratria, colchicia, &c. The alkaloids are the most active class of vegetable princi- ples. They all contain nitrogen, and hence, when heated, give off ammonia, (N. H2,) from their nitrogen uniting with a portion of the hydrogen. When in solution, they restore the color of reddened litmus, and possess an intensely bitter taste. Like ammonia, also, they form insoluble double salts with the chlo- ride of platinum. Most of the alkaloids are solid and fixed; some, however, as those from hemlock and tobacco, are liquid and volatile. Most, when pure, are crystallizable. They are usu- ally soluble in alcohol and ether, but very sparingly so in water. Their salts, however, are more soluble in that medium, except those with tannic acid; and hence solutions of the alkaloids are participated by infusions of nutgalls, or other substances containing tannic acid. In the plant, they exist in the form of salts, united to the order which contains them. All the alka- loids possess, in a greater or less degree, medicinal or poisonous qualities, which have a close connection with the botanical structure of the plants from which they are derived. Thus atropia, from the deadly nightshade, and hyoscyamia, from the henbane, both belonging to the order Solanacea;, act very simi- larly on the animal economy, the difference being rather in de- gree than in character. The same relation exists between quina and cinchonia, from the different species of cinchona bark; while between quina and atropia, from different orders, there is a marked difference. The following is the chemical compo- sition of some of the alkaloids : Morphia C35 H20 C-6 N Solania C84 H68 028 N Codeia C35 H20 OS N Atropia C34 H23 06 N Cinchonia C20 H12 0 N Nicotina CIO H8 — N Quina C20 H12 02 N Conia C'2 HH 0 N Strychnia C44 H23 04 N2 Delphinia C27 H19 02 N Brucia C44 1125 07 N2 Veratria C68 H« 02 N3 The mode of extracting the various alkaloids depends in great measure upon their properties. Those that are volatile, are obtained by digesting the plant with a solution of potash. XXV11 and heating; by which means the alkaloid is liberated from the acid with which it was combined, and distils over. When not volatile, the alkaloid is to be ex. H20 N3 06 Piperine C34 H19 N 06 Theine C8 H5 N2 O2 Theobromine C9 H5 N3 O2 Caffeine C8 H5 N2 O2 Asparagine C8 H7 N2 OS+2HO Amygdaline CM H29 N O The class of neutral vegetable principles embraces also, among many others, the following : Salacine C42 H29 O22 Oil of lemon* CIO H8 Populine Oil of bergamot6CS H4+2HO Columbine Oil of lavender 3CS H4+2HO Quassine Oil of peppermint 5C* H4+ Smilacine 2H0 Elaterine Oil of rosemary 9C5 H4+2H0 Oil of mint 7C H4+0 Oilofcajeput 2C5 H4-4-2H0 Oil of origanum IOCS H4+0 Camphor . 4C5 H4 +20 Oil of turpentine C20 H>6 Those essential oils which contain nitrogen and sulphur can- not be referred to this type ; as the oils of mustard, C8 H5 N,S2, horseradish, garlic, onions, assafcetida, &c. The volatile oils are usually limpid at ordinary temperatures, and have a strong odor, more or less agreeable. They are gener- ally lighter than water, and consist of two portions—a solid called stearoptine, or a liquid called elaoptene. They are distinguished from the fixed oils by the stain they leave on paper, disappear- * The oils of juniper, la vine, cubebs, pepper, copaiba, &c, have a similar composition, their atoms being some multiple of C*H4. XXVU1 ing entirely on the application of heat. They are very slightly soluble in water, but are soluble in alcohol and ether. By ex- posure, the volatile oils absorb oxygen, and are converted into resins, and hence plants containing volatile oil generally yield resin also. They are obtained by distillation or expression.— (See page xvi.) t VEGETABLE ACIDS. Among the principles peculiar to certain orders or genera of plants, are the vegetable acids. These possess the usual proper- ties of acids, having a sour taste, reddening vegetable blues, and forming salts with bases; but we meet among them, very com- monly, acids possessing the power of uniting with more than one atom of base, and hence called poly basic, a property very rare in the inorganic kingdom. In this respect, they closely re- semble phosphoric acid, which seems a connecting link between the inorganic and organic acids. By heat they are frequently decomposed into more simple acids. Some of them are met with in many plants, as the tannic, citric, and malic acids; others are confined to particular plants, as the meconic, kinic, and aconitic The mode of their preparation, as in the case of alkaloids and neutral principles, depends partly on their properties. Thus, if volatile, they are obtained merely by the application of heat; as in the case of benzoic acid from, gum benzoin, cinnamic acid, from balsam of Tolu and Peru, &c, and valerianic acid, from the Valeriana officinalis. If these acids form insoluble salts with any base, they are procured by causing a precipitate, by the ad- dition of such base, washing it, and setting the acids free by the addition of a stronger one. The bases most frequently em- ployed in this process are lime, lead, and baryta, and insoluble precipitates with the vegetable acids are often formed in the preparation of the alkaloids and other principles. This mode of preparation is employed for citric, meconic, kinic acids, &c. The vegetable acids for the most part contain no nitrogen in their composition, arid produce little or no effect 6n the ner- vous system. Hydrocyanic acid is a product of the decompo- sition of an azotized principle, and does not exist as such in the vegetable kingdom. Table of Organic Vegetable Acids, showing the composition of such as are medicinal; arranged according to their power of combining with one, two, or three atoms of base.- Tri-basic Acids. Citric Acid (lemons, currants, &c.) 3HO, Cl2 H5 OH Meconic Acid (Papaveraceae) 3HO, C'4 HOH+6HO Tannic Acid 3HO, C18 HS 09 Bi-basic Acids. Tartaric Acid (Grapes, ice.) Gallic Acid (Nut galls, &c.) Kinic Acid (Cinchonacete) Malic Acid (Pomace se, &c.) 2HO, C8 H4 Olo 2HO, C7 H3 O5+H0 2HO, C7 H4 04 2HO, C8 H4 03 xxix tono-basic Acids. Acetic Acid HO. C4 H3 OJ Aconitic Acid (Aconitis) HO, C< H2 03 Benzoic Acid (Gum Benzoin) HO, C>4 RS 03 Cinnamic Acid (Bals. Tolu, Peru, fcc.) HO, C'8 H7 Q3 Copaivic Acid (Copaiba) Fumaric Acid (Iceland Moss) Oxalic Acid (Polygonacete) Pectic Acid (many vegetable juices) Pinic Acid i /r>„„:.,„\ SylvicAcid^Resms> Valerianic Acid (Valerianaceas) Viratric Acid (Cevadilla Seeds) C40 H30 04 HO, C4 H03 HO, C2—O3+2H0 HO, C12 HH OH C40 H30 04 HO, ClO H9 03 HO, C18 H9 07 Table of the Natural Orders containing Non-Medicinal Plants in the Northern and Middle States. No. of No. of Species. Species. 1. Menispermaceas, 1 28. Amaranthaces, 4 2. Nelumbiaceai, 1 29. Santalaceae, 2 3. Saraceniaceae, 'J 30. Eleagnacea, 1 4. Capparidaceae, 31. Laururaceae, 1 5. Cisjftcese, 6 32. Cerotophyllaceae, 1 6. Droieracere, 4 33. Callitrichaceae, 1 7. Elafynaceae, I 34. Podostomaceae, 1 8. Illecibracese, 4 35. Empetraceae, 2 9. Portulaccaceae, 3 36. Balsamifluae, 2 10. Tiliaceae, 1 37. Platanacese, 1 11. Limnanthaceae, 1 38. Linacete, 2 12. Ace race oe, 5 39. Typhaceae, 4 13. Melastomaceas, 1 40. Naiadaceoe, 13 14. Cactaceae, 1 41. Hydrochardaceaj, 3 15. Gro-sulaceae, 5 42. Orchidaceae, 38 16. Cucurbitaceae, 2 43. Hypoxidaceae, r 17. Crassulaceae, 4 44. Dioscoreaceae, l 18. Dipsaceaj, 1 45. Pontederiaceae, 3 19. Campanulacese, 4 46. Juncaceae, 18 20. Prim ulacea;, 11 47. Corumelynaceas, 2 21. Lentibulaceae, 2 48. Xyriducese, 1 22. Acanthaccs, 1 49. Eriocaulonaceao, 1 23. Pedaliaceae, 1 50. Cyperaceae, 159 24. Hydrophyllacea?, 3 51. Gramineas, 124 25. PolemoniaceaB, 3 —— 26. Diapensiaceas, 1 Total, 462 27. Con volvul aces, 7 Natural Orders containing Medicinal Plants in the Northern and Middle States. 6. Papavaraceae, 2 1. Ranunculaceae, S. Magnoliaceas, 3. Anonaciae, 4. Berberidacse, 5. Nympheaceie, 7. Fumariaceae, 8. Cruciferae, 9. Violaceie, 10. Hypericaceaes, 11. CarynphvIIacese, 12. Malvaceae, 13. Linaceae, 14. Gcraniaccae, 15. Oxalidaceae, 16. Balsaminacea;, 17. Anacardiaceae, 18. Xanthoxylaceae, 19. Hippocastinaceae, 20. Ce las trace as, 21. Rhainnaceae, 22. Vitacea3, 23. Polygalaceae, 24. Leguminosae, 25. Rosaceae 26. Lythraceae, 27. Onagraceae. 28. Saxifragaceae, 29. Hamamelidacea3, 30. UmbelI i ferae, 31. Araliaceae, 32. Cabombaceae, 33. Caprifoliaceae, 34. Compositae, 35. Rubiaceae, 36. Valerianaceae, 37. Lobeliaceae, 38. Ericaceae, 39. Aquifoliaceae, 40. EbenaceiB, 41. Plantaginacese, 42. Plumbaginaceae, 43. Orobanchaceae, *44. Bignoniaceae, No. of Species. 25 8 2 5 3 1 6 2 1 4 4 5 7 59 51 5 24 8 1 30 5 1 24 160 13 2 7 42 6 1 6 1 3 1 45. Pcrophulariaceae, 46. Verbenaceae, 47. Labi a tie, 48. Boraginaceae, 49. Solanaceas, 50. Gentianaceae, 51. Apocynaceae, 52. Asclepiadaceae, 53. Oleaceae, 54. Aristolochiaceae, 55. Chenopodiaceae, 56. Polygonaceae, 57. Phytolaccaceae, 58. Lauraceae, 59. Thymelaceae, 60. Ulmaceas, 61. Euphorbiaceae, 62. .luglandiaceae, 63. Cupuliferae, 64. Myricaceae, 65. Betulaceae, 66. Salicaceae, 67. Urticaceae, 68. Coniferae, 69. Araeeae, 70. Alisniaceae, 71. Iridaceae, 72. Smilaceae, 73. Liliaceae, 74. Melanthaceae, 75. Filices, Total, 1020 Principal Genera of Medicinal Plants in the Northern and Middle States. Achillea, Aconitum, Acorus, Actaea, Adiatum, iEscalus, Agrimonia, Aletris, Allium, Alisma, Alnus, Altherea, Ambrina, Amphicarpea, Andromeda, Anemone, Anethum, Anthemis, Apios, Apocynum, Aquilegia, Arabis, Aralia, Archangelica, Arctostaphylos, Arnica, Aristolochia Arisaerna, Artemisia, Asarum, Asclepias, Aspidium, Aster, Baptisia, Barbarea, Benzoin, Betula, Berheris, Brasenia, Cacalia, Calla, Caltha, Canila, Cannabis, Cardamine, XXXI Carduus, Carum, Castanea, Cassia, Catalpa, Ceanothus, Celastrus, Celtis, Centaurea, Cephalanthus, Cercis, Cerasus, Chelidonum, Cheldhe, Chimaphilla, Cicuta, Cichorium, Cimicifuga, Clematis, Clethra, Cnicus, Collinsia, Complonia, Convolvulus, Conium, Coptis, Cornus, Coriandrum, Corylus, Crataegus, Cuminum, Cypressus, Cypripedium, Cynoglossum, Datura, Daucus, Delphinum, Dentaria, Diospyros, Dirca, Epiphegus, Epigsea, Erechtites, Erigeron, Erythraea, Erythronium, Euonymus, Eupatorium,, Euphorbia, Fagus, Flammula, Foeniculum, Fragaria, Frasera, Fumaria, Galium, Gantiera, Gaylussacia, Gentiana, Genista, Geranium, Geum, Gillenia, Gnaphalium, Gratiola. Gymnocladus, Hamamelis, Hedeoma, Helonius, Helianthu3, Helenium, Helleborus, Hepatica, Heracleum, Heuchera, Hibiscus, Hieracium, Humulus, Hydrastis, Hyoscyamus, Hypericum, Ilex, Impatiens, Inula, Iris. Jeffersonia, Juglans, Juniperus, Kalmia, Lappa, Ledum, Leonurus, Leontice, Liatris, Ligustrum, Lilium, Linum, Linaria, Liriodendron, Lithospermum, Lobelia, Lycopus, Lythrum, Magnolia, Malva, Maruta, Marrubium, Melilotus, Melissa, Menispermum, Mentha, Menyanthes, Mitchella, Munarda, Morus, Myrica, Nabalus, Nasturtium, Nelumbium, Nepeta, Nicotiana, Nuphar, Nymphea, (Enothera, Opunta, Orobanche, Origanum, Osmorhiza, Oxalis, Paederota, Panax Papaver, Pastinaca, Phaseolus, Phytolacca, Pihus, Plantago, Pluchea, Podophyllum, Polygonum, Polygonatum, Polypodiura, Polygala, Populus, Potentilla, Prinos, Prunus, Ptelea, Pulmonaria, Pycnanthemum) Pyrus, Clue reus, Raphanus, Ranunculus, Rhamnus, Rhododendron, Rhus, Ribes, Robinia, Rosa, Rubus, Rudbeckia, Rumex, Sabbatia, Sagittaria, Salix, Sambucus, Sanicula, xxxii Sanguinaria, Sanguisorba, Saponaris, Sassafras, Scrophularia Scutellaria, Senecio, Silene. Sinapis, Smilacina, Smilax, Solanum, Solidago, Spiraea, Statice, Stellaria, Symplocarpus, Symphytum, Sysimbriuro, Tanacetum, Taraxacum, Taxus, Thalictrura, Thuya, Trillium, Trifolium, Trios teum, Trollius, Turritus, Tussilago, Ulmus, Urtica, Uvaria, Vaccinium, Valeriana, Veratrum, Verbena, Verbascum, Veronica, Viburnum, Vicia, Viola, Vitis, Xanthoxylum, Zanthoriza, Zephrosia, Number of Stamens. Number Number and relative length. LINNjEAN, OR ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. f 1. Monandria; one stamen to each flower. 2. Diandria; two stamens. 3. Triandria; three stamens. 4. Tetrandria; four stamens. 5. Pentandria; five stamens. i 6. Hexandria; six stamens. 7. Heptandria; seven stamens. 8. Octandria ; eight stamens. 9. Enneandna; nine stamens. 10. Decandria; ten stamens. 11. Dodecandria; twelve to nineteen stamens. 12. Icosandria; more than ten stamens inserted on the calyx (usually twenty). and Position. 1 13. Polyandria; more than ten stamens ; usually more than twenty ; variable. : 14. Didynamia; four stamens, two longest; flow ers labiate. 15. Tetradynamia; six stamens, four long and two short; flowers cruciform. = 16. Monodelphia; filaments united into a single set. tube, or column. Connection 17. Diadelphia; filaments united in two sets, of Stamens J flowers papilionaceous. by Filaments ] 18. Polyadelphia; filaments united in more than or Anthers Position of Stamens as respects the Pistils. three sets. 19. Syngenesia; anthers united into a ring or tube ; flowers compound. ' 20. Gynandria; stamens on the pistil or style. 21. Monmcia; stamens and pistils in separate flowers, but on the same plant. 22. Diacia; stamens and pistils in separate flow- ers, but on the same plant. 23. Polygamia; stamens and pistils in the same or separate flowers, on the same or on dif- ferent plants. 24. Cryptogamia; stamens invisible, or wanting. Number of Styles or Stigmas. The 11th, I8th, and 23rd classes have generally been omitted since the time of Linnaeus, and their genera distributed among the other classes. The orders in the first 13 of these classes, are founded on the number of styles, or where these are wanting, of the stigmas and are as follows : 1. Monogynia; one style to each flower. 2. Digynia; two styles. 3. Trigynia; three styles. 4. Tetragynia ; four styles. 5. Pentagynia; five styles. 6 Hexagynia ; six styles. 7. Hcptagynia ; seven styles. 8- Octogynia; eight styles. 9. Enneagynia ; nine styles. 10. Decagynia; ten styles. 11. Dodecagynia; eleven or twelve styles. . 12. Polygynia; more than twelve styles. Seeds naked ( 14. Gymnospermia ; having naked seeds. or covered. { Angiospermia; having the seeds covered. Form of \ 15. Siliculosa; fruit a silicle, or short pod. Fruit. \ Siliquosa; fruit a silique, or long pod. The orders of the 16th to the 18th, and 20th to 22nd classes, are founded on the number of stamens, and bear the names of the first 13 classes, as Monandria, &c. f 19. Polygamia aqualis; flowers in heads, and all perfect. Polygamia Superflua; rays or marginal flow- ers, pistillate only. Polygamia frustrania ; marginal flowers neu- tral, the others perfect. 19 Polygamia ncccisaria; marginal flowers pis- tillate and fertile; disk flowers staminate and sterile. { Polygamia Segregata; each flower with its proper involucre. Monogamia; flowers solitary, but with united anthers. The orders of the 23rd class are founded on the characters of the two preceding classes. Monxcia; unisexual and perfect flowers on the same plant. Diacia; the different flowers on different in- dividuals. Triascia; perfect flowers on one plant, sta- minate on a second, spistillate on a third plant. The orders of the 24th class are natural, and therefore not to be defined by an artificial character. They are— FUices, or ferns. Musci, or mosses. Character of Flowers. Character of Flowers. xxxiv Alga, or lichens, sea-weeds, &c. Fungi, mushrooms, &c. To discover the name of a plant by the above (Linnaean) system, First examine to see to what class it belongs; next, discover the order ; if the order is subdivided into sections, compare the plant with the characters of these subdivisions, to find to which it corresponds ) then examine it in reference to the characters of the genera composing this subdivision, to find the genus; finally, by comparing it with a descriotion of the species of that genus it will be identified. The Natural System of Classification. It is the aim of the natural system to group together those plants which have the greatest general resemblance to each other, not only in aspect and structure, but also in properties. An acquaintance with the characters of the families of the natural system enables us to determine to which of them any new plant belongs, what are its affinities with others, and, to a very great extent, what are its poisonous or useful properties. We are thus enabled, not only to ascertain the name of any particular plant, but also to obtain a tolerably correct idea of the structure, habits, and often the sensible properties of the group to which it belongs : hence its value to medical men. The Vegetable Kingdom is embraced under two great natural divisions, viz.: I. Phjenogamia, or Flowering Plants. 2. Cryptogamia, or Flowerless Plants. The Phanogamia are called vasculares, because they abound with ligneous and vascular tissue. The Cryptogamia are called celhtlares, because they abound with cellular tissue. The Phaanogamia are also called cotyledonous, because they are distinguished for producing seeds composed of determinate parts, as cotyledons, and embryo; the cryptogamia are called acotyledonous, because they produce certain minute bodies, called spores, having no such distinction of parts. We also find in the Phaenogamia, a system of compoind organs, such as root, stem, leaf, and flower, successively developed on a deter- minate plan; while in the Cryptogamia, a gradual departure from this plan commences, and they become simple expansions of cellular tissue, without symmetry or proportion. The Phaeno- gamia are very naturally resolved into two subdivisions, Exogens and Endogens ; the Exogens growing by external accretions, having leaves which have reticulated veins, and which fall off by An articulation ; and seeds, with two or more cotyledons or acotyledons. The Endogens growing by internal accretions ; leaves parallel-veined, and decaying without falling off; the seeds with one cotyledon, or monocotyledonous. The Crypto- gamia. or flowerless plants, are divided into two classes :— 1. Acrogens; having a stem, and usually furnished with leaves ; their stems increase from the apex only, and scarcely at all in diameter. 2. Thallogens ; which have no such division of parts, being Bterr.less, leafless, and flowerless. XXXV Cryptogamia, The Phttnogamia are thus divided into four classes, viz.: 1. Exogens, or Dicotyledons; structure of stein exogenous, seeds in a pericarp, em- bryo with two cotyledons, leaves reticu- lated. 2. GYMNOGENs.orGvMNosPERMS ; seeds naked, embryo with two or more cotyledons. Ph-Enogamia, \ 3. Endogens, or Monocotyledons ; structure of stem endogenous, seeds in a pericarp, embryo with one cotyledon, leaves par- allel-veined. 4. SroRAGENs.orRuiZANTHs; structure mainly cellular, pericarp containing spores instead of seeds, embryo none.* Acrogens : having a regular stem growing from the apex and clothed with leaves. Thallogens ; steuiless, rootless, and leaf- ( less. The natural relations of the six classes with the higher divis- ions, may be represented thus : Class. [ [ Exogens, \ I Angiosperms. Ph*:nogamia i " ' j 2. Gymnosfkrms. Vegetable! ^h^nogamia, < < 3. Aglumaceous. Kingdom, ) [Endogens, j 4 glumaceous. r-„..,™„„ .„». i 5. Acrogens. [Cryptogamia, j 6. Thallogknb. Sub-classes. In forming sub-classes, most writers have employed artificial methods, for the want of any clear, compre- hensive natural one. Thus Jussieu arranges the Exogens (Angiosperms) in three divisions, founded on the presence, union, or absence, of the petals, as follows : Polypetalje ; calyx and corolla both present, both having distinct petals. Monopetal.b ; petals united. Apktal,e ; petals wanting. Orders or families are the most important of all the natural associations. They are formed by associating together those genera which are the most nearly allied to each other, or to some one genus, previously assumed as the type. Therefore, as the species form genera, so genera form orders. In systematic * yhe 3rd and 4th classes in Wood's Botany, are formed from the subdivision Endogens, and founded on the presence or ab- sence of glumes or husks, viz.: C. HI. Aglumaceje ; endogenous, with flowers, perianth verticillate, of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or want- ing. Ex., lily, orchis. C. IV. Glumaceje ; endogenous, flowers inserted in an im," bricated perianth of glumes, instead of a calyx, as, the grasses, grains, &c. xxxvi works the orders are also associated into alliances, groups, &c, which are intermediate between these ; and the sub-classes are designated numerically, thus, group 1st. 2nd, 3rd, &c, or by names derived from a leading order. The orders difler widely as to their extent, some consisting of a single genus, or Sarra- ccniacea, while others comprehend hundreds of genera, as the composite. For convenience, the larger orders are broken up into sub-orders or tribes. The Natural System, with ifs classes and subordinate di- visions, may thus be exhibited in one view : The Vegetable Kingdom, is separated 1st, into grand divisions and subdivisions. 2nd, " classes. 3rd, " sub-classes, alliances, and groups. 4th, " orders and sub-orders. ' 5th, " genera and sub-genera. 6th, " species and varieties. 7th, " individuals. (See Wood's Class Book of Botany, Beck, Griffith's Medical Botany, Torrey and Gray, Lindley, and other systematic works on the subject.) INDEX PAGE I. Conspectus, &c, .... 1 II. Appendix No. I., On Poisons, ... 220 III. Appendix No. II., Analysis of Urine, . . . 272 IV. Appendix No. III., Art of Prescribing Medicines, . 275 V. Examples of Extemporaneous Prescriptions, . . 276 VI. Select Formulae for Infants,.....204 VII. Dietetic Preparations,..... 303 VIII. Appendix No. IV., Comparative View of the Che- mical Affinity between the principal Acids and six of the Alkaline and Earthy Bases, . . . 307 IX. Tables of the Alcoholic Strength of Wines, . 308—10 X. Table showing the difference between Minims, Drops, and Grains of Different Preparations, . 311 XI. Appendix No. V., Weights and Measures, . . 319 XII. Table showing the Composition of diflerent Mineral Waters, . .......31« 4 EXPLANATION OF THE REFERENCES. L. London E. Edinburgh D. Dublin U. S. United States N. O. Natural Orders. ^. Signifies that the plant is a shrub, or tree. II. That it is a perennial. ©. That it is annual. £. That it is biennial. Comp. Implies components, showing the chemical constituents of the substance under consideration. Prop. Its chemical and natural properties. Oper. Its operation or medicinal effects. Use. Its medical uses. Incomp. The incompatibles, or those substances with which il cannot be combined in prescription, without altering either its chemical or its medicinal properties. Off. Prep. Officinal preparations into which the substance under consideration enters as a part. The parentheses after the title of any article generally enclose the name of the substance from which it is obtained ; if a plant, its class and order in the Linnaean system, the natural order, the place of its growth, and the kind of plant. If a compound, they enclose the formula of the London College and the United States Pharmacopoeia. The old name of many articles is placed in italics, after their botanical arrangement. ■ Pharmacopoeias. CONSPECTUS, &c. ABlETIS RESINA. L. Resina, U. S. Resin of the Spruce Fir. (Pintis Abies. The Spruce Fir. Monacia Monadelphia N. O. Conifera. Europe, America. > .)—Thus. Comp. Resin and volatile oil. Prop. Solid, dry, brittle; externally brownish yellow; internally whitish. Opcr. Rubefacient, diuretic. Use. Externally, as plasters, in catarrh, pertussis, and dyspnoea. Off. Prep. Emplast. Aromat., D. Emp. Galbani, L. D. Emp. Oi>ii.lt. Emp. Picis, L. Emp. Thuris,D. Emp. Hydrarg., U. S. Emp. Resina, U. S. ABSINTHIUM. U. S.—L. E. Artemisia; Absinthii folia, sum- mitates. D. Wormwood. (Artemisia Absinthium. Common Wormwood, Syngen. Superfl. N. O. Asteracem, Indigenous. IX.) Absinthium vulgare. Comp. An essential oil, a bitter principle, absinthin and absinthic acid. Prop. Odor strong and unpleasant; taste bitter, nauseous: ex- tracted by water and alcohol. Opcr. Tonic, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, discutient, antiseptic. Use. In intermittents, dyspepsia, gout, hypochondriasis, dropsy, and epilepsy not depending on organic changes. Clysters of the decoction are useful in ascarides. Dose. In substance, 3j. to 3j. Infusion (3vj. to water Oj.), f Z iv. to f 3 xij., three or four times a day. Incomp. Sulphates of iron and of zinc ; acetate and diacetate of lead,nitrate of silver. ACACIA. U. S.—L. Gummi Acacias, E. Acaciao Arabicae Uuiiimi, D. Acacia. Gum Arabic. (Acacia vera, Polygam. Monacia. N O. Leguminosa. Africa. ^.) Arabicum Gummi. Comp. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and lime. I'rvp. Inodorous, insipid; in irregular pieces, colorless, or of a pale yellow color, hard, brittle, fracture shining, transparent, soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol: spec. grav. 1.355. Opcr. Demulcent, nutritious. Use. In catarrh, pertussis, ardor urinaa, &c. Mucilage of Gum Arabic is often employed as a vehicle for other substances. To render them miscible, oils require three-fourths of their own weight, balsams and spermaceti equal parts, resins two parts, and musk live times its weight. In cases of poisoning by acrid substances, mucilages are very useful to sheathe the mucous membrane, and should be given freely. I)ose. In substance, 3ss. to 3 ij. In decoctions, ad libitum. Incomp. Goulard's extract, alcohol, sulphuric a;the>, tincture of muriate of iron. Off. Prep. Mucilago Acacia, U. S.—E. D. Emulsio Acacia Arabica,'E. EmulsioArabica,D. Mistura Acacia, L. Mistura J 2 AC E Amygdala, U. S. Mistura Creta, U. S.—L. D. Mistura Mosulii, L. Mistura Guaiaci, L. Confcctio Amygdala, L. D Pulvis Crcta Comp., L. D. Pulv. Tragacantha Comp., L. D. Trochisci Carbonatis Calcis, E. Trochisci Creta, U. S. Tro. Glycyrrhiza, E. Tro. Glycyr. cum Opio, U. S.—E. Tro. Oummosi, E. Ai'ETOSELLA. L. Wood Sorrel. (Oxalis Acetosella. Com- mon Wood Sorrel. Dccand. Pentagynia, N. O. Oxalidea Europe, United States. IX.) Lunula, folium. Prop. Inodorous, taste a sweetish acid ; juice coagulates milk; owes its acid properties to Binoxalate of Potassa, which is in rhotnboidal crystals, of a sour, pungent, bitterish taste; solu- ble in ten times their weight of boiling water; and contains seventy-two parts oxalic acid, forty-seven parts potassa, and eighteen water. Opcr. Refrigerant, antiseptic. Use. In bilious and putrid fevers, and inflammatory and scor- butic complaints ; on the continent of Europe, the Binoxalate of Potassa is used as a substitute for lemonade. It is also very useful in removing iron mould and ink stains from linen, and as a test for lime. Dose. An infusion of a handful in Oij. of water, or boiled In milk in the same proportions, to form a whey, ad libitum. ACETAS FERRI. D. Acetate of Iron. (Ferri Carbonatis partem j., Acidi Acetici fort, partes vj. Digest for three days, and filter.) Comp. Protoxide of iron, acetic acid. Prop. Taste styptic, warm. Oper. Tonic, emmenagogue. Use. In dyspepsia, hysteria, chlorosis, dropsy, and most cases of general debility. Dose, fllx to fllxxx. ACETAS HVDRARGfRI. D. Acetate of Mercury. (Hy drargyri pur. 1 iij. Acidi Nitrici diluti \ ivss. Acetatis Potassa | iij. J?<{ua bullientis ft>viij. Mix the mercury with the acid, and digest until it be dissolved; then mix the solution still hot with the acetate of potassa dissolved in the water, and crystallize.) Comp. Protoxide of mercury, acetic acid. Prop. Crystals small shining flakes, soluble in hot water, but scarcely in cold ; taste acid ; insoluble in alcohol. Oper. Antisyphilitic, alterative. Use. In syphilis, but not to be depended on; in cutaneous erup- tions externally applied, feT. ij. dissolved in f |ij. of rose water. Dose. Gr. j to gr. vj. night and morning. Incomp. The alkalies. Should be kept in an opaque bottle, as light blackens it. It is th* active ingredient of Keyser's Pills. ACETUM. U.S.—L. Acetum Britannicum,Acetum Gallicum, E. Acetum Vini, D. Vinegar. The density of the French vinegar of the Edinburgh Collece is 1014 to 1022. Comp. Acetic acid, water, alcohol, mucilage, tartaric acid, tar- trate of potassa, sugar; extractive. Prop. Odor pungent, taste a pleasant acid, color orange or pale yellow, transparent; spec. grav. 1.14. ACE 3 Oper. Refrigerant, diaphoretic, antiseptic, astringent; externally, stimulant and discutient. Use. In febrile complaints and scorbutus; it has been supposed to counteract the effects of opium and other narcotics, after the stomach has been completely cleared; but this is a mUtake, and it should never be employed in such cases; steam of it inhaled in putrid sore throats and in scurvy; as a lotion in bruises, sprains, burns, and chronic ophthalmia. Antilithic, ; where the triple phosphates abound in the urine; diluted with water, it forms the best means of cleansing the eye of small particles of lime. X)ose. f3j. to f3iv. In clysters, f5j- to f$ij. Lotion. B; Aceti f 5j., Spirilus Ten. f 3 iv., Aqua? f ?viij. Tests. The color of common vinegar should not be affected by sulphuretted hydrogen. One fluid ounce should saturate 3j. of crystallized carbonate of soda ; thirty HI of nitrate of baryta should completely precipitate f 5 iv. Off. Prep. Acetum distillatum, U. S.—L. Acid. acet. camphora- turn, E. D. Acidum accticam, L. E. D. Cataplasma Sinapis, L. D. Ceratum Saponis, L. D. Linimentum JEruginis, L. Syrupus acrti, E. ACETUM DISTILLATUM. U.S.—L.E.D. DistilledVinegai. (Distil one gallon of vinegar on a sand bath, in a glass retort and receiver. Reserve the first seven pints for use.) Comp. Acetic acid, water. Prop. Odor less than that of vinegar; taste less pungent, trai parent, colorless. Density 1005. Oper. Refrigerant, slightly astringent. Use. The same as that of vinegar; chiefly for pharmaceutica purposes. A piece of blotting paper or rag, wet with distilled vinegar and applied to the skin, excites heat and redness, and is a useful counter-irritant, where a moderate irritation is de- sired, as in sore throat, the forming stage of croup, rheumatism. It is used in the form of vapor for purposes of fumigation, but it has no efficacy in destroying contagious or infectious matter. It is also a good addition in refrigerating lotions containing acetate of lend. Dese. f3j. tof3iv. Tests. Unaltered in color by sulphuretted hydrogen or ammo- nia; not precipitated by nitrate of silver, acetate of lead, chloride of barium, or iodide of potassium; 100 minims saturate gr. viij. of crystallized carbonate of s-oda; or 100 grs. of the acid, 13 of the sub f 5 j- is saturated by 35 grs. crystallized bicarb. uPjwlassa. Off. Prep. Liq. Ammonia acet., L.E.D. Potassa acetas, L.E.D, Acctas Ferri, D. Liquor Plumbi diacrtatis, L. E. D. Plumb. acetas, L. E. D. Oxymel, L. D. Emplastrum Ammoniaci, V. S.—L. Acetum Colchici, L— U. S. Acetum Scillce, U. S.—L Oxymel Scilla, L. Extractum Colchici Accticum, L. Oxymel Cnichici, D. .1 return Opii, U. S.—E. ACETUM CAVi'HARIDtS, (cpispnsticum) L. E. Vinegar of Cantharidis, {Epispastic). (Cantharidis in put v. iij. Acidi acetici Oj.) Comp. Acetate of cantharidin, some animal matter. Prop. Rubefacient, epispastic, diuretic. Use. As a counter-irritant in dropsy; to form immediate blister* 4 ACH Dose, tllvj. to Ulxvj. as a diuretic. ACETUM COLCHICI. L.E.D. Vinegar of Meadow Saffron, (Colchici cormi recent, concisi Jj. Aceii dist.f^xvj. Spir. ten. f 5j.) Comp._ The acrid principle of the bulb (Colchicia) dissolved in diluted acetic acid, (f §j. of proof spirit ordered is to make the acetum keep.) Prop. Diuretic, but very uncertain; purgative. Use. In ascites, hydrothorax, and gout. Incomp. Alkalies, earths, alkaline and earthy carbonates, sul- phuric acid. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 j. in any bland fluid. ACETUM OPII. U. S.-E. Vinegar of Opium. R Opium in coarse powder 5 viij., NuL.ieg 1JS3., Saffron 5SS-, Sugar 5 xij., Dist. Vinegar q. s. Digest the opium, nutmeg, and saffron, on a sand bath, with Ojss. Dist. Vinegar for 48 hours, and strain. Digest the residue with an equal quantity of dist. vinegar in same way, 24 hours. Put the whole into an apparatus for displacement and return the filtered liquor, as it passes, until it comes away quite clear. When the filtration has ceased, pour distilled vinegar gradually upon the remaining materials till the whole quantity of filtered liquor equals Oiij. Then add the sugar, and by meansof a water-bath evaporate to Oiij. and f 3 iv — U. S. Ph. Comp. • An acetate of morphia, containing the resin and coloring matter of the opium in vinegar. Prop. Narcotic. Use. A substitute for tincture of opium; it is less likely to affect the brain than the tincture. Dose, fllxx. '° f 3 ss. ACETUM SCILL^E. U. S.—L. E. D. Vinegar of Squill. (Scilla reccntis exsiccata § xv., Aceti distil. Ovj., Spiritus ten. Oss. Macerate the squill in the vinegar with a gentle heat in a covered vessel for twenty-four hours; then express the liquor, and set it aside that the feculencies may subside; lastly, add the spirit to the liquor. The U. S. Pharmacopeia directs that the squill should be macerated 7 days; or that it may be pre- pared by macerating 5 iv. bruised squill in a pint of distilled vinegar 2 days, then putting the mixture into an apparatus for displacement, gradually pouring in distilled vinegar till the quantity of filtered liquor, equals Oij.; lastly, adding the alcohol. Diluted acetic acid may be substituted for the vinegar. Comp. The acrid principle of the bulb (Scillitina) dissolved in diluted acetic acid, with a small portion of spirit. • Prop. Taste bitter, acidulous. Oper. Diuretic, expectorant, emetic, in large doses purgative. Use. In dropsies, asthma, and chronic catarrh. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. in cinnamon water or mint water. Off. Prep. Oxi/mel Scilla, L. Syrupus Scilla, U. S.—E. ACHILLEA MILLIFOLIUM, Russian P. Millfoil. (N O. Asteracea.) Comp. Volatile oil, bitter extractive. Prop. Taste subastringent, bitterish. Oper. Astringent, antispasmodic, antiperiodic. C/se. In hysteria, haemorrhages, and periodical affection!. AC I 5 Dose, f 5jss. of infusion aaade with ?ij. of flowers, in Oss. of water. ACIDUM ACETICUM. U.S.—L.E.D. Acetic Acid. (Soda Acctatis Ibij., Acidi Sulph. 1 ix., Aqua distillata f^ix. The U. S. Pharmacopoeia directs to pour Ibss. Sulphuric Acid into a glass retort, and gradually add Ibj. Acetate of Soda, then distil on a sand bath, with moderate heat, into a glass receiver, till the residuum becomes dry. Mix the resulting liquid with 3 j. Red Oxide of Lead, and again distil to dryness. Density 1068.5. Comp. Carbon 4 eq.=-M.48+, hydrogen 3 eq.=3+, oxygen 3 eq. =24, forming acetic aJid, eq. 52.48, and water. Prop. Odor very pungent and grateful; taste acid and acrid, spec. grav. 1.048, very volatile, 87 grs. of crystallized carbonate of soda should saturate 100 grains of this acid ; contains 30.8 per cent, of real anhydrous acid. It should not be colored by hydrosulphuric acid, nor precipitated by nitrate of baryta or nitrate of silver. Oper. Stimulant, rubefacient, escharotic. Use. Applied to the nostrils in syncope, asphyxia, and headache; destroys corns and warts. Incomp. Alkalies, earths, alkaline and earthy carbonates. Off. Prep. Acidum Aceticum Camphoratum, E. D. Acetum Cantharidis, L. Potassa Acetas, U. S.—L. Plumbi Acetas, U. S.—L. Oxymel, L. Acidum Aceticum dilutum, U. S. ACIDUM ACETICUM DILUTUM. U. S. Diluted Acetie Acid. (R Acetic Acid Oss., Distilled Water Ov. Mix.) Prop, f 5 j- is saturated by 36 grains of crystallized Bicarb, of Potassa. AClDUM ACETICUM AROMATICUM. E. Aromatic Vine- gar. (Rorismarini sic. folior. Origani, sing. 3 i. Lavandula sic. 3 iv. Caryophyllorum cont. 3 ss. Acidi Acetic.i Ojss. Macerate seven days, and filter the expressed liquor through paper.) Acetum Aromaticum. Comp. Vinegar holding in solution the essential oils of rosemary, sage, lavender, and cloves. Prop. (Jdor pungent and aromatic. Use. As a grateful perfume in sick rooms. AClVUM ACETICUM CAMPHORATUM. E. D. Camphor- ated Antic Acid. (Acidi Acetici fjvjss. Camphora |ss. Rub the camphor to powder by means of a little alcohol; then dissolve it in the acid.) Prop. Odor extremely pungent; volatile. Opcr. Stimulant. Use. The vapor is snuffed up the nostrils in syncope. AClDUM AR8ENIOSUM. U. S.—L. Arscnious Acid. Comp. Arsenic 2 eq.=:75.4+, oxygen 3 eq.=24, eq. 99.4. Prop. White, opaque, or semi-transparent; spec. grav. 3.7; volatile; emits an odor like garlic, when thrown on burning charcoal; tasteless ; 100 parts of water, at 60°, dissolve 9.6 of the transparent, 12.5 of the opaque; 1,000 of boiling, 97 of the transparent, and retain 18; 115 of opaque, and retain 29 on cooling. Use. To prepare the arsenical solution. AClDUM BENZOICUM. U.S—L.E.D. Benzoic Acid. (Take of Benzoin Ibj.; put the benzoin, previously mixed with an equal weight of fine sand, into a suitable vessel- Sublime on 0 ACI a sand bath till vapors cease to rise. Deprive the sublimed matter of oil by pressure in bibulous paper, and again sublime.) —U. S. Ph., Flores Benzoes. Comp. Carbon 14 eq.=85.68+, hydrogen 5=5+, oxygen 3=24, eq. 114.68. Prop. Odor aromatic and fragrant; taste hot, slightly acidulous, and agreeable; soluble in boiling water and alcohol; crystals white, brilliant, ductile, slender needles; should sublime en- tirely by heat. Oper. Stimulant; as an expectorant,'doubtful; errhine. Use In chronic catarrh, but of very little efficacy. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. Off. Prep. Tinetura Camphora composita, U. S.—L. D. Tinct. Opii Ammoniata, E. Tinct. Opii camphorata, U. S.—E. Tinct. Benzoini composita, U. S. AClDUM CITRICUM. U.S.—L.E.D. Citric Acid. Crystalli. Comp. Carbon 4 eq.=24.48+, hydrogen 2=2+, oxygen 4=32, eq. 53.48. (Obtained from lemon juice.) Prop. Sharp acidity of lemon juice; crystals, right rhomboidal prisms, persistent, white, semi transparent; soluble in less than twice their weight of cold water, and in half their weight of boiling water. Incinerated with red oxide of mercury, no ash, or a mere trace is left. Oper. Refrigerant, antiseptic. Use. In febrile and inflammatory complaints, and scorbutus; and dissolved in water, instead of recent lemon juice, for the effervescing draught. (Proportion 3 xjss. to water Oj.) Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss., dissolved in water or any bland fluid. Incomp. Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, acetates of lead, nitrate and acetate of mercury, alkalies, alkaline sulphurets. Tests. Acetate of lead for detecting sulphuric acid; potassa for tartaric acid; when incinerated with red oxide of mercury, no ash is left. ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM. L. Acidum Muriaticum, U.S. Acidum Muriaticum purum, E. D. Hydrochloric Acid. Aqueous solution of chloro-hydric acid gas.—U. S. Comp. Chlorine 1 eq.=35.42+l hydrogen=l, eq. 36.42; real acid 1 atom ; water 8 atoms. (From common salt.) t Prop. Odor suffocating, taste intensely acid and caustic; nearly colorless when pure, but commonly of a pale yellow color; volatile; the fumes visible; spec. grav. 1.160 to 1.100; spec grav. of acid of commerce 1.180; 100 grains should saturate 132 grains of carbonate of soda. Oper. Tonic, antiseptic, diuretic. Use. In typhus; cutaneous eruptions; in gargles in inflamma tory and putrid sore throats; in injections in gonorrhoea. Dose. fllx. to fllxx. properly diluted; in gargles, f3ss. to f 3 ij in ffvi. of fluid ; injection, TH,viij. to water f 5iv. Incomp. Alkalies, earths, and their carbonates; metallic oxide-, sulphuret of potassium, tartrate of potassa, tartar emetic, and most metallic salts. Tests. Chloride of barium in the diluted acid for sulph. acid ; L. ammonia for salts of ir»n. Off. Prep. Acidum Hydrochloricum dilutum, L. Acidum Muri- aticum dilu.tu.rn, U. S.—E. D. Tinetura Ferri iesquichlvridi, ACI 7 L. E. D. Hydrochloras Baryta, E. Antimonii Potassio- tartras, U. S.—L. E. D. Ferri Ammonio-chloridum, L. ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM. L. Acidum Muriaticum dilutum, U. S.—E. D. Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. (Acidi Hydrochlorici f?iv., Aqua distillata flxij.) f3j. should saturate gr. 32 of crystallized carbonate of soda. 5 gr. 1.046. AClDUM HYDROCYANICUM. IT. S. DILUTUM. L. PRUSSICUM. D. Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid. Cyano Hydric Acid, Prussic Acid. U. S. (Potassii Ferrocyanidi ^iy, Acidi Sulph. 5jss, Aq. Dist. Ois?.) (Prussic Acid may be prepared for immediate use in the following manner. Take of Cyanuret of Silver grs. Lss., Muriatic Acid grs. 41, Distilled Water sj. Mix the muriatic acid with the distilled water, add the cyanuret of silver, and shake the whole in a well-stopped vial. When the insoluble matter has subsided, pour off the clear liquor and keep it for use.)—U. S. Phar. 100 grains of the acid, treated with solution of nitrate of silver, should form gr. x. of cyanide of silver. Comp. 1 eq. cyanogen=26.39+, hydrogen 1 eq. 27.39. Anhy drous hydrocyanic acid diluted with about thirty parts of water. Prop. Colorless, transparent, with a peculiar odor; taste sweetish and bland at first, afterwards pungent and acrimonious ; very volatile; decomposed by a high temperature and light; 100 grains contain two grains of pure hydrocyanic acid. Oper. Sedative, antispasmodic. Use. In spasmodic coughs; asthma, hooping-cough, nervous affections, hiccough, palpitation of the heart, and in allaying the irritability of the stomach in dyspepsia. Prussic acid may be employed with great benefit in cases of chronic neuralgic affections of the stomach. In these, it is highly useful in pre- paring this organ to bear other remedies, such as the vegetable and mineral tonics. It should be given in increased doses, till Borne physiological effects are produced; then continued in rather a diminished quantity. As a local application, properly diluted, it is useful in abating the itching in Impetigo and pru- riginous affections. Dose, flliv. gradually increased to TTtviij., in a glassful of water, almond emulsion, or infusion of cinchona. When an overdose has been taken, the effects are best counteracted by ammonia, chlorine, brandy, and the cold affusion. Incomp Metallic oxides, chlorine. Tests. 100 grains treated with nitrate of silver should precipitate gr. x. of cyanide of silver; if iodo-cynnide of potassium and mercury redden the acid, it contains some other acid. Nitrate of baryta causes no precipitate in the pure acid. AClDUM NITRICUM. U. S.—L. D. E. Acidum Nitricum purum, E. Nitric Acid. Comp. Nitrogen 1 eq.=14.15+, oxygen 5=40, eq.=54.15. (From Nitre, Nitras Potassa.) Prop. Odor suffocating, taste very acid and caustic, corrosive, liquid, colorless, transparent; absorbs water from the air; tinges the skin yellow. Spec. grav. 1.504; spec. grav. of acid of commerce 1.380 • 100 grains should saturate 217 of carbonate of soda. It should not precipitate solution of nitrate of silver nor of nitrate of baryta, when diluted with distilled water. 8 ACI Oper. Tonic, antiseptic, antisyphilitic escharotic. Use. The strong acid is seldom used for any other than phar maceutical purposes; in the form of vapor, it is extracted from nitre 3 iv. and sulphuric acid 3 iv. in a saucer, placed on a pipkin of hot sand, for the purposes of fumigation. Incomp. Spirit of lavender and the strong tinctures, in any large quantity; and the essential oils ; metallic oxides. Off. Prep. Acidum Nitricum Dilutum, U. S.—L. E. Argenti Nitras, U. S.—L. Ung. Hydrarg. Nit. L.—U. S. I/ydrar- gyri Nitrico-oxidum, L. Spiritus JEtheris Nitrici, L. E — U.S. , ACIDUM NITRICUM DILUTUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Diluted Nitric Acid. Comp. Nitric acid f ?j.; water fj"ix. L. ac fjiv+aq. f?vj. E. aq. f 3 iij.-+aq. f | iv. D. (f 3 j. contains HI vj. of the strong acid, L.) Prop. Spec. grav. 1.080. L. The same as nitric acid in a weaker degree. 100 grs. should saturate 31 grs. of crystallized carb. of soda. Oper. The same as that of nitric acid. Use. As a drink, diluted largely, in fevers of the typhoid kind; in chronic affections of the liver, attended with a redundant and hasty formation of bile; and in dyspepsia. As a remedy in venereal complaints; yet in this climate it is not to be de- pended on, but it is a very useful adjunct to mercury, and allays the violent irritation induced by it. It is also very useful in the cure of old ulcerated legs. Dose. fl\x. to Hlxi. in f 5 iij. of water, twice or thrice a day. AClDUM NITRO MURIATICUM. U. S.—D. Nitro muriatic Acid. (Acidi Nitrici, mensura, partem i.; Acidi Muriatici, mcnsura, partes ij. Mix them in a vessel kept cool, and pre- serve the mixture in a well-stopped bottle, in a cool, obscure place.) Prop. Odor suffocating, color pale yellow Oper. Stimulant, antiseptic. Use. Largely diluted, it has been strongly recommended in malignant scarlatina, in chronic affections of the liver, and in syphilis; and still more diluted, as a bath, in chronic derange- ment of the hepatic secretion, which it improves, and acts gently on the bowels. Dose, fllviij. to TTlxx. in f 5 iij. of water, twice or thrice a day. When used as a bath, the mixed acid should be added to the water until it tastes as sour as weak vinegar. Incomp. Oxides, earths, alkalies, the sulphurets, and the acetates of potassa and of lead. ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM DILUTUM. L, Diluted Phos- phoric Acid. (Phosphori ?j., Acidi Nitrici f?iv., Aqua Dis- tillates f ?x.) Comp. Phosphorus 2 eq.=31.4; oxygen 5 eq.=40; equiv. 71.4. Spec. grav. 1.064. Prop. Colorless, inodorous, strongly acid, fluid. Oper. Tonic. Use. In disposition to urinary deposition of the phosphate of lime; in general debility. Dose, fllxx. tof3j. Tests. 100 grains saturate 42 of carbonate of soda; a precip. ACI 9 by chloride of barium insoluble in nitric acid indicates sulph. acid. AClDUM PYROLIGNUM. E. Pyrolignous Acid, (from de- structive distillations of wojd.) Comp. and Prop. The same as those of acetic acid ; spec. grav. 1.034. 100 minims should neutralize 53 grains of carbonate of soda. Use. The same as diluted acetic acid. AClDUM SUCClNICUM. D. E. Succinic Acid. Sal Succini. Comp. Carbon 4 eq.--24.48+; hydrogen 2 eq.=2+; oxygen 3 eq.=24, eq. 50.48; (obtained from amber.) Prop. Taste sour; crystals four-sided rhomboidal plates, white, transparent; soluble in hot water, and hot alcohol; volatile. Incomp. Mucilage, oils. This acid is never, or very rarely, used in medicine. AClDUM SULPHURICUM. U. S — L. Acidum Sulphuricum purum, E. Acidum Sulphuricum venale, D. Sulphuric Acid. Acidum vitriolicum. Comp. Of sulphur 1 eq.=16.1+; oxygen 3 eq.=24, eq. 40.1; and water; or acid 81.6; water 18.4. Prop. Inodorous; strong acid taste; corrosive; fluidity dense, apparently oily; transparent, colorless. Spec. grav. 1.845. (1350 ad 1000, d.) It has a powerful attraction for water Congeals at —15. Oper. Escharotic, stimulant, rubefacient, tonic, astringent, refrigerant. Use. In local pains, in the form of an ointment made of lard t "I j., sulphuric acid 3j.; and in scabies, with 3 ss. of the acid to lard 5j. Tests. Distilled water should cause no muddiness; solution of sulphate of iron no redness at the point of contact. Off. Prep. Used in preparing Acidum Citricum, Hydrochloricum, Nitricum, Tartaricum, Acidum Sulphuricum Purum, D. Acid. Sulphur. Dilut., U. S.—L. E. D. Acid. Sulphur. Aromaticum, U. S.—E. Ferri Sulphas, U. S.—L. E. D. Hydrarg. BichU- ridum, U. S.—L. E. D. Zinci Sulphas, U. S.—L. Sulpha* Potassa, L. Potassa Bisulphas, L. E. Subsulphas Hydrar tniri Klavus, E. D. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM PURUM. D. Pure Sulphuric Acid. (Acidi Sulphurici venalis libram. Pour it into a colorless glass retort, and having luted to it a receiver of the same kind, apply heat to the retort until the twelfth part of the fluid has distilled over, which is to be rejected as watery. The receiver being again joined, distil to dryness. Put some thin slips of platina in the retort with the acid to prevent it from boiling over.) The sp. gr. is 1.845. The acid should be preserved in a stopped bottle. .. Prop and Med. Use. The same as the common acid. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM. U.S.—L. E. D. Di- luted Sulphuric Acid. (Acidi Sulphurici f§jss. Aqua distil- lata f I xivss. Mix gradually. The Edin. Coll. order ac. f ? j. + aq f 5xiij. : the Dub. ac. l].+aq. ?vij. pondere.) The present acid is stronger than the diluted acid of the former London Pharmacopoeia nearly in the proportion of 9 to 6. Prop. Inodorous, strong acid taste, transparent, colorless. Oper. Tonic, astringent, refrigerant. I* 10 ACI Use. In dyspepsia, diabetes, menorrhagia, haemoptysis, cutane- ous eruptions, hectic; in gargles, in cynanche, and to check salivation. Sulphuric acid is an excellent tonic, and also pos- sesses refrigerant and astringent properties, rendering it a valuable remedy in cases where we wish to avoid diarrhcea In cases of low and hectic fever, attended with copious perspi- ration, it is very beneficial, as well as in hematemesis. It is also useful conjoined with saline aperients, when the urine has a tendency to phosphatic depositions, attended with loss of ap- petite, impaired digestion, foul tongue, &c. It is usually given with some bitter infusion, as cascarilla, columbo, cinchona, quassia, &c. Dose. TRx. to Tllxi. largely diluted ; in gargles f 3 j. to f 3 iij. in f$viij. of fluid. Off. Prep. Acidum Benzoicum, E. Infusum Rosa, L. E. D. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM. U. S.—E. Aro- matic Sulphuric Acid. (Spiritus rcct. Ojss. Acidi Sulphurici (commercial) Jiijss. Cinnamomi cort.cont. ?jss. Zingiberis rad. cont. I j. Add the acid gradually to the spirit, and digest the mixture with a very gentle heat in a closed vessel for three days; moisten the mixed powder with a little of the acid; let the mass rest for 12 hours, then put it into a percolator, and transmit the rest of the acid spirit.) Acidum vitriolicum aro- maticum. Comp. An imperfect aether, with sulphuric acid predominating, and holding dissolved the essential oil of cinnamon and of ginger. Prop. Odor aromatic, taste acid and slightly eethereal, color brownish. Use. In dyspepsia; the debility following intermittent, %nd other fevers, combined with vegetable bitters; and in chronic asthma. Dose. fflx. to TTlxxx. in fluids, twice or thrice a day. AClDUM TANNICUM. U. S. Tannic Acid. (Tannin.) R Galla. pulo. JEther Sulphuric, a. a. q. s. put into a glass adapter, loosely closed at its lower end with carded cotton, sufficient powdered galls to fill half of it: fit the adapter accu- rately to the mouth of a receiving vessel, fill it with the sul ph. aether, and close the upper orifice tightly. The liquid which passes separates into two unequal portions, of which the lower is much smaller in quantity, and much denser, than the upper. When the aether ceases to pass, pour fresh portions upon the galls, till the lower stratum of liquid in the receiver no longer increases. Then separate this from the upper, put it into a capsule, and evaporate with a moderate heat to dryness. Lastly, rub what remains into powder. The upper portion will yield a quantity of aether by distillation, which, when washed, may be employed in a subsequent operation.— U. S. ' Phar. Comp. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen. Prop. Yellowish-white color, taste strongly astringent; without bitterness, inodorous; very soluble in water, bsss so in alcohol and aether; insoluble in the fixed and volatile oils. Its solution reddens litmus, produces with a solution of gelatine a white flocculent precipitate, with the salts of the sesqui-oxide of iron a bluish black precipitate, and with solutions of the vegetable ACQ 11 alkalies, White precipitates; very soluble in acetic acid.—U. S. Phar. Vse. Tannic acid may be advantageously employed in all the passive hemorrhages, especial lymenorrhagia; also in diarrhoea, where we wish simply an astringent effect. It possesses a great advantage over most other astringents, from the smaliness of dose in which it may be given, and from its being less liable to irritate the stomach and bowels. Dusr. From 2 to 4 grs. every three hours. ACIDUM TARTAKICUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Tartaric Acid. R Potassa bitartratis Ibiv., Aqua distiltata ferventis Cong. iiss., Creta praparata 5 xxv.- 3 vi., Acidi Sulphurici diluti Ovij. f^xvij., Acidi hydrochlorici fjxxvjss. velq.s.s. Boil the bitartrate of potassa with two gallons of the water, and add gradually half the prepared chalk; then add the rest of the chalk dissolved in hydrochloric acid, diluted with Oiv. of dis- tilled water; let the tartrate of lime subside, then pour off the fluid and wash the tartrate of lime with distilled water until it is tasteless. Then pour upon it the diluted sulphuric acid ; boil for a quarter of an hour. Filter the supernatant fluid, and evaporate with a gentle h. it until it crystallize. Dissolve the crystals again, and a third time in water, strain as often, and boil down, and leave at rest. Comp. Carbon 4 eq.=24.4S+ hydrogen 2=2— oxygen 5=40— equiv.=l>li.48. Prop. Crystals white, imperfectly transparent, in irregular groups. Spec. grav. 1.5962. They do not effloresce nor deli- quesce when exposed to the air; they melt into a transparent iuass when heated above 212°; and after this process they deliquesce. They dissolve readily in water, combine with earths, alkalies, and metallic oxides, and consist of 1 part of real acid, and 1 of water. Opcr. Refrigerant, antiseptic. Use. In inflammatory affections, fevers and scorbutus. Dose. Gr. x. to 3ss. dissolved in water. Incomp. Alkalies and their carbonates, all the salts of potassa. Tests. The precipitate by acetate of lead not dissolving in dilute nitric acid indicates a sulphate. When incinerated with red oxide of mercury, it should leave no residue. ACONITINA. L. Aconitum, U. S. Aconite, Aconitina. (Aco- niti rad. exsiccati et contusi Ibij., Spir. rcct. cong. iij. Acidi sulph. diluti, Ammonia liq., Carbonis aniinalis purif., sing. q. s. s.) Comp. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. Prop. Whitish powder, inodorous, taste bitter, acrid, soluble in 150 times its weight of water at 60°, and 50 at 212°; alcohol and aether dissolve it readily; permanent in the air; with acids forms dry, gummy, bitter.masses, which the alkalies de- compose. Use. Externally counter-irritant: too poisonous to be used internally. If the ointment; or alcoholic solution of aconitina, be rubbed int« the skin, it causes intense heat, tingling, and numbness, which continue for 12 or 18 hours. Dr. Turnbull directs the ointment to be made by rubbing up 16 grs. aconitina, with 3 ss. olive oil, and 3 j. of lard, to be rubbed in with the finger for several minutes. The solution for embrocation is 12 MTIi made by dissolving grs. viii. of aconitina in fij. of rectified spirits, to be applied with a sponge, but not where the skin is abraded. ACONITI FOLIA ET RADIX. L. Aconitum paniculatum; Folia, D. Aconituin, E. Aconite, or Monk's-hood Leaves. (Aconitum paniculatum. Monk's-hood; Poll/and. Trigyn. N. O. Ranunculacca, Mountains of Germany and Siberia, U. States. IX.) Prop. Dried leaves inodorous, taste subacrid; bitterish; fresh very acrid. Ope: Narcotic, sudorific, deobstruent. Use. In chronic rheumatism, scrofula, scirrhus, palsy, amauro- sis, ,and venereal nodes. Aconite is a very powerful topical remedy, in the form of tincture, in cases of rheumatism and neuralgia. It produces a sense of numbness and tingling, and is ranked among the cerebro-spinants. When swallowed in sufficient doses, it produces numbness and tingling of the mouth, fauces, and extremities, vomiting, contracted pupil, and failure of the circulation. It seems to possess a decidedly sedative action upon the heart, and is regarded by many as a specific in subduing inflammatory action, especially that of gout and rheumatism. It is useful also in nervous headache, spinal irritation, and all kinds of neuralgia. Dose. Gr. j. gradually increased to gr. v. twice or thrice a day of the extract, from gr. ss. to gr. j., of the tincture from 10 to 40 drops, gradually increased. Off. Prep. Aconitina, L. Extractum Aconiti, L. ACORUS. L. See Calami Radix. ADEPS. U. S.—L. Axungia, E. Adeps Suillus, D. Hog's Lard. (Sus scrota, the Hog. CI. Mammalia, Ord. Pachydwrma. Cuv.) Comp. Elaine 62. Stearine 38. Prop. Inodorous, insipid, soft, unctuous, white. Oper. Emollient. Use. In the formation of ointments, cerates, plasters, and lini ments. Off. Prep. Emplast. Cantharidis, L. Ceratum Sabina, L. Un guenta Varia. Ceratum Simplex, U. S. &c. AERUGO. L.E. Subacetas Cupri, U. S.—D. Verdigris, impure diacetate of copper. Comp. Acetate of copper 43, black oxide of copper 27, water 30 pts. in 100. Prop. Mass difficult to break, dry, not deliquescent, foliaceous, of a fine bluish-green color; taste salt; completely soluble in sulphuric acid, and in hydrochloric acid; partially in water. Oper. Tonic, emetic, escharotic, detergent. Use. Scarcely ever used internally; applied to the callous edges of sores, and to consume fungus, but now seldom used. It is sometimes used as a lotion (gr. j. in rose or elder-flower water flj.) in scorbutic ulcerations of the mouth, but it cannot ba much recommended. Dose. As a tonic under gr. J; as an emetic from gr. j. to gr. ij. Off. Prep. JErugo Praparata, D. Unguenttm. Subacctatis Cu- pri, E.—U. S. /ETHER NITROSUS. D. Nitrous jEther. Comp. Nitrogen 16.41, carbon 39.27, oxygen 34.73, hydrogen 9.59, ALC 13 In 100 pts., or 1 eq. of tether, 37.48+1, nitrogen =14.15+3 oxygen =34 equiv.=75.63, (from alcohol and nitrous acid.) Prop. Nearly the same as those of sulphuric aBther, but more volatile, and its odor is less fragrant; spec. grav. 900; little soluble in water; soluble in alcohol. Oper. and Use. The same as those of sulphuric aether. /ETHER SULPHURICUS. U.S.—L.E.D. SulphuricjEther Spir. Vini. Rect. Ibiij. Sulph. Acidi ibij. Carb. Potassa, sice 5j. Add the acid to Ibij. of the spirit in a retort; place on a sand bath and raise the heat quickly, so that the fluid may quickly boil, and the aether may pass into a cooled receiver Distil until a heavier portion begins to pass over. After the heat has subsided, add the rest of the spirit to the liquor in the retort, and redistil. To the distilled fluids add the carbonate of potassa; agitate for an hour; lastly, redistil. (The U. States Pharmacopoeia directs to take of Alcohol Oiv., Sulphuric Acid 0j., Potassa "iv]., Distilled Water f 5 iij.) JEther vitriolicus. Comp. Oxygen 1 eq.=8+, carbon 4 eq .=24.48+ hydrogen 5=5; —cquiv. 37.48. Spec. grav. .750. (735, E.) Prop. A limpid, colorless, very inflammable, volatile liquor; odor penetrating and fragrant; taste hot and pungent; inflam- mable; readily mixes with alcohol; soluble in ten paits of water; produces cold during its evaporation. Its volume is not lessened when agitated with half its weight of concentrated solution of chloride of calcium. Oper. Diffusibly stimulant, narcotic, antispasmodic; externally refrigerant. Use. Hysteria, asthma, tetanus, epilepsy, and other spasmodic complaints; externally in head-ache, and dropped into the meatus in ear-ache ; it has also been used in burns. Dose. X\[\x. to f 3 ij. in f 3 xij water, or other fluid. Test. If it redden litmus strongly it has been improperly pre- pared. Off. Prep. Spiritus JEthcri Sulphurici comp., L. SPIRITUS ASTHERIS SULPHUUICL E. Spirit of Sulphuric ^Ether. (Sulphuric /Ether, a pint; Rectified Spirit, two pints.) Comp. Alcohol holding in solution sulphuric aether. Prop. Odor flagrant, taste warm. Opcr. Stimulant, stomachic. Use. In weal»iess of the stomach, flatulencies, and languor. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 ii. in bitter infusions. SPIRITUS JETHERIS SULPHURICI COMP. U. S.—L. Compound Spirit of Sulphuric ^Ether. (Sulph. jEther f 3 viij., Rect. Spir. f 3 xvj., ..Ethereal Oil f 3 iij.) Prop. Stimulant, antispasmodic, anodyne. Dose. From f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. in f 3 jss. of water. ALCOHOL. U.S.—L.E.D. Alcohol. (Rectified Spirit distilled from Chloride of Calcium, or Carb. Potassa.) Comp. Oxygen 34.79, carbon 52.17, hydrogen 13.04=100, or 3 eq. hydroRen=3+2, carbor.=l^.:4+l, oxygen=8, equiv.=23.24. Prop. Odor fragrant, penetrating; taste pungent, burning ; color- less; transparent; boils at 174°; it dissolves all the vegetable secretions, either wholly or partially, except gum; dissolves also ammonia, potassa, iodine, soda. Spec. grav. 0.815. Opcr. Stimulant (powerful and diffusible), sedative. Use. Scarcely ever used internally in its pure state, but some- 14 ALO times advantageously in a highly diluted form ; in cases of debility and low fevers; externally as a fomentation in muscu- lar pains; to burns; and to restrain hemorrhages. 1 he use of alcohol as a medicine has been much diminished within the last ten years. It is found unsuited to a great majority of cases of disease, and when employed, too often inducing an artificial appetite, not easily overcome. From its strong attraction for water, it causes thickening or scirrhus of the stomach, and an indurated state of the liver; and from its powerful effects upon the nervous system, it induces epilepsy, tremors, coma, mania, and death. For these reasons, and that we have useful sub- stitutes, it should seldom be prescribed. Off. Prep. Omnes Spiritus, U. S. Spir. Ammonia Fcetidus, D. JEther Sulph., L. E. D. JEther Nitrosus, D. Spiritus Am- monia, L. E. ALCOHOL DILUTUM. U.S. (Alcohol, Distilled Water, a a Oj. Mix. Spec. grav. 0.935.) ALLIUM. U.S.—L.E. Allii sativi Bulbus, D. Garlic Bulbs. (Allium Sativum, Garlic, Hexand. Monogyn. N. O. Liliacea. Sicily, Britain, U. States. 4.) Comp. Sugar, gum, albumen, extractive; a heavy, yellow, fetid, acrid, volatile oil, which is the active principle, and contains sulphur. Prop. Odor strong, offensive, and penetrating; taste sweetish, biting, and caustic ; these are dissipated by coction. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, emmenagogue, diapho- retic, and anthelmintic; extremely rubefacient, maturant, and repellent Use. In cold leucophlegmatic habits, dropsy, rheumatalgia, humoral asthma, and hysteria. Intermittents have been cured by it. Tne juice dropped into the ear, in atonic deafness, is a very effectual remedy; and it is also beneficial in herpetic eruptions, fouied with oil into an ointment. A poultice of it over the pubis has been found useful in atony of the bladder. Dose. One to six cloves, swallowed without chewing, twice or thrice a day. Of the juice f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. mixed with sugar or syrup. In pills with soap or calomel, gr. xx. to 3ij. The virtues of the genus Allium depend on an acrid principle, soluble in water, alcohol, acids, and alkalies. ALLII CEP^E BULBUS. D. The Bulb of the ^nion. (Alli- um Cepa. The Onion. Hexand. Monogyn. N. O. Liliacea. . Europe. IX.) Prop. Odor strong, offensive, and penetrating; taste sweetish, pungent. These are dissipated by coction. Opcr. Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant. Use. On account of the free phosphoric acid it contains, it is supposed to be useful in calculous cases; but it is chiefly used as a cataplasm in slowly suppurating tumors, and for ear-ache. ALOES. L. Aloe. U.S.—E. Aloes Socotrina Barbadensis— Indica—Socotrina. D. (Aloe Spicata. The Socotrine Aloe Hexand. Monogyn. N. O. Liliacea. Cape of Good Hope. 4.) Aloe. Comp. Peculiar bitter principle (Aloesin) 73 per cent, coloring principle 26 per cent. Prop Odor not unpleasant, rather fragrant; taste very bitter, ALU 15 not unlike that of animal bile, and slightly aromatic ; color reddish brown with a shade of purple; mass hard, friable, fracture conchoidal and glossy ; soluble in diluted alcohol; powder of a bright cinnamon-yellow color. Oper. Cathartic, warm and stimulating, emmenagogue, anthel- mintic, stomachic; hurtful in hemorrhoids. Aloes acts chiefly on the large intestines, and produces catharsis by increasing peristaltic or muscular action, and not by increasing the secre- tions. It usually sits well on the stomach, promotes appetite and digestion, and is one of the most valuable articles of the Materia Medica. Dose. To act as a cathartic, gr. ij. to gr. x.; as an emmenagogue, gr. j. to gr. ij. twice or thrice a day. The form of a pill is the most convenient mode of exhibition, though the compound decoction is our favorite preparation. Off. Prep. Dccoctum Aloes Compositum, L. D. Extractum Aloes purif., L. D. Ext. Colocynthidis Comp., U. S.—L. D. Tinct. Aloes, L. E. D.—U. S. Tinct. Aloes Comp., L. E. D. Tinct. Aloes JEtherca, E. Tinct. Benzoini Comp., U. S.—L. E. D> Tinct. Uhci et Aloes, U. S.—E. Vinum Aloes, L. E. D. Pul- vis Aloes Comp., L. Pil. Aloes Comp., L. D. Pulv. Aloes cum Canella, D. PH. Aloetica, E. Pil. Aloes cum Myrrha, U. S.— L. E. D. Pil. Cambogia Comp., L. Pil. Aloes et Assafmtida, E.—cum Colocynthide, E. PH. Rhei Comp., L. E. Pil. Scam- monii Comp. cum Aloe, D. Pil. Sagapeni Comp., L. ALOE HEPATICA; EXTRACTUM. D. Barbadoes Aloes. (Aloes pcrfoliata. Class and order as above. Barbadoes, Greece. 4-) Aloe Barbadensis. Comp. As above, but with a larger portion of bitter principle. Prop. Odor very disagreeable, intensely bitter, and nauseous; powder of a dull olive yellow. Oper. As above, but not so frequently employed. ALTILEA3 FOLIA ET RADIX. U. S.-L. E. D. Marsh Mallow Leaves and Root. (Althaea Officinalis, Marsh Mallow, Monadelph. Polyand. N. O. Malvacea. Indigenous 40 Prop. Inodorous; taste sweetish, mucilaginous when chewed; yields its mucus to water by coction. Oper. EmoUient, lubricating, demulcent. Use. In pulmonary and intestinal affections; ardor urinae ; cal- culus; externally in fomentations, clysters, and gargles. Off. Prep. Decoctum Althaa Officinalis, E. Syrupus Althaa, L.E. ALUMEN U. S.—L. E. D. Alum, (from Schistose Clays.) Comp. Sulphate of alumina, with excess of acid, 36.85; sulphate of potassa 18.15; water 45.00 parts (Berzclius), or 1 eq.ofalu- mina=51.4+l, of potassa 47.15+4, of sulphuric acid=160.4+ 24, of water=216 : equiv.=474.95 in the crystallized state. Prop. Crystals regu'ar octahedrons; but generally in large white 6emi-transparent masses; taste sweetish, styptic; effloresces in the air; 16 pts. water at 60° dissolve 1 part of alum. Oper. Tonic, astringent; and in large doses laxative. Use. In hemorrhages, leucorrhoea, diabetes, colica pictonum ; externally in relaxation of the uvula, ophthalmia, gleet, and fluor a I bus. Dose. Grs. x. to 3i. united with an aromatic; or in whey, made with 3 ij. of the powder and Oj. of hot milk, a teacupful 16 AMM occasionally; in gargles 3 ss. in f I iv. of fluid; in collyna and injections gr. xij. in f 5 vj. of rose water. A saturated solution is a useful styptic. Alum Curd is a good cooling external ap- plication in.ophthalmia and other diseases; made by beating up the white of an egg with a piece of alum till it forms a coagulum. Incomp. Potassa and potassa; carbonas, soda: carbonas, ammonia, lime, magnesia, acetate of lead, infusion of galls. Off. Prep. Alumcn Exsiccatum, L. E. D. Liquor Alumints Comp., L. Pulv. Aluminis Comp., E. ALUMEN EXSICCATUM. U. S— L. E. Alumen Siccatum, D. Dried Alum. (Melt the alum in an earthen vessel over the fire, until the ebullition cease.) Comp. As above, without the water of crystallization. Prop. Dry, friable, white, opaque. Oper. Escharotic. Use. To destroy fungus in ulcers; internally in colic. Dose. Gr. iv. to xij. AMMONLE ACETATIS AO.UA. E. See Liquor Ammonia AMMONLE SESQUICARBONAS. L. Ammonia; Carbonas, U. S— E. D. Sesquicarbonate of Ammonia. (Take of Muri- ate of Ammonia Ibj., Chalk, dried, Ibjss., pulverize them sepa- rately ; then mix them thoroughly, and sublime with a gradually increasing heat.)—UyS. Phar. Comp Ammonia 21.52, carbonic acid 55.70, water 22.78=100 parts, or 3 eq. carb. acid 66.36+3, ammonia=51.45+3, water =27; equiv. 144.81: but the quantity of acid varies according to the heat employed in the preparation. Prop. A white, striated, crystallized mass: odor and taste pun gent and ammoniacal; soluble in 4 pts. water at 60°; insoluble in alcohol; effloresces.in the air; sublimed by heat. Oper. Stimulant, antacid, diaphoretic, antispasmodic. Use. In hysteria, dyspepsia, chronic rheumatism ; applied to the nostrils in syncope. Incomp. Acids, potassa fusa, liquor potassae, magnesia, carbon atcs, alum, chloride of calcium, bitartras and bisulphas potassae, salts of iron with the exception of the potassio tartrate, bichlo- ride of mercury, salts of lead, sulphate of zinc. Dose. Gr. v. to 3i. in pills, or in any bland fluid. Gr. xxx. are an emetic. Off. Prep. Liquor Ammonia Sesquicarbonatis, L. E. D. Liquor Ammonia Acctatis, U. S.—L. E. D. Cupri Ammonio-Sulphas, L. E. D Liquor Ammonia, U. S. LIQUOR AMMONITE SESQUICARBONATIS. L. D. Am- monia; Carbonatis Aqua, E. Solution of Sesquicarbonate of Ammonia. (Ammonia Sesquicarbonatis |iv., Aqua distillata Oj. Dissolve the carbonate of ammonia and strain.) Prop, and Use. The same as that of the sesquicarbonate. Dose, tllxxx. tof3j. in any bland fluid. AMMONLE BICARBONAS. D. Bicarbonate of Ammonia, (Ammonia Carbonatis Aqua, quantum velis. Expose the solu tion in a proper apparatus to a stream of carbonic acid gas, procured from white marble dissolving in sulphuric acid, until the alkali be saturated; then let it remain at rest until crystals form; to be dried without heat and preserved in a close vessel.) A MM 17 Prop, and Use. The same as the sesquicarbonate. AMMONLE HYDROCHLORAS. L. Murias Ammonias, U S. —E. D. Hydrochlorate of Ammonia. Sal Ammoniac, U S. Chloroltydrate of Ammonia. Sal Ammoniacus. Comp. Hydrochloric acid 9.55, ammonia 31.95, water 18 50 parts; or 1 eq. animonia=17.15+l of hydrochloric acid 36.42: cquiv.=53.57. Prop. Inodorous; taste acrid, pungent, bitterish, urinous : 3 pts. • of cold water dissolve 1 pt.; usually in the form of a hard, translucent, striated cake; soluble also in 4.5 pts. of alcohol. Oper. Aperient, diuretic; externally to produce cold during its solution ; stimulant. Use. Seldom used internally; externally while dissolving, to abate the heat and pain of inflammation; to allay head-ache; m lotion, composed of the salt ?j., alcohol f 5J-, water f Jix., to indolent tumors, gangrene, scabies, and chilblains. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. Incomp. Sulphuric and nitric acids, acetate of lead, potassa, carbonates of soda and potassa, lime. Off. Prep. Ammonia Scsquicarbonas, L. E. D. Liquor Ammo- nia, L. E. 1). Liquor Sesquicarbonatis Ammonia, L. E. D. Alcohol Ammoniatum, E. D. Ferri Ammonio-Chloridum, L. E. Aqua Cupri Ammoniati,D. SulphuretumJimmonia,H. Murias Ammonia et Fcrri, D. AMMONITE LIQUOR FORTIOR. L. Aqua Ammoniac fortior, E. Stronger solution of ammonia Prop. Colorless, strongly pungent. Spec. grav. .882; contains 29 per cent, of ammonia. Oper. Escharotic, vesicant. Use. As a rubefacient when combined with oil; as an instanta- neous vesicant in gout in the stomach. It is used for preparing Liq. Ammonia, by adding f 3 iij. of distilled water to f 3 j. of this solution. Tests. Should not become turbid with lime-water, nor should it precipitate nitrate of silver. AMMONIAS SPIRITUS. U.S.—L.E. (Ammonia Hydrochloratis ? x., Potassa carb. 1 xvj., Spir. Rect., Aquae, a a Oiij., and distil Oiij.) Comp. Solution of carbonate of ammonia in rectified spirit. Prop. Transparent, colorless, pungent, acrid to the taste. Has an alkaline reaction. Oper. and Use. The same as carbonate of ammonia. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 i. in water. AMMONIACUM. U. S—L. E. Ammoniacum Gummi. D. Ammoniacum. (Dorema Ammoniacum. Don. in Act. Soc. Linn. Barbary, Abyssinia 1) Comp. Gum, resin, essential oil; proportions unknown. Prop. Irregular, dry masses and tears, yellow externally, whitish within ; odor peculiar, not ungrateful; taste nauseous, sweet and bitter; forms a white emulsion with water; soluble in vinegar; partially so in alcohol, aather, and solutions of th* alkalies. Oper. Expectorant, deobstruent, antispasmodic, discutient, re- solvent. Use. In asthma and chfronic catarrh; visceral obstructions, and 18 AMY obstinate colic from viscid matters lodged in the intestines' externally in scirrhous tumors and white swelling of the joints. Dose. Gr. x. to 3ss. in pills, with squill, myrrh, &c, or in emulsion ; see Mist. Ammoniaci. Off. Prep. Mistura Ammoniaci, L. D. Pilula Scilla Composita, L. E. Pilula Ipecacuanha Comp., L. Emplast. Ammoniaci, U. S— L. Emplast. Gummosum, E. Emplast. Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro, L. AMYGDALAO AMARiE DULCES. U. S.-L. E. D. Bitter and Sweet Almonds. (Amygdalus communis var. Q. y. Ica- sand. Monogyn. N. O. Amygdalea. Africa. ^.) Prop. Taste of /? soft and sweet, of y bitter; kernels of both flat, long, with a brownish powdery cuticle; both yield by expression a sweet bland oil. The bitter is now used for emul- sions, and contains hydrocyanic acid; the marc yields oil of bitter almonds. Oper. Demulcent; the bitter is sedative. v Use. In inflammatory complaints; and as a vehicle for more active remedies. Off. Prep. Oleum Amygdala, L. E. D. Mistura Amygdala, L. E. D. Emulsio Arabica, E. D. Emulsio Camphorata, E. Confectio Amygdala, L. AMYGDALAE ULEUM. See Oleum Amygdala;. AMYGDALAE PERSICVE FOLIA. D. Peach Leaves. (Amyg- dalus Persica. Icosand. Monogyn. N. O. Amygdalea. Persia. ^ .) They contain hydrocyanic acid. Prop. Taste bitter and aromatic ; odor agreeable. Oper. Sedative. Use. In inflammatory and spasmodic affections. AMYLUM. U. S.—L. E. Tritici Farina, D. Starch. (Triticum Hybernum, Wheat. Triand. Digynia, N. O. Graminacea. Sicily? 0.) Comp. Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon. Prop. Inodorous, insipid ; in white, friable, hexagonal columnar pieces, emitting a peculiar sound when pressed; insoluble in cold water and alcohol; forming, with boiling water, a strong, opaline, semi-transparent jelly. Oper. Demulcent, nutritious. Use. In dysentery, tenesmus, and ulceration of the rectum, in the form of a clyster; it is the common vehicle for exhibiting opium per anum. The Decoction of Starch is made by boiling for a short time, 3iv. Starch, in Oj. Water, previously mi vine them gradually while the water is cold. Test. Iodine, when the solution in water is cold. Off. Prep Mucilago Amyli, E. D. Pu/v. Tragacantha Comp., L.. Pilula Hydrargyri, E. Trochisci Gummoti E AMYUIDIS GILEADENSIS RESINA L1QUIDA. E. Balsam ofGilead. (Amyha Gileadcnsis. Octandria Monoiryn NO Burceracea. Arabia near Mecca. V.) Balsam'um Gilea- dense. Prop Odor somewhat fragrant; taste warm and bitter, color golden yellow; of the consistence of syrup. Oper. Stimulant, expectorant. Use. Scarcely ever used. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. twice or thrice a day. ANT 19 ANCHUSA]; RADIX. D. AlkanetRoot. (AnchusaTinctorla, Ptntand. Monogyn. N. O. Boraginacca. Europe. 4- Anchusa radix. Prop. Inodorous and insipid when dried. The small roots are the best, and impart the finest and deepest red to oils, ointments, and plasters, for which purpose only they are used. ANETHUM. L. E. Dill Seed. (Anethum Graveolens. Pen- tand. Digyn. N. O. Umbellifera. South of Europe. 0.) Prop. Odor aromatic, but not agreeable; taste aromatic and pungent. Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In flatulent colic, and hiccough, particularly of infants. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. Off. Prep. Aqua Anethi, L. ANGELICA ARCHANGELICA, SEMINA. U. S.—E D. Angelica Root and Seeds. (Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Umbel- lifera. Northern Alps, t.) Prop. Odor fragrant; taste aromatic, bitterish, very warm, equally in the root, leaves, and seeds. Oper. Tonic, carminative, sudorific. Use. In dyspepsia and nausea, but rarely used. Dose. 3 ss. to 3 iij. AN1SUM. U S—L. E. Anisi Semina, D. Aniseed. (Pirn pinella. Anisum. Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Umbclliferm. Egypt. 0.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste sweetish, warm, grateful. Figure oblong-ovate. Oper. Carminative. Use. In dyspepsia, and the tormina of infants. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. bruised. Off. Prep. Oleum Anisi, U. S.—L. E. D. Spiritus Anisi, L. ANTHEMTS. U. S—L. E. Anthemidis Nobilis florcs. D. Chamomile Flowers. (Anthemis Nobilis, Common Chamo- mile. Syngen. Supcrjl N O. Composita. Indigenous. 4-) Chamamelum, fios simplex. Prop Odor powerful, flagrant, grateful; taste bitter, warm; these properties reside in the disc of the flower, and depend on volatile oil, bitter extractive, and piperina. Opcr. Tonic, stomachic; the warm infusion is emetic; externally discutient, emollient, antiperiodic. Time of maceration, 8 to 10 hours. Use. In intermittents, dyspepsia, hysteria, flatulent colic, gout; to promote 'he operation of emetics; externally as fomentations in gripings, and to ripen suppurating tumors. Dose. In powder 3 ss. to 3 ij. twice or thrice a day. Off. Prep. Extractum Anthemidis, E. D. Decoctum Anthemidis Nobilis, U. S.—E. D. Decoct. Malva Comp., L. Infusum Anthemidis, L.—U. S. Oleum Anthemidis, L. The active constituents are hitter extractive, an essential cil, and piperina. ANTIMONII OXIDUM. E. Antimonii Oxidum Nitromuriati- cum, D. Nitromuriatic Oxide of Antimony. (Antimonii Sulphureti in pulv. sub. 5 iv., Acidi Muriatici 0j., and Aqua Ov. Dissolve the sulphuret in the acid with the aid of a gentle heat; boil for half an hour; pour the fluid into the water < collect the precipitate on a calico filter; wash it well with cold water, then with a weak solution of carbonate of soda, and 20 ANT again with cold water till the water ocases to affect reddened litmus paper. Dry the powder over a vapor bath. Prop, and Use. A sesquioxide, used merely for preparing tartar- emetic. ANTIMONII SESQUISULPHURETUM. L. E. Antimonii Sulphuretum, U. S.—D. Sesquisulphuret of Antimony. Aa timonium. Comp. Antimony 75.8, sulphur 26.2, in 100 pts.; or 2 eq. anti mony+3 sulphur=177.3. Prop. Powder of a black or bluish grey color; insoluble. Opcr. Slightly diaphoretic, alterative. Use. In chronic rheumatism, scrofula, cutaneous diseases. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. after evacuating the stomach and bowels. Off. Prep. Sulphuretum Antimonii, E. D. Oxydum Antimonii, E. Antimonii Oxysulphuretum, L. Pulvis Antimonii Com- positus, L. Oxydum Antimonii, D. Antimonii Sulphuretum aureum, E. D. ANTIMONII OXYSULPHURETUM. L. Antimonii Sulphu- retum Precipitatum, U. S. Sulphur Antimoniatum Fuscum, D. Antimonii Sulphuretum aureum, E. Oxysulphuret of Antimony. Sulphur Antimonii Pracipitatum. Comp. Sesquioxide of antimony 12.00, sesquisulphuret of anti- mony 76.5, and 11.5 of water. Prop. Powder of an orange color, taste scarcely metalline, and styptic; insoluble. Oper. Enietic, diaphoretic, cathartic, according to the extent of the dose; alterative; used now, only for forming Plummer's pill. Use. In chronic rheumatism and obstinate eruptions. Seldom ordered. Dose. Gr. j. tc iv. twice or thrice a day, in a pill. Off. Prep. Pilula Hydrargyri Chloridi comp., L. Test. Totally soluble in hydrochloric acid, emitting fumes of hydrochloric acid. ANTIMONII SULPHURETUM PR.EPARATUM. D. Pre- pared Sulphuret of Antimony. (Antimonii Sulphureti quantum velis. Let it be reduced into powder, and treated in the manner ordered for the preparation of chalk.) Prop, and Use. The same ns those of the sulphuret. ANTIMONII POTA.S^IO-TARTRAS. L. Antimonium Tar- tarizatum, E. Antimonii et Potassae T.utras, U. S.—D. Po- tassio-Tartrate of Antimony, or Emetic Tartar. Comp. 1 eq. tartrate of potassa=l 13.63+1 sesquitartrate of anti- mony=219.68=2 watcr=18: equiv. 351.31. Prop. Regular form of the crystal, an octahedron ; but as it effloresces, generally a white powder; taste styptic and metallic; f 1 j. of water, at 00°, dissolve gr. 25, at 212° 3 iv. It si Mild always be dissolved in'distilled water to prove emetic. It is insoluble in alcohol. Opcr. Emetic, sometimes cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant, alterative, rubefacient. A sedative to the circulation, while it increases most of the secretions. Use. In the beginning of fever, to clear the stomach and bowels • but it is an improper emetic in advanced stages of typhus ; ;n large doses in pneumatic inflammations; and in small as'an alterative in cutaneous diseases, acute rheumatism, choreu* AQU 21 externally in white swellings, hooping-cough, phthisis, and all deep-seated inflammations. Dose As the means of subduing inflammation, gr. ss. to gr. ij.; as an emetic, gr. j. to gr. iv. in solution; diaphoretic and expec- torant, gr. i to J. It is made into an ointment for external use, by rubbing up 3ij. with lard |j. Incomp. Alkalies and earths with their carbonates; strong acids; hydro-sulphurets; lime-water, chloride of calcium, salts of lead ; decoctions of bitter and astringent plant?. Off. Prep. Vinum Antimonii Potassio-tartratis, L. Vinum Antimoniale, E. Vinum Antimonii, U. S. Test. Solubility complete in a moderate quantity of water. Hydro-sulphuric acid, into which one or two of the crystals may be dropped, should form an orange color on them. Nei- ther chloride of barium nor nitrate of silver should cause a precipitate. APII PETROSELINI RADIX. E. The Root of Parsley. (Apium Petroselinum. Common Parsley. Pentand. Digyn N. O. Umbellifera. South of Europe. S .) Prop. Odor, when recent, slightly aromatic ; taste sweetish and warm. Oper. Diuretic, aperient. Dose. A cupful of the decoction, made with 3 ij- of the sliced root in water Oj. boiled to Oss. APOCYNUM ANDROSA'.MIFOLIUM. U.S. Dog's Bane (The Root. Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Apocynea, U. Slates Nuttall. Bigelow. 4.) Prop. Taste unpleasant and very bitter ; contains bitter extrac- tive, caoutchouc, volatile oil, and coloring lna.ter. Opcr. Emetic, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose. Grs. xxx. of the powdered root as an emetic; grs. v. dia- phoretic. Employed by the Indians in lues venerea. APOCYNUM CANNABINUM. U. S. Indian Hemp. (The Root. Pent. Digyn. N. O. Apocynea. Big. Nuttall. IX.) Comp. A bitter principle, extractive, tannin, gallic acid, resin, wax, caoutchouc, fecula, liguin, and a peculiar principle, Apocynin. Prop. Strong odor, nauseous, acrid, bitter taste. Fresh root yields a milky juice resembling caoutchouc. Root yields its virtues to water and alcohol. Opcr. Emetic, hydragogue, cathartic, diuretic, diaphoretic, ex- pectorant, slightly narcotic, and sedative. Use. A very powerful remedy in ascites and general dropsy. Dose. From grs. xv. to gr. xxx. of the powdered root produce free vomiting and purging. Of the decoction, which is prefera- ble, and made by boiling 1 ss. of the dried root in Ojss. of water to Oj., from f 5 j. to f 5 ij. may be given three or four times a day if necessary. Of the extract, grs. iij. to grs. iv. two or three times a day will usually act en the bowels- AQUA. E." Spring Water. Contains about 6000th of solid matter. AQUA ACIDI CARBONIC!. U. S. Carbonic Acid Water. (By means of a forcing pump, throw into a suitable receiver, nearly filled with water, a quantity of carbonic acid (obtained from water by means of sulphuric acid), equal to five times tb« bulk of the water.)— U. S. Phar. 22 AQU AQUA AMMONLE FORTIOR. E. See Liquor Ammonia. ' AMMONIAS. E. See Liquor Ammonia. ----- AMMONIAS ACETATIS. I',. See Liquor Ammonia Acetatis. ■-----ANETIII. L. Dill Water; properties, &c, the same as those of the seed. ■-----BARYTAS MURIATIS. D. Solution of Muriate of Barytes. Vide Solutio Muriatis Baryta. •----- CALCIS. E. D. Lime Water. Vide Liquor Calcis. -----CALCIS COMPOSITA. D. Compound Lime Water. (Ramentorum Ligni Guaiaci, Ibss. Glycyrrhiza radicis incisa et contusa, |j. Corticis sassafras, contusi, | ss. Seminum Coriandri, 3 vj. Aqua Calcis, mensura Ibvj. Macerate with- out heat for two days, occasionally shaking the closed vessel, and strain.) For the use and virtues of this very unchemical preparation, see Decoctum Guaiaci Compositum. AQUA CALCIS MURIATIS. D. Solution of Muriate of Lime. See Liquor Calcii Chloridi. ----- CARBONATIS SOD.E ACIDULA. D. Acidulous Solution of Carbonated Soda. (Carbonatis Soda quantum velis.) Dissolve it in the water, so that each pint may contain a drachm of carbonate of soda; then in a proper vessel expo£e the solu- tion to a stream of carbonic acid gas, extricated from white marble by muriatic acid diluted with six parts of water, until the carbonic acid be in excess in the solution.) Prop, and Use. The same as those of soda water. AQUA CAMPHORA. Camphor Water. (Take of Camphor 3 ij., Alcohol gutt. xl., Carbonate Magnesia 3j., Distilled Water Oij. Rub the camphor first with the alcohol, afterwards with the carb. mag., and lastly with the water gradually added —then filter through paper.)— U. S. Phar. AQUA CARUI. U. S.—L. D. Caraway Water. ------CASSLE. E. Cassia Water. (Cassia Bark bruised 3 xviij., Water Cong, ij., Rect. Spirit f ? iij. Distil off a gallon.) tse. The same as that of cinnamon water. AQUA CHLORINEI. E. D. Chlorine Water. Comp. Chlorine and water. Prop. Odor suffocating; taste harsh, astringent; color pale greenish yellow; spec. grav. 1003; decomposed by light, de- stroys vegetable colors. Oper. Stimulant. Use. In scarlatina maligna. Dose. fZj. tof3ij. in a small cupful of fluid AQUA CIXNAMOMI. U. S.—L. E. D. Cinnamon Water (Take of oil of cinnamon f 3 ss., carbonate magnesia 3 ss., dis- tilled water Oij.; rub the oil of cinnamon first with the carb mag., then with the water gradually added, and filter through paper. In same way prepare the other medicated waters of medicinal plants.)— U. S. Phar. AQUA CUPRI AMMONIATI. D. Vide Liquor Cupri Am- monio-Sulphatis. ------DISTILL ATA. U. S.-L. E. D. Distilled Water Al- though this is very generally ordered in extemporaneous pre- scriptions, yet it is scarcely ever used; but it is nevertheless absolutely necessary when the following and many other arti AQU 23 cles are ordered : Acidum Citricum, Antimonii Potassio- Tar- tras, Argenti Nitras, Cupri Ammonio-Sulphas, Ferri Potassio- Tartras, Hydrargyri Bichloridum, Liquor Ammonia, Liquor Plumbi diacetatis, Liquor Potassa, Chloridum Barii, Plumbi Acetas, Vinum Ferri, Zinci Sulphas, et praparationcs varia. AQUA FLORUM AURANTII. L. Orange Flower Water. AQUA FCENICULI. U. S.—L. E. D. Fennel Water. ----- LAURO CERASI. E.D. Laurel Water. (Fresh Cherry Laurel Leaves Ibj., Water Oijss., Comp. Spir. of Lavender ? j Distil a pint; agitate and filter if milky, and add the spirit.) Prop. Taste and odor resembling those of bitter almonds, an hydrocyanic acid. Oper. Sedative. Use. In spasmodic affections and dyspepsia. Dose. From fllx. to f 3 i. or more. AQUA PIMENTO. L. E. D. Pimenta Water. ----- MENTHA! PIPERll^E. U. S.—L. E. D. Peppermint Water. ----- MENTHA! PULEGTl. L. E. D. Pennyroyal Water. ----- MENTHAS VIRIDIS. U. S.—L. E. D. Mint Water. ----- PICIS LIQUIDAS. D. Tar Water. (Picis Oij., Aqua Cong. j. Comp. Empyre'.mafic oil, vinegar, water. Prop. Taste sharp and empyreumatic; color of Madeira wine. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic. Use. In scorbutus and cutaneous diseases. Dose. Oj. to Oij. in the course of a day. AQUA POTASSA;. E. See Liquor Potassa. ------ROSAI. U. S.—L. E. D. Rose Water. ------SAMBUCI. L.E. Elder Water. These waters, which contain a small portion of the essential oil of the plants in solution, are used chiefly as vehicles for more active medicines; in doses of f ?j. to f 3 iij. AQUA SULPHURETI POTASS JE. D. Water of Sulphuret- ted Potassa. (A Sulphuretted Hydro-sulphuret of Potassa.) Prop. Odor fetid; taste nauseous and acrid; color yellowish; feels soapy, stains the cuticle black; absorbs oxygen from the air, and is decomposed, requiring, therefore, to be kept closely stopped. Oper. The same as potassii sulphuretum. Use. In herpes; externally in scabies and porrigo. Dose. 1 ss. to f 3 ij. twice a day. Incomp. All the acids. AQUA POTASSAS EFFERVESCENS. E. Effervescing So- lution of Totassa. (Aqua Cong.']., Potassa tiarbonatis 5j , tn Nooth's Apparatus.) Comp. Bicarbonate of potassa, uncombined carbonic acid, and water. Prop. Taste pungent, acidulous; transparent, sparkling. Oper. Diuretic, antacid. '«■ Use. In dyspepsia and red gravel. Dose, f 5 viij. three times a day. AQUA SODA: EFFERVESCENS. E. Carbonatis Soda Aqua Acidula. D. Effervescing Solution of Soda. Soda Water. (Aqua Cong. Soda Carbonatis 3 ij., saturated in Nooth's Apparatus.) 94 ARG Comp As above, with the bicarbonate of soda instead of potassa. Prop. As above, but more pleasant and milder. Oper. Tonic, lithontriptic, diuretic, antacid. ; Use. In red gravel, dyspepsia, and as a cooling beverage; with lemon-juice, a good effervescing draught. Dose. Oss. to Oj. twice or thrice a day. Mr. Brande's experiments have raised doubts whether the alkalies, in any form, act as solvents of ready-formed calculous matter. ARALIA NUDICAULIS. U. S. Secondary. False Sarsapa rilla. (Pent. Pentagyn. N. O. Araliacca. U. S. 4-) Prop. Root horizontal, creeping, twisted, yellowish-brown color, fragrant odor, warm, aromatic, sweetish taste. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Use. Employed in rheumatism, syphilis, cutaneous affections, in the same manner and dose as the genuine sarsaparilla. ARALIA SPINOSA. U.S. Angelica Tree, (Toothache Tree, Prickly Ash. CI. and Or. same as former. 4-) Prop. Bark thin, greyish externally, white within, aromatic odor; bitterish, pungent, acrid taste; soluble in boiling water. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic, emetic, cathartic. Use. Employed in chronic rheumatism and cutaneous eruptions. Also, in Virginia, in colic, in toothache, usually given in decoc- tion. ARCTII LAPPA; SEMINA ET RADIX. D. Burdock Root. (Arctium Lappa, U. S. Burdock, Syngen. Polygam. JEqualis, N. O. Composita. Indigenous. 4-) Prop. Inodorous, taste sweetish, slightly bitter, mucilaginous. Oper. Aperient, sudorific, diuretic. Use. In rheumatism, gout, aphtha:; also in venereal, scorbutic, scrofulous, and nephritic affections; in decoction made with 1 ij. of the root in Ojss. of water. The leaves externally in cutaneous eruptions and ulcerations. Dose. A teacupful several times a day; of little value unless persevered in for a long time. MtGENTUM. U S—L. E. D. Silver: used only to prepare the Nitrate. fYRGENTI NITRATIS CRYSTALLI. D. Crystals of Nitrate of Silver. (Argenti in laminas extensi atque concisi partes triginta septem, acidi nitrici diluti partes scxaginta. Let the silver be put into a glass vessel, and the acid previously diluted with water poured over it. Dissolve the metal, with heat gradually increased; then crystallize by evaporation and cool- ing, and preserve the crystals, dried without heat, in a glass vessel in an obscure place.) Comp. Oxide of silver 68.24, nitric acid 31.76, in 100 parts; or 1 eq. acid=54.15+l oxide of silver=116 eq.=170.15. Prop. Taste intensely bitter and metallic; crystals transparent, brilliant, irregular thin plates, not deliquescent, but becoming brown, the silver being partly reduced, when exposed to vege- table or animal matter. Soluble in an equal weight of water at 60°, and in alcohol. Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic, escharotic. Use. In chorea and epilepsy; externally to cicatrize ulcers• as an application to erysipelas; and as a gargle in ulcerations of the fauces. Dose. Gr. l-6th to gr. i. or more, in a pill with crumb of bread ARG 25 Ineamp. Alkalies, alkaline earths; sulphuric, hydro-sulphuric, sulphurous, hydrochloric, phosphoric acids, and their salts; spring water. ARGENTI NITRAS. (fusa?) U.S.—L.E.D. Nitrate of Silver. Comp. 1 eq. of oxide of silver=116+l of nitric acid=54.15, eq. =170.15; or 68.24 parts of oxide+31.76 of acid=100.00. Prop. Taste styptic, austere, bitter ; decomposes animal matter. In little cylindrical pieces of a dull-white color; fracture radi- ated ; reduced by light; soluble in an equal weight of water at 60°, also in alcohol. Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic, escharotic. Use. In chorea, epilepsy, dyspepsia, and irritable conditions of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels; locally to relieve strictures; to fungous ulcers, warts, and venereal chancres; gr. ij. in distilled water f |j. is a good injection in fistulous sores ; and as an application to spongy gums, enlarged tonsils, and ulcerated sore throats. A solution of 3 ss. in f 3 j. of distilled water, highly useful when pencilled over the sur- face in erysipelas. ; Dose. Gr. £ increased to gr. iv. in a pill, with crumb of bread, three times a day; or in solution, increased to gr. iij. The dark color communicated to the skin of some individuals is an objection to its external employment, but this is prevented by the administration of diluted nitric acid or chlorine. Off. Prep. Liquor Nitratis Argenti, L. Argenti Cyanidum, L. Incomp. Sulphuric, hydrochloric, and arsenious acids and their salts; alkalies, except ammonia; lime; chlorides ; sulphurets; astringent vegetable infusions and decoctions; aqueous solutions of salts of mercury, or of copper. ARGENTI CYANIDUM. L. Argenti Cyanuretum, U. S. Cyanuret of Silver. Cyanide of silver. Argenti Nit. 3 xvii. Acidi Hydrocyanici diluti, Aq. dist., a a Oj. (The U. S. Ph. directs to take Nitrate of Silver 3 xv,, Hydrocyanic Acid, Dist. Water, I a Oj. Having dissolved the nitrate of silver in the water, add the hydrocyanic acid and mix them. Wash the precipitate with distilled water and dry it.) Comp. 18.4 cyanogen=80.6 sil ver=100; or cyanogen 1 eq.=26.39 +silver 1 eq.=1.08 eq.=134.39. Prop. White powder, insoluble in water, soluble in ammonia, and hot nitric and sulphuric acids. Tests. Nitric acid dissolves the whole of the residue, after the cyanogen has been driven off by heat. * Use. To prepare hydrocyanic acid. ARGILLA PURA Pure Argil or Alumina. Armenian Bole. (Take the Sulphate of Alumina and Ammonia, and expose it for 20 or 25 minutes to a red heat, in a crucible; the sulphuric acid and ammonia are driven off', and the argil remains behind in a white powder.) Prop. A white powder, devoid of smell or taste, astringent; a peculiar earthy smell when breathed upon. Insoluble in water, attracts moisture greedily from the air, becoming a gelatinous mass. Oper. Absorbent, astringent. Use. In diarrhoea, cholera infantum, and dysentery, attended with acidity of stomach. 2 26 ARS Dose. For a young child 3ss. to 3j., to adults 3 ij. to 'i'w. is an emulsion. ARMORACIA. U. S.—L. Cochlearia Armoracia; Radix, E.D Horse Radish Root. (Cochlearia Armoracia, Horse Radish Tetradynamia Siliculosa. N. O. Crucifera. Europe. 4-) Prop. Odor pungent; taste sweetish, biting, acrid; lost in drying Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic. Use. In scorbutus, rheumatism, dropsy, and dyspeptic affections j and locally in hoarseness. Dose. 3i. to 3 j. Vide Infusion: of the following syrup a tea- spoonful often, slowly swallowed, in hoarseness. (R Of the scraped root 3 j., boiling water 5 ij., sugar q. s. to the strained liquor.) Of. Prep. Infusum Armoracia Comp., L. Spir. Armoracia Comp., L. D. arnica: Montana: flores, folia, radix, d.—u.s. The Flowers, Leaves, and Root of Leopard's Bane. (Arnica Montana, Secondary. Syngen. Polygam. Superfl. N. O. Com- posita. North of Europe. 4-) Prop. Odor slightly fetid; when rubbed aromatic, exciting sneezing; taste bitterish, acrid. Oper. Narcotic, stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, diuretic. Use. In amaurosis, paralysis, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, nephri- tis, and chlorosis. The root has been used in intermittents, but is most useful in diseases attended with a typhoid state of the system. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. x. in powder, or f ?jss. of the following infu- sion (R Of the root 3jss., water f J viij.), twice or thrice a day. In large doses it produces poisoning. Tests. The infusion is colored green by sulphate of copper. ARSENIAS AMMONIA!. Ammonium Arsenicum. Arseniate of Ammonia. (Take of arsenious acid one part, dissolve in water, and add pure or carbonated ammonia sufficient to saturate the acid; or, take of white arsenic one part, nitric acid four parts, muriatic acid half a part, saturate the solution with carbonate of ammonia, and let the arsenical salt crystallize.) —Dunglison's " New Remedies." Oper. Alterative, and similar to Fowler's Solution of arsenic. Use. In chronic cutaneous affections ; must be given for severa weeks. Dose. Of a solution, made by dissolving gr. i. of the salt in 5j of water; give from xx. to xxv. drops daily, increasing the dose gradually till it reaches 3 j. ARSENICUM ALBUM SUBLIMATUM. D. Arsenicum Al- bum. E. Acidum Arseniosum. L. Sublimed with white Arsenic. Arsenious acid. Comp. Arsenic, the metal, 75.2, oxygen 24.8 parts; or2eq. arsenic =75.4+3 oxyuen=24—equiv.=99.4. Prop. In while, semi vitreous, brittle lumps; some transparent, others opaque ; odor, when heated with charcoal, that of garlic; taste sweetish. When heated with charcoal in a close glass tube, it sublimes in brilliant metallic scales, by which it may be detected when suspected as the cause of death. Its solution reddens litmus; spec. grav. 3.7; 1000 parts of water at 212° dissolve 37 parts, and retain 18, when cold, of the transparent ARU 37 acid; 115 of the opaque, and retain 29. The solution combines with alkalies. Oper. Tonic, escharotic. The most virulent of the mineral poisons, for which the hydrated peroxide of iron is the best antidote. Use. In intermittents, periodic headaches, and chronic rheuma- tisms. An application to cancerous sores, in lotion. (R Acidi arseniosi, carbonatis potassae, a a gr. viij., aquae f?iv.; or, in ointment, R Acidi arseniosi 3j., ung. cetacei 3 xij.) Dose. In solution, vide Liquor potassae arsenitis; or gr. l-10th to gr. i in a pill. (R Arseniosi acidi gr. j., sacchari albi gr. x., mica; panis gr. x. Tere saccharum cum acido, dein cum pane optimo contunde, et in pilul. aequal. decern divide.) Off. Prep. Liquor Potassa Arsenitis, U. S.—L. ARSENICUM lODATUM. Iodide of Arsenic. (Heatin a glass alembic a mixture of 16 parts of arsenic and 100 parts of iodine; or, boil 30 parts powdered arsenic and 100 of iodine, in 1000 parts of water. As soon as the liquor becomes colorless, filter and evaporate to dryness.)—Majendie. Prop. Orange-colored needles. Oper. Sedative, alterative. Use. In cutaneous affections, both internally and externally. Dose. One-tenth of a grain three times a day, increased to one- fourth of a grain. The ointment may be made, according to Cazenave, by mixing 1 part of the iodide with 18 of lard ; but Biett uses only gr. iij. of the iodide to 5 j. lard. ARTEMISIA CHINENS1S, et A. INDICA, FOLIA, MOXA. The Leaves of the Chinese and Indian Wormwood. Moxa. (Syngen. Superflu. N. O. Composita. China and India. 4-) The Moxa is prepared by beating the tops of these plants in a mortar until they become like tow. The A. Vulgaris will answer. Prop. Leaves—odor fragrant, taste bitter. Moxa soft like cotton wool. Oper. Leaves—-Stomachic, tonic, antispasmodic. Use. The leaves in dyspepsia, hysteria, and obstructed menstrua- tion. The Moxa, burnt upon a part, relieves rheumatic pains, and other local affections requiring counter-irritation. Dose. A cupful of an infusion, made with 3 iv. of the leaves in f 5 viii. of boiling water. ARTEMISIA SANTONICA. SEMINA. D. Tartarian Southern-Wood Tops. Comp. A volatile oil, resinous extractive matter, and a peculiar principle, santonin, crystallizable, colorless, tasteless, inodorous, soluble in aether and alc-hcl, and nearly insoluble in water. Prop. Smell strong and disagreeable ; taste bitter. Oper. Stimulant, anthelmintic. Use. In the lumbrici of children; but much is to be ascribed to the calomel, jalap, &c, administered at the same time. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. in powder, or made into an electuary with honey, twice a day. Superseded in this country by the seeds of the Chenopodium Anthelminticum. ARUM. U.S. Secondary. (Triphyllum.) Dragon Root,Indian Turnip. (Monacia. Polyandria. N. O. Aroidea. United States. The Root. 0.) 28 ASP Prop. Odor peculiar, taste highly acrid and burning, contains a large quantity of starch. Oper. Externally irritant. Internally, stimulant to all the secre- tions, especially those of the skin and lungs. Use. In asthma, pertussis, chronic catarrh, chronic rheumatism, and cachectic complaints generally. Dose. Of the powder of the recently dried root, gr. v. to gr. x., mixed with gum arabic, sugar, and water, in the form of emul sion, repeated two or three times a day, and gradually increased to 3ss. or 3j. Also, in aphthous sore mouth of children, mixed with sugar, and laid on the tongue. ASARUM. L. ASARI FOLIA. D. The Leaves of Asara Bacca. (Asarum Europaum. Dodecandria Monogyn. N. O. Aristolochiacea. Europe. 4-) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste nauseous, bitter, hot, acrid ; loses much of its acrimony in drying. Oper Emetic, cathartic, diuretic, diaphoretic, errhine. Use. Scarcely ever used but as an errhine in cephalaea and chronic ophthalmia. Dose. 3j. to 3 ss. vomits and purges; gr. ij. to gr. v. snuffed up the nostrils at bed-time, occasion a plentiful mucous discharge. ASARUM CANADENSE. U. S. (Secondary. Wild Ginger. U. States. 0.) Prop. Taste pleasant, aromatic, slightly bitter, resembling that of cardamom; contains an essential oil, bitter, resinous matter, starch, and gum. Oper. A stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic Use. Used chiefly as an elegant adjunct to tonic infusions and decoctions. Resembles serpentaria in its effects. Dose. Of the powder, from gr. xx. to gr. xxx. Also used in form of a tincture. ASCLEPIAS. U. S. Incarnata, Syriaca, Tuberosa. (Secon- dary.) Syria. The Common Silkweed. Tuber. Butterfly Weed. Pleurisy Root. Pentan. Digyn. N. O. Asclepiadea. Bigelow. U. States. ©.) Prop. The variety Tuberosa is chiefly employed in medicine. Taste subacrid, nauseous, bitter; emits no milky juice when wounded, like the other varieties. Oper. Diaphoretic, expectorant, cathartic, diuretic, slightly tonic. Use. Employed extensively in some of the Southern States, in catarrh, pneumonia, pleurisy, consumption, acute rheumatism, autumnal remittents, and dysentery. Dose. Of the powder, gr. xx. to 3 i. several times a day. As a diaphoretic, a teacupful of the decoction, every three or four hours, made by infusins; ?. i. of the root in Oij. water. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS. Asparagus. Europe. IX. Prop. Juice contains a peculiar crystallizable principle called asparagin, or asparamide. Oper. Diuretic, aperient, deobstruent, sedative'? Use. Dropsy, cutaneous affections, neuralgia, palpitation, and diseases of the heart. Dose. Of the syrup, made by adding a sufficient quantity of sugar to the expressed juice of the shoots, previously deprived of its albumen by exposure to heat and by filtration, from f 5 j. to f 5 ij- Of the extract, made by evaporating the same juice to AUR 29 the proper consistence, from 3 ss. to 3 j.; or it may be prepared from the inner, white portion of the roots. ASPHALTUM. (See Naptha.) ASPIDIUM L. See Filicis Radix. ASSAFCETIDA. U.S.—L.E. AssafcetidaGummiResina. D. Assafueiida. (Ferula Assafatida. Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Umbcllifera. Persia. IX.) Comp. Gum 60, resin 30, essential oil 10 parts in 100. Prop. In masses, of a whitish or reddish, and violet hue, ad- hering together; odor fetid and alliaceous; taste bitter and subacrid; forms an emulsion with water. Oper. Antispasmodic, expectorant; emmenagogue; anthelmintic when injected into the rectum. Use. Hysteria, tympanitis, asthma, dyspnoea, pertussis, worms. Dose. In pill, gr. x. to 3 ss.; in solution, vide Mistura; in clys- ter, 3 ij. dissolved in water f 3 viij. Off. Pr,p. Mistura Assafatida, U. S— L. D. Tinct. Assafa- tida, U. S.—Ij. E. D. Spiritus Ammonia Fatidus, L. E. D. Tinct. Castorei Ammoniata, E. Pilula Assafatida, U. S,—E. Piluhr Aloes et Assafatida, U. S.—E. Pil. Galbani Comp., L. ATROPA. (See Belladonna.) AURANTIUM. AURANTII CORTEX. U. S.—AURANTll FLORES. L. Aurantii aqua, Cortex. E. Citri Aur. fructus, buccus, tunica exterior, flores, folia, D. The Seville Orange and its rind, flowers, leaves, and immature fruit. (Citrus Au- rantium. Polyadel. Icosand. N. O. Aurantiacea. Asia. 4-) Prop. Juice gratefully acid; rind aromatic, bitter; unripe fruit more bitter, but less aromatic; flowers agreeably odorous. Opcr. Juice refrigerant, antiseptic; the rind and immature fruit tonic, carminative. Use. The juice, in febrile, inflammatory complaints, and scurvy, as a beverage; the rind and immature fruit in dyspepsia, par- ticularly that of drunkards; the latter is also used in issues; and the juice as a lotion, and the pulp as a poultice to fetid sores. Dose. Juice ad libitum: of the rind, &c, vide Off. Preparations. Off. Prep. Of the rind, Aq. Citri Aurantii, E. D. Confectio Au- rantii, U. S—L. E. D. Syrupus Aurantii, U. S— L. E. D Infusum Aurantii Comp., L. E. Infus. Gcntiana Comp.,U. S. —L. E D. Tinct. Aurantii, L. E. D. T. Cinchona Comp., U. S. Tinct. Gcntiana Comp., U. S.—L. E. Spiritus Armo- racia Comp., L. D. Of the flowers, Aqua Florum Aurantii, L. AURANTll AQUA. E. Orange-flower water. Use. As a vehicle for other substances. AURANTll OLEUM. L. E. Oil of the Orange. (Distilled from the flowers.) Prop. Volatile, has the odor of the flowers, a pungent taste. AURI IODIDUM. Iodide of Gold. (Add a solution of pure cyanide of potassium to a solution of chloride of gold, collecting the iodide of gold, which falls down, on a filter, and washing it with alcohol to remove the excess of iodine, which precipi- tates with it.)—French Codex. Comp. 1 eq. iodine=126 ; 1 eq. gold=200. Prop. Greenish yellow color; insoluble in cold water; slightly soluble in boiling water. Heated in a crucible it evolves iodine vapor, and is converted into metallic gold. ^ 30 AUR Oper. Alterative, tonic. Use. In venereal affections, cutaneous diseases, &c. Dose. l-15th to 1-lOth of a grain. AURUM MURIATICUM. AuriTerchloridum. Aurum Chlo- ratum. Murias Auri. Muriate of Gold. Terchloride of Gold. (Digest one part of gold leaf in three parts of the nitro-hydro- chloric acid in a sand bath, and evaporate gently to dryness.)— French Codex. Prop. Taste styptic, disagreeable; soluble in alcohol, aether, aid water, forming a solution of a beautiful yellow; occurs in small crystalline needles of an orange-red color. Exposed to a mo- derate heat, it passes to a state of protochloride ; heated to a greater degree, chlorine is disengaged, and metallic gold left behind. Comp. 1 eq gold=200+3 eqs. chlorine 108. Opcr. A" corrosive poison; resembles corrosive sublimate in its operation ; an alterative. Use. Externally and internally, in dropsy secondary syphilis, and glandular affections; as a caustic in cancerous growths. Dose. From l-20th to l-15th of a grain, twice a day. Must be used with great caution. AURUM MURIATICUM NATRONATUM. Sodie Auro-Ter- chloridum. Chloride of Gold and Sodium. Muriate of Gold and Soda. (Take of gold six parts, dissolve in a sufficient quantity of muriatic acid, adding as much nitric a,cid as is re- quired to dissolve the gold ; then mix ten parts of dry muriate of soda, and after evaporating the solution over a slow fire, reduce it to a yellow powder.)—Pruss. Pharm. Prop. Crystals, four-sided prisms; beautiful yellow color; attracts moisture from the air; soluble in water. Comp. 1 eq. terchloride of gold=308; 1 eq. chloride of sodium= 60, and 4 eqs. of water=36. Oper. An alterative. Use. Scrofula, syphilis, and cutaneous affections; most employed of any of the auric preparations. Dose. l-30th to l-25th of a grain, twice a day, rubbed up in sugar; of the ointment, gr. i. to gr. xxxvi. lard. AURUM NITRICO MURIATICUM. Auri Nitro-Murias. Ni- tro-Muriate of Gold. (Dissolve gr. vi. of pure muriate of gold in 5j. nitro-muriatic acid.)—Recamier. Oper. Caustic, resolvent. Use. In cancerous tumors and ulcers. Dose. Should be applied cautiously to the diseased parts, and to them exclusively. The pain from its application may be relieved by pledgets dipped in laudanum. AURUM OX YDATUM. Auri Tei oxydum. Teroxide of Gold Oxide of Gold. Auric Acid. (The French Codex directs to prepare it by boiling four parts of calcined magnesia with one part of terchloride of gold, and forty parts of water Then wash first with water to remove the chloride of magnesium and afterwards with dilute nitric acid to dissolve the excess of magnesia. Opcr. The same as the other preparations of gold ■ its uses also the same ; made into pills with extract of mezereon. and civen in doses of a tenth of a grain to a grain. AURI TERC^ANIDUM. Tercyanideof Gold. (Add carefully B AL 31 a solution of pure cyanide of potassium to a solution of chloride of gold until a precipitate (cyanide of gold) ceases to be formed.) —French Codex. Comp. 3 eqs. cyanogen=78; 1 eq. golrl=200. Prop. A yellow powder, insoluble in water. Oper. Alterative. Use. In venereal, scrofulous, and cutaneous affections. Dose. l-15th to l-10th of a grain, in pills, with some inert powder. AVK.NA. L.E. Avenre farina ex scminibus. D. Oats. (Avena Sativa. Triand. Digyn. N. O. Graminacea. Is!c of Juan Fernandez. 0.) Comp. In 100 parts, 59 starch, 4.30 gluten, 8.25 sugar and bitter principle, 2.50 gum, 2 fixed oil, 23.95 fibrous or woody matter; has no smell ; slightly bitter to the taste, and yields most of its nutritive matter with facility to boiling water. Oper. Nutritive, emollient. Use. The decoction of oats is excellent as a beverage in all acute diseases; and as a clyster in dysentery. The dry meal is Bprinkled over parts affected with erysipelatous inflammation : boiled in water, it forms a good common poultice; and, with yeast, the fermenting poultice, for gangrenous sores. To make oat-meal gruel, boil an ounce of the meal with three pints of water to a quart; strain the decoction; allow it to stand till it cools; then pour off the clear liquor; add sugar and lemon juice to improve its flavor: raisins may also be boiled in it for the same purpose. AXUNGIA. E. Lard. See Adens. BALSAMUM CANADENSE. E. D. See Terebinthina Cana- densis. BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM. L.E.D. Myroxili Peruviani Belsamum, E. D. Peruvian Balsam. (Myrospermuin Perui- ferum, Dccand. Monogyn. N. O. Lcguminosa. South America. >.) Comp. Benzoic acid, resin, volatile oil. Prop. Odor fragrant and aromatic, taste hot and bitter, consist- ence that of honey, color reddish-brown, soluble in alcohol, misxihle in water by means of mucilage. Oper. Stimulant, tonic, expectorant. Use. In palsy; chronic asthma, bronchitis, and rheumatism; gleet; leucorrhoea; and externally for cleansing and stimulating foul, indolent ulcers; 3 j. with fellis Bovini 3 iij., forms a mix- ture which is dropped into the ear in cases of a fetid discharge from that organ, every day after syringing with a solution of mild soap. Dose. M[x. to f 3 ss. twice or thrice a day, made into an emulsion with mucilage of gum. Off Prep. Pilula Guaiaci cum Aloe, D. BALSAMUM TOLUIANUM. L.E. Toluifera Balsamum Resina, D. Tolu Balsam. (The concrete balsam of Myro- spermum Peruiferum.) Comp. The same as that of Balsam of Peru. * Prop. Odor very fragrant; taste warm, sweetish, communicated to boiling water ; color reddish-yellow. Oper. Stimulant, expectorant? 32 BEN Use. In chronic coughs, but principally used on account of its flavor. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. triturated with mucilage. Off. Prep. Tinct. Benzoini Comp., L. E. D. Tinct. Tolutani, E. D. Syrupus Tolutani, L. E. BARIUM lODATUM. Baryi Iodidum. Iodide of Barium. BARYTA HYDRIODICA. Hydriodate of Baryta. (For the methods of preparing these, see Dunglison's " New Remedies," pp. 82, 83.) Oper. Alterative. , . Use. Scrofula, morbid growths, hypertrophy, chronic inflamma- tions, secondary syphilis, cutaneous diseases, &c. Dose, i to 1-6 of a grain three times a day, gradually increasing the dose to 2 or 3 grains. BARYTA; CARBONAS. U. S. See Carbonas Baryta;. --------- SULPHAS. D. For making the carbonate, and the chloride of Barium. BAR1I CHLORIDUM. U. S.-L. See Murias Barytae. BECCABUNGA; HERBA. D. Brooklime. (Veronica Bccca- bunga, Diand. Monogyn. N. O. Veronicea. Indigenous. 4-) Prop. Inodorous; taste bitterish, slightly styptic. Oper. Antiscorbutic'? Use. In scurvy, but has very little efficacy. Dose, f 1 ij. to 1 iv. of the juice daily. BELLADONNA. U.S.—L.E. Folia et Radix, D. The Leaves and Root of Deadly Nightshade. (Atropa Belladonna. Pen- tand. Monogyn. N. O. Solanacea. Indigenous. 40 Comp. Albumen, salts of potash, and a narcotic principle, which is an alkali that has been named Atropia, discovered by Messrs. Meissner and Brandes, in Germany : its crystals are acicular, white, shining, tasteless, and scarcely soluble in water. Prop. Odor slightly narcotic, taste subacrid, bitter, nauseous; does not lose its activity by drying. Oper. Powerfully narcotic, diaphoretic, diuretic, repellent. Use. In obstinate intermittents, tic douloureux, palsy, epilepsy, chorea, mania, gout, rheumatism, dropsy, jaundice, pertussis, and the cachexia;; amaurosis : sprinkling the powdered leaves over cancerous sores has been found to allay the pain; and the leaves form a good poultice. Applied to the eye, in the fqrm of infusion or solution of the extract, to dilate the pupil previous to operations. The root is used for the same purpose as the leaves. Dose. Gr. ss. gradually increased to gr. x. daily; or f 5 ij. of this infusion, R Of the leaves 3j., hot water f 5 x., strained cold Off. Prep. Ext. Belladonna, L. E. BENNIE. (See Sessamum.) BENZOINUM. U. S—L. E. Benzoe, D. Benzoin. (Stvrax Benzoin, Decand. Monogyn. N.O. Styracea. Sumatra. 5.) Comp. Benzoic acid, resin. Prop. Odor fragrant, taste slightly aromatic; in masses com- posed of white and brown pieces; volatile; soluble in alcohol and aether. Use. Principally for obtaining the acid it contains. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. Incomp. Alkalies, acids:—and so with all the balsams. BRO 33 Off. Prep. Acidum Benzoicum, L. E. D. TVnet. Benzoini Comp., L. E. D. BERGAMII OLEUM. L. Bergamotae oleum. E. Oil of Ber- gamotte. A volatile oil, distilled from the rind of the fruit of the Citrus Limetta Bergamium. Use. For scenting ointments. BISMLTHUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Bismuth. ?rop. In spicular plates of a reddish-white color, considerable lustre, pulverizable, moderately hard; spec. grav. 8.211: fusible, at 400° Fah.; volatile in a high temperature. It has a sensible odor and taste. Use. For preparing the trisr.itrate. BISMUTHI TRISNITRAS. L. Bismufhi Subnitras. U. ».—D. Bismuthum album. E. Trisnitrate of Bismuth. (R Bismuthi $j., Acidi Nitrici f ? jss., Aqua Distillata Oiij". . Dissolve the bismuth in the nitric acid, mixed with f 3 vj. of the water; and strain. Add the remainder of the water to the filtered fluid, and set aside the mixture till the powder subsides. Finally, having poured off the supernatant fluid, and washed the tris- nitrate with distilled water, dry it, rolled in blotting paper, with a gentle heat.) Comp. 18.36 pts. of nitric acid+81.64 of oxide of bismuth=100.00; or, 3 eq. oxide=240+l eq. acid=54.15 equiv. 294.15. Prop. A white, inodorous, tasteless powder: insoluble in water. . Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic. Use. In dyspepsia attended with cardialgia. Dose. From gr. j. to gr. xv. BORAX. L. E. Soda; Boras, U. S—D. (Impure from Thibet and Persia.) Borax. A Iiiborate. Exists native, and may be obtained by artificial means. Comp. 2 eq. of boracic acid=69.8+l of soda 31.3+10 water=90 equiv.=190.11. Prop. Inodorous, taste cooling, slightly efflorescent; soluble in water. A concentrated solution treated with sulphuric acid deposits scaly crystals in cooling. Oper. Diuretic, detergent, refrigerant. Use. In aphthous affections it is administered internally; and also in gastric irritation. As a gargle in aphthae, and in sali- vation. In nephritic and calculous complaints depending on an excess of uric acid. Externally as awash in scaly cutaneous eruptions. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j.; lotion 3j to 3 viij. water. Off. Prep. Mel Boracis, L. E. BRAYERA ANTHELMINT1CA. Brayera. (Icosand. Digyn. N. O. Rosacea. The Flowers. 4-) Abyssinia. Comp. Extractive matter, tannin, &c. Oper. Powerful anthelmintic. Use. For tape worm. Dose. 3 j of the flowers hpiled in xvi. of water to | viij.; add sugar or honey to make it palatable, and swallow at one draught. Not vet employed in the United States. BROMINIUM. U. S.—L. (Secondary.) Brome. Prop. A dark orange-red volatile liquid; odor disagreeable, ra Bembling that of chlorine; taste strongly acrid; spec. grav. 3 very volatile; soluble in water, alcohol, and aether; found D sea water, mineral waters, and marine animals. 2* 34 CA J Oper. A powerful poison, escharotic. t„j:„. Use. To prepare bromide of Potassium. In some cases as Iodine, but possesses more activity. Same cases as Iodine—broncho- ceie, scrofula, amenorrhea, chronic cutaneous affections, and hypertrophy of the ventricles. , „ „ Dose. Five or six drops of a solution, made by dissolving 1 part of bromine in 40 of water, by weight. Off. Prep. Potassii Bromidum. BRUCINA. Brucine. An alkaloid obtained from the bark of the false Angustura (Brucea Antidysenterica), also found in Nux Vomica and St. Ignatius's Bean. Prop Crystals of a white color, oblique prisms, pearly lustre, bitter taste, soluble in 500 parts boiling water, and 8o0 parts cold; soluble in alcohol; melts at a temperature a little above that of boiling water, forms neutral salts with the acids. Oper. Similar to that of strychnine; weaker, however, in the ratio of 1 to 15; 4 grs. brucine will kill a rabbit, wmle £ gr. of strychnine is sufficient. A stimulant to the muscular and ner- vous system. Use. In paralysis, and atrophy of the limbs; loss of sensation. Dose. From gr. ss. gradually increased to gr. v. in 24 hours, in the form of pill. Of the tincture, made by dissolving 18 grains brucine in ?j. alcohol, from 6 to 20 drops. Of the mixture, made by adding gr. vj. brucine to §iv. water and 3 ij. sugar, 5ss. night and morning. BUCKU. E. See Diosma Crenata. CAINCAS RADIX. Cainca Root. (Pentandria, Monogynia. N. O. Rubiacea. *!. Brazil.) Chiococa Anguifuga. The bark of the root. Comp. 1. A bitter principle, crystallizable in small, white, silky, drilling needles, inodorous, and soluble in hot alcohol. 2. A fatty, green substance. 3. Y'ellow coloring matter. 4. A viscid colorine matter. Prop. The root is of the size of the finger, round and knotty, surface smooth, or irregularly wrinkled, wood tough, and of a whitish color; smcil of the fresh root disagreeable; taste at first like that of coffee, afterwards nauseous and pungent. Bark alone efficacious. Oper. Diuretic, hydragogue, cathartic, emmenagogue, resolvent Use. In dropsy, worms, obstructed menstruation, rheumatism, catarrh of the bladder. Dose. Of the powder, from 3j. to 3 ss. in 24 hours. Of the decoction, 3j. to 3 iij. a day. Of the extract, 20 to 30 grs. in the same time. Of the tincture, 3j. to 3 ij. The decoction is made by boiling 3 ij. of the root in Ojss. of water to one half, and strain, of which a tablespoonful is given three times a day. The alcoholic extract is considered one of the best forms of administering it. CA.IUPTJTI. L. Cajuputi Oleum. U. S— E. Cajeput Oil. (Melaleuca .Minor, Polyadcl. Icosand. N. O. Myrtacea. Amboyna. J.) Prop. Odor strong, fragrant, somewhat like camphor; taste pungent, aromatic; limpid; color green ; when rectified, color- less. Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic, diaphoretic. Use. In hysteria, tympanitis, palsy of the tongue' and externally C AL „5 as an embrocatfoii in rheumatism, gout, and to wen k joint:: after lux:,lion--. Like other strong volatile oils, it relieve.-, toothache vi li'.n applied to the decayed tooth. Dose. TTLj. to III v nn a lump of sujr.-ir, as an oleo-saccharum. CALAMUS AROMATICUS. U."S.—E. Acorus. L. Sweet Flag-root. (Acorus Calamus, Hexand. Monogyn. N. O Acoracr.a. Europe. U. S. V.) Prop. Odor strong, rather fragrant; taste aromatic, warm, bit- terish ; affords some essential oil. Opcr. Stomachic, carminative. Use. In anorexia; hut seldom used. Dose. 3j. to 3j. in powder. CALAMlNA. L.E. Carbonas Zinci Impurus, D. Calamine An Ore of Zinc. Comp. O.'.i.le of zinc 05.2,'carbonic acid 34.8. (Derbyshire Cala mine.) It contains also sesquioxide of iron. Prop. Friable, fracture uneven; color pale reddish-yellow, opaque, dull. Use. Principally for pharmaceutical purposes. Off. Prep. ■C:Jn>:iina Praparata, L. E. D. CALAMlNA (".L5TARATA. L.E. Carbonas Zinci Impurus Prteparutus, 1). Prepared Calamine. The Calamine burnt and reduced to an impalpable powder. In this state ii is sprinkled on excoriations arid ichoro s ulcers. Off. Prep. Ceratum Calamine:, Ij. IS,. Unguent. Calaminaris, D. CALCI1 CHLORIDUM. U. S.—L. Calcis Murias, E. D. Chloride of Calcium. (Creta- 5 v., Acidi Hydrochlorici, Aqua distitlutu?, sing. Oss. Mix the acid gradually with the water, anil .-annate with the chalk. When the effervescence is over, evaporate to dryness; then liquefy in a crucible, and pour the liquid on a smooth, clean stone. When cold, break the mass into pieces, and keep it in a stopped bottle.) Comp. 1 eq. chlorine 35.42+1 calcium=20.5, eq. 55.92. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, acrid; soluble in half its weight of cold water, and to any extent in boiling water. Deliquesces. Opcr. and Use. See Liqu"r Calrii Chloridi. CALCIS CARBONAS PRASCIPITAIUJI. D. Preripitated Carbonate of Lime. This is a very pure carbonate of lime, pr,capitated from solution of Chloride ol Calcium by Carbonas • Sodoj; and is tiller for internal use HiA the common prepared chalk. Off. Prep. Hi;drargyrum cum Creta, D. Elect. Aromaticuvi,V, Mistura < reta, D. CALCIS HYDRAS. L. Hydrate of Lime, or slaked lime. Use. For m iking lime-water and ammonia. CALCIS MURIAS. , E. See Calrii ChU.riduai. CALCIS l'HO?PHAS PRA5C1PITATUM. 1>. Precipitated I'll., 1 hato of Lime. (Ossitun crematorum et. in pulverem tritoiiim partem unam, Acidi Muriatici diluti, Aquae, utriusque partes duas. Digc t for twelve hours, and filter the solutioni add to it as much of the water of Caustic Ammonia as will be required to throw down the Phosphate of Lime. Wash this with a sufficiency of water, and finally dry it.) This is merely the earth of bones separated from the animal matter. As it is an insoluble substance, little advant-V.'u 0"i5 be expcc.ed from its administration. 36 CAM CALOMELAS. E. See Hydrargyri Chlnridum. CALUMBA. L. E. Colomba; Radix, D. Colombo, IT. 8. Calumba Root. (Coculus Palmatus. N. O. Menispermecea. Africa. ^.) Prop. Odor slightly aromatic, taste an unpleasant bitter; bark of the sections thick, dark olive; central part yellowish. Wa- ter at 212° takes up one-third of the weight of the root. Alco- hol also extracts its virtues. Oper. Tonic, antiseptic Use. In bilious vonrtings, and those attendant on pregnancy, dyspepsia, and cholera: in the mesenteric fever of infants, we have found the following powder, aided by daily long-continued frictions of the abdomen with soap liniment, of great efficacy. R Potassae Sulphatis gr. x., Pulv. Calumba; gr. vj., Pulv. Rhei Rad. gr. i>j. Misce: bis terve quofidie sumend. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. twice or thrice a day. Incomp. Acetate and diacetate of lead: infusion of galls. Off. Prep. Infusum Calumba, U. S.—L. E. Tinct. Calumba, U. S.—L. E. D. CALX. U.S.—L:E. D. Lime, or Quick Lime. (From marble, or native Carbonate of Lime.) Comp. 1 eq. of calcium=20.5+l oxygen=8, eq. 28.5. Prop. White, pulverulent: taste burning, urinous; sonorous; decomposes animal matter: spec. grav.2.3 ; infusible; dissolves in hydrochloric acid without effervescence: solution does not precipitate Ammonia. Opcr. Escharotic ; but not now used. Off. Prep. Liquor Calcis, L. E. D. Potassa cum Calce, L. CALX CHLORINATA. U. S.—L. E. Chlorinated Lime. Chloride of Lime. (Calcis Hydratis Ibj. Chlorini quantum satis sit. Pass the chlorine through the lime spread in a pro- per vessel until it is saturated.) Comp. 1 eq. of lime=28.5+l chlorihe=35.42, eq. 60.92. Prop. White, with the odor of chlorine. Its solution quickly destroys vegetable colors. Use. As a disinfecting agent. CAMBOGIA. L. E. D. Gambogia, U. S. (Stalagmitis Cambo- gioides, Polygam. Monac. N. O. Guttifera. Probably a Hebradendron. Edin. Ph. mention two kinds, Siam and Ceylon, Camboge. ^.) Comp. Gum, resembling cherry-tree gum, and nearly insipid, resin, and an unknown principle. Prop. Inodorous; color of fragments orange yellow; opaque, brittle, fracture glassy. Oper. Cathartic (driestic), emetic, hydragogue, anthelmintic. Use. In visceral obstructions and dropsy1; in tape-worm, con- joined with carbonate of potassa. Dose. Gr. ij. to gr. x. in powder, joined with calomel, squill, k-C Off. Prep. Pilula Cambogia Comp., L. E. Pil. Cathart. Comp., U. S. CAMPHORA. U.S.—L.E.D. Camphor. (Laurus Cimphora, Camphora officinarum, Enneandria Monogyn. N. O. Laura- cea. East Indies. >.) Comp. Carbon 70.28+hydrogen 10.36+oxygen 10.36. (Dumaj.) Prop. Odor strong, peculiar, fragrant; taste bitterish-aromatic, accompanied with the sensation of coid; volatile, white, semi- CAN 37 pellucid, brittle, yet not easily pulverized; texture crystalline; soluble in alcohol, aether, oils, vinegar, and, in a very small degree, in water; lighter than water. Oper. Narcotic, diaphoretic, sedative; externally anodyne. Use. In typhus, cynanche maligna, confluent small-pox, and other exanthemata of the typhoid type; in atonic gout, and as an adjunct to bark and opium in checking gangrene. It pro- duces its narcotic and sedative effects with very little increase of pulse, and therefore may be used in mania, pneumonia, and other inflammatory complaints, united with nitre and antimo- nials. In doses of from 1 to 3 grains it acts as a diaphoretic. It is a useful adjunct to bark in typhoid diseases, to valerian, the fetid gums, volatile alkali and others, in hysteric and ner- vous complaints, and to antimonials in rheumatism and other inflammations. Externally it allays the pains of rheumatism, and other deep-seated inflammations, when dissolved in oil. Dose. Gr. iij. to 3j. in powder, with sugar, &c; in pills; or in mixture with mucilage, or almond confection. Tlie^ffects of an overdose are counteracted by opium. For external applica- tion it is dissolved in oil or in alcohol. Off. Prep. Mistura Camphora, L. D. E. Mistura Camphora cum Mignesia, E. Spir. Camphora, L. E. D. Tinct. Campho- ra Comp., L. E. D. Acidum Acetosum Camphoratum, E. D. Liaimentum Gimphora, L. E. D. Lin. Camphora Comp., L. Linimentum Ammonia Comp., E. Lin. Hydrargyri, L. Lin. Saponis, L. E. Lin. Opii, E. D. Lin. Terebinthinatum, E. CANCRI CHELA:, Lapilli Cancrorum, D. Crab's Stones, or Eyes. (Cancer Astacus, the Crayfish. Insecta Aptera, L. Canceres, Cuv.) Comp. Carbonate of lime, phosphate of lime, alumen. Prop. Size of large peas, hemispherical, laminated, white, or reddi-ih; digested in vinegar, they become soft and transparent, but retain their form. Off. I'riji. Cancrorum Lapilli Praparati, E. cil,;l..i: CANCRORUM. D. Crab Claws. (CancerPagurus, th- black-clawed Crab.) As above. CANELLA. U. S.—L. E. Canella; Albae Cortex, D. Canella Bark. (Canella Alba. Dodecand. Monogyn. N.O. Canellea. West Indies. 5.) Comp. An acrid essential oil, mannite, bitter extractive, resin, cum, starch, albumen, and saline substances. Pro D. Pieces flattish, yellowish grey; odor aromatic; taste pun- gent; fracture starchy. Virtues partially extracted by water, entirely by alcohol. Opcr. Stimulant, tonic. Use. As an aromatic addition to bitter tonics and cathartics. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. in powder: in infusion f 3 jss. Off. Prep. Tinct. Gcntiana Comp., E. Vinum Aloes, L. Pulvtt Aloes et Canella, U. S. Vinum Rhci, U. S. CANNABIS SATIVA INDICA. (Indian Hemp. Gunjab.) A si.1, Africa, America. Comp. Green resin 20 per cent.; green coloring matter. Pmp. The resin, cann ■•' in. soluble in alcohol and sether, insolu hie in acid solu'.i■><■*. When pure, of a blackish-grey color; hard at 90°, softens at higher temperatures, and fuses readily-; soluble in the fixed, and some of the volatile oils; odor fra- 38 CAP grant, nicotic; taste slightly warm, bitterish, acrid Dried plant, called gunjab, used for smoking. The larger leaves and capsules, without the stalks, constitute sidhee, subhce, or bang, used to form with water an intoxicating drink. Oper. Anodyne, aphrodisiac, increases appetite and cheerfulness: in large doses, causes delirium and catalepsy ; but in moderate dose?, anti-convulsive. Use. In tetanus, hydrophobia, rheumatism, and wherever an anodyne is required. Dose. Gr. ij. to gr. vj. every three, four, six, or eight hours, ac- cording to circumstances. In hydrophobia, gr. xx. pro re nata. Of the tincture, made by dissolving 24 grs. of the alcoholic ex- tract in 5j. alcohol, give 3j. in tetanus every half hour; in cholera, ten drops every half hour, till the required effect is produced. CANTIIARIS. U. S— L. E. Cantharis Vcsicatoria, D. The Bliste; msJ-'ly. (Lytta Vcsicatoria, Insecta, Coleoptera. South of Europe.) Cantharis. • Comp. Caniliaridin, green oil, black insoluble matter, yellow viscid matter, fat, phosphates of lime and magnesia, uric acid. Prop. Odor fetid; taste slightly acrid; body oblong, green gold, and shining; antenniE filiform, black. They retain their acri- mony for many years, if kept dry. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, rubefacient, vesicant; both their internal use and their external application are apt to produce strangury ; active properties depend on the cantharidin. Use. Internally in dropsies, obstinate gleet, and leucorrhcea; retention of urine owing to want of action in thebladder, and an incontinence of urine from debility of the bladder; lepra; but their internal use requires caution. For their external use, see Empl., Tinetura, and Acetum Cantharidis. Dose. Gr. ss. to gr. j. in a pill, with opium, or theextractof hen- bane and camphor, twice a day. Off. Prep. Acetum Cantharidis (epispasticum), L. E. Tinct. Cantharidis, U. S.—L. E. D. Emplast. Cantharidis, L. E. D. Emplast. Cantharidis Vesicat. Comp., E. Emplast. Picis cum Cantharide, U. S. Ceratum Cantharidis, L.—U. S. Ung. Cantharidis, U. S— L. E. D. Ung. Infusi Canth. Vesicat., E. CANTHARIS VITTATA U. S. Potatoe Fly. U. S. Prop. Smaller than former; length about six lines; head of a light-red color, with dark spots on the top; feelers black; wing-cases black, with a yellow longitudinal stripe in the cen- tre, and yellow margin ; thorax black, with three yellow lines; abdomen and legs black and covered with down. Appears about the end of July on the potatoe vine. Oper. Same as the former. There are several other species, all of which have the same properties. CAPSICUM. U. S.—L. E. Capsici Annui Capsulte cum Semi- nibus, D. The Capsicum berries. (Capsicum annunm. Pen- tand. Monogyn. N. O. Solanacea. South America. ©.) Prop. Odor aromatic, pungent; taste very biting, hot, aromatic; its active matter is yielded to aether, alcohol, and water. Oper. Stimulant, rubefacient. Use, In atonic gout, the flatulence of dyspepsia, lethargy. Its solution (Capsici pulv. 3j., Sodii Chlor. 3j., Aceti Ziv.,Aqum ferventis fjvj. Cola) forms the best gargle in cynanche ma- CAR 39 Ilgna and scarlatina. Cataplasms cf it are used in coma and the delirium of typhus. Dose. Gr. iij. to gr. x. in pills. incomp. Nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, acetates of lead, sulphates of iron, zinc, and copper, and the carbonates of alkalies. Off. Prep. Tinetura Capsici, U. S.—L. E. CARBO ANIMALIS. U. S.—L. E. Animal Charcoal. (Pre- pared from flesh and bones.) Use. For decolorizing vegetable salts; clarifying salts, and ex- tracting the volatile oil from whiskev and other liquors. CARBO ANIMALIS PURIFICATUS. U. S.—L. E. Purified Animal Charcoal. Test. When incinerated with its own weight of red oxide of mercury, it leaves only a scanty ash. Use. Chiefly for pharmaceutical purposes. CARBO LIGNI. U.S.—L.E.D. Charcoal of Wood. (Recent.) Comp. Carbon 68.4, hydrogen 1.5, a minute portion ef oxygen, salts, earths, &c. Prop. Inodorous, tasteless, black, brittle. Oper. Antiseptic, absorbent. Use. In the putrid eructations of dyspepsia, obstinate constipa- tion ; to relieve the nausea of pregnancy, and as a cataplasm with linseed meal to fetid ulcers: the best tooth-powder. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. united with rhubarb. CARBONAS BARYTA;. U. S.—L. E. Carbonate of Baryta. Comp. Carbonic acid 21.6, baryta 78 4. Berzelius. Or, 1 eq. baryta=46.7+l acid=22.12, eq.-98.r-J. Use. For preparing the chloride of barium. Test. 103 grains dissolved in an exess of nitric acid are not wholly precipitated by 61 grains of sulphate of magnesia. CARBONAS POTASSAE PURI3SIMUS. U. S.—E. Pure Carbonate of Potash. Salt of Tartar. This salt is the carbonate prepared from Bitartrate of Potassa, by fire. CARBONATIS SODA; AQUA. D. Solution of Carbonate of Soda. (Soda; Carbonatis quantum velis. Let it be dissolved in the water, and let the specific gravity of the solution be to that of distilled water as 1024 to 1000.) This requires ?j. of the carbonate of soda for Oj. of water. Prop, and Use. The same as that of the solid salt. CARDAMlNE. L. Cardamine flores. D. Cardamine flowers. (Cardainine Pratensis, Tctradynam. Siliq. N. O. Crucifera. Europe. IX.) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste bitterish, slightly acrid. Opcr. Stimulant, diaphoretic, antispasmodic. Use. In spasms. Dose. 3 j. to 3 i. in powder, twice or thrice a day. CARDAMOMUM. U. S.—L. E. Cardamomum Amomum ; Bern. D. Cardamom Seeds. (Alpinia Cardamomum, N. O. Sitaminacea. East Indies.) Prop. Odor agreeably aromatic taste pungent, grateful. Oper. Carminative, stomachic. Use. In the flatulent colic of children, united with rhubarb and magneMa; but principally to give warmth to other remedies* Dose. Gr. v. to 3j. in powder. J 40 CAR Off. Prep. Ext. Colocynthidis Comp., V. S.-L E D. TineL Cardamomi, U. S— L. E. D. Tinct. Cardam. Comp., U. S.— L. E. D. Tinct. Cinnam. Comp., U. S.—L. E. Tinct. Genti- ana Comp., U. S.—L. Tinct. Rhei, U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct. Rhei cum Aloe, U. S— E. Tinct. Senna, U. S.—L. E. Spir. JEtheris Aromaticus, L. Vinum Aides, U. S. —E. Confect. Aromatica, L. Elect. Aromaticum, D. Pulv. Cinnamomi Comp., L. E. D. Pulvis Aromaticus, U. S. Pilula Scilla, E. Infusum Senna, D. ------cum Tamarindis, D. CARICAU FRUCTUS. D. Fici, L. E. The Fig. (Ficus Carica, the Fig Tree. Polygam. Diacia. N. O. Urticacca. Persia. V) Prop. Taste sweet and mucilaginous. Oper. Demulcent, suppurative. Use. In pulmonary and other inflammatory diseases, in decoc- tion ; in cynanche tonsillaris, during suppuration, as a gargle (R Caricarum. ?ij., Aqua f%vj., coque et cola ;) in gumboils, roasted, then split and applied to the part. Off. Prep. Decoctum Hordei Comp., L. D. Confectio Senna, L. D. CARTHAMUS. U. S. (Secondary.) Dyer's Saffron. Syngen. JEg. N. O. Comp. Egypt and the Levant. Prop. An exotic, annual plant; florets part employed; often called Safflower, or American Saffron ; reddish yellow; peculiar, slightly aromatic odor; florets distinguished from saffron by their tubular form, and by the yellowish style and filaments which they enclose. Oper. Laxative, and somewhat diaphoretic. Use. As a substitute for saffron in measles, scarlatina, and other exanthematous diseases, to promote the eruption. Dose. Of an infusion of 3 ij. to a pint of boiling water, give without restriction as to quantity. CARUM. U. S— L. E. Carum Carui Semina, D. Caraway Seeds. (Carum Carui, U. S. Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Um- belhfera. North of Europe. 5.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste warm, grateful; figure ovate-oblong, striated. • Opcr. Carminative. Use. In flatulent colic, and to give warmth to purgatives. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. swallowed whole or in powder. Off. Prep. Ol. Carui, U. S.—L. E. D. Aq. Carui, U. S.—L. Spir. Carui, L. E. D. Spir. Junipcri Comp., U. S— L. E. Tinct. Cardam. Comp., L. E. D. Tinct. Senna, L. E. D. Tinct. Senna et Jalap., U. S. Confectio Opii, L. Confectio Ruta, L. CARYOPHYLLUS. U. S.—L. E. D. The Clove. (Eugenia Caryophyllata. Icosandria Monogyn. N. O. Myrtacea. Moluccas. ^.) Prop. Odor strong, aromatic, and peculiar; taste acrid, pungent; figure like a small nail with a toothed head; color deep brown. (The unexpanded bud.) Oper. Stimulant, aromatic. Use. As a corrigent to other remedies, and a condiment Dose. Gr. x. to. 3 ss. in powder. Off. Prep Infusum Caryophylli, U. S—L. E. Infusum Auran- tii Comp., L. E. Vinum Opii, L. Confectio Aromatica, L. CAS 41 Conrct. Scammonii, L. D. Elect. Aromaticum, D. Pilula Colocynthidis, E. D. CARYOPHYLLI OLEUM. L.E. Caryophyllorum Oleum,D. Oil of Cloves. Comp. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a small proportion; caryophyllin. Prop. Odor and taste of the clove; color yellow; heavier than water. Opcr. and Use. The same as the clove, externally, diluted with olive oil, as an embrocation in hooping-cough; as an application in toothache. Dose. TTlij. to ulv. on sugar. Off. Pre]). Spir. AmmoniaAromat.,Xt. Spir. Lavand. Comp., E. CASCARILLA. U. S—L. E. Cascarilla; Cortex, D. Casca- rilla Bark. (Croton Cascarilla, or Elev.teria. Monac. Adel- phia,N.O. Euphorbiacca. Bahamas. ^.) Prop. Odor slightly aromatic; taste bitterish, aromatic; when burning, and the flame extinguished, the smoke has the odor of musk; active parts, an essential oil, and bitter extractive; completely extracted by proof spirit. Opcr. Tonic, stomachic. Use. As an adjunct to cinchona in ague; in obstinate diarrhoea, awl after dysentery; a good vehicle for powdered Peruvian bark, and small doses sulphate magnesia, and sulphuric acid in debility of stomach attended with constipation; in dyspepsia and flatulent colic. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 i. in powder. The infusion is the best form. Off. Prep. Infusum Cascarilla, U. S.—L. E. Tinct. Cascarilla, L. E. D. Ext. Cascarilla, D. CASSIA. U. S.—L. Cassia; Pulpa, E. Cassia Fistula ; Pulpa Leguminis, D. Cassia Pulp. (Cassia Fistula. Decand. Mo- nogyn. N. O. Leguminosa. India. Egypt. */.) Prop. Pulp black, bright, shining; sweet, slightly acid ; inodor- ous. Oper. Laxative. Use. Where a gentle medicine is required in costive habits, combined with aromatics. Dose. 3 iv. to ?i. Off. Prep. Confectio Cassia, L. E. D. Confectio Senna, U. S. —L. E. CASSIAS CORTEX. E. See Cinnamomum. CASSIA MARYLANDICA. U. S. (American Senna. Indi- genous. 0.) Comp. Cathartin, albumen, mucilage, starch, clorophylle, yellow coloring matter, volatile oil, fatty matter, resin, lignin, salts of potassa, and lime. Prop. The same as the former, but less active. In most cases it may be substituted for it. CASSIA! OLEUM. E. See Cinnamomi Oleum. CASTANUA. U. S. (Secondary.) Chinquapin. The bark. Monmcia, Polyandria. N. O. Cupulifera. Southern and Middle States. >.) Prop. An indigenous shrub, from 6 to 10 feet high. Oper. Tonic and astringent. Use. In intermittents. 42 CAT CASTOREUM. L.ED. Castor. (Castor Fiber. The Beaver. Mammalia Glires, L. Mammalia Rodentia, Cuv. Russia.) A peculiar matter found in bags, near the rectum of the animal. Comp. Carbonates of potassa, of lime, of ammonia, and of iron; resin ; extractive, mucilaginous matter, volatile oil. Prop. Odor strong, unpleasant, peculiar; taste bitter, subacrid; color orange brown. Oper. Antispasmodic, emmenagogue t liee. In typhus, hysteria, epilepsy, amenorrhoea. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. in a bolus; 3 j. or more in clysters; of little value as a remedy. Off. Prep. Tinetura Castorei, U. S— L .E. D. CATAPLASMA ALUMSNIS. D. Cataplasm of Alum. (Ovo- rum duorum albumen, Aluminis 3j. Agitate them together until they form a coagulum )' Use. In ecchymosis of the eye. CATAPLASMA CARBQNIS LIGNI. D. Cataplasm of Char- coal. (Carbonas ligni ab igne candentis, arena sicca superfusa recens extincti, et in pulverem subtilissimum triti, quan. suf. It may be added to the simple cataplasm in a tepid state. Use. In gangrene and fetid ulcers. CATAPLASMA CONH. L. D. Hemlock Cataplasm. (Ex- tractum Conii J i., Aquae Oj. Mix, and add linseed meal enough to make a cataplasm. Use. In cancer, painful sores, and glandular swellings. CATAPLASMA DAUCI. D. Carrot Cataplasm. (Dauci Ca- rotae hortensis Radicis, q. s. Boil the root in the water until it be soft enough to make a poultice. Use. In gangrene and foul ulcers. CATAPLASMA FERMENTl. L. Catnplasma Fermenti Cerevisia;, D. Yeast Cataplasm. (Farina Ibj., Cerevisia Fermenti Oss. M. Calori leni expone.) Oper. Antiseptic. Use. Applied to gangrenous and sloughing sores. CATAPLASMA LlNI. L. Cataplasm of Linseed Meal. (Aqua ferventis Oj., Lini seminum contritorum, q. s. ut idonea fiat crassitude) Use. A suppurative poultice. CATAPLASMA SIMPLEX. D. Simple Poultice. (Pulveris pro Cataplasmate q. v., Aqua; ferventis q. s. to make a poultice to bo anointed whilst hot with olive oil.) Use. In inflammatorvtmnors and irritable sores. CATAPLASMA SINAP1S. L. D. Mustard Cataplasm. (Pulv. Sinajns Sem., Lini Usitat. Scm. Pulv., a a Ibss., Aceti calidi, q. s. M.) Oper. Rubefacient, stimulant. Use. Applied to the soles of the feet, in the delirium, coma, and sinkm«r of typhus, &c.; to the pained part in rheumatism. CATECHU. U. S— L. E. Acacia; Catechu Extractum, D. Catechu. (Acacia Catechu, Polygam. Monac. N. O. Lcgu- minosa. East Indies. 4.) An extract of the wood of'the ^Catechu; kernels of Arecn Catechu, leaves of Uncaria Gambcer Comp. Bombay Catechu—tannin 54 5, extractive 34, mucilage 6 5 impurities 5 parts. Bengal Catechu—tannin 48.5, extractive mucilage 8, impurities 7 parts. Prop. Inodorous; taste astringent, mucilaginous, sweetish; color CER 43 reddish-brown ; soluble in water and in alcohol. Thebestkind yields to Suliihuric Aether 53, the lowest 28 percent, of Tannic Acid, when fia ed through the percolator. Oper. Astringent, tonic. Use. In diarrhoea, from a relaxed state of the bowels and in intestinal and uterine haemorrhages; locally in aphthae, ulcera- tion of the gums, and in coughs and hoarseness from the relax- ation of the uvula and epistaxis. Dose. Gr. x. to 3iij. in powder; in the latter case, a piece is allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth; but is best given with sugar, gum arabic, and water. Off. Prep. Infusum Catechu Comp., L. E. Tinct. Catechu, U. S. —L. E. Elect. Mimosa Catechu, E. D. CENTAURIUM. L.E. ErythrteaCentaurii folia,D. Common Centaury Tops. (Chironia Ccntaurium. Pentand. Monogyn. N. O. Gentianacea. Europe. 0.) Prop. Taste bitter. Active principle extracted both by water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic. Use. In dyspepsia and atonic gout. Dose. Gr. xv. to 3 j. CERA FLAVA ET CERA ALBA. U. S.—L. E. D. Yellow Wax and White. (A substance prepared by the Bee; and by some plants, as the Ccroxylon and Myrica Cerifera.) Comp. Carbon 03.12, hydrogen 16.91, oxygen 19.07 parts. Prop. Odor aromatic, resembling that of honey; tasteless; dry; brittle; color yellow, when recent; but the odor and color are lost by bleaching. Oper. Demulcent, emollient. Cf.se. In diarrhoea and dysentery; but principally used in the formation of cerates and ointments. Dose. 3j. to 3 ss. twice or thrice a day, in form of emulsion; melt the wax with a little oil, then triturate it with yolk of egg, and groat gruel f Iij. Off. Prep. Cera Flava Purificata, D. Unguent. Cerata, Emp. Varifi. and nearly all the Cerates of the U. S. Phar. CERATUM. L. Unguentum Simplex. Ceratum Simplex, U. S— E. Cerate. (Old Oliva f?iv., Cera %iv. Melt the wax, then add the oil, and mix.) Emollient, to excoriations, &c. Off. Prep. Ung. Zinci. E. CERATUM CALAMINA3. L. E. Unguentum Calaminae, D. Calamine Cerate. Calamines Prap., Cera Flava, a a Ibss., 01. Oliva ft,x\'j. The oil and wax being melted, mix; then re- move them from the fire: as soon as they begin to thicken add the calamine, and stir until the whole be cold.)— Turner's Cerate. Opcr. Desiccative, epulotic. Use. To ulcers, with a thin, acrid discharge; to burns after the inflammation is abated; to the eyelids in ophthalmia tarsi. CERATUM CANTHARIDIS. L.D. Unguentum Cantharidis, E. Cerate of the Spanish Fly. (Cerati Cetacei 1 vj., Cantha- ridvm in Pulv. sub. 3j. The cerate being softened bf heat, stir in the (lies.) Oper. Irritative. 44 C ER Use. For keeping up a discharge from a blistered surface ; but few constitutions can bear the irritation it induces. CERATUM CETACEI. U. S.—L. Ceratum Simplex, E. Un- guentum Cetacei, D. Spermaceti Cerate. (Cetacei ?ij., Cera Alb. Iij., Oliva 01. f?iv. The wax and oil being melted to- gether, add the spermaceti, and stir until the whole is cold.) Oper. Emollient, cooling. Off. Prep. Ceratum Cantharidis, L. CERATUM HYDRARGYEI COMPOSITUM. L. Compound Mercurial Cerate. (Ungucnti Htjdrargyri fortioris, Cerati saponis s. 5iv., Camphora Jj. Mix.) Use. Stimulant and rubefacient. CERATUM PLUMBI ACETATIS L. Ung. Acetatis Plumbi, E. D. Cerate of Acetate of Lead. (Plumbi Acetas cont. 3 ij., Cera Alb. |ij., Oliva 01. f 1 viij. Melt the wax in seven fluid ounces of the oil, then add the acetate rubbed down with the remainder; and stir with a wooden spatula until the whole ba united.) Oper. Cooling, astringent, resolvent. Use. In inflamed sores, excoriations, and burns. CERATUM PLUMBI COMPCSITUM. L. Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatis, U. S. Cerate of Subacetate of Lead. ( Goulard's Cerate.) Compound-Lead Cerate. (Liq. Plumbi diacetatis f| iij., Cera §iv., Oliva 01. Oss., Camphora 3 ss. Melt the wax in f? vij. of the oil, then remove the mixture from the fire, and when"it begins to thicken, add gradually the solution of di acetate of lead, and assiduously stir the whole with a wooden spatula until it is cold; lastly, add the camphor dissolved in what remained of the oil, and mix.) Oper. and Use. The same as the former. CERATUM RESINA3. U. S.—L. Resin Cerate. (Resina Cera a a Ibj., Oliva 01. f ? xvj. Melt the resin and wax over a slow fire, then add the oil, and strain while hot.)—Yellow Basilicon Opcr. Digestive, cleansing, incarnating. Use. To foul indolent ulcers. ---- Off. Prep. Linimentum Te.rebinthina, L. CERATUM RESINA; COMPOSITUM. U. S. Compound Resin Cerate. (Take of resin, suet, yellow wax, a a Ibj., tur pentine Ibss., flaxseed oil Oss. Melt together, strain through linen, and stir till cool.) CERATUM SABINA:. U. S.—L. E. Unguentum Sabina;, D. Savine Cerate. (Sabina ibj., Cera Ihss., Adipis prap. Ibij. Having melted the wax and lard, boil therein the savine. leaves, and strain through a linen cloth. The U. S. Phar. directs §ij powdered savine to be mixed with Ibj. melted resin cerate.) Oper. Irritative, drawing. Use. To keep a discharge from a blistered surface. It is much preferable to the Ceratum Cantharidis, occasioning less pain, and preserving a sufficient discharge. CERATUM SAPONIS. U.S.—L. SoapCerate. (Sapon. ?x., Cera 3 xijss., Plumbi Oxidi Cont. 5 xv., Oliva Ol. Oj., Aceti Cong. Boil together the vinegar and oxide of lead, over a slow fire, stirring constantly until they combine; then add the soap, and boil again until the water be evaporated ; lastly, mix in the oil and wax melted together. The U. S. Phar. directs to take Oij. solution of subacetate of lead, Jvj. soap, 5 x. white wax, Oj. CHE 45 olive oil; boil the solution of subacetate of lead with the soap, over a slow fire, to the consistence of honey, then evaporate over a water bath till the water is all dissipated, and lastly mix in the oil and wax,) Oper. Desiccative, resolvent. Use. Applied, spread on linen, round fractured limbs, after all inflammation is abated, and the bones are united; and to stru- mous swellings. CERATUM SIMPLEX. U.S. Simple Cerate. (Take of lard ? viij., white wax 3 iv. Melt them together, and stir them constantly till cool.) CERATUM ZINCI CARBONATIS. U.S. Cerate of Carbon- ate of Zinc. (Turner's Cerate.) (Take of prepared Carbonate of Zinc, Yellow Wax, each half a pound, Lard two pounds. Melt the wax and lard together, and when upon cooling they begin to thicken, add the carbonate of zinc, and stir till cool.) CEREV1SLE FERMENTUM. L. D. Yeast. The frothy matter collected on the surface of beer, during fermentation. Use. To induce fermentation in poultices. It has also been given iut-rne.lly with advantage, in combination with sugar and wine in typhus fevers. CETACbU.M U.S.—L. E. D. Spermaceti. (Physetar Macro- ceph.iti.s. 'Vliii Spermaceti Whale. Mammalia Cetacea, L.) Comp. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Prop. Inodorous, insipid, white, crystallized, friable, semitrans- parent, unctuous. Spec. grav. 9.433; melts at 112° of heat; partially soluble in alcohol. Oper. Demulcent, emollient. Use. In coughs and dysentery; and in the composition of oint- ments. Dose. 3 ss. to 3 jss. rubbed up with sugar, or with an egg, in emulsion. Off. Prep. Ung. Simplex, E. Ceratum Cetacei, U. S.—L. Ung. (.'. taeri, D. Ung. Aqua Rosa, U. S. CETRARIA. U. S.—L. E. D. See Lichen Cetraria. CIIIMAPI11LA. L. Vide Pyrolas Umbellate herba. CHONURUS. U.S. Chondrus Crispus. Grcville. (Alg. Brit. 4.) Irish Moss. A good substitute for the Iceland Moss, which it closely resembles. (Macerate Sss/rjf the moss ten minutes in cold water, turn it off, add Ojss. boiling water; boil to a pint, strain, and add sugar and lemon juice'|p improve the flavor. Milk may bo substituted for water, if a more nutritious preparation is required.) CIIENOPODIUM. U.S. Worm Seed. (Pentand*-Digyn. N.O Chenopodia. Indigenous. 0.) Prop. Seed of the "size of a pin's head, dull brownish color, bitterish pungent taste, peculiar smell; owes its virtues to a volatile oil. Oper. Anthelmintic. Use. To destroy lumbrici in children, for which it is given morning and evening for three or four days; then followed by calomel, or some brisk cathartic. Dose. Of the powdered seeds, from 3j. to 3ij. to a child two or three years old, in syrup; of the oil, which is more frequently given, from five to ten drops, mixed with sugar or in emulsion; of the decoction, made by*boiling 5 j. of the fresh plant in Oj 4G CIJNT of milk, with the addition of orange peel or some other aro- matic, a wineglassful, or a tablespoonful of the expressed juice of the leaves. CICHORIUM. Intyhus. Wild Succory. (Syngynesia. N. O. Composita. Exotic. Cultivated as a salad. 4-) Common garden Endive is the C. Endivia. Prop. A perennial herbaceous plant, from one to two feet high. Whole plant has a bitter taste, without acrimony or any very peculiar flavor. Taste strongest in the root, weakest in the flowers. Opcr. A gentle, unirritating tonic, aperient, deobstruent, alterative. Use. In hepatic congestion, jaundice, and other visceral obstruc- tions ; pulmonary affections. Dose. Boil ? ij. of the root, or a handful of the herb, in a pint of water, twenty minutes; add milk and sugar, and drink warm —as a substitute for coffee. CTMICIFUGA. U. S. (Secondary.,) (Black Snake Root. Polyand. Pentagyn. N. 0. Ranuncutacca. 0.) Comp. Gum, starch, sugar, resin, wax, fatty matter, tannin, gallic acid, coloring matter, lignin, salts of potassa, lime, magnesia, and iron. Prop. Color of the roots dark brown, internally whitish, taste bit- ter and somewhat astringent, yields its virtues to boiling water. Oper. Tonic, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, emmenagogue. Use. Employed extensively in the Unitod States, as a domestic remedy, in rheumatism, dropsy, chorea, hysteria, and especially in pulmonary affections, for which it has been regarded by some as a specific. Dose. Of the powder gr. x. to 3j.; of the decoction, made by boiling I j. of the bruised root in Oj. of water; from f J j. to f 1 ij. may be given several times a day. CINCHONA: CORDIFOLIA: CORTEX. L. D. Cinchona flava. U. S.—E. Yellow Bark. (Pent. Monogynia. N. O. Cinchonacea. South America. 4-) Calasaya of the Spaniards : the real plant is unknown. Comp. The active principle of the yellow bark is the alkaloid quina, combined with a peculiar acid, the kinic, or cinchonic, in the state of an acid salt: besides these, it contains an oily and a yellow coloring matter, tannin, kinate of lime, and woody fibre. Prop. Odor aromatic; taste bitter, slightly astringent; in pieces a span long, not always rolled, often without the epidermis, which is very thick and inert; light, friable, fracture fibrous; internally of a yellowish cinnamon color. Its active principle is an alkali named Quina. CINCHONA; LANCIFOLIA: CORTEX. L. D. Cinchona Corona; Cinerea, E. Cinchona Pallida, U. S. Pale Bark. The bark of many species of Cinchona. Comp. Active principle, alkaloid cinchonia, obtained by boiling the bark in water acidulated with sulphuric acid, precipitating by lime, drying the precipitate, and digesting in alcohol. Not much used, in consequence of the greater cheapness and effica- cy ot quina and its salts. One pound pale bark contains 3 jss. to 3 ;j. Sulph. Cinchonia. Prop. Odor aromatic; taste pleasant, less bitter and astringent than yellow bark; pieces rolled in double or single quills, a CIN 47 span long, thin; epidermis brown, cracked; fracture resinous; internally of a cinnamon or fawn color. Its active principle is an alkali, which has been named Cinchonia. CINCHONA; OBLONGIFOLLE CORTEX. L. D. Cinchona rubra. U. S— E. Red Bark. Oomp. I». contains both Quina and Cinchonia, combined with cinchonic acid; one pound yields 3 ij. sulph. quinae and 3j. sulph. cinchonia;; 100 parts by .weight yield acid cinchonate of cinchonia 1.54, green fatty matter 0.79, resin 2.18, red extractive 9.09, tannin 5.60, gum 4.40, lime 1.40, woody fibre 75.69. Prop. -Odor and taste the same as the pale, but more intense; in quills and flat pieces, solid, heavy, dry ; fracture short and smooth; internally woody, fibrous, of a deep brownish red color. Its active principle two alkalies, Quina and Cinchonia. Oper. These three species, nearly alike, are strongly and per- manently tonic and antiperiodic, slightly astringent, stomachic, and febrifuge; (the yellow is preferred in Peru;) the red is apt to nauseate. Use. In intermittents, after evacuating the stomach and bowels; in continued fevers, keeping the bowels clear; confluent small pox; erysipelas; acute rheumatism; cynanche maligna, scar- latina ; passive haemorrhages; and in every disease attended with deficient action. Externally in glysters, gargles, and lotions, in gangrenous ulcerations, &c. To check the nausea excited by it, wine, aromatics, and carbonic acid are added; to prevent purging, opium ; costiveness, rhubarb. The red is the most useful in gangrene. Dose. Given in infusion, decoction, and extract. The latter is a good form, if well prepared: of this, gr. iij. to gr. x. in pill, or dissolved in infusion of roses, or syrup of orange peel, three times a day. Of the powder, 3j. to 3 iij. in infusion of liquorice, or water. Vide Decoct. Tinct. Infusum. Off. Prep. Decoctum Cinchona, U. S.—L. E. D. Infusum Cin- chona, U. S— L. E. D. Ext. Cinchona, U. S.—L. E. D. Ext. Cinchona Resinosum, L. D. Tinct. Cinchona, U. S.—L. E. D Tinct. Cinchona Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Vinum Gcntiana Comp., D. CINCHONIA. Cinchonia* or Cinchonine. F. (Take any quantity of powder of pale Cinchona, boil it in alcohol until it lose all bitterness, and distil the tincture to dryness. Dissolve the residue in boiling water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, then add an excess of magnesia, and boil for some minutes. Filter when cold; wash the magnesian residue with cold water, and dry it in a stove; then digest repeatedly in boiling alcohol, and mix the alcoholic liquors, which, cooling, will yield crys- tals of Cinchonia.) Prop. Inodorous; bitter; in white,translucentneedleform crys- tals, scarcely soluble in cold water; soluble in 2500 parts of water at 212°; very soluble in alcohol, but in small quantity only in aether and volatile oils. * In translating the French names for the alkaloids, and their salts, I have employed the termination in ia or a, to make them conform with the names of the other alkalies, and with the London Pharmacopoeia. 48 CNI Comp. Carbon 76.97, nitrogen 9.02, hydrogen 6.22, oxygen 7.97, in 100 parts ; or 20 eq. of carbon=l22.4+12 of hydrogen=12+ 1 of nitrogen=14.15+l of oxygen=8, equiv.=156.55. Oper. Tonic. Use. In all cases in which bark is useful. Not much used, as quinine has taken its place, being of superior efficacy. Dose. From gr. ij. to gr. x. Prep. Syrupus Cinchonia, Tinetura Cinchonia, U. b. Vmum Cinchonia. ClNNABARIS. E. Cinnabar. See Hydrargyri Bisulphuretum. C1NNAMOMUM. U. S— L. E. D. Cassia; Cortex. E. Cin- namon Bark. Cassia. (Lauras Cinnamomum, Enneandria. Monogyn. N. O. Lauracea. Ceylon. 4.) Comp. Volatile oil, tannin, mucilage, coloring matter, lignin, and an acid.—(Vauquelin.) 112 lbs. recent cinnamon yield § iij. oil: often adulterated. Prop. Odor aromatic; taste pleasantly pungent, sweetish, de- pending on essential oil; color light yellow, brown; pieces quilled within each other, not thicker than paper; pliable; fracture fibrous and woody. Oper. Stimulant, astringent, carminative, tonic. Use. As a grateful aromatic in dyspepsia and diarrhea; to cover the taste of nauseous remi dies, and v\ ith cathartics to prevent griping. The infusion checks vomiting. Chewed in palsy of the tongue. Dose. Gr. v. to 3j. in powder. ^ Off. Prep. Aq. Cinnamomi, U. S.—L. E. D. Infusum Catechu, U. S.—L. E. Infus. Digitalis, U. S. Spir. Cinnamomi, L. E. D. Spir. Lavandula Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct. Cardamomi Comp., L. E. D. Tinct. Catechu, U. S.—L. E. Tinct. Cinna- momi, U. S.—L. E. D. T. Cinnam. Comp., U. S.—L. E. Spir. JEtheris Aromat., L. Vinum Opii, L. E. Acid. Sulphuricum Aromat., U. S.—E. Confect. Aromat., U. S— L. D. Elect. Catechu, D. E. Pulv. Cinnam. Comp., L. E. Pulv. Creta Comp., L. E. Pulv. Kino Comp., L. Pulv. Aromat, U. S. Emplast. Aromat., D. CINNAMOMI OLEUM. L. E. D. Cassia; Olei, E. Oil "ot Cinnamon. Oil of Cassia. Prop. Odor of the bark; taste pungent, hot; cherry-red color; sinks in water; soluble in alcohol. Nitric acid converts it into a uniform crystalline mass. Oper. Powerfully stimulant; stomachic. Use. In cramps of the stomach, hiccough, and flatulent colic; inserted into a decayed tooth to allay toothache. Dose. 1TI j. to TTliij. on a lump of sugar. CNICI BENEDICTI FOLIA. D. Blessed Thistle. (Syngen. Poly gam. Frustr. N. O. Composita Capitata, L. Cinaracea. Greek Islands. 0.) Prop. Odor unpleasant; taste bitter. Oper. Strong decoction emetic; strong infusion diaphoretic; light infusion tonic, stomachic, antiperiodic. Use. For the two former purposes it is rarely used; but the light infusion, made with 3 vj. of the plant in Oj. of cold water, is an excellent bitter in loss of appetite, and in the dyspepsia of the irregular. COL 49 Dose. Gr. rv. to 3 J. in powder; of the infusion f § ij. every three hours. COCCULUS. E. Cocculus suberosus. Fructus Vulg. Coc- culus Indicus, D. Cocculus Indicus. (Anarsierta cncculus. Diacia, Dodecandria. N. O. Mcnispermacea. Malabar. IX.) Contains Picrotoxine. Prop. Blackish purple, not unlike a small dry cherry. Oper. Stimulant, narcotic, poisonous; used extensively for adulterating malt liquors. About 3000 bags are annually employed in England; and, Mr. Pereira remarks, chiefly for adulterating beer and ale, though the practice is prohibite/l by the legislature, under a penalty of £200 upon the brewer,"and £500 upon the seller of the drug. We have no laws on the subject. COCCI. U.S.—L.E. Coccus Cacti, D (Coccus Cacti. Inseeta I/imiptrra. Mexico.) The Cochineal Insects. The Dried Female. Comp. A peculiar coloring matter, carminia; an animal princi- ple, coccino, stearine, elaine, an odoriferous acid, and saline matters. Prop. Faint, heavy odor; taste acrid, bitterish, astringent; color blackish red externally, purple red within; small, irregular, roundish. Use. Chiefly for giving a red color to tinctures. &.c. COCHLEARIA OFFICINALIS HERBA. D. Common scur- vy grass. 'Cochlearia Officinalis. Tctradynamia Siliculosa N.O. Crucifera. 0.) I'se. Of little value, and scarcely ever used. CODEIA. A new alkaloid, obtained from opium. Comp. Consists of 31 carbon, 40 hydrogen, 5 oxygen, 2 azote.— 1 Pellelicr.) Prop. In crystals, soluble in water, alcohol, and aether: effects not well understood; supposed to be stimulant and narcotic; not used in medicine. COLCHICI CORMUS ET SEMTNA. L. E. Col. Radix et Semen, U. S. Colchici Autumnalis, bulbus, Semina, D. Col- chici Autuiunalis Radix, E. The Bulb and Seeds of the Mea- dow Saffron. (Colchicum Autumnale. Hexand. Trigyn. N.O. Mclanthacca. Europe. 4-) Dug in July and August. Comp. Colchicia, a peculiar alkaloid resembling Veratria, fecula. Prop. Taste acrid, excoriating the mouth; acrimony lost in drying. Opcr. Narcotic, diuretic, cathartic. Use. In dropsies, gout, rheumatism, neuralgia, droiichitis, and scarlet fever. (It is supposed that it forms the attitii ingredient of the Eau Medicinale.) Colchicum is rather palliative than curative in gout and rheumatism. It is a useful addition to saline medicines in fevers and all inflammations. It should be given in small doses combined with magnesia, and if necessary, often repeated; as, Magncs. gr. xv., Mag. Sulphat. 3j., Aceti Colchici 3j. to 3ij., sweetened with Ext. Glycyrrh.; or a tea- spoonful of the following every three or four hours: (R Vini Cuh-h. Scm. f 3 ij., Aqua Camph. f3 vj., Sulphat. Morphia gr. ss., Sacck. Alb. 3j. Mix.); or till relief is obtained. In chronic bronchitis and asthma it should be given in still smaller doses. Bhould be given with great caution ; fllxxx. of Vinum Colchici 3 50 CON is a medium dose. A very good form in rheumatism fs tki following: (R Vini Colch. Sem. f 3 ij., Aqua Camphor, f 3 vj. Sulphat. Morphia gr. ss., ad gr. j., Sacch. Alb. 3j M.) Dose, a teaspoonful every 3 or 4 hours, or three times a day. Also in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. v. of the recent bulb in pills. Off. Prep. Acetum Colchici, U. S— L. E. Oxymel Colchici, D. Tinct. Colchici, U. S—L. E. Vinum Colchici, U. S.*—L. E. COLOCYNTHIS. U.S.—L.E. Fructus Pulpa, D. Bitter Cu- cumber Pulp. (Cucumis Colocynthis. Monac. Syngen. N. O. Cucurbitacea, L. J. Cape of Good Hope. 0.) Comp. 100 parts of the dry pulp of colocynth contain 14.4 parts of colocynthin, 10 of extractive, 4.2 of fixed oil, 13.2 of a resinous substance insoluble in aether, 9.5 of gum, 3.0 of pectic acid (pectin), 17.6 of gummy extract, 2.7 of phosphate of lime, 3.0 of phosphate of magnesia, and 19.0 of lignin, besides water. Prop. Taste bitter, nauseous, acrimonious; light, white or pale yellow; spongy. Oper. Strongly cathartic, drastic, hydragogue. Use. Too violent to be used alone. When combined with calo- mel, extract of jalap, and gamboge, colocynth forms a highly efficient and 6afe cathartic, especially adapted to congestion of the liver and portal circle, and torpidity of this organ. In dropsy, and affections of the head, also, highly useful. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. v. Off. Prep. Extract. Colocynthidis, L. E. Ext. Colocynth. Comp., U. S.—L. D. Pilul. Colocynthidis, E. D. Pilula Colocynthidis et Hyoscyami, E. CONFECTIO AMYGDALA!. L.D. ConservaAmygdalarum, E. Confection of Almonds. (Amyg. Dul. 5 viij., Acacia Gum |j., Sacch. Alb. 5 iv. Having bleached the almonds, beat the whole into a uniform paste.) This preparation is merely a good mode of keeping almonds in a state fit to make the almond mixture. CONFECTIO AROMATICA. U. S.—L. D. Elect. Aromati- cum, E. Aromatic Confection. (Cinnamomi, Myristica, sing. |ij., Caryoph. ?j., Cardam. 3 ss., Croci 3 ij., Creta Prap. 5 xvi., Sacch. Pur. Ibij. Rub the dry substances to a fine powder, and keep it in a stoppered vessel. When it is to be used, add water gradually till the whole be incorporated.) Oper. Stimulant, cordial. Use. In the low stage of typhoid fevers; atonic gout; hysteria: nervous languors. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. in bolus or mixtures. Incomp. Acids of any kind; metallic salts. CONFECTIO AURANTII. U. S.—L. Conserva Aurantii, E Confection of Orange. (Aur. Cort. exter. recent, radula separ. Ibj., Sacch. pur. ftiij. Beat the rind in a stone mortar with a wooden pestle, gradually adding the sugar.) Oper. Stomachic. Use. In dyspepsia of children; and as a vehicle for othei remedies. *The U. S. Pharmacopoeia directs wine of the seed and wina of the root. CON 51 Dose. 3j. fo ?j. CONFECTIO CASSLE. L. Elect. Cassia;, D. Cassia Con- fection. (Cassia pulpa Ibss., Manna 5U-, Tamarindi pulpa < 5 j., Syr. Rosa f 5 viij. Bruise the manna; then dissolve it by i heat, and having mixed in the pulp, evaporate to a proper ' consistence.) Oper. Gently laxative. Use. For habitual costiveness; and as a purge for children. Dose. 3j. to ?j CONFECTIO OPll. U. S.—L. D. Electuar. Opii, E. Opium Confection. (Opii duri 3 vj., Piper. Long. 5J> Zingib. rad. 5ij., Carui Sem. 5 iij., Tragacantha contrita 3 ij., Syrupi 0 5 xvj. Rub the opium with the syrup made hot; then add the other articles in the state of powder, and mix.) Gr. j. of Opium in gr. xxxvj. Opcr. Narcotic and stimulant. Use. Atonic gout, flatulent colic, colliquative diarrhoea, in the chalk mixture. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. in a bolus, or mixture. COXFECTlO PIPERIS NIGRI. L. Electuarium Piperis, E ' Confection of Black Pepper. (Piperis nigri, Inula, a a ftj., Faniculi Ibiij., Mellis, Sacchari, a a Ibij.) Substitute for Ward's Paste. Prop. Warm stimulant. Use. In hemorrhoids; used externally. Dose. 3j. to 3ij. CONFECTIO ROSA: CANINAI. L. ConservaRosa;Fructus, E. Confection of Dog Rose. (Rosa Can. Pulpa Ibj., Sacch. pur. ? xx. Rub them together until they be well incorporated.) Use. Chij. to 3 j. in Oss. of eruel. COXFECTlO SCAMMONII. L. Elect. Scammonii, D. Con- I etion of Scammony. (Scammonii contriti Ijss., Caryoph'. ?font„ Zina-ibcr. pulv- sing. 3 vj., Olei Carui f 3 ss., Syr. Rosa, q. s. Rub the dry substances to a very fine powder, then rub them nsain with the syrup • add the oil of caraway, and mix.) Oper. Warm cathartic. Dose. 3 i. to 3 j. in a bolus. CONFECTIO SENNAI. U. S—L. Elect. Senna;, E. Elect. Sennne. D. Confection of Senna. (Senna Foi. 5 viij., Ficorum Ibj., Tamarindi, Cassia, Prunorum Gall. Pulpa, sing. Hiss., 52 COP Coriand. I iv., Glycyrrhiza 5 iij., Sacch. pur. Ibnss., Aqua Oifl. Rub the Senna leaves and Coriander seeds to powder, and sift; boil the residue with the figs, liquorice root, and the water to one half, then press and strain. Evaporate the strained liquor to f Sxxiv., then add the sugar. Finally, rub the syrup with the pulp, and adding the sifted powder, mix the whole.) Oper. Laxative. Use. In habitual costiveness, and that attending pregnancy. CONII FOLIA,'SEMEN, U. S. FRUCTUS.* L. Conium, E. Conii Maculati Folia, D. Hemlock Leaves and Seeds. (Conium Maculatum. Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Umbellifera. Indigenous. 0.) Comp. Conia, resin, albumen, odorous oil, extractive. Prop Odor heavy and disagreeable; taste bitter, nauseous, her- baceous; color a dull green; light destroys its virtues, there- fore the powder should be kept in opaque bottles, well corked. The powder, triturated with Liquor Potassae, exhales the odor of Conia. Oper. Narcotic, poisonous in an over-dose, resolvent. Use. As a palliative in cancer and scirrhous, scrofulous and syphilitic ulcerations and swellings; pertussis; chronic en- largement of the liver and other abdominal organs; cutaneous affections ; asthma; chronic pulmonary diseases, and neuralgic affections. Externally 5 iij. of the dried herb boiled in Oj. of water, as a fomentation to open scrofulous and cancerous ulcers; or as a cataplasm, by adding linseed meal and oatmeal. Dose. Gr. ij. to 3 j. of the powder, or from Tllxij. of the expressed juice, very gradually increased to mix. Of the extract, gr. j. to gr. iv., to be reduced if it cause vertigo. The extract is the best form of administering it: it may be usefully combined with ipecacuanha in pulmonary affections, where we wish to quiet cough and relieve bronchial irritation. Off. Prep. Extractum Conii, U. S.—L. E D. Tinct. Conii, U. S. —L. E. D. CONTRAYERVA. U.S. (Secondary.)—L. Contrajerva Root. (Dorstenia Contrajerva. Tetrand. Monogyn. N. O. Urtica- cea. South America. 4-) Prop. Odor aromatic, heavy; taste bitter, styptic, sweetish. Oper. Tonic, stimulant, sudorific. Use. In typhus; nervous fever; the fever of dentition in weak infants; and dysentery. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. COPAIBA. U. S.—L. E. Copaiferae Officinalis Resina, D. Copaiba. (Copaifera Langsdorfii, Decand. Digyn. N. O. Leguminosa. Brazils. ^.) » Comp. Volatile oil 41.00 per cent., hard resin 51.38, soft resin 2.18, water 5.44. Prop. Odor peculiar, not unpleasant; taste pungent, bitter; con- sistence of syrup; yellowish, transparent; soluble in two parts of alcohol, in aether, and the expressed oils; miscible in distilled * Often mistaken for Cicuta virosa, or C. maculata, Cowbane, Water Hemlock. Cicuta, though formerly applied to this plant, belongs to a different genus COR 53 water, by means of mucilage; spec. grav. 0.950. It dissolves | its weight of Carbonate of Magnesia, aided by gentle heat, and remains translucent. * Optr. Stimulant, diuretic, purgative in arge doses; acts on the urethra. Use. In gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, dysentery, and all affec- tions of mucous membranes ; haemorrhoidal affections. Dose, fllxx. to f 3 j. in emulsion with gum or yolk of egg; in pills, by mixing the copaiba with magnesia and exposing the mixture to the air. Incomp. Sulphuric acid, nitric acid. Tests. Agitate f 3 j. of liq. ammonias with f 3 ijss. of copaiba; if it remains milky when at rest, it contains castor oil. COPAIBA: OLEUM. E. Oil of Copaiba. (Distillation of the Copaiba with water.) Prop. Pale straw color; odor of the Copaiba. Use. The same as Copaiba. Dose. ITlx. to fllxxs., triturated with mucilage and water. COPTIS. U.S. (Secondary.) Trifoliata. Goldthread. (Poly- and. Polygynia, N. O. Ranunculacea. 0.) North America. Prop. Long, thread-like, orange-colored roots; without smell, bitter taste ; owes its virtues to a bitter extractive matter, solu- ble in water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic. Use. In all cases where a simple tonic is required. In aphthous affections of the mouth and throat. Dose. Of the powder, from gr. x. to gr. xxx. Of the tinct. 3 j., ( 5 j- root, Oj. alcohol.) COR1ANDRUM. U. S—L. E. Coriandri Sativi Semina, D. Coriander Seed. (Coriandrum Sativum. Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Umbellifera. Italy. 0.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste grateful, pungent; seed hemisphe- rical, ribbed. Oper. Carminative. Use. In flatulencies; but chiefly to eover the taste of other medicines. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. entire, or in powder. Off. Prep. Aqua Calcis Comp., D. Infusum Senna, L. E. Tinct Senna Comp., E. Confectio Senna, L. E. CORNU. L. E. Cornua Cervina. Ramenta, D. Hartshorn. (Cervus Elaphus. Mammalia Pecora. Europe.) Prop. Hard compact, bony; yields 27 parts gelatine for every 100 of the horn. Oper. Emollient, nutritive. Use To infants deprived of the breast; 3 vj. of the shavings, boiled in Oiv. of water to Oij., then strained, and the liquor again boiled with f?j. of orange juice, 5vj. °' sugar, and f$ v. of sherry wine, form a light nutritious jelly for the sick. Off. Prep. Cornu Ustum, L. D. Pulv. Antimonialis, L. E. D. CORNU USTUM. L. Burnt Hartshorn. Comp. Phosphate of lime, carbonate of lime, phosphate of mag- nesia. Prop. White, friable. Use. The knowledge of the components of this preparation proves that it possesses no antacid qualities, and therefore it might be altogether rejected. 54 CRO CORNUS. FLORIDA. U. S. Circirata, U. S. Sericea, U. S. (Dogwood. Swamp Dogwood, 'z.) Prop. Taste bitter, astringent, •lightly aromatic; odor feeble; contains extractive matter, gum, resin, tannin, and gallic acid, and a peculiar bitter alkaline principle, cornine. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In all cases to which Peruvian Bark is adapted, which it Closely resembles, especially intermittents. , Doss. May be given in powder, decoction, or extract: of the powder, from 3j. to 3 j. Infusion most enjplffyjd. Off. Prep. Decoct. Comus Florida, U. S. CREASOTON. L. Creasotum, E. Creasote. (A colorless limpid liquid, prepared from the oil of wood-tar.) Prop. Colorless when recent; spec grav. 1.066; soluble in its weight of acetic acid ; leaves no stain on white paper when heated. A powerful stimulant. Use. Externally applied in rheumatism and neuralgia. Given in some stomachic affections, as dyspepsia, and anorexia, and to allay nausea and vomiting; used externally in porrigo scutu- lata, and to relieve toothache; also to foul ulcers and cancerous sores. Dose. From flliij. to fllxv. CRETA. U. S—L. E. Creta Alba, D. Carbonis Calcis, a. mollior, E. Chalk. Comp. Lime 53, carbonic acid 45, in 100 parts; some argil. Spec. grav. from 2.3 to 2.6. Prop. White, friable, effervescing with acids. Use. To prepare the Creta Praeparata. CRETA PRAEPARATA. U. S.—L. E. D. Prepared Chalk. Take of chalk a convenient quantity; add a little water to it, rnd rub it into a fine powder; throw this into a large vessel nearly full of water, stir briskly, and after a short interval pour the supernatant liquor, while yet turbid, into another vessel. Repeat the process with the chalk remaining in the first vessel, and set the turbid liquor by, that the powder may subside. Lastly, pour off the water, and dry the powder.— U. S Phar. Comp. The same as those c f creta. Oper. Internally antacid; externally absorbent. Use. In diarrhoea from acidity; externally when sprinkled over burns, after the inflammation has subsided, and a poultice ap- plied, the skinning over of the sore is much hastened. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. or more. Off. Prep. Mistura Creta, U. S— L. E. Hydrargyrum cum Creta, IJ. S.—L. Pulvis Creta Comp., L. E. Pulv. Opiatus, E. Trochisci Carbonatis Calcis, E. Ammonia Sesquicarbonas, L. Calx, L. Calcii Chloridum, L. Confectio Aromatica, L. CROCUS. U. S.—L. E. Croci Sativi Stigmata, D. Saffron. (Crocus Sativus. Triand. Monogyn. N.O. Iridacea The East. 4.) The English is the best. Prop. Odor diffusive, aromatic, narcotic; taste aromatic, pun- gent, bit'er; color deep orange-red; residing in an extractive essential oil and resin ; yields its virtues to alcohol, wine, vine- gar, and water. Oper. Stimulant, exhilarating, diaphoretic, emmenagogue. Vse. In hysteria and other nervous affections; chiefly to imr art color to officinal tinctures. CUP 55 Dose. Gr. v. to 3 ss. Off. Prep. Syrupus Croci, L. E. Tinct. Croci, E. Confectio Aromatica, U. S.—L. D. Electuarium Aromat., E. Pilula Aloes cum Myrrha, L. E. Tinct. Aloes Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct. Cinchona Comp., U. S— L. E. D. Tinct. Rhei, L. Tinct. Rhei Comp., U. S—L. CROTONIS OLEI. E. See Tiglii Oleum. CUBEBA:. U. S—L. E. D. Cubebs. (Piper Cubeba, Diand. Trigyn. N. O. Piperacea. Java and Guinea. ^.) Bacea. Comp. Wax, volatile oil, cubebin, resin, chloride of sodium, ex- tractive, lignin. (The cubebin is probably identical with piperin.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste cooling at first, afterwards pungent; active principle an essential oil Oper. Stimulant, purgative, diuretic. Use. In gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea. Also, as a grateful stomachic and carminative in disorders of the digestive organs. Cubebs have been recommended in every stage of gonorrhoea, but they are most safe and effectual in chronic cases, and where the inflammation is confined to the mucous membrane of the urethra. If not speedily useful, they should be discontinued. Doss. Prom gr. x. to 3 ss. of the powder, every six hours. The volatile oil is sometimes substituted in the dose of ten or twelve drops, suspended in mucilage or sugar and water. CUMINUM. L. E. Cummin Seed. (Cuminum Cyminum, Pentand. Monogyn. N. O. Umbellifera. Egypt. 0.) Prop. Odor peculiar, heavy; taste warm, bitterish, disagreeable. Water extracts their odor; spirit takes up both odor and taste. Seeds ovate, striated. Oper. Antispasmodic; externally stimulating. Use. Scarcely ever employed internally: vide Emplastrum. CUPRUM. U. S.—D. Copper. Prop. Odor peculiar, but sensible only when rubbed; taste disagreeable and metallic; color red yellow; spec. grav. 7.87, ductile; very malleable ; hardness less than that of iron; easily oxidized. Use. For preparing the salts of the metal.* CUPRI ACETAS. D. Acetate of Copper. Comp. Oxide of copper 39, acid and water 61, in 100 parts; or, 1 protoxide=39.6+l acid=51.48+9 water=81: eq.=181.08. Prop. Crystals four-sided truncated pyramids, of a bluish green color, efflorescent: spec. grav. 1.779: taste disagreeably metal- lic Sparingly soluble in.water; moderately soluble in alcohol. Oper. Tonic, stimulant, escharotic. Use. In epilepsy, chorea, and other spasmodic affections. Dose. Gr. J gradually increased to gr. ij. * Copper, when clean, produces no deleterious effects in the stomach; nor does it appear that the acids it meets with there and in the bowels render it very active when in a mass. We have seen two instances where halfpence were swallowed, and retained, in the one case six months, and in the other two, with- out altering the state of health. Both the patients were boys under ten years of age; and the halfpence were much corroded when passed. 56 CUR Incomp. Alkalies, chalk mixture, sulphuric acid. CUPRI SUBACETAS. U. S—D. See Aerugo. CUPRI AMMONIO SULPHAS. L. ( Cuprum Ammoniatum, U. S.—E. D. Ammoniated Copper. (Cupri Sulphatis ?j., Ammonia Sesquicarbonatis 3 jss. Or, take of Sulphate of Cop- per 5 ss., Carbonate of Ammonia 3 vj.; rub them together in a glass mortar till effervescence ceases; then wrap the ammoni- ated copper in bibulous paper, and dry it with a gentle heat. Let it be kept in a well-stopped glass bottle.)—?/. S. Phar. Comp. Carbonate of copper, sulphate of ammonia. Prop. A crystalline powder of a rich violet color; taste hot, styptic, metalline. Its color is lost by keeping, if exposed to the air, and it becomes green; being partly converted into carbonate of copper. Opcr. Tonic, antispasmodic. Use. In epilepsy and chorea, after a course of purging. Dose. Gr. i gradually increased to gr. v. in a pill twice a day. Incomp. Acids, alkalies, lime water. CUPRI AMMONIO-SULPHATIS LIQUOR. L. Cupri Am- moniati Solutio, E. D. Solution of Ammoniated Copper. (Cupri Ammonio-Sulph. 3j., Aqua distillata Oj. 1)',-solve the ammonio-sulphate of copper in the water, and iilieo through paper.) Prop, and Use. The same as those of the salt. CUPRI SULPHAS. U. S— L. E. D. Sulphate of Copper. Comp. Hydrate of oxide of copper 42.6, sulphuric acid 33, water 25.4-in 100 pts.; or, 1 eq. protoxide of copper=39.6+l sulphuric acid=40.1: eq.=79.7. Prop. Crystals rhomboidal, rich blue, semi-transparent, efflores- cin.) Prop. Shape of the seeds ovate, angled ; the coriaccons external coat abounds with mucilage, to obtain which only they are used. Off. Prep. Decoctum Culonia, L. CVMINUM. L. See Cuniinum. DATURA. See Extract, rstr.imonii, and Stram. Semina. DA I'd FRUCTUS ET R VD1X. L. D. Dauci Radix, E. 1> ue. i Sylvestris Semina. 1). Carrot Root and Seed. (Daucus Carota. Pentandria. Digynia. N. O. Umbellifcra. Exotic. *•) Prop. The root is sweet and mucilaginous; the seeds have an aromatic odor, and a moderately warm pungent taste. Oper. Of the root, emollient; of the seeds, stomachic, carmina- tive, diuretic. The root is externally antiseptic. mUse. The root is chiefly employed as a poultice to fetid and •' ill-conditioned sores. The seeds have very little efficacy in gravel and other renal affections, for which they have been extolled. Dose. Of the bruised seed 3 ij- to 3 j. DECOCTUM ALOES COMPOSITUM. L. D. Decoctum Aloes, E. Compound Decoction of Aloes. (Ext. Glycyrrh. 5 vij., Potassa Carb. 3 j., Aloes contrita, Myrrha contri., Croci, 3* 58 DEC sing. 3 jss., Tinct. Card. Co. f 5 vij., Aqua Ojss. Boil to Oj. and strain, then add the Tinct. Card. Comp.) Comp. The soluble matter of the Aloes and Myrrh dissolved in water, which is enabled, by the alkali, to take up a little more than the water alone could do. The tincture keeps it un- changed. Oper. A warm cathartic; emmenagogue, tonic, and cordial. Use. In habitual costiveness from torpor of the bowels; in jaundice, hypochondriasis, chlorosis, and dyspepsia. This is a very mild and useful laxative where tonics are co-indicated. It may be used with the greatest advantage in some forms of dyspepsia, and in those complicated cases in which suppressed menstruation is connected with enfeebled digestion and a lan- guid state of the bowels, as in chlorosis. Dose, f 5 ss. to f 1 ij. taken in the morning. Incomp. Acids and acidulous salts, metallic salts. DECOCTUM ALTHAEA; OFFICINALIS. D. Decoction of Marsh Mallows. (Rad. Althaa sic. |iv., Uvarum Pass. demptis acin. 5 ij., Aqua Ovij. Boil to five pints and decant.) Comp. The clear liquor, which is poured off after the faeces subside, is a solution of mucilage in water. Prop. Odor peculiar, not unlike that of boiled turnips; taste sweetish; color pale yellow; slightly viscid. Oper. Demulcent, emollient. Use. In nephritis and inflammation of the bladder; and as a fomentation in abrasions, &c. DECOCTUM AMYLI. L. Decoction of Starch. (Amyliliv., Aqua Oj.; rub the starch, gradually adding the water, then boil a little.) Use. For glysters. DECOCTUM CALUMBA! COMPOSITUM. U.S. Compound Decoction of Calumba. (Calumba contusa, Quassia in scobes rasa, a a 3 ij., Aurantii corticis 3 j., Rhei in pulv. 3j., Potassa carbonatis 3 ss., Aqua f5 xx. Boil to a pint, and add T. La vand. f ?ss.) Oper. Tonic. Use. In convalescence from fever. Dose, f 5 ij. thrice a day. DECOCTUM CETRARIAI. U. S.—L. Decoctum Lichenis Islandici, D. Decoction of Liverwort. (Lichenis 3 v. L. Aqua Ojss. L. Boil to Oj. and strain.) Comp. Bitter extractive, and fecula, dissolved in water. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, mucilaginous; color yellow. Oper. Tonic, demulcent. Use. In protracted coughs, phthisis, emaciation from the great discharge of ulcers, pertussis. Dose. f3iv. to f 5 U- three or four times a day. The bitter is completely extracted by steeping the lichen in several waters before it is boiled, adding to each water about half a scruple of carbonate of potassa. Its nutritive qualities are considerable. DECOCTUM CHAMAIMELI COMP. D. Decoction of Cha- momile. (Flor. Anthem. No b. I j., E. ?ss., D. Sem. Carui 3iv., E. Sem. Faniculi 3 ij., D. Aqua Ibv., E. Oj., D. Boil for fifteen minutes and strain.) Comp. Bitter extractive, dissolved in water. DEC 59 Use. As a clyster and fomentation; but for the latter purpose warm water is equally efficacious. DECOCTUM CHIMAPHILA:. U.S.—L. Decoction of Winter Green. (Chimaphila |j., Aqua dist. Ojss. Boil to a pint, and strain.) • Oper. Diuretic. * Use. In dropsy, calculous and nephritic complaints. Dose. From f?j. to f?jss. DECOCTUM CINCHONA: CORDIFOLIA:. DECOCTUM CINCHONA; LANCIFOLIA:. L. Decoctum Cinchona;, U.S.—E. D. Decoction of Cinchona. (Cinchonia Cort. contusi 3 x., Aqua Oj., L. D. $j. Corticis, f § xxiv. Aqua, E. Boil for ten minutes in a slightly covered vessel, and strain while hot, L. D. Filter when cool, and evaporate to f 1 xvj., E.) Comp. Cinchonia, Quina, as Bikinates, and resinous extractive dissolved in water. Prop. Odor and taste that ofthe species of bark employed. Oper. The same as that of the bark. Use. When the powder does not sit easy on the stomach; and when large doses are necessary, or ingredients of a nature which cannot be combined with the powder are required to be given with the bark. Dose, f 5 j. to 5 iv. three or four times a day. Incomp. Tartarized antimony, infusions of astringent barks. DECOCTUM CINCHONA: OBLONGIFOLLE. L. Decoction of Red Bark. Use. In gangrene and general debility. DECOCTUM CORNUS FLORIDA:. U.S. Decoction of Dog- wood. (Corn. Florid, cont. 1).,Aqua Oj.) Boil for ten minutes in a covered vessel, and strain the liquor while hot. Oper. Tonic. Use. As a tonic in dyspepsia, and intermittents, especially when Peruvian hark cannot be had. DECOCTUM CYDONLE. L. Decoction of Quince Seed. (Cydonia Sem. 3 ij., Aqua Oj. Boil over a gentle fire ten minutes, and strain.) Comp. A solution of mucilage in wa*cr. Prop. Inodorous; taste slightly grateful; nearly colorless; transparent; viscid. Oper. Demulcent. Use. In aphthae, united with borax and honey, or syrup of mul- berries; injected beneath the eyelids in violent ophthalmia. Perhaps altocther superfluous, as It does not keep. Incomp. Arils, which coagulate it. DECOCTUM DULCAMARA:. U. S—L. E. D. Decoction of Woody Nightshade. (Dulcamara Caulis concisi f^x., Aqua Ojss. Boil to one pint, and strain, L. Dulcamara contusa ?j., Aqua f?x.;iv. Boil, and evaporate to f 5 xvj. E.) Comp. Contains a peculiar alkaline principle, solania, which does not form crystallizable salts. Prop. Odor strong and unpleasant; taste bitter and nauseous, followed by a degree of sweetness. (Contains Solania.) Oper. Diuretic, diaphoretic, alterative, narcotic. Use. In dropsy, rheumatism, humoral asthma, lepra, and some other diseases of the skin. 9 60 DEC Dose, f 3 iv. to f ? j. with any aromatic tincture, twice or thrice a day. DECOCTUM GEOFFRAIA; INERMIS. D. Decoction of Cabbage-Tree Bark. (Cort. Geoff. Inerm. in Pulv. 1 j., Aq. Oij. Boil over a slow fire to one pint, and strain.) Prop. Odor disagreeable; taste bitter and mucilaginous; color that of Madeira wine. Oper. Anthelmintic, purgative, narcotic. Use. In worms, in which it has been found very efficacious. Dose. To children f 3 ij., to adults f 1 ss. to f 3 ij. An overdose, or the drinking cold water during its operation, produces vio- lent vomiting, fever, and delirium. These effects are to be remedied by castor oil, warm water, and acids. DECOCTUM GLYCYRRHIZA:. D. Decoction of Liquorice. (Radicis Glycyrrhiza contusa ijss., Aqua mensura fcj. Boil for ten minutes, and strain.) Use. An agreeable demulcent, and vehicle for the administration of other remedies. DECOCTUM GRANATI. L. Decoction of Pomegranate. (Granati % ij., Aquce distillate Ojss. Boil to a pint, and strain.) Prop. Contains tannic acid, extractive, gum. Oper. Astringent, anthelmintic. Use. In tape-worm, dysentery. Dose, f 5ss. to f 3 )■ _ DECOCTUM GUAIACI. ED. Decoction of Guaiacum, or of the Woods. (Scab. Ligni Guaiaci 3 iij., Fruct. Sic. Vitis Vinifera § ij., Rod. Lauri Sassafras con., Rad. Glycyrr. con., sing. 3J., Aqua Oviij. Boil the Guaiacum and Raisins with the water over a slow fire, to five pints, adding the roots to- wards the end, then strain.) Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic. Use. In venereal complaints, scrofula, cutaneous diseases, and rheumatism, after bleeding. The guaiacum, however, can have little effect, as the resin is insoluble in water. Dose, f 3 iij. to f j vi. every three hours, so that Oj. or Oij. may be daily taken. DECOCTUM HAMATOXYLI. U. S.—E. D. Decoction of Logwood. (Ramentorum Ligni Hamatoxyli ?j., Corticis Cinnamomi contusi 3j., Aqua Oj. Boil the wood in the water till it evaporates to f ? x.; towards the end of the coction add the cinnamon, then strain.) Prop. Taste sweetish, subastringent; nearly inodorous; color deep red. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In diarrhoea, and some cases of dyspepsia, where the secretions of the intestines are acrid. Dose, f 3 j. to fi, iij. frequently. Incomp. The mineral acids, solution of alum, sulphates of iron and of copper, acetate of lead, tartarized antimony. Off. Prep. Ext. Hamatoxyli, U. S.—L. D. DECOCTUM HORDEI. U. S—L. D. Hordei Mistura, E. Decoction of Barley. (Hordei Sem. 3" ijss., Aqua Oivss. First wash the barley well, then boil it for a few minutes in Oss. ot the water; which being strained off", and thrown away, add the remainder boiling; boil to two pints, and strain.) Oper. Nutritive, demulcent. DEC 91 Use. As a diluent in febrile affections, recent gonorrhoea, and strangury; and to form the bulk in clysters. Dose. Ad libitum. DECOCTUM HORDEI COMPOSITUM. L. D. Compound Decoction of Barley. (Decoct. Hard. Oij., Carica Fruct. con- em 5 ijss., Glycyrrh. Rad. coneisa et contusa 3 v., Ucarum Pass. 1 ijss., JJqua Oj. Boil to two pints, and strain.) Opcr., Use, and Dose. The same as ihe former; its laxative ( H. c- , which may be sometimes hurtful, is obviated by a few ■ ovulated hernia, and spasmodic affections. EMMA Ti'.Ri-.IMNTMlN^E. L. E. D. Turpentine Clyster. (Ten- ,::iii:':na f/l.-i I f j., Ovi unius vitcllum. Rub together, and add mad inlly f " xix. of barley-water.) Use. In -ilfectiens of ilie urinary organs. ERGOTA. U.S. Ergot, L. E. Spurred Rye. (Acinulaclavus, L. 1 Spermedia clavus ? Sccale Cornutum, U. S.) Europe. Prop. A curved, striated, deep violet colored body, whitish within; inodorous, mawkish; burns with a whitish flame. S lpposed by some to be a parasitic fungus; by others, as the diseased grain of rye. Yields a deep-brown tincture with al- cohol ; also yields a bitter and sourish extractive, and crystals which have been supposed to contain morphia—a fixed oil, fungin, albumen, osmazome, wax, and a peculiar extractive substance in which its properties are supposed to reside. Opcr. Stimulant, acting chiefly on the muscular system of the u'-rns. Narcotic; a narcotico-acrid poison. Use. I.i parturition when the pains languish, and the uterine action becomes torpid, provided the os uteri be fully dilated, and the membranes ruptured. In leucorrhoea and uterine htemorrhagr*. Dnsr. 3j. to 3 ss. in cases of parturition; gr. v. to gr. x. in leu- corrlica 1, three or four tunes a day. The most common way of civinir Ersrot is in decoction, 3j. of it bruised to 1 vj. boiling water—boil ten minutes; strain and sweeten, and give one- third every half hour—in parturient cases. Or, of the Tinc- ture made by digesting ?ss. in 3 vj. Rectified Spirit four days, 3 i.—of the oil, from twenlv to fifty drops. ER1GLRON, U.S. 'Secondary.) (Erig. Canadense, Hetero- phyllum, Phil-iileiphirum. Flea Bane. Indigenous. Syngenes. Supcrfiua. N. O. Corymbifcra. ©.) Prop. Canad. sp. has an agreeable odor, bitterish, acrid, some- what astringent taste. Contains bitter extractive, tannin, gallic acid, and volatile oil. Oper. Diuretic, tonic, astringent. ,Q . 72 EUP Use. In dropsy and diarrhoea. The two latter species are recom- mended in gravel and nephritic diseases, as well as dropsy. Dose. Of the powder, from 3ss. to 3j. Of the infusion, pre- pared in the proportion of 3 j. of the leaves to Oj. boiling water, from f 3 ij. to f 3 iv. Aqueous extract, from gr. v. to gr. x. every few hours. ERYNGIUM. U. S. (Secondary.) E. (Aquaticum. Button Snake Rooft Pent. Digyn. N.O. Umbell/fera. Indigenous. The Root. 0.) Prop. Root has a bitter, pungent, aromatic taste. Oper. Diaphoretic, expectorant, emetic. Use. As an expectorant in pulmonary and catarrhal affections; its effects resemble those of Seneka Snake Root. ERYTHRONIUM. U. S. (Secondary.) (Ery. Americanum Big. The Plant. Dog's Tooth Violet. Indigenous. Hex- andria. Monogynia. N. O. Siliacca. 0.) Prop. An indigenous, well known, perennial, bulbous plant, with two smooth, lanceolate leaves, diversified by numerous irregular spots. Oper. Emetic. Dose. From gr. xx. to gr. xxx. of the powdered recent bulb, proves emetic ; a smaller dose, expectorant. EUPATOREUM. U. S. Eup. Perfoliatum. Thoroughwort. (Syngenesia JEqualis. N. O. Comp.* Corymbifera. Indige- nous. 0.) Prop. The herb. Several species are used medicinally in the U. S. Odor faint; intensely bitter taste, with slight astrinsren cy ; virtues reside chiefly in an extractive matter, soluble both in water and in alcohol. Oper. Tonic, diaphoretic, emetic, aperient, according to dose. Use. As a diaphoretic in catarrh and rheumatism ; in intermit- tents and remittents, and inflammatory diseases; as a tonic in dyspepsia and general debility ; given cold. The purpureum is employed as a diuretic. Dose. As a tonic, from 3j. to 3 j. of the powdered leaves, or f ? j- to f 5 iv. infusion; as a diaphoretic, every two hours, the infusion should be given warm, while the patient is covered in bed; as emetic and cathartic, a strong decoction, in doses cf Oss. or more. EUPHORBIA. U. S. (Secondary.) E. Corollatz, Ipecacuanha. (Dodecandria. Trigynia. N. O. Euphorbiacca. Indigenous. Spurge. The Root. 0.) Prop. The root, when full grown, is sometimes an1 inch thick, and two feet long: without unpleasant taste ; virtues reside in the cortical part, which constitutes two-thirds of the whole: extracted by water and alcohol. Oper. The root of the E. Corollata is a certain and speedy emetic and cathartic. In small doses, diaphoretic and expectorant. In large doses it is apt to produce hypercathars's, and inflam- mation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels. Inferior to ipecacuanha as to safety, and to antimony as to certainty. Externally vesicant. Dose. Of the powder, from gr. x. to gr. xx.; as a cathartic, from gr. iij. to gr. x. Recent root bruised, and applied to the skin, produces vesication. EUPHORBlUM. L. E. D. Euphorbium. (Euphorbia Offer EXT 73 uarivm? (Canaricnsis?) Dodecand. Trigynia. N. O. Eu- pkorbiaeea. Africa. IX.) Comp. 37.U resin, 19.0 wax, 20.5 malate of lime, 2.0 malate of potassa, 5 0 water, and 13.5 woody matter and loss. Prop. Inodoi-ous ; taste, when chewed, nauseous, burning; tears irregular, about the size of a large pea, dry, friable, externally yehow, but paler within. Spec. grav. 1.129, partially soluble in uloohol; less so in water. Oper. Errhine. Use. IVluted with starch, or mild powder, it is snuffed up the nosiuls in amaurosis, lethargy, chronic ophthalmia, and all cases where a copious discharge is required from the pituitary int'inbr- ne. EXTRACTUM ARTEMISIA! ABSYNTHII. D. Extract of Wormwood. (A decoction defecated and evaporated.) Prip. inodorous; the flavor being dissipated with the essential oil; tame biiter. Oper. Tonic. Use. In l he same cases for which bitters are generally employed. Lose. Gr. x to 3j. in pills twice or thrice a day. EXTRACTUM ACONITI. U. S—L. E Extract.of Aconite. (Aconiti foi. recent. Ibj. Bruise in a stone mortar, sprinkling with wa'cr, press the juice out and evaporate to a proper con- s'S ence.; EXTRACTUM ACONITI ALCOHOLICUM. U. S. (R Of Aconite, in coarse powder Ibj., Diluted Alcohol Oiv. Moisten the aconite with Oss. of the diluted alcohol, and having allowed it io stand lor twenty-four hours, transfer it to an apparatus for displacement, and gradually add the remainder of the alcohol Wnen the lust portion of this shitll have penetrated the aconite, pour in sufficient water, from time to time, to keep the powder covered. Cease to filter when the liquid which passes begins to pioduce a precipitate, as it falls, in that which has already paused. Distil off the alcohol from the filtered liquor, and evaporate the residue to the proper consistence.)—U. S. Phar. N. B.—The alcoholic extracts of Belladonna, Conium, Hellebore, Hyoscyamus, and Sarsaparilla, are directed by the U. S. Phar. to be prepared in the same manner. Prop. Odor disagreeable ; taste acrid, slightly styptic; color ob- scure fcreen, or brownish red. It loses its virtues when long kept. Opcr. Narcotic, diuretic. Use. In obstinate chronic rheumatisms and headaches; agues, glandular swellings; convulsions; chronic uterine haemor- rhages; nouinluia, and spinal irritations. Dose. Gr. $ night and morning, gradually increased to gr. v. in the form of piils. EXTRACTUM ALOES PURIFICATUM. D. Extract of Aloes (The gummy part extracted by boiling water, defecated, and inspissated.) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste bitter, but less unpleasant than the aloes. Opcr. Cathartic, emmenagogue. Use. In the same cases for which the aloes are used. In ss. Gr. v. to gr. xv. in pills. Off. Prep. Pulv. Aloes Compositus, L. Pilula Aloes Comp., L. 4 74 EXT Pilula Aloes cum Myrrha, U. S.—L. Pilula Aloes, U. S. Pilula Aloes et Assafatida, U. S. EXTRACTUM ANTHEMIDIS. E. Extractum Chamsemeli, D. Extract of Chamomile. (The volatile oil is dissipated in this preparation.) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste a pure grateful bitter; color dark brown. ( Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. In dyspepsia, chlprosis and general debility. Dose. Gr. x. to gr. xx. in pills, twice or thrice a day. EXTRACTUM BELLADONNA;. U. S.—L. E. Extract of Belladonna. (An expressed juice inspissated.) L. Prop. Inodorous ; taste bitterish. Opcr. Narcotic; it is used in the same cases as the plant. Dose. Gr. $ gradually increased to gr ij. in pills. EXTRACTUM CINCHONA: CORDIFOLIA;. L. E. D. Ex tract of Yellow Cinchona Bark. (A decoction evaporated.) Comp. Kinate of quina, a small portion of kinate of cinchonia, and of lime, extractive, mucilage, and tannic acid. (2.3 per cent, quina-j-0.08 cinchonia.— Thiel.) Prop. Odor sweetish ; taste bitter, but less austere than the bark; fracture rough, dull; color deep brown. Oper. The same as the bark in substance; and consequently it is used in the same cases; but with much less certainty of effect, owing to some chemical change produced on the drug during the boiling. Dose. Gr. x.'to 3 ss. dissolved in any distilled water. Formerly the dose of gr. x. was supposed to be equivalent to 3 ss. of the bark powder; but Sir John Pringle's experiments first showed that this opinion was unfounded; and the chemical analysis of the bark proves that the reverse is nearer the truth. It is kept both in a hard and a soft state. EXTRACTUM CINCHONA: LANCIFOLIA;. L. Extract of pale Cinchona Bark. Comp. Chiefly kinate of cinchonia, a small portion of kinate of quina and of lime, tannic acid, extractive, and mucilage. (Cinchonia 0.48 per cent.-f-0.06 quina.—Geiger.) Oper. and Use. The same as the extract of cinchona cordifolia. EXTRACTUM CINCHONAS OBLONGIFOLIA;. L. D. Ex- tract of red Cinchona Bark. Comp. More kinate of quina and less of cinchonia than the extract of pale cinchona bark. (Quina 1.7 per cent.-f0.08 cinchonia.) Oper. and Use. The same as the other extracts of cinchona. EXTRACTUM CINCHONA:. U. S.—E. Resinous Extract of Bark. (An aqua-spirituous Extract, containing both the ex- tractive and resin of the barks. Take of Peruvian Bark, in coarse powder, ibj., Alcohol Oiv., Water, a.:sufficient quantity ; macerate the Peruvian Bark with the alcohol for four days; then filter by means of an apparatus for displacement, and when the liquid ceases to pass, pour gradually upon the bark sufficient water to keep its surface covered. When the filtered tincture measures Oiv., set it aside, and proceed with the filtra- tion until Ovj. of infusion are obtained. Distil off the alcohol from the tincture, and evaporate the infusion till the liquids EXT 75 respectively are brought to the consistence of thin honey; then mix them, and evaporate so as to form an extract.) N. B.—In the same manner the U. S. Phar. directs to prepare Extract of Jalap and Extract of Podophyllum. Prop. Taste bitter, with the austereness of the bark; fracture resinous. Opcr. The same ns the bark in substance. Use. In ague, and every complaint for which bark is used. This is altogether a preferable preparation to the watery extract; the rectified spirit contains water enough to enable it to take up all the active principles of the drug; less heat is required to evaporate the menstruum. The expense of the spirit is the greatest objection to it. It is more grateful to the stomach than the watery extracts. Dose. Gr. x. to, gr. xx. in pills, or dissolved in some distilled water. EXTRACTUM COLCHICI CORMI. L. Extract of the Bulb of Colchicum. Comp. <;allate of colchicia, fecula, mucilage. Opcr. Purgative, narcotic. Use. In gout and acute rheumatism. L'ose. Gr. j. to gr. ij. repeated every four or six hours. EXTRACTUM COLCHICI ACETICUM. L. E. Acetic Ex- tract of Colchicum. (Colchici Cormi reccntis Ibj., Acidi Acetici f?iij. Bruise the bulbs, gradually sprinkling therewith the acid, then express the juice, and evaporate in a vessel not glazed with lead to a proper consistence.) Comp. Acetate of colchicia, fecula, mucilage. Oper. Diuretic, narcotic. Use. In gout, acute rheumatism, and diseases of excitement. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. ij. twice or thrice a day. Incomp. Alkalies and their carbonates, magnesia, lime water. EX'l'R ACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS. L.E.D. Extract of Co- locynth. (Colocynthidis concisa Ibj., Aqua distillata cong. ij. Boil for six hours, maintaining the measure with distilled wa- ter. Strain the liquor while hot, and evaporate to a proper consistence.) Comp. Colocynthin 14.4+extractive 10.0-f-fixed oil 4.2-f-resin 12.2 -t-gummy matter 27.1+pectic acid 7.94-5.7. Phosphates of lime and magnesia. Oper. Cathartic, mild in its operation, and not apt to occasion gripintrs. Use. For evacuating the bowels; and as an adjunct to other purgatives. Dos-. Gr. v. to 3 ss. in pills at bed-time. l.XTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITUM. U. S.~ L. D. Compound Extract of" Colocynth. (Colocynth. Pulpa con. 3 vj., Aloes Ext. contriti ? xij., Scammon. cont. 3 iv., Car- damomi contrit. $j., Saponis ? iij., Spiritus tenuioris, cong. j. Macerate t> .) Comp. Resin, gummy extractive, volatile oil. Prop. Odor fetid; taste bitter, acrid; the agglutinated tears of a white color, in a ground of reddish brown; forms an emulsion when triturated with water; soluble in proof spirit, wine, and vinegar. Spec. grav. 1.212. Oper. Internally antispasmodic, deobstruent, expectorant; ex- ternally resolvent, discutient. Use. In hysteria, particularly that which attends irregular and deficient menstruation; chlorosis; externally to indolent tu- mors. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. in pills, or emulsion. Off. Prep. Pilula Galbani Comp., U. S.—L. Pilula Myrrha Comp., D. Pilula Assafatida, E. Tinct. Galbani, D. Em- plast. Galbani, L. D. Empl. Assafatida, U. S.—E. Empl. Gummosum, E. Emp. Galbani Comp., U. S. GALLA:. U.S.—L.E.D. Galls. (QuercusInfectoria. Dyer's Oak. For class and order, vide Quercus Cortex. Asia Minor. ^.) The production of the wound of the ovipositor of the Diplolepsis Gallae Tinctoriae. Comp. Tannic acid 130, mucilage 12, gallic acid and extractive 31, calcareous earth and saline matter 12, insoluble matter 315 grains in 500 galls. (Davy): but the goodness of the galls varies these results. The tannic acid consists of 18 eq. carbon=110.16 +9 hydi-ogen=9+12 oxygen=:96, equiv. 215.16. Prop. Inodorous ; taste very austere and " astringent; hard, ligneous, 4 to 12 lines in diameter, covered with tubercles; the color of the best is blackish-grey or blue; the unpierced are the best. Oper. Powerfully astringent, tonic. Use. They have been used in diarrhoea, intestinal haemorrhages, and intermittents; but they are principally employed in gargles and injections; and the powder to form an ointment for piles, in the proportion of 3 ij. to lard 5 ij., and powdered opium 3 j. G ER 89 Dose. When exhibited internally, gr. x. to 3j., twice or thrice a day. Incomp. Lime water, potassa; carbonas, plumbi acetas, et diace- tatis cupri sulphas, argenti nitras, ferri iodidum, ferri sulphas, antimonii potassio-tartras, hydrargyri nitras, hydrargyri bi- chloridum, infusum cinchonae, solution of isinglass, solution of opium; .all of which precipitate the infusion of galls. GAULTHERIA. U. S. Partridge Berry. G. Procumbens. Indigenous. The Leaves. ' Decandria, Monogynia. N. O. Ericea. Evergreen.) Prop. Odor peculiar, aromatic, and pleasant; leaves astringent; contains tannip ; aromatic properties reside in a volatile oil. Oper. Stimulant, cordial, astringent, emmenagogue. Use. In diarrhoea, amenorrhoea; but chiefly to flavor other medicines. Dose. Of the infusion f 5 ij. to f |iv.: oil fllij. to lu;x. Off. Prep. 01. Gaultheria, U. S. GENTIANA. U. S.—L. E. Gentians: Lutea; Radix, D. Gen- tian Root. (Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Gentianacea. Moun- tains of Europe. 4-) Prop. Almost inodorous, extremely bitter; externally brown, wrinkled; internally yellow, spongy; flexible; virtues yielded to iEther, alcohol, and water. Comp. Genliania, extractive, gum. Oper. Tonic, stomachic, in large doses aperient; antiseptic. Use. In dyspepsia, hysteria, jaundice; gout, united with aroma- tics ; chlorosis With chalybeates; and dropsies, with squill and neutral salts. Externally in putrid ulcers. Dose. Gr. x. to 3ij. Vide Infusion, &c. Off. Prep. Extractum Gcntiana, U. S.—L. E. D. Infus. Gent. Comp., U. S. —L. E. D. Tinct. Gent. Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Vinum Gent., E. GENTIANA. U. S.—G. Catesbei. (Secondary.) (Blue Gen- tian. The Root. Indigenous. 4-) Prop. Dried root has a mucilaginous and sweetish taste, which is soon succeeded by an intense bitterness. Virtues extracted by water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic. Use. Intermittents, dyspepsia, general debility. Dose. In powder, from gr. xv. to gr. xxx. In infusion, f 5j- to fjiv. GEOFRAIA: INERMIS, CORTEX. D. Cabbage-Tree Bark. (Diadelph. Decand. N. O. Legumiuosa. Jamaica. ^.) Prop. Odor very unpleasant; taste sweetish, mucilaginous. Oper. Anthelmintic, cathartic ; deleterious in large doses. Use. Against lumbrici and ascarides. Cold water must not be drunk during its operation. Dose. Of the powder 3j. to 3ij., but decoction is a preferable form. GERANIUM. U. S. (G. Maculatum. Crane's Bill. Mona- delphia, Decandria. N. O. Gcraniacea. Indigenous. The Root. 4.) Comp. Tannin, gallic acid. Prop. Roots from one to three inches long, somewhat flattened, contorted, wrinkled, tuberculated, of an umber brown color; 90 GLY inodorous; astringent, without bitterness or unpleasant taste; abounds in tannin. Oper. A powerful astringent. Use. Diarrhoea, and in the second stage of dysentery after eva- cuents ; cholera infantum ; passive haemorrhages. An elegant remedy in cases of infants, or of persons with very delicate stomachs. Locally, to indolent ulcers, an injection in gleet End leucorrhoea, a gargle in relaxation of the uvula and aphthous ulcerations of the throat. Dose. Of the powder, from gr. xx. to gr. xxx.; of the decoction, from 1 j. to 5 ij- It may be given to children boiled in milk. GEUM URBANUM; RADIX. D. Common Avens Root. Icosand. Monogyn. N. O. Rosacea. Exotic. 4-) Prop. Odor not unlike that of cloves; taste bitterish, austere; externally dark red; internally white; virtues yielded to water and to alcohol. Oper. Febrifuge, tonic. Use. In intermittents, dysentery, chronic diarrhoea, flatulent colic, and general debility. Dose. Of the powder, 3ss. to 3 j. four times a day; of a decoc- tion, Jj. every hour; of a tincture, formed with the root, Jj. alcohol Oj.— 3 iiij. three or four times a day. GEUM. U. S.—G. Rivale. (Secondary.) Water Avens. Indigenous. ©. Prop. Dried root is hard, of a reddish or purple color, without smell, and of an astringent, bitterish taste. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, passive haemorrhages, general debility. Dose. Of the powdered root, from 3j. to 3 j. three times a day; of the decoction, made with 1 j. of the root to Oj. of water, from f |j. to f 1 ij.; a weak decoction is sometimes made by invalids as a substitute for coffee. GILLENIA. U. S.—G. Trifoliata. Bigelow. Indian Physic. American Ipecac. Icosand. Pentagynia. N. Q. Rosacea Indigenous. The Root. 4-) Prop. Dried root of the thickness of a small quill; light brown color, bitter taste; virtues extracted by boiling water. Oper. Emetic, cathartic; in small doses tonic. Use. As a mild emetic where such medicines are indicated ; as a substitute for ipecacuanha. Dose. Of the powdered root, as emetic, from gr. xx. to gr. xxx., repeated every twentyminutes till it operates; as alterative and tonic, from gr. v. to gr. xv. GLYCYRRHIZA. U. S.-L. Glycyrrhiza; Radix, D. E. Li- quorice Root. (Glycyrrhiza glabra. Diadelphia, Decand. N. O. Lcguminosa. South of Europe. ^ .) Should be three years old. „ Comp. Woody fibre, starch, and a peculiar modification of sugar called glycion. The fresh root yields one-fourth its wei"hf of extract. (Glycion, or glycyrrhizinc, and mannite, are forms of sugar, though they do not form alcohol by fermentation. Man- nite is found in the juice (if many trees, in most mushrooms and in cane sugar, by decomposition. Prop. Inodorous; taste sweet, mucilaginous, leaving, when HiEM 91 unpceled, a degree of bitterness in the mouth; flexible; cuticle brown. Oper. Demulcent. Use: In catarrh ; but it is generally combined with other muci- lages, and is a pleasant and useful demulcent Dose. Of the powder, 3ss. to 3j. Off. Prep. Decoct. Sarsaparilla Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Infus. Lini, U. S.—L. Ext. Glycyrrhiza, U. S— L. E. D. Confectio Senna, U. S.—L. E. Dccoctum Mezerei Comp., E D. GOSSYPIUM. E. Raw Cotton. Use. In burns and scalds. GRANATUM. U. S.—L. Granatum Radix, E. Baccas tunica exterior, Flores, Radicis Cortex, D. Pomegranate Bark and Flowers, (Balaustines,) and bark of the roots. (Icosandria, Monogyn. N.O. Pomacea. South of Europe. 5.) Balaus- tium. Comp. Wax, resin, clorophylle, gallic acid, tannin, fatty matter, grenadine. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, styptic ; strikes a permanent blue with sulphate of iron ; virtues yielded to water. Oper. Astringent, anthelmintic. Use. In chronic and colliquative diarrhoeas, and the protracted stage of dysentery ; for tapeworm ; externally, as an injection in leucsrrhoea, and gargles in angina. Dose. In substance 3 ss. to 3 j., of a decoction f Jss. every three hours. Incomp. Sulphate of iron, iodide of iron, nitrate of silver, acetates GUAIACI RESINA ET LIGNUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Guaia- cum Resin and Wood. Guaiacum. Prop. Odor slightly fragrant; taste warm and bitter, the resin more so than the wood. The resin is concrete, brittle; color externally greenish, internally greyish,; fresh fracture reddish; water dissolves about one-tenth, alcohol 95 parts in 100; soluble also in liquor potassae 15 parts; in liquor ammoniae 38 parts. The powder is whitish, but changes to green in the air. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic; in large doses purgative. Use. In chronic rheumatism, gout, cutaneous diseases, and the sequela of lues venerea. Dose. To produce its first effects, gr. v. to 3j. in pills, or in emulsion made with mucilage or yolk of egg; to purge, gr. xv. to 3 j. in the same form. Incomp. The mineral acids. Off. Prep. Decoc.Guaiaci, E.D. Decoc. Sarsap. Comp., U.S.— L.E.D. Mist. Guaiaci, L. E. Tinct. Guaiaci, U. S—L. E. D. Tinct. Guaiaci Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Pulvis Aloes Comp., L. D. *** It is often adulterated with manchinvel gum ; to discover which, add to the alcoholic solution a few drops of sweet spirit of nitre, and dilute with water ; the guaiac is precipitated blue, while the adulteration floats. HA2MATOXYLUM. U. S.—L. E. Htematoxyli Lignum, D. Logwood. (Decandria, Monogynia. N. O. Lcguminosa. America. ^.) Prop Almost inodorous; taste sweetish, sub-astringent; rolor 92 HEU deep red ; firm, heavy. Its virtues extracted both by water and alcohol, (coloring principle hematine.) Oper. Astringent 1 tonic. Use. In the protracted stage of diarrhoea and dysentery, under the form of decoction. (R Of the shavings Jj., water Oij Boil to Oj. and strain.) Dose, f vj. to f 1 ij. every three or four hours. Incomp. The mineral acids, acetic acid, solution of alum, sul phate of iron and of copper, acetate of lead, antimonii potassio- tartras. Opium, Decoction of Cinchona Flava. Off. Prep. Ext. Hamatoxyli, U. S.—L. Decoctum Hamatoxyli, U. S.—E. HEDEOMA. U. S. Hedeoma Pulegioides. Penny Royal. The Herb. Indigenous. (Diandria, Monogynia. N. O. Labiata. IX.) Prop. An annual plant, from nine to fifteen inches high; pleasant, aromatic smell; warm, pungent taste. Owes its properties to a volatile oil; extracted by warm water. Opcr. An aromatic stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmena- gogue. Dose. Of infusion ad libitum. Oil, from fili. to TTLx. Off. Prep. 01. Hedeoma, U. S. HELLEBORUS. U. S.—L. E. Hellebori Nigri Radix, D. Black Hellebore Root. (Helleborus Officinalis. Poiyandria, Polygynia. N. O. Ranunculacea. Austria. 4-) Prop. Odor disagreeable; taste bitter, acrid, benumbing the mouth ; impaired by drying and keeping. Oper. Cathartic, hydragogue, emmenagogue. Vse. In mania and melancholia, dropsy, and in suppression of the menses in plethoric habits; but it may be questioned whether it is equal to jalap, &c. It is seldom got genuine. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. purge strongly; to produce its other effects, gr. ij. to gr. iij. three times a day. Seldom used in substance. Off. Prep. Tinct. Helleb., L. D. Ext. Helleb. Nig., D. HEPATICA. U. S. (Secondary.) Hepatica Triloba, U. S. Liverwort. Poiyandria, Polygynia. N.O. Ranunculacea. IX. Prop. Without smell; has a mucilaginous, somewhat astringent, and slightly bitterish taste. Water extracts all its active pro- perties. Op r. Demulcent, slightly tonic, astringent, diuretic, and deob- suuent: has no very active virtues. Use In chronic coughs, haemoptysis, and hepatic affections. The empirical preparations of this plant owe their efficacy to opium, which they contain in considerable quantities. HERACLEUM. U. S. Heracleum Lanatum. Masterwort. Radix. The Root. Pentandria, Digynia. N.O. Umbellifera. Indigenous. 4 ) Prop. The root resembles that of common parsley ; strong, dis- agreeable odor; very acrid taste; both leaves and root excite redness u hen applied to the skin. Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. ffi epilepsy, attended with flatulence and gastric disorder. Dose. 3 ij. to 3 iij. of the powdered root daily, long continued, with a stiong infusion of the leaves at bed-time. HEUCHERA. U. S. Heuchera Americana. Alum Root (Pent, and Digyn. N. O. Saxifragea Indigenous 4.) HO R 93 Prop. Root horizontal, knotty, i/regular, yellowish; has a strong styptic taste. Oper. Very astringent. Use. Where astringents are indicated; as a local application to ulcers and cancer; also as a styptic. HIRUDO MEDICINALIS. L.D. Sanguisuga Officinalis. The Leech. (C. Annelides, O. Abranchiata, F. Asetigora.) Prop. Body oblong, flattish; color on the back olive green, with four longitudinal stripes; the two central yellow, broken with black; two lateral yellow, entire; two intermediate black, and yellow chain; on the belly turkey blue, maculated with yellow; mouth and bite triangular; anal extremity a circular sucker. Hirudo decora. The American Leech : back of a deep pistachio green color, with three longitudinal rows of square spots, placed on every fifth ring, and twenty-four in number; lateral rows of spots black, middle range of a light brownish orange color; belly of the same color, variously.and irregularly spotted with black, sometimes four or five inches in length, but generally from two to three. Makes a smaller and more supetficial inci- sion than the European leech, and does not draw as much blood. Much employed in Philadelphia; obtained from Bucks and Berks counties, Pennsylvania. Use. In every species of local inflammation, except the erysipe- latous; particularly in ophthalmia, placed as near the eye as possible. The best mode of making them bite is to clean the part well with soap and water, then to dry it, and before ap- plying the leech, to allow it to dry itself by crawling on a clean cloth; or the part may be scratched with the point of the lancet. Leeches will not bite when casting their skins, which they often change; nor in rooms in which there is any strong or offensive odor. The bleeding from leech bites, especially in infants, is often troublesome. Compression will generally arrest it. Lunar caustic, lint, cotton impregnated with alum solution, and cobweb, are often employed for the same purpose. If all other means fail, a suture with a fine thread will always succeed. When applied to young children, the physician should always be at hand to watch the bleeding, and arrest it when necessary. Much care is required in preserving leeches, as they are very liable to diseases. The water in which they are kept should be changed every day, and they should have access to mud or in- ss, by crawling through which the body is cleared of the slimy coat which forms on its skin, and is a principal cause of its disease and death. HORDEUM. U. S.—L. E. Hordei Distichi Semina, D. Pearl Barley. (Triand. Digyn. N.O. Graminacea. The banks of the river Tamara. ©.) Semina tunicis nudata. Comp. According to Proust, 100 parts of barley contain 32 of starch, 3 gluten, 5 sugar, 4 gum, 1 yellow resin, and 55 of hordein, a principle analogous to lignin. Other chemists find in«t, in addition, salts of lime, vegetable fibre, albumen, and diastase, which has the remarkable property of converting Btarch into dextrine and the sugar of grapes, when mixed in the proportion of only 1 part of the former to 200 of the latter. Prop. Taste sweetish, viscid ; prepared granules roundish, of a pearly whiteness; consists almost entirely of starch 94 H YD Use. Vide Decoctum As it is apt to get musty, barley should always be washed before it is made into decoction. Off. Prep. Decoctum Hordei, U. S.—L. D. Decoct. Hard. Comp., L.D. HYDRARGYRUM. U. S— L. E. Hydrargyrum, D. Quick- silver. Mercury. (In its metallic state, uncombined.) Hy- drargyrus. Prop. Fluid above 39° below zero, and under 656° of Fahr.: bright, shining, of a silvery whiteness; spec. grav. when liquid 13.568.—(Cavendish.) Easily oxidized; equivalent=202. Opcr. Metallic quicksilver does not act on the body, even when taken into the stomach: oxidized, and combined with acids, it acts powerfully. Use. It has been exhibited in constriction of the bowels, and intus-susception, from a notion that it would pass through the bowels by its gravity; but it rarely succeeds in such cases. HYDRARGYRUM PURIFICATUM. D. The purification is performed by distilling the crude metal in an iron retort. Use. For pharmaceutical purposes. HYDRARGYRUM NITRICO-OXYDUM. U. S.—L. Hydrar- gyri Oxydum Rubrum, U. S. Oxydum Hydrargyri Rubrum, E. Oxydum Hydrargyri Nitricum, D. Nitric Oxide of Mercury. Red Oxide of Mercury. Red Precipitate. (A peroxide, pro- bably containing some undecomposed acid.) Hydrargyrus Nitratus Ruber. Take of Mercury J xxxvi., Nit. Acid f\ xiv., Water Oij. Dissolve the mercury, with a gentle heat, in the acid and water previously mixed together, and evaporate to dryness. Rub the dry mass into powder, and heat it in a very shallow vessel till red vapors cease to rise.— U. S. Phar. Comp. Quicksilver 82, oxygen 18 parts in 100; or 1 eq. mercury =202+2 oxygen—16, equiv.=218 ; when well prepared. Prop. Small bright-red shining plates; insoluble in water, en- tirely soluble in chlorohydricjicid. It emits no reddish fumes when heated, but yields oxygen, while the mercury either runs into globules, or is wholly dissipated.— U. S. Phar. Opcr. Stimulant, escharotic. Use. In the proportion of gr. ss. to sugar gr. iv. it is blown into the eye to remove specks on the cornea; applied to chancres and foul ulcers, to cleanse and stimulate them, either sprinkled on the part in fine powder, or united with lard into an oint- ment. Off. Prep. Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitrico-Oxydi, L. E. D. Ung. Hydrargyri Oxydi Rubri, U. S. HYDRARGYRI OXYDUM. L. Pulvis Hydrargyri Cinereus, D. Oxide of Mercury. (These preparations differ, but the London is to be preferred, being a real oxide; the other is sub-nitrate of mercury and ammonia, mixed with an imperfect oxide.) Comp. Quicksilver 90.16, oxygen 3.84, in 100 parts; or 1 eq. mercury=202+l o.xygen=8, equiv.=210. Prop. Color grey, insoluble. Oper. Stimulant, antisyphilitic. Use. This preparation is not apt to disorder the stomach and bowels, and is therefore often preferred in curing venereal complaints. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. iij. in a pill twice a day. H Y D 95 HYDRARGYRI OXYDUM NIGRUM. U. S.—D. Black Ox- ide of Mercury. (Calomelanos sublimati partem unam, Po- tassa Caustica, Aqua Calefacta, partes quatuor. Rub them together until the oxide assumes a black color, and wash it often in water; finally, dry the oxide upon blotting paper, in a moderate heat.) A protoxide. Comp. Mercury 96.61, oxygen 3.39=100. Prop. Taste coppery; insoluble in water; wholly dissolved by acetic acid; becomes olive-coNored by the action of light; wholly dissipated by a strong heat, and metallic globules ara sublimed. Use. In scrofula, cutaneous affections, and as^in alterative in venereal diseases. Dose. Gr. viij. to 3j. HYDRARGYRI BINOXYDUM. L. Hydrargyri Oxydum Ru- brum, D. Bin or Red Oxide of Mercury. (Hydrarg. Bichloridi 3 iv., Liq. Potassa f ? xxviij., Aq. dist. Ovj.; after the decom- position, wash well the powder, and dry it.) Comp. Quicksilver 92.6, oxygen 7.4 in 100 parts; or 1 eq. mer- cury=2024-2 oxygen=10, equiv. 218. Prop. Oxide of a red color, brilliant; soluble in some of the acids without decomposing them. Entirely soluble in hydro- chloric acid, and transformed into the bichloride. Oper. Stimulant, escharotic, antisyphilitic; in large doses vio- lently emetic. Use. Owing to the violence of its operation, it is now seldom given internally, except when other mercurials fail. It is principally used as an escharotic, in the same manner as the nitric oxide, but should be reduced to the finest state of powder. Dose. Gr. ss. to gr. j. in a pill with opium gr. ss., every night and morning: gr. iv. act as a violent emetic. HYDRARGYRI BROM1DUM. Bromide of Mercury. (Bromine unites with mercury in at least two proportions, which have been called the proto-bromide, and the deuto-bromide, corre- sponding in their effects to calomel and corrosive sublimate.) Prop. White, sol ble in water, alcohol, and a;ther, and colored red or yellow by alkalies. Oper. Alterative, diuretic, cathartic. Use.. Syphilis, cutaneous affections, scrofula, Sec., rarely em- ployed. Dose. (Jr. i. to gr. iv. of the proto-bromide; gr. l-20th of the deuto-bromide; or gr. j. of the last maybe dissolved in 3j. sulphuric tether, of which from fllx. to fllxx. may be given in baric-water. HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM. U. S. Hy- drargyri Bichloridum, L. Sublimatus Corrosivus, E. Murias Hydrargyri Corrosivum, D. Bichloride of Mercury. Corrosive Sublimate. Hydrargyrus Muriatus. (R Mercury ibij., Sul- phuric Acid Ibiij., Chloride of Sodium Ibjss. Boil the mercury with the sulphuric acid until the sulphate of mercury is left dry. Rub this, when cold, with the Chloride of Sodium in an ' earthenware mortar; then sublime with a gradually increasing heat.)— U. S. Phar. Comp. Chlorine 26.48, mercury 73.52 in 100 parts; or, 1 eq. mer- cury=202+2 eq of chlorine=70.84, equiv.=272.84. Spec grav 5.200. 12 96 H YD Prop. Taste acrid, styptic, metallic, duraDle ; a white, compact, semi-transparent mass of right rhombic prismatic crystals; soluble in 11 parts of water at 60°, in 3.8 of alcohol; partially decomposed in solution by light. It is soluble in a-ther, hydro- chloric acid, and sol ution of hy drochlorate of am monia. Very soluble in aether, which extracts it from all other solutions; fusible by heat, sublimes without residue ; potassa and lime- water cause with its solution a reddish or yellow, and ammonia a white precipitate. Opcr. Stimulant, antisyphilitic, alterative. Use. In venereal complaints, with the greatest advantage, when a quick and general action is required; but its effects are often not permanent. In lepra, combined with antimonials; and in chronic rheumatism. Dissolved in the proportion of gr. iij. to water Oj., as a gargle in venereal sore throats; and a little stronger we have found it useful as a gargle in breaking the abscess'in cynanche tonsillaris. It is applied externally to tet- ters, and for destroying fungus; gr. iv. in water Oj., is a good wash in scabies. It may be given clysterways, when the stomach will not bear it. Great caution is necessary in using it externally. Dose. Gr. l-6th to gr ss. made into a pill, with extract of pop- pies, once in twenty-four hours. When swallowed as a po.son, the best antidote is white of egg.—(Orfila.) Incomp. Vide Liquor Hyd. Bichloridi. Off. Prep. Liquor Hydrargyri Bichloridi, L. Hydrargyri Bin- oxydum,lt. Hydrargyri Ammonio-chloridum,\j. Hydrargyri Biniodidum, L. E. Hyd. lodidum Rubrum, U. S. Hydrargy- rum Ammoniatum, U.S. HYDRARGYRI PERSULPHAS. D. Persulphate of Mercury. (Hydrargyri Purificati, Acidi Sulphurici utriusque partes sex, Acidi Nitrici partem unam. Expose to heat in a glass vessel, and augment the heat until the substance be completely dried and become white.) Comp. Sulphuric acid 26.23, peroxide of mercury 70.82, water 2.95. Prop. Color white; spec. grav. 6.444. Oper. Emetic, alterative. Use. Seldom used, except for preparins the following:— HYDRARGYRI OXYDUM SULPHURICUM. D. Sulphuric Oxide of Mercury. (Hydrargyri Persulphatis partem unam, Aqua Calida partes viginti. Rub them together in an earthen- ware mortar, and pour off the supernatant liquor; wash the yellow powder with hot distilled water, as long as the effused fluid yields a precipitate with the solution of caustic potassa; finally, dry the sulphuric oxide of mercury.) Turpcth mineral. Comp. Sulphuric acid 15.62, peroxide of mercury 84.38 in 100 parts. Use. Emetic, stimulant; but seldom used, except occasionally, as a sternutatory, in very small quantities, combined with starch. BYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM. L.H. Ch. Mite,U.S. Calo- melas, E. Calomelas Sublimatum, D. Chloride of Mercury, or Calomel. (A chloride by sublimation.) Calomelas. (R Mercury Ibiv., Sulphuric Acid Ibiij., Chloride of Sodium, Ibiij., Distilled Water q. s. Boil Ibij. of the mercury with the sul- HYD 97 phuric acid, until the sulphate of mccury is left dry. Rub this, when cold, with the remainder of the mercury, in an earthenware mortar, till they are thoroughly mixed. Add the chloride of sodium, and rub it with the other ingredients till all the globules disappear: afterwards sublime. Reduce the sub- limed matter to very fine powder, and wash it frequently with boiling distilled water, till the washings afford no precipitate upon the addition of" solution of ammonia; then dry it.)—U. 5. Phar. Comp. Chlorine 15.25, mercury 84.75, in 100 parts; or, 1 eq. mercury=2()2+l chlorine=35.42, equiv.=237.42. Prop. Inodorous, nearly insipid ; requiring 1152 parts of water at 212° for its solution; formed in a compact, hard, shining, striated cake, which by pulverization and levigation is reduced to an impalpable, ivory-colored powder; spec. grav. 7.175. Sublimes without a residuum ; not soluble in aether or alcohol; blackened by potassa, and the oxide of mercury which results is reduced by heat to the metallic state. Distilled water, after having been boiled with it, yields no precipitate on the addition of ammonia or nitrate of silver.— U. S. Phar. Oper. Antisyphilitic, alterative; in large doses purgative. Use. In venereal diseases and chronic hepatitis, combined with opium; in scrofula with cicuta; in convulsive affections with opium, camphor, assafoetida, &c.; in dropsies with squill, fox- glove, and elaterium ; and in rheumatism and lepra with anti- monials, guaiacum, and other sudorifics. As a purgative in any case not attended with intestinal inflammation; generally united with purgatives, as gamboge, scammony, jalap, or rhubarb. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. ij., night and morning, in a pill; if it do not purge, it gradually excites ptyalism : gr. iij. to gr. x. purge. Children bear larger doses than adults. Incomp. Nitric and hydrochloric acids, alkalies, and their car- bonates, lime-water, soaps, sulphurets, iron, lead, copper. The bicarbonates of the alkalies do not decompose it. CALOMELAS PRA1CIPITATUM. D.* Precipitated Calomel. (Hydrargyri Purificati partes septemdecem, Acidi Nitrici diluti partes quindecem. The mercury being put into a glass vessel, pour the acid upon it, and as soon as the mixture ceases to effervesce, digest with a gentle heat, agitating occasionally, for six hours; then augment the heat and let the liquor boil a little : pour it off from the undissolved mercury, and let it be quickly mixed with forty parts of boiling water, containing seven parts of chloride of sodium in solution ; wash the preci- pitated powder with hot distilled water, as long as the effused :iquid affords a precipitate with the solution of caustic potassa: let it then be dried.) Prop., Comp., and Use. The same as those of the sublimed pre- paration. HYDRARGYRI SULPHURETUM NIGRUM. U. S. CUM SULPHURE. L. D. Sulphuret of Mercury with Sulphur. *This preparation is placed here, although not in alphabetical order, that it may be among thi otherinercurial preparations. 5 98 HYD Ethiops Mineral. (Hydrarg. Purif. Ibj., Sulphuris Sub. ftj. Rub them together until the globules disappear.) Comp. 58 parts bisulphuret of mercury+42 of sulphur in 100 parts. Prop. Wholly dissipated by heat; does not communicate a white stain to gold when rubbed upon it, and exhibits no mercurial globules under the microscope. Chlorohydric acid which has been boiled with it, produces no precipitate when poured into water.— U. S. Phar. Oper. Alterative. Use. In scrofula and cutaneous diseases. Dose. Gr. v. to 3 ss. HYDRARGYRI B1SULPHURETUM. L.D. Hydrargyri Sul- phuretum Rubrum. U. S— E. Red Sulphuret of Mercury. Bisulphuret of Mercury. Cinnabar. (Quicksilver combined with sulphur.) Hydrargyrus Sulphuratus Ruber. Comp. Quicksilver 86.2, sulphur 13.8 parts in 100; or 2 eq. of sutphur=32.2+l mercuiy=202, equiv.=234.2. Prop. Inodorous, insipid ; color a rich deep-red ; insoluble in water and in alcohol. Oper. Antisyphilitic. Use. As a fumigation against venereal ulcers of the nose, mouth, and throat; 3 ss. being thrown on a red-hot iron. It has also been used in cutaneous complaints and gouty affections; but it *, is at best an uncertain remedv. HYDRARGYRI BICYANIDUM. L. Hydrargyri Cyanuretum. Bicyanide of Mercury. Cyanuret of Mercury. (Ferri Percy- anidi 3 viij., Hydrargyri Binoxydi §x., Aq. dist. Oiv. Boil for half an hour, strain and evaporate to form crystals.) Comp. 1 eq. of mercury=202-f-2 eq. of cyanogen=52.73, equiv. =254.78. Prop. Crystals right square prisms, inodorous, taste metallic, more soluble in water than in alcohol, soluble in nitric acid without decomposition. Oper. Excitant and alterative. Use. Rarely employed as a medicine; chiefly used for making Hydrocyanic acid. Off. Prep. Acidum Hydrocyanicum, L. HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM. U. S.—L. [odide of Mercury. Protiodide of Mercury. (Hydrargyri |j., Iodinii 3 v., Alco- holis q. s. Rub together until the globules disappear, and dry with a gentle heat, and keep in a close-stopped bottle.) Comp. 1 eq. mercury=2024-l, iodine=126.3, eq.=328.3. Prop. A greenish yellow powder readily decomposed by heat; inodorous, taste strongly metallic, insoluble in water, alcohol, or solution of chloride of sodium; soluble in aether: heated quickly it sublimes in red crystals, which afterwards become yellow. Oper. Excitant, alterative. Use. In strumous affections and lepra: as an external applica- tion. The iodides of mercury are among our most powerful alteratives, uniting in their effects the properties of both their constituents. They affect the mouth more speedily than other mercurials, and are particularly indicated in scrofula and se- condary syphilis, in scrofulous habits. Externally, they are used successfully in ulcers, ill-conditioned sores, swelled joints HYD 99 where we wish to promote the action of the absorbents; and neuralgic affections. Dose. Gr. £ to gr. ij. in pill or dissolved in alcohol. HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM RUBRUM. U. S. Hydrargyri Biniodidum. L.E. Red Iodide of Mercury, U. S. (Biniodide of Mercury.) (Hydrargyri 3J., Iodinii 3 x., Alcoholis q. s.; or, take of Corrosive Sublimate |j., Iodide of Potassium 3 x., Distilled Water Oij. Dissolve the mercury in Ojss., and the iodide of potassium in Oss. of the distilled water, and mix the solutions. Collect the precipitate upon a filter, and having washed it with distilled water, dry it with a moderate heat, and keep it in a well-stopped bottle.)—U. S. Phar. Comp. 1 eq. mere 1 uy=202-|-2 iodine=252.6, equiv. 444.6. Prop. A scarlet-red powder, subliming in rhombic scales; in- soluble in water; soluble in boiling alcohol. Sublimed en- tirely—soluble in 40 parts of a hot concentrated solution of chloride of sodium ; deposited in crystals on cooling. Dose. Gr. l-10th to gr. £ a day. HYDRARGYRI SULPHAS FLAVUS. U. S. Yellow Sul- phate of Mercury. (Turpeth Mineral.) R Of Mercury 5 iv., Sulphuric Acid \ vj. Mix in a glass vessel, and boil by means of a sand bath till a dry white mass remains: rub this into powder, and throw it into boiling water; pour off the super- natant liquor, and wash the yellow precipitated powder re- peatedly with hot water; then dry it. Prop. A lemon-yellow powder, almost insoluble in water; en- tirely dissipated by heat, sulphuric acid being evolved, and metallic globules sublimed. HYDRARGYRUM CUM CRETA. U. S—L. E. D. Mercury with Chalk. (A protoxide, formed by trituration with carbon- ate of lime. Take of Mercury | iij., Prepared Chalk 5 v. Rub together till all the globules disappear.) Comp. Very uncertain, depending on the degree of trituration. Fourcroy states it to contain 4.100 of oxygen. Prop. Inodorous, insipid; color grey. Oper. Alterative, antisyphilitic"! Use. In porrigo, and other cutaneous affections; in venereal complaints its operation is so slow and weak as to merit no attention. An alterative in visceral diseases of children, espe- cially in chronic diarrhoea and cholera infantum. Dose. Gr. v. to 3 ss. twice a day, in any viscid substance. Ineomp. Acids and acidulous salts. HYDRARGYRUM CUM MAGNESIA. D. Mercury with Magnesia. (A protoxide, formed by trituration with carbonate of magnesia.) In every respect this preparation resembles the former; the em- ployment of the carbonate of magnesia instead of chalk does not alter the properties nor the virtues of the remedy. HYDRARGYRUM AMMONIATUM. U. S. Hydrargyri Ara- monio-Chloridum. L. Hydrargyri Precipitatum Album, E. Sulimurias Hydrargyri Ammoniatum, D. Ammonio-chloride, or White Precipitated Mercury. White Precipitate. (A bin- oxide, combined with bichloride of mercury and ammonia, forming a triple salt.) Comp. 1 eq. binoxide of mercury=21S+l bichloride of mercury =272.84+2 ammonia=34.30, equiv.=525 14. 100 IC H Prop. Inodorous, tasteless, snowy white, ponderous, insoluble in water or alcohol, soluble in chlorohydric acid, entirely dissipated by a strong heat; it does not become black when triturated with lime-water; but with potassa it becomes yellow. Oper. Detergent. Use. As an external application, united with lard, in scabies, and some other cutaneous affections. Off. Prep. Ung. Hyelrargyri Ammonio-chloridi, L. Ung. Hy- drargyri Precip. Albi, D. Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammonia- ti, if. S. HYDRO-SULPHURETUM AMMONIA:. D. Hydrosulphuret of Ammonia. Prop. Odor very fetid; taste nauseous, styptic; color dark yellowish green. Oper. Sedative, nauseating, emetic ; disoxygenizingl Use. In diabetes, and diseases of increased excitement. Dose. tn.v. gradually to fllxv. three or four times a day ; larger doses produce vomiting. Ineomp. All the acids and metallic solutions. HYOSCYAMI FOLIA ET SEMlNA. U. S—L. D. Hyoscy- amus, E. Henbane Leaves and Seeds. (Hyoscyamus Niger. Pentand. Monogyn. N. O. Solanacca. Europe. 3.) Corny. The seeds yield (Brande) 24.2 per cent, of fixed oil, 1.4 fatty matter, 1.2 of gum, 2.4 of bassorin, 1.50 of starch, 4.5 of • albumen, 26.0 of vegetable fibre, 24.1 water, 9.7 saline matter, including an alkaline principle, called hyuscvanine, which crystallizes in long prisms, and has a very strong taste. Prop. Odor narcotic, peculiar; not unlike tobacco when bruised; taste insipid, mucilaginous, lost by drying; virtues yielded to proof spirit. Oper. Narcotic, anodyne, antispasmodic, slightly stimulant. Use. In epilepsy, hysteria, palpitation, palsy, mania, and scir- rhus, as a substitute for opium to procure sleep in nervous habits, pertussis, asthma, catarrh, gout, rheumatism, exter- nally as a cataplasm in cancer and glandular swellings; and to dilate the pupil, or in fine powder sprinkled on cancerous sores, to allay pain. Dose. Gr. iij. to gr. x. of the powder; but generally the extract is preferred. Off. Prep. Extractum Hyoscyami, U. S.—L. E. D. Tinetura Hiiusruami, U. S.—L. E. D. HYSSOPUS OFFICINALIS. Herba. Ed. Common Hyssop. Hyssop Leaves. (Didynamia Gymnospcrm. N. O. Labiata. Europe.) Prop. Odor aromatie, taste warm, pungent, depending on an essential oil. Oper. Stimulant, expectorant attenuant. Use. In humoral asthma and chronic catarrh ; seldom used. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. twice or thrice a day; or the infusion may be freely drank. ICHTHYOCOLLA. U. S. Isinglass. (Accipenser Huso et Ruthenus.) Sounds of the swimming hi adders of fishes, as the Weak Fish and Cod, but especially the different species of sturgeon. (Pisces, Chondroptcrygii. Cuv. Russia.) Comp. Soluble gelatine 98, insoluble fibre 2 parts in 100. INF 101 Prop. Inodorous, tasteless, dry, whitish, semitransparent; when dissolved in boiling water it forms an opaque jelly. Oper. Nutritive, demulcent, externally adhesive. Use. As a diet for the sick and convalescent, and infants troubled with acidity of the prima; via;. As an article of diet in cholera infantum, tar preferable to vegetable farinaceous substances, as arrowroot, Sec. The English court-plaster is made with it. Ineomp. Astringent vegetable infusions, carb. potash, alcohol. INl-'USUM ANTHEMIDIS. U.S.—L.E. Infusion of Chamo- mile. (Anthemidis 3 v., Aq. Fervent. Oj. Macerate for ten minutes in a covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. The odor and taste of the flowers. Oper. Tonic ; emetic when taken warm. Use. The cold infusion in dyspepsia, hysteria, and other com- plaints attended with debility of the stomach; the warm is employed either alone to excite gentle vomiting, or to assist the operation of other emetics. Dose, f 5j- to f 5'j- Incomp. Isinglass; infusions of yellow cinchona; solutions of sulphate of iron, nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, ace tates of lead. INFUSUM ARMORACIA:. U.S.: COMPOSITUM. L.D Compound Infusion of Horse Radish. (Armor, concisa, Sina- pis contusi, sing. ?j., Spiritus Armoracia Comp. f§j., Aqua* I'ei-v. Oj Macerate for two hours in a covered vessel, then strain, and add the Spir. Armoracia; Comp.) Prop. Little odor; a mawkish, acrid taste. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic. Vse. In paralysis, scorbutus, chronic rheumatism, and dropsies occurring after interinittents. Dose, f 1 j. to f 5 iij. three or four times a day. Incomp. Carbonate of alkalies, bichloride of mercury, nitrate of silver, infusions of galls, and of cinchona. INFISUM AURANTII COMPOSITUM. L.D. Infusum Au- rantii, E. Compound Infusion of Orange Peel. (Aurant. Cor. sic. 3 iv., Limon. Cort. recent. 3 ij., Caryophyll. contus. 3j., Aq. Ferv. Oj. Macerate for fifteen minutes in a covered vessel, and strain.) Opcr. Tonic, stomachic, stimulant, carminative Use. In dyspepsia, particularly that of drunkards; flatulent colic; in gout, united with absorbents; and in the debility which fellows acute diseases. Dose, f 5 jss. to f 3 ij. every four hours Incomp. Sulphas ferri, acetas pluinbi, infusion of yellow cin chona bark, lime-water. INFfSUM CALUMBA:. L.E.D. Inf. Colombo!, U. S. In- fusion of <'aliiinba. (Calumba concisa Zv.,Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for iuo hours in a slightly covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. ()dor and taste of the root; mucilaginous. (ip/r Ionic without stimulating; antiseptic. Use. In dyspepsia and cholera, the vomiting of which it checks; in bilious remittent fever; to check the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy; and the severe diarrhoea and vomiting often attending dentition; in the hectic of phthisis, to correct acri- 102 INF mony, and strengthen the digestion; and in the low state of puerperal fever. Dose. ■' I jss. to f § ij. three or four times a day. Incomp Antimonii potassio-tartras, hydrargyri bichloridum, nitras argenti, acetas plumbi; infusion of cinchona. INFUSUM CARYOPHYLLI. U. S.—L. E. D. Infusion of Cloves. (Caryophyl. contus. 3 iij., Aq. Fervent. Oj. Macerate in a covered vessel for two hours, and strain.) Prop. Odor fragrant; taste warm, aromatic ; color red. Oper. Stimulant, tonic, stomachic. Use. In atonic gout, when the stomach is affected; and flatu- lent colic. * Dose, f 3 jss. to f §ij. three or four times a day. Incomp. Sulphas ferri; sulphas zinci; antimonii potassio-tartras, nitras argenti ; acetas plumbi; infusion of cinchona. INFUSUM CASCARILLA:. U.S.—L.E.D. Infusion of Cos- carilla. (Cascarilla Cort. cont. ? iss., Aq. Ferv. Oj. Macerate for two hours in a covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. Odor aromatic ; taste bitter and aromatic. Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. In alvine fluxes, particularly after measles; in the aphtha gangrenosa of children. Dose, f 5 jss. to f 3 ij. for adults twice or thrice a day. Incomp. Infusions of galls, and yellow cinchona; lime-water; solutions of sulphate of iron, nitrate of silver, acetates of lead. INFUSUM CATECHU COMPOSITUM. U. S.—L. D. Infu- sum Calechu, E. Infusion of Catechu. (Catechu ExtractiZ'y, Cinnam. Cort. contusi 3j., Aqua Fervent. Oj. Macerate for an hour, and strain.) Infusum Catechu. Oper. Astringent, stomachic. ' Use. In diarrhoeas from a laxity of the bowels. Dose, f 3 j. to f I ij. every three hours, or after every loose stool. Incomp. Tartar emetic, sulphate of iron, sulphate of zinc, solu- tion of isinglass, infusion of cinchona, the strong acids, bi- chloride of mercury. INFUSUM CHIRETTAI. E. Infusion of Chiretta. (Chiretta 3 iv., Boiling Water Oj. Infuse for two hours, and stiain through linen or calico.) Prop. An agreeable bitter. Opcr. Tonic. Use. In atonic dyspepsia, and in general debility. Dose. From f's j. to f ? ij. twice or thrice a day. INFUSUM CINCHONA:. U. S—L. E. D. Infusion of Cin- chona. (Cinch. Laneifolia Cort. contusi 3"j., Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for six hours, and strain. L. The Comp. Inf. of Per. Bark of the U. S. Phar. is prepared in the same manner, adding 3j. aromatic sulphuric acid.) Prop. The peculiar aromatic flavor and bitterness of the bark employed. Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. In dyspepsia and con valescences. D03C. f Ij. to if5 ij- united with some aromatic tincture, or a mineral acid, three or four times a day. Incomp. Tartar emetic, sulphates of iron and of zinc, nitrate of silver and bichloride of mercury, acetates of lead. Decoction IN F 103 of galls, lime-water, carbonates of alkalies, and infusions of almost all the vegetable bitters. [NFI SUM cinchona; cum succo limonum. u. s. Infusion of Cinchona with Lemon Juice. (Cinchona in pulvere 3J , Succi Limonum fjij., Tinct. Camph. Comp. f3iij., Aqua Frigida Oj. Macerate for twelve hours in a covered vessel, and strain.) Use. In cases requiring bark, attendedtvith great irritability of stomach. I.'ose. f 5j. to f 5 iij. INFUSUM CUSPARlA:. L.E. Infusum Angusturae, U.S.—D. Infusion of Cusparia. (Cusparia Cort. contusi 3 v., Aqua Fervent. Oj. Macerate for two hours, and strain.) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste bitter, and slightly aromatic. Oper. Tonic, antiseptic. Vse. In febrile diseases, obstinate bilious diarrhoea, and dysen- tery, after proper evacuations. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. three or four times a day. Incomp. Infusion of galls, and of catechu; tartar emetic; sul- phates of iron and of zinc; nitrate of silver, bichloride of mer- eurv, acetates of lead. INFUSUM DIGITALIS. U. S.—L. E. D. Infusion of Fox- glove. (Digitalis Fol.exsiccat. 3j., Spir. Cinnamomi 3j., Aq. Ferv. Oj., L. Digitalis 3 ij., Spiritof Cinnamon f 3 ij., Boiling Water 3 xviij., E. Macerate for foiir hours, strain, and add Spir. Cinnam. f 3 iv. Prop. Inodorous, taste bitter and nauseous. Oper. Diuretic, sedative. Lsc. In dropsies, humoral asthma, phthisis pulmonalis; and in diseases of increased action. 1,'ose. f 5ss. to f5j. every eight or ten hours, till it affects the kidneys, the pulse, stomach, or bowels; and then stopped. Incomp. Sulphi-s ferri, acetas plumbi; infusion of yellow cin- chona. INFUSUM DIOSMA;. U. S.—L. Infusum Bucku, E. D. In- fusion of Buchu. (Foliorum Diosma crcnata 3j., Aqua Fer- ventis Oj. Digest for four hours, and strain through cloth.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste slightly bitter, aromatic, and cooling, resembling peppermint. ('per. Stimulant, diuretic. Use. In chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder. Dose, f 5 j to f ^ ij. twice or thrice a day. INFUSUM EUPATORH. U.S. Infusion of Thoroughwort. (R Of Thoroughwort, the dried herb, 5j., Boiling Water Oj. Macerate two hours in a covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. Odor flagrant; taste bitter. (>i er. Cold, tonic ; when warm, diaphoretic, emetic. Use. As a diaphoretic, in catarrh and colds, drank freely, warm. The cold infusion is an excellent mild tonic, in dyspepsia and intermittents. Dose, f r ]. to f 1 ij. three or four times a day. INFUSUM GENTIANA: COMPOSITUM. U. S—L. D. In fusum Gcntiana;, E. Compound Infusion of Gentian. (Gen- tiana Rad. concisa, Aurantii Cort. exsic, sing. 3 ij., Limonis Cort. recent. 3 iv., Ao. Ferv. Oj.) 104 IN F Oper. Tonic, stomachic. , Use. In dyspepsia and chlorosis, united with chalybeates, or with alkalies; diarrhoea and gout, with absorbents and aromatic tinctures; and in dropsy, with squill and neutral salts. Dose, f 5 jss. to f 5 ij. three times a day. Ineomp. Acetates of lead. *** The Edinburgh and Dublin Colleges order the ingredients to he previously macerated in f 1 iv. of proof spirit. INFUSUM KRAMERLE. U. S.—L. Infusion of Rhatany (Krameria ?j., Aqua dist. ferv.Oy Macerate for four hours in a covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. Earthy odor; taste powerfully astringent. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In chronic diarrhoea; as a gargle in relaxation of the uvula. Dose, f 3 iss. to f 3 ij. INFUSUM LINI COMPOSITUM. L.D. Infusum Lini,U.S. —E. Infusion of Linseed. (Lini Usitatis. Sem. contus. 3 vj., Glycyrrh. Rad. con. 3 ij., Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for four hoins, near the fire, and strain.) Prop. Inodorous, sweetish, mucilaginous Oper. Demulcent. ft Use. In catarrh, pneumonic affections, strangury, gonorrhoea; and after operations on the urethra or the bladder Dose. A teacupful ad libitum. Incomp. Alcohol, acetates of lead. INFUSUM LUPULI. U. S— L. Infusum Humuli, U.S. In- fusion of Hop. (Lvpuli 3 vj., Aqua dist. ferv. Oj. Macerate for four hours, and strain.) Prop. Taste aromatic,"bitter, odor agreeable. Oper. Tonic, slightly narcotic. Dose. f^i. to f?ij. INFUSUM MENTHA: SIMPLEX. D. Simple Infusion of Mint. (Foliorum Mentha Viridis siccatorum 3ij., Aqua Fer- ventis q. s. ut colentur mensura 3 vj.) Use. A good diluent in febrile diseases. INFUSUM MENTHA: COMPOSITUM. D. Compound Infu- sion of Mint. (Foi. Menth. Sat. siccat. 3 ij., Aq. Ferv. q. s. ut colentur f 1 vj. Macerate for half an hour in a covered vessel, and when cold, strain ; then add Sacch. Albi 3 ij., Olei Menth. Sat. gtt. iij. dissolved in T. Card: Com. 1 ss.) Opcr. Gently stimulating, diaphoretic. Use. In anorexia, and as a vehicle for disagreeable remedies. Dose. frj. to f 3 ij. occasionally. INFUSUM PAREIRA:. L.E Infusion of Pareira. (Pareira 3 vj., Aq. Ferv. Oj. Macerate for two hours, and strain.) Opcr. Slightly tonic, diuretic. Dose, f 5jss. to f 3 ij. The extract is usually added to the infusion. INFUSUM PRUNI VIRGINIANA:. U.S. Infusion of Wild Cherry Hark. (Take of Wild Cherry Bark bruised 3" ss., Cold Water Oj. Macerate for twenty-four hours, and strain.) Prop. Beautifully transparent, color of Madeira wine, slightly bitter, and astringent. Oper. Tonic and antispasmodic, narcotic. Use. As a tonic, where there is much nervous excitability, vith INF 105 Q debilitated condition of the stomach and bowels, together with general or local irritation. Improves the appetite, induces Bleep, calms nervous irritability, and allays the action of the heart and arteries. Highly useful in the hectic fever of scrofula and consumption, dyspepsia, intermittents, &c. Dose, f 5 ij. 10 f 5 iij. three or four times a day. INFUSUM QUASSlAI. U.S.—L.E. D. Infusion of Quassia (Quassia concisa 3ij., ( 3j. E.), Aqua Fcro. Oj. Macerate for iw ) hours, and strain.) Prop. Inodorous; taste a very pure bitter; limpid; possessing no astnngency. ( per. Tonic, antiseptic. I si. In bilious fevers, united with alkaline salts; hysteria, with camphor and t nture of valerian ; gout, with aromatics and ginger; and in dyspepsia, with sulphate of zinc, or with mineral acids. Do--c. f 5 j. to f 1 ij. twice or thrice a day. Ineifap. Acetas plumbi, nitras argenti. INFUSUM RHEI. U. S.-L. E. D. Infusion of Rhubarb. (Rhei com i-i 3 iij , Aq. Ferv. Oj., L. Powdered Rhubarb Jj., Spirit of Cinnamon f 3 ij., Boiling Water 13 xviij., E. Mace- rate for two hours in a covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. Odor fragrant, like that of the root; taste bitter and aro- matic ; limpid; red-yellow; not so astringent as the root. Opcr. Purgative, stomachic. Use. In costiveness; and, united with ginger and aromatics, in diarrhieas from weakness of the bowels. Dose, f - j. to t'3 iij. united with neutral salts; f ?ss. with tinct. of cinnamon, where its stomachic effect only is required. Incomp. Solution of isinglass, infusion of yellow cinchona, all the strong acids, nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, ace- tates of lead, sulphate of iron, tartar emetic, magnesia. INFUSUM ROSA-: COMPOSITUM. U. S.—L. Infusum Ro- sae, E. Infusum Rosa; Acidum, D. Infusion of the Rose. (Rosa Gallica Petal, exsicc. 3 iij., Aqua Ferventis Oj., Acidi Sulph. ditut. f 3 jss., Sacch. Purif. 3 vj. After pouring the water on the petals, in a glass vessel, add the acid, and macerate for half an hour; then strain, and add the sugar.) Prop. Odor of the rose; taste slightly austere, acid, and sweet. Oper. Subastringent, refrigerant. Use. In the colliquative sweats of phthisis; and, with additional acid and some nitre, in uterine and pulmonary haemorrhages; topically as a gargle in cynanche tonsillaris. The infusion is an elegant vehicle for many active remedies, particularly sul- phate of magnesia, the nauseous taste of which it covers. Dose. {" iss. to flss. every three or four hours. Ineomp. Sulphates of iron and of zinc, alkalies, earths. INFUSUM SARSAPARILLA:, U.S.: COMPOSITUM. D. Compound Infusion of Sarsaparilla. (Radicis Sarsaparilla, prius aqua frigida mundata et dein incisa, Jj., Aqua Calida mensura Ibj. Macerate for twelve hours in a closed vessel, occasionally agitating, then strain.) Prop, and Use. The same as the decoction. Dose, f 1 iv. to f | viij. twice a day. INFUSUM SCOPARII. L. Infusion of Broom. (Scopariili- Aq. dist. ferv. Oj. Macerate for four hours, and strain.) 5* 106 INF Oper. Aperient, diuretic. Dose. 3 jss. to 3 ij. INFUSUM SENNAS, U.S.: COMPOSITUM L.D. Infusum Senna;, E. Infusion of Senna. (Senna Foi. 3 xv., Zingiberij con. 3iv., Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for an hour in a covered vessel, and strain.) Infusum Senna Simplex. Oper. Purgative. Use. lp costiveness, and to move the bowels in acute diseases; the ginger counteracts the griping quality of the senna. It it generally united with neutral purgative salts and manna. Dose, f 5 j. tof?iv. Incomp. The same as of infusion of senna, and also all salts haying potassa for a base. INFUSUM SERPENTARLE. U. S—L. E. Infusion of Vir- ginia Snake Root. (Serpentaria 3 iv., Aqua dist. fervent. Oj. Macerate in a covered vessel for four hours, and strain.) Oper. Excitant, diaphoretic. Dose, f 3 j. to f ?ij. Incomp. Strong acids, lime-water, the alkaline carbonates, solu- tions of nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, acetates of lead, tartarized antimony, and infusion of vellow cinchona. INFUSUM SENNAS COMPOSITUM. E. Infusum Senna; cum Tamarindis, D. Infusion of Tamarind and Senna. (Fruct. Tamarindi |j., Senna 3j., Sem. Coriand. contus. 3j., Sacch. non purif. ?ss., Aq. bull. 5 viij. Macerate in a vessel not glazed with lead, agitating occasionall}', for four hours, and strain.) Oper. Mildly purgative and cooling. Use. In delicate habits, and inflammatory diseases. Dose, f 5 ij- to f Jiv. INFUSUM SIMAROUBA:. L. E. D. Infusion of Simarouba. (Simarouba contusi 3 iij., Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for two hours in a covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. Inodorous ; bitter, but not astringent. Opcr. Tonic, antiseptic; emetic in large doses. Use. In diarrhoea, and the advanced stage of dysentery; dys- pepsiaj leucorrhoea; and intermittent fevers. Dose, f 1 ij. united with opium, or with an aromatic, every three or four hours. Incomp. Decoction of galls, infusion of catechu and yellow cinchona, solutions of nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, acetate of lead, alkaline carbonates, lime-water. INFUSUM SPIGELIAN U. S. Infusion of Pink Root. (R Root 5 ss., Boiling Water Oj. Macerate two hours.) INFUSUM TABACI. U.S.—D. Infusion of Tobacco. (Tabaci Foi. 3 j., Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for an hour in a covered vessel, and strain.) Oper. Sedative, antispasmodic. Use. As a clyster in ileus, colica pictonum, strangulated hernia, and retention of urine from spasm of the urethra. It is, how- ever, a very dangerous remedy, and not over one-third of Oj. should be administered at once. INFUSUM ULMI. Infusion of Slippery-Elm Bark. U.S. (R- Bark of Slippery Elm 5 j.x Boiling Water Oj. Macerate two hours.) IOD 107 INFUSUM VALERIANA;. U. S.—L. D. Infusion of Valerian. (Valeriana 3 iv., Aqua Ferret. Oj. Macerate for half an hour, and when cold, strain.) Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic. Use. In hysteria, when the stomach will not bear the powder. Dost, f 3.1■:-■-. to f 5 ij. twice or thrice a day. ineoup Nitrate of silver, sulphate of iron, infusion of yellow ciuciioi.a,. INULA. U.S (Secondary.) L. Elecampane. (Inula Hele- nium. Syvgencsia Supt.rflna. N.O. Composita.) Radix. Prop. Od.,1- slightly fetid, taite at first soapy and rancid, then aromatic, hitter, hot. Op.-r. Tonic, diuretic, expectorant. Use. In dysp;-y-.ia. paralysis, dropsies, asthma. J). Prop. Tops and leaves officinal. Odor peculiar; strong, bitter, pungent taste; properties reside in an essential oil, and readily imparted to alcohol. Comp. Volatile oil, gum, tannic acid, albumen, bitter extractive, resin, clorophylle, fixed oil, lime, lignin. Oper. Stimulant, eiiimeuagogue, diuretic, diaphoretic. Use. In iimeiioiihoea, chronic rheumatism, dropsy ; externally, as an initaiit ointment, made by boiling the fresh leaves in twice iheir weight of laid, and adding a little wax; or the dried leaves may be mixed with six limes their weight of resin cerate. Applied to blistered surfaces to keep up a purulent discharge: interior to the savine. KINO. U. S.—L. E. D-. Pterccarpus Erinacea. (The Edin- burgh College considers it Eucalyptus Resinifera ; the Dublin, Buioa I'roedosa. Africa.) Kino Ilccina. Comp. Tannic and gallic acid, oxide of iron, coloring matter. Prop. Inodorous; taste sweetish, bitter; sometimes gritty be twecn the teeth; in fragments of a dark ruby-red color; easily pulverized, powder reddish brown; more soluble in warm than in cold water. Opcr. Astringent. no LAV Use. In obstinate chronic diarrhoeas; uterine, intestinal, and pulmonary ha'morrhnges; floor albus. Dose. Gr. x. to gr. xx. in powder; or in solution of the powdet 3 j., mucilage of gum f 5 j., cinnamon water f 5 v.; two table- spoonfuls occasionally. Vide Tinct. Incomp. The mineral ucids, alkalies, and their carbonates; ace- tates of lead, nitrate of silver, tartar emetic, sulphate of iron, b chloride of mercury. Off. Prep. Tinetura Kino, U. S.—L. E. D. Electuarium Cats chu, E. D. KRAMER!A. U. S.—L. E. D. Rhatany Root. (Krameria Triaudra. Tetrand. Monogynia. N. O. Kramcracea. Java. >•) Prop. Taste biiter; communicates a deep-red color both to water and to spirit. Oper. Astringent, diuretic, detergent. Use. In dysentery, attended with-bloody stools; in ulceration of the gums, and as a stomachic in dyspepsia. Dose. 3ss. to 3j. in powder. LACMUS. L. E. See Rocella Tinctorla. LACTUCARIUM. U. S.—L. E. Lactuca; Sativae Herba; Lactucarium, D. Garden Lettuce and its inspissated juice. (Lactuca Sativa. Syngenesia JEqualis. N. O. Cichoracea. Europe. S.) Prop. The herb has no odor; its taste is slightly bitter, when not blanched. Odor and color of the lactucarium the same as that of opium; soluble in water; contains resin, extractive, mucilage, bitter principle; no morphia. Oper. Narcotic, diaphoretic. Use. In coughs, phthisis pulmonalis, and all painful affections. Dose. Of the lactucarium, from gr. ij. to gr. vj. LACTUCA SATIVA. U. S.—L. E. Garden Lettuce. (Syng. JEq. N. O. Cichoracea. S.) Prop. The inspissated juice, called Lactucarium, is chiefly em- ployed. This is in small, irregular lumps, of a reddish-brown color, and of a narcotic odor and bitter taste ; resembles opium in color, taste, and smell. Sometimes called lettuce opium. Comp. A bitter, crystallizablc principle, lactucin; mannite, as- paramide, a free acid, a brown coloring substance, resin, cerin, myricin, albumen, gum, nitrate of potassa, chloride of potassium, phosphates of lime and magnesia. Oper. Anodyne, sedative, narcotic; similar to opium. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. xx. An uncertain medicine. LACTUCA VIROSA FOLIA. D. The Leaves of Strong- scented Lettuce. (Syngenesia JEqualis. N. O. Cichoracea. Indigenous. $.) Prop. Odor strong, narcotic, like opium ; taste bitter Oper. Narcotic, diuretic, diaphoretic, gently laxative. Use. In dropsies, from visceral obstructions: the leaves are seldom used, but an extract is made from them. Dose. See Succus Spissatus. (The Lactuca Elongata has been introduced into the U. S. Phar. as a substitute for the L. Virosa. It is narcotic, and acts upon the skin and kidneys. From gr. v to gr. xv. of the extract is a dose.) LAVANDULA. U. S.—L. E. Lavandulae Spica; Flores, D lim m Lavender Flowers. (Didynamia Gymnospermia. N. O. La- biota. South of Europe, 'r.) Prop. Odor fragrant, agreeable; taste warm, bitterish; depending on an essential oil, which is taken up by alcohol. Oper. Stimulant, slightly errhine. Use. When the oil is extracted and united with proof spirit, it is very useful in faintings, paralysis, and as an adjunct to stomachic bitters. The dried leaves were used, formerly, to produce a discharge from the mucous membrane of the nose, but are now neglected Off. Prep. Oleum Lavandula, U. S.—L. E. D. Spir. Lavandu- la, U. S— L. E. D. Tinct. Lavandula Comp., L. E. D. Pulv. Asari Comp., D. LAURI BACCA: ET FOLlA. L. D. Bay Berries, Leaves, and Oil. (For Class and Order, see Cinnamomi Cort. Italy. •>■) Prop. Odor slightly fragrant; taste pungent, aromatic; depending on an essential oil. Oper. Stimulant, narcotic, carminative. Use. Seldom used, except as an external application, and gene- rally compounded with other stimulants. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. in powder. Off. Prep. Confectio Rutee, L. LAURI CASSIA; CORTEX; Flos nondum explicitus, D. ' The Bark and unopened Flower Buds, but not of the Laurus Cassia. Cochin China. (For Class and Order, see Cinnamomi Cortex.)* Prop. The bark is more mucilaginous than cinnamon; quills thicker and shorter, with a short, smooth fracture; the buds have a brown color, and shape something like a small nail. Oper. and Use. The same as cinnamon. Off. Prep. At,. Cassia, E. LAURO CERASUS. E. Cherry Laurel. (N. O. LaurinefB. South of Europe. *? .) Prop. Contains a volatile oil; the active principle of which is hydrocyanic acid. Oper. Sedative. LKONTODON TARAXACUM. U. S. Herba, Radix. D. Vide Taraxacum. LICHEN CETRARIA. (Cetraria, U. S.—L.) LichenIslandicus, E. (Vtraria Islanriica, D. Liver Wort. (Cetraria Islandica. N. O. Lichcnacea. Iceland. IX.) Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, mucilaginous. Oper. Tonic, demulcent, nutrient. Use. Vide Decoct. Cetraria. Dose. 3j. to 3iv. first steeped in water, holding in solution some caibonate of potassa to extract the bitter; and then boiled in milk, chocolate, or cocoa. Off. Prep. Decoctum Cctrariir, U. S.—L. D. LIM ONES: SUCCUS, DACCA:, CORTEX: OLEUM. U.S. —L. E. Citri Fructus, Succus', tunica exterior, ejusque Oleum Volatile, D. Lemons: the bark, the juice, and the oil. (Citrus ♦They are the production of Laurus Cinnamomum, of Loureiri- 112 LIN Limrnum. For Class and Order, see Aurantii Bacca. Asia 4-) Prop. Odor of the fruit fragrant, depending on the essential oil which gives the rind its warm bitter taste ; the juice is sharp, but gratefully acid; spec. grav. 1.0381: it contains citric acid, extract, saccharine mucilage, and water: soon spoils. Oper. Juice refrigerant, antiseptic : bark and oil excitant. Use. The juice as a beverage, diluted with water, and sweet- ened, is useful in febrile and inflammatory complaints, cooling and quenching thirst; alone, or combined with wine, in scor- butus; with camphor mixture, decoction of cinchona, or wine, in putrid sore throats, remittent fevers, diabetes, and lienteria; and with common salt, in dysentery and colics. Dose, f 3 ij. or more, two or three times a day; diluted ad libi turn. Off. Prep. Acidum Citricum, L. D. Syrupus Limonis, U. S. L.E. LINIMENTUM AIRUGlNIS. L. Oxymel Cupri Suhacetntis, D. Liniment of Verdigris. (JEruginis cont. | j., Accti f 5 vij., Mellis despumati, pond. J xiv. Liquefied, strained; inspissated by boiling.) Oxymel JEruginis. Oper. Detergent, escharotic. Use. Diluted with water, it is useful as a gargle in venereal ulcerations of the mouth and fauces; but much caution is required that none of it be swallowed, and the mouth should always be well cleansed after using it: to foul ulcers. LINIMENTUM AMMONIA!. U. S.—L. E. D. Liniment of Ammonia. (Liquoris Ammonia f |j., Oliva Olei f § ij. Shake them together until they mix.) A soap. Oper. Stimulant, rubefacient diaphoretic. Use. In cynanche tonsillaris, spread on a piece of flannel, and applied round the throat: when the skin is very irritable, a larger proportion of oil is requisite. LINIMENTUM AMMONLE SESQUICARBONATIS. L. Liniment of Subcarbonate of Ammonia. (Liquoris Ammonia Sesquicarbonatis f Ij., Oliva Olei f 3 iij. Shake them together until they mix.) Linimentum Ammonia. Opcr. Rubefacient. Use. The same as the strong liniment; but the oil and water are less perfectly united by the sesquicarbonate, and after a little time they separate. This preparation is superfluous. LINIMENTUM ANODYNUM. D. Wde Linimentum Saponis et Opii. LINIMENTUM CALCIS. U. S.—E. D. Liniment of Lime- Water. (Olei Lini Usitat., Aqua Calcis, utriusque partes aquales. Mix.) A soap. Oper. Cooling, emollient. Use. To burns and scalds, spread thick upon lint, and applied over the affected parts LlNlMENTUM CAMPHORA:. U. S.—L. E. Oleum Cam- phoratum, D. Camphor Liniment. (Camphora Jj., Oliva 01. f^iv. Dissolve.) 3 j. contains gr. xv. of camphor. Opcr. Stimulant, anodyne. Use. To glandular swellings, sprains, bruises, and joints affected with chronic rheumatic pains, applied by friction. Mr. Ware recommends this liniment, with the addition of Liq. Potassa LIN 113 Sesquicarbonat s 3 iv., to be applied to the edges of the eyelids, night and morning, in incipient amaurosis. LINIMENTUM CAMPHORA; COMPOSITUM. L.D. Lini mentuir Ammonia; Compositum, E. Compound Camphor Liniment. (Camphora 3 ijss., \T. Camphora 1 ij., E.] Liq. Am -ii.,,u -, f 1 vijss., ffjv., E.] Spir. Lavandula Oj. Spiritus A'--,- a ■■nni fly, E.) Oper. S;iinulant, anodyne. Vse To sprains, bruises, and chronic rheumatic pains. Ineomp All acids, water. LlNlMEXTUM CANTHARIDIS. U.S. Liniment of Spanish Flies. (R Spanish Flics in powder %y, Oil of Turpentine Oss. Dig- sr for three hours by means of a water bath, and strain.) LINIMENTUM HYDRARGYRI COMPOSITUM. L. Mer- curial Liniment. (Ung. Hydrarg. fort, Adipis Praparata, sing. 5'v., Camphora f j., Spir. Rect. fly, Liquoris Ammonia 1' 5 iv. First rub the camphor with the spirit, then add the ointment and lard, and lastly, gradually, the solution.) Opcr. Stimulant, discutient. Use. To parts affected with chronic venereal pains, nodes, and tophi; to indolent swellings, and to discuss collections of fluids; 3 j. rubbed on the affected parts night and morning. LINIMENTUM OPll. L.E. Liniment of Opium. (Linim. Saponis f 5VJ., Opii Tinct. f 3 ij. Mix.) Use. To allay pains; and to procure sleep, when opium cannot be taken into the stomach. LiNlMENTUM SAPONIS. L. E. D. Linimentum Saponis Camphoratum, U. S. Opodeldoc. Compound Soap Liniment. (Saponis Duri | iij., Camphora ?j., Spir. Rosmarini f 3 xvj.) (^pcr. Stimulant, anodyne. L se. Against local pains, rubbed on the part; with the addition of Tincture of Spanish Flics, and of opium, we have found this liniment of great use in allaying the violent pains of colic, and ■procuring sleep. LiNlMENTUM SIMPLEX. E. Simple Liniment. (Olive Oil 4 parts, White Wax 1 part.) Opcr. Emollient. Use. In rigid joints. LiNlMENTUM TABACI. U.S. Liniment of Tobacco. (Ta- baci concisi f 3 j., Adipis ibj. Simmer the tobacco in the lard over a gentle fire until it becomes crisp, and strain.) Opcr. Stimulant, narcotic. Vse. Iii tinea capitis, scabies, haemorrhoids. LlMMI'.NTUM TEREBINTHlNA;. U.S.—L.D. Linimen- tnm Tcrebiuthinatum, E. Turpentine Liniment. (Saponis 5ij., Camphora 3J., 01. Terebinthina fjxvj. Melt the cerate and stir in the oil.) Oper. Slim ,lant. Use. To burns : first used for this purpose by Dr. Kentish, then a surgeon in Newcastle. LINI OLEUM, SEMINA. L. E. ----- Semina, Oleum ex scminibus expressum, D. Linseed. Linseed Oil. (Linum Usitatissimum. Pentand. Pentagynia. N. O. Linacea.) Prop. Seed inodorous, almost tasteless; small, flat, oval, smooth, shining, brown ; yielding mucilage to warm water, and oil by expression. Mucilage clear, colorless, inodorous, nearly insipid. 114 LIQ Oper. Demulcen., emollient. Use. The infusion has been already noticed. In substance, the linseed is ground into powder, and used as poultices very ad- vantageously. It is preferable on account of the facility with which it is made, the powder being simply stirred into boiling water. To phlegmons, and parts affected with pain and in flammation; and to gout, the pain of which it has been fourd to relieve. Off. Prep. Oleum Lini, E. D. LINI FARINA. E. Linum. U.S. Flaxseed. Linseed Meal Use. For making poultices. LINUM CATHARTICUM. E. Purging Flax. (Pent. Pentag. N. O. Linacea. Europe.) Use. As a purgative, but rarely employed. LIQUOR ALUMlNIS COMPOSITUS. L. Compound Solu- tion of Alum. (Aluminis, Zinci Sulphatis, sing. 3 j., Aq. ferv Oiij. Dissolve, and strain the solution through paper.) Aqua Aluminis Composita. Oper. Detergent, stimulant. Use. As a collyrium, properly diluted, in ophthalmia; an injec- tion in gleet, and in fluor albus; and as a lotion for cleansing wounds, anil removing cutaneous eruptions. LIQUOR AMMONIA; FORTIOR. U. S.—L. See Ammonia; Liquor Fortior._ LIQUOR AMMONIAC. U. S.—L. Aqua Ammonia;,—fortior, E. Aqua Ammonia; Causticu;, D. Solution of Ammonia. (Ammonia Hydrochloratis 1 X., Calcis 5 viij., Aqua Oij.) Comp. Ammoniacal gas (a compound of 82.30 nitrogen, and 17.64 hydrogen, or 3 eq. hydrogen=3-f-l nitrogen=14.15, equiv.a = 17.50), 10 parts, and water SO parts, when of a spec. grav. 0.9G0. The solution of a spec. grav. 0.936, fixed by the Dublin College, contains more ammoniacal gas. Prop. Odor pungent, strong, peculiar; taste hot, pungent; is colorless, transparent; absorbs rapidly carbonic acid from the atmosphere, so as to require to he kept well corked up. Oper. Stimulant, antacid, rubefacient. Use. Largely diluted in asphyxia, acidities of the prima; viae, and in hysteria; externally it is applied to the nostrils in faintings; a rag moistened with it, and laid over the scrobiculus cordis, sometimes raises an instantaneous blister, and always proves useful in spasms, and gout of the stomach; a liniment composed of camphor 3 j. dissolved in olive oil f § j. and liq. amnion. I 3 ij., is an excellent application to parts affected with dtep-seatcd inflammation. (Granville's Lotion.) Dose. fllv. to ITlxxx. diluted wiih water a: milk. Incomp. All the metallic salts; the acids; sulphas aluminis. Off. Prep. Hydro-sulphurctum Ammonia, D. Spir. Ammonia, L. D. Linimentum Camphora Comp. U. S.—L. E. Linimen- tum Ammonia, U. S.—L. E. D. Spiritus Ammonia Succinatus, L. Spiritus Ammonia Aromaticus, U. S.—E. Spiritus Am monia Fwtidus, E. Linimentum Hydrargyri, L. LIQUOR AMMONIA; ACETATIS. U. s>—L. Aqua Ace- tatis Ammonia;, E. D. Solution of Acetate of Ammonia Spirit of Mindererus. (Ammonia Sesquicarbonatis givss., Aceti Distillati Oiv., L.; or add the salt till the acid be satu- rated.) Liq. Ammonia Acetates. LIQ 115 Comp. Acetate of ammonia, water: proportions variable. Prop. Inodorous; taste neutral, nauseous ; colorless. Oper. Sudorific; externally cooling, astringent. Use. Diluted, in febrife and inflammatory complaints; as a lotion to inflamed surfaces, sprains, and fractures; diluted with rose- water, a good collyrium ; and still more diluted, an injection in the commencement of gonorrhoea. Dose, f 3 ij. to f 3 xij. every three or four hours. Incomp. Acids, alkalies, nitras argenti. Tests. Should not precipitate nitrate of silver nor chloride of barium ; nor be colored bv hydrosulphuric acid. LIQUOR AMMONIA; SESQUICARBONATIS. L.E. Aqua Carbonatis Ammonia;, D. Solution of Sesquicarbonate of Am- monia. (Ammonia Sesquicarbonatis 1 iv., Aqua DistillataOj Dissolve, and filter through paper. Spec. grav. 1150.) Use, S-c. The same as the Sesquicarbonate of Ammonia. LIQUOR ARGENTI NITRATIS. L. Solution of Nitrate of Silver. (Argenti Nit. 3j., Aq. Dist. f?j. Use. To apply to excoriations in fevers, and cases of long con- finement to bed in low conditions of the habit; to the diseased surface in erysipelas. LIQUOR BARII CHLORIDE U. S.-L. See Solutio Muria- tis Baryta;. LIQUOR POTASSA; ARSENITIS. U. S.—L. Liquor Ar- senicalis, E. D. Arsenical Solution. (Arseniosi Acidi in frustula triti, Potassa Carbonatis, sing. gr. lxxx., Aq. Distil. Oj. Boil them together in a glass vessel until the arsenious acid is dissolved. When the solution is cold, add Spir. Lavand. Comp. f 3 v., and as much distilled water as will make up the \vh< I- to one pint.) Comp. Arseniate of potassa dissolved in water: the spirit of lavender gives only color and taste. Dper. Tonic, antiperiodic. Vse. The same as the arsenious acid ; in protracted rheumatism, where there is much debility, and the joints much affected. We have given it with decided advantage in threatened apo- plexy, after cupping and purging, when the strength is dimin- ished, and the complexion pale. Dose, flliv. gradually increased to TTlx. twice a day. Ineomp. Mineral acids, hydrosulphuric acid, acidulous salts, hydrosulphates and sulphurets, salts of calcium, lime-water, alum, salts of magnesia; salts of iron, silver, and copper; de- coction ami tincture of cinchona. LIQUOR CALCIS. U. S.—L. Aqua Calcis, E. D. Solution of Lime. (Calcis Ibss , Aqua Distillata Oxij. Add a little of the water to the lime, and when slaked add the remainder, and shake them together; then cover the vessel, and let it stand three hours; then bottle it) lime and water, in stopped bottles; and when it is to be used, take the clear solution.) Aqua Calcis. Comp. The clear fluid consists of about gr. 11.0 of lime in every Oj. of water at 60° Fahr. Prop. "Inodorous; taste austere, acrid, sweetish; colorless, transparent. Changes vegetable blue colors green. Absorbs carbonic acid, whilst the whole of the lime is rendered in- soluble. 116 LIQ Oper. Antacid, anthelmintic; externally detergent. Use. Diarrhoea, diabetes, fluor albus; dyspepsia, when much acid is in the stomach; in slimy bowels and worms; externally as a lotion to foul and cancerous ulcers; also in tinea capitis and scabies, but with little advantage. Dose, f ?j. to f 3 vj. with milk. When long usi'd in dyspepsia, it should be discontinued at intervals. Incomp. Acids, alkaline carbonates, tartar emetic, barytes, tartrates and citrates. Infusions of orange-peel, calumba, cin- chona, rhubarb, and senna. I Off. Prep. Oleum Lini cum Calce, E. D. Aqua Calcis Compo- sita, D. LIQUOR CALCII CHLORIDE U. S.—L. Calcis Muriatis Solutio, E. Aqua Calcis Muriatis, D. Solution of Chloride of Calcium. (Chloridi Calcis ^iv., [xij., E.] Aqua Dist. f ? xij. Or, take of Marble in fragments 3 ix., Muriatic Acid Oj., Dis- tilled Water a sufficient quantity. Mix the acid with Oss. dis- tilled water, and gradually add the marble. Towards the close of the effervescence, apply a gentle heat; and when the action has ceased, pour off the clear liquor and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residuum initsweightandahalf of distilled water, and filter the solution.)—U. S. Phar. Use. The same as the chloride. .Do.se. tllxi. to f 3 ij. LIQUOR CUPRI AMMONIO-SULPHATIS. L. Aqua Cupri Ammoniati, D. Solution of Ammoniated Copper. (Cupri Ammonia-Sulphatis 3j., Aqua Distil. Oj. Dissolve, and filter the solution through paper.) Liquor Cupri Ammoniati. Oper. Corrosive, detergent. Use. Externally to foul ulcers; and diluted with an equal part . of distilled water, it is applied by means of a hair pencil to specks and films on the eye. LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI BICHLORIDI. L. Solution of Bi chloride of Mercury. (Hydrarg. Bichloridi, Ammonia Hydro- chloratis, sing. gr. x., Aq. Distil. Oj. Dissolve in the water.) This preparation is superfluous, except that "it facilitates the administration of minute divisions of a grain of this active me- dicine ;" f ? j. contains gr. J of the salt. Dose, fllxx. to f 3 ij. in any mucilage; or in syrup and water. Incomp. Alkalies and their carbonates, lime-water, iodide of potassium, tartar emetic, nitrate of silver, acetates of lead, sul- phurets, soaps, infusions and decoctions of astringent vegetables. albumen ovi. LIQUOR LABARRAQUII CHLORO-SODAICUS. F. Chlo- ro-Sodaic Solution of Labarraque. (Dissolve gr. 2187.5 of pur« crystallized carbonate of soda in f |xx. of distilled water, and , saturate the solution with chlorine gas.) Prop. Color pale yellow, transparent; odor that of chlorine gas , taste pungent; spec. grav. 1.064. Comp. Chloride of soda 73.53; chlorate of soda 36.46, with an excess of chlorine- Oper. Antiseptic ; astringent, tonic. 4 Use. For disinfecting foul air, destroying animal putrefaction ; an excellent lotion for chilblains, fetid -ulcers, and gangrenous sores; and the best lotion in ptyalism yet discovered. Inter- nally in dysentery LIQ 117 Dose. From fllxx. to f 3 j. in a cupful of water; for a lotion or a gargle, f 3 xij. in f 3 vj. of distilled water. LIQUOR MORPHIA! ACETATIS. Solution of Acetate 01 Morphia, F. (Take of acetate of morphia gr. xvj., distilled water f 3 vj., dilute acetic acid f 3 ij. Mix.) Use. The same as that of the solid acetate. Dose. From HI vj. to fllxxxvj. in any bland vehicle. *** The addition of the acid prevents the decomposition of the acetate, which always occurs when the solid acetate is dissolved in water. LIUI OR PLUMBI DIACETATIS. L.D. Liquor Plumbi Subacetas, U. S. Plumbi Diacetatis Solutio, E. Solution of Diacetate of Lead. (Plumbi Acetatis Ibij. et 5 iij., Plumbi Oxydi in pulv. triti ibj. et l'iv, Aqua Ovj. Boil for half an hour, occasionally stirring, and when the solution cools make up the quantity to Ovj.; strain.) Liquor Acetatis Plumbi. Comp. 2 cq. oxide of Iead=222.12, acetic acid 1=5148 equiv. 273.60. Prop. Colorless; odor acetous; taste austere, astringent, sweetish. Oper. Externally cooling, astringent, discutient. Use. Diluted with forty times iis quantity of distilled water, it is a useful application to phlegmonous inflammations and burns; and still more diluted, it forms a good collyrium, and a wash for the mouth in salivation. Incomp. Mucilaginous solutions or decoctions; common pump water. Off. Prep. Liq. Plumbi Diacetatis Dilutus, L. D LIQUOR PLUMlil DIACETATIS DILUTUS. L. Liquor Diacetatis Plumbi Compositus, D. Diluted Solution of Diace- tate of Lead. (Liq. Plumbi Diacet. f 3 jss., Aqua Distil. Oj., Spiritus Tenuioris f 3 ij.) Liq. Plumbi Subacctatis Dilutus. U. S. The intention of the London and Dublin Colleges, in giving a formula for this mixture, is not very, obvious. The proportion of spirit is too small. LIQUOR POTASSA!. U. S—L. Aqua Potassae, E. Aqua Potassa; Cuusticte, D. Solution of Potash. (Potassa Carbona- tis 5 xv., Calcis \ viij., Aqua Dist. Ferv. congium. Dissolve the alkali in cong. ss. of the water, sprinkle a little water on the lime to slake it, and add the rest of the water. Mix the whole : set the mixture aside in a close vessel, and when it is cold, decant, and keep the decanted fluid in well stopped phials of green glass. Comp. Oxide of potassium and water. Prop. Inodorous; taste caustic, alkalescent; colorless; appear ance oily when shaken; more dense than water; feels soapy between the fingers, owing to the solution of the cuticle ; will not effervesce with acids; spec. grav. according to the Dublin formula 1.100 ; U. S. 1056. Oper. Lithontriptic in some cases; antacid; diuretic; externally escharotic, stimulant. Use. The reputation of alkalies in calculus is not so high as formerly; potassa acts on uric calculi, and therefore may be useful in nephritic calculus; but its chief use is in preventing the formation of uric acid. It neutralizes acids in the stomach, and allays irritability of that organ; it is useful in lepra vulgaris, 118 LIQ psoriasis, and some other cutaneous complaints. Externally, diluted, as r. lotion in rachitis and gouty swellings. Dose. fllx. to f 3 j. in chicken-broth or beer, three or four times a day. When used to counteract acidity, a bitter should be united to it. Incomp. Acids, metallic salts, sesquicarbonate, acetate, and hy- drochlorate of ammonia, chloride and bichloride of mercury. LIQUOR POTASSA; CARBONATIS. U. S.—L. Aqua Po- tassae Carbonatis, D. Solution of Carbonate of Fotassa. (Po- tassa Carbonatis, Jxx., Aqua Distillata Oj. Dissolve and strain.) Oper. Antacid, diuretic. Use. In acidity of the stomach ; most advantageous when united with myrrh. (R Pulv. Myrrha §j., Liq. Potassa Carbonatis f 5 iv. Infuse for four days, filter through paper, and give it in the same doses as the liquor.) Dose. flix. to f 3 j. in any bitter infusion. LIQUOR POTASSA: CITRATIS. U. S. Neutral Mixture. (R Fresh Lemon Juice Oss., Carbonate Potassa q. s.; saturate.) LIQUOR POTASSAi EFFERVESCENS. L.E. Effervescing Solution of Potassa. (Potassa Biearbonatis 3 j., Aqua Distil. Oj. Pass through the solution a stream of carbonic acid under pressure. Preserve in well-stoppered bottles.) Vse. As an agreeable antacid. LIQUOR POTASSII IODIDI COMPOSITUS. L. Liquor Iodini Compositus, U. S. Compound Solution of Iodide of P.Xassium. (Iodide of potassium ten grains, iodine five grains, distilled water one pint. Mix and dissolve. Or, R Iodine § vj., Iodide of Potassium ijss., Distilled Water Oj. Dissolve.)— U. S. Phar. Prop. Brown color ; smell, taste, and reaction upon starch, the same as iodine. Use. In scrofulous affections, bronchocele, and secondary sy- philis. Dose. From f 3 ij. to f 3 vj. LIQUOR SODA: CHLORINATA:. U. S.—L. Solution of Chlorinated Soda. (Soda Carbonatis Ibj., Aq. Dist. f |xlviij., Sodii Chloridi 5 iv., Munganesii Binoxydi 3 iij., Acidi Sulph. 5 iv. Dissolve the carbonate of soda in Oj. of water, then put the chloride of sodium and the binoxide of manganese in pow- der into a retort, and add the sulphuric acid diluted with f § iij. of water when cold. Apply heat, and transmit the chlorine through the solution of carbonate of soda.) Prop. A pale yellow color; taste sharp, brackish; evolves chlo line when exposed to the air. Oper. Astringent, antiseptic. Use. In typhus, in other low fevers, largely diluted ; to destroy j foetor, and tendency to putrefaction in the bowels. A dism / fecting agent. LIQUOR SODAS EFFERVESCENS. L. Effervescing Solu- tion of Soda. (Soda Sesquicarbonatis 3j., Aqua Dist. Oj. Pass a stream of carbonic acid through it under a high pressure. Preserve the sohition in well-corked bottles.) Use. A useful saline draught when taken with a spoonful of lemon juice; and as soda-water. LIQUOR TARAX ACI (Take of dandelion roots, clean, dried, LUP 119 and sliced, ? xviij.; infuse for twenty-four hours in cold distilled water to cover them ; press and cut aside, that the fecula may BUbside; decant, and heat the clear liquor to 180° Fahr., so as to coagulate the albumen; filter while hot, and evaporate in a dry room, or by means of a current of warm air, until the pro- duct shall weigh \ xiv.; to this add 3 iv. of rectified spirit.)— Annals of Chemistry. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 iij. LIQUOR TARTARI EMETICI. D. Solution of Emetic Tartar. (Antimonii Potassa Tartratis 3j., Aqua Distillata ferventis mensura ? viij., Spir. Vini Rectificati mensura ?ij. Dissolve the tut.ate of antimony and potassa in water, filter the solution, mid add tiio spirit.) Op'r. Iimeiic, sudorific. Use. In the febrile affections of infancy and youth ; in hooping- cough, and whenever it is necessary to clear the stomach, or determine to the skin. Dose. As an emetic, from f3ss. to f 3 iij., every five or ten minutes until it operates; as a diaphoretic, from fllyj. to f 3j. every three or four hours. Incomp. Alkalies, astringent vegetable solutions, cinchona LIRIODENDRON. U. S. Tulip-Tree Bark. L. Tulipifera. (Polyan. Polygynia. N. O. Magnoliacea. Indigenous.) Comp. Contains resin, gum, fecula, and mucus. Prop. Odor of the fresh bark, heavy and rather disagreeable ■ taste bitter, pungent, and aromatic; peculiar properties owing to a volatile principle called by Prof. Emmet, its discoverer, liriodendrin, which is solid, white, crystallizable, insoluble in water, holds a place between resins and essential oils. Oper. Tonic, diaphoretic, stimulant. Use. In intermittents, chronic rheumatism, dyspepsia. Dose. Of the powder, from 3 ss. to 3 ij. Inlusion, f 3 j. to f 5 ij, LITHARGYRUM. E. Litharge. See Plumbi Oxydum. LITMUS. D. Litmus or Archil. (Lichen Roccella. Crypto gamia. N.O. Lichenacea. Azores. IX.) Prop. Inodorous; taste saltish ; and, when chewed, subacrid. Use. Color blue or violet. As a test of great delicacy for acids. To prepare it, the plant is reduced to powder; some of the soda of commerce is then added to it; and it is repeatedly moistened with urine till it ferments, and gradually acquires a violet color; it is then dried. The watery infusion of it, or paper stained with it, shows the presence of an otherwise imperceptible por- tion of acid in any fluid. LOBELIA. U. S.—L. E. Indian Tobacco. (Lobelia inHata. Pentandria, Monogyn. N. O. Lobeliacea. United States of America. 11.) Prop. Odor slight; taste acrid: yields its properties to water, alcohol, and aether. Oper. Emetic, purgative, expectorant, antispasmodic. Use. In the paroxysm of asthma; in croup, hooping-cough. Dose. In powder, gr. iv. to gr. xx.; infusic n, f \ j.; tincture filxv to fllxxx. LUPULUS. L. E. Hops. (Humulus Lupulus, U. S. Diacia Pentandria. N. O. Urticacea. Europe l\..) Prop. Odor fragrant, sub-narcotic; taste bitter, aromatic; de- pending on a peculiar principle named lupuline, extractive, and 14 120 M A G essential oil; extracted equally by water and spirit, from the dried catkins. Oper. Narcotic, anodyne, diuretic. Use. In gout and rheumatism; under the form of infusion in the proportion of Jss. to Oj. of boiling water; but the extract already noticed is preferable. The powder, formed into an ointment with lard, is said to ease the pain of open cancer. A pillow, stuffed with hops, is an old mode of procuring sleep in the watchfulness of delirious fever. Its powers have been overrated. Dose. Gr. iij. to 3j. united with 3SS. of cinnamon water, twice or thrice a day; of the infusion, 5jss. Off. Prep. Ext. Lupuli, L. Tinct. Lupuli, L. Tinct. Humuli, U.S. LYCOPUS. U.S. (Secondary.) L. Virginicus. Bugle Weed. The Herb. (Diand. Monogyn. N. O. Labiata. Indigenous.) Prop. Odor peculiar, nauseous, slightly bitter taste. Oper. Narcotic, tonic, diaphoretic. Use. In affections of the lungs, quiets irritation, allays cough, diminishes the pulse. Dose. Of the infusion, ad libitum. LYTHRUM SALICARlA. HERBA. D. Salicaria. Loose strife. (Dodccand. Monogyn. N. O. Calycanthema. Europe 4-) Prop. Inodorous; taste herbaceous, subastringent. Oper. Astringent, tonic. Use. In diarrhoea and chronic dysentery. Dose, f 3 iij. of a decoction, made by boiling 5 j. of the herb in Oj. of water down to Oss., twice or thrice a day. MAGNES. Magnet. Oper. The artificial magnet has been employed for the last cen- tury in the treatment of disease. It acts on the nervous system, modifying nervous action and sensibility, and sometimes, in impressible subjects, through the imagination. The natural loadstone has long been employed as a remedial agent in many parts of the East. Use. In nervous and spasmodic affections; such as spasms, palpitations, convulsions, asthma, epilepsy, angina pectoris, tremors, cramps, neuralgia, rheumatism, gout, toothache, and all local diseases attended with pain and increased action. The magnet is either applied directly over the diseased part, or around it, by gentle friction, and continued according to circum stances. If a natural magnet of considerable size, it may be laid on the part; or a magnetic current may be established through the diseased parts by means of two or more magnetized plates. The application of a small blister under one of the plates renders the application more effectual. MAGNESIA. U. S.-L. E. Magnesia Usta, D. Magnesia. (Obtained from Caibonate of Magnesia, by exposure to a strong heat.) Magnesia Usta. Comp. A metallic base, named by Sir H. Daw magnesium, 60, and oxygen 40 in 100 parts; or 1 eq. magnesium=12.7+l oxy- gen=8, equiv.=20.7. Prop. Inodorous; taste very slightly bitter; in the form of a powder, white, light, spongy, soft; spec. grav. 2.3, requiring 5142 times its weight of water at 60°, and 36,000 at 212° for M A G 121 its solution. Fifty grains should wholly dissolve without effervescence in |j. of hydrochloric acid; and the solution should not afford a precipitate either to ammonia or oxalate of ammonia. Oper. Antacid; laxative, when it meets with acids in the stomach. Use. In heartburn, aphtha;, and other acidities; preferable to chalk when the bowels are costive. Sometimes it is given in dysentery, combined with ipecacuanha and opium, and followed by successive draughts of lemonade. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. occasionally in water or milk. Incomp. Acids, metallic salts, hydrochlorate of ammonia. MAGNESIAi CARBONAS. U. S.—L. E. D. (Prepared from Sulphate of Magnesia by Carbonate of Soda.) Magnesia Alba. Comp. Carbonic acid 40, magnesia 43, water 17 parts in 100.— (Ualton.) Or, 1 eq. magne.-ia=20.7+l carbonic acid=22.12, ci;uiv.=42.82. Prop. Inodorous, insipid; light, white, spongy, opaque; effer- ve cing with acids; nearly insoluble in water; spec. grav. O.-J'.MI. Oper. Antacid; laxative, when it meets with acid. Use. The same as that of magnesia; but owing to the carbonic acid, it sometimes occasions unpleasant distension. Dose, f 3 ss. to 3 ij. in water. Off. Prep. Magnesia, L. E. D. Hydrargyrum cum Magnesia, MAGNESIA: SULPHAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Sulphate of Mag- nesia. (Obtained from sea water: inagnesian lime-stone.) Magnesia Vitriolata. Comp. Sulphuric acid29.35, magnesia 17, water of crystallization 53.05 parts in 100.—(Bergman.) Or, 1 eq. niagnesia=20.7+l sulphuric acid=40.1, equiv.=60.8. Prop. Taste bitter, disagreeable; in four-sided, acicularcrystals, which occasionally, owing to an admixture of hydrochlorate of magnesia, deliquesce; the pure sulphate effloresces; spec. grav. 1.6'j; soluble in an equal part of water at 60°, increasing the volume of the water four-truths. Ten grains in f 3j. of water, and treated with caibonate of ammonia, should not be wholly precipitated by HI200 of a solution of phosphate of soda. Oper. Purgative, diuretic. / Vse. In all cases which require purgatives. It operates without griping, and, when united with infusion of roses acidulated, will sit on the stomach when all other things are rejected. Tlie less it is diluted, if a draught of warm water be taken an hour af erwards, the better and more easily it operates. An adjunct to clysters. Dose. Jss. to 5j. In clysters 3jss. to 3iij. Incomp. The fixed alkalies and their carbonates, lime-water, chloride of barium, nitrate of silver, acetates of lead. MAGNOLIA. U. S.—M. Glauca. (Secondary.) Magnolia. The Bark. (Poiyandria, Polygynia. N. O. Magnoliacea. Indigenous.) Prop. There are several species of Magnolia, all of which pos- ses) nearly the same medicinal properties. Odor aromatic; t;:ste biiter, spioy, aromatic. Oper. A gently stimulating aromatic tonic, and diaphoretic. 6 122 MAN Use. In intermittents, chronic rheumatism, and gastric debility. Dose. Of the powdered bark, 3ss. to 3 j. often repeated. The infusion is less efficient. Off. Prep. Enema Catharticum, D. E. Enema Fatidum, D. E. MALVA. L. E. Common Mallow. (Mona^dclphia, Polyand. N. O. Malvacea. Indigenous. l\..) Prop. Inodorous; taste weak, herbaceous, mucilaginous. Oper. Demulcent, lubricant. Use. Dysenteries, ischuria, nephritis, strangury; but much in- ferior to decoction of Althea. In clysters, in nephritic colic, and tenesmus. Externally in cataplasms and fomentations. Dose. The decoction ad libitum. MANNA. U. S.—L. E. Manna. Fraxini Orni Succus Con- cretus, D. Manna. (Ornus Europaa. Polygam. Diacia. N.O. Oleacia. South of Europe. >.) Obtained by sponta- neous exudation and incisions. Comp. Saccharine matter, mannite, nauseous extractive, muci- lage. Prop. Inodorous; sweetish, with a very slight degree of bitter- ness; in friable flakes of a whitish or pale yellow color, opaque; soluble in water and alcohol. Oper, Laxative ; apt to gripe. Use. As a purgative for children, who readily take it on account of its sweetness ; but more generally it is used as an adjunct tQ other purgative^. Dose. §ss. to 3 ij. alone, or dissolved in fluid purgatives. Off. Prep. Confectio Cassia, L. E. D. Enema Catharticum, D. E. Enema Fatidum, D. E. Syrupus Senna, D. MANNITUM. Mannite. A peculiar saccharine principle, not susceptible of fermentation, obtained from manna; also found in cucumbers, melons, celery,»beets, &c, after fermentation. (Treat manna (in tears) with boiling alcohol, filter, and suffer to crystallize; the mannite is precipitated in small, beautiful, white needles.) This form of manna consists chiefly of mannite, while common manna contains but little of it. Comp. Mannite, according to Liebig, consists of 40.0228 of carbon, 7.6234 hydrogen, 62.3537 oxygen. Prop. Of a white color, soluble in five parts of cold water, and in every proportion almost, in boiling water; entirely insoluble in cold, absolute alcohol, somewhat soluble in boiling alcohol. At 221° to 230°, it melts into a colorless, adhesive fluid, and crystallizes on cooling; when more strongly heated, it burns, and is decomposed like sugar; taste sweet, but feebly so; in- odorous. Oper. Cathartic, without the nauseous flavor of manna. Use. Where laxatives are indicated. Dose. 3 ij. to 3 iv. lor children , J ij- may be dissolved in § iv. of some warm aromatic water, and a teaspoonful given every hour till it operates. MANGANESII BINOXYDUM. L. D. Manganesii Oxydiun E. Native or Black Oxide of Manganese. (A peroxide.) Comp. Manganesium (a peculiar metal) 60+oxygen 40, in 100 parts; or, 1 eq. manganesium=27.7+2 oxygen=16, equiv.= Prop. In friable dull black masses; becomes grey when exposed to great heat, and affords abundance of oxygen gas. MEL 123 Use. In pharmaceutical operations; for procuring oxygen gas; and for fumigation in cases of infection. (R Sodii Chloridi 3 iv., Mangancsii Binoxydi $j., Acidi Sulphurici f |ij., Aqua f 3 ij. Mix the acid and water, and pour the mixture over the other ingredients, in a china basin, placed in a pipkin of hot sand.) The doors and windows of the room under fumigation must be closely shut for an hour or two; then thrown open, and a eniteiii of air allowed to pass through the room. MAilMOIL U. S.—L. E. D. Marble. Carbonas Calcis dura. Prop. Color various shades of white; internal lustre vitreous ■ ft..dure foliated; brittle; spec. grav. from 2.7 to 2.84. It has scarcely any taste, and is composed of 43.14 of carbonic acid and oti.Si) of lime. MARANTA. U.S.—L.E. Arrowroot. (Maranta arundinacea Mo'iandria, Monogynia. N.O. Marantacca.) West Indies Th. fecula of the rhizomes: when boiled with water or milk, il forms a mild, nutritious article of food, well adapted for infants a id convalescents: a tablcspoonful to Oj. of water. MARRUIUUJI. U. S—L. (Secondary.) Marrubium Viilgare, D White Horehound. (Didynam. Gymnosperm. N. O Labiatu:. Europe. 11.) Prop. Odor stiong, not unpleasant; taste bitter. Oper. Tonic, diuretic, laxative ; emmenagogue? Use. In hysteria, chronic catarrh, and pituitous asthma; ob- struction of the catamenia; seldom used. Dose. In priwder, 3 ss. to 3j.; of the expressed juice, f|ss. to f 5 jss.; or of this infusion (Marrub. Foi. 3 ss., Aqua Ferv. Oj.) a large glassful twice or thrice a day. MAST1CHE. L.E.D. Mastic. (Diacia, Pentandria. N.O. Tcribinihacea. Spain, Chios. V) Cimp. Re^in, essential oil, and a matter resembling caoutchouc Prop. Odor agreeable when heated ; almost insipid ; in globular, irregul ar, yellowish, semi-transparent masses; soluble in tether, partially in alcohol. Oper. Stimulant, sialogogue? Use. In old obstinate coughs; gleet; and chewed in paralysif 01 the tongue. Do- -. G \. to 3 ss. twice a day. MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA. Russian P. (N.O. Aste .racca. Comp. Volatile oil, bittT extractive. Oo:r. Stimulant, diaphoretic, antispasmodic. I>ose. In powder, 3j. to 3 ij. MEL. U. S— L. E. D. Honey. (Collected from flowers bj the Apis Mellifca.) Comp. Saccharine matter, mucilage; some acid, occasionally essential oil; varying according to the kinds of plants used bj the lice. Prop. Odor peculiar; taste sweet, and slightly acrid ; the bes< is limpid, containing small concretions; nearly colorless; and tenacious. Oper. Aperient, externally detergent; stimulant. Use. Seldom used internally as a medicine: but when freely eaten it is apt to produce colic; externally as an adjunct to pnndes in cynanche tonsillaris; in aphthae; sometimes applied to foul ulcers. 124 MEN Off. Prep. Mel Despumatum, V. S.—D. Mel Boracis, L. E. Mel Rosa, U. S.—L. E. MEL DESPUMATUM. U. S.—D. Clarified Honey. (Melt the honev in a water bath; then take oft"the scum.) Prop. Liiiipid; so consistent that, when divided with the edge of the spoon, it does not again instantly unite ; specific gravity 1.31. Use. The same as that of honey; for pharmaceutical purposes. Off. Prep. Mel Boracis, L. Mel Rosa, U. S.—L. D. Oxymel, L. D. Oxymel JEruginis, D. Oxymel Colchici, D. Oxymel Scilla, U.S.—L. D. MEL BORACIS. L.E.D. Honey of Borax. (Boracis contriti 3j., Mellis Despumati |j. Mix.) Oper. Detergent. Use. Applied to the tongue, and insides of the cheeks, in aph- thous affections, and in ptynlism. MEL DESPUMATUM. U. S. Prepared Honey. (Take of Clarified Honey Oss., Diluted Alcohol Oj., Prepared Chalk 3SS. Having mixed the honey and diluted alcohol, add the prepared chalk, and allow the mixture to stand for two hours, occasion- ally stirring it. Then heat it to ebullition, filter, and by means of a water bath evaporate the clear liquor, so that when cold it may have the specific gravity 1.32.)—U. S. Phar. MEL ROSA:. U. S.—L. E. D. Rose Honey. (Rosa Gallica Exsiccat. | ij., Aqua Ferv. Oss., Mellis Despum. Oij. Infuse the roses six hours; add the strained liquor to the honey, and evaporate to a proper consistence in a water bath.) Prop. Odor that of the rose; taste sweet, astringent; color red; limpid, tenacious. Oper. Astringent, detergent. Use. Chiefly in gargles, in ulceration, and inflammation of the mouth and fauces (R Mellis Rosa §j., Acidi Hydrochlorici fllxxx., Aquaf\v'y); forms a good detergent in aphtha gan- grenosa; as a vehicle for other remedies in infantine diseases. MELISSA. U. S.—E. D. (Secondary.) Balm. Didynam. (.:i)innaspcrmia. N.O. Labiata. Alps. 21.) Melissa folia. Prop. Odor pleasant, something like that of a lemon; taste austere, aromatic. Opcr. Stomachic, diuretic. Use. Made into tea, it is used as a diluent in febrile diseases; seldom used in substance. Dose. Of the powder, gr. x. to 3 ij. MENTHA PIPERITA. U. S.—L. E. D. Peppermint. (Didy- namia, Gymnospermia. N. O. Labiata. Indigenous. 21.) Mentha Piperitis. Prop. Odor strong, agreeable; taste pungent, aromatic, and producing a sensation of coldness in the mouth; depending on a volatile oil aiyj camphor. Oper. Stomachic, carminative. Use. Vide under Aqua et Ol. Mentha; Piperita;. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j.; scarcely ever in substance. Off. Prep. Aqua Mentha Piperita, U. S.—L. E. D. Oleum Mentha Piperita, U. S.—L. E. D. Spir. Mentha Piperita, Mentha; piperita; oleum, u. s.—e. See oieum Mentha; Piperita;. MIS 125 MENTHA VIRTDIS. U.S.-L.E.D. Spearmint, (aass and Order as above.) Mentha Sativa. Prop. O lor strong, ardmatic ; taste warm, austere, bitterish. Oper. Stomachic, carminative. Use. Vidn under Aqua et Ol. Mentha; Viridis. An infusion of it is a good diluent in febrile diseases. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j.; scarcely ever used in substance. Off. Prep. Aqua Mentha Viridis, U. S.—L. E. D. Ol. Mentha Viridis, U.S.—L. E. D. Spir. Mentha Vir., L. E. Infusum Mentha Compositum, D. MENTHA PULEG1UM. L.E. Hedeoma Pulegeoides, U. S. Pulegii Herba, D. Pennyroyal. (For Class and Order, see Mentha Piperita.) Indigenous. 21.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste warm, pungent; not unlike that of spearmint. Oper. Expectorant, diaphoretic. Use. In asthma and pertussis, but of little value; seldom used. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. Off. Prep. Aqua Pulegii, L. E. D. * Oleum Pulegii, XI. S— L. D. Oleum Hedeoma, U. S. Spiritus Pulegii, L. MENYANTHE3. U. S.—L. E. D. Buck Bean. (Pentandria, Monogynia. N. O. Gentianacea. Europe. United States. IX ) Trifolium Paludosum. Prop. Inodorous; taste intensely bitter; water extracts its pro- perties. Oper. Tonic, diuretic, purgative; in large doses emetic. Vse. In intermittents, arthritic and chronic rheumatic affections, and in cachectic and herpetic diseases. Dose. 3 j. to 3 j. of the dried leaves powdered; f 1y to f |jss. of this infusion. (Menyanth. foi. sic. \ ss., Aqua Oss.) MEZEREUM. U. S.—L. Mezereon, E. Daphnes Mezerei Cortex, D. Mezereon Bark. (Octandria, Monogynia. N.O. Thymalateee. North of Europe. ^ .) Comp. Daphnina, oleo-resin, wax, extractive, gum, sugar, ma- lates. Prop. Inodorous; taste, when chewed for some time, acrid, burning; yields its virtues to water and vinegar. Opcr. Stimulant, diaphoretic; in large doses emetic. Vse. In venereal diseases, but its efficacy is doubtful. It is sometimes useful in the sequela; of syphilis; in chronic rheuma- tism, lepra and scrofulous swellings ; and.chewing frequently thin slices of the recent root has been found useful in palsy of the tongue; externally, the fresh bark soaked in vinegar is useful for keeping open issues. Dose. Of the powder, gr. j. gradually increased to gr. x. Vide Decoctions. Off. Prep. Decoctum Mezerei, E. Decoct Sarsaparilla Comp., U. S.-L. E. D. Jp> MISTURA ACACIA3. I,. E. Mixture*of Acacia. (Acacia cont. Jx., .iqua■Ferventis Oj. L. Sweet Almonds 3x., Pure Sugar 3 x., .Mucilage f I liij., Water Oij. E.) Comp. Simple solution of gum in water or in almond mixture. Opcr. and Use. Demulcent: as a medium for combining oils, resins, and balsams with water. MISTURA ALTHAEA:. E. Mixture of Marsh Mallow. (Althaa 126 MI S Root, dried, ?iv., Raisins, seeded, |ij., Boiling Water Ov. Boil to Oiij., strain, and pour off the clear solution.) Prop. Demulcent. Use. In calculous affections. MISTURA AMMONIACI. U. S—L. Lac Ammoniaci, D. Mixture of Ammoniac. (Ammoniaci 3 v., Aqua Oj. Rub the ammoniacum, adding the water gradually, until they are per- fectly mixed.) J^ac Ammoniaci. Comp. The resin and oil suspended by means of gum in water; when kept, the resin separates. Oper and Use. The same as of the ammoniacum. Dose, f Jss. to f |j. united with ipecacuanha, tincture of squills, &.C. Incomp. Bichloride of mercury, acetate of potassa, oxymel, aether, spirit of nitric ajther. MISTURA AMYGDALA:. U. S.—L. D. Mistura Amygdala- rum, E. Almond Mixture. (Confeclionis Amygdala I ijss., 'Aq. Distillata Oj. Rub together, adding the water by degrees, and strain.) Or, take of Sweet Almonds ? ss., powdered Gum Arabic 3 ss., Sugar 3 ij., Distilled Water § viij. Macerate the almonds in water, and having removed their external coat, beat them with the gum arabic and sugar, in a marble mortar, till they are thoroughly mixed; then rub the mixture with the distilled water gradually added, and strain.— U. A". Phar. Lac Amygdala. Comp. The oil of the almond suspended in water by means of its mucilage ; and fecula. Oper. Demulcent, cooling ; if the bitter almond be used, sedative. Use. In catarrh, gonorrhoea, strangury, hectic fever. Dose, f 5 ss. to Oss., or ad libitum. Incomp. Acids, and all acidulous salts, spirits, tinctures, spirit of nitric aether, and common pump-water. MISTURA ASSAFCETIDA:. U. S.—L. D. Mixture of Assa- foetida. (Assafatida 3 v., Aqua Oj. Rub together, adding the water by degrees.) Lac Assafatida. Comp. The resin and volatile oil, suspended by gummy extrac- tive in water. Opcr. The same as of the gum resin. Use. In hysteria: and in spasmodic and convulsive affections, when pills cannot be swallowed As a clyster in the irritations of the bowels which occur during dentition, and those produced by ascarides, and in ischuria. Dose, fly to f$ss. frequently repeated during a paroxysm ot hysteria, or the continuance of spasm. MISTURA CAMPHORA:. L.E.D. Camphor Mixture. (Cam- phora 3ss., Spirit. Rcctif. Vt\x., Aqumiiy Rub the ci.mi.hor with the spirit, then gradually add the water, and strain.) Comp. Camphor gr. j. l-6th, in water f 3 j."? * Oper. The same as that of the camphor, only in a wcakei degree. Use. In faintings, typhus and nervous fevers ; but seldom given alone, the quantity of camphor being too small. Dose, f Jss. to f'Jij. united with cordial tinctures. * Powell's Transactions of Lon. Phar. MIS 127 MISTURA CAMPHORA: cum MAGNESIA. E. D. Mixture of Camphor with Magnesia. (Camphora gr. xij., Magnesia Carbonatis J ss., Aqua f | vj. Rub the camphor with the mag nesia, the water being added, and mix ) Comp. Camphor partly dissolved, partly mixed; magnesia, water. Oper. Gently stimulant. Use and Dose. The same as of camphor mixture. MISTURA CASCARILLA; COMPOSITA. L. Compound Mixture of Cascarilla. (Infusi Cascarilla fi,xv\y,Aceti Scilla f 5j-i Tinetura Camphora comp. f Jij., misce.) Use. In chronic affections of the chest, attended with much debility. Dose, f Jj. to f 3Jss. twice a day. MISTURA CREASOTA:. E. Mixture of Creasote. (Creasote, Acetic Acid, 3. a III xvj., Compound Spirit of Juniper, Syrup, a a f 5j., Water (Jxiv.) Use. A ready mode of administering creasote. MISTURA CRETA:. U. S— L. E. D. Ch a H< Mixture. (Creta p. Jss., Saccharipur. I iij., Mist. Acacia f 3 jss., Aqua Cinna- momi fjxviij. Mix.) Mistura Cretacea. Oper. Antacid, absorbent. Use. In acidities of the stomach, particularly those attending dentition, provided the bowels be kept open; in diarrhoeas, united with opium and catechu. Dose, f 3j. to f 3ij. every three or four hours; or after every liquid motion. MISTURA FERRI COMPOSITA. U.S.—L.E.D. Compound Mixture of Iron. (Myrrha cont. 3 ij., Potassa Carb. ly, Aq. Rosa f 5xviij., Fn-ri Sulph. cont. 3ijss., Spir. Myristica f Jj., Sacch. pur. 3 ij. Rub together the myrrh, carbonate of potassa, and sugar; then add, while triturating, the rose water, the spirit of nutmeg, and, lastly, the sulph.tfe of iron. Pour the mixture directly into a glass bottle, and stop it close.) Comp. 'Plie salts are decomposed, and 111? mixture contains protocarbonateof iron, and sulphate of potassa, suspended with the other ingredients. Oper. Tonic, emmenagogue. Use. In all cases in which preparations of iron are useful; par- ticularly in hysteria and chlorosis, depending on weak arterial action, after unloading the stomach and bowels. Dose, f 3 j. to f J ij. twice or three times a day Incomp. Acids, vegetable astringents. MISTURA FERRI AROMATICA. D. Aromatic Mixture of Iron. (Pulvcris Cinchona Lancifolia in pulverem crassum redacti Jj., Radicis Colomba concisalWy, Caryophylli Aroma tici contusi ly, Limatura Ferri Jss. Digest for three days in a covered vessel, occasionally agitating, with a sufficient quan- tity of peppermint water to permit twelve ounces to be obtained by straining; then add Tinetura Cardamomi Composita f J iij, Tinetura Aurantii f 3 iij.) Opcr. Tonic. Use. In dyspepsia, and some cases of debility. Dose. From f 3 iv. to f J ij. MISTURA GENTIANA5 COMPOSITA. L. Compound Mix- 128 MOR ture of Gentian. (Infusi Gcntiana comp. f J xij., Infusi Senna comp. f Jvj., Tinct. Cardam. comp. f 3 ij. Mi\.) Use. As a mild tonic purgative in dyspeptic affections accom- panied with costiveness. Dose, f J jss. to f Jij. MISTURA GUAIACI. L.E. Mixture of Guaiac. (Guaiaci Resina 3 iij., Sacch. pur. 3iv\, Mist. Acacia f I iv., Aq. Cin- nam. f Jxix. Rub the guaiacum with the sugar, then with the Mixture of Acacia; and add gradually the cinnamon water.) Lac Guaiaci. Opcr. The same as the guaiacum in substance. Use. In rheumatism, retrocedent gout, and dropsy. .Dose, f Jss. to f 3 ij. night and morning; diluting freely with tepid barley-water or gruel. MISTURA HORDEI. E. See Decoctum Hordei. MISTURA MOSCHI. L. Musk Mixture. (Mosehi, Acacia cont., Sacch. purif., sing. 3 iij., Aq. Rosa Oj. Rub the musk with the sugar, then add the gum, and by degrees the rose- water.) Mistura Moschata. Opcr. Antispasmodic, diaphoretic. Use. This is a convenient form of exhibiting musk. The late Mr. White, of Manchester, found the musk mixture, combined with ammonia 3 ss.,spiritof lavender f 3 j., and spirit of juniper f Jj, of great utility in sloughing phagedenic ulcers, of a syphi litic and strumous nature. Dose, f J ss. to f J ij. every four or five hours. Incomp. Sulphas ferri, mineral acids, infusion of yellow cin- chona. MISTURA SCAMMONII. Mixture of Scammony. (Resin of Scammony gr. vij., Milk f J iij., form an emulsion.) * Comp. The gummy portion of the scammony, with a small portion of the oleo-resin, held suspended in the milk. Use. As a purgative. Dose, f J jss. MISTURA SPIRITUS VINT GALLICI. Mixture of Brandy. (Spir. Vini Gallici, Aqua Cinnamomi, sing, f J iv., Ovorum duorum Vitellus, Cinnam Olei W[\'y, Saccharipur. Jss. Mix.) Use. Excitant. A dangerous mixture, calculated to encourage a desire for spirituous liquors. MONARDA. U. S. M. Punctata. Herba. Horsemint. (Di- andria, Monogynia. N. O. Labiata. Indigenous. 21.) Prop. Aromatic smell; warm, pungent, bitterish taste; abounds in a volatile oil. Opcr. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In flatulent colic, and sick stomach. Off. Prep Oleum Monarda, U. S. MORI. Baccae. L. Mori NigrafBacca;, D. Mulberries. (Morns Nigra, Monacia Tctrandria. N.O. Urticacea. Italy V.) Pr.v. Inodorous; taste sweet, subacid ; contains tartaric acid, jelly, and mucus. Opcr. Cooling, laxative. Use. Seldom used medicinally; as an article of food, mulberries are wholesome, unless eaten too freely, in which case they occasion diarrhoea. Off. Prep. Syrupus Mori, L. MORPHIA. U. S.—L. Morphia. Morphina. Morphine. MOR 129 (Hydrochlorate of Morphia Jj., Sol. of Ammonia f'I v., Dis. Water Oj. Add the hydrochlorate of morphia dissolved in the water to the solution of ammonia with f Jj. of water, and agitate. Wash the precipitate with distilled water, and dry it with a gentle heat. Or, take of Opium, sliced, ibj., Distilled Water, Alcohol, each asullicientquantity, Solution of Ammonia fj vj. Macerate the opium with Oiv. distilled water twenty four hours, and having worked it with the hand, digest for tw, nty-four hours, and strain. In dike manner macerate the residue twice successively with disdiled water, and strain. Mix the infm-ims, evaporate to Ovj., and filter; then add, first, Ov. of alcohol, and afterwards f J iij. of the solution of ammo- nia, previously mixed with Oss. of alcohol. After twenty-four hours, pour in the remainder of the solution of ammonia, mixed OS before, with Oss. of alcohol, and set the liquor aside for twenty-four hours that crystals may form. To purify these, boil them with Oij. of alcohol till dissolved, filter the solution, while ho,, iIn ough animal charcoal, and set it aside to crys tallizc.j—'('. .v. Phar. Camp. ('u lion 72.2, nitrogen 5.53, hydrogen 7.G0, oxygen 14.8, in 101 parts.* Or 34 eq. of carbon=2U8.08+18 hydrogen=18+8 oxygen=48+l iiitrogen=14.15 equiv. 233.23. Prop. Inodorous; colorless, or pure white; taste intensely hitter Crystals small, rectangular, four-sided prisms; inflammable; sparingly soluble in cold water and spirits of wine: water at 2123 dissolves 1100th of its weight. Op r. Narcotic, excitant. Use. Chiefly to prepare the more soluble salts. Dissolved in oil, and rubbed upon the skin, it produces narcotic effects. Off. Prep. Morphia Acetas ; Morphia Hydrochloras ; Morphia Slllph-is, L. E. MORPHIA: ACETAS. U. S.—L. E. Acetate of Morphia.' (Take of Morphia six drachms. Acetic Acid three fluid drachms Distilled Water four fluid ounces. Mix the acid with the water and pour it upon the'morphia to saturation. Evaporate with a gentle heat that crystals may form.f Or, take of Morphia, in powder, freed from narcotina by boiling with sulphuric aether, Jj., Distilled Water Oss., Acetic Acid a sufficient quantity. Mix the morphia with the water; then carefully drop in tiie acid, constantly stirring, until the morphia is saturated and dissolved. Evaporate the solution by means of a water bath to" the consistence of syrup. Lastly, dry the acetate with a gentle heat, and rub it into powder.)—U. S. Phar. Gimp. Morphia 1 eq.=238.2j+acetic acid 1 eq.=al.48, equiv.= 33S.71. Prop. Crystals small, acicular, of a greyish-white color, deli- quescent, and easily decomposed by alkalies, and by water. Opcr. Narcotic. Dose. From one-sixth of a grain to gr. J; endermically, gr. ss. to gr. iij. to the skin, where the cuticle has been removed by a blister. * Dumas and Pellctier. t As this acetate is decomposed by water, it should be kept in solution in distilled vinegar. 6* • 130 M 0 S MORPHIA! MURIAS. U. S—E. Morphia; Hydrochloras, L Hydrochlorate of Morphia. Muriate of Morphia, U. S. Pre- pared from opium. (Or, take of Morphia in powder Jj., Dis- tilled Water Oss., Muriatic Acid a sufficient quantity. Mix the morphia with the water; then carefully drop in the acid constantly stirring, till the morphia is saturated and dissolved. Evaporate the solution by means of a water bath, so that it may crystallize upon cooling. Dry the crystals upon bibulous paper.— U. S. Phar. Comp. Morphia 1 eq. 288.23+hydrochloric acid 1 eq. 36.42 equiv. =324.05. Prop. Crystals acicular, anhydrous, nearly colorless, inodorous and bitter; soluble in 16 parts of water; soluble in alcohol. Use. As a narcotic it is preferable to the acetate. Dose. Gr. £ to gr. \. MORPHIA; MURIATIS SOLUTIO. E. Solution of Muriate of Morphia. (Muriatis Morphia ly, Spirit. Vini rect. fjv., Aq. Dist. f J xv. Dissolve by the aid of a gentle hep.t.) Use. A ready mode of administering the hydrochlorate. Dose. From Mix. to f 3 ss. MORPHIA: SULPHAS. Sulphate of Morphia, F. Take of Morphia 6 parts, Distilled Water 12 parts, Sulphuric Acid diluted with twice its bulk of water, a quantity sufficient to saturate the morphia. Evaporate slowly, and crystallize.* To be kept in a stoppered phial. (Or, take of Morphia in pow- der-Jj., Distilled Water Oss., Diluted Sulphuric Acid a sufficient quantity; mix the morphia with the water, then carefully drop in the acid, constantly stirring till the morphia is saturated and dissolved. Evaporate the solution by means of a water bath, so that it may crystallize upon cooling. Dry the crystals upon bibulous paper.)—U. S. Phar. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter; crystals silky tufts, soluble in two parts of water at CO0. Opcr. Powerfully narcotic and sedative. Use. In all cases requiring the use of opium. Dose. From gr. J to gr. £. %* It is distinguished from sulphate ef quina, which it resembles, by becoming red when treated with concentrated nitric acid. MOSCHUS. U. S.—L. E. D. Musk. (Moschus Moschiferus, the Musk Deer. Mammalia Pecora, L. Ruminantia, Cuv. Asia.) Prop. Odor peculiar, aromatic, strong, durable; taste bitterish; color dark reddish brown; feel slightly unctuous; partially soluble in water, yielding to it taste and smell; soluble in a co- hol and sulphuric acid, with the loss of its odor. Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic, diaphoretic. Use. In spasmodic affections, as hysteria, singultus, pertussis, trismus, and epilepsy. In epilepsy we have seen it, when,given to the extent of 3 ss. three times a day, stop the fits in an old and confirmed case for three months. " In typhus attended with subsultus tendinum ; in cholera it checks the vomiting; and it arrests the progress of gangrene. It raises the pulse, and ex- cites the nervous system without heating. * Codex Medicamentarius. MUR 131 Dose. Gr. ij. to 3 ss. every three or four hours, in a bolus. Off. Prep. Mistura Moschi, L. Tinct. Moschi, D. MOXA. A mode of producing counter-irritation by burning different substances on the skin. It should be of some spongy, light, vegetable matter, readily combustible, as cotton, agaric, hemp, or flax, steeped in a solution of nitre; the pith of the sunflower. The common Moxa is prepared by rolling cotton into the form of a truncated cone or cylinder, about an inch long, wrapped round by a piece of fine linen, fastened at the side by a few stitches; or a piece of linen or paper, cut of the proper size, and steeped in alcohol, is laid on the surface and set fire to. Oper. A valuable counter-irritant, and revellent. Use. In all cases where counter-irritation of a deep and perma- nent kind is indicated. MUCILAGO. U. 8.—E. Muc. Gurami Arabici, D. Mucilago Acacia;, U. S. Mucilage of Acacia. (Acacia Gummi cont. J ix., Aq. Frigida Oj. Rub the gum with the water gradually added, and strain.) Mucilago Gummi Arabici. Oper. Demulcent. Use. To allay the tickling which keeps up the cough in catarrh; but chiefly to suspend insoluble matters in water and thin fluids. Dose, f 3 j. to f J j. united with syrup of poppies, occasionally. Incomp. Alcohol, aether, the metallic salts. Off. Prep. Potassio-Carbonatis Calcis, E. MUCILAGO AMtLI. E. D. Mucilage of Starch. (Amyli 3iv., Aqua Oj. Rub the starch, with the water gradually added, then boil it for a few minutes.) Prop. A gelatinous, opaline, colored, insipid, inodorous solution ; soluble in boiling water, insoluble in alcohol. Oper. Demulcent, sheathing. Use. Seldom given by the mouth, except in abrasions of the stomach; as clysters in diarrhoea, dysentery, and other intes- tinal irritations; particularly as a vehicle for exhibiting opium in enema. Incomp. Iodine and its preparations. MUCILAGO TRAGACANTHA:. U. S.—E. Muc. Gummi Tragacantha;, D. Mucilage of Tragacanth. (Gummi Astra- gali Tragacantha Triti 3 ij., Aq. Bull, f J viij. Macerate for twenty-four hours; then triturate till the.gum is dissolved,and press through linen cloth.) Mucilago Gummi Tragacantha. Use For pharmaceutical purposes. MUCUNA. L. E. Cowhage. (M. Pruriens, Diadelphia, De candria. N. O. Le.guminosa.) Dolichos pruriens. The bristles of the pods a very useful anthelmintic. Use. For dislodging the round worm. M1JRIAS BARYTA;. E.D. Barii Chloridum, U. S — L. Mu- riate of Barytes. Chloride of Barium. (From the carbonate.) Barii chloridum. Comp. Hydrochloric acid 23.35, baryta 64.85, water 11.80 parts, when in crystals?—(Berzclius.) Or 1 eq: bariura=68.7+l chlorine=35.12, equiv.=:104.12. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, disagreeable; crystals colorless; permanent tables; soluble in three parts of water at 60°, scarcely at all in alcohol: 95 grains in solution, acidulated with 15 132 MYR nitric acid, are not wholly precipitated by 49 grains of sulphate of magnesia. Use. For making the solution. Off. Prep. Solutio Muriatis Baryta, E. Liquor Barii Chloridi, U.S. MURIAS SODA: SICCATUM. E. Dried Muriate of Soda. (Common salt fused.) Dried Chloride of Sodium. Use. For the distillation of hydrochloric acid, which it affords colorless. MYRISTICA. U. S.: MYRISTICA: OLEUM. L.E.D. My risticae arillus, E. Nux Moschata dictus ; Maris, et ejus Oleum Volatile, D. Nutmegs, Mace, and the Essential Oil. (Diacia Monadelph. N. O. Myristacea. The Moluccas. 5.) Prop. Nutmegs have a fragrant, aromatic odor, and an agreeable, pungent taste; are roundish, greyish brown, streaked, unctuous, and easily cut. Alcohol extracts their active matter. The mace is membraneous, of a red-yellow color, unctuous, with the odor and taste of the nutmeg. The oil is yellow, possessing the odor and taste of the nutmeg in an eminent degree. Oper. Stim lant, stomachic, narcotic in large doses. Use. To relieve nausea and vomiting, and to check diarrhoea; but chiefly to give flavor to other remedies. Being narcotic, they are hurtful in apoplectic and paralytic habits. Dose. Of the nutmeg and mace, gr. v. to 3 j.; of the oil, IT[ij. to Hlvj. Off. Prep. Of the nutmeg, Spiritus Myristica, U. S.—L. E. D Tinct. Lavandula Comp., L. E. D. Spir. Armoracca Comp., L. Spir. Raphani Comp., D. Confectio Aromatica, U. S.—L. E. D. Elcctuarium Catechu, E. D. Pulvis Carbonatis Calcis Comp., D. Troch. Carbonatis Calcis, E. D. Of the oil, Spir. Ammonia Aromaticum, D. Pilula Scilla, D. Emplastrum Picis, L. MYROXYLON. U. S. M. Pcruiferum. Balsam of Peru. The Juice. (Decandria, Monogynia. N. O. Leguminosa. South America. >.) Prop. Viscid like syrup, of a dark reddish-brown color, fragrant odor; warm, bitterish taste: spec. grav. 1.14; inflammable; soluble in alcohol. Comp. Resin, essential oil, benzoic acid; extractive matter, water. Oper. Warm stimulating tonic, and expectorant. Use. In chronic catarrhs, asthma, phthisis, gonorrhoea, leucor- rhoea, amenorrhcea, chronic rheumatism, and palsy: externally, in chronic indolent ulcers. Dose, f 3 ss. in mucilage of sugar, gum arabic, and water. MYRRHA. U.S.—L.E.D. Myrrh. (Balsamodendron Myrrha. Octand. Monogyn. N. O. Bursaracea. Abyssinia, Arabia Felix. •>.) Comp. Resin, muco-extractive, volatile oil. Prop. Odor fragrant, peculiar; taste bitter, aromatic; in reddish- yellow, light, brittle, irregular tears, or in masses; partially soluble in distilled water, when aided by friction; alcohol dissolves only the resin ; soluble in alkalies; spec. grav. 1.360; easily pulverized. Oper. Stimulant, expectorant. Use. In cachectic complaints, humoral asthma, chronic catarrh OLE ].°,3 and phthisis pulmonalis unattended by hectic or much active inflammation. Dose. G.. x. to 3j. in powder, united with nitre, camphor, sul- phate of potassa, sulphate of zinc, or of iron. Off. Prep. Tmr.t. Myrrha, U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct. Aloes et Myrrha, U. S— E. Pilula Aloes Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Pil. Ferri Comp., U. S.—L. Pilula Galbani Comp., L. D. Pilula Assafatida Comp., E. Pilula Rhei Comp., U. S— L. E. M YRTUS -PLMENTA. Vide Pimcnta. NAPTHA. A transparent, yellowish white, very light and in- flammable, limpid liquid, found abundantly in Persia; also, obtained from the distillation of petroleum or Barbadoes tar, or Seneca oil, and in the formation of gas from coal, which is rendered pure by rectification. (Bunnah, Italy, Barbadoes, Kenhawa, Seneca Lake.) Comp. Hydrogen and carbon. Prop. Dissolves caoutchouc, and is therefore used in preparing surgical instruments of that material; clear, limpid, very in- fl.nnmable. Petroleum is a black, nearly opaque liquid, of the coi s.stence of molassis, unctuous to the touch, taste bitu- minous, odor strong, tenacious: spec. grav. 0.730 to 0.878; yields naptha by distillation, leaving a solid residue of asphal- titm ; little affected by alcohol, acids, or alkalies, but dissolves in lether and the fixed and volatile oils. Med. Prop, and Uses. A stimulating antispasmodic and sudo- rific, given in disorders of the che; t, especially in the West In- dies; for the tapeworm in Germany, by mixing one" part petro- leum with one and a half parts Tinct. Assafoetida, of which 40 drops are given three times a day. Latterly recommended highly in the cure of consumption. Also, in cutaneous diseases I have found it a good substitute for the vulgar tar ointment. Mix 3 iij. naptha with 3xxx. lard, and apply in tine i, psoriasis, Slc. When applied to the tongue, it causes a peculiar heat and pricking sensation, which extends down the throat and bronchial tubes, and exciting a spasm of the latter, ends in inducing a couch of a kind very efficacious in clearing the ail cells and bronchia of accumulations of mucus: hence its use in the asthmatic coughs of old people, and where expectoration is scanty from debility. Do-se. Mix 3j. naptha, suspended by a small quantity of boiling alcohol, in Jiv. simple syrup, and give a teaspoonful every fifteen minutes till expectoration is fully established. Or as an electuary, by mixing gr. x. naptha with gr. xxx. honey or mo lasses, or in that proportion, and giving a tablespoonful, as be- fore. 3 ss. to 3 j. of petroleum, in any convenient vehicle, is a disc. And externally as a stimulating embrocation in chil- blains, chronic rheumatism, affections of the joints, and para lysis. British Oil is made by mixing the following ingredients: R Olei Tereb'nth. f J viij., Olei Lini f J viij., Olei Succini fjiv., Olei Juniperi f 3 iv., Petrolei Barbadeus fjiij., Petrolei American (Seneca oil) 3j. Mix.—(Jour. Phil. Col. Phar., V. 29.) L. NUX VOMICA. U.S. Vide Strychnos. OLEUM AJTHEREUM. L. Altliereal Oil. 'Formed in the distillation of Aether.) Oleum Vini 134 OLE Prop. Odor and taste of aether; less volatile; oily, thick, of a yellow color: insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol. Use. As an ingredient in the compound spirit of aether. Off. Prep. Spiritus JEtheris Sulphurici Compositus, L. D. OLEUM AMYGDALA:. U.S.—L. 01. Amygdalae Communis, E. Ol. Amygdalarum, D. Oil of Almonds. (Expressed from both sweet and bitter almonds.) J xvj. of almonds yield J v. of oil. Oleum Amygdala. Comp. Sweet almonds contain hydrocyanic acid, volatile oil, fixed oil 23, emukion 30, sugar 6, gum 3, seed coats 8, woody fibre 5.—(Vogel.) The oil contains elaine 76, margarin 24— (Braconnot), carbon 77, hydrogen 11, oxygen 10, nitrogen 0.28. —(Saussure.) The bitter aimonds contain amygdalin and benzule (See Pareira, vol. ii., p. 1107-8.) Prop. Inodorous, insipid; of a pale straw color; unctuous, lim- pid, lighter than water; insoluble in water and alcohol, but miscible in distilled water by means of mucilage or yolk of egg; attracts oxygen from the atmosphere, and becomes dense, viscid, and rancid Oper. Demulcent, emollient. Use. In catarrh and coughs, united with water by means of mucilage and sugar, or a few drops of liquor ammonia;. An injection composed of oil of almonds f Jiv.,and solution of sub- acetate of lead niviij., is said to be useful at the commencement of gonorrhoea. Dose, f Jss. to f Jj. OLEUM An'ETHL E. Oil of Dill. (From the seeds of the Anethum Graveolens.) Prop. Light yellow; taste sweetish and hot; soluble in 1440 times its weight of water; spec. grav. 0.881. Opcr. Stimulant. Use. In flatulent colic. Dose, filij. to fflvj. OLEUM ANISI. U.S.—L.E. D. Oil of Anise. (Obtained by distillation from the seeds of Pimpinella Anisum.* ♦All the volatile oils are volatile at a low temperature ; soluble in alcohol, and separated from it by water; highly inflammable; and decomposed in a high temperature, hydrogen being evolved, and charcoal obtained. Their components are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; and they differ from the fixed oils, in containing less carbon in proportion to the hydrogen. They are divisible, according to Thomson, into three kinds:—1. Those which contain only carbon and hydrogen: these are lighter than water, and combine in definite proportions with acids; hence are probably bases—2. Those that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: these are probably heavier than water, and combine with bases, and are hence considered analogous to acids.—3. Vesicating oils ; containing sulphur, and probably azote. They unite with diffi- culty with the alkalies, more easily with their carbonates; and can be suspended in water by means of sugar'and mucilage. Their adulteration with fixed and cheaper essential oils is detected by evaporating a drop on paper, and examining the odor; and observing whether a greasy stain be left on the paper, which is the case when they are mixed with fixed oil; mixed with alcohol. OLE 135 mp. Cubon 81, hydrogen 8, oxygen JO. Prop. Odor that of the vegetable; taste pungent, bitter, sweetish; pale yellow color; crystallizes at 50° Fahr. in flat tables. Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In flatulent colic. Dose. Hlv. to fllxv. rubbed up with sugar and camphor mixture. Off. Prep. Tinetura Opii Ammoniata, E. Tinct. Camph. Comp., L^ Tinetura Opii Camphorata, E. OLEUM ANTHEMIDIS. L. E. Oil of Chamomile. (By dis- tillation from the flowers of Matricaria Chamomilla. The Anthemis, Arnica, and Achillea, also yield blue-colored oils.) Oleum Chamameli. Prop. Odor that of the flower; taste pungent; color when recent cerulean blue ; but when old, a dark yellow. Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic. Use. In colics, cramps of the stomach and as an adjunct to purgative pills. Dos-. m.v. to fllx. OLEUM CAJUPETI. U. S. Oil of Cajuput. (Secondary.) (Obtained from the Melaleuca Cajuputi, from the Moluccas.) Prop. Very fluid; fine bluish-green color; lively, penetrating odor; warm, pungent taste ; very volatile; spec. grav. 0.978 at 48° ; often adulterated with turpentine and oil of rosemary. Opcr. Powerfully stimulant. Use. In epilepsy, palsy, chronic rheumatism, spasmodic affec- tions of the stomach and bowels, cholera. Mixed with olive oil, it is used externally in gout and rheumatism; also foi toothache. Dos- One to five drops in emulsion, or on sugar. OLEUM CARUI. U. S.—L. E. D. Oil of Caraway. (By dis- tillation from the seeds.) Carum Carui. Prop. Odor that of the seeds; taste pungent, sweetish; color yellow ; tenacious. Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In flatulent colic; and as an adjunct to purgative pills. Dose. iTlj. to 1m\x. Off. Prep. Electuarium Senna, D. Confectio Srammonii, L. Pilula Aloes Comp., L, Pilula Aloes cum Myrrha, D. OLEUM CARYOPHYLLI AROMATICI. U. S.—E. Oil of Cloves. (From distilling the unripe fruit of Eugenia Caryo- phyllata.) Pi op. Hot taste ; brown color; spec. grav. 1.050; combines with bases, showing acid properties; composed of two oils, which may be separated by distilling with potash ley. Use. The same as cloves. Dose. TTlj. to TTliv. OLEUM CHENOPODII. U.S. Oil of Wonnseed. they become milky on the addition of water to the suspected oil. In preparing them, put the substance from which the oil is to be extracted into a retort, or other vessel suitable for distillation, and add enough water to cover it; then distil into a large refrigerator. Separate the distilled oil from the water which comes over with tt—U. S.Phar. 136 OLE Prop. Color light-yellow, becoming brownish by age. Spec grav. 0.908. Oper. Anthelmintic. iDc.se. Four to eight drops for a child, repeated morning and evening for three or four days, and then followed by a brisk cathartic. OLEUM COPAIBA:. E. Oil of Copaiba. Use. The same as the copaiba. OLEUM FCENICULI. U.S. : DULCIS. D.E. Oil of Fennel Seeds. (By distillation from the seeds.) Comp. Carbon 81, hydrogen 8, oxygen 10. Prop. Odor that of fennel; taste pungent, sweetish, hot; color aqueous ; congeals under 32°. Opcr. and Use. The same as of the seeds Dose. ADJ. to fUxx. OLEUM GAULTHERLE. U. S. Oil of Partridge Berry. (From the leaves of the Gaultheria Procumbens. It is found also in the bark of the Betula lentai, the root of the Polygala Paucifolia, roots and stems of the Spirca Ulmaria, Spirea Lo- bata, and Gaultheria Hispidula.) Prop. Of a brownish yellow color; sweetish, peculiar taste; an agreeable, characteristic odor; heaviest of the known essential oils; spec. grav. 1.17. Use. To cover the taste of other medicines. Off. Prep. Syrupus Sarsaparilla, U. S. OLEUM HEDEOMA;. U. S. Oil of Pennyroyal. (From the Hedeoma Pulegioides.) Prop. Color light yellow, odor and taste of the herb; spec. grav. 0.948. Use. As a stimulant in flatulent colic and sick stomach, and to impart flavor to mixtures. Dose. Two to ten drops. OLEUM JECINORIS ASELLI. Cod-Liver Oil. (A fish oil obtained from several fishes belonging to the genus Gadus, by exposing to the sun the livers cut in slices, and collecting the oil that runs out. That which runs out first resembles olive oil, and is called yellow cod-liver oil. If the livers are in a state of putrefaction, the oil becomes of a chestnut brown color.) Prop. Color varies from light yellow to a reddish brown ; clear or turbid; smell faint, or like that of old salt herrings; taste of the brown like that of train oil, empyreumatic, bitier, some- what acrid, remaining a long time on the tongue; soluble in alcohol and aether: reddens litmus paper; owes its virtues to bromine and iodine. Oper. Diuretic, alterative, slightly diaphoretic. Use. Used extensively in Germany in scrofula, rickets, rheuma- tism, chronic cutaneous diseases, chorea, tubercles, atrophy. Dose. 3 ij. to 3 iv. two or three times a day; to children ij., with lemon syrup, coffee, or sugar and water. Externally in cases of ulcers, fistula;, &c. Its therapeutical effects slowly developed. OLEUM JUNIPERI. U. S.—L. E. D. Oil of Juniper. (By distillation from the fruit.) Ol. Juniperi Bacca. Prop. Odor similar to that of turpentine; taste acrid, hot, similar to that of the fruit; color greenish yellow; deposit i a feculent OLE 137 matter when kept; often adulterated with oil of turpentine, which may be detected by obtaining the specific gravity, which is thus rendered lighter than usual. Oper. Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic. Use. In dropsies; advantageously added to digitalis when it is given in the form of pills. Dose, fflij. to lfl.x. or more, rubbed up with sugar or mucilage , and water. OLEUM LAVANDULA:. U. S.—L. E. D. Oil of Lavender. (By distillation from the Lavandula Spica.) Prop. Odor very fragrant, that of the flower; taste warm ; of a lemon color. Oper. Stimulant. Use. In hysteria and nervous headaches. Dose. Itlj. to in.v. on a lump of sugar. Off. Prep. Unguentum Sulphuris, E. OLEUM VOLATILE LAURI SASSAFRAS. E. 01. Sassa- fras, U. S.—D. Oil pf Sassafras. (By distillation from the chips.) Prop. Odor fragrant, that of the wood; taste acrid, very hot, burning the lips when tasted: limpid, yellow, heavier than water; often adulterated with oil of lavender and oil of tur- pentine. Oper. Stimulant, sudorific, diuretic. Use. In scorbutus, chronic rheumatism, cutaneous diseases. Dose, lllij. to nix. rubbed with sugar. OLEUM LINI. U.S.—L.D. O,. Lini Usitatissimi, E. Lin- seed Oil. (Expressed from the bruised seeds.) Comp. Nearly the same as those of olive oil, with some mucilage. Prop. Odor strong; taste unpleasant, nauseous; does not congeal by cold ; becomes easily rancid. Oper. Demulcent, emollient, laxative. Use. It has been given with advantage in ileus, when purgatives have failed; but it is chiefly used in the form of clyster, in flatulent colic, attended with costiveness; and in abrasions of the rectum; externally in burns and wounds. Dose, fjss.tofjj.; in clysters, f J iij. 10 f J vj. Off. Prep. Linimentum Aqua Calcis, E. OLEUM MENTHA: PIPERITA:. U. S.—L. E. 01. Mentha; Piperitidi--, D. Oil of Peppermint. (By distillation from the dried plant.) 01. Mentha Piperitidis. Comp. CV.rbon 80, hydrogen 11, oxygen 8. Prop. Odor strong, that of the plant; taste acrid, very hot and biting, with a peculiar sensation of coldness; lighter than wa- ter; color brown-yellow. Opcr. Stimulant, antispasmodic, carminative. Use. In cramp of the stomach and flatulent colic. Dose. mj. to miij. rubbed up with sugar or mucilage. Off. Prep. Pilula Rhei Comp., E. Pilula Aloes cum Zingibere, D. OLEUM MENTHA3 PULEGII. E. Oil of Pennyroyal. (By distillation.) Prop. Odor and taste of the plant; warm, pungent Oper. Excitant. Use. In flatulence, hysteria, amenorrhea. Dose, flliij. to III viij. 138 OLE OLEUM MENTHA; ViRlDIS. U.S.—L.E.D. Oil of Spear- mint. (By distillation from the dried plant.) Prop. Odor that of the plant; taste warm, pungent. Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In flatulence and anorexia. Dose, lllij. to 1R.V. on a lump of sugar. Off. Prep. Infusum Mentha Comp., D. OLEUM MONARDAI. U. S. Oil of Horsemint. (From the fresh herb of Monarda Punctata.) Prop. A reddish-amber color; fragrant odor; warm and very pungent taste. Use. A powerful rubefacient; also stimulant and carminative. OLEUM MYRISTICA! U. S. Oil of Nutmeg. (Obtained from the fruit of the Myristica Moschata.) Prop. Two oils are obtained from the nutmeg: a fixed oil, and a volatile oil; the first by expression, the last by distillation with water; is yellowish; spec. grav. 0.920; deposits a solid crvstillized matter, soluble in alcohol and aether. OLEUM ORIGANI. U. S.—L. E. D. Oil of Origanum. (By distillation from the dried plant.) Prop. Odor that of the plant; taste hot, very acrid; of a yellow color. Oper. Stimulant, narcotic. Vse. Scarcely ever given internally; a drop of it put into a carious tooth relieves the pain of toothache. OLEUM PIMENTA:. U. S—L. E. D. Oil of Pimento. (By distillation from the covering of the fruit of the Myrtus Pimenta.) Prop. Odor very fragrant; taste that of the pimento in an in- creased degree; color a red brown; heavier than water; com bines with bases like the oil of cloves. Oper. Stimulant. Vse. In debilities of the stomach, colic, and tympanitis. Dose, flliij. to in. v. rubbed with sugar. Off. Prep. Emplast. Aromoticum, D. OLEUM PIPERIS CUBEBA:. E. 01. Cu/bebae, U. S. Oil of Cubebs. Opcr. Stimulant, diuretic. Use. The same as the cubebs; but less efficacious in gonorrhoea. OLEUM RICINI. U. S—L. E. D. Castor Oil. (Bruise the castor seeds, previously decorticated ; then express the oi^ without the application of heat.) Jxiv. of the seeds yield about f J iij. of oil. Ol. e Seminibus Ricini. Prop. Recently drawn, inodorous, nearly insipid; colorless, or of a very pale straw color; thick, but perfectly transparent; lighter than water. It becomes soon rancid by keeping, thick- ens, deepens in color to a reddish brown, and has a hot, l.ause- ous taste; soluble in all proportions with alcohol and aether, and when so mixed lets fall all foreign bodies mixed with it. Oper. Purgative. Use. In all eases where stimulant purgatives would be hurtful; particularly in dysentery, colica pictonum ; calculous complaints and ileus ; and, as it operates very quickly, in spasmodic affec- tions. It is an excellent purge at all limes for children, women in child bed, and after surgical operations in which the viscera are at all concerned. It is also a good adjunct to clysters OLE 139 Dose, f J ss. to f J jss. either floated on a little water, and covered with a small quantity of brandy), or in the following draught: R Olei ricini f Jss., mucilaginis q. s. tere optime, et paullariin adde, aqua; distillatae f Jj., spir. lavandulae comp. fllxx., syr. tolutani f Jss. Misce. OLEUM ROSA:. Otto or Ottar of Roses. (By distilling the petals of the Rosa Centifolia with water; chiefly from Egypt and India, as the roses of this country yield so little oil as hardly to pay the expense of the process.) Prop. Nearly colorless; delightful odor; spec. grav. 0.872; below 8u° Fah. into a substance like butter; at 72° 1000 parts alcohol dissolve 33 parts oil of roses. Composed of two oils, one liquid, the other solid, and destitute of smell; separated by freezing, and pressing between folds of blotting paper. Comp. Carbon 85.72, hydrogen 14.28. OLEUM ROSMARINI. U. S.—L. E. D. Oil of Rosemary. (By distillation from the tops of the dried plant.) OleumRoris Marini. Comp. The same as other essential oils, with some camphor. Prop. Odor very fragrant, and taste like that of the plant; limpid Hke water; deposits crystals of camphor when long kept Oper. Stimulant. Use. In nervous complaints. Dose, fllij. to fllyj. rubbed up with sugar. Off. Prep. Tinetura Saponis, E. Alcohol. Ammoniatum Aroma- ticum, E. OLEUM RUTA:. D.E. Oil of Rue. (Distilled from the dried plant. Prop. Odor that of the plant, but weaker; taste strong of the plant, sharp, hot; color yellow; when kept it becomes brown, and deposits a brownish resinous sediment; easily congeals. Oper. Antispasmodic; externally rubefacient. Use. In hysteria, and the convulsive affections of infancy at- tending on dentition; externally in palsy. Dose, fllij. to fllv. rubbed with sugar or mucilage. OLfiUM SABINA5. U.S.—D.E. Oil of Savine. (By distilla- tion from the dried plant.) Juniperus Sabina. Comp. Carbon 88, hydrogen 11. Prop. Odor and taste of the plant; limpid like water; color pale yellow. Oper. Stimulant, emmenagogue; externally vesicant. Use. In the same cases for which the plant is employed. Dose, fllij. to ulyj. OLEUM SAMBUCI. L. Oil of Elder Flowers. (By distillation.) Prop. Odor that of the flowers. Opcr. Moderately excitant. OLEUM SASSAFRAS. U.S. Oil of Sassafras. (By distilling the chips or the root of the Laurus Sassafras, the last of which yields about two per cent.) Prop. Color yellow; odor fragrant; taste aromatic and pungent; spec. grav. 1.094; separates, by agitation with water, into two oils; very often adulterated with oil of lavender and oil of tur- pentine, which may be separated by cautious distillation. Oper. Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic. Dose. Two to ten drops. OLEUM SINAPIS. Oil of Mustard Seed. Sinapis Nigra et 140 OLE Alba. Black and White Mustard. (Tetradynamia, Siliquoie. N. O. Crucifera. Europe. © ) Macerate the bruised seed in cold water several hours, then distil.—Hamburgh Phar. Prop. Of a yellowish-white color; smells strongly of mustard ; excites a violent pungent sensation ; acrid, burning taste; causes a sense of burning, and intense redness and vesication on the parts to which it is applied. Oper. A poi\ erful stimulant and diuretic; externally revellent, counter-irritant, vesicant. Use. In all cases of torpor of the system, where stimulants are indicated, as palsy, atonic dropsy, low forms of fever, some of the neuroses; externally in neuralgia, paralysis, subacute rheumatism, odontalgia, gastrodyiiia, &c. Dose. Two drops may be mixed in J vj. of an emulsion, and a tablesooorifnl given every two hours. Externally it is either rubbed on the skin, or applied by means of strips of linen dipped in the oil, which should remain on about ten minutes. This may be repeated twice a day in chronic diseases, especially to the trunk and extremities. This oil being very volatile, should be kept in vessels closelv stopped. OLEUM SUCClNI. U.S.—L.E.D. Ol. Succini Rectificatum, U. S.—D. Oil of Amber. (Distilled from amber with a very gentle heat, and rectified.) Prop. Odor strong, fetid, bituminous; taste pungent, acrid; so- luble in water; imperfectly in alcohol; nearly colorless at first, but it gradually becomes brown. Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic, rubefacient. Use. In hysteria, epilepsy, and deficient menstruation ; exter- nally in paralysis, and chronic rheumatism of the joints. The following is recommended as a friction in tic douloureux: R Ol. succini f Jj., tinct. opii f Jss. Misce. Dose. TH.v. to fllxij. rubbed up with mucilage. OLEUM SUCCINI OXIDATUM. U.S. Oxidated Oil of Am- ber. (Olei Succini f 3 j., Acidi Nitrici f I iijss. Put the oil of amber in a glass vessel, and gradually drop the acid into it, at the same time stirring the mixture with a glass rod. Let it stand for thirty-six hours, then separate the supernatant resin- ous matter from the acid fluid beneath, and wash it repeatedly, first with cold, and, lastly, with hot water, till the acid taste be removed.) Use. Recommended as a substitute for musk, to which it is analogous in its properties. OLRUM SULPHURATUM. E. Sulphuretted Oil. (Sulphuris loti Jij., Oliva Olei Oj. Heat the oil in a large iron pot, and throw in the sulphur by degrees, stirring the mixture after each addition till they unite.) Prop. Odor extremely fetid ; taste acrid ; color reddish-brown, thick. Opcr. Stimulating, irritating; externally detergent. Use. Now seldom given internally; but formerly it was much used in coughs, asthma, and other pulmonary complaints, and often proved hurtful. Externally it is applied to foul running ulcers. Dose. fllv. to fllxx. in a glassful of water. Off- Prep. Emplast. Ammoniaci cum IIydrargyro,Jj. Emplast. Hydrargyri, L. OLI 141 OLEUM TEBEBINTHINA; PURIFICATUM. L. E. D. 01. Terebinthinx, U. S. Rectified Oil of Turpentine. (Olei Tere- binlhina bj., Aqua Oiv. Cautiously distil over the oil.) Prop. Odor penetrating; taste hot, pungent; colorless, limpid, lighter than water, volatile; sparingly .-oluble in alcohol. Contains two oils, the most volatile of which is called Cam- phinc, by Dumas. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, sudorific, anthelmintic, rubefacient. Use. In chronic rheumatism, lumbago, nnd sciatica; and in passive uterine haemorrhages ; dropped into the ear in deafness from defect of wax; applied to indolent tumors; and in em- brocation, in rheumatism and bruises. It is given in very large doses, alone, or united with honey, against the taenia solium, which it brings away entire, dead, after two or three doses. Dose. IIlx. to t'3j. in the first cases; but for the expulsion of taenia f Jss. to f J ij. Off. Prep. Linimentum Tcrebinthina, U. S.—L. Linimentum Cantharidis, U. S. %* It forms the greater part of a reputed quack medipine, White- head's Essence of Mustard. OLEUM TIGLII. Croion Oil. (Croton Tiglii. Nonacia, Monadelphia. N. O. Euphorbiacea. East Indies. >.) Comp. Croton oil is obtained by expression from the seeds, vviiich consist of 64 parts of kernel, 36 envelope, in the 100— and the cotyledons yield 60 per cent, of oil. Prop. A thickish fluid, of a honey-yellow color, a faint but disagreeable smell, taste hot and acrid, leaving an impression which remains for many hours. Wholly soluble in sulphuric nether and oil of turpentine, and partially in alcohol. Consists of two portions—one acid and purgative, amounting to 45 per cent, (a resin and Crotonic acid), soluble in cold alcohol ; the other, a mild oleaginous substance, like olive oil, soluble in aether and oil of turpentine. A fixed oil often adulterated. Oper. A powerful hydragogue purgative, acting generally in moderate doses without pain, but in large doses excites vomit- ing and severe griping pain. A drop placed on the tongue, in a comatose state, will usually operate. Use. In constipation and torpor of the intestines—in dropsy, apoplexy, mania, coma, inflammation of the brain, hydroce- phalus-, and whenever powerful revulsion from the head is indicated. Externally as a revellent, or counter-irritant, pro- ducing a pustular eruption in twelve hours after the first friction —in rheumatism and gout, phthisical affections, incipient phthisis, and in the neuroses, as palsy, hooping cough, spas inodic asthma. Dose, i to ;l and J a drop every two or three hours, in emulsion * or pill. Externally, four to six drops may be rubbed in twice a day. If the skin is very sensitive, mix it with an equal por- tion oi some fixed or volatile oil. OLIiJANUM. L. lioswellia Serrata. Gummi Resina, D. Uliu-iiiuiii. (Boswcllia Serrata. Decandria, Monogyn. N.O. Ilaesracea. India. ^ .) Olibanum, Gummi Resina. Comp. Gum resin, volatile oil. Prop. Odor peculiar, aromatic ; taste bitterish, slightly pungent; in grains of different sizes, semi-transparent, brittle; color /42 OPI reddish-yellow; partly soluble in alcohol; forms a milky emulsion when triturated with water. Oper. Stimulant. Use. Seldom used except as a perfume in sick rooms. OLIVA: OLEUM. L. E. D. Olive Oil. (Olea Europea. Di- and. Monogynia. N. O. Oleacea. South of Europe. ^.) Expressed from the ripe fruit. Comp. Carbon 79, hydrogen 21 parts; perhaps some oxygen : or according to Braconnot, of oil of a greenish-yellow color 72, vei / white suet 28 parts. Prop. Inodorous, insipid ; transparent, of the palest straw-color; lighter than water; cannot combine with it, nor with alcohol, but may be diffused through water by means of mucilage; boils at 600° of Fahr., therefore not volatile; congeals at 38° ; attracts oxygen, and becomes rancid, when exposed to the air; forms soaps with the alkalies and lime; plasters, with oxides of lead. Its purity is ascertained by mixing with it l-12th of its volume of a concentrated solution of pernitrate of mercury: if pure, it becomes like a firm fat in a few hours. Oper. Demulcent, emollient, gently laxative. Use. In catarrhs and pulmonary complaints; in emulsion with mucilage; in a simple state, when acrid matters are taken into the stomach; externally it has been advantageously used as a friction in plague ; as an injection in gonorrhoea; an adjunct to clysters in dysentery and abrasions; and in the formation of ointments and plasters. Dose, fly to f Jj. triturated with mucilage, or mixed with water by means of a few drops of liquor potassae, or liquor ammoniae. OPIUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Opium. (Papaver Somniferum. Poiyandria, Monogynia. N. O. Papaveracea. South of Eu- rope. 0.) Comp. Gummy matter, resin, caoutchouc, gluten, a volatile oil, narcotina, codeia, meconina, narceia, morphia, meconic acid, alum, sulphate of lime, of potassa, of iron; besides which, opium generally contains £ its weight of impurities. Prop. TURKEY OPIUM.—Odor heavy, narcotic; taste nau- seous, bitter, acrid, warm; in flattish cakes, solid, tenacious; of a reddish-brown color, yellowish when powdered ; marks on paper a light-brown interrupted streak. EAST INDIAN.— Odor the same, and empyreumatic ; taste less bitter, but more nauseous; color darker. Opium is partially soluble in water and ih alcohol; very soluble in vinegar and in oil. Oper. Stimulant in small doses, but in larger, narcotic anti spasmodic, diaphoretic, sedative, anodyne ; operating through the nerves on the'living solid ; externally, its stimulant effects are considerable, but soon followed by its narcotic. Use. In all painful affections, where the inflammatory diathesis is not very considerable ; in diarrhoea and dysentery; intermit- tents; in typhus, in smaller doses as a cordial, in larger to allay irritation and produce sleep; cholera and pyrosis; in rheuma- tism when inflammatory fever is not present; retrocedent gout; and in convulsive and spasmodic diseases. When combined with calomel, in inflammation after blood-letting, and in syphi- lis, as Well as to arrest the progress of gangrene. It is employed in a watery solution, containing gr. ij. in f J j. of water, as an OS 143 injection in gonorrhoea and spasmodic stricture, as an adjunct f/O clysters in diarrhoea; and by friction, united with oil, in tetanus and other spasms. Dose. Gr. £ to gr. ss. to produce its stimulant effects ; gr. j. to gr li., its narcotic; but in spasmodic complaints, it has been given to a \ ery great extent. Incomp. Li,iip-water, alkaline carbonates, bichloride of mercury, nitrate of Mlver, sulphates of zinc, coj per, and iron, infusion of yellow bark( astringent infusions and decoctions; solution of catechu and of kino; acetates of lead. *#* When opium has been taken as a poison, the stomach should be first evacuated by the stomach-pump, worked with infusion of yellow bark, or by emetics containing very little water, and after the whole of the opium has been evacuated, aromatic stimulants given, and mustard cataplasms applied externally. Off. Prep. Opium Puriftcatum, D. Confectio Opii, U. S.—L. D. Electa irium Opii,E. Electuar. Catechu, E. Extractum Opii L. E. D. Pilula Opii, U. S.—E. Pil. Saponis comp., U. S.—L. Pil. Styracis comp.. L. E. Pil. Calomclane et Opii, E. Pil. Ipecac, et Opii, E. Ij. Pulv. Opiatus, E. Pulv. Creta Comp, cum Opio, L. E. Pulv. Ipecacuanha Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Pulv. Kino Comp., L. Elect. Opii, E. Tinct. Opii, U. S.— L. E. D. Tinct. Camphora Comp., U. S— L. E. D. Tinct. Opii Ammoniata, E. Troch. Opii, E. Tinct. Opii Acetata, U. S. Acetum Opii, U. S—E. Vinum Opii, U. S— L. E. Enema Opii, D. E. Linimentum Opii, E. Lin. Saponis cum Opio, D. Emplastrum Opii, U. S.—D. E. OPOPONAX. L. D. Opoponax. (Opoponax Chironium, Pen- tandria. Digyn. N. O. Umbellifera. Italy. 21.) Exudes from the roots when wounded. Opoponax, Gummi Resina. Comp. Gom resin, a trace of caoutchouc, a volatile oil. Prop. Odor strong, peculiar; taste bitter, acrid; in lumps of a reddish-yellow color, white within; forms a milky solution when triturated with water. Oper. Antispasmodic, emmenagogue. Use. In hysteria and chlorosis; but it is seldom used. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. ORIGANUM. U. S.—L E. Common Marjoram. (Origanum Viilgare. Didynam. Gymnocperm. N. O. Labiata. Indige- nous. If..) Prop. Odor fragrant, taste aromatic, pungent, not unlike that oflhym;. Oper. Tonic, stomachic, emmenagogue'? Use. In debilities of the stomach : scarcely ever used. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. in powder. Off. Prep. Oleum Origani, U. S.—L. D. ORIGANI MARJORANA: HERBA. D. Sweet Marjoram. (Class and Order as above. Portugal. 0.) Marjorana. Prop. Odor strong, fragrant; taste aromatic, bitterish. Opcr. Stomachic, errhine. Use. Chiefly for culinary purposes; and as a snuff in headaches. Off. Prep. Pulo. Asari Comp., D. OS. U. S. Ed. I). Bone. Prop, and Comp. Too well known to need description. Off. Prep. Soda Plwsphas, U. S. 16 144 OX Y OVUM. L. E. Egg. (Phasianus Gallus, the Common Fowl, CI. Aves. Old. Gallinacea.) Oper. Nutritive. Use. The yolk and white swallowed raw are said to be useful in jaundice; in convalescences the yolk is given, beat up with sugar and wine; triturated with oils, it renders them miscible with water. Off. Prep. Mist. Spir. Vini Gallici, L. OXiDUM FERRI RUBRUM. E.D. Red Oxide of Iron. (The sulphate of iron exposed to a stiong heat, till it becomes red. The Dublin College orders it to be washed, and dried on blotting paper.) A peroxide. Ferrum Vitriolatum Ustum. Coxnp- Iron 52, oxygen 48 parts, in 100 of the oxide ; 2 eq. iron= 56+3 oxygen=24, eq. 80: if it be not washed, it contains also a small portion of red sulphate of iron. Prop. Taste styptic ; the Edinburgh preparation deliquesces. Oper. Tonic, stimulant. Use. In the same cases as the other salts of iron , rarely used Dose. Gr. v. to gr. x. Off. Prep. Marias Ammonia et Ferri, E. D. OXiDUM ZINCI IMPTJRUM. E. D. Impure Oxide of Zinc. (Sublimed in roasting ores of zinc with galena.) Comp. Zinc 85, oxygen 15 parts; but these proportions are doubtful, and tutty contains some metallic zinc and argil. Prop. Inodorous, insipid, hard, ponderous, rough, and brownish on the outside ; smooth and yellow within. Use. For pharmaceutical purposes. Off. Prep Oxidum Zinci Impurum Praparatum, E. Unguen turn Oxidi Zinci Impuri, E. D. OXIDUM ZINCI IMPURUM PRASPARATUM. E. Prepared Impure Oxide of Zinc. (Prepared in the same manner as im- pure carbonate of zinc. Oper. Astringent. Use. Externally in ophthalmia; as an adjunct to ointments; and dusted on the parts in superficial inflammation. OXYMEL. L.D. Simple Oxymel. (Mellis fox., Acidi Acetici Ojss. Mix the acid with the honey made hot.) Mel Acetatum. Oper. Cooling, diaphoretic; externally detergent. Use. In fevers and peripneumonia; as an adjunct to gargles in cynanche tonsillaris. Dose, f 3 j. to f Jj. dissolved in barley-water. OXYMEL COLCHICI. D. Oxymel of Meadow Saffron. (Rad. Colchici rec. in laminas tenues secta Jj., Aceti Distillati Ibj., Mellis despum. pond. Ibij. Macerate in a gentle heat for 48 hours. Strain by pressure, and boil the liquor with the honey, to the thickness of a syrup, stirring with a wooden spoon.) Much of the acrimony is destroyed by the boiling. Oper. Expectorant, diuretic « Use. In humoral asthma, dropsy, and gout; inferior to squill. Dose, f 3 j. gradually increased to f J sis. twice a day, dissolved in a cupful of gruel. OXtMEL SCILLA:. U.S.—L.D. Oxymel of Squill. (Mellis B>iij., Aceti Scilla Oij Evaporate in a glass vessel, over a Band bath, to a proper consistence.) The boiling is hurtful, destroying the acrimony on which the virtue of squill depends. Oper. Expectorant, diuretic, aperient; in large doses emetic. PHO 145 Use. In humoral asthma, chronic coughs, dropsy; to excite vomiting in pertussis. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. in cinnamon water, or any other aromatic water. PAPAVER. U. S—L. E. Papaver Album; Capsulae, D. While Poppy Capsules. 'Papaver Somniferum. Class and Order, see Opium.) The ripe, dried Eeed-vessels. Papaver Album, Capsuta. 0. Oper. Relaxant, anodyne. Use Externally as a fomentation ( Jiv. of the dried heads being bruised and boiled in Oiv. of water to Oij), to inflamed or ulce- rated purls. The addition of a little distilled vinegar aids the narcotic power of the decoction. Off. Prep. Syrupus Papaveris, L. E. D. Extractum Papaveris, PAPAVER RHCEADOS, Petala. See Rhaas. PAREIRA. U. S.—L. E. Pareira. (Cissampelos Pareira.) Diacia Dodccandria. N.O. Mcnispermacea. South America. Use. See Infusum Pareira. Off. Prep. Infusum Pareira, L. E. PETROLEUM. L. E. D. Barbadoes Tar. Prop. Odor fetid; taste bitter, acrid; semi-liquid, tenacious, semi-transparent; of a reddish-brown color; insoluble in water and alcohol; combines with fixed and essential oils, and sul- phur; and is partially soluble in aether. Oper. Anti>pasinodic, sudorific; diuretic, expectorant; externally stimulant and discatient. Use. In asthma, and coughs unattended with inflammation; skin diseases; externally in diseases of the hip-joint, rheumatic pains, chilblains and paralytic limbs, applied by friction. Dose, lllxx. to f 3 j. has been taken in a day without inconve- nience. PHLORIDZINA. Phloridzine. (A peculiar bitter principle, which exists in the bark of the trunk and the roots of the apple, pear, cherry, and plum trees. Take the fresh root, digest in weak alcohol, at a temperature of 120°, for eight or ten hours ; di.-iil off ihe greater part of the alcohol, and crystallize the remainder.)—Amer. Journ. Pharmacy, Vol. ii., p. 240. Pn,p. Silky spicula of a dead-white color, or long slender pi isms, or tables—1000 parts of water at a temperature frcm 32° to 71°, dissolve one part; from 71° to 212° dissolves it in all proportions. Soluble in pure alcohol at ordinary tempera- tures. Has no action on test papers. Oper. Tonic, antipcriodic. Use. In intermitlents, and wherever tonics are indicated. Dose. Gr iv. to gr. xvi. before the paroxysm. PHOSPHAS SODA;. U. S.—L. E. D. Phosphate of Soda. (Prepared from bones and Soda; Carbonas.) Comp. Soda 19, acid 15, water 66 parts.—(Thcnard.) 2eq.soda =dl.(i-f«l eq acid=71.4+2-1 eq. water=216, equiv.=350. Prop, inodoious; taste nearly that of common salt; crystals rhomboidal prisms; efflorescent; soluble in three parts of water at 60°. Oper. Purgative. Use. In all cases where the bowels require to be opened. When 7 146 PIL dissolved in broth made without salt, the taste of the phosphate is not perceived. Dose. Jj. to 3 ij. Incomp. Alum, chalk, and all salts with an earthy base PHOSPHORUS. L. Phosphorus. Use. For making phosphoric acid. Phytolacca; bacca: et radix, u. s. (secondary.) Phy. Decandria. Poke Berries, Poke Root. (Decandria, Decagynia. N. O. Phytolacca. Indigenous. 1X-) Prop. The berries have a sweetish, nauseous, and slightly acrid taste, with little odor. The dried root has no smell; sweetish taste. The coloring principle is very volatile. Juice contains saccharine matter. Opcr. Emetic, purgative, alterative, and narcotic. A narcotico- acid poison. Use. The juice, evaporated to an extract, i,« employed as an escharotic by cancer doctors. As an alterative in small doses in chronic rheumatism. As an ointment in psora, tinea capitis, and other cutaneous diseases. Dose. As an emetic, from gr. x. to gr. xxx. As an alterative, from gr. i. to gr. v. PILULA: ALOES. U.S.—E. Aloetic Pill. (Aloes Socotrina, Saponis, sing, partes aquales, q. s. s.) PILULA: ALOES COMPOSITA?. L. D. Compound Aloetic Pills. (Aloes contritaibj., Ext.Gentiana J ss., Olei Carui fllxl., Syr. q. s. s.) PILULA: ALOES CUM ZINGIB£RE. D. Pillsof Aloes and Ginger. (Aloes Hepat. ly, Rad. Zingib. in pulv. trita ly, Saponis Hispanici Jss., Ol. Essent. Mentha Pip. 3ss.) Oper. In their operation these three are alike, warm stomachic purgatives. Use. In habitual costiveness. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. made into pills. PILULA: ALOES CUM MYRRHA. U.S.—L.E.D. Aloetic Pills with Myrrh. (Aloes Jij., Croci Stigmatum, Myrrha, sing. Jj., Syr. q. s. s.) Oper. Cathartic, emmenagogue. Use. In chlorotic, hypochondriacal, and cachectic habits, to stimulate and open the bowels. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. made into pills. PILULA: ALOES ET ASSAFCETIDA:. U. S.—D. Aloetic and Assafcetida Pills. (Aloes Socotor., Conf. Rosa, Assafatida Saponis, sing, partes aquales, q. s.) Oper. Purgative, stomachic, anodyne. Use. In dyspepsia attended with flatulence and costiveness; hysteria; ainenorrhcea. Dose. Gr. x. in pills twice a day; or at bed-time. PILULA; ALOES ET FERRI. E. Pills of Aloes and Iron (Sulph. Ferri gr. xxxvj., Aloes Barb. gr. xxiv., Pulv. Aromat. gr. lxx., Conf. Rosa q. s., ft. pilula; xlviij.) Use. An excellent combination of a tonic and purgative. PILULA: ASSAFCETIDA:. U. S.—E. Pilula; Myrrha; Comp., D. Compound Pills of Assafcetida. (Assafatida,---- Gal- bani, ----Myrrha, sing. J iij., C071/. Rosa q. s.) Use. In hysteria and other nervous affections. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. x. PIL 147 PILULA: CALOMELANOS ET OPII. E. Pills of Calomel and Opium. (Calomel gr. xxiv., Opium gr. viij., Conserve of Roses, a quantity sufficient to make a mass to be divided into twelve pills.) * Use. For rapidly bringing the habit under mercurial influence. PILULA; CAMBOGIAS COMPOSITA!. L. E. D. Compound Gamboge Pills. (Cambogia Conlrita ly, Aloes 3 jss., Zingi- beris I ss., Saponis I ij.) Opcr. Cathartic. Use. In obstinate costiveness. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. in pills occasionally. PILULA: CATHARTICA: COMPOSITA?. U. S. Compound Cathartic Pills. (Take of Comp. Extract of Colocynth Jss., Fit. Jalap. Calomel, a a 3 iij., Gamboge 3ij., m. ft. pil. No. 180.) Use. In constipation, and hepatic congestion. Dose. Gr. ii. to gr. iv. twice a day. PILULA; COLOCYNTHIDIS. E. D. Compound Pills of Co- locynth. (Aloes Hepatiea, Seammonii, utriusque J j., Medulla Colocynthidis J ss., Saponis Hispanici 3 ij., Potassa Sulphatis, Olei Volatilis, Eugenia Caryophyllata, utriusque 3j., Syrupi Empyreumatica, q. s. s. Reduce the aloes, the scammony, and the sulphate of potassa to powder; then mix the pulp of the colocynth with the oil; and, lastly, rub the whole with the soap and the syrup into a mass.) Oper. Cathartic, emmenagogue. Use. In habitual costiveness; in chlorosis and hysteria. Dose. From er. viij. to 3j. PILULA: COLOCYNTHIDIS ET HYOSCYAMI. E. Pills of Colocynth and Henbane. (Colocynth pill 3 ij., Extract of Henbane ly Make into xxxvj. pills.) Use The same as the Colocynth Pill. PILULA: CONII COMPOSITA:. L. Compound Pills of Hemlock. (Conii Ext. I v., Ipecacuanha pulv. ly, Mist. Acacia q. s.) Opcr. Narcotic, antispasmodic. Use. In phthisis, pertussis, and bronchitis. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. viij. PILULA: COPAIBA:. U. S. Pills of Copaiba. (R Copaiba J ij, Magnesia ly Mix, and set aside till it concretes into a mass, which is to be divided into 200 pills.) Use. In gonorrhoea and affeclions of the mucous membrane. PILULA; CUPRI AMMONIATI. E. Pills of Ammoniaret of Copper. (Ammon Cupri in pulv. ten. triti gr. xvj., Mica Panis 3iv., Aqua Carbonatis Ammonia q. s. Beat into a mass, and divide it into xxxij. equal pills.) Pilula Cupri. Opcr. Antispasmodic, tonic. Use. In epilepsy and other spasmodic complaints. Dose. One pill twice a day, gradually increasing the number till five are taken for a dose. PILULA; DIGITALIS ET SCILLA;. E. Pills of Foxglove and Squill. (Digitalis, Squill, of each 3j., Aromatic Electuary 3 ij. Make into xx. pills.) Oper. Diuretic. Use. In dropsy. PILULA; FERRI CARBONATIS. U S.-E, Pills of Carbo- 148 PIL nate of Iron. (Saccharine Carbenate of Iron J ij., Cons, of Roses, enough to make xij. pills.) PILULA: FERRI COMPOSITA:. U. S.—L. D. Compound Pills of Iron. (Myrrha cont. I ij., Soda Carbon., Ferri Sulpha- tis, Sacch. fac, sing, ly) Oper. Tonic, emmenagogue. Use. In dyspepsia and chlorosis. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. in pills, twice or thrice a day. PILULA; FERRI SULPHATIS. E. Pills of Sulphate of Iron. (Sulph.cf Irongr.xxw., Ext.of Taraxacum^}., Cons, of Roses gr. xxiv. Make into xxiv. pills.) Use. As a tonic, in dyspepsia connected with a torpid state of the liver. PILULA: GALBANI COMPOSITA:. U.S.—L.D. Compound Galbanum Pills. (Galbani^y, Myrrha, Sagapcnii, sing. J jss., Assafatida I iv., Syrupi q. s.) Oper. Both these forms of pills operate as antispasmodics and emmenagogues. Use. In chlorosis, hysteria, and hypochondriasis. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. made into pills, every night at bed-time. PILULA! HYDRARGYRI. U. S—L. E. D. Mercurial Pills. (Hydrarg. Pur. 3 ij., Confect. Rosa Gallica J iij-, Glycyrrhiza Rad. cont. ly Rub the quicksilver with the confection until the globules disappear; then add the liquorice-root powder, and beat the whole into a uniform mass.) Comp. Protoxide of mercury, and the other ingredients, the mercury being converted into the black oxide by the rubbing: hence the name should have been Pilula Protoxidi Hydrargyri. Oper. Antisyphilitic, alterative; in large doses purgative. Use. In syphilis, perhaps the best form of the remedy; in some cutaneous diseases and intermittents, attended with visceral and lymphatic obstructions; to purge in jaundice, dropsies, and ileus. Dose. For the former objects, gr. v. to gr. x. twice a day, united with opium, if the bowels are easily affected; for the latter, gr. xij. to 3j. every three or four hours. pilula; hydrargyri chloridi composita:. l.d. Pilula; Calomelanos Composita;, E. Compound Pills of Chlo- ride of Mercury. (Hydrarg. Chlor., Antimonii Oxysulphureti, sing. 3 ij., Guaiaci contrita I iv., Sacchari facis I ij. After beating together these ingredients, form them into a mass.) Opcr. Alterative, diaphoretic. Use. In lepra; secondary syphilis, affecting the skin, and old venereal ulcers. The decoction of elm bark, or of sarsaparilla, is generally ordered to be taken at the same time. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. x. in pills, night and morning. PILULA: HYDRARGYRI IODIDI. L. Pills of Iodide of Mercury (Hydrargyri Iodidily, Conf. Cynosb. 3 iij., Zingib. pulv. ly) Oper. and Use. The same as those of the Iodide of Mercury PILULA: IPECACUANHA: COMPOSITA:. L. Pilulae Ipe- cacuanha; et Opii, E. Compound Pills of Ipecacuanha. (Pulv. Ipecacuan. Comp. 3 iij., Scilla sic, Ammoniaci; a. a 3j. Acacia Mixture q. s.) Oper. and Use. The same as those of the compound powder Of ipecacuanha. PIM 149 Dose. Gr. v. tP gr. x. PILULA: PLUMBI CPIATA2. E. Pills of Lead and Opium. (.Icetate of Lead gr. lxxij., Opium gr. xij., Cons. Roses gr. xiv Make into xxiv. pills.) Use. In active hii-uinrrhnses. PILULA: UU1NIN/E SULPHATIS. U.S. (Pillsof Sulphate of Quinine, it Sulph. Quin. J j., Gum Arabic 3 ij., Syrup a. s M. ti. m pills.) PILULA; RHEI. U. S.—E. Rhubarb Pills. (Rhubarb in powder 3 ij.. Acetate of Potassa I y, Cons, of Roses I ss. Make into xliv. pills.) Use. A moderate purgative. PILULA: It II LI COMPOSITA;. U.S.—L.E. Compound Rhubarb Pills. (Rhei in pulv. trita Jj., Aloes Ivy, Myrrha 3 iv., Saponis ly, Ol. Carui I ss., Syrupi q. s. Beat them into a mass.) Opcr. Laxative, stomachic. Use. In dyspepsia attended with costiveness. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j twice a day. PILULA: RHEI ET FERRI. E. Pills of Rhubarb and Iron. (Sulph. of Iron gr. xxiv., Ext. of Rhubarb ly, Cons, of Roses 3 SS. Make into xxiv. pills.) Use. As a tonic and palliative in atonic dyspepsia. PILULA: SAGAPENI COMPOSITA:. L. Compound Pills of Sagapen. (Sagapeni J j., Aloes 3 ss., Syr. Zing. q. s.) Opcr. Purgative. Dose. Gr. x. PILULA: SAPONIS COMPOSITA!. U.S.—L.D. Compound Pills ol'Soap. (Opii duri Contriti 3 iv., Saponis J ij.) Gr. v. contain gr. j. of opium Pilula Opii. PILULA! OPII sioe THEBAICA3. E. Opiate Pills. (Opii partem unam, Ext. Glycyrrhiza glob, partes vij., Fruct. Myrti Pimcnta partes ij.)r Gr. v. contain gr. ss. of opium. PILULA; STYRACIS COMPOSITA;. L. Pilula; Styracis, E. D. Styrax Pills. (Styracis Pur. 3 iij., Opii duri, Croci, sing. 3 j. Gr. v. contain gr. j. of opium) Opcr. These three forms are intended to operate as sedatives and anodynes. Use. To procure sleep. The name of the last is well adapted for cases where the patient or his friends may have an objection to opium, as it can thus be given without appearing as an opiate in the prescription. PILULA: SCILLA: COMPOSITA:. U. S—L. D. Pilulaj Scillae, E. Compound Squill Pills. (Scilla Recent, exsiccata et cont. 3 j., Zingiberis contrita I ij., Saponis 3 iij., Ammoniaci contriti I ij., Syr. q. s. Form a mass.) Pilula Scilla. Opcr. Expectorant, diuretic. Use. In asthma and chronic catarrh; as an adjunct to digitalis in hydrothorax, and other dropsies. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. twice or thrice a day. PIMENTA. U. S.—L. E. D. Pimenta Berries. (Myrtus Pi- mento. Icosandria. Monogynia. N. O. Myrtacea. West Indies. >.) Pimento, Bacca. Prop. Odor aromatic, resembling a mixture of cinnamon, nut- meg, and cloves; taste pungent, but mixed like the odor; color reddish-brown. (The unripe fruit dried.) 150 PIP Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. Chiefly as a condiment; and as an adjunct to other medj cines. Dose. Gr. v. to 3ij. Off. Prep. Aqua Pimenta, L. E. D. Oleum Pimenta, L. E. D. Spir. Pimenta, L. E. D. Syrupus Rhamni, L. PIPER CUBEBA:. L. See Cubcba. PIPER LONGUM. L. E. D. Long Pepper. (Diand. Trigyn. N. O. Piperacea. Amboyna. 21.)' The unripe fruit dried in the sun. Comp. Acrid, fatty matter, volatile oil, piperin, nitrogenous ex- tractive, gum, bassorin, starch, malates and other salts. Prop. Odor aromatic; taste warm, pungent; small round grains disposed spirally on a cylindrical axis. Oper. Stimulant, carminative, tonic. Use. In atonic dyspepsia, attended with flatulence : retrocedent gout; and paralysis. As a domestic condiment. Dose. Gr. v. to 3j. Off. Prep. Confectio Opii, L. Pulv. Cinnamomi Comp., L. D. Pulv. Creta Comp., L. Tinetura Cinnamomi Comp., L. E. D. PIPER NIGRUM. U.S.—L.E. D. Piper Nigrum. Semen, D. Black Pepper. (Class and Order as above.) Ceylon. V.) The unripe fruit dried in the sun. Comp. Acrid, soft resin, volatile oil, pipe«n, extractive, cum, basforin, starch, malic and tartaric acid, woody fibre,.salts of lime and potash. Prop. Odor aromatic; taste pungent, fiery; color black, corru- gated on the surface. Its pungency depends on an oleo-resin. **per. Tonic, antiperiodic, stimulant, carminative. Jse. To check nausea in gouty habits; remove hiccough; and increas-j excitement in palsy. Steeped in rum it cures ague. A waterv infusion of pepper has been found a useful gargle in relaxation of the uvula. Dise. Gr. x. to 3j. variously combined. Off. Prep. IZmplast. Meloes Vcsicatorii Comp., E. Ung. Piperis Nigri, D. Eleetuarium Piperis, E. Piperis Nigri Confectio, L. *** White Pepper is the same fruit, freed from its cuticle by n preparation of lime and oil of mustard, called Chunam, applitd before it is dried. It is less pungent. PIPERINA. Piperine. Obtained by CErstadt, in 1819, from the Piper Nigrum. frop. Crystals of four-sided prisms; white, trans'ueent; in- odorous; has a feeble taste of pepper; fuses readily by heat. Scarcely soluble in cold water; somewhat raoie so in hot. Not an alkaloid, as its solutions do not react on vegetable colors. Oper. Stimulant, antiperiodic, febrifuge. Vise. In intermittents, general debility, or weakness of the diges- tive apparatus; gonorrhoea. )ose. Gr. iij. to gr. viij., made into pills with some bitter extract, every three or four hours, during the apyrexia ; or gr. j. every hour. From 40 to 50 (grains are generally required to effect a cure. trIPERIS NIGRI CONFECTIO. L. Confection of Black PLU 151 Pepper. (Piperis Nigri, Inula, a a Ibj., Faniculi Ibiij., Mellis Sacchari, sing. Ibij.) Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. la hiccough, paralysis of the intestines, and gout affecting the stomach. In piles affecting leucophlegmatic habits. Dose. From 3ss. to 3j. PIX ABIETIS. U. S. Pix Abietina, L. Pix Burgundica, E. Pinus Abies (vide Abietis Resina.) Pix Burgundica, D. Dried Pitch, or Burgundy Pitch. ' Comp. Resin: an essential oil. Prop. Concrete, semi-transparent, unctuous, tenacious, fragrant. Opcr. Rubefacient, generally exciting an exudation of serous fluid. Use. Externally, spread on leather as plasters; in catarrh, per- tussis, dyspnoea. Off. Prep. Emplast. Picis, U.S— L.E. Emplast. Meloes Vesic. Comp., E. Emplast. Calefaciens, D. Emp. Opii, U. S. Emp. Galbani Comp., U. S. Emp. Ferri, U. S. PIX CANADENSIS. U. S. Hemlock Pitch. Canada and New England. Prop. When prepared, it is of a hard, brittle, opaque form; dark greenish-brown color; of a weak, peculiar odor, and scarcely any taste. Use. As a gentle rubefacient, analogous to Burgundy pitch, and employed in the same cases. , PIX LIOUIDA. U. S.—L. E. D. Tar. (Obtained by heat from the wood of the Scotch Fir. Pinus sylvestris.) Comp. Resin, empyreumatic oil, charcoal, acetic acid. Prop. Of a deep-brown color, semi-fluid, tenacious; odor em- pyreumatic. Opcr. Stimulant, diuretic, sudorific; externally detergent. Use. Internally in ichthyosis; externally it is applied to foul ulcers, and tinea capitis. Off. Prep. Unguentum Picis Liquida, U. S.—L. E. D. Aqua Picis Liquida, D. PIX NIGRA. L. Pix Arida, E. Black Pitch. (Pinus sylves- tris. For Class and Order, vide Abietis Resina.) The solid prepared resin. Prop. Solid, dry, brittle. Oper. Stimulant. Use. For preparing the ointment. Off. Prep. Unguentum Picis Nigra, L. PLUMBI CARBONAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Carbonate of Lead. Cerussa. Comp. Yellow oxide of lead, 83.5. carbonic acid 16.5 parts. (The yellow oxide contains lead 90.5, oxygen 9.5 parts in 100), or 1 eq. of protoxide of Iead=111.6-|-1 eq. of carbonic acid= 22.12, equiv.=K)\!.72. Prop. Inodorous; taste sweet; brittle, friable, si ow-white, of a minute scaly texture. Gr. 68 are wholly soluble in 111150 of acetic acid diluted with f J j. of distilled water: this solution is not entirely precipitated by a solution of gr. 60 of phosphate of soda. Oper. Astringent, sedative. Use. Sprinkled on parts affected with local inflammation; in the formation of ointments and plasters. 152 PLU Off. Prep. Plumbi Acetas, U. S— L. E. D. Unguentum Ccrus- sa, E. I Ing. Plumbi Carbonatis, U. S. PLUMBI 10DIDUM. L. E. Iodide of Lead. (A decomposi- tion of the iodide of potassium by nitrate or acetate of lead. May be made by adding a solution of 100 parts hydriodate potassa to a solution of 75 parts of acetate of lead. Comp. Lead 1 eq.=103.6+iodine 1 eq.=12C.3 equiv.=229.9. Prop. Golden-yellow colored powder, scarcely soluble in cold water, readily in hot water; solution crystallizes on cooling in hexagonal plates; sublimed by heat. Oper. Deobstruent. Use. In glandular affections, scrofula, and externally to discuss indolent tumors. Dose. From gr. £ to gr. iv. PLUMBI OXYDUM HYDRATUM. L. Hydrate of the Oxide of Lead. Comp. Lead 1 eq.=103.G+oxygen 1 eq.=8 equivalent=:111.6. The quantity of water has not yet been determined. Prop. White, insipid, inodorous powder. Use. For preparing disulnhate of qu;na. PLUMBI OXYDUM RUBRUM. U. S.—E. Red Oxide of Lead. (For preparing acetic acid.) PLUMBI CHLORIDUM. L. Chloride of Lead. (Plumbi Ace- tatis J xix., Aqua distillate ferventis Oiij., Sodii Chloridi Jvj. Dissolve the snlt,p separately and mix the fluids, and set them apart till the mixture cools. Wash them with distilled water, and dry.) Use. For preparing the hydrochlorate of morphia. PLUMBI OXYDUM. L.: SEMIVITREUM. U. S.—D. Lithargyrum, E. Semivitrified Oxide of Lead, -or Litharge. (A yellow protoxide of lead, prepared by heat, and combined with carbonic acid; often adulterated with other oxides.) Lithargyrus. Comp. Yellow oxide of lead 96, carbonic acid 4 parts in 100, or 1 eq. of lead 103.6+] oxygen=8, equiv.=111.6. Prop. In scales of a whitish-red color; semivitrified. Use. For pharmaceutical purposes. Off. Prep. Plumbi Acetas, U. S— L. E. Liquor Plumbi Di- acetatis, U. S.—L. E. D. Emplast. Plumbi, U. S— L. E. D Ceratum Saponis, U. S.—L. Emp. Resina, U. S. Emp. Opii, U. S. Emp. Hydrargyri, U. S. PLUMBI NITRAS. E. Nitrate of Lead. Use. As a test for sulphates; and to form the Iodide of Lead. PLUMBI ACETAS. U.S.—L.E. AcetasPiumbi, D. Acetate of Lead. (Plumbi Oxydi Ibiv., Acidi Acetici J ij., Aqua distil- lata, sing. Oiv.) * Comp. Oxide of lead 58, acetic acid 26, water of crystallization 16 parts; 1 eq. protoxide of lead=ll 1.6+1 eq. of acetic acid 51.48+3 eq. of water=27, equiv. 190.08. * Prop. Inodorous; taste sweet, styptic; color very white, with a silky lustre; crystals spicular; soluble in 24 parts of water; the solution becomes turbid in common water: soluble also in alcohol; spec. grav. 2.345. Gr. 48 dissolved in distilled water, acidulated with acetic acid, should not be entirely precipitated by gr. 30 of phosphate of soda. P O R 15S Oper. Astringent, in weak solutions, cooling and sedative; in strong ( 3 j. to water f J vj.), stimulant. Use. Internal in visceral haemorrhages washed down with waiter acidulated with distilled vinegar, which seems to prevent »*-•* deleterious effects. External, in solution in phlegmonous inflammations, burns, bruises, gonorr'mea, &c. Dae. Gr. ss. to gr. jss. made into a pill with gr. ss. of opium and crumb of bread. Distilled water must be used for the solution, and a little acetic acid added. Incomp. Atkalies, earths, acids, alum; borax, soaps, tartarized iron, and antimony; lime-water, hard water, sulphuretted hydrogen. , Off. :'r:z-. Ceratum Plumbi Acetatis (Sub.), U. S.—L. E. D. Acidu.r-. Acctosum Forte, E. Solutio Acetatis Zinci, E. PLUMBI DIACETATIS SOLUTIO. E. See Liquor Plumbi Diacetatis. PLUMBI TANNAS. Tannate of Lead. (Prepared by precipi- tating an infusion of oak bark by acetate of lead.) Use. As an unguent to excoriations and sloughing sores, pro- du.-.--1 by lying. It should be spread upon lint, or fine linen, aric --implied three times a day. Or, 3 ij. of it may be mixed with "■> ! of Unguentum Rosorv/m, and applied as above. PODOPri VLLIM PELTATUM. U.S. May Apple. Radix. (Polyareiriz, Monogynia. N. O. Podophylla.) Indigenous. Prop. Fi nit subacid, sweetish taate; leaves poisonous; root inodorous-in powder has a sweetish smell; taste at first sweetish, then bitter, nauseous, and slightly acrid; contains a peculiar bitter principle, called podophyllin. Oper. An active and certain cathartic, producing copious liquid discharges, resembling jalap. Use. In most inflammatory affections, where brisk purging is indicated ; also in bilious fevers and hepatic congestions; also in dropsical, rheumatic, and scrofulous complaints in combina- tion with supertartrate of potassa. Dose. Of the powdered root gr. xx. It is also used in the form of an extract. Off. Prep. Extractum Podophylli, U. S. POLYGALA RUBELLA. U. S. (Secondary.) Bitter Poly- j gala. The Plant. Big. Am. Med. Bot. Indigenous. Prop. Has a strong and permanent bitter taste, which it yields to water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic, laxative, and diaphoretic, according to the dose. Vso. To impart tone to the digestive organs, in the form of in- fusion POLYGALA SENEGA. See Senega. POLYGONUM. D. Great Bistort, (Polygonum Bistorta. Octand. Trigyn. N. O. Polygonacea. Austria, Britain. li.) Prop. Dried root inodorous; taste austere, styptic. Its virtues are extracted by water. Oper. Powerfully astringct, tonic. Use. In internal hemorrhages, diarrhoea from debility; in ague, joined with calamus aromaticus. Uo.se. Gr. xv. to 3 j. twice or thrice a day. PORRUM. L. TheT-eek. (For Class and Order, see Allii Radix.) Prop. Odor peculiar, fragrant; taste sweetish, slightly acrid. 7* 154 POT Oper. Expectorant, diuretic. - Use. The juice of the recent bulb expressed lias been adyamta- geouslv iised in dropsiea and humoral asthma. Dose, il i. to f xts. rubbed up with sugar, and mixed in water, POTASSA": CARBONAS IMi'URA. L. Impurus, U. S. Po- tassa; Carbonas, U. S.—K. Potassfs carbonas, a lixivio cineres, D. Impure Potassa. (The Pearl ash of commerce.) Cinerea Clsceiioti. . Comp. Carbonate of potassa, sulphate of potassa, chloride ol cotc.'je?u;n, si!ex, oxide of iron, argil. Us.-.. S'cr preparing the carbonate for medical purposes. POTASSA: CHLORAS. L. Chlorate of Potassa. (Prepared by passing a stream of chlorine through a concentrated solution of pure potassa until the alkali is neutralized.) Prop. Inodoious, white ; taste cool and austere. Comp. Chloric acid I eq.=75.42+potassa 1 eq.=47.15, equiv.= 112.67. Oper. Stimulant, tonic. Use. In typhus, and other depressing affections. Dose. From gr. v. to 3j. POTASSA: ET SODA; TARTRAS. E. See Soda Fetassio- Tartras. POTASSA. U. S.—E. Potassa Caustica, D. Fuaed Potassa (Prepared by evaporating tin; solution of potasea to dryness in an iron vessel.) Kali Purum. Comp. Potassium 83.3, oxygen 17.6, in 100 parts of pure potassa; or 1 eq. potassium=:39.15+l eq. oxygen=8, equiv.= '/.15: but fused potassa contains also a little caibonate of potassa, silex, lime, and oxide of iron, which do not affect its medicinal pro- perties. Prop. Solid; of a grey color; deliquescent in the air; feels soapy between the fingers, owing to its dissolving the skin. (It is generally run into little cylindrical moulds, which require to be kept in well-corked phials. Oper. Powerfully escharotic. Use. For forming issues. It has also been used to remove strictures. POTASSA CUM CALCE. L.E. Potassa Caustica cum Calce, D. (Potassa hydras, Calcis, sing. Jj.) Calx cum Kali Puro. Comp. Potassa and lime mechanically mixed. Opcr. and Use. Tire same as the former, but more manageable, as it is less deliquescent. POTASSA; ACETAS. U. S—L. E. D. Acetate of Potassa. (Potassa Carbon. Ibj., Acidi Acetici f Jxxvj., Aqua Distillata f J xij. Mix, and add by degrees enough of acetic acid to satu- rate the alkali. Then sttain, and evaporate in a sand bath with a moderate heat to dryness.) Kali Acetatum. Comp. Pi'.tas.- 1.48+2 eq. water=]8, equiv.=116.63. Prop. Inodorous; taste shcrp, pungent; white, shining; texture foliated, deliquescent; soluble in an equal weight of water; also in four times its weight of alcohol. The watery solution decomposes spontaneously. Oper. Mildly cathartic, diure'ic, deobstruent. Use. In febrile diseases, dropsiet, icterus, and visceral obstruc- tions. POT 155 Dose. 3j. to 3 j. as a diuretic ; 3 ij to 3 iij. open the bowels. Incomp. Mineral acids, decoction of tamarinds, bichloride of mercury, nitrate of silver, sulphates of soda and of magnesia, hydrochlorate of ammonia, tartrate of potassa. Off. Prep. Acetas Hydrargyri, E.D. -Tinct. Acetatis Ferri,D. Acidum Aceticum, IJ. POTASSA: AQUA EFFERVI-SCENS. E. Effervescing So- lution of Potassa. (Bicarbonate of Potassa Iy, Distilled li'atcr tlj. Transmit carbonic acid through the solution under strong pressure.) Use. The same as that of the bicarbonate. It may be drunk in the same manner as soda water. POTASSA: CARBONAS. U. S—L. D Potassae Carbonas Purus, U. S.-E. Carbonate of Potassa. Salt of Tartar. (Carbonatis Potassa Impitra Ibij., Aqua Dist. Ojss.) Comp. Potassa 43.56, carbonic acid 47.55, water of crystallization 8.01 parts; or 1 eq. potassa=47.15+l eq. acid=22.12, equiv.= 6J.27. Prop. Inodorous, taste alkalescent, caustic; crystals minute, whit»*, deliquescent. Oper. Diuretic, antacid, deobstruent. Use. In dropsy, acidities of the prima; viae, and glandular ob- structions. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. properly diluted; 3j. dissolved in f 3 viij of water, and mixed with f 3 iv. of l-.mon juice, forms an effer- vescing draught. Incomp. Mineral acids,-borax, hydrochlorate and ncetate of ammonia, alum, sulphate of magnesia, chloride of calcium, lime, lime-water, all the metallic salts. Off. Prep. Liquor Potassa Carbonatis, U. S.—L. Potassii lodidum. U. S. Potassii Sulphuretum, U. S. POTASSA: BICARBONAS. U. S—L. E. D. Bicarbonate of Potass. I Potassa Carbonatis Ibvj., Aqua Dist. cong. j. Satu- rate the solution with carbonic acid passed through it in a stream, and crystallize.) The carbonic acid is obtained from marble by the addition of diluted sulphuric acid. Opcr. and Use. The same as that of the carbonate, but it is less acrid. POTASSA: HYDRAS. L. rotate Chloras. Kali Purum. Hydrate of Potassa. (Potassa Liq. cong. j.) Evaporate in a clean iron vessel till, ebullition being finished, the hydrate liquefies; then pour it into proper moulds.) Comp. Potassium 83.34 per cent., oxygen 16.66. Prop. Light-brownish or bluish tint, deliquescent, extremely caustic. rOTASSU BROMIDUM. L. Bromide of Potassium. (Itmay be prepared by dissolving bromine in spirits of wine, and adding caustic alkali, till the spirit begins to change color, then evapo- rating and heating to redness.—Liebig.) Comp. Brome 1 eq. 78.4=potassium 1 eq. 39.15 equiv.=117 55. Prop. Taste pungent, crepitates by heat, melts into a red hot flux, without undergoing any change. More soluble in hot than cold water—slightly soluble in alcohol. Use. As a stimulant and deobstruent, in glandular affections and enlargement of the spleen. As an ointment in cutaneous diseases. 17 156 POT Dose. From gr. iij. to gr. x. twice or thrice a day. The ointment is made by mixing jrr. xxxvj. Br. Pot. with J j. lard. POTASSII CYANURETUM. U. S. Cyanuret of Potassium. (See U. S. Phar.) POTASSII CYANIDUM. Cyanuret of Potassium. (Expose to long-continued heat the ferro-hydrocyanate of potassa ; calcine, and then separate the cyanide from the quadricarburet of iron by pure alcohol; on distilling this, the cyanide is obtained very pure.) Prop. When pure, white and transparent; may be fused in the fire without decomposition, and keeps unchanged, if perfectly dry. Oper. Sedative, narcotic. Use. Majendie has shown that this is one of the most active poisons known. It has been successfully employed in neural- gia, and in the neuroses generally, cephalalgia, &c. Dissolve the Cyanuret of Potassium in eight times its weight of distilled water; add a few drops of some vegetable acid. Thisiscalled by Majendie the Medicinal' Hydrocyanate of Potassa, and is to be given in the same dose, and under the same circumstances, as his JMclicinal Hydrocyanic Acid, which is, one part of the hydrocyanic acid mixed with eight and a half times its weight of distilled water. The dose of the cyanide undiluted \s£ of a grain, gradually increased to one grain. In neuralgia and rheumatism the watery solution (gr. ij. to gr. iv. to J j. water), is used by friction ; cr t.ie ointment (gr. ij. to gr. iv. to J j. lard), in the same manner, to the part affected. In cephalalgia, it has been employed with success in the proportion of gr. vi. to gr. viij. to Jj. water, wetiing compresses with this lotion and applying to the temples and forehead.— (Majendie1 s Formulary.) POTASSII IODIDUM. U. S.-L E. Hydriodas Potassa;, D. Iodide of Potassium. (Formed by decomposing the iodide of iron by carbonate of potassa.) Comp. 1 eq. of iodine 126.3+1 potassium=39.15, equiv. 165.45. Prop. Crystals opaque cubes, inodorous, taste penetrating; very soluble in water and in alcohol. Use. The same as that of iodine; but chiefly as an alterative in secondary syphilis, rheumatism, lepra. Dose. Of the saturated solution from ftlyj. to IIlxx., of the drj salt from gr. ij. to gr. xx. The author frequently orders it in doses of 3j. to 3 ss. Of the Compound Tincture, made by dis- solving Iodine Jj., Potass. Iodid. Jij., Alcohol Oij.; give ten drops three times a day. Of the Compound Mixture, made by mixing lodin. gr. ss., Potass. Iodid. 3 ss , Syrup Papav. fJ ss., Aq. Distillat. Oss.; two tablespoonsful three times a day, in cases of complication of scrofula with syphilis. Or, R lodin. gr. jss., Potass. Iodid. gr. iij.; solve in Aqua Menth. Pip. J iv., a teaspoonful to children in cancrum oris, also in dropsy eliet and leueorrhaa. rjis < Incomp. Acids, metallic salts not iodines. POTASSA: NITRAS. U. S.-L. E. D. Nitrate of Potassa, or Nitre. (Formed in an impure state by nature in warm cli- mates, as India, and by means of artificial composts in Frances Nitrum. Comp. Potassa 51.8, nitric acid 44, water 4.2, in 100 of nitrate I or 1 eq. potassa=47.15+l eq. acid=54.15, equiv.=101.3. POT 157 Prop. Inodorous; taste cool, bitterish, penetrating; crystals six- sided prisms; permanent in the air; brittle, soluble in 7 parts of water at 6J°. Oper. Diuretic, refrigerant; in large doses purgative ; externally cooling, detergent. Use. In fevers, dropsies, herpetic eruptions, active haimorrhages, mania. A small piece allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth of en removes incipient cynanche tonsillaris; hence its utility in gargles. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. In doses of J j. it occasions hypercatharsis, bloody stools, and sometimes death. Ineomp. Sulphuric acid, sulphates of soda and magnesia, alum, the metallic sulphates. Off. Prep. Trochisci Nitratis Potassa, E. Acidum Nitricum, L. E. 1). POTASSA: NITRAS PURIFICATUM. D. Purified Nitrate of Potassa. The above dissolved in boiling water and crystallized by cooling. POTASSA: SULPHAS. U.S.—L.E.D. Sulphate of Potassa. (The salt which remains after the distillation of nitric acid igaited until the excess of acid is driven off; then dissolved in the water, and crystallized.) Kali Vitriolatum. Comp. Potassa 54.55, acid 45.45, in 100 parts of sulphate; or 1 eq. potassa 47.15+1 acid=40.1, equiv.=87.2.3. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter; crystals small, six-sided prisms, ended by six-sided pyramids, grouped; hard, transparent, per- manent in the air; soluble in 16 parts of water at 60°; insolu- ble in alcohol. Oper. Purgative, deobstruent. Use. In the visceral obstructions to which children are liable; and as an adjunct to other purgatives Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. acts as a deobstruent; 3ss. to 3 vj. purge. Incomp. Nitric and hydrochloric acids, tartaric acid, chloride of calcium, salts of mercury, nitrate of silver, salts of lead. POTASSA: SULPHAS CUM SULPHURE. E. See Potassii Sulphuretum. POTASSII SULPHURETUM. U. S.—L. D. Potassae Sulphas cum Sulphure, E. Sulphuret of Potassium. (Sulphuris Jj., Potassa Carbonatis J iv. Rub them together, and place the mixture in a covered crucible upon the fire until they unite, to be kept in a well-stopped bottle.) It is necessary first to dry the caibonate in a crucible exposed to a red heat. Comp. Tersulphuret of potassium, sulphate of potash, carbonate Of potash.—(Berzelius.)1 Prop. Inodorous while dry, but when moistened fetid ; taste acrid, bitter; color liver brown ; solid, brittle, deliquescent; decomposed by water and exposure to the air. Opcr. Expectorant, diaphoretic; externally detergent. Use. It has been given in chronic asthma, but without much benefit; chronic catarrh and rheumatism ; arthritic cases; herpetic and other cutaneous diseases; and cancer. Its solution is useful as a wash in scabies and linea capitis. It was formerly improperly used as an antidote against arsenical and saturnine poisons. As a bath, in the proportion of J iv. to thirty gallons of water; as a lotion in local cutaneous affections in the strength of J j. to two quarts of water. 158 POT Dose. Gr. v. to gr. xv. combined with soap, or extract of conium in pills or mixture twice or thrice a day; as an ointment, 3 ss. of the sulphuret to J i. of lard. Incomp. Acids, acidulous salts, metallic and earthy salts. POTASSA; SULPHURETI AQUA. D. Solution of Sulphur- etted Potassa. (Sulphured loti partem unam, Potassa Caustica Aqua partes undecim. Boil for ten minutes, and strain through paper: preserve the solution in a close-stopped vessel. The spec. grav. should he 1.117.) Use. The same as that of the solid sulphuret; chiefly used as an external application. JDo.se. From fllxx. to f 3 jss. twice a day. POTASSA: BISULPHAS. L. E. Potassae Bisulphas, D. Bi- sulphate of Potassa. (The salt remaining after the distillation of nitric acid Ibij., Sulphuric Acid Ibj., Boiling Water six pints. Dissolve the salt in the water, add the acid, and mix. Then boil; leave at rest to crystallize.) Comp. Potassa 32.87, acid 54.80, water 12.33=100, or 1 equiv. potassa; 47.15+2 sulphuric acid=80.2+2 water=18, equiv.= 145.35. Prop. Inodorous; taste a strong acid; soluble in two parts of water at 60°; insoluble in alcohol. Oper. Refrigerant and purgative. Use. In cases where it is wished to exhibit sulphuric acid, and at the same time open the bowels. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ij. POTASSA: BITARTRAS. U. S—L. E. D. Bitartrate of Po- tassa. Cream of Tartar. (The tartar of wine purified.) Tartari Crystalli. Comp. Potassa; 33, acid 57, water 10 parts in 100 of the bitartrate. —(Thcnard ) Prop. Inodorous; taste acid, harsh; crystals small, irregular; require 120 parts of water at 60° to dissolve them ; brittle, pul- verulent; decomposed when kept in solution. Oper. Mildly purgative, refrigerant, diuretic. Use. In ascites, proceeding from visceral obstructions; and to open the bowels in inflammatory habits. Dissolved in water, with a small quantity of white wine, some sugar, and lemon peel, it forms an excellent beverage in febrile diseases, under the name of Imperial. Z>o.se. 3j. to 3 j. combined with 3j. sodae biboras, to excite the kidneys; and to open the bowels 3 iv. to Jj. are required. Incomp. Alkalies, alkaline earths, mineral acids. Off. Prep. Ferri Potassio- Tartras, U. S.—L. Ferrum Tartari- zatum, D. Pulv. Jalapa Comp., U. S.—L. E. Pulv. Scammo- nii Comp., E. Pulv. Senna Comp., E. Potassa Tartras, U.S. —L. E. D. POTASSA! TARTRAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Tartrate of Potassa. (Formed by saturating the excess of acid of the bitartrate with carbonate of potassa.) Kali Tartarizatum. Comp. Potash 42.1 per cent, tartaric acid 57.9 per cent. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, disagreeable; generally in the form of a white granular powder; soluble in 4 parts of water at 60°; soluble in alcohol. Like the other vegetable salts of the alkalies, this is decomposed in the system, and converted into the carbonate, in which state it is found in the urine. PRU 159 Oper. Purgative. Use. To open the bowels in febrile diseases, mania, and hypo- chondriasis; and as an adjunct to senna, and the resinous pur. gatives in solution, the griping effects of which it conects. Dose, ly to Jj. in solution. Incomp. Acids; infusion of tamarinds and other acid fruits; chloride of calcium; lime, magnesia, sulphates of soda, of potassa, and of magnesia ; nitrate of silver, acetate of lead, and hydrochlorate of ammonia. POTASSA; ET SODA: TARTRAS. U. S.—E. See Soda Potassio- Tartras. POTASSII FERROCYANIDUM. L. E. Potassii Ferrocya- nureium, U. S. Ferrocyanide of Potassium. Comp. 2 eq. cyanide of potassium=I31.08+l eq. cyanide of iron =54.33+3 eq. water=27, equivalent 212.47. Oper. As a sedative, an astringent, and a diuretic. Seldom used in this country. Dose. From fllxx. to lfl,xl. of a solution of 3 ij.of the salt in f Jj. of water. Off. Prep Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum, U. S.—L. PR1NOS. U.S.- (Secondary.) Black Alder. Prinos Verticil- latus. The Bark. (Hcxandria, Monogynia. N.O. Ilicinea. Big. Med. Bot. Indigenous ) Prop. No smell; taste bitter, slightly astringent; virtues extracted by boiling water. Oper. Tonic, astringent, alterative. Use. Intermittents, diarrhoea, gangrene, chronic cutaneous eruptions; locally in ill-conditioned ulcers. Dose. Of the powder, from 3 ss. to 3 j.; of the decoction, made by boiling J ij. of the bark with Oiij. of water to Oij., from J ij. to J iij.; or it may be given in tincture. PRUNA. U. S.—L. E. Pruni Domesticae Fructus, D. Prunes. (Prunus Domcstica. Octand. Trigyn. N. O. Amygdalea. South of Europe. 5>.) Prop. Odor weak ; taste sweet, acidulous. G|pec. Cooling, laxative, nutrient. Use. In costiveness attended with heat and irritation , an article of diet in fever. Off. Prep. Confectio Senna, U. S.—L. E. D. PRUNI LAURO-CERASI FOLIA. E. D. Cherry Laurel Leaves. (Census Lauro-Cerusus. Icosandria, Monogynia. N. O. Amygdalea. 2X-) Camp. Amygdalin, resin, myricin, clorophylle, extractive, tannic acid, lium-ous fibre, and water. By distillation, the leaves yield a volatile oil and a distilled water; the oil contains hydro- • cyanic acid, and hydruret of benzule. This oil is pale yellow, and heavier than water, attracts oxygen, and deposits benzoic acid. Prop. Taste hitter; odor, when bruised, that of bitter almonds; contains hydrocyanic acid and an essential oil—hydruret ol benzule. Opcr. Sedative, diuretic. Use. In spasmodic coughs, and all affections in which hydro- cyanic acid is useful. PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. U.S. Wild-Cherry Bark. Willd. "Sp. PI int." 160 PUL Comp. Volatile oil, hydrocyanic acid, starch, resin, tannin, gallic acid, fatty matter, iiguin, red coloring matter, salts of lime, poi:issa, and iron. Prop. In the fresh state, or when boiled in water, it emits an odor resembling peach leaves. Its taste is agreeably bitter and aromatic, with the flavor of the bitter almond. Imparts its virtues to water, cold or hot. Its peculiar flavor owing to a volatile oil which is dissi'pated by heat. Opcr. Tonic and sedative. Use. In debilituted states of the stomach or general system, at- tended with irritation and nervous excitability. It allays the action of the heart, and is highly useful in the hectic fever of scrofula and consumption. In dyspepsia and intevmittents. Dose. In powder, from 3 ss. to 3 j. See Infusum Pruni Virg. Off. Prep. Infusum Pruni Virginiana. PTEROCARPUS. L. E. D. Santalum, U. S. Red Sanders Wood. (Pterocarpus Santalinus. Diade/ph. Decand. N. O. Leguminoia. East Indies. ^ .) Prop. Aromatic odor, nearly insipid ; color bright deep red. Use. As a coloring material. PULEGIUM. E. Sec Mentha Pulegium. PUL VERES EFFERVESCENTES. E. Effervescing Pow- ders. (Tartaric Acid Jj., Bicarbonate of Soda Jj. gr. 54; to be kept separately in powder; l-16th of each to be dissolved and mixed.) Use. In febrile affections. PULVIS ALOES CUM CANELLA. U. S—D. Powder of Aloes with Canella. (Aloes Hepatica Ibj., Canella Alba J iij. Rub them separately into a powder, and mix.) Oper. Warm, cathartic. Use. In costiveness, but not well adapted to be used as a powder. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. PULVIS ALOES COMPOSITUS. L. D. Compound Powder of Aloes. (Aloes 3 jss., Guaiaci Res. Jj., Pulv. Cinnam. Comp. J ss. Rub the aloes and guaiacum separately, then mix the whole.) Oper. Warm, cathartic, stomachic, sudorific. Use. In dyspepsia attended with a sluggish state of the bowels; spasmodic a flections of the intestinal canal; jaundice; and obstinate cowtiveness. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. PULVIS ALUMINIS COMPOSITUS. E. Compound Powder of Alum. (Alum Jiv., Kino Jj. Mix and powder.) Prop. Astringent. Use. The same as alum ; and in chrcnic diarrhoea. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. PULVIS ANTIMONII COMPOSITUS. L. Pulvis Antimo- niirlis, E. D. Oxydum Antimonii cum Phosphate Calcis, E. (Antimonii Sesquisulphureti cont. Ibj., Cornuum Rasorum Ibij.) Comp. Antimonious acid 56, phosphate of lime 44, in 100 parts. Prop. Inodorous, insipid; in the form of a white powder; in- soluble in water. Oper. Intended to be diaphoretic and alterative; in large dosea eme'ic, purgative; a very uncertain and useless preparation. Use Intended to be used in febrile diseases, and every case in PUL 161 Which diaphoresis can be useful; and in small doses in cuta- neous diseases. Dose. Gr. iij. to gr. viij. in pills, combined with opium or cam■ phor, every six or eight hours, diluting freely in the intervals.* PULVIS ASARI COMPOSITUS. E. D. Compound Powder Ot Asatabacca. (Foiioram Asari Europai partes tres, Foi. Origani Marjoramw, Florum Lavand. Spica, sing, partem unam.) Rub into a powder. Oper. Errhine. Use. In chronic headache-, 6erous apoplexy, and obstinate ophthalmia, avoiding exposure to cold. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. viij. snuffed up the nostrils at bed-time. PULVIS PRO CATAPLASMATE. D. Powder for a Poultice. (Seminum Lini, qua restant post oleum expressum, partem unam. Farina avena partes duas. Mix.) Use. In all cases requiring poultices; which are prepared with this powder by merely mixing it with boiling water. DULV1S CINNAMOMI COMPOSITUS. L. Pulv. Aromati- cus, E. D. Compound Powder of Cinnamon. (Cinnam. J ij, Cardamomi J jss., Zingiberis Rad. Jj., Piperis Longi Jss. Rub them together to a very fine powder.) Oper. S.imulant, carminative. Use. In cold, decayed, phlegmatic habits, to assist digestion, and expel flatus; uat chiefly used to give warmth to other compositions. Dose. Gr. v. to cr. x. or more. PULVIS CORNU CERVINI USTL D. Powder of Burnt Hartshorn. (The hartshorn burnt and rubbed to powder.) PULVIS OPIATUS. E. Powder of Burnt Hartshorn with Opium. (Opii duri cont. 3 j., Cornuum ustor. ct praparatorum Jj., Coccorum cont.l'y Mix.) Gr. x. contain gr.j. of opium. Optr. Anodyne. Use. To procure sleep and allay pain. It is chiefly adapted for children, as the opium can thus be exhibited in small quantities. Dose. Gr. i. to gr. x. or more. PULVIS CRETA: COMPOSITUS. L. E. D. Compound Powder of Chalk. (Creta Prap. Ibss., Cinnamomi J iv., Tor- mentilla, Acacia Gum., sing. J iij., Pipcritis Longi 3 iv. Reduce them separately into a fine powder, and mix.) Opcr. Antacid, stomachic, absorbent. Vse. In acidity of the stomach, and in the diarrhoea attendant on low fevers. Dose. Gr. v. to 3jss. rubbed up with mucilage and cinnamon waier. PULVIS CRKTA: COMPOSITUS CUM OPIO. L.D. Pulvis Creta: Opiatus, E. Compound Powder of Chalk with Opium. (Pulv. Creta Comp. J vjss., Opii duri cont. 3iv. Mix.) Con- tains gr. j. of opium in gr. xl. Opcr. Anodyne, absoibent. Use. In the same cases as the former. As an anodyne to chil- dren affected with irritative diarrhoea during dentition. Uo.se. Gr. x. to 3ij. foyidults. PULVIS IPECACUANHA: COMPOSITUS. L.E.D. Com 100 grains have been given w ithout producing any effect. 162 PUL pound Powder of Ipecacuanha. (Ipecacuanha cont., Opii duri cont., sing. 3 j., Potassa Sulphatis cont. Jj. Mix.) Oper. Diaphoretic. Use In rheumatism, dropsy, gout, fevers, dysentery, and dia- betes. Dose. Gr. v. to 3j. in pills or bolus, diluting freely with tepid fluids, but not immediately, as they are apt to produce vomitmg. PULVIS JALA.PA: COMPOSITUS. U. S.—L. E. D. Com- pound Powder of Jalap. (Jalapa J iij., Bitartratis Potassa J vj., Zingibiris 3 ij. Rub them separately to a fine powder, and then mix.) Oper. Purgative. Use. In costiveness, particularly of children with a tumid belly; in worm cases, and in dropsy. Dose. 3j. to 3ij. for adults; gr. vj. to gr. xij. for children. PULVIS KINO COMPOSITUS. L. D. Compound Powder of Kino. (Kino Ixv., Cinnam. I iv., Opii duri ly Rub each separately to a fine powder, and then mix.) Gr. xx. contain gr. j. of opium. Oper. Astringent. Use. In chronic diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, and uterine and intestinal haemorrhages. Dose. Gr. v. to 3j. in aqueous fluids. PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS. E. Compound Powder of Rhubarb. (Ma gnesia Ibj., Ginger in fine powder J ij., Rhubarb in fine powder J iv. Mix.) Oper. Purgative and antacid. Use. In a dyspeptic state of the stomach, attended with acid eructations. .Do.se. 3 ss. to 3ij. PULVIS SALINUS COMPOSITUS. D.E. Compound Saline Powder. (Soda Muriatispurioris. Magnesia Sulphatis, utri- usque partes iv., Potassa Sulphatis panes iij. First rub the dried salts separately into fine powder, then rub them together, and preserve the mixture in a closely-stopped bottle.) Oper. Purgative, resolvent. Use. In all cases in which sea water is ordered; externally np plied in scrofulous tumors. Dose. From 3 iij. to 3 vj. dissolved in a large quantity of water; for external use, a saturated solution. PULVIS SCAMMONII COMPOSITUS. L.E.D. Compound Powder of Scammony. (Scummonii, Exi. Jalapa duri, sing. J ij., Zingiberis Rad. J ss. Rub each separately to a fine pow- der, and then mix.) Oper. Cathartic. Vse. In hydropic and worm cases; and to remove mucous ob- structions in children. Dose. Gr. vj. to gr xx. PULVIS SCILLA:. Powder of Squills. (The bulb of Scilla Maritima sliced, dried, and reduced to a powder.) It should be kept in well-stopped phials. Oper. Diure ic, emetic, expectorant. * Use. In the same cases for which the squill pill is employed. Dose. Gr. iij. to gr. vj. combined with soap, and other substances, in pills or bolus. PULVIS SPONGIA; USTA:. D. Powder of Burnt Sponge. QUA 163 Oper. Deobstruent. Use. In bronchocelc and other scrofulous swellings. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. mixed in honey or treacle. PULVIS STANNT. U. S—D. Powder of Tin. (Sta%ni pu- rissimtquantum velis. Melt the tin, and stir it briskly, until it changes into a powder, which, when cold, may be passed through a sieve.) Oper. Mechanically anthelmintic. Use. In worm cases, in which the taenia and lumbricus teres are to be dislodged. Dose. From 3j. to 3 ij. in treacle, on an empty stomach, for several successive mornings, increasing the dose to 3 iij. or 3 iv. It should be followed by a purgative. PULVIS TRAGACANTHA; COMPOSITUS. L. E. Com- pound Powder of Tragacanth. (Tragacantha cont., Acacia cont., Amyli, sing. J jss., Sacch. Pur. J iij. Rub the starch and sugar together, then add the tragacanth and acacia gum, and mix. The starch might be omitted, as it is not soluble in cold water.) Opcr. Demulcent. Use. In hectic fever; catarrh attended with tickling cough; combined with nitre, in gonorrhoea and strangury; and with ipecacuanha powder, in dysentery. Dose. 3 ss. to 3 iij. in distilled water or any bland fluid. Gr. x. render f Jij. of fluid mucilaginous. PYRLTHRUM. U. S.—L. E. Anthemus Pyrethrum, radix, D. Pellitory of Spain. (Anthemis Pyrethrum. Class and Order of Anthcmis Nobilis. Arabia. S .) Comp. An acrid matter (pyrethrin, on which its virtues de- pend), 3, inulin 25, gum 11, tannin 0.55^ coloring matter 12, lignin 45, chloride of potassium 0.79, silica 0.85, a fixed oil, and iron a trace. P?-op. Inodorous; taste hot and acrid, its acrimony residing in a fixed oil; the dried root is more acrid than the recent. Oper. Stimulant, sialogogue. Use. Chewed, it excites a copious flow of saliva—hence it has been found useful in some affections of the head ; in strumous swellings of the tonsils ; toothache, and palsy of the muscles of the throat. It is also used in infusion as a gargle. PYROLA: UMBELLATA: HERBA;. D. Pyrola, E. Chima- phila Umbellata, U.S.—L. The Herbaceous part of Winter Green. Pipsissewa. (Chimaphila Umbellata. Decandria, Monogyn. N. O. Pyrolacea. North America. 21.) Comp. Bitter extractive 18, resin 2, tannin 1, woody fibre, gum, and salts of lime. Prop. Bitter, slightly aromatic. Oper. Astringent, tonic, diuretic. Use. In affections of the kidney, and in dropsy. Dose. Of a decoction, made with J j. of the dried herb and two pints of cold water, boiled down to one pint and strained, from f 3j. to f J iij. three times a day. QUASSIA. U. S— L. E. D. Quassia Wood. (Picrana excelsa. Decandria, Monogyn. N. O. Simarubiacea. Jamaica. 11.) The Wood. Comp. Volatile oil, a hitter principle, gummy extractive, pectin, woody fibre, and various salts.—(Pfaff.) 164 QUI Prop. Inodorous; taste a very intense, durable bitter, color whitish yellow; has no astringency; bitter priLciple (or Quassina) extracted by water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. In intermittents; bilious fever, combined with neutral salts; lienteria and cachexia; in hysteria, nited with tincture of valerian ; and with cretaceous powder and ginger in gout Dose. Of the raspings, gr. v. to 3 ss., but infusion and extract are preferable forms of exhibiting it. Incomp. Nitrate of silver, acetate of lead. Off. Prep. Infusum Quassia, U. S.—L. QUERCUS CORTEX. L.E. Quercus Alba: Tinctoria, U.S. Quercus Robori; Cortex, D. Oak Bark. 'Quercus Peduncu- lata Q. Robor. Monacia, Poiyandria. N. O. Cupulifcra. Europe. >.) Comp. Tannic acid ; tannates of lime, magnesia, potassa, &c.; gallic acid, pectin, lignin, uncrystallizable sugar.—(Braconnot.) 48J pounds of oak bark yield from 20 to 72 pounds of tannin, (impure tannic acid.)—Davy. Prop, inodorous; taste austere, styptic; differs from galls in not precipitating solutions of tartar emetic. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In intermittents, combined with galls, bitters, and aroma- tics: useful also in fiuor albus, and alvine fluxes. See Decoction. Dose. Of the powder, gr. x. to 3 ss. twice or thrice a day. From the difficulty of pulverization, the infusion or decoction is the best form. Off. Prep. Decoctum Quercus, L. QUINTA. U.S.: QUINA. L. Quina. See Cinchona. QUINA: ACETAS. Acetate of Quinine. (Saturate quinine with concentrated acetic acid diluted with water, and evaporate the neutral solution by gentle heat to crystallization.) Prop. Delicate, needle-shaped, snow-white crystals ; taste very bitter; scarcely soluble in cold water, readily in hot. Opcr. The same as the other salts of quinine. QUINA! CITRAS. Citrate of Quinine. (Formed like the ace- tate, from tin aqueous solution of citric acid and pure quinine, or by decomposing a hot solution of sulphate of quinine by an acid citrate of soda.) Prop. Needle-shaped prisms, of a white color, scarcely soluble in water. Opcr. This preparation and the acetate are supposed to be better adapted to those excitable persons with whom the sulphate does not agree. Dose. The same as the sulphate. QUINA: SULPHAS. U.S. Quina;,Disnlphas, L.E. Disul- phate of Quina. (Prepared from yellow cinchona.) Comp. 2 eq. of quina=329.10+l sulphuric acid=40.1+8 water =72, equiv.=441.20. Prop. Crystals colorless, acicular, bitter, inodorous, tflioresce in the air: 1 part requires 740 parts of cold water, 30 of boiling; 80 of cold alcohol for its solution ; spec. grav. 850°. Apt to be adulterated with mannite and gypsum, which may be detected by adding pure alcohol, which dissolves the quinine, but leaves the other substances untouched. RAN 165 Oper. Tonic. Use. In intermittents, and all periodic diseases, as a tonic; also as a febrifuge in bilious remittents, and whenever tonics are indicated ; may be used with (.real advantage endermically when- the stomach is irritable. Dose. Gr. ij. to gr. x. in any simple bitter infusion. Incomp. Alxaliesand their carbonates, lime-water, salts of ba- • rvta, lime, nitrate of silver, and salts of lead. QUINA; FERRO CYAN AS. Fcrrocyanate of Quinine. (De- compose sulphate of quinine by means of a solution of ferro- cyanate of potassa ; then treat the impure salt with warm spirit of wine, and evaporate the clear solution.) Prop. Needle-shaped, confused crystals, of a greenish-yellow color, and very bitter taste ; soluble readily in alcohol, almost insoluble in water; decomposed by hot water. Oper. A powerful tonic and antispasmodic. Vse. In intermittents, and where tonics are indicated. Dose. Gr. ij. to gr. viij. in twenty-four hours, between the pa- roxysms in intermittents. QUIN/K MURIAS. Muriate of Quinine. (Dissolve pure qui nine in dilute muriatic acid, and evaporate.) Prop. Fine, needle-shaped, white, silky crystals, of a pearly lustre, not very soluble in water. 0;,cr. A tonic, better adapted in cases of weak digestive powers thaa the sulphate; preferred by some to the sulphate in inter- mittents. Dose. The same as the sulphate. QUINA: NTTRAS. Nitrate of Quinine. (Add dilute nitric acid to a solution of quinine; or decompose nitrate of baryta by sulphate of quinine.) Prop. At first a fluid, oily mass, gradually becoming solid, and t'..ruling crystals by union with water; scarcely soluble in wa- ter, but readily in alcohol. QUlNA: PHOSPHAS. Phosphate of Quinine. (Prepared by adding dilute phosphoric acid to quinine, and evaporating; or phosphate of baryta to the sulphate of quinine.—Phil. Jour. Pharm.) Prop. Resembles the other salts of quinine; readily soluble in water and alcohol. Oper. Ranked by some next to the sulphate in medicinal efficacy. Dose. Same as sulphate. QUINA; ET CLNCUONINA". TANNAS. Tannate of Quinine and Cinchonine. (Very active preparations of the cinchonas, not yet introduced into practice in this country.—See Dublin Jour. Med. -Science, Sept. 1836. RANUNCULUS ACR1S. U.S. (Secondary.) FOLIA. D Leaves of Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Poiyandria, Polygynia. N.O. Ranunculacea. Exotic? >.) Prop. Acrid, bitter. Opcr. Rubefacient, episoastic. RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA. U.S. Herba Recens, D. Recent Herbaceous part of Lesser Spearwort. (Class and Order as above.) Prop, and opcr. The same as those of Ranunculus Acris. Use. Both these species of ranunculus arc occasionally employed as counter-irritants, and to cause vesication. 166 RHE RESINA. U. S.—L. E. Yellow Resin (The residue, after the distillation of oil of turpentine.) Comp. Pir.ic acid, colophonic acid, sylvic acid, resin. Oper. Stimulant. Use. In the composition of plasters and ointments. Off. Prep. Emplast. Cera, L. Emplast. Hydrargyri, U. S.—E. Emplast. Cantharidis, E. Emplast. Belladonna, U. S.—E. Emp. Ferri, U. S.—E. Emp. Picis Compositum, U. S.—L. E. Emp. Resina, U. S.—L. E. D. Emp. Simplex, E. Ceratum Resina, L. E. Ung. Picis Arida, L. Ung. Infusi Mcloes Vesicatorii, E. RESINA ALBl. D. E. White Resin. (Pinus Sylvestris. The Scotch Fir. ^ .) Exudes from wounds of the bark. Prop. Little odor or taste; semi-transparent; insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, in oils both fixed and volatile, and alkalies; pulverulent. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, rubefacient. Use. Almost never employed internally; but chiefly to render more adhesive and stimulating various plasters. RHAMNUS. L. D. Rhamni Baccae, E. Buckthorn Berries. (Rhamnus Catharticus. Purging Buckthorn. Pentandria, Monogynia. N O. Rhamnacca. Indigenous. ^.) Comp. Coloring matter, acetic and malic acid, mucilage, sugar, bitter substance, (cathartinel)—Vogel and Hubert. Prop. Odor faint and disagreeable; taste bitterish and nauseous; the size of a pea; have four seeds; the juice stains paper green. Oper. Cathartic. Use. In the same cases as jalap and senna, which are superior medicines. Their operation must be assisted with copious dilution, as they excite much thirst and griping. Dose. Of the recent berries, gr. xx.; of the dried, 3 j. to 3 ij. Ojf. Prep. Syrupus Rhamni, L. E. RHEUM. U. S—L. E. D. Rhubarb Root. (Rheum Palmatum et Undulatum. Palmated and Undulated Rhubarb. Enncand. Monogyn. N.O. Polygonacca. China. >.) The best comes through Russia in flat perforated pieces. Comp. Extractive, volatile odorous matter, on which its virtues depend, oxalate of lime, tannic acid. Prop. Odor aromatic, peculiar, rather nauseous ; taste somewhat aromatic, subacrid, bitterish, astringent; feels gritty between the teeth ; colors the saliva and urine saffron-yellow; not very mucilaginous. Pieces firm, but not flinty; external color a clear yellow; fracture rugged, veined yellow, red, and white; easily pulverized, forming a powder of a fine blight buff-yellow color. Both water and spirit extract its virtues. Oper. Purgative, stomachic, astringent. Use- In costiveness, from laxity of bowels, particularly of chil- dren; and diarrhoea. It is a useful adjunct to neutral saltsnnd calomel, rendering their operation more easy. Externally the powder is sprinkled over ulcers, to assist their granulation and healing. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. of the powder to open the bowels; gr. vj. to gr. x. to act as a stomachic. Off. Prep. Infusum Rhei, U. S.—L. E. Vinum Rhei, U. S.—E. Tinct. Rhei, U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct Rhei Composita, U. S.— ROS 167 L. Tinct. Rhei et Aloes, U. S.—E. Tinct. Rhei et Gcntiana, U. S.—E. Tinct. Rhei et Senna, U. S. Pilula Rhei Compo- sita, U. S.—L. E. RIJ03AS. L.D. RhoeadosPetala, E. Petals of the Red Poppy. (Papaver Rhaas. Class and Order as Papaver Somniferum. Exotic. 0.) Use. Chiefly to impart their fine red color to syrup. Off. Pnp. Syrupus Rhadados, L.D. RHUS GLABRUM. U. S. (Secondary.) Sumach. Pentand. Trigynia. N.O. Anacardiacea. Indigenous.) The Berries. Prop. Bark and leaves astringent; berries have a sour, astrin- gent, not unpleasant taste, owing to malic acid contained in the pubescence which covers them. Oper. Astringent, refrigerant. Use. Useful as a gargle in ulceratipn of the throat, and cooling drink in febrile complaints. An infusion of the inner bark of the root is highly useful in sore mouth attending salivation. RICIN1 OLEUM. U. S.—L. E. Ricinis communis; Oleum e Seminibus Expressum, D. Castor Seeds and Oil. (Ricinus Communis, the Castor, or Palma Christi. Monmcia, Monadelph. N.O. Euphorbiacea. Indies. ©.) Comp. Carbon 74, hydrogen 10, oxygen 15.—(Ure.) Fatty acids 94 (ricinic, elaiodic, margaritic acids), glycerine 8, palmin. Prop. Seed inodorous; taste acrid, slightly sweetish; kernel white; oily, with a thin, dry cuticle; contained in a prickly, tricoccus capsule. Soluble in its own weight of alcohol. Oper. Cathartic; sometimes emetic. Use. For obtaining the oil. One or two of the seeds swallowed entire operate briskly ; but are not used in this country. See Oleum. Off. Pre]>. Oleum Ricini, U. S— L. ROCELLA TINCTORIA. Litmus, D. Dyer's Lichen. (Cryp- togamia Alga. N.O. Alga. Portland Island. 21.) Use. For preparing litmus, which is chiefly employed as a dye- stuff, and a test of acMs. It has been exhibited internally in phthisis pulmonalis. ROSA CANlNA. L. Rosa; Caninae ; Fructus, D. Dog Rose. or Hip Pulp. (Icosandria, Polygynia. N. O. Rosacea. Indigenous. "? ■) Prop. Inodorous; taste, sweet, acidulous, depending on the presence of uiicombined citric acid and sugar. Opcr. Cooling. Use. Vide tAe Confection. Off. Prep. Confectio Rosa Canina, U. S.—L. ROS A CENTIFOLIA. U. S.—L. E. D. Damask Rose Petals. (Class and Order as above. Place unknown. > .) ■ Prop. Odor extremely fragrant; taste subacidulous. Oper. Laxative. Use. Scarcely used for any purpose, except for the distillation of rose-water, and the formation of a syrup. Off. Prep. Aqua Rosa, U. S.—L. E. D. Syrupus Rosa, L. E Ol. Rosa. U. S. ROSA GALLIC*. U. S.—L. E. D. Petals of the Red Rose (Class and Order as above. Europe. ^ .) Prop. Odor less fragrant than that of the damask rose; taste bitterish, astringent. 18 168 RUT Opcr. Astringent, tonic. Use. See tlie preparations of it. Off. Prep. Confectio Rosa, L. E. D. Infusum Rosa, L. E. D. Mel Rosa. L. D. Syrupus Rosa, E. ROSA; OLEUM. U. S.—E. Attar of Roses. (Volatile oil of Rosa; centifolia.) Use. A scent. ROSMARINUS. U. S.—L. E. Rosmarina; Herba, D. Rose- mary. (Diandria, Monogynia. N. O. Labiata. South of Europe. 2L) Prop. Odor fragrant, grateful; taste aromatic, warm, bitterish; depending on an essential oil, combined with camphor. Oper. Tonic, stimulant, emmenagogue, resolvent. Use. In nervous headaches, and in chlorosis, under the form of infusion; but it is now scarcely ever used, unless as an adjunct, to give odor to sternutatory powders. Dose. Of the powders, gr. x. to 3 ss. Off. Prep. Oleum Rosmarini, L. E. D. Spiritus Rosmarini, L. E. D. RUBIA. U. S. : RUBLE RADIX. D. Root of Madder. (Tetrand. Monogyn. N.O. Rubiacea. Montpelier. 21.) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste bitterish, austere; color red; imparted to water, alcohol, and essential oils. Oper. Emmenagogue, astringent. Use. In chlorosis, and difficult or scanty menstruation; in the atrophia infantum ; but its efficacy is very doubtful. Dose. Gr. xv. to 3j. united with sulphate of potassa, three or four times a day. RUB US TRIVIALIS. VILLOSUS. U. S. (Secondary.) Dewberry Hoot. Blackberry Root. (Icosandria, Polygynia N. O. Rosacea. Indigenous.) Prop. The roots only officinal. Inodorous; bitter, astringent taste; contains much tannin; virtues reside chiefly in the bark, and extracted by boiling water and diluted alcohol. Oper. Astringent and tonic. Use In diarrhoea from debility, cholera infantum, chronic dysentery. In all cases where astringents are indicated. Dose. Of the decoction ( J j., Ojss. water; boiled to Oj.), from f J j. to f Jij. three or four times a day. Of the powdered root, gr. xx. to sr. xxx. RUMEX'. See Acetosa Folia. RUMEX AQUATICUS. Radix. D. R Britannicus, obtusi- folius. U.S. (Secondary.) Root of the Water Dock. (Hcx- andria, Trigynia. N. O. Polygonacca. Indigenous, ii..) Prop. Bitterish, slightly acidulous. Opcr Purgative. Use. In some cutaneous affections. Dose. Of a decoction of Jj. of the dried root, in Oj. of water, f J ij. twice or thrice a day. RUTA. U. S.—L. E. D. The Leaves of Rue. (Decandria, Monogyn. N. O. Rutacea. South of Europe, if..) Prop. Odor strong, ungrateful , taste bitter, pungent; acrid, so as to blister the skin ; contains a volatile oil. Oper. Tonic, stimulant, antispasmodic, emmenagogue 1 Use. In hysteria and flatulent colic; but chiefly in the form of strong infusion in clysters, in the convulsions of children. SAC 469 Dae. Gr. xv. to 3ij. 0/f. Prep. Oleum Ruta, E. D. Extractum Ruta Graveilentis, E. D. RUTA: OLEUM. See Oleum Ruta. SABAUILLA. U.S.—L.E. Sabadilla Seeds. (Helonias Offi- cinalis. Asagrea Officinalis. Polygamia, Monacia. N O. M.tanthacea. Mexico.) Prop. Seeds elongated, pointed, inodorous; taste bitter, acrid; (in small capsules, three together.) Comp. Gallate of veratria, cevadic acid, elaine, stearine, wax. Opcr. Cathartic, excitant, anthelmintic. Vse. Seldom internally; used in the form of powder to destroy pediculi. (Recommended by Turnbull in painful rheumatic and neuralgic affections.) Dose. Gr. l-6th of the Extract, gr. ij. to gr. vi. of the powder. Tincture used externally. Off. Prep. Veratria, L. E. SABBATIA. U. S. (Secondary.) S. Angalaris. Herba. (Pent. Monogynia. N. O. Gcntianea. Indig.) Prop. Bitter, without astringency; virtues extracted by water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic. Use. In intermittent and remittent fevers, also as a prophylactic. Dyspepsia and general debility. Dose. Of the infusion ( J j., waterOj.), f J ij. frequently. Of the powder, 3 ss. to 3 j. The Extract and Tincture are also useful. SABINA. U.S.—L.E.D. Savine Leaves. (Juniperus Sabina. Class and Order the same as Juniperus Communis. Siberia. 4-) Comp. Volatile oil, resin, gallic acid, clorophylle, extractive, lignin, salts of lime. Prop. Odor strong, disagreeable; taste hot, acrid, bitter; de- pending on an essential oil. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, es- charotic. Use. Ir. atnenorrhcea, with a languid pulse, but they require to be cautiously administered; in worms, rheumatism, and gout. Externally, the powder is applied to old ulcers, carious bones, &c.; and the infusion, as a lotion, to gangrene, scabies, and tinea capitis. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. x. of the powder. Off. Prep. Ol. Volatile Juniperi Sabina, E. D. Ol. Sabina, U. S. Extractum Sabina, D. Ceratum Sabina, U. S.—L. SACCIIAR1 FJEX. L. E. Treacle. SACCHARUM. U. S— L. D. Saccharum Commune—S. Pu- rum, E. Sugar (Saccharum Officinarum. The Sugar Cane. (Triand. Monogyn. N.O. Graminacea. Efeypt. 21.) Comp. Oxygen 5U.8, carbon 42.85, hydrogen 6.35, parts=100.0. Prop. In its pure state it is inodorous; taste perfectly sweet, of a brilliant white color, hard ; when impure it has a peculiar taste and flavor, arising from extract, mucilage, and oil; in shining grains of a yellow color. Sugar is soluble in its own weight of water at 60°; also in alcohol: it is decomposed by the strong acids, but unites with lime and alkalies; boiled with water it forms a syrup. s 170 SAL Opcr. Nutritive; the impure is laxative; externally, the refined is escharotic. Use. Seldom given internally with a medical intention, unless to conceal the unpleasant taste of some medicines. It is said to be a preventive of worms. Externally it is applied to fungous ulcers. Hurtful to bilious and hypochondriacal habits and dyspeptics. Off. Prep. Syrupi Omncs, U. S.—L. E. D. 8AGAPENUM. L. E. D. Sagapenum. (Plant unknown, supposed to be the Ferula Persica, (Willd.) Brought to Alex andria.) Comp. Gum, resin, volatile oil. Prop. Odor fetid, alliaceous; taste pungent, bitterish, nauseous; in small, agglutinated masses of a yellow color; tenacious, breaking with a horny fracture. Opcr. Antispasmodic, emmenagogue. Use. In hysteria, chlorosis, and the same cases for which assa- foetida is given, but to which it is inferior. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. in pills. Off.Prep. Pilula Galbani Composita, U.S.—L. Pilula Saga- pcni Composita, L. SAGO. U. S.—L. E. Sago. (Sagus Rumphii.) A modifica- tion of starch, containing traces of chloride of sodium. SALICIS CORTEX. E. Salix; U. S. Cortex. Salix Fragilis; Cortex, D. Willow Bark. (Salix Caprea, Great Round-leaved Willow; Salix Alba, U.S. The White Willow ; Salix Fra- gilis, the Crack Willow. Diacia, Diandria. N. O. Salicacea. Europe. >.) Comp. Bitter, yellow coloring matter, green fatty matter, tannin, resinous extract, gum, wax, woody fibre, and a magnesian salt. Prop. Odor slightly aromatic; taste bitter and astringent. The active principle is an alkaloid named salicina, a compound of 2 eq. carbon=12.24+2 hydrogen=2+l oxyjren=8,equiv.=22.24. (All the species aie nearly the same.) Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In intermittents and remittents; debilities of the intestinal canal; convalescence; and in hectic and phthisis. Uo.se. 3j. to 3 j. of the powder ; or f J jss. of the decoction, made with J ij. of the bark, in Oij. water, boiled down to Oj. Incomp. Solution of isinglass, alkaline carbonates, lime-water sulphate of iron. BALICINA. Salicine. (Boil willow bark with caustic lime in water; filter the decoction: add sulphate of zinc, as long as it ■ produces a precipitate: filter again, and evaporate to the con- sistence of an extract, and heat the residue with alcohol Then carefully evaporate, and crystals of salicine will be deposited, which may be purified by washing with a saturated solution of the same principle in cold water.—Jour. Phil. College Phar. vol. 3, p. 214.) Prop. Fine silky white crystals, like sulph. quinine, permanent in the air, inodoious; strong, bitter taste; six parts are soluble in one hundred parts cold water. More soluble in warm watel and alcohol; becomes red by mixing with sulphuric acid. Opcr. Tonic. Use. In intermittents, and in all cases where tonics are indi- SAP 171 eated. Its effects are analogous to those of quinine, but not much used. Dose. Gr. iv. to gr. vi. every three hours in intermittents. In other cases, gr. j. to gr. iij. fhree or four times a day. BAMBUCUS. U. S. (Secondary.) L. E. Sambuci Nigra; F lores, Bacca, Cortex, D. Common Elder Flowers, Berries, and Bark. (Pentand. Trigyn. N. O. Caprifoliacea. Ger- many. 2X-) Prop. Odor of the flowers sickly; of the fruit the same, but weaker; bark inodorous; taste of the flowers bitterish; the fruit sweetish, slightly acidulous, arising from malic acid; the bark at first sweetish, then bitter, acrid, nauseous. Oper. Flowers diaphoretic, discutient; berries aperient, sudorific, bark purgative, hydragogue, deobsfuent in small doses. Use. The flowers in fomentations, to yield their flavor to water in distillation, and to form a cooling ointment; the berries, or their expressed juice, in febrile diseases, rheumatism, arthritic cases, and the exanthemata; the bark in dropsy and haemor- rhoids. Dose. Of the juice of the berries f J j. to f J ij.; of the bark, gr. v. to 3 ss. three times a day. Off. Prep. Succus Spiss. Sambuci Nigra, D. Unguentum Sambuci, L. D. BANGUINARIA. U.S. S. Canadensis. Blood Root. The Root. (Poiyandria, Monogynia, N. O. Pdpavaracea. Indi- genous.) Prop. Powder of the root brownish orange red; has a faint, narcotic odor; bitterish, acrid taste; yields its virtues to water and alcohol. Contains a peculiar alkaline principle, called sanguarina, to which it owes its red color and acrid properties Oper. An acrid emetic; stimulant, narcotic,diaphoretic, altera- tive. Use. It is principally used in chronic catarrh, bronchial affec- tions, and pertussis. Combined with antimony or ipecacuanha, it is a useful expectorant. Dose. As emetic, from gr. x. to gr. xx.; as an alterative, gr. j. to gr. iv. Of the tincture, x. to xxx. drops. This is the best form of administration. Off. Prep. Tinct. Sanguinaria, IT. S. SAPO. U. S.—L. Sapo Durus, E. D. Hard Soap. Comp. Recent oil 60.94, soda 8.56, water 30.50, in 100 parts. Prop. Inodorous; taste alkalescent, nauseous; hard, white, soluble in water and in alcohol. Opzr. Purgative, diuretic ; externally detergent, stimulant. Use. In habitual costiveness and jaundiry=872+3 of sulphuric acid=120.3, equiv=992 3. Prop. Inodorous ; taste acrid ; of a bright yellow color ; soluble in 1000 parts of water at 60°, and 600 at 212°. Oper Emetic, discutient, errhine, alterative. Use. Seldom employed internally, owing to its violent effects it is, however, a useful emetic in swelled testicles; and. when mixed with liquorice-root powder, and snuffed up the nostrils at bedtime, it forms an excel lent errhine in chronic ophthalmia. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. iij. SUCClNUM. U. S.-L. E.D. Amber. (Found on the shores of theB.dtic.) Comp. A resinous matter, essential oil, and an acid sui generis. Prop. Inodorous, except when Seated or rubbed ; insipid; in fragments of a pale golden yellow color, transparent; has a shining lustre; fracture conchoidal; brittle; spec. grav. 1.08; insoluble in water; slightly acted on by alcohol. Use. To afford its essential oil and acid. Off. Prep. Acidum Succinicum, E. D. Oleum Succini, U. S.— L. E. D. SUCCUS SPISSATUS SAMBUCI NIGRA!. D. Inspissated Juice of Elder Berries, vulgarly called Elder Rob. (Succi Baccarum Sambuci Nig. matur. partes v., Sacch. pur. partem j. Boil with a gentle heat to the consistence of homy.) Prop. Odor that of the berries; taste acidulous, sweet. Opcr. Cooling, laxative, diuretic. Use. Diluted with water as a beverage in cases of inflammatory fevers; and catarrh. Dose. f'Jss. to f J jss. diluted with water. SULPHAS BARYTA:. E.D. Sulphateof Baryta. (A natural production.) Comp. Baryta 66, sulphuric acid 34, in 100 parts.—(Berzelius.) Or 1 eq. baryta=76.7+l of acid=40.1, equiv.=116.8. Prop. Foliated; spec. grav. 4.4; decrepitates when heated; insoluble in water; soluble in boiling concentrated sulphuric acid. SULPHAS POTASSA: CUM SULPHURE. E. Sulphate of Potassa with Sulphur. (Nitratis Potassa in pulv. triti. Sul- phuris Sublimati, pondera aqualia. Gradually deflagrate in a red hot crucible and, when cold, preserve it in a w< II-sk i pod glass vessel.) The nitrate is decomposed. Lixivia Vitrioluia Sulphurca. Oper. and Use. The same as the sulphate of potassa, into which it is converted by attracting oxygen, when exposed to the at- mot-phere. Dose. Gr. xv. to 3 j. SULPHUR. U.S.—L.E. Roll Sulphur. (A volcanic produc- tion. Sicily.) Impure sulphur, melted and run into moulds. frop. Odorous when heated or rubbed; insipid, solid, brittle; SUL 187 spec. grav. 1.99; fusible at 226°, crystallizing as it cools; vola- tilized by heat, condensing unchanged. SULPHUR PRA2C11TTATUM. U. S. Precipitated Sulphur. Lac Sulphuris. (R Sulphur Ibj., Lime ibjss., Water two gal- lons, Muriatic Acid q. s. Slake the lime with a small portion of the water, and having mixed it with the sulphur, add the remainder of the water, boil for two or three hours, occasionally adding water so as to preserve the measure, and filter. Dilute the filtered liquor with an equal bulk of water ; then drop into it sufficient muriatic acid to precipitate the sulphur. Lastly, wash the precipitate repeatedly with water till the washings are tasteless, and dry it.)— U. S. Phar. Opcr. Laxative and alterative; emmenagogue. Use. In cutaneous affections, and as a laxative in constipation and haemorrhoids. Dose, ly in the form of an electuary, two or three times a day; or combined with magnesia or cream of tartar. SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM. E.D. Sublimed Sulphur, com- monly called Flowers of Sulphur. (The sulphur of commerce, which is obtained from pyrites, sublimed in close vessels.) Prop. Inodorous, unless rubbed between the fingers, or heated, slightly acidulous; a fine powder, of a bright yellow color; very inflammable; contains a small portion of sulphuric acid produced in the sublimation, from which it is freed by washing; soluble in linseed oil. Oper. Stimulant, laxative, diaphoretic, transpiring through the cutaneous exhalants. Use. As a laxative in chronic rheumatism, atonic gout, rachitis, asthma, and some pulmonary affections; in hemorrhoidal affections it is the only laxative that should be employed, united with magnesia or bitartrate of potassa. A specific in itch, and several cutaneous diseases, when either internally or externally exhibited. Dose. I ss. to 3 ij. taken night and morning.1 SULPHURETUM HYDRARGYRI CUM SULPHURE. L.E. D. Black Sulphuret of Mercury. (Hydrargyri Purif, Sul- phuris Sublimati, sing. Ibj. Rub them together, until the glo- bules disappear.) JEthiopis Mineralis. Comp. Sulphuret of mercury 58, sulphur 42, in 100 parts. Prop. Inodorous ; nearly insipid ; a very black powder, impal- pable to the touch ; completely volatilized by heat; should not give a white color to gold when rubbed on it; soluble in solu- tion of pure potassa. Oper. Anti-venereal, alterative, anthelmintic. Use In syphilis; but it is the most inactive of the mercurial preparations; in glandular swellings: it is sometimes useful against ascarides. Doss. Gr. v. to 3 ss. SULPHURIS lODIDUM. U.S. Iodide of Sulphur. (R Iodine J iv., Sulphur J j. Rub together in aglass mortar till thoroughly mixed. Put the mixture into a matrass, close the orifice loosely, and apply a gentle heat, so as to darken the mass without melting it. When the color has become uniformly dark throughout, increase the heat so as to melt the iodide; then incline the matrass in different directions; and lastly, allow it 188 SYR to cool, break it, and put the iodide into bottles, which are to be well stopped.)—U. S. Phar. Prop. Iodide of sulphur is entirely dissipated by heat. When boiled in water, iodine escapes with the vapor, and sulphur ia deposited nearly pure. Oper. A poweiful alterative, especially in lupus, acne, and pso- riasis. Use. In cutaneous affections, secondary syphilis, rheumatism, &c. The ointment of iodide of sulphur should be made at first by mixing gr. x. of" the iodide with Jj. lard ; the strength may be gradually increased, as the skin can bear it, until it contains 3ss. to the Jj. lard or spermaceti ointment. (The vapor may be inhaled with advantage in some cases of humoral asthma: combine four parts iodine with one of sulphur, and sublime.) SUPERTARTRAS POTASSA: IMPURUS. E. Impure Su- pertartrate of Potassa. (Deposited on the inside of wine casks.) See Tartar. DISULPHAS QUINA!. L. SulphasQuinae, E.D. Disulphate of Quina. Comp. Quina74.31, acid 16.17, water 19.52, in 100 parts; 1 eq. of sulphuric acid=40.1+2 eq. of quina=329.1+8 eq. of water =72, equiv.=447.2. Prop. Inodorous; taste powerfully bitter; minute white crys- tals—not very soluble in cold water, unless acidulated. Oper. Tonic, antiperiodic. Use. In intermittent fever, debility, and every case in which cinchona has been employed. Dose. Frcm gr. j. to gr. x., frequently repeated in the course of a day. Incomp. All the alkalies and alkaline earths. SYRUPUS. U.S.—L.E. D. Simple Syrup. (Sacchari Purif. Ibx., Aqua Oiij. Dissolve the sugar in the water with a gentle heat.) Prop. Inodorous, sweet, thickish, transparent. Use. To cover nauseous tastes; but it seldom renders medicine more pleasant, and might well be altogether dispensed with. It is the base of most of the other syrups N. B. The Syrups should never be kept in a temperature that exceeds 55°. All syrups that contain vegetable mucilage are apt to become ropy and acescent, or deposit crystals of sugar. They are, therefore, more suitable for the winter season. They should never be prepared in quantities, so as to be kept long on hand. SYRUPUS ACACIA:. Syrup of Gum Arabic. (R Gum Arabic 8 parts, Sugar 64 parts, Boiling Water 32 parts, Orange-flower Water 1 part. Dissolve the gum in the boiling water, frequently stirring, then add the sugar; boil so as to form a syrup, and strajn ; when cold, add the orange-flower water.) SYRUPUS ACETL E. Syrup of Vinegar. (Aceti Gallici Jxj., Sacch. Pur. Jxiv. Boil them so as to form a syrup.) Syrupus Aceti. Prop. Odor acetous; taste sweet, acidulous. Oper. Refrigerant, antiseptic. Use. In fevers, diluted with water, as a beverage; and in scor- butus. SYR 189 Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. SYRUPUS ACIDI HYDROCYANICL Syrup of Hydiocyanic Acid. (R Syrupi purificat. Ibj., Acidihydrocyanici inedicinalis 3j. Mix.)—Majendie. Use. Add to common pectoral mixtures; used as other syrups are. SYRUPUS ALLIL U.S. Syrup of Garlic. (R Of Fresh Garlic sliced J vj., Distilled Vinegar Oj., Sugar Ibij. Mace- rate the garlic in the vinegar, in a glass vessel, four days; then express the liquor, and set it by, that the dregs may subside; lastly, add the sugar to the clear liquor, and remove any scum that may form, and strain the solution while hot)—U. S. Phar. SYRUPUS ALTHAEA;. L. E. Syrup of Marshmallows. (Althaa Rad. contus. J viij., Sacch. Purificati Ibijss., Aqua Oiv. Boil the root in the water to one-half, and press out the liquor, defecate, and having added the sugar, boil down to a proper consistence.) Very susceptible of decomposition when kept. Oper. Emollient, demulcent. Use. In catarrh, nephritic cases, and for sweetening demulcent drinks in acute fevers. Dose, fly to f 3 iij. SYRUPUS AMYGDALA:. U.S. Syrup of Almonds. Syrup of Orgeat. (Take of Sweet Almonds ibj., Bitter Almonds J iv., Water Oiij., Sugar Ibvj. Having blanched the almonds, rub them in a mortar to a very fine paste, adding, during the tritu- ration, f J iij. of the water and Ibj. of the sugar. Mix the paste thoroughly with the remainder of the water; strain, with a strong expression; add the remainder of the sugar to the strained liquor, and dissolve with the aid of a gentle heat. Strain through fine linen, and having allowed it to cool, bottle, cork tight, and keep in a cool place.)—U. 5. Phar. SYRUPUS AURANTII. U. S.—L. E. D. Syrup of Orange Peel. (Aurant. Cort. recent. J ijss., Aqua Ferv. Oj., Sacch. Pur. Ibiij. Macerate the peel in the water for twelve hours in a covered vessel; then to the decanted fluid add the sugar.) Oper. Slightly tonic ; stomachic. Use. An elegant adjunct to stomachic draughts and mixtures. Dose. fl\. to f 3 ij. SYRUPUS BRUCINA:. Syrup of Brucine. (R Brucinae gr. vj., Aquae distillat. J iv., Sacchar. alb. 3 ij. Mix.) Use. In same diseases as strychnine, but weaker in the propor- tion of t to li). Dose. A tablcspoonful. night and morning. SYRUPUS CALCIS CHLORIDI. Syrup of Chloride of Lime. (R Calcis chlorid. 3j., Emuls. amygd. J vj., Syrup, gummos. Jj. Mix.) Use. In gonorrhoea. Dose. A tablespoonful every three hours. SYRUPUS CARYOPHYLLI RUBRI. D. Syrup of Clove July-flower. (Petalortfi Dianthi Caryophyllirecent., %nguibus resectis, Ibj., Aqua Bull. Ibiv., Sacch. Pur. ibvij.) Prop. Aromatic. Use. Chiefly to impart its color to extemporaneous mixtures. Dose, fly to f 3 iij. Incomp. Alkaline solutions. 190 SYR SYRUPUS CINCHONIA:. F. Syrup of Cinchonia. (Take of sulphate of cinchonia gr. xxxix., simple syrup f J xvj.) Dose. From f 3 j. to f J j. SYRUPUS CROCI. L.E. Syrup of Saffron. (Croci Stigmtr Vim I x., Aqua Fervent. Oj., Sacch. Purif. ibiij.) Oper. Cordial. Use. As an adjunct to stomachic and cordial draughts; but chiefly on account of its color. Dose. f3j to f 3 ij. SYRUPUS EMETLE. F. Syrup of Emeta. (Take of pure emeta gr. iv., simple syrup Ibj. Mix.) Use. In catarrh, hooping-cough, and all cases in which ipeca- cuanha is useful. Dose, fly to f 3 iij. SYRUPUS EXTRACTI HYDRO-ALCOHOLICI ACTHEREI CUBEBARUM. Syrup of the Althereal Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Cubebs. (R Ext. hydro-alcohol, aether, cubebar. J iij. Suspend with mucilage in Aq. menthae piper. Ibj.; add sacchar. alb. Ibij. Mix.) Use. In chronic gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, Sec. Dose. A teaspoonful three times a day. Four ounces of this syrup contain 3 ij. of extract, equal to xj. of powdered cubebs. SYRUPUS GENTIANINA:. Syrup of Gentianine. (R Syrup. simplic. Ibj., gentianin. gr. xvj. Mix.)—Majendie. Use. In scrofulous affections. Dose._ A tablespoonful fo»r or five times a day. SYRUPUS IODINII. Syrup of Iodine. (R Tinctur. iodin. gr. vj., syrup, simpl. J ij. Mix.) Dose. To be taken in twenty-four hours. SYRUPUS IPECACUANHA:. U. S.—E Syrup of Ipecacu- anha. (Ipecacuanha in coarse powder J iv., Rectified Spirit Oij., Proof Spirit,, Water, of each f Jxiv., Syrup Ovij. Digest the ipecacuanha in the rectified spirit for twenty-four hours, squeeze, and filter. Repeat this process with the proof spirit; and again with the water. Unite the fluids, and distil to J xij. Add J v. of rectified spirit, and then the syrup. Prop. Expectorant and pinetic. Use. In bronchitis, asthma, croup, and catarrh. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. SYRUPUS KRAMERLE. U. S. Syrup of Rhatany. (Take of Extract of Rhatany J ij., Water Oj., Sugar Ibijss. Dissolve the extract in the water and filter, then add the sugar, remove the scum, and strain while hot.)—U. 5. Phar. Oper. Astringent and tonic. Use. In all cases where astringents are indicated. SYRUPUS LIMONUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Syrup of Lemons (Limonis Sued colati Oj., Sacchari Purif. Ibijss.) Syrupus Succi Limonum. Oper. Cooling, antiseptic. Use. To sweeten and acidulate barley^ater, and other diluting fluids, in inflammatory and bilious fever. A useful addition to detergent gargles. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. or more. BYRUPUS MORI. L. Syrup of Mulberry. (Mori Succi colati Oj., Sacch Purif. Ibijss.) Oper. Coo ing. SYR 191 Use. For acidulating and sweetening diluting fluids in febrile disease--, and as an adjunct to gargles. Dose, f ly to J iij. or more. SYRUPUS MORPHIA: ACETATIS. F. Syrup of Acetate of Moruhia. (Take o''clarified syrup Ibj., sulphate of morphia gr. iv. Make into a syrup.) Use. The same as that of Syrup of Poppies. Dose. From f 3 j. to f 3 iv. SYRUPUS MORPHIA: SULPHATIS. F. Syrup of Sulphate of Morphia. (Pake of clarified syrup Ibj., sulphateof morphia gr. iv. Make into a syrup.) Use. For varying the narcotic, when patients have become ac customed to the action of the acetate. Dos-. From f 3 j. to f 3 iv. SYRUPUS OLEI JECINORIS ASELLI. Syrup of Cod-Livel Oil. (R Ol. jecinor. aselli" J viij.. Gum arab. pulv. J v.. Aqua J xij., Syrup, commun. J iv., Sacchar. alb. J xxiv. Make an emaision of the four first ingredients; dissolve the sugar at a moderate heat; clarify, and add aqua'flor. aurant. Jij.)— Duclou. Dose._ Two tablespoonsful. SYRUPUS PAPAVERIS. L. E. D. Syrup of Poppies. (Pa- paveris Capsul. Ibiij., Sacchar. Pur. Ibv., Aqua Ferv. cong. v. Boil the capsules in the water to two gallons, and express strongly. Boil the liquor to Oiv., and strain while hot. Defe- cate by rest for twelve hours, and %oii the clear liquor to Oij., adding the sugar so as to form a syrup.) f Jj. contains about gr. j. of opium. Oper. Anodyne. Use. In catarrh, to abate coughing ; and in the diseases of chil- dren to allay pain and procure sleep. The degree of strength of the preparation is very uncertain. (R Olei oliva;, Oxymellis scillac, ft a, Papav. alb., sing, f Jj., in doses of a teaspoonful, in obstinate coughs and pertussis. Dose. f6 j. to f Jj., according to the age of the patient. %* It very readily ferments, and therefore should be kept in a cool place. SYRUPUS QUINA:. F. Syrup of Quina. (Take of sulphate of quina gr. Ixiv., simple syrup Ibij. Mix.) Use. In all cases in which the sulphate of quina is useful. 7)ose. From f 3 ij. to f 3 iv. SYRUPUS QUINlN/i: C1TRATIS. Syrup of Citrate of Qui- nine. (R Syrup, sacch. clarif. Ibj., Quinin. Acetat. acid. gr. xxxvj. M.) Dose. Two tablespoonsful in twenty-four hours. SYRUPUS QUINA: SULPHATIS. Syrup of Sulphate of Quinine. (R Quinin. sulphat. gr. xvj., Syrup, simpl. J viij.) Uo.se. A teaspoonful. SYRUPUS RHCEADOS. L. E. D. Syrup of Red Poppy. (Rhmados Pctalorum Ibj., Aqua Ferv. Ibij., Sacch. Purif. Ibijss. To the water, heated in a warm bath, add the petalsgradually, stirring occasionally; next remove the vessel, and macerate for twelve hours; then express the liquor, defecate, and add the sugar so as to form a syrup.) Use. As coloring matter. SYRUPUS RHAMNI. L.E.D. 3yrup of Buckthorn. (Rhamni 20 192 SYR Succi recent. Oiv., Zingiberis concisa, Pimenta contrit., sing 3 vj., Sacch. Purif. Ibiv. Defecate the juice by rest, for three days, and strain. To a pint of the defecated juice add the ginger root and pimenta; then macerate, in a gentle heat, for four hours, and strain; boil what remains to one pint and a half, mix the liquors, nnd add sugar so as to form a syrup.) Syru- pus Spina Cervina. Oper. Cathartic, but attended with griping, and dryness of the mouth and fauces. Use. To open the bowels; but owing to its very unpleasant taste, it is seldom employed except in clysters. Dose. f3iv. to f Jj., drinking freely of gruel, and other tepid fluids, during the operation. SYRUPUS RHEI. U.S; Syrup of Rhubarb. (Take of Rhubarb bruised Jij., Boiling 'Water Oj., Sugar Ibij. Macerate the rhubarb in the water twenty-four hours, and strain; then add the sugar, and proceed in the manner directed for Sijrup. Allii.) — U. S. Phar. SYRUPUS RHEI AROMATICUS. U. S. Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb. (Take of Rhubarb bruised J ijss., Cloves, Cinna- mon, bruised, each Jss., Nutmeg bruised 3 ij., Diluted Alcohol Oij., Syrup Ovj. Macerate the rhubarb and aromatics in the diluted alcohol for fourteen days, and strain ; then, by means of a water bath evaporate the liquor to Oj., and while hot, mix it with the syrup previously heated.)—U. S. Phar. SYRUPUS ROSA:. L.D» Syrupus Rosa.- Centifoliae, E. Syrup of the Rose. (Rosa Centifolia Petal, exsiccat. J vij., Sacch. Purif. Ibvj., Aqua Fern. Oiij. Macerate the petals in the water for twelve hours; evaporate the strained liquor to Oiij., and add the sugar so as to form a syrup.) Oper. Gently laxative. Use. In costiveness of weak habits, and of children. Dose, f 3j. to f Jj. or more. SYRUPUS ROSAS GALLICA:. E. Syrup of Red Rosefc. (Petal, siccat. Rosa Gallica J ij., Aqua Bull. Ibj., Sacch. Pur. J xx. Prepared in the same manner as the former.) Oper. Mildly astringent. Use. As an adjunct to stomachic infusions, and to gargles; but it is on account of its color that it is valued. Dose, f 3 ij. to f Jiv. or more. SYRUPUS SARSAPARILLA: COMPOSITUS. U. S. Com- pound Syrup of Sarsaparilla. (Take of Sarsaparilla bruised Ibij., Guaiacum Wood rasped J iij., Hundred Leaved Roses, Senna, Liquorice Root, bruised, each Jij., Oil Sassafras, Oil Anise, each five minims, Oil of Partridge Berry three minims, Diluted Alcohol Ox., Sugar lb viij. Macerate the sarsaparilla, guaiacum, roses, senna and liquorice root in the diluted alcohol, fourteen days; then express and filter. Evaporate the tincture by means of a water bath to four pints, filter, add the sugar, remove any scum which may form, and strain the solution whfle hot)—U. S. Phar. SYRUPUS SARZA:. L.E.D. Syrup of Sarsaparilla. (Sliced Root of Sarsaparilla J xv., Boiling Water a gallon, Purified Sugar J xv. Macerate the root in water for twenty-four hours; then boil down to four pints, and strain the liquor while SYR 193 It is yet hot; then add the sugar, and boil down to a proper consistence.) Use. In the same cases as the root. Dose. From f'3 j. to f 3 iv. SYRUPUS SENNA;. U.S.—L.E. Syrup of Senna. (Sennas Foliar. J ijss., Faniculi contus. I x., Manna J iij., Sacchar. Pur. J xv., Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate the senna leaves and fennel seeds for twelve hours; strain, adding the manna and sugar to the juice, to form a syrup.) Oper. Purgative. Use. For the costiveness of children, and persons of a delicate habit of body. Dose, f 3 ij. to f J ss. or more. SYRUPUS SCILLA1. U. S—E. Syrup of Squill. (Aceti Scilla Oiij., Sacch. Pur. cont. Ibvij.* Oper. Diuretic, expectorant, emetic. Use. In the same cases as those for which the oxymel is em- ployed ; as an emetic it is given only to children. Dose, fly to t" 3 ij. SYRUPUS SCILLA: COMPOSITUS. U.S. Compound Syrup of Squill. Hive Syrup. (Take of Squill bruised, Seneka, each Jiv., Tartrate of Antimony and Potassa gr. xlviij., Water Oiv., Sugar lbiijss. Pour the water ufon the squill and seneka, and having boiled to one half, strain and add the sugar ; then eva- porate to Oiij., and while the syrup is still hot, dissolve it in the tartrate of antimony and potassa.)—U. S. Phar. Use. In croup, and as an expectorant in pulmonary and catar- rhal affections. SYRUPUS SENEGA:. U.S. Syrup of Seneka. (Take of Seneka bruised Jiv., Water Oy, Sugar Ibj. Boil the water with the seneka to one half, and strrun ; then add the sugar, remove the scum, and strain.)—U. S. Phar. Oper. A very useful expectorant. Use. In bronchial and pulmonary affections. Dose. I'3ss. tof3ij. SYRUPUS SIMPLEX. E. Simple Syrup. (Pure Sugar ftx., Boiling Water Oiij.) Use. To sweeten nauseous mixtures. SYRUPUS TOLUTANUS. U. S.—L. E. D. Syflip of Tolu. (Balsami Tolutani I x , Aq. Ferv. Oj., Sacch. Par. Ibijss. Boil the balsam for half an hour in a covered vessel, occasiona-lly stirring ; strain when cold, and add sugar to the liquor so as to form a syrup.) Use. Simply to give its agreeable flavor to draughts, mixtures, and emulsions. Dose, flytofliv. SYRUPUS VIOLA:. E. Syrupus Viola;, D. Syrup of Violets. (Florum recent. Viola Odor. Ibj., Aq. Bull. Oijss., Sacch. Pur. Ibvijss. Macerate in a covered vessel for twenty-four hours; strain, without expression, through linen ; add the sugar so as to form a syrup.) Syrupus Violarum. Opcr. Very gently laxative. Use. To children, and to impart its blue color to fluid mixtures, &.C. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. 9 194 TAP Incomp. Acidulated and alkalized fluids, if it be wished to pre- serve the color. SYRUPUS ZINGI13ERIS. U. S—L. E. D. Syrup of Ginger. (Zingiberis concisa J ijss., Aqua Ferv. Oj., Sacch. Purif. Ibijss. To the strained liquor add the sugar, so as to form a syrup.) Oper. Cordial, stomachic, carminative. Use. As an adjunct to bitter and tonic infusions. Dose, ly to 3 iij. TABACUM. U. S.—L. E. Nicotian^ Tabaci Folia, D. The Leaves of Tobacco. (Pentand. Monogyn. N.O. Solanacca, America. 0.) Prop. Odor of the dried leaves, strong, fetid, narcotic; taste Uiter, extremely acrid ; burns with a sparkling light, owing to the nitrate of potassa which it contains. Active principles, a volatile oil, which is soluble both in water and alcohol, and nicotina, a peculiar substance, on which its virtues are supposed to depend. Oper. Narcotic, sedative, diuretic, emetic, cathartic, errhine, a violent poison, whether externally applied, or taken into the stomach. Use. In ileus, and incarcerated hernia, in the form of clyster of the infusion, or the smoke; in dropsy and dysuria; chewing it relieves the pain of toothache; and, as an errhine, it forms the basis of all the snuffs in common use. The infusion has been used as a lotion in scabies, tinea capitis, and other eruptions; but it is apt to induce sickness. Dose. See Infusum Tabaci. For clysters, 3 j. is infused in Oj. of boiling water. Off. Prep. Vinum Tabaci, U. S— E. TAMARINDUS. U.S.—L.E. Tamarindus, LcguminisPulpa, D. The Pulp of the Tamarind. (Tamarindus Indica, the Tamarind Tree. Monadeiph. Triand. N. O. Leguminosa. East and West Indies. V .) Prop. Inodorous; taste acid, sweet; juicy when fresh and good; the seeds are hard ; and the blade of a knife thrust into the pulp, should not become coated with copper. The pulp contains citric acid 9.40, tartaric acid 1.55, malic acid 0.45, bitartrate of potassa 3.25, gelatine, mucilage, pectin, fecula, and sugarM Oper. Laxative, refrigerant. Use. In dysentery and fevers, particularly those attended with an increased secretion of bile, and putrid symptoms. Tamarind whey, made by boiling J ij. of the fruit with Ojss. of milk, and straining, is an excellent diluent in fevers. Dose. I ss. to 3 ij. often added to senna and to manna. Incomp. Carbonates, and acetates of potassa and soda; the resinous cathartics; infusum senna;. TAN ACETI FOLIA. U. S.—D. Leaves of Tansy. (Syngcn. Polygam. Superfl. N. O. Composita. Europe. 21.) Prop. Odor peculiar, strong; taste warm, bitter. Oper. Tonic, deobstruent, anthelmintic. Use. In gout; hysteria, connected with suppression of the menses; in worms seldom used. Dose. 3 ss. to 3 j. It is drunk as tea by gouty people. TAPIOCA. U. S—E. Tapioca. (Fecula of the rhizomes of Jatropha Manihot.) A modification of starch TER 195 Prop. Occurs in the form of irregular, hard, white, rough grains, possessing little taste, partially soluble in cold water, and affording a fine blue color when iodine is added to its filtered solution. The tapioca meal, sometimes called Brazilian arrow- root, is the fecula, dried without heat; nutritious, easy of diges- tion, and free from all irritating properties, tapioca forms an excellent diet for the sick and convalescent. Prepared by boil- ing in water, adding sugar, lemon juice, wine, nutmeg, or cin- namon, to suit the taste. TARAXACUM. U. S—L. E. Taraxaci Herba et Radix, D. Taraxacum. (Dens Leonis.) The Root of Dandelion. (Syn- gcn. Polygam. JEqual. N. O. Composita. Indigenous. Zj..) Prop. Inodorous; taste at first slightly sweetish and acidulous, then bitter. Opcr. Aperient, diuretic, resolvent. Vse. In chronic inflammation, and incipient scirrhus of the liver; chronic derangements of the stomach; dropsy; pulmonary tubercles; and jaundice. Dose, f Jij. of the following decoction three or four times a day; R The full-grown roots sliced J iv., water Oij. Boil gently to a pint, strain, and add bitartrate of potassa 3 iij. Incomp. Infusion of galls, nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, actates of lead, sulphate of iron. TARTARUM. L. Tartari Crystalli, D. Tartar. (Potassae • Bitarlras Impura.) Encrusted on wine casks. Comp. Potassa, tartaric acid, and generally lime. Prop. Taste acid, rather unpleasant; color dirty white, red, or brown, according to the nature of the wine depositing it. It ij brittle, soluble in cold water, but much more so in boiling wa- ter ; decomposed by heat. Use. For the preparation of bitartrate of potassa. TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS. U. S.—L. Balsamum C.inadense, E. R^jna Liquida Pini Balsameae, D. Canada Balsam. (Pinus Balsamra, Norway Spruce Fir. Monacia, Monailelphia. N. O. Conifera. Canada. ^.) TEREBINTHINA CHIA. L. E. Resina Liquida Pistaciae Terebinthini, D. Cyprus Turpentine. (Pistacia Tercbinthus. Diacia, Pentand. N. O. Tcrebinthacea. South of Euiope H-) TEKEBINTHTNA: OLEUM. U.S.—L,E. Oil of Turpentine. The volatile oil. TEREIUNTHlNA VENETA. E. Resina Liquida Pini Laricis, D. Venice Turpentine, (Pinus Larix. The Larch. Class and Oder of P. Bals unea. Sou:h of Europe. ^ .) TFREBINTHINA. U.S.: VULGARIS. E.L. Terebinthina Vulgaris; Resina, D. Common Turpentine. (Pinus sylvestris. Scoxh Fir. North of Europe. M Alt these turpentines have properties in common, with something peculiar to each; the three former are used internally, the latter only externally. Comp. Resin, volatile oil ; the Canadian contains the largest proportion of oil. The rectified oil is the Camphene. of chemists. Prop. Odor penetrating; taste warm, pungent, bitterish; color pale yellow. The Canadian and Chian are thin, Hnipid, trans- parent; the other two thicker, viscid, and less transparent; 196 TIN soluble in aithcr and alcohol; combine with fixed oil; insolubia in water, but impart to it their flavor. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, cathartic. Use. In chronic rheumatism, gleet, leucorrhcea, .lephritic affec- tions, and mucous obstructions of the urinary organs. United with water bv means of yolk of egg, they are given clysterwaya in colic, obstinate costiveness, and to destroy ascarides. The latter kind enter into the composition of plasters. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. in pillsor bolus, united with powder of liquorice root; or emulsion, with mucilage or yolk of egg. Off. Prep. Oleum Terebinthina, U.S.—L. E.D. Oleum Tcre- binthina purijicatum, L. Enema Terebinthina, D. Emplastra et Vnguenta Varia, U. S. TEST A;. U. S—L. Oyster Shells. (Ostrea edulis, the Oyster. CI. Virmcs. Ord. Testacea, L. Mollusca, Acephala, Cuv.) Comp. Carbonate of lime and animal matter, the latter of which is destroyed when the shell is burnt, and pure lime remains. Opcr. Antacid, absorbent. Use. Chiefly in the acidities of infancy; and during dentition. jDo.se. Gr. x. to 3 ij. TESTA: PRA:PARATA:. L. Prepared Shells. (Wash the shelU freed from sordes with boiling water, then prepare them in the same manner as chalk.) TIGLII OLEUM. U. S— L. Crotonis Olei, E. Croton Tiglii. Oleum ex Seminibus Expressum, D. Oil of Croton. (Crotojfc Moncecia, Monadclphia. N. O. Euphorbiacea. Molucca™ V .) An expressed oil. Prop. Color pale brownish-yellow; odor none; taste acrid, and extremely permanent. Oper. Drastic, purgative. Use. In apoplexy, obstinate costiveness, and whenever a quick and powerful action on the bowels is required. Dose. From fllj. to fllv. made into pills with crumb of bread; or rubbed up with mucilage and syrup.* TINCTURA ACETATIS FERHI. D. Tincture of Acetate of Iron. (Acetatis Kali J ij., Sulphatis Ferri 3 j., Spir. Rectif. Oij. Rub the acetate and sulphate into a soft mass, then dry it with a moderate heat, and afterwards triturate with the spirit. Di- gest in a well-corked phial for seven days, shaking occasionally. Pour off the clear liquor, after the faeces have subsided.) A spirituous solution of a mixed acetate. Prop. Taste extremely styptic. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In dyspepsia, chlorosis, hysteria, and rachitis. Dose, fllxx. to f 3 j. in a glassful of water. TINCTURA ACETATIS FERRI CUM ALCOHOLE. D. Tincture of Acetate of Iron with Alcohol. (Sulphatis Ferri, Acetatis Kali, sing. Jj., Alcoholis Oij. Prepared in the same manner as the former.) Comp. Red oxide of iron, acetate of potassa, alcohol. Prop., Use, Sec. The same as the former preparation. TINCTURA ACETATIS ZINCI. D. Tincture of Acetate of Zinc. (Zinci Sulphatis, Potassa Acetatis, utriusque partem j., Spir. Rectificati partes xvj. Rub together the sulphate and acetate, and add the spirit. Macerate for a week, occasionally agitating, and filter through paper.) TIN 197 TINCTURA ACONri'I. Tincture of Aconite. (Aconiti J iv Diluted Alcohol Oij. Macerate fourteen days, express, and filter through paper. Or by displacement.)—U. S. Phar. Oper. Revel lent, excitant. Use. Externally in palt-y, amaurosis, &c. TINCTURA ALOKS. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Aloes. (Aloes cont. J j., Ext. Glycyrrhiza J iij., Aqua Ojss., Spir. Rect. Oss. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the extract of aloes. Dose, f J ss. to t J jss. TINCTURA ALOES ATIIEREA. E. Althereal Tincture of Aloes. (Gummi Res. Aloes Socot., Gummi Res. Myrrha, sing. J j s., Croci Anglici con. J j., JEtheris Sulphurici cum Alcohole Ibj. Digest Hie myrrh in the aethereal spirit for four days, then add the aloes and saffron, and digest for four days more.) T. Aloes Vitriolata. Oper. Stimulant, cathartic. Use. In the same cases for which the other aloetic tinctures aie used ; and spa-'in j of the stomach. Dose, f Zj. to t 3 ij. TINCTURA ALOES COMPOSITA. L.D. Tinetura Aloes it Mynh;e. U.S.—E. Compound Tincture of Aloes. Elixir Piopiii-tatis. (Aloes cont. Jiv., Croci Jij., Tinct. Myrrha Oij. DL-ot fourteen days, and strain.) Opir. Purgative, stomachic, emmenagogue. Use. To open the bowels in languid cold habits; in chlorosis. Dose, f 3 j. lo f 3 ij. TINCTURA AMMONIA: COMPOSITA:. L. Compound Tincture of Ammonia. (Mastiche 3 ij., Spir. Rcctificat. f 3 ix., 1'.ai and. Old fllxiv., Succini Old ULiv., Liquoris Ammonia fort. Iij. .Macerate the nuistich in the spirit, and decant the tincture ; then add the other articles, and shake all togell.-er.) Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic. Vse. In pciius.-is, hysteria, and nervous affections. Dose. fllv. to fllxx. Ineomp. Acids, acidulous and metallic salts. TIMTfllA ANGUSTURA:. D. Tinetura Angustura. (Cort. Augustura, in pulv. crass, rcdacti J ij., Spir. Vinosi Tenuioris Oij. Digest tor seven days.) Oiier. and Vse. The same as of the Bark. See Cusparia Cortex. I Jose. 3 j. to 3 ij. TINCTURA ASSAF03TIDA:. U. S—L. E. D. Tincture of Assafeetida. (Assafatida J v., Spir. Jiectif.O'i}. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter.) Opcr. and Use. The same as of Assafoetida. • Dose. IIlx.to f 3j. (It becomes turbid when mixed with water.) TINCTURA AURANTII. L.E. Tincture of Orange Peel. (Aurantii Cort. exsiccati J iijss., Spir. Tenuioris Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter.) Oper. Stomachic. Use. As an adjunct to bitter stomachic draughts. Dose, f 3ss. to 3 ij. or more. TINCTURA BALSAMI TOLUTANI. U. S.—L. See Tine- tura Toluifera Balsami. TINCTURA BENZOINI COMPOSITA:. U.S.—L.E. Tinct Beuzoes Composita, D. Compound Tincture of Benzoin. 198 TIN (Benzoini J iijss., Styracis colati f J ijss., Balsami Tolutani 3 X., Aloes I v., Spiritus Rect. Oij. Macerate for fourteen days.) Oper. Stimulant, expectorant, antispasmodic. Use. In old asthmatic cases; chronic catarrh; phthisis with a languid circulation. It is applied to wounds and languid ulcers, which it stimulates genily, and covers from the action of the air. Dose, f 3 ss to f 3 ij. rubbed up with yolk of egg, and any fluid. TINCTURA BUCHU. E.D. Tincture of Buchu. (Buchu J ijss., Spiritus Tenuioris mensura Ibj. Macerate for beven days, and strain.) Use. The same as that of the leaves. Dose. From 3 j. to f J iv. TINCTURA CALUMBA:. L.E. Tinct. Colombo, U. S.—D. Tincture of Calumba. (Calumba concisa J iij., Spir. Tenuior. Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the root; but more easily borne on the stomach than either the powder or the infusion. Dose, f 3ss. to f 3 iv. TINCTURA CAMPHORA:. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Camphor. (Camphora J v., [ J j. E.], Spir. Rect.OVy [f J xvj. E] Mix, that the camphor may be dissolved.) Oper. Anodyne. Use. A useful topical application in rheumatic and other pains. TINCTURA CAMPHORA: COMPOSITA:. L. Tinct. Opii Camphorata, U. S.—E. D. Compound Tincture of Camphor. (Camphora 2)ijss., Opii Duri cont., Acidi Benzoini, sing. gr. Ixxij., Anisi Olei fly, Spir. Tin Oij.) T. Opii Camphorata f Jj. contains nearly gr. ij. of opium Opcr. Anodyne. Use. In catarrh, after the inflammatory symptoms are abated, to allay the tickling cough ; chronic asthma; pertussis ; and in cases where quiet, rather than sleep, is required. Dose, fly to i"3iij- at bed-lime, using alter it the inhaler; to children fllv. to fllxx. in almond mixture. TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS. ♦ U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of the Spanish Fly. (Cantharidis contus. 3 iv., Spir. Ten. Uij.) Oper. Diuretic, stimulant, narcotic. Use. In gleet, hydrops ovarii, and leucorrhesa ; but it is chiefly used as an external application, united uiih Soap or Camphor Liniment, against rheumatic and other pains. We have lound it a useful application in that peculiar species of niorlific.-uion of the extremities which sometimes takes place wuht.ui any apparent cause ; and to frost-bitten parts. Dose. nix. tof3j. TINCTURA CAPSICI. U. S— L.E.D. Tincture of Capsicum. (Capsici I x., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. S.imulam. Use. In the low sti;:e of typhus, cynanche maligna, and other diseases of debility. In gaigl-.-s in malignant ryuauche. Dose. 13 ss. to f 3 j. or more, f 3 ij. in a g-i;-f..le of I J vi. TINCTURA C.U'SICI LT CANTHARIDUM. U. S. Tinc- ture of Cayei.ne P pper and Biistin.g Plies. (Cantharidum contusarum I x., Capsici Ij., Atcoholis diluti oj. Digest lor ten days, and filter.) Oper. Stimulant, rubefacient. TIN 199 Use. As a counter-irritant in deep-seated painful affections. TINCTURA CARDAMOMI. 4U.S.—L.E. Tincture of Carda- moms. (Cardam. contus. J iijss., \ J ivss. E.], Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. and Use. The same us of the seeds. Dose, f 3j. to f 3 ij. or more. TINCTURA CARDAMOMI COMPOSITA. L.E.D. Com- pound Tincture of Curdauioms. (Cardam.,Carui contrit., sing. 3 ijss., Cocci contriti Iy, Cinnam. cont. 3 v., Uvarum J v., Spir. Ten. Oij ) Opcr. Stomachic, carminative. Use. An elegant adjunct to stomachic infusions, and to jalaps; a good corrective to griping, or cold purgatives. Dose, f Jj. to f 3 ij. TINCTURA CASCARILLA:. L.E.D. Tincture of Cascarilla. (Cascarilla contriti J v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the bark. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. in any convenient vehicle. TINCTURA CASSIAH. E. Tincture of Cassia. (Cassia in fine powder 3 xvij., Proof Spirit Oij ) Prop, and Use. The same as those of Tincture of Cinnamon. TINCTURA CASTJREI. U. S— L. E. T. Castorei Rossici, D. Tincture of Castor. (Castorei cont. J ijss., Spir. Rectificati Oij. Macerate for fourteen days.) Opcr. Tonic, antispasmodic. Use. In the neuroses, hysteria, and spasmodic affections. Dose, fllxx. to t"I ij. or more. TINCTURA CASl'OREI AMMONIATA. E. Compound Tincture of Castor. (Castor, triti Jj., Assafatida Jss., Alco- holis Ammoniati Ibj.) Oper. Antispasmodic. Use. In hvsteria, cramp of the stomach, and flatulent colic. Dose. f3j".tof3ij. riNCTURA CATECHU. U.S.—L.E.D. Tincture of Catechu (Catechu J iijss., Cinnam. contusi J ijss., Spir. Ten. Oij. Mace- rate lor fourteen days.) Oper. Astringent. Use. In chronic dysentery anfl diarrhoea; Ieucorrhoea, and de- bilities. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. in wine or some bitter infusion. TINCTUIIA CINCHONAS. U. S.—L. E. D Tincture of Cin- chona. (Cinchona Cordifolia cont. J viij., [ J iv. E.], Spir. Ten. Oij., [Oj. E.]) Opcr. and Use. The same as of the bark; but owing to the quantity required to he exhibited to produce the effect of cin- chona, the infusion or decoction is preferred. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 iij. or more. ,„.,..,„,._ TINCTURA CINCHONIA;. F. Tincture of Cinchonia. (Take of sulphate of cinchonia gr. viij., alcohol f Jj.) Dose. From f 3j. to 3 iv. TINCTURA CINCHONA! AMMONIATA. E. Ammoniated Tincture of Bark. (Cinchona Lancifolia Cort. cont. Jiv., Spiritus Ammonia Arom. Oij. Macerate for ten days.) Use. In dyspepsia combined with acidity and languor. Incomp. Acids; acidulous, earthy, and metallic salts. Do.sc. f 3 j. to f 3 iij. TINCTURI CUBEBA2. U. S— L. Tincture of Cubebs. (Cu- beba cont. J v., Spiritus Rect. Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter.) TINCTURA CUSPARIA:. E. Tincture of Cusparia. (Cus- paria inpowderlxfVy, Proof Spirit Oj.)- Opir. Stimulant and tonic. Vse. The same as that of the iiark. Dose, f 3 j. to t 3 ij. TINCTURA DIGITALIS. IT. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Fox- glove. (Digitalis Foi. exsicc.it. Jiv., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the leaves. It is, perhaps, the best form under which this powerful remedy can be used, and its virtues longest preserved; but it should "be made with re- cently dried leaves. Dose. fllx. gradually increased to Tllxi. TIN 201 TINCTURA FERRI AMMONIO-CHLORIDI. L. Tincture ot Ammomo-chloiide of Iron. (Ferri Ammonio-chloridi J iv_ Spir. 7en. Oj. Dissolve the ammonio-chloride of iron in the spirit, and filter.) f Jj. contains gr. 5 8 of sesquioxide of iron. Use. 1 he same as the solid preparation. ' ose. f 3 j. to f 3 iij. INCTURA FERRI SESQUICHLORIDI. L. Tinetura Ferri Chloridi, U. S. Tinetura Muriatis Ferri, E. Muriatis Ferri Liquor, D. Tincture of Muriate of Iron. (Ferri Sesquioxidi 3VJ., Acidi Hydrochlorici Oj., Spir. Rectificati Oiij. Add the acid to the sesquioxide in a glass vessel, and shake it during three days. Add the spirit, and strain.) Comp. Sesqaichloride of iron, alcohol, water derived from the hydrochloric acid. Prop. Taste very austere, styptic; color brownish-yellow. Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic. Use. Besides the cases for which salts of iron are usually employed, this tincture has been found serviceable in dysury, depending on spasmodic stricture of the urethra, in small doses repeated every fifteen minutes, till nausea be produced. It is also applied as a styptic to blooding vessels in cancerous and loose fungous sores. Dose. fl[x. gradually increased to f 3 j. Incomp. Alkalies, lime-water, magnesia, and their carbonates; astringent vegetable infusions and decoctions; mucilage of acacia. TINCTURA GALBANI. D. Tincture of Galbanum. (Gal- bani min. concisi1'\j., Spir. Vin. 7Vn.0ij.) Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic. Use. In hysteria, flatulent colic, and chronic asthma. Dose. t"3j to f 3 iij. TINCTURA GALLA:. U. S.—L. D. Tinetura Gallarum, E. Tincture of the Gall. (Galla contrit. J v., Spir. Vini Te?i.0ij.) Opcr. Astringent. Use. In intestinal hemorrhages, and those of the prostate gland, obstinate protracted diarrhoea, and dysentery. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. TINCTURA GENTIANA! COMPOSITA. U S.—L. E. D. Compound Tincture of Gentian. (Gentiana concisa J ijss., Aurant. Cort. exsiccat. 3 x., Cardamomi contusi 3 v., Suir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. An elegant adjunct to stomachic infusions. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. TINCTURA GUAIACI. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Guaia- cum. (Guaiaci Res. cont. J vij., [ J iij. E.j, Spir. Rect. Oij., [fJxvj.E.]) Opcr. Stimulant, sudorific, laxative. Use. In rheumatic and arthritic cases. Dose. f'3j. to f3iij., triturated with mucilage, or some viscid substance, as water alone precipitates the guaiacum. TINCTURA GUAIACI COMPOSITA. L.D. Tinetura Guai- aci Ammonia, U. S.—E Compound Tincture of Guaiacum. (Guaiaci Resina cont. J vij., Spir. Ammonia Aromat. Oj.) Oper. Stimulant, sudorific, antispasmodic. 9* 202 TIN Use. In chronic rheumatism, for which it is more particularly adapted than the former preparation. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 j. in milk or any viscid fluid. Incomp. Nitrous acid, sweet spirit of nitre, solution of chlorine TINCTURA HELLEBORE U. S.—L. D. Tincture of Black Hellebore. (Hcltebori concisa J v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Alterative, emmenagogue, purgative. Use. In uterine obsiruotions in full plethoric habits, where chalybeatts would be hurtful; in cutaneous eruptions. Dose, f'3 ss. to f'3 j. in water, twice a day. TINCTURA HYOSCYAMI. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Henbane. (Hyoscyami Foi. exsiccat. J v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Narcotic, anodyne. Use. To produce sleep and quiet in those cases for which lau- danum is used. It does not affect the head, nor occasion cos- tiveness. Dose, fllxxx. to f 3 ij. TINCTURA IODIN1I. U. S.—E. Tincture of Iodine. (Iodine Jj , Rectified Spirit f J xvj.) Comp. A simple alcoholic solution of the iodine. Use. The same as that of iodine. TINCTURA 10D1NII COMPOSITA. U.S.—L.D. Compound Tincture of Iodine. (Iodinii 3j., Potassii lodidi Jij., Spiritus Rectificati Oij. Dissolve the iodine, and filter. Preserve the mixture in a closely-stoppered vessel. Use. In scrofula, bronchocele, and chlorosis. Dose. From fllx. to fllxxx., in a little syrup and water, three times a day. TINCTURA JALAPA:. U. S—L. E. D. Tincture of Jalap. (Jalapa cont. J x., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Cathartic. Use. As an adjunct to purgative draughts. Dose, f'3 j. to t 3 iv. TINCTURA KINO. L.E.D. Tincture of Kino. (Kino con- triti J iijss., Spir. Rect. Oij.) Oper. Astringent. Use. In chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, fluor albus, and lientery. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. TINCTURA LACTUCARJ.L E. Tincture of Lactucarium. (Lactucarium in powder J ij., Proof Spirit Oj.) Use. A convenient mode of administering the lactucarium in fluids. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 j. TINCTURA LAVANDULA: COMPOSITA. L. Spiritus Lavandulae Compositus, E. Compound Tincture of Lavender. (Spir. Lavand. Ojss., Spir. Rosmarini Oss., Cinnamomi cont., Myristica cont., sing. I ijss., Pttrocarpi cont. 3 v ) Use. In fainting and chronic debility. Dose, fllxxx. to f 3 j. • TINCTURA LOBELIA:. U. S.—E. Tincture of Lobelia | (Lobelia in powder J iv., Proof Spirit Ojss.) Oper. Emetic, diuretic, expectorant. Use. For the administration of the lobelia in minute doses in spasmodic asthma. Dose, fllxx. to f 3 j. TINCTURA LOBELLE A3THEREA. E. AEthereal Tincture TIN 203 of Lobelia. (iAibelia in powder Jiv., Spirit of Sulphuric JEther Ojss ) Use. The same as the alcoholic tincture; in asthma, croup, pertussis. TINCTURA LUPULI. U. S.-L. E. Tinetura Humuli, D. Tincture of Hops. (Lupuli J vj., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Tonic, sedative. Use. In gout and rheumatism ? Dose, f 3 j to f 3 iij. « TINCTURA MOSCHI. D. Tincture of Musk. (Moschi in pulv. redacti I ij., Spir. Vini Rect. Oj.) Opcr. and Use. The same as of musk. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 jss. TINCTURA MYRRHA:. U.S.—L.E.D. Tincture of Myrrh. (Myrrha contusa J iij.,£pir. Rect. Oij.) Oper. Tonic, dcobstruen* antiseptic, detergent. Use. In the same cases as the powder; but it is chiefly used externally, united to infusion of roses and acids, in gargles; applied to foul ulcers, and exfoliating bones; and as a wash for the mouth when the gums are spongy. Uo.se. f 3 ss. to f 3 j. TINCTURA NUCIS VOMICA:. D. Tinctureof Nux Vomica. (Fructus Strychnos Nucis Vomica rasi Jij., Spiritus Rcctifi- cati J viij. Macerate for seven days; then strain.) Dose. From fl\v. to fll\.x. TINCTURA OPII. U.S.-L.E.D. Tincture of Opium. (Opii duri contriti J iij., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Nineteen minims contain one grain of opium. Oper. Anodyne. Use. To allay pains, relax spasms, and procure sleep. Exter- nally this tincture has a considerable effect when it is rubbed upon the skin, as we have seen in a case of repeated temporary lock jaw, which always yielded to it. In fever it should be given when moisture begins to appear on the skin. Dose. fllx. to fllxxx. or more. Incomp. Liquor ammonite; potassae, carbonas potassae; sodae; metallic salts; astringent vegetable infusions and decoctions. %* In tetanus, and other violent affections, the quantity of laudanum that can be borne by the constitution is almost in- credible. Curriegave f J vss. in twenty-six hours; see Reports on Cold Water, Src. TINCTURA OPII AMMONIATA. E. Ammoniated Tincture of Opium. (Jlcidi Benzoic!, Croriconcisi, sing. 3 iij., Opii 3 ij.. Old Anisi 3 ss., Atcoholis Ammoniati Oj.) f"3j. contains gr. j of opium. Oper. Anodyne, antispasmodic. Use. In pertussis, and to allay the tickling cough in catarrh. Dose. f3ss. to 3 ij. TINCTURA PIPERIS CUBEBA:. D. Tincture of Cubebs. (Fructus Piperis Cub. bee J iv., Spir. Tenuioris Ibij. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain ) Use. The same as that of the entire pepper. Dose. From fllv. to f 3 j. TINCTURA QUASSIA!. U. S.—E. D. Tincture of Quassia. (ScoA. Ligni Quassia Jj., Spir. Vin. Ten. Oj. f J xvj.) Oper. Tonic. t 204 TIN Use. As an adjunct to stomachic infusions; or taken, diluted with water, in dyspepsia and other cases of debility. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. TINCTURA QUASSIA: COMPOSITA. E. CompoundTinc- ture of Quassia. (Cardamom Seeds bruised, Cochineal bruised, of each I ij., Cinnamon in powder. Quassia in chips, of each I iij., Raisins J iv., Proof Spirit Oj. f J ij.) Opcr. Tonic and stimulant. Use« In atonic dyspepsia. Dose, f Ij. to f 3 ij. TINCTURA QUINA:. F. Tincture of Quina. (Take of sul- phate of quina gr. vj., alcohol (.847) f Jj.) Dose. 1*3 j. to f 3 iij. TINCTURA RHEI. U. S.—E. Tincture of Rhubarb. (Rhu- barb powdered J iij., Cardamom Seeds bruised I iv., Proof Spirit Oj. fjxvj.) Use. The same as the Compound Tincture of Rhubarb. TINCTURA RHEI COMPOSITA. L.D. Compound Tincture of Rhubarb. (Rhei concisa J ijss., Glycyrrhiza contusa Ivy, Zineribcris concisa, Croci, sing. I iij. Spir. Ten. Oij.) TINCTURA RHEI ET ALOES. U.S.—E. Tincture of Rhu- barb and Aloes. (Rad. Rhei Palmati con. I x., Aloes Soc. cont. trita 3 vj., Sem. Cardamomi cont. Jss., Alcohoiis Diluti Oj. frwj.) riNCTURA RHEI ET GENTIANA:. U. S.—E. Tinctur* of Rhubarb and Gentian. (Rad. Rhei Palmati con. Jij.—■ Gcntiana Lutca con. Jss., Alcohoiis Diluti Oj. f J xvj.) Opcr. All thcM- tinctures of rhubarb are stomachic or purgative according to the dose of them employed. Use. In dyspepsia, debility of the intestines, flatulent colic, diar rhoea; and the costiveness of old people, or of cold, phlegmatic habits. Dose. f3j. to f 3 ij. as a stomachic ; f 3iv. to f Jj. as a purgative TINCTURA SANGUlNARLE. U.S. Tinctureof Blood Root (Sanguinaria contusa J ij., Alcohoiis diluti Oj. Digest for ten days, and filter.) Use. In the same cases as the powder. Dose. From fllx. to f 3 jss. TINCTURA SCILLA;. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Squill. (Scilla recen. exsiccata I v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the bulb in substance. Dose. fllx. to f 3 j. in almond mixture or mucilage. Off. Prep. Mel Scilla, D. TINCTURA SENNA3 COMPOSITA. L.E.D. Compound Tincture of Senna. (Senna; J iijss., Carui con. 3 iijss., Cardam cont I j., Uva%v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Stomachic, carminative, cathartic. Use. In flatulent colic; and to open the bowels in those who labor under atonic gout, and whose bowels have been weak- ened by hard drinking It is a useful adjunct to the infusion of senna. Dose. f3ij. tofjj. TINCTURA SERPENTARTA3. U. S.-L. E. D. Tincture ot Snake Root. (Scrpentaria cont. J iijss., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Tonic, 6timulant, sudorific. I TOR 205 Use. United with infusion of cinchona in typhoid and putrid fevers; in gout; and periodic headache. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. CINCTURA STRYCHNIA;. F. Tincture of Strychnia. (Take of strychnia gr. iij., alcohol (at .837) f J j.; dissolve.) Use. In the same cases as those for which strychnia is used. Dose. From fllyj. to fllxxiv. TINCTURA TOLUTANI. U. S.—E. Tinetura Balsami To lutani, 1). Tincture of Balsam of Tolu. (Balsami Toluifera bal. J jss., Alcohoiis f J xvj.) Opcr. Supposed to be expectorant; corroborant. Use. Scarcely ever used except on account of its pleasant flavor. The following is an elegant form of giving the medicine in obstinate coughs devoid of inflammatory symptoms : R Tine- tura; balsami tolutani f 3 ij., mucilag. gummi acacia; f J j., aqute distillatae f 3ivss., tinct. cam ph. comp 13 iij., syr. tolutani f 3 iij. Take two tablespoonfuls occasionally, when the cough is troublesome. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 j. or more. Off. Prep. Syrup. Toluifera Balsami, E. Trochisci Glycyrrhiza cum Opio, E. TINCTURA VALERIANA:. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Valerian. (Valeriana cont. J v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic. Vse. In nervous and spasmodic affections; but it has less efficacy than the powder. Dose, f 3ss. to f 3 ij. TINCTURA VALERIANA; COMPOSITA. L.D. Tinetura Valerianae Ammoniati, U. S.—E. Compound Tincture of Va- lerian. (Valeriana J v., Spir. Ammonia Aromat. Oij.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the former; but, on account of the ammonia, this is more useful in hysteria. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. in milk or some bland fluid. TINCTURA VERATRI. E. Tincture of White Hellebore. (Rad. Veratri Albi cont. J iv., Alcohoiis Diluti Oj.) Oper. Emetic, cathartic; in small doses alterative, deobstruent. Use. To excite vomiting in maniacal and apoplectic cases: it has been used in cutaneous eruptions; but it is a very unmanageable remedy, producing sometimes the most violent effects. Dose. fllv. to fllx., the dose being very gradual y increased. TINCTURA ZINGIBER'S. U.S.-L.E.D. Tincture of Gin- ger. (Zingibcris concisi J ijss., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Vse. In atonic gout, when it attacks the stomach ; flatulencies; and as a corrigent to griping purgatives. Dose, fly »o f'3 iij. TORMENTILLA. U. S. (Secondary.) L. E. D. Common Tormentil Root. (Potentilla Tormentilla. Icosand. Polygyn. N.O. Rosacea. Euiope. >.) Tormentilla Officinalis. Comp. Volatile oil, tannin 17, coloring matter 20, resin 0.42, cerin 0.51, myricin 0.20, gummy extractive 4.32, gum (pectin 1) 28.20, extractive 7.70, woody fibre 15, water 6.45.—Meissner. Prop. Odor slightly aromatic; taste austere, styptic; roots knotty ; externally blackish, internally reddish. Comp. Its active principle is tannic acid. Oper. Astringent. 206 TRO Use. In the same cases as other astringents; but as it does not increase the heat of the body, tormentil is preferred in phthisical diarrhoeas. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. of the powder; or f Jij. of the following decoction: R Pulv. crass, rad. tormentilla; Jj., aq. purse Oj., decoque ad f J xij. et cola. TOXICODENDRON. U. S. (Secondary.) L. D. Sumach Leaves. (Rhus Toxicodendron. Poison Oak. Pentandria, Trigyn. N.O. Anacurdacca. Indigenous. S.) Prop, inodorous; taste subacrid. Comp. Gallic acid, tannic acid, and an acrid volatile matter. Opcr. Stimulant and narcotic ; an acrid narcotic poison. Use. In paralytic affections and herpetic eruptions; but in the former its efficacy is doubtful ; also in dropsy and phthisis. Dose. Gr. ss. to gr. iv. tw ice or thrice a day. TRAGACANTHA. U. S.—L. E. Astragalus Creticus Gummi, D. Tragacanth. (Astragalus Verus. Diadelphia, Decand. N.O. Leguminosa. Persia. ^.) Prop. Inodorous; nearly insipid,impressing only a very slight bitter taste as it dissolves; color whitish; semi transparent; striated; in thin vermiform pieces; completely pulverulent in frosty weather only; does not form a smooth, uniform mucilage with water. Oper. Demulcent. Use. Small quantities held in the mouth, and swallowed very slowly, sheathe the fauces and allay tickling cough ; but it is chiefly used for pharmaceutical purposes, lo suspend heavy, insoluble powders, and to impart consistency to troches. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. Incomp. Cupri sulphas, plumbi acetas, and sulphas ferri, preci- pitate its mucilage. Off. Prep. Mucilago Astragali Tragacantha, E. D. Pulvis TragacnnUia Comp., L. TRIOiSTEUM PiiTv OLIATUM. U. S. (Secondary.) Fever Root. (Pentand. Monogyn. N. O. Caprifvliacea.) Indige- nous. Oper. Cathartic, emetic, diuretic. Use. In the commencement of fevers. Dose. 3j. to 3 ss. of the powder acts as a cathartic; of the ex- tract, gr. x. to 3j. It may be given with advantage combined witli calomel. TROCHISCI ACACIA;. E. Gum Troches. (Acacia Jiv., Amyli Jj., Sacch. Fur. ibj. Makeup the troches with rose- water.) Oper. Demulcent. Use. For allaying tickling cough. fDose. Two or more, ad libitum. 7TRGCHISOI ACIDI TARTARICI. E. Lozenges of Tartaric Acid. 'Tartaric Acid 3 ij., Pure Sugar J viij., Oil of Lemons fllx.) Oper. Refrigerant? Use. In febrile :.flections. TROCHISCI CRETA;. U. S.—E. Lozenges of Chalk. (Creta Prapar.^iv., Acacia\j., Nueis Myrist.ly, Sacch. Pur. J vj. Rub them together, and form them into troches with water ) Oper. Antacid, absorbent. TRO 207 Use. Against acidity of the stomach; cardialgia. Dose. Two, three, or more occasionally. TROCHISCI FERRI IODIDI. Lozenges of Iodide of Iron, ft Ferri lodidi 3j. ( 3ss.), Croci Pulv. Jss. ( 3ij.), Sacchar. Alb. 5 viij. ( J iv.) fll Fiant Trochisci No. 240— (120.) Dose. Six to ten daily. TROCHISCI GLYCYRRHIZA:. E. Liquorice Lozenges. (Ex.Glycyrrh., Acacia, of each I vj., Sacch. Pur. Ibj. Dissolve in warm water, strain ; evaporate by a gentle heat, and form into troches.) Oper. Demulcent. Use. To allay tickling cough. Dose. Two or more, occasionally. TROCHISCI GLYCYRRHIZA: ET OPII. U. S. Troches of Liquorice and Opium. (Take of Opium in powder J ss., Li- quorice in powder, Sugar in powder, Gum Arabic in powder, each Jx., Oil of Anise 3 ij. Mix the powders intimately; then add the oil of anise, and with water form them into a mass, to be divided into lozenges, each weighing six grains.)— U. S. Phar. TROCHISCI IPECACUANHA:. U. S. Troches of Ipecacu- anha. (R Of Ipecac, in powder Jss., Sugar in powder Jxiv., Arrowroot Jiv., Mucil. of Tragacanth. q. s. Mix intimately, and make into troches often grains each.) TROCHISCI LACTUCARH. E. Lactucarium Lozenges. (Prepared in the same manner as Opium Lozenges.) Opcr. Anodyne. Use. In chronic bronchitis and coughs. TROCHISCI MAGNESIA:. U. S.—E. Magnesia Lozenges. (Carb. of Magnesia J vj., Pure Sugar J iij., Nutmeg 3j.) Oper. Antacid. Use. In cardialgia, and atonic dyspepsia. TROCHISCI MENTHA; PIPERITA:. U.S. Troches of Pep- permint. (Take of Oil of Peppermint flj.,Sugar\n powder Ibj., Mucil. Tragacanth. q. s. Rub the oil of peppermint with the sugar till they are thoroughly mixed ; then with the muci- lage form them into a mass, to be divided into troches, each weighing ten grains.)—U. S. Phar. TROCHISCI MORPHIA!. E. Morphia Lozenges. (Mur. of Morphia 3j., Tinct. of Tola f 3 iv., Pure Sugar J xxv.) Each lozenge should weigh gr. xv. Oper. Anodyne, soporific. TROCHISCI"MORPHIA: ET IPECACUANHA:. E. Morphia and Ipecacuanha Lozenges. (Mar. of Morphia 3j., Ipecacu- anha in powder I j., Tinct. of Tola f3ss., Pure Sugar fjxxv. Make into lozenges weighing fifteen grains each.) t Use. Asubstitute for Dover's powder. TROCHISCI OPII. E. Opium Lozenges. (Opii 3"ij., Tinct. Toluifera f 3 iv., Syr. Sim. J viij., Ext.Glycyrrhiza, Aq. Calida Molliti, Acacia pulv. J v. First rub the opium with the tinc- ture ; then add, by degrees, the syrup and extract; afterwards mix in the powdered gum arabic ; lastly, dry them into amass, and divide into troches, each weighing ten grains.) Oper. Demulcent, anodyne. Use. For allaying the irritation of the fauces producing cough, in protracted catarrhs. 208 UNG Dose. One, allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth, now and then. Six troches contain one grain of opium. TROCHISCI SODA; BICARBONATIS. E. Lozenges of Bi- carbonate of Soda. (Bicarbon. of Soda J j., Pure Sugar J iij., Gum Arabic I iv.) Use. As an anincid in cardialsia. TUSSILAGO. U. S.—L. Tussilago Farfara. Folium Flos, D. Coils-foot. (Sy7igcnesia Supcrflua. N. O. Composita Indigenous. 21.) Prop. Inodorous ; taste sweetish, glutinous, subacrid. Oper. Demulcent, expectorant. Use. In coughs, phthisis, other pulmonary complaints, and cu- taneous diseases. Dose. 3 ss. to 3j in milk. It is more generally given in decoc- tions, made with a handful of the leaves boiled in two pints of water to one pint; strained, and sweetened with syrup; the dose, a teacupful occasional! v. ULMUS. U. S— L. The inner Bark of Elm. (Pentandria, Digynia. N. O. Ulmacea. Europe. 5.) Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, austere, mucilaginous. Opcr. Tonic, alterative, diuretic, demillcent, nutritious. Use. In lepra, and other cutaneous affections ; diarrhoea, dysen- tery, diseases of the urinary organs; it is generally combined with mercurials, as pilula; hydrargyri chloridi comp. Exter- nally as an emollient. Dose. See Decoction. Off. Pnp. Decoctum Ulmi, L. D. Infusum Ulmi, U. S. UNGUENTUM ACIDI NITROSI. E.D. Ointmentof Nitrous Acid. (Adipis Suis Scrofa Ibj., Acidi Nitrosi I vj. Melt the fat, and rub it into the acid gradually, until the mixture is cold.) Prop. Color yellow, consistence firm. It contains a small por tion of adipocire, fixed oil, and nitric and acetic acids. Opcr. Stimulant. Use. Applied to foul ulcers and herpetic eruptions. UNGUENTUM ACIDI SULPHURICI. D. Ointment of Sul- phuric Acid. (Acidi Sulphurici I j., Adipis Suillt^j. Mix.) Opcr. Stimulant. Use. Applied to the skin in scabies. UNGUENTUM AIRUGINTS. E. D. Ointment of Subacetate of Copper. ( Unguenti Resinosi partes xv., Subacctatis Cupri partem unam.) Oper. Detergent, escharotic. Use. To foul, fungous, and flabby ulcers; and diluted with lard, to scrofulous ulcerations of the palpebral. UNGUENTUM ANTIMONII. U.S.: POTASSIO TARTRA- # TIS. L. Unguentum Antimoniale, E. Unguentum Tartari Emetici, D. Ointment of Potassio Tartrate of Antimony. (Antimonii Potassio-Tartrates in pulv. trita Jj., Adipis Jiv. Mix.) Opcr. As a topical stimulant, to cause a pustular eruption on the skin, and produce counter-irritation. Use. In internal inflammations, and rheumatism of the joints. UNGUENTUM AQUA! ROSA:. U. S. Ointment of Rose Water. (Take of Rose Water, Oil of Almonds, each f jij., Spermaceti Jss., White Wax 3j. Melt together by means of UNG 209 a water bath, the oil, spermaceti, and wax; then add the rose water, and stir the mixture till cold )—U. S. jPAar. UNGUENTUM CANTilAIUDIS. U. S.—L. D. Ointmentof Cantharidis. (CantharuUs pulvcris subtil. Jj., Cerati Resim J iv., Aqua Distillata. 1 J iv. Boil the cantharides in the wa- ter 10 oiu-half, then mix the cerate to the strained fluid, and evaporate. Opcr. Irritant. Use To keep open issues and blisters. UNGUENTUM CERAS ALBAS. D. Ointmentof White Wax. (Cera Alba Ibj., Adipis Suilta Prapar. Ibiv.) , Opir. Emollient. U.-.C. As a mild covering to excoriations and benign ulcers. This is the basis of the majority of the compound ointments of the Dublin Pharmacopoeia. UNGUENTUM CERAi FLAVA:. D. Ointment of Yellow VV.-iv. This is prepared with the same proportions as the form r, and is applicable to the same uses. UNGUENTUM CETACEI. L.D. Ointment of Spermaceti. (Cetacei I vj., Cera Alba 3 ij., Oliva Olei f J iij.) Use. The ordinary dressing for blistered parts and excoriations. UNGUENTUM COCCULl. E. Ointmentof Cocculus Indicus. U>e. A stimulant. UNGUENTUM CONII. D. Ointmentof Hemlock. (Foliorum Conii recentium, Adipis Suilli praparati, utriusque Ibij. Boil the leaves of the conium in the fat until they are crisp; then express through cloth.) Use. As an application to cancerous and irritable or painful sores. UNGUENTUM CREASOTI. U.S.—L.E. OintmentofCrea sote. (Creasoti f 3 j. f 3 j. E.J, Adipis ^j. [J iij. E. Creasoti Iss. Lard Jj. U. S.] Rub and mix.) Oper. Stimulant. Use. As a counter-irritant, and as an application in porrigo scutulata. UNGUENTUM CUPRI SUB-ACETATIS. U.S. Ointment of Sub-Acetate of Copper. (R Sub-Acetas Cupri Ij., Ccras Simpl. I xv. Mix.) UNCUENTUM ELEMI. L. Unguentum Elemi, D. Com- pound Ointment of Elemi. (Elemi tibj., Terebinthina Vulgaris Jx., oe«i Ibij., Oliva Olei f jij. Melt the elemi with the suet; remove it from the fi:c, and mix it in the turpentine and the oil ; then strain the mixture through a linen cloth.) Oper. Stimulant, digestive. Use. To keep open issues and setons; and as a dressing to ulcers which do not admit of the application of the adhesive straps. UNGUENTUM GALLA:. U.S.; COMPOSITUM. L. ft. Unguentum Galls? el Opii, E. Compound Ointment of Galls. (Gallarum in pulotrem sublilissimum tritaru.i 3 ij., Adipis Jij., Opii duri contriti I ss. Mix.) Use. As an application in piles. (The Simple Ointmentof Galls is made by mixing Jj. of powdered galls with J vij. of lard.)— U. S. Phar. UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI. U. S.—E. D. Ointmentof Mercury. (Hydrargyri Ibij., Adipis Ovis Arictis Jj., Adipis Jxxiij.) 3 ij. contain 3 j. of mercury. E. 210 UNG UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI FORTIUS. L. Strong Mer- curial Ointment. (Hydrarg. Pur. Ibij., Adipis J xxiij., Sevi J j.) ^ij. contain 3 j. of mercury. UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI MITIUS. L. D. Milder Mercurial Ointment. (( Ung. Hydrarg. Fort. Ibj., Adipis ibij.) 3 vj. contain 3j. of mercury. Comp. These three ointments differ in the quantity only of their constituents, which are protoxide of mercury, metallic mercury, and fat; and perhaps in old ointments, some sebate of mercury. Mr. Donovan has proved that the efficacy of these ointments depends on the oxide which they contain, yet the preparation of them with ihe oxide instead of metallic mercury is not ap- proved. By this mode of preparation, each Jj. of ointment contains about gr. 21 of oxide. Oper. Antisyphiiitic, alterative, discutient. Use. In venereal affections, when it is wished to get a large portion of mercury speedily into the system without affecting the bowels; and where there are local affections, as bubo. The weaker ointments are chiefly used as topical dressings to venereal ulcers. Dose. I j. of the strong ointment is introduced by friction upon the inside of the thigh, or the fore arm, every night, till the svstem is affected ; living upon a milk and gruel diet. UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI AMMONIO-CHLORIDI. L. Unguentum Preeipitati Albi, E. Ointmentof Ammouio-Chlo- ride of Mercury. (Hydrargyri Ammonia-Chloridi ly, Adipis Jjss. Meli the lard, and mix in the arnmonio-chloride.) Use. Determent. UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS. U. S.—L. D. Unguentum Citrinum, E. Ointment of Nitrate of Mercury. Citron Ointment (Hydrargyri J j., Acidi Nitrici f I xj., Adipis J vj., Oliva Olei f Jiv. Dissolve the mercury in the acid; and to the liquor, while it is hot, add the fat and oil melted together.) UNGUENTUM NITRATIS HYDRARGYRI MITIUS. E. Milder Ointment of Nitrate of Mercury. (The same as the former, with triple the quantity of oil and lard.) Prop. These two oiniments are the same, except in point of etnngth; they are of a greenish-golden color; and when old, become hard and short. Oper. Sthnulant, detergent. Use. The stronger ointment is used as an application to herpes, porrigo larvalis, and other cutaneous eruptions. The weaker is applied, by means of a hair pencil, to the edges of the eyelids, in psorophthalmia. and ulcerations of the tarsi UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI NITRICO OXIDI. L. D. Unguentum Oxidi Hydrargyri, E. Ointmentof Nitric Oxide of Mercury. (Hydrargyri Nitrico-Oxidi Jj., Cera Alba Jij., Adipis Praparata J vj. Add the oxide, reduced to a fine pow- der, to the melted fat and oil, and mix.) Oper. Stimulant, escharotic. Use. To indolent foul ulcers; to inflammations of the tunica conjunctiva, with a thickening of the inner membrane of the palpebrae : and to specks of the cornea. UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI IODIDE L. Ointment of UNG 211 Iodide of Mercury. (It is made in lift; same manner as the ointment of Nitric-Oxide of M^rcurv.) UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI B1NI0DIDI. L. Ointment of Biniodide of Mercury. Oper. Stimulant. Use. As dressings to scrofulous and flabby sores. UNGUENTUM IOD1NII. U.S. Ointment of Iodine. (Iodine gr. xx... Alcohol fllxx., Lard^ J j. Rub the iodine first with the alcohol, then with the lard.)— U. S. Phar. UNGUENTUM 10DINU COMPOSITUM. U. S.—L. D. Un guentum lodinii, E. Compound Ointment of Iodine. (Iodinii 3 ss. r3j.], Potassii Iodidilj. [ 3 ij. E.j, Spir. Rect. f I y, Adipis J ij. [ J iv. E.] Rub the iodide and iodine with the spirit, then add the lard. Rub together into an ointment.) Use. As an application to scrofulous tumors and bronchocele. UNGUENTUM MEZEREI. U. S. Ointment of Mezereon. (Mtzer-on sliced transversely Jiv., Lard Jxiv., White Wax J ij. Moisten the mezereon with alcohol, beat well in a mortar, digest with the lard in a salt-water bath 12 hours, strain, and let it cool slowly. Separate the medicated lard, and melt with the wax at a moderate heat.)—U. S. Phar. UNGUENTUM OXIDI PLUMBI ALBL E. Unguentum Cerussa;, sive Subacetatis Plumbi, D. Ointment of White Ox- ide of Lead. (Ung. Simplicis partes v., Oxidi Plumbi Albi partem j i Opcr. Cooling, dcsiccative. Use. Applied to excoriated surfaces and burns. UNGUENTUM OXt'DI HYDRARGtRI CINEREI. E. Oint ment of Grey Oxide of Mercury, (uxidi Hydrargyri Cinercx partem, unam, Jldipis Suis Scrofa partes iij.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the mercurial ointment, but its ctlic cv is not sufficiently established. CN( I'ihVJ'UM OXIDI ZINCI IMPURE E. Unguentum Tutiie, I). Ointment of Impure Oxide of Zinc. (Linimenti Simplicis partes v., Oxidi Zinci Impuri Prap. partem j.) Oper. Slightly astringent, absorbent. Use. In ophthalmia tarsi, and inflammation of the eye arising from weakness of the vessels. UNGUENTUM PICIS LIQUIDA?. U.S.-L.E.D. Tar Ointment. (Picis Liquida, Sevi, sing. Ibj. Melt, and strain through linen. Oper. Stimulant, detergent. Use. Against lepra, and other cutaneous, scabby, and foul eruptions. UNGUENTUM PICIS NIGRA:. L. Ointmentof Black Pitch. (It Picis Nigra, Cera Resina, sing. Jiv., Olei Oliva J xvj. Melt the wirale, and express it through cloth.) Opcr. Stimulant, detergent. Use. ' In p l.-rizo favosa, and othur foul eruptions. UNGUENTUM PIPERIS NIGRI. I). Ointment of Black Pepper. (Adipis Suilta Prap. Ibj., Piperis Nigri in pulv. triti J iv.) Opcr. Stimulant, irritating. UNGUENTUM PLUMBI ACETATIS. E. Ointment of Ace- tate of Lead. (Acetate of Lead in fine powder Jj., Simple OintmAit J v. Mix.) 212 UNG Use. In irritable, inflamed sores. UNGUENTUM PLUMBI CARBONATIS. U. S.—E D. Ointment of Carbonate of Lead. (Plumbi Carbonatis, in pul- verem subtiiissimum redacti J v., Unguenti Simpiicis J v., Acet. Plumb. J ij., Ung. Simp. Ibj. Mix. U. S. Make into an ointment.) Use. In burns and irritable sores. UNGUENTUM PLUMBI COMPOSITUM. L. Compound Ointment of Lead. (Creta Prap. J viij., Aceti Distillati f J vj., Emplastri Plumbi Ibiij., Oliva Olei Oj. Melt the plaster with the oil with a gentle heat, then mix the chalk and the acid separately, and the effervescence being finished, add gradually, mixing constantly until the ointment is cold.) Use. Useful in indolent sores. UNGUENTUM PLUMBI IODIDI. L. Ointment of Iodide of Lead. (Plumbi Iodidily, Adipis J viij. Rub and mix.) Oper. Stimulant. Use. In glandular swellings, and enlargement of the joints, rubbed on the parts. UNGUENTUM POTASSA; HYDRIODATIS. D. Ointment of Hydriodate of Potass. (Potassa Hydriodatis 3j., Adipis Suilti Prreparati J j. Mix into an ointment.) UNGUENTUM RESINOSUM. E. Unguentum Resina; Albae, D. Resinous Ointment. (Adipis Suis Scrof a partes viij., Re- sini Pini partes v., Cera Flava partes ij.) Oper. Digestive, detergent. Use. Fur cleansing and incarnating old, foul, and indolent ulcers. Off. Prep. Unguentum Subacetatis Cupri, E. D. UNGUENTUM SAMBUCI. L.D. Elder Ointment. (Sambuci Flurum Ibij., Adipis Prap. Ibij) Opcr. Emollient. Use. As a covering to benign ulcers. UNGUENTUM SCROPHULARIA:. D. Ointment of Scro- phularia. (Foliorum recentium Scrophularia nodosa, Adipis Suilli Praparati, utriusque Ibij., Adipis Ovilli Praparati Ibj. Boil the leaves in the fat until they are crisp, then strain with expression.) UNGUENTUM SIMPLEX. U. S.—E. D. Simple Ointment. (Olei Oliva Europaa partes v., Cera Alba partes ij.) Oper. Emollient. Use. For softening the skin and healing chaps. Off. Prep. Unguentum Oxidi Plumbi AIM, E. Ung. Acetatis Plumbi, E. UNGUENTUM STRAMONIL U. S. Ointment of Stramo- nium. (R Sal. Stramonii [recent.] Ibj., Adipis Ibiij., Cera flava ibss. Boil the stramonium leaves in the lard till they become friable; then strain through linen. Lastly, add the wax, pre- viously melted, and stir them until thevare cold.)—U. *'. Phar. UNGUENTUM SUB-MURIAT1S HYDRARGYRI AMMO- NIATUM. D. Ointment of Ammoniated Submuriate of Mer- cury. ( Ung. Cera Alba Ibj. Submuriatis Hydrargyri Ammo- niati Jjss.) Oper. Stimulant, detergent. Use. Azuinst obstinate cutaneous eruptions. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS. U. S.—L. E. D. Sulphur VAL 213 Ointment. (Sulphuris J iij., Adipis Prap. Ibss., Bergamii Old fllxx. Mix.) Oper. Stimulant. Use. In itch; the fourth part of the body should be well rubbed with the ointment every night, till the symptoms disappear. Sulphur should be taken internally at the same time. When Hie smell is objected to, the following may be used ; Potassae Subcurb. 3 iv., Aquae Rosae J j., Hydrarg. Sulph. Rubri 3 j., OL Lavand. f 3 ss., Sulph. Sublimati J \j, Adipis tbjss. Misce. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS COMPOSITUM. U. S.—L. Compound Sulphur Ointment. (Sulphuris Ibss., Veratri cont. Jij., Potassa Nitratis I j., Sapcnis Mollis ibss., Adipis ibjss., Bergamii Olei fllxxx. Mix.) Oper. ami Use. The same us the former. It is more stimulant. UNGUENTUM VERATRI. U. S— L. Unguentum Hellebori Albi, I). Ointmentof White Hellebore. (Veratri contriti J ij., Adipis J viij., Limonis Olei fllxx.) Oper. Stimulant. Vse. In scabies and other cutaneous affections. UNGUENTUM ZINCI. U.S.-L.E.D. Ointment of Oxide of Zmc. (Zinci Oxydi J j., Adipis J vj.) Oper. AstiitciL-nt, Hi umlaut. Vse. In ophthalmia, t.ciid scabby eruptions, and excoriated nipples. UVA. L. Uva Pass.!, U. S.—E. Vitia Vinifera; Fructus Sic- catus. D. Raisins. (Vitis Vinifera. The Vine. Pentandria, Monogynia. N.O. ViUs. Temperate climates. ^.) Prop. Inodorous; taste subacidulous, sweet, mucilaginous 0/>cr. Demulcent, nutritive. I se. As the food of the phthisical, and as an acidulous adjunct to the beverages of the sick. UVA URSI. U. S.-L. E. Arbutus Uva Ursi, Folia, D> *Leaves of Beai's Whortleberry. (Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, Red Berried Trailing Whortleberry. Decandria, Monogynia. N.O. Ericacea. North of Europe. V) Prop. Nearly inodorous; taste styptic, bitterish; color of the powder brownish, yellowish-green; yields its virtues to alcohol. Comp. Tannic, gallic acid ■? mucilage, resin extractive, traces of lini!-. Opir. Tonic, astringent. Use. In chronic diarrhoea and dysentery; leucorrhoea, and dia- betes. It has been celebrated in calculous and nephntie complaints; but it appears to act in the same manner as other astringents, by merely allaying the pain and irritability of the bladder. In phthisis 3 Dose. Of the powder, gr. xv. to f 3 ss. Incomp. Salts of iron, tartar emetic, nitrate of silver, salts of lead, infusion of yellow cinchona bark. VALERIANA. U.S.—L.E. Valerianae Officinalis Radix, D. Wild Valerian Root. (Triand. Monogyn. N.O. Valeriana- eta. 'Europe. 21.) Comp-. A volatile oil, extractive, resin, starch, mucus. Prop. Odor strong, fetid; taste bitterish, subacrid, warm; con- sists of slender, brownish fibres, matted together, and attached to one head; virtues extracted by water, alcohol, pure alkalies. Opcr. Antispasmodic, tonic, emmenagogue. 214 VER Use. Hysteria, epilepsy, hemicranin, chlorosis. Dost. Of the powder, 3j. to 3 j. three or four times a day, in- creasing it as far as the stomach can bear it. Incomp. Salts of iron. Off. Prep. Extractum Valeriana, D. Infisum, Valeriana, U S. —D. Tinetura Valeriana, U. S.—L.D. Tinetura Valeriana Ammoniata, U. S.—L. D. VERATRIA. U. S.—L. E. Veratria. (An alkali prepared from Subadilla. Hulonius officinalis.) Process. Pelletier and Caventou direct the seeds of the verntrum sabadilla to be repeatedly digested in boiling alcohol. These tinctures, filtrated whilst almost boiling, deposited, on cooling, whitish flakes of wax. They re-digested the matter which remained dissolved, after evaporating it to the consistence of an extract, in cold water; a small quantity of fatty matter now remained on the filter. The solution was slowly evaporated, and it formed an orange-yellow precipitate, which possessed the characteristics of the coloring matter found in almost all the woody vegetables. On adding a solution of acetate of lead to the liquor, which was still deeply colored, a new and very abundant yellow precipitate was immediately formed, which was separated by means of the filter. The liquor, now nearly colorless, still contained, amongst other substances, the acetate of lead, which had been added in excess: a current of hydro- sulphuric acid was. used to separate the lead. The liquor was then filtrated and concentrated by evaporation, treated by magnesia, and again filtrated. The magnesian precipitate was digested in boiling alcohol. The alcoholic liquors yielded, on evaporation, a pulverulent substance, which was extremely acrid, and possessed all the properties of the alkalies. This substance was at first yellowish; but, by solutions in alcohol, and subsequent precipitations, caused by pouring water into the alcoholic solutions, it was obtained in the form of a very white and perfectly inodoious powder. M. Meissner, who discovered the veratrine nearly at the same time as MM. Pelletier and Caventou, recommends the seeds of the sabadilla to be treated with absolute alcohol, the alcoholic infusion evaporated, the residuum treated with water, the liquor filtered, and the veratrine to be precipitated by tin; car- bonate of potass: it then only remains to wash the precipitate with water. Comp. 34 eq. carbon=208.08-f22 eq. hvdrogen=:22+l eq. nitro- ge;:=14.5-f0 eq. oxygen=:48, equiv.=292.23. Prop. An acrid, whitish, inodorous powder, having an alkaline reaction. Opcr. A powerful topical excitant. 'Use. Externally applied as an ointment in neuralgia and in gouty and rheumatic paralysis. Co.sc. Not more than one-twelfth of a grain. VERATRUM ALBUM. U. S.-L. E. D. White Hellebore Root. (Polygam. Munxcia. N. O. Melanthacea. North «f Europe. ^.) Comp. Veratria; feculr-; wax. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitterish, acrid! nauseous: the powder is of a greyish-brown color-. VIN 215 Oper. Violently emetic; purgative, even when applied exter- nally to an issue ; errhine; externally stimulant. Use. It is never given internally, unless in maniacal cases, in which it is not more useful than other strong purges; and even its use to promote a discharge from the nose in apoplexy and lethargy requires great caution. For its external use, see Decoction and Ointment. Dose. As an errhine, gr. iij. or gr. iv. snuffed at bed-time. Off. Prep. Decoctum Veralri, L. Tinetura Veratri,-E. Un- guentum Veratri, L. VERATRUM V11UUE. U. S. 'American Hellebore. Th Root. Indigenous. Cump. Contains Veratria. Prop. Has a bitter, acrid taste, and bears a strong resemblance in appearance and properties to the foregoing. Oper. The same as Veratrum Album. VERBASCUM THAPSUS. Folia, D. Leaves of Great Mul- lein. (Pentandria, Monogynia.) Prop. Taste bitterish and sweet, odor sweetish. Oper. Disculient, emollient, subnarcotic. Use. Ciii-tlv as a fomentation. VINUM XGRICUM. L. Vinum Album, E. Vinum Album Hispanuin, D. Spanish White Wine, or Sherry. Comp. All wines contain nearly the same components; and one wine differs from another only in the relative quantities of them which it contains. These are alcohol, water; extractive mat- ter, which precipitates with the tartar in old wines; bitartrate of potassa; malic and tartaric acids; a volatile oil, on which the flavor depends, and coloring matter, derived from the husk. Most of the wines in our market are fictitious. Prop. The odor of sherry is pleasant and aromatic; taste slightly acidulous and warm, with the agreeable bitter of the peach kernel. The taste of port is austere and strong; claret is less austere, thinner, and higher flavored. Of the white wines, Madeira is the strongest, Malaga the sweetest, and Hock the most acid, but the less fermentable; while champagne contains a large quantity of loosely combined carbonic acid gas. Oper. When good, and of a proper age, wine, in small quantities, is tonic, antispasmodic, and nutritive; when new, flatulent and purgative, sooner intoxicating, and instead of strengthening, produces debility. Use. In the low and sinking stage of typhus fever the judicious exhibition of it fills the pulse, and restores its firmness, without increasing delirium; but it is hurtful if given when the skin is very hot and dry. It is useful also in tetanus, chorea, and stime other convulsive affections; and in most cases in which tonics are indicated. In the convalescences from all severe diseases it is a remedy on which much dependence used to be placed; much less used at present. Hock is the best wine for dyspeptics. Dose, f J ij. to Oiij. in twenty-four hours, according to the nature of the disease, and the previous habits of the patient. Off. Prep. Vini Medicati, L. E D. VINUM ALOES. U.S.-L.E.D. WineofAloes. (Aloesin pulv. trita J ij., Canella cont. J iv., Vini Xerici Oij. Macerate fourteen days, shake often, and strain.) 22 216 VIN Opcr. Purgative, stomachic, according to the dose. Use. In cold, phlegmatic habits, in paralysis, and gout, to clear the bowels; in dyspepsia, and chlorosis. Dose, f Jj. to f Jij. to produce purging; f3j. to f3ij. as a stomachic. ** VINUM ANTIMONII POTASSIO-TARTRATIS. L. Wine of Potassio-Tartrate of Antimony. (Antimonii Potassio-Tar tratis Jij., Vini Xiriei Oj.) VINUM ANTIMONIALE. E. Vinum Antimonii, U. S. Liquor'Tartari Lmctici, D. Solution of Tartarized Antimony. (Antimonii Tart. 3ij., Vini Xerici Oj. Dissolve the tartarized antimony in the wine.) f Jj. contains gr. ij. of tartarized anti- mony. * Oper. Emetic in large doses; diaphoretic. Use. To produce vomiting in children ; in febrile and inflamma- tory diseases after purging, to produce sweat without heating; contra-indicated in low fevers. Dose, f 3 j. to f Jj., or a teaspoonful every five minutes, produce full vomiting; fllxv. to f 3 ij. every two or three hours, in any proper vehicle, excite diaphoresis. Incomp. Preparations of cinchona, and bitter astringent vegeta- bles, &c. Vide Antimonii Potassio-Tartras. VINUM CINCHONIA;. F. Wine of Cinchonia. (Take of Cinchonia gr. xiv., Madeira Wine f Jxxxj.) Use. In intermittents. Dose. From f 3ij. to f Jij. VINUM COLCHICI. U. S.—L. E Wine of Colchicum. (R Colchici cormi J viij., Vini Xerici Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain ) Comp. Gallate of colchicia and wine. Opcr. Diuretic; sedative; purgative. Use. In gout, rheumatism, and all inflammatory affections. Dose. From fllxxx. to f 3 j. in any mild fluid. VINUM GENTIANA:. E. Compound Wine of Gentian. (Rad. Gcntiana Lutea Jss., Cort. Cinchona Jj., Cort. Siccata flava Aurantii 3 ij., ---- Canella pulv. Ij., Alcohoiis Diluti Jivss., Vini Albi Hispani Oj. fjxvj.) Opcr. Tonic, stomachic. Use. In dyspepsia, and debilities of the stomach. Dose, f 3 ij. to f 3 xvj. twice or thrice a day. VINUM IPECACUANHA;. U. S.—L. E. D. Wine of Ipeca- cuanha. (Ipecacuanha concisa J ijss., Vini Xerici Oij.) Opcr. Emetic, diaphoretic. Use. A good emetic for infants, as it operates more mildly than the antimonial wine : in coughs, diarrhoea, and dysentery; at,d haemorrhages. . Dose. For the former intention f 3 iv. to f 3 x. in divided doses; for the latter, fllx. to fllxxx. in some proper vehicle, every two or three hours. VINUM NICOTIANA: TABACI. U. S.—E. Wine of To- bacco. (Foliorum Nicotiana Tabaci Jj., Vini Albi Hispani fl>j.) Oper. Narcotic, diuretic, antispasmodic. • Use. In dropsical cases, colica pictonum, and ileus. Dose. fllx. to m xxxvj. twice a day. VINUM OPII. U S.—L. E. D. Wine of Opium. (Extracts WIN 217 Opn j ijss., Cinnam. Cort. cont., Caryophylli cont., sins. 3 ijss., Vini Xenci Oij.) > s J i Opcr. Narcotic, anodyne. Use. In the same cases in which tincture of opium is used ; but it occasions less disturbance of the brain and nervous system; and is then-fore better suited for very young patients, nervous habits, and where the head is much afi'ected. Dose. fllx. tOf'3j. VINUM QUINA;. F. Wine of Quina. (Take of Sulphateof Quina gr. ix., Madeira Wine Ibij.) Dose. From f 3 iv. to f J iv. VINUM RHEI. U. S.—E. Rhubarb Wine. ((Rad. Rhei con- cisa Jij., Canella pulv. Ij., Alcohoiis Diluti J ijss., Vini Albi Hispani J xvjss.) Oper. Laxative, stimulant. Use. In weakness of the stomach and bowels; and in diarrhoea from viscid mucus. Dose. f'3iv. to f Jss. VINUM TABACI. U. S.—E. Wine of Tobacco. (Tobacco Jj., Sherry f J xij.) Opcr. Sedative. VINUM VERATRl ALBI. U. S— L. Wine of Hellebore. (Vcratri con. J viij., Vini Xerici Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain.) Use. In cutaneous affections; and in gout, combined with opium. Dtse. flss. to f 3 ij. VIOLA. U.S.—E. (Viola odorata.) The flowers of the violet, used as a coloring matter for a syrup: a test of acids. Comp. The viola odorata, and probably other species, contains a peculiar alkaline principle (Violia), bearing some resemblance to Emctia, but possessing distinct properties. It is very active and poisonous (Orfila) ; white; soluble in alcohol, scarcely Boluble in water, and forms salts with acids. Combined in the plant with malic acid, obtained by treating with distilled water the alcoholic extract of the dried root, decomposing by means of magnesia the malate of violia contained in the solution, and extracting the alkali from the precipitated matters by alcohol, which yields it bv evaporation. VIOLA: ODORATA; FLORES. E. D. Flowers of the Sweet Violet. (Pentand. Monogyn. N.O. Violacea. Europe. 21.) Prop. Odor pleasant, peculiar; have scarcely any taste; impart their color to water. Oper. Slightly laxative; emetic, expectorant, mucilaginous, emollient. Use- In syrup, united with castor oil or olive oil, to clear the " bowels of infants when the meconium is retained. The viola pedata is often prescribed for nephritic affections, particularly gravel. Dr. James considers it us a highly useful remedy in such cases; also in pectoral and cutaneous diseases. The in fusion is a delicate test of uncombined acids and alkalies. Dose. flj. to f 3 ij. for infants. Off. Prep. Syrupus Viola, E. D. WINTER.Y AROMATICA. U.S. (Secondary.) Cortex, E Drymys Aromatica, Cortex, D. Winter's Bark. (Polyandriai Te'.rairyn. N.O. Wintcracca. Magellan. >.) Prop. Odor aromatic ; taste warm, acri'd, aromatic. 10 218 ZIN Oper. Carminative, tonic. Use. As an adjunct to stomachic infusions, in dyspepsia, and scorbutus. XANTHORHIZA. U. S. (Secondary.) Yellow Root. Xan. Apiifolia. (Pentandria, Polygynia. N. O. Ranunculacea Indigenous.) The Root. Comp. Resin, gum. Prop. Root from three inches to a foot in length, half an inch thick, of a yellow color, and very bitter taste. Imparts its taste and color to water. Oper. Tonic. Use. In all cases where a pure tonic is indicated. Its properties are analogous to those of Columbo and Quassia. XANTHOXYLUM. U. S. (Secondary.) Prickly Ash. Xan. Fraxineum. The Bark. Indigenous. ^. (Diacia, Pentand. N. O. Tercbinthacea.) Comp. Woody fibre, volatile oil, fixed oil, resin, gum, coloring matter, and a peculiar principle, Xanthoxylin. Prop. Taste bitterish, and afterwards extremely acrid. Inodo- rous. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic, resembling mezereon and guaiac. Use. In chronic rheumatism, and as a topical remedy for tooth- ache. Dose. Of the powder, from gr. x. to 3 ss.; of the infusion, from i Jj. to f J iij., three or four times in twenty-four hours; or of the decoction, made by boiling Jj. of the bark in Oij. of water for fifteen minutes: f J iv. to J viij. every three or four hours. ZINCUM. U. S— L. E. D. Zinc. (A metal obtained from calamine and blende ; its ores are found in England and other parts.) Prop. Color bluish white ; lustre of a fresh surface considerable, but it is soon dulled by the facility of its oxidation; hard; texture striated; spec. grav. 7.190; melts at 700° of Fahr.; burns with a bright flame in a higher temperature, and is vola- tilized in the form of a white flocculent oxide. Use. In pharmacy, to form the following preparations: ZINCI OXYDUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Oxide of Zinc. (Zinci Sulphatis Ibj., Ammonia Sesquicarbonatis J vjss., Aqua Distil- lata cong. iij. Dissolve separately the sulphate and the sesqui- carbonate inOxij. of distilled water, and strain ; afterwards mix. Wash the precipitate frequently with water, and lastly, calcine it with a strong heat for two hours. Com;?. Zinc 80, oxygen 20 parts, in 100 of oxide.—Prout. Or 1 eq. of zinc=32.3-f-l of oxygen=8, equiv.=40.3. Prop. Inodorous; insipid; of a snow-white color; insoluble in alcohol or water; entirely soluble in acids; in the pure alkalies. Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic, externally detergent, exsiccative. Use. In epilepsy, chorea, and other spasmodic affections. For its externiaj use, see Ung. Zinci. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. vj. twice a day. Off. Prep. Unguentum Zinci, L. E. D. ZINCI SULPHAS. U.S.—LED. Sulphateof Zinc. (Zinci in frustula J v., Acidi Sulphurici Diluti Oij.) A plate of zinc put into the solution purifies it from any iron, copper, or lead it may contain. Zincum Vitriolatum. Comp. Oxide of zinc 20, acid 40, water of crystallization 40 parti ZIN 219 In 100 of the sulphate: or 1 eq. of protoxide of zinc=40.3+] eq. of acid=:40.1-r-7 water=G3, equiv.= 14:i.4. Pr¥B. Inodorous; taste styptic; in white, semi-transparent, efflorescent crystals, which are right rhombic prisms; soluble in three parts of water at 60°; in less than its own weight of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol. Ot>er. Emetic, tonic, antispasmodic, externally astringent. lie. As it operates very quickly, it is used, combined with in- fusion of ipecacuanha, to empty the stomach in the commence- ment of the cold stage of the intermittent paroxysm; and in other cases where immediate vomiting is required. As a tonic it is useful in phthisis, dyspepsia, and nervous affections. Ex- ternally in colLria, in ophthalmia, after the inflammatory ac- tion him subsided ; in injections, in gonorrhoea; and as a lotion in external inflammations, and to stop inordinate discharges. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. to produce vomiting; as a tonic, gr. j. to gr. ij. twice or thrice a day. Incomp. Alkalies, earths, sesquicarb. ammonia;, hydro-sulphu- rets, lime-water, astringent vegetable infu>ions, milk. Off. Prip. Solutio Sulphatis Zinci, E. Solutio Acetatis Zinci, E. Liquor Aluminis Comp., L. Zinci Oxydum, L. E. D. ZINGIBER. U. S.—L. E. Amomum Zingiber, Radix, D. Ginger Root. (Zingiber Officinale. Roscoe. Trans. Linn. Soc. Monand. Monogyn. N. O. Zingiberacea. East Indies. 2X.) Prop. Odor aromatic ; taste warm, aromatic, acrid ; in wrinkled, greyish-white pieces, giving a pale yellowish feculent powder when pulverized; yields its virtues to alcohol, and in a great degree to water. Oper. Carminative, stimulant, sinlagogue. Use. In gout, flatulent colic, dyspepsia, and tympanitis; as an adjunct to gripins purgatives; less heating than pepper. Dose. Gr. x. 10 3j.; an overdose is apt to induce spasmodic stricture. Off. Prep. Syrupus Zingiberis, L. E. D. Tinct. Zingiberis, L. E. D. ZINGIBER ; RADIX CONDITA. D. --- Radix Condita ex India Aliata, E. Preserved Ginger Root. A condiment possessing all the virtues of ginger; and therefore a useful addition to cold summer fruits and vegetables, when eaten by those of gouty and dyspeptic habits. APPENDIX. NO. I. OF POISONS. CHAPTER I. classification of poisons. Poisons may be divided into three classes, according to their mode of action on the system ; namely, Irritants, Narcotics, and Narcotico-Irritants. This classification is a modification of that originally proposed by Oifila ; and is almost universally adopted by toxicologists. The Irritants are possessed of these common characters. When taken in ordinary doses, they occasion speedily violent vomiting and purging. These symptoms are either accompanied or followed by intense pain in the abdomen. The peculiar effects of the poison are manifested chiefly on the stomach and intestines, which, as their name implies, they irritate and inflame. Many substances belonging to this class of poisons, possess corrosive properties, such as the strong mineral acids, caustic alkalies, cor- rosive sublimate, and others. These, in the act of swallowing, are commonly accompanied by an acrid or burning taste, extend- ing from the mouth down the oesophagus to the stomach Some irritants do not possess any corrosive action,—of which we have examples in arsenic, the poisonous salts of barytes, carbonate of lead, cantharides, &c., and these are often called pure irritants. They exert no chemical action on the tissues with which they come in contact; they simply irritate and inflame them. There is this difference between Corrosive and Irritant poisons. Under the action of corrosive poisons, the symptoms are com- monly manifested immediately, because mere contact produces disorganization of a part, usually indicated by some well-marked symptoms. In the action of the purely irritant poisons, the symptoms are generally more slowly manifested, seldom showing themselves until at least half an hour has elapsed from the time of swallowing the substance. Of course, there are exceptions to this remark; for sometimes irritants act speedily, though seldom with the rapidity of corrosive poisons. It is important, in a prac- tical view, to distinguish whether, in an unknown case, the poison which a person requiring immediate treatment may have swal- lowed be irritant or corrosive. This may be commonly deter- mined by the answer to the question, as to the time at which the Appendix I.] POISONS. 221 symptoms appeared after the suspected poison was taken. In this way we may often easily distinguish between a case of poisoning from arsenic and one from corrosive sublimate. There is also another point which may be noticed. As the corrosion is due to a decided chemical action, so an examination of the mouth and fauces may enable us to determine the nature of the poison swallowed. It has been already stated that there are many irritant poisons which have no corrosive properties; and therefore never act as corrosives: but it must be remembered that every corrosive may act as an irritant. Thus the action of corrosive sublimate is that of an irritant poison, as, while it destroys some parts of the coats of the stomach and intestines, it irritates and inflames others. So again most corrosive poisons may lose their corrosive properties by dilution with water, and then they act simply as irritants. This is the case with the mineral acids. In some instances, it is not easy to say whether an irritant poison possesses or not corrosive properties. Thus oxalic acid acts immediately, and blanches the mucous membrane of the mouth and fauces, but we hav e never met with any decided marks of corrosion produced by it in the stomach or viscera. Irritant poisons, for the most part, belong to the mineral king- dom ; and they may be divided into the non-metallic and metallic irritants. There are a few derived from the animal and vegetable kingdoms; but these are not very often employed criminally. Some of the gases likewise belong to the class of irritant poisons. Narcotic poisons have their operation confined to the brain and spinal marrow. Either immediately or some time after the poison has been swallowed, the patient suffers from cephalalgia, vertigo, paralysis, coma, and in some instances tetanus. They have no acrid burning taste like the irritants; and they very rarely give rise to vomiting or diarrhoea. When these symptoms follow the ingestion of the poison into the stomach, the effect may be ascribed either to the quantity in which the poison has been taken, and the mechanical distension of the stomach thereby produced, or to the poison being copibined wjfh some irritating substance, such as alcohol. The pure narcotics are not found to irritate or inflame the viscera. Notwithstanding the well-defined boundary thus apparently existing between these two classes of poisons, it must not be sup- posed that each class of bodies will always act in the manner indicated. Some irritants have been observed to affect the brain or the spinal marrow remotely. This is the case with oxalic acid and arsenic. Both of these common poisons have in some in- stances given rise to symptoms closely resembling those of nar- cotic poisoning; namely, coma, paralysis, and tetanic convulsions. Thus, then, we must not allow ourselves to be deceived with the idea that the symptoms are always clearly indicative of the kind of poison taken. The narcotic poisons are few in number, and belong to the vegetable kingdom. Some of the poisonous gases possess a nar- cotic action. Narcotico-Irritants.—Poisons belonging to this class have, as the name implies, a compound action. They are all derived from the vegetable kingdom. At variable periods after being swal- lowed, they give rise to vomiting and diarrhoea, like irritants; 222 POISONS. [Appendix I. and sooner or later produce stupor, coma, paralysis, and convul- sions, owing to their eir'ect on the brain and spinal marrow. They possess the property, like irritants, of irritating and inflam- ing the alimentary canal. As familiar examples, we may point to nux vomica, monkshood, and poisonous mushrooms. This class of poisons is very numerous, embracing a large variety of well-known vegetable substances; but they rarely foim a subject of difficulty to a medical practitioner. The fact of the symptoms occurring after a meal at which some suspicious vegetables may have been eaten, coupled with the nature of the symptoms them- selves, will commonly indicate the class to which the poison belongs. Some narcotico-irritants have a hot acrid taste, such as the aconite or monkshood. We here subjoin tables of the more important poisons, with the properties of which it is necessary for a medical jurist to he ac- quainted. Poisons are divided into three classes 1. Irritants. 2. Narcotics. 3. Narcotico-irritants. The class of Irritants may be thus subdivided :— ( Non-Metallic. 1. Irritants. < ( Metallic. V Mineral. ) Vegetabl ^ Animal. class I. 1. Non-Metallic Irritant Poisons. Sulphuric acid. Sulphate of Indigo. Nitric acid. Muriatic acid. Nitromuriatic acid. Nitrosulphuric acid. Oxalic acid.* Binoxalate of potash. Potash and its carbonates. Soda and its carbonates. Ammonia and its carbonate. Iodide of potassium. Sulphurets of potassium and sodium. Nitrate of potash. Bi- tartrate of potash. Sulphateof potash. Alum. Barytes and its salts. 2. Metallic Irritant Poisons. Arsenic. Arsenate of potato. Arsenic acid. Orpiment. Cor- rosive sublimate. Calomel. White precipitate. Red oxide of mercury. Turbith mineral. Vermilion. Cyanide of mercury. Nitrates of mercury. Lead and its salts. Copper and its salts. Tartarized antimony. Butter of antimony. Chlorides of tin. Salts of zinc. Nitrate of silver. Sulphate of iron. Muriate of iron. Subnitrate of bismuth. Bichromate of potash. 3. Vegetable Irritant Poisons. Aloes. Colocynth. Gamboge. Jalap. Scammony. Savin. Croton oil. Castor-oil seeds. Berries of the yew. Cayenne pepper. Oil of tar. ' 4. Animal Irritant Poisons. Cantharides. Poisonous articles of food. * Oxalic acid and the binoxalate of potash, which really belona to the vegetable kingdom, are placed among the non-metallif ssrs'uS? srthe anaiogy which ^^»sssux Appendix I.] POISONS. 223 CLASS II. Narcotic Poisons. Hyoscyamus. Lactuca. Solanum. Opium, and its prepara- tions. Morphia, and iu salts. Hydrocyanic acid. Oil of bitter almonds. Laurel water. Cyanide of potassium. CLASS III. Narcotico-Irritant Poisons. Nux vomica. Strychnia. Colchicum. Veratria. White hellebore. Digitalis. Conium. Cicuta. Alfhusa cynapium. CEnanthe crocata. Datura stramonium. Aconitum napellus. Atropa belladonna. Nicotiana tabacum. Cocculus indicus. Fungi. Camphor. Alcohol. The selection here made has been chiefly confined to those bodies which have either caused death or given rise to alarming accidents. CHAPTER II. RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN INVESTIGATING A CASE OF POISONING. When a practitioner is called to a case of poisoning, it is above all things necessary that he should know to what points he ought to give his attention. It is very proper that every effort should be made by him to save life where the individual is still living; but while engaged in one duty, it is also in his power to perform another, supposing the case to be one of suspected criminal poi- soning, namely, to note down many circumstances which may tend to detect the perpetrator of the crime. There is no person so well fitted to observe these points as a medical man; but it unfortunately happens, that many facts important as evidence, are often overlooked. The necessity for observing and recording them, is not perhaps generally known. The following are the principal points which demand the attention of a medical jurist in all cases of suspected poisoning:— 1. With respect to Symptoms. 1. The time of their occurrence,—their nature. 2. The exact period at which they were observed to take place after a meal, or after food or medicine had been taken. 3. The order of their occurrence. 4 Whether there was any remission or intermission in their progress, or, whether they continued becoming more and more aggravated until death. a. Whether the patient had labored under any previous ill- ness. 6. Whether the symptoms were observed to recur more vio- lently after a particular meal, or after taking any particular kind of food or medicine. 7. Whether the patient has vomited :—the vomited matters, if any (especially those first ejected), to be procured ; their color noted, as well as their quantity. 8. If none be procurable, and the vomiting has taken place on the drees, furniture, or floor of the room,—then a portion of the 224 POISONS. [Appendix I. clothing, sheet, er carpet, may be cut out and reserved for analy- sis :—if the vomiting have occurred on a deal tleor, a portion of the wood may be scraped or cut out:—or if on a stone pavement, then a clean piece of rag or sponge soaked in distilled water may be used to remove any traces of the poison. 9. Endeavor to ascertain the probable nature of the food or medicine last taken. 10. Ascertain the nature of all the diflerent articles of food used at a mea'. 11. Any suspected articles of food, as well as the vomited matters, to be sealed up in a proper vessel, and reserved for analysis. 12. Note down in their own words, all explanations volunta- rily made by parties present, or who are supposed to be concerned in the suspected poisoning. 13. Wflether more than one person partook of the food or medicine: if" so, whether all these persons were affected, and how. 14. Whether the same kind of food or medicine had been taken before by the patient or other persons, without ill effects following. In the event of the death of the patient, it will be necessary for a practitioner to note down— 15. The exact time of death, and thus determine how long a period the person has survived after having been first attacked with the symptoms. 16. Observe the attitude and position of the body. 17. Observe the state of the dress. 18. Observe all surrounding objects. Any bottles, paper packets, weapons, or spilled liquids lying about, should be col- lected and preserved. 19. Collect any vomited matters near the deceased. Observe whether vomiting has taken place in the recumbent position or not. If the person have vomited in the erect or sitting posture, the front of the dress will commonly be found covered with the vomited matters. In the event of a post mortem examination being ordered by a coroner — 20. Note the external appearance of the body, whether the surface be livid or pallid. 21. Note the state of countenance. 22. Note all marks of violence on the person or discomposure of the dress,—marks of blood, &c. 23. Observe the presence or absence of warmth or coldness n the legs, arms, abdomen, mouth, or axillae. 24. The presence of rigidity or cadaverous spasm in the body. To give any value to the two last-mentioned characters, it is necessary for the practitioner to observe the nature of the floor on which the body is lying, whether it be clothed or naked, young or old, fat or emaciated. All these conditions create a difference, in respect to the cooling of the body and the access ot rigidity. 25. If found dead, when was the deceased last seen living or known to have been alive 1 26. Note all circumstances leading to a suspicion of suicide or murder. Appendix I.] POISONS. 225 Inspection of the Body. 27. Observe the state of the abdominal viscera. 28. If the stomach and intestines be found inflaioed, the seat of inflammation should be exactly specified ; also all marks of ulceration, effusion of blood, corrosion, or perforation. 29. The con tents of the stomach should be collected in a clean vessel ; their color, odor, and nature specified. 30. The contents of the duodenum should be separately col- lected. 31. Observe the state-of the'large intestines, especially the rectum. 3-2. The state of the larynx, fauces, and oesophagus, whether there be in these pcrts any marks of inflammation or corrosion. 33. The state of the thoracic viscera;—all morbid changes noted. 34. The state of the brain. Such are the points to which, in the greater number of cases of suspected poisoning, a medical jurist should attend. By means of these data, noted according to the particular case to which they are adapted, he will in general be enabled, without difficulty, to ditermine the probable lime of death, the probable cause of death, and the actual means by which death was brought about. He may thereby have it in his power also to point out the dish that may have contained the poison, if the case be one of poison ing; and to throw some light upon any disputed question of sui- cide or murder in relation to the deceased. Many cases of poi- soning are obscure, owing to these points not having been attended to in the first instance. CHAPTER III. TESTS AND APPARATUS REQUIRED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF POISONS. Acids.—Sulphuric, Nitric, Muriatic, Oxalic, Tartaric, Acetic. Alkalies.—Potash, Soda, Ammonia, and their Carbonajps. Calcined Carbonate of Soda. Lime. Salts.—Nitrate of Barytes. Chloride of Barium. These may be made by digesting the pure carbonate in the respective acids, and evaporating to crystallization. Chloride of Lime. Sulphate of Lime. Nitrate of Silver. Sulphate of Iron. Ferrocyanale of Potash. Phosphate of Soda. Sulphate of Copper. Iodide of Potassium. Acetate of Lead. Bichloride of Mercury. Peroxide of Manganese. Carbonate of Barytes. Oxalate of Ammonia.—Prepared by neutralizing a strong solu- j tion of Oxalic acid, with Sesquicarbonate of Ammonia, and eva- porating at a low temperature to crystallization. Should the salt become acid by evaporation, add a little ammonia. Hydrosulphuret of Ammonia.—Pass sulphuretted hydrogen gas by means of a bent tube, into equal parts of a solution of pure ammonia and water, until the liquid is saturated with the gas. The solution must be preserved in a green-glass bottle. This is an important test for the detection of metallic poisons. When well made, it ought to give no (rccipitate with sulj hate of mag- nesia. 10* 226 POISONS. [Appendix I. Sulphuretted Hydrogen.—-This should always be employed in the state of gas, and not dissolved in water. It may be prepared by gently heating in a retort or a flask with a bent tube, sulphuret of iron with five or six parts of diluted sulphuric acid. Care must be taken not to distil over the contents of the retort. This gas precipitates most metallic poisons ; some completely, others par- tially. The suspected solution into which it is passed, should neither be too acid nor too alkaline. Sulphuret of Iron.—Beat a bar of iron to whiteness, and rub on its surface, a stick of sulphur. Collect the sulphuret which falls in a state of fusion, in a vessel of cold water, placed beneath. Dry it and keep it closely bottled. This preparation serves for the purpose of making sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Sulphate of Strontia.—This salt in solution, is sometimes used as a test for the salts of Barytes. It may be made by digesting pure carbonate of strontia in dilute sulphuric acid. It is not very soluble in water, in consequence of which, when employed as a test, it must be used in comparatively large quantity. Protochloride of Tin.—Obtained by digesting pure tin in strong muriatic acid at a,gentle heat, until no more is dissolved. A piece of metallic tin should be always kept in the solution. A useful test for Gold and Mercury. Chloride (Ter) of Gold.—Dissolve gold foil at a gentle heat, in a mixture of one part nitric and two parts muriatic acid. The solution may afterwards be diluted with its bulk of distilled water. Used to distinguish meconic from sul phocyanic acid. Bichloride of Platina.—Dissolve slips of fine platina foil or platina filings, in a mixture of one part nitric and two parts mu- riatic acid, brought to a boiling temperature. Platina must be added, until no further action ensues. This is a useful test for potash. Iodic Acid.—Digest Iodine in the strongest Nitric Acid (sp. gr. 1.52), in a retort over a sand bath, and repeatedly wash down with the acid, the iodine that may sublime. This process requires many hours'for its completion. When there is no further action pour off the liquid, and evaporate to dryness. Iodic acid is left as a colorless solid. This test serves to distinguish morphia from the other alkaloids, and also to detect sulphuric acid in articles of clothing. Permuriatc (Sesquichloride) of Iron.—Dissolve red (per) oxide of iron in muriatic acid. It may be neutralized for the purpose of a test by the addition of a small quantity of potash. Used as a test for morphia and its salts. Black Flux.—Prepared by mixing thoroughly two parts of bi- tartrate of" potash with one pai t of nitrate of potash, and projecting the mixture by small portions into a red-hot crucible, until com- plete deflagration has taken place. The grey mass obtained, should be pulverized, and kept from air in a well-closed bottle. ) This substance is used for the reduction of the compounds of arsenic. The bitartrate itself calcined, or well dried oxalate of lime, will answer the same purpose. Soda Flux.—Calcine in an earthen retort crystallized acetate of soda reduced to a fine powder. The charred mass mav be afterwards pulverized. It does not deliquesce like the black flux, and is a good reducing agent. Test Papers.—Litmus paper for acids.—This may be made by Appendix /.] ACE 227 saturating unsized paper (free from lime) in a strong infusion of itnius (about one ounce to half a pint of boiling water), and dry- ing it in a place entirely free from acid vapors. It should be kept from air and light. Rose paper for alkalies. This is made by saturating unsized paper in a strong infusion of red roses (about two ounces of petals to a pint of water), and drying the paper quickly. It should be kept from air and light. Miscellaneous Articles.—Copper filings.—Thin copper-foil.— Copper-wire—Tin filings.—Tin-foil—Zinc-foil, very thin—Gold- leaf. Gold-foil, such as is used by dentists: in this state itserves for the detection of mercurial poisons. Reduced silver. Platina- foil—Platina wire. Platina crucible and cover.—Platina cup: these t wo vessels may have a capacity of about two fluid-drachms. bmall glass tube (about two pounds), varying from one-fourth to one-eighth of an inch in the bore. This tube, which serves for the making up of small reduction tubes, and numerous other purposes, should be very thin. Watch glasses. Test-tubes (thin) —Glass plate. Florence flasks.—Large and small retort and receiver. Filtering paper. Spirit lamp. Charcoal powder. Animal charcoal. Alcohol. Litmus cake. Sulphate of indigo. In pursuing an analysis, the following precautions ought to be observed: 1. All the apparatus should be perfectly clean; when metals are to be reduced, the glass tubes and fluxes should be warm and dry. 2. The solutions of the tests should be concen- trated. This will give a known and definite strength, which will regulate the quantity to be employed. 3. Before employing the tests, they should berried for the ordinary impurities which they are liable to contain. Poisons are substances of an animal, a vegetable, or a mineral nature, which produce effects deleterious to the animal economy when they are taken into the stomach in certain doses ; and, in some instances, even when they are applied to the surface of the body. Many poisonous substances, however, are daily employed as medicines ; and with the best results, when they are adminis- tered in proper doses, and with due precaution. Writers who professedly treat of poisons, have arranged the substances which they regard as such, according to their effects on the animal economy; but as the following memoranda are Intended merely as references from which the practitioner may refresh his memory when his assistance is suddenly required in cases of poisoning, the author conceives the alphabetical arrange- ment will be the most useful, and has consequently adopted it. A similar reason has also induced him to place the English name as the title of each article.* A.CETIC ACID. (Strong.) •Symptoms. Great heat, and a sensation of burning pain in the stomach; convulsions; death. * Many poisonous substances are purposely not noticed, because they are not likely to be employed as such; and, consequently, they do not demand general attention. 23 228 A M M [Appendix I. Morbid Appearances. The mouth and fauces brownish,—exco- riated, and the lingual papillae enlarged. The oesophagus also lined with a brown adventitious membrane. The stomach of a livid hue towards the pylorus and black at the fundus. The vessels large and much injected. Antidotes. Magnesia; soap in water; after which the stomach should be emptied by the stomach-pump or an emetic. ACETATE OF LEAD; see under Carbonate of Lead. ACONITUM ; see Monkshood. AGARIC; see Fungi. ALCOHOL. Local Effects,—those of a powerful irritant and caustic poison to whatever part of the body it is applied; it causes contraction and condensation of. the tissue, giving rise to pain, heat, redness, and other symptoms of inflammation. As alcohol has a strong affinity for water, it absorbs it from the soft, living parts with which it comes in contact, and where these are albuminous or fibrinous, it increases their density and firmness. Irritation and inflammation are thus set up by the reaction of the vital powers, brought about by the chemical action of the alcohol. The General Symptoms are those produced by narcotics. Morbid Appearances—are inflammation, redness, softening, &c, of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels; with congestion of the cerebral vessels, with or without extravasation of blood and serum. Treatment. First evacuate the contents of the stomach by the stomach-pump. Dash cold water on the head in a constant stream ; warmth to the feet; and as sooi» as the patient can swallow, give acetate of ammonia or spirits of ammonia. Cupping may be necessary to the temples ; and in some cases artificial respiration must be kept up for some time. Mustard to the epigastrium is a good remedy. AMMONIA; (Liquor Ammonia.) A corrosive mineral poisop, Symptoms. Excoriations of the mouth and fauces ; sensation o) burning in the throat, chest, and stomach; followed by vomit ing and purging, the ejected matter being mixed with blood. When the^dose is large, the immediate feeling is that of stran- gulation, attended with convulsions and high delirium. If the result be fatal, it very quickly follows the administration of the poison. The inhalation of the ammonia by applying the solu- tion to the nostrils is equally hazardous, and causes the same symptoms as when it is taken into the stomach. Morbid Appearances. Marks of strong inflammatory action in the oesophagus and cardiac portion of the stomach; and in the bronchial tubes when the poison has been inhaled. Tests. The three caustic alkalies, potash, soda, and ammonia, are known from the solutions of the alkaline earths by the fact, that they are not precipitated by solution of carbonate of potash, They all three possess a powerful alkaline reaction on tesi paper, which, in the case of ammonia, is easilv dissipated by heat. Ammonia is immediately known from potash and soda, by its odor and volatility. If the solution in water be very dilute, the odor may be scarcely perceptible. The alkali may then be discovered, provided we have first assured ourselves, by evaporating a portion of the liquid, that potash and soda are fcbsent,—by adding to the solution a mixture of arsenious acid Appendix I.] A M M 229 and nitrate of silver. The well-known yellow precipitate of arseniie of silver will b^ instantly produced. In addition to these characters, ammonia re-dissolves the brown oxide of sil- ver, which it precipitates from the nitrate, while potash and Boda do not The sesquicarbonate of ammonia may be known from other salts by its alkaline reaction, its odor, and its entire volatility as a solid, from pure ammonia:—1, by its effervescing on b«ing added to an acid; 2, by its yielding an abundant white precipitate with a solution of muriate of lime ;—from the carbonates of potash and soda, among other properties, 1, by its giving no precipitate with a solution of the sulphate of magne- sia ; 2, from the rich violet blue solution, which it forms when added in excess to the sulphate of copper ; 3, by its odor and volatility. Caustic Potash and Soda are best known from their respective carbonates by giving a brown precipitate with a solution of ni- trate of silver. The carbonates, on the other hand, yield a whitish-yellow precipitate. Caustic potash is known from caustic soda by the following characters:—1. Its solution is piecipitated of a canary-yellow color, by bichloride of platina. 2. It is precipitated in granular white crystals, by the addition of an excess of a strong solution of tartaric acid. Caustic soda is not precipitated by either of these tests, which will serve equally to distinguish the salts of potash from those of soda. 3. If we neutralize the two alkalies by dilute nitric acid, and crystallize the liquid on a slip of glass, should the alkali be potash, the crystals will be in the form of long slender fluted prisms; if soda, of rhombic plates. 4. A fine platina wire may be dipped into the alkaline liquid, and then dried by holding it above the flame of a spirit-lamp. In this way, a thin film of solid alkali is obtained on the wire. On introducing this into the colorless part of the flame, if it be potash, the flame will acquire a lilac color; if soda, a rich yellow color. This test applies to the salts of the alkalies, but care must be taken that the platina wire is perfectly clean. The carbonates of potash tire known from those of soda by the above tests. The carbonate is known from the bicarbonate of either alkali, by the fact that the former yields immediately a while precipitate, w ith a solution of sulphate of magnesia, while the latter is unaffected by that test. In liquids containing organic matter.—Such liquids will possess an alkaline reaction. If the alkali he ammonia, this will be announced by the odor, and it may then be obtained by distil- lation with or without the addition of a small quantity of sul- phuric acid. If the alkali be in small proportion, this can afford no evidence of poisoning ; since many animal fluids contain the alkali, and in those which do not contain it, it is easily gene- rated eiiher by spontaneous decomposition, or sometimes even by the heat required for distillation. Should the alkali be in large quantity, this is no evidence of poisoning by it, unless we at the same time discover obvious marks of its local action on the mouth, fauces, oes< phagus, and stomach. If the organic liquid be highly alkaline, hut give out no odor of ammonia, eiiher by itself or on distilling a portion with sulphuric acid, the alkali may be either potash or soda, or their carbonates. The latter would be known by the liquid effervescing on adding 230 A M M [Appendix I. a portion to an acid. The organic liquid may be evaporated to dryness, then heated to char the animal and vegetable matter, and the alkali will be recovered from i in the state of carbon- ate by digesting the residuary ash in distilled water. It has been also recommended to neutralize by muriatic acid, to eva- porate, incinerate, and urocure the alkali for analysis in the Btate of chloride. Traces of these alkalies furnish no evidence, since all the animal liquids- and membranes yield soda, and many of them potash. In no case will the discovery of the alkalies be any proof of poisoning, unless the marks of their action be apparent in the fauces and stomach. Treatment. The immediate exhibition of vinegar, lemon juice, or solution of citric acid; and afterwards of milk, mucilages, and demulcent fluids ; bleeding, if symptoms of intestinal in- flammation supervene. When ammoniacal gas has been in- haled, the patient should immediately inspire the vapor of acetic acid or hydrochloric acid. If bronchwl inflammation super- vene, it is to be treated in the usual way. AMMONIA! HYDROCHLORAS. Sal. Ammonia. Symptoms. Similar to those produced by ammonia. Treatment. Warm water, and mucilaginous and demulcent liquids should be given, to promote vomiting. No chemical amidoie is known. The gastro-enteritis which it excites, is to be combated by the usual means. *** These instructions apply equally to cases of poisoning by Sesquicarbonate of Ammonia and by Hartshorn. AMMONIATED COPPER. (Cuprum Ammoniatum.) A cor- rosive metallic poison. Symptoms and Morbid Appearances nearly the same as those produced by the other salts of copper. (See Verdigris.) Test. This poison is readily known by its beautiful blue color, and ammoniacal odor. When mixed in fluids which partially decompose it, as, for instance, coffee, port wine, or malt liquors, it may be detected by adding to the suspected fluid a few drops of a spirituous solution of guaiac. If the vehicle be coffee, and a salt of copper be present, it will instantly produce a beautiful deep greenish-blue precipitate. If the vehicle be port wine, it gives a greenish color to the wine, and the color evolved by the tincture of guaiac will be nearly an indigo blue, with a slight shade of green ; and if beer, that of verditer. It changes solu- tion of arsenious acid to green. Treatment. The use of the stomach-pump, and oily clysters. Albumen in solution (in coffee, if it can be obtained*), should then be freely exhibited ; and vomiting again excited by drinking large quantities of mucilaginous fluids, if the poison has been very recently taken; but if it have already passed into the bowels, give castor oil in coffee, combined with opiates and other narcotics; bleed both generally and locally; and employ warm baths and fomentations with emollient clysters. AMMONIA; HYDftOSULPHAS. (Hydrosulphate of Ammonia, or Hepatized Ammonia.) This is evolved from decomposing animal matters, as in privies. ffymptoms. Nausea, vomiting, diminished frequency of pulse. * Coffee instantly decomposes the salts of copper. Appendix I.] A R S 231 giddiness, extreme languor, drowsiness, and sleep; a powerful asphyxiating, agent when inhaled, causing sudden weakness, insensibility, convulsions, delirium, and death. Treatment. Place the patient on his back in the open air, with ' his head elevated; apply cold affusion to the face and breast; produce artificial respiration of air, through which ch'orin-e is diffused, by pressing down the ribs and forcing up the diaphragm, and then suddenly removing the pressure; strong frictions to the spine, chest, and extremities; injecting stimulants into the stomach, as a weak solution of chlorine, or brandy. When swallowed, dilute solutions of chlorine, or chloride of soda or lime, should be given, and the contents of the stomach removed bv the stomach-pump. ANTIMONIUM TARTARIZATUM ; see Potassio-Tartrate of Antimony. ARGtiNTl NITRAS; see Nitrate of Silver. ARSENIC—ARSENIOUS ACID. A corrosive mineral poison. Symptoms. Metallic austere taste; constant spitting of saliva devoid of the mercurial foetor; constriction of the pharynx and oesophagus ; nausea and vomiting, sometimes of a brown mu eons matter, which is occasionally mixed with blood; fainting, with excessive thirst; a sensation of great heat at the throat and the praecordia : heat and severe pain in the stomach, which is generally so irritable as to reject the mildest fluids; severe gripings, purging, and tenesmus, the stools being deep-green or black, and horribly offensive; the urine scanty, red, and often bloody; the pulse small, frequent, and often intermitting, ac- comp inied with palpitation of the heart and syncope, difficult respiration and cold sweats; swelling and itching of the whole bod., which occasionally becomes covered with livid blotches; great prostration of strength, and paralysis of the feet and hands; delirium ; convulsions; urine high colored, often bloody; strenuous priapism ; and death. Morbid Appearances. The mouth and oesophagus are seldom inflamed ; but the stomach most commonly, although not al- ways, presents appearances of intense inflammation, but not amounting to erosion or abrasion of the villous coat; and it is on the surface of such inflamed spots that grains of the acid are generally found, when the poison has been swallowed in powder. The inflammation is evident also in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum ; but it almost disappears in the colon, al- though the mucous membrane of the rectum i^often found not only highly inflamed, but ulcerated. The lungs are sometimes black, and turgid with blood ; the mitral and tricuspid valves of t«e heart are covered with red patches, and thesf extend to the fleshy-columns; but the chief morbid appearances are to be looked for in the stomach and intestines. The contents of the former of these, and of portions of the latter, ought in every 1 case to be carefully preserved, and washed in tepid distilled water. Cases have proved fatal in which no morbid changes have been detected. Tests. If any solid particles be found in the stomach, throw a few of them upon red-hot coals, they will be decomposed, and exhale alliaceous vapor; or mix one part of them with three parts of a mixture consisting of one part of finely-powdered charcoal, and two parts of very dry carbonate of potassa; put 232 A R S [Appendix I. this into a small glass tube, the upper innei surface or empty part of which is kept clean, whilst the powder is introduced, by being previously lined w ith paper. Having withdrawn the paper, stop the open end loosely with a little tow, or a piece of soft paper; then place the closed end for a few minutes in the flame of a spirit-lamp until it becomes incandescent; when, if arsenious acid be present, a brilliant metallic crust will be found lining the upper part of the tube. This crust, placed on hot coals, will exhale dense white fumes and a strong smell of garlic. If no solid particles be found, boil the contents of the stomach with liquor potassae, and strain through a piece of linen rag; divide the fluid into different portions, and test each portion separately by the following re-agents:— 1. Put one portion into Marsh's apparatus for the formation of arseniuretted hydrogen gas, with some diluted sulphuric acid and a piece of pure zinc, and inflame the gas evolved at the jet. If arsenious acid be present, a piece of glass held over the flame will display a spot of metallic arsenic, surrounded by a circle of black oxide of arsenic, which will be surrounded by a second circle of arsenious acid; or pass the arseniuretted hydrogen gas through a bent tube, and heat it, at a point a few inches from the jet, m the flame of a spirit lamp; a crust of metallic arsenic will line the tube on the farthest side of the heated point. The grains picked out of the stomach may be tested in the same manner. This test is decisive, but it requires to be used in the following manner, if the contents of the stomach contain much fatty matter. Take a bell glass, open tit the. top and furnished with a stop-cock and glass jet; fill it with hydrogen gas; place it in ajar containing the contents of the stomach strained, and the washing of the stomach, and some diluted sulphuric acid and pure zinc. Open the stop-cock until the fluid rises consi- derably into the bell glass ; then close the stop-cock ; but after the gas has been extricated, and the fluid has descended, open it again, inflame the gas at the jet, and use it in the same man- ner as Mr. Marsh's instrument. A better mode is the modifi- cation of Marsh's apparatus proposed by the author. (See Pharmaceutical Trans., by T. Bell, p. 92.) 2. Drop into the second portion a solution ol nitrate of silver to excess, in order to precipitate all the hydrochlorates it may contain; then, after the fluid has become clear, touch the sur- face with a glass rod dipped in liquid ammonia. If arsenious acid be present, a yellow arsenite of silver will fall from the point of the rod. 3. Drop into the third portion some ammoniated sulphate of cop- per ; if arsenious acid be present, Scheele's green will be formed. The accordance of these tests affords sufficient evidence. The tubes, and the glass, coated with the metallic arsenic, should be taken into court; as well as comparative tubes and glasses coated by treating the simple acid and its solution. All of these tubes should be previously rolled up in paper, and sealed in the presence of the persons who assist in the testing. Treatment. If vomiting does not already exist as a direct effect of the poison, sulphateof zinc may be exhibited, and the emetic effects promoted by mucilaginous drinks, such as linseed tea. When sulphate of zinc cannot be procured, a good substitute Appendix I.] BIC 233 for an emetic is powdered mustard, in the proportion of from one to two teaspoonfuls in a glass of water, administered at intervals; or, evacuate the stomach by the stomach-pamp, using lime-water instead of distilled water; administer large draughts of oil, and of tepid, mucilaginous fluids, or sugar and water, or chalk and lime water; avoid the use of alkalies; but administer charcoal and hydrated sesquioxide of iron. This preparation is believed by some to be an effectual chemical antidote to arsenic ; although Dr. A. Taylor (of London) has come to the conclusion, from a series of carefully conducted experiments, that the oxide of iron does not possess the power of combining Aith powdered arsenious acid, the only form in which we commonly have to deal with the poison, in a way to act as a chemical antidote; and that if recoveries have really taken place from its use, it must have some other operation. It should be immediately administered in large and frequently repeated doses, in conjunction with warm mucilaginous drinks, and also given by enema. About ten parts of the hydrated iron, it is said, will convert one part of arsenious acid into the basic salt of iron. Jss. of the iron has been successfully given in doses repeated every fifteen minutes, till | viij. were taken in twenty-four hours. If the hydrated oxide is not at hand, the carbonate may be substituted. It is recommended to add fifteen to twenty drops of liquor ammoniae to each dose, in order to transform the arsenic into a soluble arsenite. Castor oil, and other laxatives, are to be afterwards employed. (Ferrugo, E.) Afterwards combat the inflammatory symptoms by bleeding freely, both generally and locally; by tepid baths, emollient enemas, and narcotics. If the immediate fatal symptoms be averted, let the patient for a long time subsist wholly on fari- naceous food, milk, and demulcents. %* AH arsenical poisons operate nearly in the same manner as the arsenious acid; and consequently similar means are re- quired for detecting their presence and counteracting their influence. ATROPA BELLADONNA; see Deadly Nightshade.': BELLADONNA ; see Deadly Nightshade. BICYANIDE OF MERCURY, (Hydrargyri Bicyanidum.) An acrid mineral poison. Symptoms. They closely resemble those of poisoning by corro- sive sublimate, accompanied with severe vomiting, mercurial ulceration of the mouth, salivation, powerful action of the heart, diarrhoea, suppression of urine, demi-erection, and an ecchymosed appearance of the penis and scrotum, convulsions, and-death. Tests. When any of the rwison remains, it is recognized by its quadrangular prismatic crystals, with oblique summits, and its styptic taste. When heated in a small tube closed at one end, and drawn out to a point at the other, it is decomposed, mer- cury sublimes, and cyanogen gas is given off, and burns with a violet flame. Its solution is decomposed by a stream of sul- phuretted hydrogen gas, and sulphuret of mercury and hydro- cyanic acid are formed. Treatment. The same as in cases of poisoning by bichloride ot mercury. 234 B R U [Appendix I. BLISTERING FLIES, (Cantharis Vcsicatoria.) An acrid animal poison. Symptoms. Nausea; vomiting and purging, the matter ejected in either case being frequently bloody and purulent; acute epigastralgia; writhii.g colic ; great heat and irritation of the bladder and urinary organs, accompanied with the most painful priapism; the pulse is quick and hard; and although thirst is often great, yet there is occas onally a horror of liquids. If these symptoms be not soon relieved, they are followed by convulsions, tetanus delirium, syncope, and death. Throughout the attack, the breatn of the patient has a very peculiar, faint, sickly odor. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation and erosion of the stomach; the green, shining particles of the powdered flies being some- times seen adhering to the inner coat of the viscus or mixed with its contents. The intestines also and the kidneys exhibit marks of inflammation ; and these are still m re evident in the bladder, particularly when the fatal result does not immediately supervene. » Tests. The poisonous properties of the blistering fly depend on a peculiar principle which has been named cantharidin; but the poison can be recognized by the appearance of the green, shining particles, which are visible in the finest powder, and by the symptoms. The alcoholic solution is precipitated white by water, but the precipitate is again dissolved by an excess of water. Treatment. Copious dilution with milk and demulcent fluids, bleeding, the warm bath, opiate frictions, and clysters of mutton broth and oil, and opium. The best antidote is camphor, both internally administered and externally applied. BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM, (Potassium Bromidi.) An acrid mineral poison. Symptoms Nausea, vomiting, quickened respiration and pulse, great prostration of strength, death. Morbid Appearances. Congested state of the mucous membrane; spots of ulceration, softenings. Tests. If any of the poison remain, dissolve and drop into the solution sulphuric acid, the cclor and odor of free bromine are perceived. Add mucilage of starch, it will be colored yellow. Take up the bromine with aether, and drop into the aethereal solution a solution of nitrate of silver: a whiii.-h-yrllow bromide of silver, insoluble in nitric acid and in ammonia will fall. Bromide of Potassium does not alter the color of tea, or coffee, or milk, or wine. To detect it in these fluids, evaporate to dry- ness, decompose the vegetable matter by hear, and act on the residue in the same manner as on the pure bromide. Treatment. Empty the stomach wilh the stoim.ch-pump and ™e,p!',1,?'ater- Treai the nwvous symptoms by stimulants. BRUCIA, (Brucia.) Symptoms. The same as those caused by strychnia. Tests. Brucia has a bitter taste. It is scarcely soluble in water at 60°, and it requires 500 parts of boiling water for its solution It is dissol ved and colored bloodied by nitric acrid ; and on the addition of a solution of protochloride of tin, the red i* changed to a beautiful deep violet. * Appendix 1.] CAR 235 Treatment. The same as for poisoning by strychnia. BRYONY ROOT, (Bryonia Dioica Radix.) An acrid vegetable poison. Symptoms. Violent vomitings, with severe colic pains and purging, great thirst; difficulty of breathing; and sometimes convulsions. Morbid Appearances. Evidences of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and rectum, and congestion of blood in the lungs Test. The poison can only be recognized when the root itself or a portion of it, can be obtained. It is large, fleshy, fusiform, marked externally with circles of a yellowish-white color, and has a sweetish, yet acrid and bitter, disagreeable taste. Treatment. Excite vomiting by copious draughts of tepid demul cent fluids, and by irritation of the fauces; then administer milk and mucilaginous diluents, with opiates and emollient enemas, The lancet may sometimes be requisite. CAMPHOR, (Camphora.) A narcotic, vegetable poison. Symptoms. t Violent excitement of the brain and nervous system; vomiting; vertigo, preceded by pallid countenance; great anxiety ; small pulse; difficult respiration, syncope, cold sweats, and convulsions. In some instances it has occasioned death. Morbid Appearances. Too few opportunities have occurred for ascertaining these with any degree of accuracy. Test. The camphor would probably be found in the state of lumps, or dissolved in spirit. No difficulty would occur in identifying this substance, except perhaps in a case where it had proved Kttal and existed in the contents of the stomach. Its presence would be immediately known by its powerful and peculiar odor. If it were diffused in the form of lumps or powder, these might be easily separated from the contents, owing to the great insolubility of this substance. In general, it might be expected that some portions would float to the surface of the water. In a doubtful case the contents of the stomach should be treated with a large quantity of alcohol:—the alco- holic liquor filtered, and the camphor separated by adding wa- ter. It is a white solid,—possessing a well-known odor,— easily dissolved by alcohol, and again separated by water,— entirely volatile without residue, and burning with arich yellow smoky flame. Treatment. Wine and opium, exhibited at short intervals until the symptoms abate. CANTHARIDES; see Blistering Flies. CARBONATE OF BARYTA, (Carbonas Baryta.) CARBONATE OF LEAD, (Plumbi Carbonas.) An astringent metallic poison. (All the salts of lead are resolvable into the carbonate, which is the only direct poison of lead.) Symptoms. Obstinate costiveness; violent colic, with retraction of the abdomen ; vomiting; the pulse small and hard ; labori- ous breathing and tremors, terminating in paralysis of the extremities, and occasionally in death. The gums assume a blue tinge. Morbid Appearances. An ex-sanguine appearance of the intes- tines; but occasionally there is inflammation of the mucous membrane of the intestines, sometimes attended with blotches 236 CAR [Appendix I. of extravasated blood. When the death of the patient is not sudden, the mesenteric and lymphatic glands are inflamed and obstructed; and all the viscera bear more or less evidence of having suffered from increased vascular action. Test. When the poison has been swallowed in the solid form, and any of it can be obtained, it may be known in some degree by its color and weight, or by lubbing it in a mortar with a little spirituous solution of guakic, and a few drops of liquid ammonia, which produce a beautiful grass-green, passing to glaucous when lead is present; it is tinged brown when it is exposed to sulphuretted hydrogen gas; but is still more certainly delected by reducing it to a metallic state upon charcoal, by means of the blowpipe. When it has been taken in syrup, or in wine, or in hollands, to improve which it is often ignorantly and improperly used, first render the colored fluids colorless by chlorine, and then add to different portions the following re-agents:—Sulphate of potassa, which will produce a white; sulphuretted hydrogen, which will throw down a black ; and chromate of potassa. which will exhibit a canary-yellow precipitate, if any salt of lead be present; or dissolve in acetic acid, and add to the solution a solution of iodide of potassium ; if the poison be carbonate of lead, a yellow iodide of lead will be precipitated. Treatment. Bleed, if the pulse be hard;vthen freely exhibit cathartics, particularly castor oil, and sulphate of magnesia combined with opium or extract of hyoscyamus; use the warm bath, and throw up repeatedly injections of mutton broth and demulcents. The patient should dilute very freely with muci- laginous liquids. Some alkaline sulphate, mixed with vinegar, or some weak vegetable acid, such as lemon juice, will prove highly useful. Emetics and the stomach-pump should also be employed. When convalescent, he should live almost entirely on a milk diet. If paralysis of the limbs continue, it should be treated with strychnia. As the symptoms produced by poisoning by lead put on one of the three forms, irritant poisoning, lead colic, and paralysis, our treatment must be governed accordingly. In cases of irri- tant poisoning, we should immediately administer effluents holding in solution some sulphate, as of soda, magnesia, or potassa, so that a sulphate of iead may be formed. Vomiting should be excited by sulphate of zinc, tickling the throat, or the contents of the stomach may be evacuated by the stomach- pump. In lead colic, the best remedy is alum, though it is ge- ncHilly treated successfully by means of purgatives- i.nd opiates, with venesection, leeching, &.C. In lead palsy, strychnine is one of the best remedies. %* The action of acetate of lead, and of red oxide of lead or litharge, on the animal economy, is nearly the same as that of the carbonate of lead; consequently, the above observations apply to all the salts of lead, which, as I have already said, are converted into the carbonate, after being taken into the stomach. CARBONIC ACID GAS. This gas is often extricated very largely in various processes of art, and in burning charcoal in clcse rooms, so us to produce suspended animation and death. As it is also very heavy, it remains in fermenting vats and heel Appendix I.] CAR 237 cellars long after the liquor has been drawn off or removed, so as to destroy individuals who incautiously enter them. Symptoms. Great drowsiness, difliculty of respiration and suffo- cation. The features appear swelled, and the face bluish, as in cases of strangulation. Test. Invert immediately, before the air of the place has been disturbed, a bottle filled with lime water, in the atmosphere which has occasioned the suspended animation or the death of the person immersed in it, until one-half of the fluid runs out; and at the same time introduce a lighted taper into the same atmosphere. If the taper be extinguished, and lime-water, on being shaken in the bottle, become milky, the deleterious gas is carbonic acid gas. Bonn-limes a medical jurist may be required to state, for the pur- poses of justice, the nature of the gaseous mixture in which a person may have died. He will have but little difficulty in determining whether carbonic acid gas is the deleterious agent in such a mixture. When it exists in a confined atmosphere,! its presence may be identified, if previously collected inapropti' vessel, by the following characters. 1. It extinguishes a taper if the proportion be above twelve or fifteen per cent., and from the extreme density of the gas, the smoke of the extinguished taper may be commonly seen to float on its surface. 2. Lime water, or a solution of" subacetate of lead, is instantly precipi tated white when poured into ajar of the gas, and ihe precipi tates thus formed, may be collected by filtration, and proved to possess the well-known properties of carbonate of lime or lead. Air containing only on-- per cent, of carbonic acid scarcely affects lime-water. 3. When a solution of chloride of lime, colored by litmus, is added, the blue color, on agitating the liquid in the gas, is discharged. This clearly distinguishes carbonic acid from nitrogen. The proportion in which carbonic acid exists in a mixture, may be determined by introducing into a given quantity in a gradu ated tube over mercury, a strong solution of caustic potash. Absorption will take place after a certain time, and the degree of absorption will indicate the proportion of carbonic acid present. When this destructive agent exists in a confined spot, as in a well or cellar, it may be generally got rid of by placing within the stratum a pan containing the hydrate of lime, loosely mixed into a paste with water, or by exciting combustion at the mouth of the pit. Lives are often successively lost on these occasions, one individual descending after another, in the fool- ish expectation of at least being able to attach a rope to the body of his companion. The moment that the mouth falls within the level of the stratum, all power is lost, and the person commonly sinks lifeless. The gas may be collected by lowering a bottle filled with fine sand by means of a string attached to the neck, guiding the bottle by another string attached to its base. When the bottle is within the stratum it should be turned with its mouth downwards, then rapidly raised with its mouth upwards, by pulling the string attached to the neck. Treatment. Remove the patient into the open air, and place him on his back with his head elevated ; dash cold water over the body, and abstract a small quantity of blood by venesection or 238 CHL [Appendix I. cupping; apply fn ction, particularly ov er the thorax and on the soles of the feet; then endeavor le of mercury will remain. Treatment. Give large quantities of white of egg diluted in wa- • er, in repeated doses. The albumen decomposes the corrosive sublimate, and reduces it to a state of calomel, and the pro- toxide, which, acting on the bowels, carries itself off by purging. The poison is also reduced to calomel by a mixture of soap and the gluten of wheat flour. Bleeding is requisite if the pulse be quick and hard. The warm bath may also be employed; and during convalescence the patient should subsist altogether on broths, milk, and demulcent fluids. CREASOTE. An acrid poison. Symptoms. It operates as a powerful topical excitant, causing inflammation of the tissue with which it comes in contact, and destroying life by the nervous sympathy it induces. Tests. Distinguished by its odor, that of smoked meat and tar. It instantly coagulates albumen. Treatment. Administer freely white of eggs, then give direct emetics. The prostration is to be counteracted by ammonia and other stimulants, oleaginous and mucilaginous drinks, ve- ppendix I.] E L A 247 nesection, artificial respiration when necessary; subsequent inflammatory symptoms to be combated in the usual way, as in a case of gastritis. CUSPARIA, FALSE. Supposed to be the bark of Strychnos Nux Vomica. The symptoms it causes are similar to those from nux vomica. Teat. Pieces rough, covered with a whitish dust, they have no odor, are intensely bitter, heavy, resinous in the fracture, inner surface reddened to blood color by nitric acid; the infusion reddens litmus; sesquichloride of iron changes it to green; ferrocyanate of potash to grass green. Treatment; see Nux Vomica. Cl'ANOUIDE OF MERCURY. Symptoms. The same as produced by hydrocyanic acid ; excites nausea and vomiting, and leaves traces of inflammation of the stomach. Treatment. No chemical antidote is known. The contents of the stomach should be evacuated, and then administer stimu- lants, such as ammonia, aether, wine, and external friction, mustard, &c. When muriatic acid gas, or hydrochloric acid gue, as it is now called, has been inhaled, the patient should inhale the vapor of ammonia. CYCLAMEN ; see Sow Bread. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE, (Atropa Belladonna.) An acro- narcotic vegetable poison. Sy\nptoms. A sense of great dryness and constriction of the pha- rynx and oesophagus; sickness, vertigo, dilated pupils and dimness of sight; laughter, delirium, redness and tumefaction of the face; convulsions. The stomach and bowels become sometimes so paralyzed, that vomiting can scarcely be pro- duced by the most powerful emetics; and death follows. Morbid Appearances. The body swells greatly after death, whilst blood flows from the nose, mouth, and ears, and rapid putrefaction ensues. The stomach and intestines display marks of high inflammatory action, and the vessels of the brain are generally found turgid with blood. Test. There is no chemical test for ascertaining the presence of this poison in food; but the botanical characters both of the haves and the fruit should be familiar to every practitioner. The berries, which are most likely to be eaten by children, are large, roundish, with a longitudinal furrow on each side, of a very deep purple color, smooth, shining, and seated within a permanent green flower cup or calyx. Their taste is sweet and agreeable. Treatment. Give emetics of sulphate of zinc or of copper; then evacuate the bowels by active purgatives and clysters; and follow these by large doses of vinegar and water, or other vegetable acids. The previous use of vinegar has been recom- mended, and it is said the emetics act with more certainty after its use : after the vomiting, strong coffee proves very efficacious. DIGITALIS; see Foxglove. ELATERIUM, (Momoridica Elaterii, fructus et fecula.) An acro-narcotic poison. Symptoms. Violent sickness, vomiting and hypercatharsis; the stools being of the most watery consistence ; and followed by sudden and excessive debility, cold clammy sweats, and death. 248 FUN [Appendix I. Morbid Appearances. When the dose has been very large, the whole mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines ap- pears in some degree inflamed; but when the fruit has been eaten, or the dose of the elaterium which has been takeu is small, the rectum only presents marks of inflammatory action. Test. No tests are known for detecting this poison; the elaterium can be recognized by its physical qualities; the fruit is a hairy small pepo. Treatment. Little is to be done except supporting the habit by cordials and opium, and the exhibition of enemas of starch, opium, and camphor. EUPHORB1UM ; see Spurge. FOXGLOVE, (Digitalis Purpurea folia.) An acro-narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Intermitting pulse, vertigo, indistinct vision, nausea, hiccough, cold sweats, delirium, syncope, convulsions, and death. Morbid Appearances. The stomach and intestinal canal display scarcely any morbid alteration; but the lungs are crepitant, and the blood contained in the ventricles is generally in a fluid state. Test. Unless the plant or the entire leaves be found in the recent or properly dried state, or the powder be procured, it is impos- sible to determine that this poison has been employed, except from the symptoms. Treatment. Exhibit cordials, as, for example, brandy, aromatic confection, and opium; and apply a blister to the pit of the stomach. FOOL'S PARSLEY, (JEthusa Cynapium.) An acro-narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Heat of throat, thirst, vomiting, and occasionally diarrhoea; difficult respiration; a small, frequent pulse; ce phalalgia, vertigo, and delirium. Morbid Appearances. Marks of inflammation in the oesophagus and stomach, the spleen livid, and the ventricles of the heart filled with black fluid blood. Test. This plant is distinguished from parsley by the involucels, which consist of three long linear leaflets, pendent on one side of each umbel; by its nauseous odor, when the leaves are rubbed between the fingers, and the very dark-green color of the upper disc of its leaves. Treatment. Give emetics and demulcent fluids in sufficient quantity to excite vomiting; bleeding and aperients. FUNGUSES, comprehending AGARICS and POISONOUS MUSHROOMS, (Fungi.) Acro-narcotic vegetable poisons. The poisonous fungi belong chiefly to the genus AMANITA; namely, A. Bulbosa Alba, A. Citrina, A. Viridis ; to AGARl- CUS—Ag. Acris, Ag. Pipcratus, Ag. Pyrogalus, Ag. Stypticus, Ag. Urens, and Ag. Annularius. The eatable are Boletus Eduiis, Amanita Aurentiaca, Morchella Esculenta, Mi rutins Cantharillus, Clavaria Ecralloides, Agaricus Esculentus, and A. Tortilis. Symptoms. Different funguses produce different effects on the animal system. The more general symptoms, which usually occur from six to twenty hours after eating them, are pains of the stomach, nausea, vomiting, and purging; colic, cramp* of Appendix I.] H E L 249 the lower extremities; convulsions, both general and partial; an unquenchable thirst, vertigo, delirium, coma, and death. The intellect remains entire to the last moment of life. Morbid Appearances. Numerous black blotches on the skin over the surlace of the whole body; the abdomen much blown up; the pupils contracted; the stomach and intestines inflamed, gangrenous, and strongly contracted in many places ; the lungs inflamed, and gorged with black blood; the liver and spleen in the same state; the membranes of the brain, also, present marks of .inflammation; and sphacelated spots are seen on almost every viscus. The blood is always found coagulated; and, in every instance, there is a remarkable flexibility of the members. Test. There are no means of ascertaining that a person has been poisoned by these vegetables, unless some of the plants be found; in which case their deleterious properties are known by their botanicai characters. As a general rule, those which have an acrid juice, a leathery dull-colored flesh, which grow in obscure, shady places, or on the trunks of decayed trees, or on rocks, which have a glary or very shining surface, or an offensive odor, or become brown when cut, are to be rejected. They may be tested by cutting them and applying a piece of silver to the cut surface ; if it be blackened, the mushroom is bad. Cooking fungi with vinegar or lemon juice aids greatly in destroying their poisonous properties. Treatment. First evacuate the poisonous substances by emetics and purgatives, or by combinationsof these; for example, three or four grains of tartar emetic, or twenty four of ipecacuanha powder in solution with two ounces of sulphate of soda. Cas- tor oil is a valuable purgative in these cases. The lancet is sometimes necessary. After the stomach and bowels have been emptied, give small but repeated doses of aether in muci- lage, and dilute with vinegar or other acidulated liquids. The debility subsequent to the effects of these poisons, when the fatal issue is averted, must be treated with cinchona and other tonics. GAMBOGE, (Cambogia.) An acrid vegetable poison. Symptoms. Violent vomitings, colic, and hypercatharsis, followed by ai cat prostration of strength, and death. Morbid Appearances. Slight inflammation of the mueous mem- brane of the stomach and intestines, and marks of strong vascular action in the rectum. Test. This poison is easily detected by its beautiful yellow co'or, and the tinge it communicates to the whole mucous membrane of the intestines. Treatment. Carbonate of potassa in demulcent and mucilaginous liquids, and milk, should be freely administered ; and, after the poison is supposed to be whofly evacuated, small doses of opium at short intervals. HELLEBORE ROOT—BLACK, (Ilcllebori Nigri Radix.) An aciid vegetable poison. Symptoms. Severe pain of the stomach and intestines, violent vomiting, vertigo, excessive debility, salivation, convulsions, sometimes opisthotonos, sometimes emprosthotonos, and death. It produces the same effects when it is applied to a wound. Morbid Appearances. Evident signs of inflammation in the all- 11* 250 H E N [Appendix I. mentary canal, but more particularly in the larger intestines. The limbs remain remarkably flexible after death. Test. None. Treatment. The poison is generally thrown out of the stomach by the vomiting it occasions. This shou-ld be assisted, how ever, by copious dilution with mild mucilaginous fluids; and be followed by bleeding, and other antiphlogistic measures. HELLEBORE ROOT—WHITE, (Veratri Albi Radix.) An acrid vegetable poison, deriving its poisonous properties from a salt of veratria. Symptoms. Vomiting and hypercatharsis, with bloody stools; great anxiety, tremors, vertigo, syncope, sinking of the pulse, cold sweats, convulsions, and death. Nearly the same symp- toms are produced by the application of the root to an ulcerated surface. Morbid Appearances. Slight inflammation of the stomach and bowels. Considerable inflammation of the rectum, which often presents sphacelated spots. The lungs are generally gorged with blood. Test. None. Treatment. Evacuate the stomach by copious draughts of oily and mucilaginous liquids, and exhibit emollient enemas to sheathe and soothe the rectum. Then administer acidulous fluids, coffee, and camphor, and bleed, in,conjunction with other antiphlogistic measures. Allay the action of the poison on the rectum by emollient clysters. Hahnemann asserts that coffee is the antidote of this poison. *£* The same instructions will serve in cases of poisoning by Fetid Hellebore, Bryony, Sabadilla, Ranunculus, Arum, <$-c. HEMLOCK, (Conii Maculati folia et radix.) A narcotic vege table poison, deriving its deleterious properties from an alkaline principle called Conia. Symptoms. Sickness, difliculty of respiration, great anxiety, ver- tigo ; delirium, which often rises to maniacal phrensy ; dilata- tion of the pupils, stupor, trismus, convulsions, and death. Morbid Appearances. Scarcely any marks of inflammation are perceptible in the stomach or the intestines, except in the rectum, in which red blotches are observed. The vessels of the brain are gorged with very fluid blood ; evidences of strong inflammation having existed in that organ, also present them- selves. Test. None. The plant has a biennial root, with circular marks; the stem is annual, herbaceous, striated, and maculated with dark purple blotches; the leaves are large, alternate, supradecompound, and when rubbed evolve an offensive odor of the urine of the cat. Treatment. Evacuate the stomach by a scruple of sulphate of zinc, dissolved in an ounce of water, or by some ether powerful emetic ; the affusion of cold water on the head; and having reduced the cerebral excitement by bleeding and purging, administer freely vinegar and water, or any other acidulous liquid. HENBANE, (Hyoscyami folia et semina., A narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Sickness, stupor, dimness of sight, and delirium, followed by coma, and great dilatation of the pupils; the pulse Appendix 1.] I O D 251 is at first hard, but becomes gradually weaker and tremulous; petechia; often make their appearance as the forerunners of death. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation of the stomach, the intestines, and the membranes of the brain. Test. None. The plani is recognized by its pale green, angular, viscid, or clammy leaves; its disagreeable odor; its flowers and seed vessels being on one side of the flowering spike with leaves on the other; its capsular fruit, furnished with a persistent calyx, bilocular, and opening with a lid. Treatment. If the poison have been recently taken, evacuate the stomach by a powerful emetic, and afterwards administer vinegar and acidulous drinks; but if the poison have already entered the system, bleed and purge freely to reduce the in- flammatory symptoms, exhibiting at the same time acidulous liquids. HYDROCYANIC ACID; see Prussic Acid. INSECTS, POISONOUS. The most common of these are the 'Tarantula, Scorpion, Hornet, Wasp, Bee, Gnat, Gad Fly, Sand Fly. $-c. In general, the sting or bite of these insects occasions only a slight degree of pain and swelling; but occasionally the symptoms are more violent, and sickness, fever, and occasion ally death, result in consequence. Treatment. Ammonia and oil may be rubbed on the affected part, and a piece of rag, moistened in the same, or in salt and water, may be applied till the pain is removed. Small doses of Spts. of Ammonia may also be given internally, with warm diluents, or wine and water. The sting may often be removed by making pressure over it with the barrel of a small watch key. IODINE. An acrid mineral poison. Symptoms. In doses of gr. x. to gr. xxx., iodine.causes heat and constriction of the fauces, nausea, offensive eructations, epi- gastraleia, vain efforts at vomiting, colic, quickening of the pulse, diarrhoea, tremblings, great thirst, satyriasis, slight con- vulsions, death. When poisoning occurs from small doses long continued, emaciation and debility are extreme. Morbid Appearances. Distension and inflammation of the sto- mach and intestines; sphacelation in some parts; pale, volu- minous liver. Tests. Iodine in the solid form is in bluish-grey scales, having the odor of chlorine; heated in a tube it affords violet vapor; ndded to cold mucilage of starch, it gives it a deep-blue color. If the poison be contained in animal fluids, pass through them a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen, then boil, saturate with potassa, and having added cold mucilage of starch, pour on the filtered solution some chlorine gas, the blue color will indicate the poison. The same process will detect it in the stomach. Treatment. Administer mucilage of starch freely, then empty the stomach by direct emetics, and treat the inflammatory symptoms as a case of simple gastritis. IODIDE OF POTASSIUM. (Potassii Iodidum.) Symptoms. Uneasiness of stomach, followed by nausea and a 'burning pain in that organ; vomitings, cephalalgia, vertigo, tremors. 25 252 L A U [Appendix I. Morbid Appearances. The stomach contracted; ecchymosed spots on its lining membrane; slight ulcerations; some traces of inflammation in the intestinal tube. Tests. The crystals . Oxides of Lead. The yellow oxide (massicot), and the brown oxide (peroxide), are but little known except to chemists. Li tharge and minium are, however, much used in the arts, and have sometimes given rise to accidental poisoning. Liquids used for culinary or dietetic purposes, especially if they contain a free acid, are liable to become impregnated with oxide of lead, derived from the glaze of the vessel in which they are kept, and to form poisonous salts. If vinegar be used, acetate of lead may result. Litharge glaze is also easily dissolved by alkaline or fatty substances. The eating of dripping or fat of meat, baked in a newly glazed vessel, has thus been known to give rise to slight attacks of colic; while the symptoms were referred by the party to some substance mixed with the food. When articles of this kind are impregnated with oxide of lead, the fact is immediately known by their being turned more or less of a brown color by hydrosulphuret of ammonia. Litharge was formerly much used to remove the acidity of sour wine, and convey a sweet taste. Acetate of lead, or some other vegetable salt of the metal, is in these cases formed; and the use of such wine may be productive of alarming symptoms. Many years since a fatal epidemic colic prevailed in Paris owing to this cause. The adulteration was discovered by Fourcroy, and it was immediately suppressed. Such wine is known by its being blackened by hydrosulphuret of ammonia. Snuff has been found to be adulterated with red lead : in one instance this mixture is supposed to have caused death, and in another, it gave rise to alarming symptoms. (Med. Gaz., xxxii., 138.) Cider is apt to become poisoned with the salts of lead when it comes in contact with that metal. It has been found that sugar is sometimes the medium of convey- ing lead poison into the system, and giving rise to attacks of colic in those who partake of it. Dr. Jackson has reported an instance of this kind, in which several persons lost their lives, and many others were attacked with paralysis and colic, who had partaken of sugar which had probably been kept in leaden reservoirs. Lead was discovered in the sugar in large quantity. Tests. Litharge is commonly seen in reddish or yellow-colored scaly crystals, insoluble in water,but soluble in great part, or if pure, entirely in dilute nitric acid. The solution possesses ail the characters of nitrate of lead. Minium or red lead is commonly seen as a rich orange-red powder;—it is partially dissolved by acids,—a portion of brown peroxide being left. Appendix I.] M E A 255 The solution gives the usual reactions with the tests for lead. Both of these oxides are easily reduced on charcoal, by the aid of a blowpipe, or by mixing them with paste,—painting with this mixture a piece of card, drying it and burning it, metallic lend is immediately produced. Minium is known from ver- milion among other properties, by its being blackened by hydro- sulphuret of ammonia; from red oxide of mercury, by the ac- tion of nitric acid, as well as by the effect of heat. Red oxide of mercury is entirely dissiptited into oxygen and mercury,— minium gives off oxygen, but remains fixed as an orange-yellow oxide of lead. It is a common coloring matter in red wafers. LIME, (Calx.) A corrosive mineral poison. Symptoms. Great heat of the throat, nausea, vomiting, epigas- trulgia, and insupportable colic, with a'l the symptoms which characteri/.e inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Morbid Appearances. Intense inflammation of all the membranes with which the poison has come in contact. Test. If any of the poison be found, pour over it distilled water; then stop the vessel closely from the atmospherical air, and after some lime filter the supernatant fluid. If this have a strong, acrid, styptic taste,—if it change to green the vegetable blues, and be precipitated by oxalic acid,—and if, on exposure to the air, a pellicle be formed which is soluble with effervescence in vinegar or any acid, we may pronounce the poison to be lime. If none of the ryoisau be found, and nevertheless it. is suspected to be lime, calcine the contents of the stomach and bowels, and treat the residue as above directed. Tri a intent. Vinegar, lemon juice, or any vegetable acid, should be freelv administered, and then demulcents; employing bleed- ing, and every means that can reduce the inflammatory action excited in the abdominal viscera. ME ADO W SAFFRON, (Colchici Autumnalis, semina et bulbus.) An aero narcotic vegetable poison, deriving its powers from Colchicia. Symptoms. Nausea and vomiting, violent griping and hyperca- tharsis, rapid sinking of the pulse, and cold sweats. Morbid Appearances. Slight inflammation of the stomach and inte>tines; but the effect is chiefly produced by the action of the poison on the nervous system. Test. None. Treatxvnt. Evacuate the stomach by bland demulcent fluids taken in large doses; then exhibit opium in small doses, with cordials. * MEAT, (Poisoned.) Cases of poisoning, from putrid or diseased meat, are of not unfreqtient occurrence. Symptoms. Pain and uneasiness at the precordial region, ex- tending to the back and loins; nausea and vomiting, thirst, and a burning sensation at the stomach, followed by great irritability of this organ: great prostration and debility, with death, or slow convalescence. Morbid Appearances. A fluid state of the blood, which is dark- colored; inflamed condition of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels. Treatment. Evacuate the contents of the stomach by emetics, cathartics, and enemata; blisters to the epigastrium; stimu- lating frictions to the spine; cold applications to the head, local 256 MOR [Appendix I. depletion, or general venesection, in the early stage; afterwards cordial stimulants, and revulsives to the extremities. The morbid cause, in these cases, is generally a poisonous acid, ge- nerated by putrefactive fermentation, as in the German sausages, and smoked beef, imperfectly cured before smoking. MONKSHOOD, (Aconiti, folia, flores, et semina.) An acro- narcotic poison. Symptoms. Numbness of the apex of the tongue, with a sensa- tion of burning in the fauces, followed by tremors, and a feeling of coldness in those parts. Nausea and violent vomiting; hypercatharsis, vertigo, cold sweats, delirium, and convulsions, which terminate in death. Morbid Appearances. Very slight appearances of inflammation in the stomach ; livid blotches appear on the body ; the mind sutlers; indeed, its effects appear to depend altogether on its action on the nervous system. Test. None. Treatment. Evacuate the substance from the stomach, and then administer freelv acidulous fluids and cordials MORPHIA—ACETATE OF—HYDROCHLORATE OF, (Morphia Acetas et Hydrochloras.) Symptoms. Morphia in poisonous doses causes nearly the same symptoms as opium ; the acetate and hydrochlorate, in doses of three to six grains, cause headache, vertigo, dimness of sight, contraction of the pupils, vomiting, colic, diarrhoea succeeded by obstinate costiveness, retention of urine, great itching of the skin, sometimes accompanied wiih a papular eruption and profuse sweats, convulsions, sometimes of a tetanic, sometimes of an epileptic character. The acetate, in particular, causes tetanic twitching, resembling electric shocks. This is not a fatal symptom : but in these large doses the symptoms of this poison terminate in death. Morbid Appearances. An injected state of the mucous mem- brane, and of the membranes of the brain, especially in the anterior part of the head. Tests. Nitric acid tinges morphia and its salts red : to iodate Oi potassa, dissolved in water, add a drop of sulphuric acid, and then some starch, and when the mixture is cold, sprinkle the suspected morphia or its salt in it; if morphia be present, blue iodide of amidine will be formed. Iodic acid is said to discover morphia by the power which the latter has of decomposing it and setting the iodine free; but Mr, Davidson has discovered that albuminous fluids are equally capable of decomposing the iodic acid—thence it cannot be regarded as a test of morphia. The three best tests for this alkaloid are the following. 1. Nitric acid. This, when added to a moderately strong solution of a salt of morphia, produces slowly a deep orange-red color. If added to the crystals, deutoxide of nitrogen is evolved;—the morphia becomes entirely dissolved, and the solution acquires instantly the deep-red color above described,—becoming, how- ever, lighter by standing. In order that the effect should follow, the solution of morphia must not be too much diluted, and the acid must be added in pretty large quantity. The color-is rendered much lighter by boiling;—therefore the test should never be added to a hot solution 2. Permuriate of iron fses- quichloride.) This, when neutralized (by a small quantity of Appendix 7. J M U R 257 potash if necessary), gives an inky blue color in a solution of morphia. If the quantity of the morphia be small the color is greenish:—the blue color is entirely destroyed by acids,—it is also destroyed by heat, but returns on cooling: thus this test should never be employed with a very acid or a hot solution of a salt of morphia. 3. Iodic acid. Morphia in the solid state or in solution decomposes this acid, taking part of its oxygen, and setting free iodine. In order to make this evident, the iodic acid should be first mixed wiih starch; and a part of this mix- ture only added to the suspected solution,—part being reserved to allow of a comparison. It is said that this test will detect the 1000th part of a grain of morphia:—if the quantity be very small, there is only a reddish or purple tinge, slowly produced, sometimes not foQiiiany hours;—if large, the dark-blue iodide of farina is formed in a few seconds. This color being de- stroyed by heat, the test must not be added to a hot solution. We have found also, that the presence of a large quantity of acid, prevents or interferes with the result. It succeeds equally well with morphia or its salts when unmixed with organic matter. Treatment. The same as in poisoning by opium. MURIATIC (HYDROCHLORIC) ACID, (Acidum Hydrochlo- ricum.) A corrosive mineral poison. Symptoms. Sensation of burning in the throat, the oesophagus, and the stomach ; styptic taste in the mouth ; great thirst; the eyes red and sparkling; the pulse very frequent and tense; the skin hot and dry; the tongue red and glazed; the lips black ; vomiting of blood and yellow matter, having the pun- gent odor of the acid; cold sweats, delirium, and death. These are also the symptoms attending poisoning by any of the mineral acids; but it is said by Orfila, that when hydrochloric acid is the poison, a thick white fume of a sharp penetrating odor, similar to that exhaled by the acid, issues from the mouth. Morbid Appearances. The mouth, oesophagus, and stomach, are of a deep red color, and partially covered with extravasated blood; they are also often perforated in many places. Test. When any of the acid which has been used as the poison remains, it is readily detected by its sensible qualities, and by the white dense fumes of hydrochlorate of ammonia, which are formed when a glass rod dipped in ammonia is approached to it. If mixed with wine, or other colored fluids, it may be detected by distilling the suspected fluid from a small retort over a candle, into a phial containing a solution of nitrate of silver; the chloride of silver will be thus formed, which is known by its solubility in ammonia, and its insolubility in nitric acid. If the contents of the stomach or the vomited matter only can be procured, boil these for three-quarters of an hour in combination with a dilute solution of pure potassa, and pre- cipitate the filtered fluid with nitrate of silver, which will form the chloride of silver, if the poison be hydrochloric acid. Treatment. Administer immediately soap and calcined magnesia, or whiting, mixed in bland demulcent fluids. Give, freely, emollient diluents, and employ antiphlogistic means to over- come the inflammatory symptoms that supervene, when the poison does not prove very soon fatal. 258 MUR [Appendix I. MURIATE or HYDROCHLORATE OF BARYTA, or CHLORIDE OF BARIUM, (Barii Chloridum.) A corrosive mineral poison. Symptoms. Violent vomiting, accompanied with excruciating, burning pains of the stomach and bowels: vertieo, stupor, paralysis of the lower extremities, convulsions, and death. In- dependent of its corrosive property, it acts on the bruin and i nervous system ; the action of the heart is rapid and inteunit ting , respiration is momentarily suspended ; the pupils dilate, and insensibility supervenes. Morbid Appearances. Evidences of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach throughout its whole extent. Tests. If any of the poison be found, chloride of barium may be detected in it by dropping into it a little sulfuric acid, when a whito precipitate will he formed, which is insoluble in nitric acid, or by the suspected fluid yielding with nitrate of silver a white curdled or clotted precipitate, insoluble in water and in nitric acid, but soluble in pure liquid ammonia. If the men- struum be red wine or coffee, the mixture is turbid ; it should be filtered, and its color destroyed by chlorine before testing it. The excess of chlorine, however, must be previously dissipated by heat, when the nitrate of silver is employed as a test. Treatment. As soon as possible, dilute largely with bland fluids holding in solution sulphate of soda or of magnesia; for these salts decompose the chloride of barium, and form an inert, insoluble sulphate in the stomach; then excite vomiting by irritating the fauces; afterwards treat the case as one of gastric inilummation. %* The other barytic salts produce nearly the same effects on the animal economy as the chloride; and therefore these in- structions refer equally to cases of poisoning by the nitrate and the carbonate of baryta, or by pure baryta. MURIATE or CHLORIDE OF TIN, (Chloras Stanni.) A corrosive metallic poison. Symptoms. An austere metallic taste; constriction of the oeso- phagus; impeded respiration; violent vomiting, with cramp of the stomach and excruciating colic puius, purging, the pulse small, but sharp and quick; convulsions, sometimes paralysis, asphyxia, and death. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation and erosion of the stomach and intestines. Test. This salt, in the solid state, is in small acicular crystals, of a yellowish-white color; deliquescent in the air, and red- dening the vegetable blues. Mix the solid salt in a crucible, with charcoal and caustic potassa (potassa fusa), and, covering the crucible with charcoal, expose it to a strong heat for twenty minutes. The result should be metallic tin and chloride of potassium. If the poison be in solution, precipitate separate ' portions of it by the following re-agents: solution of potassa, or of ferracyanide of potassium, which throw down white precipitates; and the hydrosulphurels, which form yellow precipitates; bichloride of mercury, which forms a grey preci- pitate composed of grains of metallic mercury ; and nitrate of silver, which precipitates clots of hydrochlorate of silver. If the solvents be wine or coffee, tli£ solution must be freed from color by chlorine before being tested. Appendix 1.] NIT 259 Treatment. Dilute copiously with milk, which appears to de- compose the chloride; then excite vomiting by large draughts of tepid water and irritating the fauces. Bleed, and employ the warm bath, fomentations, and emollient enemas, to combat the inflammatory symptoms; administering, at the same time, opiates and antispasmodics to soothe the nervous irritation. MUSSEL, THE (Mytilis Edulis.) A septic animal poison. Symptoms. Sensation of weight at the stomach, nausea, con- striction of the throat, immoderate thirst, vomiting, stertorous breathing, vertigo, itching, and sometimes an eruption all over the skin; low tremulous pulse, subsultus, and coldness of the extremities, occasionally terminating in death. Morbid Appearances. Slight evidences of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach. A dark, fetid fluid is present in the stomach; and the whole body rapidly undergoes putrefaction. Test. None. Treatment. Evacuate the stomach by a powerful emetic, and by irritating the fauces with the finger or a feather, until full vomiting be excited; purge with castor oil; and, at the same time, dilute freely with acidulous liquids, giving, at short inter- vals, from twenty to sixty drops of aether in half an ounce of simple syrup. %* These remarks apply generally to all cases of poisoning by fish—of which the following are the most common: Old Wife, Sea Lobster, Land Crab, Yellow-Billed Sprat, Grey Snapper, Dolphin, Conger Eel, Bottle Fish, Barracuda, Grooper, Rock Fish, King Fish, Bonetta, Porgee, Tunny, Blower. It is pro- bable that the poisonous properties offish depend chiefly on an unhealthy state of the fish itself. NITRATE OF COPPER; see under Copper. NITRE—NITRATE OF POTASSA, (Nitras Potassa.) An acrid mineral poison. Symptoms. When taken in doses of half an ounce to an ounce, which has too frequently happened from the salt being sold by mistake for sulphate of soda, it excites nausea, vomiting, and hypercatharsis; bloody stools, excruciating tormina of the lower bowels, the sensation of fire in the stomach, laborious respiration, cold extremities, syncope, convulsions, and some- times death. If the patient live, he may remain paralytic. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation and sphacelation of the mu- cous membrane of the stomach, which has been occasionally found perforated. The evidences of inflammation extend throughout the intestinal canal. Test. The form of its crystals, if any of the sal t remain, instantly distinguishes nitre from sulphate of soda; but, if it be in powder, it may be known by deflagrating when it is thrown upon hot coals, and by giving out nitrous acid fumes when hot sulphuric acid is poured on it. If the acid be in solution, throw upon the surface some crystals of morphia, and pour into the fluid a little sulphuric acid; if nitre be present, the morphia will be reddened by the nitrous acid disengaged. Or, add to the solution protosulphate of iron and sulphuric acid; the nitric acid extricated acting on the salt of iron will darken the color of the solution. Treatment. Empty the stomach, and dilute freely with r""' 260 NIT [Appendix I. and bland demulcents; exhibit emollient enemas; and, after bleeding, when the pulse is hard and quick, administer opium and aromatics. NITRATE OF SILVER, or LUNAR CAUSTIC, (Argent Nitras.) A corrosive metallic poison. Symptoms. Nearly the same as those produced by corrosir sublimate; in general, the pain of the stomach is more severe greatly embarrassed respiration. Morbid Appearances. The organs of deglutition and the stomal present evident marks of inflammation and erosion. The in cous membrane ofithe stomach presents a black color; ti lips, the interior of the mouth, the oesophagus, are also blac. The fingers are sometimes tinged with the same color. Tests. If the poison have been taken in solution in water, it detected by the arsenious acid mixed with ammonia preci) taring a yellow arsenite of silver. Ammonia does not rendu the solution turbid, but it is precipitated olive color by all the other alkalies. A stick of phosphorus placed in it precipitates the silver in ametallic state. All the hydrochlorides decom- pose it, and throw down a white precipitate, which is changed to black by the light;' put these precipitates into a tube open at both ends and heated, pass through it a stream of hydrogen gas, the chloride first becomes yellow, then fuses and changes to red. which gradually weakens in depth, and leaves a coating of metallic silver on the tube. Treatment. Administer, instantly, a strong solution of common salt, to form an insoluble chloride of silver in the stomach. Then evacuate the stomach by an emetic; and, if symptoms of inflammation nevertheless supervene, employ local nnd general bleeding, tepid baths, and emollient fomentations and clysters. TRISNITRATE OF BISMUTH, (Trisnitras Bismuthi.) A corrosive metallic poison. Symptoms. Nearly the same as those of corrosive sublimate, with a sensation of great heat in the chest and difficulty of breathing. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation and erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach, which is almost reduced to a state of pulp, and separated by the slightest friction. The inflarn malion extends throughout the intestines, and the lungs also display traces of it. Tests. The best test is chromate of potassa, which precipitates it from its aqueous solution of a beautiful orange-yellow color. It may he detected in the solid contents of the stomach by cal- cination ; in the fluid contents, by passing through them a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, dissolving the precipitate in hydrochloric acid, filtering the solution, and testing with ferrocyanate of potassa, which forms a yellowish-while pre- cipitate. Treatment. Exhibit large draughts of milk, which is firmly co- agulated into clots by the trisnitrate of bismuth, and involving the poison, affords time and opportunity to expel it from the stomach. If symptoms of inflammation show themselves combat them by bleeding and other antiphlogistic measures NITRIC ACID, NITROUS ACID—AQUAFORTIS, (Acidum Nitricum, Nitrosum, P. E.) Corrosive mineral poison. Appendix I.] NUX 261 Symptoms. Sensation of burning in the throat, oesophagus, and stomach ; excessive vomiting, and almost, immediate death, if the acid be strong, and the dose large ; fiut if it be weak, the patient may linger for a considerable time, in which case he vomits at intervals shreds of membrane, which have an in- supportable foetor; the constipation of the howels is the most obstinate; and when dejections are obtained, they are attended with excruciating torture. Morbid Appearances. When death has quickly taken place, the mosi characteristic feature displayed on dissection is a layer of yellow matter, which covers the mucous membrane of the oesophagus, the stomach, and every part over which the poison has passed. This membrane is also converted into a fatty substance, and the stomach is often found perforated. The lips, the chin, and the hands of the patient, are also stained with orange-colored spots. Tests. Boil the fluid, if any remain unswallowed, over copper filings, when orange-colored fumes will be extricated if nitric acid be present. Add morphia, which will be reddened, or add carbonate of potassa, which will form a deflagrating salt, if the acid is the nitric. In a diluted state this acid blackens the solution of protosulphateof iron. Whennoneof the poison remains, and death has taken place, saturate the contents of the stomach with bicarbonate of potassa; evaporate the filtered solution to dryness, add to the residue copper filings and sul- phuric acid, and receive the fumes on morphia, or a solution of protosulphate of iron; redness in the former and dark olive in the latter prove the presence of nitric acid. Treatment. Give large doses of a solution of soap, or a mixture of calcined magnesia, chalk, or whiting, in water or any bland fluid. Then evacuate the stomach by large draughts of demul- cent fluids; and bleed, purge, and employ other antiphlogistic measures, if the symptoms indicate inflammation. NUX VOMICA, (Strychnos Nux Vomica, fructus.) An acro- narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Sensations of inebriety ; vertigo; tetanic twitchings, aud rigidity of the limbs and arms, alternating with subsultus tendinum; extreme difficulty of respiration, with excruciating pain under the xiphoid cartilage ; asphyxia; and death. Morbid Appearances. Scarcely any evidences of membranous inflammation in the stomach or intestines; the lungs appear natural; but the left ventricle of the heart is generally gorged with blood, and the whole of the arteries contracted. It is supposed that this poison acts chiefly on the medulla spinalis. Tests. Various processes have been suggested for the detection of strychnia in nux vomica ; but owing to the very small quan- tity of the poisonous alkaloid contained in it, it is obvious that, unless we have a large quantity of the powder to examine, none uf these are likely to succeed. Fifty grains of the powder will not yield more than one-quarter of a grain of strychnia. The following is, perhaps, the most simple process: Boil the powder in alcohol of about seventy per cent., until nothing further is dissolved. Evaporate to an extract, and boil this in water with a small quantity of calcined magnesia. Strychnia, mixed with brucia, is thereby precipitated ; and may be separated from the magnesia in the insoluble residue, by further digestion in boiling 262 0 P I [Appendix I. alcohol. This alcoholic liquid yields strychnia, which may be purified in the usual way. There are no'chemical charac ters by which the acid, united to the strychnia, can be readily identified ; and thus this process is more defective than that foi morphia, since we acquire so much more certainty, where, besides the poisonous base, we can show by tests the presence of the peculiar acid with which the base is known to be united. Another method of separating strychnia, is by making an aqueous infusion with very dilute sulphuric acid, and after- wards precipitating the strychnia by boiling the filtered liquid with lime. The aqueous infusion of nux vomica gives the same bright-red tint with nitric acid, as the infusion of opium; but it is known from the latter by its giving a green instead of a deep red color with the permuriate of iron. Treatment. Evacuate the stomach and bowels, and then dilute freely with vinegar and water, and other acidulous drinks, and give sedatives. OPIUM, (Opium.) A narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Drowsiness and stupor, which are followed by deliri- um, pallid countenance, sighing, deep and stertorous breathing, cold sweats, coma, and death. Morbid Appearances. Slight redness of the stomach and intes- tines ; turgescence of the vessels of the brain, and effusion of water upon its surface and into the ventricles. Generally, the lungs are engorged, and the blood is fluid. Tests. The tests for opium are, in fact, the tests of morphia and meconic acid. When morphia is present in such quantity that it can be obtained in crystals from its alcoholic solution, and accurately examined, there is no difficulty in identifying it; but this is rarely the case in poisoning by this drug Christison gives a process for the detection of opium in mixed fluids and solids, which in the hands of a skilful chemist might be suc- cessfully employed; but ordinary practitioners could hardly avail themselves of it so as to give any decisive medico-legal evidence in a court of justice. Wash the contents of the stomach and intestines in distilled vinegar, and strain; then test a portion with acidulated persulphate of iron to detect meconic acid, which gives it a cherry-red color. To another portion add solution of acetate of lead, and separate the precipitate by fil- tration ; wash it well, then extend it in water, and pass through it astream of sulphuretted hydrogen, heat it to drive off any excess of the gas, and test the fluid with acidulated persulphate of iron. Evaporate the fluid separated by the filter to an extract, act upon this by alcohol, leave the tincture to spontaneous evaporation, and test the residue for morphia. Treatment. The stomach-pump should be instantly used, or an emetic consisting of 3 ss. of sulphate of zinc, or from gr. v. to gr. x. of sulphate of copper dissolved in an ounce of water, should be exhibited as soon as possible, and the vomiting kept up by irritating the fauces. It is advisable to use an astringent infusion instead of water with the stomach-pump. After the stomach is emptied, if the whole of the narcotic be removed, give large draughts of coffee, brandy, and cordials; keeping awake and constantly rousing the attention of the sufferer, until the effects of the poison subside. Dash cold water upon the head in a constant stream; apply strong mustard cataplasms Appendix I.] P H O 263 to the epigastrium and spine; and, if necessary, resort to artifi- cial respiration. Sometimes cuppjng the temples is useful. Immersion in the tepid bath is a useful means of subduing the drowsiness. Dashing cold water on the head and chest is also useful in rousing the sensibility. OXALIC ACID, (Acidum Oxalicum.) A corrosive poison. Symptoms. Burning pain of the stomach; nausea, and severe but ineffectual efforts to vomit; great dilatation of pupils; vertigo, convulsions, and death. Morbid Appearances. The tongue and fauces are covered with a viscid, white mucus; the stomach is partially inflamed, and exhibits in some places—those to which the acid has been more immediately applied—a pulpy character. Evidences of inflammation in the lungs. Tests. Its small, needle-form, lamellar crystals have occasioned it to be mistaken for Epsom salts; but it is easily distinguished from these by its strong acid taste, by its volatilizing when heated in a phial, and subliming in small crystals, and by lime- water throwing down, in Its solution, a copious precipitate of oxalate of lime, which is insoluble in an excess of Xke acid, but soluble in nitric acid. Precipitate by nitrate of silver; the precipitate, when well washed and dried, slightly detonates. Treatment. It is recommended that water should be sparingly given, as it is apt to lead to the mere extensive diffusion and absorption of the poison. But in some instances water has been found to be productive of great benefit; and has aided the efforts of the stomach to expel the poison by vomiting. The proper antidotes are chalk, or magnesia or its carbonate, made into a cream with water, and freely exhibited. These remedies appear, from the cases reported, to have been very efficacious when timely administered. A mixture of lime-water and oil might be advantageously employed. If much fluid has been swallowed, then the stomach-pump may be resorted to. The poison in many instances acts with such rapidity, as to render the application of these remedies, a hopeless measure. The exhibition of the alkalies,—potash, soda, or their carbonates, must in all cases be avoided ; since the salts which they form with oxalic acid are as poisonous ;i3 the acid itself. OXIDES OF COPPER; see under Copper. OXIDES OF LEAD; see under Lead. PHOSPHORUS, (Phosphorus.) A corrosive poison. Symptoms. Phosphorus, taken even in moderate quantities, produces immediate death; and as it has been exhibited as a remedy, in this manner it may prove poisonous. The symptoms are violent pain of the stomach, with a hot alliaceous taste in the mouth: great excitement of the arterial system, and horrible convulsions, which are the forerunners of death. Morbid Appearances. A general inflammatory aspect of the stomach and intestines, with sphacelated spots in various parts. Test. Phosphorus is readily known by its alliaceous smell and combustible properties. Treatment. Dilute largely so as to fill the stomach with liquid, by which the combustion of the phosphorus in it is impeded, and vomiting induced, without increasing the irritation of the 26 264 P R U [Appendix I. viscus. Magnesia, mixed with the fluid exhibited, is useful, by neutralizing phosphoric acid, which is formed in these cases. POTASSA—SOLUTION OF POTASSA, (Potassa fusa, Li- quor Potassa.) Corrosive mineral poisons. Symptoms. Acrid urinous taste in the mouth ; great heat of the throat; nausea, and vomiting of bloody alkaline matter, acute epigastralgia and insupportable colic; hypercatharsis, convul- sions, and death. Morbid Appearances. Evidences of inflammation the most ex- tensive of the whole alimentary canal, and perforations of the stomach. Tests. If any of the poison remain, it is known by feeling soapy to the touch, changing to green the vegetable reds, restoring reddened blues, and precipitating nitrate of silver in the form of a dark-colored oxide, which is soluble in nitric acid. Water impregnated with carbonic acid produces no precipitate, nor causes opacity, which distinguishes it from the caustic earths. Potassa is distinguished from soda by evaporating the solution in a silver spoon, and when it is concentrated, testing with hy- drochlorate of platinum, or with tartaric acid: the former causes a yellow precipitate, the latter a precipitation of bitar- trate of potassa. If none of the poison remain, the vomited matter must be tested in the above manner. Treatment. Vinegar and the vegetable acids should be instantly freely administered. Dilute with demulcents, and employ bleeding and other antiphlogistic means to reduce the inflam- matory symptoms. *„* Cases of poisoning by soda and the alkaline carbonates require the same treatment. POTASSII SULPHURETUM, (Sulphuret of Potash.) Symptoms. Acrid taste, slight vomiting, faintness, convulsions, burning pain, constriction in the throat, gullet, and stomach, purging, convulsions, stupor. Treatment. Administer a solution of chloride of soda or chloride of lime: other measures to be adopted according to circum- stances. PRUSSIC ACID, (Acidum Hydrocyanicum.) A sedative poison. Symptoms. When the dose is large, death is the immediate result; but if the dose do not exceed ten to twenty minims, it is succeeded by stupor and weight in the head; nausea, faint- ness, and vertigo, with loss of sight; followed by difficulty of respiration, dilated pupils, a small vibrating pulse, and syncope, which terminate insensibly in death, if no curative means be employed. Morbid Appearances. No change of structure nor any trace of inflammatory action is evident; but a strong odor of the acid exhales from the stomach. Tests. The odor; but the only certain test is to add to the liquid a few drops of liquor potassa;, and afterwards a solution of protosulphate of iron. If prussic acid be present, a precipitate of a burnt-brown color will fall, which, on adding a little sul- phuric acid, instantly changes to a bluish-green, and gradually deepens to a beautiful full blue. If only the contents of the stomach be obtained, add some sulphuric acid, distil from a vapor, and test the product as above. Treatment Administer as quickly as possible chlorine water, in Appendix I.] S A I 265 doses of 1*3 ij. in f 3j- of water; chlorine also, largely diluted with air, may be inhaled. Administer hot brandy and water, or camphor mixture, combined with liquid ammonia, or the aromatic spirit of ammonia. Oil of turpentine also, and the whole range of diffusible stimuli, will prove useful. Chlorine, however, is the most powerful antidote. It should be applied both internally and externally. If chlorine water be at hand, this should be given in doses of one or two teaspoonfuls, pro perly diluted with water; or weak solutions of chloride of lime or chloride of soda may he administered. The patient may also inhale cautiously air impregnated with chlorine gas. Cold affusion and artificial respiration should never be omitted ; this can easily be effected by making powerful pressure with both hands on the anterior surface of the chest, the diaphragm being at the same time pushed upward by an assistant. Bleeding mav sometimes be necessary. •vA'PTLESNAKE POISON, (Crotalus horridus.) Symptoms. Quick pulse, impeded respiration, sudden depression of strength in the wounded limb, extending over the whole body; convulsions; death. The wound becomes quickly gangrenous. Treatment. A ligature above the bitten part; suction of the wound; the application of cupping-glasses; cauterization by hot irons or caustics. Administer internally eau de luce, am- monia, olive oil. RUE, and OIL OF RUE, (Ruta Graveolentis folia et Oleum Volatile.) Acro-narcotic vegetable poisons. Symptoms. Great dryness of the mouth and throat, accompanied with a sensation of heat and pain of the stomach and bowels, headache, and delirium. Morbid Appearances. We know of no recorded instance of death in the human species from the administration of rue or its oil; but in dogs, who have been killed by it, the stomach affords evidences of considerable inflammation. Test. None; but the odor of the oil, which resembles that of the plant, leads to its detection. Treatment. Emetics, and afterwards dilution with acidulous drinks and demulcents. SABINE or SAVINE, and OIL OF SAVINE, (Sabina folia et oleum.) An acro-narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. All those of high excitement, with very acute pain of the stomach and bowels, nausea, vomiting, hypercatharsis, and convulsions. Abortion in pregnant women. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and rectum ; but the symptoms depend chiefly on the action which the poison exerts on the nervous system. Test. None. Treatment. Evacuate the stomach by copious dilution with nnicila"inous fluids, and keep down the inflammatory symptoms by the use of the lancet and other antiphlogistic measures. BALNT IGNATIUS'S BEAN, (Strychnos Sancti Ignatii.) An acro-narcotic poison. Symptoms; see Strychnia. tests This seed is about the size of a small olive, convex on one side and angular on the other, and covered with a grey 12 266 SOW [Appendix I. powder; the substance horny, hard, brown, inodorous, and very bitter to the taste. Treatment; see Strychnia. SALIVA OF THE RABID DOG. Symptoms. These occur at a very uncertain inteival after the bite, generally between the twentieth day and three or foul months, s metimes not till after several years The first symptoms are usually a sense of pain and uneasiness in the seat of the wound, which assum-es a red and inflamed appearance- anxiety, languor, restlessness, spasms, horror, disturbed sleep, difficult respiration, and shuddering at the slightest breath of air, succeed, and are soon increased. Violent convulsions affect, at times, the whole body, distorting the muscles of the face The eyes are red and protruded, the tongue swells, and sometimes hangs out of the mouth, while there is a copious secretion of viscid saliva; there is pain in the stomach, vomit- ing often, of bilious fluids; difficulty, or often inability of swal- lowing, and a sense of horror whenever liquids are seen ; glassy appearance of the eyes; death. Treatment. The bitten part should be immediately cut out, and a running sore made by caustic repeatedly applied. Even after the wound has healed, the parts should be removed by the knife, and caustic applied, making an ulcer, which should be allowed to heal by granulation. Suction by the mouth should never be neglected, and bleeding should be promoted by the application of warm water. The wound should be covered for some days with a warm poultice. If convenient, exhausted cups should be applied. After hydrophobia has supervened, no treatment will probably succeed. SERPENTS, POISONOUS. Of these, the most common are the Viper, Black Viper, Rattlesnake, and the Adder. Symptoms. A sharp pain in the wounded part, which soon extends over the body ; great swelling, at first hard and pale, then reddish-livid, and gangrenous in appearance; faintings; vomitings, and convulsions, sometimes jaundice; pulse small, frequent, and irregular, breathing difficult, cold sweats, sight fails, faculties of the mind deranged, extensive suppuration, gangrene, and death. Treatment. A moderately tight ligature to be applied above the bites, draw out the poison by suction immediately, and after- wards promote the bleeding of the wound by the application of warm water; next apply lunar caustic, or the actual cautery, and cover the wound with pledgets of lint dipped in equal parts of olive oil and aqua ammonite. Administer ammonia internally, with warm, diluting drinks, wine, &c, covering the patient warmly in bed. If gangrene be threatened, bark, arsenic, &c, are recommended. It is highly probable that chlorine would be a good remedy, both taken by the mouth and inhaled. SOW BREAD, (Cyclamen Europeum.) An acrid vegetable poison. Symptoms. Violent tormina and purging; bloody stools, accom- panied with cold sweats and convulsions, frequently terminating in death. Test. None. Appendix I.] SUL 267 Morbid Appearances. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels. Treatment. Induce vomiting by large draughts of demulcent fluids; and combat the secondary symptoms by antiphlogistic or other means, as may be required. SPURGE—EUPHORBIUM, (Euphorbiarum succus proprius, et fructus.) Acrid vegetable poisons. Symptoms. A burning sensation in the mouth, throat, and stomach; vomiting, hypercatharsis, producing bloody stools, convulsions, and death. Test. The euphorbium of the shops is readily recognized by the irregular triangular form of its tears, and their enclosed seeds. When boiled in alcohol, the greater part is taken up, but an insipid wax separates as the solution cools, whilst a hot acrid oil remains in solution. Morbid Appearances. Evidences of violent inflammation of the stomach and the bowels ; but more particularly of the rectum, which is always ulcerated, the surface of the abraded spots being covered with a brown or blackish fluid, which is probably extravasated blood. Treatment. Excite vomiting by large draughts of tepid water, and then exhibit, alternately and repeatedly, a few tablespoon- fuls of olive oil, and a cupful of milk. Soothe Ihe rectum with mutton broth and starch clysters, and bleed, irthe excite- ment run high, after the stomach and bowels are evacuated. STRAMONIUM, or THORN APPLE, (Datura Stramonit herba, fructus et semina.) A narcotic vegetable poison, de- riving its power from an alkaloid, named Daturia. Symptoms. Vomiting, vertigo, delirium, sometimes furious mad- ness, stupor, convulsions, paralysis, cold sweats, and death. Test. None. Morbid Appearances. Evidences of inflammation in the mucous membrane of the stomach and the meninges of the brain. The lungs tire generally gorged with a very dark-colored blood, and blotches of extravasated blood are seen in various parts of the alimentary canal. Treatment. The same as in cases of poisoning by opium. STRONG-SCKNTED LETTUCE, (Lactuca Virosa herba.) A narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Inebriety, followed by the other symptoms that characterize poisoning by opium. Test. None. Morbid Appearances and Treatment. The same as in cases of poisoning by opium. SUGAR OF LEAD; see under Lead. SULPHATE OF COPPER; see under Copper. SULPHATE OF ZINC; see White Vitriol. SULPHURIC ACID, (Acidum Sulphuricum.) A corrosive mineral poison. Symptoms. Austere styptic taste in the mouth ; a sensation of burning pain in the throat, gullet, and stomach ; nausea, vomit- ing, and a horrible fetor of the breath. The matter vomited is tinged both by arterial and by venous blood, and air-bubbles form upon the spot if it full eiiher upon chalk or upon marble. Symptoms of general inflammation of the abdominal viscera soon supervene, with difficult respiration, and a cough resent 268 TAR [Appendix I. bling croup; a frequent, small, concentrated, irregular pulse; constant horripilatio; extreme anxiety and restlessness; con- vulsions of the face and lips, and sometimes a papulous erup- tion precedes death. The intellect remains entire until the last. Morbid Appearances. The stomach contains a large quantity of dark grumous matter, and is much distended with fetid gas, its coats are ulcerated, black, and covered with deep corroded spots, an appearance that extends almost through the whole of the alimentary canal, which, in many places, also, is us it were dissolved, and in many instances perforations take place, and the contents of the stomach are found in the abdominal sac. The mouth and oesophagus present evidences of the highly corrosive properties of the poison. Test. If any of the poison remain, it can be readily recognized by its saponaceous feeling when rubbed between the fingers; its great specific weight, its property of evolving heat when mixed with water, and by its decomposition and the evolution of sulphurous acid gas on boiling it over mercury. If it be combined with wine or with vinegar, add a solution of nitrate of baryta ; if the acid be present, a sulphate of baryta, insoluble in nitric acid, will be formed; theexistence of which, however, must be demonstrated by adding to it an equal weight of char- coal exposing the mixture, wrapped up in platinum foil, to the heat of a spirit lamp for ten minutes, then introducing it into a glass tube, and adding a few drops of pure hydrochloric acid. Sulphuretted hydrogen gas is evolved, and easily recognized both by the odor of the vapor, and by introducing into Ihe tube a slip of paper rubbed over with carbonate of lead. The con- tents of the stomach may be tested by boiling them with me- tallic mercury, which will produce sulphurous acid gas, if sulphuric acid have been the poison. Treatment. Having ascertained the nature of the poison, dilute instantly and largely with milk mixed with calcined magnesia, chalk, or whiting, or with soap, or the fixed alkalies, and in the absence of these, soap-suds, infusions of wood-ashes, weak solutions of the alkaline carbonates, white of eggs, milk, oil, or any mild diluent; and treat the secondary symptoms by the means usually employed in inflammation of the intestines. TARTARIC ACID, (Acidum Tartaricum.) A corrosive poison. Symptoms. Nearly the same as those from poisoning by oxalic acid, but less severe. Morbid Appearances. Very similar to those produced by oxalic acid. 7'esf.s. When heated in a phial, instead of subliming like oxalic acid, it is decomposed, blackens, swells, smokes, and exhales an acrid vapor. It burns with a blue flame, and leaves a spongy charcoal. When its solution is treated with lime- water, the white precipitate is soluble in an excess of the acid: with potash, the precipitated crystals are bitartrate of potassa. Treatment. Solutions of the alkalies, or chalk and water, should be instantly administered, and the secondary symptoms treated by bleeding and other antiphlogistic measures. TARTAR EMETIC,—POTASSIO-TARTRATE OF ANTI- MONY, (Antimonium Tartarizatum, Antimonii Potassio- Tar- tras.) A corrosive metallic poison. Symptoms. Nausea and severe vomiting, hiccough, cardialgia a Appendix I.] T O B 269 sensation of burning heat at the epigastrium; twisting colic and hypercatharsis; small, frequent, hard pulse; syncope, difficult respiration, vertigo, insensibility to external stimulants, most painful cramps in the lower limbs, great prostration of strength, and death. Morbid Appearances. Thestomach and intestines much inflated with gas; and the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines red, tumefied, and covered with a viscid layer easily separated: the peritoneum is generally of a dark brick-red hue; and the membranes of the brain display marks of having been the seat of great inflammatory excitement; the lungs are not altered. Tests. If the poison be found in its solid form, add charcoal, and reduce it by heating it in a coated tube. The odor of burnt vegetable matter will be exhaled ; the powder will first blacken, and then resume its white color, and finally display metallic antimony. If the poison be found in a state of solu- tion :—1. Pour into the fluid a few drops of alcoholic infusion of galls, which will produce an instantaneous, copious, clotted, whitish-yellow precipitate. 2. Pass through the solution a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen gas; collect and wash the orange-colored precipitate, put it in a glass tube open at both ends, and fitted to a proper apparatus for passing over the sul- phuret of antimony a stream of hydrogen gas, whilst the tube is heated by a spirit lamp. The sulphuret is thus reduced, the sulphur carried off, and metallic antimony procured. If tho poison be a vinous solution of tartar emetic, the precipitate formed by the tincture of galls is a bright violet. Treatment. Dilute freely with tepid infusion of galls to decom- pose the poison and form an insoluble tannate, and evacuate by the stomach-pump; but if the whole of the poison be not evacuated, large doses of the decoction of yellow cinchona bark should be administered. It would perhaps be well to give this decoction, in the first instance, in doses sufficient to excite vomiting by their bulk. Opium is highly useful in checking the excessive evacuations. Venesection and the warm bath are very necessary in the treatment of the supervening gastroenteritis. TOBACCO, (Nicotiana Tabaci folia.) A narcotic vegetable poison, deriving its power from an alkali named Nicotina, and a volatile oil. Symptoms. Severe nausea, vomiting, headache, and other sensa- tions of inebriety; sudden sinking of the strength, cold sweats, tremors, convulsions, and death. It operates most powerfully when introduced into the anus ; the external application of a strong infusion is attended with similar symptoms, and proves nearly as virulent. Morbid Appearances. The mucous membrane of the stomach presents very slight traces of inflammation , but no alteration is perceptible in the intestines. The lungs are generally found gorged with blood ; but the morbid appearances are altogether obscure; the poison producing its deleterious effect evidently by its action both on the heart, which it paralyzes, and on the nervous system. Treatment. If the practitioner be called immediately after the poison has been swallowed, evacuate the stomach by two or , 270 W O L [Appendix I. three grains of tartar emetic; assist its action by irritating the fauces, and encourage the vomiting by very copious draughts of astringent infusions, and full doses of tincture of yellow cinchona bark or of tincture of galls. If, however, some time have elapsed, administer ammonia, then castor oil and purga- tives, and immediately afterwards lemon juice, or vinegar and water; but if the sedative effects be already produced, nothing can be done until the habit be roused by brandy, camphor, and cordials. VERATRUM; see Hellebore Root—White. VERATRIA. An acro-narcotic poison. Symptoms. In even small doses it excites nausea, vomitings, hypercatharsis, embarrassed respiration and tetanic spasms, which generally terminate in death. Morbid Appearances. Indications of severe inflammation of the raucous membrane, ulcerations of the stomach and duodenum. Tests. A white, inodorous, uncrystallizable powder, which ex- cites violent sneezing when applied to the nostrils; it is scarcely soluble in water, very soluble in alcohol and anher; sulphuric acid first colors it yellow, then red, and lastly violet. Treatment. Copious dilution with demulcents, bleeding, and other antiphlogistic means. VERDIGRIS, (JErugo, Subacetas Cupri.) Sec under Copper. VIPER POISON. Symptoms. Same as those given under Serpent Poisoning, viz., lancinating pain in the bitten part, increased on pressure, and extending to the whole limb: the part swells, is at first pale, then red, livid, gangrenous, and excessively hard. Vomiting, convulsions, jaundice, pulse small frequent, concentrated; irregular, embarrassed breathing, cold sweats, delirium. Treatment. Apply a ligature above the wounded part; cauterize the wound with a hot iron or any active caustic: administer eau de luce, ammonia, olive oil. WHITE LEAD ; see under Carbonate of Lead. WHITE VITRIOL, (Sulphas Zinci.) A corrosive metallic poison. Symptoms. An acerb taste in the mouth, with a sensation of choking; nausea and severe vomiting, frequent stools, pains of the epigastrium and lower belly, difficult respiration, quickened pulse, paleness and shrinking of the features, and coldness of the extremities. Death but rarely follows, owkig to the vomit- ing excited in the first instance by the poison. Morbid Appearances. Evidences of intense inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, and occasionally patches of black extravasated blood on the muscular coats of these viscera. Test. Chromate of potassa, which throws down in the solution an orange-yellow chromate of zinc. Treatment. Let the patient drink freely of milk, which, besides acting as an emollient, partial-!y decomposes the poison, render- ing it more inert. Exhibit emollient clysters, if the poison be not ejected from the stomach, and have passed the pylorus; and treat the secondary symptoms by antiphlogistic measures. WOLFBANE; see Monkshood. Appendix I.] ALKALOIDS. 271 Method of distinguishing the following vegnialle Alkaloids—' Brucia, Delphia, Emetia, Morphia, Solania. Strychnia, Vera- tria—when they are in powder. Treat the powder first with nitric acid, which is colored red by Brucia, Delphia, Morphia, and the Strychnia of commerce, but not by pure strychnia. If the reddened acid become of a violet hue on the addition of protochloride of tin, after the nitric solu- tion has cooled, the alkaline powder is Brucia: if the reddened acid gradually become black and carbonaceous, it is Delphia. If the powder be soluble without decomposition, and decompose iodic acid, evolving free iodine, it is Morphia: if it is not fusi- ble, and does not decompose iodic acid, it is Strychnia. If the powder greens, instead of reddening, nitric acid, it is Solania : if it is insoluble in jether, and does not redden nitric acid, it is Emetia: if it be soluble in aether, and does not redden nitric acid, but melts when heated and volatilizes, it is Atropia : if it is thus affected by aether and nitric acid, but is not volatilized, it U Veratria. APPENDIX. NO. II. ANALYSIS OF URINE. FROM the " traite pe chimie " or berzei.ius. The substances to be looked for are, uric acid, albumen, color- ing matter of the bile, urea, phosphate of lime, phosphates of the alkalies, lime, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, fibrin, caseous matter, hydrochloric acid, mucus, free acid and alkali, and sugar. The following are the re-agents to be used, with their applica- tions : 1. Nitric Acid.—This is employed to detect uric acid, urea, albumen, and the coloring matter of the bile. It is known whe- ther uric acid is present, by adding a few drops of nitric acid to half a pint of urine, and allowing it to stand for twelve hours, when uric acid will be deposited on the sides of the vessel. 2. Ammonia precipitates the phosphate of lime heldjn solution by the free acid of the urine. 3. Lime-water shows the presence of alkaline phosphates by the precipitate of phosphate of lime which it produces. 4. Oxalate of Ammonia is employed to precipitate the lime contained in urine. If ammonia is afterwards added, the ammo- niacal phosphate of magnesia may be precipitated. Should no precipitation take place, add a solution of phosphate of soda, to ascertain whether this is owing to the absence of magnesia or that of phosphoric acid. 5. Acetate of Barytes is used to indicate sulphuric acid. The urine must be slightly acidified by acetic acid. 6. Neutral Acetate of Lead may precipitate the chloride and the phosphate of lead; distinguish these by the blowpipe. 7. Solution of Alum causes a troubling in urine that contains albumen or fibrin in solution. 8. Chloride of Mercury (corrosive sublimate), gives no pre- cipitate in acidified urine, unless albumen or caseous matter is present. 9. Infusion of Nutgalls or Tannin, precipitates at least two constiiuent principles, namely mucus and the extractive matter, which last is also precipitated by acetate of lead. 10. Red and Litmus Paper are used to detect alkalies and adds. App. II] URINARY CALCULI. 273 11. Yeast is employed to discover the presence of sugar in urine, by exciting the vinous fermentation. DISCRIMINATION OF URINARY CALCULI, CONSIST- ING OF A SINGLE DEPOSIT, OR OF ALTERNATING CALCULI, BY CHEMICAL TESTS. 1. Bone-Earth Calculus.—Insoluble in potash, and in acetic ncid, soluble in dilute nitric and hydrochloric acid. Before the blowpipe it first becomes black, and afterwards white ; it is fused with difficulty. 2. Ammonio-Magnesian Phosphate.—It does not dissolve in potash, but evolves ammonia; soluble in cold acetic and dilute nitric acid, and re-precipitated by ammonia. It gives off ammonia at 212° and melts into a white pearl before the blowpipe. 3.'Fusible Calculus.—A portion is dissolved by acetic acid, and the remainder by hydrochloric acid. It readily fuses into a pearly lead before the blowpipe. 4. Uric Acid Calculus.—Readily soluble in potash, and is re- precipitated by acids. In strong nitric acid it dissolves with effervescence, the solution leaving when evaporated to dryness a residue, which on heating with an excess of ammonia becomes of a purple-red color. Uric acid is nearly insoluble in hydro- chloric acid. Before the blowpipe it evolves an ammoniacal odor and blackens, leaving a minute portion of a white ash, which possesses an alkaline reaction. 5. Urate of Ammonia Calculus.—It is soluble in potash with evolution of ammonia; is readily soluble in alkaline carbonates, while uric acid is not. With nitric acid it behaves as uric acid does. It usually decrepitates before the blowpipe. 6. Cystic Oxide Calculus.—It is soluble in alkalies and in the carbonates of the fixed alkalies, giving a solution which is de- composed by heat, ammonia being first evolved, and after some time a combustible gas, smelling like bisulphuret of carbon. It is soluble in phosphoric, hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, and oxalic acids; and insoluble in water, alcohol, bicarbonate of ammonia, and tartaric, citric, and acetic acids. Before the blowpipe it exhales a peculiar fetid odor. 7. Xanthic Oxide Calculus.—It is completely dissolved by pot- ash, and it is re-precipitated by carbonic acid white, becoming on drying a pale-yellow agglutinated mass, which possesses a waxy appearance. It is soluble in nitric acid with effervescence. When that solution is evaporated to dryness, and the residue treated with ammonia, no red color is developed, as with uric acid. This calculus is very slightly soluble in hot water, and in hydrochloric and oxalic acids. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it, forming a yellow solution. 8. Oxalate of Lime Calculus.—Insoluble in potash: it is de- composed by digestion in carbonate of potash, with formation of carbonate of lime and oxalate of potash. Insoluble in acetic, but soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids. When heated to dull redness, it is converted into carbonate of lime, and then dissolves in acid with effervescence. Before the blowpipe, pure lime remains, which, when moistened, produces an alkaline le-action on test paper. 274 URINARY CALCULI. [App. II. 9. Carbonate of Lime Calculus.—It dissolves with effervescence in dilute acids, affording a solution which is precipitated by oxa- late of ammonia. 10. Calculi containing Silica leave, after calcination, before the blowpipe, an infusible ash (principally silica), which dis- solves in a melted lead of carbonate of soda with effervescence, producing & vitreous pearl, more or less limpid. A PPE NDIX. NO. IU. ART OF PRESCRIBING MEDICINES. In prescribing a medicine, the following circumstances shonld always be kept in view:—Age, Sex, Temperament, Habit Climate, the CoNniTiON ok the Stomach, and Idiosyncrasy Age. For an adult, suppose the dose to be one, or Under 1 year, will require only l-12th, 2 years, " " " l-8th, 3 " " " " l-6th, 4 " " " " 14th, 7 " " " " l-3d, 14 " « " •' I, 20 " " " " 2-3ds, Abo. 21 " the full dose . . . one, 65 1 drachm. 5 grains. 7J grains. 10 grains. 15 grains. 1 scruple. 0| drachm. 2 scruples. 1 drachm. the inverse gradation of the above. Opiates affect children more powerfully than adults; but children bear larger doses of calomel than adults. Bex. Women require smaller doses than men; they are more rapidly affected by purgatives than men; and the condition of the uterine system must never be overlooked. Temperament. Stimulants and purgatives more readily affect the sanguine than the phlegmatic, and consequently the former require smaller doses. Habits. The knowledge of habits is essential; for persons in the habitual use of stimulants and narcotics require larger doses to affect them when laboring under disease, while those who have habituated themselves to the use of saline purgatives are more easily affected by these remedies. Persons, however, who have habituated themselves to the use of opium do not require larger doses than usual of other narcotics. Climate. Medicines act differently on the same individual in summer and in winter, and in different climates. Narcotics act more powerfully in hot than in cold climates; thence smaller doses are required in the former: but the reverse is the case with respect to calomel. CoNnmoN of the Stomach and Idiosyncrasy. The least ac- tive remedies operate very violently on some individuals, owing to a peculiarity of stomach, or rather disposition of body, un- connected with temperament. This state can be discovered a 276 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. on.y by accident or feme ; but when it is known, it should al- ways be attended to by the practitioner. In prescribing, the practitioner should always so regulate the intervals between the doses, that the next dose may be taken before the effect produced by the first is altogether effaced; for, by not attending to this circumstance, the cure is always com- mencing but never proceeding. It should, however, also be kept in mind, that some medicines, such as the mercurial salts, arsenic, &c, are apt to accumulate in the system ; and danger may thence arise if the doses too rapidly succeed one another. The action also of some remedies, elaterium and digitalis for example, continues long after the remedy is leftoff; and there- fore much caution is requisite in avoiding too powerful an effect, by a repetition of them even in diminished doses. Aloes and castor oil acquire greater activity by continued use, so that the dose requires to be diminished. PRESCRIPTIONS ■xamples of the most useful forms of extemporaneous prescriptions, (the doses are for adults.) POWDERS. NARCOTIC. R Pulveris conii gr. v., -------glycyrrhiza; gr. vi. Sit pulvis, ter quotidie sumendus. In scirrhous affections, scrofula, painful old ulcers, &c. R Pulveris belladonnae gr. i., -------potassae nitratis gr. xxi., ------- eacchari gr. ix. Fiat pulvis, hora somni quotidie sumendus. In chronic rheumatism, extensive ulcerations, mania, and epilepsy. R Pulveris rad. belladonnae gr. vj., -------ipecacuanhae gr. vj., ------- rad. glycyrrh., -------sacch. albi, a a, 3 ss., Sulphuris praecipit. 3ij,, Olei anisi, Olei succini, a a, flliij. M. ft. pulv. v. ad xx. Bi Pulveris foi. belladonna; gr. j. to gr. iij., Moschi, Camphora;, a a, gr. v., Sacchari albi 3 ss. Tere bene, et div. in chart, viii. App. Ill] PRESCRIPTIONS. 277 ANTISPASMODIC. R Pulveris Valerianae 3j., ------ cinnamomi comp. gr. x. Fiat pulvis, ter quaterve quotidie sumendus. In hysteria, hemicrania, chlorosis. R Pulveris ipecacuanha; gr. i., ------'soda; carbonatis gr. xii., ------ opii gr. i. Fiat pulvis, octava quaque hora sumendus. Spasmodic asthma, hooping-cough. R Zinci oxydi gr. iij., Sacchari albi gr. v. Sit pulvis, quarta quaque hora sumendus. In gastric or spasmodic cough. TONIC. R Pulveris cinchona; 3 ss., ------ cinnamomi comp. gr. x. Sit pulvis in cyatho lactis, tenia quaque hora sumendus. In convalescence from fevers. R Ferri potassio-tartratis gr. viii., Pulveris calumba; 3i., Fiat pulvis, quarta quaque hora sumendus. After diarrhoea, in scrofulous tumors and dyspepsia R Pulveris calombae, — Bubcarbonatis ferri, ———— rhei, ------zingiberis, a a, 3j. M. ft. pulv. No. xi., unus quaque quarta hora sumendus. R Tartratis ferri 3ij., Pulveris calombae 3 j. Ft. pulv. No. iv., unus quarta quaque hora. ANTIPERIODIC. R Ouinae disulphatisgr. iij., Sacchari albi gr. v. Sit pulvis secunda quaque hora, absente paroxysmo, sum In the intermissions in ague. R Prussiatis ferri, Pulveris guaiaci, a a, 3 j. M. ft. pulv. No. xij., unus ter quotidie sumendus. ASTRINGENT. R Pulveris catechu gr. xv., ------• galla- gr. ij. ,,..., A Sit pulvis, post dejectiones singulas liquidas sumendus. In diarrhoea, from a weakened state of the bowels. Bj Pulveris kino compositi gr. xv. Pulvis ex cyatho aquae menthae viridis sexta quaque hora sumatur. In chronic diarrhoea and intestinal haemorrhages. R Sulphatis alumina; et potassae 3 ss., Pulveris opii gr. iij. Ft. pulv. No. vj., una quaque quarta hora. 278 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. St Sulphatis alumina; et potassae 3j., Pulveris kino gr. v. M. ft. pulv. No. v. EMETIC. R Pulveris ipecacuanha; 3j., Antimonii potassio-tartratis gr. i. Fiat pulvis emeticus. Bj Pulveris ipecacuanha;, --------rhei, a a, 3 j. M. Bj Sulphatis cupri gr. ij. vel x., in cases of poisoning ; or Bj Sulphatis zinci gr. x. vel 3 ss. CATHARTIC. Bj Jalapa; pulveris gr. xij., Calomel anos gr. iij., Sulphatis potassae gr. vij. Fiat pulvis, hora somni, pro re nata, sumendus. A useful purgative in diminishing action of the liver. Bj Calomelanos gr. iii., Pulveris jalapae, Sacchari, sing. gr. x. Sit pulvis, vespere vel primo mane sumendus. In bilious fevers, and slimy and obstructed bowels. Bj Calomelanos gr. iii., Pulveris scammonii compositi gr. xii. Sit pulvis quamprimum sumendus. In worm cases. Bj Hydrargyri chloridi, Pulveris cambogiae, -------jalapae, ------ rhei, -------cinnamomi, a a, 3 Ij. M. Dosis, a gr. v. ad 3j. DIURETIC. Bj Bitartratis potassae 3 ss., Pulveris scilla; siccatae gr. ii., ------- zingiberis gr. iv. Sit pulvis, octava quaque hora sumendus. In ascites. R Potassae bitartratis 3 jss., Pulveris scilla; exsiccatae gr. ij. ------- digitalis gr. j., ■------- zingiberis gr. v. Ft. pulv. pro dos. Octava quaque hora sumendus. Jt Pulveris uvae ursi 3 jss., Sodae subcarbonatis 3j. • M. Div. in chart. No. xii. Una ter die sumendus. In nephritic complaints. App. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 379 DIAPHORETIC. Bj Pulveris ipecacuanhas comp. gr. v., ------- tragacantha; comp. gr. x. Sit pulvis, quarta vel sexta quaque hora sumendus. In the commencement of febrile diseases, after emptying the sto- mach and bowels. Bj Antimonii potassio tartratis 3j., Sacchari albi gr. xxx. Intime misceantur, et divide in doses aequales decern, quarum sumatur una tenia quaque hora. In fever, after bleeding and the exhibition of a clyster. R Pulveris nitratis potassae 3j., Tartratis antimonii gr. j., Calomelanos gr. vj. M. ft. pulv. vj., one every two hours. In febrile affections. R Pulveris opii gr. iij., ------- ipecacuanha; gr. vj., Calomelanos gr. jss., Nitratis potassae 3 ss. M. ft. pulv. vj. Unus, quaque quarta hora. R Pulveris guaiaci, ■-------nitratis potassae, a a, 3 j., ------- ipecacuanha; gr. iij., -------gummi opii gr. ij. M. ft. pulv. vj., quaque tertia hora. A stimulating diaphoretic. EXPECTORANT. R Pulveris ipecacuanhae gr. vi., -------potassae nitratis 3 iss., ------- myrrhae gr. xii. Misce, et distribue in doses aequales quatuor, quarum suma- tur una quartis horis. In asthma, and the earlier stage of phthisis pulmonalis. R Nitratis potassae ?j., Calomelanos gr. vj., Pulveris opii gr. iij., ------- ipecacuanha; gr. vj. M Div. in chart. No. vj., unus quaque tertia hora. NARCOTIC. R Opii gr. i. Fiat pilula, hora somni sumenda To procure sleep in ordinary cases. R Pulveris digitalis gr. iv., Camphora; gr. xii., Extracti hyoscyami gr. xviii. Fiant pilula; sex. Sumarrtur ij. hora somni quotidie. In maniacal and spasmodic affections. 280 ' PRESCRIPTIONS. App. Ill] Bj Morphia;.acetatis gr. j , Pulveris digitalis gr. vj., Camphora; rosae gr. x., Pulveris acaciae gr. viij., Syrup, tolu. q. s. Ft. massa. Div. in pil. vj., quarum capiat unam tertiis horis. SEDATIVE. Bj Plumbi acetatis gr. xxx., Pulveris colchici gr. xx., -------opii gr. iii., Mucilaginis acaciae q. s. Misce optiine, et divide in pilulas aequales decern, quarum sumat unam sexta quaque hora. Ire. active haemorrhages, washed down with 3 j. of distilled vine gar in f § j. of water. They may also be given in phthisis: one pill twice a day, after bleeding. Bj Extr. opii gr. j., Nitratis potassae gr. vj., Camphora; rasae gr. v., Syrupi papaveris q. s. Ft. pil. No. iij. pro dose. Bj Camphora; subactae 3j., Potassae nitratis 3 ss., Ext. hyoscyami, Ext. anthemidis, a a, 3ij., Syrupi papaveris q. s. M. ft. pil. No. xxxvi. One every four or six hours. ANTISPASMODIC. Bj Opii gr. ss., Castorei gr. viss., Pulveris digitalis gr. i., Syrupi q. s. Fiant pilula; duae, bis vel ter die sumendae. In spasmodic asthma, and dyspnoea. R Cupri ammonio-sulphatis gr. ii., Micae panis q. s. Fiant pilulae quatuor. Sumatur una bis quotidie. In epilepsy, gradually increasing the dose. R Argenti nitratis gr. ij., Micae panis q. s. Fiant pilula; aequales quatuor. Sumatur una sexta quaque hora. In chorea, and other spasmodic affections. *** These pills ghould be washed down with fllviij. of dilated nitric acid in f | jss. of water, in order to prevent the blue colsl of the skin which the nitrate is apt to cause. Bj Gum. ammoniaci 3 j., Benzoini, „ Pulv. myrrhse, a a, 3ij., Assafaetidae 3 ss., App. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 281 Camphorae 3j., Tinct. opii gt. xii. M. Div. in pil. ix. Duo vel tres, quaque tertia hora. Bj Camphorae, Potassae nitratis, Pulv. digitalis purpur., a a, 3 ssn Pulv. cinchon. flav. 3 ss., Ext. gentian. 3 ij., Syrup, simpl. q. s. M. ft. pil. lxx. STIMULANT. Bj Assafoetidae 3 iss., Pulveris zingiberis 3 ss. Syrupi q. s. Ut fiant pilula; triginta.quarum sumat tres tertia quaque hora, In palsy. Bj Pulveris capsici 3 j., Mica; panis, Aqua; distillates, a a, q. s. Ft. pil. x. Unus quaque quarta hora. R Pulveris guaiaci 3j., Terebinthina; venetae q. s. Ft. pil. No. xv. Ter die sumendus. In gleet and leucorrhoea. $ Carbonatis ammonia;, Capsici, Caryophylli, Macis, a a, 3j., Olei carui gt. v., Ext. gentiana; gr. xii., Syrupi simplicis q. s. Ft. pil. xx. One every two hours, in gout of the stomach. Bj Strychnia; gr. j., Acidi acetici fllj., » Micae panis 3j. Fiant pilula; aequales decern. Sumatur una sexta quaque hora. In paralysis from poisoning by carbonate of lead. TONIC. R Pulveris rhei, •------ zingiberis, a a, 3 ss., Extracti anthemidis 3 i. ..... . , „„._._, Fiatmassa, in pilulas aequales triginta dividenda, quarua capiat tres ante prandium quotidie. In dyspepsia and chlorosis. R Ferri sesquioxydi, SSueTpU^JquahesviginU-quatuor. Sumanturdu. bis quotidie. In fluor albus and scrofula. 282 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. Bj Acidi arseniosi gr. ij., Opii in pulverem triti gr. viij., Saponis 3j. Fiat massa, in pilulas xxiv. aequales dividenda, quarum sumat unam ter quotidie. In intermittents, periodical headache,neuralgia,and lepra vulgaris Bj Extracti cinchona;, -------gentianae, a a, 3 i., Sulphatis ferri 3 ss., Pulveris myrrhae 3j., Olei carui gt. x., Syrupi zingiberis q. s. M. ft. pil. No. lx. Tres, ter die sum. R Sulphatis quininae gr. x., Conservae rosarum q. s. M. ft. pil. No. x. Unus quaque hora. In the apyrexia of intermittents. ASTRINGENT. Bj Extracti cinchonae 3 ij., Aluminis 3j., Syrupi q. s. Ut fiant pilula; triginta-sex. Sumantur quatuor quarta vel sexta quaque hora. In passive haemorrhages. Bj Pulveris kino gr. xx., -------opii, Mucilaginis acaciae q. s. M. ft. pil. iv. Unus quaque quarta hora. In diarrhoea, &c. Bj Super-acetatis plumbi gr. xii., Pulveris opii vj., Conservae rosarum q. s. M. ft. pil. No. vj. In haemoptysis, and other haemorrhages. Bj Sulphatis aluminae et potassae, Extracti cinchonae, Nucis myristicae, a a, 3ss., Syrup, simpi. q. s. Ft. pil. xx. CATHARTIC. Bj Scammonii pulv. gr. iv., Extracti taraxaci gr. xiv. Fiant pilula; sex, quarum sumat tres bis quotidie. Iu hypochondriasis and chronic hepatitis. Bj Hydrargyri chloridi gr. iij., Pulveris jalapae gr. ix., Mucilaginis acaciae q. s. Fiant pilula; tres hora somni sumendae. To empty the bowels in bilious affections. App. Ill] PRESCRIPTIONS. 283 Bj Calomelanos gr. vj., Elaterii gr. j., Micae panis q. s. Fiant pilulae sex. Sumatur una sexta quaque hora. In ascites aud simple hypertrophy of the heart. Bj Ipecacuanha; gr. x., Conii extracti 3j., , Aloes extracti 3 ss., Mucilaginis acaciae q. s. Ut fiat massa in pilulas decem dividenda. Sumatur una hora somni quotidie. In habitual costiveness. Bj Pulveris jalapae, -------rhei, Saponis albi, a a, 3 ss., Calomelanos gr. xxv., Tartratis antimonii et potassae gr. jss., Aqua dist. q. s. M. ft. pil. No. xxv. Two to be taken at once, and repeated pro re nata. Bj Massae ex hydrargyro, Pulveris jalapae, -------aloes, a a, gr. xv., Syrup, simpl. q. s. M. ft. pil. xij. R Aconiti extracti gr. j., Anthemidis extracti gr. xvj. Fiant pilula; quatuor aequales. Sumatur una sexta quaque hora. In enlargement of the joints in chronic rheumatism. EMMENAGOGUE. Bj Ferri sulphatis 3j., Potassae carbonatis gr. vj., Myrrhae 3j., Pulveris aloes compositi 3ss. Contunde simul, et dividatur massa triginta. Sumat tres bis quotidie. In amenorrhoea with a languid pulse. Bj Pilulae hydrargyri 3 i. Divide in pilulas aequales quindecim. et nocte, quotidie. In suppression of the menstrual discharge. Bj Sulphatis ferri 3j., Pulveris sennae, ------jalapae, ------super-tartratis potassae, a a, 3ss. -------zingiberis gr. xii., Syrup, simpl. q. s. Ft. pil. No. xxv. Hooper's pills. (Take three twice a day, followed by twenty drops tinct. mur. ferri, in a draught of bitter infusion in amenorrhoea.) in pilulas aequales Sumatur una mane 284 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. & Sulphatis ferri exsiccati 3j., Pulveris aloes 3ij., ------caryophyl. gr. v., Terebinthinae venette q. s. M. ft. pil. xx. Unus, ter die sum. DIURETIC. Bj Pulveris digitalis gr. xii., Hydrargyri chloridi gr. iv., Opi| gr. iv., Confectionis roste q. s. Fiant pilulae duodecim. Sumatur una octava quaque hora. In hydrothorax, and ascites depending upon visceral obstruction Bj Pilulae hydrargyri 3j., Pulveris scillae 3j., Confectionis rosae q. s. Fiant pilulae viginti. Sumatur una octava quaque hora. In ascites and anasarca. Bj Balsami copaibae 3 ij., Magnesia; ustae gr. vij. M. Div. in pil. gr. iv. each. Bj Pulveris scillae exsiccatae gr. iv., ------ digitalis foliorum gr. x., ------ calomelanos gr. vj., ' ------ myrrha; 3j. Simul tere et adde— Assafoetidae 3 ss., Extracti gentianae q. s. M. ft. pil. xv. Unus mane et nocte DIAPHORETIC. Bj Antimonii potassio-tartratis gr. i., Opii, Hydrargyri chloridi, a a, gr. i., Confectionis rosae q. s. Fiant pilulae, octava quaque hora sumendae. In acute rheumatism. Bj Antimonii potassio-tartratis gr. ii., Opii gr. vi., Camphorae gr. xxxvi., Spiritus rectificati, min. iii., Confectionis rosae q. s. Fiant pil ula; aequales duodecim, quarum sumatur una quarta quaque hora. In fevers. R Hydrargyri sulphureti rubri, Pulveris serpentariae virginianae, a a, 3ss.. Syrupi simplicis q. s. M. ft. pil. No. xii. Two, three times a day. Alterative and diaphoretic. In cutaneous affections Bj Calomelanos. Antimonii sulphureti, a a, 3ss., Pulveris guaiaci 3j., Balsami copaibas q. s. App. Ill] PRESCRIPTIONS. 285 M. ft. pil. ix. (Plummer's Pills.) In secondary syphilis, old ulcers, gleets, fee. EXPECTORANT. Bj Pulveris scillae gr. xxx., Ammoniaci 3 iss., Extract, conii gr. xxx. Contunde simul, et divide massam in pilulas aequales trigUv ta, quarum sumat duas sexta quaque hora. , In asthma and chronic catarrh. ANTISYPHILITIC. Bj Pilulae hydrargyri 3 i., Divide in pilulas aequales duodecim. Sumatur una mane nocteque quotidie. In syphilis, leprous eruptions, and chronic hepatitis. R Hydrargyri chloridi 3 i., Opii gr. v., Confectionis rosae q. s. Fiant pilulas viginti., Sumatur una mane et nocte quotidie. In syphilitic cases. ANTILITHIC. Bj Sodas carbonatis exsiccatae 3 iss., Pulveris cinnamomi comp. 3 ss., Saponis 3 ss., Balsami peruviani q. s. Fiant pilulae aequales triginta. Sumantur tres ter quotidie. J In calculous affections. TONIC AND PURGATIVE COMBINED. R Ferri sesquichloridi 3 i., Extracti aloes, --------gentianae, a a, 3 ss. Contunduntur simul, et dividatur moles in pilulas triginta, quarum sumantur dua; ter quotidie. In dyspepsia, hysteria, scrofula, and mesenteric obstructions. R Quina; sulphatis 3 ss.— 3i., Potassae sulphatis 3 jss., Gum. galbani 3iv., Ext. gentianae 3 i., Massa; pilulae aloes cum myrrha 3 iij., Thebiacte purif. q. s. M. ft. pil. cxx. Dose, ij. or iij., two or three times a day. Bj Quina; sulphatis 3i., Aloes extr. purif. 3 ss., Ext. gentianae 3j. M. ft. pil. xxiv. R Cupri sulphatis gr. x., Pulv. rhei 3 j., Extr. anthemidis 3 ij., Syrup, simplic. q. s. M. ft. pil. xl. Dose, i. to ill. * »u leucorrhoea, gleet, and chorea. 286 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. Ill ALTERATIVE. Bj Hydrargyri biniodidi gr. iv., Serpentaria; in pulv. 3 i., Syrupi aurantii q. s. Misce, et divide in pilulas viginti-qaatuor, quarum sumantux duae ter quotidie. In herpetic and other obstinate cutaneous affections. R Hydrargyri iodidi gr. iij., Micae panis gr. iij. Fiant pilulae sex aequales. Sumatur i. ter quotidie. In secondary syphilis. Bj Antimonii oxysulphureti 3j., Florum sulphuris 3 ij., Camphora; rasas 3j., Extract, taraxici (vel extract, sarzae), 3 iijss. M. ft. pil. xcv. Duas vel tres, ter quotidie. Bj Antimonii potassio-tartratis gr. iv., Pilulae hydrargyri 3i., Saponis castil., Gum. ammoniaci, Assafcetidae, Extract, aloes, a a, 3 ss. M. ft. pil. lxxv. Duas ter die. Bj Kermis mineral, gr. j., Hydrargyri chloridi gr. ij., Ext. fumariae gr. x. Ft. pil. iij. per dose. Bj Saponis hisp. 3 iij. Gum. ammoniaci 3 i., Aloes 3j., Rhei pulv. 3j., Assafoetidae, Croci, a a, 3 ss. Syrup, q. s. Ft. pil. c. Dose ii. to iv. two or three times a day. DRAUGHTS. NARCOTIC. Bj Misturae camphora; f §iss., Tincturae opii fllxxxv., JEtheris sulphurici f 3 i., Syrupi croci f 3 ss. . Fiat haustus in promptu hibendus, et urgente fcbris parox- ysmo sumendus. In intermittent headache. Bj Ammonia; carbonatis gr. xv., Succi Iimonis recentis f 3iv., Aquae distillatae f 3j., Spiritus myristicos f \ i., Syrupi aurantii f3ss., Tincturae conii W\x\. App. Ill] PRESCRIPTIONS. 287 Fiat haustus ter die sumendus, addendo de die in diem tincturae conn in. v.; donee dosis ad flllxxx. pervenerit in singulis haustibus. r In diseases of increased irritability, ANTISPASMODIC. Bj Misturae moschi f3xiv., Liquoris ammonia; min. xvi., Tincturae castorei f3i., Syrupi papaveris f'3 ss. Fiat haustus, quarta quaque hora sumendus. In hysteria and convulsive affections, after the bowels have been effectually cleared. Bj Olei anisi fllx., Magnesiae 3j., Tincturae sennas f 3 ii., Aquae menthae piperita; f3s. Fiat haustus, urgente flatu sumendus. In spasm of the stomach arising from flatulence. TONIC. R Infusi cinchonae cordifoliae f 1 iss., Tincturae cinchona; compositae f 3 j., Pulveris cinchonae cordifoliae 3j., Syrupi aurantii f 3 ss. Fiat haustus, secunda quaque hora sumendus. In intermittents and acute rheumatism, after purging. Bj Infusi cascarillae f ? iss., Quina; disulphatis gr. ij., Tincturae cascarilla;, -------- zingiberis, a a, f3i., Acidi sulphurici diluti III viij., Fiat haustus bis quotidie sumendus. In dyspepsia arising from intemperance. R Ferri iodidi gr. iij.. Aquae .distillate f'3 xij. Fiat haustus ter quotidie sumendus. In chlorosis, scrofula, atonic amcncrrlnv.a, %* It is almost impossible to preserve the iodide of iron in the solid form ; it should therefore be kept in a solution with a cot! of soft wire in the bottle, and of a strength of gr. iij. to the f 3j ; or it should be kept in the form of syrup of the same strength ASTRINGENT. R Extracti haeinatoxyli gr. xii., Aquae cinnamomi f 3 xv., Tinctures catechu f 3 i. Fiat haustus, quarta quaque hora vel post dejectiones sin gulas liqtiidas sumendus. In diarrhoeas and protracted dysentery. EMETIC. Bj Pulveris ipecacuanhas 3i., Vini ipecacuanhas f 3 ii., Aquae communis f3 vi. Fiat haustus einelicus, quampnmum vel vesperc sumendus For unloading the stomach in ordinary cases. 28 288 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. R Zinci sulphatis |ss., Aquae distil I atae f 5 iss. Fiat haustus, quamprimum sumendus. In the commencement of the paroxysm of intermittent fever, or in cases of poisons having been taken into the stomach Bj Cupri sulphatis gr. xv., Acidi sulphurici diluti fllij., Aqua; distillate; f ?j. Fiat haustus quamprimum sumendus. In cases of poisoning. CATHARTIC. R Potassae tartratis 3 i., Tincturae senna; f 3 i., Infusi sennas f 3 xviss., Syrupi croci f 3 ss. Fiat haustus, quamprimum vel prirco mane sumendus. In acute diseases. R Magnesia; sulphatis 3 ii., Infusi rosae f 3 xiv., Acidi sulphurici diluti fllx., Mannae 3 ii. Fiat haustus quarta quaque hora sumendus In inflammatory affections. R Sennas infusi f |j., Magnesiae sulphatis 3 iij., Camphora; mistura; f 3 v., Tincturae cardamomi f 3 j. Fiat haustus mane sumendus. In acute diseases. DIURETIC. Bj Tincturae jalapae f 3 ij., Aceti scillae f 3 i., Aquae menthae piperitae f 3 viii. Fiat haustus ter in die sumendus. Bj Potassae nitratis gr. viii., Tincturae digitalis fllxvi., Infusi rosae f 3 xiii., Syrupi rosae f Ij. Fiat haustus ter in die sumendus. In dropsy. DIAPHORETIC. Bj Potassae carbonatis 3i., Succi limonis recentis f 3 iv., Antimonii potassio tartratis gr. W5th, Aquas distillatae f 3 xi., Syrupi papaveris f 3 j. Fiat haustus, quarta vel sexta quaque hora sumendoa. ' Bj Liquoris ammonias acetatis f 3Av., Mistura; camphora; f 3 x., Vini ipecacuanhas fllx,, Syrupi tolutani f3ss. Fiat haustus sexta quaque hora sumendus. In fevers and inflammatory diseases. ■App. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 289 REFRIGERANT. Bj Potassae nitratis gr. xii., Misturae amygdala; f Jss., Syrupi tolutani f 5 >• Fiat haustus quarta quaque hora sumendus. R Potassae carbonatis 3i., Syrupi f 3ss., Spiritus myristica; f 3 ss., Aquae distillates f \i xi. Fiat haustus, in effervescentls impetu ipso cum succi limonla cochleario magno, secunda quaque hora sumendus. In fevers and inflammatory diseases. ANTACID. R Magnesiae 3 i., Aquae menthae piperita; H iss., Tincturae aurantii f 3 i. Fiat haustus pro re nata sumendus. In heartburn and other cases of acidity of the stomach. R Liquoris ammonia; fllxvi., Misturae amygdalae amarae f 1 ii., Tincturae opii fllx. Fiat haustus ter die sumendus. In acidities of the primae viae. SEDATIVE. R Hydrocyanici acidi diluti flliij., Calumbae tincturae f3j., Aquae distillates f 3xj. ( Fiat haustus bis terve quotidie sumendus. In irritable gastric dyspepsia. R Tincturae ferri sesquichloridi f 3j., Aquae distillatae f 5 vj., Olei aurantii fllvj., Sacchari albi 3 j. Fiat mistura, cujus sumatur quarta pars ter quotidie. In general debility. MIXTURES. TONIC. R Infusi calumbae f^vss. Tincturae cinnamomi compositas f 3 iv., Syrupi aurantii f 3 ii. Fiat mistura, cujus cochlearia duo majora quarta quaoJM hora sumantur. In debilities of the digestive organs, and to check the severe vomiting which often occurs during pregnancy. ASTRINGENT. R Catechu extracti 3 ii., Aquae cinnamomi f ? viii., Tincturae opii flllx. Fiat mistura, cujus sumantur cochlearia tria magna post singulas dejectiones liquidas. In the last stage of diarrhoea or of dysentery. 13 290 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. EMETIC. R Antimonii potassio-tartratis gr. viii., Aqua; distillatae f 5 vi., Syrupi mori f 3 i. Fiat mistura, cujus cochlearia magna duo, quamprimum, et octavis minuis donee evomuerit, sumenda. R Pulveris ipecacuanhas 3ss., Antimonii potassio lartratis gr. ij., Tinetura; scillae f 3 i., Aqua; distillatae f 1 viss. Fiat mistura, cujus sumat quamprimum cochlearia majora quatuor, et cochlearia duo sexta quaque parte horae, donee supervenerit vomitus. In dropsies, before exhibiting the foxglove. CATHARTIC. • R Potassa; sulphatis 3 ii., Aquae fontanae f'§ vss., Tincturae jalapa; f 3 iv. Sit mistura, cujus sumat cochlearia duo magna omni bihorio. R Rosae confectionis Jj. Aquae ferventis f 1 viij. Tere optime et post horam cola Bj Magnesia; sulphatis 3 vj. Liquoris colatae f J viss., Sulphurici acidi diluti f3j., Cardamomi tincturae f 3 iij. Fiat mistura. Sumantur cochlearia tria majora ter o'wtidi* In a bilious state of habit. EXPECTORANT. Bj Misturae amygdala; amarae f 1 v., Vini ipecacuanha;, Tincturae scillae, a a, f 3 i., Syrupi tolutani f 3 vi. Misce. Sumat cochleare magnum urgente tussi. In humoral asthma, and the latter stage of catarrh. R Mistura ammoniaci f 5 iv., Vini ipecacuanha; f Jiv., Tincturae camphora; comp. f 3 ss., Syrupi tolutani f Ji Misce. Cochleare modicum urgente tussi sumendum. In chronic or old asthmas. DEMULCENTS. Bj Decocti althaea; officinalis f 5 vi., Syrupi f Ji. Fiat mistura, cujus sumatur tertia pars, sexta quaque hora; In calculous cases, and inflammation of the kidneys." DETERGENT GARGLE. Bj Potassae nitratis 3 ii., Mellis rosae f 3iv., Infusi rosae f J vss. Misce. Fiat gargarisma saepe utendum. In inflammatory sore throat App. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. ASTRINGENT GARGLE. Bj Infusi rosae f J vii., Tincturae catechu f 3 vi., Acidi sulphurici diluti f 31. Sit gargarisma saepe utendum. In relaxations of the uvula. STIMULANT GARGLE. Bj Capsici tincturae f i iss., Rosae infusi f J vss., Hydrochlorici acidi diluti f 3 ss., Syrupi croci f 3 ij. Fiat gargarisma subinde utendum. In cynanche maligna. EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS. LOTIONS. Bj Ammonia; hydrochloratis 3 i., Aquae fontanae f 5 v., Spiritus rectificati f ji. Misce, ut fiat lotio tumori applicanda. In swelled testicle, and other inflaminatoty tumors. R Opii 3 ii., Aceti distil I ati fjvi. Tere ut fiat lotio, parti dolenti applicanda. To painful affections of the joints, and in colic. STIMULANT EMBROCATION. R Linimenti ammonise f 3 vi., dliva; olei f 3 ii. Fiat enibrocatio, cum panno laneo faucAus externis appli- canda. In cyrranche tonsillaris. STIMULANT AND ANODYNE EMBROCATION. R Linimenti camphorae compositi f 3ix., Tincturae cantharidis f 3 i., --------opii f 3 ii. Parti dolenti applicandum. To be rubbed over the bowels in colic, cramp, and in painful affections of the joints. POWDERS. R Pulveris gummi acaciae J ss., Aluminis gr. v. Misce diligenter ut fiat pulvis, cujus inspergatur pauxillum | super mamillas pro re nata. In sore nipples, to be applied after suckling. Bi Acetatis plumbi 3 i., Pulveris cinchona; 3 vii. Tere, ut fiat pulvis, cujus pauxillum super ulcera omni inane spergatur. For scrofulous ulcers. 292 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. OINTMENTS. Bj Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi 3j., Adipis Ji. Tere diligenter in mortario donee bene miscentur. In ulcerations of the eyelids. R Zinci oxydi 3j., • Adipis Ji. Tere optime in mortario, ut fiat unguentum In porrigo scutulata. R Creasoti f 3j., Unguenti cetacei Jj. Tere ut fiat unguentum. In porrigo scutulata. Bj Iodinii 3j., Adipis Jj. Tere optime ut fiat unguentum cujus pauxillum tumori maneque nocte applicandum. la glandular swellings and incipient bronchocele. Bj Antimonii potassio-tartratis 3j., Sacchari albi pulveris 3j., Adipis Jj. Tere ut fiat unguentum. Magnitudo glandis, parti dolenti omni mane et nocte, ope fricationis donee ulcera adfue- rint, applicanda. As a counter-irritant in the inflammation of internal organs COLLYRIA ANODYNE COLLVRIUM. Bj Sydenham's laudanum, Tincture of saffron, a a, 3j. Decoction of flaxseed J ij. M. ASTRINGENT COLLYRIA. Bj Sulph. zinci 3 1 part, Aquae rosar. 3 250 parts, Alcohol 3 8 parts. M. Bj Sulph. zinci gr. xv., Aquae rosar.' J iv. Mix. Bj Aquae rosar., Aquae distill., a a, Jij., Sulph. alum, et potassae 3j. M. In chronic inflammation, Paris Hospitals Paris Hospitals. m Paris Hospitals Paris Hospitals. App. Ill] PRESCRIPTIONS. 263 Bj Infusion of elder flowers Ibj., Subacetate of lead 3j. Paris Hospitals. DRY COLLYRIUM OF MERCURY. R Sacchari albi 3 ij., Oxydi hydrargyri rubri gr. x., Oxydi zinci irnpuri praeparati 3j Fiai pulvis. M. Dupuytren. DRY COLLYRIUM OF OPIUM. Bj Pulveris opii gr. iv., Calomelanos, Sacchari purificati, a a, 3j. Tere bene. These dry collyria are to be blown into the eyes, for the removal of specks on the cornea, fee, &c. COLLYRIUM OF ACETATE OF ZINC. R Sulphatis zinci, Superacetatis plumbi, a a, gr. vj., Aq'iae rosarum J iv. M. To be tillered. COLLYRIUM OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD, ETC. R Liquoris plumbi aeetatis gtt. xij., Vini opii gtt. xl., Aquae rosar. J iv. Ft. collyrium. COLLYRIUM OK VINEGAR. Bj Aceti distillati Jj., Spiritus vini diluti Jss., Aquae rosarum J viij. Ft. mistura. After depletion, and to weak eyes. COLLYRIUM OF ACETATE OF AMMONIA AND CAMPHOR. Bj Liquoris ammonia; acetatis J ij., Misturae camphorae J vj. M. A miid astringent. COLLYRIUM OF ACETATE OF AMMONIA WITH OPIUM. Bj Liquoris ammonias acetatis Jij., Aquae ferventis J vj., Extract, opii mollis gr. x. .... .. Dissolve the opium in the hot water, strain, and add the liquor of acetate of ammonia. In acute and painful ophthalmia, after depletion. COLLYRIUM OF OPIUM AND CAMPHOR. Bj Extracti opii mollis gr. x., Camphora; gr. vj., Aquas ferventis J xij. . . Rub the camphor and opium well together in a mortar, and add the water. Strain or filter. In painful ophthalmia. COLLYRIUM OF SULPHATE OF COPPER. Bj Sulphatis cupri gr. vj., Camphorae 3j., Aquae ferventis J viij. ,. - Rub the camphor with the water, then strain, and add tna sulph. copper. 294 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. IU. COLLYRIUM OF CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. Bj Hydrargyri muriatis gr. ij., Aquas distillatae J viij. Fiat solutio. In gonorrhoeal and scrofulous ophthalmia. DRY COLLYRIUM OF SUGAR. Bj Sacchari albi, Oxydi zinci, a a, partes aequales. Tere in pulverem. M. Recamisr. COLLYRIUM OF POPPIES. Bj Fomenti papaveris capsularum Jiv. Aquas rosar., Misturae camphorae, a a, Jij. Mix. In acute ophthalmia. COLLYRIUM OF NITRATE OF SILVER. R Nitratis argenti gr. ij., Aquae distillatae Jij. Fiat solutio. At the close of acute ophthalmia. EMOLLIENT COLLYRIUM. R Radicis althaeas officinalis JJh, Aqua; distillatae ibj. Infuse for three hours near the fire, and strain. In inflammation accompanied with much irritation. ANODYNE COLLYRIUM. R Colchici autumnalis 3j. Aquae lini bullientis Jiv., Tincturae opii 3j. Fiat mistura. In severe ophthalmia, where there is great sensibility. SELECT FORMULA FOR INFANTS. (from Stewart's billard.) SEDATIVES. Bj Aquae distillatae ^j., Mucil. gum. acac. J ss. Syrupi simplicis J ss. Tincturae opii, guttam. Dose—A teaspoonful, repeated every half hour, till rest be pro- cured; but after the first month, double that quantity will be required. After the third month, half a drop of laudanum may be given for a dose, one drop at six months, arid two after the first year. Ecanson and Maunsell. Bj Cretae Jss., Anlim. oxysulph. gr. iv. Ext. hyoscyami gr. xiij., Sacchar. alb. Jij. Equal J viij. every two hours in infantile asthma. Urban App. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 295 Bj Ext. hyoscyam. gr. x., Vini antim. 3 ij. Eight drops four times a day to an infant a year old, in hooping- cough. Hufeland. Bj Aq. foeniculi 3 iv. Vini antimonii 3j. Ext. hyoscyam. gr. iij., Syrup, althaeas Jjss. A teaspoonful every two hours to an infant from six to twelve months, as a cough mixture. Vogt. R Ext. belladonnas gr. j., Aq. distill. Jj. To infants, five drops four times a day, in hooping-cough. Wendt Bj Pulv. rad. belladon. gr. iv ----doveri gr. x., Lac. sulphuris 3iv., Sacchar. alb. 3 ij. M. Divid. in chart, xx. In hooping-cough, one of these powders every three hours for a child of two years; one-fourth for a child of eight or nine months. Between each dose a teaspoonful of the following mixture to a child two years old ; to be diminished according to the age of the child: R Aq. chamomil. Jj., Syrup, simp. 3 ij., Acid. Prussic. Vauqul. gt. xij. Kahlciss. Bj Magnesiae alb. ust. 3j Tinct. fetid, gt. lx., -----opii gt. xx., Aquae font. 3 j. M. Twenty drops to a child from two weeks to one month, in colic ; if not relieved in half an hour, two drops more ;—in- creasing the dose as the child advances in age. Dewecs. R Ext. conii inaculat. 3 j., Tinct. camp, opiat. J ss., Syrup, tolu. Jss, Aquae rosar. J iv. M Dose—Half a teaspoonful to a child one year old, in pertussis. CARMINATIVES AND ANTACIDS. Q Magn. carb. 3 ss., Tinct. rhei 3j., Aq. menth. J vj., Syrup, alth. Jj. M Sit mistura. S. A teaspoonful every hour for an infant of six months, troubled with acidity of the stomach. Vogt. Bj Magn. carb. 3ij. Pulv. rhei 3j., Aq. foeniculi J iss* Syrup, rhei Jss. M. Sit mistura. Dose—A teaspoonful. Berends. 296 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. Ill Bj Magnesias gr. viij., Sem. anisi cont., Sem. foenic. cont., a a, gr. ij., Croci gr. j., Sacchar. alb. gr. vij. Contunde bene simul ut sit pulvis. In tormina of infants, one half to be taken at once, and the r« mainder in half an hour. Copland. R Sodae sesquicarb. gr. iss., Pul v. rhei gr. iij. Pulv. valerian, gr. j. S. A powder thrice a day for infants subject to flatulent colic Bj Magn. carb. 3j., Pulv. rhei 3ss., Saponis 3j. Ft. pulvis. S. Ten grains thrice a day for constipation with acidity. i Berends Bj Aquas foeniculi 3 vij., Potassae bicarb. 3ij., Syrupi Jj. M. A dessert-spoonful occasionally. R Potassae bicarb. 3 ss., Aq. distill. J iss. Solve. S. Ten to forty drops daily. In infantile convulsions. Hamilton R Potassas bicarb. 3 ij., Succ. limon. q. s. ad saturationem, Infus. rhei J iss., Mannae Jss. One or two teaspoonfuls to infants in gastric disorders. R Hyd. c. cretas Jij., Sodas carb. exsiccat. 3 iv. M. From six to twelve grains for an infant. Copland. ANTISPASMODICS. Bj Cretas gr. iij., Mosch. gr. ss., Croci gr. i. Ft. pulv. dent. tal. dos. No. iv. S. One every hour for an infant. Frankel. Bj Moschi 3j., Pulveris acacias 3 ij., Tere cum aq. cinnam. J j., Syrup, althaeae J iij. M. Sit mistura. S. A spoonful every hour. Bj Moschi gr. vj., Amnion, sesquicarb. gr. iv., Sacchari albi 3 iij., Misce terendo et adde, Aq. flor. sambuci J ijss, M. Sit mistura. S. A teaspoonful every hour in infantile fits. Wendt App. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 297 Bj Assafcetida; gr. vj.—viij., Infus. anthemid Jj., Acaciae q. s. M. f. enema. R Lactis tepefact. J j., Aq. menth. pip. 3 ss., Tinct. assafoetid. 3 j. M. Injicienda pro enemata. In convulsions. EXPECTORANTS AND DEMULCENTS. R Pulv. ipecacuanhas, Calomelanos, a a, gr. x., Sacchar. albi gr. xx. S. One or two grains every second or third hour, as an expecto rant in bronchial irritation. Evanson and Maunsell. R Decoct, polyg. seneg. J iijss., Oxymel. scillae 3 ij., Vini ipecac. 3 ij., Antim. tart. gr.j. S. Ten minims to a scruple, as an expectorant. Evanson and Maunsell. R Mist, acaciae J iss., Aquae puras J iijss., Syrupi Jss. M. S. A teaspoonful every two or three hours, for an infant fiom four to six months old. R Rad. seneg. 3 ss., Infus. in s. q. aq. fervid, per 1 hor. colatur I iv. Adde, Ammonia; hydrochl. 3 ss., Syrup, althaeae Jj. A teaspoonful every two hours to an infant. Wendt. R Polygalae senegas, Scillaa, a a, Jj., Aquae Ibj., Mellis. despum. Ibss. F. Syrupus, quaequae uncias cujus addatur Antimonii tart, granum. Coxe's Hive Syrup. R Potass, tart. 3j., Vin. antim. 3 ss., Aquae anethi Jj., Oxymel. scillae Jss., Ft. glycyrrh. 3 j. M. One or two teaspoonfuls for an infant of twelve or eighteen months, in catarrhal fever. Frankel. R Pulv. ipecac, gr. iij., Pulv. acaciae, Magnes. carb., a a, 3 ss., Sacchari albi 3 j. M. Ft. pulvis divid. in xij. aequales part. A powder every two hours in hooping-cough. Volger. R Pulv. acacia; 3 ss., Sacchari purif. 3j., Amyli gT. x. M. One to be taken frequent) Kirby. 13* 298 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. HI. & Tinct. opii j., Vin. ipecac, gt. iv., ' Carb. sod. gr. ij. To be given in a little sweetened water. For a child between one and two years. Pearson. Bj Tincturae opii camph. Jj., Vin. antim. J ss., Sue. glycyrrh. 3 iij. Pulv. g acaciae 3 ij., Aquae fervent. J vj. A teaspoonful every two or three hours during the night, to a child six months old, in troublesome cough. Dewees. Bj Emulsio amygd. J iv., Syrup, simpl. Jj., Gum. tragacanth. gr. vi. M. To be given by the teaspoonful. H. des Enf. R Hordei 3 vj.. Gum. acaciae 3 j., Aquae Ibij. Boil and strain them. Add Sacchar. alb. q. s. This is the gummed barley-water mentioned in this work ASTRINGENTS. R Hydr. c. creta 3 j, Pulv. ipecac, comp. 3ij., Magn. carb. 3 ss., Tere bene simul. Four to six grains, as a sedative for infants. Copland. Bj. Pulv. acaciae 3 j., Solve in Aq. foeniculi J j. Adde Cretas 3 ss., Syrup, althaeas 3j. A teaspoonful every two hours, in infantile diarrhoea. Franket Bj Cretas ppt. J ss., Saponis amygd., Pulv. rhei, a a, 3j., Hydr. c. creta 3j., Ol. foeniculi 111 viij., Sacchar. albi 3 ij. Tere bene simul. From six grains to half a drachm twice or thrice a day, in in- fantile diarrhoea. Copland. R Hyd. c. creta 3ss., Pulv. cretae co. 3j., Pulv. tragacanth. co. 3 ss. Divid. in partes x. aequales. Sumat. quarta quaque hora. [n diarrhoea, for an infant of four or six months. Bj Cretae ppt. 3 iij., Tinct. thebaic, gt. xx., vel. xxx., 01. cinnam. gt. j., Sacchar. alb. 3 ij., Aq. ftait. J ij. M. A teaspoonful every two, three, or four hours. Devices. App. IIL] PRESCRIPTIONS. 299 EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS, Bj Antim. tart. 3j., Aq. ferv. Jj., Tinct. caulliurid. Jj An cmbiocation, in hooping-cough. Struve, R Ol.oliv. Jij., - Ol. nuccin., Ol. caryoph., a a, J ss. An embiocaiiou, in hooping-cough R Liniment, saponis iss., Ol. t-uccin. Jss. In hooping-cough. *** These embrocations should be applied bcai to the chest and along the course of the spine. R Sulph. cupri 3 ij., Pulv. cinchon. Jss., Aquae J iv. To be applied twice a day to gangrene of the cheek. Dr. Coates. Bj Sulph. sublim. Jiv., Cerat. simpl. Ibj. Used in tinea. U. des Enfans. BATHS. Bj Potassae sulphur. J ij., Aquae Ibj. This bath differs from the artificial Barege water, in containing hal f the quantity of sulphuret of potass. Used iu psora. H. des Enfans. R Sulph. sublim., Acetatis plumbi, aa, 3j., Zinci sulph. 3 ss. Used in psora. H. de la Matem. ENEMATA. R Syrup, papav. 3 ij. Decoct, amyli J viij. In diarrhoea of infants. H. de la Matern. R Cap. papav. No. j., Decoc. lini Ibjij. H. de la Matern. Bj Cap. papav. 3 ij., Aquae Ibj. H. des Enfans. Bj Amyli Jj., ,. . _ , Aquae ttiij. H. des Enfans R Flor. anthemidis 3ij., Aquae Ibj. Ft. enema. For infantile colic. PURGATIVES. Bj Pulv. rad. jalap, gr. xxiv., Calomelanos gr. iv.. Sacchari jilb. 3 ij. M. Ft. pulvis divid. in xij. partes aequales. „fc-_-«a- A teaspoonful twice a day for a six months' infant, in °bstruetom of Ike bowels. tvsms*. 300 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. Bj Calomelanos gr. iij., Pulv. rhei, Oleo-sacch. foenic, a a, 3j. Ft. pulvis. One-third of the above quantity is a dose for an infant, as a laxa- tive. Fischer. R Ol. ricini 3 iij.—iv., Pulv. acaciae q. s., Aq. foenic. 3 ij., Manna; Jss. Fiat emulsio. A dessert-spoonful, repeated every hour till it operates. Berends. Bj Ol. ricini Jss., Syrup, rosae J ss., Vitel. ovi un., Tinct. sennas 3 iss. One or two teaspoonfuls for an infant. Bj Mannas Jss., Emulsio arab. J ss., Syrup, violas 3 ij., Bene admisce, et adde Aquae menth. J j. M. S. From 3 j. to 3 ij. every third hour, until an effect is produced. Evanson and Maunsell R Infusi sennas Jj., Aquae menthae J ss., Magnesiae 3j. Mannas 3 ii., Tinct. rhei 3j., Syrup, rosae 3 ij. M. 8. From 3 j. to 3 ij. every third hour. Evanson and Maunsell. R Sulph. sub. gr. x.—xx., Mist, acacias 3 ij., Sacchari alb. Jss., Aquae rosae 3j. A teaspoonful hourly, shaking the phial well each time; for an infant in the first year. Kopp R Foi. sennas Jss., Aquae ferv. Ibj., Sodae sulph. Jss. To be used as an enema JET. des Enfans. R Mag. calcin. 3 ss., Pulv. rhei gr. vj., Sacchar. albi 3 j., Ol. menth. gt. vj., Aquae J iss. A. dessert-spoonful every two hours. H. d'Amer Bj Mannae J iij. Ol. amygd., Syrup, gum., a a, Jj. From one to four drachms to be given to young infanta, as a mild laxative. H. d'Allem App. IIL] PRESCRIPTIONS. 301 Bj Decocti hordei J v., Muriatis soda; 3 iij., Ol. »livarum 3 v. M. To be used as an enema. EMETICS. Bj Vini antim. J ss. Syrup, althaea; Jj. A teaspoonful every quarter of an hour, to a child three or four months old. Wendt. R Pulv. ipecac, gr. xij., Syrup, simpl. Jj. A teaspoonful every quarter of an hour, to an infant five or six months old. R Vin. antim. Jss. Oxymel. scillae 3 ij. • A teaspoonful for an infant at the breast. Frankel. R Aquas Jj., Vini ipecac. Jss., Syrupi J ss. One or two drachms frequently, till vomiting ensue Evanson and Maunsell. Bj Pulv. chel. cancror. 3 ss., Antim. tart. gr. ij. M. In hooping-cough, one half to two grains, according to the age of the child. Fothergill. TONICS AND STIMULANTS. Bj Ferri tart. 3 j., Syrup, simpl. q. s. M. Ft. bol., No. iij. As a tonic for debilitated infants. H. des Enfans. R Cinchonae J ss., Aquae Ibj. M. To be used as an enema when the stomach rejects cinchona. H. des Enfans. R Aquas distillat. J iss., Ouinae disulph. gr. ij., Acid, sulph. aromat. gtts. xvj., Syrupi caryoph. J ss. M. From one to two drachms thrice a day. Evanson and Maunsell. R Sal. martis gr. ij., Acid, sulph. gt. x., Sacchari albi 3j., Aquae font. M. Dose, 3 j. in chronic stage of cholera infantum. Chapman. WINE WHEY. R Lactis vacc. Oss., Viu. alb.Jj. vel Jij. Boil the milk, then add the wine. EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS B> Unguent, cetacei Jj-, Oxydi zinci, $02 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App III. Pulv. lycopodii, a a, 3ss. Useful iu ulceration of the eyelids. Huf eland. R Crori sativ. 3j., Aquae fervent. J iv., Vin. opii 3 j. Anodyne collyrium. To be used when there is great pain. Jadelot. R Infus. sambuci Ibj., Zinci sulph. 3j. Astringent collyrium. Much used in scrofulous ophthalmia, which is usually accompanied with puriform exudation. D'Huc. R Hydr. deuto-chlorid. gr. iv Aq. purae J viij. Used in syphilitic ophthalmia. D'Hue. Bj Rad. althaea; 3 ij., Aquae Ibj. Emollient collyrium. Used in inflamed conjunctiva;. D'Hue. R Cerat.simpl. Jij., Antim. tart. 3 ij., Camphorae 3j. To be used by friction, to excite the skin ; in hooping-cough R Flores anthemidis, Acet. commun., a a, Jiv. A common revulsive. H. des Enfans. R Cataplasm, emol. Ibij., • Ung. resinos. Jj. M. Useful to hasten the suppuration of a phlegmonous tumor R Pulv. lini. q. s., Decoc. rad. alth. q. s. M. An emollient cataplasm. R Cataplasm, emol. J iv., Farinae sinap. 3 iv. M. Used as a revulsive. H des Enfans STIMULANT. R Sp. amnion, arom. 3 ss., Syrup, althaeae, Aqua; foeniculi 3 j. M. A teaspoonful for an infant every hour Frankcl. ALTERATIVE. Bj Calomelanos gr. iij., Amyli 3 ss., Sacch. albi 3 iss. M. Ft. pulvis divid. in xii. partes aequales. One thrice a day in infantile syphilis. Wcnit. it is a powerful irritant D'Huc. App. Ill] PRESCRIPTIONS. 303 DIETETIC PREPARATIONS. BISCUIT JELLY. White biscuit Jiv., water Oiv.; boil down one half, strain, evaporate to Oj., add white sugar Ibj., red wine J iv., cinnamon water 3j. In debility of the digestive organs. HARTSHORN JELLY. Hartshorn shavings Jj., water Oiv., boil to Oij., strain; warm again with orange juice J j., white sugar J vj., sherry J v. ANOTHER. Hartshorn shavings J viii., water four pints, boil, strain, add white wine and sugar, each, J iv., or if a very clear jelly is required, syrup of vinegar J vi.; clarify with the white of two eggs, and strain, flavoring with cinnamon or lemon peel. SAGO JELLY. Soak sago in water for an hour, pour it off, adding more, boil till the sago is transparent, then add wine and sugar. TAPIOCA JELLY. Soak it in water for nine hours, then boil it gently till quite clear, and add lemon juice and peel, wine, sugar, and cinnamon. GLOUCESTER JELLY. Rice, sago, pearl barley, hartshorn shavings, Rad. Eringii, each J j., boil in Ibiij. of water to Ibj., and strain : nutritive, dissolved in broth, wine or milk. ALMOND JELLY. Sweet almonds, blanched, Ji., white sugar 3vj., water Jiv. Rub into an emulsion, strain, and add melted hartshorn jelly J viii., orange-flower water 3 j., essence of lemon gt. iij. BRANDE'S JELLY. Giound jalap J ii., water twelve pints, calcined magnesia, i iii., boil to a jelly; not subject to grow mouldy. CREME DE RIS. Aice, three spoonfuls; boil in two pints of water to one, strain; add sweet almonds No. x., bitter almonds No. v., make an emul- sion with sugar, a little cinnamon or orange flower water, and drink it warm in the morning. ISINGLASS JELLY. Isinglass J ii., water two pints, boil to one, strain, and add milk one pint, white sugar candy J i. Nutritive. CHICKEN JELLY. Cut a chicken into small pieces, bruise the bones, and put the whole into a stone jar with a cover that will make it water- tight. Set the jar in a large kettle of boiling water, and keep it boiling for three hours. Then strain off the liquid, and season it slightly with salt, pepper, and mace, or with loaf sugar and lemon juice, according to the condition of the patient for whom it Is intended. RICE JELLY. Mix a quarter of a pound of rice, picked and washed, with Ibss. of loaf sugar, and just sufficient water to cover it. Boil till it becomes a glutinous mass; then strain and season with whatever may bo thought proper. 304 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. IU BREAD JELLY. Boil a quart of water and suffer it to cool. Take one-third of a 6ixpenny loaf of bread, slice it, pare off the crust, and toast to a light brown. Then put it into the water, place it on hot coals in a covered pan, and boil it gently, till you find by putting some in a spoon to cool that the liquid has become a jelly. Strain through a cloth, and set it away for use. When it is to be taken, warm a teacupful, sweeten it with sugar, and add a little grated lemon peel. ARROWROOT JELLY. Mix three tablespoonfuls of best Bermuda arrowroot in ar tea- cup of water till quite smooth; cover it, and let it stand a quarter of an hour. Put the yellow peel of a lemon into a pint of water, and boil to one-half. Then take out the lemon peel, and pour in the dissolved arrowroot, while the water is still boiling; add sufficient white sugar to sweeten it well, and let it boil together for five or six minutes. It may be sweetened, if thought neces- sary, with two teaspoonfuls of wine and some grated nutmeg. It may be boiled in milk instead of water, or in wine and water, according to the condition of the patient. PORT WINE JELLY. Melt Jj. of isinglass in a little warm water, stir it into a pint of port wine, adding J ij. of sugar candy, J j. of gum arabic, and half a nutmeg grated. Mix all well, and boil it ten minutes, or till thoroughly dissolved. Then strain through muslin, and cool. TAPIOCA JELLY. Take of tapioca two spoonfuls, water one pint; boil gently for an hour, or until it assumes a jelly-like appearance. Add sugar, wiae, and nutmeg, with lemon juice, to suit the taste and the na- ture of the case. (This is improved by washing the tapioca well, and allowing it to steep for five or six hours, changing the water three times ; then proceed as before.) SAGO. Wash in two or three waters, and let it soak for two or three hours. To a teacupful of sago, allow a quart of water, and some of the peel of a lemon. Simmer till all the grains look transpa- rent. Then add wine and nutmeg, and boil together for a few minutes; (or plain, with milk.) BARLEY WATER. Wash clean some pearl barley, and to Jij. of barley add one quart of water. Add a few raisins, or some lemon peel and sugar, and boil slowly till reduced one half. Then strain and sweeten. As nourishment in inflammatory diseases. RICE WATER. Take of rice J ij.; wash it well, and add two quarts of water. Boil for an hour and a half, and then add sugar and nutmeg, as much as may be n quired. To be taken ad libitum. Mixed with milk, this is an excellent diet for children. VEGETABLE SOUP. Take one potato, one turnip, and one onion, with a little celery or celery seed. Slice, and boil in one quart of water for an hour • add as much salt as is agreeable, and pour the whole upon a pieco of dry toast. To be used when animal food would be improper App. IIL] PRESCRIPTIONS. 305 INDIAN GRUEL. Put three large tablespoonfuls of Indian meal, sifted, into a quart of water in a large bowl; wash vf ith several waters, turning off the water as the meal settles ; then boil for twenty minutes, stirring all the while; add a little salt; then strain and sweeten, adding a little butter, wine, and nutmeg, if the case require. It should be taken warm. Oatmeal Gruel may be prepared in the same way; but if made of coarse grits, it should be strained, after boiling, and then seasoned. PANADA. Boil some slices of soft bread in a quart of water for five minutes. Then beat the bread smooth in a deep dish, mixing with it a little of the water in which it has been boiled; mix with it a bit of fresh butter, and sugar and nutmeg according to circumstances. Or, it may be made by grating some bread, or grating or pounding a few crackers; pour on boiling water; beat It well, and add sugar and nutmeg, or cinnamon. BOILED FLOUR. Take Ibj. of fine flour, tie it up as tight as possible in a linen rag; dip it frequently in cold water, and dredge the outside with flour tiU a crust is formed on it. Then boii until it becomes a hard dry mass. This may be grated and prepared in the same manner as arrowroot, for which it is an excellent substitute. BEEF TEA. Cut Ibj. of lean beef into shreds, and boil for twenty minutes in one quart of water, taking off the scum as it rises—often cool- ing ; strain. Very nourishing and palatable. ESSENCE OF BEEF. Put a pound of lean beef, thinly sliced and slightly salted, into a porter-bottle, or jar, closely corked. Place this in a vessel of cold water, and boil for an hour or more. Then decant and skim the liquid. Chicken tea may be made in the same way. CHICKEN WATER. Take half a chicken ; strip off all the fat, and break the bones j add two quarts of water, boil for fifteen or twenty minutes, and season with salt. MUTTON BROTH. To one pound of lean mutton, allow one quart of water; season With a little salt, and some paisley, and put in some large pieces of the crust of bread. Boil slowly for two or three hours, skim- ming carefully. Beef, veal, or chicken broth may be made in the same manner. Vegetables, barley, rice, &c, can be added, if expedient. Mutton broth may be made more speedily, by taking three chops; beat the meat on both sides, and slice thin , put it into a sauce-pan with a pint of water, a little salt, and some crusts of bread, or some parsley, and a small onion, sliced thin. Cover the sauce-pan, and boil fust; skim, and in half an hour it Will be ready for use. It renders mutton broth more palatable to broil the chops before boiling. INFUSION OF MALT. Take of ground malt Oj., hot water Oiij. Infuse for two hoars, and strain. Add sugar or lemon juice, if necessary. 306 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. WINE WHEY. Boil a pint of milk, and when boiling, add a large wine-glass of Sherry or Madeira wine. Let it boil again, and then remove it from the fire and let it stand a few minutes. Then remove the Curd, pour the whey into a bowl, and sweeten it. RENNET WHEY. Wash a small bit of rennet, about two inches square, in cold water, to remove the salt. Put it into a teacup, and pour on lukewarm water enough to cover it. Let it stand all night, and in the morning stir rennet-water into a quart of warm milk. Cover it, and set it near the fire, till a firm curd is formed. Pour off the whey, and it will be found a very cooling and palatable drink. CALVES' FEET JELLY. Take two calves' feet, and add to them one gallon of water, which reduce by boiling to one quart. Strain, and when cold skim carefully. Add the whites of six or eight eggs well beaten, a pint of wine, half a pound of loaf sugar, and the juice of four lemons, and let them be well mixed. Boil the whole for a few minutes, stirring constantly, and pass it through a flannel strainer. (Wine should be omitted in some cases.) RICE GRUEL. Take of ground rice J j., cinnamon 3 j., water Oij. Boil for forty minutes, adding the cinnamon near the conclusion. Strain and sweeten, and add wine, if necessary. BRAN TEA. Take of fresh wheat bran Oj., water three quarts. Boil down one-third ; strain, and add sugar, honey, or molasses, according to the taste of the patient. LEMONADE. Take of fresh lemon juice Jiv., fresh lemon peel Jss., white sugar Jiv., boiling water three pints. Let them stand till cold, and then strain off for use. In fevers, a little spirits of nitre may be added. TAMARIND WATER. Put tamarinds into a pitcher or tumbler till it is one-third full; then fill it up with cold water, cover it, and let it infuse for a quarter of an hour or more. MOLASSES POSSET. Put into a sauce-pan a pint of best molasses, a teaspoonful of powdered white ginger, and a quarter of a pound of fresh butter. Simmer on hot coals for half an hour, stirring frequently. Then stir in the juice of two lemons, or two tablespoonfuls of vinegar; cover the pan, and let it stand by the fire five minutes longer. COCOA. Boil two ounces of good cocoa in a quart of water, and as soon as it boils, set it on coals to simmer gently for an hour or more. To be used hot. TOAST WA"B£R. Toast some pieces of bread brown (not burnt), then put them into a pitcher, and fill it up with boiling water. Let it stand till cold, then strain it, and put it into a decanter. APPENDIX. NO. IV. Comparative View of the Chemical Affinity between the Principal Acids and six of the Alkaline and Earthy Bases ; that between Sulphuric Acid and Baryta being taken at 1000 as a standard. Compiled fram Ure's Chemical Dictionary. BASES. ACIDS a n s 3 CI o Sh o m .2 .2 'S o a B < Sulphuric, . Nit.ic,. . . Hydrochloric, Phosphoric, . Oxalic, . . Tartaric, . . , Arsenious, . Citric, . . . Sulphurous, Acetic, . . Boracic, . . Nitrous, . . Carbonic, Hydrocyanic, 1000 849 840 900 930 760 733 730 592 594 515 450 420 400 868 741 73S 865 960 867 733 731 516 470. 537 425 423 290 894 812 804 801 650 616 614 610 488 486 482 440 306 298 885 ,804 797 796 645 611 609 605 484 482 479 437 304 280 810 732 728 736 820 618 733 615 439 430 459 410 366 279 808 731 729 628 611 609 609 603 433 432 430 400 339 270 Quantities of Opium contained in different Preparations. Linimentum Opii . . . Pilulas Saponis comp. ------Styracis comp. Pulv. Cretas comp. c. opio -----Ipecacuanhas comp. —— Kino compositus . Tinetura camphorae comp. — Opii..... gr. nj. gr- j- gr. j. gr. j- gr- j- gr. j- gr. ij. Vinum Opii Tinetura lodinii comp. contains gr. ij. of Iodine Unguentum lodinii comp. " gr. v. " . . Uneuentum Hydrarg. Fortius contains 3 j. of mercury in 3ij Unguentum Hydrarg. Mitius contains 3j in f3iv. in gr. v. in gr. v. in 3ij. in gr. x. in 3j. in f Jj. in fllxix. in fllxix. in f3j. in 3 iss. in 3vj, 308 WINES. [App. IV. TABLE I. Table of the Alcoholic Strength of Wines. By Christison. Pi ct. of abs. alc'h'l by wt. Port, weakest....... ---- mean of seven wines, . . ---- strongest........ White Port,........ Sherry, weakest,...... -------mean of 13 wines, includ-1 ing those very long kept \ in cask,......) -------strongest,...... -------mean of 9 wines very long 1 < kept in cask in the East \ Indies,......j Madre da Xeres....... Madeira.strongest ^ kept long in ck. --------weakest ) in East Indies, Teneriffe, long in cask at Calcutta, Cercial, . . . ?..... Dry Lisbon, ........ Shirnz,......... Amontillado,....... Claret, a first growth of 1811, Chaton Latour, first growth of 1825, Rosan, second growth of 1825, . Ordinary Claret, a superior " vin | ordinaire,".......J Rives Altes,........ Malmsey,......... Rudesheimer, superior quality, . -------------inferior " . . Hambacher, superior quality, Giles's Edinb'rgh ale, before bottl'g The same ale two years in bottle, Superior London Porter, four ) months bottled,.....( 14.97 16.20 17.10 14.97 13.98 15.37 16.17 14.72 16.90 14.09 16.90 13.84 15.45 16.14 12.95 12.63 7.72 7.78 7.61 8.99 9.31 12.86 8.40 6.90 7.35 5.90 6.06 5.36 The results of the above table were obtained by distillation, which was applied with such contrivances for accuracy, that nearly the whole spirit and water were distilled over without a trace of empyreuina, and without the loss of more than between two and six grains in 2000. From the quantity and density of the spirit, the weight of absolute alcohol of the density 793.9, as well as the volume of proof spirit of the density 920, was calculated from the tables of Richter, founded on those of Gilpin. Dr. Christison remarks that the alcoholic strength of various samples of the same kind of wine bears no relation whatever to their commercial value, and is often very different from what would be indicated by the taste even of an experienced wine-taster. App. IV.] WINES. 300 TABLE II. Table of the Alcoholic Strength of Wines.* By Brande. Pr. ct. by Pr. ct. by measure measure of absol. of absol. alcoh'l.t alcoh'l.f Lissa, (average) . 25.41 15.52 Port, (aver.) . . . 22.18 Shiraz, .... 15.52 Raisin wine, (aver.) 25.12 Syracuse, .... 15.28 Marsala, (aver.) . 29.09 Sauterne, .... 14.22 Madeira, aver.) 22.27 Burgundy, (aver.). 14.57 Currant wine, . . 20.55 Hock, (aver.) . . 13.68 Sherry, (aver.). . 19.17 Hock, old in cask,. 8.88 Teneriffe, .... 19.79 14.63 Calares, .... 19.75 Barsac, .... 13.86 Lachryma Christi, 19.70 13.30 White Constantia, 19.75 Champagne, white, 13.30 Red Constantia, . 18.92 Champagne, red, . 11.93 Lisbon, .... 18.94 Red hermitage,. . 12.32 Malaga, (1666) . . 18 94 Vin de grave, (aver.) 12.37 18.49 Frontignac, . . . 12.79 Red Madeira, (aver.) 20.35 Cote Rotie, . . . 12.32 Cape Muscat, . . 18.25 Gooseberry wine, . 11.84 Cape Madeira,(aver.) 20.51 Tokay, .... 9.88 Grape wine,. . . 18.11 Elder wine, . . . 9.87 Calcavella, (aver.) 18.65 Orange wine, (aver.) 11.26 Vidonia, .... 19.25 Cider, (highest aver.) 9.87 ; Alba flora, . . . 17.26 Cider, (lowest aver.) 5.21 ' Malaga, . . . 17.26 Perry, (aver.) . . 7.26 White Hermitage, 17.43 7.32 Rousillon, (aver.) . 18.13 Burton ale, . . . 8.88 Claret, (aver.) . . 15.10 Brown stout, . . 6.30 Malmsey Madeira, 16.40 London porter, . . 4.20 London small beer, 1.28 1 | ♦Somewhat different results have been obtained from some wines by other chemists. Thus the average of Lissa has been found to be 15.90; Marsala, 18.40; Port, 20.64; Madeira, 21.20; Sherry, 23.80; Constantia, 14.50 ; Lunel, 18.01; Syracuse, 30.00; Burgundy, 12.16; Champagne, 12.20. tSp. grav. 0.825 at 60° F. t Mr. Brande has shown that alcohol exists, ready formed, in wine. It is consequently i?.ways the product of fermentation; the educt of distillation. Its effects upon the system, however, are greatly modified by the acids, extractive, and other matters, contained in wines; they being found far more deleterious than the same quantity of pure alcohol diluted with pure water. For example, although wine-drinking is often the cause of gout, yet it has never been known to result from the use of brandy, gin, rum, or whiskey. 310 WINES. [App, IV TABLE III. Tabic of the Relative Proportions of Alcohol and other Matters* in Wines. By Neumann. O 4) ■a m ° "a m Si. B * A QUART OF c _ o sop = o >> hick, oi unctuo resinot matter. ESS 3 - ft Water. < OJ= H o 5 3 1 3 grs. 5 3 grs. lb 5 3 grs. Alund,. . . 1 6 3 2 l 5 2 5 3 Alicant, . . 3 6 6 20 1 40 2 2 6 Burgundy, . 2 2 4 1 40 2 9 20 Carcassone, . 2 6 4 10 1 20 2 8 4 30 Champagne,. 2 5 6 40 1 2 8 3 French, . . 3 6 40 1 2 8 20 Frontignac, . 3 3 4 5 20 2 4 6 20 Vin de Grave, 2 6 2 2 9 Hermitage, . 2 7 1 2 1 40 2 7 5 20 Madeira, . . 2 3 3 2 0 2 4 3 Malmsey, . . 4 4 3 2 3 2 1 2 Vino de Monte, 2 6 3 2 40 2 8 20 Moselle, . . 2 2 4 20 1 30 2 9 10 Muscadine, . 3 2 4 1 2 5 4 Neufchatel, . 3 2 4 1 7 2 2 7 Palmsee, . . 2 3 2 4 4 4 2 2 5 Pontac, . . 2 5 20 2 2 9 40 Old Rhenish, 2 1 2 20 2 8 5 40 Rhenish, . . 2 2 3 20 1 34 2 9 1 60 Salamanca, . 3 3 4 2 2 3 4 Sherry, . . 3 6 2 2 2 6 Spanish, . . 1 2 2 4 9 4 1 10 6 VinoTinto, . 3 6 4 1 6 2 6 Tokay,. . . 2 2 4 3 5 2 3 Tyrul (red), . 1 4 1 2 4 2 8 6 Red wine, 1 6 4 40 2 20 2 9 3 20 White,. . . 2 0 7 3 2 7 * According to Gmelin, wines contain alcohol, an odorous principle (vol. oil ?), tannin, bitter extractive, sugar, gum, yeast, acetic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, bitartrate of potash, bitar- trate of lime, sulphates and chlorides, phosphate of lime, carbonic acid, water, and blue coloring matter. The acidity of wines is owing chiefly to malic, in part to citrio and tartaric acids. The quantity of sugar varies greatly in diffe- rent wines. Extractive exists in all wines, but diminishes, by deposition, with their age. All wines contain more or less coloring matter. Tartar is the most important sal ine constituent of wines. App. IV.] TABLE. 311 TABLE, Showing the Difference between Minims, Drops, and Grains of various Medicinal Liquid Preparations of the Pharmacopaia of the United States, ire. (From Edwards's and Vavasseur'a " Manual of Materia Medica," ed. by Drs. Togno and Durand.J Sulphuric acid,..... Sulphuric asther,..... Rectified alcohol, .... Nitric acid,....... Acetic acid (crystallizable), . Muriatic acid,...... Oil of wormseed (Chenop. Anthel.) -----peppermint, of aniseed, . 1 -----sweet almond, olive, pal- ' ma christi, . . . .} -----cloves,....... -----cinnamon,...... Copaiba,......... Diluted alcohol,...... Tincture of hydriodate of potas-~i sa, canlharides, kino, digitalis, | assafoetida, sulphuric acid, } colchicum, opium, valerian, I guaiacum,.......J Tincture (volatile) of valerian, ) of guaiacum,......j Tincture of muriate of iron, . . Wine (Teneriffe)...... -----(antimonial),..... -----of opium, (Sydenh. laudan .) -----of colchicum root, -----of colchicum seeds, Vinegar (distilled), . . ------ of opium (black drop), ------- of colchicum, of squill w Water (distilled) . . . ----- soluiion of hydrocy. acid,* ----- solution of sulphuric ) acid (1 to 7), . . . . S -----solution of nitric acid, do. -----solution of animonia(stro'g) -----solution of " (weak) ----- solution of hydriod. of pot., ------ solution of arsenite of pot.. 40. S c o 13.3 8. 8.6 14.2 10. 22.2 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 40. 10. 44. 9.1 26. 15.3 24. 16.6 26. 15.3 25. 16. 19. 21. 26. 15.3 15. 26.6 15. 2C.6 17. 23.5 17. 23.5 38. 22.2 15. 26.6 ]8. 22.2 19. 21. * Prepared according to the process of the London Apotheca- ries' Hall. _q APPENDIX. NO. V. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES WEIGHTS. ("Twelve ounces. | Eight drachms. Three scruples. Twenty grains. I------------ ir These, and the signs by which they are denoted, are the same In all the British Pharmacopoeias. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. Pound. Ounces. Drachms. Scruples. Grains 1 = 12 = 96 = 288 = 5760 1 = 8 = 24 = 480 1 = 3 = 60 1 = 20 MEASURE OF FLUIDS. The gallon, Cong. ~i m f Eight pints. pint, (Octarius) 0 .5 | Twenty fluid ounces. fluid ounce, f J > 5 -l Eight fluid drachms. fluid drachm, f3 I o Sixty minims. minim, HlJ " (.------------- PROPORTION OF THE IMPERIAL GALLON. Gallons. Pints. Fluid Ounces. Fluid Drachms. Minims. 1 = 8 = 160 = 1280 = 76,800 1 = 20 = 160 = 9,000 1 = 8 = 480 1 = 60 The above is the fluid measure, and the signs by which they are denoted in the London and the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias. The Dublin College retains the old signs, which are, for the gallon cong., the pint lb., the ounce J, the drachm 3, and the drop gt., which should be equal to the minim. The Measure of Temperature used by all the Colleges is Fahrenheit's thermometer, 212° on the scale of which marks the boiling point of water, and 32° the freezing point: between 90° and 100° denote the gentle heat (calor lenis) of the Pharmaco- poeias. TEMPERATURE OF BATHS. The hot bath (balneum fervidum) from 98° to 106° The warm bath (balneum calidum) from 96° to 98° The tepid bath (balneum tcpidum) from 62° to 96° The vapor bath (balneum vaporis) from 100° to 130° For ascertaining the densities of fluids, the Edinburgh College recommends the hydrometer of Twaddell, or Levi's density beads. The temperature of the fluids tested should be 60° Fab renheit. Table of the more celebrated Mineral Waters, showing the Ingredients contained in each Water. ej GASES. CARBONATES OF SULPHATES OF CHLORIDES OF W 3 4 a. e NAMES OF THE SPRINGS. b0 >, H O 5< ti •o I 3 c bO c . O cub. .0 — cubic 8. 30.3 cub. in. 2.' 4. ■J: 4.4 3 bo a grs. e 1 1 a * t3 CO S 3 Ml a a, 6.7 1.' grs. &.' grs. grs. 41.1 40. 1.5 20. grs. -- grs. grs. grs. grs. grs. grs. grs. fSeidliiz......... Cheltenham... £ 1 Plombieres..... 21. 12.5 48." 4.7 14.44 1.5 9. 5. 0.5 0.5 36.5 12.5 2o'. 16 I. 2.6 cold cold cold cold 74" cold 120" Scarborough.. f Tunbridge..... 103643 22516 nn 58309 58309 1.4 10.6 336. 13.5 2. 16.5 26. 7.99 75. 0.40 1. 32.5 1.4 1. 2.00 1.25 4.' 0.65 0.5 61.3 3. 187. 0.43 28.5 2.40 2.25 (US .50 0.14 0.80 i's!i cold cold cold ■§,] lu.l.ne Sp'ff, 1 ■5 Saratoga.. ( Q Schooley's ) I. Mountain. , 15360 58309 58333 5830P 2.4 1.6 .004 3. 18. min. por. \ 6.6 U4« 8J* 96< col4 %^\ Matlock.....| TABLE OF CHANGES IN THE LATIN NOMENCLATURE. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEW LATIN NAMES, WITH THE COR- RESPONDING OLD NAMES. (U. S. P.) NEW NAMES. Acacia, /Ether Sulphuricus, Amygdala Dulcis, Barii Chloridum, Cetraria, Conii Folia, Creta, Creta Praeparata, Cupri Subacetas, Decoctum Cetrariae, Ergota, Eupatoreum, Extractum Hellebori, Extractum Stramonii Foliorum, Ferri Ferrocyanuretum, Ferri Subcarbonas, Granati Fructi Cortex, Guaiaci Resina, Helleborus, Hydrargyrum cum Creta, Hyoscyami Folia, Infusum Eupatorii, Liquor Ammonite, Liquor Barii Chloridi, Liquor Calcii Chloridi, Marmor, Mistura Cretae, Mucuna, Potassa; Bitartras, Potassa; Carbonas Purus, Potassii Sulphuretum, Scoparius, Spiritus Ammoniae, Spiritus Ammonioe Aromaticus, Sulphur Lotum, Syrupus Saisuparillae Compos- itus, Syrupus Scillae Compositus, Tinetura Ferri Chloridi, Tinetura Gentiame Composita, Tinetura Hellebori, Trochisci Cretae, Unguentum Cupri Subacetatis, OLD NAMES. Acacia? Gummi. .cEther Sulphuricus Rectiflcatus. Amygdala. Barytae Murias. Lichen. Conium. Calcis Carbonas. Calcis Carbonas Praeparatus. Cupri Acetas. Decoctum Lichenis. Secale Cornutum. Eupatorium Perfoliatum. Extractum Hellebori Nigri. Extractum Stramonii. Ferri 1-Vrrocyanas. Ferri Carbonas Prsecipitatus. Granatum. Guaiacum. Helleborus Niger. Hydrargyrum cum Calcis Car- bonate. Hyoscyamus. Infusum Eupatorii Perfoliate Aqua Ammonite. Liquor Barytae Muriatis. Liquor Calcis Muriatis. Calcis Carbonas Djjrus. Mistura Calcis Carbonatis. Dolichos. Potasste Supertartras. Potassio Carbonas Purissimus. Potassie Sulphuretum. Spartium. Alcohol Ammoniatum. Alcohol Ammoniatum Aro- maticum. Sulphur. Syrupus Sarsaparillae. Mel Scillae Compositum. Tinetura Ferri Muriatis. Tinetura Gentianae. Tinetura Hellebori Nigri. Trochisci Calcis Carbonatis. Unguentum Cupri Acetatis. 316 TABLES. II. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF OLD NAMES, WITH THE CORRESPOND- ING NEW NAMES. (U. S. P.) OLD NAMES. Acaciae Gummi, jEther Sulphuricus Rectiflcatus, Alcohol Ammoniatum, Alcohol Ammoniatum Aromat- icum, Amygdala, Aqua Ammoniae, Barytae Murias, Calcis Carbonas, Calcis Carbonas Durus, Calcis Carbonas Praeparatus, Conium, Cupri Acetas, Decoctum Lichenis, Dolichos, Eupatorium Perfoliatum, Extractum Hellebori Nigri, Extractum Stramonii, Ferri Carbonas Praecipitatus, Granatum, Guaiacum, Helleborus Niger, Hgdrargyrum cum Calcis Car- bonate, Hyoscyam us, Infusum Eupatorii Perfoliati, Lichen, Liquor Baryta; Muriatis, Liquor Calcis Muriatis, Mel Scillae Compositum, Mistura Calcis Carbonatis, Potassae Carbonas Purissimus, Potassae Sulphuretum, Potassa; Supertartras, Secale Cornutum, Sulphur, Syrupus Sarsaparillae, Tinetura Ferri Muriatis, Tinetura Gentianae, Tinetura Hellebori Nigri, Trochisci Calcis Carbonatis, Unguentum Cupri Acetatis, NEW NAMES. Acacia. JEther Sulphuricus. Spiritus Ammoniae. Spiritus Ammonias Aromaticus. Amygdala Dulcis. Liquor Ammoniae. Barii Chloridum. Creta. Marmor. Creta Praeparata. Conii Folia. Cupri Subacetas. Decoctum Cetrariae. Mucuna. Eupatorium. Extractum Hellebori. Extractum Stramonii Foliorum. Ferri Subcarbonas. Granati Fructus Cortex. Guaiaci Resina. Helleborus. Hydrargyrum cum Creta. Hyoscyami Folia. Infusum Eupatorii. Cetraria. Liquor Barii Chloridi. Liquor Calcii Chloridi. Syrupus Scilhe Compositus. Mistura Cretae. PotassiB Carbonas Purus. Potassii Sulphuretum. Potassae Bitartras. Ergot a. Sulphur Lotum. Syrupus Sarsaparillae Composi- tus. Tinetura Ferri Chloridi. Tinetura Gentianae Composita. Tinetura Hellebori. Trochisci Cretae. Unguentum Cupri Subacetatia* TABLES. 317 TABLE OP CHANGES IN THE ENGLISH NOMENCLATURE. III. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEW NAMES, WITH THE CORRESPOND- ING OLD NAMES. (U. S. P.), NEW NAMES. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, Balsam of Tolu, Belladonna, Bitartrate of Potassa, Canada Pitch, Canada Turpentine, Chalk, Chalk Mixture, Colchicum Root, Colchicum Seed, Compound Syrup of Sarsapa- rilla, Compound Syrup of Squill, Compound Tincture of Gentian, Ergot, Extract of Belladonna, Extract of Stramonium Leaves, Ferro-cyanuret of Iron, Hemlock Leaves, Henbane Leaves, Lobelia, Marble, Mercury with Chalk, Ointment of Stramonium, Ointment of Subacetate of Cop- per, Pomegranate Rind, Prepared Chalk, Pure Carbonate of Potassa, Solution of Ammonia, Solution of Chloride of Barium, Solution of Chloride of Calcium, Spirit of Ammonia, Stramonium Leaves, Stramonium Seed, Subacetate of Copper, Subcarbonate of Iron, Sulphuret of Potassium, Sulphuric Ether, Sweet Almonds, Syrup of Lemons, Tincture of Chloride of Iron, Tincture of Lobelia, Tincture of Stramonium, OLD NAMES. Aromatic Ammoniated Alcohol. Tolu. Deadly Nightshade. Supertartrate of Potassa. Hemlock Pitch. Canada Balsam. Carbonate of Lime. Mixture of Carbonate of Lime. Meadow-saffron Root. Meadow-saffron Seed. Syrup of Sarsaparilla. Compound Honey of Squill. Tincture of Gentian. Spurred Rye. Extract of Deadly Nightshade. Extract of Thorn-apple. Ferrocyanate of Iron. Hemlock. Henbane. Indian Tobacco. Hard Carbonate of Lime. Mercury with Carbonate of Lime. Ointment of Thorn-apple. Ointmont of Acetate of Copper. Pomegranate. Prepared Carbonate of Lime. Purest Carbonate of Potassa. Water of Ammonia. Solution of Muriate of Baryta, Solution of Muriate of Lime. Ammoniated Alcohol. Thorn-apple Leaves. Thorn-apple Seod. Acetate of Copper. Precipitated Carbonate of Iron. Sulphuret of Potassa. Rectified Sulphuric Ether. Almonds. Lemon Syrup. Tincture of Muriate of Iron. Tincture of Indian Tobacco. Tincture of Thorn-apple. 3.18 TABLES. NEW NAMES. Troches of Chalk, Vinegar of Colchicum, Washed Sulphur, Wine of Colchicum Root, Wine of Colchicum Seed, OLD NAMES. Troches of Carbonate of Lima Vinegar of Meadow-saffron. Sulphur. Wine of Meadow-saffron Root. Wine of Meadow-saffron Seed. IV. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF OLD NAMES, WITH THE CORRESPOND- ING NEW NAMES. (u. S. P.) OLD NAMES. Acetate of Copper, Almonds, Ammoniated Alcohol, Aromatic Ammoniated Alcohol, Canada Balsam, Carbonate of Lime, Compound Honey of Squill, Deadly Nightshade, Extract of Deadly Nightshade, Extract of Thorn-apple, Ferrocyanate of Iron, Hard Carbonate of Lime, Homlock, Hemlock Pitch, Henbane, Indian Tobacco, Lemon Syrup, Meadow-saffron Root, Meadow-saffron Seed, Mercury with Carbonate of Lime, Mixture of Carbonate of Lime, Muriate of Baryta, Ointment of Acetate of Copper, Ointment of Thorn-apple, Pomegranate, Precipitated Carbonate of Iron, Prepared Carbonate of Lime, Purest Carbonate of Potassa, Rectified Sulphuric Ether, Solution of Muriate of Baryta, Solution of Muriate of Lime, Spurred Rye, Sulphur, Sulphuret of Potassa, Supertartrate of Potassa, Syrup of Sarsaparilla, Thorn-apple Leaves, NEW NAMES. Subacetate of Copper. Sweet Almonds. Spirit of Ammonia. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia. Canada Turpentine. Chalk. Compound Syrup of Squill. Belladonna. Extract of Belladonna. Extract of Stramonium Leaves. Ferro-cyanuret of Iron. Marble. Hemlock Leaves. Canada Pitch. Henbane Leaves. Lobelia. Syrup of Lemons. Colchicum Root. Colchicum Seed. Mercury with Chalk. Chalk Mixture. Chloride of Barium. Ointment of Subacetate of Cop- per. Ointment of Stramonium. Pomegranate Rind. Subcarbonate of Iron. Prepared Chalk. Pure Carbonate of Potassa. Sulphuric Ether. Solution of Chloride of Barium. Solution of Chloride of Cal- cium. Ergot. Washed Sulphur. Sulphuret of Potassium. Bitartrate of Potassa. Compound Syrup of Sarsapa- rilla. Stramonium Leaves. TABLES. 319 OLD NAMES. Thorn-apple Seed, Tincture of Gentian, Tincture of Indian Tobacco, Tincture of Muriate of Iron, Tincture of Thorn-apple, Tolu, Troches of Carbonate of Lime. Vinegar of Meadow-saffron, Water of Ammonia, Wine of Meadow-saffron Root, Wine of Meadow-saffron Seed, NEW NAMES. Stramonium Seed. Compound Tincture of Gen- tian. Tincture of Lobelia. Tincture of Chloride of Iron. Tincture Stramonium. Balsam of Tolu. Troches of Chalk. Vinegar of Colchicum. Solution of Ammonia. Wine of Colchicum Root. Wine of Colchicum Seed. TABLE Or MEDICINES INTRODUCED INTO THE V. STATES PHARMACOPEIA AND DISMISSED. Substances introduced into the Materia Medica, and contained in the last edition of the U. S. Pharmacopeia. Absinthium, Althaea, Amygdala Amara, Ainylura, Brominium, Calx Chlorinata, Cataria, Chondrus, Coccus, Conii Semen, Crco3otum, Diosma, Granati Radicis Cortex, Hyoscyami Semen, Limonis Cortex, Liquor Ammoniae Fortior, Matricaria, Melissa, Oleum Bergamii, Oleum Cubobae, Oleum Rosae, Panax, Papaver, Pareira, Plumbi Oxidum Rubrum, Potassii Ferrocyanuretum, Pyrethrum, Ruta, Sabadilla, Salvia, Sarnbucus, Stramonii Radix, Wormwood. Marsh Mallow. Bitter Almonds. Starch. Bromine. Chlorinated Lime. Catnep. Irish Moss. Cochineal. Hemlock Seed. Creosote. Buchu. Bark of Pomegranate Root. Henbane Seed. Lemon Peel. Stronger Solution of AmmonU. German Chamomile. Balm. Oil of Bergamot. Oil of Cubebs. Oil of Roses. Ginseng. Poppy Heads. Pareira Brava. Red Oxide of Lead. Ferrocyanuret of Potassium. Pellitory. Rue. Cevadilla. Sage. Elder Flowers. Stramonium Root. 320 TABLES. VI. PREPARATIONS INTRODUCED. (U. S. P.) Acetum Opii, Acidum Muriaticum Dilutum, Acidum Nitricum Dilutum, Acidum Nitromuriaticum, Acidum Tannicum, Aqua Foeniculi, Argenti Cyanuretum, Carbo Animalis Purifieatus, Cassiae Fistulas Pulpa, Decoctum Chimaphilae, Decoctum Quercus Albae, Decoctum Taraxaci, Emplastrum Belladonnae, Emplastrum Opii, Emplastrum Saponis, Extractum Aconiti Alcohol- icum, Extractum Hyoscyami, Extractum Krameriae, Extractum Nucis Vomicae, Extractum Sarsaparillae, Extractum Stramonii Seminis, Ferri lodidum, Ferri Oxidum Hydratum, Hydrargyri lodidum, Hydrargyri Indicium Rubrum, Infusum Caryophylli, lutusum Catechu Compositum, Infusum Cinchonae Composi- tum. Infusum Diosmae, Infusum Humuli, Infusum Krameriae, Infusum Sarsaparillae, Liquor Ferri lodidi, Liquor lodinii Compositus, Liquor Potassae Citratis, Liquor Sodae Chlorinatae, Mel Piaeparatum, Mel Rosa:, Morphia; Murias, Mucilago Tragacanthae, Oleum Sabinae, Pilula; Ferri Carbonatis, Pilulie Galbani Compositse, PUulae Rhei, Acetate of Opium. Diluted Muriatic Acid. Diluted Nitric Acid. Nitro-muriatic Acid. Tannic Acid. Fennel Water. Cyanuret of Silver. Purified Animal Charcoal. Pulp of Purging Cassia. Decoction of Pipsisewa. Decoction of White Oak Bark, Decoction of Dandelion. Plaster of Belladonna. Opium Plaster. Soap Plaster. Alcoholic Extract of Aconite. Alcoholic Extract of Henbane. Extract of Rhatany. Extract of Nux Vomica. Extract of Sarsaparilla. Extract of Stramonium Seed. Iodide of Iron. Hydrated Oxide of Iron. Iodide of Mercury. Red Iodide of Mercury. Infusion of Cloves. i, Compound Infusion of Catechu. .- Compound Infusion of Peruvian Bark. Infusion of Buchu. Infusion of Hops. Infusion of Rhatany. Infusion of Sarsaparilla. Solution of Iodide of Iron. Compound Solution of Iodine. Solution of Citrate of Potassa. Solution of Chlorinated Soda. Prepared Honey. Honey of Roses. Muriate of Morphia. Mucilage of Tragacanth. Oil of Savine. Pills of Carbonate of Iron. Compound Pills of Galbanum. Pills of Rhubarb. lcum, Extractum Belladonnae Alcohol- Alcoholic Extract of Bella- icum, donna. Extractum Conii Alcoholicum, Alcoholic Extract of Hemlock. Extractum Dulcamarae Alcohol- Extract of Bitter-sweet. TABLES. 321 Pilulae Saponis Compt sitae, Pilulae Scillae Composita?, Potassii Cyanuretum, Pruni Pulpa, Pulvis Jalapae Compositus, Strychnia, Sulphuris lodidum, Syrupus Amygdalae, Syrupus Ipecacuanhae, Syrupus Krameriae, Syrupus Senn.B, Syrupus Tolu'-ani, Tamarindi Pulpa, Tinetura Aconiti, Tinetura Belladonnas, Tinetura Colchici Seminis, Tinetura Conii, Tinetura Cubebae, Tinetura Galla?, Tinetura Iodini Composita, Tinetura Krameriae, Tinetura Olei Menthae Piperitae, Tinetura Olei Menthae Viridis, Trochisci Ipecacuanhae, Trochisci Menthae Piperitae, Unguentum Antimonii, Unguentum Creosoti, Unguentum Iodini, Unguentum Iodini Composi- tum, Unguentum Mezerei, Veratria, Vinum Ergotae, Zinci Chloridum, Compound Pills of Soap. Compound Pills of Squills. Cyanuret of Potassium. Pulp of Prunes. Compound Powder of Jalap Strychnia. Iodide of Sulphur. Syrup of Almonds. Syrup of Ipecacuanha. Syrup of Rhatany. Syrup of Senna. Syrup of Tolu. Pulp of Tamarinds. Tincture of Aconite. Tincture of Belladonna. Tincture of Colchicum Seed. Tincture of Hemlock. Tincture of Cubebs. Tincture of Galls. Compound Tincture of Iodine. Tincture of Rhatany. Tincture of Oil of Peppermint. Tincture of Oil of Spearmint. Troches of Ipecacuanha. Troches of Peppermint. Antimonial Ointment. Ointment of Creosote. Ointment of Iodine. Compound Ointment of Iodine. Ointment of Mezereon. Veratria. Wine of Ergot. Chloride of Zinc. VII. SUBSTANCES DISMISSED FROM THE MATERIA MEDICA. (V. S. P.) Acidum Aceticum Empyreuma- Pyroligneous Acid. ticum, Eupatorium Purpureum, Gravel Root. Eupatorium Teucrifolium, Wild Horehound. Helleborus Foetidus, Bear's-foot. Menyanthes, Buckbean. Sambucus, Elder Berries. Veronica, Veronica. PREPARATIONS DISMISSED. (v. S. P.) Antimonii Sulphuretum Prae- Prepared Sulphuret of Antir paratum, mony. Aqua Aurantii Corticis, Water of Orange Peel. Ceratum Araenici, Cerate of Arsenic. 31 322. TABLES. Ceratum Plumbi Carbonatis, Confectio Amygdalae, Confectio Scammonii, Cupri Acetas Praeparatus, Decoctum Sarsaparilla, Decoctum Veratri Albi, Emplastrum Plumbi Carbona- tis, Extractum Anthemidis, Ferri Carbonas Praeparatus, Ferri Oxidum Rubrum, Ferri Sulphuretum, Hydrargyrum Purificatum, Liquor Ammoniae Hydrosul- phatis, Pilulae Quiniae Sulphatis Im- puri, Sodae Sulphuretum, Syrupus Acaciae, Syrupus Aceti, Syrupus Colchici, Syrupus Rhei et Sennae, Tinetura Angusturae, Tinetura Moschi, Unguentum Veratri Viridis, Vinum Gentianae Compositum, Cerate of Carbonate of Lead. Almond Confection-. Confection of Scammony. Prepared Acetate of Copper. Decoction of Sarsaparilla. Decoction of White Hellebore. Plaster of Carbonate of Lead. Extract of Chamomile. Prepared Carbonate of Iron. Red Oxide of Iron. Sulphuret of Iron. Purified Mercury. Solution of Hydrosulphate of Ammonia. Pills of Impure Sulphate of Quinia. Sulphuret of Soda. Syrup of Gum Arabic. Syrup of Vinegar. Syrup of Meadow-saffron. Syrup of Rhubarb and Senna. Tincture of Angustura Bark. Tincture of Musk. Ointment of American Helle- bore. Compound Wine of Gentian. ^V CMM-' £p*" NLM025343473